Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary

PRONOUNCING, EXPLANATORY, ETYMOLOGICAL, WITH COMPOUND PHRASES,
TECHNICAL TERMS IN USE IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES,
COLLOQUIALISMS, FULL APPENDICES, AND
COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED

EDITED BY
Rev. THOMAS DAVIDSON
ASSISTANT-EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA'
EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY'

London: 47 Paternoster Row
W. & R. CHAMBERS, Limited
EDINBURGH: 339 High Street
1908

CHAMBERS'S
NEW LARGE TYPE
ENGLISH DICTIONARY
EDITED BY
Rev. THOMAS DAVIDSON
Pronouncing, Explanatory, Etymological
1264 pp. Imp. 8vo, cloth, 12/6; hf.-mor., 18/-
———
"The best one volume dictionary in existence."
W. & R. Chambers, Limited, London and Edinburgh.

PREFACE.

This is the third English Dictionary which the present Editor has prepared, and he may therefore lay claim to an unusually prolonged apprenticeship to his trade. It is surely unnecessary for him to say that he believes this to be the best book of the three, and he can afford to rest content if the Courteous Reader receive it with the indulgence extended to his Library Dictionary, published in the spring of 1898. It is based upon that work, but will be found to possess many serviceable qualities of its own. It is not much less in content, and its greater relative portability is due to smaller type, to thinner paper, and still more to a rigorous compression and condensation in the definitions, by means of which room has been found for many additional words.

The aim has been to include all the common words in literary and conversational English, together with words obsolete save in the pages of Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, and the Authorised Version of the Bible. An attempt has been made also to include the common terms of the sciences and the arts of life, the vocabulary of sport, those Scotch and provincial words which assert themselves in Burns, Scott, the Brontës, and George Eliot, and even the coinages of word-masters like Carlyle, Browning, and Meredith. Numberless compound idiomatic phrases have also been given a place, in each case under the head of the significant word.

Correctness in technical matters has been ensured by consulting such books as Smyth's Sailor's Word-Book, Voyle's Military Dictionary, Wilson's Stock-Exchange Glossary, Lee's Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms, &c. Besides books of this class, the Editor has made constant use of special books such as Schmidt's Shakespeare-Lexicon, Calderwood's edition of Fleming's Vocabulary of Philosophy, Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary, the Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases, Yule and Burnell's Anglo-Indian Glossary, Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary, and the Dictionaries of the Bible of Sir William Smith and Dr Hastings.

In Latin, his authority is Lewis and Short; in Greek, Liddell and Scott; in Romance Philology, Diez and Scheler; in French, Littré; in Spanish, Velazquez; in German, Weigand and Flügel; in Gaelic, Macleod and Dewar, and M'Bain; in Hebrew, Gesenius.

In English etymology the Editor has consulted Professor Skeat's Dictionary and his Principles of English Etymology—First and Second Series; the magistral New English Dictionary of Dr James A. H. Murray and Mr Henry Bradley, so far as completed; and the only less valuable English Dialect Dictionary of Professor Wright (begun 1896).

Two complete American English Dictionaries still hold the first place as works of reference, Professor Whitney's Century Dictionary and Funk and Wagnall's Standard Dictionary.

The Editor has great pleasure in acknowledging his personal obligations to his brothers, the Rev. Robert P. Davidson, B.A., of Trinity College, Oxford, and David G. Davidson, M.D., Edinburgh; and to his equally capable and courteous colleagues, Mr J. R. Pairman and David Patrick, LL.D., Editor of Chambers's Encyclopædia.

CONTENTS.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

The Arrangement of the Words.—Every word is given in its alphabetical order, except in cases where, to save space, derivatives are given after and under the words from which they are derived. Each uncompounded verb has its participles, when irregular, placed after it. Exceptional plurals are also given. When a word stands after another, with no meaning given, its meanings can be at once formed from those of the latter, by adding the signification of the affix: thus the meanings of Darkness are obtained by prefixing the meaning of ness, state of being, to those of Dark.

Many words from French and other tongues, current in English usage, but not yet fairly Anglicised, are inserted in the list of Foreign Phrases, &c., at the end, rather than in the body of the Dictionary.

The Pronunciation.—The Pronunciation is given immediately after each word, by the word being spelled anew. In this new spelling, every consonant used has its ordinary unvarying sound, no consonant being employed that has more than one sound. The same sounds are always represented by the same letters, no matter how varied their actual spelling in the language. No consonant used has any mark attached to it, with the one exception of th, which is printed in common letters when sounded as in thick, but in italics when sounded as in then. Unmarked vowels have always their short sounds, as in lad, led, lid, lot, but, book. The marked vowels are shown in the following line, which is printed at the top of each page:—

The vowel u when marked thus, ü, has the sound heard in Scotch bluid, gude, the French du, almost that of the German ü in Müller. Where more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placed first is more accepted.

The Spelling.—When more than one form of a word is given, that which is placed first is the spelling in current English use. Unfortunately our modern spelling does not represent the English we actually speak, but rather the language of the 16th century, up to which period, generally speaking, English spelling was mainly phonetic, like the present German. The fundamental principle of all rational spelling is no doubt the representation of every sound by an invariable symbol, but in modern English the usage of pronunciation has drifted far from the conventional forms established by a traditional orthography, with the result that the present spelling of our written speech is to a large extent a mere exercise of memory, full of confusing anomalies and imperfections, and involving an enormous and unnecessary strain on the faculties of learners. Spelling reform is indeed an imperative necessity, but it must proceed with a wise moderation, for, in the words of Mr Sweet, 'nothing can be done without unanimity, and until the majority of the community are convinced of the superiority of some one system unanimity is impossible.' The true path of progress should follow such wisely moderate counsels as those of Dr J. A. H. Murray:—the dropping of the final or inflexional silent e; the restoration of the historical -t after breath consonants; uniformity in the employment of double consonants, as in traveler, &c.; the discarding of ue in words like demagogue and catalogue; the uniform levelling of the agent -our into -or; the making of ea = ĕ short into e and the long ie into ee; the restoration of some, come, tongue, to their old English forms, sum, cum, tung; a more extended use of z in the body of words, as chozen, praize, raize; and the correction of the worst individual monstrosities, as foreign, scent, scythe, ache, debt, people, parliament, court, would, sceptic, phthisis, queue, schedule, twopence-halfpenny, yeoman, sieve, gauge, barque, buoy, yacht, &c.

Already in America a moderate degree of spelling reform may be said to be established in good usage, by the adoption of -or for -our, as color, labor, &c.; of -er for -re, as center, meter, &c.; -ize for -ise, as civilize, &c.; the use of a uniform single consonant after an unaccented vowel, as traveler for traveller; the adoption of e for œ or æ in hemorrhage, diarrhea, &c.

The Meanings.—The current and most important meaning of a word is usually given first. But in cases like Clerk, Livery, Marshal, where the force of the word can be made much clearer by tracing its history, the original meaning is also given, and the successive variations of its usage defined.

The Etymology.—The Etymology of each word is given after the meanings, within brackets. Where further information regarding a word is given elsewhere, it is so indicated by a reference. It must be noted under the etymology that whenever a word is printed thus, Ban, Base, the student is referred to it; also that here the sign—is always to be read as meaning 'derived from.' Examples are generally given of words that are cognate or correspond to the English words; but it must be remembered that they are inserted merely for illustration. Such words are usually separated from the rest by a semicolon. For instance, when an English word is traced to its Anglo-Saxon form, and then a German word is given, no one should suppose that our English word is derived from the German. German and Anglo-Saxon are alike branches from a common Teutonic stem, and have seldom borrowed from each other. Under each word the force of the prefix is usually given, though not the affix. For fuller explanation in such cases the student is referred to the list of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Appendix.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

the first letter in our alphabet, its corresponding symbol standing first also in many other alphabets derived from the Phœnician. It originated in the hieroglyphic picture of an eagle (Old Egyptian ahom), the cursive hieratic form of which was the original of the Phœnician aleph, an ox, from a fancied resemblance to its head and horns.—A, as a note in music, is the major sixth of the scale of C; A1, the symbol by which first-class vessels are classed in Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping, hence first-rate.

A, the indefinite article, a broken-down form of An, and used before words beginning with the sound of a consonant. [An was a new development, after the Conquest, of the A.S. numeral án, one.]

A, ä or ā, a prep., derived from the old prep. on, and still used, as a prefix, in afoot, afield, apart, asleep, nowadays, twice-a-day; also with verbal nouns, as a-building, to be a-doing, to set a-going. It is now admitted only colloquially. [Short for A.S. an, a dialectic form of on, on, in, at. See Prefixes.]

A, ä, a dialectic corruption of he or she, as in quotha, (Shak.) 'A babbled of green fields.'—A, usually written a', Scotch for all; A, a form of the L. prep. ab, from, of, used before consonants, as in Thomas à Kempis, Thomas à Becket, &c.

Aardvark, ard′vark, n. the ground-hog of South Africa. [Dut. aarde, earth; vark, found only in dim. varken, a pig.]

Aardwolf, ard′wōōlf, n. the earth-wolf of South Africa, a carnivore belonging to a sub-family of the Hyænidæ. [Dut. aarde, earth, wolf, wolf.]

Aaronic, -al, ā-ron′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to Aaron, the Jewish high-priest, or to his priesthood.—n. Aa′ron's-rod (archit.), a rod having one serpent twined round it.—Aaron's beard, a popular name for a number of cultivated plants—among the best known, a species of Saxifrage (S. sarmentosa), usually grown in hanging pots, from which hang long stems, bearing clumps of roundish, hairy leaves.

Ab, ab, n. the eleventh month of the Jewish civil year, and the fifth of the ecclesiastical year, answering to parts of July and August. [Syriac.]

Aba, ab′a, n. a Syrian woollen stuff, of goat's or camel's hair, usually striped; an outer garment made of this. [Ar.]

Abaca, ab′a-ka, n. the native name of the so-called Manilla hemp of commerce—really a plantain, much grown in the Philippine Islands.

Aback, a-bak′, adv. (naut.) said of sails pressed backward against the mast by the wind—hence (fig.) Taken aback, taken by surprise, [A.S. on bæc. See On and Back.]

Abactinal, ab-ak′ti-nal, adj. (zool.) remote from the actinal area, without rays.—adv. Abac′tinally.

Abaction, ab-ak′shun, n. (law) the stealing of a number of cattle at once.—n. Abac′tor, one who does this. [L. abigĕre, abactum, to drive off.]

Abacus, ab′a-kus, n. a counting-frame or table: (archit.) a level tablet on the capital of a column, supporting the entablature:—pl. Ab′acī.—ns. Abacis′cus, Abac′ulus, dims. of Abacus; Ab′acist, one who counts with the abacus. [L.—Gr. abax, abakos, a board for reckoning on.]

Abaddon, a-bad′don, n. the destroyer, or angel of the bottomless pit: (Milton) the bottomless pit, or abyss of hell itself. [Heb., from ābad, to be lost.]

Abaft, a-baft′, adv. and prep. on the aft, hind, or stern part of a ship: behind. [Pfx. a-, for A.S. on, on, and bæftan, after, behind; itself made up of pfx. be-, and æftan. See Aft.]

Abandon, a-ban′dun, v.t. to give up: to desert: to yield (one's self) without restraint (with to).—v.t. Aband′ (Spens.), to abandon.—n. Aban′don (n to be nasalised), freedom from conventional restraints: careless freedom of manners.—adj. Aban′doned, given up, as to a vice: profligate: completely deserted: very wicked.—adv. Aban′donedly.—n. Aban′donment, act of abandoning: state of being given up: enthusiastic surrender of self to a cause: (law) the renunciation of a claim. [O. Fr. bandon, from the Teut. root ban, proclamation, came to mean decree, authorisation, permission; hence à bandon—at will or discretion, abandonner, to give up to the will or disposal of some one. See Ban, Banns.]

Abase, a-bās′, v.t. to cast down: to humble: to degrade.—adjs. Abā′sed, Abaissé (her.), depressed.—n. Abase′ment, state of humiliation. [O. Fr. abaissier, to bring low—L. ad, to, and root of Base, adj.]

Abash, a-bash′, v.t. to confuse with shame or guilt.—pa.p. Abashed′ (with at, of an occasion; by, of a cause).—n. Abash′ment, confusion from shame. [O. Fr. esbhir (Fr. s'ébahir), pr.p. esbahiss-ant, to be amazed—L. ex, out, and interj. bah, expressive of astonishment.]

Abate, a-bāt′, v.t. to lessen: to deduct (with of): to mitigate: (law) to put an end to, do away with, as of an action or a nuisance, to render null, as a writ.—v.i. to grow less.—adjs. Abāt′able, capable of being abated; Abāt′ed, beaten down or cut away, as the background of an ornamental pattern in relief.—n. Abate′ment, the act of abating: the sum or quantity abated: (law) the act of intruding on a freehold and taking possession before the heir, the abandonment of an action, or the reduction of a legacy: (her.) a supposed mark of dishonour on a coat of arms—apparently never actually used.—Abated arms, those whose edges have been blunted for the tournament. [O. Fr. abatre, to beat down—L. ab, from, and batĕre, popular form of batuĕre, to beat: conn. with Beat.]

Abatis, Abattis, a′bat-is, n.sing. and pl. (fort.) a rampart of trees felled and laid side by side, with the branches towards the enemy. [Fr. See Abate.]

Abattoir, a-bat-wär′, n. a public slaughter-house. [Fr. See ety. of Abate.]

Abb, ab, n. properly woof- or weft-yarn, but sometimes warp-yarn. [Pfx. a-, and Web.]

Abba, ab′a, n. father, a term retained in the Gr. text of the New Testament, together with its translation 'father,' hence Abba father, applied to God the Father: also a bishop in the Syriac and Coptic Churches. [L.—Gr.—Syriac and Chaldee, abbā—Heb. ab, father.]

Abbacy, ab′a-si, n. the office or dignity of an abbot: the establishment under an abbot: an abbey.—adj. Abbā′tial. [The earlier form was abbatie—said by Dr Murray to have been originally a Scotch form.]

Abbate, ab-bä′te, n. a title loosely applied to ecclesiastics in Italy.—Also Abate. [It.]

Abbé, ab′ā, n. originally the French name for an abbot, but often used in the general sense of a priest or clergyman. Before the Revolution, abbés were often merely holders of benefices, enjoying a portion of the revenues, although in minor orders, or even laymen. They were often tutors in noble families, or men of letters, and were marked by a short violet-coloured robe.

Abbess, ab′es, n. the female superior of a religious community of women. [Earlier Abbatess, fem. of Abbot.]

Abbey, ab′e, n. a monastery of persons of either sex presided over by an abbot or abbess: the church now or formerly attached to it: in Newstead Abbey, &c., the name has been retained after the abbatial building had become a private house:—pl. Abb′eys. [O. Fr. abaïe (Fr. abbaye)—L. abbatia, See Abba.]

Abbot, ab′ut, n. the father or head of an abbey:—fem. Abb′ess.—n. Ab′botship. [L. abbas, abbatis—Abba.]

Abbreviate, ab-brē′vi-āt, v.t. to make brief or short: to abridge.—ns. Abbreviā′tion, Abbrē′viature, a shortening, a part of a word put for the whole; Abbrē′viator, one who abbreviates.—adj. Abbrē′viatory. [L. abbreviāre, -ātum—ab, intensive, and brevis, short. See Brief.]

Abc, Abcee, ā-bē-sē′, n. the alphabet from its first letters: a first reading-book (obs.), hence fig. the first rudiments of anything.—ABC book (Shak.), a book to teach the a, b, c, or alphabet.

Abdicate, ab′di-kāt, v.t. and v.i. formally to renounce or give up office or dignity.—adj. Ab′dicant.—n. Abdicā′tion. [L. ab, from or off, dicāre, -ātum, to proclaim.]

Abdomen, ab-dō′men, n. the belly: the lower part of the trunk.—adj. Abdom′inal.—adv. Abdom′inally.—adj. Abdom′inous, pot-bellied. [L.]

Abduce, ab-dūs′, v.t. an earlier form of Abduct.—adj. Abduc′ent, drawing back: separating. [L. abducĕre—ab, from ducĕre, ductum, to draw.]

Abduct, ab-dukt′, v.t. to take away by fraud or violence.—ns. Abduc′tion, the carrying away, esp. of a person by fraud or force; Abduc′tor, one guilty of abduction: a muscle that draws away. [L. abducĕre. See Abduce.]

Abeam, a-bēm′, adv. (naut.) on the beam, or in a line at right angles to a vessel's length. [Pfx. a- (A.S. on), on, and Beam.]

Abear, a-bār′, v.t. (Spens.) to bear, to behave: (prov.) to endure or tolerate.—n. Abear′ance, (obs.) behaviour. [A.S. pfx. a-, and Bear.]

Abecedarian, ā-be-se-dā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the a, b, c: rudimentary.—Abecedarian Psalms (as the 119th) or Hymns are such as are divided into successive portions according to the letters of the alphabet.

Abele, a-bēl′, n. the white poplar-tree. [Dut. abeel; O. Fr. abel, aubel—Late L. albellus, albus, white.]

Aberdevine, ab-ėr-de-vīn′, n. a bird-fancier's name for the siskin. [Ety. uncertain; prob. a fanciful coinage.]

Aberrate, ab′ėr-rāt, v.i. to wander or deviate from the right way:—pr.p. ab′errāting; pa.p. ab′errāted.—ns. Aber′rance, Aber′rancy (rare forms).—adj. Aber′rant (zool. and bot.), wandering, deviating in some particulars from its group.—n. Aberrā′tion, a wandering from the right path: deviation from truth or rectitude: in science, deviation from the type: abnormal structure or development.—Aberration of light, an apparent alteration in the place of a star, arising from the motion of the earth in its orbit, combined with the progressive passage of light. [L. aberrāre, -ātum—ab, from, errāre, to wander.]

Abet, a-bet′, v.t. to incite by encouragement or aid (used chiefly in a bad sense):—pr.p. abet′ting; pa.p. abet′ted.—ns. Abet′ment; Abet′ter, Abet′tor, one who abets. [O. Fr. abeter—à (—L. ad, to), and beter, to bait, from root of Bait.]

Abeyance, a-bā′ans, n. a state of suspension or expectation: temporary inactivity—also Abey′ancy.—The v. to Abey is rare. [Fr.—à (—L. ad, to), and bayer, to gape in expectation, from imitative root ba, to gape.]

Abhor, ab-hor′, v.t. to shrink from with horror: to detest: to loathe:—pr.p. abhor′ring; pa.p. abhorred′.—ns. Abhor′rence, extreme hatred; (obs.) Abhor′rency.—adj. Abhor′rent, detesting; repugnant (with of).—ns. Abhor′rer, one who abhors; Abhor′ring (B. and Shak.), object of abhorrence. [L. abhorrēre, from ab, from, and horrēre. See Horror.]

Abib, ā′bib, n. the first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical, the seventh of the civil year, later called Nisan, answering to parts of March and April. [Heb., 'an ear of corn'—ābab, to produce early fruit.]

Abide, a-bīd′, v.t. to bide or wait for: to endure: to tolerate.—v.i. to remain in a place, dwell or stay:—pa.t. and pa.p. abōde′.—n. Abid′ance.—adj. Abid′ing, continual.—n. an enduring.—adv. Abid′ingly. [A.S. ábídan—pfx. á- (= Goth. us = Ger. er), and bídan, to wait.]

Abide, a-bīd′, v.t. (Shak. and Milton) to redeem, pay the penalty for, suffer. [M. E. abyen, confounded with Abide. See Aby.]

Abies, ab′i-ez, n. the silver-fir.—adj. Abiet′ic, pertaining to trees of the genus Abies. [L.]

Ability, a-bil′i-ti, n. quality of being able: power: strength: skill.—n.pl. Abil′ities, the powers of the mind. [O. Fr. ableté (Fr. habileté)—L. habilitas—habilis, easily handled, from habēre, to have, hold. See Able.]

Abintestate, ab-in-tes′tāt, adj. inheriting the estate of one who died without having made a will. [L. ab, from, and Intestate.]

Abiogenesis, ab-i-o-jen′es-is, n. the origination of living by not-living matter, spontaneous generation.—adj. Abiogenet′ic—n. Abio′genist, one who believes in such. [Coined by Huxley in 1870; Gr. a, neg., bios, life, genesis, birth.]

Abject, ab-jekt′, v.t. (obs.) to throw or cast down or away. [L. abjicĕre, -jectum—ab, away, jacĕre, to throw.]

Abject, ab′jekt, adj. cast away: mean: worthless: cowering: base.—n. an outcast.—ns. Abjec′tion, Ab′jectness, a mean or low state: baseness: degradation.—adv. Ab′jectly. [L. abjectus, cast away—ab, away, jacĕre, to throw.]

Abjudge, ab-juj′, v.t. (rare) to take away by judicial sentence. [L. ab, from, and Judge.]

Abjudicate, ab-jōō′di-kāt, v.t. to give by judgment from one to another. [L. ab, from, and Judicate.]

Abjure, ab-jōōr′, v.t. to renounce on oath or solemnly: to recant: to repudiate.—n. Abjurā′tion, official renunciation on oath of any principle or pretension.—adj. Abjur′atory.—n. Abjur′er. [L. ab, from, jurāre, -ātum, to swear.]

Abkari, ab-kä′ri, n. the manufacture or sale of spirituous liquors: the excise duty levied on such.—Also Abka′ry. [Pers.]

Ablactation, ab-lak-tā′shun, n. a weaning. [L. ab, from, lactāre, to suckle—lac, lactis, milk.]

Ablation, ab-lā′shun, n. the act of carrying away: (geol.) the wearing away of rock by the action of water.—adj. Ablati′tious. [L. ab, from, latum, supine of ferre, to bear.]

Ablative, ab′lat-iv, adj. used as a noun. The name applied to one of the cases in the declension of nouns and pronouns in the Indo-European languages, retained as in Latin and Sanskrit, or merged in another case, as in the genitive in Greek. Its meaning was to express direction from or time when.—adj. Ablatī′val. [L. ablativus—ab, from, ferre, latum, to take; as if it indicated taking away, or privation.]

Ablaut, ab′lowt, n. (philol.) vowel permutation, a substitution of one root vowel for another in derivation, as in sing, sang, song, sung, distinct from the phonetic influence of a succeeding vowel, as in the Umlaut. It is especially the change of a vowel to indicate tense-change in strong verbs. [Ger., from ab, off, and laut, sound.]

Ablaze, a-blāz′, adj. in a blaze, on fire: gleaming brightly. [Prep. a, and Blaze.]

Able, ā′bl, adj. (comp. A′bler; superl. A′blest) having sufficient strength, power, or means to do a thing: skilful.—adj. A′ble-bod′ied, of a strong body: free from disability, of a sailor, labourer, &c.: robust.—adv. A′bly. [See Ability.]

Ablegate, ab′le-gāt, n. a papal envoy who carries the insignia of office to a newly-appointed cardinal.

Abloom, a-blōōm′, adv. in a blooming state. [Prep. a, on, and Bloom.]

Abluent, ab′lōō-ent, adj. washing or cleaning by a liquid.—n. a medicine which carries off impurities from the system. [L. abluens, -entis, pr.p. of abluĕre, to wash away—ab, from, away, and luĕre = lavāre, to wash. See Lave.]

Ablution, ab-lōō′shun, n. act of washing, esp. the body, preparatory to religious rites: any ceremonial washing, symbolic of moral purification: the wine and water used to rinse the chalice, drunk by the officiating priest.—adj. Ablu′tionary. [L. ablutio—ab, away, luĕre = lavāre, to wash.]

Abnegate, ab′ne-gāt, v.t. to deny.—ns. Abnegā′tion, renunciation; Ab′negator, one who abnegates or renounces. [L. ab, away, and negāre, to deny.]

Abnormal, ab-nor′mal, adj. not normal or according to rule: irregular—also Abnor′mous.—ns. Abnormal′ity, Abnor′mity.—adv. Abnor′mally. [L. ab, away from, and Normal.]

Aboard, a-bōrd′, adv. or prep. on board: in a ship, or in a train (Amer.). [Prep. a, on, and Board.]

Abodement, a-bōd′ment, n. (obs.) a foreboding: an omen. [From Abode, with suff. -ment. See Bode, Forebode.]

Abolish, ab-ol′ish, v.t. to put an end to: to annul.—adj. Abol′ishable, capable of being abolished.—ns. Abol′ishment (rare); Aboli′tion, the act of abolishing; Aboli′tionism, advocacy of abolitionist principles; Aboli′tionist, one who seeks to abolish anything, esp. slavery. [Fr. abolir, aboliss—from L. abolēre, -itum—ab, from, olēre, to grow. The prep. ab here reverses the meaning of the simple verb.]

Abomasus, ab-ō-mā′sus, n. the fourth stomach of ruminants, lying close to the omasum or third stomach.—Also Abomā′sum. [L. ab, and omasum, paunch.]

Abominate, ab-om′in-āt, v.t. to abhor: to detest extremely.—adj. Abom′inable, hateful: detestable, an old spelling is Abhom′inable, to agree with a fancied etymology in Lat. ab homine.—n. Abom′inableness.—adv. Abom′inably.—n. Abominā′tion, extreme aversion: anything disgusting or detestable. [L. abomināri, -ātus, to turn from as of bad omen. See Omen.]

Abord, a-bōrd′, v.t. (arch.) to accost: (Spens.) astray, at a loss.—n. (Spens.) harbour: act of approaching: manner of approach. [Fr. aborder, à bord. See Aboard and Border.]

Aboriginal, ab-o-rij′in-al, adj. first, primitive, indigenous.—adv. Aborig′inally.

Aborigines, ab-o-rij′in-ēz, n.pl. the original inhabitants of a country. [L. See Origin.]

Abort, ab-ort′, v.i. to miscarry in birth: to remain in a rudimentary state.—n. Abor′tion, premature delivery, or the procuring of such: anything that does not reach maturity: a mis-shapen being or monster.—adj. Abort′ive, born untimely: unsuccessful: producing nothing: brought forth in an imperfect condition: rudimentary.—adv. Abort′ively.—n. Abort′iveness. [L. aborīri, abortus—ab, from, away, orīri, to rise.]

Abound, ab-ownd′, v.i. to overflow, be in great plenty: to possess in plenty (with in): to be filled with (used with with). [O. Fr. abunder—L. abundāre, to overflow, ab, from, unda, a wave.]

About, a-bowt′, prep. round on the outside: around: here and there in: near to: concerning: engaged in.—adv. around: nearly: here and there.—Bring about, to cause to take place; Come about, to take place; Go about, to prepare to do; Put about, disturbed; To be about, to be astir; Turn about, alternately. [A.S. on bútan; on, in, bútan, without, itself compounded of be, by, and útan, locative of út, out.]

Above, a-buv′, prep. on the upside: higher than: more than.—adv. overhead: in a higher position, order, or power.—adjs. Above′-board, open, honourable; Above′-ground, alive: not buried. [A.S. ábúfan—á, on, bufan, above, itself compounded of be, by, ufan, high, upwards, prop. the locative of uf, up.]

Abracadabra, ab-ra-ka-dab′ra, n. a cabbalistic word, written in successive lines, each shorter by a letter than the one above it, till the last letter A formed the apex of a triangle. It was worn as a charm for the cure of diseases. Now used generally for a spell or conjuring word: mere gibberish. [First found in 2d-cent. poem (Præcepta de Medicina) by Q. Serenus Sammonicus; further origin unknown.]

Abrade, ab-rād′, v.t. to scrape or rub off: to wear down by friction. [L. ab, off, radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Abraham-man, ā′bra-ham-man, n. originally a lunatic beggar from Bethlehem Hospital in London, marked by a special badge. Many sturdy beggars assumed this, hence the phrase To sham Abraham, to feign sickness, still used among sailors. [The wards in the old Bedlam are said to have been distinguished by the names of saints and patriarchs, as Abraham. Some find the origin of the name in an allusion to the parable of the beggar Lazarus, who found his rest in Abraham's bosom (Luke xvi.).]

Abranchiate, a-brang′ki-āt, adj. having no gills.—Also Abran′chial. [Gr. a, priv., and brangchia, gills.]

Abrasion, ab-rā′zhun, n. the act of rubbing off.—adj. and n. Abrā′sive. [See Abrade.]

Abraxas, a-braks′as, n. a mystic word, or an amulet, consisting of a gem engraved therewith on some part of it, often bearing a mystical figure of combined human and animal form, used as a charm. [Said to be coined by the Egyptian Gnostic Basilides in 2d century to express 365 in Greek letters; thus αβραξας used as numerals = 1 + 2 + 100 + 1 + 60 + 1 + 200. But Mr C. W. King finds its origin in Heb. ha-b'rākāh, 'the blessing,' or 'sacred name,' used as the title of a Gnostic deity representing the 365 emanations of the Divine Plērōma or fullness.]

Abray, a-brā′, Abrayd, a-brād′, v.i. (Spens.) to start out of sleep: to awake.—v.t. and v.i. to arouse, startle.—The more correct form is abraid. [Made up of pfx. a-, and abrédan. A.S. breydan, to twist. See Braid.]

Abreast, a-brest′, adv. with fronts in a line: side by side: (naut.) opposite to. [Prep. a, on, and Breast.]

Abridge, a-brij′, v.t. to make brief or short: to shorten: to epitomise: to curtail, as privileges or authority.—ns. Abridg′ment, Abridge′ment, contraction: shortening of time, labour or privileges: a compendium of a larger work: an epitome or synopsis: (law) the leaving out of certain portions Of a plaintiff's demand, the writ still holding good for the remainder. [O. Fr. abregier (Fr. abréger)—L. abbreviāre. See Abbreviate.]

Abroach, a-brōch′, adv. broached: in a condition to let the liquor run out: in a state to be diffused, afloat: astir. [Prep. a, and Broach.]

Abroad, a-brawd′, adv. on the broad or open space: out of doors: public: in another country. [Prep. a, and Broad.]

Abrogate, ab′ro-gāt, v.t. to repeal (a law): to set aside.—n. Abrogā′tion, act of repealing or setting aside.—adj. Ab′rogative. [L. ab, away, rogāre, -ātum, to ask or propose a law.]

Abrook, a-brook′, v.t. (Shak.) to brook, bear, or endure. [Pfx. a-, and Brook, v.]

Abrupt, ab-rupt′, adj. the opposite of gradual, as if broken off: sudden: unexpected: precipitous: (of style) passing from one thought to another without transitions: (of manners) short, rude.—n. an abrupt place.—n. Abrup′tion, a sudden breaking off: violent separation: (Shak.) interruption, pause.—adv. Abrupt′ly.—n. Abrupt′ness. [L. abruptus—ab, off, rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Abscess, ab′ses, n. a collection of purulent matter within some tissue of the body. [L. abscessus—abs, away, cedĕre, cessum, to go, to retreat.]

Abscind, ab-sind′, v.t. to cut off.—n. Abscis′sion, act of cutting off, or state of being cut off: (rhet.) a figure of speech in which the words demanded by the sense are left unsaid, the speaker stopping short suddenly. [L. abscindo; ab, off, scindo, to cut.]

Absciss, ab′sis, Abscissa, ab-sis′sa, n. the straight line cut off or intercepted between the vertex of a curve and an ordinate, measured along the principal axis:—pl. Absciss′es, Absciss′æ, Absciss′as. [L. abscissus, cut off, pa.p. of abscindĕre—ab, from, scindĕre, to cut.]

Abscond, abs-kond′, v.i. to hide, or quit the country, in order to escape a legal process. [L. abscondĕre, abs, from or away, condĕre, to hide.]

Absent, abs′ent, adj. being away: not present: inattentive—v.t. (abs-ent′) to keep one's self away.—ns. Abs′ence, the state of being away or not present: want: inattention; Absentee′, one who is absent on any occasion: one who makes a habit of living away from his estate or his office; Absentee′ism, the practice of absenting one's self from duty or station, esp. of a landowner living away from his estate.—adv. Ab′sently. [L. absent-, pr.p. of absum—ab, away from, sum, esse, to be.]

Absinth, Absinthe, ab′sinth, n. spirit combined with extract of wormwood.—adjs. Absinth′ian, Absinth′iated, impregnated with absinth. [Fr.—L. absinthium, wormwood—Gr.]

Absolute, ab′sol-ūt, adj. free from limits or conditions: complete: unlimited: free from mixture: considered without reference to other things: unconditioned, unalterable: unrestricted by constitutional checks (said of a government): (gram.) not immediately dependent: (phil.) existing in and by itself without necessary relation to any other being: capable of being conceived of as unconditioned. In the sense of being finished, perfect, it may be considered as opposed to the Infinite; but, in the sense of being freed from restriction or condition, it is evident the Infinite itself must be absolute. Opposite schools differ on the question whether the Absolute can be known under conditions of consciousness.—adv. Ab′solutely, separately: unconditionally: positively: completely.—ns. Ab′soluteness; Absolū′tion, release from punishment: acquittal: remission of sins declared officially by a priest, or the formula by which such is expressed; Ab′solutism, government where the ruler is without restriction; Ab′solutist, a supporter of absolute government.—adjs. Absol′utory, Absolv′atory.—The Absolute, that which is absolute, self-existent, uncaused. [L. absolutus, pa.p. of absolvĕre. See Absolve.]

Absolve, ab-zolv′, v.t. to loose or set free: to pardon: to acquit: to discharge (with from).—ns. Absolv′er, one who gives absolution or acquits; Absolv′itor, a decision favourable to a defender.—v.t. Assoil′zie, in Scots law, to absolve the accused on the grounds that the evidence disproves or does not establish the charge. [L. ab, from, solvĕre, solutum, to loose. See Solve.]

Absonant, ab′so-nant, adj. discordant: absurd: unnatural (with to or from)—opp. to Consonant. [L. ab, from, sonant-, pr.p. of sonāre, to sound.]

Absorb, ab-sorb′, v.t. to suck in: to swallow up: to engage wholly.—n. Absorbabil′ity.—adj. Absorb′able, that may be absorbed.—p.adj. Absorbed′, swallowed up: entirely occupied.—advs. Absorb′edly, Absorb′ingly.—adj. Absorb′ent, imbibing: swallowing.—n. that which absorbs.—n. Absorp′tion, the act of absorbing: entire occupation of mind.—adj. Absorp′tive, having power to absorb.—n. Absorptiv′ity. [Fr.—L. ab, from, sorbēre, -sorptum, to suck in.]

Abstain, abs-tān′, v.i. to hold or refrain from.—ns. Abstain′er, specially one who does not take alcoholic drinks; Absten′tion, a refraining. [Fr. abstenir—L. abs, from, tenēre, to hold. See Tenable.]

Abstemious, abs-tēm′i-us, adj. temperate: sparing in food, drink, or enjoyments.—adv. Abstem′iously.—n. Abstem′iousness. [L. abstemius—abs, from, temetum, strong wine.]

Abstersion, abs-ter′shun, n. act of cleansing or washing away impurities.—v.t. Absterge′, to cleanse, purge.—adjs. Abster′gent, serving to cleanse; Abster′sive, having the quality of cleansing: purgative. [L. abstergēre, -tersum, to wipe away.]

Abstinent, abs′tin-ent, adj. abstaining from: temperate.—n. Abs′tinence, an abstaining or refraining, especially from some indulgence (with from)—also Abs′tinency.—adv. Abs′tinently. [See Abstain.]

Abstract, abs-trakt′, v.t. to draw away: to separate: to purloin.—adj. Abstract′ed, drawn off (with from): removed: absent in mind.—adv. Abstract′edly.—ns. Abstract′edness; Abstrac′tion, act of abstracting: state of being abstracted: absence of mind: the operation of the mind by which certain qualities or attributes of an object are considered apart from the rest: a purloining.—adj. Abstract′ive, having the power of abstracting.—n. anything abstractive: an abstract.—adv. Abs′tractly.—n. Abs′tractness. [L. abs, away from, trahĕre, tractum, to draw. See Trace.]

Abstract, abs′trakt, adj. general, as opposed to particular or individual (the opposite of abstract is concrete—a red colour is an abstract notion, a red rose is a concrete notion; an abstract noun is the name of a quality apart from the thing, as redness).—n. summary: abridgment: essence. [L. abstractus, as if a quality common to a number of things were drawn away from the things and considered by itself.]

Abstruse, abs-trōōs′, adj. hidden: remote from apprehension: difficult to be understood.—adv. Abstruse′ly.—ns. Abstruse′ness; Abstrus′ity (Sir T. Browne). [L. abstrusus, thrust away (from observation)—trudĕre, trusum, to thrust.]

Absurd, ab-surd′, adj. obviously unreasonable or false: ridiculous.—ns. Absurd′ity, Absurd′ness, the quality of being absurd: anything absurd.—adv. Absurd′ly. [L. absurdus—ab, from, surdus, harsh-sounding, deaf.]

Abundance, ab-und′ans, n. ample sufficiency: great plenty.—adj. Abund′ant, plentiful.—adv. Abund′antly. [See Abound.]

Abuse, ab-ūz′, v.t. to use wrongly: to pervert: to revile: to violate.—ns. Abuse (ab-ūs′), ill use: misapplication: reproach: vituperation; Abū′sion (Spens.), abuse: deception: reproach.—adj. Abus′ive, containing or practising abuse: full of abuses: vituperative.—adv. Abus′ively.—n. Abus′iveness. [L. ab, away (from what is right), uti, usus, to use.]

Abut, a-but′, v.i. to end: to border (on):—pr.p. abut′ting; pa.p. abut′ted.—ns. Abut′ment, that which abuts: (archit.) what a limb of an arch ends or rests on; Abut′tal, an abutment: (pl.) the boundaries.—p.adj. Abut′ting, facing each other: front to front. [Fr. abouter, lit. to join end to end (à, to, bout, end). See Butt, the end.]

Aby, Abye, a-bī, v.t. or v.i. (arch.) to pay the penalty: to suffer for: to give satisfaction.—Aby occurs in Spens. with sense of 'abide.' [Pfx. a-, and A.S. bycgan. See Buy.]

Abysm, a-bizm′, n. a form of Abyss.—adj. Abys′mal, bottomless: unending.—adv. Abysm′ally. [O. Fr. abisme, from Lat. abyssimus, superl. of abyssus, bottomless.]

Abyss, a-bis′, n. a bottomless gulf: a deep mass of water.—adj. Abyss′al. [Gr. abyssos, bottomless—a, without, byssos, bottom.]

Acacia, a-kā′shi-a, n. a genus of thorny leguminous plants with pinnate leaves. [L.—Gr. akakia—akē, a sharp point.]

Academic, ak-ad-em′ik, n. a Platonic philosopher: a student in a college. [See Academy.]

Academy, ak-ad′em-i, n. (orig.) the school of Plato: a higher school: a society for the promotion of science or art.—adjs. Academ′ic, -al, of an academy: theoretical as opposed to practical.—adv. Academ′ically.—n.pl. Academ′icals, the articles of dress worn by members of an academy or college.—ns. Academic′ian, Acad′emist, a member of an academy, or, specially, of the French Academy, or the Royal Academy in London. [Gr. Akadēmia, the name of the garden near Athens where Plato taught.]

Acadian, a-kā′di-an, adj. of or native to Nova Scotia, Acadia being the name given to the country by the first French settlers in 1604.

Acajou, ak′a-jōō, n. the gum or resin of a kind of red mahogany. [Origin doubtful. See Cashew.]

Acalepha, ak-a-lē′fa, n. a class of Radiate marine animals, consisting of soft gelatinous substance. The name was first applied to the Jelly-fish tribe, but later was made to include the true Medusæ or jelly-fishes, and others.—Other forms are Acaleph and Acalephan. [Gr. akalēphē, a nettle.]

Acanthopterygian, ak-an-thop-tėr-ij′i-an, adj. having spiny fins. [Gr. akantha, thorn, pteryx, pterygos, a wing, a fin.]

Acanthus, a-kan′thus, n. a prickly plant, called bear's breech or brank-ursine: (archit.) an ornament resembling its leaves used in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders, &c.—also Acan′tha.—adjs. Acan′thine, Acanthā′ceous. [L.—Gr. akanthos—akē, a point, anthos, a flower.]

Acarpous, a-kar′pus, adj. (bot.) without, or not producing, fruit. [Gr. a, neg., and karpos, fruit.]

Acarus, ak′ar-us, n. a genus of minute insects, of the class Arachnides, embracing the mites and ticks:—pl. Ac′arī. [L.; Gr. akares, minute, too small to cut—a, neg., keirein, to cut short.]

Acatalectic, a-kat-a-lek′tik, adj. having the complete number of syllables as a verse: without defect.—n. an acatalectic verse. [L.—Gr. a, not, and Catalectic.]

Acatalepsy, a-kat-a-lep′si, n. incomprehensibility, a term of the sceptic school of Carneades, who thought nothing could be known to certainty by man.—adj. Acatalep′tic. [Gr. akatalēpsia—a, neg., kata, thoroughly, lēpsis, a seizing—lambanein, to take hold.]

Acater, a-kāt′ėr, n. (obs.) a caterer.—n.pl. Acates′, provisions: food. [O. Fr. acateor, achatour (Fr. acheteur)—Low L. accaptātōr-em, accaptare, to acquire—L. ad-, to, and captāre, to seize. See Cates.]

Acaulescent, a-kaw-les′ent, adj. without a stalk: (bot.) having no stem above ground, or only a very short one.—Also Acau′lous. [a, neg., L. caulis, a stalk, formed on pattern of Arborescent.]

Accable, ak-kā′bl, v.t. (obs.) to crush, to encumber. [Fr. accabler, to crush.]

Accadian, a-kā′di-an, adj. of or belonging to Accad, an ancient city mentioned in Gen. x. 10: the language preserved in the earliest form of cuneiform writing.

Accede, ak-sēd′, v.i. to come to, or arrive at, a place or condition: to join one's self, hence to agree or assent (with to).—ns. Acced′er; Acced′ing. [L. accedĕre, accessum, to go near to—ad, to, cedĕre, to go. See Cede.]

Accelerate, ak-sel′ėr-āt, v.t. to increase the speed of: to hasten the progress of.—n. Accelerā′tion, the act of hastening: increase of speed.—adj. Accel′erative, quickening.—n. Accel′erator, one who or that which accelerates: a light van to take mails between a post-office and a railway station.—adj. Accel′eratory. [L. accelerāre, -ātum—ad, to, celer, swift. See Celerity.]

Accend, ak-send′, v.i. (obs.) to kindle.—ns. Accendibil′ity, Accen′sion.—adjs. Accend′ible, Accend′ing.

Accent, ak′sent, n. modulation of the voice: stress on a syllable or word: a mark used to direct this stress: any mode of utterance peculiar to a country, a province, or an individual: (poet.) a significant word, or words generally: (pl.) speech, language.—v.t. Accent′, to express or note the accent.—adj. Accent′ual, relating to accent.—n. Accentual′ity.—adv. Accent′ually.—v.t. Accent′uate, to mark or pronounce with accent: to make prominent.—n. Accentuā′tion, the act of marking or of pronouncing accents. [Fr.—L. accentus, a tone or note—ad, to, canĕre, to sing.]

Accept, ak-sept′, v.t. to receive: to agree to: to promise to pay: (B.) to receive with favour.—adj. Acceptable (ak-sept′a-bl, or ak′sept-a-bl), to be accepted: pleasing: agreeable.—ns. Accept′ableness, Acceptabil′ity, quality of being acceptable.—adv. Accept′ably.—ns. Accept′ance, a favourable reception: an agreeing to terms: an accepted bill; Accept′ancy, willingness to receive; Accept′ant, one who accepts—also adj.; Acceptā′tion, a kind reception: the received meaning of a word; Accept′er, Accept′or, one who accepts. [L. acceptāre—accipĕre, acceptum—ad, to, capĕre, to take.]

Acceptilation, ak-sept-il-ā′shun, n. (Roman and Scots law) the remission of a debt through an acquittance by the creditor testifying to the receipt of money which never has been paid—a kind of legal fiction for a free remission: (theol.) the doctrine that the satisfaction rendered by Christ was not in itself really a true or full equivalent, but was merely accepted by God, through his gracious good-will, as sufficient—laid down by Duns Scotus, and maintained by the Arminians. [L. acceptilatio.]

Access, ak′ses, or ak-ses′, n. liberty to come to, approach: increase.—n. Accessibil′ity.—adj. Access′ible, that may be approached.—adv. Access′ibly. [See Accede.]

Accessary, ak-ses′ar-i, or ak′ses-ar-i. Same as Accessory. Accessary is now the usual spelling of both the adjective and the noun in their legal sense.

Accession, ak-sesh′un, n. a coming to: increase.—A deed of accession (Scots law), a deed by which the creditors of a bankrupt approve of a trust settlement executed by the debtor for the general behoof, and consent to the arrangement proposed.

Accessory, ak′ses-sor-i, adj. additional: contributing to: aiding: (law) participating in a crime, as in reset of theft, and the like.—n. anything additional: one who aids or gives countenance to a crime.—adj. Accessōr′ial, relating to an accessory.—adv. Ac′cessorily, in the manner of an accessory: by subordinate means.

Accidence, ak′sid-ens, n. the part of grammar treating of the inflections of words (because these changes are 'accidentals' of words and not 'essentials').

Accident, ak′sid-ent, n. that which happens: an unforeseen or unexpected event: chance: an unessential quality or property.—adj. Accident′al, happening by chance: not essential.—n. anything not essential.—ns. Accident′alism, Accidental′ity.—adv. Accident′ally.—The chapter of accidents, the unforeseen course of events. [L. accidĕre, to happen—ad, to, cadĕre, to fall.]

Accite, ak-sīt′, v.t. (Shak.) to cite or call, to summon:—pr.p. accīt′ing; pa.p. accīt′ed. [L. accīre, -citum—ad, to, ciēre, citum, to call.]

Acclamation, ak-klam-ā′shun, n. a shout of applause—(poet.) Acclaim′.—v.t. Acclaim′, to declare by acclamation.—adj. Acclam′atory, expressing acclamation. [L. acclamāre—ad, to, clamāre, -ātum, to shout. See Claim.]

Acclimatise, ak-klīm′at-īz, v.t. to inure to a foreign climate—also Acclim′ate.—n. Acclimatisā′tion, the act of acclimatising: the state of being acclimatised—also Acclimā′tion, Acclimatā′tion, the former anomalous, the second used in French. [Fr. acclimater, from à and climat. See Climate.]

Acclivity, ak-kliv′i-ti, n. a slope upwards—opp. to Declivity, a slope downwards.—adj. Acclī′vous, rising as an acclivity—also Accliv′itous. [L. ad, to, clivus, a slope.]

Accloy, ak-kloi′, v.t. (obs.) to cloy or choke: to fill to satiety: to encumber. [See Cloy.]

Accoast, ak-kōst′, v.t. (Spens.) to fly near the earth. [See Accost.]

Accoil, ak-koil′, v.i. (Spens.) to gather together. [Through Fr.—L. ad, to, colligĕere, to collect. See Coil.]

Accolade, ak-ol-ād′, n. a ceremony used in conferring knighthood, formerly an embrace, a kiss, now a slap on the shoulders with the flat of a sword. [Fr.—L. ad, to, collum, neck.]

Accommodate, ak-kom′mod-āt, v.t. to adapt: to make suitable: to adjust: to harmonise or force into consistency (to): to furnish or supply (with): to provide entertainment for.—p.adj. Accom′modating, affording accommodation: obliging: pliable: easily corrupted.—n. Accommodā′tion, convenience: fitness: adjustment: obligingness: an arrangement or compromise: (theol.) an adaptation or method of interpretation which explains the special form in which the revelation is presented as unessential to its contents, or rather as often adopted by way of compromise with human ignorance or weakness: a loan of money.—adj. Accom′modative, furnishing accommodation: obliging.—ns. Accom′modativeness; Accom′modator.—Accommodation bill, a bill drawn, accepted, or endorsed by one or more persons as security for a sum advanced to another by a third party, as a banker; Accommodation ladder, a stairway at the outside of a ship's gangway to facilitate access to boats. [L. ad, to, commodus, fitting. See Commodious.]

Accompanable, ak-kum′pan-a-bl, adj. (obs.) sociable. [From Accompany.]

Accompany, ak-kum′pan-i, v.t. to keep company with: to attend: to support a singer by singing or playing on any instrument an additional part (with, of music; on, of the instrument).—ns. Accom′panier; Accom′paniment, that which accompanies: (mus.) the assisting of a solo part by other parts, which may consist of a whole orchestra, or a single instrument, or even subservient vocal parts; Accom′panist, one who accompanies a singer on an instrument to sustain his voice. [Fr. accompagner. See Company.]

Accomplice, ak-kom′plis, n. an associate, esp. in crime, in modern use (with of and with before a person, and in or of before the crime). [L. ad, to, complex, -icis, joined.]

Accomplish, ak-kom′plish, v.t. to complete: to bring about: to effect: to fulfil: to equip.—adjs. Accom′plishable, that may be accomplished; Accom′plished, complete in acquirements, especially graceful acquirements: polished.—n. Accom′plishment, completion: ornamental acquirement. [Fr. acomplir—L. ad, to, complēre, to fill up. See Complete.]

Accompt, ak-komt′, n. an almost obsolete form of Account; Accompt′able, of Accountable; Accompt′ant, of Accountant.

Accord, ak-kord′, v.i. to agree: to be in correspondence (with).—v.t. to cause to agree: to reconcile: to grant (to, of a person).—n. agreement: harmony.—n. Accord′ance, agreement: conformity—also Accord′ancy.—adj. Accord′ant, agreeing: corresponding.—adv. Accord′antly.—p.adj. Accord′ing, in accordance: agreeing: harmonious.—adv. Accord′ingly, agreeably: suitably: in agreement (with what precedes).—According as, in proportion as, or agreeably as; According to, in accordance with, or agreeably to.—Of one's own accord, of one's own spontaneous motion. [O. Fr. acorder—L. ad, to, cor, cordis, the heart.]

Accordion, ak-kor′di-on, n. a portable musical instrument consisting of a hand-bellows, with keyboard on one side, the keys resting on free metal reeds so arranged that each sounds two notes, one in expanding, the other in contracting the bellows. [From Accord.]

Accost, ak-kost′, v.t. to speak first to: to address.—ns. Accost′, Accost′ing (obs.), address: greeting.—adj. Accost′able, easy of access. [O. Fr. acoster—Low L. accostāre, to be side by side—L. ad, to, costa, a side.]

Accouchement, ak-kōōsh′mong, n. delivery in childbed. [Fr. accoucher. See Couch.]

Accoucheur, ak-kōō-shėr′, n. a man who assists women in child-birth: a medical practitioner with this speciality:—fem. Accoucheuse (ak-kōō-shėz′). [Fr.]

Account, ak-kownt′, v.t. to reckon: to judge, value.—v.i. (with for) to give a reason: to give an account of money held in trust.—n. a counting: statement: value: sake: a reckoning as to money, as in phrases like, 'to render an account,' 'to settle an account,' 'to square accounts' with any one, &c.—adj. Account′able, liable to account, responsible (for, of the thing; to, of the person).—ns. Account′ableness, Accountabil′ity, liability to give account, responsibility to fulfil obligations.—adv. Account′ably.—ns. Account′ancy, the office or work of an accountant; Account′ant, one who keeps, or is skilled in, accounts; Account′antship, the employment of an accountant; Account′-book, a book in which accounts are kept.—Account current, or open account, a course of business dealings still going on between two persons, or a person and a bank.—For account of, on behalf of; For the account, for settlement on the regular fortnightly or monthly settling-day, instead of for cash (of sales on the Stock Exchange).—In account with, in business relations requiring the keeping of an account with some one.—On or To account, an instalment or interim payment.—To make account of, to set value upon; To take into account, to take into consideration; To take no account of, to overlook. [O. Fr. acconter—L. ad, to, computāre, to reckon. See Compute, Count.]

Accouple, ak-kup′l, v.t. (obs.) to couple or link together. [O. Fr. acopler—à, to, cople. See Couple.]

Accourage, ak-kur′āj, v.t. (Spens.) to encourage. [O. Fr. acorager—à (L. ad), and corage (Fr. courage). See Courage.]

Accoutre, ak-kōō′tėr, v.t. to dress or equip (esp. a warrior):—pr.p. accou′tring; pa.p. accou′tred.—n.pl. Accou′trements, dress: military equipments—(Spens.) Accou′strements. [Fr. accoutrer, earlier accoustrer—of doubtful origin, prob. conn. with O. Fr. coustre, coutre, a sacristan who had charge of sacred vestments—Low L. custor—L. custos, a keeper.]

Accoy, ak-koi′, v.t. (obs.) to still or quieten: to soothe: to subdue. [O. Fr. acoyer—à, to, and coi, quiet—L. quiet-um. See Coy.]

Accredit, ak-kred′it, v.t. to give credit, countenance, authority, or honour to: to furnish with credentials (with to, at): to vouch for anything belonging to some one—to ascribe or attribute it to him (with).—v.t. Accred′itate (obs.).—n. Accreditā′tion, fact of being accredited.—The pa.p. Accred′ited, as adj., recognised. [Fr. accréditer—à, to, crédit, credit. See Credit.]

Accrescent, ak-kres′ent, adj. growing: ever-increasing.—ns. Accres′cence, gradual growth or increase; Accrē′tion, the process of growing continuously: the growing together of parts externally, or continuous coherence: that which has grown in such a way, any extraneous addition.—adj. Accrē′tive. [L. ad, in addition, crescĕre, to grow.]

Accrue, ak-krōō′, v.i. to spring or grow as a natural result (with from): to fall to any one by way of advantage (with unto, to). [O. Fr. acrewe, what grows up in a wood to the profit of the owner; acreistre—L. accrescĕre.]

Accubation, ak-ku-bā′shun, n. a lying or reclining on a couch. [L. ad, to, and cubare, to lie down.]

Accumbent, ak-kumb′ent, adj. lying down or reclining on a couch. [L. ad, to, cumbĕre, to lie.]

Accumulate, ak-kūm′ūl-āt, v.t. to heap or pile up: to amass: to take degrees by accumulation, to take a higher degree at the same time with a lower, or at a shorter interval than usual.—v.i. to increase greatly: to go on increasing.—n. Accumulā′tion, a heaping up: a heap, mass, or pile.—adj. Accum′ulative, heaping up.—n. Accum′ulator, a thing or person that accumulates, esp. an apparatus for storing electricity. [L.—ad, to, cumulus, a heap.]

Accurate, ak′kūr-āt, adj. done with care: exact.—n. Ac′curacy, correctness: exactness.—adv. Ac′curately.—n. Ac′curateness. [L. accuratus, performed with care (of things)—ad, to, cura, care.]

Accurse, ak-kurs′, v.t. to curse: to devote to misery or destruction.—adj. Accurs′ed, subjected to a curse: doomed: worthy of a curse: extremely wicked. [Pfx. à-, and A.S. cursian, to curse.]

Accusative, ak-kūz′a-tiv, adj. accusing.—n. (gram.) the case which expresses the direct object of transitive verbs (in English, the objective)—primarily expressing destination or the goal of motion.—adj. Accus′atival. [Fr. accusatif—L. accusativus, 'of the nature of accusation,' a translation of the Gr. (ptōsis) aitiatikē, (the case) 'of accusing,' but also 'of or pertaining to what is caused or effected' (aitiaton, effect, aitia, cause); hence, properly, the case of the effect.]

Accuse, ak-kūz′, v.t. to bring a charge against: to blame (with of before the thing charged, sometimes for).—adj. Accus′able, that may be accused.—ns. Accus′al, accusation; Accusā′tion, the act of accusing: the charge brought against any one.—adjs. Accusatō′rial, of an accuser; Accus′atory, containing accusation.—n. Accuse (Shak.), accusation.—p.adj. Accused′, charged with a crime: usually as a n., the person accused.—ns. Accuse′ment (Spens.), a charge; Accus′er, one who accuses or brings a charge against another. [O. Fr. acuser—L. accusāre—ad, to, causa, cause.]

Accustom, ak-kus′tum, v.t. to make familiar by custom: to habituate (with to).—adj. Accus′tomary.—p.adj. Accus′tomed, usual: frequent: habituated.—n. Accus′tomedness. [O. Fr. acostumer (Fr. accoutumer)—à, to, costume, coustume—L. consuetudinem. See Custom.]

Ace, ās, n. the one at dice, also at cards, dominoes, &c.: a single point, an atom. [Fr.—L. as, unity—as, Tarentine Doric form of Gr. heis, one.]

Aceldama, a-sel′da-ma, n. a field of blood—the name given to the field outside Jerusalem bought with the blood-money of Jesus. [Gr.—Aramaic.]

Acephalan, a-sef′a-lan, n. (zool.) one of the Acephala, a class of molluscs, which present no traces of a head.—adj. Aceph′alous, without a head. [Gr. a, neg., kephalē, the head.]

Acerbity, as-ėr′bi-ti, n. bitterness: sourness: harshness: severity.—adj. Acerb′. [Fr.,—L. acerbitat-em—L. acerbus, harsh to the taste—acer, sharp.]

Aceric, a-ser′ik, adj. obtained from the maple. [From L. acer, a maple-tree.]

Acetabulum, as-ē-tab′ū-lum, n. (anat.) the cavity which receives the head of the thigh-bone: also a glandular substance found in the placenta of some animals:—pl. Acetab′ula. [L., a cup-shaped vessel.]

Acetic, as-et′ik, adj. of the nature of vinegar: sour—also Acē′tous, Acetose′.—n. Aces′cence, a tendency to sourness.—adj. Aces′cent.—n. Ac′etate, salt of acetic acid which is the sour principle in vinegar. [L. acetum, vinegar—ac-ēre, to be sour.]

Acetify, as-et′i-fī, v.t. or v.i. to turn into vinegar.—n. Acetificā′tion. [L. acetum, vinegar, and facĕre, to make.]

Acetopathy, as-et-op′a-thi, n. the treating of ailments by the external application of dilute acetic acid. [L. acētum, acid, and Gr. pathos, feeling.]

Acetylene, a-set′i-lēn, n. a powerful illuminant gas (C₂H₂) produced commercially from carbide of calcium by means of water.

Acharnement, ä-shärn′ment (sometimes nasalised as in French), n. thirst for blood, ferocity. [Fr. acharner, refl. sacharner, to thirst for blood.]

Achates, ä-kā′tes, n. trusty comrade, from the 'fidus Achates' of Virgil's Æneid—the constant companion of Æneas in his wanderings after the fall of Troy.

Ache, āk, n. a continued pain.—v.i. to be in continued pain:—pr.p. āch′ing; pa.p. āched.—n. Ach′ing, continued pain or distress. [The verb is properly ake, the noun ache, as in speak and speech. The A.S. noun æce is from the verb ac-an, to ache.]

Achenium, a-kē′ni-um, n. (bot.) a small hard one-seeded fruit, which does not open when ripe, as in the buttercup.—Also Achene′. [From Gr. a, neg., and chainein, to gape.]

Acheron, ak′kėr-on, n. death, hell—from the name of that river in the infernal regions of classical mythology.—adj. Acheron′tic, deadly.

Achieve, a-chēv′, v.t. to bring to a head or end: to perform: to accomplish: to carry out successfully: to gain, win.—adj. Achiev′able, that may be achieved.—n. Achieve′ment, a performance: an exploit: an escutcheon or armorial shield granted in memory of some achievement, applied especially to the escutcheon over the tomb of a dead person, generally called a hatchment. [Fr. achever, from à chief (venir)—Low L. ad caput venire, to come to a head. See Chief.]

Achillean, ak-il-lē′an, adj. like Achilles, the great Greek hero in the Trojan war, brave, swift of foot, unrelenting in wrath.—Achilles tendon, the attachment of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of the calf of the leg to the heel-bone, so named from the infant Achilles's mother, Thetis, having held him by the heel when she dipped him into the Styx to make him invulnerable.

Achitophel, ä-hit′ō-fel, n. an able but unprincipled counsellor, from the name of David's sage counsellor who treacherously abetted the rebellion of Absalom. Dryden in his famous satire applied the name to Shaftesbury.—Also Ahith′ophel.

Achromatic, a-krōm-at′ik, adj. transmitting light without colour, of a lens or telescope.—adv. Achromat′ically.—n. Achrom′atism, the state of being achromatic.—v.t. Achrom′atize, to render achromatic. [Gr. a, neg., and chrōma, chromatos, colour.]

Acicular, as-ik′ū-lar, adj. needle-shaped; slender and sharp-pointed.—Also Acic′ulate, Acic′ulated. [L. acicula, dim. of acus, a needle.]

Acid, as′id, adj. sharp: sour.—n. a sour substance: (chem.) one of a class of substances, usually sour, which turn vegetable blues to red, and combine with alkalies, metallic oxides, &c. to form salts.—adj. Acid′ifiable, capable of being converted into an acid.—ns. Acidificā′tion; Acid′ity, the quality of being acid or sour—also Ac′idness.—v.t. Acid′ulate, to make slightly acid. [L. ac-ēre, to be sour—root ak, sharp.]

Acidify, as-id′i-fī, v.t. to make acid: to convert into an acid:—pr.p. acid′ifying; pa.p. acid′ified. [L. acidus, sour, and facĕre, to make.]

Acidimeter, as-id-im′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the strength of acids.—n. Acidim′etry, the act of such measurement. [Acid and Meter.]

Acidulous, as-id′ū-lus, adj. slightly sour: subacid: containing carbonic acid, as mineral waters: (fig.) caustic, sharp. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus, sour. See Acid.]

Acierage, ā′sē-ėr-āj, n. the covering of an engraved copper-plate with a film of iron to ensure durability. [Fr. acier, steel—L. acies, a sharp point, and -age.]

Aciform, as′i-form, adj. needle-shaped. [L. acus, a needle, and Form, from forma, shape.]

Aciniform, a-sin′i-form, adj. in clusters like grapes, or having the form of grapes. [L. acinus, a grape.]

Acknow, ak-nō′, v.t. (obs.) to know, to recognise.—adj. Acknown (Shak.), known or acquainted. [A.S. on, in, on, cnâwan, to Know.]

Acknowledge, ak-nol′ej, v.t. to own a knowledge of: to own as true: to confess: to admit or give intimation of the receipt of.—adj. Acknow′ledgeable.—adv. Acknow′ledgeably.—n. Acknowledgment, recognition: admission: confession: thanks: a receipt. [From the v. Acknow, with suffix -ledge.]

Aclinic, ak-lin′ik, adj. without inclination, applied to the magnetic equator, which cuts the terrestrial equator, inasmuch as on that line the magnetic needle has no dip, but lies horizontal. [Gr. aklinēs—a, neg., klin-ein, to bend.]

Acme, ak′mē, n. the top or highest point: the culmination or perfection in the career of anything: crisis, as of a disease.—Acme skates, the name given to a kind of skates, formed of steel, fixed to the boot by a mechanical device, permitting them to be quickly fixed on or taken off. [Gr. akmē—akē, a point.]

Acne, ak′nē, n. a common skin disease, an inflammation of the sebaceous follicles of the skin, often occurring on the nose. [A corr. of Gr. akmē, a point.]

Acock, a-kok′, adv. in a cocked manner: defiantly.—A cock-bill (naut.), having the ends pointing upward, as of an anchor hanging by its ring at the cat-head, in a position for dropping; or of the yards when topped up by one lift to an angle with the deck—the symbol of mourning. [Prep. a, and Cock.]

Acœmeti, a-sem′ē-tī, n.pl. a congregation of monks founded in 460 near Constantinople, who by alternating choirs kept divine service going on day and night without intermission in their monastery. [Gr. akoimetoi, sleepless, a, neg., and koimaein, to put to sleep.]

Acold, a-kōld′, adj. (arch.) cold. [A.S. acóled, pa.p. of acólian; pfx. a-, intens., and cólian, to Cool.]

Acolyte, ak′o-līt, Acolyth, ak′o-lith, n. an inferior church officer: an attendant or assistant: (R. C. Church) one ordained to the fourth of the minor orders, next to the sub-deacon. [Gr. akolouthos, an attendant.]

Aconite, ak′o-nīt, n. the plant wolf's-bane or monk's-hood: poison.—adj. Aconit′ic.—n. Acon′itine, the essential principle of aconite. [L. aconitum—Gr. akoniton.]

Acop, a-kop′, adv. (obs.) on the top or head: on high. [Prep. a, and A.S. cop, copp, summit.]

Acorn, ā′korn, n. the seed or fruit of the oak.—adj. A′corned.—n. A′corn-shell, a name for the Balănus (L., acorn), a genus of Cirripedes in the class Crustacea. [A.S. æcern, prob. from æcer, field, hence meaning 'the fruit of the unenclosed land.' The modern form is due to confusion with oak (A.S. ác) and corn.]

Acosmism, a-koz′mizm, n. refusal to believe in the existence of an eternal world. [Gr., a, neg., and kosmos, the world.]

Acotyledon, a-kot-i-lē′dun, n. a plant without distinct cotyledons or seed-lobes.—adj. Acotylē′donous. [Gr. a, neg., and kotylēdōn. See Cotyledon.]

Acoustic, a-kowst′ik, adj. pertaining to the sense of hearing or to the theory of sounds: used in hearing, auditory.—n. Acoust′ics, the science of sound. [Fr.—Gr. akoustikos—akouein, to hear.]

Acquaint, ak-kwānt′, v.t. to make or let one to know: to inform a person of a thing (with): to inform (with personal object only).—ns. Acquaint′ance, familiar knowledge: a person whom we know; Acquaint′anceship, familiar knowledge.—p.adj. Acquaint′ed (with), personally known: having personal knowledge of. [O. Fr. acointer—Low L. accognitāre—L. ad, to, cognitus, known.]

Acquest, ak-kwest′, n. an acquisition or thing acquired. [O. Fr.—L. acquisitus, acquirĕre. See Acquire.]

Acquiesce, ak-kwi-es′, v.i. to rest satisfied or without making opposition: to assent (with in).—n. Acquies′cence, quiet assent or submission.—adj. Acquies′cent, resting satisfied: easy: submissive.—advs. Acquies′cently, Acquies′cingly. [L. acquiescĕre—ad, and quies, rest.]

Acquire, ak-kwīr′, v.t. to gain: to attain to.—n. Acquirabil′ity.—adj. Acquir′able, that may be acquired.—ns. Acquire′ment, something learned or got by effort, rather than a gift of nature; Acquisi′tion, the act of acquiring: that which is acquired.—adj. Acquis′itive, desirous to acquire.—n. Acquis′itiveness, propensity to acquire—one of the phrenologists' so-called faculties, with its special organ. [O. Fr. aquerre—L. acquirĕre, -quisitum—ad, to, and quærĕre, to seek.]

Acquit, ak-kwit′, v.t. to free: to release: to settle, as a debt: to behave or conduct (one's self): to declare innocent (with of before the thing of which acquitted):—pr.p. acquit′ting; pa.p. acquit′ted.—ns. Acquit′tal, a judicial discharge from an accusation; Acquit′tance, a discharge from an obligation or debt: a receipt in evidence of such a discharge.—v.t. (Shak.), to acquit, clear. [O. Fr. acquiter—L. ad, to, quietāre, to give rest. See Quit.]

Acre, ā′kėr, n. a measure of land containing 4840 sq. yards. The Scotch acre contains 6150.4 sq. yards (48 Scotch—61 imperial acres): the Irish, 7840 sq. yards (50 Irish—81 imperial acres): (pl.) for lands, estates generally: (fig.) large quantities of anything.—n. A′creage, the number of acres in a piece of land.—adj. A′cred, possessing acres or land. [A.S. æcer; Ger. acker, L. ager, Gr. agros, Sans. ajras, a plain.]

Acrid, ak′rid, adj. biting to the taste: pungent: bitter.—ns. Acrid′ity, Ac′ridness, quality of being acrid: a sharp, bitter taste. [L. acer, acris, sharp—root ak, sharp.]

Acrimony, ak′ri-mun-i, n. bitterness of feeling or language.—adj. Acrimō′nious, sharp, bitter.—n. Acrimō′niousness, the state or quality of being acrimonious: severity. [L. acrimonia—acer, sharp.]

Acritochromacy, a-krit-o-krō′ma-si, n. inability to distinguish between colours: colour-blindness. [From Gr. akritos, undistinguishable (—a, neg., and krinein, to separate), and chrōma, -atos, colour.]

Acritude, ak′ri-tūd, n. the quality of being acrid: a sharp bitter taste: bitterness of temper or language. [L. acritudo—acer, sharp.]

Acroamatic, -al, ak-ro-a-mat′ik, -al, adj. oral, esoteric, secret—applied to the lectures of Aristotle delivered to a select circle of students as opposed to his more popular lectures. [Gr. akroamatikos—akroasthai, to hear.]

Acrobat, ak′ro-bat, n. a rope-dancer: a tumbler: a vaulter.—adj. Acrobat′ic.—n. Acrobat′ism, the art of the acrobat. [Gr. akrobatos, walking on tiptoe; akros, point, batos—bainein, to go.]

Acrogen, ak′ro-jen, n. a plant that grows at the top chiefly, as a tree-fern.—adj. Acrog′enous. [Gr. akros, top, genēs, born.]

Acrolith, ak′ro-lith, n. a statue of the earlier Greek artists having the trunk made of wood and the extremities of stone. [Gr. akrolithos—akros, extreme, and lithos, stone.]

Acronycal, a-kron′ik-al, adj. midnight, applied to stars that rise at sunset and set at sunrise, or opposite to the sun.—adv. Acron′ycally. [Gr. akros, summit, middle (of time), and nyx, nyktos, night.]

Acropolis, a-kro′pol-is, n. a citadel, esp. that of Athens. [Gr. akropolis—akros, the highest, polis, a city.]

Acrospire, ak′ro-spīr, n. (bot.) the first leaf that appears when corn sprouts. [Gr. akros, summit, end, speira, anything twisted round.]

Across, a-kros′, prep. or adv. crosswise: from side to side. [Prep. a, and Cross.]

Acrostic, a-krō′stik, n. a poem of which, if the first or the last letter of each line be taken in succession, they will spell a name or a sentence.—adj. Acrō′stical.—adv. Acrō′stically.—n. Acrō′sticism, method of acrostics. [Gr. akros, extreme, and stichos, a line.]

Act, akt, v.i. to exert force or influence: to produce an effect: to behave one's self: to feign.—v.t. to perform: to imitate or play the part of.—n. something done or doing: an exploit: the very process of doing something: a law or decision of a prince or legislative body: an instrument in writing for verification: (theol.) something done once for all, in opposition to a work: a distinct section of a play: in universities, a public disputation or lecture maintained by a candidate for a degree.—n. Act′ing, action: act of performing an assumed or a dramatic part: feigning.—adj. performing some duty temporarily, or for another.—n. Act′or, one who acts: a stage-player:—fem. Act′ress.—Act of God, a result of natural forces, unexpected and not preventable by human foresight.—In act to, on the very point of doing something.—To act on, to act in accordance with; To act up to, to come up in practice to some expected standard: to fulfil. [L. agĕre, actum; Gr. agein, to put in motion; Sans. aj, to drive.]

Acta, ak′ta, n.pl. proceedings in a court civil or ecclesiastical, or the minutes of such.—Acta Martyrum, the early accounts of the martyrs; Acta Sanctorum, a general name for collections of accounts of saints and martyrs, especially of the great collection of the Bollandists, begun in 1643, interrupted in 1794 at the fifty-third vol. (Oct. 6), but resumed in 1845.

Actinia, ak-tin′i-a, n. a genus of marine animals of the class Polypi, growing on rocks or shells, with numerous tentacles or rays like the petals of a flower, from which they are often called animal flowers or sea-anemones. [From Gr. aktis, aktinos, a ray.]

Actiniform, ak-tin′i-form, adj. having a radiated form. [Gr. aktis, aktinos, ray, and Form.]

Actinism, ak′tin-izm, n. the chemical force of the sun's rays, as distinct from light and heat.—adj. Ac′tinic. [Gr. aktis, aktinos, a ray.]

Actinolite, ak-tin′ō-līt, n. a green variety of hornblende. [Gr. aktis, aktīnos, a ray, lithos, a stone.]

Actinometer, ak-tin-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the heat-intensity of the sun's rays or the actinic effect of light-rays. [Gr. aktis, aktinos, ray, and Meter.]

Actinomyces, ak-ti-no-mī′sez, n. the tiny ray-fungus.—n. Actinomycō′sis, an inflammatory disease in cattle, swine, and sometimes man, caused by that fungus. [Gr. aktis, aktinos, ray, and myces, mushroom.]

Actinozoa, ak′tin-ō-zō′a, n.pl. one of the three classes of Cœlenterata, including sea-anemones, dead-men's fingers, corals, &c. [Gr. aktis, -inos, a ray; zōa, animals.]

Action, ak′shun, n. a state of acting: activity in the abstract: a deed: operation: gesture: a battle: a lawsuit, or proceedings in a court: the movement of events in a drama, novel, &c.—adj. Ac′tionable, liable to a lawsuit.—n. Ac′tion-tak′ing (Shak.), resenting an injury by a lawsuit instead of fighting it out like a man of honour.

Activate, ak′ti-vāt, v.t. (Bacon) to make active:—pr.p. ac′tivāting; pa.p. ac′tivāted.

Active, akt′iv, adj. that acts: busy: nimble: practical, as opposed to speculative: effective: (gram.) transitive.—adv. Act′ively.—ns. Activ′ity, Act′iveness.

Acton, ak′tun, n. a stuffed leather jacket which used to be worn under a coat of mail. [O. Fr. auqueton, through Sp. from Ar. al-qūtun.]

Actual, akt′ū-al, adj. real: existing in fact and now, as opp. to an imaginary or past state of things.—v.t. Act′ualise, to make actual: to realise in action.—n. Actual′ity.—adv. Act′ually.

Actuary, akt′ū-ar-i, n. a registrar or clerk: one who makes the calculations connected with an insurance office.—adj. Actua′rial. [L. actuarius (scriba), an amanuensis, a clerk.]

Actuate, akt′ū-āt, v.t. to put into or incite to action: to influence.—n. Actuā′tion. [L. actus, action. See Act.]

Aculeated, ak-ūl-e-āt′ed, p.adj. pointed: (fig.) pungent, incisive. [L. aculeatus, aculeus, dim. of acus, needle.]

Acumen, ak-ū′men, n. sharpness: quickness of perception: penetration. [L. See Acute.]

Acuminate, a-kū′min-āt, adj. (bot.) having a long tapering point—also Acū′minated.—v.t. Acū′minate, to sharpen: (fig.) give point to.—n. Accuminā′tion. [L. acuminatum, pa.p. of acumināre, to make pointed—acumen, a point. See Acumen.]

Acupressure, ak-ū-presh′ūr, n. a mode of arresting hemorrhage from cut arteries, by inserting a needle into the flesh so as to press across the mouth of the artery. [L. acus, a needle, and Pressure.]

Acupuncture, ak-ū-pungkt′ūr, n. an operation for relieving pain by puncturing the flesh with needles. [L. acus, a needle, and Puncture.]

Acute, ak-ūt′, adj. sharp-pointed: keen: opp. of dull: shrewd: shrill: critical.—adv. Acute′ly.—n. Acute′ness.—Acute angle, an angle less than a right angle (see Angle); Acute disease, one coming to a violent crisis, as opp. to Chronic. [L. acutus, pa.p. of acuĕre, to sharpen, from root ak, sharp.]

Adage, ad′āj, n. an old saying: a proverb. [Fr.—L. adagium, from ad, to, and root of aio, I say.]

Adagio, a-dā′gī-o, adv. (mus.) slowly.—n. a slow movement: a piece in adagio time. [It. ad agio, at ease.]

Adam, ad′am, n. the first man: unregenerate human nature: a gaoler.—n. Ad′amite, one descended from Adam: one of a 2d-century heretical sect in Northern Africa, and in the 15th in Germany, whose members, claiming the primitive innocence of Eden, went about naked.—adjs. Adamit′ic, -al.—n. Ad′amitism.

Adamant, ad′a-mant, n. a very hard stone: the diamond.—adjs. Adamantē′an (Milton), hard as adamant; Adaman′tine, made of or like adamant: that cannot be broken or penetrated. [L. and Gr. adamas, -antos—a, neg., and damaein, to break, to tame. See Tame.]

Adam's-apple, ad′amz-ap′pl, n. the angular projection of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx in front of the throat, so called from an idea that part of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's throat.—Adam's ale or wine, water.

Adansonia, ad-an-sō′ni-a, n. the baobab, monkey-bread, or calabash-tree of West Africa. [So called from Adanson, a French botanist (1727-1806).]

Adapt, ad-apt′, v.t. to make apt or fit: to accommodate (with to or for).—ns. Adaptabil′ity, Adapt′ableness.—adj. Adapt′able, that may be adapted.—n. Adaptā′tion, the act of making suitable: fitness: (biol.) the process of advantageous variation and progressive modification by which organisms are adjusted to the conditions of their life—the perfected result of adaptation being a life in harmony with the environment. [Fr.—L. adaptāre—ad, to, and aptāre, to fit.]

Adar, ā′dar, n. the twelfth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical, the sixth of the civil, year, corresponding to the later part of February and the first part of March. [Heb. adār.]

Adays, a-dāz′, adv. nowadays: at the present time. [Prep. a, and gen. sing. of Day, A.S. ondæye.]

Add, ad, v.t. to put (one thing) to (another): to sum up (with to): to increase.—adjs. Add′able, Add′ible.—ns. Addibil′ity; Addit′ament (Charles Lamb), an addition; Addi′tion, the act of adding: the thing added: the rule in arithmetic for adding numbers together: title, honour.—adj. Addi′tional, that is added. [L.—addëre—ad, to, dãre, to put.]

Addax, ad′aks, n. a species of large antelope found in Africa, with long twisted horns. [African word.]

Addeem, ad-dēm′, v.t. to deem: to adjudge: to award. [Pfx. ad-, and Deem.]

Addendum, ad-den′dum, n. a thing to be added: an appendix:—pl. Adden′da. [L. See Add.]

Adder, ad′ėr, n. the popular English name of the viper.—ns. Ad′der's-tongue, a genus of ferns the seeds of which grow on a spike resembling a serpent's tongue; Ad′der's-wort, a wort or plant, so called from its being supposed to cure the bite of serpents—also called Snakeweed. [A.S. nædre; cf. Ger. atter for natter. An adder came by mistake into use for a nadder; the reverse mistake is a newt for an ewt or eft.]

Addict, ad-dikt′, v.t. to give (one's self) up to (generally in a bad sense): (B.) to devote or dedicate one's self to.—adjs. Addict′, Addict′ed, given up to (with to).—ns. Addict′edness, Addic′tion. [L. addicĕre, addictum—ad, to, dicĕre, to declare.]

Addle, ad′dl, Addled, ad′dld, adj. diseased: putrid: barren, empty.—adjs. Ad′dle-head′ed, Ad′dle-pat′ed, having a head or pate with addled brains.—n. Ad′dlement. [M.E. adele—A.S. adela, mud; cf. Scot, eddle, liquid manure.]

Addoom, ad-dōōm′, v.t. (Spens.) to doom, to adjudge, to award. [Pfx. a-, and Doom.]

Address, ad-dres′, v.t. to direct (with to): to speak or write to: to court: to direct in writing: to arrange properly: (arch.) to don: (refl.) to turn one's skill or energies towards.—n. a formal communication in writing: a speech: manners: dexterity: direction of a letter:—pl. Address′es, attentions of a lover.—To address one's self to a task, to set about it. [Fr. adresser—Low L. addirectiāre—L. ad, to, directum, straight. See Dress, Direct.]

Adduce, ad-dūs′, v.t. to bring forward: to cite or quote.—adj. Addūc′ent, drawing forward or together, as of the adductor muscles.—n. Addūc′er.—adj. Addūc′ible.—n. Adduc′tion, the act of adducing or bringing forward: the movement by which a part of the body is drawn forward by muscles.—adj. Adduc′tive, tending to bring forward. [L. adducĕre—ad, to, and duc˘ere, to bring.]

Adductor, ad-dukt′ur, n. a muscle which draws one part towards another. [See Abductor.]

Addulce, ad-duls′, v.t. (obs.) to make sweet. [O. Fr. adoulcir—L. ad, to, dulcis, sweet.]

Adelphous, a-del′fus, adj. (bot.) united in brotherhoods or bundles, as stamens. [Gr. adelphos, brother.]

Adenitis, ad-en-ī′tis, n. inflammation of the lymphatic glands. [Gr. adēn, a gland, -itis, denoting inflammation.]

Adenoid, -al, ad′en-oid, -al, adj. of a gland-like shape: glandular. [Gr. adēn, a gland, eidos, form.]

Adenotomy, ad-en-ot′o-mi, n. a cutting or incision of a gland. [Gr. adēn, a gland, tomē, a cutting.]

Adept, ad-ept′, or ad′ept, adj. completely skilled (in).—n. a proficient.—n. Adep′tion (Bacon), attainment. [L. adeptus (artem), having attained (an art), pa.p. of adipisci, to attain—ad, to, and apisci.]

Adequate, ad′e-kwāt, adj. equal to: proportionate: sufficient.—adv. Ad′equately.—ns. Ad′equateness, Ad′equacy, state of being adequate: sufficiency. [L. adæquatus, made equal—ad, to, and æquus, equal.]

Adhere, ad-hēr′, v.i. to stick to: to remain fixed or attached (with to): (Shak.) to be consistent: (Scots law) to affirm a judgment.—n. Adher′ence, state of adhering: steady attachment.—adj. Adher′ent, sticking to.—n. one who adheres: a follower: a partisan (with of)—a less common form is Adher′er. [L. ad, to, hærēre, hæsum, to stick.]

Adhesion, ad-hē′zhun, n. the act of adhering or sticking to: steady attachment: (path.) a vital union between two surfaces of a living body which have been either naturally or artificially separated.—adj. Adhes′ive, sticky: apt to adhere.—adv. Adhes′ively.—n. Adhes′iveness. [See Adhere.]

Adhibit, ad-hib′it, v.t. to apply to: to use: to attach: to admit: to devote to: to administer.—n. Adhibi′tion, application: use. [L. adhibēre, -itum—ad, to, and habēre, to hold.]

Adiantum, ad-i-an′tum, n. maidenhair, a large genus of ferns. [Gr. adiantos, a, neg., and diantos, capable of being wetted.]

Adiaphoron, a-di-af′or-on, n.pl. in theology and ethics, things indifferent—any tenet or usage which is considered as non-essential—also Adiaph′ora.—n. Adiaph′orism, tolerance in regard to non-essential points in theology.—adj. Adiaph′orous. [Gr., from a, neg., and diaphoros, differing—dia, apart, pherein, to carry.]

Adiathermic, ā-dī-a-thėr′mik, adj. impervious to radiant heat. [Gr. a, neg., dia, through, thermos, heat.]

Adieu, a-dū′, adv. (I commend you) to God: farewell.—n. a farewell:—pl. Adieus or Adieux (a-dūz′). [Fr. à Dieu, to God.]

Adipocere, ad′i-pō-sēr, n. a fatty, waxy substance resulting from the decomposition of animal bodies in moist places or under water, but not exposed to air. [Through Fr. from L. adeps, adipis, soft fat, and cera, wax.]

Adipose, ad′i-pōz, adj. fatty.—Adipose tissue, the vesicular structure in the animal body which contains the fat. [L. adeps, adipis, soft fat.]

Adit, ad′it, n. an opening or passage, esp. into a mine. [L. aditus—ad, to, īre, itum, to go.]

Adjacent, ad-jās′ent, adj. lying near to: contiguous.—n. Adjac′ency, the state of being near: that which is adjacent.—adv. Adjac′ently. [L. ad, to, jacēre, to lie.]

Adjective, ad′jek-tiv, n. a word added to a noun to qualify it, or limit it by reference to quality, number, or position.—adj. Adjectīv′al.—adv. Ad′jectively. [L. adjectivum (nomen), an added (noun)—adjicĕre, -jectum, to throw to, to add—ad, to, jacĕre, to throw.]

Adjoin, ad-join′, v.i. to lie next to.—adj. Adjoin′ing, joining to: near: adjacent.—n. Ad′joint, a civil officer who assists a French maire: an assistant professor in a French college. [Through Fr. from L. adjungĕre. See Join.]

Adjourn, ad-jurn′, v.t. to put off to another day: to postpone: to discontinue a meeting in order to reconstitute it at another time or place.—v.i. to suspend proceedings and disperse for any time specified, or sine die, without such time being specified.—n. Adjourn′ment, the act of adjourning: the interval it causes.—(obs.) Adjourn′al. [O. Fr. ajorner—Low L. adiurnāre—L. ad, to, Low L. jurnus, L. diurnus, daily. See Journal.]

Adjudge, ad-juj′, v.t. to decide: to assign.—n. Adjudg′ment, the act of adjudging: sentence. [O. Fr. ajuger—L. adjudicāre. See Judge.]

Adjudicate, ad-jōō′di-kāt, v.t. to determine judicially: to pronounce.—v.i. to pronounce judgment.—ns. Adjudicā′tion (Eng. law), an order of the Bankruptcy Court, adjudging the debtor to be a bankrupt, and transferring his property to a trustee; Adjū′dicator. [L. adjudicāre, -ātum.]

Adjunct, ad′junkt, adj. joined or added to.—n. the thing joined or added, as a qualifying addition to a name expressing any personal quality, or the like: a person joined to another in some office or service: (gram.) any word or clause enlarging the subject or predicate: (logic) any accompanying quality or non-essential attribute.—n. Adjunc′tion, the act of joining: the thing joined.—adj. Adjunct′ive, joining.—advs. Adjunct′ively, Adjunct′ly, in connection with. [L. See Join.]

Adjuration, ad-jōōr-ā′shun, n. the act of adjuring: the charge or oath used in adjuring.—adj. Adjur′atory, containing an adjuration.—p.adj. Adjur′ing, acting as an adjuration. [Fr.—L. adjuration-em.]

Adjure, ad-jōōr′, v.t. to charge on oath or solemnly: to cause to swear (B. and Milton). [L.—ad, to, jurāre, -ātum, to swear.]

Adjust, ad-just′, v.t. to arrange properly (with to): to regulate: to settle.—adj. Adjust′able.—n. Adjust′ment, arrangement. [O. Fr. ajouster—Low L. adjuxtāre, to put side by side—L. juxta, near].

Adjutant, ad′joot-ant, n. a regimental staff officer not above the rank of major, specially appointed to assist the commanding officer of a garrison or regiment—there are also adjutants of auxiliary forces, of depôts, of brigade, &c.: a large species of stork or crane found in India.—ns. Ad′jutancy, the office of an adjutant: assistance; Ad′jutant-gen′eral, the head of his department on the general staff of the army, the executive officer of the commander-in-chief. [L. adjutāre = adjuvāre—ad, to, juvāre, to assist.]

Admeasure, ad-mezh′ūr, v.t. to measure: to apportion:—pr.p. admeas′ūring; pa.p. admeas′ūred.—n. Admeas′urement (see Measurement). [Fr.—Late L. admensurāre—L. ad, to, mensura, Measure.]

Adminicle, ad-min′i-kl, n. anything that aids or supports: an auxiliary: (law) any corroboratory evidence.—adj. Adminic′ular.—v.t. and v.i. Adminic′ulate. [L. adminiculum, a support—ad, to, manus, hand.]

Administer, ad-min′is-tėr, v.t. to manage as a steward, substitute, or executor: to supply: to conduct or execute, as offices of religion: to apply: to impose.—v.i. to bring aid (with to).—adjs. Admin′istrable, that may be administered; Admin′istrant.—n. Administrā′tion, the act of administering: management: dispensation of sacraments: the power or party that administers the government of the country.—adj. Admin′istrative, that administers.—n. Administrā′tor, one who manages or directs: the person to whom is committed, under a commission entitled Letters of Administration, the administration or distribution of the personal estate of any one dying intestate or leaving a will in which no executor is named:—fem. Administrā′trix.—n. Administrā′torship. [Through Fr. from L. administrāre—ad, to, and ministrāre, to minister.]

Admiral, ad′mir-al, n. the chief commander of a navy—the ancient English title of Lord High Admiral is now in abeyance, his functions falling to the five Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty, and the High Court of Admiralty: a naval officer of the highest rank. In the British navy, admirals are distinguished into three classes—Ad′mirals, Vice′-ad′mirals, and Rear′-ad′mirals; the admiral carrying his colour at the main, the vice-admiral at the fore, and the rear-admiral at the mizzen mast-head. In former times each grade was subdivided into three sections, known as admirals (or vice- or rear-admirals) of the Red, of the White, and of the Blue, respectively: admiral-ship (Milton's ammiral) or flag-ship: the chief ship in a fleet of merchantmen.—ns. Ad′miralship, the office of an admiral; Ad′miralty, the board of commissioners for the administration of naval affairs: the building where these transact business. [Through Fr. from Ar. amīr, a lord, a chief.]

Admire, ad-mīr′, v.t. to have a high opinion of: to love.—v.i. (arch.) to be affected with wonder at.—adj. Ad′mirable, worthy of being admired.—n. Ad′mirableness.—adv. Ad′mirably.—ns. Admir′ance (Spens.), admiration; Admirā′tion, the act of admiring: wonder, together with esteem, love, or veneration: (B., Shak., and Milton) astonishment.—adj. Ad′mirative.—n. Admīr′er, one who admires: a lover.—adv. Admīr′ingly. [Fr. admirer—L. ad, at, mirāri, to wonder.]

Admit, ad-mit′, v.t. to allow to enter: to let in: to concede: to acknowledge: to be capable of:—pr.p. admit′ting; pa.p. admit′ted.—n. Admissibil′ity.—adj. Admis′sible, that may be admitted or allowed (generally, or specially as legal proof).—ns. Admis′sion, Admit′tance, the act of admitting: anything admitted or conceded: leave to enter.—adj. Admit′table, that may be admitted.—adv. Admit′tedly. [Through Fr. from L. admittĕre, -missum—ad, to, mittĕre, to send.]

Admix, ad-miks′, v.t. to mix with something else.—n. Admix′ture, what is added to the chief ingredient of a mixture. [L. ad, to, and Mix.]

Admonish, ad-mon′ish, v.t. to warn: to reprove mildly.—n. Admon′ishment, admonition. [O. Fr. admonester—Late L. admonestāre—admonere—ad, to, monere, to warn.]

Admonition, ad-mon-ish′un, n. kind reproof: counsel: advice: ecclesiastical censure.—adjs. Admon′itive, Admon′itory, containing admonition.—n. Admon′itor. [L. admonition-em. See Admonish.]

Adnascent, ad-nas′ent, adj. growing to or upon. [L. adnascens, -entis, pr.p. of adnasci—ad, to, nasci, natus, to grow.]

Adnate, ad-nāt′, adj. (bot.) growing close to the stem. [L. adnatus, usually agnatus—ad, to, (g)natus, born.]

Ado, a-dōō′, n. a to do: bustle: trouble: difficulty: stir or fuss. [Contr. of at do = to do, a form of the infin. borrowed from the Scandinavian.]

Adobe, a-dō′bā, n. and adj. a sun-dried brick, or made of such. [Sp. adobar, to plaster.]

Adolescent, ad-o-les′ent, adj. growing to manhood.—n. Adoles′cence, the period of youth, in man, from 14 to 25; in woman, from 12 to 21. [Through Fr. from L. adolescent-em, adolescĕre, to grow, adolēre, to magnify.]

Adonis, a-dō′nis, n. a beautiful youth, beloved by Aphrodite (Venus): a beau or dandy.—v.t. and v.i. Ad′onise, to make beautiful.

Adoors, a-dōrz′, adv. (obs.) at doors: at the door. [Prep, a, at, and Door.]

Adopt, ad-opt′, v.t. to choose: to take up or embrace: to take into any relationship: to take as one's own what is another's, as a child, &c.—ns. Adop′tianism, an 8th-century heresy akin to Nestorianism, that Christ, in respect of his divine nature, was doubtless the Son of God; but that, as to his human nature, he was only declared and adopted to be the first-born Son of God; Adop′tion, the act of adopting: the state of being adopted: assumption: the taking into one language of words from another: formal acceptance: choice: (theol.) an act of divine grace by which the redeemed in Christ are admitted to the privileges of the sons of God.—adjs. Adop′tious (Shak.), adopted; Adopt′ive, that adopts or is adopted. [L. adoptāre—ad, to, and, optāre, to choose.]

Adore, ad-ōr′, v.t. to worship: to love intensely.—adj. Ador′able, worthy of being adored.—n. Ador′ableness.—adv. Ador′ably.—ns. Adorā′tion, divine worship, homage: profound regard; Ador′er, one who adores: a lover.—adv. Ador′ingly. [L. ad, to, orāre, to pray. See Oracle.]

Adorn, ad-orn′, v.t. to deck or dress: to embellish.—n. (Spens.) adornment.—adj. (Milton) adorned, ornate.—n. Adorn′ment, ornament: decoration. [O. Fr. aörner, adorner—L. adornāre—ad, to, ornāre, to furnish.]

Adown, a-down′, adv. and prep. down. [A.S. of-dúne—of, from, dun, a hill. See Down, a bank.]

Adrad, a-drad′, Adread, a-dred′, adj. (obs.) in a state of fear. [Prob. from A.S. of-drad, of-drede, to terrify. See Dread.]

Adrift, a-drift′, adj. or adv. floating as driven (by the wind): moving at random. [Prep. a, and Drift.]

Adroit, a-droit′, adj. dexterous: skilful.—adv. Adroit′ly.—n. Adroit′ness. [Fr. à droit, according to right—L. directus, straight. See Direct.]

Adscititious, ad-sit-ish′us, adj. added or assumed: additional. [L. adsciscĕre, -scītum, to take or assume—ad, to, sciscĕre, to inquire—scīre, to know.]

Adscript, ad′skript, adj. written after: attached to the soil, of feudal serfs—in this sense also used as a noun. [L. adscriptus—ad, to, scribĕre, to write.]

Adulate, ad′ū-lāt, v.t. to fawn upon, to flatter:—pr.p. ad′ūlāting; pa.p. ad′ūlāted.—n. Ad′ulator, a servile flatterer.—adj. Adulatory (ad′ū-lā-tor-i). [L. adulāri, adulatus, to fawn upon.]

Adulation, ad-ū-lā′shun, n. fawning: flattery. [L. adulāri, adulatus, to fawn upon.]

Adullamite, ad-ul′am-īt, adj. an inhabitant of Adullam, where was a cave to which flocked from all sides to David in exile men in debt, distress, or discontent (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2). The name was applied by John Bright in 1866 to a Whig secession from the Liberal party.

Adult, ad-ult′, adj. grown: mature.—n. a grown-up person.—n. Adult′ness. [L. adultus—adolescĕre, to grow. See Adolescent.]

Adulterate, ad-ult′ėr-āt, v.t. to corrupt: to make impure (by mixing).—v.i. (obs.) to commit adultery.—adj. defiled by adultery: spurious: corrupted by base elements.—ns. Adult′erant, the person or substance that adulterates; Adulterā′tion, the act of adulterating: the state of being adulterated. [See Adultery.]

Adultery, ad-ult′ėr-i, n. violation of the marriage-bed, whether one's own or another's: in Scripture applied loosely to unchastity generally.—n. Adult′erer, a man guilty of adultery:—fem. Adult′eress.—adj. Adult′erine, resulting from adultery: spurious.—n. the offspring of adultery.—v.t. and v.i. Adult′erise (arch.).—adj. Adult′erous, guilty of adultery. [O. Fr. avoutrie, avoutre, an adulterer—L. adulterum, prob. from ad, to, and alter, another. The modern form of the word is due to a later approximation to the Latin form.]

Adumbrate, ad-um′brāt, or ad′-, v.t. to give a faint shadow of: to exhibit imperfectly.—adjs. Adum′brant, Adum′brative, adumbrating or giving a faint shadow.—n. Adumbrā′tion. [L. adumbratus, adumbrāre—ad, to, umbra, a shadow.]

Adust, a-dust′, adj. burnt up or scorched; browned with the sun. [L. adustus, pa.p. of adurĕre, to burn up.]

Advance, ad-vans′, v.t. to put forward: to promote to a higher office: to encourage the progress of: to propose: to supply beforehand: to pay before the money is legally due, to pay on security.—v.i. to move or go forward: to make progress: to rise in rank or in value.—n. progress: improvement: a rise in price or value: a giving beforehand, also the sum so given: a loan.—n. Advance′ment, promotion: improvement: payment of money in advance.—In advance, beforehand. [O. Fr. avancer—Late L. abante (Fr. avant)—L. ab ante, from before.]

Advantage, ad-vant′āj, n. superiority over another: gain or benefit: at tennis, the point gained by either side after deuce, when both sides stand at an equal score (more commonly Vant′age).—v.t. to benefit or profit.—adjs. Advan′tageable, profitable: convenient (rare); Advantā′geous, of advantage: useful (with to and for).—adv. Advantā′geously.—n. Advantā′geousness.—To have the advantage of any one, to be known by a person without one's self knowing him; To take at advantage, to avail one's self of any opportunity, often implying an unfair sense. [Fr. avantage (It. vantaggio)—Fr. avant, before. See Advance.]

Advene, ad-vēn′, v.i. to accede: to be superadded to. [Through Fr. from L. advenīre, to come to.]

Advent, ad′vent, n. a coming or arrival: the first or the second coming of Christ: the period immediately before the festival of the Nativity, including four Sundays—from the first after St Andrew's Day (November 30) to Christmas eve.—n. Ad′ventist, one who believes in the second coming of Christ to set up a kingdom on the earth: a millenarian—adj. Advent′ual (obs.), relating to Advent. [Through Fr. from L. adventus—ad, to, venīre, to come.]

Adventitious, ad-vent-ish′us, adj. accidental: additional: foreign: appearing casually.—adv. Adventi′tiously.—adj. Advent′ive (Bacon), adventitious.—n. a thing or person coming from without. [See Advent.]

Adventure, ad-vent′ūr, n. a risk or chance: a remarkable incident: an enterprise: trial of the issue: risk: a commercial speculation: the spirit of enterprise.—v.i. to attempt or dare.—v.t. to risk or hazard: (refl.) to venture.—v.i. to risk one's self (with on, into, upon): to dare, go so far as to.—n. Advent′urer, one who engages in hazardous enterprises: a soldier of fortune, or speculator: one who pushes his fortune by equivocal means, as false pretences, &c.:—fem. Advent′uress.—adjs. Advent′urous, Advent′uresome, enterprising: ready to incur risk.—adv. Advent′urously.—n. Advent′urousness. [O. Fr.—L. adventurus, about to happen, fut. perf. of advenīre. See Advent.]

Adverb, ad′vėrb, n. a word added to a verb, adjective, or other adverb to express some modification of the meaning or an accompanying circumstance.—adj. Adverb′ial, pertaining to an adverb—used also as a n.—adv. Adverb′ially. [L. ad verbium—ad, to, verbum, a word. It is so called, not because it is added to a verb, but because it is a word (verbum) joined to, or supplemental of, other words.]

Adversaria, ad-vėrs-ār′i-a, n.pl. collections of miscellaneous things in a commonplace-book: consecutive notes on any book. [L., lit. things written on the opposite sides of the paper, from adversus, against.]

Adversary, ad′vėrs-ar-i, n. an opponent: an enemy: Satan, as the general adversary of mankind. [O. Fr. aversier—L. adversarius. See Adverse.]

Adversative, ad-vėrs′a-tiv, adj. denoting opposition, contrariety, or variety. [See Adverse.]

Adverse, ad′vėrs, adj. acting in a contrary direction (with to): opposed to: unfortunate: injurious.—adv. Ad′versely.—ns. Ad′verseness, Advers′ity, adverse circumstances: affliction: misfortune. [Through Fr. from L. adversus—ad, to, and vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Advert, ad-vėrt′, v.i. to turn the mind to (with to): to refer to: (obs.) to regard or observe.—ns. Advert′ence, Advert′ency, attention to: heedfulness: regard.—adj. Advert′ent, attentive: heedful.—adv. Advert′ently. [O. Fr. avertir, avertiss-ant—L. advertĕre—ad, to, and vertĕre, to turn.]

Advertise, ad-vėrt-īz′, or ad′-, v.t. to turn one's attention to: to inform: to give public information or announcement of: (obs.) to instruct.—ns. Advert′isement, the act of advertising or making known: a public notice in a newspaper or periodical: notoriety: (obs.) news; Advertīs′er, one who advertises: a paper in which advertisements are published.—p.adj. Advertīs′ing (Shak.), attentive. [Fr., from L. See Advert.]

Advice, ad-vīs′, n. counsel: intelligence (usually in pl.): formal official intelligence about anything: specially skilled opinion, as of a physician or lawyer.—n. Advice′-boat, a swift vessel employed in conveying despatches.—adjs. Advice′ful, Avize′full (Spens.).—The form Adviso, advice, counsel (Sir T. Browne), and in Caraval of adviso = an advice-boat (Fuller), is obsolete—modern form Aviso. [O. Fr. advis (Fr. avis)—L. ad visum, according to what is seen or seems best.]

Advise, ad-vīz′, v.t. to give advice or counsel to: to recommend: to inform (usually with of).—v.i. to consult (with): (obs.) to deliberate:—pr.p. advīs′ing; pa.p. advīsed′.—ns. Advisabil′ity, Advis′ableness.—adj. Advis′able, that may be advised or recommended: prudent: expedient: open to advice.—adv. Advis′ably.—adjs. Advis′atory (rare); Advised′, cautious: deliberate, as in well-advised and ill-advised.—adv. Advis′edly, intentionally.—ns. Advis′edness, deliberate consideration: prudent procedure; Advise′ment (obs. or arch.), counsel, deliberation; Advis′er, one who advises or gives advice; Advis′ing (Shak.), counsel, advice. [O. Fr. aviser, from advis or avis. See Advice.]

Advocacy, ad′vo-ka-si, n. the function of an advocate: a pleading for: defence. [See Advocate.]

Advocate, ad′vo-kāt, n. an intercessor or defender: one who pleads the cause of another, esp. in a court of law in Scotland and France.—v.t. to plead in favour of: to recommend.—ns. Advocā′tion; Ad′vocator.—Lord Advocate, the first law-officer of the crown and public prosecutor of crimes for Scotland. [O. Fr. avocat—L. advocatus—advocāre, -ātum—ad, to, vocāre, to call: to call in (another to help, as in a lawsuit or in sickness).]

Advoutrer, ad-vow′trėr, n. (obs.) an adulterer:—fem. Advou′tress. [See Advoutry.]

Advoutry, ad-vow′tri, n. (obs.) adultery. [O. Fr. avoutrie—L. adulterium.]

Advowson, ad-vow′zun, n. the right of patronage or presentation to a church benefice.—n. Advowee′, one who has the right of advowson. [O. Fr. avoëson—L. advocation-em, right of the patron—L. advocatus, a patron.]

Adynamic, ā-di-nam′ik, adj. without strength: (phys.) characterised by the absence of force. [Gr. a, neg., and dynamis, strength.]

Adytum, ad′i-tum, n. the most sacred part of a heathen temple: the chancel of a church:—pl. Ad′yta. [L.—Gr. adyton—a, neg., and dyein, to enter.]

Adze, Adz, adz, n. a carpenter's tool consisting of a thin arched blade with its edge at right angles to the handle. [A.S. adesa; ultimate origin unknown.]

Ædile, Edile, ē′dīl, n. a magistrate in ancient Rome who had the charge of public buildings, games, markets, police, &c.—n. Æ′dileship. [L. ædīlis, ædes, -is, a building.]

Ægis, ē′jis, n. (orig.) a shield given by Jupiter to Minerva: anything that protects. [L.—Gr. aígis.]

Ægrotat, ē′grō-tät, n. in the English universities, a medical certificate of inability from illness to attend lectures or examinations.—n. Æger (ē′jėr), sick, the word used at Oxford and Cambridge in excusing absence on account of illness, hence a note certifying a student to be æger or sick. [L., 'he is sick,' 3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of ægrotāre, to be sick; æger, sick.]

Æneid, ē′nē-id, n. an epic poem written by Virgil, the hero of which is Æneas. [L. Æneis, -idos.]

Æolian, ē-ō′li-an, adj. pertaining to or acted on by the wind: aerial: of Æolis or Æolia, a district of Asia Minor colonised by the Greeks.—Also Æ′ōlic. [Æolus, the god of the winds.]

Æolipile, ē-ol′i-pīl, n. an instrument consisting of a hollow ball of metal partly filled with water, and having a small orifice through which steam escapes on the application of heat, thus turning the ball. It is the first instrument on record for showing the power of steam. [From L. Æolus, and pila, ball.]

Æon, Eon, ē′on, n. a period of time, an age or one of a series of ages, eternity: the personification of an age, a power emanating from the supreme Deity, with its share in the creation and government of the universe.—adj. Æō′nian, eternal. [Gr. aiōn.]

Aerate, ā′ėr-āt, v.t. to put air into: to supply, or cause to mix, with carbonic acid or other gas, as Aerated waters.—ns. A′erator, an apparatus for such purpose; Aerā′tion, exposure to the action of air: the mixing or saturating with a gas: the oxygenation of the blood by respiration. [L. aër, air.]

Aerial, ā-ēr′i-al, adj. belonging to the air: inhabiting or existing in the air: elevated, lofty, ethereal.—ns. Aerial′ity, Aer′ialness.—adv. Aer′ially.

Aerie, ā′ri, or ē′ri, n. the nest of any bird of prey, esp. an eagle: a house perched on some high or steep place: (Shak.) the brood in the nest, or a stock of children.—Also Aery, Eyrie, Eyry. [O. Fr. aire; Low L. aeria, aerea—L. area, a spot of level ground. The form Eyry seems to have been originally due to a confusion with M. E. ey, an egg.]

Aeriferous, ā-ėr-if′ėr-us, adj. carrying or containing air. [L. aër, air, and ferre, to carry.]

Aeriform, ā′ėr-i-form, adj. having the form or nature of air or gas: unsubstantial, unreal. [L. aër, air, and forma, form.]

Aerify, ā′ėr-i-fī, v.t. to change from a solid or liquid state into air or gas: to fill or combine with air.—n. Aerificā′tion, act of being aerified or changed from a solid or liquid state into air or gas: act of combining air with anything: state of being filled with air. [L. aër, air, and facĕre, to make.]

Aerobia, ā-ėr-ō′bi-a, n.pl. (biol.) bacteria that require free oxygen for the maintenance of their vitality.—adj. Aerō′bic.

Aerodynamics, ā-ėr-o-di-nam′iks, n. the science of the motion of the air and other gases, and of their mechanical effects when in motion. [Gr. aēr, aeros, air, and dynamis, power.]

Aerolite, ā′ėr-o-līt, n. a meteoric stone or meteorite—also A′erolith.—n. Aerolithol′ogy, that branch of science which treats of aerolites.—adj. Aerolit′ic. [Gr. aēr, air, lithos, a stone.]

Aerology, ā-ėr-ol′o-ji, n. the branch of science which treats of the atmosphere.—adj. Aerolog′ical.—n. Aerol′ogist. [Gr. aēr, aeros, air, logos, discourse.]

Aeromancy, ā-ėr-om′an-si, n. divination by means of atmospheric phenomena: weather forecasting. [Fr.—L.—Gr. aēr, air, manteia, divination.]

Aerometer, ā-ėr-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the weight or density of air and gases. [Gr. aēr, and Meter.]

Aerometry, ā-ėr-om′e-tri, n. the measuring of the air, now called pneumatics.—adj. Aeromet′ric. [Gr. aēr, aeros, air, metron, a measure.]

Aeronaut, ā′ėr-o-nawt, n. one who makes ascents in a balloon.—adjs. Aeronaut′ic, Aeronaut′ical.—n. Aeronaut′ics, the science or art of aerial navigation. [Gr. aēr, air, nautēs, sailor.]

Aerophyte, ā′ėr-o-fīt, n. a plant nourished by the air, as epiphytal orchids and many lichens. [Gr. aēr, air, phyton, a plant.]

Aerostat, ā′ėr-o-stat, n. a machine formed to sustain weights in the air: a flying machine—sometimes applied in the newspapers to the aeronaut himself.—adj. Aerostat′ic—n. Aerostā′tion, the art of raising and guiding balloons. [Gr. aēr, aeros, air, and statos, standing—histēmi, I cause to stand.]

Aerostatics, ā-ėr-o-stat′iks, n. the science of the equilibrium of air or of elastic fluids: the science of raising and guiding balloons. [Gr. aēr, air, statikos, relating to equilibrium. See Statics.]

Æruginous, ē-roo′ji-nus, adj. pertaining to or like copper-rust or verdigris. [L. æruginosus—ærugo, æruginis, rust of copper—æs, æris, brass, copper.]

Aery, ā′ėr-i, adj. aerial, incorporeal, spiritual, visionary.—adj. Ae′rylight (Milton), light as air.—As a noun, Aery is a variant spelling of Aerie.

Æsthetics, ēs-thet′iks, n. the feeling of beauty in objects, the principles of taste and of art: the philosophy of the fine arts.—n. Æs′thete, a professed disciple of æstheticism, one who affects an extravagant love of art.—adjs. Æsthet′ic, Æsthet′ical, pertaining to æsthetics.—adv. Æsthet′ically.—ns. Æstheti′cian, Æsthet′icist, one devoted to æsthetics; Æsthet′icism, the principles of æsthetics: the cult of the beautiful, applied esp. to an art movement in London in the last quarter of the 19th century, which aimed at carrying art into every home and every relation of life, but made itself ridiculous by its fantastic and superficial dogmatism, and its puerility.—v.t. Æsthet′icize, to render æsthetic, to refine. [Gr. aisthētikos, perceptive—aisthanesthai, to feel or perceive.]

Æstival, es-tī′val, adj. pertaining to the summer. [L. æstivalis—æstas, summer.]

Æstivation, es-ti-vā′shun, n. (bot.) the manner of folding of the petals in the flower-bud: (zool.) the act of remaining dormant during the dry season—opposed to Hibernation: (Bacon) the passing of the summer: a summer retreat. [L. æstivus, relating to summer—æstas, summer.]

Æthrioscope, ē′thri-o-skōp, n. an instrument for measuring the minute variations of temperature due to the condition of the sky. [Gr. aithria, the open sky, skopos, an observer.]

Ætiology, ē-ti-ol′o-ji, n. the science or philosophy of causation, esp. an inquiry into the origin and causes of a disease.—adj. Ætiolog′ical. [L.—Gr. aitiologia—aitia, cause, logos, discourse.]

Afar, a-fär′, adv. from a far distance (usually preceded by from): to a distance (usually followed by off). [A.S. feor, with prep. of or on. See Far.]

Afear, Affear, a-fēr′, v.t. (obs.) to terrify.—adj. Afeard′ (Shak.), affected with fear, afraid. [Pfx. a-, and A.S. færan, to frighten.]

Affable, af′fa-bl, adj. condescending: easy to be spoken to (used with to).—ns. Affabil′ity, Af′fableness.—adv. Af′fably. [Fr.—L. affabilis—affāri, to speak to—ad, to, and fāri, to speak.]

Affair, af-fār′, n. that which is to be done: business: any small matter: a battle of minor importance: a matter of intimate personal concern, as a duel—a so-called affair of honour, or an intrigue: (pl.) transactions in general: public concerns. [O. Fr. afaire (Fr. affaire)—à and faire—L. ad, and facĕre, to do. Cf. Ado.]

Affamish, af-fam′ish, v.t. and v.i. (obs.) to cause to perish from hunger. [Fr. affamer—L. ad, to, fames, hunger.]

Affect, af-fekt′, v.t. to act upon: to produce a change upon: to move the feelings: to assign, apply (only in pass.).—adj. Affect′ed, touched with a feeling either for or against (with by): full of affectation: feigned.—adv. Affect′edly.—n. Affect′edness.—adj. Affect′ing, having power to move the passions: pathetic.—adv. Affect′ingly. [L. afficĕre, affectum—ad, to, facĕre, to do.]

Affect, af-fekt′, v.t. to make a show or pretence of, to assume, to counterfeit or pretend to, to take upon one's self to: (obs.) to aim at, seek to obtain: (arch.) have a liking for, to love: to practise, wear, or frequent: to haunt or inhabit by preference.—n. Affectā′tion, a striving after, or an attempt to assume, what is not natural or real: pretence. [L. affectāre, freq. of afficĕre. See Affect above.]

Affection, af-fek′shun, n. kindness or love: attachment: (Shak.) affectation: an attribute or property: a disposition of mind: a disease or abnormal state of body or mind.—adjs. Affec′tional; Affec′tionate, full of affection: loving: (obs.) eager, passionate, well inclined to; Affec′tionated (obs.).—adv. Affec′tionately.—n. Affec′tionateness.—adj. Affec′tioned (B.), affected, disposed: (Shak.) full of affectation. [L. See Affect.]

Affeer, af-fēr′, v.t. to fix the market value of: to reduce to a certain fixed sum.—adj. Affeered′ (Shak.), confirmed.—n. Affeer′ment. [O. Fr. affeurer—Low L. afforāre—L. ad, to, forum, a market.]

Afferent, af′fėr-ent, adj. (anat.) bringing to, applied to the nerves that convey sensations to the nerve centres. [L. afferens—ad, to, and ferre, to carry.]

Affettuoso, af-fet-tōō-ō′so, adj. and adv. (mus.) tender, tenderly, with feeling—used as a noun by Burke.

Affiance, af-fī′ans, n. faith pledged to: marriage contract: trust: affinity (in, on).—v.t. to pledge faith: to betroth.—adj. and n. Affī′anced, betrothed. [O. Fr. afiance, afier—L. ad, to, fides, faith.]

Affidavit, af-fi-dā′vit, n. a written declaration on oath. [Affidavit, 3d pers. sing. perf. of a Low L. affidāre, to pledge one's faith.]

Affiliate, af-fil′i-āt, v.t. to receive into a family as a son, or into a society as a member: to attach to, or connect with, as minor colleges with a university: to impute paternity to, to attribute to, to father on or upon.—n. Affiliā′tion, the act of receiving into a family or society as a member: (law) the assignment of an illegitimate child to its father, the assignment of anything to its origin. [L. affiliāre, to adopt—ad, to, filius, a son.]

Affine, af-fīn′, n. (obs.) a relation, connection.—adjs. Affine′, Affined′, related, bound by some tie. [O. Fr.—L. affinis, neighbouring—ad, to, at, finis, a boundary.]

Affinity, af-fin′i-ti, n. nearness of kin, agreement, or resemblance: causal relationship: structural resemblance between languages of ultimately common origin: structural resemblance between plants, animals, or minerals pointing to identity of stock: relationship by marriage, opposed to consanguinity or relationship by blood: (B.) social relationship: the spiritual relationship between sponsors and their godchild: a mysterious attraction supposed to exist between two persons: (chem.) the peculiar attraction between the atoms of two simple substances that makes them combine to form a compound.—adj. Affin′itive. [Fr.—L. affinitas—affinis, neighbouring—ad, at, finis, boundary.]

Affirm, af-fėrm′, v.t. to assert confidently or positively: to ratify a judgment: to confirm or maintain a statement of one's own or another's: (log.) to make a statement in the affirmative: (law) to make a formal declaration or affirmation, without an oath.—adj. Affirm′able, that may be affirmed (with of).—n. Affirm′ance, affirmation, assertion, confirmation.—adj. Affirm′ant—also n., one who affirms.—n. Affirmā′tion, act of asserting: that which is affirmed: (law) the solemn declaration made by Quakers and others incapable of taking an oath.—adj. and n. Affirm′ative, that affirms or asserts: positive, not negative: dogmatic.—adv. Affirm′atively.—adj. Affirm′atory. [O. Fr. afermer—L. affirmāre—ad, firmus, firm. See Firm.]

Affix, af-fiks′, v.t. to fix to: to add: to attach (to, on, upon).—n. Af′fix, an addition to a root, stem, or word, to modify its meaning or use, whether prefix or suffix: any appendage or addition. [L. affigĕre, -fixum—ad, to, figĕre, to fix. See Fix.]

Afflation, af-flā′shun, n. a breathing upon.—p.adj. Afflat′ed, inspired. [From L. afflāre, flātum—ad, to, and flāre, to breathe.]

Afflatus, af-flā′tus, n. inspiration, as of the poet or orator: esp. religious inspiration, the divine afflatus = L. afflatus divinus. [See Inflation.]

Afflict, af-flikt′, v.t. to give continued pain, distress, or grief: to harass, or vex.—pa.p. Afflict′ed, harassed by disease of body or mind: suffering.—adj. Afflict′ing, distressing.—n. Afflic′tion, state or cause of pain or distress: misery: loss of friends, sickness, persecution. &c.—adj. Afflict′ive, causing distress. [L. affligĕre, flictum—ad, to, fligĕre, to dash to the ground.]

Affluent, af′flōō-ent, adj. abounding: wealthy (with in).—n. a stream flowing into a river or lake.—ns. Af′fluence, abundance: wealth; Af′fluency (obs.).—adv. Af′fluently.—n. Af′fluentness. [L. affluĕre, affluent-em—ad, to, fluĕre, to flow.]

Afflux, af′fluks, Affluxion, af-flux′shun, n. a flowing to: an accession. [L. affluĕre, affluxum. See Affluent.]

Afforce, af-fōrs′, v.t. (law) to reinforce a jury or other deliberative body by specially skilled persons.—n. Afforce′ment. [O. Fr. aforcer—Low L. exfortiāre—L. fortis, strong.]

Afford, af-fōrd′, v.t. to yield or produce: to be able to sell, to expend, or to bear the expense of. [M. E. aforthen, from A.S. geforthian or forthian, to further or cause to come forth.]

Afforest, af-for′est, v.t. to turn land into forest.—n. Afforestā′tion. [Low L. afforestāre—L. ad, to, and foresta. See Forest.]

Affranchise, af-fran′chiz, v.t. to free from slavery, or from some obligation. [O. Fr. afranchir, afranchiss-, from à, to, franchir, to free, franc, free. See Frank.]

Affrap, af-frap′, v.t. or v.i. (Spens.) to strike or strike down. [It. affrappare—af (ad), to, and frappāre (Fr. frapper), to strike.]

Affray, af-frā′, n. a fight causing alarm: a brawl or fray: terror (Spens.).—v.t. to startle: to frighten: esp. in pa.p. Affrayed′ = afraid. [O. Fr. afrayer, esfreer (Fr. effrayer)—Low L. exfrediāre, to break the king's peace—L. ex, and Old High Ger. fridu (Ger. friede), peace.]

Affret, af-fret′, n. (Spens.) a furious onset. [Prob. from It. affrettare, to hasten.]

Affright, af-frīt′, v.t. to frighten—also Affright′en.—n. Affright′, sudden terror.—pa.p. Affright′ed, frightened.—adv. Affright′edly.—adj. Affright′ful (arch.).—n. Affright′ment, sudden fear. [A.S. afyrhtan. See Fright.]

Affront, af-frunt′, v.t. to meet face to face: to insult openly: (Shak.) to throw one's self in the way of.—n. contemptuous treatment: an open insult: disgrace.—adj. Affronté, fem. Affrontée, facing each other: (her.) of animals represented front to front, or expectant—opp. to Addorsed; also looking frontwise, or toward the beholder.—p.adj. Affront′ed, insulted, offended.—adj. Affront′ive.—To put an affront upon, To offer an affront to = to openly insult a person. [O. Fr. afronter—Low L. affrontāre—L. ad, to, front-, the forehead.]

Affusion, af-fū′zhun, n. the act of pouring upon or sprinkling.—Baptism by affusion is effected by the pouring of water on the subject, as distinct from baptism by dipping, or baptism by sprinkling. [L. affusion-em, affundĕre—ad, to, fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Affy, af-fī′, v.t. (obs.) to pledge one's faith to, to betroth.—v.i. to trust or confide:—pr.p. affy′ing; pa.p. affīed′. [O. Fr. afier—Low L. affīdāre—ad, to, fides, faith. See Affiance.]

Aflame, a-flām′, adj. and adv. flaming: glowing. [Pfx. a-, and Flame.]

Afloat, a-flōt′, adv. or adj. floating: at sea: unfixed: in circulation.

Aforehand, a-fōr′hand, adv. before the regular time of accomplishment: in advance.

Aforethought, a-fōr′thawt, adj. thought of or meditated before: premeditated.

African, af′rik-an, adj. pertaining to Africa—also Af′ric.—ns. Af′rican, a native of Africa; Africand′er, one born of white parents in Cape Colony or other parts of South Africa. [L. Africus, Africanus—Afer, African.]

Afrit, a-frit′, n. an evil demon in Arabian mythology.—Also Afreet′. [Ar. ‛ifrīt, a demon.]

Aft, aft, adj. or adv. behind: near or towards the stern of a vessel. [A.S. æft-an.]

After, aft′ėr, prep. and adv. behind in place: later in time: following in search of: in imitation of: in proportion to, or in agreement with: concerning: subsequent to, or subsequently: afterward: after the manner of, or in imitation of.—adj. behind in place: later in time: more toward the stern of a vessel. [A.S. æfter, comp. of af, or of, the primary meaning being 'more off,' 'farther away;' -ter as a comparative affix is seen in L. al-ter, Eng. o-ther. See Of.]

Afterbirth, aft′ėr-bėrth, n. the placenta and membranes which are expelled from the uterus of the mother after the birth.

Afterclap, aft′ėr-klap, n. an unexpected event happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end.

After-damp, aft′ėr-damp, n. choke-damp, arising in coal-mines after an explosion of fire-damp.

Aftergame, aft′ėr-gām, n. a second game played to reverse the issue of the first, hence the means employed after the first turn of affairs.

Afterguard, aft′ėr-gärd, n. the men on the quarter-deck and poop who work the after sails, not needing to go aloft: a drudge or person in a mean capacity.

After-image, aft′ėr-im′āj, n. the image that remains for a brief period after the eye has been withdrawn from the object.

Aftermath, aft′ėr-math, n. a second mowing of grass in the same season. [See Mow, Meadow.]

Aftermost, aft′ėr-mōst, adj. hindmost. [A.S. æftemest; Goth. af-tuma, -tuma, being equiv. to L. -tumus in op-tumus, best. Goth. has also af-tum-ists = A.S. æf-tem-est, which is thus a double superlative.—Thus in aftermost, r is intrusive and -most is not the adv. most.]

Afternoon, aft′ėr-nōōn, n. the time between noon and evening.—n. Aft′er-morn (Tenn.), the morrow.

Afterpains, aft′ėr-pānz, n. the pains which succeed childbirth and the expulsion of the afterbirth.

Afterpiece, aft′ėr-pēs, n. a farce or other minor piece performed after a play.

Afterthought, aft′ėr-thawt, n. thought or reflection after an action: a later thought.

Afterward, aft′ėr-ward, Afterwards, aft′ėr-wardz, adv. in after-time: later: subsequently. [A.S. æftenweard.]

Aga, Agha, ā′ga, n. a Turkish commander or chief officer. [Turk. aghā, Pers. ak, aka, a lord.]

Again, a-gen′, adv. once more: in return: back. [A.S. on-geán, again, opposite; Ger. ent-gegen.]

Against, a-genst′, also a-gānst′, prep. opposite to: in opposition to: in contact or collision with: in provision for: in exchange for, instead of: (B. and Shak.) by the time that, elliptically for 'against (the time) at which' or 'that I come.' [Formed from again, with genitive ending -es, as whilst from while—the -t being a later addition, as in amongs-t, amids-t, &c.]

Agami, ag′a-mi, n. the golden-breasted trumpeter, a grallatorial bird of South America. [Native name.]

Agamogenesis, a-gam-o-jen′e-sis, n. reproduction without sex, found among lower animals and in plants. [Gr. a, priv., gamos, marriage, genesis, reproduction.]

Agamous, ag′a-mus, adj. (bot.) having no visible flowers or organs of fructification. [Gr. agamos—a, neg., and gamos, marriage.]

Agape, ag′a-pē, n. a love-feast, held by the early Christians at communion time, when contributions were made for the poor:—pl. Ag′apæ.—n. Agapem′onē (Gr., 'love abode'), a community of religious visionaries with unedifying ideas about the sexual relations, founded in 1859 at Charlinch, near Bridgwater, by one H. J. Prince, formerly an Anglican clergyman. [Gr. agapē, love.]

Agape, a-gāp′, adj. or adv. gaping from wonder, expectation, or attention. [Lit., 'on gape.']

Agaric, ag′ar-ik, n. a family of fungi, including the mushroom. [Gr. agarikon.]

Agastric, a-gas′trik, adj. having no stomach. [Gr. a, neg., and gastēr, stomach.]

Agate, ag′āt, n. a precious stone composed of layers of quartz, of different tints.—adj. Agatif′erous. [Gr. achatēs, said to be so called because first found near the river Achates in Sicily.]

Agate, a-gāt′, adv. agoing, on the way. [Prep. a, and Gate; a northern word.]

Agave, a-gā′ve, n. a genus of herbaceous plants, natives of the warmer parts of America, which in Mexico usually flower about the seventh or eighth year, the stem rising to a height of forty feet. It is called also the American Aloe and Century Plant, receiving the latter name from the number of years (40-60, popularly a hundred) it takes to flower in our hot-houses.

Agazed, a-gāzd′, adj. (Shak.) struck with amazement. [Prob. a variant of Aghast.]

Age, āj, n. the ordinary length of human life: the time during which a person or thing has lived or existed: mature years: legal maturity (at 21 years), or time of life with regard to crime, contracts, marriage, &c.: a period of time: any great period of human history, as the Golden Age, the Bronze Age, the Middle Ages, or of individual history, as the age of infancy, the five—or seven—so-called ages of man: a generation of men: a century.—v.i. to grow old:—pr.p. āg′ing; pa.p. āg′ed.—adj. Aged (āj′ed), advanced in age: having a certain age.—n.pl. old people.—n. Agedness (āj′ed-nes), condition of being aged or old.—adjs. Age′less; Age′long. [O. Fr. edage (Fr. âge)—L. ætas = ævitas—L. ævum, age; cog. with Ever.]

Agenda, aj-end′a, n. things to be done: a memorandum-book: (obs.) a ritual. [L. agendus, fut. perf. pass. of agĕre, to do.]

Agent, āj′ent, n. a person or thing that acts or exerts power: any natural force acting on matter: one authorised or delegated to transact business for another.—n. Ag′ency, the office or business, operation or action, of an agent; instrumentality.—Law agent, a general term in Scotland, including Writers to the Signet, Solicitors to the Supreme Court, and Procurators in the sheriff courts—the requirements are an indentured apprenticeship of five years to a law agent, the passing of examinations in general knowledge and in law, and formal admission by the Court of Session. [L. agĕre, to do. See Act.]

Agglomerate, ag-glom′ėr-āt, v.t. to make into a ball: to collect into a mass.—v.i. to grow into a mass.—adjs. Agglom′erate, Agglom′erated, collected into a heap or mass.—n. Agglomerā′tion, a growing or heaping together: a mass: a cluster.—adj. Agglom′erative. [Agglomerāre, -ātum—ad, to, L. glomus, glomeris, a ball. See Clew, Globe.]

Agglutinate, ag-glōōt′in-āt, v.t. to cause to adhere by glue or cement.—adj. Agglut′inant, uniting or causing to stick together.—ns. Agglut′inate, Agglut′inative, a classification formerly much used in contrast to inflectional, to describe such languages as Turkish, which show, in the words of Whitney, an inferior degree of integration in the elements of their words, or of unification of words, the suffixes and prefixes retaining a certain independence of one another and of the root or stem to which they are added; Agglutinā′tion, the act of uniting, as by glue: adhesion of parts.—adj. Agglut′inative, tending to or having power to cause adhesion. [L. agglutināre—ad, to, gluten, glue. See Glue.]

Aggrace, ag-grās′, v.t. (Spens.) to grace, to favour.—n. kindness: favour. [Low L. aggratiāre—L. ad, to, gratia, grace.]

Aggrandise, ag′grand-īz, v.t. to make great or larger: to make greater in power, rank, or honour.—ns. Aggrandisā′tion; Aggrandisement (ag′grand-īz-ment, or ag-grand′iz-ment), act of aggrandising: state of being aggrandised. [Fr., from L. ad, to, and grandis, large.]

Aggrate, ag-grāt′, v.t. (obs.) to gratify or please. [It. aggratare—L. ad, to, gratus, pleasing. See Grace.]

Aggravate, ag′grav-āt, v.t. to make worse: to provoke.—adj. Ag′gravating.—adv. Ag′gravatingly.—n. Aggravā′tion, a making worse: any quality or circumstance which makes a thing worse: an exaggeration. [L. aggravāre—ad, to, gravis, heavy. See Grave.]

Aggregate, ag′greg-āt, v.t. to collect into a mass: to accumulate.—v.i. (rare) to add as a member to a society: to combine with.—adj. formed of parts taken together.—n. the sum total.—adv. Ag′gregately.—n. Aggregā′tion, act of aggregating: state of being collected together: an aggregate.—adj. Ag′gregative. [L. aggregāre, -ātum, to bring together, as a flock—ad, to, grex, gregis, a flock.]

Aggress, ag-gres′, v.i. to make a first attack: to begin a quarrel: to intrude.—adj. Aggress′ive, making the first attack, or prone to do so: offensive as opposed to defensive.—ns. Aggress′iveness; Aggress′or, one who attacks first. [L. aggredi, -gressus—ad, to, gradi, to step.]

Aggression, ag-gresh′un, n. first act of hostility or injury: a breach of the peace: an attack on public privileges. [L. aggredi, -gressus—ad, to, gradi, to step.]

Aggrieve, ag-grēv′, v.t. to press heavily upon: to pain or injure. [O. Fr. agrever (Sp. agraviar)—L. ad, to, and gravis, heavy. See Grief, Grieve.]

Aghast, a-gast′, adj. stupefied with horror. [Properly agast; M. E. agasten, to terrify; A.S. intens. pfx. á-, and gæstan, to terrify. The primary notion of the root gæs- (Goth. gais-) is to fix, stick; to root to the spot with terror. See Gaze.]

Agile, aj′il, adj. active: nimble.—n. Agil′ity, quickness of motion: nimbleness—also Ag′ileness. [Fr.—L. agilis—agĕre, to do or act.]

Agio, ā′ji-o, n. the difference between the real and nominal value of money, or between metallic and paper money: the variations from fixed pars or rates of exchange: discount. [It. agio, aggio, ease, convenience.]

Agiotage, aj′i-o-tāj, n. exchange business, hence the manœuvres of speculators to raise or depress the funds: stock-jobbing.

Agist, a-jist′, v.t. to take in the cattle of others to graze for a certain sum: to charge lands or the like with any public burden.—ns. Agist′ment, the action of agisting: the price paid for cattle pasturing on the land: a burden or tax; Agist′or, Agist′er, an officer who takes charge of cattle agisted. [O. Fr. agister—L. jacitāre, jacēre, to lie.]

Agitate, aj′i-tāt, v.t. to keep moving: to stir violently: to disturb: to discuss, or keep up the discussion of a question.—n. Agitā′tion, commotion: perturbation of mind: discussion: public excitement.—adj. Ag′itative.—n. Ag′itator, one who excites or keeps up a public agitation. [L. agitāre, freq. of agĕre, to put in motion. See Act.]

Aglet, Aiglet, ā′glet, n. the tag or point of the lace or string by which different parts of dress were fastened together, orig. to facilitate passing through the eyelet-holes, afterwards themselves ornamental, like Shakespeare's aglet-baby, and still surviving in the so-called aiguillettes or tagged points of braid hanging from the shoulder in some military and naval uniforms: a technical name for white stay-laces. [Fr. aiguillette, dim. of aiguille, a needle—from L. acucula = acicula, dim. of acus, a needle.]

Agley, Aglee, a-glē′, adv. (Scot.) off the right line: wrong. [Pfx. a-, and Scot. gley, gleg, squint.]

Agnail, ag′nāl, n. an inflammation round the toe- or finger-nail: a whitlow: a hangnail. [A.S. angnægl—ang, tight, and nægl, a nail; confounded in meaning by the dictionary-makers with Fr. angonailles, blotches, sores—Low L. anguinalia, carbuncles.]

Agname, ag′nām, n. a name over and above the name and surname.—adj. Ag′named, styled by such a name. [L. ag = ad, and Name; formed after L. agnomen.]

Agnate, ag′nāt, adj. related on the father's side: allied.—n. a relation by the father's side.—adjs. Agnat′ic, Agnat′ical.—adv. Agnat′ically.—n. Agnā′tion. [L. agnat-us—ad, to, nasci, to be born. See Cognate.]

Agnise, ag-nīz′, v.t. (arch.) to acknowledge, to confess. [L. agnoscĕre—ad, to, gnoscĕre, noscĕre, to know.]

Agnomen, ag-nō′men, n. a surname added to the family name, generally on account of some great exploit, as Africanus to P. Cornelius Scipio. [L.—ad, to, and gnomen, nomen, a name.]

Agnostic, ag-nos′tik, n. one who holds that we know nothing of things beyond material phenomena—that a First Cause and an unseen world are things unknown and apparently unknowable.—n. Agnos′ticism. [Coined by Prof. Huxley in 1869 from the word in Acts, xvii. 23; a, privative, and Gr. gnōstikos, good at knowing. See Gnostic.]

Agnus Dei, ag′nus-dē′ī, a part of the Mass beginning with the words Agnus Dei, also the music set to it: a figure of a lamb emblematic of Christ, bearing with its right foot the banner of the cross, and having the nimbus inscribed with the cross around its head: a round cake of wax stamped with such a figure, and blessed by the Pope. [L., lit. 'lamb of God.']

Ago, a-gō′, Agone, a-gon′, adv. gone: past: since. [Pa.p. of A.S. āgān, to pass away—inten. pfx. ā-, and gān, to go.]

Agog, a-gog′, adj. or adv. eager: astir. [Perh. connected with O. Fr. en gogues; estre en ses gogues, to be frolicsome, or Fr. vivre à gogo, to live in abundance. The ultimate origin is unknown.]

Agonic, ag′on-ik, adj. having or making no angle.—Agonic line, the line of no magnetic variation—an irregular line passing through the magnetic poles of the earth, along which the magnetic needle points directly north or south. [Gr. agōnos; a, neg., gōnia, angle.]

Agonist, ag′o-nist, n. one who contends for a prize in public games.—adjs. Agonist′ic, -al, relating to athletic contests: combative.—adv. Agonist′ically.—n. Agonist′ics, the art and theory of games and prize-fighting. [See Agony.]

Agony, ag′o-ni, n. a violent struggle: extreme suffering: the death struggle in particular: Christ's anguish in Gethsemane.—v.t. Ag′onise, to struggle, suffer agony: to subject to agony.—adj. Ag′onising, causing agony.—adv. Ag′onisingly.—Agony column, the part of a newspaper containing special advertisements, as for missing friends and the like. [Gr.—agōn, contest.]

Agood, a-good′, adv. (obs.) in good earnest, heartily. [A.S. pfx. a-, and Good.]

Agora, ag′o-ra, n. an assembly, hence a place of assembly, the market-place. [Gr.]

Agouti, a-gōō′ti, n. a small South American rodent allied to the guinea-pig. [Native word.]

Agraffe, a-graf′, n. a kind of clasp or hook. [Fr. agrafe, a clasp—Low L. grappa, Old High Ger. chrapfo (Ger. krappen), a hook.]

Agrarian, ag-rā′ri-an, adj. relating to land, or its management, as in 'agrarian crime,' &c., applied esp. to Roman laws for the equal distribution of the public lands: rural.—n. Agrā′rianism, an equal division of lands: a political movement in favour of interference with the ordinary conditions of private property in land. [L. agrarius—ager, a field. See Acre.]

Agree, a-grē′, v.i. to be of one mind: to concur: to assent to: to be consistent, to harmonise: to determine, to settle: to resemble, to suit: (gram.) to be in concord with—taking the same gender, number, case, or person: to do well with climate, &c. (followed by with before the person or thing agreeing: by upon, on, for, to, in before the condition of the agreement):—pa.p. agreed′.—adj. Agree′able, suitable: pleasant: favourable to, consenting to.—n. Agree′ableness, suitableness: conformity: quality of pleasing—also Agreeabil′ity.—adv. Agree′ably.—n. Agree′ment, concord: conformity: harmony: a bargain or contract. [O. Fr. agréer, to accept kindly—L. ad, to, and gratus, pleasing.]

Agrestic, a-gres′tik, adj. pertaining to the fields: rural: unpolished. [L. agrestis—ager, a field.]

Agriculture, ag′ri-kult-ūr, n. the art or practice of cultivating the land.—adj. Agricult′ural, relating to agriculture.—n. Agricult′urist, one skilled in agriculture: a farmer—also Agricult′uralist. [L. agricultura—ager, a field, cultura, cultivation. See Culture.]

Agrimony, ag′ri-mun-i, n. a genus of plants of the rose-group, with small yellow flowers and bitter taste. [L. agrimonia, for argemonia, Gr. argemōnē.]

Agrise, a-grīz′, v.t. (obs.) to terrify, to make frightful. [A.S. āgrīsan, to dread.]

Agronomial, ag-rō-nō′mi-al, adj. relating to the management of farms—also Agronom′ic.—n. Agron′omy, agricultural pursuits. [Gr. agronomos; agros, a field, nemein, to deal out.]

Aguardiente, a-gwär-di-ėn′tė, n. a kind of grape-brandy made in Spain and Portugal: any spirituous liquor, applied even to Mexican pulque. [Sp., from agua ardiente, burning water; agua—L. aqua; ardiente, arder—L. ardēre, to burn.]

Ague, ā′gū, n. a fever coming in periodical fits, accompanied with shivering: chilliness: quaking.—adj. A′gued, struck with ague: shivering: cold; A′guish. [O. Fr. aigue (Fr. aigu, sharp)—L. acutus. See Acute.]

Aguerried, a-ger′id, adj. inured to war, or instructed in it. [Fr. aguerrir, to make warlike; à—Lat. ad, to, and guerre, war.]

Aguise, a-gīz′, v.t. (Spens.) to dress, to adorn. [Pfx. a-, and Guise.]

Aha, ä-hä′, interj. an exclamation of exultation, pleasure, surprise, or contempt.

Ahead, a-hed′, adv. farther on: in advance: headlong, as in the phrase 'to go ahead.'

Aheap, a-hēp′, adv. in a heap: in a state of collapse through terror or astonishment.

Ahold, a-hōld′, adv. (Shak.) near the wind, so as to keep clear of the land.

Ahoy, a-hoi′, interj. a nautical term used in hailing. [Form of interj. Hoy.]

Ahull, a-hul′, adv. (naut.) with sails furled, and helm lashed to the lee-side, driving before the wind, stern foremost.

Ahungered, a-hung′gėrd, adj. oppressed with hunger. [Erroneously written an hungered, as in Bible.]

Aid, ād, v.t. to help, assist.—n. help: assistance, as in defending an action: an auxiliary: subsidy or money grant to the king.—n. Aid′ance, aid, help, support.—adj. Aid′ant, (arch.) aiding, helping.—n. Aid′er, one who brings aid: a helper.—adjs. Aid′ful; Aid′less.—Court of Aids, the court that supervised the customs duties. [O. Fr. aider—L. adjutāre—ad, and juvāre, jutum, to help.]

Aide-de-camp, ād′-de-kong, n. an officer who carries the orders of a general on the field, and brings him intelligence:—pl. Aides′-de-camp. [Fr., assistant on the field.]

Aigrette, ā′gret, n. (zool.) a small white heron: (bot.) the down attached to vegetable seeds, as in the thistle: a plume composed of feathers, or of precious stones, like a heron's crest. [Fr. aigrette.]

Aiguille, ā-gwēl′, n. a sharp, needle-like peak of rock, applied esp. to many of the peaks near Mont Blanc: a slender boring-drill for blasting. [Fr. See Aglet.]

Ail, āl, v.i. to feel pain: to be in trouble.—v.t. to trouble, afflict—obs. except in impers. phrase 'What ails you?'—n. trouble: indisposition.—n. Ail′ment, pain: indisposition: disease. [A.S. eglan, to pain. See Awe.]

Ailanto, ēl-an′to, n. a lofty and beautiful tree, native to South-eastern Asia, but grown to shade public walks in France and Italy. Its leaves give food to a species of silkworm—it is sometimes called the Vernis du Japon, or Japan Varnish, apparently by confusion with certain species of Rhus.—Also Ailan′tus. [Native Amboyna name, meaning 'tree of the gods.']

Ailette, āl-let′, n. an iron plate once worn by men-at-arms for defence on the shoulder. [Fr., dim. of aille—L. ala, a wing.]

Aim, ām, v.i. to point at with a weapon: to direct the intention or endeavour (at): (obs.) to conjecture.—v.t. to point, as a weapon or firearm.—n. the pointing of a weapon: the thing pointed at: design: intention.—adj. Aim′less, without aim.—adv. Aim′lessly.—n. Aim′worthiness, good aim.—To cry aim, in old writers, to encourage archers when shooting by crying 'aim,' hence to applaud or encourage. [O. Fr. esmer, to reckon—L. æstimāre, to estimate. See Estimate.]

Ain't, ānt, a colloquial contracted form of are not—also An't = aren't, are not.—An't (Shak.) occurs as a variant of on't = on it, of it.

Air, ār, n. the fluid we breathe: the atmosphere: any special condition of atmosphere, as in 'the night-air,' 'to take the air:' a light breeze: publicity: the bearing of a person: outward appearance, manner, look: an assumed or affected manner: (mus.) a rhythmical melody: a song, also specially a sprightly song: the soprano part in a harmonised composition, being that which gives it its character: (pl.) affectation.—v.t. to expose to the air: to dry: to expose to warm air: (obs.) to take an airing.—ns. Air′-bath, an arrangement for drying substances in air of any desired temperature; Air′-bed, a bed for the sick, inflated with air; Air′-blad′der, in some fishes, an organ containing air, by which they maintain their equilibrium in the water; Air′-brake, a railway brake worked by compressed air.—adj. Air′-built, built in air: having no solid foundation.—ns. Air′-cell, a cavity containing air; Air′-cush′ion, an air-tight cushion, which can be inflated; Air′-drain, an ample space at the foot of foundation walls, for the sake of dryness.—adj. Air′drawn, drawn in air: visionary: (Shak.) imaginary.—ns. Air′-en′gine, an engine put in motion by air expanded by heat; Air′-gas, illuminating gas made by charging atmospheric air with vapour of petroleum or other hydrocarbon; Air′-gun, a gun which discharges bullets by means of compressed air.—adv. Air′ily, gaily.—ns. Air′iness, state of being airy; openness: liveliness; Air′ing, exposure to the air or fire: a short excursion in the open air; Air′-jack′et, a jacket with air-tight cavities, which being inflated renders a person buoyant in water.—adj. Air′less, void of air: not having free communication with the open air.—ns. Air′-lock, a small chamber for the entrance and exit of men and materials, at the top of the caisson or hollow cylinder used for founding the piers of bridges under water; Air′-pump, an instrument for pumping the air out of a vessel; Air′-sac, an air-cell or air-space, esp. in the bones of birds; Air′-shaft, a passage for air into a mine; Air′-ship, a navigable balloon; Air′-space, the cubic content of a room, hospital-ward, or the like, with reference to the respirable air contained in it.—adj. Air′-tight, so tight as not to admit air.—n. Air′-ves′sel, a vessel or tube containing air.—adv. Air′wards, up in the air.—adj. Air′y, consisting of or relating to air: open to the air: like air: unsubstantial: light of heart: sprightly.—To take air, to get wind, to become publicly known. [Fr.—L. aër—Gr.]

Airt, ārt, n. (Scot.) direction, quarter. [Gael. aird, àrd; Ir. ard.]

Aisle, īl, n. any lateral division of any part of a church, whether of nave, choir, or transept. The word is often erroneously applied to the passage in a church between the pews or seats.—adj. Aisled, (īld), having aisles. [O. Fr. ele, aisle (Fr. aile)—L. axilla, ala, a wing.]

Ait, āt, n. a small island in a river or lake. [A.S. forms, íget, ígeoth, supply the key to the word, but its history is obscure.]

Aitchbone, āch′bōn, n. the bone of the rump: the cut of beef over this bone. [Orig. nache- or nagebone; O. Fr. nache, nage—L. nates, buttock; a nache became aitch, and erroneously edge-bone.]

Ajee, Agee, a-jē′, adv. (Scot. and prov.) aside, off the straight, ajar. [Prep. a, and gee, to move to one side; jee, a call to a horse to move to one side.]

Ajutage, Adjutage, ad′joo-tāj, n. a tube adjusted to an orifice through which water is discharged. [Fr.—Fr. ajouter. See Adjust.]

Akee, a-kē′, n. the fruit of a small African sapindaceous tree, now common in the West Indies.

Akimbo, a-kim′bo, adj. with hand on hip and elbow bent outward. [Ety. uncertain; Skeat suggests the Ice. kengboginn, bent into a crook, from kengr, a crook, twist, kink, and boginn, bowed. Others connect the -kim with Keen.]

Akin, a-kin′, adj. of kin: related by blood: having the same properties. [Of and Kin.]

Alabaster, al′a-bas-tėr, n. a semi-transparent kind of gypsum or sulphate of lime: the fine limestone deposited as stalagmites and stalactites.—adj. made of alabaster.—adj. Alabas′trian. [Gr. alabastros, said to be derived from Alabastron, a town in Egypt.]

Alack-a-day, a-lak′-a-dā, interj. (rare) an exclamation of sadness. [Interj. ah, lak (Lack), and Day.]

Alacrity, a-lak′ri-ti, n. briskness: cheerful readiness: promptitude. [L. alacris, brisk.]

Alalia, a-lā′li-a, n. loss of speech. [Gr. a, priv., and lalein, to talk.]

Alameda, a-la-mē′da, n. a public walk or promenade between two rows of trees. [Sp.]

Alamode, a-la-mōd′, adv. and adj. according to the mode or fashion.—n. a light kind of glossy silk for scarfs, hat-bands, &c.—n. Alamodal′ity (rare).—Alamode beef, beef larded and stewed with vegetables. [Fr. à la mode.]

Alamort, a-la-mort′, adj. half-dead: in a depressed condition: dejected. Sometimes erroneously All amort. [Fr. à la mort, to death. See Mortal.]

Alar, ā′lar, adj. of, or having, wings.—Also A′lary. [L. ala, a wing.]

Alarm, a-lärm′, n. notice of danger: sudden surprise with fear: a mechanical contrivance to arouse from sleep: a call to arms.—v.t. to call to arms: to give notice of danger: to fill with dread.—adv. Alarm′ingly.—n. Alarm′ist, one who excites alarm: one given to prophesy danger.—adj. alarming. [Fr. alarme—It. all' arme, to arms—L. ad, to, arma, arms.]

Alarum, al-är′um, n. and v.t. same as Alarm—now used, except poetically, only of an alarum-clock.

Alas, a-las′, interj. expressive of grief.—Alas the day, Alas the while (in old writers), ah! unhappy day, or time. [O. Fr. ha las, a las (mod. Fr. hélas); ha! and las, lasse, wretched, weary—L. lassus, wearied.]

Alate, a-lāt′, adv. (arch.) lately. [A.S. pfx. a-, on, and Late.]

Alate, al′āt, adj. winged: (bot.) bordered by a leafy expansion.—Also Al′ated. [L. alatus—ala, a wing.]

Alb, alb, n. in R.C. churches, a white linen vestment with tight sleeves, reaching to the feet, worn by the officiating priest at the celebration of the eucharist, under the chasuble, cope, or dalmatic. [A.S. albe—Low L. alba, L. albus, white.]

Albacore, al′ba-kōr, n. a large species of the tunny fish, found in West Indian waters. [Port.—Ar. al, the, bukr, pl. bakārat, a young camel.]

Albata, al-bā′ta, n. a white silvery alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper—also British plate and German Silver. [L., albāre, to whiten, albus, white.]

Albatross, al′ba-tros, n. a large, long-winged, web-footed sea-bird of remarkable powers of flight, found abundantly in the Southern Ocean, particularly near the Cape of Good Hope. [Corr. from Alcatras (q.v.), perh. with reference to albus, white, from its colour.]

Albeit, awl-bē′it, adv. although it be: notwithstanding: even if, although. [All be it (that) = all though it be that]

Albert, al′bert, n. a short kind of watch-chain. [Named from Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria.]

Albescent, al-bes′ent, adj. becoming white: whitish.—n. Albes′cence. [L. albescens, -entis, pr.p. of albescĕre, to grow white—albus, white.]

Albespyne, Albespine, al′be-spīn, n. whitethorn, hawthorn. [O. Fr. albespine, aubespine (Fr. aubépine)—L. alba spina, white thorn.]

Albigenses, al-bi-jen′sēz, n.pl. a name applied to antisacerdotal sects in the south of France during the 12th and 13th centuries, infected with Manichæan heresy, and extirpated with the most horrible cruelties. [The town Albi.]

Albino, al-bī′no, n. a human being or animal whose skin and hair are abnormally white, and the pupil of the eye of pink colour:—fem. Albī′ness:—pl. Albī′nos.—n. Al′binism, state or condition of being an albino. [Sp. albino, whitish—L. albus, white.]

Albite, al′bīt, n. a species of mineral of the felspar family, of a white colour, and forming a constituent of many kinds of rocks. [From L. albus, white.]

Albugineous, al-bū-jin′e-us, adj. like the white of an egg or of the eye. [L. albugo, albuginis, whiteness, from albus, white.]

Album, al′bum, n. among the Romans, a white tablet or register on which the prætor's edicts and such public notices were recorded: a blank book for the insertion of portraits, autographs, poetical extracts, memorial verses, postage-stamps, or the like.—adj. Al′bumē′an, and n. Al′bumess, whimsical coinages of Charles Lamb. [L. albus, white.]

Albumen, al-bū′men, n. the white of eggs: a like substance found in animal and vegetable bodies.—ns. Albū′min, one of the classes of albuminoids, such as are soluble in water, or in dilute acids or alkalis; Albū′minate, one of a class of bodies in which albumin appears in weak combination with a base.—v.t. Albuminise′ (phot.), to cover or impregnate with albumen: to coat paper with an albuminous solution.—adj. Albū′minous, like or containing albumen: insipid. [L.—albus, white.]

Albuminoid, al-bū′min-oid, adj. like albumen.—n. one of a class of nitrogenous compounds derived from animal tissues. [Albumen, and Gr. eidos, form.]

Alburnum, al-burn′um, n. in trees, the white and soft parts of wood between the inner bark and the heart-wood.—adj. Alburn′ous. [L.—albus, white.]

Alcaic, al-kā′ik, adj. of or pertaining to the Greek lyrical poet, Alcæus (c. 600 B.C.), or to the kind of verse invented by him. The most common form consists of an anacrusis, a trochee, a spondee, and two dactyls; a second, of a catalectic iambic pentameter, the third foot always being a spondee; a third, of two dactyls followed by two trochees. The most common arrangement was two lines of (1), followed by one of (2) and one of (3). Cf. Tennyson's 'O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies.'

Alcaid, Alcayde, al-kād′, n. a governor: a chief magistrate: a gaoler. [Sp. and Port.—Ar. alkāīd—al, the, qāīd, a leader, qāda, to lead.]

Alcatras, al′ka-tras, n. a name applied loosely to several large ocean birds, as the pelican, gannet, frigate-bird, and even the albatross. [Sp. alcatraz, a white pelican.]

Alchemy, Alchymy, al′ki-mi, n. the infant stage of chemistry, as astrology was of astronomy.—A chief pursuit of the alchemists was to transmute the other metals into gold, and to discover the elixir of life.—adj. Alchem′ic—n. Al′chemist, one skilled in alchemy. [Ar. Al-kīmīā—al, the, and kīmīā—late Gr. chēmeia, 'transmution,' prob. as specially an Egyptian art, from Khem, the native name of Egypt; confused with Gr. chūmeia, pouring, from chein, to pour, hence the old spellings alchymy, chymistry.]

Alcohol, al′kō-hol, n. pure spirit, a liquid generated by the fermentation of sugar and other saccharine matter, and forming the intoxicating element of fermented liquors.—adj. Alcohol′ic, of or like alcohol.—n. Alcoholisā′tion.—v.t. Al′coholise, to convert into alcohol, or saturate with it: to rectify.—n. Al′coholism, a term employed to denote the symptoms of disease produced by alcoholic poisoning.—Absolute alcohol, alcohol entirely free from water. [Ar. al-koh'l—al, the, koh'l, fine powder of antimony used in the East to stain the eyelids.]

Alcoholometer, al-kō-hol-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for ascertaining the strength of spirits.—n. Alcoholom′etry, the process of such measurement. [Alcohol and Meter.]

Alcove, al′kōv, or al-kōv′, n. a recess in a room: any recess: a shady retreat. [Sp. alcoba, a place in a room railed off to hold a bed—Ar. al, the, qobbah, a vault.]

Aldehyde, al′dē-hīd, n. a volatile fluid with a suffocating smell, obtained by the oxidation of alcohol: a large class of compounds intermediate between alcohols and acids. [From Al. dehyd., a contr. for Alcohol dehydrogenatum.]

Alder, awl′dėr, n. a tree related to the birch, usually growing in moist ground. [A.S. alor; Ger. erle; L. alnus.]

Alder-liefest, awl-dėr-lēf′est, adj. (Shak.) most beloved of all. [The M. E. gen. pl. forms alra, alre, aller, alder, survived till about 1600; for liefest, see Lief.]

Alderman, awl′dėr-man, n. in English and Irish boroughs, a civic dignitary next in rank to the mayor.—They are usually chosen for three years; those of London are chosen for life.—The name was assumed incongruously enough for superior members of the county councils set up in England in 1888: in Anglo-Saxon times, the governor of a shire until by Canute displaced by the earl; thenceforward, any head man of a guild.—adjs. Alderman′ic, Al′dermanlike, Al′dermanly, pompous and portly. [A.S. ealdor (from eald, old), senior, chief; ealdorman, ruler, king, chief magistrate.]

Aldine, al′dīn, adj. applied to books printed by Aldus Manutius of Venice, in 16th century.

Ale, āl, n. a beverage made from an infusion of malt by fermentation: a festival, so called from the liquor drunk.—ns. Ale′berry, a beverage made from ale; Ale′conner, an ale-taster, a civic officer appointed to test the quality of the ale brewed—A.S. cunnere, a trier; Ale′-house, a house in which ale is sold. [A.S. alu; Ice. öl.]

Aleatory, ā′lē-a-tō-ri, adj. depending on the throw of the dice: dependent on certain contingencies. [L. āleātōrius, ālea, a die.]

Alegar, al′e-gar, n. sour ale. [Ale, and Fr. aigre—L. acer, sour.]

Aleger, al′e-jėr, adj. (Bacon) lively, cheerful. [O. Fr. alègre—L. alācr-em.]

Alembic, al-em′bik, n. a vessel used by the old chemists in distillation. [Ar. al, the, anbīq—Gr. ambiks, a cup.]

Alength, a-length′, adv. at full length. [A.S. pfx. a-, on, and Length.]

Alerce, a-lers′, n. the wood of the sandarac-tree: the Chilian Arbor vitæ—both of the pine family. [Sp.—Ar. al arza, cedar.]

Alert, al-ėrt′, adj. watchful: brisk.—n. a sudden attack or surprise.—adv. Alert′ly.—n. Alert′ness.—Upon the alert, upon the watch. [Fr.—It. all' erta, on the erect—erto, L. erectus, erect.]

Alewife, āl′wīf, n. a fish of the same genus as the shad, about a foot in length, common on the east coast of North America. [Said to be a corr. of aloofe, the Indian name of a fish.]

Alexandrian, al-egz-an′dri-an, adj. relating to Alexandria in Egypt, or its school of philosophy: relating to Alexander.

Alexandrine, al-egz-an′drin, n. a rhyming verse of twelve syllables, six iambic feet, so-called from its use in old French poems on Alexander the Great. It is the ordinary verse of French tragedy. French Alexandrines are arranged in couplets, alternately acatalectic with masculine rhymes, and hypercatalectic with feminine rhymes.

Alfalfa, al-fal′fa, n. a Spanish name for a variety of lucerne—used also in some parts of the United States. [Sp. alfalfa, three-leaved grass; Ar. alfacfacah.]

Alfresco, al-fresk′o, adv. on the fresh, as to paint al fresco = on the fresh plaster: in the fresh or cool air. [It.]

Algæ, al′jē, n. (bot.) a division of plants, embracing seaweeds. [L., pl. of alga, seaweed.]

Algates, al′gāts, adv. (obs.) always, altogether, at all events, nevertheless.—Also Al′gate. [Lit. alle gate, every way. See Gate.]

Algebra, al′je-bra, n. a method of calculating by symbols—by means of letters employed to represent the numbers, and signs to represent their relations, thus forming a kind of universal arithmetic.—adjs. Algebrā′ic, -al, pertaining to algebra.—n. Algebrā′ist, one skilled in algebra. [It. and Sp., from Ar. al-jebr, the resetting of anything broken, hence combination; jabara, to reunite.]

Algerine, al′je-rēn, adj. of or belonging to Algeria in Northern Africa.—n. a native of Algeria: a pirate.

Algorism, al′go-rizm, n. the Arabic system of numeration: arithmetic.—Also Al′gorithm [Through O. Fr. and Late L. from Ar. al-khowārazmī, the native of Khwārazm, the mathematician Abu Ja'far Mohammed Ben Musa (9th century).]

Alguazil, al-gwaz′il, n. in Spain, a warrant officer or sergeant. [Sp.—Ar. al-wazīr. See Vizier.]

Alhambresque, al-ham′bresk, adj. after the style of the rich ornamentation of the Alhambra, a palace of the Moorish kings of Granada in Spain.

Alias, ā′li-as, adv. otherwise.—n. an assumed name:—pl. A′liases. [L. alias, at another time, otherwise—alius, Gr. allos, other.]

Alibi, al′i-bī, n. the plea that a person charged with a crime was elsewhere when it was committed. [L.—alius, other, ibi, there.]

Alicant, al′i-kant, n. a Spanish wine formerly much esteemed, said to have been made near Alicante in Spain.

Alien, āl′yen, adj. foreign: different in nature: adverse to.—n. one belonging to another country: one not entitled to the rights of citizenship.—n. Al′ienage, state of being an alien. [L. alienus—alius, other.]

Alienate, āl′yen-āt, v.t. to transfer a right or title to another: to withdraw the affections: to misapply.—adj. withdrawn: estranged.—n. Alienabil′ity.—adj. Al′ienable, capable of being transferred to another.—ns. Alienā′tion; Alienā′tor.—adj. Al′iened, made alien, estranged.—n. Al′ienism, the position of being a foreigner. [L. See Alien.]

Alight, a-līt′, v.i. to come down, as from a horse (from): to descend: to land anywhere (upon): to fall upon. [A.S. alíhtan, to come down. See Light, v.]

Alight, a-līt′, adj. on fire: lighted up. [a, on, and Light. See Light, n.]

Align, a-līn′, v.t. to regulate by a line: to arrange in line, as troops.—n. Align′ment, a laying out by a line: arrangement of soldiers in a line or lines: the ground-plan of a railway or road. [Fr. aligner—L. ad, and linea, a line.]

Alike, a-līk′, adj. like one another: having resemblance.—adv. in the same manner or form: equally: similarly. [A.S. gelíc, anlíc, onlíc. See Like.]

Aliment, al′i-ment, n. nourishment: food: provision for maintenance, alimony: support.—v.t. to support, sustain: make provision for the maintenance of.—adjs. Aliment′al, supplying food; Aliment′ary, pertaining to aliment: nutritive.—ns. Alimentā′tion, the act or state of nourishing or of being nourished; Aliment′iveness (phrenol.), desire for food or drink; Al′imony, an allowance for support made to a wife when legally separated from her husband, or temporarily while the process is pending.—Alimentary canal, the principal part of the digestive apparatus of animals, in man extending, with convolutions, about 30 feet from the mouth to the anus—including pharynx, œsophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, &c. [L. alimentum—alĕre, to nourish.]

Aliped, al′i-ped, adj. wing-footed.—n. an animal whose toes are connected by a membrane serving as a wing, as the bat. [L. alipes—ala, a wing, and pes, pedis, a foot.]

Aliquant, al′i-kwant, adj. an aliquant part of a number is one that will not divide it without a remainder, thus 5 is an aliquant part of 12. [L. aliquantum, somewhat, alius, another, and quantus, how great.]

Aliquot, al′i-kwot, adj. such a part of a number as will divide it without a remainder. [L. aliquot, some, several—alius, other, quot, how many.]

Alisma, al-iz′ma, n. a small genus of aquatic plants, the chief being the common water-plantain. [Gr.]

Alive, a-līv′, adj. in life: susceptible. [Prep. a = on, and A.S. lífe, dat. of líf, life.]

Alizarin, a-liz′a-rēn, n. a colouring matter used in the dyeing of Turkey red, formerly extracted from madder, the commercial name of which in the Levant is alizari. [Fr.; Ar. al, the, and 'açārah, juice pressed out.]

Alkahest, Alcahest, al′ka-hest, n. the universal solvent of the alchemists. [A coinage of Paracelsus—on Arabic analogies.]

Alkali, al′ka-li, or -lī, n. (chem.) a substance which combines with an acid and neutralises it, forming a salt. Potash, soda, and lime are alkalies; they have an acrid taste (that of soap), and turn vegetable blues to green:—pl. Al′kalies.—n. Alkales′cency, tendency to become alkaline.—adj. Alkales′cent, tending to become alkaline: slightly alkaline.—n. Alkalim′eter, an instrument for measuring the strength of alkalies.—adj. Alkaline (al′ka-līn, or -lin), having the properties of an alkali.—n. Alkalin′ity.—v.t. Al′kalise, to render alkaline:—pr.p. al′kalīsing; pa.p. al′kalīsed. See Acid. [Ar. al-qalīy, ashes.]

Alkalify, al′ka-li-fī, v.t. to convert into an alkali.—v.i. to become alkaline:—pr.p. al′kalifying; pa.p. al′kalifīed.—adj. Alkalifī′able, capable of being converted into an alkali. [Alkali, and L. facĕre, to make.]

Alkaloid, al′ka-loid, n. a vegetable principle possessing in some degree alkaline properties.—adj. pertaining to or resembling alkali. [Alkali, and Gr. eidos, form or resemblance.]

Alkanet, al′ka-net, n. a plant, native of the Levant and Southern Europe, cultivated for its root, which yields a red colouring matter: the dye itself. [Sp. alcaneta.]

All, awl, adj. the whole of: every one of: any whatever.—adv. wholly: completely: entirely: (Shak.) only, alone.—n. the whole: everything: the totality of things—the universe.—n. All′-Fath′er, God.—All (obs.), entirely, altogether, as in 'all to-brake' (Judges, ix. 53). The prefix to- originally belonged to the verb (tó brecan), but as verbs with this prefix were rarely used without all, the fact was forgotten, and the to was erroneously regarded as belonging to the all. Hence came into use all-to = wholly, utterly; All but, everything short of, almost; All in all, all things in all respects, all or everything together—(adverbially) altogether; All over, thoroughly, entirely; All over with, finished, done with (also coll., All up with); All right, a colloquial phrase expressing assent or approbation; All's one, it is just the same; All to one (obs.), altogether.—After all, when everything has been considered, nevertheless; And all, and everything else; And all that, and all the rest of it, et cetera; At all, in the least degree or to the least extent.—For all, notwithstanding; For good and all, finally.—Once for all, once only. [A.S. all, eal; Ger. all, Gael. uile, W. oll.]

Allah, al′la, n. the Arabic name of the one God. [Ar. al-ilâh, 'the worthy to be adored.']

Allantois, a-lan′tō-is, n. a membranous sac-like appendage for effecting oxygenation in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles.—adjs. Allantō′ic, Allan′toid. [Gr. allas, a sausage.]

Allay, al-lā′, v.t. to lighten, relieve: to make quiet or calm.—n. Allay′ment (obs.), state of being allayed: state of rest: that which allays. [M. E. forms, aleggen, aleyen (A.S. a-lecgan; lecgan, causal of licgan, to lie); identical in form, and accordingly confounded in meaning with M. E. words of Latin origin; alegge (later allege, now obs.)—L. alleviāre; alaye (modern allay, alloy)—L. alligāre; aleye (obs.)—L. allegāre; alegge (modern allege)—Low L. ex-litigāre.]

Allege, al-lej′, v.t. to produce as an argument or plea: to assert: (B.) to give proofs—n. Allegā′tion, an assertion.—p.adj. Alleged′, cited, quoted. [Through O. Fr. forms from Low L. ex-litigāre, to clear at law. See Allay above.]

Allegiance, al-lēj′i-ans, n. the duty of a subject to his liege or sovereign.—adj. Allē′giant. [L. ad, to, and Liege.]

Allegory, al′le-gor-i, n. a description of one thing under the image of another.—adjs. Allegor′ic, -al, in the form of an allegory: figurative.—adv. Allegor′ically.—v.t. Al′legorise, to put in form of an allegory.—v.i. to use allegory.—ns. Al′legorist, one who uses allegory; Allegorizā′tion. [Gr. allēgoria; allos, other, and agoreuein, to speak.]

Allegro, al-lē′grō, adv. and adj. (mus.) a word denoting a brisk movement.—adv. and adj. Allegret′to, somewhat brisk. [It.—L. alacer, brisk.]

Allemande, al′le-mand, n. a name given to various Germain dances: (mus.) the first movement after the prelude in a suite. [Fr. Allemande, German.]

Allenarly, al-len′ar-li, adv. solely, only—obsolete save only in Scotch conveyancing. [All, and anerly, formed from ane, one.]

Alleviate, al-lēv′i-āt, v.t. to make light: to mitigate.—ns. Alleviā′tion; Allev′iātor. [L. ad, levis, light.]

Alley, al′li, n. a walk in a garden or shrubbery: a passage in a city narrower than a street: a long narrow enclosure for playing at bowls or skittles:—pl. All′eys. [O. Fr. alee (Fr. allée), a passage, from aller, to go, O. Fr. aner, most prob. from L. adnāre, to go to by water, or aditāre, adīre.]

Alley, Ally, al′li, n. a name given by boys to a choice taw or large marble. [Contraction of alabaster, of which it was originally made.]

All-fired, awl-fīrd′, adj. (slang) infernal.—adv. excessively. [A softening of hell-fired, U.S.]

All-fools′-day, awl-fōōlz′-dā, n. April first. [From the sportive deceptions practised on that day.]

All-fours, awl-fōrz′, n.pl. (preceded by on) on four legs, or on two hands and two feet: a game at cards played by two, so called from the four particulars by which the reckoning is made—high, low, Jack, and the game: also a game at dominoes.

All-hail, awl-hāl′, interj. all health! a phrase of salutation. [See Hail, interj.]

All-hallow, awl-hal′lō, All-hallows, awl-hal′lōz, n. the day of all the holy ones. See All-saints. [All and Hallow.]

All-hallown, awl-hal′lōn, n. (Shak.) fine summer weather late in the season—near All-hallows-day.

All-hallow-tide, awl-hal′lō-tīd, n. the time near All-hallows-day. [See Hallow and Tide.]

Allheal, awl-hēl′, n. (obs.) a balsam for all wounds, a panacea—applied to various plants, as the mistletoe, the great valerian, &c.

Alliaceous, al-li-ā′shus, adj. pertaining to, or having the properties of allium or garlic. [L. allium, garlic.]

Alliance, al-lī′ans, n. state of being allied: union by marriage or treaty. [See Ally.]

Alligation, al-li-gā′shun, n. (arith.) a rule for finding the price of a compound of ingredients of different values. [L. alligatio, a binding together—ad, to, and ligāre, to bind.]

Alligator, al′li-gā-tur, n. an animal of the crocodile genus, found in America. [Sp. el lagarto—L. lacerta, a lizard.]

Allineation, Alineation, al-lin-e-ā′shun, n. the position of two or more bodies in a straight line with a given point.

Allision, al-lizh′un, n. a striking against. [L. allisio, from allidĕre—ad, and lædĕre, to hurt.]

Alliteration, al-lit-ėr-ā′shun, n. the recurrence of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words following close to each other, as in Churchill's 'apt alliteration's artful aid:' the recurrence of the same initial sound in the first accented syllables of words: initial rhyme—the characteristic structure of versification of Old English and Teutonic languages generally. Every alliterative couplet had two accented syllables, containing the same initial consonants, one in each of the two sections.—v.i. Allit′erate, to begin with the same letter: to constitute alliteration.—adj. Allit′erative. [Fr.—L. ad, to, and litera, a letter.]

Allocate, al′lo-kāt, v.t. to place: to assign to each his share.—n. Allocā′tion, act of allocating: allotment: an allowance made upon an account. [L. allocāre, ad, to, and locāre, locus, a place.]

Allocution, al-lo-kū′shun, n. a formal address, esp. of the Pope to his clergy. [L. allocutionem—ad, to, and loqui, locutus, to speak.]

Allodial, al-lō′di-al, adj. held independent of a superior: freehold—opp. to Feudal.

Allodium, al-lō′di-um, n. freehold estate: land held in the possession of the owner without being subject to a feudal superior.—Also Allod, Alod. [Low L. allōdium—Ger. alôd, allôd.]

Allograph, al′lō-graf, n. a writing made by one person on behalf of another. [Gr. allos, other, graphē, writing.]

Allopathy, al-lop′a-thi, n. a name given by homeopathists to the current or orthodox medical practice, to distinguish it from their own Homeopathy.—adj. Allopath′ic—ns. Allop′athist, Allopath. [Coined by Hahnemann (1755-1843), Ger. allopathie—Gr. allos, other, patheia, pathos, suffering.]

Allophylian, al-lō-fīl′i-an, adj. of another race, alien—applied by Prichard (1786-1848) to the Turanian or non-Aryan and non-Semitic languages of Europe and Asia.—n. Allophyle′. [L.—Gr. allophȳlos, of another tribe; allos, other, phȳlē, a tribe.]

Allot, al-lot′, v.t. to divide as by lot: to distribute in portions: to parcel out:—pr.p. allot′ting; pa.p. allot′ted.—n. Allot′ment, the act of allotting: part or share allotted: a portion of a field assigned to a cottager to labour for himself. [O. Fr. aloter; lot is Teut., seen in Goth. hlauts, A.S. hlot.]

Allotropy, al-lot′ro-pi, n. the property in some elements, as carbon, of existing in more than one form.—adj. Allot′ropic. [Gr.; allos, another, and tropos, form.]

Alloverishness, awl-ō′vėr-ish-nes, n. a general sense of indisposition over the whole body, a feeling of discomfort, malaise.—adj. Allō′verish.

Allow, al-low′, v.t. to grant: to permit: to acknowledge: to abate: make allowance for: (obs.) invest, entrust: assert, say (coll. in U.S.).—adj. Allow′able, that may be allowed: not forbidden: lawful.—n. Allow′ableness.—adv. Allow′ably.—n. Allow′ance, that which is allowed: a limited portion of anything: a stated quantity—of money, &c., to meet expenses: abatement: approbation: permission.—v.t. to put any one upon an allowance: to supply anything in limited quantities.—To make allowance for, to take excusing circumstances into account. [O. Fr. alouer, to grant—L. ad, to, and locāre, to place.—Allow, in the sense of approve or sanction, as used in B. and by old writers, has its root in L. allaudāre—ad-, and laudāre, to praise.]

Alloy, al-loi′, v.t. to mix one metal with another: to reduce the purity of a metal by mixing a baser one with it: (fig.) to debase: to temper or qualify.—n. a mixture of two or more metals (when mercury is one of the ingredients, it is an amalgam): a baser metal mixed with a finer: anything that deteriorates.—n. Alloy′age, the act of alloying or mixing metals: a mixture of different metals. [O. Fr. alei (Fr. aloi), aleier—L. alligāre. The modern Fr. words aloi and aloyer were confounded with Fr. à loi, to law, and the same confusion was transferred into English.]

All-saints'-day, awl-sānts′-dā, n. November 1, a feast of the Church in honour of all the saints collectively. [See All-hallows.]

All-souls'-day, awl-sōlz′-dā, n. November 2, a feast of the Roman Catholic Church kept in commemoration of all the faithful departed, for the eternal repose of their souls.

Allspice, awl′spīs, n. a name given to a kind of spice called Pimenta or Jamaica pepper, from its being supposed to combine the flavour of cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves. [All and Spice.]

Allude, al-lūd′, v.i. to mention slightly, or convey an indirect reference to, in passing: to refer to.—n. Allū′sion, an indirect reference.—adj. Allus′ive, alluding to: hinting at: referring to indirectly.—adv. Allus′ively.—Allusive arms (her.), also canting or punning arms, and armes parlantes, those in which the charges convey reference to the bearer's name or title, as the column of the Colonna family, the Vele calf (O. Fr. veël, a calf), the Arundel martlets (O. Fr. arondel, a young swallow). [L. alludĕre—ad, at, ludĕre, lusum, to play.]

Allure, al-lūr′, v.t. to draw on as by a lure or bait: to entice.—n. Allure′ment.—adj. Allur′ing, enticing: seductive: charming.—adv. Allur′ingly. [O. Fr. alurer—à, to, lurer, to Lure.]

Alluvion, al-lū′vi-un, n. land gained from the sea by the washing up of sand and earth. [L. alluvio—alluĕre. See Alluvium.]

Alluvium, al-lū′vi-um, n. the mass of water-borne matter deposited by rivers on lower lands:—pl. Allū′via.—adj. Allū′vial. [L.—alluĕre, to wash to or on—ad, and luĕre = lavāre, to wash.]

Ally, al-lī′, v.t. to form a relation by marriage, friendship, treaty, or resemblance.—pa.p. and adj. Allied′.—n. Ally (al-lī′, or al′lī), a confederate: a prince or state united by treaty or league:—pl. Allīes′, or Al′līes. [O. Fr. alier—L. alligāre—ad, to, ligāre, to bind.]

Alma, Almah, al′ma, n. an Egyptian dancing-girl.—Also Alme, Almeh. [Ar. ‛almah, learned, ‛alamah, to know.]

Almacantar, al-mak-an′tar, n. a name for circles of altitude parallel to the horizon, and hence for an astronomical instrument for determining time and latitude. [Ar. almuqantarāt, qantarah, an arch.]

Almagest, al′ma-jest, n. a collection of problems in geometry and astronomy, drawn up by the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy (about 140 A.D.), so named by the Arabs as the greatest and largest on the subject. [Ar. al, the, and Gr. megistos, greatest.]

Almain, al′mān, n. (obs.) an inhabitant of Germany: a kind of dance music in slow time. [Fr. Allemand—Allemanni, an ancient German tribe.]

Almanac, al′ma-nak, n. a register of the days, weeks, and months of the year, &c.—n. Almanog′rapher, an almanac-maker. [Most prob. the original of the word as in Fr., It., and Sp. was a Spanish-Arabic al-manākh. Eusebius has almenichiaka, an Egyptian word, prob. sig. 'daily observation of things,' but the history of the word has not been traced, and it is hazardous without evidence to connect this with the Arabic word.]

Almandine, al′man-dīn, n. a red transparent variety of the garnet.—Also Al′mandin. [Earlier Alabandine—Low L. alabandina—Alabanda, a town in Caria, a province of Asia Minor, where it was found.]

Almighty, awl-mīt′i, adj. possessing all might or power: omnipotent: very powerful generally: (slang) mighty, great.—Older form Almight′.—adv. Almight′ily.—ns. Almight′iness, Almight′yship.—The Almighty, God; The almighty dollar, a phrase of Washington Irving's, expressive of the greatness of the power of money. [A.S. ælmeahtig. See All and Mighty.]

Almond, ä′mund, n. the fruit of the almond-tree.—n.pl. Almonds (ä′mundz), the tonsils or glands of the throat, so called from their resemblance to the fruit of the almond-tree. [O. Fr. almande (Fr. amande)—L. amygdalum—Gr. amygdalē.]

Almoner, al′mun-ėr, n. a distributer of alms.—n. Al′monry, the place where alms are distributed. [O. Fr. aumoner, aumonier (Fr. aumônier)—Low L. eleemosynarius (adj.). See Alms.]

Almost, awl′mōst, adv. nearly, all but, very nearly. [All and Most.]

Alms, ämz, n. relief given out of pity to the poor.—ns. Alms′-deed, a charitable deed; Alms′-drink (Shak.), leavings of drink; Alms′-fee, an annual tax of one penny on every hearth, formerly sent from England to Rome, Peter's pence; Alms′house, a house endowed for the support and lodging of the poor; Alms′-man, a man who lives by alms. [A.S. ælmysse, through Late L., from Gr. eleēmosynē—eleos, compassion. Dr Murray notes the Scot. and North Country almous, awmous, as an independent adoption of the cognate Norse almusa; and the legal Almoign, Almoin, perpetual tenure by free gift of charity, from O. Fr., perhaps due to a confusion with alimonium.]

Almug, al′mug, n. the wood of a tree described in the Bible as brought from Ophir in the time of Solomon, for the house and temple at Jerusalem, and for musical instruments—probably the red sandalwood of India. [Heb. algummîm, almuggîm. The better form is Algum.]

Aloe, al′ō, n. a genus of plants of considerable medicinal importance, of the 200 species of which as many as 170 are indigenous to the Cape Colony.—The so-called American Aloe is a totally different plant (see Agave).—adj. Al′oed, planted or shaded with aloes.—The Aloes wood of the Bible was the heart-wood of Aquilaria ovata and Aquilaria Agallochum, large spreading trees. The wood contains a dark-coloured, fragrant, resinous substance, much prized for the odour it diffuses in burning. [The word was used erroneously in the Septuagint and New Testament as a translation of the Heb. ahālīm, ahālōth (Gr. agallochon), an aromatic resin or wood—called later in Gr. xylaloē, from which descend lignum aloes, lign-aloes, wood-aloes, and aloes-wood.—A.S. aluwan—L. aloē—Gr. aloē.]

Aloes, al′ōz, a purgative bitter drug, the inspissated juice of the leaves of several almost tree-like species of aloe. Used both as a sing. n., and as a pl. of Aloe.—n. and adj. Aloet′ic, a medicine containing a large proportion of aloes.

Aloft, a-loft′, adv. on high: overhead: at a great height: (naut.) above the deck, at the masthead: sometimes used as equivalent to aloof (Mad. D'Arblay). [Scand.; Icel. á lopt (pron. loft), expressing motion; á lopti, expressing position. Pfx. a- = Icel. á = A.S. on, in. See Loft.]

Alone, al-ōn′, adj. single: solitary: alone of its kind: of itself, or by themselves.—adv. singly, by one's self only.—n. Alone′ness [All and One.]

Along, a-long′, adv. by or through the length of: lengthwise: throughout: onward: (fol. by with) in company of.—prep. by the side of: near.—n.pl. Along′shore-men, labourers employed about the docks or wharves in the Thames and other rivers.—prep. Along′side, by the side, beside.—Along of, (arch. or dial.) owing to. [A.S. andlang—pfx. and-, against, and lang, Long.]

Alongst, a-longst′, prep. (obs. except dial.) along: by the length. [M. E. alongest, from along, with adv. gen. -es.]

Aloof, a-lōōf′, adv. at a distance: apart.—n. Aloof′ness, withdrawal from common action or sympathy. [Pfx. a- (—A.S. on), on, and Loof, prob. Dut. loef. See Luff.]

Alopecia, al-o-pē′si-a, n. baldness: a skin-disease producing this. [Gr. alopekia, fox-mange.]

Aloud, a-lowd′, adv. with a loud voice: loudly. [Prep. a (—A.S. on), and hlúd, noise; Ger. laut.]

Alp, alp, n. a high mountain:—pl. Alps, specially applied to the lofty ranges of Switzerland.—adjs. Alp′en; Alpine (alp′in, or alp′īn), pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountains: very high.—ns. Al′pinist, Alpes′trian, one devoted to Alpine climbing. [L.; of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. alp, a mountain; allied to L. albus, white (with snow).]

Alpaca, al-pak′a, n. the Peruvian sheep, akin to the llama, having long silken wool: cloth made of its wool. [Sp. alpaca or al-paco, from al, Arab. article, and paco, most prob. a Peruvian word.]

Alpenhorn, al′pen-horn, n. a long powerful horn, wide and curved at the mouth, used chiefly by Alpine cowherds.—Also Alp′horn. [Gr. Alpen, of the Alps, horn, horn.]

Alpenstock, alp′n-stok, n. a long stick or staff used by travellers in climbing the Alps. [Ger. Alpen, of the Alps; stock, stick.]

Alpha, al′fa, n. the first letter of the Greek alphabet: the first or beginning. [Gr. alpha—Heb. aleph, an ox, the name of the first letter of the Phœnician and Hebrew alphabet. See A.]

Alphabet, al′fa-bet, n. the letters of a language arranged in the usual order.—n. Alphabetā′rian, one learning his alphabet, a beginner: a student of alphabets.—adjs. Alphabet′ic, -al, relating to or in the order of an alphabet.—adv. Alphabet′ically.—v.t. Al′phabetise, to arrange alphabetically:—pr.p. al′phabetīsing; pa.p. al′phabetīsed. [Gr. alpha, beta, the first two Greek letters.]

Alphonsine, al′fons-īn, adj. of Alphonso (X.) the Wise, king of Castile, pertaining to his planetary tables, completed in 1252.

Already, awl-red′i, adv. previously, or before the time specified.—Sometimes used adjectively = present. [All and Ready.]

Alsatian, al-sā′shi-an, adj. of or pertaining to Alsatia (Ger. Elsass), a province between France and Germany.—n. a rogue or debauchee, such as haunted Alsatia—a cant name for Whitefriars, a district in London between the Thames and Fleet Street, which enjoyed privileges of sanctuary down to 1697, and was consequently infested with lawless characters. See Scott's Fortunes of Nigel.

Also, awl′so, adv. in like manner: further. [Compounded of all and so; A.S. al and swá.]

Alt, alt, n. high tone, in voice or instrument.—In alt, in the octave above the treble stave beginning with G; (fig.) in an exalted and high-flown mood.

Altaltissimo, alt-al-tis′si-mo, n. the very highest summit. [It. reduplicated comp. of alto, high, and altissimo, highest.]

Altar, awlt′ar, n. an elevated place or structure, block or stone, or the like, on which sacrifices were anciently offered: in Christian churches, the table on which the officiating priest consecrates the eucharist: the communion table: (fig.) a place of worship.—ns. Alt′arage, offerings made upon the altar during the offertory, provided for the maintenance of the priest; Alt′ar-cloth, the covering of the altar, placed over and around it, of silk, velvet, satin, or cloth, often used as including the frontal (antependium), and the super-frontal; Alt′arpiece, a decorative screen, retable, or reredos, placed behind an altar—a work of art, whether a sacred painting or sculpture.—n.pl. Alt′ar-rails, rails separating the sacrarium from the rest of the chancel.—ns. Alt′ar-stone, the slab forming the top or chief part of an altar; Alt′ar-tomb, a monumental memorial, in form like an altar, often with a canopy. These were often placed over the vaults or burying-place, and frequently on the north and south walls of choirs, aisles, and chantry chapels.—adj. Alt′arwise, placed like an altar—north and south, at the upper end of the chancel.—Family altar, the practice or the place of private devotional worship in the family; High altar, the principal altar in a cathedral or other church having more than one altar; Portable altar, a small tablet of marble, jasper, or precious stone, used by special license for Mass when said away from the parish altar, in oratories or other similar places. It was termed super-altare, because commonly placed upon some other altar, or some fitting construction of wood or stone. [L. altāre—altus, high.]

Altazimuth, alt-az′i-muth, n. an instrument devised by Sir G. B. Airy for determining the apparent places of the heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere. [A contr. for 'altitude and azimuth instrument.']

Alter, awl′tėr, v.t. to make different: to change: (U.S.) to castrate.—v.i. to become different: to vary.—ns. Alterabil′ity, Al′terableness.—adj. Al′terable, that may be altered.—adv. Al′terably.—adj. Al′terant, altering: having the power of producing changes.—n. Alterā′tion, change.—adj. Al′terative, having power to alter.—n. a medicine that makes a change in the vital functions.—n. Alter′ity (Coleridge), the state of being other or different. [L. alter, another—al (root of alius, other), and the old comp. suffix -ter = Eng. -ther.]

Altercate, al′tėr-kāt, v.i. to dispute or wrangle.—n. Altercā′tion, contention: controversy.—adj. Altercā′tive. [L. altercāri, -catus, to bandy words from one to the other (alter).]

Alter ego, al′tėr ē′go, n. second self, counterpart, double. [L. alter, other; ego, I.]

Alternate, al′tėr-nāt, or al-tėr′nāt, v.t. to cause to follow by turns or one after the other.—v.i. to happen by turns: to follow every other or second time—also Al′ternise.—adjs. Al′tern (Milton), alternate, acting by turns; Alter′nant (geol.), in alternate layers; Alter′nate, one after the other: by turns.—adv. Alter′nately.—ns. Alter′nateness, Alter′nacy (rare); Alternā′tion, the act of alternating: interchange: reading or singing antiphonally.—adj. Alter′native, offering a choice of two things.—n. a choice between two things.—adv. Alter′natively. [L. alter, other.]

Althæa, al-thē′a, n. a genus of plants including the marsh mallow and the hollyhock. [Gr.]

Although, awl-thō′, conj. admitting all that: notwithstanding that. [See Though.]

Altimeter, al-tim′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring heights.—adj. Altimet′rical.—n. Altim′etry. [L. altus, high, and Meter.]

Altissimo, al-tis′si-mo, adj. (mus.) in phrase 'in altissimo,' in the second octave above the treble stave beginning with G. [It. altissimo, superl. of alto, high.]

Altitude, alt′i-tude, n. height: a point or position at a height above the sea: high rank or eminence.—n.pl. Alt′itudes, passion, excitement.—adj. Altitū′dinal.—n. Altitudinā′rian, one given to flightiness in doctrine or belief. [L. altitudo—altus, high.]

Alto, alt′o, n. (mus.) properly the same as counter-tenor, the male voice of the highest pitch (now principally falsetto), and not the lowest female voice, which is properly contralto, though in printed music the second part in a quartet is always called alto. [It.—L. altus, high.]

Altogether, awl-too-geth′ėr, adv. all together: wholly: completely: without exception.

Alto-relievo, Alto-rilievo, alt′o-re-lē′vo, n. high relief: figures projected by at least half their thickness from the background on which they are sculptured. [It. alto, high. See Relief.]

Altruism, al′trōō-ism, n. the principle of living and acting for the interest of others.—adj. Altruist′ic.—adv. Altruist′ically. [Fr. altruisme, formed by Comte from It. altrui—L. alter, another.]

Alum, al′um, n. a mineral salt, the double sulphate of alumina and potash, used as a mordant in dyeing and for many purposes.—adj. Al′umish, having the character or taste of alum.—ns. Al′um-shale, or -slate, a slate consisting mainly of clay, iron pyrites, and coaly matter, from which alum is obtained. [L. alumen.]

Alumina, al-ū′min-a, Alumine, al′ū-min, n. one of the earths, the characteristic ingredient of common clay—the oxide of aluminium.—adj. Alū′minous, containing alum or alumina. [L. alumen, alum.]

Aluminium, al-ū-min′i-um, n. the metallic base of alumina; a metal somewhat resembling silver, and remarkable for its lightness, now made from Bauxite.—Aluminium bronze, an alloy lighter than gold, but like it in colour. [First called Aluminum by the discoverer, Sir H. Davy (1778-1829).]

Alumnus, al-um′nus, n. one educated at a college is called an alumnus of it:—pl. Alum′ni.—n. Alum′niate, the period of pupilage. [L.,—alĕre, to nourish.]

Alunite, al′un-īt, n. a mineral consisting of common alum together with normal hydrate of aluminium.—Also Alum-stone, Alumin′ilite.

Alure, al-lūr′, n. (obs.) a place to walk in, a gallery, a covered passage. [O. Fr. aleure, aller, to go.]

Alveary, al′ve-ar-i, n. a beehive: (anat.) the hollow of the external ear.—adj. Al′veolate, pitted like a honeycomb. [L. alvearium, beehive—alveus, a hollow vessel.]

Alveolar, al′ve-o-lar, adj. (anat.) of or belonging to the sockets of the teeth, as the alveolar arch, the part of the upper jaw in which the teeth are placed—also Al′veolary.—n. Al′veole, the hollow or socket of a tooth—more common Alvē′olus.

Always, awl′wāz, Alway, awl′wā, adv. through all ways: continually: for ever. [Gen. case of Alway.]

Am, am, the 1st pers. sing, of the verb To be. [A.S. eom; Gr. ei-mi; Lat. s-u-m (as-(u)-mi); Goth. -im; Sans. as-mi.]

Amadou, am′a-dōō, n. a soft spongy substance, growing as a fungus on forest trees, used as a styptic and as tinder. [Fr. amadouer, to allure (as in the phrase 'to coax a fire'); prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Norse mata, to feed.]

Amain, a-mān′, adv. with main force or strength: violently: at full speed: exceedingly. [Pfx. a- = on, and Main.]

Amalgam, a-mal′gam, n. a compound of mercury with another metal: any soft mixture: a combination of various elements: one of the ingredients in an alloy.—v.t. Amal′gamate, to mix mercury with another metal: to compound.—v.i. to unite in an amalgam: to blend.—n. Amalgamā′tion, the blending of different things: a homogeneous union of diverse elements.—adj. Amalgamā′tive. [L. and Gr. malagma, an emollient—Gr. malassein, to soften.]

Amandine, am′an-din, n. a kind of cold cream prepared from sweet almonds. [Fr.—amande, almond.]

Amanuensis, a-man-ū-en′sis, n. one who writes to dictation: a copyist: a secretary:—pl. Amanuen′sēs. [L.—ab, from, and manus, the hand.]

Amaranth, -us, am′ar-anth, -us, n. a genus of plants with richly-coloured flowers, that last long without withering, as Love-lies-bleeding, early employed as an emblem of immortality.—adj. Amaranth′ine, pertaining to amaranth: unfading. [Through Fr. and L. from Gr. amarantos, unfading—a, neg., and root mar, to waste away; allied to L. mori, to die.]

Amaryllis, am-a-ril′is, n. a genus of bulbous-rooted plants, including the narcissus, jonquil, &c. [Amaryllis, the name of a country girl in Theocritus and Virgil.]

Amass, a-mas′, v.t. to gather in large quantity: to accumulate.—adjs. Amass′able.—pa.p. Amassed′.—n. Amass′ment. [Fr. amasser—L. ad, to, and massa, a mass.]

Amasthenic, am-as-then′ik, adj. uniting all the chemical rays of light into one focus, applied to a lens perfect for photographic purposes. [Gr. hama, together, sthenos, force.]

Amate, a-māt′, v.t. to accompany: (Spens.) to match. [Pfx. a-, and Mate.]

Amate, a-māt′, v.t. (arch.) to subdue, to daunt, to stupefy. [O. Fr. amatir, to subdue.]

Amateur, am′at-ūr, or am-at-ār′, n. one who cultivates a particular study or art for the love of it, and not professionally: in general terms, one who plays a game for pleasure, as distinguished from a professional who plays for money—nearly every game has its special definition to meet its own requirements.—adjs. Amateur; Amateur′ish, imperfect and defective, as the work of an amateur rather than a professional hand.—adv. Amateur′ishly.—ns. Amateur′ishness; Amateur′ism, Amateur′ship. [Fr.—L. amator, a lover, amāre, to love.]

Amative, am′at-iv, adj. relating to love: amorous.—n. Am′ativeness, propensity to love or to sexuality. [From L. amāre, -ātum, to love.]

Amatory, am′at-or-i, adj. relating to or causing love: affectionate.—adjs. Am′atory, Amatō′rial, Amatō′rian (obs.).—adv. Amatō′rially.

Amaurosis, am-aw-rō′sis, n. total blindness when no change can be seen in the eye sufficient to account for it; Amblyopia being partial loss of sight under similar circumstances. The old name was Gutta serena—the 'drop serene' of Paradise Lost, iii. 25.—adj. Amaurō′tic. [Gr. amaurōsis, amauros, dark.]

Amaze, a-māz′, v.t. to confound with surprise or wonder.—n. astonishment: perplexity (much less common than Amaze′ment).—adv. Amaz′edly, with amazement or wonder.—n. Amaze′ment, Amaz′edness (rare), surprise mingled with wonder: astonishment.—p.adj. Amaze′ing, causing amazement, astonishment: astonishing.—adv. Amaz′ingly. [Pfx. a-, and Maze.]

Amazon, am′az-on, n. one of a fabled nation of female warriors: a masculine woman: a virago.—adj. Amazō′nian, of or like an Amazon: of masculine manners: warlike. [Popular Gr. ety. from a, neg., mazos, a breast—they being fabled to cut off the right breast that they might draw the bow to its head (of course all this is idle); some have suggested an original in the Circassian maza, the moon.]

Ambage, am′bāj, n. roundabout phrases: circuitous paths, windings: dark and mysterious courses:—pl. Am′bages.—adj. Ambā′gious, circumlocutory: circuitous.—adv. Ambā′giously.—n. Ambā′giousness—adj. Ambā′gitory (rare).

Ambassador, am-bas′a-dur, n. a diplomatic minister of the highest order sent by one sovereign power to another:—fem. Ambass′adress.—adj. Ambassadō′rial.—n. Ambass′adorship.—n. Ambass′age—now usually Embassage, the position, or the business, of an ambassador: a number of men despatched on an embassy or mission.—Ambassador Extraordinary, an ambassador sent on a special occasion, as distinguished from the ordinary or resident ambassador. [It. ambasciadore—L. ambactus, derived by Grimm from Goth. andbahts, a servant, whence Ger. amt, office; by Zeuss and others traced to a Celtic source, and identified with W. amaeth, a husbandman.]

Ambe, am′bē, n. an old mechanical contrivance, ascribed to Hippocrates, for reducing dislocations of the shoulder. [Gr. ambē, Ionic for ambōn, a ridge.]

Amber, am′bėr, n. a yellowish fossil resin, used in making ornaments.—adjs. Am′bered (obs.), flavoured with amber or ambergris; Amb′ery. [Fr.—Ar. ‛anbar, ambergris.]

Ambergris, am′bėr-grēs, n. a fragrant substance of an ash-gray colour, found floating on the sea or on the seacoast of warm countries, and in the intestines of the spermaceti whale. [Fr. ambre gris, gray amber.]

Ambidexter, am-bi-deks′tėr, adj. and n. able to use both hands with equal facility: double-dealing, or a double-dealer.—n. Ambi′dexter′ity, superior cleverness or adaptability.—adj. Ambidex′trous. [L. ambo, both, dexter, right hand.]

Ambient, am′bi-ent, adj. going round: surrounding: investing.—n. an encompassing sphere: the air or sky. [L. ambi, about, iens, ientis, pr.p. of eo, īre, to go.]

Ambiguous, am-big′ū-us, adj. of doubtful signification: indistinct: wavering or uncertain: equivocal.—n. Ambigū′ity, uncertainty or dubiousness of meaning—also Ambig′uousness.—adv. Ambig′uously. [L. ambiguus—ambigĕre, to go about—ambi, about, agĕre, to drive.]

Ambit, am′bit, n. a circuit: a space surrounding a house or town: extent of meaning of words, &c.

Ambition, am-bish′un, n. the desire of power, honour, fame, excellence.—n. Ambi′tionist (Carlyle), an ambitious man.—adj. Ambi′tious, full of ambition (with of, formerly for): strongly desirous of anything—esp. power: aspiring: indicating ambition: showy or pretentious.—adv. Ambi′tiously.—n. Ambi′tiousness. [Fr.—L. ambition-em, the going about—that is, the canvassing for votes practised by candidates for office in Rome—ambi, about, and īre, itum, to go.]

Amble, am′bl, v.i. to move as a horse by lifting together both legs on one side alternately with those on the other side: to move at an easy pace affectedly.—n. a pace of a horse between a trot and a walk.—n. Am′bler, a horse that ambles: one who ambles in walking or dancing.—n. and adj. Am′bling. [Fr. ambler—L. ambulā-re, to walk about.]

Amblygon, am′bli-gon, adj. obtuse-angled. [Gr. amblus, obtuse, gonia, angle.]

Amblyopia, am-bli-ō′pi-a, n. dullness of sight (see Amaurosis).—n. Amblyop′sis, the bony fish found in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, the rudimentariness of whose eyes is due to darkness and consequent disuse. [Gr.—amblys, dull, ōps, eye.]

Amblystoma, am-blis′tō-ma, n. a genus of tailed amphibians in the gill-less or salamandroid sub-order—the adult form of axolotl. [Gr. amblys, blunt, stoma, mouth.]

Ambo, am′bō, n. a kind of reading-desk or pulpit, which in early Christian churches was placed in the choir. The ambo had two ascents—one from the east, and the other from the west. [Gr. ambōn, a rising.]

Ambrosia, am-brō′zhi-a, n. the fabled food of the gods, which gave immortal youth and beauty to those who ate it: the anointing oil of the gods: any finely-flavoured beverage: something delightfully sweet and pleasing.—adj. Ambrō′sial, fragrant: delicious: immortal: heavenly.—adv. Ambrō′sially.—adj. Ambrō′sian, relating to ambrosia: relating to St Ambrose, bishop of Milan in the 4th century. [L.—Gr. ambrosios = ambrotos, immortal—a, neg., and brotos, mortal, for mrotos, Sans. mrita, dead—mri (L. mori), to die.]

Ambry, am′bri, n. a niche in churches in which the sacred utensils were kept: a cupboard for victuals. [O. Fr. armarie, a repository for arms (Fr. armoire, a cupboard)—L. armarium, a chest for arms—arma, arms.]

Ambs-ace, āmz′-ās, n. double ace: the lowest possible throw at dice: ill-luck: worthlessness. [O. Fr. ambes as—L. ambas as. See Ace.]

Ambulacrum, am-bū-lā′krum, n. a row of pores in the shell of an echinoderm, as a sea-urchin, through which the tube-feet protrude.—adj. Ambulā′cral. [L., a walk—ambulāre, to walk.]

Ambulance, am′būl-ans, n. a carriage which follows an army and serves as a movable hospital for the wounded—also used as an adj., as in ambulance wagon.—n. Ambulan′cier, a man attached to an ambulance.—adj. Am′bulant, walking: moving from place to place: (rare) unfixed.—v.t. and v.i. Am′bulate (rare), to walk.—p.adj. Am′bulating.—n. Ambulā′tion.—adj. Am′bulatory, having the power or faculty of walking: moving from place to place, not stationary: mutable.—n. any part of a building intended for walking in, as the aisles of a church, or the cloisters of a monastery: any kind of corridor. [Fr.—L. ambulans, -antis, pr.p. of ambulāre, to walk about.]

Ambuscade, am′busk-ād, n. a hiding to attack by surprise: a body of troops in concealment: the hidden place of ambush—used also as a verb.—n. Ambuscā′do, a now archaic form of Ambuscade (common in 17th century):—pl. Ambuscā′does. [Fr. embuscade. See Ambush.]

Ambush, am′boosh, n. and v. same meanings as Ambuscade.—n. Am′bushment (B.), ambush. [O. Fr. embusche (mod. embûche), embuscher, Low L. emboscāre—in-, in, and boscus, a bush.]

Ameer, or Amere, a-mēr′, n. a title of honour, also of an independent ruler in Mohammedan countries. [Ar. amīr. See Admiral.]

Ameliorate, a-mēl′yor-āt, v.t. to make better: to improve.—v.i. to grow better.—n. Ameliorā′tion, the condition of being made better: improvement or the means of such.—adj. Amel′iorative. [L. ad, to, and melior, better.]

Amen, ā′men′, or ä′men′, interj. so let it be!—v.t. to say amen to anything, to ratify solemnly. [Gr.—Heb. āmēn, firm, true.]

Amenable, a-mēn′a-bl, adj. easy to be led or governed: liable or subject to.—ns. Amenabil′ity, Amen′ableness.—adv. Amen′ably. [Fr. amener, to lead—a = L. ad, and mener, to lead—Low L. mināre, to lead, to drive (as cattle)—L. mināri, to threaten.]

Amenage, am′e-nāj, v.t. (Spens.) to manage. [O. Fr. amenager. See Manage.]

Amenance, am′e-nans, n. (Spens.) conduct, behaviour. [O. Fr. amenance, from root of Amenable.]

Amend, a-mend′, v.t. to correct: to improve: to alter in detail, as a bill before parliament, often so fundamentally as to overthrow entirely the thing originally proposed.—v.i. to grow or become better.—adjs. Amend′able, Amend′atory, corrective.—n. Amend′ment, correction: improvement: an alteration proposed on a bill under consideration: a counter-proposal put before a public meeting: a counter-motion.—n.pl. Amends′, supply of a loss: compensation: reparation. [Fr. amender for emender—L. emendāre, to remove a fault—e, ex, out of, and menda, a fault.]

Amende, ä-mend′, n. a fine, penalty.—Amende honorable, a public confession and apology made for any offence. [Fr. See Amend.]

Amenity, am-en′i-ti, n. pleasantness, as regards situation, climate, manners, or disposition. [Fr. aménité—L. amœnitas—amœnus, pleasant, from root of am-āre, to love.]

Amenorrhœa, Amenorrhea, a-men-ō-rē′a, n. absence of menstruation. [From Gr. a, priv., mēn, month, roia, a flowing.]

Amentum, a-men′tum, Ament, am′ent, n. a scaly sort of spike, as of the willow: a catkin:—pl. Amen′ta.—adjs. Amentā′ceous, Amen′tal. [L. amentum, thong.]

Amerce, a-mėrs′, v.t. to punish by a fine: to deprive of anything, or inflict loss upon.—n. Amerce′ment, a penalty inflicted—also Amerc′iament. [O. Fr. amercier, to impose a fine—L. merces, wages, fine.]

American, a-mer′ik-an, adj. pertaining to America, esp. to the United States.—n. a native of America.—v.t. Amer′icanise, to render American.—n. Amer′icanism, a custom, characteristic, word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Americans: condition of being an American citizen: devotion to American institutions. [From America, so called unfairly from Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator who explored a small part of South America seven years after the first voyage of Columbus.]

Amethyst, a′meth-ist, n. a bluish-violet variety of quartz of which drinking cups used to be made, which the ancients supposed prevented drunkenness.—adj. Amethyst′ine, [Gr. amethystos—a, neg., methy-ein, to be drunken—methū, wine, cog. with Eng. mead, Sans. madhu, sweet.]

Amiable, ām′i-a-bl, adj. lovable: worthy of love: of sweet disposition.—ns. Amiabil′ity, Am′iableness, quality of being amiable, or of exciting love.—adv. Am′iably. [O. Fr. amiable, friendly—L. amicabilis, from amicus, a friend; there is a confusion in meaning with O. Fr. amable (mod. Fr. aimable), lovable—L. amabilis—am-āre, to love.]

Amiantus, a-mi-ant′us, n. the finest fibrous variety of asbestos—it can be made into cloth which when stained is readily cleansed by fire.—Also Amianth′us. [Gr. amiantos, unpollutable—a, neg.,and miain-ein, to soil.]

Amicable, am′ik-a-bl, adj. friendly.—ns. Amicabil′ity, Am′icableness.—adv. Am′icably. [L. amicabilis—amicus, a friend, am-āre, to love.]

Amice, am′is, n. a flowing cloak formerly worn by priests and pilgrims: a strip of fine linen, with a piece of embroidered cloth sewn upon it, worn formerly on the head, now upon the shoulders, by Roman Catholic priests in the service of the Mass. [O. Fr. amit—L. amictus, amic-ĕre, to wrap about—amb, about, and jac-ĕre, to throw.]

Amice, am′is, n. a furred hood with long ends hanging down in front, originally a cap or covering for the head, afterwards a hood, or cape with a hood, later a mere college hood. [O. Fr. aumuce, of doubtful origin; but at any rate cog. with Ger. mutse, mütze, Scot. mutch.]

Amid, a-mid′, Amidst, a-midst′, prep. in the middle or midst: among.—adv. Amid′most (W. Morris), in the very middle of.—adv. and n. Amid′ships, half-way between the stem and stern of a ship, [a, on, and Mid.]

Amide, am′īd, n. one of the compound ammonias derived from one or more molecules of common ammonia, by exchanging one or more of the three hydrogen atoms for acid radicals of equivalent acidity.

Amine, am′īn, n. one of the compound ammonias, in which one or more of the three hydrogen atoms in ammonia are exchanged for alcohol or other positive radicals, or for a metal.

Amildar, am′il-dar, n. a factor or manager in India: a collector of revenue amongst the Mahrattas. [Hind. ‛amaldār—Ar. ‛amal, work.]

Amiss, a-mis′, adj. in error: wrong.—adv. in a faulty manner.—n. Amiss′ibility.—adjs. Amiss′ible; Amiss′ing, wanting, lost. [a, on, and Miss, failure.]

Amity, am′i-ti, n. friendship: good-will. [Fr. amitié—ami—L. amicitia, friendship, amicus, a friend. See Amicable.]

Ammonia, am-mōn′i-a, n. a pungent gas yielded by smelling-salts, burning feathers, &c.: a solution of ammonia in water (properly liquid ammonia): a name of a large series of compounds, analogous to ammonia, including amines, amides, and alkalamides.—adjs. Ammon′iac, Ammonī′acal, pertaining to, or having the properties of, ammonia.—ns. Ammon′iac, Ammonī′acum, a whitish gum resin of bitter taste and heavy smell, the inspissated juice of a Persian umbelliferous plant—used in medicine for its stimulant and expectorant qualities; Ammon′iaphone, an instrument invented about 1880, said to improve the quality of the singing and speaking voice, being an apparatus for inhaling peroxide of hydrogen and free ammonia.—adj. Ammōn′iated, containing ammonia.—n. Ammon′ium, the hypothetical base of ammonia. [From sal-ammoniac, or smelling-salts, first obtained by heating camel's dung in Libya, near the temple of Jupiter Ammon.]

Ammonite, am′mon-īt, n. the fossil shell of an extinct genus of molluscs, so called because they resemble the horns on the statue of Jupiter Ammon, worshipped as a ram.

Ammunition, am-mūn-ish′un, n. anything used for munition or defence: military stores, formerly of all kinds (as still in the word used adjectively, as in ammunition wagon, &c.), now esp. powder, balls, bombs, &c.—v.t. to supply with ammunition. [O. Fr. amunition. See Munition.]

Amnesty, am′nest-i, n. a general pardon of political offenders: an act of oblivion.—v.t. to give amnesty to. [Gr. a-mnestos, not remembered.]

Amnion, am′ni-on, n. the innermost membrane enveloping the embryo of reptiles, birds, and mammals. [Gr.—amnos, a lamb.]

Amœba, a-mēb′a, n. a name given to a number of the simplest animals or Protozoa, which consist of unit masses of living matter. They flow out in all directions in blunt processes (pseudopodia, 'false feet'), and have thus an endlessly varying form, hence the name:—pl. Amœb′æ.—adjs. Amœb′iform, Amœb′oid. [Gr. amoibē, change.]

Amœbæan, am-e-bē′an, adj. answering alternately, responsive, as in some of Virgil's eclogues. [L.—Gr. amoibaios, amoibē, change, alternation.]

Amomum, a-mō′mum, n. a genus of herbaceous tropical plants (nat. ord. Scitamineæ), allied to the ginger-plant, several species yielding the cardamoms and grains of paradise of commerce. [Gr. amōmon.]

Among, a-mung′, Amongst, a-mungst′, prep. of the number of: amidst. [A.S. on-gemang—mengan, to mingle.]

Amontillado, a-mon-til-yä′do, n. a dry or little sweet kind of sherry of a light colour and body. [Sp.]

Amoret, am′or-et, n. (obs.) a sweetheart. [O. Fr. amorette—L. amor-em.]

Amoretto, am-or-et′to, n. a lover: a cupid:—pl. Amoret′ti. [It.]

Amornings, a-morn′ingz, adv. (obs.) of mornings. [Of and Morning.]

Amoroso, am-or-ro′so, adj. (mus.) tender: descriptive of love.—n. one in love, a gallant:—pl. Amorō′si.—n. Amorō′sity (rare), fondness.

Amorous, am′or-us, adj. easily inspired with love: fondly in love (with of): relating to love.—n. Am′orist, a lover: a gallant.—adv. Am′orously.—n. Am′orousness. [O. Fr. amorous (Fr. amoureux)—L. amoros-um, amor, love.]

Amorpha, a-mor′fa, n. a genus of North American shrubs of the bean family, the false indigoes or lead-plants—also bastard or wild indigo.

Amorphism, a-mor′fizm, n. a state of being amorphous or without crystallisation even in the minutest particles.—adj. Amor′phous, without regular shape, shapeless, uncrystallised. [Gr. a, neg., morphē, form.]

Amort, a-mort′, adj. (obs. or arch. merely) spiritless, dejected.—n. Amortisā′tion.—v.t. Amort′īse, to alienate in mortmain: to convey to a corporation:—pr.p. amort′īsing; pa.p. amort′īsed. [Fr. à, to, mort, death. See Mortal.]

Amount, a-mownt′, v.i. to mount or rise to: to result in: to come in meaning or substance to (with to).—n. the whole sum: the effect or result. [O. Fr. amonter, to ascend—L. ad, to, mont, mons, a mountain.]

Amour, am-ōōr′, n. a love intrigue, or illicit affection: a love affair (humorously only, for the old innocent sense is now obsolete).—n. Amourette′, a petty love affair: the love-grass, or quaking-grass: a cupid.—Amour propre, self-esteem ready to take offence at slights. [Fr.—L. amor, love.]

Amove, a-mōōv′, v.t. (Spens.) to stir up: to affect:—pr.p. amov′ing; pa.p. amoved′. [L. admovēre—ad, to, and mov-ēre, to move.]

Amove, a-mōōv′, v.t. to remove, esp. from a place (obsolete except in law). [O. Fr. amover—L. amovēre, ab, from, mov-ēre, to move.]

Ampère, am-pehr′, n. in electricity, unit of current. [From Ampère, a French electrician who died in 1836.]

Ampersand, am′pėrs-and, n. a name formerly in use for the character & (also called short and), commonly placed at the end of the alphabet in primers.—Also Am′perzand, Am′pussy-and, and simply Am′passy. [A corr. of and per se and—that is, & standing by itself means and.]

Amphibalus, am-fib′a-lus, n. an ecclesiastical vestment like the chasuble. [L.—Gr., from amphi, around, ball-ein, to cast.]

Amphibia, am-fib′i-a, Amphibials, Amphibians, n.pl. animals capable of living both under water and on land.—n. Amphib′ian.—adj. Amphib′ious. [L.—Gr., from amphi, both, bios, life.]

Amphibole, am-fib′ol-ē, n. the name of a group of minerals which are essentially silicates of lime and magnesia, but these bases are often partly replaced by alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese—tremolite, nephrite (jade), and hornblende. [Gr.]

Amphibology, am-fib-ol′o-ji, n. the use of ambiguous phrases or such as can be construed in two senses. A good example is Shakespeare's 'The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose' (2 Henry VI., I. iv. 33)—also Amphib′oly.—adjs. Amphib′olous, Amphibol′ic. [Gr., from amphi, on both sides, ball-ein, to throw.]

Amphibrach, am′fi-brak, n. in prosody, a foot of three syllables—a short, a long, and a short, as ămārĕ. The name is sometimes applied in English to such a word as amusement, where an accented syllable falls between two unaccented. [L.—Gr., made up of Gr. amphi, on each side, brachys, short.]

Amphictyonic, am-fik-ti-on′ik, adj. The Amphictyonic Council was an old Greek assembly composed of deputies (Amphictyons) from twelve of the leading states.—n. Amphic′tyony, an association of such states. [Gr. amphiktyones, 'those dwelling around.']

Amphimacer, am-fim′a-sėr, n. in prosody, a foot of three syllables, the middle one short, and the first and last long, as cārĭtās. Sometimes applied to such Eng. words as runaway. [Gr., 'long at both ends;' amphi, on both sides, makros, long.]

Amphioxus, am-fī-oks′us, n. the lancelet, one of the lowest backboned animals, found on the sandy coasts of warm and temperate seas. The body is about two inches long and pointed at both ends. [Gr. amphi, on both sides, and oxys, sharp.]

Amphipods, am′fi-pods, n. an order of small sessile-eyed crustaceans—a familiar example is the sand-hopper. [Gr. amphi, both ways, pous, podos, a foot.]

Amphisbæna, am-fis-bē′na, n. a family of lizard-snakes, chiefly found in tropical America, which have their tails so rounded as to give them the appearance of having a head at both ends.—adj. Amphisbē′nic. [Gr. amphisbaina—amphi, amphis, both ways, and bain-ein, to go.]

Amphiscians, am-fish′i-anz, n.pl. the inhabitants of the torrid zone, whose shadows are thrown both ways—that is, to the north one part of the year, and to the south the other part, according as the sun is north or south of the equator. [Gr. amphiskios—amphi, both ways, skia, a shadow.]

Amphistomous, am-fis′tō-mus, adj. having a mouth-like orifice at either end, as some parasitic worms. [Gr., amphistomos, double mouthed.]

Amphitheatre, am-fi-thē′a-tėr, n. an oval or circular edifice having rows of seats one above another, around an open space, called the arena, in which public spectacles are exhibited: anything like an amphitheatre in form.—adjs. Amphitheat′rical, Amphitheat′ral.—adv. Amphitheat′rically. [Gr. amphi, round about, theatron, a place for seeing—theaomai, to see.]

Amphitryon, am-fit′ri-on, n. a host or entertainer. [From Amphitryon in Molière's comedy, who gives a great dinner. Amphitryon in Gr. mythology was husband of Alcmene, who was deceived by Zeus in her husband's semblance, and so became the mother of Hercules.]

Amphora, am′fō-ra, n. a two-handled vessel or jar used by the Greeks and Romans for holding liquids.—adj. Am′phoric (med.), like the sound produced by speaking into an amphora or any large vessel with a small mouth. [Gr. amphoreus, amphiphoreus—amphi, on both sides, pher-ein, to bear.]

Ample, am′pl, adj. spacious: large enough: abundant: liberal: copious, or of great length.—ns. Am′pleness; Ampliā′tion, enlarging, an enlargement.—adj. Ampliā′tive (rare).—adv. Am′ply. [Fr.—L. amplus, large.]

Amplexicaul, am-pleks′i-kawl, adj. (bot.) nearly surrounding the stem—said of sessile leaves. [Modern L. amplexicaulis—L. amplexus, embrace, and caulis, stem.]

Amplify, am′pli-fī, v.t. to make more copious in expression: to add to.—n. Amplificā′tion, enlargement.—adj. Amplificā′tory.—n. Am′plifier, one who amplifies: a lens which enlarges the field of vision. [L. amplus, large, and fac-ĕre, to make.]

Amplitude, am′pli-tūd, n. largeness: abundance: width: splendour: wide range of mind: the distance from the east point of a horizon at which a heavenly body rises, or from the west point at which it sets. [Fr.—L. amplitudo.]

Ampul, am′pul, n. a small earthenware or glass vessel of an oblong globular form, used for containing consecrated oil or wine and water for the eucharistic service—now more commonly Ampul′la. [O. Fr. ampole—L. ampulla.]

Ampulla, am-pul′la, n. a small two-handled flask or bottle for holding liquids or unguents: a vessel for holding consecrated oil or chrism, esp. at the coronation of kings: a kind of cruet of transparent glass for holding the wine and water used at the altar: (biol.) the dilated end of any canal or duct in an animal body, also the spongiole of a root in plants.—adjs. Ampullā′ceous, Am′pullar, Am′pullary, Am′pullate.—n. Ampullos′ity, turgidity of language, bombast. [L.; made up of amb, on both sides, and olla, a jar; or an irregular dim. of amphora, a flagon.]

Amputate, am′pūt-āt, v.t. to cut off, as a limb of an animal.—n. Amputā′tion. [L. amb, round about, putāre, to cut.]

Amuck, a-muk′, adv. madly: in murderous frenzy—hardly ever used save in the phrase 'to run amuck.' [Malay, amoq, intoxicated or excited to madness.]

Amulet, am′ū-let, n. a gem, scroll, or other object carried about the person, as a charm against sickness, harm, or witchcraft. [Fr.—L. amulētum, a word of unknown origin; curiously like the mod. Ar. himalat, lit. 'a carrier,' applied to a shoulder-belt, by which a small Koran is hung on the breast.]

Amuse, a-mūz′, v.t. to occupy pleasantly: to divert: to beguile with expectation: (obs.) occupy the attention with: (arch.) to beguile.—adj. Amus′able, capable of being amused.—n. Amuse′ment, that which amuses: pastime.—adj. Amus′ing, affording amusement: entertaining.—adv. Amus′ingly.—n. Amus′ingness.—adj. Amus′ive (rare), having the power to amuse or entertain.—n. Amus′iveness. [Fr. amuser.]

Amusette, am-ū-zėt′, n. a light field-gun invented by Marshal Saxe. [Fr.]

Amygdalate, a-mig′da-lāt, adj. pertaining to, like, or made of almonds.—adj. Amygdalā′ceous, akin to the almond. [L. amygdala—Gr. amygdalē, an almond.]

Amygdalin, Amygdaline, a-mig′da-lin, n. a crystalline principle existing in the kernel of bitter almonds.

Amygdaloid, a-mig′da-loid, n. a variety of basaltic rock containing almond-shaped nodules of other minerals, as quartz, felspar.—adj. Amygdaloi′dal. [Gr. amygdalē, and eidos, form.]

Amyl, am′il, n. the fifth in the series of the alcohol radicals, a natural product of the distillation of coal. As thus found, two molecules are united together, usually called diamyl, being a colourless liquid with an agreeable smell and burning taste.—n. Am′ylene. [Gr. amylon, starchy, fine meal.]

Amylaceous, am-i-lā′shus, adj. pertaining to or resembling starch. [L. amylum, starch—Gr. amylon.]

Amyloid, am′i-loid, n. a half-gelatinous substance like starch, found in some seeds.—adj. Amyloid′al. [Gr. amylon, the finest flour, starch; lit. 'unground'—a, neg., mylē, a mill, and eidos, form.]

An, an, adj. one: the indefinite article, used before words beginning with the sound of a vowel. [A.S. ān. See One.]

Ana, ā′na, a suffix to names of persons or places, denoting a collection of memorable sayings, items of gossip, or miscellaneous facts, as Johnsoniana, Tunbrigiana, &c.: applied also to the literature of some special subject, as Boxiana, Burnsiana, Shakespeariana.—n.pl. specially a collection of the table-talk of some one. [The neut. pl. termination of L. adjectives in -anus = pertaining to.]

Anabaptist, an-a-bapt′ist, n. one who holds that baptism ought to be administered only to adults (by immersion), and therefore that those baptised in infancy ought to be baptised again.—The name is disclaimed by recent opponents of infant baptism both in England and the Continent.—v.i. Anabap′tise.—n. Anabapt′ism.—adj. Anabaptist′ic. [Gr. ana, again, baptiz-ein, to dip in water, to baptise.]

Anabasis, an-ab′a-sis, n. a military advance into the interior of a country—specially the title of the famous story of the unfortunate expedition of Cyrus the Younger against his brother Artaxerxes, and of the retreat of his 10,000 Greek allies under the conduct of Xenophon. [Gr.; made up of ana, up, and bain-ein, to go.]

Anableps, an′a-bleps, n. a genus of bony fishes with open air-bladders, and projecting eyes divided into an upper and lower portion, so that each eye has two pupils. [Gr. anablepsis, 'a looking up.']

Anabolism, an-ab′ol-izm, n. the constructive processes within the protoplasm, by which food or other material, at a relatively low level, passes through an ascending series of ever more complex and unstable combinations, till it is finally worked up into living matter. [Gr. anabolē, 'rising up.']

Anacanthous, an-a-kan′thus, adj. without spine. [Gr. an-, without, akantha, spine.]

Anacard, an′a-kard, n. the cashew-nut, the fruit of the Anacardium occidentale. [Gr., made up of ana, according to, and kardia, heart, from the shape of the fruit.]

Anacatharsis, an-a-kath-ar′sis, n. vomiting or expectoration.—n. Anacathar′tic, a medicine with this effect—expectorants, emetics, sternutatorics, &c. [Gr.; made up of ana, up, and kathair-ein, to cleanse.]

Anacharis, an-ak′ar-is, n. a North American weed found in ponds and slow streams, which was first found in Britain in 1842, and is now very troublesome in the Trent, Derwent, and other rivers. [Made up of Gr. ana, up, and charis, grace.]

Anachorism, a-nak′ō-rizm, n. (rare) something incongruous with the spirit of the country. [Coined on the analogy of anachronism, from Gr. ana, back, and chōrion, country, with suff. ism.]

Anachronism, an-a′kron-izm, n. an error in regard to time, whereby a thing is assigned to an earlier or to a later age than it belongs to: anything out of keeping with the time.—v.t. Ana′chronise.—n. Ana′chronist.—adjs. Anachronist′ic, Ana′chronous.—adv. Ana′chronously. [Gr. ana, backwards, chronos, time.]

Anaclastic, an-a-klas′tik, adj. pertaining to refraction: bending back. [Gr. ana, back, klaein, break off.]

Anacoluthon, an-a-ko-lū′thon, n. want of sequence in the construction of a sentence, when the latter part does not grammatically correspond with the former: a sentence exhibiting an Anacoluthia, or the passing from one construction to another before the former is completed. [Gr. anakolouthos—a, an, neg., and akolouthos, following.]

Anaconda, an-a-kon′da, n. a large South American water-snake of the Python family, closely related to the boa-constrictor. [Singhalese (?).]

Anacreontic, an-a-kre-ont′ik, adj. after the manner of the Greek poet Anacreon: free, convivial, erotic.—n. a poem in this vein.—adv. Anacreont′ically.

Anacrusis, an-a-krōō′sis, n. (pros.) an upward beat at the beginning of a verse, consisting of one or two unaccented syllables introductory to the just rhythm. [Gr. from ana, up, krou-ein, to strike.]

Anadem, an′a-dem, n. a band or fillet bound round the head: a wreath or chaplet of flowers. [Gr. anadēma—ana, up, and de-ein, to bind.]

Anadromous, an-ad′rō-mus, adj. ascending rivers to spawn. [Gr. ana, up, dromos, running.]

Anæmia, an-ēm′i-a, n. a term employed to denote those conditions in which there is a deficiency of blood or of its red corpuscles: lack or poverty of blood marked by paleness and languor.—adj. Anæm′ic. [Gr.; made up of an, neg., haima, blood.]

Anaerobia, an-ā-ėr-ō′bi-a, n.pl. (biol.) bacteria which flourish without free oxygen.—adj. Anaerō′bic.

Anæsthetic, an-ēs-thet′ik, adj. producing insensibility to external impressions.—n. a substance, as chloroform or cocaine, that produces insensibility, whether general or local.—ns. Anæsthē′sia, Anæsthē′sis, loss of feeling, insensibility.—adv. Anæsthet′ically.—v.t. Anæs′thetise. [Gr. a, an, neg., aisthēsis, sensation—aisthanomai, to feel.]

Anaglyph, an′a-glif, n. an ornament carved in low relief.—adj. Anaglypt′ic. [Gr.; ana, up, glyph-ein, to carve.]

Anaglyptography, an-a-glip-tog′ra-fi, n. the art of engraving so as to give the subject the appearance of being raised from the surface of the paper as if embossed—used in representing coins, &c. [Gr. anaglyptos, embossed, and graphia, writing.]

Anagogy, an′a-goj-i, n. the mystical interpretation or hidden sense of words.—adjs. Anagog′ic, Anagog′ical.—adv. Anagog′ically. [Gr. anagōgē, elevation, an-ag-ein, to lift up.]

Anagram, an′a-gram, n. a word or sentence formed by rewriting (in a different order) the letters of another word or sentence: as, 'live' = 'evil,' 'Quid est veritas? = 'Est vir qui adest,' and 'Florence Nightingale' = 'Flit on, cheering angel.'—Many pseudonyms are merely anagrams, as 'Voltaire' = 'Arouet l. i.'—that is, 'Arouet le jeune (the younger).'—adjs. Anagrammat′ic, Anagrammat′ical.—adv. Anagrammat′ically.—v.t. Anagram′matīse, to transpose, so as to form an anagram.—ns. Anagram′matism, the practice of making anagrams; Anagram′matist, a maker of anagrams. [Gr. ana, again, graph-ein, to write.]

Anagraph, an′a-graf, n. a catalogue or inventory: a description. [Gr. anagraphē—ana, up, out, graph-ein, to write.]

Analects, an′a-lekts, n.pl. collections of literary fragments—also Analec′ta.—adj. Analec′tic. [Gr. analektos—analegein, to collect—ana, up, legein, to gather.]

Analeptic, an-a-lep′tik, adj. restorative: comforting. [Gr. analēptikos, restorative—analēpsis, recovery—ana, up, and lambanō, lēpsomai, to take.]

Analgesia, an-al-jē′zi-a, n. painlessness, insensibility to pain. [Gr. an-, priv., and algein, to feel pain.]

Analogy, an-al′o-ji, n. an agreement or correspondence in certain respects between things otherwise different—a resemblance of relations, as in the phrase, 'Knowledge is to the mind what light is to the eye:' relation in general: likeness: (geom.) proportion or the equality of ratios: (gram.) the correspondence of a word or phrase with the genius of a language, as learned from the manner in which its words and phrases are ordinarily formed: similarity of derivative or inflectional processes.—adjs. Analog′ical, Anal′ogic.—adv. Analog′ically.—v.t. Anal′ogise, to explain or consider by analogy:—pr.p. anal′ogīsing; pa.p. anal′ogīsed.—ns. Anal′ogism (obs.), investigation by analogy: argument from cause to effect; Anal′ogist, one who adheres to analogy; Anal′ogon = analogue.—adj. Anal′ogous, having analogy: bearing some correspondence with or resemblance to: similar in certain circumstances or relations (with to).—adv. Anal′ogously.—ns. Anal′ogousness; An′alogue, a word or body bearing analogy to, or resembling, another: (biol.) a term used to denote physiological, independent of morphological resemblance.—Organs are analogous to one another, or are analogues, when they perform the same function, though they may be altogether different in structure; as the wings of a bird and the wings of an insect. Again, organs are homologous, or homologues, when they are constructed on the same plan, undergo a similar development, and bear the same relative position, and this independent of either form or function. Thus the arms of a man and the wings of a bird are homologues of one another, while the wing of a bird and the wing of a bat are both analogous and homologous. [Gr. ana, according to, and logos, ratio.]

Analphabete, an-al′fa-bēt, n. and adj. one who does not know his alphabet, an illiterate.—adj. Analphabet′ic. [Gr. an, neg., and Alphabet.]

Analysis, an-al′is-is, n. a resolving or separating a thing into its elements or component parts—the tracing of things to their source, and so discovering the general principles underlying individual phenomena. Its converse is synthesis, the explanation of certain phenomena by means of principles which are for this purpose assumed as established. Analysis as the resolution of our experience into its original elements, is an artificial separation; while synthesis is an artificial reconstruction: (gram.) the arrangement into its logical and grammatical elements of a sentence or part of a sentence:—pl. Anal′yses.—adj. Analys′able.—n. Analysā′tion.—v.t. An′alyse, to resolve a whole into its elements: to separate into component parts.—n. An′alyst, one skilled in analysis, esp. chemical analysis.—adjs. Analyt′ic, -al, pertaining to analysis: resolving into first principles.—adv. Analyt′ically.—n.pl. Analyt′ics, the name given by Aristotle to his treatises on logic.—Analytical geometry, geometry treated by means of ordinary algebra, with a reference, direct or indirect, to a system of co-ordinates; Analytic method (logic) proceeds regressively or inductively to the recognition of general principles, as opposed to the Synthetic method, which advances from principles to particulars. [Gr. analysis, analy-ein, to unloose, ana, up, ly-ein, to loose.]

Anamnesis, an-am-nēs′is, n. the recalling of things past to memory: the recollection of the Platonic pre-existence: the history of his illness given by the patient to his physician. [Gr.]

Anamorphosis, an-a-mor′fo-sis, n. a figure, appearing from one view-point irregular or deformed, but from another regular and in proportion: (bot.) a gradual transformation, or an abnormal development of any part.—adj. Anamor′phous. [Gr.; ana, back, morphōsis, a shaping—morphē, shape.]

Ananas, an-an′as, n. the pine-apple: the West Indian penguin.—Also Anan′a. [Peruvian.]

Anandrous, an-an′drus, adj. without stamens, or male organs, applied to female flowers. [Gr. an, neg., and anēr, andros, a man.]

Anantherous, an-an′thėr-us, adj. without anthers. [Gr. an, neg., and Anther.]

Ananthous, an-an′thus, adj. without flowers. [Gr. an, neg., and anthos, a flower.]

Anapæst, Anapest, an′a-pest, n. (in verse) a foot consisting of three syllables, two short and the third long, or (in Eng.) two unaccented and the third accented, as colonnadé—a familiar example of a poem in this metre is Byron's Destruction of Sennacherib.—adjs. Anapæs′tic, -al. [Gr. anapaistos, reversed, because it is the dactyl reversed.]

Anaphora, an′af-or-a, n. (rhet.) the repetition of the same word or phrase in several successive clauses, as in 1 Cor. i. 20. [Gr.; ana, back, pher-ein, to bear.]

Anaphrodisiac, an-af-rō-diz′i-ak, adj. and n. tending to diminish sexual desire, or a drug supposed to have that effect. [Fr. an, neg., and adj. from Aphrodite.]

Anaplasty, an′a-plas-ti, n. the reparation of superficial lesions by the use of adjacent healthy tissue, as by transplanting a portion of skin.—adj. An′aplastic. [Gr.; that may be formed anew, ana, again, plass-ein, to form.]

Anaplerosis, an′a-plē-rō′sis, n. the filling up of a deficiency, esp. in medicine: the filling up of parts that have been destroyed, as in wounds, cicatrices, &c.—adj. Anaplerot′ic. [Gr.; from ana, up, and plēro-ein, to fill up.]

Anaptotic, an-ap-tot′ik, adj. (philol.) again uninflected—a term sometimes applied to languages which have lost most of their inflections through phonetic decay. [Gr. ana, again, aptōtos, without case, indeclinable, aptōs, -ōtos, not falling, pipt-ein, to fall.]

Anarchy, an′ark-i, n. the want of government in a state: political confusion: conflict of opinion.—adjs. Anarch′al (rare); Anarch′ic, Anarch′ical.—v.t. Anarch′ise.—ns. An′archism, anarchy: the negation of government—the name adopted by a phase of revolutionary socialism associated with the names of Proudhon and Bakunin. Their ideal of society was of one without government of any kind, when every man should be a law unto himself; An′archist, An′arch, one who promotes anarchy. [Gr. a, an, neg., archē, government.]

Anarthrous, an-är′thrus, adj. without the article, of Greek nouns: (entom.) having neither wings nor legs.—adv. Anar′thrously. [Gr. an, neg., arthron, a joint, the article.]

Anastatic, an-a-stat′ik, adj. furnished with characters standing up, or raised in relief—esp. of the anastatic printing process, in which copies of drawings are printed from fac-similes produced in relief on zinc plates. [Gr. anastatikos—ana, up, statikos, causing to stand—histēmi, to make to stand.]

Anastomosis, an-as-to-mō′sis, n. the union or intercommunication of vessels with each other, as seen in the junction of the branches of the arteries.—v.i. Anas′tomose, to communicate in such a way.—adj. Anastomot′ic.

Anastrophe, an-as′tro-fi, n. an inversion of the natural order of words, as 'Loud roared the thunder,' for 'The thunder roared,' &c. [Gr.; ana, back, and streph-ein, to turn.]

Anathema, an-ath′em-a, n. a solemn ecclesiastical curse or denunciation involving excommunication: any person or thing anathematised: generally, any imprecation or expression of execration.—n. Anathematisā′tion—v.t. Anath′ematise, to pronounce accursed.—Anathema maranātha, as in 1 Cor. xvi. 22; maranatha (Syr. māran ethā, 'our Lord hath come') is properly a mere solemn formula of confirmation, like Amen, having no other connection with the antecedent anathema—it is so printed in the Revised Version.—It seems to have been used by the early Christians as a kind of watchword of mutual encouragement and hope. So the words in 1 Cor. xvi. 22 are nearly equivalent to the similar expressions in Phil. iv. 5; Rev. xxii. 20. [The classical Gr. anathēma meant a votive offering set up in a temple, ana, up, tithenai, to place; the anathĕma of the Septuagint and New Testament meant something specially devoted to evil, as in Rom. ix. 3.]

Anatomy, an-a′tom-i, n. the art of dissecting any organised body: science of the structure of the body learned by dissection: a skeleton, a shrivelled and shrunken body, a mummy: (fig.) the lifeless form or shadow of anything: humorously for the body generally: the detailed analysis of anything, as in Burton's famous treatise, The Anatomy of Melancholy.—adjs. Anatom′ic, -al, relating to anatomy.—adv. Anatom′ically.—v.t. Anat′omise, to dissect a body: (fig.) to lay open minutely.—n. Anat′omist, one skilled in anatomy. [Gr. ana, up, asunder, temnein, to cut.]

Anatopism, an-at′op-izm, n. (rare—Coleridge) a faulty arrangement. [Gr. ana, up, topos, a place.]

Anatta, an-at′ta, n. the reddish pulp surrounding the seeds of the Bixa orellana, a medium-sized tree growing in Guiana and elsewhere. It yields a dye which gives a bright orange tint to cloth, and is much used to add colour to butter and cheese.—Also Anat′to, Annat′to, Arnot′to. [Supposed to be a native Amer. word.]

Anbury, an′bėr-i, n. a disease in turnips, produced by one of the slime-fungi, and usually the result of improper cultivation. It is often confounded with Finger-and-toe (dactylorhiza), which is rather a degeneration of the plant than a disease, the bulb branching out into a number of taproots, while the skin remains unbroken. Anbury causes a scabbed and broken skin, and tubercular growths on the roots and at the base of the bulb. [Often explained as a disguised form of A.S. ampre, a crooked swelling vein; more probably, a variant of anbury = angberry, A.S. ang-, pain, as in ang-nail.]

Ancestor, an′ses-tur, n. one from whom a person has descended: a forefather:—fem. An′cestress.—adj. Ances′tral.—ns. An′cestor-wor′ship, the chief element in the religion of China and other countries—erroneously supposed by Herbert Spencer to be the foundation of all religion; An′cestry, a line of ancestors: lineage. [O. Fr. ancestre—L. antecessor—ante, before, cedĕre, cessum, to go.]

Anchor, ang′kor, n. an implement for retaining a ship in a particular spot by temporarily chaining it to the bed of a sea or river. The most common form has two flukes, one or other of which enters the ground, and so gives hold; but many modifications are used, some with movable arms, some self-canting.—Anchors are distinguished as the starboard and port bowers, sheet, spare, stream, kedge, and grapnel, or boat anchors: (fig.) anything that gives stability or security.—v.t. to fix by an anchor: to fasten.—v.i. to cast anchor: to stop, or rest on.—ns. Anch′orage, the act of anchoring: the place where a ship anchors or can anchor: (Shak.) the anchor and all the necessary tackle for anchoring: a position affording support: (fig.) anything that gives a resting-place or support to the mind: duty imposed on ships for anchoring; Anch′or-hold, the hold of an anchor upon the ground: (fig.) security.—adj. Anch′orless, without such: unstable.—n. Mushroom-anchor, an anchor with a saucer-shaped head on a central shank, used for mooring.—At anchor, anchored.—To cast anchor, to let down the anchor, to take up a position; To weigh anchor, to take up the anchor so as to be able to sail away. [A.S. ancor—L. ancora—Gr. angkyra, angkos, a bend. Conn. with Angle.]

Anchoret, ang′kor-et, Anchorite, ang′kor-īt, n. one who has withdrawn from the world, especially for religious reasons: a hermit.—The form Anach′oret occurs in many books on church history for the recluses of the East in the early history of the church.—ns. Anch′or (Shak.), an anchorite—earlier still also an anchoress, as in the book-title Ancren Riwle, the 'Rule of Nuns;' Anch′orage, the retreat of a hermit; Anch′oress, a female anchorite: a nun—also Anc′ress, Ank′ress, Anch′oritess.—adjs. Anch′oretic, -al. [Gr. anachōrētēs—ana, apart, chōrein, to go.]

Anchovy, an-chō′vi, n. a small fish of the herring family, much fished in the Mediterranean for pickling, and for a sauce made from it, anchovy-paste, &c.—n. Anchō′vy-pear, the fruit of a myrtaceous Jamaica tree, pickled and eaten like the East Indian mango, which it much resembles in taste. [Sp. and Port. anchova; Fr. anchois. Of doubtful etymology. The Basque anchoa, anchua, has been connected with antzua, dry.]

Anchylosis, Ankylosis, ang-kī-lō′sis, n. the coalescence of two bones, or the union of the different parts of a bone: stiffness in a joint through destruction of the articular cartilages, or a thickening and shortening of the natural fibrous tissues around the joint. [Gr.; angkylos, crooked.]

Ancient, ān′shent, adj. old: belonging to former times, specifically, of times prior to the downfall of the western Roman empire (476 A.D.): of great age or duration: of past times in a general sense: venerable: antique, old-fashioned.—n. an aged man, a patriarch: a superior in age or dignity.—adv. An′ciently.—ns. An′cientness; An′cientry, ancientness, seniority: ancestry: dignity of birth: (Shak.) old people.—n.pl. An′cients, those who lived in remote times, esp. the Greeks and Romans of classical times: (B.) elders.—The Ancient of days, a title in the Holy Scriptures for the Almighty, applied by Byron to Athens. [Fr. ancien—Low L. antianus, old—L. ante, before. See Antique.]

Ancient, ān′shent, n. (obs.) a flag or its bearer: an ensign. [Corr. of Fr. enseigne. See Ensign.]

Ancillary, an′sil-ar-i, adj. subservient, subordinate (with to). [L. ancilla, a maid-servant.]

Ancipital, an-sip′i-tal, adj. two-headed: double: doubtful: (bot.) two-edged and flattened.—Also Ancip′itous. [L. anceps, ancipit-is, double—an for amb, on both sides, and caput, the head.]

Ancome, ang′kum, n. (prov.—Scot. income) a small inflammatory swelling, coming on suddenly. [Same as Income.]

And, and, conj. signifies addition, or repetition, and is used to connect words and sentences, to introduce a consequence, &c.—in M. E. (but not A.S.) it was used for if, and often also with added if, as in Luke xii. 45. An became common for and in this sense, as often in Shakespeare.—It sometimes expresses emphatically a difference in quality between things of the same class, as 'there are friends ... and friends.' [A.S., and in the other Teut. lang.; prob. allied to L. ante, Gr. anti, over against.]

Andante, an-dan′te, adj. and n. (mus.) moving with moderate and even expression: a movement or piece composed in andante time.—adj. Andanti′no, of a movement somewhat slower than andante, but sometimes meaning 'with less of andante' = somewhat quicker.—Andante affettuoso, slow but pathetically; Andante cantabile, slow, but in a singing style; Andante con moto, slow, but with emotion; Andante grazioso, slow, but gracefully; Andante maestoso, slow, with majesty; Andante non troppo, slow, but not too much so. [It.—pr.p. of andare, to go.]

Andiron, and′ī-urn, n. the iron bars which support the ends of the logs in a wood fire, or in which a spit turns. [O. Fr. andier (Mod. Fr. landier—l'andier); Low. L. anderius, andena; further ety. dubious, perhaps ultimately cog. with End. The termination was early confused with iron, hence the spellings and-iron, hand-iron.]

Androcephalous, an-dro-sef′a-lus, adj. having a human head, as a sphinx or Assyrian bull. [Gr. anēr, andros, a man, kephalē, a head.]

Androgynous, an-droj′i-nus, adj. having the characteristics of both male and female in one individual: hermaphrodite: (bot.) having an inflorescence of both male and female flowers—also Androg′ynal (rare).—n. Androg′yny, hermaphroditism. [Gr.; anēr, andros, a man, and gynē, woman.]

Android, an′droid, n. an automaton resembling a human being.—Also Andrō′ides.

Andromeda, an-drom′e-da, n. a genus of shrubs of the heath family: the name of a northern constellation. [Andromeda, in Greek mythology, a maiden bound to a rock, and exposed to a sea-monster, but delivered by Perseus.]

Aneal, Anele, an-ēl′, v.t. to anoint with oil: to administer extreme unction. [M. E. anele, from an A.S. verb compounded of A.S. on, on, and ele, oil.]

Anear, a-nēr′, adv. nearly: near.—prep. near.—v.t. to approach, to come near to.

Anecdote, an′ek-dōt, n. an incident of private life: a short story.—n. An′ecdotage, anecdotes collectively: garrulous old age.—adjs. An′ecdotal, Anecdot′ical, in the form of an anecdote. [Gr.; 'not published'—a, an, neg., and ekdotos, published—ek, out, and didonai, to give.]

Anelectrotonus, an′el-ek-trot′on-us, n. (phys.) the diminished excitability of a nerve near the anode of an electric current passing through it.—adj. An′elec′tric, parting readily with its electricity.—n. a body which readily gives up its electricity.—n. Anelec′trode, the positive pole of a galvanic battery.—adj. An′electrot′onic. [Gr. an, up, elektron, amber.]

Anemograph, a-nem′ō-graf, n. an instrument for measuring and recording the direction and velocity of the wind. [Gr. anemos, wind, graphein, to write.]

Anemometer, a-ne-mom′et-ėr, n. an instrument for measuring the velocity or pressure of the wind.—adj. Anemomet′ric.—n. Anemom′etry, the measurement of the force or velocity of the wind. [Gr. anemos, wind, and Meter.]

Anemone, a-nem′o-ne, n. a plant of the crowfoot family.—n. Sea′-anem′one, a popular name of Actinia and some allied genera of Actinoza. [Gr. anemōne, said to be from anemos, wind, because some of the species love exposed and wind-swept situations.]

An-end, an-end′, prep. phrase, to the end, continuously: upright.—Most an-end, almost always.

Anent, a-nent′, prep. and adv. in a line with: against: towards: in regard to, concerning, about. [Mainly prov. Eng. and Scot., M.E. anent—A.S. on- efen, 'on even with' (dat.).]

Aneroid, an′e-roid, adj. denoting a barometer by which the pressure of the air is measured without the use of quicksilver or other fluid.—n. a contr. of 'aneroid barometer.' [Fr.—Gr. a, neg., nēros, wet.]

Aneurism, an′ūr-izm, n. a soft tumour arising from the dilatation of an artery acting on a part weakened by disease or injury: (fig.) any abnormal enlargement—adjs. An′eurismal, An′eurismatic. [Gr. aneurysma—ana, up, eurys, wide.]

Anfractuous, an-fract-ū′us, adj. winding, involved, circuitous.—n. Anfractuos′ity. [L. anfractuösus, anfract-us.]

Angel, ān′jel, n. a divine messenger: a ministering spirit: an attendant or guardian spirit: a person possessing the qualities attributed to such—gentleness, purity, &c.: one supposed to have a special commission, as the head of the Church in Rev. ii. and iii., or the angel of the Catholic and Apostolic Church, who corresponds in a limited sense to the bishop of other Christian denominations: (poet.) a messenger generally: in art, the conventional figure attributed to the angel—a figure of great beauty, youthful, clothed in flowing garments, with wings: an old Eng. coin = 10s., bearing the figure of an angel.—n. An′gel-fish, a voracious fish, allied to the shark, from six to eight feet long, with large, wing-like pectoral fins.—adjs. Angel′ic (an-), Angel′ical.—adv. Angel′ically.—ns. Angelol′atry (ān-), angel-worship; Angelol′ogy, the doctrine regarding angels; Angeloph′any, the manifestation of an angel to man. [Gr. angelos, a messenger.]

Angelica, an-jel′i-ka, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants, the roots and seeds of some species of which are used in making gin, bitters, &c.—the tender stalks and midribs of the leaves are candied and used as a confection: confections.—n. An′gel-wat′er, a perfumed liquid, at first made largely from angelica, then from ambergris, rose-water, orange-flower water, &c. [From their supposed magical properties.]

Angelus, an′je-lus, n. the 'Hail, Mary,' or prayer to the Virgin, containing the angelic salutation: the bell rung in Roman Catholic countries at morning, noon, and sunset, to invite the faithful to recite the Angelic Salutation. [From its first words, 'Angelus domini nuntiavit Mariæ.']

Anger, ang′ger, n. a strong emotion excited by a real or fancied injury, and involving a desire for retaliation.—v.t. to make angry: to irritate.—adj. An′gerless.—advs. An′gerly, a 17th-cent. form (still used in an archaic sense) for Angrily; Ang′rily.—n. Ang′riness.—adj. Ang′ry, excited with anger: inflamed: lowering. [Ice. angr; allied to Anguish.]

Angevin, an′je-vin, adj. pertaining to Anjou: relating to the Plantagenet house that reigned in England from 1154 to 1485, its first king, Henry II., being son of Geoffrey V., Count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England. By some the term Angevin is only allowed until the loss of Anjou under John (1204); by others, till the deposition of Richard II. in 1399.

Angina, an-jī′na, n. any inflammatory affection of the throat, as quinsy, croup, &c.: usually in medical phraseology with adjective, as Angina rheumatica = rheumatic sore throat.—Angina pectoris, a disease of the heart marked by paroxysms of intense pain, beginning at the breastbone and radiating thence mainly towards the left shoulder and arm. [L. angĭna. See Anguish.]

Angiocarpous, an-ji-ō-kar′pus, adj. having the fruit in an envelope distinct from the calyx. [Gr. angeion, a case, karpos, fruit.]

Angiosperm, an′ji-o-sperm, n. a plant whose ovules or future seeds are enclosed in a closed ovary, and fertilised through the medium of a stigma, while in Gymnosperms the ovule is naked, and the pollen is applied directly to its surface.—adjs. Angiosperm′ous, Angiosperm′al, Angiosper′matous.

Angle, ang′gl, n. a corner: the point where two lines meet: (geom.) the inclination of two straight lines which meet, but are not in the same straight line: any outlying corner or nook.—adj. Ang′ular, having an angle or corner: (fig.) stiff in manner: the opposite of easy or graceful: bony and lean in figure.—n. Angular′ity.—adj. Ang′ulated, formed with angles. [Fr.—L. angulus; cog. with Gr. angkylos; both from root ank, to bend, seen also in Anchor, Ankle.]

Angle, ang′gl, n. a hook or bend: a fishing-rod with line and hook.—v.i. to fish with an angle.—v.t. to entice: to try to gain by some artifice.—ns. Ang′ler, one who fishes with an angle: a voracious fish about three feet long, not uncommon on British shores, and called also the Fishing-frog, the Sea-devil, and by the Scotch, Wide-gab; Ang′ling, the art or practice of fishing with a rod and line. [A.S. angel, a hook, allied to Anchor.]

Angles, ang′glz, n.pl. the Low German stock that settled in Northumbria, Mercia, and East Anglia.

Anglican, ang′glik-an, adj. English: belonging to, or characteristic of, the Church of England.—n. Ang′licanism, attachment to English institutions, esp. the English Church: the principles of the English Church.—v.t. Ang′licise, to express in English idiom.—n. Ang′licism, an English idiom or peculiarity of language.—v.t. Ang′lify, to make English.

Anglo-, ang′glo, pfx. English—used in composition, as Anglo-Saxon, &c.—ns. Ang′lo-Cath′olic, one who calls himself a Catholic of the Anglican pattern, refusing the name of 'Protestant;' used adjectively, as in 'Anglo-Catholic Library;' Ang′lo-Catho′licism.—adj. and n. Ang′lo-Sax′on, applied to the earliest form of the English language—the term Old English is now preferred. Properly it should have referred only to the Saxons of Wessex, Essex, Middlesex, and Sussex, as distinct from the Angles.—ns. Ang′lo-Sax′ondom; Anglo-Sax′onism.—Anglo-Israelite theory, an opinion held by not a few well-meaning persons, innocent of scientific ethnology, that the English are descended from the Israelites who were carried into captivity by the Assyrians under Sargon in 721 B.C.

Anglomania, ang′glo-mān′i-a, n. a mania for what is English: an indiscriminate admiration of English institutions.—ns. Ang′loman (rare), Ang′lomān′iac.

Anglophobia, ang-glō-fō′bi-a, n. fear and dislike of England.—ns. An′glophobe, Anglophō′bist.—adj. Anglophō′bic. [Fr. Anglophobe—L. Anglo-, English, Gr. phobein, to fear.]

Angora, ang-gō′ra, n. cloth made from the wool of the Angora goat.—Angora Wool, the long white silky hair of the Angora goat, highly valued in manufactures. [Angora, a city of Asia Minor, famous for its breed of goats.]

Angostura, ang-gos-tōō′ra, n. a town of Venezuela, on the Orinoco (renamed Ciudad Bolivar in 1819), giving its name to an aromatic bitter bark, valuable as a febrifuge and tonic.—Angostura bitters is an essence containing angostura, canella, cinchona, lemon peel, and other aromatics, but much of what is sold under that name contains no angostura, but consists mainly of cheretta or other simple tonic.

Anguine, ang′gwīn, adj. of or like a snake. [L. anguis, anguin-is, a snake.]

Anguish, ang′gwish, n. excessive pain of body or mind: agony.—n. Ang′uishment. [O. Fr. angoisse—L. angustia, a strait, straitness—ang-u-ĕre, to press tightly: to strangle. See Anger.]

Anharmonic, an-har-mon′ik, adj. not harmonic: in geometry, a term applied to the section of a line by four points, A, B, C, D, when their mutual distances are such that AB divided by CB is unequal to AD divided by CD; the ratio between these two quotients being called the anharmonic ratio of AC.

Anhelation, an-he-lā′shun, n. difficult respiration: shortness of breath. [L. anhelatio—anhelāre, from an, for amb, around, and hal-āre, to breathe.]

Anhydrous, an-hī′drus, adj. a term applied to a chemical substance free from water.—n.pl. Anhy′drides, a term now commonly given to the compounds formerly known as anhydrous acids—in some cases the result of the dehydration of acids, and in all cases representing in their composition the acid minus water.—n. Anhy′drite, a mineral consisting of anhydrous sulphate of lime, with some slight addition of sea-salt, appearing in several varieties—granular, fibrous, radiated and translucent, compact and of various shades—white, blue, gray, red. [Gr. a, an, neg., hydōr, water.]

Anight, a-nīt′, adv. (Shak.) of nights, at night. [Of and Night.]

Anil, an′il, n. a plant from whose leaves and stalks indigo is made. [Sp. anil; Ar. an-nil for al-nil, the indigo plant.]

Anile, an′īl, adj. old womanish: imbecile.—n. Anil′ity, imbecile dotage. [L. anus, an old woman.]

Aniline, an′il-in, n. a product of coal-tar extensively used in dyeing and other industrial arts. [Port. anil, indigo, from which it was first obtained.]

Animadvert, an-im-ad-vėrt′, v.i. to criticise or censure.—n. Animadver′sion, criticism, censure, or reproof. [L., to turn the mind to—animus, the mind, ad, to, and vertĕre, to turn.]

Animal, an′im-al, n. an organised being, having life, sensation, and voluntary motion—it is distinguished from a plant, which is organised and has life, but not sensation or voluntary motion: the name sometimes implies the absence of the higher faculties peculiar to man.—adj. of or belonging to animals: sensual.—n. Animalisā′tion, the act of converting into animal substance, or of endowing with animal attributes: brutalisation.—v.t. An′imalise, to endow with animal life: to convert into animal matter:—pr.p. an′imalīsing; pa.p. an′imalīsed.—n. An′imalism, the state of being actuated by animal appetites only: the exercise or enjoyment of animal life, as distinct from intellectual: brutishness: sensuality: (rare) a mere animal being.—adv. An′imally, physically merely.—Animal spirits, nervous force: exuberance of health and life: cheerful buoyancy of temper: (Milton) the spirit or principle of volition and sensation. [L.—anima, air, life, Gr. anemos, wind—aō, aēmi, Sans. an, to breathe, to blow.]

Animalcule, an-im-al′kūl, n. a small animal, esp. one that cannot be seen by the naked eye:—pl. Animal′cules, Animal′cula.—adj. Animal′cular. [L. animalculum, dim. of Animal.]

Animate, an′im-āt, v.t. to give life to: to enliven or inspirit: to actuate.—adj. living: possessing animal life.—adj. An′imated, lively: full of spirit: endowed with life.—adv. Animat′edly.—p.adj. An′imating.—adv. Animat′ingly.—ns. Animā′tion, liveliness: vigour; An′imator, he who, or that which, animates. [See Animal.]

Anime, an′im, n. the resin of the West Indian locust-tree—used also for other gums and resins. [Said to be Fr. animé, living, from the number of insects in it; but perhaps a native name.]

Animism, an′im-izm, n. a theory which regards the belief in separate spiritual existences as the germ of religious ideas. It is adopted by E. B. Tylor in his Primitive Culture as the minimum definition of religion, being considered to have arisen simply from the evidence of the senses, interpreted by the crude and child-like science of the savage: the theory of Stahl, which regarded the vital principle and the soul as identical.—n. An′imist.—adj. An′imistic. [L. anima, the soul.]

Animosity, an-im-os′i-ti, n. bitter hatred: enmity. [L. animositas, fullness of spirit.]

Animus, an′im-us, n. intention: actuating spirit: prejudice against. [L. animus, spirit, soul, as distinguished from anima, the mere life.]

Anise, an′is, n. an umbelliferous plant, the aromatic seeds of which are used in making cordials. The anise of Matt. xxiii. 23 (Gr. anēthon) is properly the dill.—ns. An′iseed; Anisette′, a cordial or liqueur prepared from anise seed. [Gr. anison.]

Anker, angk′ėr, n. a liquid measure used in Northern Europe, formerly in England, varying considerably—that of Rotterdam having a capacity of 10 old wine gallons, or 8⅓ imperial gallons. [Dut.]

Ankle, Ancle, angk′l, n. the joint connecting the foot and leg.—adj. Ank′led, having, or pertaining to ankles.—n. Ank′let, an ornament for the ankle. [A.S. ancléow, cog. with Ger. enkel, and conn. with Angle.]

Anlace, Anelace, an′lās, n. a short two-edged knife or dagger, tapering to a point, formerly worn at the girdle. [Low L. anelacius; perh. the old Welsh anglas.]

Anna, an′a, n. an Indian coin worth nominally 1½d sterling, but always the sixteenth part of a rupee. [Hind. ānā.]

Annals, an′alz, n.pl. records of events under the years in which they happened: any historical work that follows the order of time in its narrations, separating them off into single years, as the Annals of Tacitus: historical records generally: year-books.—v.t. Ann′alise, to write annals: to record.—n. Ann′alist, a writer of annals. [L. annales—annus, a year.]

Annat, an′at, Annate, an′āt, n. the first-fruits, or one year's income, or a specified portion of such, paid to the Pope by a bishop, abbot, or other ecclesiastic, on his appointment to a new see or benefice. It was abolished in England in 1534, and next year the right was annexed to the crown, the fund thus arising being administered for the benefit of the Church of England, afterwards transferred to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty, next to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners: (Scots law) the half-year's stipend payable for the vacant half-year after the death of a parish minister, to which his family or nearest of kin have right under an act of 1672. [Low L. annata—L. annus, a year.]

Anneal, an-ēl′, v.t. to temper glass or metals by subjecting them to great heat and gradual cooling: to heat in order to fix colours on, as glass.—n. Anneal′ing. [Pfx. an-, and A.S. ælan, to burn.]

Annelida, an-el′i-da, n. a class of animals comprising the red-blooded worms, having a long body composed of numerous rings.—n. Ann′elid. [L. annellus, dim. of annulus, a ring.]

Annex, an-neks′, v.t. to add to the end: to join or attach: to take permanent possession of additional territory: to affix: append (with to).—n. something added: a supplementary building—often with the Fr. spelling annexe.—n. Annexā′tion, act of annexing.—n. and adj. Annexā′tionist.—ns. Annex′ion, Annex′ment (Shak.), addition: the thing annexed. [Fr. annexer—L. annex-um, annectĕre: ad, to, nect-ĕre, to tie.]

Annihilate, an-nī′hil-āt, v.t. to reduce to nothing: to put out of existence: to render null and void, to abrogate.—ns. Annihilā′tion, state of being reduced to nothing: act of destroying: (theol.) the destruction of soul as well as body; Annihilā′tionism, the belief that the soul dies with the body.—adj. Annihilā′tive.—n. Annihilā′tor, one who annihilates. [L. annihilatus, annihilāre; ad, to, nihil, nothing.]

Anniversary, an-ni-vėrs′ar-i, adj. returning or happening every year: annual.—n. the day of the year on which an event happened or is celebrated: the celebration proper to such, esp. a mass or religious service. [L. anniversarius; annus, a year, and vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Annotate, an′not-āt, v.t. to make notes upon.—ns. An′notation, a note of explanation: comment; An′notator, a writer of notes, a commentator. [L. annotāre—ad, to, notāre, -ātum, to mark.]

Announce, an-nowns′, v.t. to declare: to give public notice of: to make known.—n. Announce′ment. [O. Fr. anoncer—L. annuntiāre—ad, to, nunti, -āre, to deliver news.]

Annoy, an-noi′, v.t. to trouble: to vex: to tease: to harm, esp. in military sense:—pr.p. annoy′ing; pa.p. annoyed′.—ns. Annoy (now poetic only), Annoy′ance, that which annoys.—adv. Annoy′ingly. [O. Fr. anoier (It. annoiare); noun, anoi (mod. ennui), acc. to Diez from L. phrase, in odio, as in 'est mihi in odio' = 'it is to me hateful.']

Annual, an′nū-al, adj. yearly: coming every year: requiring to be renewed every year: performed in a year.—n. a plant that lives out one year: a book published yearly, esp. applied to the sumptuous books, usually illustrated with good engravings, much in demand in the first half of the 19th century for Christmas, New Year, and birthday presents.—adv. An′nually. [Through Fr. from L. annualis—annus, a year.]

Annuity, an-nū′i-ti, n. a payment generally (but not necessarily) of uniform amount falling due in each year during a given term, such as a period of years or the life of an individual, the capital sum not being returnable.—n. Annū′itant, one who receives an annuity.—Certain annuity, one for a fixed term of years, subject to no contingency whatever; Contingent annuity, one that depends also on the continuance of some status, as the life of a person whose duration is calculated by the theory of probabilities. An annuity is usually held payable to the end of each year survived; but when, in addition, a proportion of the year's annuity is payable up to the day of death, the annuity is said to be Complete—the ordinary annuity being sometimes, for distinction, referred to as a Curtate annuity. When the first payment is due in advance, the annuity is known as an Annuity due; when the first payment is not to be made until the expiry of a certain number of years, it is called a Deferred or Reversionary annuity.

Annul, an-nul′, v.t. to make null, to reduce to nothing: to abolish:—pr.p. annul′ling; pa.p. annulled′.—n. Annul′ment, the act of annulling. [Fr. annuler—Low L. annullā-re, to make into nothing—L. ad-, to, nullus, none.]

Annular, an′nūl-ar, adj. ring-shaped.—adjs. An′nulate, An′nulated, formed or divided into rings.—ns. Annulā′tion, a ring or belt: a circular formation; An′nulet, a little ring: (archit.) a small flat fillet, encircling a column, &c., used either by itself or in connection with other mouldings: (her.) a little circle borne as a charge on coats of arms.—adj. An′nulose, having rings: composed of rings. [L. annularis; annulus or anulus, a ring—dim. of anus, a rounding or ring.]

Annunciation, an-nun-si-ā′shun, n. the act of announcing.—v.t. Annun′ciate, to proclaim.—n. Annunciā′tion-day, the anniversary of the Angel's salutation to the Virgin Mary, the 25th of March, Lady-day. [See Announce.]

Anode, an′ōd, n. a term in electrolysis introduced by Faraday to designate the positive pole, or that surface by which the galvanic current enters the body undergoing decomposition (electrolyte)—as opp. to Cathode, the negative pole. [Gr. ana, up, hodos, way.]

Anodyne, an′o-dīn, n. a medicine that allays pain, whether acting on the nerves and nerve terminations (aconite, belladonna, cocaine), on the brain (chloral, Indian hemp), or on all these parts (opium, bromide of potassium). [Gr.; a, an, neg., and odynē, pain.]

Anoint, an-oint′, v.t. to smear with ointment or oil: to consecrate with oil.—n. Anoint′ment, the act of anointing or state of being anointed.—The Anointed, the Messiah. [= an+oint. See Ointment.]

Anomaly, an-om′al-i, n. irregularity: deviation from rule: (astron.) the angle measured at the sun between a planet in any point of its orbit and the last perihelion.—adjs. Anomalist′ic, -al, anomalous: departing from established rules: irregular.—n. Anom′alite, an irregular mineral.—adj. Anom′alous, irregular: deviating from rule.—Anomalistic year, the interval that elapses between two successive passages of the earth through its perihelion, or point of nearest approach to the sun = 365 days 6 hr. 13 min. 49 sec., being 4 min. 39 sec. longer than the sidereal year. [Gr. anōmalos—a, an, neg., and homalos, even—homos, same.]

Anonymous, an-on′im-us, adj. wanting a name: not having the name of the author, as distinguished from pseudonymous, when another than his real name has been given.—ns. An′onym, a person whose name is not given: a pseudonym; Anonym′ity, the quality or state of being anonymous.—adv. Anon′ymously. [Gr. anōnymos—a, an, neg., and onoma, name.]

Another, an-uth′ėr, adj. not the same: a different or distinct (thing or person): one more: a second: one more of the same kind: any other.—One another, now used as a compound reciprocal pronoun (of two or more); One with another, taken all together, taken on the average.—You're another, the vulgar Tu quoque. [Orig. an other.]

Anserine, an′sėr-īn, or -in, adj. relating to the goose or goose-tribe: stupid, silly. [L. anserinus, anser.]

Answer, an′sėr, v.t. to reply to: to satisfy or solve: to repay: to suit: to suffer the consequences of.—v.i. to reply: to reply favourably: to act in conformity with, as 'to answer the helm:' to be accountable for (with for): to correspond: to be advantageous to: to turn out well.—n. a reply: a solution.—adj. An′swerable, able to be answered: accountable: suitable: equivalent: proportional (with to).—adv. An′swerably.—n. An′swerer.—adv. An′swerless. [A.S. andswar-ian—andswaru; and-, against, swerian, to swear.]

Ant, ant, n. a small insect: the emmet or pismire.—ns. Ant′-bear, one of the largest species of the ant-eaters, found in the swampy regions in Central and Southern America, also called the Great Ant-eater; Ant′-cow (see Aphides); Ant′-eat′er, a genus of edentate South American quadrupeds, feeding on insects, and chiefly on ants, which they procure by means of their very long cylindrical tongue covered with a viscid saliva; Ant′-hill, the hillock raised by ants to form their nest: also figuratively applied, as to the earth; Ant′-thrush, a general name applied to birds of tropical and sub-tropical countries which feed to a large extent on ants. [A contr. of Emmet—A.S. æmete.]

An't, a contr. of aren't, are not; colloquial for am not, is not, has not.—An't = on't, on it (Shak.).

Antacid, ant-as′id, n. a medicine which counteracts acidity.—adj. possessing such quality. [Gr. anti, against, and Acid.]

Antagonism, ant-ag′on-izm, n. a contending or struggling against: opposition (with to, and also with).—n. Antagonisā′tion.—v.t. Antag′onise, to struggle violently against: to counteract the action of an opposite muscle.—p.adj. Antag′onised, made antagonistic, opposed beyond hope of reconciliation.—n. Antag′onist, one who contends or struggles with another: an opponent.—adjs. Antag′onist, Antagonist′ic, contending against: opposed to.—adv. Antagonis′tically. [Gr. anti, against—agōn, contest. See Agony.]

Antalkali, ant-al′ka-li, n. anything that counteracts the action of an alkali. [Ant- and Alkali.]

Antarctic, ant-ärkt′ik, adj. opposite the Arctic: relating to the south pole or to south polar regions.—adj. Antarct′ical.—adv. Antarct′ically (obs.). [Gr. anti, opposite, and Arctic.]

Antarthritic, ant-ar-thrit′ik, adj. counteracting gout. [Gr. anti, against, and Arthritic.]

Antasthmatic, ant-ast-mat′ik, adj. counteracting asthma. [Gr. anti, against, and Asthmatic.]

Antecedent, an-te-sēd′ent, adj. going before in time: prior.—n. that which precedes in time: (gram.) the noun or pronoun to which a relative pronoun refers: (logic) a statement or proposition from which another is logically deduced: (math.) the antecedent of a ratio is the first of two terms which compose the ratio—the first and third in a series of four proportionals: (pl.) previous principles, conduct, history, &c.—n. Anteced′ence.—adv. Anteced′ently. [L. antecedent-em; ante, before, cedĕre, cessum, to go.]

Antechamber, an′te-chām-bėr, n. a chamber or room leading to the chief apartment. [Fr. anti-chambre, ante-chambre.]

Antechapel, an′te-cha-pl, n. the outer part of the west end of a college chapel. [L. ante, before, and Chapel.]

Antedate, an′te-dāt, n. a date assigned which is earlier than the actual date.—v.t. to date before the true time: to assign an event to an earlier date: to bring about at an earlier date: to be of previous date: to accelerate: to anticipate. [L. ante, before, and Date.]

Antediluvian, -al, an-te-di-lū′vi-an, -al, adj. existing or happening before the Deluge or Flood: resembling the state of things before the Flood: very old-fashioned, primitive.—adv. Antedilū′vially.—n. Antedilū′vian, one who lived before the Flood: one who lives to be very old. [See Deluge.]

Antefix, an′te-fiks, n. (usually in pl.) term in ancient architecture, used of the ornamental tiles placed on the eaves of buildings to conceal the ends of the common or roofing tiles:—pl. An′tefixes, An′tefixa.—adj. An′tefixal. [L. ante, before, in front, and fixum, figĕre, to fix.]

Antelope, an′te-lōp, n. a quadruped belonging to the hollow-horned section of the order of Ruminants, differing from the goat in its beardless chin—a gregarious, peaceable animal, remarkable for grace, agility, and swiftness. [O. Fr. antelop—L. antalopus—Gr. antholops, of which the origin is uncertain, perhaps from Gr. anthein, to blossom, shine, and ōps, eye, and thus equivalent to 'bright-eyes.']

Antelucan, an-te-lōō′kan, adj. before dawn or daylight. [L. antelucanus—ante, before, lux, luc-is, light.]

Antemeridian, an-te-me-ri′di-an, adj. before midday or noon. [See Meridian.]

Antemundane, an-te-mun′dān, adj. before the existence or creation of the world. [L. ante, before, and Mundane.]

Antenatal, an-te-nā′tal, adj. existing before birth.—n. An′te-na′ti, those born before a certain time, as opposed to Post′-na′ti, those born after it—of Scotsmen born before 1603, and Americans before the Declaration of Independence (1776). [L. ante, before, and Natal.]

Ante-nicene, an′te-nī′sēn, adj. before the first general council of the Christian Church held at Nice or Nicæa in Bithynia, 325 A.D.

Antennæ, an-ten′ē, n.pl. the feelers or horns of insects, crustaceans, and myriopods.—adjs. Antenn′al, Antenn′ary, Antenn′iform, Antennif′erous. [L. antenna, a sailyard, the L. translation of Aristotle's keraiai, horns of insects, a word also used of the projecting ends of sailyards.]

Antenuptial, an-te-nupsh′al, adj. before nuptials or marriage. [L. ante, before, and Nuptial.]

Anteorbital, an-te-or′bit-al, adj. situated in front of the eyes. [L. ante, before, and Orbit, eye-socket.]

Antepaschal, an-te-pas′kal, adj. relating to the time before Easter. [L. ante, before, and Paschal.]

Antepast, an′te-past, n. (obs.) something to whet the appetite: a foretaste. [L. ante, before, and pastum, pascĕre, to feed.]

Antependium, an-te-pend′i-um, n. a frontlet, forecloth, frontal, or covering for an altar, of silk, satin, or velvet, often richly embroidered. [L. ante, before, and pend-ĕre, to hang.]

Antepenult, an-te-pen′ult, n. the syllable before the penult or next ultimate syllable of a word: the last syllable of a word but two.—adj. Antepenult′imate. [L. ante, before, and Penult.]

Anteprandial, an-te-prand′i-al, adj. before dinner. [L. ante, before, and prandium, dinner.]

Anterior, an-tē′ri-or, adj. before, in time or place: in front.—ns. Anterior′ity, Antē′riorness.—adv. Antē′riorly. [L.; comp. of ante, before.]

Anteroom, an′te-rōōm, n. a room before another: a room leading into a principal apartment. [L. ante, before, and Room.]

Antevenient, an-te-vē′ni-ent, adj. coming before, preceding. [L. antevenient-em; ante, before, ven-īre, to come.]

Anthelion, ant-hēl′yun, n. a luminous coloured ring observed by a spectator on a cloud or fog-bank over against the sun:—pl. Anthel′ia. [Gr. anti, opposite, hēlios, the sun.]

Anthelmintic, an-thel-mint′ik, adj. destroying or expelling worms. [Gr. anti, against, and helmins, helminthos, a worm.]

Anthem, an′them, n. a piece of sacred music sung in alternate parts: a piece of sacred music set to a passage from Scripture: any song of praise or gladness.—v.t. to praise in an anthem.—adv. An′themwise. [A.S. antefn—Gr. antiphona—anti, in return, phōne, the voice. See Antiphon.]

Anther, an′thėr, n. the top of the stamen in a flower which contains the pollen or fertilising dust.—adjs. An′theral; Antherif′erous, bearing anthers; Anth′eroid, resembling an anther. [L. anthera, which meant a medicine extracted from flowers, and consisting esp. of the internal organs of flowers—Gr. anthēros, flowery—anthos, a flower.]

Antheridium, an-ther-id′i-um, n. the male reproductive organs of many cryptogams, as ferns, horse-tails, mosses, &c. [L. anthera, and -idium, Gr. dim. ending.]

Antherozooid, an-ther-o-zō′oid, n. a minute moving body in the antheridia of cryptogams. [L. anthera, and zooid—Gr. zōōeidēs, like an animal—zōon, animal, and eidos, shape.]

Anthocarpous, an-tho-kär′pus, adj. (bot.) bearing fruit resulting from many flowers, as the pine-apple. [From Gr. anthos, a flower, karpos, fruit.]

Anthoid, an′thoid, adj. flower-like. [Gr. anthos, a flower, and -eidēs, like.]

Antholite, an′tho-līt, n. a flower turned into stone, a fossil flower. [Gr. anthos, a flower, lithos, stone.]

Anthology, an-thol′oj-i, n. (lit.) a gathering or collection of flowers: a collection of poems or choice literary extracts, esp. epigrams, orig. applied to the collections of Greek epigrams so called.—adj. Antholog′ical. [Gr. anthos, a flower, legein, to gather.]

Anthomania, an-thō-mān′ya, n. a madness for flowers.——n. Anthomān′iac. [Gr. anthos, and mania, madness.]

Anthony (St), an′ton-i, the patron saint of swineherds: the smallest pig in a litter.—Anthony's fire, a popular name for erysipelas.

Anthozoa, an′tho-zō-a, n.pl. another name for Actinozoa, one of the three classes of Cœlenterates, including sea-anemones, corals, &c. [Gr. anthos, a flower, zōa, animals.]

Anthracene, an-thra-sēn′, n. a hydrocarbon obtained as one of the last products in the distillation of coal-tar, of value as the source of artificial alizarin. [Gr. anthrax, coal, and -ene.]

Anthracite, an′thras-īt, n. a kind of coal that burns nearly without flame, smell, or smoke, consisting almost entirely of carbon, and not readily ignited.—adjs. Anthracif′erous, yielding anthracite; Anthracit′ic.—n. Anthracit′ism. [Gr. anthrakitēs, coal-like—anthrax, coal.]

Anthrax, an′thraks, n. a widely distributed and very destructive disease, most common among sheep and cattle, the first infectious disease proved to be due to the presence of microscopic vegetable organisms (bacilli)—other names are Splenic Apoplexy, Splenic Fever, and as it occurs in man, Malignant Pustule and Woolsorter's Disease: a carbuncle or malignant boil.—adjs. Anthra′cic, An′thracoid. [L.—Gr. anthrax; coal, a carbuncle.]

Anthropical, an-throp′ik-al, adj. (rare) connected with human nature. [Gr. anthropikos, human, anthrōpos, man.]

Anthropinism, an-thrōp′in-ism, n. the looking at things in their relation to man. [Gr. anthropinos, human (anthrōpos), and -ism.]

Anthropocentric, an-thrō-po-sent′rik, adj. centring all the universe in man. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, and kentron, centre.]

Anthropography, an-thro-pog′ra-fi, n. that branch of anthropology which treats of the human race according to its geographical distribution. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, graphia, description—graphein, to write.]

Anthropoid, an′throp-oid, adj. in the form of or resembling man.—n. the anthropoid ape, the highest and most man-like monkey.—adj. An′thropoidal. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, eidos, form.]

Anthropolatry, an-thro-pol′a-tri, n. the giving of divine honours to a human being, a term always employed in reproach. It was used by the Apollinarians against the orthodox Christians of the 4th and 5th centuries, with reference to the doctrine of the perfect human nature of Christ. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, latreia, worship.]

Anthropolite, an-throp′o-līt, n. human remains turned into stone, fossil human remains. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, lithos, stone.]

Anthropology, an-throp-ol′oj-i, n. the science of man, more especially considered as a social animal: the natural history of man in its widest sense, treating of his relation to the brutes, his evolution, the different races, &c.—adj. Anthropolog′ical.—adv. Anthropolog′ically.—n. Anthropol′ogist, one versed in anthropology. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, and logos, discourse—legein, to say.]

Anthropometry, an-thrō-pom′et-ri, n. the measurement of the human body to discover its exact dimensions and the proportions of its parts, for comparison with its dimensions at different periods, or in different races and classes.—adj. Anthropomet′ric. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, and metrein, to measure.]

Anthropomorphism, an-throp-o-morf′izm, n. the representation of the Deity in the form of man or with bodily parts: the ascription to the Deity of human affections and passions.—adj. Anthropomorph′ic.—v.t. Anthropomorph′ise, to regard as or render anthropomorphous.—ns. Anthropomorph′ist; Anthropomorph′ite; Anthropomorph′itism. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, morphē, form.]

Anthropomorphosis, an-thrō-po-morf-os′is, or -morf′os-is, n. transformation into human shape.—adj. Anthropomorph′ous, formed like or resembling man. [Gr. anthropomorphōsis—anthrōpos, man, and a verb of action, formed from morphē, shape.]

Anthropopathism, an-thro-pop′a-thizm, n. the ascription to the Deity of human passions and affections—also Anthropop′athy.—adj. Anthropopath′ic.—adv. Anthropopath′ically. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, pathos, suffering, passion.]

Anthropophagy, an-thro-pof′aj-i, n. cannibalism.—n.pl. Anthropoph′agi, man-eaters, cannibals.—ns. Anthropophagin′ian (Shak.) a cannibal; Anthropoph′agite.—adj. Anthropoph′agous. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, phag-ein, to eat.]

Anthropophuism, an-thrō-pof′ū-izm, n. the ascription of a human nature to the gods. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, and phuē, nature, and -ism.]

Anthroposophy, an-thrō-pos′o-fi, n. the knowledge of the nature of men: human wisdom.—n. Anthropos′ophist, one furnished with the wisdom of men. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, and sophia, wisdom.]

Anthropotomy, an-thrō-pot′om-i, n. anatomy of the human body. [Gr. anthrōpos, man, and temnein, to cut.]

Anti, ant′i, pfx. against, in opposition to, rivalling, simulating. It forms numerous derivatives, alike nouns and adjectives, as antichrist, antipope, anticlimax, anti-tobacconist; anti-Ritualistic, anti-Semite. [Gr. anti, against, instead of, &c.]

Anti-attrition, an′ti-at-trish′on, n. anything which counteracts attrition or friction—also figuratively. [Pfx. Anti- and Attrition.]

Antibilious, an′ti-bil′yus, adj. of use against biliousness. [Anti- and Bilious.]

Antiburgher, an-ti-burg′ėr, n. that section of the Scottish Secession Church which parted from the main body (the Burghers) in 1747, holding it unlawful to take the oath administered to burgesses in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth, because of the reference to 'the true religion presently professed within this realm.' They read into it an allusion to the Church as by law established, while others interpreted it as signifying simply the Protestant religion. [Anti- and Burgher.]

Antic, ant′ik, adj. grotesque: odd: ridiculous in shape, dress, &c.—n. a fantastic or ancient figure, caricaturing or combining grotesquely animal or vegetable forms, or both together: (Shak.) a grotesque pageant: a buffoon, clown, mountebank: a trick, mostly in pl.—v.t. (Shak.) to make grotesque.—v.i. An′ticize (Browning), to play antics. [It. antico, equivalent to It. grottesco, and orig. used of the fantastic decorations composed of human and other forms found in the remains of ancient Rome—L. antiquus.]

Anticatholic, an-ti-kath′o-lik, adj. opposed to what is Catholic. [Anti- and Catholic.]

Antichlor, an′ti-klōr, n. a substance used in the making of paper to free the pulp from the injurious after-effects of chlorine. [Anti- and Chlor-ine.]

Antichrist, an′ti-krīst, n. the great opposer of Christ and Christianity: the name of a great enemy of Christ always expected to appear by the early Church, applied by some to the Pope and his power.—adj. Antichristian (-krist′-), relating to Antichrist: opposed to Christianity.—n. Antichrist′ianism.—adv. Antichrist′ianly. [Gr.; anti, against, and Christ-os.]

Anticipate, an-tis′ip-āt, v.t. to be beforehand with (another person or thing), to forestall or preoccupy: to take in hand, or consider, before the due time: to foresee: realise beforehand, or count upon as certain: to expect.—v.t. and v.i. to accelerate: to occur earlier than.—adj. and n. Antic′ipant, anticipating, anticipative.—n. Anticipā′tion, act of anticipating: assignment to too early a time: foretaste: previous notion, or presentiment: expectation.—adjs. Anti′cipātive, Anti′cipātory.—advs. Anticipā′tively, Anticipā′torily (rare). [L. anticipāre, -ātum—ānte, before, cap-ĕre, to take.]

Anticivic, an-ti-siv′ik, adj. opposed to citizenship, esp. the conception of it engendered by the French Revolution.—n. Anticiv′ism.

Anticlimax, an-ti-klīm′aks, n. the opposite of climax: a sentence in which the ideas become less important towards the close: also of any descent as against a previous rise—e.g. Waller's

'Under the Tropicks is our language spoke,

And part of Flanders hath receiv'd our yoke.'

Anticlinal, an-ti-klīn′al, adj. sloping in opposite directions.—n. (geol.) applied to strata which are inclined in opposite directions from a common axis—in a roof-like form. [Gr. anti, against, klin-ein, to lean.]

Anticyclone, an-ti-sī′klōn, n. name given to the rotatory flow of air from an atmospheric area of high pressure.—adj. Anticyclon′ic. [Anti- and Cyclone.]

Antidote, an′ti-dōt, n. that which is given against anything that would produce bad effects: a counter-poison: (fig.) anything that prevents evil (with against, for, to).—adj. An′tidotal. [Gr. antidotos—anti, against, didōmi, to give.]

Antifebrile, an-ti-feb′rīl, adj. efficacious against fever.—n. a substance with such properties.—Also Antifebrif′ic.

Anti-federal, an-ti-fed′e-ral, adj. opposed to federalism; applied to the U.S. party whose fundamental principle was opposition to the strengthening of the national government at the expense of the States. Later names for the party were Republican, Democratic Republican, and Democratic alone.—ns. Anti-fed′eralism; Anti-fed′eralist.

Antifriction, an-ti-frik′shun, n. anything which prevents friction. [Anti- and Friction.]

Anti-Gallican, an-ti-gal′ik-an, adj. and n. opposed to what is French: or esp. opposed to the Gallican liberties of the French Church.—n. Anti-Gall′icanism. [Anti- and Gallican.]

Antigropelos, an-ti-grōp′el-os, n. waterproof leggings. [Said to be made up from Gr. anti, against, hygros, wet, and pēlos, mud. Prob. this barbarous word was orig. an advertisement.]

Antihelix, an′ti-hē-liks, n. the inner curved ridge of the pinna of the ear:—pl. Antihēl′ices.—Also An′thelix.

Anti-Jacobin, an′ti-jak′o-bin, adj. opposed to the Jacobins, a party in the French Revolution, hence an opponent of the French Revolution, or of democratic principles.—n. one opposed to the Jacobins: a weekly paper started in England in 1797 by Canning and others to refute the principles of the French Revolution.—n. An′ti-Jac′obinism. [Anti- and Jacobin.]

Antilegomena, an-ti-leg-om′en-a, n.pl. a term applied to those books of the New Testament not at first accepted by the whole Christian Church, but ultimately admitted into the Canon—the seven books of 2 Peter, James, Jude, Hebrews, 2 and 3 John, and the Apocalypse.—The other books were called Homologoumena, 'agreed to.' [Gr., lit. 'spoken against.']

Antilogarithm, an-ti-log′a-rithm, n. the complement of the logarithm of a sine, tangent, or secant. [Anti- and Logarithm.]

Antilogy, an-til′o-ji, n. a contradiction. [Gr. antilogia, contradiction, antilegein, to contradict.]

Antimacassar, an-ti-mak-as′ar, n. a covering for sofas, cushions, &c., to protect them from grease, esp. in the hair, also for ornament. [Anti- and Macassar.]

Antimask, Antimasque, an′ti-mask, n. a ridiculous interlude dividing the parts of the more serious mask. [Gr. anti, against, and Mask.]

Antimetabole, an-ti-me-tab′ol-e, n. (rhet.) a figure in which the same words or ideas are repeated in inverse order, as Quarles's 'Be wisely worldly, but not worldly wise.' [Gr.]

Antimetathesis, an′ti-me-tath′e-sis, n. inversion of the members of an antithesis, as in Crabbe's 'A poem is a speaking picture; a picture, a mute poem.' [Gr.]

Antimnemonic, an-ti-ne-mon′ik, adj. and n. tending to weaken the memory. [Anti- and Mnemonic.]

Antimonarchical, an-ti-mon-ark′i-kal, adj. opposed to monarchy and monarchical principles.—n. Antimon′archist. [Anti- and Monarchical.]

Antimony, an′ti-mun-i, n. a brittle, bluish-white metal of flaky, crystalline texture, much used in the arts and in medicine.—adjs. Antimōn′ial, Antimon′ic. [Through Fr. from Low L. antimonium, of unknown origin, prob. a corr. of some Arabic word.]

Antinephritic, an-ti-ne-frit′ik, adj. acting against diseases of the kidney. [Gr. anti, against, and Nephritic.]

Antinomianism, an-ti-nōm′i-an-izm, n. the belief that Christians are emancipated by the gospel from the obligation to keep the moral law—a monstrous abuse and perversion of the Pauline doctrine of justification by faith, esp. applied to the party of Johann Agricola in the German Reformation.—n. and adj. Antinom′ian, against the law: pertaining to the Antinomians. [Gr. anti, against, nomos, a law.]

Antinomy, an′ti-nom-i, or an-tin′o-mi, n. a contradiction in a law: a conflict of authority: conclusions discrepant though apparently logical.—adjs. Antinō′mic, Antinō′mical. [Gr. anti, against, nomos, a law.]

Antinous, an-tin′ō-us, n. an ideal of youthful manly beauty, from the name of the favourite of the Roman emperor Hadrian so famous in ancient art.

Antiochian, an-ti-ō′ki-an, adj. of or pertaining to the city of Antioch, or the eclectic system in philosophy of Antiochus of Ascalon.—n. Antiō′chianism, a school of theology in the 4th and 5th centuries which spread over the whole Græco-Syrian Church, and was a revolt against the allegorical interpretation of Scripture favoured by the Alexandrian school.

Antiodontalgic, an-ti-ō-dont-alj′ik, adj. of use against toothache. [Gr. anti, against, odous, tooth, and algein, to suffer pain.]

Antipathy, an-tip′ath-i, n. dislike: repugnance: opposition: the object of antipathy (with against, to, between of persons).—adjs. Antipathet′ic, -al; Antipath′ic, belonging to antipathy: opposite: contrary.—n. Antip′athist, one possessed by an antipathy. [Gr. anti, against, pathos, feeling.]

Antiperiodic, an-ti-pē-ri-od′ik, adj. destroying the periodicity of diseases, such as ague, whose attacks recur at regular intervals: a drug with such an effect, esp. cinchona bark and its alkaloids (quinine), and arsenic.

Antiperistaltic, an-ti-per-i-stal′tik, adj. contrary to peristaltic motion: acting upwards. [Anti- and Peristaltic.]

Antiperistasis, an-ti-per-ist′a-sis, n. opposition of circumstances: resistance exerted against any train of circumstances. [Gr.; anti, against, and peristasis, a circumstance—peri, around, and histēmi, make to stand.]

Antiphlogistic, an-ti-floj-ist′ik, adj. of remedies acting against heat, or inflammation, as blood-letting, purgatives, low diet.—n. a medicine to allay inflammation. [Anti- and Phlogistic.]

Antiphon, an′tif-ōn, n. alternate chanting or singing: a species of sacred song, sung by two parties, each responding to the other—also Antiph′ony.—adj. Antiph′onal, pertaining to antiphony.—n. a book of antiphons or anthems—also Antiph′onary and Antiph′oner.—adjs. Antiphon′ic, Antiphon′ical, mutually responsive.—adv. Antiphon′ically. [Gr.; anti, in return, and phōnē, voice. A doublet of Anthem.]

Antiphrasis, an-tif′ra-sis, n. (rhet.) the use of words in a sense opposite to the true one.—adjs. Antiphras′tic, -al, involving antiphrasis: ironical.—adv. Antiphras′tically. [Gr.; anti, against, phrasis, speech.]

Antipodes, an-tip′od-ēz, n.pl. those living on the other side of the globe, and whose feet are thus opposite to ours: the inhabitants of any two opposite points of the globe: places on the earth's surface exactly opposite each other, the region opposite one's own: the exact opposite of a person or thing:—sing. An′tipode.—adjs. Antip′odal, Antipodē′an.—At antipodes, in direct opposition. [Gr. anti, opposite to, pous, podos, a foot.]

Antipole, an′ti-pōl, n. the opposite pole: direct opposite. [Anti- and Pole.]

Antipope, an′ti-pōp, n. a pontiff elected in opposition to one canonically chosen, e.g. those who resided at Avignon in the 13th and 14th centuries. [Gr. anti, against, and Pope.]

Antipopular, an-ti-pop′ū-lar, adj. adverse to the people or the popular cause. [Anti- and Popular.]

Antipyrin, an-ti-pī′rin, n. a white crystalline powder, tasteless, colourless, and soluble in water, obtained from coal-tar products by a complex process, with valuable qualities as a febrifuge, but not as an antiperiodic.—adj. Antipyret′ic.

Antiquary, an′ti-kwar-i, n. one who studies or collects old things, esp. the monuments and relics of the past—but not very ancient things, and rather from curiosity than archæological interest.—adj. (Shak.) ancient.—adj. and n. Antiquār′ian, connected with the study of antiquities, also one devoted to the study.—n. Antiquār′ianism. [See Antique.]

Antique, an-tēk′, adj. ancient: of a good old age, olden (now generally rhetorical in a good sense): old-fashioned, after the manner of the ancients.—n. anything very old: ancient relics: an American name for a kind of type of thick and bold face in which the lines are of equal thickness—Egyptian in England.—v.t. An′tiquate, to make antique, old, or obsolete: to put out of use:—pr.p. an′tiquāting; pa.p. an′tiquāted.—adj. An′tiquated, grown old, or out of fashion: obsolete: superannuated.—n. Antiquā′tion, the making obsolete: abrogation: obsoleteness.—adv. Antique′ly.—n. Antique′ness.—adj. Antiq′uish, somewhat antique.—The Antique, ancient work in art, the style of ancient art. [Fr.—L. antiquus, old, ancient—ante, before.]

Antiquity, an-tik′wi-ti, n. ancient times, esp. the times of the ancient Greeks and Romans: great age: (Shak.) old age, seniority: ancient style: the people of old time: (pl.) manners, customs, relics of ancient times.—n. Antiquitār′ian, one attached to the practices and opinions of antiquity. [Fr.—L. antiquitat-em—antiquus, ancient.]

Antirrhinum, an-tir-rī′num, n. the genus of plants to which Snapdragon belongs. [Neo-Latin, from Gr. anti, opposite, and ris, rinos, nose; from its resemblance to a beast's mouth.]

Antiscian, an-tish′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to people living on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon fall in opposite directions.—n.pl. Antis′ciī. [Gr.; anti, opposite, skia, a shadow.]

Antiscorbutic, an-ti-skor-būt′ik, adj. acting against scurvy.—n. a remedy for scurvy. [Gr. anti, against, and Scorbutic.]

Antiscriptural, an-ti-skrip′tūr-al, adj. opposed to Holy Scripture. [Anti- and Scriptural.]

Anti-Semites, an′ti-sem′īts, n.pl. the modern opponents of the Jews in Russia, Roumania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany.—adj. Antisemit′ic.

Antiseptic, an-ti-sept′ik, adj. and n. counteracting putrefaction and analogous fermentive changes: preventing moral decay.—adv. Antisept′ically. [Gr. anti, against, and sēpein, to rot.]

Antisocial, an-ti-sōsh′al, adj. opposed to the principles and usages of society. [Anti- and Social.]

Antispasmodic, an-ti-spaz-mod′ik, adj. opposing spasms or convulsions.—n. a remedy for spasms or convulsions. [Gr. anti, against, and Spasmodic.]

Antispast, an′ti-spast, n. in metre, a foot composed of an iambus and a trochee.—adj. Antispast′ic. [Gr. antispastos, antispa-ein, to draw into a contrary direction.]

Antistrophe, an-tis′trōf-e, n. (poet.) the returning movement from left to right in Greek choruses and dances, the movement of the strophe being from right to left: the stanza of a song alternating with the strophe: an inverse relation.—adj. Antistroph′ic, pertaining to the antistrophe. [Gr.; anti, against, and streph-ein, to turn.]

Antitheism, an-ti-thē′izm, n. the doctrine which denies the existence of a God.—n. Antithē′ist.—adj. Antitheist′ic.

Antithesis, an-tith′e-sis, n. a figure in which thoughts or words are set in contrast: a counter-thesis, counter-proposition: opposition: the contrast:—pl. Antith′esēs.—n. Ant′ithet (rare), an instance of antithesis.—adjs. Antithet′ic, -al.—adv. Antithet′ically. [Gr.; anti, against, tithēmi, to place.]

Antitoxin, an-ti-tok′sin, n. the name applied to substances present in the blood of an animal which neutralise the action of toxins or bacterial poisons.—adj. Antitox′ic.

Antitrade, an′ti-trād, n. a wind that blows in the opposite direction to the trade-wind—that is, in the northern hemisphere from south-west, and in the southern hemisphere from north-west.

Antitrinitarian, an-ti-trin-it-ār′i-an, n. and adj. opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity.—n. Antitrinitar′ianism.

Antitype, an′ti-tīp, n. that which corresponds to the type: that which is prefigured by the type, as Christ by the paschal lamb.—adjs. Antityp′al, -typ′ical.

Antler, ant′lėr, n. a bony outgrowth from the frontal bones of deer—restricted to males, except in the reindeer: branch of a stag's horn.—adj. Ant′lered. [O. Fr. antoillier—Late L. ant(e)ocular-em (ramum), the branch of a stag's horn in front of the eyes.]

Ant-lion, ant′-lī′on, n. the larva of an insect of the order Neuroptera, remarkable for the ingenuity of its insect-catching habits. [Trans. of Gr. murmēkoleōn in the Septuagint; murmēx, ant, leōn, lion.]

Antonomasia, ant-on-om-āz′i-a, n. a figure of speech which uses an epithet on the name of an office or attributive for a person's proper name, e.g. his lordship for an earl; and conversely, e.g. a Napoleon for a great conqueror. [Gr.; anti, instead, and onomazein, to name, onoma, a name.]

Antonym, ant′ō-nim, n. a word which is the opposite of another. [Gr. anti, against, onoma, a name.]

Anura, a-nū′ra, n.pl. tailless amphibia, as the frog and toad.—Also Anou′ra. [Gr. an-, priv., oura, tail.]

Anus, ān′us, n. the lower orifice of the bowels. [L., for as-nus, 'sitting-part,' from root as, to sit.]

Anvil, an′vil, n. an iron block on which smiths hammer metal into shape.—On or Upon the anvil, in preparation, under discussion. [A.S. anfilte, on filte; on, on, and a supposed filtan, to weld, appearing also in Felt.]

Anxious, angk′shus, adj. uneasy regarding something doubtful: solicitous.—n. Anxī′ety, state of being anxious—adv. An′xiously.—n. An′xiousness. [L. anxius—ang-ĕre, to press tightly. See Anger, Anguish.]

Any, en′ni, adj. one indefinitely: some: whoever. n. An′ybody, any single individual.—adv. Anyhow, in any way whatever: in any case, at least.—ns. An′ything, a thing indefinitely, as opposed to nothing: any whit, to any extent; Anythingā′rian, one with no beliefs in particular; Anythingā′rianism—advs. An′yway, An′yways, in any manner: anyhow: in any case; An′ywhere, An′ywhen, in any place whatever, at any time; An′ywise, in any manner, to any degree.—Any one, any single individual, anybody.—At any rate, whatever may happen, at all events.—If anything, if in any degree. [A.S. ænig—an, one.]

Aonian, ā-ō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Aonia in Greece, or to the Muses supposed to dwell there.—Aonian fount, the fountain Aganippe, on a slope of Mount Helicon—the Æonian mount.

Aorist, ā′or-ist, n. the name of certain tenses in the Greek verb expressing indefinite time.—adj. Aorist′ic. [Gr. aoristos, indefinite—a, neg., and horistos, horizein, horos, a limit.]

Aorta, ā-or′ta, n. the great arterial trunk which, rising from the left ventricle of the heart, sends its branches ramifying through the whole body—in man subdivided into the arch, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta.—adjs. Aor′tal, Aor′tic. [Gr. aortē—aeir-ein, to raise up.]

Apace, a-pās′, adv. at a quick pace: swiftly: fast: said of the flight of time generally. [Prep. a, and Pace.]

Apagogic, -al, ap-a-goj′ik, -al, adj. proving indirectly by an apagoge or reduction to an absurdity, the truth of the thesis being evinced through the falsehood of its opposite—opposed to direct or ostensive proof. [Gr. apagōgē, leading away, abduction, apagein, to lead off.]

Apart, a-pärt′, adv. separately: aside: asunder, parted: separate: away from all employment: out of consideration, not considered for the moment (with from).—n. Apart′ness.—To set apart, to separate, consecrate. [Fr. à part—L. a parte, from the part or side.]

Apartment, a-pärt′ment, n. a separate room in a house occupied by a particular person or party: (arch.) a suite or set of such rooms—now in this sense the pl.: (obs.) a compartment.—adj. Apartment′al. [Fr. appartement, a suite of rooms forming a complete dwelling, through Low L., from L. ad, and partīre, to divide—pars, a part.]

Apathy, ap′ath-i, n. want of feeling: absence of passion: indifference.—adjs. Apathet′ic, Apathet′ical (rare).—adv. Apathet′ically. [Gr.; a, neg., pathos, feeling.]

Apatite, ap′a-tīt, n. a phosphate of lime of great variety of colour. [Gr. apatē, deceit, its form and colour being deceptive.]

Apay, a-pā′, v.t. (arch.) to satisfy, content: (obs.) to repay. [O. Fr. apayer, from L. ad, and pacāre pac-em, peace.]

Ape, āp, n. a monkey: a monkey without a tail or with a very short one: a simian proper, linking man and the lower animals, and hence termed Anthropoid—gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-outang, or gibbon: one who plays the ape, a silly imitator: (Shak.) an imitator in a good or neutral sense.—v.t. to imitate as an ape.—ns. Ape′dom; Ape′hood; Ap′ery, conduct of one who apes, any ape-like action: a colony of apes.—adj. Ap′ish, like an ape: imitative: foppish.—adv. Ap′ishly.—ns. Ap′ishness, Ap′ism (Carlyle).—God's ape, a born fool.—To lead apes in hell, believed to be the lot of old maids there; To make any one his ape, To put an ape in his hood (obs.), to make a fool of any one. [A.S. apa; Ger. affe.]

Apeak, Apeek, a-pēk′, adv. (naut.) vertical—the anchor is apeak when the cable is drawn so as to bring the ship's bow directly over it. [a, to, and Peak.]

Apelles, a-pel′ez, n. any consummate artist, from the great Greek painter Apelles, under Alexander the Great.

Apepsy, a-pep′si, Apepsia, a-pep′si-a, n. weakness of digestion. [Gr. apepsia, indigestion; a, priv., peptein, to digest.]

Aperçu, a-per′sōō, n. a summary exposition: a brief outline. [Fr. aperçu, pa.p. of apercevoir, to perceive.]

Aperient, a-pē′-ri-ent, adj. opening: mildly purgative.—n. any laxative medicine. [L. aperientem, aperīre, to open.]

Apert, a-pert′, adj. (arch.) open, public—opp. to Privy.—n. Apert′ness. [L. apert-um, pa.p. of aperīre, to open.]

Aperture, a′pėrt-ūr, n. an opening: the space through which light passes in an optical instrument: a hole. [L. apertura—aperīre, to open.]

Apetalous, a-pet′al-us, adj. (bot.) without petals. [Gr. a, neg., and petalon, a petal.]

Apex, ā′peks, n. the summit or point: the vertex of a triangle: the culminating point, climax of anything:—pl. Apexes (ā′peks-ez), Apices (ap′i-sēz). [L. apex, the peak of the flamen's cap.]

Aphæresis, Apheresis, a-fer′i-sis, n. (gram.) the taking away of a letter or syllable at the beginning of a word. [Gr. aphairesis, a taking away, apo, away, and haire-ein, to take.]

Aphaniptera, af-an-ip′tėr-a, n.pl. a small order of insects having but rudimentary scales in place of wings.—adj. Aphanip′terous. [Gr. aphanēs, invisible, pteron, wing.]

Aphasia, a-fā′zi-a, n. inability to express thought in words by reason of some brain disease: or, more widely still, the loss of the faculty of interchanging thought, without any affection of the intellect or will.—adj. Aphas′ic. [Gr.; a, neg., phasis, speech—phanai, to speak.]

Aphelion, a-fē′li-on, n. the point of a planet's orbit farthest away from the sun:—pl. Aphē′lia. [Gr. apo, from, hēlios, the sun.]

Apheliotropic, a-fē-li-o-trop′ik, adj. turning away from the sun. [Gr. apo, away, hēlios, sun, and tropikos, belonging to turning—trep-ein, to turn.]

Aphemia, a-fēm′i-a, n. loss of speech caused by difficulty in articulation due to paralysis. [Gr. a, neg., and phēmē, voice, fame—phanai, to speak.]

Aphesis, af′es-is, n. the gradual loss of an unaccented vowel at the beginning of a word, as in squire = esquire—a special form of Aphæresis.—adj. Aphet′ic. [Coined by Dr Murray. Gr.]

Aphis, ā′fis, n. a family of small 'plant-lice' belonging to the order of hemipterous insects, occurring in temperate regions as parasites on the roots, leaves, stems, &c. of plants. Some kinds are tended, protected, and imprisoned by ants for the 'honey-dew' which they secrete, hence called Ant-cows:—pl. Aphides (af′i-dēz).—adj. and n. Aphid′ian. [Ety. unknown; one conjecture connects the word with Gr. apheideis, unsparing (a, neg., and pheidomai, to spare), from the remarkable rapidity of propagation.]

Aphony, af-on-i, n. loss of voice: dumbness—the more common form is Aphō′nia.—adjs. Aphon′ic, Aphon′ous, voiceless. [Gr. a, neg., phōnē, voice.]

Aphorism, af′or-izm, n. a concise statement of a principle in any science: a brief, pithy saying: an adage.—v.t. and v.i. Aph′orise, to coin or use aphorisms.—ns. Aph′oriser; Aph′orist, a writer of aphorisms.—adj. Aphoris′tic, in the form of an aphorism.—adv. Aphorist′ically. [Gr. aphorizein, to mark off by boundaries—apo, from, and horos, a limit.]

Aphrodisiac, af-ro-diz′-i-ak, adj. exciting to sexual intercourse.—n. that which excites to sexual intercourse.—adj. Aphrodis′ian, belonging to Venus, devoted to sensual love. [Gr. aphrodisiakos—Aphroditē, Venus, the goddess of love.]

Aphthæ, af′thē, n.pl. small whitish ulcers on the surface of a mucous membrane. [Gr. aphtha, mostly in pl. aphthai, usually connected with hapt-ein, to set on fire.]

Aphyllous, a-fil′us, adj. (bot.) destitute of leaves. [Gr. a, neg., phyllon, a leaf.]

Apiary, āp′i-ar-i, n. a place where bees are kept.—adjs. Apiar′ian, Ap′ian, relating to bees or bee-keeping.—n. Ap′iarist, one who keeps an apiary: one who studies the habits of bees. [L. apiarium—apis, a bee.]

Apical, ap′ik-al, adj. relating to the apex, or top.—adv. Ap′ically. [See Apex.]

Apician, a-pish′yan, adj. relating to Apicius, the Roman epicurean in the time of Tiberius: luxurious and expensive in diet.

Apiculture, ā′pi-cult-ūr, n. bee-keeping. [L. apis, bee, and cultura, keeping—colĕre, to keep.]

Apiece, a-pēs′, adv. for each piece, thing, or person: to each individually.—adv. Apiec′es (obs.), in pieces.

Apinch, a-pinsh′, adv. pinching, so as to pinch. [Prep. a, and Pinch.]

Aplacental, ap-la-sen′tal, adj. having no placenta. [a and Placental. See Placenta.]

Aplomb, a-plom′, n. the perpendicular, perpendicularity: self-possession, coolness. [Fr. aplomb, perpendicular position—à plomb, according to plummet.]

Aplustre, ap-lus′tėr, n. the ornament rising above the stern of ancient ships, often a sheaf of volutes. [L.—Gr. aphlaston.]

Apocalypse, a-pok′al-ips, n. the name of the last book of the New Testament containing the 'revelation' granted to St John: any revelation or disclosure.—ns. Apoc′alypst, Apoc′alypt, a revealer of the future.—adjs. Apocalypt′ic, -al.—adv. Apocalypt′ically.—n. Apocalypt′ist, the writer of the Apocalypse.—Apocalyptic number, the mystical number 666, spoken of in the Apocalypse. The best solution of the riddle is Neron Kesar—Hebrew form of the Latin Nero Cæsar. The vowels e and a are not expressed in the ancient Hebrew writing: accordingly NeRON KeSaR gives

Apocarpous, ap-o-kär′pus, adj. (bot.) having the carpels distinct. [Gr. apo, from, karpos, fruit.]

Apocatastasis, a-po-ka-tast′a-sis, n. (theol.) the final restitution of all things, when at the appearance of the Messiah the kingdom of God shall be extended over the whole earth—an idea extended by Origen to imply the final conversion and salvation of all created beings, the devil and his angels not excepted. [Gr.; apo-kathistanai, to set up again.]

Apocopate, a-pok′o-pāt, v.t. to cut off the last letter or syllable of a word:—pr.p. apoc′opāting; pa.p. apoc′opāted.—ns. Apocopā′tion; Apocope (a-pok′op-ē), n. the cutting off of the last letter or syllable of a word. [Gr. apo, off, koptein, to cut.]

Apocrypha, a-pok′rif-a, n. as applied to religious writings = (1) those suitable for the initiated only; (2) those of unknown date and origin; (3) those which are spurious—the term generally means the fourteen books or parts of books known as the Apocrypha of the Old Testament—found in the Septuagint but not the Hebrew or Palestinian canon:—(1) First, or Third, Esdras; (2) Second, or Fourth, Esdras; (3) Tobit; (4) Judith; (5) the parts of Esther not found in Hebrew or Chaldee; (6) The Wisdom of Solomon; (7) The Wisdom of Jesus, the son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus; (8) Baruch; (9) The Song of the Three Holy Children; (10) The History of Susannah; (11) Bel and the Dragon; (12) The Prayer of Manasses, king of Judah; (13) First Maccabees; (14) Second Maccabees. The Apocryphal books of the New Testament, as the Protevangelium of James, the Gospel of Thomas, the Gesta Pilati, &c., stand on quite a different footing, never having been accepted by any as canonical, or in any way authoritative: hidden or secret things.—adj. Apoc′ryphal, of doubtful authority. [Gr., 'things hidden'—apo, from, krypt-ein, to hide.]

Apodal, ap′od-al, adj. without feet: without ventral fins. [Gr. a, neg., pous, podos, a foot.]

Apodeictic, a-po-dīk′tik, adj. a logical term signifying a proposition which is necessarily true—demonstrative without demonstration, beyond contradiction—opp. to Dialectic.—adj. Apodeic′tical.—adv. Apodeic′tically. [Gr. apodeiktikos—apodeiknunai (apo and deiknunai), to show off, demonstrate.]

Apodiabolosis, a-po-di-a-bol′o-sis, n. (rare—Hare) lowering to the rank of a devil. [Gr. apo, and diabolos, devil. Formed like Apotheosis.]

Apodosis, a-pod′o-sis, n. (gram.) the consequent clause in a conditional sentence, as opp. to the Protasis. [Gr.; apo, back, didonai, to give.]

Apodyterium, a-po-di-tēr′i-um, n. the apartment in an ancient bath where the clothes were deposited. [Gr.; apodyein (apo, from, and dy-ein), to undress.]

Apogee, ap′o-jē, n. properly the greatest distance of the earth from any of the heavenly bodies (the earth being regarded as the centre of the universe in the old Ptolemaic astronomy), now restricted to the sun and moon, the sun's apogee corresponding to the earth's aphelion, and the moon's being the point of its orbit farthest from the earth: the highest point, climax—opp. to Perigee.—adjs. Apogæ′ic, Apogē′an; Apogeotrop′ic, turning away from the ground (of leaves, &c.).—adv. Apogeotrop′ically.—n. Apogeōt′ropism. [Gr. apogaion; apo, from, gē, the earth.]

Apograph, a′po-graf, n. an exact copy. [Gr. apographon, a copy—apo-graph-ein, to write off, copy.]

Apolaustic, a-po-law′stik, adj. devoted to the search of enjoyment.—n. the philosophy of the pleasurable. [Gr. apolaustikos—apolau-ein, to enjoy.]

Apollinarianism, a-pol-i-nā′ri-an-izm, n. the doctrine that the Logos, or divine nature in Christ, took the place of the rational human soul or mind, and that the body of Christ was a spiritualised and glorified form of humanity—taught by Apollinaris the younger, Bishop of Laodicea in Syria (died 390 A.D.), condemned as denying the true human nature of Christ by the second Œcumenical Council at Constantinople (381).—adj. Apollinā′rian.

Apollonian, a-po-lōn′i-an, adj. having the characteristics of Apollo, sun-god of the Greeks and Romans, patron of poetry and music: named from Apollonius of Perga, who studied conic sections in the time of Ptolemy Philopator.—Also Apollon′ic.

Apollonicon, a-pol-ōn′i-kon, n. a chamber organ of vast power, supplied with both keys and barrels, first exhibited in 1817. [Formed from Apollonic, as harmonicon from harmonic.]

Apollyon, a-pol′yun, n. the destroyer: Satan (same as Abaddon, Rev. ix. 11). [Gr. apollyōn, destroying utterly; apolly-ein, apo-, and ollynai, to destroy.]

Apologetic, -al, a-pol-oj-et′ik, -al, adj. excusing: regretfully acknowledging: said or written in defence.—adv. Apologet′ically.—n. Apologet′ics, that branch of theology concerned with the defence of Christianity. It falls under the two heads of natural and revealed theology—in the former it proves the existence of God, of the soul in man, a future state; in the latter, the canonicity, inspiration, and trustworthiness of Scripture.

Apologue, a′pol-og, n. a fable, parable, or short allegorical story, intended to serve as a pleasant vehicle for some moral doctrine—applied more particularly to one in which the actors are animals or inanimate things, e.g. the apologue of Jotham in Judges, ix. 7-15. [Fr.—Gr. apologos, a fable—apo, from, logos, speech.]

Apology, a-pol′oj-i, n. something spoken to ward off an attack: a defence or justification: frank acknowledgment of an offence: a poor substitute (with for; of is obsolete).—v.i. Apol′ogise, to make excuse: to express regret for a fault (with for).—n. Apol′ogist, one who makes an apology: a defender by argument. [Gr.; apo, from, -logia, speaking—leg-ein, to speak.]

Apomorphia, a-po-morf′i-a, n. an alkaloid prepared from morphia by heating hydrochloric acid—a rapid and powerful emetic. [Gr. apo, from, and Morphia.]

Apopetalous, ap-o-pet′al-us, adj. (bot.) having distinct or free petals. [Gr. apo, away, and petalon, a leaf.]

Apophlegmatic, a-po-fleg-mat′ik, adj. and n. promoting the removal of phlegm. [Gr. apo-, and Phlegmatic.]

Apophthegm, Apothegm, a′po-them, n. a pithy saying, more short, pointed, and practical than the aphorism need be, e.g. 'God helps them that help themselves.'—-adjs. Apophthegmat′ic, -al, pertaining to the nature of an apophthegm, pithy, sententious.—adv. Apophthegmat′ically.—v.i. Apophtheg′matise, to speak in apophthegms.—n. Apophtheg′matist. [Gr. apophthegma—apo, forth, and phthengesthai, to utter.]

Apoplexy, a′po-pleks-i, n. loss of sensation and of motion by a sudden stroke, generally applied by modern medical writers to rupture of a blood-vessel, with hemorrhage in the brain or its membranes, whether with or without consciousness—also figuratively.—adjs. Apoplec′tic, -al, pertaining to or causing apoplexy: suffering from, or likely to suffer from, apoplexy.—adv. Apoplec′tically.—n. Ap′oplex (arch.), apoplexy.—adj. Ap′oplexed (Shak.), affected with apoplexy. [Gr. apoplēxia—apo, from, away, and plēss-ein, to strike.]

Aposiopesis, a-po-si-o-pē′sis, n. a figure by which the speaker suddenly stops as though unable or unwilling to proceed, e.g. Virgil, Æneid, i. 135, 'Quos ego——' [Gr.;—apo-siōpa-ein, to keep silent, apo and siōpē, silence.]

Apostasy, Apostacy, a-post′a-si, n. abandonment of one's religion, principles, or party: a revolt from ecclesiastical obedience, from a religious profession, or from holy orders.—n. Apost′ate, one guilty of apostasy: a renegade from his faith from unworthy motives.—adj. false: traitorous: fallen.—adjs. Apostat′ic, -al.—v.i. Apost′atise. [Gr. 'a standing away;' apo, from, stasis, a standing.]

A posteriori, ā pos-tē-ri-ō′ri, adj. applied to reasoning from experience, from effect to cause, as opposed to a priori reasoning, from cause to effect: empirical: gained from experience. Synthetic and analytic, deductive and inductive, correspond in a general way to a priori and a posteriori. [L. a = ab, from, posteriori, abl. of posterior, comp. of posterus, after.]

Apostil, -ille, a-pos′til, n. a marginal note. [Fr. apostille. See Postil.]

Apostle, a-pos′l, n. one sent to preach the gospel: specially, one of the twelve disciples of Christ: the founder of the Christian Church in a country, e.g. Augustine, the apostle of the English; Columba, of the Scots; Boniface, of Germany, &c.: the principal champion or supporter of a new system, or of some cause: the highest in the fourfold ministry of the Catholic and Apostolic Church: one of the twelve officials forming a presiding high council in the Mormon Church.—ns. Apos′tleship, the office or dignity of an apostle; Apost′olate, the office of an apostle: leadership in a propaganda.—adjs. Apostol′ic, -al.—ns. Apostol′icism, profession of apostolicity; Apostolic′ity, the quality of being apostolic—Apostles' creed, the oldest form of Christian creed that exists, early ascribed to the apostles, and indeed substantially, if not strictly, apostolic; Apostle spoons, silver spoons with handles ending in figures of the apostles, a common baptismal present in the 16th and 17th centuries; Apostles, Teaching of the Twelve—often called merely the Didachē (Gr. 'teaching')—the title of a treatise discovered in 1883 on Christian doctrine and government, closely connected with the last two books (vii.-viii.) of the Apostolic Constitutions.—Apostolic Constitutions and Canons, notes of ecclesiastical customs held to be apostolical, written in the form of apostolic precepts, and erroneously ascribed by tradition to Clement of Rome; Apostolic Fathers, the immediate disciples and fellow-labourers of the apostles, more especially those who have left writings behind them (Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Ignatius, Hermas, Polycarp); Apostolic see, the see of Rome; Apostolic Vicar, the cardinal representing the Pope in extraordinary missions.—Apostolical succession, the derivation of holy orders by an assumed unbroken chain of transmission from the apostles through their natural successors, the bishops—the theory of the Catholic Church: the assumption that a ministry so ordained enjoy the succession of apostolic powers and privileges. [Gr.; one sent away, apo, away, stell-ein, to send.]

Apostrophe, a-pos′trof-e, n. (rhet.) a sudden turning away from the ordinary course of a speech to address some person or object present or absent, explained by Quintilian as addressed to a person present, but extended by modern use to the absent or dead: a mark (') showing the omission of a letter or letters in a word, also a sign of the modern Eng. genitive or possessive case—orig. a mere mark of the dropping of the letter e in writing.—adj. Apostroph′ic.—v.t. Apos′trophise, to address by apostrophe. [Gr. apo, from, and Strophe, a turning.]

Apothecary, a-poth′ek-ar-i, n. one who prepares and sells drugs for medicinal purposes—a term long since substituted by druggist, although still a legal description for licentiates of the Apothecaries' Society of London, or of the Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland. [Through Fr. and L. from Gr. apothēkē, a storehouse—apo, away, and tithe-nai, to place.]

Apothecium, ap-ō-thē′si-um, n. the spore-case in lichens. [Gr. apothēkē, a storehouse. See Apothecary.]

Apotheosis, a-po-thē′o-sis, or a-po-the-ō′sis, n. deification, esp. the formal attribution of divine honours to a deceased Roman emperor, or special object of the imperial favour—a logical corollary to the worship of ancestors, degenerating naturally by anticipation into the adoration of the living: the glorification of a principle or person: ascension to glory, release from earthly life: resurrection.—v.i. Apothē′osise, Apoth′eosise. [Gr.; apotheo-ein, apo, away from what he was, theos, a god.]

Apozem, a′po-zem, n. a decoction or infusion. [Gr. apozema—apo, off, and ze-ein, to boil.]

Appal, ap-pawl′, v.i. (Spens.) to wax faint, fail, decay.—v.t. and v.i. (obs.) to dim, weaken: to terrify, dismay:—pr.p. appal′ling; pa.p. appalled′.—p.adj. Appal′ling, shocking.—adv. Appal′lingly. [Perh. from O. Fr. apalir, apallir, to wax pale, also to make pale. See Pall and Pale.]

Appanage, Apanage, ap′pan-āj, n. the assignation or conveyance by the crown of lands and feudal rights to the princes of the royal family, a provision for younger sons, a dependency: any perquisite: an adjunct or attribute.—p.adj. Ap′panaged, endowed with an appanage. [Fr. apanage—L. ad, and pan-is, bread.]

Apparatus, ap-par-ā′tus, n. things prepared or provided, material: set of instruments, tools, natural organs, &c.: materials for the critical study of a document. [L.; ad, to, parātus (parāre), prepared.]

Apparel, ap-par′el, n. covering for the body, dress: aspect, guise: (arch.) the rigging of a ship.—v.t. to dress, adorn:—pr.p. appar′elling or appar′eling; pa.p. appar′elled or appar′eled.—ns. Appar′elling, Appar′eling. [O. Fr. apareiller, through obscure Low L. forms from L. par, equal, like.]

Apparent, ap-pār′ent, adj. that may be seen: evident: palpable: seeming, as opposed to what really is: (Shak.) by ellipsis for heir-apparent.—adv. Appar′ently.—ns. Appar′entness; Heir′-appar′ent, applied to one who will undoubtedly inherit if he survives the present possessor. [Through Fr. from L. apparent-em, apparē-re.]

Apparition, ap-par-ish′un, n. an appearance—of a visitor, a comet, the appearance in history: an immaterial appearance—of a spirit of the departed, as of a real being, a ghost: (astron.) the first appearance of a celestial body after occultation.—adj. Appari′tional. [See Appear.]

Apparitor, ap-par′it-or, n. an officer who attends on a court, or on a magistrate, to execute orders: still applied to the officer of an archiepiscopal, episcopal, archidiaconal, or other ecclesiastical court, sometimes to the beadle of a university bearing the mace: (rare) one who appears. [L. See Appear.]

Appeach, ap-pēch′, v.t. (obs.) to accuse, censure, or impeach.—n. Appeach′ment. [O. Fr. empechier—L. impedicāre, to catch by the feet—in, in, and pedica, a fetter. See Impeach.]

Appeal, ap-pēl′, v.i. to call upon, have recourse to (with to): to refer (to a witness or superior authority): make supplication or earnest request to a person for a thing: to resort for verification or proof to some principle or person.—v.t. to remove a cause (to another court).—n. act of appealing: a supplication: removal of a cause to a higher tribunal.—adjs. Appeal′able; Appeal′ing, relating to appeals.—adv. Appeal′ingly.—n. Appeal′ingness. [O. Fr. apeler—appellāre, -ātum, to address, call by name; also to appeal to, impeach.]

Appear, ap-pēr′, v.i. to become visible: to present one's self formally before an authority or tribunal, hence to act as the representative or counsel for another: to be manifest: to be in one's opinion, to seem: to come into view, to come before the public, to be published (of a book): to seem though not real.—ns. Appear′ance, the act of appearing, e.g. in court to prosecute or answer a charge: the publication of a book: the effect of appearing conspicuously, show, parade: the condition of that which appears, form, aspect: outward look or show: a natural phenomenon: an apparition; Appear′er, one that appears: one who puts in an appearance in court.—It appears (impers.).—To all appearance, so far as appears to any one; To keep up appearances, to keep up an outward show with intent to conceal the absence of the inward reality; To put in an appearance, to appear in person. [Through Fr. from L. apparē-re—ad, to, parēre, paritum, to come forth.]

Appease, ap-pēz′, v.t. to pacify: propitiate one who is angry: to quiet: to allay: to pacify by granting demands.—adj. Appeas′able.—n. Appease′ment, the action of appeasing: the state of being appeased.—adv. Appeas′ingly. [O. Fr. apese-r, to bring to peace—L. pac-em, peace.]

Appellant, ap-pel′ant, n. one who makes an appeal from the decision of a lower court to a higher: one who makes earnest entreaty of any kind: (obs.) one who challenges another to single combat: one of the clergy in the Jansenist controversy who rejected the bull Unigenitus issued in 1713, appealing to a pope 'better informed,' or to a general council.—adj. Appell′ate, relating to appeals. [See Appeal.]

Appellation, ap-pel-ā′shun, n. that by which anything is called: a name, especially one attached to a particular person.—adj. Appellā′tional.—n. Appell′ative, a name common to all of the same kind, as distinguished from a proper name: a designation.—adj. common to many: general: of or pertaining to the giving of names.—adv. Appell′atively. [See Appeal.]

Append, ap-pend′, v.t. to hang one thing to another: to add.—n. Append′age, something appended.—adj. Append′ant, attached, annexed, consequent.—n. an adjunct, quality.—n. Appendicī′tis, inflammation of the vermiform appendix of the cæcum.—adj. Appendic′ular, of the nature of or belonging to an appendix.—n. Appendiculā′ria, a genus of Ascidians whose members retain the larval vertebrate characters which are lost in the more or less degenerate sea-squirts.—adj. Appendic′ulate, furnished with appendages.—n. Append′ix, something appended or added: a supplement: an addition to a book or document, containing matter explanatory, but not essential to its completeness: (anat.) a process, prolongation, or projection:—pl. Append′ixes, Append′ices.—Appendix auriculæ, the appendix of the auricle of the heart; Appendices epiploicæ, saccular processes, containing fat attached to the serous covering of the large intestine; Appendix vermiformis, or Vermiform appendix, a blind process terminating the cæcum in man. [L. ad, to, pendĕre, to hang.]

Apperception, ap-er-sep′shun, n. the mind's perception of itself as a conscious agent: an act of voluntary consciousness, accompanied with self-consciousness.

Appertain, ap-pėr-tān′, v.i. to belong to, as a possession, a right, or attribute.—n. Apper′tainance.—p.adj. Appertain′ing, proper, appropriate (with to).—n. Appertain′ment (Shak.), that which appertains to any rank or dignity.—adj. Apper′tinent, pertaining or belonging to.—n. (Shak.) that which pertains to anything else. [Through Fr. from L. ad, to, pertinē-re, to belong. See Pertain.]

Appetency, ap′pet-ens-i, n. a seeking after: craving or appetite: desire, especially sensual desire—also Ap′petence.—adj. Ap′petent. [L. appetent-em, appetĕre—ad, to, petĕre, to seek.]

Appetite, ap′pet-īt, n. physical craving, accompanied with uneasy sensation (hunger, thirst, sex): natural desire: inclination: desire for food: hunger (with for).—adjs. Ap′petible, Ap′petitive.—v.t. Ap′petise, to create or whet appetite.—ns. Appetise′ment; Appetis′er, something which whets the appetite.—p.adj. Appetis′ing.—adv. Appetis′ingly. [Through Fr., from L. appetitus, appetĕre.]

Applaud, ap-plawd′, v.t. to praise by clapping the hands: to praise loudly: to express loudly approval of anything: to extol.—n. Applaud′er.—p.adj. Applaud′ing.—adv. Applaud′ingly.—n. Applause′, praise loudly expressed: acclamation.—adj. Applaus′ive.—adv. Applaus′ively. [L. applaud-ĕre—ad, to, plaudĕre, plausum, to clap. See Explode.]

Apple, ap′l, n. the fruit of the apple-tree.—ns. Ap′ple-blight, the rotting substances found on apple-trees, caused by the Apple-aphis (see Aphis); Ap′ple-John (Shak.) a variety of apple considered to be in perfection when shrivelled and withered—also John′-ap′ple; Ap′ple-pie, a pie made with apples; Ap′ple-wife, Ap′ple-wom′an, a woman who sells apples at a stall.—Apple of discord, any cause of envy and contention, from the golden apple inscribed 'for the fairest,' thrown by Eris, goddess of discord, into the assembly of the gods, and claimed by Aphrodite (Venus), Pallas (Minerva), and Hera (Juno). The dispute being referred to Paris of Troy, he decided in favour of Aphrodite, to the undying and fatal wrath of Hera against his city; Apple of Sodom, or Dead Sea fruit, described by Josephus as fair to look upon, but turning, when touched, into ashes: any fair but disappointing thing; Apple of the eye, the eyeball: something especially dear; Apple-pie order, complete order. [A.S. æppel; cf. Ger. apfel, Ice. epli, Ir. abhal, W. afal.]

Appliqué, ap′lik-ā, n. work applied to, or laid on, another material, either of metal-work or of lace or the like. [Pa.p. of Fr. appliquer.]

Apply, ap-plī′, v.t. to lay or put to: to administer a remedy: to bring a general law to bear on particular circumstances: (obs.) to ascribe: to employ: to fix the mind on: to bring (a ship) to land.—v.i. to suit or agree: to have recourse to: to make request: (Milton) to assign or impute blame to:—pr.p. apply′ing; pa.p. applīed′.—adj. Applī′able, that may be applied: compliant, well disposed.—ns. Applī′ableness; Applī′ance, anything applied: means used: (Shak.) compliance.—ns. Applicabil′ity, Ap′plicableness.—adj. Ap′plicable, that may be applied: suitable.—adv. Ap′plicably.—n. Ap′plicant, one who applies: a petitioner.—adj. Ap′plicate, put to practical use, applied.—n. Applicā′tion, the act of applying, e.g. the administration of a remedy: diligence: employment, use of anything in special regard to something else, as in the 'application' of a story to real life, the lesson or moral of a fable: close thought or attention: request: a kind of needlework, appliqué: (obs.) compliance.—adj. Ap′plicative, put into actual use in regard to anything: practical.—adj. and n. Ap′plicatory, having the property of applying. [O. Fr. aplier—L. applicāre, ātum—ad, to, plicāre, -ātum, to fold.]

Appoggiatura, ap-pod-ja-tū′ra, n. an Italian musical term, designating a form of embellishment by insertion of notes of passage in a melody. [It. appoggiare, to lean upon. See Appui.]

Appoint, ap-point′, v.t. to fix: to settle: assign, grant: to name to an office: to destine, devote: to equip (obs. except in pa.p..).—p.adj. Appoint′ed, established: furnished.—n. Appoint′ment, settlement: engagement: direction: situation: arrangement: (obs.) allowance paid to a public officer: (pl.) equipments. [O. Fr. apointer, Low L. appunctare—L. ad, to, punctum, a point. See Point.]

Apportion, ap-pōr′shun, v.t. to portion out: to divide in just shares: to adjust in due proportion.—n. Appor′tionment. [L. ad, to, and Portion.]

Appose, a′pōz, v.t. to apply one thing to another, e.g. a seal to a document: to place side by side. [Formed from L. apponĕre, -positum.]

Apposīte, ap′poz-īt, adj. adapted: suitable.—adv. Ap′positely.—n. Ap′positeness. [L. appositus, pa.p. of apponĕre, to put to—ad, to, ponĕre, to put.]

Apposition, ap-poz-ish′un, n. the act of adding: state of being placed together or against: juxtaposition: (gram.) the annexing of one noun to another, in the same case or relation, in order to explain or limit the first: also used of a public disputation by scholars, and still the word in use for the 'Speech Day' at St Paul's School, London.—adjs. Apposi′tional; Appos′itive, placed in apposition. [See Apposite.]

Appraise, ap-prāz′, v.t. to set a price on: to value with a view to sale: to estimate the amount and quality of anything.—adj. Apprais′able.—ns. Apprais′al, appraisement; Appraise′ment, a valuation: estimation of quality; Apprais′er, one who values property: one who estimates quality. [Late in appearing; for some time used in the same sense as praise. Perh. formed on analogy of the synonymous Prize, Apprize.]

Appreciate, ap-prē′shi-āt, v.t. to estimate justly, to be fully sensible of all the good qualities in the thing judged: to estimate highly: to raise in value, to advance the quotation or price of, as opposed to depreciate.—v.i. to rise in value.—adj. Apprē′ciable.—adv. Apprē′ciably.—n. Appreciā′tion, the act of setting a value on, also specially of a work of literature or art: just—and also favourable—estimation: rise in exchangeable value: increase in value.—adjs. Apprē′ciative, Apprē′ciatory, implying appreciation.—n. Appreciā′tor, one who appreciates, or estimates justly. [L. appretiātus, pa.p. of appretiāre—ad, to, and pretium, price.]

Apprehend, ap-pre-hend′, v.t. to lay hold of: to seize by authority: to be conscious of by means of the senses: to lay hold of by the intellect: to catch the meaning of: to consider or hold a thing as such: to fear.—n. Apprehensibil′ity.—adj. Apprehens′ible.—n. Apprehen′sion, act of apprehending or seizing: arrest: (arch.) conscious perception: conception: ability to understand: fear: (obs.) sensitiveness, sensibility to.—adj. Apprehens′ive, pertaining to the laying hold of sensuous and mental impressions: intelligent, clever: having an apprehension or notion of: fearful: anticipative of something adverse.—n. Apprehens′iveness. [L. apprehendĕre—ad, to, prehendĕre, -hensum, to lay hold of.]

Apprentice, ap-prent′is, n. one bound to another to learn a trade or art: one learning the rudiments of anything, a novice.—v.t. to bind as an apprentice.—ns. Apprent′icehood (Shak.), apprenticeship; Apprent′iceship, the state of an apprentice: a term of practical training: specially, a period of seven years.—To serve apprenticeship, to undergo the training of an apprentice. [O. Fr. aprentis, aprendre, to learn—L. apprehendĕre. See Apprehend.]

Apprise, ap-prīz′, v.t. to give notice: to inform. [Fr. apprendre, pa.p. appris—L. adprendĕre. See Apprehend.]

Apprize, -ise, a-prīz′, v.t. (Scots law) to put a selling price on: to value, appreciate.—n. Appriz′er, a creditor for whom an appraisal is made. [O. Fr. apriser—à, to, and prisier, to price, prize. See Appraise, Praise, and Prize.]

Approach, ap-prōch′, v.i. to draw near: to draw nigh (of time or events): to come near in quality, condition, &c.: (arch.) to come into personal relations with a person.—v.t. to come near to: to resemble: attain to: to bring near in any sense.—n. a drawing near to in military attack, in personal relations: access: a path or avenue: approximation: (pl.) trenches, &c., by which besiegers strive to reach a fortress.—n. Approachabi′lty.—adj. Approach′able. [O. Fr. aprochier, Low L. adpropiare—L. ad, to, prope, near.]

Approbation, ap-prob-ā′shun, n. formal sanction: approval: (Shak.) confirmation.—v.t. Ap′probate, to approve authoritatively (obs. except in U.S.): (Scots law) to approve of as valid.—adjs. Ap′probatory, Ap′probative, of or belonging to one who approves.—To approbate and reprobate, a phrase in Scotch law which means that no one can be permitted to accept and reject the same deed or instrument, analogous in the law of England to Election. [See Approve.]

Appropinquate, ap-pro-pink′wāt, v.i. to come near to.—ns. Appropinquā′tion, Appropin′quity. [L. appropinquāre, to approach—ad, to, and propinquus, near (prope).]

Appropriate, ap-prō′pri-āt, v.t. to make the private property of any one: to take to one's self as one's own: to set apart for a purpose: (arch.) to select as suitable (with to).—adj. set apart for a particular purpose: peculiar: suitable.—adv. Appropriately.—ns. Apprō′priateness; Appropriā′tion, the act of appropriating: in Church law, the making over of a benefice to an owner who receives the tithes, but is bound to appoint a vicar for the spiritual service of the parish: in Constitutional law, the principle, that supplies granted by parliament are only to be expended for particular objects specified by itself.—adj. Apprō′priative.—ns. Apprō′priativeness; Apprō′priator, one who appropriates.—Appropriation clause, a clause in a parliamentary bill, allotting revenue to any special purpose or purposes. [L. appropriāre, -ātum—ad, to, proprius, one's own. See Proper.]

Approve, a-prōōv′, v.t. to show, demonstrate (also reflexively): to sanction or ratify: to think well of, to be pleased with, to commend: (Shak.) to put to the trial, hence also, to convict upon proof.—v.i. to judge favourably, to be pleased (with of).—adj. Approv′able, deserving approval—ns. Approv′al, the act of approving: approbation; Approv′er, one who approves: (law) an accomplice in crime admitted to give evidence against a prisoner.—adv. Approv′ingly. [O. Fr. aprover—L. approbāre—ad, to, and probāre, to test or try—probus, good.]

Approve, a-prōōv′, v.t. (law) to turn to one's profit, increase the value of. [Confused with Approve, but from O. Fr. aproer, approuer—à, to (L. ad), and pro, prou, advantage. See Prow-ess.]

Approximate, ap-proks′im-āt, adj. nearest or next: approaching correctness.—v.t. to bring near.—v.i. to come near, to approach.—adv. Approx′imately.—n. Approximā′tion, an approach: a result in mathematics not rigorously exact, but so near the truth as to be sufficient for a given purpose.—adj. Approx′imative, approaching closely. [L. approximāre, -atum—ad, to, proximus, nearest, superl. of prope, near.]

Appui, ap-wē′, n. the reciprocal action between the mouth of the horse and the rider's hand.—vs.t. Appui, Appuy, to support, e.g. to post troops in order to support.—Point d'appui, a point at which troops form as a base of operations. [O. Fr. apuyer—Low L. appodia-re—L. ad, to, and podium, support (Fr. puy, a hill).]

Appulse, ap-puls′, n. a striking against: the approach of a planet to a conjunction with the sun or a star.—n. Appul′sion.—adj. Appul′sive. [L. appuls-us—appell-ĕre, ad, towards, pell-ĕre, to drive.]

Appurtenance, ap-pur′ten-ans, n. that which appertains to: an appendage or accessory: (law) a right belonging to a property.—adj. and n. Appur′tenant. [O. Fr. apurtenance. See Appertain.]

Apricate, ap′ri-kāt, v.i. to bask in the sun.—v.t. (rare) to expose to sunlight.—n. Apricā′tion. [L. appricat-, apricāri, to bask in the sun, apricus, open to the sun.]

Apricot, ā′pri-kot, n. a fruit of the plum kind, roundish, pubescent, orange-coloured, of a rich aromatic flavour—older form A′pricock. [Port. albricoque (Fr. abricot)—Ar. al-birquq. But bīrquq is a corr. of Late Gr. praikokion, which is simply the L. præcoquum or præcox, early ripe; the form is perh. due to a fancied connection with L. apricus, sunny. See Precocious.]

April, ā′pril, n. the fourth month of the year.—n. A′pril-fool, one sent upon a bootless errand on the 1st of April, perhaps a relic of some old Celtic heathen festival. In Scotland called gowk (a cuckoo, a fool). [L. Aprilis, usually regarded as from aperire, as the month when the earth opens to bring forth new fruits.]

A priori, ā pri-ō′rī, a term applied to reasoning from what is prior, logically or chronologically, e.g. reasoning from cause to effect; from a general principle to its consequences; even from observed fact to another fact or principle not observed, or to arguing from pre-existing knowledge, or even cherished prejudices; (Kant) from the forms of cognition independent of experience.—ns. Apriō′rism, Apriō′rity; Apriō′rist, one who believes in Kant's view of a priori cognition. [L. a, ab, from, priori, abl. of prior, preceding.]

Apron, ā′prun, n. a cloth or piece of leather worn before one to protect the dress, or as part of a distinctive official dress, as by Freemasons, &c.—aprons of silk or the like are often worn by ladies for mere ornament: the short cassock ordinarily worn by English bishops: anything resembling an apron in shape or use, as a gig-apron, &c.—v.t. to cover with, as with an apron.—adj. A′proned.—ns. A′pron-man (Shak.), a man who wears an apron, a mechanic; A′pron-string, a string by which an apron is attached to the person.—To be tied to a woman's apron-strings, to be bound to a woman as a child is bound to its mother. [O. Fr. naperon—nappe, cloth, tablecloth—L. mappa, a napkin.]

Apropos, a-pro-pō′, adv. to the purpose: appropriately: in reference to (with to and of).—adj. opportune. [Fr. à propos. See Propose.]

Apse, aps, n. an arched semicircular or polygonal recess at the east end of the choir of a church—here, in the Roman basilica, stood the prætor's chair.—adj. Ap′sidal.—n. Apsid′iole, a secondary apse, as one of the apses on either side of the central or main apse in a church of triapsidal plan. [See Apsis.]

Apsis, ap′sis, n. one of the two extreme points in the orbit of a planet, one at the greatest, the other at the least distance from the sun: one of the two points in the orbit of a satellite—one nearest to, the other farthest from, its primary; corresponding, in the case of the moon, to the perigee and apogee:—pl. Apsides (ap′si-dēz).—adj. Ap′sidal. [L. apsis—Gr. hapsis, a connection, an arch—hapt-ein, to connect. See Apt.]

Apt, apt, adj. liable: ready for or prone to anything: prompt, open to impressions (with at).—adv. Apt′ly.—n. Apt′ness. [L. apt-us, fit, suitable, apposite; cog. with Gr. hapt-ein.]

Apterous, ap′tėr-us, adj. without wings.—adj. Ap′teral, without wings: (archit.) without lateral columns. [Gr. a, neg., pteron, a wing.]

Apteryx, ap′tėr-iks, n. a bird found in New Zealand, wingless and tailless, reddish-brown, about the size of a large hen. [Gr. a, neg., pteryx, wing.]

Aptitude, apt′i-tūd, n. fitness: tendency: readiness, teachableness, talent (with for). [Low L. aptitudo—L. apt-us.]

Aptote, ap′tōt, n. a noun without any variation of cases. [Gr. aptōtos—a, priv., ptōsis, a falling, a case—pipt-ein, to fall.]

Apyretic, a-pir-et′ik, adj. without pyrexia or fever, especially of those days in which the intermission of fevers occurs in agues—n. Apyrex′ia. [Gr. a, neg., and pyretos, fever.]

Aqua-fortis, ā′kwa-for′tis, n. nitric acid, a powerful solvent, hence used figuratively.—ns. Aquafort′ist, one who prepares etchings or engravings by means of aqua-fortis; A′qua-mirab′ilis, a preparation distilled from cloves, nutmeg, ginger, and spirit of wine; A′qua-rē′gia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, so called because it dissolves the royal metal, gold; A′qua Tofa′na, a poisonous fluid (prepared from arsenic) made in Palermo in the 17th cent. by a woman Tofana; A′qua-vi′tæ, an old name for alcohol, used of brandy, whisky, &c.; cf. Fr. eau de vie, and usquebaugh. [L. aqua, water, fortis, strong.]

Aquamarine, ā′kwa-ma-rēn′, n. the beryl.—adj. bluish-green, sea-coloured. [L. aqua, water, marīna—mare, the sea.]

Aquarelle, ak-wa-rel′, n. water-colour painting, or a painting in water-colours.—n. Aquarel′list. [Fr.,—It. acquerella, acqua—L. aqua.]

Aquarium, a-kwā′ri-um, n. a tank or series of tanks for keeping aquatic animals, usually made mostly of glass, filled with either fresh or salt water, having rocks, plants, &c. as in nature: an artificial pond or cistern for cultivating water-plants:—pl. Aquā′riums, Aquā′ria. [L.—aqua, water.]

Aquarius, a-kwā′ri-us, n. the water-bearer, the eleventh sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about 21st January, so called from the constellation of the same name, supposed to represent a man holding his left hand upward, and pouring with his right water from a vase into the mouth of the Southern Fish. [L.—aqua, water.]

Aquatic, a-kwat′ik, adj. relating to water: living or growing in water.—n.pl. Aquat′ics, amusements on the water, as boating, &c.

Aquatint, ā′kwa-tint, n. a mode of etching on copper, by which imitations are produced of drawings in Indian ink, &c.—also Aquatint′a.—v.t. and v.i. A′quatint, to engrave in aquatint. [It. acqua tinta—L. aqua, water, and tingĕre, tinctum, to wet, to colour.]

Aqueduct, ak′we-dukt, n. an artificial channel for conveying water, most commonly understood to mean a bridge of stone, iron, or wood for conveying water across a valley: also a bridge carrying a canal for the purposes of navigation. [L. aqua, water—ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Aqueous, ā′kwe-us, adj. watery: deposited by water.—adv. A′queously.—Aqueous humour, the watery fluid which fills the space between the cornea and the crystalline lens in the eye; Aqueous rocks, in geology, rocks composed of matter deposited by water.

Aquiferous, ak-wif′ėr-us, adj. bearing water. [L. aqua, water, fero, I bear.]

Aquiform, ā′kwi-form, adj. having the form of water. [L. aqua, water, and Form.]

Aquiline, ak′wil-in, or -īn, adj. relating to or like the eagle: curved or hooked, like an eagle's beak. [L. aquila.]

Arab, ar′ab, n. a native of Arabia: an Arab horse, noted for its gracefulness and speed: a neglected or homeless boy or girl—usually Street or City Arab.—adj. of or belonging to Arabia.—adj. Arāb′ian, relating to Arabia.—n. a native of Arabia.—adj. Ar′abic, relating to Arabia, or to its language.—n. the language of Arabia.—ns. Ar′abism, an Arabic idiom; Ar′abist, one skilled in the Arabic language or literature; Ar′aby, a poetical form of Arabia. [L. Arabs, Arab-em—Gr. Araps.]

Araba, ar-ä′ba, n. a heavy screened wagon used by the Tartars.—Also Ar′ba and Arō′ba. [Ar. and Pers. arābah.]

Arabesque, ar′ab-esk, adj. after the manner of Arabian designs.—n. a fantastic painted or sculptured ornament among the Spanish Moors, consisting of foliage and other parts of plants curiously intertwined.—adj. Ar′abesqued, so ornamented. [Fr.—It. arabesco; -esco corresponding to Eng. -ish.]

Arable, ar′a-bl, adj. fit for ploughing or tillage. [L. arabilis—ara-re, cog. with Gr. aro-ein, to plough, A.S. erian, Eng. Ear (v.t.), Ir. araim.]

Arachnida, a-rak′ni-da, n.pl. a sub-class of Tracheate Arthropoda, embracing spiders, scorpions, mites, &c., first separated by Lamarck from the Insecta of Linnæus.—adj. Arach′nidan.—n. and adj. Arach′noid, like a cobweb.—adjs. Arachnoi′dal, Arachnolog′ical.—n. Arachno′logist, one who devotes himself to the study of arachnida.—Arachnoid membrane, one of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord, situated between the dura-mater and the pia-mater, non-vascular, transparent, thin. [Gr. arachnē, spider.]

Aragonite, ar′a-gon-īt, n. a variety of calcium carbonate. [Aragon, in Spain.]

Araise, a-rāz′, v.t. (Shak.) to raise from the dead. [Pfx. a-, and Raise.]

Aramaic, ar-a-mā′ik, adj. relating to Aramæa, the whole of the country to the north-east of Palestine, or to its language—also Aramē′an, Ar′amite.—n. Aramā′ism, an Aramaic idiom.

Araneiform, ar-a-nē′i-form, adj. in the form of a spider.—adj. Aranē′idan.—n. Araneol′ogist = Arachnol′ogist.—adj. Aran′eous, like a spider's web. [L. arānea, spider, and Form.]

Araphorostic, ar-af-or-os′tik, adj. (Lytton) seamless.—Also Arophos′tic. [Formed from Gr. arraphos, unsewed—a, neg., and hropt-ein, to sew.]

Araucaria, ar-aw-kā′ri-a, n. a genus of lofty evergreen trees of the natural order Coniferæ or Pines, natives of S. America and Australasia. [Arauco, name of a province, whence Araucania, a district in S. Chili.]

Arbalest, är′bal-est, n. a crossbow of steel or horn used in war and the chase—also Ar′balist, Ar′blast, Arcū′balist.—ns. Ar′balister, Ar′balester, one armed with an arbalest. [O. Fr. arbaleste—L. arcuballista—arcus, bow, and ballista, engine for throwing missiles.]

Arbiter, är′bit-ėr, n. one chosen by parties in controversy to decide between them: a judge having absolute power of decision: an arbitrator: umpire:—fem. Ar′bitress.—ns. Ar′bitrage, exercise of the functions of the arbiter; Arbit′rament, Arbit′rement, the decision of an arbiter: determination: choice.—v.i. Ar′bitrate, to act as an arbiter: to determine.—ns. Arbitrā′tion; Ar′bitrātor (same as Arbiter):—fem. Ar′bitrātrix.—Arbitration of exchange, the determination of the rate of exchange between two currencies when there are one or more intermediate places through which the operations must pass.—To submit to arbitration, to defer a matter of private, public, or international controversy to the judgment of certain persons selected. [L.—ar = ad, to, and bit-ĕre (cog. with Gr. bai-nein), to go or come; sig. one who comes to look on, a witness, a judge.]

Arbitrary, är′bi-trar-i, adj. not bound by rules: despotic, absolute, arising from accident rather than from rule, varying, uncertain.—adv. Ar′bitrarily.—n. Ar′bitrariness. [L. arbitrarius, arbiter.]

Arbor, är′bur, n. the Latin word for tree.—adjs. Arborā′ceous, Arbōr′eal, of tree-like character.—n. Arbor-day, in many of the United States, a day yearly set apart for the general planting of trees by school children—in Canada, the first Friday in May.—adj. Arbōr′eous, of or belonging to trees.—ns. Arbores′cence, Arborisā′tion, tree-like growth.—adj. Arbores′cent, growing or formed like a tree: (archit.) branching like a tree.—ns. Ar′boret (obs.), shrubbery: (Spens.) a little tree, shrub; Arborē′tum, a place in which specimens of trees and shrubs are cultivated:—pl. Arborē′ta.—adj. Arboricul′tural.—ns. Ar′boriculture, forestry, the culture of trees, esp. timber-trees; Arboricul′turist; Ar′borist, one who studies trees.—adj. Ar′borous, formed by trees.—Arbor vitæ, a popular name of several evergreen shrubs of the genus Thuja. When the human cerebellum is cut vertically, a tree-like appearance seen receives this name.

Arbor, är′bur, n. the main support of a machine: an axis or spindle on which a wheel revolves. [L.]

Arbour, är′bur, n. an enclosed seat in a garden, covered with branches of trees, plants, &c.: a bower: a shaded walk.—adj. Ar′boured. [See Harbour.]

Arbute, är′būt, n. the strawberry-tree: an evergreen shrub, which bears a scarlet fruit somewhat resembling the strawberry.—Also Ar′butus. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor, tree.]

Arc, ärk, n. a segment of a circle or other curve. [O. Fr.—L. arcus, a bow.]

Arcade, ärk-ād′, n. a row of arches supported by columns—the Gothic counterpart to the classical colonnade: the row of piers, or columns and arches, by which the aisles are divided from the nave of a church, or by which cloisters are enclosed: a walk arched over: a long arched gallery lined with shops on both sides. [Fr.—L. arcata, arched. See Arch.]

Arcadian, ark-ād′i-an, adj. pertaining to Arcadia (poet. Ar′cady), a district in Greece whose people were primitive in manners and given to music and dancing: pastoral: simple, innocent.—n. Arcad′ianism.—adv. Arcad′ianly.

Arcanum, ärk-ān′um, n. a secret: a mystery: a secret remedy or elixir:—pl. Arcan′a.—adj. Arcane′ (rare). [L.—arcanus—arca, a chest.]

Arcature, ar-ka-tūr, n. French for arcade, a small arcade: a blind arcade for decorating wall spaces.

Arch, ärch, n. a concave construction of stones or other materials, built or turned on a centering over an open space, so as by mutual pressure to support each other and sustain a superincumbent weight.—v.t. to cover with an arch: to bend into the form of an arch.—p.adj. Arched, made with an arch, or like an arch.—ns. Arch′let, a little arch; Arch′way, an arched or vaulted passage, esp. that leading into a castle.—Arches, or Court of Arches, the ecclesiastical court of appeal for the province of Canterbury, formerly held at the church of St-Mary-le-Bow (or 'of the Arches'), from the arches that support its steeple. [O. Fr.,—L. arca, chest.]

Arch, ärch, adj. cunning: waggish: roguish: shrewd, now mostly of women and children.—adv. Arch′ly.—n. Arch′ness. [Derived from the prefix arch-, in its use in words like arch-rogue, &c.]

Arch, ärch (ärk in archangel), adj. used as a prefix, now chiefly as an intensive in an odious sense: the first or chief.—ns. Arch′-en′emy, a chief enemy: Satan—also Arch′-foe; Arch′-fiend, the supreme fiend: Satan; Arch′-flā′men, a chief flamen or priest; Arch-he′resy; Arch′-he′retic, a leader of heresy; Arch′-mock′ (Shak.), the height of mockery; Arch′-pī′rate, a chief pirate; Arch′-pō′et, a chief poet: (obs.) a poet-laureate; Arch′-prel′ate, a chief prelate; Arch′-priest′, a chief priest: in early times, a kind of vicar to the bishop—later, a rural dean: the title given to the superiors appointed by the Pope to govern the secular priests sent into England from the foreign seminaries during the period 1598-1621; Arch′-trait′or, a chief traitor, sometimes applied esp. to the devil, or to Judas. [A.S. arce, ærce, through L. from Gr. archi, cog. with arch-ein, to begin.]

Archæology, ärk-e-ol′oj-i, n. a knowledge of ancient art, customs, &c.: the science which deduces a knowledge of past times from the study of their existing remains.—adj. Archæolog′ical.—adv. Archæolog′ically.—n. Archæol′ogist. [Gr. archaios, ancient—archē, beginning, and logos, discourse.]

Archæopteryx, ār-kē-op′tėr-iks, n. the oldest known fossil bird, found in the Jurassic limestone of Bavaria, having a long bony tail of twenty vertebræ. [Gr. archaios, ancient, pteryx, wing.]

Archaic, -al, ärk-ā′ik, -al, adj. ancient: obsolete, esp. of language.—adj. Archæan (ärk-ē′an), of or belonging to the earliest zoological period.—n. Archæog′raphy.—adj. Archæozō′ic. (Gr. zōē, life), pertaining to the era of the earliest living beings on the earth.—adv. Archā′ically.—n. Archā′icism.—v.t. Ar′chāise, to imitate the archaic.—ns. Archā′ism, an archaic or obsolete word or phrase; Archā′ist (Mrs Browning).—adj. Archāis′tic, affectedly or imitatively archaic. [Gr. archaikos—archaios, ancient—archē, beginning.]

Archangel, ärk-ān′jel, n. an angel of the highest order.—adj. Archangel′ic. [Arch, chief, and Angel.]

Archbishop, ärch-bish′up, n. a chief bishop: a metropolitan bishop who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.—n. Archbish′opric. [Arch, chief, and Bishop.]

Archdeacon, ärch-dē′kn, n. a chief deacon: the ecclesiastical dignitary having the chief supervision of a diocese or part of it, next under the bishop—the 'bishop's eye.'—ns. Archdeac′onry, the office, jurisdiction, or residence of an archdeacon; Archdeac′onship, the office of an archdeacon.—adj. Archidīac′onal.—n. Archidīac′onate. [Arch, chief, and Deacon.]

Archdiocese, ärch-dī′o-sēz, n. the diocese of an archbishop. [Arch, chief, and Diocese.]

Archduke, ärch-dūk′, n. a duke of specially exalted rank: a prince of Austria:—fem. Archduch′ess.—adj. Archdū′cal.—ns. Archduch′y, Archduke′dom, the territory of an archduke or archduchess. [Arch, chief, and Duke.]

Archer, ärch′ėr, n. one who shoots with a bow and arrows:—fem. Arch′eress.—ns. Arch′er-fish, an acanthopterygious fish of India which catches insects by shooting water at them from its mouth; Arch′ery, the art of shooting with the bow: a company of archers. [O. Fr. archier—L. arcari-um, arcus, a bow.]

Archetype, ärk′e-tīp, n. the original pattern or model, a prototype.—adj. Archetyp′al. [Gr. archetypon, archi-, and typos, a model.]

Archiepiscopal, ärk-i-ep-is′kop-al, adj. belonging to an archbishop.—ns. Archiepis′copacy, Archiepis′copate, dignity or province of an archbishop. [See Episcopal.]

Archil, är′kil, n. a colouring substance obtained from various species of lichens. [Corrupt form of Orchil—O. Fr. orchel, orseil (Fr. orseille)—It. orcello, origin undetermined.]

Archilochian, är-ki-lō′ki-an, adj. pertaining to the Greek lyric poet Archilochus of Paros (714-676 B.C.), the supposed originator of iambic metre, noted for the bitterness of his satire—hence the proverbial phrases, 'Archilochian bitterness' and 'Parian verse:' a lesser Archilochian verse = a dactylic hexameter alternating with a penthemim; a greater Archilochian, a verse consisting of four dactyls and three trochees.

Archimage, är′ki-māj, n. a chief magician or enchanter. [Gr. archi-, chief, and L. magus, a magician.]

Archimandrite, är-ki-man′drīt, n. in the Greek Church, the superior of a monastery, an abbot: sometimes the superintendent of several monasteries. [Late Gr. archimandritēs—pfx. archi, first, and mandra, an enclosure, a monastery.]

Archimedean, ärk-i-me-dē′an, adj. pertaining to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek mathematician of Syracuse (287-212 B.C.).—Archimedean screw, a machine for raising water, in its simplest form consisting of a flexible tube bent spirally round a solid cylinder, the ends of which are furnished with pivots, so as to admit of the whole turning round its axis.—Principle of Archimedes, a fundamental law in Hydrostatics, that a body when immersed in a fluid weighs less than it does in vacuo by the weight of the fluid it displaces.

Archipelago, ärk-i-pel′a-gō, n. the chief sea of the Greeks, or the Ægean Sea: a sea abounding in small islands, also a group of such islands:—pl. Archipel′agoes.—adj. Archipelagic (-aj′ik). [An Italian compound from Gr. archi-, chief, pelagos, sea.]

Architect, ärk′i-tekt, n. a master-builder: one who designs buildings and superintends their erection: a maker: any contriver, as the Creator.—adjs. Architecton′ic, pertaining to architecture: constructive: controlling, having direction: (metaph.) pertaining to the arrangement of knowledge.—n. the science of architecture: the systematic arrangement of knowledge.—adj. Architect′ural.—n. Architect′ure, the art or science of building: structure: in specific sense, one of the fine arts, the art of architecture—also used of any distinct style, e.g. Gothic, Byzantine architecture. [Gr. architektōn—archi-, chief, and tektōn, a builder.]

Architrave, ärk′i-trāv, n. (archit.) the lowest division of the entablature resting immediately on the abacus of the column: collective name for the various parts, jambs, lintels, &c. which surround a door or window.—p.adj. Arch′itraved. [It. from Gr. archi-, chief, and L. trab-em, trabs, a beam.]

Archives, ärk′īvz, n. the place in which government records are kept: (pl.) public records—also figuratively in both senses.—adj. Arch′ival, pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records.—n. Arch′ivist, a keeper of archives or records. [Fr.—Gr. archeion, magisterial residence—archē, government.]

Archivolt, är′ki-volt, n. the band or moulding which runs round the lower part of the archstones of an arch. [Fr. archivolte, It. archivolto—L. arcus, an arch, volta, a vault.]

Archology, ärk-ol′oj-i, n. (rare) doctrine of the origin of things: the science of government. [Gr. archē, beginning, logos, discourse.]

Archon, ärk′on, n. one of nine chief magistrates of ancient Athens.—ns. Arch′onship, the office of an archon; Arch′ontate, the archon's tenure of office. [Gr. arch-ein, to be first, to rule.]

Archwise, ärch′wīz, adv. in the form of an arch. [Arch, and Wise, way.]

Arctic, ärk′tik, adj. relating to the constellation the Great Bear, or to the north, used figuratively to express extreme cold.—Arctic Circle, a circle drawn round the North Pole, at a distance of 23½ degrees. [O. Fr. artique—L. arcticus—Gr. arktikos—arktos, a bear.]

Arcturus, ärk-tū′rus, n. the Bear-ward, a yellow star in the northern hemisphere, fourth in order of brightness in the entire heavens. [Gr. arktouros—arktos, a bear, and ouros, ward, guard (from its situation at the tail of the bear).]

Arcuate, är′kū-āt, Arcuated, är′kū-āt-ed, adj. bent in the form of a bow.—n. Arcuā′tion. [L. arcuatus, pa.p. of arcu-āre, to bend like a bow—arcus, a bow.]

Ardent, ärd′ent, adj. burning: fiery: passionate: zealous: fervid.—adv. Ard′ently.—n. Ard′our, warmth of passion or feeling: eagerness: enthusiasm (with for)—also Ard′ency.—Ardent spirits, distilled alcoholic liquors, whisky, brandy, &c. The use of the word as = 'inflammable, combustible,' is obsolete, except in this phrase. [L. ardent-em, ardē-re, to burn.]

Arduous, ärd′ū-us, adj. deep, difficult to climb: difficult to accomplish: laborious.—adv. Ard′uously.—n. Ard′uousness. [L. arduus, high; cog. with Celt. ard, high.]

Are, ar, n. the unit of the French land measure, containing 100 sq. metres = 119.6 English sq. yards. [Fr.—L. area.]

Are, är, the plural of the present indicative of the verb To be. [Old Northumbrian aron, of Scand. origin. This form ousted the older A.S. sind, sindon. Both are cog. with Sans. s-anti, Gr. eis-in, L. sunt, Ger. s-ind.]

Area, ā′rē-a, n. any plane surface or enclosed space: the sunken space around the basement of a building: (fig.) extent conceived by the mind: (geom.) the superficial contents of any figure. [L. area.]

Aread, Arede, a-rēd′, v.t. (obs.) to make known, utter: guess: interpret, explain: to counsel, advise. [A.S. arédan. See Read.]

Areca, ar′ē-ka, n. a genus of palm, one species of which, the Betel-nut Palm, or Penang Palm (Areca catechu), bears nuts with austere and astringent properties, which are chewed by the Malays with a little lime in a leaf of the betel-pepper, making the lips and spittle red.

Arefaction, ar-e-fak′shun, n. (obs.) the action of drying.—v.t. and v.i. Ar′efy, to dry up, wither. [L. arefacĕre, to make dry—arēre, to be dry, and facĕre, to make.]

Arena, a-rē′na, n. part of the ancient amphitheatre strewed with sand for the combats of gladiators and wild beasts: any place of public contest: a battlefield: place of action of any kind.—adj. Arenā′ceous, sandy: dry: (geol.) applied to rocks composed entirely or largely of grains of quartz.—ns. Arenā′ria, the sandwort, a genus of low herbs allied to the chickweeds; Arenā′tion, the application of hot sand to the body as a remedy. [L. arēna, sand.]

Areography, ā-re-ō′gra-fi, n. description of the physical features of the planet Mars. [Gr. Arēs, Mars, and graphein, to write.]

Areola, a-rē′o-la, n. a small area: (bot.) any slightly sunk spot, on the surface: (physiol.) the interstice in the tissue of an organised substance: any circular spot such as that around the human nipple:—pl. Arē′olæ.—adj. Arē′olate, divided into small areas.—n. Areolā′tion, division into areolæ. [L. areola, a dim. of Area.]

Areometer, Aræometer, ā-re-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for determining specific gravity, called also Hydrometer.—n. Areom′etry, the measuring the specific gravity of bodies. [Gr. araios, thin, and Meter.]

Areopagus, ar-e-op′ag-us, n. Mars' Hill, on which the supreme court of ancient Athens was held: the court itself: also used of any important tribunal.—n. Areop′agite, a member of the Areopagus.—adj. Areopagit′ic, pertaining to the Areopagus.—n. a speech on the model of Isocrates's oration of that name addressed to the Areopagus. [Gr. Areios pagos, hill of Ares, or Mars.]

Aret, Arette, a-ret′, v.t. (Spens.) to entrust, commit a charge to. [O. Fr. arete-r, à-, to, reter—L. reputāre, to reckon.]

Arête, ar-āt′, n. a sharp ridge: esp. in French Switzerland, a rocky edge on a mountain. [Fr.—L. arista, an ear of corn, fish-bone, spine.]

Argal, ar′gal, adv. (Shak.) corruption of L. ergo, therefore: hence as a noun = a clumsy piece of reasoning.

Argali, är′ga-li, n. the great wild sheep of Siberia and Central Asia. [Mongol.]

Argand, ar′gand, n. applied to a lamp and gas-burner invented by Aimé Argand (1755-1803).

Argent, ärj′ent, adj. and n. silver, or like silver, silvery-white: (her.) the silver or white colour in armorial bearings: (poet.) esp. in compounds like argent-clear, argent-lidded.—adjs. Argent′al; Argentif′erous, bearing or containing silver; Ar′gentine, relating to or like silver: sounding like silver.—n. (nat. hist.) white metal coated with silver: a genus of small bony fishes with silvery sides, fished for the nacre which they contain. [Fr.—L. argentum, silver.]

Argil, är′jil, n. potter's clay: pure clay or alumina.—adjs. Argillā′ceous, of the nature of clay; Argillif′erous, bearing or abounding in clay. [L. argilla, Gr. argilos, white clay—argēs, white.]

Argol, är′gol, n. a hard crust formed on the sides of wine-vessels, from which cream of tartar and tartaric acid are obtained—generally of a reddish tinge. [Prob. conn. with Gr. argos, white.]

Argon, ar′gon, n. a constituent element of our atmosphere, discovered in 1894 by Rayleigh and Ramsay.

Argonaut, är′go-nawt, n. one of those who sailed in the ship Argo in search of the golden fleece: also (nat. hist.) a name of the nautilus, a mollusc of the octopod type.—adj. Argonaut′ic. [Gr. Argō, and nautēs, a sailor.]

Argosy, är′go-si, n. a large merchant-vessel richly laden, esp. those of Ragusa and Venice: also figuratively. [The forms ragosie, rhaguse, used equally with argosie, argosey, &c., point to the derivation from It. Ragusea, a ship belonging to Ragusa, a great medieval port on the Adriatic, spelt in 16th-cent. English as Aragouse, Arragosa.]

Argot, är′go, or är′got, n. slang, originally that of thieves and vagabonds: cant. [Fr.; of unknown origin.]

Argue, ärg′ū, v.t. prove or evince: to prove by argument: to discuss: (obs.) to accuse.—v.i. to offer reasons: to dispute (with against, for, with, about):—pr.p. arg′ūing; pa.p. arg′ūed.—adj. Arg′ūable, capable of being argued.—n. Arg′ūer, one who argues: a reasoner.—To argue (a person) into, or out of, to persuade him into, or out of, a certain course of action. [O. Fr. arguer—L. argutāre, freq. of arguĕre, to prove.]

Argufy, ärg′ū-fī, v.i. to be evidence of something: to be of importance: to argue, wrangle.—v.t. to weary with wrangling. [Illiterate corr. of Argue.]

Argument, ärg′ū-ment, n. a statement, or reason based on such, offered as proof: a series of reasons or a step in such: discussion: subject of a discourse: summary of the subject-matter of a book: (obs.) matter of controversy.—adjs. Argument′able, Argument′al.—n. Argumentā′tion, an arguing or reasoning.—adj. Argument′ative.—adv. Argument′atively.—n. Argument′ativeness. [L. argumentum. See Argue.]

Argumentum, ärg-ū-ment′um, n. an argument.—The following are forms of indirect argument:—Argumentum ad hominem, an appeal to the known prepossessions or previous admissions of an opponent; Argumentum ad ignorantiam, an argument founded on the ignorance of an opponent; Argumentum ad invidiam, an argument appealing to the prejudices of the person addressed; Argumentum ad judicium, an appeal to the common-sense of mankind; Argumentum ad verecundiam, an appeal to our reverence for some respected authority; Argumentum baculinum, the argument of the cudgel—most concise of arguments, an appeal to force; Argumentum per impossibile, or Reductio ad absurdum, the proof of a conclusion derived from the absurdity of a contradictory supposition.—For the Ontological, Cosmological, Teleological, and Moral arguments in Theism, see under these adjectives.

Argus, ärg′us, n. any very quick-eyed or watchful person, from Argus, described in Greek mythology as having had a hundred eyes, some of which were always awake: a genus of gallinaceous birds, remarkable for magnificence of plumage—the only known species, the Argus pheasant, native to Sumatra, &c. [Gr.—argos, bright.]

Argute, är-gūt′, adj. shrill in sound: keen: shrewd.—adv. Argute′ly.—n. Argute′ness. [L. argutus.]

Aria, ā′ri-a, n. an air or rhythmical song introduced in a cantata, oratorio, or opera, and intended for one voice supported by instruments. [It., from root of Air.]

Arian, ā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Arius of Alexandria (died 336), who denied the divinity of Christ.—n. one who adheres to the doctrines of Arius: a Unitarian.—v.t. A′rianise.—n. A′rianism, the doctrines of the Arians.

Arid, ar′id, adj. dry: parched.—ns. Arid′ity, Ar′idness. [L. aridus.]

Ariel, ā′ri-el, n. a man's name in the Old Testament, variously explained as 'lion of God,' 'hearth of God:' in later demonology, a water-spirit: an angel: a spirit of the air. [Heb. ariēl.]

Aries, ā′ri-ēz, n. the Ram, the first of the signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters on 21st March. [L.]

Arietta, ar-i-et′ta, n. a little aria or air.—Also Ariette′. [It. arietta, dim. of aria.]

Aril, ar′il, Arillus, a-ril′lus, n. a peculiar covering of the seed of some plants, formed by an expansion of the cord (funiculus) which attaches the ovule to the placenta, or of the placenta itself.—adjs. Ar′illary, Ar′illated, having an aril. [Low L. arillus.]

Arimaspian, ar-im-as′pi-an, adj. pertaining to the Arimaspi, described by Herodotus as a one-eyed and fierce people inhabiting the most northern region in the world, waging perpetual warfare with the neighbouring griffins for their hoarded gold.

Arise, a-rīz′, v.i. to rise up: to come up so as to be heard: to ascend: to come into view: to spring:—pa.t. arose′; pa.p. aris′en. [Pfx. a-, up, out, and Rise.]

Aristarch, ar′is-tärk, n. a severe critic. [From Aristarchus, a grammarian of Alexandria about 160 B.C.]

Aristocracy, ar-is-tok′ras-i, n. government by the men of best birth or condition: political power of a privileged order: the nobility or chief persons of a state: the upper classes generally, also the persons noted for superiority in any quality, taken collectively—also Aristarch′y (rare).—n. Aristocrat (ar′is-to-krat, or ar-is′-), one who belongs to or favours an aristocracy: a haughty person.—adjs. Aristocrat′ic, -al, belonging to aristocracy: gentlemanly, stylish.—adv. Aristocrat′ically.—n. Aristocrat′ism. [Gr. aristos, best, and kratos, power.]

Aristolochia, ar-is-tō-lō′ki-a, n. a genus of shrubs, many climbers, specially abundant in tropical South America. [Gr.; aristos, best, locheia, child-birth, the roots of several species being formerly thought useful in parturition.]

Aristotelian, ar-is-to-tē′li-an, adj. relating to Aristotle or to his philosophy.

Arithmancy, ar′ith-man-si, n. divination by numbers.—Also Arith′momancy. [Gr. arithmos, number, and manteia, divination.]

Arithmetic, ar-ith′met-ik, n. the science of numbers: the art of reckoning by figures: a treatise on reckoning.—adj. Arithmet′ical.—adv. Arithmet′ically.—n. Arithmetic′ian, one skilled in arithmetic—Arithmetical progression, a series of numbers that increase or diminish by a common difference, as 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22; or 12, 10½, 9, 7½, 6. To find the sum of such a series, multiply the sum of the first and last terms by half the number of terms. [Gr. arithmētikē (technē, art), relating to numbers—arithmos, number.]

Arithmocracy, ar-ith-mok′ras-i, n. a democracy of mere numbers.—adj. Arithmocrat′ic. [A coinage of Kingsley—Gr. arithmos, number, kratia, rule.]

Arithmometer, ar-ith-mom′et-ėr, n. an instrument for working out arithmetical calculations. [Gr. arithmos, number, metron, measure.]

Ark, ärk, n. a chest or coffer: in Jewish history, the wooden coffer in which the Tables of the Law were kept—hence To touch or Lay hands on the ark, to touch irreverently what is sacred (2 Sam. vi. 6): a large floating vessel, like that in which Noah escaped the Deluge (Gen. vi.-viii.).—adj. and n. Ark′ite. [A.S. arc—L. arca, a chest—arcēre, to guard.]

Arles, ärlz, or ārlz, n. earnest money given in confirmation of a bargain, or of the engagement of a servant.—ns. Arle′-pen′ny, Arles′-pen′ny. [Scot. and northern Eng.; M. E. erles—O. Fr. erres (mod. Fr. arrhes)—L. arrha.]

Arm, ärm, n. the limb extending from the shoulder to the hand: anything projecting from the main body, as an inlet of the sea, a rail or support from a chair, sofa, or the like: one of the branches into which a main trunk divides: (fig.) power.—ns. Arm′-chair, a chair with arms; Arm′ful; Arm′-hole, the hole in a garment through which the arm is put.—adv. Arm′-in-arm, with arms interlinked, in close communion.—adj. Arm′less.—ns. Arm′let, a bracelet; Arm′-pit, the pit or hollow under the shoulder.—At arm's length, away from any friendliness or familiarity.—Right arm, the main support or assistant; Secular arm, the secular or temporal authority, as distinguished from the spiritual or ecclesiastical.—With open arms, with hearty welcome. [A.S.; cog. with L. armus, the shoulder-joint, Gr. harmos, a joint.]

Arm, ärm, n. a weapon: a branch of the military service:—pl. Arms, weapons of offence and defence: war, hostilities: deeds or exploits of war: armorial ensigns.—v.t. Arm, to furnish with arms or weapons: to fortify.—v.i. to take arms.—n. Ar′mature, armour: any apparatus for defence: a piece of iron connecting the poles of a bent magnet.—adj. Armed (ärmd, or arm′ed), furnished with arms: provided with means of defence: (bot.) having prickles or thorns: (her.) having part of the body different in colour from the rest, as a beak, claws, &c. of a bird.—n.pl. Fire′arms, such weapons as employ gunpowder, as guns and pistols.—n. Man′-at-arms, a fully equipped and practised fighting man.—n.pl. Small′-arms, such as do not require carriages, as opposed to artillery.—Armed to the teeth, completely armed.—College of Arms, the Heralds' College, which grants armorial bearings.—In arms with, quartered with; Of all arms, of every kind of troops; Stand of arms, a complete equipment of arms for one soldier.—The armed eye, strengthened with a magnifying-glass, as opp. to naked eye.—To lay down arms, to surrender or submit; Up in arms, in readiness to fight. [Through Fr. from L. arma; cog. with Arm.]

Armada, ärm-ā′da, n. a fleet of armed ships, esp. the self-styled Invincible Armada sent by Philip II. against England in 1588. [Sp.—L. armata, armare, to arm.]

Armadillo, ärm-a-dil′o, n. a small American edentate quadruped, having its body armed with bands of bony plates:—pl. Armadill′os. [Sp., dim. of armado, armed.]

Armageddon, är-mag-ed′on, n. the great symbolical battlefield of the Apocalypse, in which the final struggle between the powers of good and evil is to be fought out. [The name was no doubt suggested by the famous battlefield of Megiddo, in the plain of Esdraelon.]

Armament, ärm′a-ment, n. forces armed or equipped for war: munitions of war, esp. the great guns with which a ship is armed. [L. armamenta—arma.]

Armenian, ar-mē′ni-an, adj. belonging to Armenia, in Western Asia: belonging to the Armenian branch of the Christian Church.—n. a native of Armenia.

Armet, är′met, n. a helmet introduced about 1450 in place of the basinet, consisting of an iron cap, spreading over the back of the neck, having in front the visor, beaver, and gorget. [Fr.]

Armgaunt, ärm′gänt, adj. (Shak. once, Ant. and Cleop. I. v. 48), with gaunt limbs (?). The word has not been satisfactorily explained, and is most likely an error.

Armiger, är′mi-jėr, n. an armour-bearer: one entitled to a coat-of-arms: an esquire—also Armi′gero (Shak.).—adj. Armi′gerous. [L.; arma, arms, gerĕre, to bear.]

Armillary, är′mil-lar-i, or är-mil′lar-i, adj. resembling an armlet or bracelet: consisting of rings or circles.—n. Armil′la, in archæology, a bracelet: one of the coronation ornaments: the regalia.—Armillary sphere, an instrument constructed to show the motions of the heavenly bodies. [L. armilla, an armlet. See Arm (1).]

Arminian, ar-min′yan, n. a follower of Arminius (1560-1609), a Dutch divine, who denied the Calvinistic doctrine of absolute predestination, as well as irresistible grace.—adj. holding the doctrines of Arminius.—n. Armin′ianism.

Armipotent, ärm-ip′ō-tent, adj. powerful in arms. [L. arma, arms, potens, -entis, powerful.]

Armistice, ärm′ist-is, n. a short suspension of hostilities: a truce. [Fr.—Low L. armistitium, from L. arma, arms, sistĕre—stitum, to stop.]

Armoric, ar-mor′ik, n. the language of the inhabitants of Armorica, the ancient name for Brittany. [L. Armoricus—Celt. are-mor, before the sea.]

Armour, ärm′ur, n. defensive arms or dress: heraldic insignia: plating of ships of war.—adj. Armō′rial, belonging to armour, or to the arms of a family.—ns. Arm′our-bear′er; Arm′ourer, a maker or repairer of, or one who has the charge of, armour.—adj. Arm′our-plat′ed.—ns. Arm′oury, Arm′ory, the place in which arms are made or kept: a collection of ancient armour; Coat′-arm′our, originally a vest of silk embroidered in colours, worn by a knight over his armour. [See Arm (2).]

Armozeen, Armozine, är-mo-zēn′, n. a kind of taffeta or plain silk, usually black, used for clerical gowns. [Fr. armoisin.]

Army, ärm′i, n. a large body of men armed for war and under military command: a body of men banded together in a special cause, whether travestying military methods, as the 'Salvation Army,' or not, as the 'Blue Ribbon Army:' a host: a great number.—ns. Arm′y-Corps (-kōr), a main division of an army, a miniature army comprising all arms of the service; Arm′y-list, a list of all commissioned officers, issued periodically by the War Office; Arm′y-worm, a European grub which collects in vast armies. [Fr. armée—L. armata, armāre.]

Arnica, är′ni-ka, n. a genus of composite plants, of which the species A. montana, or Mountain Tobacco, formerly enjoyed a great repute in medicine as a stimulant in paralytic affections, low fevers, &c.—its flowers still yield a tincture externally applied to wounds and bruises. [Mod. L.; origin unknown.]

Aroint, a-roint′, interj. (Shak.) away! begone! used only twice in the phrase, 'Aroint thee, witch:' to bid begone (arch. usage in Browning).—v.t. to drive or frighten away. [Origin unknown; perh. in some provincialism, like the Yorkshire rynd-ta, 'round-thee,' 'move-round,' spoken to a cow in her stall.]

Aroma, a-rō′ma, n. sweet smell: the odorous principle of plants: (fig.) flavour or peculiar charm of any kind.—adj. Aromat′ic, fragrant: spicy.—v.t. Arō′matise, to render aromatic: to perfume:—pr.p. arō′matising; pa.p. arō′matised. [Through Fr. and L. from Gr. arōma.]

Around, a-rownd′, prep. on all sides of: (Amer.) round about.—adv. on every side: in a circle: (Amer.) round, all about, [a, on, and Round.]

Arouse, a-rowz′, v.t. and v.i. same as Rouse.—ns. Arouse, Arous′al (rare).

Arow, a-rō′, adv. in a row: one following the other. [Prep. a, and Row.]

Arpeggio, är-pej′ō, n. (mus.) a chord of which the notes are given, not simultaneously, but in rapid succession. [It. arpeggiare, to play upon the harp—arpa, harp.]

Arpent, är′pent, n. an old French measure for land still used in Quebec and Louisiana = 100 sq. perches, varying with the perch from 1¼ acre to 5⁄6 of an acre. [Fr.—L. arepennis, said to be a Gallic word.]

Arquebuse, är′kwi-bus, n. an old-fashioned hand-gun—also Har′quebus.—n. Arquebusier′. [Fr. arquebuse—Dut. haakbus—haak, hook, and bus, box, barrel of a gun; Ger. hakenbüchse.]

Arracacha, ar-a-kach′ä, n. an umbelliferous plant with esculent roots, native to the northern parts of South America. [Native Ind. name.]

Arrack, ar′ak, n. an ardent spirit used in the East, procured from toddy or the fermented juice of the coco and other palms, as well as from rice and jaggery sugar. [Ar. ‛araq, juice.]

Arraign, ar-rān′, v.t. to call one to account: to put a prisoner upon trial: to accuse publicly.—ns. Arraign′er; Arraign′ing; Arraign′ment. [O. Fr. aresnier—Low L. arrationāre—L. ad, to, rationem, reason.]

Arrange, ar-rānj′, v.t. to set in a rank or row: to put in order: to settle: (mus.) to adapt a composition for instruments or voices for which it was not originally written, as when orchestral or vocal compositions are set for the pianoforte, or the reverse.—v.i. to come to an agreement.—n. Arrange′ment, act of arranging: classification: settlement. [O. Fr. arangier—à (—L. ad, to), and rangier, rengier. See Range.]

Arrant, ar′rant, adj. downright, notorious (used in a bad sense): unmitigated.—adv. Ar′rantly. [A variant of Errant. From its use in phrases like 'arrant thief,' it passed naturally into a general term used with other terms of abuse.]

Arras, ar′ras, n. tapestry: a hanging screen of such hung round the walls of rooms.—p.adj. Ar′rased, covered with arras.—n. Ar′rasene, an embroidery material of wool and silk stitched in like crewels. [From Arras in Northern France, where first manufactured.]

Arraught, ar-rawt′, adj. (Spens.) seized on by force:—pa.t. and pa.p. of Arreach. [See Reach.]

Array, ar-rā′, n. order: dress: equipage.—v.t. to put in order: to arrange: to dress, adorn, or equip. [O. Fr. arroi, array, equipage—L. ad, and a Teut. root, found in Eng. Ready, Ger. bereit, A.S. gerǽde, preparation, Dan. rede, order.]

Arrear, ar-rēr′, n. that which is in the rear or behind: that which remains unpaid or undone (used mostly in pl.).—adv. Arrear′, backward, behind.—n. Arrear′age (Shak.), arrears. [O. Fr. arere, ariere (Fr. arrière)—L. ad, to, retro, back, behind.]

Arrect, a-rekt′, adj. upright: erected, as the ears: on the alert. [L. arrectus.]

Arrest, ar-rest′, v.t. to stop: to seize: to catch the attention: to apprehend by legal authority.—n. stoppage: seizure by warrant.—adj. Arrest′able, liable to be arrested.—n. Arrestā′tion, the act of arresting: arrest.—adj. Arrest′ive, with a tendency to arrest.—n. Arrest′ment (law), detention of a person arrested till liberated on bail, or by security: (Scots law) the process which prohibits a debtor from making payment to his creditor until another debt due to the person making use of the arrestment by such creditor is paid. [O. Fr. arester—L. ad, to, restāre, to stand still.]

Arret, ar-ret′, or a-rā′, n. decision: judgment of a tribunal—properly of the king or parliament of France. [Fr. arrêt. See Arrest.]

Arrière-ban, är′yer-bän, or ä-rēr′ban, n. in feudal times, the sovereign's summons to all freemen to take the field: the army thus collected. [O. Fr. ariereban, Old High Ger. hari, army, and ban, public proclamation.]

Arris, ar′ris, n. a sharp ridge or edge on stone or metal. [See Arête.]

Arrive, ar-rīv′, v.i. to reach any place: to attain to any object (with at).—ns. Arrīv′al, the act of arriving: persons or things that arrive; Arrīv′ance (Shak.), company arriving. [O. Fr. ariver—Low L. adripāre—L. ad, to, ripa, a bank.]

Arroba, a-rō′ba, n. a weight of 25 or more pounds, used in Spanish and Portuguese regions. [Ar.]

Arrogate, ar′rog-āt, v.t. to claim as one's own: to claim proudly or unduly.—ns. Ar′rogance, Ar′rogancy, undue assumption of importance.—adj. Ar′rogant, claiming too much: overbearing.—adv. Ar′rogantly.—n. Arrogā′tion, act of arrogating: undue assumption. [L. arrogāre—ad, to, rogāre, -ātum, to ask, to claim.]

Arrondissement, ar-ron′dēs-mäng, n. a subdivision of a French department, comprising a number of communes. [Fr.—arrondir, to make round.]

Arrow, ar′rō, n. a straight, pointed weapon, made to be shot from a bow: any arrow-shaped pin or ornament: the chief shoot of a plant, esp. the flowering stem of the sugar-cane.—n. Ar′row-head, the head or pointed part of an arrow: an aquatic plant native to England, with arrow-shaped leaves rising above the water—reputed good for hydrophobia.—adj. Ar′row-head′ed, shaped like the head of an arrow.—n. Ar′row-shot, the distance traversed by an arrow.—adj. Ar′rowy, of or like arrows. [A.S. earh, arwe; cog. with L. arcus; akin to Ice. ör, örvar.]

Arrowroot, ar′rō-rōōt, n. a starch obtained from the roots of certain plants growing chiefly in West Indies, and much used as food for invalids and children. [Said to be so named because used by the Indians of South America as an antidote against wounds caused by poisoned arrows.]

'Arry, ar′i, n. a jovial vulgar fellow who drops his h's:—fem. 'Ar′riet.—adj. 'Ar′ryish, in holiday spirits. [From the vulgar Cockney pronunciation of Harry.]

Arse, ärs, n. the posterior parts of an animal.—adv. and adj. Ars′y-vers′y, backside foremost, contrary. [A.S. ears; Ger. arsch, Sw. ars; cog. with Gr. orros.]

Arsenal, är′se-nal, n. a dock possessing naval stores: a public magazine or manufactory of naval and military stores. [It. arzenale, arsenale (Sp., Fr. arsenal)—Ar. dār aççinā‛ah, workshop; dār, house, al, the, cinā‛ah, art.]

Arsenic, ar′sen-ik, n. one of the chemical elements: a mineral poison: a soft, gray-coloured metal.—ns. Ar′senate, Arsē′niate, a salt of arsenic acid.—adjs. Arsen′ic, -al, composed of or containing arsenic: in chemistry, applied to compounds; Arsē′nious, of or containing arsenic.—n. Ar′senite, a salt of arsenious acid. [Gr. arsenikon, arsen, male; the alchemists fancied some metals male, others female.]

Arsis, ar′sis, n. grammatical term applied to the elevation of the voice to a higher pitch in speaking: (mus.) the strong position in a bar: the strong syllable in English metre:—pl. Ar′sēs. [L.—Gr. arsis—airein, to lift.]

Arson, ärs′on, n. the crime of wilfully burning houses or other buildings.—ns. Ar′sonite, Ar′sonist (rare). [O. Fr. arson—L. arsion-em, ardēre, arsum, to burn.]

Art, ärt, 2d pers. sing. of the present tense of the verb To be. [A.S. eart.]

Art, ärt, n. practical skill guided by rules: human skill as opposed to nature: skill as applied to subjects of taste, the fine arts—music, painting, sculpture, architecture, and poetry: (pl.) specially used of certain branches of learning to be acquired as necessary for pursuit of higher studies, or for the work of life, as in phrase 'faculty of arts, master of arts:' the rules and methods of doing certain actions: a profession, skilled trade, or craft: contrivance: cunning, artfulness, or address: artifice, special faculty of some kind acquired by practice, skill, dexterity, knack: special faculty of giving expression to æsthetic or artistic quality, as in art-furniture, &c., supposed, by the buyer, in this respect, to justify its price.—adj. Art′ful, full of art: (arch.) dexterous, clever: cunning: produced by art.—adv. Art′fully.—n. Art′fulness.—adj. Art′less, simple: (rare) inartistic: guileless, unaffected.—adv. Art′lessly.—ns. Art′lessness; Arts′man, one who cultivates some practical knowledge: (arch.) a man skilled in arts or in learning.—n.pl. Art′-un′ions, associations having for their object the promotion of an interest in the fine arts.—Art and part, as in the phrase 'to be art and part in,' originally in legal expressions like 'to be concerned in either by art or part'—i.e. either by art in contriving or by part in actual execution; now loosely used in the sense of participating, sharing.—Useful arts as opposed to Fine arts, those in which the hands and body are more concerned than the mind.—Science and Art differ essentially in their aims—Science, in Mill's words, 'takes cognisance of a phenomenon, and endeavours to ascertain its law; Art proposes to itself an end, and looks out for means to effect it.' [L. ars, artis. See Arm.]

Artemisia, är-tē-miz′i-a, n. a genus of composite plants, with a peculiarly bitter taste, including Wormwood, Southernwood, &c.

Artery, är′tėr-i, n. a tube or vessel which conveys blood from the heart (see Aorta)—also metaphorically: any main channel of communication.—adj. Artēr′ial—v.t. Artēr′ialise, to make arterial.—ns. Artēriot′omy, the cutting or opening of an artery, to let blood; Arterī′tis, inflammation of an artery. [L.—Gr. artēria, orig. the windpipe most probably—Gr. air-ein, to raise. The ancient conception of the artery as an air-duct gave rise to the derivation from Gr. aēr, air.]

Artesian, är-tē′zhan, adj. applied to wells made by boring until water is reached. [From Artois (L. Artesium), in the north of France, where the oldest known well of this kind in Europe was sunk in 1126.]

Arthritis, ar-thrī′tis, n. inflammation of a joint: gout.—adj. Arthrit′ic, relating to or affecting the joints: gouty. [Gr. arthritikos—arthron, a joint.]

Arthropoda, ar-throp′od-a, n.pl. a great division of the animal kingdom, the body consisting of a definite number of segments, each having a pair of hollow jointed limbs into which the body muscles proceed. It again divides into two great groups—the water-breathers or Branchiata, and the air-breathers or Tracheata.—adj. Arthrop′odal. [Gr. arthron, joint, and pous, pod-os, a foot.]

Artichoke, är′ti-chōk, n. a thistle-like, perennial, eatable plant with large scaly heads, like the cone of the pine, now growing wild in the south of Europe, though probably a native of Asia.—Jerusalem artichoke, a totally different plant, a species of sunflower, bearing tubers like those of the potato, Jerusalem being a corr. of It. girasole ('turn-sun'), sunflower. By a quibble on Jerusalem, the soup made from it is called Palestine soup. [Old It. articiocco (It. carciofo)—Old Sp. alcarchofa—Ar. al-kharshōfa, al-kharshuf. Popular definitions are many—e.g. the plant that chokes the garden or the heart.]

Article, ärt′i-kl, n. a separate element, member, or part of anything: a particular substance: a single clause or term: a distinct point in an agreement, or an agreement looked at as complete, as in 'articles of apprenticeship,' &c.: rules or conditions generally: a section of any document: a literary composition in a journal, newspaper, encyclopædia, &c., treating of a subject distinctly and independently: (gram.) the name given to the adjectives the (definite article) and a or an (indefinite article).—v.t. to draw up or bind by articles: to indict, charge with specific accusations: bind by articles of apprenticeship.—adj. Artic′ular, belonging to the joints.—Articles of association, regulations for the business of a joint-stock company registered under the Companies Acts; Articles of faith, binding statement of points held by a particular Church; Articles of war, code of regulations for the government and discipline of the army and navy.—In the article of death (L. in articulo mortis), at the point of death.—Lords of the Articles, a standing committee of the Scottish parliament who drafted the measures to be submitted.—The Thirty-nine Articles, the articles of religious belief finally agreed upon by the entire bishops and clergy of the Church of England in 1562. [L. articulus, a little joint—artus, a joint.]

Articulata, är-tik-ū-lā′ta, n. one of the great primary divisions of the animal kingdom, according to Cuvier, including those animals of which the body is divided into a number of distinct joints—viz. the higher worms or Annelids, and also the Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids, and Myriopods.

Articulate, är-tik′ūl-āt, adj. distinct: clear.—v.t. to joint: to form into distinct sounds, syllables, or words.—v.i. to speak distinctly.—adv. Artic′ulately.—ns. Artic′ulateness; Articulā′tion, a joining as of the bones: part between two joints: distinctness, or distinct utterance: a consonant; Artic′ulator, one who articulates or speaks: one who articulates bones and mounts skeletons. [L. articulāre, -ātum, to furnish with joints, to utter distinctly. See Article.]

Artifice, art′i-fis, n. artificer's work: a contrivance: a trick or fraud.—n. Artif′icer, a workman: an inventor.—adj. Artificial (ärt-i-fish′yal), made by art: not natural: cultivated: not indigenous: feigned: not natural in manners, affected.—v.t. and v.i. Artific′ialise, to render artificial.—ns. Artificial′ity, Artific′ialness.—adv. Artific′ially. [L. artificium—artifex, -ficis, an artificer—ars, artis, and facĕre, to make.]

Artillery, är-til′ėr-i, n. offensive weapons of war, esp. cannon, mortars, &c.: the men who manage them: a branch of the military service: gunnery.—ns. Artill′erist, one skilled in artillery or gunnery; Artill′ery-man, a soldier of the artillery. [O. Fr. artillerie, artiller, to arm; through a supposed Low L. artillāre—L. ars, artis, art.]

Artiodactyla, är-ti-o-dak′til-a, n. a sub-order of the great mammalian order of Ungulata, having the third digit unsymmetrical in itself, but forming a symmetrical pair with the fourth digit—as distinguished from the Perissodactyla (horse, tapir, rhinoceros), which have the third digit of each limb symmetrical in itself, an odd number of digits on the hind-foot, and at least twenty-two dorso-lumbar vertebræ. The Artiodactyla, again, divide into two groups, the Non-Ruminantia and the Ruminantia.

Artisan, ärt′i-zan, n. one skilled in any art or trade: a mechanic. [Fr.—It. artigiano, ult. from L. artitus, skilled in the arts—ars, artis, art.]

Artist, ärt′ist, n. one who practises an art, esp. one of the fine arts, as painting, sculpture, engraving, or architecture.—adjs. Artist′ic, -al, according to art.—adv. Artist′ically.—n. Art′istry, artistic pursuits: artistic workmanship, quality, or ability. [Fr. artiste, It. artista—L. ars, artis, art.]

Artiste, är-tēst′, n. one dexterous or tasteful in any art, as an opera dancer, a cook, a hairdresser, &c. [Fr.]

Arum, ā′rum, n. a genus of plants represented in England by the Cuckoo-pint or Wake Robin (A. maculatum), whose root yields a wholesome farina known as Portland Sago or Arrowroot. [L.—Gr. aron.]

Arundinaceous, a-run-di-nā′shus, adj. relating to or like a reed.—Also Arundin′eous. [L. arundinaceus—arundo, a reed.]

Arvicola, är-vik′ō-lä, n. the general name of the family of animals to which belong the water-vole and field-vole. [Coined from L. arvum, a field, colĕ-re, to inhabit.]

Ary, ä′ri, e′ri, adj. (prov.) any. [A modification of e'er a for ever a. Cf. Nary.]

Aryan, ar′i-an, or ā′ri-an, adj. relating to the family of nations otherwise called Indo-European (comprehending the inhabitants of Europe—except the Basques, Turks, Magyars, and Finns—and those of Armenia, Persia, and North Hindustan), or to their languages—Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, Lettic.—v.t. Aryanise′. [L. arianus, belonging to Ariana or Aria (Gr. Areia), the east part of Ancient Persia—Sans. Arya (cf. Old Pers. Ariya, and Irān, Persia), often traced to a root ar, plough.]

As, az, adv., conj., and pron. in that degree, so far, as ... as: the consequent in a co-relation expressing quantity, degree, &c., as ... as, such ... as, same ... as: since, because: when, while: expressing merely continuation or expansion, for instance: similarly: for example: while: in like manner: that, who, which (after such, same).—As concerning, As to, As for, so far as concerns; As it were, so to speak, in some sort; As much, the same; As well (as), just as much (as), equally (with). [A worn-down form of all-so, A.S. all-swá, wholly so.]

As, as, n. in Norse mythology, one of the gods, the inhabitants of Asgard:—pl. Aesir (ā′ser). [Ice. āss, a god (pl. æsir)—A.S. ōs, seen in such proper names as Oswold, Osric.]

As, as, n. Latin unit of weight, 12 ounces (L. unciæ): a copper coin, the unit of the early monetary system of Rome.

Asafœtida, as-a-fet′i-da, n. a medicinal gum-resin, having an offensive smell, procured by drying the milky juice which flows from the root of the plant Ferula (Narthex) asafœtida. [Pers. azā, mastic, and L. fœtida, stinking.]

Åsar, ē′sar, n.pl. the Swedish name for those long, winding banks and ridges of gravel and sand which occur abundantly in the low grounds of Sweden, supposed to mark the site of sub-glacial streams and rivers.—These åsar are the same as the Irish eskar and the Scotch kames.

Asarabacca, as-a-ra-bak′a, n. a European plant, a species of Asarum, having acrid properties, formerly used in the preparation of snuffs for catarrh, &c. [L. asarum, bacca, a berry.]

Asbestos, az-best′os, n. an incombustible mineral, a variety of hornblende, of a fine fibrous texture, resembling flax: (fig.) anything unquenchable.—adjs. Asbes′tic, Asbes′tous, Asbes′tine, of or like asbestos: incombustible. [Gr.; (lit.) unquenchable—a, neg., sbestos, extinguished.]

Ascaris, as′ka-ris, n. a genus of parasitic worms, of the family Ascar′idæ, infesting the small intestines. [Gr. askaris, pl. askarides.]

Ascend, as-send′, v.i. to climb or mount up: to rise, literally or figuratively: to go backwards in the order of time.—v.t. to climb or go up on: to mount.—adjs. Ascend′able, Ascend′ible.—Ascending rhythm, in prosody, a rhythm in which the arsis follows the thesis, as an iambic or anapæstic rhythm: opposed to descending rhythms, as the trochaic and dactylic. [L. ascendĕre, ascensum—ad, and scandĕre, to climb.]

Ascension, as-sen′shun, n. a rising or going up.—adjs. Ascend′ant, -ent, superior: above the horizon.—n. superiority: (astrol.) the part of the ecliptic rising above the horizon at the time of one's birth; it was supposed to have commanding influence over the person's life, hence the phrase, 'in the ascendant:' superiority or great influence: (rare) an ancestor.—n. Ascend′ency, controlling influence—also Ascend′ancy, Ascend′ance, Ascend′ence (rare).—adj. Ascen′sional, relating to ascension.—n. Ascen′sion-day, the festival held on Holy Thursday, ten days before Whitsunday, to commemorate Christ's ascension to heaven.—adj. Ascen′sive, rising: causing to rise.—n. Ascent′, act of ascending: upward movement, as of a balloon: way of ascending: degree of elevation or advancement: slope or gradient: a flight of steps.—Line of ascent, ancestry.—Right ascension (astron.), the name applied to one of the arcs which determine the position relatively to the equator of a heavenly body on the celestial sphere, the other being the declinator. [L. ascensio—ascendĕre.]

Ascertain, as-sėr-tān′, v.t. to determine: to obtain certain knowledge of: (rare) to insure, certify, make certain.—adj. Ascertain′able.—n. Ascertain′ment. [O. Fr. acertener. See Certain.]

Ascetic, as-set′ik, n. one who rigidly denies himself ordinary sensual gratifications for conscience' sake, one who aims to compass holiness through self-mortification, the flesh being considered as the seat of sin, and therefore to be chastened: a strict hermit.—adjs. Ascet′ic, -al, excessively rigid: austere: recluse.—adv. Ascet′ically.—n. Ascet′icism. [Gr. askētikos (adj. askētēs), one that uses exercises to train himself—askein, to work, take exercise, (eccles.) to mortify the body.]

Ascian, ash′yan, n. name given to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who are shadowless at certain seasons, from the sun being right over their heads. [Gr. askios, shadowless—a, neg., skia, a shadow.]

Ascidians, a-sid′i-anz, n.pl. a group belonging to the tunicate Mollusca, forming a class of degenerate survivors of ancestral vertebrates, asymmetrical marine animals with a tubular heart and no feet, of a double-mouthed flask shape, found at low-water mark on the sea-beach.—n. Ascid′ium, a genus of Ascidians: (bot.) a pitcher-shaped, leafy formation, as in the Nepenthes. [Gr. askidion, dim. of askos, a leathern bag, wine-skin.]

Asclepiad, as-klē′pi-ad, Asclepiadic, as-klē-pi-ad′ik, n. in ancient prosody, a verse consisting of a spondee, two (or three) choriambi, and an iambus:

—adj. Asclepiad′ic. [Asclepiadēs, a Greek poet.]

Asclepiads, as-klē′pi-adz, n.pl. an order of Greek physicians, priests of Asclepius or Æsculapius, the god of medicine. [Gr. asklēpius, Asclepius.]

Asclepias, as-klē′pi-as, n. a genus of plants, native to North America, giving name to the natural order of the Asclepidaceæ, and containing the milk-weed, swallow-wort, &c.

Ascribe, a-skrīb′, v.t. to attribute, impute, or assign.—adj. Ascrib′able.—n. Ascrip′tion, act of ascribing or imputing: any expression of ascribing, or any formula for such, like the one ascribing glory to God repeated at the end of a sermon. [L. ascribĕre, -scriptum—ad, to, scrib-ĕre, to write.]

Aseptic, a-sep′tik, adj. not liable to decay or putrefaction.—n. Asep′ticism. [From Gr. a, neg., sēptos, sēpomai, to decay.]

Asexual, a-seks′ū-al, adj. without sex, once applied to cryptogams—agamic. [Gr. a, neg., and Sexual.]

Asgard, as′gärd, n. the heaven of Norse mythology, abode of the twelve gods and twenty-six goddesses, and of heroes slain in battle. [Ice. asgardhr, āss, a god, gardhr, an enclosure.]

Ash, ash, n. a well-known timber tree, or its wood, which is white, tough, and hard, much used in carpentry and wheel-work: the ashen shaft of a spear, or a spear itself.—adj. Ash′en.—n. Ground′-ash, or Ash′-plant, an ash sapling.—Mountain ash, the rowan-tree; Quaking ash, the aspen. [A.S. æsc—Ger. esche, Ice. askr.]

Ashamed, a-shāmd′, adj. affected with shame (with of for the cause of shame; for, the person).—v.t. and v.i. Ashame′, to feel shame: to put to shame.—n. Ashamed′ness.—p.adj. Asham′ing. [Pa.p. of old verb ashame.]

Ashes, ash′ez, n.pl. the dust or remains of anything burnt: the remains of the human body when burnt: (fig.) a dead body: used to express pallor, from the colour of wood-ashes, as in 'pale as ashes,' 'ashy-pale.'—n. Ash′-buck′et, a box or bucket in which house-ashes and general refuse are collected for removal.—adjs. Ash′en, Ash′en-gray.—ns. Ash′ery, a place where potash or pearl-ash is made; Ash′-heap, a heap of ashes and household refuse; Ash′-leach, a tub in which alkaline salts are dissolved from wood-ashes; Ash′-pan, a kind of tray fitted underneath a grate to receive the ashes.—adjs. Ash′y, Ash′y-gray.—To lay in ashes, to destroy utterly by burning. [A.S. asce; Ice. aska.]

Ashet, ash′et, n. (now only Scot.) a large flat dish in which meat is served. [Fr. assiette.]

Ashkenazim, ash-kē-naz′im, n.pl. the Polish and German Jews, as distinguished from the Sephardim, the Spanish and Portuguese Jews. [Heb. Ashkenaz, the name of a northern people in Gen. x., located in Arabia, by later Jews identified with Germany.]

Ashlar, ash′lar, Ashler, ash′lėr, n. hewn or squared stone used in facing a wall, as distinguished from rough, as it comes from the quarry—also in Ash′lar-work, as opposed to Rubble-work.—p.adj. Ash′lared.—n. Ash′laring. [O. Fr. aiseler—L. axillaris, axilla, dim. of axis, assis, axle; also plank (cf. Fr. ais, It. asse.]

Ash-Wednesday, ash-wenz′dā, n. the first day of Lent, so called from the Roman Catholic custom of sprinkling ashes on the head.

Asian, āzh′yan, or āsh′i-an, Asiatic, ā-zhi-at′ik, or āsh-i-at′ik, adj. belonging to Asia: florid in literature or art.—n. Asiat′icism, imitation of Asiatic or Eastern manners.

Aside, a-sīd′, adv. on or to one side: privately: apart.—n. words spoken in an undertone, so as not to be heard by some person present, words spoken by an actor which the other persons on the stage are supposed not to hear: an indirect effort of any kind.—adj. private, apart.—To set aside, to quash (a judgment).

Asinego, as-i-nē′go, n. (Shak.) a stupid fellow.—Also Asini′co. [Sp. asnico—dim. of asno, L. asinus, ass.]

Asinine, as′in-īn, adj. of or like an ass.—n. Asinin′ity. [See Ass.]

Ask, ask, v.t. to seek: to request, inquire, beg, question, invite.—v.i. to request: to make inquiry (with about and for—as to ask one after or for another). [A.S. áscian, ácsian; Ger. heischen, Ice. æskja, Sans. esh, to desire.]

Askance, a-skans′, Askant, a-skant′, adv. sideways: awry: obliquely: with a side glance, or with a side meaning.—v.t. (Shak.) to turn aside.—To eye, look, or view askance, to look at with suspicion. [Ety. very obscure; perh. conn. with It. a schiáncio, slopingly, or with Ice. á-ská, as in Askew.]

Aslake, a-slāk′, v.t. (arch.) to slake: to mitigate. [Prep. a, and Slake.]

Aslant, a-slant′, adj. or adv. obliquely.—Also Asklent′ (Scot.).

Asleep, a-slēp′, adj. or adv. in sleep: sleeping: in the sleep of death, dead. [Prep. a, and Sleep.]

Asp, asp, Aspic, asp′ik, n. a popular name applied loosely to various genera of venomous serpents—now chiefly to the Vipera aspis of Southern Europe. Cleopatra's asp was probably the small Vipera hasselquistii, or horned viper: the biblical asp (Heb. pethen) was probably the Egyptian juggler's snake (Naja haje). [L.—Gr. aspis.]

Asparagus, as-par′a-gus, n. a plant cultivated for its young shoots, esteemed as a table delicacy.—n. Aspar′agine, a nitrogenised crystallised substance found in asparagus and other vegetables.—Sparrow-grass was long the form of the word in English. [L.—Gr. asparagos.]

Aspect, as′pekt (in Shak. and elsewhere, as-pekt′), n. look: view: appearance, also applied figuratively to the mind: position in relation to the points of the compass: the situation of one planet with respect to another, as seen from the earth.—v.i. (obs.) to look at.—adj. As′pectable, visible, worth looking at. [L. aspectus—ad, at, specĕre, to look.]

Aspen, asp′en, n. the trembling poplar.—adj. made of or like the aspen: tremulous: timorous.—adj. As′pen-like. [A.S. æspe, Ger. espe.]

Asperges, as-per′jes, n. a short service introductory to the mass, so called from the words Asperges me, Domine, hyssopo et mundabor (Ps. li.).

Aspergill, -um, as′pėr-jil, -um, n. a kind of brush used in R.C. churches for sprinkling holy water on the people.—Also Asperge′, Asper′soir. [L. aspergĕre, to sprinkle, and dim. suffix.]

Aspergillum, as-pėr-jil′um, n. a remarkable genus of boring Lamellibranch Molluscs, in which the shell has the form of an elongated cone, terminating at the lower end in a disc, pierced by numerous small tubular holes.—n. Aspergil′lus, the name of a genus of minute fungi or moulds occurring on decaying substances of various kinds.

Asperity, as-per′i-ti, n. roughness: harshness: bitter coldness. [L. asperitat-em, asper, rough.]

Aspermous, a-spėr′mus, Aspermatous, a-spėr′ma-tus, adj. without seeds. [Gr. a, neg., sperma, seed.]

Asperse, as-pėrs′, v.t. to slander or calumniate: to bespatter (with).—n. Asper′sion, calumny: slander: (Shak.) a shower or spray.—adjs. Aspers′ive, Aspers′ory, tending to asperse: defamatory.

Aspersorium, as-per-sōr′i-um, n. a vessel used in R.C. churches for holding holy water.

Asphalt, as-falt′, or as′falt, Asphaltum, as-falt′um, n. a black or dark-brown, hard, bituminous substance, anciently used as a cement, and now for paving, cisterns, water-pipes, &c.—v.t. Asphalt′, to lay or cover with asphalt.—adj. Asphalt′ic. [Gr. asphaltos, from an Eastern word.]

Aspheterism, as-fet′er-izm, n. (Southey) denial of the right of private property.—v.i. Asphet′erise. [Gr. a, neg., and spheteros, one's own.]

Asphodel, as′fo-del, n. a kind of lily—in Greek mythology, the peculiar plant of the dead. In Greece they cover the bleakest hillsides with enduring blossom.—adj. Elysian. [Gr. asphodelos, a plant of the lily kind; cf. Homer's asphodelos leimōn, the meadow of the dead. See Daffodil.]

Asphyxia, as-fik′si-a, n. (lit.) suspended animation, suffocation, when the blood is in such a state as to render impossible a sufficiently free exchange of carbonic acid for oxygen—also Asphyx′y.—n. Asphyx′iant, a chemical substance which produces asphyxia.—adj. Asphyx′iāted.—ns. Asphyxiā′tion; Asphyx′iātor. [Gr., a stopping of the pulse—a, neg., sphyxis, the pulse.]

Aspic, Aspick, as′pik, n. (poet.) a venomous serpent. [See Asp.]

Aspic, as′pik, n. a savoury meat-jelly containing fish, game, hard-boiled eggs, &c. [Littré suggests its derivation from aspic, asp, because it is 'cold as an aspic,' a French proverb.]

Aspirant, as-pīr′ant, or as′pir-ant, n. one who aspires (with after, for): a candidate.—adj. ambitious: mounting up (rare in both senses). [See Aspire.]

Aspirate, as′pir-āt, v.t. to pronounce with a full breathing, as the letter h in house.—n. a mark of aspiration, the rough breathing in Greek (‛): an aspirated letter.—p.adj. As′perated, made harsh.—ns. Aspirā′tion, pronunciation of a letter with a full breathing: an aspirated sound (like Gr. ch, th, &c.): drawing air in; Aspirā′tor, an apparatus for drawing air or other gases through bottles or other vessels: (med.) an instrument for removing fluids from the cavities of the body.—adj. Aspīr′atory, relating to breathing.—To drop one's aspirates, not to pronounce h, a mark of imperfect education or humble social standing. [See Aspire.]

Aspire, as-pīr′ (followed by to or after with the object, or by an infinitive), v.i. to desire eagerly: to aim at high things: to tower up.—n. Aspirā′tion, eager desire.—adj. Aspīr′ing.—adv. Aspīr′ingly.—n. Aspīr′ingness. [Fr.—L. aspirāre, -ātum—ad, to, spirāre, to breathe.]

Asplenium, as-plē′ni-um, n. spleenwort, a genus of ferns, mostly tropical, with long or linear sori, with indusium arising laterally from above a vein—including the lady-fern, black maiden-hair, &c. [Gr. asplēnion.]

Asport, as-pōrt′, v.t. (rare) to carry away, esp. in a bad sense.—n. Asportā′tion, feloniously carrying away. [L. asportāre—abs, away, and portāre, to carry.]

Asquint, a-skwint′, adv. and adj. towards the corner of the eye: obliquely.

Ass, as, n. a well-known quadruped of the horse family: (fig.) a dull, stupid fellow.—Asses' bridge, or Pons asinorum, a humorous name for the fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid. [A.S. assa, the earlier Teutonic form being esol, esil (Goth. asilus)—L. asinus; Gr. onos, ass. Perh. ult. of Semitic origin, as in Heb. āthōn, a she-ass.]

Assagai, Assegai, as′sa-gī, n. a slender spear of hard wood, tipped with iron, some for hurling, some for thrusting with—used by the South African tribes, notably the war-like Zulus.—v.t. to kill or slay with an assagai. [Through Fr. or Port. from Ar. azzaghāyah, az = al, the zaghāyah, a Berber word.]

Assail, as-sāl′, v.t. to assault: to attack.—adj. Assail′able.—ns. Assail′ant, one who assails or attacks; Assail′ment. [O. Fr. asaillir—L. assilīre—ad, upon, and salīre, to leap.]

Assassin, as-as′in, n. one who, usually for a reward, kills by surprise or secretly.—v.t. Assas′sinate, to murder by surprise or secret assault: (Milton) to maltreat: also figuratively, to destroy by treacherous means, as a reputation.—n. (obs.) one who assassinates.—ns. Assassinā′tion, secret murder; Assas′sinator. [Through Fr. or It. from Ar. hashshāshīn, 'hashish-eaters,' a military and religious order in Syria, of the 11th century, who became notorious for their secret murders in obedience to the will of their chief, and fortified themselves for their adventures by hashish, an intoxicating drug or drink made from hemp.]

Assault, as-sawlt′, n. a sudden attack: a storming, as of a town: (Eng. law) unlawful attempt to apply force to the person of another—when force is actually applied, the act amounts to battery: an attack of any sort by arguments, appeals, &c.—v.t. to make an assault or attack upon: (law) to make an assault.—n. Assault′er.—Assault at arms, a display of attack and defence in fencing. [O. Fr. asaut—L. ad, upon, saltus, a leap, salīre, to leap. See Assail.]

Assay, as-sā′, v.t. to determine the proportions of a metal in an ore or alloy: endeavour (more usually Essay): (Spens.) to affect or move: (Shak.) to put one to the proof, as to accost with a particular purpose, to measure swords with another, &c.: (poet.) put to proof, examine by trial.—v.i. to attempt.—n. the determination of the quantity of metal in an ore or alloy: the trial of anything, as in the ancient custom of tasting the drink before handing it to a king or noble: an attempt or endeavour: probation or trial: (Spens.) ascertained purity.—ns. Assay′er, one who assays, esp. metals; Assay′ing, the process of assaying or determining the proportion of pure metal in an ore or alloy; Assay′-mas′ter, the officer who determines the amount of gold or silver in coin or bullion. [O. Fr. assayer, n. assai. See Essay.]

Assemble, as-sem′bl, v.t. to call or bring together: to collect.—v.i. to meet together.—ns. Assem′blage, a collection of persons or things; Assem′blance (Spens.), an assembling: (Shak.) semblance: representation; Assem′bly, the act of assembling: the company so assembled: a gathering of persons for any purpose, as for religious worship or social entertainment: specially applied to the lower house of the legislature in some of the United States and British colonies: (mil.) a drum-beat, esp. that before a march, upon which the soldiers strike their tents; Assem′bly-room, a room in which persons assemble, especially for dancing.—General Assembly, in Scotland, Ireland, and the United States, the highest court of the Presbyterian Church; Legislative Assembly, in many of the British colonies, the title of the lower house of the legislature; National Assembly, the first of the revolutionary assemblies in France, which sat 1789-91—also called the Constituent Assembly, superseded in 1791 by the Legislative Assembly. [Fr. assembler—Late L. assimulāre, to bring together, ad, to, similis, like. See Assimilate.]

Assent, as-sent′, v.i. to think or concur with, to admit as true (with to).—n. an agreeing or acquiescence: compliance.—adj. Assentā′neous, ready to agree.—ns. Assent′er, Assent′or, one of the eight voters who indorse the proposer and seconder's nomination of a candidate for election to the parliament of the United Kingdom.—adjs. Assen′tient, Assent′ive.—adv. Assent′ingly.—n. Assent′iveness.—Royal Assent, in England, the sovereign's formal acquiescence in a measure which has passed the two Houses of Parliament. [O. Fr. asenter, assent—L. assentāre, assentīre, L. ad, to, sentīre, to think.]

Assentation, as-sen-tā′shun, n. obsequious assent, adulation.—n. As′sentator (obs.).—adv. Assent′atorily (obs.). [L. assentāri, to flatter, freq. of assentīri, assent, agree.]

Assert, as-sėrt′, v.t. to vindicate or defend by arguments or measures (now used only of the cause as object or reflexive): to declare strongly: to lay claim to or insist upon anything: to affirm: (rare) to bear evidence of.—adj. Assert′able.—ns. Assert′er, Assert′or, a champion, one who makes a positive statement; Asser′tion, affirmation: the act of claiming one's rights: averment.—adj. Assert′ive, asserting or confirming confidently: positive: dogmatic.—adv. Assert′ively.—n. Assert′iveness.—adj. Assert′ory, affirmative.—To assert one's self, to defend one's rights or opinions, sometimes with unnecessary zeal, to thrust one's self forward. [L. asserĕre (superl. assertum), aliquem manu in libertatem, to lay hands on a slave in token of manumission, hence to protect, affirm, declare—ad, to, and serĕre, to join. Cf. Series.]

Assess, as-ses′, v.t. to fix the amount of, as a tax (with upon): to tax or fine: to fix the value or profits of, for taxation (with at): to estimate.—adj. Assess′able.—ns. Assess′ment, act of assessing: a valuation for the purpose of taxation: a tax; Assess′or, a legal adviser who sits beside a magistrate: one who assesses taxes: one who shares another's dignity.—adj. Assessō′rial.—n. Assess′orship. [Fr.—L. assessāre, freq. of assidēre, assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges in a court, from ad, to, at, sedēre, to sit.]

Assets, as′sets, n.pl. the property of a deceased or insolvent person, considered as chargeable for all debts, &c.: the entire property of all sorts belonging to a merchant or to a trading association. [From the Anglo-Fr. law phrase aver assetz, to have sufficient, O. Fr. asez, enough—L. ad, to, satis, enough.]

Asseverate, as-sev′ėr-āt, v.t. to declare solemnly—an earlier form is Assev′er.—adv. Asseverat′ingly.—n. Asseverā′tion, any solemn affirmation or confirmation. [L. asseverāre, -ātum—ad, to, severus, serious. See Severe.]

Assiduity, as-sid-ū′i-ti, n. constant application or diligence: (pl.) constant attentions, as to a lady.—adj. Assid′uous, constant or unwearied in application: diligent.—adv. Assid′uously.—n. Assid′uousness. [L. assiduitas—assiduus, sitting close at—ad, to, at, sedēre, to sit.]

Assiento, as-ē-en′to, n. a word especially applied to an exclusive contract between Spain and some foreign nation for the supply of African slaves for its American possessions. [Sp., a seat, a seat in a court, a treaty.]

Assign, as-sīn′, v.t. to sign or mark out to one: to allot: to appoint: to allege: to transfer: to ascribe or refer to: to suggest: to fix, as a time: to point out exactly.—n. one to whom any property or right is made over: (pl.) appendages (Shak.).—adj. Assign′able, that may be assigned.—ns. Assignā′tion, an appointment to meet, used chiefly of love-trysts, and mostly in a bad sense: (Scots law) the making over of any right to another, equivalent to Assignment; Assignee (as-sin-ē′), one to whom any right or property is assigned: (pl.) the trustees of a sequestrated estate; Assign′ment, act of assigning: anything assigned: the writing by which a transfer is made: (Spens.) design. [Fr.—L. assignāre, to mark out—ad, to, signum, a mark or sign.]

Assignat, as-sin-yä′, n. one of the notes (chiefly for 100 francs = £4 each) in the paper currency first issued in 1790 by the French revolutionary government as bonds on the security of the appropriated church lands.

Assimilate, as-sim′il-āt, v.t. to make similar or like to: to convert into a like substance, as food in our bodies (with to, with).—v.i. to become like, or to be incorporated in.—n. Assim′ilability (Coleridge).—adj. Assim′ilable.—n. Assimilā′tion.—adj. Assim′ilātive, having the power or tendency to assimilate. [L. assimilāre, -ātum—ad, to, similis, like.]

Assist, as-sist′, v.t. to help.—v.i. to be present at a ceremony: (Shak.) to accompany.—n. Assist′ance, help: relief.—adj. Assist′ant, helping or lending aid.—n. one who assists: a helper. [L. assistĕre, to stand by—ad, to, sistĕre.]

Assize, as-sīz′, v.t. to assess: to set or fix the quantity or price.—n. a statute settling the weight, measure, or price of anything: (Scot.) a trial by jury, the jury: judgment, sentence, the Last Judgment: (pl.) the sessions or sittings of a court held periodically in English counties, at which causes are tried by judges of the High Court of Justice on circuit and a jury.—n. Assiz′er, an officer who inspects weights and measures. [O. Fr. assise, an assembly of judges, a set rate—asseoir—L. assidēre.]

Associate, as-sō′shi-āt, v.t. to join with, as a friend or partner: to unite in the same body.—v.i. to keep company (with): to combine or unite.—ns. Associabil′ity, Assō′ciableness.—adjs. Assō′ciable, that may be joined or associated: sociable: companionable; Assō′ciate, joined or connected with.—n. one joined or connected with another: a companion, friend, partner, or ally.—ns. Assō′ciateship, office of an associate; Associā′tion, act of associating: union or combination: a society of persons joined together to promote some object.—adj. Assō′ciātive, tending to association.—Association football, the game as formulated by the Football Association (formed in 1863).—Association (of Ideas), applied to laws of mental combination which facilitate recollection: similarity: contiguity, repetition. [L. associātum, associāre—ad, to socius, a companion.]

Assoil, as-soil′, v.t. to loosen from: to absolve or acquit: to solve: (Spens.) to remove, to let loose, to renew, to get rid of.—n. Assoil′ment. [Through Fr. from L.—L. ab, from, solvĕre, to loose.]

Assoil, as-soil′, v.t. to soil, stain, or make dirty. [L. ad, and Soil. See Soil (2).]

Assoilzie, as-soil′yē, v.i. to free one accused from a charge: a Scots law term, the same as the archaic assoil, to absolve from sin, discharge, pardon. See Absolvitor, under Absolve. [Through Fr. from L. absolvĕre.]

Assonance, as′son-ans, n. a correspondence in sound: in Spanish and Portuguese poetry, a kind of rhyme, consisting in the coincidence of the vowels of the corresponding syllables, without regard to the consonants, as in mate and shape, feel and need.—adjs. As′ssonant, resembling in sound; As′sonantal, As′sonantic.—v.t. As′sonate, to correspond in sound. [Fr.—L. assonāre, as = ad-, to, sonāre, to sound.]

Assort, as-sort′, v.t. to separate into classes: to arrange.—v.i. to agree or be in accordance with: to fall into a class with, suit well with: (arch.) to keep company with.—p.adj. Assort′ed, classified, arranged in sorts.—ns. Assort′edness; Assort′ment, act of assorting: a quantity or number of things assorted: variety. [Fr. assortir—L. ad, to, sors, a lot.]

Assot, as-sot′, v.t. (Spens.) to besot, to infatuate.—p.adj. Assot′, or Assot′ted (Spens.), infatuated. [O. Fr. asoter—à, to, sot, foolish. See Sot.]

Assuage, as-swāj′, v.t. to soften, mitigate, or allay.—v.i. to abate or subside: to diminish.—n. Assuage′ment, abatement: mitigation.—adj. Assuā′sive, softening, mild. [O. Fr., formed as if from a L. assuaviāre—ad, to, suavis, mild.]

Assubjugate, as-sub′jōō-gāt, v.t. (Shak.) to reduce to subjugation.

Assuefaction, as-wē-fak′shun, n. (Sir T. Browne) the act of accustoming, habituation. [L. assuefacĕre—assuetus, accustomed, and facĕre, to make.]

Assume, as-sūm′, v.t. to adopt, take in: to take up, to take upon one's self: to take for granted: to arrogate: to pretend to possess.—v.i. to claim unduly: to be arrogant.—adjs. Assum′able, Assump′tive, that may be assumed.—adv. Assum′ably, presumably.—adj. Assumed′, appropriated, usurped: pretended: taken as the basis of argument.—advs. Assum′edly, Assum′ingly.—adj. Assum′ing, haughty: arrogant. [L. assumĕre—ad, to, sumĕre, sumptum, to take.]

Assumpsit, a-sump′sit, n. an action at law, wherein the plaintiff asserts that the defendant undertook (L. assumpsit) to do a certain act and failed to fulfil his promise: in the United States, the most common form of action.

Assumption, as-sum′shun, n. act of assuming: a supposition: the thing supposed, a proposition: (logic) the minor premise in a syllogism.—Assumption of the Virgin, a church festival kept on the 15th of August, based on the notion that after the death of Mary, her soul and body were preserved from corruption and taken up to heaven by Christ and His angels.—Deed of assumption (Scots law), a deed executed by trustees under a trust-deed assuming a new trustee or settlement. [L. See Assume.]

Assure, a-shōōr′, v.t. to make sure or secure: to give confidence: (Shak.) to betroth: to tell positively: to insure.—adj. Assur′able.—n. Assur′ance, confidence: feeling of certainty: self-reliance: impudence: positive declaration: insurance, as applied to lives: the securing of a title to property: (theol.) subjective certainty of one's salvation: a solemn declaration or promise, a certain proof: surety, warrant.—adj. Assured′, certain: without doubt: insured: overbold.—adv. Assur′edly.—ns. Assur′edness; Assur′er, one who gives assurance: an insurer or underwriter: one who insures his life. [O. Fr. aseürer (Fr. assurer)—Late L. adsecurāre—ad, to, securus, safe. See Sure.]

Assurgent, as-ur′jent, adj. rising, ascending: (bot.) rising in a curve to an erect position: (her.) of a bearing depicted as rising from the sea.—n. Assur′gency, the tendency to rise.

Assyrian, as-sir′i-an, adj. belonging to Assyria.—n. an inhabitant of Assyria: the language of Assyria.—ns. Assyriol′ogist; Assyriol′ogy, the science of Assyrian antiquities. [Gr. Assurios—Assuria, Assyria.]

Astart, a-start′, v.i. (Spens.) to start up suddenly: to happen, fall out.—adv. with a start, suddenly. [Pfx. a-, and Start.]

Astatic, a-stat′ik, adj. having a tendency not to stand still: losing polarity, as a magnetic needle. [Gr. neg., astatos—a, neg., statos, verb. adj. of histanai, to stand.]

Astay, a-stā′, adv. applied to an anchor when, in lifting it, the cable forms such an angle with the surface of the water as to appear in a line with the stays of the ship. [Prep. a, on, and Stay.]

Aster, as′tėr, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Compositæ, with showy radiated flowers varying from white to lilac-blue or purple, mostly perennial, flowering in late summer and autumn, hence often called in England Michaelmas or Christmas daisies.—China aster, the best-known and most valued of the family, brought from China to France by a missionary in the 18th century. [Gr. astēr, a star.]

Asterias, as-tēr′i-as, n. a genus of Echinoderms, containing the common five-rayed starfish. [Gr. astērias, a fish—astēr, a star.]

Asterisk, as′tėr-isk, n. a star, used in printing as a reference to a note at the bottom or on the margin of the page, and sometimes as a mark of the omission of words, thus *.—n. As′terism, a group or collection of small stars: a constellation: three asterisks placed to direct attention to a passage: a property of some minerals which show a star-shaped luminous figure when viewed by reflected light—e.g. the asteriated sapphire. [Gr. asteriskos, dim. of aster, a star.]

Astern, a-stėrn′, adv. in the stern: towards the hinder part of a ship: behind. [Prep. a, and Stern.]

Asteroid, as′tėr-oid, n. one of the minor planetary bodies revolving between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.—adj. Asteroid′al. [Gr. astēr, a star, eidos, form.]

Asthenia, as-thē-nī′a, n. debility, lack of strength.—adj. Asthen′ic [Gr. a, priv., and sthenos, strength.]

Asthma, ast′ma, n. a chronic disorder of the organs of respiration, characterised by the occurrence of paroxysms in which the breathing becomes difficult, and accompanied by wheezing and a distressing feeling of tightness in the chest.—adjs. Asthmat′ic, -al, pertaining to or affected by asthma.—adv. Asthmat′ically. [Gr. asthma, asthmat-os—az-ein, to breathe hard, a-ein, to blow.]

Astigmatism, a-stig′ma-tizm, n. a defective condition of the eye, in which rays proceeding to the eye from one point are not correctly brought to a focus at one point.—adj. Astigmat′ic. [Gr. a, neg., and stigma, stigmat-os, a point.]

Astir, a-stir′, prep. phr. or adv. on the move, out of bed, in motion or excitement. [Prep. a, and Stir.]

Astomatous, as-tom′a-tus, adj. having no mouth, used of a division of the protozoa.

Astonish, as-ton′ish, v.t. to impress with sudden surprise or wonder: to amaze: (Shak.) to stun—older form Aston′y, whence the p.adj. Aston′ied, dazed, bewildered, greatly astonished.—Aston′, Astun′, Astoned′, Astunned′, are obsolete.—p.adj. Aston′ished, amazed: (obs.) stunned.—adj. Aston′ishing, very wonderful, amazing.—adv. Aston′ishingly.—n. Aston′ishment, amazement: wonder: a cause for astonishment. [From the earlier form, Astone; O. Fr. estoner; L. attonāre, to strike with a thunderbolt.]

Astound, as-townd′, v.t. to amaze, to strike dumb with astonishment:—pa.p. astound′ed; pr.p. astound′ing.—pa.p. Astound′ (arch.).—p.adj. Astound′ing. [Astound (adj.) is developed from Astoned, hence the verb is a doublet of Astonish.]

Astraddle, a-strad′dl, adv. sitting astride. [Prep. a, on, and Straddle.]

Astragal, as′tra-gal, n. (archit.) a small semicircular moulding or bead encircling a column: a round moulding near the mouth of a cannon: the bars which hold the panes of a window. [Gr. astragalos, one of the vertebræ, a moulding.]

Astragalus, as-trag′al-us, n. a bone of the foot, forming with the leg-bones the hinge of the ankle-joint, by a convex upper surface and smooth sides. [Gr.]

Astrakhan, as′tra-kan, n. name given to lamb-skins with a curled wool obtained from Astrakhan on the Caspian Sea: a rough fabric made in imitation of it.

Astral, as′tral, adj. belonging to the stars: starry: in the science of Theosophy, descriptive of a supersensible substance supposed to pervade all space and enter into all bodies.—Astral body, a living form composed of astral fluid, a ghost or wraith; Astral spirits, pervading spirits supposed to animate the heavenly bodies, forming, as it were, their souls—among the most potent of demoniacal spirits in medieval demonology. [L. astralis, astrum, a star.]

Astray, a-strā′, adv. out of the right way. [Prep. a, on, and Stray.]

Astriction, as-trik′shun, n. a binding or contraction: restriction.—v.t. Astrict′, to bind, restrict. [L. astriction-em, astringĕre. See Astringent.]

Astride, a-strīd′, adv. with the legs apart, or across. [Prep. a, on, and Stride.]

Astringent, as-trin′jent, adj. binding: contracting: strengthening.—n. a medicine that causes costiveness.—v.t. Astringe′, to bind together: to draw tight: hence to render constipated.—n. Astrin′gency.—adv. Astrin′gently. [L. astringent-em, astringĕre—ad, to, stringĕre, to bind.]

Astrolabe, as′trō-lāb, n. an instrument for measuring the altitudes of the sun or stars, now superseded by Hadley's quadrant and sextant. [Gr.; astron, a star, labb-, lambano, I take.]

Astrolatry, as-trol′a-tri, n. the worship of the stars. [Gr. astron, a star, latreia, worship.]

Astrology, as-trol′o-ji, n. the infant stage of the science of the stars, out of which grew Astronomy; it was occupied chiefly in determining from the positions and motions of the heavenly bodies their supposed influence on human and terrestrial affairs.—n. Astrol′oger, one versed in astrology.—adjs. Astrolog′ic, -al.—adv. Astrolog′ically. [Gr. astrologia—astron, star, logos, knowledge.]

Astronomy, as-tron′om-i, n. the laws or science of the stars or heavenly bodies.—n. Astron′omer, one versed in astronomy.—adj. Astronom′ic.—adv. Astronom′ically.—v.t. Astron′omise. [Gr. astronomia—astron, star, nomos, a law.]

Astrophel, as′tro-fel, n. a name applied by Spenser to some kind of bitter herb.

Astrut, a-strut′, adv. in a strutting manner. [Prep. a, on, and Strut.]

Astute, ast-ūt′, adj. crafty: cunning: shrewd: sagacious.—adv. Astute′ly.—n. Astute′ness.—The adj. Astū′cious, adv. Astū′ciously, and n. Astū′city are all rare. [L. astutus—astus, crafty, akin perhaps to Acute.]

Astylar, a-stī′lar, adj. without columns. [Gr. a, neg., stylos, a column.]

Asunder, a-sun′dėr, adv. apart: into parts: separately. [Prep. a, and Sunder.]

Asylum, a-sīl′um, n. a place of refuge for debtors and for such as were accused of some crime: an institution for the care or relief of the unfortunate, such as the blind or insane: any place of refuge or protection. [L.—Gr. asylon—a, neg., sylē, right of seizure.]

Asymmetry, a-sim′e-tri, n. want of symmetry or proportion between parts.—adjs. Asymmet′ric, -al.—adv. Asymmet′rically. [Gr. See Symmetry.]

Asymptote, a′sim-tōt, n. (math.) a line that continually approaches nearer to some curve without ever meeting it.—adjs. Asymptot′ic, -al.—adv. Asymptot′ically. [Gr. asymptōtos, not coinciding—a, not, syn, with, ptōtos, apt to fall, pipt-ein, to fall.]

Asynartete, a-sin′ar-tēt, adj. and n. not connected, consisting of two members having different rhythms; a verse of such a kind.—Also Asyn′artetic. [Gr.; a, neg., syn, together, arta-ein, to knit.]

Asynchronism, a-sin′kro-nizm, n. want of synchronism or correspondence in time.—adj. Asyn′chronous.

Asyndeton, a-sin′de-ton, n. (rhet.) a figure in which the conjunctions are omitted, as in Matt. x. 8.—adj. Asyndet′ic. [Gr.; a, neg., syndetos, bound together, syn, together, dein, to bind.]

Asyntactic, as-in-tak′tik, adj. loosely put together, irregular, ungrammatical. [Gr.; a, neg., syntaktos, syntass-ein, to put in order together.]

Asystole, a-sis′to-lē, n. (med.) the condition of a heart the left ventricle of which is unable to empty itself.—Also Asys′tolism. [Made up of Gr. a, neg., systolē, contraction.]

At, at, prep. denoting presence, nearness, or relation. Often used elliptically, as in 'At him, good dog.' [A.S. æt; cog. with Goth, and Ice. at, L. ad; Sans. adhi, on.]

Atabal, at′a-bal, n. a Moorish kettledrum. [Sp.—Ar. at-tabl, the drum.]

Atavism, at′av-izm, n. frequent appearance of ancestral, but not parental, characteristics in an animal or plant: reversion to an original type.—adj. At′avistic. [L. atavus—avus, a grandfather.]

Ataxia, at-ak′si-a, Ataxy, a-tax′i, or at′ax-i, n. (med.) irregularity of the functions of the body through disease, esp. inability to co-ordinate voluntary movements, as in locomotor ataxy. [Gr.; a, neg., taktos, tassein, to arrange.]

Ate, ā′tē, n. (myth.) the goddess of mischief and of all rash actions and their results. [Gr.]

Athanasia, ath-a-nā′si-a, n. deathlessness.—Also Athan′asy. [Gr.; athanatos, a, neg., thanatos, death.]

Athanasian, ath-a-nāz′yan, adj. relating to Athanasius (296-373), or to the creed erroneously attributed to him.

Athanor, ath′a-nor, n. a self-feeding digesting furnace, used by the alchemists, in which a uniform heat was maintained. [Ar. at-tannur, at = al, the nūr, fire.]

Atheism, ā′the-izm, n. disbelief in the existence of God.—v.i. and v.t. A′theise, to talk or write as an atheist.—n. A′theist, one who disbelieves in the existence of God.—adjs. Atheist′ic, -al.—adv. Atheist′ically.—adj. A′theous (Milton), atheistic. [Fr. athéisme—Gr. a, neg., and theos, God.]

Atheling, ath′el-ing, n. a member of a noble family, latterly a prince of the blood royal, or the heir-apparent. [A.S. ætheling; Ger. adel.]

Athenæum, Atheneum, ath-e-nē′um, n. a temple of Athēna or Minerva at Athens, in which scholars and poets read their works: a public institution for lectures, reading, &c. [Gr. Athēnaion—Athēna or Athēnē, the goddess Minerva.]

Athenian, a-thē′ni-an, adj. relating to Athens, the capital of Greece.—n. a native of Athens.

Atheology, a-thē-ol′oj-i, n. opposition to theology.—adj. Atheolog′ical. [Gr. atheos, without God, logia, discourse.]

Atherine, ath′er-īn, n. a genus of small fishes, allied to the Gray Mullet family, abundant in the Mediterranean—one species (Atherina presbyter), found on the south coast of England, is often sold as a smelt. [Gr.]

Athermancy, ath-er′man-si, n. the property of stopping radiant heat.—adj. Ather′manous. [Gr. a, neg., thermain-ein, to heat.]

Atheroma, ath′er-ō-ma, n. a name formerly applied to cysts on the scalp, with contents of the consistence of porridge, but now only used of a common form of inflammation of arteries.—adj. Atherom′atous. [Gr.; atharē, porridge.]

Athirst, a-thėrst′, adj. thirsty: eager for. [A.S. of thyrst. See Thirst.]

Athlete, ath′lēt, n. a contender for victory in feats of strength: one vigorous in body or mind. The form Athlē′ta survived till the later half of the 18th century.—adj. Athlet′ic, relating to athletics: strong, vigorous.—adv. Athlet′ically.—n. Athleticism (ath-let′i-sizm), the act of engaging in athletic exercises: devotion to athletics.—n.pl. Athlet′ics, the art of wrestling, running, &c.: athletic sports. [Gr. athlētēs—athlos, contest.]

Athwart, a-thwawrt′, prep. across.—adv. sidewise: wrongly: perplexingly. [Prep. a, on, and Thwart.]

Atimy, at′i-mi, n. loss of honour: in ancient Athens, loss of civil rights, public disgrace. [Gr. atimia—a, neg., timē, honour.]

Atlantean, at-lan-tē′an, adj. relating to or like Atlas, gigantic: also relating to Atlan′tis, according to ancient tradition, a vast island in the Atlantic Ocean, or to Bacon's ideal commonwealth of that name. [See Atlas.]

Atlantes, at-lan′tēz, n.pl. figures of men used instead of columns. [From Atlas.]

Atlantic, at-lan′tik, adj. pertaining to Atlas, or to the Atlantic Ocean.—n. the ocean between Europe, Africa, and America. [From Mount Atlas, in the north-west of Africa, named from the Titan, Atlas.]

Atlas, at′las, n. that piece of the human vertebral column which articulates with the skull, so called because it supports the head: a collection of maps. [Gr. Atlas, Atlantis, a Titan who bore the world on his shoulders, and whose figure used to be given on the title-page of atlases.]

Atmology, at-mol′o-ji, n. the science of the phenomena of aqueous vapour.—n. Atmol′ogist. [Gr. atmos, vapour, and logia, discourse—legein, to speak.]

Atmolysis, at-mol′i-sis, n. a method of separating a mixture of gases by taking advantage of their different rates of passage through a porous septum. [Gr. atmos, vapour, and lysis, loosing—lyein, to loose.]

Atmometer, at-mom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation from a moist surface. [Gr. atmos, vapour, and Meter.]

Atmosphere, at′mo-sfēr, n. the gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth or any of the heavenly bodies: any gaseous medium: a conventional unit of atmospheric pressure: (fig.) any surrounding influence.—adjs. Atmospher′ic, -al, of or depending on the atmosphere.—adv. Atmospher′ically.—Atmospheric engine, a variety of steam-engine in which the steam is admitted only to the under side of the piston; Atmospheric hammer, a hammer driven by means of compressed air; Atmospheric railway, a railway where the motive-power is derived from the pressure of the atmosphere acting on a piston working in an iron tube of uniform bore. [Gr. atmos, air, sphaira, a sphere.]

Atoll, a-tol′, or at′ol, n. a coral island consisting of a circular belt of coral enclosing a central lagoon. [A Malay word.]

Atom, at′om, n. a particle of matter so small that it cannot be cut or divided, the unit of matter; anything very small.—adjs. Atom′ic, -al, pertaining to atoms.—ns. Atomic′ity; Atomisā′tion (med.) the reduction of liquids to the form of spray; At′omism, the doctrine that atoms arranged themselves into the universe: the atomic theory; At′omist, one who believes in atomism.—adj. Atomis′tic.—adv. Atomist′ically.—n. At′omy, an atom, or mote: (Shak.) a pygmy.—Atomic philosophy, a system of philosophy enunciated by Democritus, which taught that the ultimate constituents of all things are indivisible particles, differing in form and in their relations to each other; Atomic theory, the hypothesis that all chemical combinations take place between the ultimate particles of bodies, uniting each atom to atom, or in proportions expressed by some simple multiple of the number of atoms. [Gr. atomos—a, not, temnein, tamein, to cut. See Atom.]

Atomy, at′om-i, n. (Shak.) a skeleton, walking skeleton. [Formerly also atamy and natomy, for anatomy, mistakingly divided an atomy.]

Atone, at-ōn′, adv. (Spens.) at one, at once, together. [M.E. also attone, earlier atoon, aton, at one, at on.]

Atone, at-ōn′, v.i. to give satisfaction or make reparation (with for): to make up for deficiencies: (Shak.) to agree, be in accordance.—v.t. to appease, to expiate: (arch.) harmonise, or reconcile.—ns. Atone′ment, the act of atoning; reconciliation: expiation: reparation: esp. (theol.) the reconciliation of God and man by means of the incarnation and death of Christ; Aton′er.—adv. Aton′ingly. [See Atone, above.]

Atony, at′on-i, n. want of tone or energy: debility: relaxation.—adj. At′onic (pros.), without tone: unaccented. [Gr. atonia—a, neg., tonos, tone, strength. See Tone.]

Atrabiliar, at-ra-bil′i-ar, adj. of a melancholy temperament: hypochondriac: splenetic, acrimonious.—Also Atrabil′iary, Atrabil′ious. [L. ater, atra, black, bilis, gall, bile. See Bile.]

Atramental, at-ra-men′tal, adj. (Sir T. Browne) inky, black. [From L. atramentum, ink—atra, black.]

Atrip, a-trip′, adv. said of an anchor when it is just drawn out of the ground in a perpendicular direction—of a sail, when it is hoisted from the cap, sheeted home, and ready for trimming. [Prep. a, on, and Trip.]

Atrium, ā′tri-um, n. the entrance-hall or chief apartment of a Roman house. [Prob. orig. the kitchen, and so lit. 'the apartment blackened with smoke'—L. ater, black; others connect the word with ædes, orig. a fireplace, then a house, a temple.]

Atrocious, a-trō′shus, adj. extremely cruel or wicked: heinous: very grievous: execrable.—adv. Atrō′ciously.—ns. Atrō′ciousness; Atroc′ity, atrociousness: an atrocious act. [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel—ater, black.]

Atropal, at′ro-pal, adj. (bot.) not inverted. [Gr. atropos—a, neg., and trepein, to turn.]

Atrophy, a′trof-i, n. an alteration of the vital processes in a living organism, either animal or vegetable, resulting in a diminution of size and functional activity of the whole organism (general atrophy), or of certain of its organs or tissues: emaciation.—adjs. Atroph′ic, At′rophied. [Gr. a, neg., and trophē, nourishment.]

Atropia, a-trō′pi-a, Atropin, Atropine, at′ro-pin, n. a poisonous alkaloid existing in the deadly nightshade.—n. At′ropism, poisoning by atropin. [From Gr. Atropos, one of the Fates, who cuts the thread of life.]

Attach, at-tach′, v.t. to bind or fasten: to seize: to gain over: to connect, associate: to join to in action or function: (Shak.) to arrest.—v.i. to adhere, to be fastened upon: (rare) to come into effect.—adj. Attach′able.—p.adj. Attached′, fastened, fixed, joined by taste or affection (with to), fond, devoted to.—n. Attach′ment, a bond of fidelity or affection: the seizure of any one's goods or person by virtue of a legal process. [O. Fr. atachier, from à (—L. ad), and the root of Tack (q.v.).]

Attaché, a-ta′shā, n. a young diplomatist attached to the suite of an ambassador. [Participle of Fr. attacher, to attach.]

Attack, at-tak′, v.t. to fall upon violently: to assault: to assail with unfriendly words or writing: to begin to affect, fall upon (of diseases).—n. an assault or onset: the offensive part in any contest: the beginning of active operations on anything, even dinner: severe criticism or calumny.—adj. Attack′able. [Fr. attaquer. See Attach, of which it is a doublet.]

Attain, at-tān′, v.t. to reach or gain by effort: to obtain: to reach a place: to reach.—v.i. to come or arrive: to reach.—adj. Attain′able, that may be reached.—ns. Attain′ableness, Attainabil′ity; Attain′ment, act of attaining: the thing attained: acquisition: (pl.) acquirements in learning. [O. Fr. ataindre—L. atting-ĕre—ad, to, tang-ĕre, to touch.]

Attainder, at-tān′dėr, n. act of attainting: (law) loss of civil rights through conviction for high-treason.—v.t. Attaint′, to convict: to deprive of rights for being convicted of treason: to accuse of: disgrace, stain (from a fancied connection with taint).—n. (arch.) the act of touching, a hit (in tilting): (Shak.) infection: attainder: a stain, disgrace.—Older pa.p. Attaint′—(Shak.) corrupted, tainted.—ns. Attaint′ment, Attaint′ure, state of being attainted. [O. Fr. ataindre—L. atting-ĕre. See Attain.]

Attar, at′ar, n. a very fragrant essential oil made in Turkey and other Eastern lands, chiefly from the damask rose.—Also Otto. [Pers. atar.]

Attemper, at-tem′pėr, v.t. to mix in due proportion: to modify or moderate: to adapt.—p.adj. Attem′pered, tempered, mild, regulated. [O. Fr. atemprer—L. attemperāre—ad, to, and temperāre. See Temper.]

Attempt, at-temt′, v.t. to try or endeavour: to try to obtain: tempt, entice: to make an effort or attack upon.—v.i. to make an attempt or trial.—n. a trial: endeavour or effort: a personal assault: (Milton) temptation: (law) any act which can fairly be described as one of a series which, if uninterrupted and successful, would constitute a crime.—n. Attemptabil′ity.—adj. Attempt′able, that may be attempted.—n. Attempt′er (Milton), a tempter. [O. Fr. atempter—L. attentāre—ad, and tem-pt, tentāre, to try—tendĕre, to stretch.]

Attend, at-tend′, v.t. to wait on or accompany: to be present at: to wait for: to give attention (with to).—v.i. to yield attention: to act as an attendant: to wait, be consequent (with to, on, upon).—ns. Attend′ance, act of attending: (B.) attention, careful regard: presence: the persons attending; Attend′ancy (obs.), attendance, a retinue: (obs.) relative position.—adj. Attend′ant, giving attendance: accompanying.—n. one who attends or accompanies: a servant: what accompanies or follows: (law) one who owes a duty or service to another.—ns. Attend′er, one who gives heed: a companion:—fem. Atten′dress; Attend′ment (Sir T. Browne), attention.—adj. Attent′ (Spens.), giving attention.—n. (Spens.) attention.—In attendance on, waiting upon, attending. [O. Fr. atendre—L. attendĕre—ad, to, tendĕre, to stretch.]

Attention, at-ten′shun, n. act of attending, as in to pay, give, call, or attract attention: steady application of the mind: heed: civility, courtesy: care.—interj. (mil.) a cautionary word used as a command to execute some manœuvre.—adj. Attent′ive, full of attention: courteous, mindful.—adv. Attent′ively.—n. Attenti′veness. [L. attention-em—attend-ĕre. See Attend.]

Attenuate, at-ten′ū-āt, v.t. to make thin or lean: to break down into finer parts: to reduce in density: reduce in strength or value, simplify.—v.i. to become thin or fine: to grow less.—n. Atten′uant, anything possessing this property.—adjs. Atten′uate, Atten′uated, made thin or slender: dilute, rarefied:—n. Attenuā′tion, process of making slender: reduction of intensity, density, or force: specially in homeopathy, the reduction of the active principles of medicines to minute doses. [L. attenuāre, -ātum—ad, to, tenuis, thin.]

Attest, at-test′, v.t. to testify or bear witness to: to affirm by signature or oath: to give proof of, to manifest: (obs.) to call to witness.—v.i. to bear witness.—n. (Shak.) witness, testimony.—adjs. Attest′able, Attest′ative.—ns. Attestā′tion, act of attesting: administration of an oath; Attest′or, Attest′er, one who attests or vouches for. [L. attestāri, ad, to, testis, a witness.]

Attic, at′ik, adj. pertaining to Attica or to Athens: chaste, refined, elegant like the Athenians.—v.t. Att′icise, to make conformable to the language or idiom of Attica.—v.i. to use the idioms of the Athenians: to side with the Athenians, to affect Attic or Greek style or manners.—n. At′ticism.—Attic salt, wit of a dry, delicate, and refined quality. [Gr. Attikos, Attic, Athenian, Attikē, Attica, perh. from aktē, headland, though connected by some with astu, city.]

Attic, at′ik, n. (archit.) a low story above the cornice that terminates the main part of an elevation: a room in the roof of a house. [Introduced in architecture from the idea that the feature to which it alluded was constructed in the Athenian manner.]

Attire, at-tīr′, v.t. to dress, array, or adorn: to prepare.—n. dress: any kind of covering, even the plants that clothe the soil: (Shak.) a dress or costume.—ns. Attire′ment, Attir′ing. [O. Fr. atirer, put in order—à tire, in a row—à (L. ad), to, and tire, tiere, order, dress. See Tier.]

Attitude, at′ti-tūd, n. posture, or position: gesture: any condition of things or relation of persons viewed as expressing some thought, feeling, &c.—adj. Attitud′inal.—n. Attitudinā′rian, one who studies attitudes.—v.i. Attitud′inise, to assume affected attitudes.—n. Attitudinī′ser.—To strike an attitude, to assume a position or figure to indicate a feeling or emotion not really felt. [Fr. or It. from L. aptitudin-em, aptus, fit.]

Attollent, at-tol′lent, adj. lifting up, raising.—n. a muscle with this function. [L. attollens, -entis, pr.p. of attollĕre, to lift up—ad, to, tollĕre, to lift.]

Attorney, at-tur′ni, n. one legally authorised to act for another—hence the sense of the phrases 'in person' and 'by attorney:' one legally qualified to manage cases in a court of law: a solicitor—a solicitor or attorney prepares cases and does general law business, while a barrister pleads before the courts: (pl.) Attor′neys.—v.t. Attor′ney (Shak.), to perform by proxy, to employ as a proxy.—ns. Attor′ney-gen′eral, the first ministerial law-officer of the Crown in England and Ireland: the title of the king's attorney in the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, and the county palatine of Durham: in the United States, one of the seven officials who constitute the president's cabinet, the head of the department of Justice; Attor′neyship, Attor′neyism, Attor′neydom.—Attorney-at-law, or Public attorney, a professional and duly qualified legal agent; Attorney in fact, or Private attorney, one duly appointed by letter or power of attorney to act for another in matters of contract, money payments, and the like.—Letter warrant, or Power of attorney, the formal instrument by one person authorising another to perform certain acts for him. [O. Fr. atorne—Low L. attornatus—atornāre, to commit business to another. See Turn.]

Attract, at-trakt′, v.t. to draw to or cause to approach: to allure: to entice: to draw forth.—adj. Attract′able, that may be attracted.—n. Attrac′tion, act of attracting: the force which draws or tends to draw bodies or their particles to each other: that which attracts.—adj. Attract′ive, having the power of attracting: alluring.—advs. Attract′ively, Attract′ingly.—ns. Attract′iveness, Attractabil′ity; Attract′or, Attract′er, an agent of attraction. [L. attrahĕre, attractus—ad, to, trahĕre, to draw.]

Attrahent, at′tra-hent, adj. attracting or drawing.—n. that which attracts. [L. attrahens, -entis, pr.p. of attrahĕre. See Attract.]

Attrap, at-trap′, v.t. (Spens.) to adorn with trappings: to dress or array. [L. ad, to, and Trap.]

Attribute, at-trib′ūt, v.t. to ascribe, assign, or consider as belonging.—adj. Attrib′utable.—ns. At′tribute, that which is attributed: that which is inherent in, or inseparable from, anything: that which can be predicated of anything: a quality or property; Attribū′tion, act of attributing: that which is attributed: commendation.—adj. Attrib′utive, expressing an attribute.—n. a word denoting an attribute. [L. attribuĕre, -tributum—ad, to, tribu-ĕre, to give.]

Attrist, at-trist′, v.t. (obs.) to sadden. [Fr.—L. ad, to, tristis, sad.]

Attrite, at-trīt′, adj. worn by rubbing or friction: (theol.) repentant through fear of punishment, not yet from the love of God.—n. Attri′tion, the rubbing of one thing against another: a wearing by friction: (theol.) a defective or imperfect sorrow for sin. [L. attritus—atter-ĕre—ad, and terĕre, tritum, to rub.]

Attune, at-tūn′, v.t. to put in tune: to make one sound accord with another: to arrange fitly: to make musical.—n. Attune′ment. [L. ad, to, and Tune.]

Atwain, a-twān′, adv. in twain: (arch.) asunder. [Prep. a, and Twain.]

Atwixt, a-twikst′, adv. (Spens.) betwixt, between. [Pfx. a-, and 'twixt, Betwixt.]

Aubade, ō-bäd′, n. a musical announcement of dawn: a sunrise song. [Fr. aube, dawn—L. alba, white.]

Auberge, ō-bėrj′, n. an inn.—adj. Auberg′ical (H. Walpole).—n. Aubergiste (ō-bėrj-ēst′). [Fr., of Teut. origin. See Harbour.]

Aubergine, ō′ber-jēn, n. the fruit of the egg-plant, the brinjal. [Fr. dim. of auberge, a kind of peach—Sp. albérchigo—Ar. al, the, pérsigo—L. persicum, a peach.]

Auburn, aw′burn, adj. reddish brown. [The old meaning was a light yellow, or lightish hue; Low L. alburnus, whitish—L. albus, white.]

Auction, awk′shun, n. a public sale in which the bidder offers an increase on the price offered by another, and the articles go to him who bids highest.—v.t. to sell by auction.—adj. Auc′tionary.—n. Auctioneer′, one who is licensed to sell by auction.—v.t. to sell by auction.—Dutch auction, a kind of mock auction at which the salesman starts at a high price, and comes down till he meets a bidder. [L. auction-em, an increasing—augēre, auctum, to increase.]

Auctorial, awk′tōr-i-al, adj. of or pertaining to an author or his trade. [L. auctor.]

Audacious, aw-dā′shus, adj. daring: bold: impudent.—adv. Audā′ciously.—ns. Audā′ciousness, Audacity (aw-das′i-ti). [Fr. audacieux—L. audax—audēre, to dare.]

Audible, awd′i-bl, adj. able to be heard.—ns. Aud′ibleness, Audibil′ity.—adv. Aud′ibly.—n. Aud′ience, the act of hearing: a judicial hearing: admittance to a hearing: a ceremonial interview: an assembly of hearers: a court of government or justice in Spanish America, also the territory administered by it—Sp. audiencia.—adj. Aud′ient, listening: paying attention.—n. a hearer. [L. audibilis—audīre, to hear, conn. with Ger. ous, ōtos, the ear.]

Audiometer, awd-i-om′et-ėr, n. an instrument for measuring and recording differences in the power of hearing.

Audiphone, awd′i-fōn, n. an instrument which is pressed against the upper front teeth, the convex side outwards, in order to communicate sounds to the teeth and bones of the skull, thence to the organs of hearing.

Audit, awd′it, n. an examination of accounts by one or more duly authorised persons: a calling to account generally: a statement of account: (obs.) a periodical settlement of accounts: (obs.) audience, hearing.—v.t. to examine and verify by reference to vouchers, &c.—ns. Audi′tion, the sense of hearing: the act of hearing: (rare) something heard; Aud′itor, a hearer: one who audits accounts:—fem. Aud′itress; Auditōr′ium, in an opera-house, public hall, or the like, the space allotted to the hearers: the reception-room of a monastery; Aud′itorship.—adj. Aud′itory, relating to the sense of hearing.—n. an audience: a place where lectures, &c., are heard.—Audit ale, an ale of special quality brewed for some Oxford and Cambridge colleges; orig. for use on the day of audit. [L. auditus, a hearing—audīre, to hear. See Audible.]

Augean, aw-jē′an, adj. filthy: difficult. [From Augeas, a fabled king of Elis in Greece, whose stalls, containing 3000 oxen, and uncleaned for thirty years, were swept out by Hercules in one day by his turning the river Alpheus through them.]

Auger, aw′gėr, n. a carpenter's tool used for boring holes in wood.—n. Au′ger-bit, an auger that fits into a carpenter's brace (see Brace). [A corr. of nauger, an auger, A.S. nafugár—nafu, a nave of a wheel, gár, a piercer. See Nave (of a wheel), Gore, a triangular piece.]

Aught, awt, n. a whit: ought: anything: a part. [A.S. á-wiht, contr. to áht, whence ōht, ōght, and ought. Shakespeare, Milton, and Pope use ought and aught without distinction. Awiht is from á, ó, ever, and wiht, creature, a wight, a thing.]

Augite, aw′jīt, n. one of the Pyroxene group of minerals, closely allied to hornblende, usually of a greenish colour, occurring crystallised in prisms, and forming an essential component of many igneous rocks.—adj. Augit′ic. [Gr. augē, brightness.]

Augment, awg-ment′, v.t. to increase: to make larger.—v.i. to grow larger.—n. Aug′ment, increase: (gram.) the prefixed vowel to the past tenses of the verb in Sanskrit and Greek. Sometimes applied also to such inflectional prefixes as the ge- of the German perfect participle.—adjs. Augment′able, Augment′ative, having the quality or power of augmenting.—n. (gram.) a word formed from another to express increase of its meaning.—ns. Augmentā′tion, increase: addition: (her.) an additional charge in a coat-of-arms bestowed by the sovereign as a mark of honour: (mus.) the repetition of a melody in the course of the piece in notes of greater length than the original: (Scots law) an increase of stipend obtained by a parish minister by an action raised in the Court of Teinds against the titular and heritors; Augment′er. [L. augmentum, increase—augēre, to increase, Gr. auxan-ein.]

Augur, aw′gur, n. among the Romans, one who gained knowledge of secret or future things by observing the flight and the cries of birds: a diviner; a soothsayer.—v.t. to foretell from signs.—v.i. to guess or conjecture: to forebode.—adj. Au′gural.—ns. Au′gurship; Au′gury, the art or practice of auguring: an omen.—The words Au′gurate and Augurā′tion are obsolete. [L.; prob. from avis, bird, and root, gar, in L. garrīre, to chatter, Sans. gir, speech.]

August, aw-gust′, adj. venerable: imposing: sublime: majestic—adv. August′ly.—n. August′ness. [L. augustus—augēre, to increase, honour.]

August, aw′gust, n. the eighth month of the year, so called after the Roman emperor Augustus Cæsar.

Augustan, aw-gust′an, adj. pertaining to the Emperor Augustus, or to the time in which he reigned (31 B.C.-14 A.D.)—the most brilliant age in Roman literature, hence applied to any similar age, as the reign of Anne in English, or that of Louis XIV. in French literature: classic: refined.

Augustine, aw-gust′in, Augustinian, aw-gus-tin′i-an, n. one of an order of monks who derive their name and rule from St Augustine: (theol.) one who holds the opinions of St Augustine, esp. on predestination and irresistible grace.—adj. Augustin′ian, of or relating to St Augustine.—n. Augustin′ianism.

Auk, awk, n. a genus of web-footed sea-birds, with short wings used only as paddles, found in the northern seas. The Great Auk is supposed to have become extinct in 1844. [Ice. álka.]

Aula, aw′la, n. a hall.—adj. Aulā′rian, relating to a hall.—n. at Oxford, a member of a hall, as distinguished from a collegian.—Aula regis, also called Curia Regis, a name used in English history for a feudal assembly of tenants-in-chief, for the Privy Council, and for the Court of King's Bench. [L. aula, a hall.]

Auld, awld, adj. (Scot.) old.—adjs. Auld′-far′rant (lit. 'favouring the old'), old-fashioned, wise beyond their years, as of children; Auld′-warld, old-world, ancient.—Auld langsyne, old long since, long ago.

Aulic, awl′ik, adj. pertaining to a royal court.—Aulic Council (Ger. Reichshofrath), a court or personal council of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1501 by Maximilian I., and co-ordinate with the Imperial Chamber (Reichskammergericht). [L. aulicus—aula, Gr. aulē, a royal court.]

Aumail, aw-māl′, v.t. to enamel: (Spens.) to figure or variegate. [See Enamel.]

Aunt, änt, n. a father's or a mother's sister—also the wife of one's uncle: (obs.) an old woman, a gossip, a procuress or bawd.—Aunt Sally, a pastime at English fairs, in which a wooden head is set on a pole, and in the mouth a pipe, which has to be smashed by throwing sticks or the like at it. [O. Fr. ante (Fr. tante)—L. amita, a father's sister.]

Aura, awr′a, n. a supposed subtle emanation proceeding from anything, esp. that essence which is claimed to emanate from all living things and to afford an atmosphere for the operations of animal magnetism and such-like occult phenomena: (fig.) air, distinctive character: (path.) a sensation as of a current of cold air—a premonitory symptom of epilepsy and hysteria.—adj. Aur′al, pertaining to the air, or to a subtle vapour or exhalation arising from a body. [L. aura.]

Aural, awr′al, adj. pertaining to the ear.—adv. Aur′ally. [L. auris, ear.]

Aurate, awr′āt, n. a compound of auric oxide with a base.—adjs. Aur′ated, gold-coloured: compounded with auric acid; Aur′eate, gilded: golden.—n. Aurē′ity, the peculiar properties of gold. [L. aurum, gold.]

Aurelia, awr-ēl′ya, n. the chrysalis of an insect, from its golden colour.—adj. Aurel′ian—formerly also a name for an entomologist devoted esp. to butterflies and moths. [L. aurum, gold.]

Aureola, awr-ē′o-la, n. in Christian art, the gold colour surrounding the whole figure in sacred pictures, distinct from the nimbus, which only covers the head, usually reserved for representations of the three Divine Persons, of Christ, and the Virgin and Child: (theol.) an increment to the ordinary blessedness of heaven gained by virgins, martyrs, and doctors for their triumph respectively over the flesh, the world, and the devil.—n. Aur′eole, the aureola: the gold disc round the head in early pictures symbolising glory: (fig.) a glorifying halo: a halo of radiating light, as in eclipses.—p.adj. Aur′eoled, encircled with an aureole. [L. aureolus, dim. of aureus, golden.]

Auric, awr′ik, adj. pertaining to gold: (chem.) applied to compounds in which gold combines as a triad. [L. aurum, gold.]

Auricle, awr′i-kl, n. the external ear: (pl.) the two upper cavities of the heart into which the blood comes from the veins.—adj. Aur′icled, having appendages like ears.—n. Auric′ula, a species of primrose, also called bear's ear, from the shape of its leaf.—adj. Auric′ular, pertaining to the ear: known by hearing, or by report.—adv. Auric′ularly.—adjs. Auric′ulate, Auric′ulated, ear-shaped.—Auricular confession, secret, told in the ear. [L. auricula, dim. of auris, the ear.]

Auriferous, awr-if′ėr-us, adj. bearing or yielding gold.—v.t. and v.i. Aur′ify, to turn into gold. [L. aurifer—aurum, gold, ferre, to bear.]

Auriscope, aw′ri-skōp, n. an instrument for examining the Eustachian passage of the ear. [L. auris, ear, and Gr. skopein, to look.]

Aurist, awr′ist, n. one skilled in diseases of the ear. [L. auris, ear.]

Aurochs, awr′oks, n. the European bison or wild ox. [Ger. auerochs. Old High Ger. ûrohso, ur (L. urus, Gr. ouros), a kind of wild ox, and ochs, ox.]

Aurora, aw-rō′ra, n. the dawn: in poetry, the goddess of dawn.—adjs. Aurō′ral, Aurō′rean.—adv. Aurō′rally. [Acc. to Curtius, a reduplicated form for ausosa; from a root seen in Sans. ush, to burn; cog. with Gr. ēōs, dawn, hēlios, the sun; Etruscan, Usil, the god of the sun.]

Aurora Borealis, aw-rō′ra bō-rē-ā′lis, the northern aurora or light: a luminous meteoric phenomenon of electrical character seen in northern latitudes, with a tremulous motion, and giving forth streams of light.—Aurora Australis (aws-trā′lis), a similar phenomenon in the southern hemisphere:—pl. Aurō′ras. [L. borealis, northern—boreas, the north wind. See Austral.]

Auscultation, aws-kult-ā′shun, n. the art of discovering the condition of the lungs and heart by applying the ear or the stethoscope to the part.—v.i. to examine by auscultation.—n. Auscultā′tor, one who practises auscultation, or an instrument for such: in Germany, a title formerly given to one who had passed his first public examination in law, and who was merely retained, not yet employed or paid by government.—adj. Auscult′ātory, relating to auscultation. [L. auscultāre, to listen.]

Ausonian, aw-sō′ni-an, adj. Italian. [L. Ausonia, a poetical name for Italy.]

Auspice, aw′spis, n. an omen drawn from observing birds: augury—generally used in pl. Au′spices, protection: patronage: a good start (generally in phrase, Under the auspices of).—v.t. Au′spicate, to foreshow: to initiate or inaugurate with hopes of good luck:—pr.p. au′spicāting; pa.p. au′spicāted.—adj. Auspi′cious, having good auspices or omens of success: favourable: fortunate: propitious.—adv. Auspi′ciously.—n. Auspi′ciousness. [Fr.—L. auspicium—auspex, auspicis, a bird-seer, from avis, a bird, specĕre, to observe.]

Austere, aws-tēr′, adj. harsh: severe: stern: grave: sober: severe in self-discipline, strictly moral or abstinent: severely simple, without luxury.—adv. Austere′ly.—ns. Austere′ness, Auster′ity, quality of being austere: severity of manners or life: harshness: asceticism: severe simplicity of style, dress, or habits. [L. austerus—Gr. austēros—au-ein, to dry.]

Austral, aws′tral, adj. southern.—adj. Australasian (aws-tral-ā′zhi-an), pertaining to Australasia, or the islands and island-groups that lie to the south of Asia.—n. a native or colonist of one of these.—adj. Austrā′lian, of or pertaining to Australia, a large island between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.—n. an aboriginal native of Australia proper, later also a white colonist or resident. [L. australis—auster, the south wind.]

Austrian, aws′tri-an, adj. of or pertaining to Austria, an empire of Central Europe.—n. a native of Austria.

Austringer, aw′string-ėr, n. a keeper of goshawks.—Also A′stringer. [O. Fr. ostruchier, austruchier. See Ostrich.]

Autarchy, awt′är-ki, n. absolute power. [Gr., from autos, self, and archein, to rule.]

Authentic, -al, aw-thent′ik, -al, adj. real: genuine, as opposed to counterfeit, apocryphal: original: true: entitled to acceptance, of established credibility. A distinction is sometimes made between authentic and genuine—the former, that the writing is trustworthy, as setting forth real facts; the latter, that we have it as it left its author's hands—an authentic history: a genuine text.—adv. Authent′ically. [Fr. and L. from Gr. authentēs, one who does anything with his own hand—autos, self.]

Authenticate, aw-thent′ik-āt, v.t. to make authentic: to prove genuine: to give legal validity to: to certify the authorship of.—ns. Authenticā′tion, act of authenticating: confirmation; Authentic′ity, quality of being authentic: state of being true or in accordance with fact: genuineness.

Author, awth′or, n. one who originates or brings anything into being: a beginner or first mover of any action or state of things: the writer of an original book: elliptically for an author's writings: one's authority for something: an informant:—fem. Auth′oress.—adjs. Authō′rial, Auth′orish; Authorīs′able.—n. Authorisā′tion.—v.t. Auth′orise, to give authority to: to sanction: to permit: to justify: to establish by authority.—adj. Auth′orless, anonymous.—ns. Auth′orling, a petty author; Auth′orship, Auth′oring, Auth′orism, state or quality of being an author. [Through Fr. from L. auctor—augēre, auctum, to cause things to increase, to produce.]

Authority, awth-or′it-i, n. legal power or right: power derived from office or character: weight of testimony: permission:—pl. Author′ities, precedents: opinions or sayings carrying weight: persons in power.—adj. Author′itative, having the sanction or weight of authority: dictatorial.—adv. Author′itatively.—n. Author′itativeness. [L. auctoritatem, auctoritas, auctor.]

Autobiography, aw-to-bī-og′raf-i, n. the biography or life of a person written by himself.—n. Autobiog′rapher, one who writes his own life.—adjs. Autobiograph′ic, -al. [Gr. autos, one's self, bios, life, graphein, to write.]

Auto-car, aw′to-kär, n. a vehicle for the road moved from within by steam, electric power, &c. instead of by traction. [Gr. autos, self, and Car.]

Autocarpous, aw-to-kär′pus, adj. applied to such fruit as consists only of the pericarp, with no adnate parts. [Gr. autos, self, karpos, fruit.]

Autochthon, aw-tok′thon, n. one of the primitive inhabitants of a country: an aboriginal:—pl. Autoch′thons and Autoch′thones.—adj. Autoch′thonous.—ns. Autoch′thony, Autoch′thonism, the condition of being autochthonous. [Gr.; made up of autos, self, chthōn, chthonos, the soil; the Athenians claiming to have actually sprung from the soil on which they lived.]

Autocrat, aw′to-krat, n. one who rules by his own power: an absolute sovereign.—n. Autoc′racy, an absolute government by one man: despotism.—adj. Autocrat′ic,—adv. Autocrat′ically. [Gr. autokratēs—autos, self, kratos, power.]

Auto-da-fé, aw′to-da-fā′, n. the public declaration of the judgment passed on heretics in Spain and Portugal by the Inquisition, also the infliction of the punishment which immediately followed thereupon, esp. the public burning of the victims:—pl. Autos-da-fé. [Port. auto da fé = Sp. auto de fe; auto—L. actum, act; da—L. de, of; and fe—L. fides, faith.]

Autogenous, aw-toj′e-nus, adj. self-generated: independent.—n. Autog′eny, a mode of spontaneous generation. [Gr. autogenēs, autos, self, genos, offspring.]

Autograph, aw′to-graf, n. one's own handwriting: a signature: an original manuscript.—v.t. to write with one's hand.—adj. Autograph′ic.—adv. Autograph′ically.—n. Au′tography, act of writing with one's own hand: reproduction of the outline of a writing or drawing by fac-simile. [Gr. autos, self, graphē, writing.]

Autogravure, aw-to-grav′ūr, n. a process of photo-engraving akin to autotype. [Gr. auto, self; Fr. gravure, engraving.]

Autolatry, aw-tol′a-tri, n. worship of one's self.—n. Autol′ogy is merely a justifiable enough scientific study of ourselves. [Gr. autos, self, latreia, worship.]

Autolycus, aw-tol′i-kus, n. a thief: a snapper up of unconsidered trifles: a plagiarist. [From the character in Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.]

Automaton, aw-tom′a-ton, n. a self-moving machine, or one which moves by concealed machinery: a living being regarded as without consciousness: the self-acting power of the muscular and nervous systems, by which movement is effected without intelligent determination: a human being who acts by routine, without intelligence:—pl. Autom′atons, Autom′ata.—adjs. Automat′ic, -al.—adv. Automat′ically.—ns. Autom′atism, automatic or involuntary action: power of self-moving: power of initiating vital processes from within the cell, organ, or organism, independently of any direct or immediate stimulus from without: the doctrine that animals are automata, their motions, &c., being the result of mechanical laws; Autom′atist, one who holds the doctrine of automatism. [Gr. automatos, self-moving—autos, self, and a stem mat-, to strive after, to move.]

Automobile, aw-to-mō′bil, adj. self-moving.—n. a motor-car. [Gr. autos, self, L. mobilis, mobile.]

Automorphic, aw-to-mor′fik, adj. marked by automorphism, the ascription to others of one's own characteristics. [Gr. autos, self, morphē, form.]

Autonomy, aw-ton′om-i, n. the power or right of self-government: (Kant's philos.) the doctrine that the human will carries its guiding principle within itself.—adjs. Auton′omous, Autonom′ic. [Gr.—autos, and nomos, law.]

Autonym, aw′ton-im, n. a writing published under the author's real name. [Gr. autos, self, onoma, a name.]

Autophagous, aw-tof′ag-us, adj. self-devouring.—n. Autoph′agy, sustenance by self-absorption of the tissues of the body. [Gr. autos, self, phagein, to eat.]

Autophoby, aw-tof′ob-i, n. a shrinking from making any reference to one's self. [Gr. autos, self, phobia, fear.]

Autophony, aw-tof′on-i, n. observation of the resonance of one's own voice, heard by placing the ear to the patient's chest. [Gr. autos, self, phōnē, sound.]

Autoplasty, aw′to-plas-ti, n. a mode of surgical treatment which consists in replacing a diseased part by means of healthy tissue from another part of the same body. [Gr. auto-plastos, self-formed.]

Autopsy, aw′top-si, n. personal inspection, esp. the examination of a body after death.—Also Autop′sia. [Gr.; autos, self, opsis, sight.]

Autoptic, -al, aw-topt′ik, -al, adj. seen with one's own eyes.—adv. Autopt′ically. [See Autopsy.]

Autoschediasm, aw-to-sked′i-azm, n. anything extemporised.—v.t. Autosched′iase.—adj. Autoschedias′tic. [Gr. autos, self, schedios, off-hand.]

Autotheism, aw′to-thē-izm, n. assumption of divine powers: the doctrine of the self-subsistence of God, esp. of the second person in the Trinity.—n. Au′totheist, a self-deifier. [Gr. autos, self, theos, a god.]

Autotype, aw′to-tīp, n. a true impress or copy of the original: a process of printing from a photographic negative in a permanent black or other pigment.—v.t. to reproduce by such a process.—n. Autotypog′raphy, a process by which drawings made on gelatine are transferred to a plate from which impressions may be taken. [Gr. autos, self, typos, a stamp.]

Autumn, aw′tum, n. the third season of the year when fruits are gathered in, popularly comprising the months of August, September, and October—in North America, September, October, and November. Astronomically, in the northern hemisphere, it begins at the autumnal equinox, when the sun enters Libra, 22d September, and ends at the winter solstice, when the sun enters Capricorn, 21st December.—adj. Autum′nal.—adv. Autum′nally. [L. autumnus, auctumnus, anciently referred to aug-ēre, as the season of increase; by Corssen and others, to the Sans. av, to do good to.]

Auxesis, awk-sē′sis, n. gradual deepening in force of meaning: hyperbole. [Gr.]

Auxiliar, awg-zil′yar, Auxiliary, awg-zil′yar-i, adj. helping: subsidiary, as troops.—ns. Auxil′iar, an auxiliary; Auxil′iary, a helper: an assistant: (gram.) a verb that helps to form the moods and tenses of other verbs. [L. auxiliaris—auxilium, help—aug-ēre, to increase.]

Ava, ä′va, n. native name in the Sandwich Islands for a species of cordyline yielding an intoxicating drink, also called kava: any similar drink.

Avail, a-vāl′, v.t. to be of value or service to: to benefit: to take the benefit of (used reflexively with of).—v.i. to be of use: to answer the purpose: (obs.) to take or draw advantage: (Amer.) to inform, assure of.—n. benefit: profit: service.—adj. Avail′able, that one may avail one's self of, utilise: profitable: suitable, obtainable: accessible.—ns. Avail′ableness, Availabil′ity, quality of being available: power in promoting an end in view: validity.—advs. Avail′ably; Avail′ingly, in an availing manner. [Fr.—L. ad, to, val-ēre, to be strong, to be worth.]

Avalanche, av′al-ansh, n. a mass of snow and ice sliding down from a mountain: a snow-slip.—v.i. Avāle′ (Spens.), to descend.—v.t. (Spens.) to cause to descend. [Fr. avaler, to slip down—L. ad, to, vall-em, the valley.]

Avant, av′ang, prefix used as adj. in combination, as in Av′ant-cour′ier, one who runs before, in pl. the skirmishers or advance-guard of an army; Av′ant-garde, the vanguard of an army. [Fr.;—L. ante.]

Avarice, av′ar-is, n. eager desire for wealth: covetousness.—adj. Avari′cious, extremely covetous: greedy.—adv. Avari′ciously.—n. Avari′ciousness. [Fr.—L. avaritia—avarus, greedy—avēre, to pant after.]

Avast, a-väst′, interj. (naut.) hold fast! stop! [Dut. houd vast, hold fast.]

Avatar, a-va-tär′, n. the descent of a Hindu deity in a visible form: incarnation: (fig.) supreme glorification of any principle. [Sans.; ava, away, down, tar, to pass over.]

Avaunt, a-vawnt′, interj. move on! begone! (Shak.) used as n. 'to give her the avaunt.'—v.i. (Spens.) to advance: (obs.) depart. [Fr. avant, forward—L. ab, from, ante, before.]

Avaunt, a-vawnt′, v.i. (Spens.) to advance boastfully. [O. Fr. avanter—Low L. vanitare, to boast—L. vanus, vain.]

Ave, ā′vē, interj. and n. be well or happy: hail, an address or prayer to the Virgin Mary: in full, Ave Marī′a.—Ave Maria, or Ave Mary, the Hail Mary, or angelic salutation (Luke, i. 28). [L. avēre, to be well or propitious. See Angelus.]

Avenaceous, av′en-ā-shus, adj. of the nature of oats. [L. avena, oats.]

Avenge, a-venj′, v.t. to vindicate: take vengeance on some one on account of some injury or wrong (with on, upon; of obsolete).—adj. Avenge′ful.—ns. Avenge′ment; Aveng′er, one who avenges:—fem. Aveng′eress. [O. Fr. avengier—L. vindicāre. See Vengeance.]

Avens, ā′vens, n. popular name of two species of Geum—the herb bennet (once used to flavour ale) and the sub-alpine mountain-avens. [Fr.]

Aventail, Aventaile, av′en-tāl, n. the flap or movable part of a helmet in front, for admitting air to the wearer. [O. Fr. esventail, air-hole—L. ex, out, ventus, wind.]

Aventre, a-ven′tr, v.t. or v.i. (Spens.) to throw, as a spear or dart. [O. Fr. venter, to cast to the wind.]

Aventurine, a-ven′tū-rin, n. a brown, spangled kind of Venetian glass: a kind of quartz.—Also Avan′turine. [It. avventura, chance—because of the accidental discovery of the glass.]

Avenue, av′en-ū, n. the principal approach to a country-house, usually bordered by trees: a double row of trees, with or without a road: a wide and handsome street, with or without trees, esp. in America: any passage or entrance into a place: (fig.) means of access or attainment. [Fr.: from L. ad, to, venīre, to come.]

Aver, a-vėr′, v.t. to declare to be true: to affirm or declare positively: (law) to prove or justify a plea:—pr.p. aver′ring; pa.p. averred.—n. Aver′ment, positive assertion: (law) a formal offer to prove a plea: the proof offered. [Fr. avérer—L. ad, and verus, true.]

Average, av′ėr-āj, n. the mean value or quantity of a number of values or quantities: any expense incurred beyond the freight, payable by the owner of the goods shipped, as in the phrase Petty average: any loss or damage to ship or cargo from unavoidable accidental causes—Particular average. Again, General average is the apportionment of loss caused by measures taken for the ship's safety, as cutting away the masts, throwing overboard cargo, accepting towage, or the like.—adj. containing a mean value: ordinary.—v.t. to fix an average.—v.i. to exist in, or form, a mean quantity. [Dr Murray says the word first appears about 1500 in connection with the maritime trade of the Mediterranean (Fr. avarie, Sp. averia, It. avaria); probably averia is a derivative of It. avere (O. Fr. aveir), goods, the original sense being a 'charge on property or goods.' The It. avere and O. Fr. aveir meant goods, substance, cattle—L. habēre, to have. The Old Eng. aver in the same sense is obsolete, but in Scotland aver still means an old horse.]

Averroism, av-er-ō′izm, n. the doctrine of the Arabian philosopher Averrhoes (died 1198), that the soul is perishable, the only immortal soul being the world-soul from which individual souls went forth, and to which they return.—n. Averrō′ist, one who holds this doctrine.

Averruncate, a-vėr-ungk′āt, v.t. (rare) to avert or ward off: to pull up by the roots.—ns. Averruncā′tion, act of averting: extirpation; Averrunc′ātor, an instrument for cutting off branches of trees. [L. averruncāre, to avert.]

Averse, a-vėrs′, adj. having a disinclination or hatred (with to; from is, however, still used): disliking: turned away from anything: turned backward; (her.) turned so as to show the back, as of a right hand.—n. Aversā′tion (obs.).—adv. Averse′ly.—n. Averse′ness. [L. aversus, turned away, pa.p. of avert-ĕre. See Avert.]

Aversion, a-vėr′-shun, n. dislike: hatred: the object of dislike. [See Avert.]

Avert, a-vėrt′, v.t. to turn from or aside: to prevent: ward off.—p.adj. Avert′ed.—adv. Avert′edly.—adj. Avert′ible, capable of being averted. [L. avert-ēre—ab, from, vert-ĕre, to turn.]

Aviary, ā′vi-ar-i, n. a place for keeping birds.—n. A′viarist, one who keeps an aviary. [L. aviarium—avis, a bird.]

Aviculture, ā′vi-kul-tūr, n. rearing of birds: bird-fancying. [L. avis, bird, and Culture.]

Avidity, a-vid′i-ti, n. eagerness: greediness.—adj. Av′id, greedy: eager. [L. aviditas—avidus, greedy—avēre, to pant after.]

Avifauna, ā′vi-fawn-a, n. the whole of the birds found in a region or country: the fauna as regards birds. [L. avis, bird, and Fauna.]

Aviso. See Adviso (under Advice).—Avis, Avise, obsolete forms of Advise.—adj. Avise′ful (Spens.), watchful, circumspect.

Avital, av′i-tal, adj. of a grandfather: ancestral. [L. avitus, pertaining to a grandfather (avus).]

Avizandum, av-iz-an′dum, n. (Scots law) private consideration of a case by a judge before giving judgment.—Also Avisan′dum. [Gerund of Low L. avisare, to advise.]

Avocado, a-vo-kä′do, n. the alligator-pear, a West Indian fruit. [Corr. from Mexican.]

Avocation, a-vo-kā′shun, n. formerly and properly, a diversion or distraction from one's regular employment—now, one's proper business = Vocation: business which calls for one's time and attention: (arch.) diversion of the thoughts from any employment: the calling of a case from an inferior to a superior court. [Through Fr. from avocation-em, a calling away—ab, from, vocāre, to call.]

Avocet, Avoset, av′o-set, n. a widely spread genus of birds, with webbed feet, long legs, bare thighs, a long, slender, upward-curved, elastic bill, and snipe-like habit. [Fr. avocette, It. avosetta.]

Avoid, a-void′, v.t. to try to escape from: to shun: (law) to invalidate: (Shak.) to leave, to quit.—adj. Avoid′able.—n. Avoid′ance, the act of avoiding or shunning: act of annulling. [Pfx. a- = Fr. es = L. ex, out, and Void.]

Avoirdupois, av-or-dū-poiz′, adj. or n. a system of weights in which the lb. equals 16 oz. [O. Fr. aveir de pes (avoir du pois), to have weight—L. hab-ēre, to have, pensum, that which is weighed.]

Avouch, a-vowch′, v.t. to avow: to assert or own positively: to maintain: guarantee; to appeal to. v.i. to give assurance of.—n. (Shak.) evidence.—adj. Avouch′able.—n. Avouch′ment. [O. Fr. avochier—L. advocāre, to call to one's aid. See Vouch.]

Avoure, a-vowr′, n. (Spens.) confession, acknowledgment, justification. [See Avow.]

Avow, a-vow′, v.t. to declare openly: to own or confess: to affirm or maintain: (law) to justify an act done.—n. a solemn promise: a vow.—pa.p. as adj. self-acknowledged.—adj. Avow′able.—ns. Avow′ableness, Avow′ance (obs.); Avow′al, a positive declaration: a frank confession.—adv. Avow′edly.—n. Avow′ry (law), the act of avowing and justifying in one's own right the distraining of goods: (obs.) advocacy considered as personified in a patron saint. [O. Fr. avouer, orig. to swear fealty to—L. ad, and Low L. votāre—votum, a vow. See Vow.]

Avulse, a-vuls′, v.t. to pluck or tear away.—n. Avul′sion, forcible separation. [L. avell-ĕre, avulsum.]

Avuncular, a-vung′kū-lar, adj. pertaining to an uncle.—v.t. or v.i. Avunc′ulise (Fuller), to act like an uncle. [L. avunculus, an uncle.]

Await, a-wāt′, v.t. to wait or look for: to be in store for: to attend: (obs.) to lie in wait for, to watch. [Through Fr. from the common Teutonic root of Ger. wacht, en, Eng. Wait.]

Awake, a-wāk′, v.t. to rouse from sleep: to rouse from a state of inaction.—v.i. to cease sleeping: to rouse one's self from sleep or indifference:—pa.p. awaked′, or awoke′.—adj. not asleep: vigilant.—adj. Awak′able, capable of being awakened.—v.t. and v.i. Awak′en, to awake: to rouse into interest or attention: (theol.) to call to a sense of sin.—adj. Awak′enable.—ns. Awak′enment, Awak′ing, Awak′ening, the act of awaking or ceasing to sleep: an arousing from indifference: a revival of religion.—To be awake to, to be fully aware of anything. [A.S. awæcnan. See Wake, Watch.]

Awanting, a-wont′ing, adj. wanting: missing. [Framed as if from a verb awant—mostly Scotch.]

Award, a-wawrd′, v.t. to adjudge: to determine.—n. judgment: final decision, esp. of arbitrators.—adj. Award′able, that may be awarded.—n. Award′ment. [O. Fr. ewarder, eswarder, from an assumed Romanic form compounded of ex, thoroughly, and guardare, watch. See Ward, Guard.]

Aware, a-wār′, adj. wary: informed, conscious (with of)—ns. Aware′dom (H. Walpole), Aware′ness. [A.S. gewær, pfx. ge-, and wær, cautious. See Wary.]

Awash, a-wosh′, adv. on a level with the surface of the water: floating at the mercy of the waves. [Pfx. a-, and Wash.]

Away, a-wā′, adv. onward, along: forthwith: in the direction of, about: absent: gone, dead, fainted.—interj. begone!—Away (elliptically), to go away, esp. imperatively, Away! or Away with you!—Away with him = take him away.—Fire away, fire at once, without hesitation.—I cannot away with = bear or endure.—Make away with, to destroy.—Once and away, once in a way (the usual modern form), once.—There away, in that direction, thereabout.—To do away (with), to make an end of anything; To explain away, to explain till the thing that needs explanation is itself removed; To fall away (with from), to desert; To fight away, to go on fighting; To work away, to keep on working. [A.S. a-weg—prep. a, on, weg, way, lit. 'on one's way.']

Awe, aw, n. reverential fear, or wonder: dread: (arch.) power to inspire awe.—v.t. to strike with or influence by fear.—adj. Awe′less, without fear.—n. Awe′lessness.—adjs. Awe′some, Aw′some (Scot.), full of awe: inspiring awe: weird, dreadful.—v.t. Awe′-strike, to strike with awe.—adjs. Awe′-struck, struck or affected with awe; Aw′ful, full of awe: dreadful: inspiring respect: expressive of awe: (slang) ugly: and as a mere intensive of anything.—adv. Aw′fully (also in slang merely = very).—n. Aw′fulness. [Ice. agi, A.S. ege, fear; cog. with Gael. eaghal; Gr. achos, anguish.]

Aweary, a-wē′ri, adj. weary (with of).—adj. Awea′ried, weary. [Pfx. a-, and Weary.]

A-weather, a-weth′ėr, adv. (naut.) towards the weather or windward side, in the direction from which the wind blows, applied to the position of a helm when its tiller is moved to the windward side of the ship—opp. to A-lee. [Prep. a, on, and Weather.]

A-week, a-wēk′, adv. phrase, in the week, per week. [Prep. a, and Week.]

A-weigh, a-wā′, adv. in the act of being weighed, as an anchor, when the strain on the cable has just raised it from the bottom. [Prep. a, and Weigh.]

Awhape, a-hwāp′, v.t. (Spens.) to strike: to terrify. [Dr Murray compares the Goth. af hwapjan, to choke, which would give an A.S. ofhweppan. See Whap.]

Awhile, a-hwīl′, adv. for some time: for a short time. [A.S. áne hwíle = a while; combined as early as 13th century.]

Awkward, awk′ward, adj. clumsy: ungraceful: embarrassed: difficult to deal with: (Shak.) unfavourable: (obs.) froward.—adj. Awk′wardish.—adv. Awk′wardly, clumsily, embarrassingly, dangerously.—n. Awk′wardness. [Prob. Ice. afug, turned wrong way, and suff. -ward, expressing direction.]

Awl, awl, n. a pointed instrument for boring small holes in leather. [A.S. æl; cog. with Ice. alr, Ger. ahle.]

Awn, awn, n. a scale or husk: beard of corn or grass.—adjs. Awned; Awn′less; Awn′y. [Ice. ögn; Ger. ahne.]

Awning, awn′ing, n. a covering to shelter from the sun's rays. [Perh. due to the Fr. auvent, a screen of cloth before a shop window, with Eng. ending -ing. Skeat suggests Pers. áwan, áwang, anything suspended. The history of the word is still unsolved.]

Awry, a-rī′, adj. twisted to one side: distorted, crooked: wrong: perverse.—adv. unevenly: perversely: erroneously.—To look awry, to look askance at anything; To walk awry, to go wrong. [Prep. a, on, and Wry.]

Axe, Ax, aks, n. a well-known tool or instrument for hewing or chopping, usually of iron with a steel edge:—pl. Ax′es. [A.S. æx; L. ascia; Gr. axinē.]

Axile, aks′il, adj. lying in the axis of anything, as an embryo in the axis of a seed.

Axilla, aks′il-la, n. (anat.) the armpit.—ns. Ax′illa, Ax′il (bot.), the angle between the upper side of a branch and the trunk, or a petiole and the stem it springs from.—adjs. Ax′illar, Ax′illary. [L. axilla, the armpit.]

Axinomancy, aks′in-o-man-si, n. a mode of divination from the motions of an axe poised upon a stake, or of an agate placed upon a red-hot axe. [Gr. axinē, an axe, and manteia, divination.]

Axiom, aks′yum, n. a self-evident truth: a universally received principle in an art or science.—adjs. Axiomat′ic, Axiomat′ical.—adv. Axiomat′ically. [Gr. axiōma—axio-ein, to think worth, to take for granted—axios, worth.]

Axis, aks′is, n. the axle, or the line, real or imaginary, on which a body revolves: the straight line about which the parts of a body or system are systematically arranged, or which passes through the centre of all the corresponding parallel sections of it, as of a cylinder, globe, or spheroid. The axis of a curved line is formed by a right line dividing the curve into two symmetrical parts, as in the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola:—pl. Axes (aks′ēz).—adj. Ax′ial.—adv. Ax′ially.—n. Ax′oid, a curve generated by the revolution of a point round an advancing axis.—Axis of a lens, the right line passing through a lens in such a manner as to be perpendicular to both sides of it; Axis of a telescope, a right line which passes through the centres of all the glasses in the tube; Axis of incidence, the line passing through the point of incidence perpendicularly to the refracting surface; Axis of refraction, the continuation of the same line through the refracting medium; Axis of the equator, the polar diameter of the earth, which is also the axis of rotation; Axis of the eye, the right line passing through the centres of the pupil and the crystalline lens. [L. axis; cf. Gr. axōn, Sans. aksha, A.S. eax.]

Axis, aks′is, n. the hog-deer of India. [L. axis, Pliny's name for an Indian quadruped.]

Axle, aks′l, Axle-tree, aks′l-trē, n. the pin or rod in the nave of a wheel on which the wheel turns: a pivot or support of any kind; the imaginary line of ancient cosmographers on which a planet revolved.—adj. Ax′led. [More prob. Norse öxull than a dim. from A.S. eax.]

Axolotl, aks′o-lotl, n. a reptile found in Mexico, allied to the tailed batrachia, but distinguished by retaining its gills through life. [Mexican.]

Ay, ā, interj. ah! oh! alas! esp. in ay me! [M. E. ey, ei, perh. from Fr. ahi, aï; cf. Sp. ay de mi!]

Ay, Aye, ī, adv. yea: yes: indeed.—n. Aye (ī), a vote in the affirmative: (pl.) those who vote in the affirmative. [Perh. a dial. form of aye, ever; perh. a variant of yea.]

Ayah, ā′ya, n. a native Indian waiting-maid. [Anglo-Ind.: Hind. āya, derived from the Port. aia, nurse.]

Aye, Ay, ā, adv. ever: always: for ever.—For aye, For ever and aye, for ever, to all eternity.—In combination, with sense of 'ever,' as in Shakespeare's 'aye-remaining,' &c. [Ice. ei, ever; A.S. a; conn. with Age, Ever.]

Aye-aye, ī′ī, n. a quadruped about the size of a hare found in Madagascar, closely allied to the lemurs, with much of the aspect of a squirrel. [Malagasy aiay.]

Ayenbite, ī′en-bīt, n. (obs.) remorse, as in the book-title Ayenbite of Inwyt ('remorse of conscience'). [M. E. ayen, again bite.]

Azalea, a-zā′le-a, n. a genus of shrubby plants, with fine white, yellow, or crimson flowers, mostly natives of China or North America, closely allied to the rhododendron. [Gr. azaleos, dry—aza, dryness.]

Azimuth, az′im-uth, n. the arc of the horizon between the meridian of a place and a vertical circle passing through any celestial body.—adj. Az′imuthal, pertaining to the azimuth. [Ar. as-sumūt, as = al, the, sūmut, samt, direction. See Zenith.]

Azoic, a-zō′ik, adj. without life: before the existence of animal life: formed when there was no animal life on the globe, as rocks. [Gr. a, neg., and zōē, life—za-ein, to live.]

Azonic, a-zon′ik, adj. not limited to a zone, not local. [Gr.; a, neg., zōnē, a belt region.]

Azote, a-zōt′, n. an old name for nitrogen, so called because it does not sustain animal life.—adj. Azot′ic.—v.t. Az′otise, to impregnate with acid.—n. Az′otite, a salt of azotic or nitrous acid.—adj. Azot′ous, nitrous. [Gr. a, neg., and za-ein, to live.]

Azoth, äz′ōth, n. the alchemist's name for mercury: Paracelsus's universal remedy. [From Ar. az-zāūg, az = al, the, zāūg, from Pers. zhīwah, quicksilver.]

Aztec, az′tek, adj. relating to or descended from the Aztecs, the dominant tribe in Mexico at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards.

Azure, azh′ūr, or ā′zhūr, adj. of a faint blue: sky-coloured; clear, cloudless.—n. a delicate blue colour: the sky.—adjs. Azurē′an, Az′urine, azure.—n. Az′urite, blue carbonate of copper.—adjs. Az′urn (Milton), azure; Az′ury, bluish. [O. Fr. azur—Low L. azura—Ar. (al) lazward, Pers. lājward, lapis lazuli, blue colour.]

Azygous, az′i-gus, adj. not yoked or joined with another: (anat.) not one of a pair, as a muscle. [Gr. azygos—a, neg., and zygos, a yoke, from zeugnumi, to join.]

Azymous, az′i-mus, adj. unfermented: unleavened.—ns. Az′ym, Az′yme, unleavened bread; Az′ymite, a member of a church using unleavened bread in the Eucharist—a name applied by the Eastern Church to the Western, as well as to the Armenian and Maronite Churches. [Gr. azymos—a, neg., ēzym, leaven.]

the second letter of our alphabet, called by the Phœnicians beth, 'the house,' coresponding to Greek βετα, 'beta.'—B in music is the seventh note of the scale of C major; B or B flat, a humorous euphemism for the domestic bug.

Baa, bä, n. the cry of a sheep.—v.i. to cry or bleat as a sheep.—n. Baa′ing. [From the sound.]

Baal, bā′al, n. the chief male deity of the Phœnician nations: a false god generally:—pl. Bā′alim.—ns. Bā′alism; Bā′alite. [Heb.]

Babble, bab′bl, v.i. to speak like a baby: to make a continuous murmuring sound like a brook, &c.: to make a babbling noise: to tell secrets.—v.t. to prate: to utter.—adjs. Bab′blative, Bab′bly.—ns. Bab′ble, Bab′blement, Bab′bling, idle senseless talk: prattle: confused murmur, as of a stream; Bab′bler, one who babbles. [Prob. imit., from the repeated syllable ba; cf. Dut. babbelen, Ger. pappelen, Fr. babiller.]

Babe, bāb, Baby, bā′bi, n. an infant or child: a doll, puppet: the reflection of one's self in miniature seen in the pupil of another's eye.—ns. Bā′by-farm′er, one who takes in infants to nurse on payment; Bā′byhood.—adj. Bā′byish.—n. Bā′by-jump′er, a seat suspended from the ceiling of a room by elastic straps, to enable a baby to jump. [Prob. imitative. See Babble.]

Babel, bā′bel, n. a lofty structure: a confused combination of sounds: a scene of confusion.—ns. Bā′beldom, Bā′belism. [Heb. Babel, explained in Gen. xi. as confusion.]

Babiroussa, -russa, ba-bi-rōō′sa, n. a species of wild hog found in the East Indies, often called the horned or deer hog. [Malay bâbi, hog, and rûsa, deer.]

Baboo, bä′bōō, n. orig. the Hindu title corresponding to our Mr, but often applied disparagingly to a Hindu with a superficial English education, or adjectively as in 'baboo English,' which is more copious than correct, with long and learned words often most ingeniously misapplied.—ns. Ba′boodom, Ba′booism. [Hind. bābū.]

Baboon, ba-bōōn′, n. a species of large monkey, having a long face, dog-like tusks, large lips, and a short tail.—n. Baboon′ery.—adj. Baboon′ish. [Fr. babouin; remoter origin unknown.]

Babylonian, bab-i-lōn′i-an, adj. pertaining to Babylon: hence (fig.) huge, gigantic: Romish, popish (obs. from the identification with Rome of the scarlet woman of Rev. xvii.); Babel-like, confused in language.—Also Babylon′ish.

Baccalaureate, bak-ka-law′re-āt, n. the university degree of bachelor.—adj. Baccalau′rean [Low L. baccalaureus, corrupted from, baccalarius, with some imaginary reference to bacca lauri, the laurel berry. See Bachelor.]

Baccarat, Baccara, bak-ar-ā′, n. a French game of cards played by any number of betters and a banker. [Fr. baccara.]

Baccate, bak′āt, adj. having berries: berry-like or pulpy.—adjs. Bacciferous (bak-sif′ėr-us), bearing berries; Bac′ciform, of the shape of a berry; Bacciv′orous, living on berries. [L. baccatus—bacca, a berry.]

Bacchanal, bak′a-nal, n. a worshipper of Bacchus: one who indulges in drunken revels: a dance or song in honour of Bacchus.—adj. relating to drunken revels—also Bacchanā′lian.—ns.pl. Bacchanā′lia, Bac′chanals, originally feasts in honour of Bacchus: drunken revels.—n. Bacchanā′lianism.—n. and adj. Bacchant (bak′kant), a priest of Bacchus, the god of wine: a reveller: a drunkard.—n. Bacchante (bak-kant′, bak′kant, bak-kant′i), a priestess of Bacchus, the god of wine: a female bacchanal:—pl. Bacchant′es.—adj. Bacchic (bak′kik), relating to Bacchus: jovial: drunken. [L. Bacchanalis, Bacchus, Gr. Bacchos, the god of wine.]

Bacharach, bak′ar-ak, n. an excellent wine named from Bacharach, a town on the Rhine.

Bachelor, bach′el-or, n. a young knight who followed the banner of another, as being too young to display his own: an unmarried man: one who has taken his first degree at a university.—ns. Bach′elorhood, Bach′elorship; Bach′elorism, habit of a bachelor; Bach′elor's-but′ton, the popular name of the double-flowered yellow or white varieties of buttercup.—Knight bachelor, title of one who has been knighted, but not attached to any special order. [O. Fr. bacheler. Ety. disputed; acc. to Brachet from Low L. baccalarius, a farm-servant, orig. a cowherd, from bacca, Low L. for vacca, a cow.]

Bacillus, ba-sil′us, n. properly the name of a distinct genus of Schizomycetes, but popularly used in the same sense as Bacterium:—pl. Bacil′lī.—adjs. Bacil′lar, Bacil′lary, of the shape or nature of a bacillus, consisting of little rods.—n. Bacil′licide, that which destroys bacilli.—adj. Bacil′liform. [Low L. bacillus, dim. of baculus, a rod.]

Back, bak, n. the hinder part of the body in man, and the upper part in beasts, extending from the neck and shoulders to the extremity of the backbone: put for the whole body in speaking of clothes: the hinder part, or the part opposite to the front side: the convex part of a book, opposite to the opening of the leaves: the thick edge of a knife or the like: the upright hind part of a chair: the surface of the sea, or of a river: the keel and keelson of a ship: (football) one of the players stationed behind the 'forwards,' the full back's duty being merely to guard the goal: (mining) that side of an inclined mineral lode which is nearest the surface of the ground—the back of a level is the ground between it and the level above.—adv. to the place from which one came: to a former state or condition: behind: behind in time: in return: again.—v.t. to get upon the back of: to help, as if standing at one's back: to force back: to support one's opinion by a wager or bet—'to back a horse,' to bet money on his winning in a race, 'to back the field,' to bet upon all the horses in a field, against one in particular: to countersign a warrant, or indorse a cheque or bill; to write or print at the back of, as a parliamentary bill, or the like: to put or propel backward, or in the opposite direction, by reversing the action, as of an engine or a boat—hence the phrases, To back the oars, To back water.—v.i. to move or go back.—n. Back′-band, a broad strap or chain passing over the cart saddle, and serving to keep up the shafts of a vehicle.—v.t. Back′bite, to speak evil of any one behind his back or in his absence.—ns. Back′biter; Back′biting; Back′-board, a board placed at the back of a cart, boat, &c.: a board fastened across the back to straighten the figure; Back′bond (Scots law), a deed attaching a qualification or condition to the terms of a conveyance or other instrument—used when particular circumstances render it necessary to express in a separate form the limitations or qualifications of a right; Back′bone, the bone of the back, the vertebral column: the main support of anything: mainstay: firmness, reliableness; Back′-door, a door in the back part of a building: (attrib.) unworthily secret: clandestine.—adj. Backed, as in humpbacked.—ns. Back′-end, the later part of a season: the late autumn; Back′er, one who backs or supports another in a contest: one who bets on a horse or the like; Back′-fall, a fall on the back in wrestling—also figuratively: a lever in the coupler of an organ; Back′friend (obs.), a pretended friend: a backer, a friend who stands at one's back; Back′ground, ground at the back: a place of obscurity: the space behind the principal figures of a picture; Back′-hair, the long hair at the back of a woman's head; Back′-hand, the hand turned backwards in making a stroke: handwriting with the letters sloped backwards.—adj. Back′-hand′ed, with the hand turned backward (as of a blow): indirect.—ns. Back′-hand′er, a blow with the back of the hand: an extra glass of wine out of turn, the bottle being passed back; Back′ing, support at the back: mounting of a horse: the action of putting back: a body of helpers: anything used to form a back or line the back; Back′ing-down, shirking; Back′-lash, the jarring reaction of a wheel in a machine when the motion is not uniform; Back′-log, a log at the back of a fire.—adj. Back′most, farthest to the back.—ns. Back′-piece, Back′-plate, a piece or plate of armour for the back; Back′-set, a setting back, reverse: an eddy or counter-current; Back′side, the back or hinder side or part of anything: the hinder part of an animal; Back′-sight, in surveying, a sight taken backwards: the sight of a rifle nearer the stock; Back′-slang, slang in which every word is pronounced backwards.—v.t. Backslide′, to slide or fall back in faith or morals:—pa.p. backslid′, or backslid′den.—ns. Backslid′er; Backslid′ing.—n.pl. Back′stairs, back or private stairs of a house.—adj. secret or underhand.—n.pl. Back′stays, ropes or stays extending from the topmast-heads to the sides of a ship, and slanting a little backward, to second the shrouds in supporting the mast when strained by a weight of sail in a fresh wind: any stay or support at the back.—ns. Back′stitch, a method of sewing in which, for every new stitch, the needle enters behind, and comes out in front of, the end of the previous one; Back′sword, a sword with a back or with only one edge: a stick with a basket-handle; Backsword′man (Shak.); Back′-wash, a backward current.—v.t. to affect with back-wash: to clean the oil from wool after combing.—n. Back′water, water held back in a mill-stream or river by the obstruction of a dam below—a pool or belt of water connected with a river, but not in the line of its course or current: water thrown back by the turning of a water-wheel: a backward current of water: the swell of the sea formed by the paddles of a steamship.—n.pl. Back′woods, the forest or uncultivated part of a country beyond the cleared country, as in North American Backwoods′man.—Back! go back, turn back (imperatively).—At the back of (in U.S. often Back of), in support or pursuit; On, Upon the back of, weighing down as a burden.—To and back (Shak.), forward and backward.—To back down, to abandon one's opinion or position; To back out, to recede from an engagement or promise; To back up, to give support to; To be on one's back, to have come to the end of one's resources; To break the back of, to overburden, to complete the hardest part of a task; To cast behind the back (B.), to forgive; To set or put up the back, to arouse to resentment; To the backbone, thoroughly. [A.S. bæc, Sw. bak, Dan. bag.]

Backare, Baccare, bak′āre, interj. (Shak.) back! stand back! [Perh. for back there!]

Backet, bak′et (Scot.), n. a shallow wooden trough for carrying ashes, coals, &c. [Fr. baquet, dim. of bac, back.]

Backgammon, bak-gam′un, n. a game played by two persons on a board with dice and fifteen men or pieces each. [M.E. gamen, play; and named from the fact that the pieces are sometimes taken up and obliged to go back—that is, re-enter at the table. Always called Tables till the 17th century.]

Backsheesh, Backshish, bak′shēsh, n. a gift or present of money in the East, a gratuity or tip. [Pers.]

Backward, bak′ward, adv. towards the back: on the back: towards the past: from a better to a worse state: in a direction opposite to the normal—also Back′wards.—adj. Back′ward, keeping back: unwilling: slow: late: dull or stupid.—n. the past portion of time.—n. Back′wardation, percentage paid by a seller of stock for keeping back its delivery till the following account.—adv. Back′wardly.—n. Back′wardness.—Backward and forward, to and fro.—To ring bells backward, to ring them, beginning with the bass bell, in order to give tidings of dismay. [Back, and affix Ward, Wards, in the direction of.]

Bacon, bā′kn, n. swine's flesh salted or pickled and dried: (Shak.) a rustic, 'chaw-bacon.'—To save or sell one's bacon, i.e. one's own flesh or body. [O. Fr. bacon, of Teut. origin; cf. Old High Ger. bahho, bacho; Ger. bache.]

Baconian, bak-ōn′i-an, adj. pertaining to Lord Bacon (1561-1626), or to his philosophy, which was inductive or based on experience.

Bacterium, bak-tē′ri-um, n., Bacteria, bak-tē′ri-a, n.pl. Schizomycetes, extremely small, single-celled, fungoid plants, single or grouped, reproducing rapidly by cross division or by the formation of spores, almost always associated with the decomposition of albuminoid substances, and regarded as the germs or active cause of many diseases.—ns. Bacteriol′ogist; Bacteriol′ogy, the scientific study of bacteria. [Gr. baktērion, dim. of baktron, stick, staff.]

Baculine, bak′ū-līn, adj. pertaining to the stick or cane—in flogging. [L. baculum.]

Baculite, bak′ū-līt, n. a genus of fossil shells, allied to the ammonites, having a shell of perfectly straight form, tapering to a point. [L. baculum, a stick.]

Bad, bad, adj. ill or evil: wicked: hurtful: incorrect, faulty: unfavourable: painful:—comp. Worse; superl. Worst.—adj. Bad′dish, somewhat bad: not very good.—adv. Bad′ly.—ns. Bad′ness.—Bad blood, angry feeling; Bad coin, false coin; Bad debts, debts that cannot be recovered; Bad shot, a wrong guess.—To go bad, to decay; To go to the bad, to go to ruin; To the bad, to a bad condition: in deficit.—With bad grace, unwillingly. [Ety. very obscure. The M. E. badde is referred by Zupitza to A.S. bæddel, a hermaphrodite, bædling, an effeminate fellow.]

Badge, baj, n. a mark or sign by which a person or object is known or distinguished. [M.E. bage—Low L. bagia, bagea, connected by Skeat with Low L. baga, a golden ring, from L. bacca, baca, a berry, also the link of a chain.]

Badger, baj′ėr, n. a burrowing, nocturnal, hibernating animal about the size of a fox, eagerly hunted by dogs.—v.t. to pursue with eagerness, as dogs hunt the badger: to pester or worry.—ns. Badg′er-bait′ing, the sport of setting dogs to draw out a badger from its hole; Badg′er-dog, a long-bodied and short-legged dog used in drawing the badger—the Ger. dachshund.—adj. Badg′er-legged, having legs of unequal length, as the badger was vulgarly supposed to have.—adv. Badg′erly, like a badger: grayish-haired, elderly.—To overdraw one's badger, to overdraw one's banking account. [Prob. from Badge and suffix -ard, in reference to the white mark borne like a badge on its forehead. Derivations connecting the word with O. Fr. blaier, thus meaning 'little corn hoarder,' in allusion to a popular notion about the animal's habits, seem to be erroneous.]

Badinage, bad′in-äzh, n. light playful talk: banter. [Fr. badinage—badin, playful or bantering.]

Badminton, bad′min-ton, n. a cooling summer drink compounded of claret, sugar, and soda-water: a predecessor of lawn-tennis, played with shuttlecocks. [From Badminton in Gloucester, a seat of the Duke of Beaufort.]

Baff, bäf, v.t. (golf) to strike the ground with a club in playing, and so to send the ball up in the air.

Baffle, baf′fl, v.t. to check or make ineffectual: (obs.) to cheat, hoodwink, bewilder, bring to nought: (obs.) to disgrace publicly.—ns. Baf′fle (obs.), confusion, check; Baf′fler, a bewilderer, confounder.—To baffle out of (obs.), to juggle out of anything. [Prob. Scotch and connected with bauchle; but cf. Fr. beffler, from O. Fr. befe, mockery. Paul Meyer suggests a derivation from Prov. baf, interj. of disdain.]

Baft, baft, n. a coarse fabric, originally Oriental, now manufactured in and shipped from England. [Pers. baft, woven.]

Baft, baft, n. adv. and prep. behind, in the rear (mostly naut.). [A.S. beæftan, from be, by, and æftan, behind.]

Bag, bag, n. a sack, pouch: specially the silken pouch to contain the back-hair of the wig: a measure of quantity for produce: a game-bag, i.e. the quantity of fish or game secured: an udder: (vulg. in pl.) trousers.—v.i. to bulge, swell out: (naut.) to drop away from the right course.—v.t. to cram full: to put into a bag, specially of game, hence to kill game, to seize, steal:—pr.p. bag′ging; pa.p. bagged.—ns. Bag′ging, cloth or material for bags; Bag′git, a salmon that has just spawned.—adj. Bag′gy, loose like a bag: inflated, verbose.—ns. Bag′man, a familiar name for a commercial traveller; Bag′-wig, an 18th-cent. wig, the back-hair of which was enclosed in an ornamental bag.—Bag and baggage, originally a military expression, hence the phrase, 'to march out with bag and baggage,' i.e. with all belongings saved: to make an honourable retreat: now used in the sense of 'to clear out completely.'—Bag of bones, an emaciated living being.—In the bottom of the bag, remaining as a last resource; The whole bag of tricks, every expedient; To give one the bag to hold, to engage any one and meanwhile disappear; To let the cat out of the bag, to disclose the secret. [M. E. bagge, perh. Scand.; not Celtic, as Diez suggests.]

Bagasse, ba-gas′, n. refuse in sugar-making. [Fr.; Sp. bagazo, husks of grapes or olives after pressing.]

Bagatelle, bag-a-tel′, n. a trifle: a piece of music in a light style: a game played on a board (7 feet long and 21 inches broad) with nine balls and a cue, the object being to put the balls down into as many numbered holes at the farther semicircular end of the board. [Fr.—It. bagatella, a conjurer's trick, a trifle.]

Baggage, bag′āj, n. the tents, provisions, and other necessaries of an army: (U.S.) traveller's luggage; a worthless woman: a saucy woman. [O. Fr. bagage—baguer, to bind up, from which we may infer all the meanings, without reference to Fr. bagasse, It. bagáscia, a strumpet.]

Bagnio, ban′yō, n. a bath, esp. one with hot baths: an Oriental place of detention: a stew or house of ill-fame. [It. bagno—L. balneum, a bath.]

Bagpipe, bag′pīp, n. a musical wind-instrument, consisting of a leathern bag fitted with pipes. The Highland bagpipe has five pipes: a, the mouthpiece, to keep the bag filled with air; b, the chanter, having a reed and finger-holes to produce the melody; and c, three drones with reeds, tuned to act as a bass to the chanter: (pl.) an inflated, senseless talker.—n. Bag′piper.

Bahadur, ba-had′ōōr, n. a title of respect often added by natives to the names of English officers in India. [Hind. bahadur, brave.]

Baignoire, bān′war, n. a box at the theatre on a level with the stalls. [Orig. = 'bathing-box,' Fr. baigner, to bathe.]

Bail, bāl, n. one who procures the release of an accused person by becoming guardian or security for his appearing in court: the security given: (Spens.) jurisdiction.—v.t. to set a person free by giving security for him: to release on the security of another.—adj. Bail′able.—ns. Bail′-bond, a bond given by a prisoner and his surety upon being bailed; Bail′-dock, Bale′-dock, a room at the Old Bailey, London, in which prisoners were kept during the trials; Bailee′, one to whom goods are delivered in trust upon a contract; Bail′er, one who delivers goods to another in trust; Bail′ment, a delivery of goods in trust: the action of bailing a prisoner; Bails′man, one who gives bail for another.—To accept, admit to, allow bail, are all said of the magistrate; the prisoner offers, surrenders to his bail; the one who provides it goes, gives, or stands bail.—To give leg bail, to be beholden to one's legs for escape. [O. Fr. bail, jurisdiction—baillier, to control, deliver. Primarily implying 'custody' or 'charge,' the word became associated with Norm. Fr. bailler, to deliver—L. bajulus.]

Bail, bāl, v.t. (rare) to confine.—To bail up (Australia), to secure a cow's head during milking: to disarm travellers so as to be able to rob them without resistance. [Prob. conn. with the preceding word.]

Bail, bāl, n. palisades, barriers: a pole separating horses in an open stable. [M. E.—O. Fr. baile, perh. from baillier, to enclose. Others suggest a derivation from L. baculum, a stick.]

Bail, bāl, n. one of the cross pieces on the top of the wicket in cricket.—n. Bail′er, a ball bowled so as to hit the bails. [Prob. conn. with the preceding word.]

Bail, bāl, v.t. to clear (a boat) of water with bails or shallow buckets.—n. a man or instrument for bailing water out of a ship, pit, &c.—Also spelled Bale. [Fr. baille, a bucket, perh. from Low L. bacula, dim. of baca.]

Bailey, bāl′i, n. the outer court of a feudal castle: either of the two courts formed by the spaces between the circuits of walls, hence Outer and Inner Bailey.—The Old Bailey in London, the Central Criminal Court, from the ancient bailey between Lud Gate and New Gate. [Fr. baille, from Low L. ballium.]

Bailie, bāl′i, n. a municipal officer in Scotland corresponding to an English alderman: (obs.) a sheriff's officer; but cf. Scotch Wat′er-bail′ies, constables employed to carry out the Tweed Fisheries Acts: (obs.) the chief magistrate of a Scottish barony or part of a county, with functions like a sheriff's. [O. Fr. bailli, land-steward, officer of justice. See Bailiff.]

Bailiff, bāl′if, n. formerly any king's officer, e.g. sheriffs, mayors, &c., but applied specially to the chief officer of a hundred, still the title of the chief magistrate of various towns (e.g. High-bailiff of Westminster, cf. Bailiff of Dover Castle, also the bailly or first civil officer of the Channel Islands: a sheriff's officer: an agent or land-steward.—n. Bail′iwick, the jurisdiction of a bailiff. [O. Fr. baillif—Low L. bajulivus—bajalus, carrier, administrator. See Bail.]

Bairam, bī′ram, n. the name of two Mohammedan festivals—the Lesser Bairam lasting three days, after the feast of Ramadan, and the Greater Bairam seventy days later, lasting four days. [Pers.]

Bairn, bārn, n. (Scot.) a child.—adj. Bairn′-like.—ns. Bairn′team, Bairn′time, brood of children. [A.S. bearn—beran, to bear.]

Baisemain, bāz′mang, n. (obs.) mostly in pl., compliment paid by kissing the hand. [Fr. baiser, to kiss, and main, hand.]

Bait, bāt, n. food put on a hook to allure fish or make them bite: any allurement or temptation: a refreshment taken on a journey, or the time taken up by such.—v.t. to set food as a lure: to give refreshment on a journey: to set dogs on a bear, badger, &c.: to worry, persecute, harass.—v.i. to take refreshment on a journey. [M. E. beyten—Scand. beita, to make to bite, causal of bíta, to bite.]

Baize, bāz, n. a coarse woollen cloth with a long nap, used mainly for coverings, linings, &c., but in some countries for clothing. [Fr. baies, pl. of bai—L. badius, bay-coloured.]

Bake, bāk, v.t. to dry, harden, or cook by the heat of the sun or of fire: to prepare bread or other food in an oven: to harden as by frost.—v.i. to work as a baker: to become firm through heat.—pa.p. baked (bākt); pr.p. bāk′ing.—ns. Bake′house, a house or place used for baking in; Bake′meat (B.), pastry, pies.—pa.p. Bak′en = baked.—ns. Bak′er, one who bakes bread, &c.—(obs.) Bax′ter; Bak′ery, a bakehouse; Bake′stone, a flat stone or plate of iron on which cakes are baked in the oven; Bak′ing, the process by which bread is baked: the quantity baked at one time. [A.S. bacan; cog. with Ger. backen, to bake, Gr. phog-ein, to roast.]

Balaam, bā′lam, n. a prophet who strives to mislead, like Balaam in Numb. xxii.-xxiv.: unimportant paragraphs kept in readiness to fill up a newspaper.—ns. Bā′laam-box, or -bas′ket, a place in which paragraphs such as the foregoing are kept in readiness; Bā′laamite.—adj. Bālaamit′ical.

Balance, bal′ans, n. an instrument for weighing, usually formed of two dishes or scales hanging from a beam supported in the middle: act of weighing two things: equality or just proportion of weight or power, as the balance of power: the sum required to make the two sides of an account equal, hence the surplus, or the sum due on an account: what is needed to produce equilibrium, a counterpoise: (watchmaking) a contrivance which regulates the speed of a clock or watch.—v.t. to weigh in a balance: to counterpoise: to compare: to settle, as an account, to examine and test accounts in book-keeping, to make the debtor and creditor sides of an account agree.—v.i. to have equal weight or power, &c.: to hesitate or fluctuate.—p.adj. Bal′anced, poised so as to preserve equilibrium: well arranged, stable.—ns. Bal′ancer, an acrobat; Bal′ance-sheet, a sheet of paper showing a summary and balance of accounts; Bal′ance-wheel, a wheel in a watch or chronometer which regulates the beat or rate. [Fr.—L. bilanx, having two scales—bis, double, lanx, lancis, a dish or scale.]

Balas, bal′as, n. a variety of the spinel ruby. [O. Fr. balais (It. balascio)—Low L. balascus—Pers. Badakhshān, a place near Samarcand where they are found.]

Balata, bal′a-ta, n. the gum of the bullet or bully tree of South America, used as a substitute for gutta-percha in insulating telegraph-wires.

Balbutient, bal-bū′shi-ent, adj. stammering. [L. balbutiens—balbūtīre, to stutter.]

Balcony, balk′on-i (18th c., bal-kō′ni), n. a stage or platform projecting from the wall of a building within or without, supported by pillars or consoles, and surrounded with a balustrade or railing: in theatres, usually the gallery immediately above the dress circle.—n. Bal′conette, a miniature balcony.—adj. Bal′conied. [It. balcōne—balco, of Teut. origin; Old High Ger. balcho (Ger. balken), Eng. Balk.]

Bald, bawld, adj. without hair (feathers, &c.) on the head (or on other parts of the body): bare, unadorned, destitute of literary grace: paltry, trivial: undisguised.—ns. Bald′-coot, popular name for the coot, from its pure white wide frontal plate: a monk—also Bald′icoot; Bald′-ea′gle, a common but inaccurate name for the American white-headed eagle, used as the national emblem.—adj. Bald′-faced, having white on the face, as a horse.—n. Bald′head, a person bald on the head.—adjs. Bald′-headed; Bald′ish, somewhat bald.—adv. Bald′ly.—ns. Bald′ness; Bald′pate, one destitute of hair: a kind of wild-duck.—adjs. Bald′pate, Bald′pated, destitute of hair. [Orig. 'shining,' 'white,' Ir. and Gael. bàl, 'white' spot; but perh. conn. with ball in the sense of 'rounded,' whence 'smooth,' 'hairless.']

Baldachin, bal′da-kin, n. silk brocade: a canopy, either supported on pillars, or fastened to the wall, over a throne, pulpit, or altar, &c.: in R.C. processions, a canopy borne over the priest who carries the Host. [It. baldacchino, Fr. baldaquin, a canopy, from It. Baldacco, Bagdad, whence was brought the stuff of which they were made.]

Balderdash, bawl′dėr-dash, n. idle senseless talk: anything jumbled together without judgment: obscene language or writing. [Ety. dub.; but cf. the prov. Eng. balder, to use coarse language, Dut. balderen, to roar. Some adduce Welsh baldorrdus—baldordd, idle noisy talk.]

Baldmoney, bawld′mun-i, n. popular name for several kinds of Gentian. [Ety. quite unknown.]

Baldrick, bawld′rik, n. a warrior's belt or shoulder-sash: (Spens.) the zodiac, being regarded as a gem-studded belt. [O. Fr. baldrei (Mid. High Ger. balderich, girdle)—Low L. baldringus, perh. from L. balteus.]

Bale, bāl, n. a bundle, or package of goods: (obs.) the set of dice for any special game.—v.t. to make into bales. [M. E. bale, perh. from O. Fr. bale—Old High Ger. balla, palla, ball. See Ball.]

Bale, bāl, n. evil, injury, mischief: misery: woe.—adj. Bale′ful, full of misery, destructive: full of sorrow, sad.—adv. Bale′fully.—n. Bale′fulness.—Bliss and bale are often alliteratively opposed; also Boot and bale. [A.S. bealu; Old High Ger. balo; Ice. böl.]

Bale, bāl, n. (arch.—Morris) a fire, funeral pyre: (Scot.) a beacon-fire.—n. Bale′-fire, a blazing fire: a beacon-fire: a bonfire. Spenser confounds with Bale, woe. [A.S. bæl; Scand. bál; cog. with Gr. phalos, bright. See Beltane.]

Baleen, bā-lēn′, n. the whalebone of commerce. [Fr.—L. balæna, whale.]

Balistraria, bal-is-trār′i-a, n. an aperture or loophole in the wall of a fortification through which crossbowmen might discharge their bolts.—n. Bal′ister (obs.), name for an arbalester or crossbowman, also an arbalest or crossbow itself. [Low L. ballistrarius, balistra, a variant form of ballista, a crossbow.]

Balk, Baulk, bawk, n. a ridge left unploughed, intentionally or through carelessness: (obs.) an omission: squared timber: a tie-beam of a house, stretching from wall to wall, esp. when laid so as to form a loft, 'the balks:' (obs.) the beam of a balance: the rope by which fishing-nets are fastened together: a hindrance or disappointment.—v.t. to ignore, pass over: refuse: avoid: let slip: to check, disappoint, or elude: to meet arguments with objections.—v.i. to swerve, pull up: (Spens.) lie out of the way.—n. Balk′-line, in billiards, a line drawn across the table 28½ inches from the face of the bottom cushion—a ball is said to be in balk when within this space. [A.S. balca, ridge; Old High Ger. balcho.]

Ball, bawl, n. anything round: any celestial body, esp. the 'globe:' the golden orb borne with the sceptre as the emblem of sovereignty: a globular body to play with in tennis, football, golf, billiards, &c.: any rounded protuberant part of the body: a bullet, or any missile thrown from an engine of war: a rounded mass of anything: a throw or delivery of the ball at cricket: a well-known game played with a ball.—v.i. to gather itself into a ball, become clogged.—ns. Ball′-cart′ridge, a cartridge containing both powder and ball [Ball and Cartridge]; Ball′-cock, the stopcock of a cistern, attached to one end of a lever, at the other end of which is a hollow metal ball which rises and falls with the

water, thus regulating the supply; Ball′-flow′er, an ornament of the decorated style of Gothic architecture, resembling a ball placed in a circular flower.—adj. Ball′-proof, proof against balls discharged from firearms.—Ball and socket, a joint formed of a ball partly enclosed in a cup, thus insuring great strength; Ball of the eye, the eye within the lids and socket.—No ball, a ball unfairly bowled.—Three golden or brass balls, the sign of a pawnbroker.—To have the ball at one's feet, to have a thing in one's power; To keep the ball up or rolling, to keep from flagging; To take up the ball, to take one's turn in anything.—Wide ball, one out of the batsman's reach. [M. E. bal, Scand. böllr; cog. with Old High Ger. ballo, pallo.]

Ball, bawl, n. an entertainment of dancing.—n. Ball′room.—To open the ball, to begin the dancing, to begin operations. [O. Fr. bal, baller, to dance—Low L. ballare, referred by some to Gr. ballizein.]

Ballad, bal′lad, n. a simple spirited narrative poem in short stanzas of two or four lines, in which a story is told in straightforward verse, often with great elaborateness and detail in incident, but always with graphic simplicity and force—a sort of minor epic: a simple song, usually of a romantic or sentimental nature, in two or more verses, each sung to the same melody, as in the so-called Ballad Concerts: any popular song, often scurrilous.—ns. Bal′ladist, a writer or singer of ballads; Bal′lad-monger, a dealer in ballads. [Fr. ballade, from ballare, to dance, being orig. a song sung to the rhythmic movement of a dancing chorus—a dramatic poem sung or acted in the dance, of which a shadow survives in the ring-songs of our children.]

Ballade, ba-lad′, n. a poem of one or more terns or triplets of seven or eight lined stanzas, each ending with the same line as refrain, and usually an envoy: now frequently used of any poem in stanzas of equal length.—Ballade royal, stanzas of seven or eight lines of ten syllables—called also Rime or Rhythm royal. [An earlier spelling of Ballad.]

Ballast, bal′last, n. heavy matter employed to give a ship sufficient immersion in the water, to insure her safe sailing with spread canvas, when her cargo and equipment are too light: that which renders anything steady.—v.t. to load with ballast: to make or keep steady: (Shak.) load.—n. Bal′last-heav′er. [Probably the Old Sw. barlast—bar, bare, and last, load, the mere load.]

Ballerina, bal-ler-ēn′a, n. a female dancer:—pl. Ballerine (bal-ler-in′), Ballerin′as. [It.]

Ballet, bal′lā, n. a theatrical exhibition composed of dancing, posturing, and pantomimic action: (obs.) a dance. [Fr.; dim. of bal, a dance.]

Ballista, Balista, bal-lis′ta, n. a Roman military engine in the form of a crossbow, which, like the catapulta and the onager, propelled large and heavy missiles, chiefly through the reaction of a tightly twisted rope, or else by a violent movement of levers.—adj. Ballis′tic, projectile.—ns. Ballis′tic-pen′dulum, an instrument for ascertaining the velocity of military projectiles; Ballis′tite, an improved kind of gunpowder. [L.—Gr. ballein, to throw.]

Balloon, bal-lōōn′, n. an inflated air-tight envelope of paper or silk, constructed to float in the air and carry a considerable weight when filled with heated air or light gas: anything inflated, empty: (obs.) a game played with a large inflated ball.—v.i. to ascend in a balloon: to puff out like a balloon.—n. Balloon′ist, an aeronaut. [It. ballone, augmentative of balla, ball.]

Ballot, bal′ut, n. a little ball or ticket used in voting: a method of secret voting by putting a ball or ticket into an urn or box.—v.i. to vote by ballot: to select by secret voting (with for): draw lots for:—pr.p. bal′loting; pa.p. bal′loted.—ns. Bal′lotage, in France, the second ballot to decide which of two candidates has come nearest to the legal majority; Bal′lot-box, a box to receive balls or tickets when voting by ballot. [It. ballotta, dim. of balla, ball. See Ball.]

Balm, bäm, n. an aromatic substance: a fragrant and healing ointment: aromatic fragrance: anything that heals or soothes pain: a tree yielding balm: name of some fragrant garden herbs.—v.t. (arch.) to embalm: (Shak.) to anoint with fragrant oil: (arch.) to soothe.—n. Balm′iness.—adj. Balm′y, fragrant: mild and soothing: bearing balm.—Balm, or Balsam, of Gilead, the resin of the tree Balsamodendron Gileadense, formerly esteemed as an antiseptic, the name originating in the belief that this is the substance mentioned in the Bible as found in Gilead, and called in the English translation 'balm.' [O. Fr. basme—L. balsamum. See Balsam.]

Balm-cricket, bäm′-krik′et, n. (Tennyson) a cicada. [Ger. baum, a tree, and Cricket.]

Balmoral, bal-mor′al, n. a kind of Scotch cap: a figured woollen petticoat: a kind of boot lacing in front.

Balneology, bal-ne-ol′o-ji, n. the scientific study of bathing and of mineral springs. [L. balneum, bath.]

Balsam, bawl′sam, n. the common name of a genus of succulent herbaceous plants: a resinous oily substance generally supposed to be derived from a species of Balsamodendron, early famous in the East for its fragrance and medicinal virtues: (fig.) any healing agent.—v.t. to heal: (rare) embalm.—adjs. Balsam′ic, Bal′samous, having the qualities of balsam: soothing; Balsamif′erous, producing balsam; Bal′samy, fragrant.—Canada balsam, a kind of turpentine obtained from the Balm of Gilead fir. [L. balsamum—Gr. balsamon; prob. of Semitic origin.]

Baltimore, bal′tim-ōr, n. a finch-like perching bird of the starling family, very common in North America, called also Baltimore oriole, Fire-bird, &c. [From Lord Baltimore, whose livery was orange and black—its colour.]

Baluster, bal′ust-ėr, n. a small pillar used as a support to the rail of a staircase, &c.—adj. Bal′ustered.—n. Bal′ustrade, a row of balusters joined by a rail, forming an ornamental parapet to a balcony, &c. [Fr. balustre—Low L. balaustium—Gr. balaustion, the flower of the pomegranate; from the similarity of form.]

Bam, bam, n. a slang word for a hoax: a false tale.—v.t. to cheat or hoax. [See Bamboozle.]

Bambino, bam-bi′no, n. a term in art descriptive of the child Jesus, esp. of the swaddled figure of the infant Saviour exhibited at Christmas in Catholic churches. [It., dim. of bambo.]

Bamboo, bam-bōō′, n. a gigantic Indian reed or grass, with hollow-jointed stem, and of hard texture. [Malay bambu.]

Bamboozle, bam-bōō′zl, v.t. to deceive: to confound or mystify.—n. Bamboo′zlement. [Of cant origin—but not Gipsy; first appears about 1700.]

Ban, ban, n. a proclamation: sentence of banishment: outlawry: anathematisation: a denunciation: a curse.—v.t. (arch.) to curse: (prov.) to chide or rail upon: to anathematise: to proscribe. [A.S. bannan, to summon; the noun bann does not appear in A.S. (which has gebann), but is a common Teut. word, as in Old High Ger. and Scand. bann. The O. Fr. ban and Low L. bannum are of the same origin.]

Ban, ban, n. the governor of a Banat, an old name for the military divisions on the eastern boundaries of the Hungarian kingdom.—ns. Banate, Bannat. [Pers. bān, lord.]

Banal, bān′al, or ban′al, adj. commonplace, trivial.—n. Banal′ity, triviality. [Fr.]

Banana, ba-nä′na, n. a gigantic herbaceous plant, remarkable for its nutritious fruit. [Sp. or Port. banana, from the native name in Guinea.]

Banbury, ban′ber-i, n. a kind of cake made at Banbury, a town in Oxfordshire.

Banco, bang′ko, n. a commercial term meaning the standard money in which a bank keeps its accounts, as distinguished from the current money of the place.—In banco, applied to the sittings of a superior court of common law as a full court distinguished from sittings at Nisi Prius or on circuit. [It. See Bank.]

Band, band, n. that by which loose things are held together: (fig.) a moral bond of restraint or of obligation: a tie or connecting piece: (pl.) shackles, bonds, fetters (B.): (arch.) an agreement or promise given: (arch.) security given: (Spens.) a pledge. [M. E. band, bond; A.S. bend, from bindan, to bind. See Bind.]

Band, band, n. a strip of cloth, or the like, to bind round anything, as a hat-band, waist-band, &c.: a stripe crossing a surface distinguished by its colour or appearance: the neck-band or collar of a shirt, also the collar or ruff worn by both sexes in the 17th century (termed a falling-band later, when turned down over the shoulders): (pl.) the pair of linen strips hanging down in front from the collar, worn by some Protestant clergymen and by English barristers.—n. Band′age, a strip or swathe of cloth used by surgeons to keep a part of the body at rest, to apply pressure, or to retain dressings or apparatus in position—the two chief varieties, the roller and the triangular handkerchief bandage: a piece of cloth used to blindfold the eyes.—v.t. to bind with such.—n. Band′box, a light kind of box for holding bands, caps, millinery, &c.—p.adj. Band′ed, fastened as with a band: striped with bands: leagued, allied.—ns. Band′fish, a name given to various kinds of fish with long, thin, flat bodies; Band′saw, an endless saw, consisting of a toothed steel belt; Band′ster, one who binds the sheaves after the reapers. [M. E. bande—O. Fr. bande, of Teut. origin; cf. A.S. bindan; Ger. binde, a band, Eng. Bind.]

Band, band, n. a number of persons bound together for any common purpose: a troop of conspirators, confederates, &c.: a body of musicians, the company of musicians attached to a particular regiment in the army: (Scot.) band = bond.—v.t. to bind together.—v.i. to associate, assemble, confederate.—ns. Band′master, the leader of a band of musicians; Bands′man, a member of a band of musicians; Band′-stand, a platform for accommodating a band of musicians.—Band of Hope, an association of young persons—often mere infants—pledged to lifelong abstinence from alcoholic drinks—first instituted about 1847. [Fr. bande, of Teut. origin; cf. Bend, Bind.]

Bandana, Bandanna, ban-dan′a, n. a kind of silk or cotton coloured handkerchief, with a pattern of spots or diamond prints, originally from India. [Hind. bandhnū, the mode of dyeing these, bāndh, a cord.]

Bandeau, ban′dō, n. a fillet or narrow band worn by women to bind their hair:—pl. Ban′deaux. [Fr.]

Bandelet, band′e-let, n. (archit.) a small flat moulding or fillet surrounding a column. [Fr. bandelette.]

Banderol, Banderole, ban′de-rōl, n. a small banner or streamer, as that borne on the shaft of a lance: (archit.) a flat band with an inscription common in Renaissance buildings. [Fr.]

Bandicoot, ban′di-kōōt, n. a genus of insectivorous marsupials found in Australia: the largest species of rat, found in India and Ceylon, called also Malabar rat and Pig-rat. [Telegu pandikokku, pig-rat.]

Bandit, ban′dit, n. an outlaw: a robber:—pl. Ban′dits, Banditt′i. [It. bandito—Low L. bannire, bandire, to proclaim. See Ban.]

Bandog, ban′dog, n. a dog tied up as a watch-dog, or because of its ferocity. [Band, fastening, and Dog.]

Bandoleer, Bandolier, ban-do-lēr′, n. a leathern belt worn by musketeers, to which their ammunition was fixed. [O. Fr. bandouillere—It. bandoliera, banda, a band.]

Bandoline, ban′do-lin, n. a gummy substance used for stiffening the hair and keeping it in shape. [Prob. from Band.]

Bandore, ban-dōr′, n. a musical instrument like a guitar, with three or more strings. [Sp. bandurria, Fr. mandore; L. pandura, Gr. pandoura.]

Bandy, ban′di, n. a club bent at the end for striking a ball: a game at ball with such a club (bandy-ball = hockey).—v.t. to beat to and fro as with a bandy: to toss from one to another (as words with any one) = to discuss or debate; to give and take blows or reproaches: (Shak.) to fight, strive:—pa.p. ban′died.—n. Ban′dying.—adj. Ban′dy-legged, having bandy or crooked legs. [Fr. bander, perh. conn. with bande, a side.]

Bane, bān, n. destruction: death: mischief: poison.—v.t. (arch.) to harm, to poison.—adj. Bane′ful, destructive.—adv. Bane′fully.—n. Bane′fulness. [A.S. bana, a murderer; Ice. bani, death.]

Bang, bang, n. a heavy blow: a sudden loud noise: an explosion.—v.t. to beat: to strike violently: to slam, as a door: to make a loud noise: to beat or surpass, to bounce upon.—interj. Bang, used with verbs like 'go,' &c., and in such a phrase as 'bang off.'—p.adj. Bang′ing, dealing blows: overwhelming.—adj. Bang′-up (slang), in the height of style or fashion.—n. Bang′ster (prov.), a braggart, a victor. [Scand. banga, to hammer; cf. Ger. bengel, a cudgel.]

Bang, bang, n. a woman's hair cut square across the brow.—p.adj. Banged, wearing the hair in such a way.—n. Bang′-tail, a horse's tail with the end squared. [An Americanism, doubtless from the phrase 'bang off.']

Bangle, bang′gl, n. a ring, bracelet, or anklet.—adj. Ban′gled, adorned with such. [Hind. bangrī.]

Banian, Banyan, ban′yan, n. an Indian tree of the fig family, remarkable for its vast rooting branches: a Hindu trader, esp. from Guzerat, sometimes loosely applied to all Hindus in Western Asia: a loose flannel jacket or gown worn in India.—Banian days, a sailor's phrase, meaning days on which no meat is served out, hence days of short commons generally, from the abstinence from flesh of the Banian merchants. [Port. banian, perh. through Ar. banyān, from Hind. banya—Sans. vanij, a merchant.]

Banish, ban′ish, v.t. to condemn to exile: to drive away: to expel (with from, out of).—n. Ban′ishment, exile. [Fr. bannir—Low L. bannire, to proclaim. See Ban.]

Banjo, ban′jo, n. a musical instrument of the guitar kind, played with the fingers, but without frets to guide the stopping, having a long neck, a body of stretched parchment like a drum, and from five to nine catgut strings. [Corr. of Fr. bandore or pandore—L. pandura—Gr. pandoura.]

Bank, bangk, n. a mound or ridge of earth: the earthy margin of a river, lake, &c.: the raised edge of a road, railway cutting, &c.: (min.) the surface at the pit-mouth, as in banksman: rising ground in the sea.—v.t. to enclose with a bank: to deposit or pile up: to make up a fire by covering it with a heap of fuel so pressed down as to remain a long time burning slowly—banked fires.—n. Banks′man, an overseer at a pit-mouth.—From bank to bank, from the time the collier begins to descend the pit for his spell of work till he reaches the top again. [M. E. banke, of Scand. origin; cog. with Bank, Bench.]

Bank, bangk, n. a bench in a galley: a tier or rank of oars: the bench on which judges sat. [O. Fr. banc, of Teut. origin, cog. with the foregoing word.]

Bank, bangk, n. a place where money is deposited: an institution for the keeping, lending, and exchanging, &c. of money: in games of hazard, the money the proprietor, who plays against all the others, has before him.—v.t. to deposit in a bank, as money.—ns. Bank′-ā′gent, the head of a branch bank; Bank′-bill, a bill drawn by one bank upon another, payable at a future date, or on demand; Bank′-cheque, an order to pay issued upon a bank; Bank′er, one who keeps a bank: one employed in banking business:—fem. Bank′eress; Bank′-hol′iday, a day on which banks are legally closed, bills falling due on these being payable the following day; Bank′ing, the business of a banker.—adj. pertaining to a bank.—ns. Bank′-note, a note issued by a bank, which passes as money, being payable to bearer on demand; Bank′-pap′er, bank-notes in circulation; Bank′-stock, a share or shares in the capital stock of a bank; Branch′-bank, a branch office of a bank; Sav′ings-bank, one intended originally to develop a spirit of saving amongst the poor.—Bank annuities, the consolidated three per cent. annuities—British Government funds.—Bank of issue, one that issues its own notes, or promises to pay; Joint-stock bank, one of which the capital is subscribed by a large number of shareholders; Private bank, one carried on by any number of persons less than ten.—To break the bank, to win, as in faro, from the management a certain sum which has been fixed upon as the limit the bank is willing to lose on any one day; To play against the bank, to take the risks of a game against the manager who holds the bank, as at rouge-et-noir, &c. [Fr. banque, of Teut. origin, cog. with two foregoing words.]

Bankrupt, bangk′rupt, n. one who breaks or fails in business; an insolvent person.—adj. insolvent: destitute (with of).—n. Bank′ruptcy, the state of being or act of becoming bankrupt. [Fr. banque-route, It. banca rotta.]

Banksia, bangk′sia, n. a genus of Australian shrubs, named in honour of Sir Joseph Banks (1744-1820).

Banner, ban′ėr, n. a military standard: a flag or ensign bearing some device, as in processions, &c.—adj. Ban′nered, furnished with banners. [O. Fr. banere—Low L. bandum, bannum; cog. with Band and Bind.]

Banneret, ban′ėr-et, n. a higher class of knight, inferior to a baron. [Fr. dim. of Banner.]

Bannock, ban′nok, n. a flat home-made cake of oatmeal, barley, or pease-meal. [Gael. bannach.]

Banns, banz, n.pl. a proclamation of marriage.—To forbid the banns, to make formal objection to a projected marriage. [From Ban.]

Banquet, bangk′wet, n. a feast: any rich treat or entertainment: a course of sweetmeats, fruit, and wine, separately, or after the principal meal—still used in the Scotch phrase, 'a cake and wine banquet.'—v.t. to give a feast to.—v.i. to fare sumptuously.—ns. Banq′ueter, Banq′ueteer; Banq′ueting; Banq′ueting-house. [Fr.;—banc, bench, like It. banchetto, from banco.]

Banquette, bang-ket′, n. a raised way inside a parapet; the long seat behind the driver in a French diligence. [Fr.; It. banchetta, dim. of banca, seat.]

Banshee, ban′shē, n. a female fairy in Ireland and elsewhere, who makes herself known by wailings and shrieks before a death in the particular family to which she is attached. [Ir. bean sídhe, Old Ir. ben síde, woman of the fairies.]

Bantam, ban′tam, n. a small variety of the common domestic fowl, supposed to be named from Bantam in Java, notable for courage.—adj. of bantam-breed: little and combative.

Banter, bant′ėr, v.t. to assail with good-humoured raillery: to joke or jest at: (arch.) to impose upon, trick.—n. humorous raillery: jesting.—ns. Bant′erer; Bant′ering.—adv. Bant′eringly.—adj. Bant′ery (Carlyle). [Ety. quite unknown.]

Banting, bant′ing, n. a system of diet for reducing superfluous fat.—n. Bant′ingism. [From W. Banting (1797-1878), a London cabinetmaker, who recommended it to the public in 1863.]

Bantling, bant′ling, n. a child. [So called from the bands in which it is wrapped.]

Bantu, ban′tōō, n. a native name sometimes applied to the South African family of languages and the peoples speaking these, including Kaffirs and Zulus, Bechuans, and the peoples from the Hottentot country to the Gulf of Guinea.

Banxring, bangks′ring, n. a small insectivorous animal of Java and Sumatra. [Jav.]

Baobab, bā′o-bab, n. a magnificent tree, native to tropical Western Africa, whose trunk is 20 to 30 feet thick, called also the Monkey-bread Tree. [African.]

Baphomet, baf′ō-mėt, n. the alleged name of a mysterious idol the Templars were accused of worshipping.—adj. Baph′ometic. [A medieval corr. of the name Mahomet.]

Baptise, bapt-īz′, v.t. to administer baptism to: to christen, give a name to.—n. Bapt′ism, immersion in or sprinkling with water as a religious ceremony—a sign and seal of the covenant of grace. It is symbolic of spiritual purification, and as a religious rite marks initiation into the Christian community.—adj. Baptis′mal.—adv. Baptis′mally.—ns. Bapt′ist, one who baptises: one who approves only of baptising by immersion, and that only to persons who profess their faith in Christ; Bap′tistery, a place where baptism is administered, either a separate building or a portion of a church.—Baptismal regeneration, the doctrine of the remission of sin original and actual, and of the new birth into the life of sanctifying grace, in and through the sacrament of baptism; Baptism by desire, the grace given to a believer who ardently desires baptism, but dies before he can receive it; Baptism for the dead, the vicarious baptism of a living Christian for an unbaptised dead Christian, who was thereby accounted baptised and received into bliss—it is supposed to be alluded to in 1 Cor. xv. 29; Baptism of blood, martyrdom for Christ's sake; Baptism of fire, the gift of the Holy Spirit: martyrdom by fire for Christ's sake: (fig.) any trying ordeal to be endured, as a young soldier's first experience of being under fire; Clinical baptism, baptism administered to sick persons; Conditional (or Hypothetical) baptism, baptism administered to those about whom it is doubtful whether they were baptised or whether the form of their earlier baptism was valid; Name of baptism, the Christian or personal name given at baptism; Private baptism, baptism administered at home, or elsewhere, not in the church. [Gr. baptiz-ein—bapt-ein, to dip in water.]

Bar, bär, n. a rod of any solid substance: a bolt: a hindrance or obstruction—the barrier of a city or street, as the bars of York, Temple Bar, a toll-bar: a bank of sand or other matter at the mouth of a river: any terminus or limit (of life)—e.g. as in To cross the bar: the railing that encloses a space in a tavern, the counter across which drinks are served, a public-house: the wooden rail dividing off the judge's seat, at which prisoners are placed for arraignment or sentence—hence, To appear at the bar, To pass the bar = to be formally referred for trial from a lower court to a higher: any tribunal: the pleaders in a court as distinguished from the judges: a division in music.—v.t. to fasten or secure, as with a bar: to hinder or exclude:—pr.p. bar′ring; pa.p. barred.—ns. Bar′-ī′ron, iron in malleable bars; Bar′maid, a female waiter at the bar of a tavern or hotel.—prep. Bar′ring, excepting, saving.—ns. Bar′ring-out, the shutting of the school-room doors and windows by the pupils against the master, in order to enforce assent to their demands; Bar′wood, a kind of red dye-wood imported from Africa in bars. [O. Fr. barre—Low L. barra, perh. of Celt. origin.]

Baragouin, bä-rag-wēn, n. any jargon or unintelligible language. [Fr.; from Bret. bara, bread, and gwîn, wine, supposed to have originated in the Breton soldiers' astonishment at white bread.]

Barb, bärb, n. the beard-like jag near the point of an arrow, fish-hook, &c.—v.t. to arm with barbs, as an arrow, &c.: to shave, trim, mow, to pierce, as with a barb.—adjs. Barb′ate (bot.), bearing a hairy tuft; Barb′ated, barbed, bearded.—n. Barbe, a term applied by the Waldenses to their teachers.—adjs. Barbed, furnished with a barb: of a horse, armed or caparisoned with a barb or bard; Barb′ellate (bot.), having barbed or bearded bristles. [Fr.—L. barba, a beard.]

Barb, bärb, n. a swift kind of horse, the breed of which came from Barbary in North Africa.

Barbarous, bär′bar-us, adj. uncivilised: rude: savage: brutal.—adjs. Bar′baresque, pertaining to Barbary: barbarous, esp. in art; Barbār′ian, uncivilised: savage: without taste or refinement: foreign.—n. an uncivilised man, a savage: a cruel, brutal man.—adj. Barbar′ic, foreign: uncivilised.—n. Barbarisā′tion.—v.t. Bar′barise, to make barbarous: to corrupt as a language.—ns. Bar′barism, savage life: rudeness of manners: an incorrect form of speech; Barbar′ity, savageness: cruelty.—adv. Bar′barously.—n. Bar′barousness. [L.—Gr. barbaros, foreign, lit. stammering, from the unfamiliar sound of foreign tongues.]

Barbary ape, bär′bar-i āp, n. the magot, or small tailless ape found in Africa and also on the rock of Gibraltar.

Barbecue, bärb′e-kū, v.t. to roast whole, as a pig: to cure flesh by exposing it on a barbecue.—n. a framework on which to dry and smoke meat above a fire: an animal roasted whole: an open floor on which coffee-beans and the like are spread out to dry: (Amer.) a large social or political entertainment, where the hospitalities are on a lavish scale. [Sp. barbacoa—Haytian barbacòa, a framework of sticks set upon posts.]

Barbel, bärb′el, n. a fresh-water fish with beard-like appendages at its mouth. [O. Fr. barbel—Low L. barbellus—L. barba, a beard.]

Barber, bärb′ėr, n. one who shaves beards and dresses hair.—ns. Barb′er-mong′er (Shak.), a man decked out by his barber, a fop; Barb′er-sur′geon, one who let blood and drew teeth as well as shaved—the company of Barber-surgeons was incorporated in 1461, but by an act in 1545 barbers were confined to the more humble function.—Barber's block, a round block on which wigs are made; Barber's pole, the barber's sign in England, a pole striped spirally with alternate bands of colours, generally red or black and white, having often a brass basin hung at the end. [Fr.—L. barba, a beard.]

Barberry, bär′ber-i, n. a thorny shrub with yellow flowers and red berries, common in hedges. [Low L. berberis; the Ar. barbaris is borrowed.]

Barbette, bar-bėt′, n. an earthen terrace inside the parapet of a rampart, serving as a platform for heavy guns: in ironclad ships, a heavily armoured redoubt amidships. [Fr.]

Barbican, bär′bi-kan, n. a projecting watch-tower over the gate of a castle or fortified town, esp. the outwork intended to defend the drawbridge. [O. Fr. barbacane, also in Sp., Port., and It. forms; perh. of Ar. or Pers. origin. Col. Yule suggests bābkhānah, gate-house, name in the East for a towered gateway.]

Barbule, bärb′ūl, n. (bot.) a small barb or beard: a pointed barb-like process fringing the barbs of a feather. [See Barbel.]

Barcarolle, bär′ka-rōl, n. a boat-song of the Venetian gondoliers: a musical composition of a similar character. [It. barcaruolo, a boatman, from barca, a bark, a barge, a boat.]

Bard, bärd, n. a poet and singer among the ancient Celts: a poet—dims. Bard′ling, Bard′let, poetaster.—n. Bard′-craft (Browning).—adj. Bard′ic. [Gael. and Ir. bàrd.]

Barded, bärd′ed, adj. caparisoned, as horses.—n. Bard (obs.), the protective covering of a war-horse or a man-at-arms. [Fr. barde—Sp. albarda, pack-saddle, perh. from Ar. al-barda‛ah; al, the, and barda‛ah, mule's pack-saddle.]

Bare, bār, adj. uncovered: naked: open to view: poor, scanty: unadorned: (Shak.) unarmed: mere or by itself: (Shak.) paltry, desolate: empty: (Spens.) rude.—v.t. to strip or uncover.—adj. Bare′backed, with bare back: unsaddled.—n. Bare′bone (Shak.), a very lean person.—adj. Bare′faced, with the face uncovered: (Shak.) avowed: impudent.—adv. Bare′facedly.—n. Bare′facedness.—adjs. Bare′foot, -ed, having the feet bare, often of some monastic orders; Bare′-gnawn (Shak.), gnawed bare; Bare′headed, having the head bare; Bar′ish (Carlyle), somewhat bare; Bare′legged, having the legs bare.—adv. Bare′ly.—ns. Bare′ness; Bare′sark, a fierce Norse fighter, a berserker.—adv. in a shirt only. [A.S. bær; Ger. baar, bar; Ice. berr.]

Barage, ba-rāzh′, n. a light, silky dress-stuff, named from Barèges in the Pyrenees.

Bargain, bär′gin, n. a contract or agreement: a favourable transaction: an advantageous purchase: (Shak.) chaffering.—v.i. to make a contract or agreement: to chaffer: to count on, take into consideration (with for): to lose by bad bargaining (with away).—n. Bar′gainer.—Bargain and sale, in law, a mode of conveyance whereby property may be assigned or transferred for valuable consideration.—Into the bargain, over and above; To make the best of a bad bargain, to make the best of difficult circumstances; To sell any one a bargain (Shak.), to befool him; To strike a bargain, to come to terms about a purchase. [O. Fr. bargaigner—Low L. barcaniare; acc. to Diez from barca, a boat.]

Barge, bärj, n. flat-bottomed freight boat, with or without sails, used on rivers and canals: the second boat of a man-of-war: a large pleasure or state boat.—ns. Bar′gee, a bargeman; Barge′man, The manager of a barge; Barge′-mas′ter, the proprietor of a barge. [O. Fr. barge—Low L. barga. Prob. a doublet of Bark, a barge.]

Barge-board, barj′-bōrd, n. a board extending along the edge of the gable of a house to cover the rafters and keep out the rain. [The barge here may be conn. with Low L. bargus, a gallows.]

Barghest, bär′gest, n. a dog-like goblin portending death. [Perh. conn. with Ger. berg-geist, mountain-ghost.]

Barilla, bar-il′a, n. an impure carbonate of soda obtained by burning several marine plants (that grow chiefly on the east coast of Spain), used in the manufacture of soap, glass, &c. [Sp. barrilla.]

Barium, bā′ri-um, n. the metal present in heavy spar (sulphate of baryta) and baryta, formerly thought to be white, but now known to possess a yellow colour.—adj. Bar′ic. [From Baryta; cf. soda, sodium.]

Bark, bärk, n. the abrupt cry uttered by a dog, wolf, &c.—v.i. to yelp like a dog: to clamour.—v.t. (Spens.) to utter with a bark.—n. Bark′er, a shop-tout: (slang) a pistol, cannon.—His bark is worse than his bite, his angry expressions are worse than his actual deeds. [A.S. beorcan, prob. a variety of brecan, to crack, snap. See Break.]

Bark, Barque, bärk, n. a barge: a ship of small size, square-sterned, without head-rails: technically, a three-masted vessel whose mizzen-mast is fore-and-aft rigged instead of being square-rigged, like the fore and main masts—barks of over 3000 tons are now frequently built.—ns. Bar′kantine, Bar′quentine, a three-masted vessel, with the fore-mast square-rigged, and the main-mast and mizzen-mast fore-and-aft rigged. [Fr. barque—Low L. barca; perh. from Gr. baris, a Nile-boat.]

Bark, bärk, n. the rind or covering of the trunk and branches of a tree: that used in tanning or dyeing, or the residue thereof, laid upon a street to deaden the sound, &c.: the envelopment or outer covering of anything.—v.t. to strip or peel the bark from: to rub off (skin).—n. Bark′-bed, a hotbed made of spent bark.—v.t. Bark′en, to dry up into a barky substance.—v.i. to become like bark.—adjs. Bark′less; Bark′y.—Cinchona, Jesuits', Peruvian bark, the bark of the cinchona, from which quinine is made. [Scand. börkr; Dan. bark.]

Barker's mill, bärk′ėrz mil, a water-wheel invented in the 18th century by Dr Barker.

Barley, bär′li, n. a hardy grain used for food, but chiefly for making malt liquors and spirits.—ns. Bar′ley-bree, -broth, strong ale; Bar′ley-corn, personified as John Barleycorn, the grain from which malt is made: a single grain of barley: a measure of length = ⅓ of an inch; Bar′ley-su′gar, a mixture of sugar with a decoction of pearl-barley, boiled till it is candied; Bar′ley-wat′er, a decoction of pearl-barley; Pearl′-bar′ley, the grain stripped of husk and pellicle, and completely rounded by grinding; Pot′-bar′ley, the grain deprived by milling of its outer husk, used in making broth, &c. [A.S. bærlíc, bere, and suffix -líc.]

Barley, bär′li, interj. (Scot.) a term used in games in demand of a truce, parley (of which it is most prob. a corruption).

Barley-brake, bär′li-brāk, n. an old country game, originally played by three couples, of which one, left in a middle den called 'hell,' had to catch the others, who could break or separate when about to be overtaken. [Perh. from the grain, barley, because often played in a barley-field; or perh. from the word preceding.]

Barm, bärm, n. froth of beer or other fermenting liquor, used as leaven: yeast.—adjs. Barm′y; Barm′y-brained, flighty. [A.S. beorma; cog. with Dan. bärme, Ger. bärme.]

Barmbrack, bärm′brak, n. a currant-bun. [Ir. bairigen breac, speckled cake.]

Barm-cloth, bärm′-kloth, n. (Morris) an apron. [A.S. barm, bosom, -beran, to bear, and Cloth.]

Barmecide, bär′me-sīd, n. one who offers an imaginary or pretended banquet or other benefit.—adjs. Bar′mecide, Barmecī′dal. [From a story in the Arabian Nights, in which a beggar is entertained to an imaginary feast by one of the Barmecides, a Persian family who attained to great influence at the court of the Abbasside caliphs.]

Barn, bärn, n. a building in which grain, hay, &c. are stored.—v.t. to store in a barn.—ns. and adjs. Barn′-door, Barn′-yard, as in barn-yard fowl.—n. Barn′-owl, the commonest of British owls.—Barn-door, in cricket, used of a player who blocks every ball: humorously, any large target. [A.S. bere-ern, contracted bern, from bere, barley, ern, a house.]

Barnaby, bärn′a-bi, n. form of Barnabas, the apostle.—n. Bar′nabite, a member of the congregation of regular canons of St Paul, founded at Milan in 1530, so called from their preaching in the church of St Barnabas there.—Barnaby-day, Barnaby bright, or Long Barnaby, St Barnabas' Day, 11th June, in Old Style reckoned the longest day.

Barnacle, bär′na-kl, n. a shellfish which adheres to rocks and the bottoms of ships: a companion who sticks closely.—n. Bar′nacle-goose, a species of wild goose belonging to the Northern seas, so called from a notion that they were produced from the barnacles mentioned. [O. Fr. bernaque—Low L. bernaca; by some referred to a supposed form pernacula, dim. of perna, a kind of shellfish; by others to a Celtic origin.]

Barnacle, bär′na-kl, n. an instrument consisting of two branches joined by a hinge, placed on the nose of horses to keep them quiet: (pl.) a colloquial term for 'spectacles.'—adj. Bar′nacled. [O. Fr. bernac, of which bernacle seems to be a dim. form. The sense of 'spectacles' has been traced to O. Fr. bericle, eye-glass—berillus, beryl; but this is improbable.]

Barnumise, bär′num-īz, v.t. to advertise and display on a great scale.—n. Bar′numism. [From Barnum, a great showman (1810-91).]

Barograph, bar′o-graf, n. a barometer which records automatically variations of atmospheric pressure. [Gr. baros, weight, graphein, to write.]

Barometer, bar-om′et-ėr, n. an instrument by which the weight or pressure of the atmosphere is measured, and changes of weather, or heights above sea-level, indicated.—adj. Baromet′ric.—adv. Baromet′rically.—n. Barom′etry. [Gr. baros, weight, metron, measure.]

Barometz, bar′o-metz, n. the hairy prostrate stem of a fern found near the Caspian Sea, at one time supposed to be at once plant and animal, to grow on a stalk, and to eat grass like a lamb, &c.; hence also called, as by Mandeville, the Scythian Lamb. [Erroneous form of Russ. baranetz, dim. of baran, ram.]

Baron, bar′on, n. a title of rank, the lowest in the House of Peers: formerly a title of the judges of the Court of Exchequer: in feudal times the tenants-in-chief of the Crown, later the peers or great lords of the realm generally: till 1832, the name for the parliamentary representatives of the Cinque Ports: in Germany, the signification, instead of becoming restricted as in England, has become extended—the greater or dynasty barons having all been elevated to higher titles, a large number being designated barons in virtue of a diploma from some reigning prince, the title being used also by all his descendants.—ns. Bar′onage, the whole body of barons; Bar′on-bail′ie, a magistrate appointed by the lord-superior in a burgh of barony; Bar′oness, a baron's wife, or a lady holding a baronial title in her own right.—adj. Barōn′ial, pertaining to a baron or barony.—n. Bar′ony, the territory of a baron: in Ireland, a division of a county: in Scotland, a large freehold estate, or manor, even though not carrying with it a baron's title and rank: the rank of baron.—Baron of beef, a joint consisting of two sirloins left uncut at the backbone. [O. Fr. barun, -on—Low L. baro, -onem; in the Romance tongues the word meant a man as opposed to a woman, a strong man, a warrior; traced by some to Celt. bar, a hero; by others to Old High Ger. bero, bearer, carrier.]

Baronet, bar′on-et, n. the lowest hereditary title in the United Kingdom (of England—now of Great Britain—since 1611; of Scotland—or of Nova Scotia—since 1625; of Ireland, since 1619).—ns. Bar′onetage, the whole body of baronets: a list of such; Bar′onetcy.—adj. Baronet′ical. [Dim. of Baron.]

Baroque, bar-ōk′, adj. originally a jeweller's term, but applied in art generally to extravagant ornamental designs: whimsical, odd. [Fr. baroque; perh. from L. verruca, wart, but referred by some to Ar. burāq, hard earth mixed with stones.]

Baroscope, bar′ō-skōp, n. an instrument for indicating changes in the density of the air. [Gr. baros, weight, skopein, to see.]

Barouche, ba-rōōsh′, n. a double-seated four-wheeled carriage with a falling top. [It. baroccio—L. birotus, two-wheeled, from bis, twice, rota, a wheel.]

Barquentine, bär′ken-tēn, n. same as Barkantine (q.v. under Bark, a ship). [Formed from Barque, like Brigantine from Brig.]

Barracan, bar′a-kan, n. a thick, strong stuff resembling camlet. [Fr.; It.—Ar. barrakān, a dark dress, Pers. barak, a stuff made of camel's hair.]

Barrace, bar′as, n. (obs.) the lists in a tournament. [O. Fr. barras—barre, bar.]

Barrack, bar′ak, n. a building for soldiers, esp. in garrison (generally in pl.). [Fr. baraque (It. baracca, Sp. barraca, a tent); acc. to Diez from barra, bar.]

Barracoota, -cuda, bar′a-kōō′ta, -kōō′da, n. a voracious West Indian fish.—Also Barracou′ta, an Australian food-fish. [Sp.]

Barrage, bär′āj, n. the forming of an artificial bar in order to deepen a river. [Fr. barrage—barre, bar.]

Barrator, bar-āt′or, n. one who vexatiously stirs up lawsuits, quarrels, &c.—adj. Bar′ratrous.—adv. Bar′ratrously.—n. Bar′ratry, fraudulent practices on the part of the master or mariners of a ship to the prejudice of the owners: vexatious litigation, or the stirring up of suits and quarrels among subjects, forbidden under penalties to lawyers: traffic in offices of church or state. [O. Fr. barateor—barat, deceit; traced by some to Gr. prattein, by others to a Celt. or a Scand. origin.]

Barrel, bar′el, n. a cylindrical wooden vessel made of curved staves bound with hoops: the quantity which such a vessel contains (36 imperial gallons of ale and beer): a certain weight or quantity of other goods usually sold in casks called barrels: anything long and hollow, as the barrel of a gun, or cylindrical and barrel-shaped.—v.t. to put in a barrel.—n. Bar′rel-bulk, a measurement of five cubic feet.—p.adj. Bar′relled, having a barrel or barrels: placed in a barrel.—ns. Bar′rel-or′gan, an organ in which the music is produced by a barrel or cylinder set with pins, the revolution of which opens the key-valves and produces the music; Barrel-vault, a vault with a simple semi-cylindrical roof.—adj. Bar′rel-vault′ed. [Fr. baril (Sp. barril, It. barile)—Low L. barile, barillus, possibly from barra, bar.]

Barren, bar′en, adj. incapable of bearing offspring: unfruitful: dull, stupid: unprofitable (with of).—adj. Bar′ren-beat′en.—adv. Bar′renly.—n. Bar′renness.—adjs. Bar′ren-spir′ited; Bar′ren-wit′ted. [O. Fr. barain, brahain, brehaing, perh. from bar, man, as if 'male-like, not producing offspring.']

Barret, bar′et, n. a flat cap, esp. the Biretta (q.v.). [Fr. barrette, Sp. birreta. See Biretta.]

Barricade, bar′ik-ād, n. a temporary fortification raised to hinder the advance of an enemy, as in the street fights of Parisian insurrections.—v.t. to obstruct: to fortify.—Earlier form Barricā′do. [Fr.; barrique, a cask, the first street barricades having consisted of casks filled with stones, &c. See Bar.]

Barrier, bar′i-ėr, n. a defence against attack: a limit or boundary: a fence, railing, gate where customs are collected: the lists in a tournament: any obstacle that keeps apart: (pl.) a martial exercise in 15th and 16th centuries.—v.t. to shut by means of a barrier.—n. Bar′rier-reef, a coral-reef surrounding an island or fringing a coast with a navigable channel inside.—Barrier Act, an act passed by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1697 as a security against innovations, decreeing that changes in the law of the Church, even when approved by the Assembly, shall not become law till approved also by a majority of presbyteries. [O. Fr. barrière—Low L. barraria—barra, bar.]

Barrister, bar′is-tėr, n. one who is qualified to plead at the bar in an English or Irish law-court.—adj. Barristēr′ial.—n. Bar′ristership.—Revising barrister, a barrister appointed annually by the English judges to revise the lists and settle who are the persons entitled to vote for members of parliament. [From barra, bar, the suffix being undetermined.]

Barrow, bar′rō, n. a small hand or one-wheel carriage used to bear or convey a load.—n. Bar′row-tram, the shaft of a barrow. [M. E. barewe, from an assumed A.S. form bearwe—beran, to bear.]

Barrow, bar′rō, n. originally a mountain, hillock: a mound raised over graves in former times. [A.S. beorg; cog. with Ger. berg.]

Barrow, bar′rō, n. a long sleeveless flannel garment for infants. [A.S. beorgan, to protect.]

Barter, bär′tėr, v.t. to give one thing in exchange for another (with for, away).—v.i. to traffic by exchanging.—n. traffic by exchange of commodities.—n. Bar′terer, one who barters. [Prob. from O. Fr. barat.]

Bartholomew-tide, bar-thol′o-mū-tīd, n. the day of the festival of St Bartholomew, 24th August: the name was also applied to things sold at the fair.—Often spelt Bar′tlemy.—Black Bartholomew, 24th August 1662, the day on which the Act of Uniformity came into force within the Church of England.

Bartisan, bär′ti-zan, n. a small overhanging turret projecting from an angle on the top of a tower. [Apparently an adaptation by Scott of Scot. bertisene, traceable to O. Fr. bretesche, a parapet of wood.]

Barton, bar′ton, n. a farm-yard. [A.S. bere-tún, yard, bere, barley, and tún, enclosure.]

Barycentric, bar-i-sen′trik, adj. pertaining to the centre of gravity. [Gr. barys, heavy, kentron, centre.]

Baryta, ba-rī′ta, Barytes, ba-rī′tēz, n. the earth present in the minerals witherite and heavy spar.—adj. Baryt′ic, of or containing baryta. [From Gr. barys, heavy.]

Barytone, bar′i-tōn, n. a deep-toned male voice between bass and tenor: a singer with such a voice: in Greek, applied to words not having an acute accent on the last syllable. [Through Fr. from Gr. barys, heavy, deep, and tonos, a tone.]

Basalt, bas-awlt′, n. a hard, dark-coloured rock of igneous origin.—adj. Basalt′ic. [L. basaltes, an African word.]

Basanite, bas′an-īt, n. a kind of quartz serviceable for testing the purity of the precious metals by the marks made. [Gr. basanos, touchstone.]

Bascule, bas′kūl, n. an apparatus of the lever kind, in which one end is raised while the other is depressed. [Fr. bas, down, and cul, the posteriors.]

Base, bās, n. that on which a thing rests: foot: bottom: foundation: support: the chief ingredient, as in dyeing and chemistry: the starting-point, in a race: the fixed goal across which the ball is struck in hockey, the fixed stations at base-ball: the point from which the operations of a campaign are conducted: a measured line serving as a basis for trigonometrical calculations: the surface on which a plane or solid figure stands: (chem.) a term applied to a compound body, generally consisting of a metal united with oxygen; (archit.) the foot or lower member of a pillar, on which the shaft rests: (her.) the lower portion of the shield—any figure placed on it is said to be 'in base:' a small portion of the base of a shield parted off by a horizontal line is sometimes called a base.—v.t. to found or place on a base:—pr.p. bās′ing; pa.p. based (bāst).—adjs. Bas′al, Bas′ilar, pertaining to or situated at the base, esp. of the skull; Base′less, without a base or foundation.—ns. Base′lessness; Base′ment, the base or lowest story of a building.—adj. Bas′en-wide (Spens.), widely extended.—n. Base′-plate, the foundation plate of a piece of heavy machinery.—n.pl. Bas′es, a kind of embroidered mantle which hung down from the middle to about the knees or lower, worn by knights on horseback: (Spens.) armour for the legs.—ns. Base′-string, the string of a musical instrument that gives the lowest note; Base′-vīol (same as Bass-viol).—adj. Bas′ic (chem.), belonging to or of the nature of a base.—v.t. Bas′ify (chem.), to convert into a salifiable base:—pr.p. bās′ifying; pa.p. bās′ifīed. [Fr.—L.—Gr. basis—ba-, in bainein, to go.]

Base, bās, adj. low in place, value, estimation, or principle: mean: vile: worthless: debased: counterfeit: (law) servile, as opposed to free: humble: (B. and Shak.) lowly.—adj. Base′-born, illegitimate.—adv. Base′ly.—adj. Base′-mind′ed, of a low mind or spirit: mean.—n. Base′ness.—adj. Base′-spir′ited, mean-spirited. [Fr. bas—Low L. bassus, thick, fat, a vulgar Roman word, found also in name Bassus.]

Base, bās, n. an old game played by two sides occupying contiguous spaces, called bases or homes, off which any player is liable to be touched with the hand or struck by a ball by the enemy, and so attached to their sides. Forms of this game are known as Prisoner's Base or Bars, and Rounders, and the national American game of Base-ball is a development from it.

Base-ball, bās′-bawl, n. a game played with a bat and a ball, and run round bases, marking the circuit to be taken by each player of the inside after striking the ball. There are nine players on each side; the pitcher, of the one side, throws the ball; one of the other side tries to hit it as it passes him; and the runs to the bases are regulated according as the ball falls inside or outside certain lines, &c. A development from rounders, base-ball has been the American national game since 1865. [Coupled with cricket in Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey (written 1798).]

Basecourt, bās′kōrt, n. the outer court of a mansion, which contained the stable-yard and servants' accommodation, as distinguished from the principal quadrangle: an inferior court of justice. [Fr. basse-court.]

Bashaw, ba-shaw′, n. a pasha: a haughty man—now usually written Pasha or Pacha (q.v.).—ns. Bashaw′ism, Bashaw′ship. [Turk.]

Bashful, bash′fōōl, adj. easily confused: modest: shy: wanting confidence.—v.i. Bash (Spens.), to be abashed.—adv. Bash′fully.—n. Bash′fulness.—adj. Bash′less, unashamed. [See Abash.]

Bashi-bazouk, bash′i-ba-zōōk′, n. a Turkish irregular trooper. They are mostly Asiatics, and are brutal plundering ruffians, capable, as in 1876 in Bulgaria, of the most devilish atrocities. [Turk. bashi-bozuq.]

Bashlyk, bash′lik, n. a kind of hood with long ends worn in Russia. [Russ. bashluikŭ, a Caucasian hood.]

Basil, baz′il, n. a mainly tropical or subtropical genus of Labiatæ, characterised by a pleasant aromatic smell and taste, and reckoned amongst sweet herbs.—Sweet basil is an Indian annual long cultivated in Europe for seasoning purposes. [O. Fr. basile—L. basilisca—Gr. basilikon, royal.]

Basilica, baz-il′ik-a, n. among the Romans, a large oblong hall, with double colonnades and a semicircular apse at the end, used for judicial and commercial purposes—many of them were afterwards converted into Christian churches: a magnificent church built after the plan of the ancient basilica.—adj. Basil′ican. [L. basilica, Gr. basilikē (oikia, a house), belonging to a king, from basileus, a king.]

Basilicon, baz-il′ik-on, n. a name given to various kinds of ointment as possessing sovereign virtues. [Gr. basilikon, royal.]

Basilisk, baz′il-isk, n. a fabulous creature, about a foot long, with a black-and-yellow skin and fiery red eyes, so named, according to Pliny, from the crest on the head like a crown—variously regarded as a kind of dragon or cockatrice: in modern zoology, a harmless crested lizard of tropical South America: an ancient brass cannon throwing a shot of about 200 lb. weight. [Gr. basiliskos, dim. of basileus, a king.]

Basin, bās′n, n. a wide open vessel or dish: any hollow place containing water, as a dock: the area drained by a river and its tributaries. [O. Fr. bacin—Low L. bachinus, perh. from the Celtic.]

Basinet, bas′i-net, n. a light globular headpiece worn alone with a visor, or with the great helm resting on the shoulders, worn over it.—Also Bas′net.

Basis, bās′is, n. the foundation, or that on which a thing rests: the pedestal of a column: the groundwork or first principle:—pl. Bas′es. [See Base (1).]

Bask, bask, v.i. to lie in the warmth or sunshine. [Scand. badask, to bathe.]

Basket, bas′ket, n. a vessel made of plaited twigs, rushes, or other flexible materials.—ns. Bas′ketful, as much as fills a basket; Bas′ket-hilt, the hilt of a sword with a covering wrought like basket-work to defend the hand from injury; Bas′ket-mak′er; Bas′ket-work, any structure of interlaced twigs or the like. [Prob. the L. bascauda; the W. basged is apparently borrowed from the English.]

Basque, bask, adj. relating to the Basques, or their wonderful language, with its extreme variability of dialects—the only example of a consistently incorporating language.—n. a native of the Basque provinces: the distinctive language of the Basques: a kind of short-skirted jacket worn by women, a continuation of the bodice a little below the waist.—adj. Basqued (baskt), furnished with a basque.—n. Basq′uine, an outer petticoat worn by Basque and Spanish women. [Fr. Basque—Low L. Vasco, an inhabitant of Vasconia, whence Gascony. The Basques themselves call their tongue Eskuara, Euscara, whence the Fr. Euscarien.]

Bas-relief, bä-re-lēf′, Bass-relief, bas′re-lēf′, n. (sculp.) figures which do not stand far out from the ground on which they are formed—also used in the Italian form Bass′o-rilie′vo. [See Base, low, and Relief.]

Bass, bās, n. the low or grave part in music.—adj. low, deep, grave.—v.t. to sound in a deep tone.—ns. Bass′-horn, a musical wind-instrument, a modification of the bassoon, much lower and deeper in its tones; Thor′ough-bass, the theory of harmony. [See Base, low.]

Bass, Basse, bas, n. a marine fish allied to the perch. [A.S. bærs; cf. Ger. bars, the perch.]

Basset, bas′et, n. a short-legged dog used in unearthing foxes and badgers: an old Venetian game at cards, resembling faro, widely popular in the 18th century: (geol.) the outcrop or emergence of mineral strata at the surface.—v.i. to incline upward so as to appear at the surface, to crop up.—n. Bas′set-horn (It. corno di bassetto), the richest and softest of all wind-instruments, similar to a clarionet in tone and fingering, but with a twice-bent wooden tube, having a compass of two and a half octaves. [Fr. bas, low.]

Bassinet, Bassinette, bas′si-net, n. a kind of basket with a hood in which an infant is placed as in a cradle: a similarly shaped perambulator. [Fr. dim. of basin, a basin.]

Bassoon, bas-ōōn′, n. (It. fagotto) a musical wind-instrument filling an important place in the modern orchestra, of the reed species, made of maple-wood or plane-tree, its compass from B flat below the bass stave to C in the treble.—The Double bassoon (It. contrafagotto) sounds an octave lower.—n. Bassoon′ist. [It. bassone, augmentative of basso, low, from root of Base.]

Bass-viol, bās′-vī′ol, n. a musical instrument with four strings, used for playing the bass in concerted music; the violoncello. [See Bass, low, and Viol.]

Bast, bast, n. the inner bark of the lime-tree: matting made of it. [A.S. bæst; Dut., Dan., Ger. bast.]

Bastard, bas′tard, n. a child born of parents not married.—adj. born out of wedlock: not genuine: resembling, but not identical with, the species bearing the name: of abnormal shape or size: false.—n. Bas′tard-bar, a popular but inaccurate name for the baton-sinister in heraldry.—v.t. Bas′tardise, to prove to be a bastard.—adv. Bas′tardly (obs.).—ns. Bas′tard-wing, three, four, or five feathers springing from the side of the wing of a bird near the point, attached to a bony process which is the homologue of the thumb in some mammalia; Bas′tardy, Bas′tardism, the state of being a bastard.—Bastard title, an abbreviated title of a book on an otherwise blank page preceding the full title-page; Bastard types, types cast with an extra deep bevel to obviate the use of leads, as Longprimer face on Pica body. [Fr. bâtard; O. Fr. fils de bast, son of the pack-saddle, bast (bât) being a coarse saddle for beasts of burden.]

Baste, bāst, v.t. to beat with a stick. [Prob. conn. with Ice. beysta, Dan. böste, to beat.]

Baste, bāst, v.t. to drop fat or butter over meat while roasting to keep it from burning and to improve the flavour. [Ety. unknown.]

Baste, bāst, v.t. to sew slightly or with long stitches. [O. Fr. bastír, from Old High Ger. bestan, to sew.]

Bastille, bast-ēl′, n. an old fortress in Paris long used as a stale prison, and demolished by a revolutionary mob in July 1789: any prison regarded as a symbol of tyranny. [Fr.—O. Fr. bastir (Fr. bâtir), to build.]

Bastinado, bast-in-ād′o, v.t. to beat with a baton or stick, esp. on the soles of the feet (a form of punishment in the East):—pr.p. bastinād′ing or bastinād′oing; pa.p. bastinād′ed or bastinād′oed.—ns. Bastinade′, Bastinād′o. [Sp. bastonada, Fr. bastonnade—baston, bâton. See Baton.]

Bastion, bast′yun, n. a kind of tower at the angles of a fortification.—adj. Bast′ioned. [Fr.—O. Fr. bastir, to build.]

Bat, bat, n. a heavy stick: a flat club for striking the ball in cricket, a club for base-balls, a batsman: the clown's sword in a pantomime: a piece of brick: (slang) rate of speed, style.—v.i. to use the bat in cricket:—pr.p. bat′ting; pa.p. bat′ted.—ns. Bat′ter, Bats′man, one who wields the bat at cricket, &c.; Bat′ting, the management of a bat in playing games: cotton fibre prepared in sheets. [Perh. from A.S. bat (a doubtful form), prob. Celt. bat, staff.]

Bat, bat, n. an animal with a body like a mouse, but which flies on wings attached mainly to its fore-feet, but extending along its sides to the hind-feet. [M. E. bakke, apparently from Scand.; cf. Dan. aftenbakke, evening-bat.]

Batable, bāt′a-bl, adj. debatable, disputable. [A contr. of Debatable.]

Batata, ba-tä′ta, n. a plant with tuberous roots, the sweet potato. [Sp. batata, potato.]

Batavian, ba-tā′vi-an, adj. pertaining to the ancient Batavi in the Low Countries, or to the modern Dutch, their descendants.

Batch, bach, n. the quantity of bread baked or of anything made or got ready at one time: a set. [From Bake.]

Bate, bāt, n. (Spens.) strife, contention.—adj. Bate′-breed′ing (Shak.). [Abbrev. of Debate.]

Bate, bāt, v.i. (Shak.) to beat the wings impatiently: (obs.) to be impatient. [O. E. batre—Low L. batĕre.]

Bateau, bä-to′, n. a light river-boat, esp. those used on Canadian rivers. [Fr.—O. Fr. batel, boat.]

Batfowling, bat′fowl-ing, n. the catching birds at night when at roost. [Bat, club, and Fowl.]

Bath, bäth, n. water for plunging the body into: a bathing: a house for bathing: a place for undergoing medical treatment by means of bathing: (phot.) a solution in which plates are plunged:—pl. Baths (bäthz).—ns. Bath′-brick, a preparation of siliceous silt, manufactured at Bridgwater in the form of bricks, and used in cleaning knives; Bath′chair, a large wheeled chair for invalids; Bath′house; Bath′man; Bath′room; Bath′-stone, a building stone quarried at Bath; Bath′woman; Blood′-bath, a massacre.—Bath Guide, a poem of the 18th century, often taken as a type of 'Society' verse.—Order of the Bath, an English order of knighthood, so named from the bath before installation (including three classes—military and civil knights grand-cross, G.C.B.; knights commanders, K.C.B.; and companions, C.B.). [A.S. bæth, cog. with Ger. bad.]

Bath, bäth, n. the largest Jewish liquid measure, containing about six gallons. [Heb.]

Bathe, bāth, v.t. to wash as in a bath: to wash or moisten with any liquid: to moisten, suffuse, encompass.—v.i. to take a bath.—n. the act of taking a bath.—ns. Bath′ing-box, a box for bathers to undress and dress in; Bath′ing-machine′, a small carriage in which a bather may be carried out into water conveniently deep for bathing. [A.S. bathian; Old High Ger. badôn, bathôn (Ger. baden).]

Bathometer, bath-om′et-ėr, n. an instrument for ascertaining depth. [Gr. bathos, depth, metron, measure.]

Bathorse, baw′hors, n. a packhorse carrying the baggage of an officer. [Fr. bât, a pack-saddle.]

Bathos, bā′thos, n. a ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mean in writing or speech.—adj. Bathet′ic, irregularly formed on the analogy of pathos, pathetic. [Gr. bathos, depth, from bathys, deep.]

Bathybius, bath-ib′i-us, n. name given to a supposed low form of life at the bottom of some parts of the deep sea. [Formed from Gr. bathys, deep, and bios, life.]

Bathymetry, bath-im′et-ri, n. the science of measuring the depth of seas and lakes. [Gr. bathys, deep, metria, measurement.]

Batiste, ba-tēst′, n. usual French name for cambric: applied in commerce to a fine texture of linen and cotton. [Littré derives from Baptiste, the original maker; others from its use in wiping the heads of children after baptism.]

Batlet, bat′let, n. a wooden mallet used by laundresses for beating clothes. [Dim. of Bat.]

Batman, bat′man, baw′man, n. a man who has charge of a bathorse. [See Bathorse.]

Baton, bat′on, Batoon, ba-toon′, n. a staff or truncheon, esp. of a policeman: a marshal's staff.—v.t. to strike with a baton.—n. Bat′on-sin′ister, a well-known heraldic indication of illegitimacy, improperly called Bar-sinister, a diminutive of a bend-sinister, not extending to the sides of the shield, so as to resemble a marshal's baton laid diagonally over the family arms from left to right. [Fr. bâton—Low L. basto, a stick; of unknown origin.]

Batrachia, ba-trā′ki-a, n.pl. the order of reptiles which includes the frogs.—adj. and n. Batrā′chian. [From Gr. batrachos, a frog.]

Batswing, bats′wing, n. a kind of gas-burner, with a slit at the top which causes the flame to take the shape of a bat's wing.

Batta, bat′ta, n. an allowance to officers in the British Indian army in addition to their ordinary pay: subsistence money. [Hind.]

Battailant, bat′tāl-ant, adj. (Spens.) fighting.—adj. Bat′tailous (arch.), war-like. [Fr. bataillant, pr.p. of batailler, to fight. See Battle.]

Battalia, bat-tāl′ya, n. the order of battle: the main body of an army in array. [It. battaglia. Doublet of Battle.]

Battalia pie, bat-tāl′ya pī, titbits in a pie: articles like pin-cushions, embroidered by nuns in convents with scenes from the Bible. [Corrupted from Fr. béatilles, dim. formed from L. beatus.]

Battalion, bat-al′yun, n. a body of soldiers consisting of several companies: a body of men drawn up in battle-array. [Fr.; from root of Battle.]

Battels, bat′lz, n.pl. an Oxford term signifying accounts for provisions received from college kitchens and butteries: applied generally to the whole of the sums for tuition, &c., charged in college accounts.—v.i. Bat′till, Bat′tel (Spens.), to fatten. [Late L. batilli, perh. conn. with Battle, to feed.]

Batten, bat′n, v.i. to grow fat: to live in luxury.—v.t. (obs.) to fatten. [Ice. batna, to grow better—bati, advantage; cf. Dut. baten, to avail.]

Batten, bat′n, n. a piece of board: a ledge, clamp: in ships, a strip of wood used to fasten down the hatches.—n. Bat′tening, battens forming a structure. [Same as Baton.]

Batter, bat′er, v.t. to beat with successive blows: to wear with beating or by use: to attack with artillery.—n. ingredients beaten along with some liquid into a paste: paste for sticking.—ns. Bat′tering-charge, the full charge of powder for a cannon; Bat′tering-ram, an ancient engine for battering down walls, consisting of a large beam with an iron head like that of a ram. [O. Fr. batre (Fr. battre), from the root of Bat.]

Batter, bat′ėr, n. the inclination of a wall from the perpendicular.—v.i. to slope backward from the perpendicular. [Perh. from Fr. battre, to beat down.]

Battery, bat′ėr-i, n. (Shak.) a wound: a number of cannon with their equipment: the place on which cannon are mounted: the men and horses attending one battery, constituting the unit in the artillery: an instrument used in electric and galvanic experiments: (law) an assault by beating or wounding: apparatus for preparing or serving meals.—Cross batteries, two batteries commanding the same spot from different directions; Floating battery (see Float); Masked battery, a battery in action out of the enemy's view; To change one's battery, to alter the direction of attacking.

Battle, bat′l, n. a contest between opposing armies: a fight or encounter: (arch.) a body of troops in battle array, esp. in phrase 'main battle.'—v.i. to contend in fight: to maintain, champion (with against, with).—ns. Bat′tle-axe, -ax, a kind of axe once used in battle; Bat′tle-cry, a war-shout; Bat′tlefield, the place on which a battle is fought; Bat′tle-piece, a passage, or a painting, describing a battle.—adj. Bat′tle-scarred, scarred in battle.—ns. Bat′tleship, a war-ship of the first class; Pitched′-bat′tle, a battle fought on chosen ground.—Battle royal, a general mêlée—Half the battle, said of anything which ensures success.—Line of battle, troops in array for battle; Line-of-battle ship, a ship strong enough to form one of the line.—To join, do battle, to fight. [Fr. bataille—battre, to beat. See Batter.]

Battle, bat′l, adj. (dial.) nourishing.—v.t. (obs.) to feed. [Most prob. from Ice. bati, improvement. See Batten.]

Battledoor, Battledore, bat′l-dōr, n. a light bat for striking a ball or shuttlecock.—Not to know a B from a battledoor, to be thoroughly ignorant. [Sp. batidor, a beater, a washing-beetle; but this is doubtful.]

Battlement, bat′l-ment, n. a wall or parapet on the top of a building with openings or embrasures, originally used only on fortifications: the towering roof of heaven,—adj. Bat′tlemented, fortified with battlements—also pa.p. Bat′tled (poet.).

Battology, bat-ol′o-ji, n. repetition in speech or writing.—adj. Battolog′ical. [Gr. battos, a person who repeated himself, and legein, to speak.]

Battue, bat-tōō′, n. a method of hunting in which the woods are beaten and the game driven from cover into some place for the convenience of the shooters: any indiscriminate slaughter. [Fr.—battre, to beat.]

Bauble, baw′bl, n. a trifling piece of finery: a child's plaything: a stick surmounted by a head with ass's ears, and forming the mock emblem of the court-jester: a piece of childish foolery: (Shak.) a foolish person.—adj. Bau′bling (obs.), trifling. [O. Fr. babel, prob. from the root seen in L. babulus, a babbler.]

Baudrons, bawd′runs, n. Scotch name for the cat. [Perh. of Celt. origin; cf. Ir. beadrac, frolicsome, Gael. beadrach, a frolicsome girl.]

Bausond, bawz′ond, adj. (obs.) having white spots, esp. on the forehead, or a white stripe down the face.—adj. Baus′on-faced (Scott), with a face like a badger. [O. Fr. bausant (It. balzano), black and white spotted. Further ety. dub.]

Bauxite, bō′zīt, n. a clay found at Les Baux, near Arles, yielding alumina.—Also Beau′xite.

Bavardage, bav-ar-dāj′, n. chattering. [Fr. bavard, garrulous—bave, drivel.]

Bavin, bav′in, n. a fagot of brushwood.—Bavin wits (Shak.), wits that blaze and die like bavins. [O. Fr. baffe, a fagot; but this is doubtful.]

Bawbee, baw-bē′, n. a halfpenny: originally a Scotch coin of base silver equivalent to six Scotch pennies. [Ety. dub., but very prob. derived from a 16th-cent. Scotch mint-master, the laird of Sillebawby; others identify with 'baby.']

Bawcock, baw′kok, n. (Shak.) a fine fellow. [From Fr. beau, fine, and coq, a cock.]

Bawd, bawd, n. a procurer or procuress of women for lewd purposes—fem. only since about 1700.—n. Bawd′ry.—adj. Bawd′y, obscene, unchaste, filthy.—n. Bawd′y-house, a brothel. [Perh. abbrev. from Bawd′strot, a word for a pander, now obsolete, derived from O. Fr. baldestrot—bald, gay, and perh. the Teut. root found in strut.]

Bawl, bawl, v.i. to shout or cry out loudly (with at, against).—n. a loud cry or shout.—n. Bawl′er. [Perh. from Low L. baulare, to bark like a dog; but cf. Ice. baula, to low like a cow, baula, a cow.]

Bawn, bawn, n. a fortification round a house: an enclosure for cattle. [Ir. bábhun, enclosure.]

Bay, bā, adj. reddish brown inclining to chestnut.—n. elliptical for 'bay-horse.'—n. Bayard (bā′ard), a bay-horse: a name for any horse generally, from 'Bayard,' the famous bay-coloured magic horse given to Renaud by Charlemagne: a man recklessly blind to danger: a fellow bold in his ignorance: a type of the knight, from Bayard (1476-1524), 'the knight without fear and without reproach.' [Fr. bai—L. badius, chestnut-coloured.]

Bay, bā, n. an inlet of the sea with a wider opening than a gulf: an inward bend of the shore. [Fr. baie—Low L. baia, a harbour.]

Bay, bā, n. the space between two columns: (Shak.) the space under one house gable: any recess.—n. Bay′-win′dow, any window forming a recess.—adj. Bay′-win′dowed. [O. Fr. baée—baer, to gape, be open; prob. conn. with the foregoing word.]

Bay, bā, n. the laurel-tree: (pl.) an honorary garland or crown of victory, originally of laurel: literary renown.—ns. Bay′berry; Bay′-rum, an aromatic stimulant used for the skin and hair, and prepared by distilling the leaves of the bay-berry (Pimenta acris) with rum, or otherwise mixing the volatile oil of the leaves with alcohol. [O. Fr. baie, a berry—L. baca.]

Bay, bā, n. barking, baying (esp. of a dog when in pursuit): the combined cry of hounds in conflict with a hunted animal: used often of the last stand of a hunted animal when it faces the hounds at close quarters.—v.i. to bark (esp. of large dogs).—v.t. to bark at: to utter by baying: to follow with barking: to bring to bay.—To hold, keep at bay, said of the hunted animal; To stand, be, at bay, at close quarters. [These senses show a confusion of two distinct words, according to Murray: (1) to hold at bay = O. Fr. tenir a bay = It. tenere a bada, bay, bada, denoting the suspense indicated by the open mouth; (2) in the phrase 'to stand at bay,' the word points to O. Fr. abai, barking, bayer, to bark.]

Bayadère, bā-ya-dēr′, n. a Hindu dancing-girl. [Fr.—Port. bailadeira.]

Bayonet, bā′on-et, n. a stabbing instrument of steel fixed to the muzzle of a musket or rifle: military force: (pl.) soldiers armed with bayonets.—v.t. to stab with a bayonet. [Fr. baïonnette, perh. from Bayonne, in France, where it was supposed to have been first made; others derive from O. Fr. bayon, arrow.]

Bayou, bā′ōō, n. name given to the marshy offshoots of lakes and rivers, esp. in North America. [Perh. corrupted from Fr. boyau, gut.]

Bay-salt, bā′-sält, n. salt obtained by slow evaporation originally from sea-water. [Prob. from Bay, an inlet, and Salt.]

Bazaar, Bazar, ba-zär′, n. an Eastern marketplace or exchange: a fancy fair in imitation of an Eastern bazaar. [Pers. bāzār, a market.]

Bdellium, del′i-um, n. a kind of gum. [Gr. bdellion, used to translate, but prob. unconnected with Heb. b'dōlakh, Gen. ii. 12.]

Be, bē, v.i. to live: to exist: to have a certain state or quality:—pr.p. bē′ing; pa.p. been.—n. Be′-all (Shak.), the whole being. [A.S. béon; Ger. bin; Gael. bi, to exist; W. byw, to live; Gr. phu-ein, L. fui, fio, Sans. bhu, to be, orig. meaning to grow.]

Beach, bēch, n. the shore of the sea or of a lake, esp. when sandy or pebbly: the strand.—v.t. to haul a boat up on the beach.—n. Beach′-comb′er, a long rolling wave: a drunken loafer about the wharfs in Pacific seaports: a settler on a Pacific island who maintains himself by pearl-fishery, and often by less reputable means.—adjs. Beached, having a beach, driven on a beach; Beach′y, pebbly. [Orig. a prov. Eng. word for shingle. The derivation from Ice. bakki, bank, is untenable.]

Beacon, bē′kn, n. a fire on an eminence used as a sign of danger: a hill on which such could be lighted: anything that warns of danger, esp. an erection of stone, wood, or iron often bearing a light, and marking rocks or shoals in rivers or navigable channels.—v.t. to act as a beacon to: to light up: to mark by means of beacons.—n. Float′ing-bea′con, a light-ship. [A.S. béacn, a beacon, a sign.]

Bead, bēd, n. a little ball pierced for stringing, a series of which forms the rosary or paternoster, used in counting the prayers recited: any small ball of glass, amber, &c. strung in a series to form a necklace: a bead-like drop: the small knob of metal forming the front-sight of a gun—whence the Americanism, To draw a bead upon = to take aim at: (archit.) a narrow moulding with semicircular section.—v.t. to furnish with beads.—v.i. to form a bead or beads.—adj. Bead′ed, furnished with beads.—ns. Bead′-house, a house for poor people who were required to pray for the soul of the founder: an almshouse; Bead′ing, a moulding in imitation of beads.—adj. Bead′-proof, of such proof or strength as to carry beads or bubbles when shaken, as alcoholic liquors.—ns. Bead′-roll, in pre-Reformation times, a roll or list of the dead to be prayed for, hence a list of names, a long series: a rosary; Beads′man, Bedes′man, one employed to pray for others, or one endowed to do so: (Scot.) a public alms-man or licensed beggar:—fem. Beads′woman.—adj. Bead′y, bead-like, small and bright (of eyes): covered with beads or bubbles.—To say, tell, count one's beads, to offer a prayer. [A.S. bed, gebed, a prayer, from biddan, to pray. See Bid.]

Beadle, bēd′l, n. a mace-bearer (esp. of the 'bedels' or 'bedells,' official attendants of the Oxford and Cambridge vice-chancellors): a petty officer of a church, college, parish, &c.: a parish officer with the power of punishing petty offenders: in Scotland, used of the 'church-officer' attending on the clergyman: (obs.) a messenger or crier of a court.—ns. Bead′ledom, Bead′lehood, stupid officiousness; Bead′leship, Bed′elship, the office of beadle or bedel. [A.S. bydel—béodan, to proclaim, to bid.]

Beagle, bē′gl, n. a small hound tracking by scent, formerly much used in hunting hares, but now superseded by the harrier: a spy: a bailiff: a small kind of shark.—The beagle was often followed by men on foot, hence Foot′-bea′gle. [Ety. unknown. The Fr. bigle is borrowed from English. Dr Murray suggests Fr. bégueule, from béer, to gape, and gueule, throat.]

Beak, bēk, n. the bill of a bird: anything pointed or projecting: the nose: in the ancient galley, a pointed iron fastened to the prow for piercing the enemy's vessel: (slang) a magistrate.—adj. Beaked (bēkt). [O. Fr. bec—Low L. beccus, of Celt. (Gaulish) origin.]

Beaker, bēk′ėr, n. a large drinking-bowl or cup, or its contents: a glass vessel marked for measuring liquids, with a beak or pointed mouth, used by chemists. [Scand. bikarr (Scot. bicker), prob. from Low L. bicarium, acc. to Diez from Gr. bikos, a drinking-bowl.]

Beam, bēm, n. a large and straight piece of timber or iron forming one of the main supports against lateral pressure of a building, ship, &c.: (fig.) from the figure of the mote and the beam—Matt. vii. 3: any of the transverse pieces of framing extending across a ship's hull, the greatest width of a ship or boat: the part of a balance from which the scales hang: the pole of a carriage: a cylinder of wood in a loom: a ray of light.—v.t. to send forth light: to shine.—n. Beam′-en′gine, a steam-engine which has a beam connecting the piston-rod with the crank of the wheel-shaft, as distinguished from one that has its piston-rod directly attached to the crank.—adv. Beam′ily.—n. Beam′iness.—adjs. Beam′less, without beams: emitting no rays of light; Beam′y, shining.—A beam sea, one rolling against the ship's side.—Before the beam, the bearing of any object when seen more in advance than on the beam; Abaft the beam, the reverse.—Lee or Weather beam, the side away from or towards the wind.—On her beam ends, a phrase applied to the position of a ship when so much inclined to one side that the beams become nearly vertical.—On the starboard beam, applied to any distant point out at sea, at right angles to the keel, and on the starboard or right-hand (as viewed from the stern) side of the ship; On the port beam similarly applies to the left hand. [A.S. béam, a tree, stock of a tree, a ray of light; Ger. baum, a tree; Gr. phyma, a growth—phy-ein, to grow.]

Bean, bēn, n. the name of several kinds of leguminous plants and their seeds: applied also to the seeds of some other plants, from their bean-like form, as the Calabar bean, &c.—ns. Bean′-feast, an annual dinner given by employers to their hands, perhaps from there having been served on such occasions beans or a Bean′-goose, a species of goose said to be so called from its fondness for devouring new-sown beans; Bean′-king, the king of the festivities on Twelfth Night, chosen on his finding a bean hidden in the Twelfth Cake. [A.S. béan; Ger. bohne, W. ffäen; L. faba.]

Bear, bār, v.t. to carry or support: to endure: to admit of: to be entitled to: to afford: to import: to manage: to behave or conduct one's self: to bring forth or produce.—v.i. to suffer: to be patient: to have reference to: to press (with on or upon): to be situated:—pr.p. bear′ing; pa.t. bōre; pa.p. bōrne (but the pa.p. when used to mean 'brought forth' is born).—adj. Bear′able, that may be borne or endured.—n. Bear′ableness.—adv. Bear′ably.—ns. Bear′er, one who or that which bears, esp. one who assists in carrying a body to the grave: a carrier or messenger; Bear′ing, behaviour: situation of one object with regard to another: relation: that which is borne upon an escutcheon: (mach.) the part of a shaft or axle in contact with its supports; Bear′ing-cloth, the mantle or cloth in which a child was carried to the font; Bear′ing-rein, the fixed rein between the bit and the saddle, by which a horse's head is held up in driving and its neck made to arch.—Bear hard (Shak.), to press or urge; Bear in hand (Shak.), to keep in expectation, to flatter one's hopes; To bear a hand, to give assistance; To bear away, to sail away; To bear down (with upon or towards), to sail with the wind; To bear out, to corroborate; To bear up, to keep up one's courage; To bear up for (a place), to sail towards; To bear with, to make allowance for; To be borne in (upon the) mind, to be forcibly impressed upon it; To bring to bear, to bring into operation (with against, upon); To lose one's bearings, to become uncertain as to one's position. [A.S. beran; Goth. bairan, L. ferre, Gr. pher-ein, Sans. bhri.]

Bear, bār, n. a heavy quadruped of the order Carnivora, with long shaggy hair and hooked claws: any rude, rough, or ill-bred fellow: one who sells stocks for delivery at a future date, anticipating a fall in price so that he may buy first at an advantage—opp. to Bull: the old phrase 'a bearskin jobber' suggests an origin in the common proverb, 'to sell the bearskin before one has caught the bear' (hence To bear, to speculate for a fall): (astron.) the name of two constellations, the Great and the Little Bear.—ns. Bear′-ber′ry, a trailing plant of the heath family, a species of the Arbutus; Bear′bine, a species of convolvulus, closely allied to the bindweed; Bear′-gar′den, an enclosure where bears are kept; a rude, turbulent assembly.—adj. Bear′ish, like a bear.—ns. Bear′ishness; Bear′-lead′er, a person who leads about a bear for exhibition: the tutor or governor of a youth at the university or on travel; Bear's′-breech, a common name for plants of the genus Acanthus; Bear's′-ear, a common English name for the auricula; Bear's′-foot, a species of hellebore; Bear′skin, the skin of a bear: a shaggy woollen cloth for overcoats: the high fur cap worn by the Guards in England; Bear′-ward, a warden or keeper of bears. [A.S. bera; Ger. bär; cf. L. fera, a wild beast, akin to Gr. thēr, Æolian phēr.]

Bear, bēr, n. barley, applied in Scotland to the now little grown variety Hordeum hexastichon. [A.S. bere.]

Beard, bērd, n. the hair that grows on the chin and adjacent parts of a grown man's face: the tuft on the lower jaw of a goat, seal, &c.: the barbel of the cod, loach, &c.; prickles on the ears of corn: the barb of an arrow: the gills of oysters, &c.—v.t. to take by the beard: to oppose to the face.—adj. Beard′ed, having a beard: prickly: barbed.—n. Beard′-grass, a kind of bearded grass.—adj. Beard′less. [A.S.; W. barf, Ger. bart, Russ. boroda, L. barba.]

Beast, bēst, n. an irrational animal, as opposed to man: a four-footed animal: a brutal person: the Beast, Antichrist in the Revelation—dim. Beast′ies.—n.pl. Beast′-fā′bles, stories in which animals play human parts—a widely-spread primitive form of literature, often surviving in more or less developed forms in the more advanced civilisations.—ns. Beast′hood; Beast′lihead (Spens.), the state or nature of a beast, beastliness; Beast′liness.—adj. Beast′ly, like a beast in actions or behaviour: coarse: obscene: (colloq.) vile, disagreeable. [O. Fr. beste (Fr. bête)—L. bestia.]

Beat, bēt, v.t. to strike repeatedly: to break or bruise: to strike, as bushes, in order to rouse game: to thrash: to overcome: to be too difficult for: to spread flat and thin by beating with a tool, as gold by a gold-beater—also To beat out.—v.i. to give strokes repeatedly: to throb: to dash, as a flood or storm:—pr.p. beat′ing; pa.t. beat; pa.p. beat′en.—n. a recurrent stroke: a stroke recurring at intervals, or its sound, as of a watch or the pulse: a round or course, as a policeman's beat: a place of resort.—adj. weary: fatigued.—adj. Beat′en, made smooth or hard by beating or treading: trite: worn by use.—ns. Beat′er, one that beats or strikes: one who rouses or beats up game: a crushing instrument; Beat′ing, the act of striking: chastisement by blows: regular pulsation or throbbing: rousing of game: exercising the brain.—Beaten work, metal shaped by being hammered on an anvil or block of the necessary shape.—Dead beat, completely exhausted.—To beat about the bush, to approach a subject in an indirect way; To beat a retreat, to retreat, originally to beat the drum as a signal for retreat; To beat off, to drive back; To beat out, to work out fully, to make gold or silver leaf out of solid metal; To beat the air, to fight to no purpose, or against an imaginary enemy; To beat the bounds, to trace out the boundaries of a parish in a periodic survey or perambulation, certain natural objects in the line of journey being formally struck with a rod, and sometimes also the boys whipped to make them remember; To beat the brains, to puzzle one's brains about something; To beat the tattoo (mil.), to sound the drum for evening roll-call; To beat up, to alarm by a sudden attack: to disturb: to pay an untimeous visit to any one—also in 'to beat up for recruits,' to go about a town to enlist men. [A.S. béatan, pa.t. béot.]

Beatify, bē-at′i-fī, v.t. to make blessed or happy: to declare to be in the enjoyment of eternal happiness in heaven.—adjs. Beatif′ic, -al, making supremely happy.—adv. Beatif′ically.—n. Beatificā′tion, act of beatifying: (R.C. Church) a declaration by the Pope that a person is blessed in heaven, authorising a certain definite form of public reverence payable to him—the first step to canonisation.—Beatific vision, a glimpse of the glory of heaven, esp. that which first bursts upon the disembodied soul. [L. beatus, blessed, and facĕre, to make.]

Beatitude, bē-at′i-tūd, n. heavenly happiness, or happiness of the highest kind: (pl.) sayings of Christ in Matt. v., declaring the possessors of certain virtues to be blessed. [L. beatitudo—beatus, blessed.]

Beau, bō, n. a man attentive to dress or fashion: a fop or dandy: a lover:—pl. Beaux (bōz):—fem. Belle.—n. Beau′-idē′al, ideal excellence, or an imaginary standard of perfection: the person in which such is realised.—adj. Beau′ish.—ns. Beau′-monde, the gay or fashionable world; Beaupere′ (Spens.), a term of courtesy for 'father,' esp. of ecclesiastical persons: a companion. [Fr. beau, bel—L. bellus, fine, gay, as if for a benulus, dim. of benus = bonus, good.]

Beaujolais, bō-zhō-lā, n. a kind of red wine produced in South-eastern France. [From Beaujolais, a subdivision of the old province of Lyonnais.]

Beauty, bū′ti, n. a pleasing combination of qualities in a person or object: a particular grace or excellence: a beautiful person, esp. a woman, also applied collectively to the beautiful women of a special place: (pl.) beautiful passages or extracts from the poets.—v.t. (Shak.) to make beautiful.—adj. Beau′teous, full of beauty: fair: handsome.—adv. Beau′teously.—ns. Beau′teousness; Beau′tifier, one who or that which beautifies or makes beautiful.—adj. Beau′tiful, fair: with qualities that give delight to the senses, esp. the eye and ear, or which awaken admiration in the mind.—adv. Beau′tifully.—v.t. Beau′tify, to make beautiful: to grace: to adorn.—v.i. (rare) to become beautiful, or more beautiful.—ns. Beau′ty-sleep, the sleep before midnight, considered the most refreshing; Beau′ty-spot, a patch placed on the face to heighten or draw attention to a woman's beauty; a foil, or anything that emphasises beauty by contrast. [O. Fr. biaute (Fr. beauté)—Low L. bellitat-em—L. bellus.]

Beaver, bēv′ėr, n. an amphibious rodent quadruped valuable for its fur: the fur of the beaver: a hat made of the beaver's fur: a hat: a glove of beaver fur.—adj. Beav′erish (Carlyle), like a beaver, merely instinctive.—n. Beav′ery, a place where beavers are kept. [A.S. befer, beofor; Dut. bever, Ger. biber, Gael, beabhar, L. fiber.]

Beaver, bēv′ėr, n. in medieval armour, the covering for the lower part of the face, the visor being that for the upper part—later the movable beaver was confounded with the visor.—adj. Beav′ered. [So called from a fancied likeness to a child's bib. O. Fr. bavière, from bave, slaver.]

Bebeeru, bē-bē′rōō, n. the native name of the green-heart tree of Guiana.—n. Bebeerine (bē-bē′rin), an alkaloid yielded by it, and used as a substitute for quinine.

Beblubbered, be-blub′ėrd, p.adj. disfigured by weeping [Pfx. be-, and Blubber.]

Becalm, be-käm′, v.t. to make calm, still, or quiet.—p.adj. Becalmed′, motionless from want of wind. [Pfx. be-, and Calm.]

Because, be-kawz′, adv. and conj. because of: for the reason that: on account of: for (followed by of). [Prep. by, and Cause.]

Beccafico, bek-a-fē′ko, n. a small bird of the family of Sylviadæ or Warblers, considered a delicacy by the Italians:—pl. Beccafi′coes. [It., from beccare to peck, and fico, a fig.]

Bechance, be-chans′, v.t. to happen by chance: to befall—adv. by chance: accidentally. [A.S. be-, by, and Chance.]

Bêche-de-mer, bāsh′-dė-mār, n. the trepang or sea-slug, a species of Holothuria, much esteemed in China as a food delicacy. [Fr.]

Beck, bek, n. a sign with the finger or head: a nod: (Scot.) a gesture of salutation.—v.i. to make such a sign.—v.t. to call by a nod.—At one's beck, subject to one's will. [A contr. of Beckon.]

Becket, bek′et, n. (naut.) a loop of rope having a knot at one end and an eye at the other: a large hook, or a wooden bracket used to keep loose tackle or spars in a convenient place. [Prob. Dut. bogt, bocht, a 'bend' of rope.]

Beckon, bek′n, v.t. to nod or make a sign to. [A.S. bíecnan—béacn, a sign. See Beacon.]

Become, be-kum′, v.i. to pass from one state to another: to come to be: to be the fate or end of (followed by of).—v.t. to suit or befit, to grace or adorn fittingly (with dat. object):—pa.t. becāme′; pa.p. become′.—adj. Becom′ing, suitable to: graceful.—adv. Becom′ingly.—n. Becom′ingness. [A.S. becuman. See Come.]

Bed, bed, n. a couch or place to sleep on: a plot in a garden: a place in which anything rests, in carpentry, architecture, &c.: conjugal union, the marriage-bed, matrimonial rights and duties: the channel of a river: (geol.) a layer or stratum.—v.t. to place in bed, as a couple after a wedding: to provide a bed, or to make a bed, for: to sow or plant: to lay in layers.—v.i. to cohabit or use the same bed with another:—pr.p. bed′ding; pa.p. bed′ded.—ns. Bed′chamber (see Bed′room); Bed′ding, a collective name for the mattress, bed-clothes, &c., also litter for cattle.—adj. Bed′fast, confined to bed.—ns. Bed′fellow, a sharer of the same bed; Bed′maker, the name at Cambridge and elsewhere for those who make the beds and sweep the rooms in college; Bed′-of-hon′our, the grave of a soldier who has fallen in battle; Bed′-of-jus′tice (Fr. lit. de justice), the king's throne in the Parlement of Paris, also a sitting at which the king was present, chiefly for the registration of his own decrees; Bed′plate (mech.), the foundation plate of an engine, lathe, &c.; Bed′post, a post forming an angle of a bedstead, often in former days high enough to support a canopy; Bed′presser (Shak.), a heavy, lazy fellow.—adjs. Bed′rid, Bed′ridden, confined to bed by age or sickness: worn out.—ns. Bed′right (Shak.), the privilege of the marriage-bed; Bed′rock, the solid rock underneath superficial formations; Bed′room, a room in which there is a bed: a sleeping apartment—Bedchamber was the earlier form.—n.pl. Bed′-sores, painful ulcers that often arise in a long confinement to bed, esp. over the bony prominences of the body—the lower parts of the spine, the haunch bones, the heel, and the elbow.—ns. Bed′-staff, a staff or stick formerly used about a bed, in old times a handy weapon, whence perhaps the phrase, 'in the twinkling of a bed-staff;' Bed′stead, a frame for supporting a bed; Bed′straw, the name applied to a genus of the Rubiaceæ, of which eleven species are found in England, the most familiar our Lady's Bedstraw, or Yellow Bedstraw (Galium verum), sometimes called Cheese Rennet from its property of curdling milk; Bed′swerver (Shak.), one who is false to his marriage vow; Bed′tick, the case in which feathers, hair, chaff, &c. are put for bedding.—adv. Bed′ward, in the direction of bed: towards bedtime.—n. Bed′work (Shak.), work easily performed, as if done in bed.—Bed and board, food and lodging: full connubial relations; Bed of down, or roses, any easy or comfortable place.—Lords of the Bedchamber, twelve officers in the British royal household who wait in turn upon the sovereign's person; in the reign of a queen the office is performed by ladies.—To be brought to bed, to be confined in child-birth (with of); To keep one's bed, to remain in bed; To lie in the bed one has made, to have to accept the consequences of one's own conduct; To make a bed, to put a bed in order after it has been used. [A.S. bed; Ger. bett, Ice. bedr.]

Bedabble, be-dab′l, v.t. to dabble or wet. [Pfx. be-, and Dabble.]

Bedazzle, be-daz′l, v.t. to dazzle or overpower by any strong light.—pa.p. Bedaz′zled, Bedazed′, stupefied, besotted.—n. Bedaz′zlement.

Bedeguar, bed′e-gar, n. a soft spongy gall found on the branches of some species of roses, esp. the sweet-brier, called also the sweet-brier sponge. [Through Fr. from Pers. and Ar. bādā-war, lit. 'wind-brought.']

Bedel, bē′dl, Bedell, be-del′, archaic forms of Beadle (q.v.), still used at Oxford and Cambridge.

Bedevil, be-dev′il, v.t. to throw into confusion: to 'play the devil' with: to torment: to treat with devilish malignity.—pass. to be possessed of a devil, to be devil-rid.—n. Bedev′ilment.

Bedizen, be-dīz′n, v.t. to dress gaudily.—adj. Bediz′ened.—n. Bediz′enment.

Bedlam, bed′lam, n. an asylum for lunatics: a madhouse: a place of uproar.—adj. fit for a madhouse.—ns. Bed′lamism, anything characteristic of madness; Bed′lamite, a madman. [Corrupted from Bethlehem (St Mary of Bethlehem), the name of a priory in London, afterwards converted into a madhouse.]

Bedouin, bed′ōō-in, n. the name given to those Arabs who live in tents and lead a nomadic life. [Fr.—Ar. bādāwin, dwellers in the desert.]

Bedraggle, be-drag′l, v.t. to soil by dragging in the wet or dirt—most common, the p.adj. Bedrag′gled. [See Draggle.]

Bedral, bed′ral, n. a beadle.—Also Bed′eral. [A Scand. form of Beadle.]

Bedrop, be-drop′, v.t. to drop upon.—pa.p. Bedropt′, sprinkled as with drops: strewn.

Bee, bē, n. a four-winged insect that makes honey: (U.S.) a gathering of persons to unite their labour for the benefit of one individual or family, or for some joint amusement or exercise, as 'a quilting bee,' 'a husking bee,' 'a spelling bee' (from the bee's habit of combined labour).—Compound words are Bee′-flow′er, Bee′-gar′den, Bee′-house, Bee′-mas′ter.—ns. Bee′-bread, the pollen of flowers collected by bees as food for their young; Bee′-eat′er, a brightly-plumaged family of birds nearly allied to the kingfisher, which feeds on bees; Bee′-glue, the soft glutinous matter by which bees fix their combs to the hive; Bee′hive, a case or box in which bees are kept, of straw-work, wood, &c.—Scotch Bee-skep.—adj. shaped like a beehive, dome-shaped.—ns. Bee′-line, the most direct road from one point to another, like the honey-laden bee's way home to the hive; Bee′-moth, a species of moth whose larvæ are very destructive to young bees; Bees′wax, the wax secreted by bees, and used by them in constructing their cells.—v.t. to polish with beeswax.—n. Bees′wing, a filmy crust of tartar formed in port and some other wines after long keeping.—adj. Bees′winged, so old as to show beeswing.—A bee in one's bonnet, a whimsical or crazy fancy on some point. [A. S. béo; Ger. biene.]

Beech, bēch, n. a common forest tree with smooth silvery-looking bark and small edible nuts.—adj. Beech′en.—ns. Beech′-mast, the mast or nuts of the beech-tree, which yield a valuable oil; Beech′-oil, oil expressed from the nuts of the beech-tree. [A.S. bóece, béce; Ger. buche, L. fagus, Gr. phēgos—from root of phag-ein, to eat.]

Beef, bēf, n. the flesh of an ox or cow:—pl. Beeves, used in original sense, oxen.—adj. consisting of beef.—ns. Beef′-eat′er (bēf′-ēt′ėr), a popular name for a yeoman of the sovereign's guard, also of the warders of the Tower of London [the obvious ety. is the right one, there being no such form as buffetier, connected with buffet, a sideboard, as often stated]; Beef′iness; Beef′steak, a thick slice of beef for broiling or frying; Beef′tea, a stimulating rather than nutritious food for invalids, being the juice of beef strained off, after simmering chopped beef in water.—adjs. Beef′-wit′ted, Beef′-brained, dull or heavy in wits: stupid.—n. Beef′-wood, an Australian wood, of reddish colour, used in cabinetwork.—adj. Beef′y, like beef, fleshy, stolid. [O. Fr. boef (Fr. bœuf)—L. bos, bovis; cf. Gr. bous, Gael. bò, Sans. go, A.S. cú.]

Beelzebub, bē-el′ze-bub, n. the name under which the Philistines at Ekron worshipped their god Baal or Bel: (New Test.) the prince of the evil spirits. [Heb. ba'al z'būb, fly-lord.]

Beenah, bē′na, n. a primitive form of marriage (the name taken from Ceylon) in which the man goes to live with his wife's family—he is an unimportant person in the family, and the children are not counted his, but belong to the family and kindred of the wife.

Beer, bēr, n. an alcoholic beverage made by fermentation from malted barley flavoured with hops. It was anciently distinguished from ale by being hopped; now beer is the generic name of malt liquor, including ale and porter.—ns. Beer′-en′gine, Beer′-pump, a machine for drawing beer up from the casks to the bar; Beer′-house, a house where beer or malt liquors are sold; Beer′iness; Beer′-mon′ey, money given to soldiers in the British army, in lieu of beer and spirits.—adj. Beer′y, of or affected by beer.—Beer and skittles, a phrase used vaguely for Bohemian pleasures, from a simple form supposed to be a rustic ideal.—Bitter beer = pale ale, a highly hopped beer made from the very finest selected malt and hops; Mild or Sweet ale being of greater gravity or strength, and comparatively lightly hopped; Black beer, a kind of beer made at Danzig, black and syrupy; Small beer, weak beer, hence trifling things, as in the familiar phrase, 'to think no small beer of one's self.' [A.S. béor; Ger. and Dut. bier, Ice. bjorr.]

Beestings, bēst′ingz, n. the first milk drawn from a cow after calving. [A.S. býsting, béost; Ger. and Dut. biest.]

Beet, bēt, n. a plant with a carrot-shaped succulent root, eaten as food, from which sugar is extracted.—ns. Beet′-fly, a two-winged insect, which deposits its eggs on beet or mangel-wurzel, and whose larvæ are injurious to the plant; Beet′root, the root of the beet plant. [A.S. béte (Fr. bette)—L. bēta.]

Beet, Bete, bēt, v.t. (obs. except dial.) to improve, mend, to kindle a fire, to rouse. [A.S. bóetan, bétan; cf. bót, Boot.]

Beetle, bē′tl, n. an order of insects technically known as Coleoptera, usually with four wings, the front pair forming hard and horny covers for those behind, which alone are used in flight.—The Black Beetle or cockroach is not a true beetle. [M.E. bityl—A.S. bitula, bitela, bítan, to bite.]

Beetle, bē′tl, n. a heavy wooden mallet used for driving wedges, crushing or beating down paving-stones, or the like: a wooden pestle-shaped utensil for mashing potatoes, beating linen, &c.—n. Bee′tle-head, a heavy, stupid fellow.—adj. Bee′tle-head′ed. [A.S. bíetel; cog. with béatan, to beat.]

Beetle-browed, bē′tl-browd, adj. with overhanging or prominent brow: scowling.—v.i. Bee′tle, to jut, to hang over—first used by Shakespeare.—n. Beet′ling.—p.adj. jutting out: prominent: overhanging. [Dr Murray notes that the word is first found in the compound bitel-browed, in the 14th century, and favours the explanation, 'with eyebrows like a beetle's'—i.e. projecting eyebrows. See Beetle (1).]

Befall, be-fawl′, v.t. to fall or happen to: to occur to.—v.i. to happen or come to pass: (Spens.) to fall in one's way:—pr.p. befall′ing; pa.t. befell′; pa.p. befall′en. [A.S. befeallan. See Fall.]

Befana, Beffana, be-fä′na, n. an Epiphany present or gift—a corruption of Epiphania, which name in Italy has become personified for children as a toy-bringing witch or fairy called La Befana.

Befit, be-fit′, v.t. to fit, or be suitable to: to be proper to, or right for:—pr.p. befit′ting; pa.p. befit′ted.—adj. Befit′ting.—adv. Befit′tingly. [Pfx. be-, and Fit.]

Befool, be-fōōl′, v.t. to make a fool of, or deceive: to treat as a fool.

Before, be-fōr′, prep. in front of (time or place): in presence or sight of (Before God): under the cognisance of, as in before the court, the magistrate, or the house: previous to: in preference to: superior to.—adv. in front: sooner than hitherto.—conj. previous to the time when (often with that).—advs. Before′hand, before the time: by way of preparation; Before′time, in former time.—To be beforehand with, to forestall in any action. [A.S. beforan. See Fore.]

Beg, beg, v.i. to ask alms or charity, esp. habitually (with of, from; for, of the thing asked).—v.t. to ask earnestly: to beseech: to pray: to take for granted what ought to have been proved, esp. in the phrase in logic, 'to beg the question'—the fallacy of the Petitio Principii:—pr.p. beg′ging; pa.p. begged.—n. Beg′gar, one who begs: one who lives by begging: a mean fellow, a poor fellow—often used with a playful and even affectionate sense.—v.t. to reduce to beggary: to exhaust or impoverish: (fig.) to go beyond the resources of, as of description.—ns. Beg′gardom, the fraternity of beggars; Beg′garliness.—adj. Beggarly, poor: mean: worthless.—adv. meanly.—ns. Beg′gar-my-neigh′bour, a game at cards which goes on till one of the players has gained all the other's cards; Beg′gary, extreme poverty.—adv. Beg′gingly.—To beg off, to obtain another's release through entreaty, to seek that one's self may be relieved of some penalty or liability.—To go a-begging, to be in want of a purchaser, or of a person to fill it (of a situation, &c.). [The ety. is very obscure; the words beg and beggar first appear in the 13th century, and Dr Murray thinks the most likely derivation is from the O. Fr. begart, begard, and begar (L. beghardus = beghard), or its synonym beguine and derivative verb beguigner, beguiner, to act the beguin. The Beghards or Beguines were a lay mendicant order, and in the 13th century mendicants calling themselves by these names swarmed over Western Europe.]

Beget, be-get′, v.t. to produce or cause: to generate: to produce as an effect, to cause:—pr.p. beget′ting; pa.t. begat′, begot′; pa.p. begot′, begot′ten.—n. Beget′ter, one who begets: a father: the agent that occasions or originates anything. [A.S. begitan, to acquire. See Get.]

Begin, be-gin′, v.i. to take rise: to enter on something new: to commence.—v.t. to enter on: to commence (with at, with, upon):—pr.p. begin′ning; pa.t. began′; pa.p. begun′.—ns. Begin′ner, one who begins: one who is beginning to learn or practise anything; Begin′ning, origin or commencement: rudiments—(Spens.) Beginne′.—adj. Begin′ningless. [A.S. beginnan (more usually onginnan), from be, and ginnan, to begin.]

Begird, be-gird′, v.t. to gird or bind with a girdle; to surround or encompass (with):—pa.t. begirt′, begird′ed; pa.p. begirt′. [A.S. begyrdan. See Gird.]

Beglerbeg, bėg′lėr-bėg, n. the governor of a Turkish province, in rank next to the grand vizier. [Turk., lit. 'bey of beys.']

Begone, be-gon′, interj. lit. be gone! be off! get away! In Woe′-begone′, beset with woe, we have the pa.p. of A.S. begán, to go round, to beset.

Begonia, be-gōn′ya, n. a genus of plants cultivated in our greenhouses for their pink flowers and their remarkable unequal-sided and often coloured leaves—'Elephant's Ears,' 'Angel's Wings.' [Named from the botanist Michel Begon, 1638-1710.]

Beguile, be-gīl′, v.t. to cheat or deceive: to divert attention from anything tedious or painful: to divert or amuse: to wile any one into some course.—ns. Beguile′ment; Beguil′er.—adv. Beguil′ingly. [See Guile.]

Beguines, beg′in (see Beg).—n. Beguinage (beg′in-āj), an establishment for Beguines.

Behalf, be-häf′, n. favour or benefit: cause: sake, account: part—only in phrases 'on,' 'in behalf of,' 'on his behalf.' [M. E. behalve—A.S. be healfe, by the side. See Half.]

Behave, be-hāv′, v.t. to bear or carry, to conduct (with self).—v.i. to conduct one's self, also to conduct one's self well: to act.—n. Behaviour (be-hāv′yür), conduct: manners or deportment, esp. good manners: general course of life: treatment of others.—To be upon one's behaviour, to be placed where one's best behaviour is politic or necessary. [Formed, according to Dr Murray, in 15th century from be- and Have; apparently unconnected with A.S. behabban.]

Behead, be-hed′, v.t. to cut off the head.—ns. Behead′al (rare); Behead′ing, the act of cutting off the head.

Behemoth, bē′he-moth, n. an animal described in the book of Job, usually taken to be the hippopotamus. [Either the pl. of Heb. behêmâh, a beast, or a Hebraistic form of the Egyptian p-ehe-mout, 'water-ox.']

Behest, be-hest′, n. command: charge. [A.S. behǽs, a promise. See Hest.]

Behight, be-hīt′, v.t. (Spens.) to promise, to entrust, to speak to, to command, to reckon or esteem to be:—pr.p. behīght′ing; pa.t. behōte′; pa.p. behīght.—n. (obs.) a vow, a promise. [A.S. behátan, be-, and hátan, to call.]

Behind, be-hīnd′, prep. at the back of (place, or as support): remaining after or coming after (time, rank, order): inferior to, or not so far advanced as.—adv. at the back, in the rear: backward: past.—adj. or adv. Behind′hand, being behind: tardy, or in arrears of debt, &c.: clandestine. [A.S. behindan; Ger. hinten. See Hind.]

Behold, be-hōld′, v.t. to look upon: to contemplate.—v.i. to look: to fix the attention:—pa.t. and pa.p. beheld′.—imper. or interj. see! lo! observe!—adj. Behold′en, bound in gratitude: obliged (with to).—n. Behold′er, one who beholds: an onlooker.—adj. Behold′ing (Shak.), beholden.—n. (Shak.) sight, contemplation. [A.S. behealdan, to hold, observe—pfx. be-, and healdan, to hold.]

Behove, Behoove, be-hōōv, v.t. to be fit, right, or necessary for—now only used impersonally with it.—adj. Behove′ful, useful: profitable.—adv. Behove′fully (obs.). [M. E. behóf, dat. behove; A.S. behófian, to be fit, to stand in need of.]

Behowl, be-howl′, v.t. (Shak.) to howl at. Warburton first suggested this as an emendation for 'behold' in Midsummer Night's Dream, V. 379.

Bein, bēn, adj. and adv. (Scot.) comfortable: well off: well found: (slang) good.—n. Bein′ness. [M. E. bene, of dubious origin; the derivation has been sought in Scand. beinn, or in L. bene, Fr. bien.]

Being, bē′ing, n. existence: substance: essence: any person or thing existing.—adj. Bē′ing, existing, present.—adj. Bē′ingless.—n. Bē′ingness. [From the pr.p. of Be.]

Bejan, bē′jan, n. a freshman at the universities of Aberdeen and St Andrews, and formerly in several continental universities. [Fr. bejaune, a novice, from bec jaune, 'yellow beak,' a term used for a nestling or unfledged bird.]

Bel-accoyle, bel-ak-koil′, n. (Spens.) favourable or kind reception. [O. Fr. bel acoil, fair welcome. See Accoil.]

Belamour, bel′a-mōōr, n. (Spens.) a gallant: a fair lady: a kind of flower. [Fr. bel amour, fair love.]

Belamy, bel′a-mi, n. (Spens.) a good or intimate friend. [Fr. bel ami, fair friend.]

Belate, be-lāt′, v.t. to make late: to retard:—pr.p. belāt′ing; pa.p. belāt′ed.—p.adj. Belāt′ed, made too late: out of date: benighted.—n. Belāt′edness.

Belay, be-lā′, v.t. (naut.) to fasten a running rope by coiling it round a cleat or Belay′ing-pin: to make fast: (Spens.) to lay ornament round anything.—Belay there (naut. slang), hold! that is enough. [A.S. belecgan; Ger. belegen, Dut. beleggen. See Lay.]

Belch, belch, belsh, v.t. to void wind from the stomach by the mouth: to eject violently: to cast up, as of the smoke from a volcano or a cannon.—n. eructation. [A.S. bealcian; Dut. balken.]

Belcher, bel′sher, n. a neckerchief with dark-blue ground, mottled with white spots, each having a dark-blue spot in the centre. [From Jim Belcher, a famous English boxer.]

Beldam, Beldame, bel′dam, n. an old woman, esp. an ugly one: a hag, a furious woman: (obs.) a grandmother. [Formed from dam, mother, and bel-, expressing relationship. Cf. belsire.]

Beleaguer, be-lēg′ėr, v.t. to lay siege to.—n. Beleag′uerment. [Dut. belegeren, to besiege—be, and leger, camp. See Leaguer.]

Belemnite, bel′em-nīt, n. a fossil pointed like a dart, being the internal shell of a genus of cephalopods, formerly known as Thunder-bolt, Thunder-stone, Elf-bolt. [Gr. belemnitēs—belemnon, a dart.]

Belfry, bel′fri, n. the part of a steeple or tower in which bells are hung: a bell-tower, sometimes standing apart: a movable wooden tower, used in the Middle Ages in attacking a fortification.—adj. Bel′fried, having a belfry. [Orig. and properly a watch-tower, from O. Fr. berfroi—Mid. High Ger. berchfrit—frid, frit, a tower, bergan, to protect.]

Belgard, bel-gärd′, n. (Spens.) fair or kind looks. [It. bel guardo, lovely look.]

Belgian, bel′ji-an, adj. belonging to Belgium, a country of Europe.—n. a native of Belgium.

Belgic, bel′jik, adj. pertaining to the Belgæ who anciently possessed Belgium, or to Belgium. [L. Belgicus—Belgæ, the Belgians.]

Belgravian, bel-grā′vi-an, adj. belonging to Belgravia (a fashionable part of London), or to fashionable life: aristocratic.

Belial, bēl′yal, n. a name for the devil, and, in Milton, for one of the fallen angels. Not a proper name in Old Test. [Heb. b’li-ya‛al, b’li, without ya‛al, usefulness.]

Belie, be-lī′, v.t. to give the lie to: to speak falsely of: to present in a false character: to counterfeit: to be false to: falsify: (Shak.) to fill with lies:—pr.p. bely′ing; pa.p. belīed′. [A.S. be, and Lie.]

Believe, be-lēv′, v.t. to regard as true: to trust in.—v.i. to be firmly persuaded of anything: to exercise faith (with in, on): to think or suppose.—n. Belief′, persuasion of the truth of anything: faith: the opinion or doctrine believed: intuition, natural judgment (as used by some philosophers).—adjs. Belief′less; Believ′able, that may be believed.—n. Believ′er, one who believes: a professor of Christianity.—p.adj. Believ′ing, trustful.—adv. Believ′ingly.—The Belief (arch.), the Apostles' Creed.—To make believe, to pretend. [M. E. bileven—bi-, be-, and leven. Murray says that believe is an erroneous spelling of the 17th century, prob. after relieve. The A.S. form geléfan survived to the 14th century; the present compound, which superseded it, appears in the 12th century.]

Belike, be-līk′, adv. probably: perhaps. [A.S. pfx. be-, and Like.]

Belittle, be-lit′l, v.t. to make small: to cause to appear small, to depreciate or disparage.—n. Belit′tlement.—adj. Belit′tling. [Pfx. be-, and Little.]

Belive, be-līv′, adv. (Scot.) with speed: soon, erelong. [M. E. bi life; be, bí, by, life, dat. of līf, life.]

Bell, bel, n. a hollow vessel of metal, which gives forth a ringing sound when struck by the tongue or clapper suspended inside—as in church-bell, hand-bell, alarm-bell, night-bell, marriage-bell, &c.: a corolla shaped like a bell: the body of a Corinthian or composite capital, without the surrounding foliage: anything bell-shaped, as in diving-bell, bell-glass, the bell or outward-turned orifice of a trumpet, &c.: a bell rung to tell the hour: (naut.) the bell struck on shipboard every half-hour as many times as there are half-hours of the watch elapsed—'two bells,' 'three bells,' &c., meaning that there are two or three half-hours past; the watch of four hours is eight bells.—v.t. to furnish with a bell, esp. in To bell the cat, to take the leading part in any hazardous movement, from the ancient fable of the mice who proposed to hang a warning bell round the cat's neck.—ns. Bell′cote (archit.), an ornamental

structure made to contain one or two bells, and often crowned by a small spire; Bell′-crank, a rectangular lever in the form of a crank, used for changing the direction of bell-wires; Bell′-found′er, one who founds or casts bells; Bell′-glass, a bell-shaped glass for sheltering flowers; Bell′-hang′er, one who hangs and repairs bells; Bell′man, one who rings a bell, esp. on the streets, before making public announcements: a town-crier; Bell′-met′al, the metal of which bells are made—an alloy of copper and tin; Bell′-punch, a hand-punch containing a signal-bell, used for punching a hole in a ticket in order to keep a record of the number of fares taken; Bell′-ring′er, one whose business it is to ring a bell on stated occasions: a performer with musical hand-bells; Bell′-rope, the rope by which a bell is rung.—adj. Bell′-shaped.—ns. Bell′-tow′er, a tower built to contain one or more bells, a campanile; Bell′-tur′ret, a turret containing a bell-chamber, usually crowned with a spire; Bell′-weth′er, the leading sheep of a flock, on whose neck a bell is hung: (fig.) any loud, turbulent fellow, esp. the leader of a mob.—Bell, book, and candle, a phrase popularly used in reference to a form of excommunication ending with the words, 'Do to [shut] the book, quench the candle, ring the bell.'—To bear or carry off the bell, to have or to gain the first place. [A.S. belle; cog. with Dut. bel.]

Bell, bel, n. a bubble formed in a liquid. [Ety. dub.; cf. Dut. bel, a bubble in water, perh. from L. bulla, bubble in water.]

Bell, bel, v.i. to bellow, roar: to utter loudly.—n. the cry of a stag at rutting-time. [A.S. bellan, to roar; cf. Ger. bellen.]

Belladonna, bel′la-don-na, n. the deadly nightshade or dwale, all parts of which are narcotic and poisonous from the presence therein of the alkaloid atropia: the drug prepared from the foregoing. [It. bella donna, fair lady; one property of belladonna is to enlarge the pupil, and so add a brilliance to the eyes.]

Bellarmine, bel′lar-mēn, n. a large stoneware drinking jug with a big belly and a narrow neck, decorated with a bearded face, originally that of Cardinal Bellarmine, made in mockery by the Dutch Protestants.

Belle, bel, n. a handsome woman: the chief beauty of a place: a fair lady generally. [Fr. belle—L. bella, bellus.]

Belles-lettres, bel-let′r, n.pl. polite or elegant literature, including poetry, fiction, criticism, æsthetics, &c.—ns. Bellet′rist, Bellet′trist.—adj. Belletris′tic. [Fr., lit. 'fine letters.']

Bellicose, bel′ik-ōs, adj. contentious, war-like.—adv. Bel′licosely.—n. Bellicos′ity. [L. bellicosus.]

Bellied, bel′lid, p.adj. with a belly, esp. a big belly, pot-bellied: bulging: puffed out. [See Belly.]

Belligerent, bel-ij′ėr-ėnt, adj. carrying on regular war.—n. a party or person waging such.—n. Bellig′erency. [L. belligerant-em, belligerāre, to wage war.]

Bellona, bel′lō-na, n. the Roman goddess of war—hence (fig.) a woman of great spirit and vigour.

Bellow, bel′lō, v.i. to roar like a bull: to make any violent outcry, often with sense of contempt or ridicule: to shout aloud: to roar, as of cannon, the ocean, &c.—with objective, to give forth a loud sound.—n. the roar of a bull: any deep sound or cry. [M. E. belwen; there is an A.S. bellan, to roar.]

Bellows, bel′lōz, or bel′lus, n.pl. an instrument for producing a current of air so as to blow up a fire, either in a kitchen, a furnace, or a forge—or for producing the current of air by which the pipes and reeds of an organ are sounded: (fig.) that which fans the fire of hatred, jealousy, &c.: the lungs. [Same as Belly (q.v.); now used only in pl., the sing. not having survived the 15th century.]

Belly, bel′li, n. the part of the body between the breast and the thighs, containing the bowels: the stomach, as the receptacle of the food: the bowels proper: the womb or uterus: the interior of anything: the bulging part of anything, as a bottle, or any concave or hollow surface, as of a sail: the inner or lower surface of anything, as opposed to the back, as of a violin, &c.—adj. ventral, abdominal: (theol.) belonging to the flesh, carnal.—v.i. to swell or bulge out.—ns. Bel′ly-band, a saddle-girth: a band fastened to the shafts of a vehicle, and passing under the belly of the horse drawing it; Bel′lyful, a sufficiency; Bel′ly-god, one who makes a god of his belly, a glutton.—p.adj. Bel′lying.—n. Bel′ly-tim′ber, provisions. [M. E. bali, bely—A.S. bælig, belig; bælg, belg, bag.]

Belomancy, bel′o-man-si, n. a kind of divination by means of arrows. [Gr. belos, a dart, manteia, divination.]

Belong, be-long′, v.i. to go along with: to pertain to: to be one's property: to be a part of, or appendage of, or in any way connected with: to be specially the business of: (U.S.) to be a native of, or have a residence in.—n.pl. Belong′ings, circumstances or relations of any person: possessions: persons connected, relatives: accessories. [Bi-, be-longen, intens. of longen, with pfx. be-. See Long.]

Beloved, be-luvd′, or be-luv′ed, p.adj. much loved, very dear—often compounded with well-; best-, &c.—n. one who is much loved.—adj. Belov′ing (Shak.) = loving.

Below, be-lō′, prep. beneath in place, rank, or quality: underneath: not worthy of.—adv. in a lower place: (fig.) on earth, or in hell, as opposed to heaven. [Pfx. be-, and adj. Low.]

Belt, belt, n. a girdle, zone, or band: such a piece, as of leather, worn by way of ornament, or given as a prize or badge of victory in wrestling or the like: a broad strip of anything, different in colour or material: that which confines or restrains: (geog.) a strait.—v.t. to surround with a belt, or to invest formally with such, as in knighting a man: to encircle: to thrash with a belt.—p.adj. Belt′ed, wearing a belt, of a knight: marked with a belt, as the 'belted kingfisher.'—n. Belt′ing, flexible belts for the transmission of motion in machinery, made of leather, indiarubber, &c.—as in chainbelt, crossed belt, endless belt, &c.; a thrashing.—To hold the belt, to hold the championship in wrestling, boxing, or the like. [A.S. belt; Ice. belti, Gael. balt, L. balteus.]

Beltane, bel′tān, n. an ancient Celtic heathen festival, held in the beginning of May, when bonfires were lighted on the hills: the first day of May (O.S.)—one of the four old quarter-days of Scotland, the others being Lammas, Hallowmas, and Candlemas.—adj. in Beltane games, &c. [Gael. bealltainn, beilteine; usually explained as 'Beal's fire,' Beal being a supposed Celtic deity who has been courageously identified with the Baal or Bel of the Phœnicians and other Semitic peoples, and Gael. teine, fire. But even this last is doubtful.]

Beluga, be-lōō′ga, n. the white whale, one of the dolphin family, closely allied to the narwhal, 12 to 16 feet long, of creamy-white colour, found in droves round Greenland and all over the Arctic seas: applied also to a great Russian sturgeon—the Acipenser Huso. [Russ.]

Belvedere, bel′ve-dēr, n. a pavilion or raised turret or lantern on the top of a house, open for the view, or to admit the cool evening breeze: a summer-house on an eminence in a park or garden. [It. belvedere; bel, beautiful, vedere, a view.]

Bema, bē′ma, n. the tribune or rostrum from which Athenian orators made their speeches—hence the apse or chancel of a basilica. [Gr. bēma, a step.]

Bembex, bem′beks, n. a genus of solitary sand-wasps, with broad heads and very large eyes, noted for their making a loud buzz during their rapid flight. [Gr. bembix.]

Bemean, be-mēn′, v.t. to make mean, to lower or debase: (obs.) to signify.

Bemoan, be-mōn′, v.t. to lament: bewail: to pity.—v.i. to grieve.—ns. Bemoan′er; Bemoan′ing.

Bemonster, be-mon′ster, v.t. to make monstrous: to regard or treat as a monster.

Ben, ben, prep. and adv. in toward the inner apartment of a house.—n. the inner apartment of a house, as opposed to the But or kitchen through which one must generally pass first.—To be far ben with one, to be on terms of great intimacy or friendship with; To live but and ben, to live respectively in these rooms, in close neighbourhood with any one. [M. E. binne—A.S. binnan, within.]

Bench, bensh, n. a long seat or form with or without a back: a seat in a boat: a mechanic's work-table: a judge's seat: the body or assembly of judges: a tribunal: the dignity of holding an official seat, as the 'bench of bishops,' the 'civic bench.'—v.t. to place on or furnish with benches.—ns. Bench′er, a senior member of an inn of court; Bench′ership; Bench′-mark, a surveyor's mark cut on a rock, gatepost, wall, or the like, into which a crooked iron is set so as to form a bench or temporary support for the levelling instrument; Bench′-war′rant, one issued by a judge rather than a justice or magistrate. [A.S. benc; cog. with Ger. and Dut. bank.]

Bend, bend, v.t. to curve or bow: to make crooked: to turn or incline—mostly in passive, to be inclined to, towards, to be given to: to subdue: to direct to a certain point: to apply closely, to strain, to nerve one's self to: (naut.) to tie, fasten, make fast.—v.i. to be crooked or curved: to incline in any direction: to stoop: to lean: to bow in submission (with to, before, towards):—pa.p. bend′ed or bent.—n. a curve or crook: the bent part of anything; (her.) one of the nine ordinaries, consisting of the space contained between two parallel lines crossing the shield diagonally from dexter chief to sinister base. It is said to occupy a fifth part of the shield unless charged, when it occupies a third part—its diminutives are the Bendlet, Cotise, and Ribbon.—Bend sinister, an occasionally occurring variety of the bend, drawn from sinister chief to dexter base. [Old Eng. bendan.]

Beneath, be-nēth′, prep. under, or lower in place: inside of, behind: unworthy the dignity of, unbecoming. [A.S. bi-nathan.]

Benedicite, ben-ē-dis′i-te, n. the canticle beginning 'Benedicite omnia opera Domini' ('O all ye works of the Lord'), from the Apocryphal Song of the Three Holy Children—in the Anglican morning service an alternate to the Te Deum: the blessing before a repast.

Benedict, ben′e-dikt, n. a common name for a newly married man, esp. a bachelor who has long held out against marriage, but at last succumbed—from Benedick in Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing.—adj. blessed: benign.

Benedictine, ben-e-dik′tin, adj. pertaining to St Benedict or his monastic rule.—n. a Black Friar or monk of the order founded at Monte Cassino by St Benedict of Nursia (480-543), which became famous for its learning: a cordial or liqueur resembling Chartreuse, distilled at Fécamp in Normandy—once distilled by Benedictine monks.

Benediction, ben-e-dik′shun, n. a solemn invocation of the divine blessing on men or things—a priestly benediction is defined by Romanists as a formula of imperative prayer which transmits a certain grace or virtue to the object over which it is pronounced: a brief and popular service in the Romish Church, consisting of certain canticles and antiphons sung in presence of the host, and concluding with the priest making the sign of the cross over the people with the monstrance, and giving in silence the benediction of the most holy sacrament.—adj. Benedict′ory.—n. Benedict′us, the canticle of Zacharias (Luke, i. 68-79), used in the Roman service of matin-lauds, and occurring after the second lesson in Anglican matins.—p.adj. Benedight′ (Longfellow), blessed.—Apostolic benediction, that given in 2 Cor. xiii. 14.

Benefaction, ben-e-fak′shun, n. the act of doing good: a good deed done or benefit conferred: a grant or endowment.—n. Benefac′tor, one who gives a benefit to another, esp. one who leaves a legacy to some charitable or religious institution, a patron:—fem. Benefac′tress.—adj. Benefac′tory. [L. benefaction-em.]

Benefice, ben′e-fis, n. any kind of church promotion or dignity, esp. with cure of souls, such as rectories, vicarages, and other parochial cures, as distinguished from bishoprics, deaneries, cathedral preferments, &c.: an ecclesiastical living.—adj. Ben′eficed, possessed of a benefice. [Through Fr. from L. beneficium.]

Beneficence, be-nef′i-sens, n. active goodness: kindness: charity: a beneficent gift.—n. Benefic′ency (obs.).—adjs. Benef′icent; Beneficen′tial.—adv. Benef′icently. [L. beneficentia.]

Beneficial, ben-e-fish′al, adj. useful; advantageous: (law) enjoying the usufruct of property.—adj. Benef′ic, of good influence astrologically: beneficent, kindly.—adv. Benefic′ially.—ns. Benefic′ialness; Benefic′iary, a legal term to denote a person who enjoys, or has the prospect of enjoying, any interest or estate held in trust by others. [L. beneficium.]

Benefit, ben′e-fit, n. a kindness: a favour: any advantage, natural or other: a performance at a theatre, the proceeds of which go to one of the company.—v.t. to do good to.—v.i. to gain advantage (with from),—ns. Ben′efit-of-cler′gy, in old English law, the exemption of the persons of ecclesiastics from criminal process before a secular judge, they being responsible only to their ordinary. This privilege, at first limited to those in actual orders, was in 1350 extended to all manner of clerks, and in later practice to all who could read, whether of clergy or laity; Ben′efit-of-in′ventory (Scots law), a legal privilege whereby an heir secured himself against unlimited liability for his ancestor, by giving up within the annus deliberandi an inventory of his heritage or real estate, to the extent of which alone was the heir liable.—Benefit societies, associations for mutual benefit chiefly among the labouring classes, better known as Friendly societies. [M. E. benfet, through Fr. from L. benefactum.]

Benet, ben′et, n. an exorcist, the third of the four lesser orders in the Roman Church. [Through Fr. from L. benedict-us, blessed.]

Benevolence, ben-ev′ol-ens, n. disposition to do good: an act of kindness: generosity: a gift of money, esp. for support of the poor: (Eng. hist.) a kind of forced loan or contribution, levied by kings without legal authority, first so called under Edward IV. in 1473.—adj. Benev′olent, charitable, generous, well disposed to.—adv. Benev′olently. [Through Fr. from L. benevolentia.]

Bengali, ben-gaw′lē, adj. of or belonging to Bengal.—n. a native of Bengal: the language of Bengal.—n. Bengal′-light, a brilliant signal-light used at sea in a case of shipwreck, and in ordinary pyrotechny for illuminating a district of country—prepared from nitre, sulphur, and the black sulphide of antimony.

Benighted, be-nīt′ed, adj. overtaken by night: involved in darkness, intellectual or moral: ignorant.—v.t. Benight′, to involve in such darkness: to cloud with disappointment.—ns. Benight′ening; Benight′er; Benight′ing; Benight′ment. [Pfx. be- and Night.]

Benign, ben-īn′, adj. favourable, esp. in astrology, as opposed to malign: gracious: kindly: (med.) of a mild type, as opposed to malignant: salubrious.—n. Benig′nancy, benignant quality.—adj. Benig′nant, kind: gracious: beneficial.—adv. Benig′nantly.—n. Benig′nity, goodness of disposition: kindness: graciousness: favourable circumstances—of climate, weather, disease, planets.—adv. Benign′ly. [O. Fr. benigne—L. benignus, for benigenus; bene, well, genus, born.]

Benison, ben′izn, n. benediction, blessing, esp. blessing of God. [O. Fr. beneiçun—L. benediction-em.]

Benitier, bā-nē′tiā, n. the vase or vessel for holy water in R.C. churches, known in England as the holy-water font, vat, pot, stone, stock, or stoup. [Fr.—Low L. benedictarium—L. benedictus.]

Benjamin, ben′jä-min, n. a kind of overcoat formerly worn by men. [Suggested possibly by 'Joseph's coat.' The Gipsy béngari, 'waistcoat,' has been proposed as an etymon.]

Benjamin, ben′jä-min, n. gum benjamin, an essence made from benzoin.—n. Ben′jamin-tree, a North American aromatic shrub, with stimulant tonic bark and berries: the tree which yields benzoin—Styrax Benzoin. [A corr. of Benzoin.]

Bennet, ben′et, n. the herb Bennet or common avens (Geum urbanum), a yellow-flowered wayside plant throughout Europe. [Through Fr. from L. 'herba benedicta,' the flower being a protective against the devil.]

Bent, bent, n. leaning or bias: tendency: intention: natural inclination of the mind towards anything: the condition of being bent, curved form: (rare) slope or declivity: (Shak.) a cast, as of the eye: the extent to which a bow may be bent—degree of tension, capacity of endurance, as in the phrase 'to the top of one's bent' = to the full measure of one's inclination. [See Bend.]

Bent, bent, n. any stiff or wiry grass: the old dried stalks of grasses: a special genus (Agrostis) containing about sixty species of grasses, all slender and delicate in appearance, and some useful as pasture-grasses and for hay: a place covered with such, a heath: a hillside.—Often Bent′-grass.—Ben′net is a variant, a name applied to the wild barley-grass.—adj. Bent′y.—To take to the bent (Scot.), to fly to the moors, to escape from some danger by flight. [A.S. beonet, found in place-names, as Beonetléah, Bentley; the history is obscure, but the word is doubtless Teut.; cf. Ger. binse.]

Benthamism, ben′tham-izm, n. a name applied to the social and political doctrines of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), whose leading principle is the doctrine of utility, that happiness is identical with pleasure, summed up in Priestley's famous phrase, 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number.'

Benumb, be-num′, v.t. to make insensible or powerless: to stupefy (now chiefly of cold): to deaden the feelings: to paralyse generally.—p.adj. Benumbed′.—ns. Benumbed′ness, Benumb′ment. [Pfx. be- and Numb.]

Benzene, ben′zēn, n. a compound of carbon and hydrogen, discovered by Faraday in 1825, in a tarry liquid resulting from the distillation of oil. It is found amongst the products of the destructive distillation of a great many organic bodies, but the most abundant source is coal-tar. It must not be confounded with benzine or benzoyl, which names have at different times been used for benzene.—Ben′zine is the name given to a distillate from American petroleum, which is much used as a substitute for turpentine, and for dissolving oils and fats; Ben′zoyl is the commercial name applied to a mixture of substances, including benzene and its homologues.—Ben′zol is synonymous with benzene, while Ben′zoline is a name applied to benzine and impure benzene indiscriminately.

Benzoin, ben′zō-in, or -zoin, n. gum benjamin, the aromatic and resinous juice of the Styrax Benzoin of Java and Sumatra. It is used in perfumery, in pastilles, and for incense, and its compound tincture yields Friar's Balsam or Jesuit's Drops, and is used in making court-plaster. [In the 16th century, Benjoin. Most prob. through It. from Ar. lubān jāwī, frankincense of Java, Sumatra, &c.]

Bepatched, be-patcht′, p.adj. mended with patches: wearing patches on the face by way of adornment.

Beprose, be-prōz′, v.t. to reduce to prose: to discuss in prose, and tediously.

Bequeath, be-kwēth′, v.t. to leave personal property by will to another: to transmit to posterity, to leave behind: to commit or entrust to any one.—adj. Bequeath′able.—ns. Bequeath′al, Bequeath′ment. [A.S. becweðan; pfx. be-,and cweðan, to say. See Quoth.]

Bequest, be-kwest′, n. act of bequeathing: that which is bequeathed, a legacy. [M. E. bi-queste—A.S. bi'-cwiss; bi'-, a form of pfx. be-, qithan, to say. See Quoth.]

Berber, bėr′bėr, n. and adj. a member of one of the Hamitic tribes inhabiting the mountainous regions of Barbary and the northern portions of the Great Desert, originally occupying the whole southern coast of the Mediterranean: the language spoken by the Berbers. [Derived by Barth either from the name of their supposed ancestor, Ber, which we recognise in the L. A-fer, an African; or from the Gr. and L. term Barbari.]

Berean, bē-rē′an, n. one of an extinct Scottish sect of the 18th century, named from the people of Berea (Acts, xvii. 11, who derived all knowledge of God from the Bible, but differed little from ordinary Calvinists.

Bereave, be-rēv′, v.t. to rob a person of anything valued: to leave destitute:—pa.t. and pa.p. bereaved′—the latter also Bereft′.—adj. Bereaved′, robbed by death of some dear relative or friend.—n. Bereave′ment, the fact or state of being so bereaved. [A.S. beréafian, to plunder. See Reave.]

Beret, Berret, bėr′et, n. a flat woollen cap worn by the Basques. [Fr.]

Berg, berg, n. a mass or mountain of ice.—ns. Berg′fall, the fall of a mountain rock; Berg′field, an expanse of ice covered with bergs. [See Iceberg.]

Bergamask, bėr′ga-mask, adj. of or pertaining to Bergamo, whose natives are clownish in manners and dialect.—n. a rustic dance of theirs.

Bergamot, bėr′ga-mot, n. a kind of citron whose aromatic rind yields the well-known oil of Bergamot, used in making pomades, fragrant essences, eau de Cologne, liqueurs, &c.: the essence so extracted. [From the town of Bergamo.]

Bergamot, bėr′ga-mot, n. a group of varieties of pear of fine flavour. [Fr.—It.—Turk. begarmūdi.]

Bergmehl, bėrg′māl, n. a deposit of diatomaceous white earth or powder, that used in Norway to be mixed with flour and used as food. [Ger. 'mountain-flour.']

Beriberi, ber′i-ber-i, n. an Eastern disease marked by anæmia, paralysis, and dropsical symptoms. [Singh.]

Berkeleianism, berk′lē-an-izm, n. the philosophy of Bishop Berkeley (1685-1753), who maintained that the world we see and touch is not an abstract independent substance, of which conscious mind may be an effect, but is the very world which is presented to our senses, and which depends for its actuality on being perceived.—adj. and n. Berkelei′an.

Berlin, bėr′lin, n. an old-fashioned four-wheeled covered carriage, with a seat behind covered with a hood—also Ber′line.—Berlin blue, Prussian blue; Berlin wool, a fine dyed wool for worsted-work, knitting, &c.

Bernardine, bėr′nard-in, adj. Cistercian. [From St Bernard of Clairvaux, founder of the order.]

Berry, ber′i, n. a popular term for any small succulent fruit, but restricted in botanical language to simple fruits with pericarp succulent throughout, whether developed from superior (grape, potato, bitternut, belladonna, bryony, asparagus, tomato), or more commonly inferior ovary (gooseberry, currant, barberry, bilberry, &c.)—thus, strictly, the strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, are not berries.—v.i. to come into berry, to swell.—adj. Ber′ried, bearing berries. [A.S. berie.]

Bersaglieri, bār-sal-yā′rē, n.pl. the riflemen or sharpshooters of the Italian army, first organised in the Sardinian army in 1836. [It.; pl. of bersagliere, bersaglio, a mark.]

Berserk, -er, bėr′serk, -ėr, n. a Norse warrior whom the sight of the field of battle would fill with a frenzied and resistless fury—'the berserker rage.' [Ice. berserkr; Vigfusson explains the word as 'bear-sark,' and most probably a reference to the uncanny Werewolf superstition is involved.]

Berth, bėrth, n. a ship's station at anchor; a room or sleeping-place in a ship, a sleeping-carriage, &c.: any allotted or assigned place: a situation or place of employment, usually a comfortable one—even without such a qualifying adjective as 'a snug berth.'—v.t. to moor a ship: to furnish with a berth.—To give a wide berth to, to keep well away from generally. [A doublet of Birth; from Bear.]

Beryl, bėr′il, n. a precious stone resembling the emerald, but colourless, yellowish, greenish yellow or blue—its finer varieties are called precious beryl, and sometimes aquamarine. It has important uses as a magic crystal in which the future becomes visible.—adj. beryl-like in colour. [O. Fr. beryl—L. beryllus—Gr. bēryllos.]

Besaint, be-sānt′, v.t. to make a saint of.—pa.p. Besaint′ed, canonised: haunted with saints.

Bescribble, be-skrib′l, v.t. to write in a scribbling hand: to scribble about or upon.

Beseech, be-sēch′, v.t. to entreat, to implore (as a person, for a thing, or to do a thing): to ask or pray earnestly: to solicit—(Spens.) Beseeke′:—pa.t. and pa.p. besought′.—ns. Beseech′er; Beseech′ing.—adv. Beseech′ingly.—ns. Beseech′ingness; Beseech′ment. [Pfx. be-, and M. E. sechen, to Seek.]

Beseem, be-sēm′, v.t. to be seemly or fit for: to become: to be fit for or worthy of: (Spens.) to become or appear.—ns. Beseem′ing, Beseem′ingness—adv. Beseem′ingly.

Beseen, be-sēn′, pa.p. of good appearance, comely: well furnished (with well).—Besee′ is quite obsolete.

Beset, be-set′, v.t. to surround or set round with anything (now only in pa.p.): to surround with hostile intentions, to besiege: to occupy so as to allow none to go out or in: to assail, perplex, endanger, as by temptations, obstacles, &c.:—pr.p. beset′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. beset′.—ns. Beset′ment; Beset′ter.—p.adj. Beset′ting, that besets, as in 'besetting sin.'

Beshrew, be-shrōō′, v.t. to invoke evil upon, to curse—now only in such mild imprecations as 'beshrew me,' or 'thee'—prob. not imperative but elliptical, like '(I) thank you.' [Pfx. be-, and Shrew.]

Beside, be-sīd′, prep. and adv. by the side of, near: over and above (in this sense, now usually Besides′), distinct from: apart from, not falling within, as of a question, resolution, &c.—Beside the mark, away from the mark aimed at, irrelevant.—To be beside one's self, to be out of one's senses. [M. E. bi siden—A.S. be si'dan, by the side (dat.).]

Besides, be-sīdz′, prep. and adv. in addition, otherwise, aside: over and above, in addition to, away from. [Beside, with the s of the adv. gen.]

Besiege, be-sēj′, v.t. to lay siege to: to beset with armed forces: to throng round.—n. Besieg′er.—adv. Besieg′ingly (rare), urgently.

Besit, be-sit′, v.t. (obs.) to besiege: to sit well on, as clothes, to become.—p.adj. Besit′ting (Spens.), becoming.

Beslaver, be-slāv′ėr, v.t. to slaver or slobber upon: to cover with fulsome flattery.

Beslobber, be-slob′ėr, v.t. to besmear with the spittle running from one's mouth: to cover with drivelling kisses: to flatter fulsomely.—v.t. Beslub′ber, to bedaub or besmear.

Besmirch, be-smirch′, v.t. to soil, as with smoke or soot: to sully.—v.t. Besmutch′, to besmirch.

Besmut, be-smut′, v.t. to blacken with soot.—p.adj. Besmut′ted.

Besom, bē′zum, n. an implement for sweeping, a broom: any cleansing or purifying agent: (Scot.) a term of reproach for a woman.—ns. Bē′som-head, a blockhead; Bē′som-rid′er, a witch.—To jump the besom (see Broom). [A.S. besema, besma; a common Teut. word; Ger. besen, Dut. bezem.]

Besort, be-sort′, v.t. (obs., Shak.) to match with, befit, become.—n. suitable company.

Besot, be-sot′, v.t. to make sottish, dull, or stupid: to make a sot of: to cause to dote on: to infatuate (with):—pr.p. besot′ting; pa.p. besot′ted.—p.adj. Besot′ted, infatuated.—adv. Besot′tedly.—n. Besot′tedness.

Bespangle, be-spang′gl, v.t. to adorn with spangles, or with anything sparkling or shining.

Bespatter, be-spat′ėr, v.t. to spatter or sprinkle with dirt or anything moist: to defame.

Bespeak, be-spēk′, v.t. to speak for or engage beforehand: to stipulate or ask for: to betoken.—v.i. (obs.) to speak:—pa.t. bespōke′; pa.p. bespōke′ and bespōk′en.—n. an actor's benefit, so called because the actor's friends and patrons bespeak or choose the piece to be performed that night.

Bespice, be-spīs′, v.t. (Shak.) to season with spice: to drug or poison.

Bespoke, be-spōk′, Bespoken, be-spōk′n, pa.p. of Bespeak, ordered, as boots, clothes, &c.

Bespot, be-spot′, v.t. to cover with spots.—p.adj. Bespot′ted.—n. Bespot′tedness.

Bespread, be-spred′, v.t. to spread over: to cover:—pr.p. bespread′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. bespread′.

Besprent, be-sprent′, pa.p. sprinkled over: scattered. [A.S. besprengan. See Sprinkle.]

Bessemer, bes′ėm-ėr, adj. derived from the name of the inventor, Sir H. Bessemer, applied to steel for rails, tires, ship-plates, &c., prepared by the Bessemer process.

Best, best, adj. (serves as superl. of Good) good in the highest degree: first: highest: most excellent.—n. one's utmost endeavour: the highest perfection.—adv. (superl. of Well) in the highest degree: in the best manner.—v.t. (coll.) to get the better of.—Best man and Best maid, the groomsman and bridesmaid at a wedding.—At the best, or At best, in the best possible way, at most after every allowance is made; For the best, with the best intentions; I were best = it were best for me.—To have the best of it, to gain the advantage in a contest; To make the best of one's way, to go by the best possible road; To put one's best foot foremost, to do the best, or to make the best show, one can. [A.S. betst, betest. See Better.]

Bestead, be-sted′, v.t. to help, relieve: to be of use to, to avail.—v.i. to profit, be advantageous.

Bestead, Bested, be-sted′, p.adj. set about (with): beset (with by, of foes; with, of dangers, &c.): situated—usually with ill, hard, &c.

Bestial, best′i-al, adj. like a beast: rude: brutally sensual.—n. (Scot.) a collective name for cattle.—v.t. Best′ialise, to make like a beast.—ns. Best′ialism, irrationality; Bestial′ity, beastliness: disgusting vice. [L. bestialis. See Beast.]

Bestiary, best′i-ar-i, n. the name given to a class of books of great popularity in the Middle Ages, describing all the animals of creation, real or fabled, generally illustrated by drawings, and allegorised for edification. [Low L. bestiarium, a menagerie.]

Bestir, be-stėr′, v.t. to put into lively action: arouse into activity: (refl.) to rouse one's self—p.adj. Bestir′ring.

Bestow, be-stō′, v.t. to stow, place, or put by: to give or confer: to accommodate with quarters: to apply (with on and upon): (refl., Shak.) to acquit one's self.—ns. Bestow′al, act of bestowing: disposal; Bestow′er; Bestow′ment.

Bestraught, be-strawt′, adj. (obs.) distraught: distracted: mad. [Formed with pfx. be-, on the analogy of distraught—L. dis-tractus.]

Bestrew, be-strōō′, v.t. to strew or scatter loosely over:—pa.p. bestrewed′, bestrōwn′, bestrewn′ (with).

Bestride, be-strīd′, v.t. to stride over: to sit or stand across: to defend, protect, from the sense of standing over a fallen man to defend him:—pa.t. bestrid′, bestrōde′; pa.p. bestrid′, bestrid′den.

Bestuck, be-stuk′, pa.t. and pa.p. of Bestick, to stick about, adorn: to transfix.

Bet, bet, n. a wager: something staked to be lost or won on the result of a doubtful issue, as a horse-race, or the like.—v.t. and v.i. to lay or stake, as a bet:—pr.p. bet′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. bet or bet′ted.—ns. Bet′ter, one who bets—also Bet′tor; Bet′ting, act of betting or proposing a wager.—An even bet, an equal chance.—You bet, in American slang, certainly. [Prob. shortened from the noun Abet.]

Betake, be-tāk′, v.t. to take one's self to, to go (with self): to apply or have recourse:—pa.t. betook′; pa.p. betāk′en.

Beteem, be-tēm′, v.t. (Shak.) to grant, to suffer, to allow. [Most prob. from pfx. be-, and Teem.]

Betel, bē′tl, n. the betel-nut, or nut of the areca palm, with lime and the leaves of the Betel-Pepper, chewed by the Malays as a stimulant. [Through Port. from Malay vettila.]

Bethel, beth′el, n. a hallowed spot, a name applied by some Methodists to their places of worship: an old ship fitted up in a port as a place of worship for sailors. [Heb. Bēth-ēl, house of God.]

Bethink, be-thingk′, v.t. to think on or call to mind: to recollect (generally followed by a reflective pronoun and of): to propose to one's self.—v.i. to consider:—pa.t. and pa.p. bethought (be-thawt′). [A.S. bithencan; cf. Ger. bedenken. See Think.]

Bethumb, be-thum′, v.t. to mark with the thumbs:—pa.p. bethumbed′.

Betide, be-tīd′, v.i. to happen to, to befall—in third person, and often impersonally, with dative object, now little used save in phrase, 'woe betide!': (rare) to betoken:—pa.p. (Shak.) Betid′. [See Tide.]

Betimes, be-tīmz′, adv. in good time: early: seasonably: speedily. [Pfx. be-, and Time, with adv. gen. -s; like besides from beside.]

Betoken, be-tō′kn, v.t. to show by a sign: to foreshow. [See Token.]

Betony, bet′on-i, n. a common British labiate plant growing in woods, of great repute in ancient and medieval medicine, used to dye wool yellow. [Fr.—L. betonica, vettonica.]

Betray, be-trā′, v.t. to give up treacherously: to disclose in breach of trust: to let go basely or weakly: to deceive the innocent and trustful, to seduce: to discover or show: to show signs of.—ns. Betray′al, act of betraying; Betray′er, a traitor, the seducer of a trustful girl. [Pfx. be-, and O. Fr. traïr (Fr. trahir)—L. tradĕre, to deliver up.]

Betrodden, be-trod′n, pa.t. and pa.p. of Betread′, to tread over or walk upon.

Betroth, be-troth′, v.t. to contract or promise in order to marriage: to affiance: (obs.) to pledge one's self to any cause.—ns. Betroth′al, Betroth′ment, an agreement or contract with a view to marriage. [Pfx. be-, and Troth or Truth.]

Better, bet′ėr, adj. (serves as comp. of Good) good in a greater degree: preferable: improved: more suitable: larger: kinder: stronger in health.—adv. (comp. of Well) well in a greater degree: more fully or completely: over or more than: with greater advantage: (pl.) superiors.—v.t. to make better (also reflexively, to better one's self), to improve: to benefit: also with intransitive sense, to grow better.—p.adjs. Bet′tered, improved, amended; Bet′tering, improving.—ns. Bet′tering, Bet′terment, Bet′terness.—adj. Bet′termost.—Better half, a jocose term for a wife, once applied seriously to either wife or husband, and even the soul as opposed to the body.—I had better = I should hold it better to—the original construction having been a dative pronoun.—To be better off, to be in superior circumstances; To be better than one's self, to do more than one had promised; To get the better of, to gain the advantage over. [A.S. bet (adv.), betera, better; Goth. batiza, Ger. besser. Prob. cog. with Boot.]

Betty, bet′ti, n. a man who troubles himself with the women's work in a household: a slang name for a burglar's jemmy or jenny. [Betty, Bet, familiar abbrev. of Elizabeth.]

Between, be-twēn′, Betwixt, be-twikst′, prep. in the middle of two, of space, time, or degree: in the middle or intermediate space, to defend or separate: expressing reciprocal relation from one to another: by the joint action of two or more persons.—ns. Between′-decks, the space between any two decks of a ship; Between′ity (rare), state of being between.—prep. Between′-whiles, at intervals.—Between ourselves, in confidence; Betwixt and between, in a middling position.—To go between, to act as a mediator. [A.S. betwéonum betweónan—be, and twegen, twa, two, twain.]

Bevel, bev′el, n. a slant or inclination of a surface: an instrument opening like a pair of compasses, and adjustable for measuring angles.—adj. having the form of a bevel: slanting.—v.t. to form with a bevel or slant:—pr.p. bev′elling; pa.p. bev′elled.—ns. Bev′el-gear, Bev′el-wheels (mech.), wheels working on each other in different planes, the cogs of the wheels being bevelled or at oblique angles to the shafts.—p.adj. Bev′elled, cut to an oblique angle, sloped off. [Fr. biveau, an instrument for measuring angles; orig. unknown.]

Beverage, bev′ėr-āj, n. drink: a mixture of cider and water: any agreeable liquor for drinking.—n. Be′ver, a small repast between meals: (obs.) a time for drinking.—v.i. to take such a repast. [O. Fr. bevrage (Fr. breuvage), beivre—L. bibere, to drink.]

Bevy, bev′i, n. a brood or flock of birds, esp. of quails: a company, esp. of ladies. [M. E. bevey, prob. the same as O. Fr. bevee, buvee, drink, It. bevuta, a draught; the transference of sense being perh. from a drink or a drinking-bout to a drinking-party.]

Bewail, be-wāl′, v.t. to lament: to mourn loudly over (esp. the dead).—v.i. to utter lamentations.—adjs. Bewail′able, Bewail′ing. [See Wail.]

Beware, be-wār′, v.i. to be on one's guard: to be suspicious of danger: to take care (with of; with clause—lest, that, not, how). [From the words be and ware run together. See Wary.]

Beweep, be-wēp′, v.t. to weep over, to lament.—p.adj. Bewept′, disfigured by weeping.

Beweltered, be-wel′tėrd, p.adj. besmeared by weltering in blood. [Pfx. be-, and Welter.]

Bewilder, be-wil′dėr, v.t. to perplex or lead astray.—p.adj. Bewil′dered, lost, confused in mind, trackless.—adj. Bewil′dering.—adv. Bewil′deringly.—n. Bewil′derment, confusion, mental confusion: perplexity. [Pfx. be-, and prov. Eng. wildern, a wilderness.]

Bewitch, be-wich′, v.t. to affect by witchcraft (mostly malignantly): to fascinate or charm.—ns. Bewitch′ery, Bewitch′ment.—adj. Bewitch′ing, charming, enchanting.—adv. Bewitch′ingly.

Bewray, be-rā′, v.t. (B.) to accuse: to point out: to betray or divulge unintentionally. [M. E. bewreien, be-, and A.S. wrégan, to accuse.]

Bey, bā, n. a Turkish governor of a town or province. [Turk. beg, pronounced bā, a governor.]

Beyond, be-yond′, prep. on the farther side of: farther onward than: out of reach of: past in time: above, superior to.—Beyond measure, excessively; Beyond seas, abroad; The back of beyond (De Quincey, &c.), a humorous phrase for any place a great way off; To be beyond one, to pass his comprehension; To go beyond, to surpass: to circumvent: (B., Shak.) to overreach. [A.S. begeondan—pfx. be-, and geond, across, beyond. See Yon.]

Bezant, be-zant′, or bez′ant, n. a gold coin, first struck at Byzantium or Constantinople: (her.) a small circle or, like a gold coin.

Bezel, bez′l, n. the part of the setting of a precious stone which encloses it: the oblique side or face of a cut gem: the grooved flange or rim in which a watch-glass is set: the slope at the edge of a chisel or plane (usually Bas′il). [From an O. Fr. word represented by mod. Fr. biseau; its ult. origin uncertain.]

Bezique, be-zēk′, n. a game at cards for two, three, or four persons, played with two to four packs, from which cards with from two to six pips have been removed. The name Bezique itself is applied to the combination of the knave of diamonds and queen of spades. [Fr. besigue, of obscure origin.]

Bezoar, bē′zōr, n. a stony concretion found in the stomachs of goats, antelopes, llamas, chamois, &c., formerly esteemed an antidote to all poisons. [Through Sp. bezaar and Ar. bāzahr, from Pers. pād-zahr, counter-poison, zahr, poison.]

Bezonian, be-zō′ni-an, n. (Shak.) a beggar, a low fellow. [It. bisogno; Sp. bisoño, Fr. bisogne.]

Bezzle, bez′l, v.i. (obs.) to drink hard: to squander:—pr.p. bezz′ling; pa.p. bezz′led. [O. Fr. besiler. See Embezzle.]

Bhang, bang, n. the native name for the Indian preparation of hemp which is smoked or swallowed for its narcotic and intoxicating qualities—in Arabic known as hashish. [See Assassin. Hind. bhāng; Pers. bang; Sans. bhangā.]

Bias, bī′as, n. a bulge or greater weight on one side of a bowl (in the game of bowling), making it slope or turn to one side: a slant or leaning to one side: a one-sided inclination of the mind, prejudice: any special influence that sways the mind.—v.t. to cause to turn to one side: to prejudice or prepossess:—pa.p. bī′ased or bī′assed.—ns. Bī′as-draw′ing (Shak.), a turn awry; Bī′asing, a bias or inclination to one side. [Fr. biais, of dubious origin; Diez suggests L. bifax, bifacem, two-faced.]

Biaxal, bī-aks′al, adj. having two optic axes.—Also Biaxial. [L. bi-, and Axial.]

Bib, bib, n. a cloth put under an infant's chin: a similar article of dress for adults, worn over the breast or above the apron.—v.t. and v.i. to drink, to tipple.—adj. Bībā′cious.—ns. Bibā′tion, tippling; Bib′ber, a tippler: chiefly used in composition as (B.) wine-bibber. [M. E. bibben, most prob. from L. bib-ĕre, to drink.]

Bib, bib, n. a fish of the same genus as the cod and haddock, also called the Pout.

Bibble-babble, bib′bl-bab′bl, n. (Shak.) idle talk. [Reduplication of Babble.]

Bible, bī′bl, n. the sacred writings of the Christian Church, consisting of the Old and New Testaments.—adj. Bib′lical, of or relating to the Bible: scriptural.—adv. Bib′lically.—ns. Bib′licism, biblical doctrine, learning, or literature; Bib′licist, Bīb′list, one versed in biblical learning: one who makes Scripture the sole rule of faith. [Fr.—Low L. biblia, fem. sing., earlier neut. pl., from Gr. ta biblia, lit. 'the books,' esp. the canonical books of Scripture, biblion, a book, dim. of biblos, papyrus, paper.]

Bibliography, bib-li-og′raf-i, n. the description or knowledge of books, in regard to their authors, subjects, editions, and history.—n. Bibliog′rapher, one versed in bibliography or the history of books.—adj. Bibliograph′ic. [Gr. biblion, a book, graphia, description.]

Bibliolatry, bib-li-ol′at-ri, n. superstitious reverence for the Bible.—ns. Bibliol′atrist, Bibliol′ater, one given to bibliolatry. [Gr. biblion, a book, latreia, worship.]

Bibliology, bib-li-ol′ō-ji, n. an account of books: biblical literature, or theology. [Gr. biblion, a book, logos, discourse.]

Bibliomancy, bib′li-ō-man-si, n. divination by selecting passages of the Bible at hazard, and drawing from them indications concerning future events. [Gr. biblion, a book, manteia, divination.]

Bibliomania, bib-li-ō-mān′i-a, n. a mania for possessing rare and curious books.—n. Bibliomān′iac, one who has a mania for possessing rare and curious books.—adj. Bibliomanī′acal. [Gr. biblion, a book, and Mania.]

Bibliophile, bib′li-ō-fīl, n. a lover of books, esp. a collector of rare books. [Fr.—Gr. biblion, a book, philos, friend.]

Bibliopole, bib′li-ō-pōl, n. a bookseller.—Also Bibliop′olist. [Gr. biblion, a book, pōleein, to sell.]

Bibulous, bib′ū-lus, adj. drinking or sucking in: spongy. [L. bibulus—bib-ĕre, to drink.]

Bicameral, bī-kam′ėr-al, adj. having two chambers. [L. bi-, twice, and camera, chamber.]

Bicarbonate, bī-kär′bon-āt, n. a carbonate or salt having two equivalents of carbonic acid to one equivalent of base. [L. bi-, twice, and Carbonate.]

Bicentenary, bī-sen′te-na-ri, Bicentennial, bī-sen-ten′ni-al, adj. pertaining to the two hundredth.—n. the two hundredth anniversary.

Bicephalous, bī-sef′al-us, adj. double-headed. [L. bis, twice, and Gr. kēphalē, head.]

Biceps, bī′seps, n. the muscle in front of the arm between the shoulder and elbow. [L. biceps, two-headed—bis, twice, and caput, head.]

Bichromate, bī-krō′māt, adj. having two parts of chromic acid to one of other ingredients. [L. bis, twice, and Chromate.]

Bicipital, bī-sip′it-al, adj. (anat.) having two heads or origins.—Earlier form Bicip′itous.

Bicker, bik′ėr, v.i. to contend in a petty way: to quiver: to move quickly and tremulously, as running water.—n. a fight, a quarrel: a clattering noise: a short run.—n. Bick′erment (Spens.), bickering, strife. [Acc. to Skeat, bicker = pick-er, or peck-er, to peck repeatedly with the beak.]

Bicker, bik′ėr, n. a bowl for holding liquor, esp. of wood: a vessel made of wooden staves for holding porridge. [Scot. form of Beaker.]

Biconcave, bī-kon′kāv, adj. concave on both sides. [L. bi-, twice, and Concave.]

Biconvex, bī-kon′veks, adj. convex on both sides. [L. bi-, twice, and Convex.]

Bicorporate, bī-kor′por-āt, adj. (her.) double-bodied, as the head of a lion to which two bodies are attached. [L. bis, twice, and Corporate.]

Bicuspid, bī-kus′pid, adj. having two cusps: a pre-molar tooth. [L. bi-, twice, and Cusp.]

Bicycle, bī′si-kl, n. a cycle or velocipede with two wheels furnished with rubber tires, arranged one before the other, impelled by pedals, and steered by transverse handles affixed to the front wheel—also Bike (colloq.).—n. Bī′cyclist. [Formed from L. bi-, bis, twice, and Gr. kyklos, a circle.]

Bid, bid, v.t. to offer: to propose: to proclaim, as the banns of marriage: to invite: to command: to make an offer, and to increase the amount offered for a thing—at an auction:—pr.p. bid′ding; pa.t. bid or bade; pa.p. bid, bid′den.—n. an offer of a price.—ns. Bid′der, one who bids or offers a price; Bid′ding, offer: invitation: command; Bid′ding-pray′er, a form of prayer directed to be used before all sermons, lectures, and homilies preached apart from the daily service or holy communion—as university sermons, so called because in it the preacher is directed to bid or exhort the people to pray for certain specified objects.—To bid fair, to seem likely. [A.S. béodan; Goth. biudan, Ger. bieten, to offer.]

Bid, bid, v.t. to ask for: (nearly obs.): to pray. [A.S. biddan; Goth. bidjan; Ger. bitten; the connection with Bid, to command, is dub. See Bead.]

Bide, bīd, v.t. and v.i. same as Abide, to wait for.—n. Bid′ing (Shak.), residence, habitation. [A.S. bídan; Goth. beidan.]

Bidentate, bī-dent′āt, adj. having two teeth.—Also Bident′al. [L. bi-; twice, dens, dentis, a tooth.]

Bield, bēld, n. (Wordsworth) shelter: protection. [Scot.; conn. with Bold.]

Biennial, bī-en′yal, adj. lasting two years: happening once in two years.—n. a plant that lasts two years.—adv. Bienn′ially. [L. biennalis—bi-, twice, and annus, a year.]

Bier, bēr, n. a carriage or frame of wood for bearing the dead to the grave. [A.S. bǽr; Ger. bahre, L. fer-etrum. From root of verb Bear.]

Bifacial, bī-fā′shyal, adj. having two like faces or opposite surfaces. [L. bi-, twice, and Facial.]

Biffins, bif′inz, n. apples slowly dried in bakers' ovens and flattened into cakes—prepared in great quantities in Norfolk. [Said to be properly beefins, because like raw beef.]

Bifidate, bif′id-āt, adj. (bot.) cleft in two.—Also Bif′id. [L. bifidus—bi-, bis, twice, and findĕre, perf. fidi, to cleave or split.]

Biflorate, bī-flō′rāt, adj. bearing two flowers. [L. bi-, twice, and flos, floris, a flower.]

Bifold, bī′fōld, adj. twofold: (Shak.) of two kinds. [L. bi-, twice, and Fold.]

Bifoliate, bī-fō′li-āt, adj. having two leaves. [L. bi-, twice, and Foliate.]

Biform, bī′form, adj. having two forms. [L. bi-, twice, and Form.]

Bifurcate, bī-fur′kāt, Bifurcated, bī-fur′kāt-ed, adj. two-forked; having two prongs or branches.—n. Bifurcā′tion, a forking or division into two branches. [L. bifurcus—bi-, bis, twice, furca, a fork.]

Big, big, adj. large or great: pregnant: great in air, mien, or spirit: loud: pompous, esp. 'to talk big,' 'look big.'—adjs. Big-bell′ied, having a big belly; pregnant (with); Big′gish, rather big.—ns. Big′ness, bulk, size; Big′wig (colloq.), a leading man, a person of some importance. [M. E. big; origin very obscure—Skeat suggests that it is bilg, the l being dropped, and compares Ice. belgja, to puff out.]

Big, big, v.t. (Scot.) to build, to pile up.—n. Big′gin, anything built, a house. [Sc. byggja; A.S. búian.]

Bigamy, big′am-i, n. the crime of having two wives or two husbands at once.—n. Big′amist, one who has committed bigamy. [Fr.—L. bi-, bis, twice, and Gr. gamos, marriage.]

Biggin, big′in, n. a child's cap or hood. [Fr. béguin, from the cap worn by the Beguines, a religious society of women in France.]

Bight, bīt, n. a bend of the shore, or small bay: a bend or coil of a rope. [A.S. byht; cf. Dan. and Sw. bugt, Dut. bocht; from būgan, to bow.]

Bignonia, big-nō′ni-a, n. a genus of tropical plants with trumpet-shaped flowers, named from the Abbé Bignon, Louis XIV.'s librarian.

Bigot, big′ot, n. one blindly and obstinately devoted to a particular creed or party.—adj. Big′oted, having the qualities of a bigot.—n. Big′otry, blind or excessive zeal, esp. in religious matters. [O. Fr.; of dub. origin; variously conn. with Visigoth, they being Arians, while the Franks were orthodox; with Sp. bigote, a moustache; with Beguine (q.v.); and by Wace with a worthless legend that the Norman Rollo, in refusing to kiss the foot of Charles the Simple, said, 'Ne se, bi got.']

Bijou, be-zhōō′, n. a trinket: a jewel: a little box:—pl. Bijoux (be-zhōō′).—n. Bijou′try, jewellery: small articles of virtu. [Fr.]

Bike, bīk, n. a nest of wasps, wild bees, &c.: a swarm of people. [Scot.; ety. dub.]

Bilabiate, bī-lā′bi-āt, adj. having two lips, as some corollas. [L. bi-, twice, and Labiate.]

Bilander, bī′land-ėr, n. a two-masted hoy, having her mainsail bent to the whole length of her yard, hanging fore and aft, and inclined to the horizontal at an angle of about 45º.—Also By′lander. [Dut. bijlander.]

Bilateral, bī-lat′ėr-al, adj. having two sides.—adv. Bilat′erally. [L. bi-, twice, and Lateral.]

Bilberry, bil′ber-i, n. called also Whortleberry, a shrub and its berries, which are dark blue. [Cf. Dan. böllebær; Scot. blaeberry; Ger. blaubeere.]

Bilbo, bil′bō, n. a rapier or sword:—pl. Bilboes (bil′bōz), fetters. [From Bilbao, in Spain.]

Bile, bīl, n. a thick bitter fluid secreted by the liver—yellow in man and carnivorous animals, green in vegetable feeders: (fig.) ill-humour.—n. Bile′-duct, the duct which conveys the bile from the liver and the gall-bladder to the small intestine.—adjs. Bil′iary, belonging to or conveying bile; Bil′ious, pertaining to or affected by bile.—adv. Bil′iously. [Fr.—L. bilis.]

Bilge, bilj, n. the bulging part of a cask: the broadest part of a ship's bottom.—v.i. to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge, as a ship.—ns. Bilge′-pump; Bilge′-wat′er.—adj. Bilg′y, having the appearance and disagreeable smell of bilge-water. [Most prob. conn. with Bulge.]

Bilharzia, bil′här-zi-a, n. a human parasitic flat worm in the fluke or Trematode order, with differentiated sexes. [From the helminthologist, Theodor Bilharz.]

Bilingual, bī-ling′wal, adj. of or containing two tongues or languages.—Also Bilin′guar. [L. bilinguis—bi-, twice, lingua, tongue.]

Biliteral, bī-lit′ėr-al, adj. consisting of two letters. [L. bi-, twice, and litera, a letter.]

Bilk, bilk, v.t. to elude; to cheat. [Perh. a dim. of Balk; at first a term in cribbage.]

Bill, bil, n. a kind of concave battle-axe with a long wooden handle: a kind of hatchet with a long blade and wooden handle in the same line with it, often with a hooked point, used in cutting thorn hedges or in pruning.—ns. Bill′hook, a bill or hatchet having a hooked or curved point; Bill′man, a soldier armed with a bill. [A.S. bil; Ger. bille.]

Bill, bil, n. the beak of a bird, or anything like it, applied even to a sharp promontory, as Portland Bill: the point of the fluke of an anchor—hence Bill′-board, n., used to protect the planking from being injured by the bill when the anchor is weighed.—v.i. to join bills as doves: to caress fondly.—adj. Billed. [A.S. bile, most prob. the same word as the preceding.]

Bill, bil, n. an account of money: a draft of a proposed law: a written engagement to pay a sum of money at a fixed date: a placard or advertisement: any written statement of particulars: in the criminal law of England, the formal name of a written accusation of serious crime preferred before a grand-jury.—n. Bill′-book, a book used in commerce in which an entry is made of all bills accepted and received.—n.pl. Bill′-brok′ers, persons who, being skilled in the money-market, the state of mercantile and personal credit, and the rates of exchange, engage, either on their own account or that of their employers, in the purchase and sale of foreign and inland bills of exchange and promissory notes: the business of Bill′-discount′ers, or discount-brokers, again, consists in discounting or advancing the amount of bills of exchange and notes which have some time to run before they come due, on the faith of the credit of the parties to the bill.—n. Bill′-cham′ber, a department of the Court of Session in Scotland which deals with summary business—so called because formerly both summonses and diligence or execution were for the most part commenced by a writ called a bill; Bill′-stick′er, one who sticks or posts up bills or placards.—Bill of adventure, a writing by a merchant stating that goods shipped by him, and in his name, are the property of another, whose adventure or chance the transaction is—the shipping merchant, on the other hand, undertaking to account to the adventurer for the produce; Bill of complaint, the name given in the English Court of Chancery, prior to the Judicature Act of 1873, to the formal statement of the facts and prayer for relief submitted by a plaintiff to the court; Bill of costs, an account stating in detail the charges and disbursements of an attorney or solicitor in the conduct of his client's business; Bill of exceptions, a statement of objections, by way of appeal, against the decision of a judge who is trying a case with a jury in the Court of Session; Bill of exchange, a document purporting to be an instrument of pecuniary obligation for value received, and which is employed for the purpose of settling a debt in a manner convenient to the parties concerned; Bill of fare, in a hotel, the list of dishes or articles of food; Bill of health, an official certificate of the state of health on board ship before sailing; Bill of lading, a paper signed by the master of a ship, by which he makes himself responsible for the safe delivery of the goods specified therein; Bill of mortality, an official account of the births and deaths occurring in a certain district within a given time; Bill of sale, in English law, a formal deed assigning personal property, the usual mode of transferring ships, and valuable as mercantile securities over stock-in-trade, furniture, &c.; Bill of sight, an entry of imported goods of which the merchant does not know the quantity or the quality; Bill of store, a license from the customs authorities to reimport British goods formerly exported; Bill of victualling, a list of necessary stores shipped from the bonded warehouse, or for drawback on board vessels proceeding on oversea voyages. [Through Low L. billa, from L. bulla, anything round, a knob, a seal appended to a charter, hence a document bearing a seal, &c. See Bull, an edict.]

Billet, bil′et, n. a little note or paper: a ticket assigning quarters to soldiers.—v.t. to quarter or lodge, as soldiers. [Fr.; dim. of Bill.]

Billet, bil′et, n. a small log of wood used as fuel: (archit.) an ornament in Norman architecture resembling billets of wood.—n. Bill′et-head, a billet or round piece of wood fixed in the bow or stern of a whale-boat, round which the harpoon-line is turned when the whale is struck. [Fr. billette—bille, the young stock of a tree, prob. of Celt. orig., perh. allied to Bole, the trunk of a tree.]

Billet-doux, bil-e-dōō′, n. a sweet note: a love-letter. [Fr. billet, a letter, doux, sweet.]

Billiards, bil′yardz, n. a game played with a cue or mace and balls on a table having pockets at the sides and corners.—adj. Bill′iard.—n. Bill′iard-mark′er, a person who marks the points made by the players. [Fr. billard—bille, a ball.]

Billingsgate, bil′ingz-gāt, n. foul and abusive language like that once familiar to the ear at Billingsgate (the great fish-market of London).

Billion, bil′yun, n. a million or thousand thousand of millions (1,000,000,000,000); or, according to the French method of numeration, one thousand millions (1,000,000,000). [L. bi-, twice, and Million.]

Billon, bil′on, n. base metal: esp. an alloy of silver with copper, tin, or the like. [Fr., from same root as Billet.]

Billow, bil′ō, n. a great wave of the sea swelled by the wind: (poet.) a wave, the sea.—v.i. to roll in large waves.—adjs. Bill′owed, Bill′owy. [Scand.; Ice. bylgja; Sw. bölja, Dan. bölge, a wave. See Bilge, Bulge.]

Billy, Billie, bil′i, n. a comrade, a companion-in-arms: an Australian bushman's boiling-pan or tea-pot:—pl. Bill′ies.—n. Bill′y-goat, a he-goat. [Prob. from Bill, a familiar abbrev. of William.]

Billyboy, bil′i-boi, n. a bluff-bowed one-masted trading-vessel. [Prob. conn. with Bilander.]

Billycock, bil′i-kok, n. a man's low-crowned felt hat. [From bully-cocked, i.e. cocked like the bullies.]

Bilobed, bī′lōbd, Bilobular, bī-lob′ū-lar, adj. having two lobes. [L. bi-, twice, and lobe, a Lobule.]

Bilocation, bī-lok-ā′shun, n. the power of being in two places at the same time. [Coined from bi-, twice, and Location.]

Bilocular, bī-lok′ū-lar, adj. divided into two cells. [L. bi-, twice, and L. loculus, dim. of locus, place.]

Bimana, bīm′an-a, or bim′an-a, n. a term used by Blumenbach, Cuvier, &c., to describe the human species in contrast to other mammals—now rarely used, men and monkeys being now zoologically united in the old Linnæan order—Primates.—adj. Bī′manous.

Bimensal, bī-mens′al, adj. happening once in two months: bimonthly.—adj. Bimes′trial, of two months' duration. [L. bi-, and mensis, a month.]

Bimetallism, bī-met′al-izm, n. the name given to a monetary system in which gold and silver are on precisely the same footing as regards mintage and legal tender.—adj. Bimetal′lic, adapted to that standard.—n. and adj. Bimet′allist. [A recent coinage, from Gr. bi-, double, and Metal.]

Bimonthly, bī-munth′li, adj. once in two months; also twice a month. [L. bi-, two, and Month.]

Binary, bī′nar-i, adj. composed of two: twofold.—adjs. Bī′nate, growing in pairs: double; Binaur′al, having two ears: needing the use of both ears.—Binary scale (math.), the scale of notation whose radix or base is 2 (instead of 10); Binary theory (chem.), that which assumes all salts to contain merely two substances, either both simple, or one simple and the other a compound playing the part of a simple body. [L. binarius—bini, two by two—bis, twice.]

Bind, bīnd, v.t. to tie or fasten together with a band (with to, upon): to encircle round (with about, with): to sew a border on: to tie up or bandage a limb, or the like: to fasten together (the leaves of a book) and put a cover on: to lay under obligation to answer a charge: to oblige by oath or promise to or from an action: to restrain, to make fast any one—also of disease, a magic spell, a passion, &c.: to hold or cement firmly: to render hard.—v.i. to produce constipation:—pa.t. and pa.p. bound.—n. a stalk of hops, so called from its twining or binding itself round a pole or tree: the indurated clay of coal-mines: (mus.) the tie for grouping notes together.—ns. Bind′er, one who binds, as books or sheaves: an attachment to a reaping-machine for tying the bundles of grain cut and thrown off, a reaping-machine provided with such; Bind′ery (U.S.), a bookbinder's establishment.—adj. Bind′ing, restraining: obligatory.—n. the act of binding: anything that binds: the covering of a book.—ns. Bind′weed, the convolvulus, a genus of plants, so called from their twining or binding; Bine, the slender stem of a climbing plant.—I dare or will be bound, I will be responsible for the statement. [A.S. bindan; cog. with Ger. binden, Sans. bandh.]

Binervate, bī-nėrv′āt, adj. (bot.) applied to leaves that have two ribs or nerves: (entom.) having the wings supported by two nerves. [L. bi-, bis, twice, and Nerve.]

Binnacle, bin′a-kl, n. (naut.) the box in which on shipboard the compass is kept. [Formerly bittacle—Port. bitácola—L. habitaculum, a dwelling-place—habit-āre, to dwell.]

Binocle, bin′o-kl, n. a telescope through which an object can be viewed with both eyes at the same time.—adj. Binoc′ular, having two eyes: suitable for two eyes.—adv. Binoc′ularly. [L. bini, two by two, oculus, an eye.]

Binomial, bī-nōm′i-al, adj. and n. (alg.) a quantity consisting of two terms or parts, as a+b.—Binomial theorem, a series of analytical formulæ by which any power of a binomial can be expressed and developed. [L. bi-, bis, twice, and nomen, a name, a term.]

Binturong, bin′tū-rong, n. the native name for an Indian prehensile-tailed carnivore, akin to the civet.

Bio-, bī′ō, a prefix from Gr. bios, life, used in many scientific words to express having organic life.—adj. Biobibliograph′ical, dealing with the life and writings of any one.—n. Bī′oblast, a formative cell, a minute mass of bioplasm or protoplasm about to become a definite cell.—adj. Biodynam′ical.—ns. Biodynam′ics, that part of biology which deals with vital force; Biogenesis (-jen′e-sis), the process of natural generation of life from life, as opposed to spontaneous generation, or abiogenesis.—adj. Biogenet′ic.—ns. Biog′enist; Biog′eny; Biomag′netism, animal magnetism; Biom′etry, the measurement or calculation of the probable duration of life; Bī′oplasm, the germinal matter of all living beings.

Biograph, bī′o-graf, n. a name sometimes applied to a form of the zoetrope contrived so as to exhibit the successive movements of a living body, thus simulating life. [Gr. bios, life, graphein, to write, describe.]

Biography, bī-og′raf-i, n. a written account or history of the life of an individual: the art of writing such accounts.—n. Biog′rapher, one who writes biography.—adjs. Biograph′ic, -al.—adv. Biograph′ically. [Gr. bios, life, graphein, to write.]

Biology, bī-ol′oj-i, n. the science that treats of life or of organised beings, which seeks to classify and generalise the multitude of phenomena presented by and peculiar to the living world.—adj. Biolog′ical.—adv. Biolog′ically.—n. Biolo′gist, one who studies biology. [Gr. bios, life, logos, a discourse.]

Biotaxy, bī′ō-tak-si, n. classification according to the sum of the morphological character. [Gr. bios, life, and Taxis.]

Biparous, bip′ar-us, adj. bearing two at a birth. [L. bis, twice, par-ĕre, to bring forth.]

Bipartite, bi′part-īt, or bī-pärt′īt, adj. divided into two like parts.—n. Biparti′tion, the act of dividing into two corresponding parts. [L. bi-, bis, twice, partitus, divided—part-īre, to divide.]

Biped, bī′ped, n. an animal with two feet.—adjs. Bī′ped, Bī′pedal, having two feet. [L. bipes—bi-, bis, twice, ped-em, foot.]

Bipennate, bī-pen′āt, Bipennated, bī-pen′āt-ed, adj. having two wings. [L. bi-, and Pennate.]

Bipennis, bī-pen′nis, n. an axe with two blades, one on each side of the handle, usually seen depicted in the hands of the Amazons. [L.—bis, twice, penna, wing.]

Bipetalous, bī-pet′al-us, adj. having two petals or flower-leaves. [L. bi-, twice, and Petal.]

Bipinnate, bī-pin′nāt, adj. doubly pinnate. [L. bi-, twice, and Pinnate.]

Biquadratic, bī-kwod-rat′ik, n. a quantity twice squared, or raised to the fourth power.—Biquadratic equation, an equation with one unknown quantity raised to the fourth power; Biquadratic root, the square root of the square root of a number. [L. bi- twice, and quadratus, squared.]

Biquintile, bī-kwin′til, n. (astron.) the aspect of planets when they are twice the fifth part (144 degrees) of a great circle from each other. [L. bi-, twice, quintus, the fifth.]

Birch, bėrch, n. a hardy forest-tree, with smooth, white bark and very durable wood: a rod for punishment, consisting of a birch twig or twigs.—adjs. Birch, Birch′en, made of birch. [A.S. berc, bierce; Ice. björk, Sans. bhūrja.]

Bird, bėrd, n. a general name for feathered animals.—v.i. to catch or snare birds.—ns. Bird′-bolt (Shak.), a short thick bolt or arrow with a blunted point, used for killing birds without piercing them; Bird′-cage, a cage or box made of wire and wood for holding birds; Bird′-call, an instrument used by fowlers to call or allure birds to them, by imitating their notes; Bird′-catch′er, one who catches birds: a fowler; Bird′-catch′ing, the art or practice of catching birds; Bird′-cher′ry, a bush bearing an astringent wild-fruit in drupes.—adj. Bird′-eyed, having eyes quick of sight, like those of a bird: quick-sighted.—ns. Bird′-fan′cier, one who has a fancy for rearing birds: one who keeps birds for sale; Bird′ing (Shak.), catching birds by means of hawks trained for the purpose; Bird′ing-piece, a fowling-piece; Bird′-lime, a sticky substance used for catching birds; Bird′-of-Par′adise, a kind of Eastern bird with splendid plumage; Bird's′-eye, a kind of tobacco; Bird's′-nest, the nest in which a bird lays her eggs and hatches her young; Bird′-spī′der, a species of large spiders which prey on small birds, found in Brazil.—adj. Bird′-wit′ted, flighty: incapable of sustained attention.—Bird's-eye view, a general view from above, as if by a bird on the wing, a representation of such, a general view or résumé of a subject; Bird's-foot trefoil, the popular name of several leguminous plants, having clusters of cylindrical pods resembling a bird's foot.—A little bird told me, I heard in a way I will not reveal. [A.S. brid, the young of a bird, a bird: either from root of Breed (bredan, to breed) or of Birth (beran, to bear).]

Bireme, bī′rēm, n. an ancient vessel with two rows of oars. [Fr.—L. biremis—bi-, twice, and remus, an oar.]

Biretta, bir-et′a, n. a square cap worn by clergy—by priests, black; bishops, purple; cardinals, red. [It. berretta—Low L. birretum, a cap.]

Birk, bėrk, n. Scotch and prov. Eng. for Birch.—adj. Birk′en (Scot.), birchen.

Birkie, birk′i, n. a strutting or swaggering fellow: a fellow generally.—adj. active. [Scot. A dubious connection with Scand. berkja, to bark, boast, has been suggested.]

Birl, birl, v.t. to spin anything round: to throw down a coin as one's share in a joint contribution.—v.i. to whirl round. [Scot., an onomatopœic word.]

Birle, birl, v.t. and v.i. (Scot.) to ply with drink: to carouse.—ns. Birl′er (Cumberland); Birl′ing, the act of drawing liquor. [A.S. byrelian, byrele, a cup-bearer, beran, to bear.]

Birminghamise, bir′ming-ham-īz, v.t. to make up artificially. [See Brummagem.]

Birostrate, bī-ros′trāt, adj. having a double beak. [L. bi-, twice, and rostratus, beaked—rostrum, a beak.]

Birr, bir, n. impetus: a violent push: stress in pronunciation: any sharp whirring sound. [Scot.; Ice. byrr, a favouring wind.]

Birse, birs, n. bristle.—adj. Birs′y.—To lick the birse, to draw a hog's bristle through the mouth—part of the ceremony of citizenship in Selkirk; To set up one's birse, to rouse the wrath of, from the habit of animals bristling up when enraged. [Scot.; A.S. byrst.]

Birth, bėrth, n. the act of bearing or bringing forth: the offspring born: dignity of family: origin.—n. Birth′day, the day on which one is born, or the anniversary of that day.—adj. relating to the day of one's birth.—ns. Birth′day-book, a book in diary form, in which the birthdays of one's friends are entered in their autographs; Birth′dom (Shak.), birthright; Birth′-mark, a peculiar mark on one's body at birth; Birth′night, the night on which one is born, or the anniversary of that night; Birth′place, the place of one's birth; Birth′right, the right or privilege to which one is entitled by birth: native rights.—adj. Birth′-strang′led (Shak.), strangled in birth.—n. Birth′-wort, a genus of perennial plants, formerly used medicinally in cases of difficult parturition. [M. E. birÞe, prob. Scand.; cf. Goth, ga-baurÞs, Ger. ge-burt.]

Bis, bis, adv. twice: (mus.) a direction that a passage is to be repeated [L.].—n. Bīseg′ment, a segment of a line or figure cut into two equal parts.—adjs. Bīser′rate (bot.), doubly serrate; Bīsex′ual, of both sexes: (bot.) applied to flowers which contain both stamens and pistils within the same envelope.

Biscayan, bis′kā-an, adj. and n. of or pertaining to the Basque province of Biscay in Spain, or its people: Basque generally: a long heavy musket, or the bullet fired by such.

Biscuit, bis′kit, n. hard dry bread in small cakes: a kind of unglazed earthenware. [O. Fr. bescoit (mod. biscuit)—L. bis, twice, coquĕre, coctum, to cook or bake.]

Bise, bēz, n. a cold north or north-east wind prevalent at certain seasons in Switzerland and neighbouring parts of France and Italy. [Fr.]

Bisect, bī-sekt′, v.t. to cut into two equal parts.—n. Bisec′tion. [L. bi, twice, and secāre, sectum, to cut.]

Biserial, bī-sē′ri-al, adj. arranged in two series or rows. [L. bi-, and Series.]

Bishop, bish′op, n. in the Western and Eastern Churches, and in the Anglican communion, a clergyman consecrated for the spiritual direction of a diocese, under an archbishop, and over the priests or presbyters and deacons: a spiritual overseer in the early Christian Church, whether of a local church or of a number of churches—the terms bishop [Gr. episcopos] and presbyter [Gr. presbyteros] are used interchangeably in the New Testament for the officers who direct the discipline and administer the affairs of a single congregation—the differentiation in function and dignity is, however, well marked by the end of the 2d century: one of the pieces or men in chess, from the upper part being carved into the shape of a bishop's mitre (formerly the archer): a wholesome hot drink compounded of red wine (claret, Burgundy, &c.) poured warm or cold upon ripe bitter oranges, sugared and spiced to taste.—v.t. (jocularly) to play the bishop, to confirm: to supply with bishops: to let milk or the like burn while cooking.—ns. Bish′opess, a she-bishop, a bishop's wife; Bish′opric, the office and jurisdiction of a bishop: a diocese—also Bish′opdom.—Bishop in partibus (see Partibus). [A.S. biscop—L. episcopus—Gr. episcopos, an overseer—epi, upon, skop-ein, to view.]

Bismar, bis′mar, n. a kind of steelyard still used in Orkney. [Dan. bismer.]

Bismillah, bis-mil′a, interj. in the name of Allah or God—a common Mohammedan exclamation. [Ar.]

Bismuth, biz′muth, n. a brittle metal of a reddish-white colour used in the arts and in medicine. [Ger. bismuth, wissmuth; origin unknown.]

Bison, bī′son, or bis′on, n. a large wild animal like the bull, found in Lithuania, the Caucasus, &c., with shaggy hair and a fatty hump on its shoulders.—The American 'buffalo' is also a bison. [From L. pl. bisontes, prob. of Teut. origin; cf. Old High Ger. wisunt, A.S. wesend.]

Bisque, bisk, n. a rich soup made of meat or fish slowly stewed and seasoned, crayfish soup.—Also Bisk. [Fr.]

Bisque, bisk, n. pottery that has undergone the first firing before being glazed. [See Biscuit.]

Bisque, bisk, n. a term at tennis for the odds given by one player to another, in allowing him to score one point once during the set—a means of equalising a strong and a weak player. [Fr.]

Bissextile, bis-sext′il, n. leap-year.—adj. containing the Bissext (L. bissextus), or extra day which the Julian calendar inserts in leap-year—the sixth before the kalends of March, 24th February. [L. bis, twice, and sextus, sixth.]

Bisson, bis′son, adj. (Shak.) blind, blinding. [A.S. bísene, blind.]

Bistort, bis′tort, n. a perennial plant with astringent properties (Polygonum bistorta), so named from its twisted roots, called also Snakeweed and Adder's Wort. [Fr.—L. bistorta; bis, twice, torta, twisted.]

Bistoury, bis′tōōr-i, n. a narrow surgical knife for making incisions, having a straight, convex, or concave edge. [Fr.]

Bistre, Bister, bis′tėr, n. a pigment of a warm brown colour made from the soot of wood, esp. beechwood.—adj. Bis′tred. [Fr. bistré; origin unknown.]

Bisulcate, bī-sul′kāt, adj. (zool.) cloven-footed. [L. bi-, twice, sulcus, a furrow.]

Bisulphate, bī-sul′fāt, n. a salt of sulphuric acid, in which one-half of the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a metal. [L. bi-, twice, and Sulphate.]

Bit, bit, n. a bite, a morsel: a small piece: the smallest degree: a small tool for boring (see Brace): the part of the bridle which the horse holds in his mouth (see Bridle)—hence, To take the bit in his teeth, to be beyond restraint.—v.t. to put the bit in the mouth; to curb or restrain:—pr.p. bit′ting; pa.p. bit′ted.—Bit by bit, piecemeal, gradually. [From Bite.]

Bitch, bich, n. the female of the dog, wolf, and fox. [A.S. bicce; Ice. bikkja.]

Bite, bīt, v.t. to seize or tear with the teeth: to sting or pain: to wound by reproach: to deceive, or take in—now only passive:—pa.t. bit; pa.p. bit or bit′ten.—n. a grasp by the teeth: a nibble at the bait by a fish: something bitten off: a mouthful.—v.t. Bite′-in, to eat out the lines of an etching with acid: to repress.—n. Bit′er, one who bites: a fish apt to take the bait: a cheat.—n. and adj. Bit′ing.—To bite the dust, to fall, to die; To bite the thumb, to express defiance by putting the thumbnail into the mouth and knocking it against the teeth. [A.S. bítan; Goth. beitan, Ice. bita, Ger. beissen.]

Bitter, bit′ėr, adj. biting or acrid to the taste: sharp: painful.—n. any substance having a bitter taste.—adj. Bitt′erish.—adv. Bitt′erly.—n. Bitt′erness.—n.pl. Bitt′ers, a liquid prepared from bitter herbs or roots, and used as a stomachic.—n. Bitt′er-sweet, the Woody Nightshade, a slender, climbing hedge-plant, having red poisonous berries, said to be named from its root, when chewed, having first a bitter, then a sweet taste: (Shak.) an apple that has a compound taste of sweet and bitter: a mixture of sweet and bitter. [A.S. bítan, to bite.]

Bittern, bit′ėrn, n. a bird of the heron family, said to have been named from the resemblance of its voice to the lowing of a bull. [M. E. bittour—Fr.—Low L. butorius (bos, taurus).]

Bittern, bit′ėrn, n. an oily liquid remaining in salt-works after the crystallisation of the salt, and used in the manufacture of Epsom salts.

Bitts, bits, n. a frame in the forepart of a ship round which the cables are passed when the vessel rides at anchor.

Bitumen, bi-tū′men, or bit′yu-men, n. a name applied to various inflammable mineral substances, as naphtha, petroleum, asphaltum.—v.t. Bitū′minate, to mix with or make into bitumen—also Bitū′minise.—adjs. Bitū′minous, Bitūmed′ (Shak.), impregnated with bitumen. [L.]

Bivalve, bī′valv, n. an animal having a shell in two valves or parts, like the oyster: a seed-vessel of like kind.—adj. having two valves.—adj. Bivalv′ular. [L. bi-, twice, valva, a valve.]

Bivious, biv′i-us, adj. leading two, or different, ways. [L. bivius—bi-, twice, via, a way.]

Bivouac, biv′ōō-ak, n. the resting at night of soldiers in the open air, instead of under cover in camp.—v.i. to pass the night in the open air:—pr.p. biv′ouacking; pa.p. biv′ouacked. [Fr.—Ger. beiwacht, to watch beside—bei by, wachen, to watch.]

Bi-weekly, bī′-wēk′li, adj. properly, occurring once in two weeks, but usually twice in every week. [L. bi-, twice, and Week.]

Bizarre, bi-zär′, adj. odd: fantastic: extravagant.—n. Bizar′rerie. [Fr.—Sp. bizarro, high-spirited; acc. to Littré, adapted from Basque bizarre, the beard.]

Blab, blab, v.i. to talk much: to tell tales.—v.t. to tell what ought to be kept secret (with out, forth):—pr.p. blab′bing; pa.p. blabbed.—n. an open-mouthed person, a tattler: tattling.—n. Blab′ber, one who blabs. [M. E. blabbe, a chatterer, also Blabber, to babble, with which cf. Norse blabbra, Ger. plappern.]

Black, blak, adj. of the darkest colour: without colour: obscure: dismal: sullen: horrible: dusky: foul, dirty: malignant: dark-haired, wearing dark armour or clothes.—n. black colour: absence of colour: a negro: mourning: the dark smut which attacks wheat: a speck of black on the face, a sooty particle in the air: black clothes, esp. dress trousers.—v.t. to make black: to soil or stain: to draw in black.—n. Black′amoor, a black Moor: a negro.—adjs. Black′-and-tan, having black hair on the back, and tan or yellowish-brown elsewhere, esp. of a terrier; Black′-a-vised, of dark complexion (probably originally black-à-vis).—v.t. Black′ball, to reject in voting by putting a black ball into a ballot-box.—ns. Black′balling, the act of so rejecting a candidate; Black′-band, iron ore containing enough of coal to calcine it; Black′-bee′tle, a cockroach; Black′berry, the berry of the bramble; Black′bird, a species of thrush of a black colour: a current name for a negro or Polynesian kidnapped for labour; Black′birding, the kidnapping of such; Black′board, a board painted black, used in schools for writing, forming figures, &c.—adjs. Black′-bod′ing, of evil omen; Black′-browed, having black eyebrows: sullen.—ns. Black′-cap, a bird, a species of warbler, so called from its black crown: (cook.) an apple roasted until it is black, and served up in a custard: the full-dress cap put on by English judges when about to pronounce sentence of death; Black′-catt′le, oxen, bulls, and cows; Black′-chalk, a variety of clay-slate of a bluish-black colour, used for drawing, and also for making black paint; Black′cock, a species of grouse, common in the north of England and in Scotland; Black′-curr′ant, a garden shrub with black fruit used in making preserves; Black′-death, a name given to the plague of the 14th century from the black spots which appeared on the skin; Black′-draught, the popular name for a purgative medicine consisting chiefly of senna and Epsom salts; Black′-drop, a liquid preparation of opium, vinegar, and sugar.—v.t. Black′en, to make black: to defame.—adj. Black′faced, having a black face: dismal.—ns. Black′-flag, the flag of a pirate, or that hoisted at the execution of a criminal—from its colour; Black′-friar, a friar of the Dominican order, so called from his black mantle (over a white woollen habit): (pl.) the region in a city, as London, where their convent stood; Blackguard (blag′ärd), originally applied to the lowest menials about a court, who took charge of the pots, kettles, &c.: a low, ill-conducted fellow.—adj. low: scurrilous.—v.t. to treat as a blackguard; v.i. to play the blackguard.—n. Black′guardism.—adv. Black′guardly.—ns. Black′-heart′edness; Black′-hole, formerly the name for the punishment-cell in a barrack: the memorable black-hole in the Fort-William barracks at Calcutta, into which, in in 1756, as many as 146 Europeans were thrust over night, of whom only 23 were found surviving in the morning; Black′ing, a substance used for blacking leather, &c.—adj. Black′ish.—ns. Black′-jack, a vessel for holding drink, originally made of leather: (naut.) the flag of a pirate; Black′-lead, a black mineral (plumbago, not lead) used in making pencils, blacking grates, &c.; Black′leg, a low, gambling fellow: a turf-swindler: a term applied by strikers to men willing to work for the wages against which themselves have struck—also Black′-neb; Black′-let′ter, the old English (also called Gothic) letter (

); Black′-list, a list of defaulters; Black′-Marī′a, the closely covered, usually black-painted van in which prisoners are conveyed between the court and the prison; Black′-Mon′day, Easter Monday, so called on account of the sufferings experienced by the army of Edward III. from the severity of the weather on that day in 1360; Black′-monk, a monk of the order of St Benedict, from his garments; Black′ness; Black′-pudd′ing, a blood-pudding (q.v.).; Black′-rod, the usher of the chapter of the Garter and of the House of Lords, so called from the black wand tipped with a golden lion which he carries; Black′-sheep, a disreputable member of a family or group; Black′smith, a smith who works in iron, as opposed to a Whitesmith, or one who works in tin; Black′thorn, a species of dark-coloured thorn: the sloe: a stick made from its stem.—adjs. Black′-tressed, having black tresses; Black-visaged (blak′-viz′ājd), having a black visage or appearance.—n. Black′-wash, a lotion of calomel and lime-water: anything that blackens.—Black and blue, with the livid colour of a bruise in the flesh; Black book, an official book bound in black, a book recording the names of persons deserving punishment; Black eye, an eye of which the iris is dark—a point of beauty: a discoloration around the eye due to a blow or fall; Black fellow, a native in Australia.—In black and white, in writing or in print: in art, in no colours but black and white.—To be black in the face, to have the face purple through strangulation, passion, or effort; To be in any one's black books, to have incurred any one's displeasure; To black out, to obliterate with black. [A.S. blac, blæc, black.]

Black-art, blak′-ärt, n. necromancy: magic. [Acc. to Trench, a translation of the Low L. nigromantia, substituted erroneously for the Gr. necromanteia (see Necromancy), as if the first syllable had been L. niger, black.]

Blackmail, blak′māl, n. rent or tribute formerly paid to robbers for protection: hush-money extorted under threat of exposure or denunciation, esp. of a baseless charge.—v.t. to extort money from a person by this expedient. [Black and A.S. mal, tribute, toll.]

Bladder, blad′ėr, n. a thin bag distended with liquid or air: the receptacle for the urine.—adjs. Bladd′ered, Bladd′ery, swollen like a bladder.—n. Bladd′erwort, a genus of slender aquatic plants, the leaves floating. [A.S. blǽdre—blawan; Old Ger. blahan, blajan, to blow; Ger. blase, bladder—blasen, to blow; cf. L. flat-us, breath.]

Blade, blād, n. the leaf or flat part of grass or corn: the cutting part of a knife, sword, &c.: the flat part of an oar: a dashing fellow.—n. Blade′bone, the flat bone at the back of the shoulder: the scapula.—adj. Blad′ed. [A.S. blæd; Ice. blad, Ger. blatt.]

Blae, blā, adj. blackish or blue in colour: livid: bleak.—n. Blae′berry, Scotch name for the bilberry or whortleberry. [M. E. blo, bloo—Scand. blá.]

Blain, blān, n. a boil or blister. [A.S. blegen, a blister, prob. from blawan, to blow.]

Blame, blām, v.t. to find fault with: to censure.—n. imputation of a fault: crime: censure.—adj. Blam′able, deserving of blame: faulty.—n. Blam′ableness.—adv. Blam′ably.—adj. Blame′ful, meriting blame: criminal.—adv. Blame′fully.—n. Blame′fullness.—adj. Blameless, without blame: guiltless: innocent.—adv. Blame′lessly.—ns. Blame′lessness; Blame′worthiness, quality of being worthy of blame: blamableness.—adj. Blame′worthy, worthy of blame: culpable. [Fr. blâmer, blasmer—Gr. blasphēme-ein, to speak ill. See Blaspheme.]

Blanch, blansh, v.t. to whiten.—v.i. to grow white. [Fr. blanchir—blanc, white. See Blank.]

Blanc-mange, bla-mawngzh′, n. a white jelly prepared with milk. [Fr. blanc, white, manger, food.]

Bland, bland, adj. smooth: gentle: mild.—adv. Blandly.—n. Bland′ness. [L. blandus, perh.—mla(n)dus—Eng. mild.]

Bland, bland, n. an Orcadian name for butter-milk and water. [Scand. blanda.]

Blandish, bland′ish, v.t. to flatter and coax, to cajole.—n. Bland′ishment, act of expressing fondness: flattery: winning expressions or actions. [Fr. blandir, blandiss-, from L. blandīri.]

Blank, blangk, adj. without writing or marks, as in white paper: empty, empty of results: vacant, confused: (poetry) not having rhyme.—n. a paper without writing: a lottery-ticket having no mark, and therefore valueless: an empty space, a void, or vacancy: (archery) the white mark in the centre of a target at which an arrow is aimed, hence the object or aim of anything: a form of document having blank spaces afterwards to be filled in.—v.t. to make pale: (Milton) to confuse.—n. Blank′-cart′ridge, a cartridge without a bullet.—p.adj. Blanked, a minced form of damned, from the usual form of printing d——d.—adv. Blank′ly.—ns. Blank′ness; Blank′-verse, verse without rhyme, esp. the heroic verse of five feet. [Fr. blanc, from root of Ger. blinken, to glitter—Old High Ger. blichen, Gr. phlegein, to shine.]

Blanket, blangk′et, n. a white woollen covering for beds: a covering for horses, &c.—v.t. to cover with a blanket: to toss in a blanket.—n. Blank′eting, cloth for blankets: the punishment of being tossed in a blanket. [Fr. blanchet, dim. of blanc, from its null white colour,]

Blare, blār, v.i. to roar, to sound loudly, as a trumpet.—n. roar, noise. [M. E. blaren, orig. blasen, from A.S. blæsan, to blow. See Blast.]

Blarney, blar′ni, n. pleasing flattery or cajoling talk.—v.t. to beguile with such. [Blarney Castle, near Cork, where there is a stone difficult to reach, he who kisses which ever after possesses the gift of blarney.]

Blaspheme, blas-fēm′, v.t. and v.i. to speak impiously of, as of God: to curse and swear.—n. Blasphem′er.—adj. Blas′phemous, containing blasphemy: impious.—adv. Blas′phemously.—n. Blas′phemy, profane speaking: contempt or indignity offered to God. [Gr. blasphēme-ein—blaptein, to hurt, phēmi to speak. See Blame.]

Blast, blast, n. a blowing or gust of wind: a forcible stream of air: sound of a wind instrument; an explosion of gunpowder: anything pernicious.—v.t. to strike with some pernicious influence, to blight: to affect with sudden violence or calamity: to rend asunder with gunpowder.—adj. Blast′ed, blighted: cursed, damned.—ns. Blast′-fur′nace, a smelting furnace into which hot air is blown; Blast′-hole, a hole in the bottom of a pump through which water enters; Blast′ing, the separating of masses of stone by means of an explosive substance; Blast′ing-gel′atine, a powerful explosive made of gun-cotton and nitro-glycerine; Blast′ment, withering or shrivelling up caused by blasting; Blast′-pipe, a pipe in a steam-engine, to convey the waste-steam up the chimney. [A.S. blǽst; cf. Ice. beása; Ger. blasen.]

Blastoderm, blas′to-derm, n. an embryological term applied to the layer or layers of cells arising from the germinal disc, or the portion of a partially segmenting egg which undergoes division. [Gr. blasto-, blastos, a sprout, derma, dermat-, skin.]

Blatant, blāt′ant, adj. noisy, clamorous, loud.—adv. Blat′antly. [Prob. a coinage of Spenser.]

Blatter, blat′tėr, v.i. to talk overmuch, to prate.—v.i. to hurry or rush noisily.—n. a clatter of words, sound of rapid motion. [L. blaterāre.]

Blawort, blä′wort, n. the harebell: the corn blue-bottle.—Also Blē′wart. [Scot. Blae, and wort, herb.]

Blaze, blāz, n. a rush of light or of flame: a bursting out or active display: a white spot on the face of a horse or ox: a mark made on a tree by cutting off a strip of bark to mark a track or a boundary.—v.i. to burn with a flame: to throw out light.—n. Blaz′er, a cricket or golf jacket of bright colour.—Blazes, from the fires of hell, in imprecations like To blazes; also Like blazes = with fury.—To blaze a tree, to make a white mark by cutting off a piece of the bark. [A.S. blæse, a torch, from root of Blow.]

Blaze, blāz, Blazon, blā′zn, v.t. to proclaim, to spread abroad.—n. Blaz′er (Spens.), one who spreads abroad or proclaims. [Same as Blare; Blazon is the M. E. blasen, with the n retained.]

Blazon, blā′zn, v.t. to make public: to display: to draw or to explain in proper terms the figures, &c., in armorial bearings.—n. the science or rules of coats-of-arms.—ns. Blaz′oner, one who blazons: a herald: a slanderer; Blaz′onry, the art of drawing or of deciphering coats-of-arms: heraldry. [Fr. blason, a coat-of-arms, from root of Blaze.]

Bleach, blēch, v.t. to make pale or white: to whiten, as textile fabrics.—v.i. to grow white.—ns. Bleach′er, one who bleaches, or that which bleaches; Bleach′ery, a place for bleaching; Bleach′-field, a place for bleaching cloth: a bleacher's office or works; Bleach′ing, the process of whitening or decolourising cloth; Bleach′ing-green, a green for bleaching clothes on; Bleach′ing-pow′der, chloride of lime. [A.S. blǽcan, from root of Bleak.]

Bleak, blēk, adj. colourless: dull and cheerless: cold, unsheltered.—adv. Bleak′ly.—n. Bleak′ness. [A.S. blæc, blâc, pale, shining; a different word from blac (without accent), black. The root is blican, to shine.]

Blear, blēr, adj. (as in Blear-eyed, blēr′-īd) sore or inflamed: dim or blurred with inflammation. [Low Ger. bleer-oged, 'blear-eyed.']

Bleat, blēt, v.i. to cry as a sheep.—n. the cry of a sheep, any similar cry, even of the human voice.—n. Bleat′ing, the cry of a sheep. [A.S. blǽtan; L. balāre, Gr. blēchē, a bleating; root bla-; formed from the sound.]

Bleb, bleb, n. a transparent blister of the cuticle: a bubble, as in water. [See Bulb.]

Bleed, blēd, v.i. to lose blood: to die by slaughter: to issue forth or drop as blood: to have money extorted from one: to feel great pity for, as in the phrase, 'the heart bleeds:' to be as red as blood.—v.t. to draw blood from, esp. surgically: to extort sums of money from:—pa.t. and pa.p. bled.—n. Bleed′ing, a discharge of blood: the operation of letting blood.—adj. full of compassion: emitting sap: terribly weakened by war: (Shak.) bloody. [A.S. blédan. See Blood.]

Blemish, blem′ish, n. a stain or defect: reproach.—v.t. to mark with any deformity: to tarnish: to defame.—n. Blem′ishment (Spens.), the state of being blemished, disgrace. [O. Fr. blesmir, blemir, pr.p. blemissant, to stain, of dubious origin. Prof. Skeat thinks it Scand., Ice. blâman, livid colour—blâr, Blue.]

Blench, blensh, v.i. to shrink or start back: to flinch. [From root of Blink.]

Blench, blensh, adj. or adv. based on the payment of a nominal yearly duty.—Also Blanch. [See Blank.]

Blend, blend, v.t. to mix together: to confound.—v.i. to be mingled or mixed:—pa.p. blend′ed and blent.—n. a mixture:—n. Blend′ing, the act of mingling: the process by which the fusion of paints is effected. [A.S. blandan.]

Blende, blend, n. native sulphuret of zinc. [Ger. blenden, to dazzle, from the lustre of the crystals.]

Blenheim, blen′em, n. a kind of spaniel named from the Duke of Marlborough's house.

Blennorrhœa, blen-no-rē′a, n. discharge of mucus. [Gr. blennos, mucus.]

Blenny, blen′ni, n. a genus of acanthopterygious fishes, covered with mucus or slimy matter. [Gr. blennos, mucus.]

Blent, blent, (obs.) pa.p. of Blend—mixed: mingled: (Spens.) blinded, obscured.

Bless, bles, v.t. to invoke a blessing upon: to make joyous, happy, or prosperous: to consecrate by some religious rite, to cross one's self: to extol as holy, to pronounce happy, to invoke the divine favour upon: to wish happiness to: to praise or glorify:—pa.p. blessed (blest), or blest.—adj. Bless′ed, happy: prosperous: happy in heaven, beatified.—adv. Bless′edly.—ns. Bless′edness; Bless′ing, a wish or prayer for happiness or success: any means or cause of happiness: (B.) a gift or present: a form of invoking the favour of God at a meal.—adv. Bless′ingly.—Single blessedness, the celibate life, the unmarried state generally. [A.S. blétsian, to bless, prob. from blót, sacrifice; the word taken as—benedicĕre.]

Blether, bleth′er, v.i. to talk garrulous nonsense.—n. fluent, garrulous nonsense—also Blath′er.—p.adj. Bleth′ering, over-talkative.—ns. Bleth′erskate, Blath′erskite (Amer.), a blustering, noisy, talkative fellow. [M. E. blather, of Scand. origin, Ice. blaðra, to talk foolishly, blaðr, nonsense.]

Blight, blīt, n. a disease in plants, which blasts or withers them: anything that injures or destroys.—v.t. to affect with blight: to blast: to frustrate.—p.adj. Blight′ing, withering, blasting. [Dr Murray notes that it first appears in literature in the 17th century; prob. orig. of Scand. origin; cf. Ice. blettr, a stain; perh. related to Bleach, Bleak.]

Blin, blin, v.t. (Spens.) to cease.—n. cessation: stoppage. [A.S. blinnan, to cease, pfx. be-, and linnan, to cease.]

Blind, blīnd, adj. without sight: dark: ignorant or undiscerning: without an opening.—n. something to mislead: a window-screen: a shade.—v.t. to make blind; to darken, obscure, or deceive; to dazzle.—pa.p. blīnd′ed; pr.p. blīnd′ing.—ns. Blind′age (mil.) a temporary wooden screen faced with earth as a protection against splinters of shell and the like; Blind′-coal, non-bituminous coal.—adj. Blind′ed, deprived of sight: without intellectual discernment.—n. Blind′er, one who or that which blinds; (pl.) a horse's blinkers.—adj. Blind′fold, having the eyes bandaged, so as not to see: thoughtless: reckless.—v.t. to cover the eyes: to mislead.—adj. Blind′ing, tending to make blind.—pr.p. making blind.—adv. Blind′ly.—ns. Blind′ness, want of sight, ignorance, folly; Blind′-side, the side on which a person is blind to danger: weak point; Blind′worm, a small reptile, like a snake, having eyes so small as to be supposed blind.—Blind-man's buff, a game in which one of the party is blindfolded and tries to catch the others. [A.S. blind; Ice. blindr.]

Blink, blingk, v.i. to glance, twinkle, or wink: to see obscurely, or with the eyes half-closed: to shine unsteadily.—v.t. to shut out of sight: to avoid or evade.—n. a glimpse, glance, or wink: a momentary gleam of light, a spark.—n. Blink′ard, one who blinks or has bad eyes.—p.adj. Blinked, affected with blinking.—n.pl. Blink′ers, pieces of leather fastened to the cheek-pieces of a horse's head-stall in driving to prevent him seeing in any direction except straightforward. [M. E. a variant of blenk, prob. the same as Blench (q.v.).]

Blirt, blirt, n. (Scot.) a fit of crying.—v.i. to burst into tears. [Prob. the same as Blurt.]

Bliss, blis, n. the highest happiness: the special happiness of heaven, heaven.—adj. Bliss′ful.—adv. Bliss′fully.—n. Bliss′fulness.—adj. Bliss′less, without bliss. [A.S. blíðs, blíðe, Blithe.]

Blist, blist, pa.t. (Spens.) wounded: struck. [From Fr. blesser, to wound.]

Blister, blis′tėr, n. a thin bubble or bladder on the skin, containing watery matter: a pustule: a plaster applied to raise a blister.—v.t. to raise a blister.—ns. Blis′ter-bee′tle, Blis′ter-fly, the cantharis, or Spanish fly, used for blistering; Blis′ter-plas′ter, a plaster made of Spanish flies used to raise a blister; Blis′ter-steel, Blis′tered-steel, steel blistered in the process of manufacture, used for making tools, &c.—adj. Blis′tery. [M. E.; most prob. O. Fr. blestre, conn. with Old Norse blástr, blása, to blow; Ger. blase.]

Blithe, blīth, adj. happy: gay; sprightly.—adv. Blithe′ly.—n. Blithe′ness.—adj. Blithe′some, joyous.—adv. Blithe′somely.—n. Blithe′someness. [A.S. blíðe, joyful. See Bliss.]

Blizzard, bliz′ard, n. a blinding storm of wind and snow, a snow-squall.—adjs. Blizz′ardly, Blizz′ardous. [A modern coinage—most prob. onomatopœic, on the analogy of blow, blast, &c.]

Bloat, blōt, v.t. to swell or puff out: to dry by smoke (applied to fish).—v.i. to swell or dilate: to grow turgid.—p.adj. Bloat′ed.—n. Bloat′er, a herring partially dried in smoke, esp. at Yarmouth. [Scand., as in Sw. blöt, soft.]

Blob, blob, n. a drop of liquid: anything soft and round, like a gooseberry: a round spot. [Imit.]

Block, blok, n. an unshaped mass of wood or stone, &c.: the wood on which criminals were wont to be beheaded: (mech.) a pulley together with its framework; a piece of wood on which something is formed: a connected group of houses: an obstruction: a blockhead.—v.t. to enclose or shut up: to obstruct: to shape or sketch out roughly.—n. Blockade′, the blocking up of a place by surrounding it with troops or by ships.—v.t. to block up by troops or ships.—ns. Block′-head, one with a head like a block, a stupid fellow; Block′-house, a small temporary fort generally made of logs.—adj. Block′ish, like a block: stupid: dull.—ns. Block′-print′ing, printing of Block′-books, from engraved wooden blocks or pages; Block′-ship, a war-ship, inefficient for service in action on account of age, but useful in defence of ports; Block′-sys′tem, a system of working trains in which no train is allowed on to a section of line so long as any other train is on that section; Block′-tin, tin in the form of blocks or ingots. [Widely spread, but acc. to Skeat, of Celt. origin, Gael. ploc, Old Ir. blog, a fragment. See Plug.]

Bloke, blōk, n. a fellow, a man familiarly. [Ety. quite unknown—at any rate not Gipsy.]

Bloncket, blongk′et, adj. (Spens.) gray. [Fr. blanchet, whitish, dim. of blanc, white.]

Blonde, blond, n. a person of fair complexion with light hair and blue eyes—opp. to Brunette.—adj. of a fair complexion: fair. [Fr.]

Blood, blud, n. the red fluid in the arteries and veins of men and animals: descent, of human beings, good birth: relationship, kindred: elliptically for a blood-horse, one of good pedigree: a rake or swaggering dandy about town: the blood-royal, as in 'princes of blood:' temperament: bloodshed or murder: the juice of anything, esp. if red: the supposed seat of passion—hence temper, anger, as in the phrase, 'his blood is up,' &c.: the sensual nature of man.—interj. 's blood—God's blood.—adjs. Blood′-bespot′ted (Shak.), spotted with blood; Blood′-bolt′ered (Shak.), sprinkled with blood as from a bolter or sieve; Blood′-bought, bought at the expense of blood or life; Blood′-froz′en (Spens.), having the blood frozen or chilled.—ns. Blood′guilt′iness, the guilt of shedding blood, as in murder; Blood′heat, heat of the same degree as that of the human blood (about 98° Fahr.); Blood′-horse, a horse of the purest and most highly prized blood, origin, or stock.—adj. Blood′-hot, as hot or warm as blood.—n. Blood′hound, a large hound formerly employed in tracing human beings: a blood-thirsty person.—adv. Blood′ily.—adj. Blood′less, without blood, dead: without the shedding of blood: (Shak.) without spirit or activity.—ns. Blood′-let′ting, the act of letting blood, or bleeding by opening a vein; Blood′-mon′ey, money earned by laying or supporting a capital charge against any one, esp. if the charge be false or made by an accomplice; Blood′-pois′oning, a name popularly, but loosely, used of pyæmia and allied diseases; Blood′-pud′ding, a pudding made with blood and other materials; Blood′-relā′tion, one related by blood or marriage; Blood′-sac′rifice (Shak.), a sacrifice made with bloodshed; Blood′shed, the shedding of blood: slaughter.—adjs. Blood′shot (of the eye), red or inflamed with blood; Blood′-sized, sized or smeared with blood.—n. Blood′-spav′in, a disease of horses consisting of the swelling of a vein on the inside of the hock, from a checking of the blood.—adj. Blood′-stained, stained with blood: guilty of murder.—ns. Blood′-stone, a dark-green variety of quartz, variegated with blood-like spots of red jasper, the heliotrope; a brown ore of iron, hematite; Blood′-suck′er, an animal that sucks blood, esp. a leech: an extortioner, one who sponges upon another.—adj. Blood′-suck′ing (Shak.), that sucks or draws blood.—ns. Blood′-tax, conscription or universal military service, as drawing from the nation a certain number of lives or recruits annually; Blood′-thirst′iness, thirst or desire for shedding blood.—adj. Blood′-thirst′y, having a thirst or desire to shed blood.—ns. Blood′-ves′sel, a vessel in which blood circulates, a vein or artery; Blood′-worm, a small red earthworm used by anglers.—adj. Blood′y, of the nature of blood: stained with blood: murderous, cruel: vulgarly, as an adj. emphasising anger or the like: as an adv. employed as a mere intensive—most prob. from the habits of the 'bloods' about the beginning of the 18th century (Etheredge, 'bloody-drunk').—v.t. to make bloody.—n. Blood′y-bones, a phrase, together with Rawhead, applied to a children's bugbear.—adjs. Blood′y-eyed; Blood′y-faced.—ns. Blood′y-flux, dysentery, in which the discharges from the bowels are mixed with blood; Blood′y-hand (her.), the armorial device of Ulster, hence of baronets.—adj. Blood′y-mind′ed.—ns. Blood′y-mind′edness; Blood′y-sweat, a sweat accompanied with the discharge of blood.—Avenger of blood, the next-of-kin to a murdered man, whose duty it was to avenge his death—the Hebrew Goël.—Eating of blood, prohibited under the Old Testament dispensation, Jews still killing their own butcher-meat.—In blood, in full vigour; In hot or cold blood, under or free from excitement or sudden passion. [A.S. blód—root blówan, to bloom; cog. with Old. Fris. blód, Ger. blut.]

Bloom, blōōm, v.i. to put forth blossoms: to flower: to be in a state of beauty or vigour: to flourish: to give a bloom or warm tint to anything.—n. a blossom or flower: the opening of flowers: rosy colour: the prime or highest perfection of anything: the first freshness of beauty of anything: the flush or glow on the cheek—(Spens.) Blosme.—p.adj. Bloom′ing, bright, shining, flourishing: (slang) full-blown.—adjs. Bloom′less, without bloom; Bloom′y, flowery: flourishing. [Ice. blóm; cf. Goth. blôma, Ger. blume.]

Bloomer, blōōm′ėr, n. and adj. a dress for women, partly resembling men's dress, devised by Mrs Bloomer of New York about 1849, consisting of a jacket with close sleeves, a skirt falling a little below the knee, and a pair of Turkish trousers.

Bloomery, blōōm′ėr-i, n. the first forge through which iron passes after it has been melted from the ore, and where it is made into Blooms, or rough ingots, for hammering or drawing out.

Blore, blōr, n. a violent gust of wind. [Prob. related to Blare and Blow.]

Blossom, blos′om, n. a flower-bud, the flower that precedes fruit.—v.i. to put forth blossoms or flowers: to flourish and prosper.—n. Bloss′oming.—adj. Bloss′omy, covered with flowers, flowery. [A.S. blóstm, blóstma, from root of Bloom.]

Blot, blot, n. a spot or stain: an obliteration, as of something written: a stain in reputation.—v.t. to spot or stain: to obliterate or destroy: to disgrace: to dry writing with blotting-paper:—pr.p. blot′ting; pa.p. blot′ted.—n. and adj. Blot′tesque, a painting executed with heavy blot-like touches, a daub or (fig.) a vigorous descriptive sketch.—n. Blotting-pā′per, unsized paper, used for absorbing ink.—adj. Blot′ty. [Prob. Scand., as in Dan. plet, Ice. blettr, a spot.]

Blot, blot, n. a piece liable to be taken at backgammon: a weak place in anything. [Ety. obscure; Dut. bloot, naked.]

Blotch, bloch, n. a dark spot on the skin: a pustule.—v.t. to mark or cover with blotches.—adjs. Blotched, Blotch′y. [Prob. formed on Blot.]

Blouse, blowz, n. a loose sack-like outer garment, somewhat like the English smock-frock. [Fr.]

Blow, blō, n. a stroke or knock: a sudden misfortune or calamity.—At a blow, by a single action, suddenly; To come to blows, To exchange blows, to come to hostilities; Without striking a blow, without a struggle. [A.S. bléowan is doubtful, cog. with Dut. blouwen, to dress (beat) flax, Ger. blāuen, to beat hard. The noun appears in the 15th century without evidence of parentage.]

Blow, blō, v.i. to bloom or blossom:—pr.p. blōw′ing; pa.p. blōwn. [A.S. blówan; Ger. blühen. See Bloom, Blossom.]

Blow, blō, v.i. to produce a current of air: to move, as air or the wind.—v.t. to drive air upon or into: to drive by a current of air, as 'to blow away, down,' &c.: to sound, as a wind-instrument: to breathe hard or with difficulty: to spout, as whales: (prov.) to boast: to spread by report: to fan or kindle:—pa.t. blew (blōō); pa.p. blown (blōn).—ns. Blow′-ball, the downy head of a dandelion in seed; Blow′er, a metal plate put upon the upper part of a fireplace, so as to increase the draught through the fire: a machine for driving a blast of air, as into a furnace; Blow′-fly, or Flesh-fly, an insect of the order Diptera, and of the large family Muscidæ, to which the common house-fly and blue-bottle belong.—p.adj. Blown, out of breath, tired: swelled: stale, worthless.—n. Blow′pipe, a pipe through which a current of air is blown on a flame, to increase its heat: a kind of weapon much used by some of the Indian tribes of South America both in hunting and war, consisting of a long straight tube in which a small poisoned arrow is placed, and forcibly expelled by the breath.—adj. Blow′y.—To blow hot and cold, to be favourable and unfavourable by turns, to be irresolute; To blow off (steam, &c.), to allow to escape, to escape forcibly; To blow one's own trumpet, to sound one's own praises; To blow over, to pass away, to subside, as a danger or a scandal; To blow up, to shatter or destroy by explosion: to scold; To blow upon, to take the bloom, freshness, or the interest off anything, to bring into discredit: to inform upon. [A.S. bláwan; Ger. blähen, blasen; L. flare.]

Blowze, blowz, n. a ruddy, fat-faced wench.—adjs. Blowzed, Blowz′y, fat and ruddy, or flushed with exercise, dishevelled, slatternly. [Perh. related to root of Blush; or of cant origin.]

Blubber, blub′ėr, n. the fat of whales and other sea animals.—v.i. to weep effusively.—p.adj. Blubb′ered, of a face swollen with weeping. [M. E. blober, bluber; most likely onomatopœic]

Blucher, blōōch′ėr, n. a strong leather half-boot or high shoe, named from Marshal Blücher, the Prussian general at Waterloo.

Bludgeon, blud′jun, n. a short stick with a heavy end to strike with. [First in 18th century; origin very obscure; from a cant word conn. with Blood.]

Blue, blōō, n. the colour of the sky when unclouded—hence the sea, the sky, as in 'a bolt from the blue:' one of the seven primary colours.—adj. of the colour blue: learned, pedantic: indecent or obscene, as in blue stories.—ns. Blue′-beard, a monster who murders a series of wives in Perrault's famous conte, before he is himself cut off: one who is 'unfortunate' with his wives after the fashion of Henry VIII.; Blue′bell, a plant that bears blue bell-shaped flowers; Blue′-bird, a small American bird akin to the warblers; Blue′-black, black with a tinge of blue; Blue′-book, the name popularly applied to the reports and other papers printed by parliament, because usually stitched up in blue paper wrappers; Blue′-bot′tle, a common name for the Blue Cornflower: a familiar name for a policeman or beadle; Blue′-cap, a fish of the salmon kind with blue spots on its head: the blue titmouse: (Shak.) a Scotchman, from his blue bonnet; Blue′-eye, a beautiful little bird in New South Wales, one or the honey-eaters; Blue′-fish, a fish of the family Scomberidæ, abundant on the east coast of North America.—n.pl. Blue′-gowns, the name commonly given to a former class of privileged mendicants in Scotland—called also the King's Bedesmen.—ns. Blue′-grass, a permanent grass found in Europe and North America; Blue′-gum, a kind of Eucalyptus; Blue′-jack′et, a seaman in the navy, as distinguished from a marine; Blue′-jay, a common North American bird of the

jay family; Blue′ness; Blue′-nose, a nickname for a Nova Scotian; Blue′-pē′ter, a blue flag with white square in the centre, used in the navy as a signal for sailing; Blue′pill, a mercurial pill, used as a purgative in cases of torpid or inflamed liver; Blue′-stock′ing, a name given to learned ladies who display their acquirements in a pedantic manner, to the neglect of womanly graces—about 1750 Mrs Montague and others began to substitute literary conversation for cards, and the name implying a disregard for the conventional costume of polite society was suggested by the blue stockings of Benjamin Stillingfleet—the French bas bleu is a translation; Blue′-stone, blue copperas, sulphate of copper; Blue′-throat, or Blue′-breast, a beautiful and melodious bird, nearly allied to the nightingale; Blue′-wing, a kind of duck, either a sub-genus of Anas, or a special genus Cyanopterus—the best-known species, the Common or Lunate Blue-wing, the Blue-winged Teal of the United States.—adj. Blū′ish, slightly blue.—Blue blood, aristocratic blood—the sangre azul of the Spanish hidalgoes; Blue bonnet, a round flat cap of blue woollen, much worn in Scotland: a blue-bonneted Scotch peasant or soldier; Blue-bottle fly, the meat-fly or blow-fly; Blue-coat boy, a scholar of Christ's Hospital—also (from the blue coat having formerly been the usual dress of servants) a servant, beadle, soldier; Blue devil, an evil demon: (pl.) deep despondency, the apparitions seen in delirium tremens; Blue funk (slang), great terror; Blue ribbon, a term applied to any great prize, as the Derby stakes—from the blue ribbon worn by Knights of the Garter: the badge assumed by the so-called Blue Ribbon Army introduced from America in 1878; Blue water, the deep sea, as opposed to port or a narrow channel.—Light blue, and Dark blue, the distinctive colours in their athletic contests of Eton and Cambridge, and of Harrow and Oxford respectively; The Blues, the Royal Horse Guards; The blues (for blue devils), a colloquial expression for depression of spirits.—To be a blue, to be chosen to represent Oxford or Cambridge at an inter-university contest in cricket, football, rowing, or athletics; An old blue, one once so chosen.—To drink till all's blue, until everything around one looks blue; To look blue, to be down-spirited.—True blue, faithful to the principles of the political party wearing blue as its colour, in many places identified with Conservative. [M. E. blew—O. Fr. bleu, of Teut. origin; as also Scand. blá, which gave M. E. bla, blo, and modern blae.]

Bluff, bluf, adj. blustering: rough and hearty in manners: outspoken: steep.—n. a high steep bank overlooking the sea or a river: the act of bluffing at cards, as in poker—hence any kind of boastful swagger intended to impose upon another: (slang) an excuse.—adjs. Bluff′-bowed, having broad and flat bows, as a ship; Bluff′-head′ed, applied to a ship having her stem too straight up.—adv. Bluff′ly.—n. Bluff′ness. [Prob. Dut.]

Blunder, blun′der, v.i. to make a gross mistake, to flounder about: to utter thoughtlessly.—n. a gross mistake.—p.adj. Blun′dering, apt to make gross mistakes: apt to stumble.—To blunder away, to throw away some opportunity or advantage. [M. E. blondren; prob. conn. with Bland; perh. from Ice. blunda, to doze.]

Blunderbuss, blun′dėr-bus, n. a short hand-gun with a wide bore. [Corr. of Dut. donderbus—donder, thunder, bus, a box, barrel of a gun, a gun; Ger. donnerbüchse.]

Blunt, blunt, adj. having a dull edge or point; rough, outspoken, dull.—v.t. to dull the edge or point: to weaken.—n. (slang) money.—adj. Blunt′ish.—adv. Bluntly.—n. Blunt′ness.—adj. Blunt′-wit′ted (Shak.) dull, stupid. [Orig. sleepy, dull; prob. conn. with Ice. blunda, to doze; perh. akin to Blind.]

Blur, blur, n. a blot, stain, or spot.—v.t. to blot, stain, obscure, or blemish (with out, over):—pr.p. blur′ring; pa.p. blurred. [A variety of Blear.]

Blurt, blurt, v.t. to utter suddenly or unadvisedly (with out).—n. an abrupt outburst.—p.adj. Blurt′ing, impulsively frank. [From sound. Cf. Blirt.]

Blush, blush, n. a red glow on the face caused by shame, modesty, &c.: any reddish colour: sudden appearance.—v.i. to show shame or confusion by growing red in the face: to grow red.—n. Blush′et (Ben Jonson), a young, modest girl.—adj. Blush′ful, full of blushes: modest—n. Blush′ing, the act of turning red: the appearance of colour upon the cheek.—p.adj. showing blushes: modest.—adv. Blush′ingly.—At the first blush, at the first glance.—To put to the blush, to cause to blush. [Prob. Scand.; cog. with A.S. blysa, a blaze. See Blaze, Blowze.]

Bluster, blus′tėr, v.i. to make a noise like a blast of wind: to bully or swagger.—n. a blast or roaring as of the wind: bullying or boasting language: a storm of anger.—n. Blus′tering, a noisy blowing as of a blast: swaggering: noisy pretension.—adj. stormy: tumultuous: boastful.—adv. Blus′teringly.—adjs. Blus′terous (Shak.) noisy: boastful; Blus′tery, stormy: (Carlyle) swaggering. [An augmentative of Blast.]

Bo, bō, interj. a word used to frighten children.—To say bo to a goose, to open the mouth, to say even a word.

Boa, bō′a, n. a genus of serpents which includes the largest species of serpents (the Boa-Constric′tor), which kill their prey by constriction or pressure: a long serpent-like coil of fur, feathers, or the like, worn round the neck by ladies. [Perh. conn. with L. bos, an ox.]

Boanerges, bo-an-erj′es, n. a noisy preacher or shouting orator. ['Sons of thunder'—Mark, iii. 17.]

Boar, bōr, n. the male of swine, or its flesh.—adj. Boar′ish, swinish: brutal.—n. Boar′-spear, a spear used in boar-hunting. [A.S. bár; Dut. beer; Ger. bär.]

Board, bōrd, n. a broad and thin strip of timber: a table to put food on: food: a table round which persons meet for some kind of business: any council or authorised body of men, as a 'school-board:' the deck of a ship: (pl.) the stage: a kind of thick stiff paper, as in pasteboard, Bristol-board, esp. that used in the binding of books.—v.t. to cover with boards: to supply with food at fixed terms: to enter a ship: to attack.—v.i. to receive food or take meals.—ns. Board′er, one who receives board (food): one who boards a ship; Board′ing, the act of covering with boards: the covering itself: act of boarding a ship; Board′ing-house, a house where boarders are kept; Board′ing-pike, a pike used in boarding a ship, or in defending it when attacked; Board′ing-school, a school in which board is given as well as instruction; Board′-school, a school under control of a school-board, as elected by the Elementary Education Act of 1870.—n.pl. Board′-wā′ges, wages allowed to servants to keep themselves in food.—Above board, openly.—By the board, over the board or side of a ship—hence, To go by the board, to be lost or destroyed.—To sweep the board, to take all the cards. [A.S. bord, a board, the side of a ship; Ice. borð, the side of a ship: conn. either with Bear or with Broad.]

Boast, bōst, v.i. to talk vaingloriously: to brag (with of),—v.t. to brag of: speak proudly or confidently of, esp. justifiably: to magnify or exalt one's self.—n. an expression of pride: a brag: the cause of boasting.—adj. Boast′ful, given to brag.—adv. Boast′fully.—ns. Boast′fulness, Boast′ing, ostentatious display: vaunting.—adj. Boast′less, without boasting; simple, unostentatious. [M. E. bost, of doubtful origin; apparently W. bostio, Gael. bòsd, a bragging, are borrowed.]

Boat, bōt, n. a small open vessel usually moved by oars: a small ship: a vessel like a boat in shape, as a 'sauce-boat.'—v.i. to sail about in a boat.—ns. Boat′-hook, an iron hook fixed to a pole used for pulling or pushing off a boat; Boat′-house, a house or shed for a boat: Boat′ing, the art or practice of sailing in boats; Boat′man, a man who has charge of a boat: a rower.—In the same boat, in the same circumstances.—To have an oar in another's boat, to meddle with the affairs of others. [A.S. bát; Dut. boot; Fr. bateau.]

Boatswain, bōt′swān (colloq. bō′sn), n. a petty officer on board ship who looks after the boats, rigging, &c., and calls the seamen to duty with a whistle. [Boat, and swain, Scand. sveinn, a boy.]

Bob, bob, v.i. to move quickly up and down, to dangle: to fish with a bob.—v.t. to move in a short, jerking manner:—pr.p. bob′bing; pa.p. bobbed.—n. a short jerking motion: a slight blow: anything that moves with a bob or swing: a pendant: a knot of hair, as in Bob′-wig, one with the ends turned up into short curls: a bunch of lobworms, used in catching eels: any small roundish body: the refrain or burden of a song: a term in bell-ringing—a Bob minor is rung upon six bells; a Bob major on eight; a Bob royal on ten; a Bob maximus on twelve.—adj. Bob′bish, in good spirits.—n. Bob′ble, the movement of water in commotion. [Perh. Celt., Gael. baban, babag.]

Bob, bob, Bobby, bob′i, n. a shortened familiar form of Robert: a familiar name for a policeman—from Sir Robert Peel, Home Secretary at the passing of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1828.—n. Light′-bob, a soldier of the light infantry.

Bobadil, bob′a-dil, n. a swaggering boaster, from Ben Jonson's Every Man in his Humour.

Bobbery, bob′er-i, n. a noisy row. [Hindi bāp re! O father!—Col. Yule.]

Bobbin, bob′in, n. a small piece of wood on which thread is wound.—n. Bobb′inet, a kind of fine netted lace made by machines. [Fr. bobine, prob. Celt.; cf. Gael. baban, a tassel.]

Bobolink, bob′ō-lingk, n. a North American singing bird, found in the northern states in spring and summer. [At first Bob Lincoln, from the note of the bird.]

Bobstays, bob′stāz, n.pl. (naut.) ropes or stays used to confine the bowsprit downward to the stem or cutwater, and counteract the strain of the foremast-stays.

Bobtail, bob′tāl, n. a short or cut tail: a word applied in contempt to the rabble, as in 'tag-rag and bobtail.'—adj. Bob′tailed, with tail cut short.

Bode, bōd, v.t. to portend or prophesy.—v.i. to be an omen: to foreshow.—adj. Bode′ful, boding, ominous.—n. Bode′ment, an omen, presentiment.—pr.p. Bod′ing, presaging.—n. an omen or portent. [A.S. bodian, to announce—bod, a message; allied to Bid.]

Bodge, boj, v.i. to make bad work, to fail.—n. Bodg′er, a botcher, a pedlar. [A form of Botch.]

Bodice, bod′is, n. a woman's outer garment covering the waist and bust: the close-fitting waist or body of a woman's gown.

Bodikin, bod′i-kin, n. a form of an oath, ''Od's bodikins' = God's little body.

Bodkin, bod′kin, n. a small dagger: a small instrument for pricking holes or for dressing the hair: a large blunt needle.—To sit, or ride, bodkin, to be wedged in tight between two others. [Prob. conn. with W. bidog, a dagger.]

Bodle, bod′l, n. a Scotch copper coin, equal to about one-sixth of an English penny, the smallest coin. [Said to be named from a mint-master, one Bothwell.]

Bodrages, bod′rā-jiz, n.pl. (Spens.) a hostile attack, a raid. [Ir. buaidhreadh, a disturbance.]

Body, bod′i, n. the whole frame of a man or lower animal: the main part of an animal, as distinguished from the limbs: the main or middle part of anything: matter, as opposed to spirit: substance or substantial quality: a mass: a person: a number of persons united by some common tie.—v.t. to give form to: to embody:—pr.p. bod′ying; pa.p. bod′ied.—adj. Bod′iless, without a body: incorporeal.—adv. Bod′ily, relating to the body, esp. as opposed to the mind.—ns. Bod′y-col′our, a term applied to paints to express their degree of consistence, substance, and tingeing power; Bod′y-cur′er (Shak.), a doctor; Bod′yguard, a guard to protect the person, esp. of the sovereign; Bod′y-pol′itic, the collective body of the people in its political capacity; Bod′y serv′ant, a personal attendant; Bod′y-snatch′er, one who secretly disinters the bodies of the dead for the purposes of dissection. [A.S. bodig, of dubious origin.]

Bœotian, be-ō′shyan, adj. pertaining to Bœotia in Greece, noted for the dullness of its inhabitants—hence stupid, dull.

Boer, bōōr, n. a Dutch colonist at the Cape engaged in agriculture. [Dut. boer. See Boor.]

Bog, bog, n. soft ground: a marsh or quagmire.—v.t. to sink or to entangle.—n. Bog′-butt′er, a mineral substance, resembling butter, found in Irish bogs.—adj. Bogg′y.—ns. Bog′let, Bog′land; Bog′-moss, a genus of moss plants; Bog′-oak, trunks of oak embedded in bogs and preserved from decay—of a deep black colour, often used for making ornaments; Bog′-ore, a kind of iron ore found in boggy land; Bog′-spav′in, a lesion of the hock-joint of the horse, consisting in distension of the capsule enclosing the joint, usually arising suddenly from a sprain in action; Bog′-trot′ter, one who lives in a boggy country, hence an Irishman. [Ir. bogach; Gael. bog, soft.]

Boggle, bog′l, v.i. to stop or hesitate as if at a bogle: to start with fright: to make difficulties about a thing: to equivocate.—n. a scruple, objection: a bungle.—n. Bogg′ler, one who boggles: a doubter: (Shak.) one who starts from the right path. [See Bogle.]

Bogie, Bogey, bōg′i, n. a low truck on four wheels, so constructed as to turn easily, a trolly: a revolving under-carriage, as in a locomotive engine. [Ety. unknown; perh. conn. with Bogy, a fiend.]

Bogle, bōg′l, n. a spectre or goblin: a scarecrow: a bugbear, or source of terror—also Bogg′le.—Bogg′ard is a common form in the North country. [Scot. bogle, a ghost; W. bwg, a goblin. See Bug.]

Bogus, bō′gus, adj. counterfeit, spurious. [An American cant word, of very doubtful origin—it may possibly be ult. related to Bogy.]

Bogy, Bogey, bōg′i, n. a goblin: a bugbear or special object of dread, the devil.—n. Bog′yism. [A form of Boggle and Boggard.]

Bohea, bo-hē′, n. the lowest quality of black tea: tea generally. [Chin.]

Bohemian, bo-hē′mi-an, n. and adj. applied to persons of loose or irregular habits: an artist or man of letters, or indeed any one, who sets social conventionalities aside.—n. Bohē′mianism. [Fr. bohémien, a gipsy, from the belief that these wanderers came from Bohemia.]

Boil, boil, v.i. to bubble up from the action of heat: to be hot: to be excited or agitated.—v.t. to heat to a boiling state: to cook or dress by boiling.—ns. Boil′er, one who boils: that in which anything is boiled: a vessel in which steam, usually for a steam-engine, is generated: a vessel for heating water for baths, &c.; Boil′ing, the bubbling up of any liquid by the application of heat: the act of dressing food by boiling water.—adj. bubbling: swelling with heat or passion.—n. Boil′ing-point, the temperature at which liquids begin to boil under heat.—To boil down, to reduce in bulk by boiling, to extract the substance of, to epitomise; To boil over, to bubble over the sides of the containing vessel, to break out into unrestrained indignation. [O. Fr. boillir—L. bullīre—bulla, a bubble.]

Boisterous, bois′tėr-us, adj. wild: noisy: turbulent: stormy.—adv. Bois′terously.—n. Bois′terousness. [M. E. boistous, approximating, but not in sense, to the O. Fr. boisteus, whence modern boiteux, lame. The Celtic words throw no light upon its origin.]

Bolas, bō′las, n. missiles used by the South American gauchos, consisting of balls or stones strung together, swung round the head and hurled, usually so as to entangle the legs of an animal running. [Sp.]

Bold, bōld, adj. daring or courageous: forward or impudent: presumptuous: executed with spirit: striking to the sight, well marked: steep or abrupt.—v.t. Bold′en (obs.), to make bold.—adj. Bold′faced, impudent.—adv. Bold′ly.—n. Bold′ness.—To make bold, to take the liberty, to make free. [A.S. bald; Old High Ger. bald, Ice. ballr.]

Bole, bōl, n. the round stem or body of a tree. [Scand. bolr; Ger. bohle, a plank.]

Bole, bōl, n. an earthy mineral resembling clay in structure, and consisting essentially of silica, alumina, red oxide of iron, and water; the bole of Lemnos, Lemnian Earth, is red in colour, and was once used as a tonic and astringent medicine. [Gr. bōlos, a clod.]

Bole, bōl, n. a recess in a wall: an opening to admit light and air. [Scot.; origin unknown.]

Bolero, bo-lā′ro, or bo-lē′ro, n. Spanish national dance: also the air to which it is danced. [Sp.]

Boletus, bol-ē′tus, n. a genus of fungi, having a pore-like surface occupying the place of gills. [Gr. bōlitēs, mushroom.]

Bolide, bol′īd, n. a large meteor or fireball. [Fr.—L. bolid-em, bolis—Gr. bolis, ballein, to throw.]

Boll, bōl, n. one of the round heads or seed-vessels of flax, poppy, &c.: a pod or capsule.—p.adjs. Bolled (bōld), swollen, podded; Bollen (bōln), swollen (Shak.). [A form of Bowl; A.S. bolla.]

Boll, bōl, n. a measure of capacity for grain, &c., used in Scotland and the north of England—in Scotland = 6 imperial bushels; in England, varying from 2 to 6 bushels: also a measure of weight, containing, for flour, 140 lb. [Scot. bow; prob. a Scand. word; cf. Ice. bolli.]

Bollandist, bol′an-dist, n. one of the Jesuit writers who continued the Acta Sanctorum (q.v.), begun by John Bolland (1596-1665).

Bollard, bol′ard, n. a post on a wharf to which vessels are secured: a thick piece of wood on the forepart of a whale-boat, round which the line is turned when a whale is harpooned. [Prob. Bole.]

Bologna, bol-ōn′ya, adj. from a town of Italy, which gives its name to Bologna phial, Bologna phosphorus, and Bologna or 'Polony' sausages.—adj. Bologn′ese.

Bolometer, bō-lom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring minute amounts of radiant heat. [Gr. bolē, ray (ballein, to throw), metron, a measure.]

Bolster, bōl′stėr, n. a long round pillow or cushion: a pad: anything resembling it in form or use, esp. any piece of mechanism affording a support against pressure.—v.t. to support with a bolster: to hold up.—p.adj. Bol′stered, supported: swelled out.—n. Bol′stering, a propping up or supporting. [A.S. bolster; from root of Bowl.]

Bolt, bōlt, n. a bar or pin used to fasten a door, &c.: an arrow: a thunderbolt, as in 'a bolt from the blue.'—v.t. to fasten with a bolt: to throw or utter precipitately: to expel suddenly: to swallow hastily.—v.i. to rush away (like a bolt from a bow): to start up: (U.S.) to break away from one's political party.—ns. Bolt′-head, the head of a bolt: a chemical flask; Bolt′-rope, a rope sewed all round the edge of a sail to prevent it from tearing; Bolt′sprit (same as Bowsprit).—adv. Bolt′-up′right, upright and straight as a bolt or arrow.—n. Bolt′-up′rightness. [A.S. bolt; Old High Ger. bolz.]

Bolt, bōlt, v.t. (better spelling, Boult), to sift, to separate the bran from, as flour: to examine by sifting: to sift through coarse cloth.—ns. Bolt′er, a sieve: a machine for separating bran from flour; Bolt′ing, the process by which anything is bolted or sifted; Bolt′ing-hutch, a hutch or large box into which flour falls when it is bolted. [O. Fr. bulter, or buleter = bureter, from bure—Low L. burra, a coarse reddish-brown cloth—Gr. pyrros, reddish.]

Bolus, bō′lus, n. a rounded mass of anything: a large pill. [L. bolus—Gr. bōlos, a lump.]

Bomb, bom, or bum, n. a hollow projectile, usually of cast-iron, fired from a mortar, filled with gunpowder and fitted with a time-fuse: any similar missile or case of explosives, as a dynamite bomb.—n. Bom′bard, an engine or great gun for throwing bombs: (Shak.) a barrel or large vessel for holding liquor.—v.t. Bombard′, to attack with bombs.—ns. Bombardier′, the lowest non-commissioned officer in the British artillery, formerly a man employed about the mortars and howitzers; Bombard′ment; Bombar′don, a deep-toned brass instrument, with a tube likened to a bombard.—adj. Bomb′-proof, proof or secure against the force of bombs.—ns. Bomb′-shell (same as Bomb); Bomb′-vess′el, Bomb′-ketch, a vessel for carrying the mortars used in bombarding from the sea.—Bombardier beetle, a name given to several species of beetles, which discharge an acrid volatile fluid with explosive force from the abdomen. [Fr. bombe—L. bombus—Gr. bombos, a humming sound—an imitative word.]

Bombasine, Bombazine, bom′-, bum-ba-zēn′, n. a twilled or corded fabric of silk and worsted, or of cotton and worsted.—n. Bom′bax, a genus of silk-cotton trees, native to tropical America. [Fr. bombasin—Low L. bombasinum—Gr. bombyx, silk.]

Bombast, bom′-, bum′bast, n. inflated or high-sounding language: originally cotton or any soft material used for stuffing garments.—adj. Bombas′tic, high-sounding: inflated. [Low L. bombax, cotton—Gr. bombyx, silk.]

Bombay-duck, bom-bā′-duk, n. a fish of the family Scopelidæ, nearly allied to the salmon and trout family, which is salted, dried, and eaten as a relish.

Bon, bong, adj. good—French, occurring in some English but not Anglicised phrases, as Bon accord, good-will, agreement; Bon mot, a jest or smart saying; Bon ton, good style, the fashionable world; Bon vivant, one who lives well or luxuriously.

Bona fide, bō′na fīd′ā, adv. and adj. in good faith, with sincerity, genuine. [L.]

Bonanza, bon-an′za, n. a term common in the Pacific States for a rich mass of gold: any mine of wealth or stroke of luck. [Sp.]

Bonapartism, bō′na-pärt-izm, n. attachment to the dynasty of Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French.—n. Bō′napartist.

Bona-roba, bō′na-rō′ba, n. (Shak.) a showy wanton, a courtesan. [It. buona roba, lit. a fine gown.]

Bonbon, bong′bong, n. a sweetmeat.—n. Bonbon′iere, a fancy box for holding such. [Fr., 'very good'—bon, good.]

Bond, bond, n. that which binds, a band: link of connection or union: a writing of obligation to pay a sum or to perform a contract: any constraining or any cementing force: in building, the connection of one stone or brick with another, made by lapping the one over the other as the work is carried up, as in English bond, Flemish bond, &c.: (pl.) imprisonment, captivity.—adj. bound: in a state of servitude.—v.t. to put imported goods in the customs' warehouses till the duties on them are paid—hence Bonded stores or warehouses, To take out of bond, &c.—p.adj. Bond′ed, secured by bond, as duties.—ns. Bond′er, a binding stone or brick; Bond′-hold′er, a person who holds bonds of a private person or public company; Bond′ing, that arrangement by which goods remain in the customs' warehouses till the duties are paid; Bond′maid, Bond′woman, Bonds′woman, a woman-slave; Bond′man, a man-slave; Bond′manship; Bond′serv′ant, a slave; Bond′-serv′ice, the condition of a bond-servant: slavery; Bond′-slave, a slave; Bonds′man, a bondman or slave: a surety; Bond′-stone, a stone which reaches a considerable distance into or entirely through a wall for the purpose of binding it together; Bond′-tim′ber, timber built into a wall as it is carried up for the purpose of binding it together in a longitudinal direction.—Bonded debt, the debt of a corporation represented by the bonds it has issued, as contrasted with its floating debt. [A variant of band—A.S. bindan, to bind.]

Bondage, bond′āj, n. state of being bound: captivity: slavery.—n. Bond′ager, a female outworker in the Border and North country, whom the hind or married cottar was bound to provide for the farm-work. [O. Fr.; Low L. bondagium, a kind of tenure. Acc. to Skeat, this is from A.S. bonda, a boor, a householder, from Ice. bóndi = búandi, a tiller, a husbandman, búa, to till, cog. with A.S. búan.]

Bone, bōn, n. a hard substance forming the skeleton of mammalian animals: a piece of the skeleton of an animal: (pl.) the bones collectively: mortal remains: pieces of bone held between the fingers of the hand and rattled together to keep time to music: dice, as made of bone, ivory, &c.—v.t. to take the bones out of, as meat: to seize, to steal.—ns. Bone′-ache (Shak.), aching or pain in the bones; Bone′-ash, Bone′-earth, the remains when bones are burnt in an open furnace; Bone′-black, the remains when bones are heated in a close vessel.—adj. Boned—used in composition, as high-boned: having bones: having the bones removed.—ns. Bone′-dust, ground or pulverised bones, used in agriculture; Bone′-lace, lace woven with bobbins, which were frequently made of bone.—adj. Bone′less, wanting bones.—ns. Bone′-set′ter, one who treats broken bones without being a duly qualified surgeon; Bone′-shāk′er, a name familiarly given to the earlier forms of bicycle before india-rubber tires; Bone′-spav′in, a bony excrescence or hard swelling on the inside of the hock of a horse.—adj. Bon′y, full of, or consisting of, bones.—A bone of contention, something that causes strife; A bone to pick, something to occupy one, a difficulty, a grievance, controversy, dispute.—To make no bones of, to have no scruples in regard to something; To the bone, to the inmost part. [A.S. bán, Ger. bein.]

Bonfire, bon′fīr, n. a large fire in the open air on occasions of public rejoicing, &c.—originally a fire in which bones were burnt. [Not Fr. bon, good, and Fire.]

Bongrace, bon′grās, n. a shade from the sun once worn by women on the front of the bonnet: a broad-brimmed hat or bonnet. [Fr.]

Bonhomie, bon′o-mē, n. easy good-nature. [Fr.; bon homme, a good fellow.]

Boniface, bon′i-fās, n. a generic name for an innkeeper, like 'mine host' or 'landlord'—from the hearty Boniface of Farquhar's Beaux' Stratagem.

Boning, bōn′ing, n. the act of estimating straightness by looking along a series of poles, as in boning-rod or telescope.

Bonito, bo-nēto, n. a name given to several fishes of the mackerel family—the Stripe-bellied Tunny of the tropical parts of the Atlantic and Pacific; the Mediterranean Bonito; the Plain Bonito. [Sp.]

Bonnet, bon′et, n. a covering for the head worn by women, without a brim, tied on by strings, and now letting the whole face be seen, although formerly a bonnet (esp. a Poke′-bonn′et) covered the sides of the face: a soft cap: the velvet cap within a coronet: (fort.) a small work before the salient or flanked angle of the ravelin: (naut.) an additional part laced to the foot of jibs, or other fore-and-aft sails, to gather more wind: a wire-covering over a chimney-top: a decoy or pretended player or bidder at a gaming-table or an auction, the accomplice of a thimble-rigger or other petty swindler.—v.t. to put a bonnet on: to crush a man's hat over his eyes.—adj. and p.adj. Bonn′eted.—ns. Bonn′et-piece, a gold coin of James V. of Scotland, on which the king wears a bonnet instead of a crown; Bonn′et-rouge, the red cap of liberty of the French Revolution, shaped like a nightcap.—Bonnet laird, a Scotch name for a petty landowner who wore a bonnet, not the hat of the gentry.—Balmoral bonnet, a flat cap resembling the Scotch (Lowland) bonnet; Glengarry bonnet, rising to a point in front, with ribbons hanging down behind; Scotch bonnet, of a broad, round, flat shape, of dark-blue colour, with a tuft on the top, the fabric thick-milled woollen, without seam or lining—like the Basque béret. [O. Fr.—Low L. bonnetum, orig. the name of a stuff.]

Bonny, bon′i, adj. beautiful: handsome: gay: plump: pleasant-looking: as a general term expressing appreciation = considerable, &c., often ironically: cheerful: (Shak.) stout, strong.—adv. Bonn′ily, beautifully: gaily.—n. Bonn′iness, handsomeness: gaiety. [Fr. bon, bonne—L. bonus.]

Bonspiel, bon′spēl, n. a great curling-match. [Dr Murray suggests an assumed Dut. bondspel, from bond = verbond, 'covenant, alliance, compact,' and; spel, play; the word having entered Scotch as a whole, spiel, spel, having never been in common use for 'play.']

Bonus, bōn′us, n. a premium beyond the usual interest for a loan: an extra dividend to shareholders: an extra gratuity paid to workmen: a douceur or bribe. [L. bonus, good.]

Bonze, bon′ze, n. a Buddhist priest. [Jap. bonzó or bonzi, a priest.]

Boo, Booh, bōō, interj. a sound expressive of disapprobation or contempt.—v.i. to utter 'boo!' to hoot.—v.t. Boo′-hoo′, to weep noisily.

Booby, bōō′bi, n. a silly or stupid fellow: a sea-bird, of the gannet tribe, remarkable for its apparent stupidity in allowing itself to be knocked down with a stick.—adjs. Boo′by, Boo′byish, like a booby: stupid.—ns. Boo′byism; Boo′by-trap, a rude form of practical joke among boys, by which something is made to fall upon some one entering a door, or the like. [Sp. bobo, a dolt: may prob. be cog. with Ger. bube.]

Boodle, bōōd′l, n. a crowd, pack—'the whole boodle:' stock-in-trade, capital. [May be conn. with Dut. boedel.]

Book, book, n. a collection of sheets of paper bound together, either printed, written on, or blank: a literary composition: a division of a volume or subject: the Bible: a betting-book, or record of bets made with different people: (fig.) any source of instruction: the libretto of an opera, &c.: (pl.) formal accounts of transactions, as minutes of meetings, records kept of his business by a merchant.—v.t. to write in a book.—ns. Book′-account′, an account of debt or credit in a book; Book′binder, one who binds books; Book′binding, the art or practice of binding or putting the boards on books; Book′-case, a case with shelves for books; Book′-club, an association of persons who buy new books for circulation among themselves; Book′-debt, a debt for articles charged by the seller in his book-account.—adj. Book′ful, full of information gathered from books.—ns. Book′-hold′er, one who holds the book of the play and prompts the actor in the theatre; Book′-hunt′er, one who rejoices in discovering rare books; Book′ing-of′fice, an office where names are booked or tickets are taken.—adj. Book′ish, fond of books: acquainted only with books.—ns. Book′ishness; Book′-keep′ing, the art of keeping accounts in a regular and systematic manner; Book′-land, land taken from the folcland or common land, and granted by bóc or written charter to a private owner; Book′-learn′ing, learning got from books, as opposed to practical knowledge.—adj. Book′less, without books, unlearned.—ns. Book′let, a small book; Book′-mak′er, one who makes up books from the writings of others, a compiler: one who makes a system of bets in such a way that the gains must exceed the losses, entering them in a memorandum book; Book′-mak′ing, the art or practice of compiling books from the writings of others: compilation: systematic betting; Book′-man, a scholar, student; Book′-mark, something placed in a book to mark a particular page or passage; Book′-mate (Shak.), a mate or companion in the study of books: a schoolfellow; Book′-mus′lin, muslin used in bookbinding; Book′-oath (Shak.), an oath made on the Book or Bible; Book′plate, a label usually pasted inside the cover of a book, bearing the owner's name, crest, coat-of-arms, or peculiar device; Book′-post, the department in the Post-office for the transmission of books; Book′seller, one who sells books; Book′selling; Book′shelf, a shelf on which books are placed; Book′shop, a shop where books are sold; Book′-stall, a stall or stand, generally in the open air, where books are sold; Book′-stand, a book-stall: a stand or support for holding up a book when reading; Book′-trade, the trade of dealing in books; Book′worm, a worm or mite that eats holes in books: a hard reader: one who reads without discrimination or profit.—To be upon the books, to have one's name in an official list; To bring to book, to bring to account; To take a leaf out of another's book, to follow the example of some one; To talk like a book, to talk pedantically, or in a preternaturally well-informed manner. [A.S. bóc, a book, the beech; Ger. buche, the beech, buch, a book, because the Teutons first wrote on beechen boards.]

Boom, bōōm, n. a pole by which a sail is stretched: a chain or bar stretched across a harbour. [Dut. boom, a beam, a tree.]

Boom, bōōm, v.i. to make a hollow sound or roar: to go on with a rush, to become suddenly prosperous.—v.t. to push anything into sudden prominence:—pa.p. boomed (bōōmd); pr.p. boom′ing.—n. a hollow roar, as of the sea, the cry of the bittern, &c.: a sudden increase of activity in business, or the like—often the direct consequence of puffing advertisements or less legitimate intrigues.—p.adj. Boom′ing, rushing with violence. [From a Low Ger. root found in A.S. byme, a trumpet, Dut. bommen, to drum; like Bomb, of imit. origin.]

Boomerang, bōōm′e-rang, n. a hard-wood missile used by the natives of Australia, shaped like the segment of a circle, and so balanced that when thrown to a distance it returns towards the thrower. [Australian.]

Boon, bōōn, n. a petition: a gift or favour. [Ice. bôn, a prayer; A.S. ben.]

Boor, bōōr, n. a countryman, a peasant: a Dutch colonist in South Africa: a coarse or awkward person.—adj. Boor′ish, like a boor: awkward or rude.—adv. Boor′ishly.—n. Boor′ishness. [Dut. boer; Ger. bauer. The A.S. gebúr, a farmer, may explain the East Anglian bor, neighbour, as a form of address.]

Boot, bōōt, n. a covering for the foot and lower part of the leg generally made of leather: an infamous instrument of judicial torture, in which the legs were forced into a strong case and wedges driven in until bone, muscle, and marrow were crushed together—also Boot′ikin: a box or receptacle in a coach.—v.t. to put on boots.—n. Boot′-clos′er, one who closes the upper leathers of boots.—pa.p. Boot′ed, having boots on, equipped for riding.—ns. Boot′-hook, an instrument for pulling on long boots; Boot′hose (Shak.), hose or stockings used in place of boots; Boot′-jack, an instrument for taking off boots; Boot′lace, a lace for fastening boots; Boot′-last, Boot′-tree, the last or wooden mould on which boots or shoes are made or stretched to keep their shape.—adj. Boot′less, without boots: referring also, as in Tennyson's metaphorical use, 'wedded to a bootless calf,' to the ancient custom at a marriage by proxy of the quasi bridegroom putting one unbooted leg into the bride's bed.—n. Boots, the servant at an inn who cleans the boots, runs messages, &c.—in combination, as Lazyboots, Slyboots.—Boot and saddle (a corr. of Fr. bouteselle, place saddle), the signal to cavalry to mount.—Like old boots (slang), vigorously, heartily.—Six feet in his boots, quite six feet high.—To die in his boots, to be cut off in the midst of health, as by the rope; To have one's heart in one's boots, to be in a state of extreme terror. [O. Fr. bote (mod. botte)—Low L. botta, bota, of dubious origin.]

Boot, bōōt, v.t. to profit or advantage.—n. advantage: profit: any reparation or compensation paid, like the man-bote of old English law: (Shak.) booty.—adj. Boot′less, without boot or profit: useless.—adv. Boot′lessly.—n. Boot′lessness.—To boot, in addition; To make boot of (Shak.), to make profit of. [A.S. bót, compensation, amends, whence betan, to amend, to make Better.]

Bootes, bo-ō′tez, n. a northern constellation beside the Great Bear, containing the bright star Arcturus. [Gr.; an ox-driver.]

Booth, bōōth, n. a hut or temporary erection formed of slight materials: a covered stall at a fair or market. [Ice. buð, Ger. bude.]

Booty, bōōt′i, n. spoil taken in war or by force: plunder, a prize.—To play booty, to join with others in order to cheat one player, to play a game with intention to lose. [Ice. býti, share—býta, to divide.]

Bo-peep, bo-pēp′, n. a simple play among children in which one peeps from behind something and cries 'Bo.'

Bora, bō′ra, n. a strong north-east wind in the upper Adriatic. [Diez explains the word as a Venetian variant of It. borea—L. boreas; acc. to others, Slav.; cf. Servian bura.]

Borachio, bor-ach′i-o, n. a Spanish wine-bottle of leather: a drunken fellow. [Sp. borracha.]

Borage, bur′āj, n. a plant of the genus Borago, formerly in great repute as a cordial. [Low L. borago.]

Borax, bō′raks, n. a mineral salt used for soldering, as a flux in metallurgy, in enamelling and glazing, as a mordant in dyeing, as a substitute for soap, and also in medicine.—adj. Borac′ic, of or relating to borax.—ns. Bor′acite, a mineral composed of boracic acid and carbonate of magnesia; Bō′rate, a salt of boracic acid.—Boracic acid, an acid obtained by dissolving borax, and also found native in mineral springs in Italy. [Through Fr. and Low L. borax, borac-em, from Ar. bûraq.]

Bordar, bord′ar, n. a villein who held his hut at his lord's pleasure. [Low L. bordarius; of Teut. origin. See Board.]

Bordeaux, bor-dō′, n. claret, wine of Bordeaux, a great city in the south-west of France.

Bordel, bor′del, n. a house for prostitution. [O. Fr. bordel, a cabin—Low L. borda.]

Border, bord′ėr, n. the edge or margin of anything: the march or boundary of a country, esp. that between England and Scotland: a flower-bed in a garden: a piece of ornamental edging or trimming round a garment, &c.—v.i. to resemble (with on): to be adjacent (with upon, with).—v.t. to make or adorn with a border: to bound.—ns. Bord′erer, one who dwells on the border of a country; Bord′er-land.—adj. Bord′erless. [O. Fr. bordure; from root of Board.]

Bordure, bor′dūr, n. (her.) a border surrounding a shield, generally said to occupy one-fifth of the field. [Border.]

Bore, bōr, v.t. to pierce so as to form a hole; to weary or annoy.—n. a hole made by boring: the size of the cavity of a gun; a person or thing that wearies (not from the foregoing, according to Dr Murray, who says both verb and noun arose after 1750).—ns. Bor′er, the person or thing that bores: a genus of sea-worms that pierce wood; a name common to many insects that pierce wood; Bor′ing, the act of making a hole in anything: a hole made by boring: (pl.) the chips produced by boring. [A.S. borian, to bore; cf. Ger. bohren; allied to L. for-āre, to bore, Gr. pharynx, the gullet.]

Bore, bōr, n. a tidal flood which rushes with great violence up the estuaries of certain rivers, also called Eagre. [Ice. bára, a wave or swell.]

Boreas, bō′re-as, n. the north wind.—adj. Bō′real. [L. and Gr.]

Born, bawrn,—pa.p. of Bear, to bring forth.—Born again, having received new spiritual life or regeneration through Christ.—Born in, or with, inherited by birth; Born of, sprung from.—A born fool, one whose folly is from his birth—also in compounds, as English-born, eldest-born, base-born, gently-born, well-born, &c.—In one's born days, in one's life-time.

Borné, bor′nā, adj. limited, narrow-minded. [Fr. pa.p. of borner, to limit.]

Boron, bō′ron, n. a simple non-metallic element present in borax and boracic acid, obtained in crystals which resemble diamonds. [See Borax.]

Borough, bur′ō, n. a town with a corporation and special privileges granted by royal charter; a town that sends representatives to parliament.—ns. Bor′ough-English, a custom in some ancient English boroughs, by which estates descend to the youngest son or the youngest brother; Bor′oughmonger, one who buys or sells the patronage of boroughs; Bor′ough-reeve, the chief municipal official in some unincorporated English towns prior to 1835.—Close or Pocket borough, a borough the representation of which was in the nomination of some person—common before 1832; County borough, a borough of above 50,000 inhabitants, constituted by the Local Government Act of 1888; Rotten borough, one which still returned members to parliament although the constituency had disappeared—all abolished in 1832.—The Scotch terms are grouped under Burgh. [A.S. burg, burh, a city, from beorgan; Ger. bergen, to protect.]

Borrel, bor′el, adj. (Spens.) rustic, clownish. [O. Fr. burel, coarse cloth worn by peasantry.]

Borrow, bor′ō, v.t. to obtain on loan or trust: to adopt from a foreign source: to derive one's authority from another (with from, of).—p.adj. Borr′owed, taken on loan, counterfeit, assumed.—n. Borr′ower.—Borrowing days, the last three days of March (O.S.), supposed in Scotch folklore to have been borrowed by March from April, and to be especially stormy. [A.S. borgian—borg, borh, a pledge, security.]

Borstall, bor′stal, n. a way up a hill, still used in the district of the Downs. [A.S. beorh, a hill, and stigel, a stile.]

Borzoi, bor′zoi, n. a breed of dogs of great grace and beauty, in shape like a gigantic greyhound, though covered with a soft coat about the length of a deerhound's. [Russ.]

Boscage, bosk′āj, n. thick foliage: woodland. [Fr. boscage, bocage—Low L. boscus (hence Fr. bois), conn. with Ger. busch, Eng. Bush.]

Bosh, bosh, n. used also as interj. nonsense, foolish talk or opinions. [Turk. bosh, worthless, frequent in Morier's popular novel Ayesha (1834).]

Bosky, bosk′i, adj. woody or bushy: shady.—ns. Bosk′et, Bosk (Tennyson), a thicket.

Bosom, bōōz′um, n. the breast of a human being, or the part of the dress which covers it: (fig.) the seat of the passions and feelings: the heart: embrace, enclosure, as within the arms: any close or secret receptacle.—adj. (in composition) confidential: intimate.—v.t. to enclose in the bosom.—Abraham's bosom, the abode of the blessed dead.—To take to one's bosom, to marry: to make an intimate friend of. [A.S. bósm; Ger. busen.]

Boss, bos, n. a knob or stud: a raised ornament.—v.t. to ornament with bosses.—adj. Boss′y, having bosses.—p.adj. Bossed, embossed. [O. Fr. boce (Fr. bosse), from Old Ger. bôzan, to beat.]

Boss, bos, n. the chief or leader: the master, manager, or foreman: the person who pulls the wires in political intrigues.—adj. chief: excellent.—v.t. to manage or control.—To boss the show, to be supreme director of an enterprise. [Amer.; from the New York Dutch baas, master; cog. with Ger. base, a cousin.]

Boston, bost′on, n. a game at cards, somewhat similar to whist. [From Boston in Mass., U.S.]

Boswellian, bos-wel′li-an, adj. after the manner of Boswell, the famous biographer of Samuel Johnson.—v.i. Bos′wellise, to write after the manner of Boswell—full of an absolute admiration for one's hero and interest in him descending to the smallest particulars.—n. Bos′wellism.

Botany, bot′an-i, n. the science of plants.—adj. Botan′ic.—adv. Botan′ically.—v.i. Bot′anise, to seek for and collect plants for study.—ns. Bot′anist, one skilled in botany; Bot′anomancy, divination by means of plants, esp. the leaves of the sage and fig.—Botany Bay, a famous convict settlement in New South Wales, near to what is now Sydney: convict settlements generally. [Gr. botanē, herb, plant—bosk-ein, to feed, L. vescor, I feed myself; perh. cog. with A.S. woed.]

Botch, boch, n. a swelling on the skin: a clumsy patch: ill-finished work.—v.t. to patch or mend clumsily: to put together unsuitably or unskilfully.—ns. Botch′er, one who botches; Botch′work, Botch′ery.—adj. Botch′y, marked with or full of botches. [From root of Boss.]

Both, bōth, adj. and pron. the two: the one and the other.—conj. as well: on the one side. [Ice. bathi, Ger. beide; A.S. bâ; cf. L. am-bo, Gr. am-phō, Sans. ubha, orig. ambha.]

Bother, both′ėr, v.t. to perplex or tease.—ns. Both′er; Botherā′tion.—adj. Both′ersome. [Murray notes that the word first appeared in the writings of Irish-born men, as Dr Sheridan, Swift, and Sterne. Perh. from Ir. buaidhirt, trouble.]

Bothy, Bothie, both′i, n. a humble cottage or hut: a temporary house for men engaged in some common work, esp. the barely furnished quarters provided for farm-servants, generally unmarried men, in the eastern and north-eastern counties of Scotland.—The Bothy system is apparently economical, but is detrimental to health and to morality.

Botoné, Bottony, bot′un-i, adj. (her.) having buds or knobs at the extremity, applied to a cross having each arm terminated in three buds, like trefoil. [O. Fr. See Button.]

Bo-tree, bō′-trē, n. the name given in Ceylon to the Pipal or Peepul of India (Ficus religiosa), held sacred by the Buddhists, and planted close by every temple. [Singh. bo, from Pali bodhi, perfect knowledge.]

Bots, Botts, botz, n. the larvæ of the botfly found in the flesh and in the intestines of animals.—n. Bot′fly, a family of dipterous insects, resembling the blue-bottle fly, which deposit their eggs on cattle. [Ety. unknown; hardly conn. with Bite.]

Bottine, bot′ēn, n. a high boot, a half-boot. [Fr., dim. of botte, a boot.]

Bottle, bot′l, n. a bundle of hay.—To look for a needle in a bottle of hay, to engage in a hopeless search. [O. Fr. botel.]

Bottle, bot′l, n. a hollow vessel for holding liquids: the contents of such a vessel: the habit of drinking.—v.t. to enclose in bottles.—n. Bott′le-chart, one which purports to show the track of sealed bottles thrown from ships into the sea.—p.adj. Bott′led, enclosed in bottles: shaped or protuberant like a bottle: kept in restraint.—ns. Bott′le-glass, a coarse green glass used in the making of bottles; Bott′le-gourd, or False Calabash, a climbing, musky-scented Indian annual, whose fruit is shaped like a bottle, an urn, or a club.—adjs. Bott′le-green, dark green in colour, like bottle-glass.—Bott′le-head, Bott′le-nosed, having a rounded prominent head, with a short snout, as a certain genus of whale.—ns. Bott′le-hold′er, one who attends upon a boxer at a prize-fight, a backer or supporter generally; Bott′le-imp, an imp supposed to be confined in a bottle; Bott′le-wash′er, one whose business it is to wash out the bottles, a factotum generally.—A three-bottle man, one who could drink three bottles without losing his decorum.—To bottle off, to draw from the cask and put into bottles; To bottle up (one's wrath, &c.), to keep enclosed as in a bottle; To bring up on the bottle, to rear an infant artificially rather than by the breast; To pass the bottle, to make the drink go round; To pass the bottle of smoke, to acquiesce in some falsehood, to make pretence. [O. Fr. bouteille, dim. of botte, a vessel for liquids—Low L. butis, a vessel.]

Bottom, bot′um, n. the lowest part of anything: that on which anything rests or is founded: the sitting part of the human body: the foot of a page, &c.: low land, as in a valley: the keel of a ship, hence the vessel itself: the fundamental character of anything, as physical stamina, financial resources, &c.: the portion of a wig hanging down over the shoulder, as in 'full-bottom'—full-bottomed wig: (Shak.) a ball of thread.—v.t. to found or rest upon: (Shak.) to wind round or upon.—adj. Bott′omed.—ns. Bott′om-glade, a glade or open space in a bottom or valley; Bott′om-grass (Shak.) grass growing on bottom lands.—adj. Bott′omless.—n. Bott′omry, a contract by which money is borrowed on the security of a ship or bottom.—Bottomless pit—hell.—At bottom, in reality.—From the bottom of the heart, from the very heart.—To be at the bottom of, to be the real origin of; To stand on one's own bottom, to be independent of; To touch bottom, to reach the lowest point. [A.S. botm; Ger. boden; conn. with L. fundus, bottom, Gael. bonn, the sole.]

Boudoir, bōōd′war, n. a lady's private room. [Fr.—bouder, to pout, to be sulky.]

Bougainvillæa, bōōg-ān-vil-ē′a, n. a neotropical genus of Nyctaginaceæ, frequently trained over trellises or under the roofs of greenhouses, their triplets of flowers almost concealed by rosy or purple bracts. [From the first French circumnavigator of the globe, Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729-1811).]

Bough, bow, n. a branch of a tree: the gallows. [A.S. bóg, bóh, an arm, the shoulder (Ger. bug, the shoulder, the bow of a ship)—A.S. bugan, to bend.]

Bought, bawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of Buy.—Bought′en in an archaic form.

Bought, bowt, n. a bight or bend: (Spens.) a twist or coil: the bend of a sling in which the stone is placed. [See Bight.]

Bougie, bōō′zhi, n. an instrument made of elastic, gum, wax, or metal, for distending contracted mucous canals, as the gullet, bowels, or urethra. [Fr. a 'wax candle,' because the instrument was orig. made of waxed linen, from Bougie in Algeria.]

Bouillabaisse, bōō-lya-bās′, n. a Provençal kind of fish chowder, familiar through Thackeray's appreciative ballad. [Fr.]

Bouilli, bōō′-yē, n. boiled or stewed meat.—n. Bouillon (bōō-yong), soup. [Fr. See Boil.]

Boulder, bōld′ėr, n. a large stone rounded by the action of water: (geol.) a mass of rock transported by natural agencies from its native bed.—adj. containing boulders.—n. Bould′er-clay (see Till, 4). [Acc. to Wedgwood, from Swed. bullra, Dan. buldre, to roar like thunder, as large pebbles do.]

Boulevard, bōōl′e-vär, n. a broad walk or promenade bordered with trees, originally applied to those formed upon the demolished fortifications of a town.—n. Boul′evardier, a frequenter of the boulevards. [Fr.—Ger. bollwerk. See Bulwark.]

Boun, Bowne, bown, v.t. (used refl.) to prepare one's self, to have recourse to.—v.i. to prepare, dress: to set out, to go to a place—(Spens.) Bound. [Boun, earlier form of bound—revived by Scott.]

Bounce, bowns, v.i. to jump or spring suddenly: to bound like a ball, to throw one's self about: (obs.) to beat: to burst into or out of a room, &c.: to boast, to exaggerate.—n. a heavy, sudden blow: a leap or spring: a boast: a bold lie.—adv. and interj. expressing sudden movement.—n. Bounc′er, one who bounces: something big: a bully: a liar.—adj. Bounc′ing, large and heavy: lusty: swaggering. [Dut. bonzen, to strike, from bons, a blow.]

Bound, bownd, pa.t. and pa.p. of Bind, confined, bandaged: intimately connected with—'bound up in:' of books, having a cover of, as 'bound in morocco,' &c. (with in): under obligation or necessity to, as 'bound to win.'—n. Bound′-bail′iff, a sheriff's officer, so called from his bond given to the sheriff for the discharge of his duty.

Bound, bownd, n. a limit or boundary: the limit of anything, as patience—'to break bounds,' to go beyond what is reasonable or allowable: (pl.) a border-land, land generally within certain understood limits, the district.—v.t. to set bounds to: to limit, restrain, or surround.—n. Bound′ary, a visible limit: border: termination.—p.adj. Bound′ed, restricted, cramped.—n. Bound′er, a boisterous or overbearing person.—adj. Bound′less, having no limit: vast.—n. Bound′lessness. [O. Fr. bonne—Low L. bodina, of doubtful origin; cf. Bret. bonn, a boundary.]

Bound, bownd, v.i. to spring or leap.—n. a spring or leap.—p.adj. Bound′ing, moving forward with a bound: leaping.—By leaps and bounds, by startlingly rapid stages. [Fr. bondir, to spring, in O. Fr. to resound—L. bombitāre. See Boom, the sound.]

Bound, bownd, adj. ready to go—as in 'outward bound,' &c. [Ice. búinn, pa.p of búa, to prepare.]

Bounty, bown′ti, n. liberality in bestowing gifts: the gift bestowed: money offered as an inducement to enter the army, or as a premium to encourage any branch of industry.—adjs. Boun′teous, Boun′tiful, liberal in giving: generous.—advs. Boun′teously, Boun′tifully.—ns. Boun′teousness, Boun′tifulness; Boun′tihood.—Lady Bountiful, a character in Farquhar's Beaux' Stratagem, now used for the great lady of any district. [O. Fr. bontet (bonté), goodness—L. bonitatem—bonus—good.]

Bouquet, bōōk′ā, n. a bunch of flowers: a nosegay: the perfume exhaled by wine. [Fr. bosquet, dim. of bois, a wood—It. bosco. See Boscage, Bush.]

Bourasque, bōō-rask′, n. a tempest. [Fr. bourrasque; It. borasco, a storm.]

Bourbonist, bōōr′bun-ist, n. an adherent of the Bourbons, the old French royal dynasty.

Bourd, bōōrd, n. (Spens.) a jest, sport.—n. Bourd′er (obs.), a jester. [O. Fr. bourde, origin unknown.]

Bourdon, bōōr′dun, n. the refrain of a song: a bass stop in an organ or harmonium. [See Burden.]

Bourdon, bōōr′dun, n. (obs.) a pilgrim's staff: a club. [Fr.—Low L. burdon-em, a mule.]

Bourgeois, bur-jois′, n. a kind of printing type, larger than brevier and smaller than longprimer. [Fr.—perh. from the name of the typefounder.]

Bourgeoisie, bōōrzh′waw-zē, n. the middle class of citizens, esp. traders. [From Fr. bourgeois, a citizen, often taken as a typical word for the mercantile middle class—used also adjectively, like such in manners or ways of thinking.]

Bourgeon, bur′jun, v.i. to put forth sprouts or buds: to grow. [Fr. bourgeon, a bud, shoot.]

Bourignian, bōōr-in′yan, adj. of or pertaining to Antoinette Bourignon (1616-80), a religious visionary who made religion consist in inward emotion, not in knowledge or practice.—Bourign′ianism was strong in Scotland about the beginning of the 18th century, and ministers at ordination renounced it down till 1889.

Bourn, Bourne, bōrn, or bōōrn, n. a boundary, a limit, or goal: (Keats) domain. [Fr. borne, a limit. See Bound (2).]

Bourse, bōōrs, n. an exchange where merchants meet for business. [Fr. bourse. See Purse.]

Bourtree, bōōr′trē, n. the elder-tree—also Boun′tree.—n. Bour′tree-gun, a pop-gun made of a piece of its wood by taking out the pith. [Scot.; ety. unknown.]

Bouse, Booze, Boose, bōōz, v.i. to drink deeply.—n. a drinking bout.—adj. Bous′ing, drinking.—n. Bous′ingken, a low drinking-shop.—adj. Bous′y, inclined to bouse: drunken. [Dut. buysen, to drink deeply—buis, a tube or flask; allied to Box.]

Boustrophedon, bow-strof-ē′don, adj. and adv. written ploughwise, alternately from right to left and from left to right—a form of alphabetic writing intermediate between the oldest Greek inscriptions (from right to left, as in Semitic scripts) and the more convenient method of left to right (from 7th century). [Gr.; bou-strophos, ox-turning.]

Bout, bowt, n. a turn, trial, or round: an attempt: a contest or trial—a fencing bout, or a continued fit of drinking. [Doublet of Bight; from root of Bow, to bend.]

Bouts-rimés, bōō-rē-mā′, n.pl. rhyming words given out by some one of a party as the endings of a stanza, the others having to fill up the lines as best they may. [Fr.]

Bovine, bō′vīn, adj. pertaining to cattle. [L. bos, bovis, Gr. bous, an ox or cow.]

Bovril, bov′ril, n. a registered trade-mark applied to a special meat extract. [Coined from Gr. bous, bovis, an ox, and vril, the electric fluid represented as the one common origin of the forces in matter, in Lytton's novel The Coming Race, 1871.]

Bow, bow, v.i. to bend the body in saluting a person, acknowledging a compliment, &c.: to submit.—v.t. to bend or incline downwards, to crush down (with down, to, in or out, up or down).—n. a bending of the body in saluting a person.—adj. Bow′-backed, crook-backed.—A bowing acquaintance, a slight acquaintance.—To make one's bow, to retire ceremoniously, to leave the stage. [A.S. búgan, to bend; akin to L. fug-ĕre, to flee, to yield.]

Bow, bō, n. a piece of elastic wood or other material for shooting arrows, bent by means of a string stretched between its two ends: anything of a bent or curved shape, as the rainbow: the instrument by which the strings of a violin are sounded: a ring of metal forming a handle: a knot composed of one or of two loops and two ends (single bow, double bow), a looped knot of ribbons, a necktie or the like, so tied.—adj. Bow′bent (Milton), bent like a bow.—n. Bow′-boy, a boy archer: (Shak.) Cupid.—n.pl. Bow′-com′passes, compasses, one leg of which slides on a bow or curved plate of metal to steady its motion: a small pair of compasses for describing circles with ink or pencil.—adj. Bowed.—ns. Bow′-hand, in archery, the left hand, the one by which the bow is held: (mus.) the right hand, the one that draws the bow; Bow′-leg, a leg crooked like a bow.—adj. Bow′-legged, having crooked legs.—ns. Bow′line, a rope from the weather side of the square sails (to which it is fastened by bridles) to the larboard or starboard bow, to keep the sail close to the wind; Bow′man, an archer; Bow′shot, the distance to which an arrow can be shot from a bow; Bow′string, the string by which a bow is drawn: a string with which the Turks strangled offenders; Bow′-win′dow, a bent or semicircular window.—adj. Bow′-win′dowed (slang), pot-bellied.—n. Bow′yer (obs.), a bowman: a maker of bows.—Bowline knot, a simple but secure knot, used in fastening the bowline bridles to the cringles.—On the bow hand, wide of the mark.—To draw the long bow, to make extravagant statements; To have two (or more) strings to one's bow, to have other alternatives. [A.S. boga; cog. with Ger. bogen.]

Bow, bow, n. the general name for the stem and forepart of a ship, or that which cuts the water—often used in pl., the ship being considered to have starboard and port bows, meeting at the stem.—ns. Bow′er, Bow′er-anch′or, an anchor at the bow or forepart of a ship—usually two, the best-bower and the small-bower; Bow′-oar, the oar nearest the bow.—A bold, or bluff, bow, a broad bow; A lean bow, a narrow one.—On the bow, within 45° of the point right ahead.

Bowdlerise, bowd′lėr-īz, v.t. to expurgate a book or writing, to remove indelicate words or phrases, esp. to do so unnecessarily.—ns. Bowdlerisā′tion; Bowd′leriser; Bowd′lerism. [From Dr T. Bowdler (1754-1825), who published an expurgated Shakespeare in ten volumes in 1818.]

Bowels, bow′elz, n.pl. the interior parts of the body, the entrails, the intestines: the interior part of anything: (fig.) the heart, pity, tenderness (the emotions being supposed to be seated in the bowels—B. and Shak.).—v.t. Bow′el, to take out the bowels. [O. Fr. boel—L. botellus, a sausage, also an intestine.]

Bower, bow′ėr, n. a shady enclosure or recess in a garden, an arbour: an inner apartment, esp. the private room of a lady, a boudoir.—n. Bow′er-bird, an Australian bird of the Starling family, remarkable for its habit of making bower-like erections ornamented with gay feathers, shells, &c.—adj. Bow′ery, containing bowers: shady. [A.S. búr, a chamber; Scot, byre—root A.S. búan, to dwell.]

Bower, bow′ėr, n. the name in euchre for the two highest cards, the knave of trumps, and the other knave of the same colour, the right and left bower respectively. [Ger. bauer, peasant.]

Bowie-knife, bō′i-nīf, n. a dagger-knife with a blade about twelve inches long, carried in the southern states of America—so named from its inventor, Colonel Bowie.

Bowl, bōl, n. a wooden ball used for rolling along the ground.—v.t. and v.i. to play at bowls: to roll along like a bowl: to throw a ball, as in cricket.—ns. Bowl′er, one who plays at bowls: one who bowls the ball in cricket; Bowl′ing, the act of playing at bowls, or of throwing a ball, as in cricket; Bowl′ing-al′ley, a long narrow covered place for bowling; Bowl′ing-green, a green or grassy plat kept smooth for bowling. [Fr. boule—L. bulla.]

Bowl, bōl, n. a basin for domestic use, esp. of earthenware or porcelain, nearly hemispherical in shape: a large punch-bowl, for brewing punch in: a round drinking-cup, rather wide than deep—hence 'the bowl,' 'the flowing bowl,' as synonyms for conviviality; the round hollow part of anything. [A.S. bolla. See Bole.]

Bowsprit, bō′sprit, n. a strong spar projecting over the stem-head or bows of a sailing-ship, and also of a steamship when her stem is of the curved or cutwater description. [Dut. boegspriet.]

Box, boks, n. a tree remarkable for the hardness and smoothness of its wood—also Box-tree (Shak.): a case or receptacle for holding anything: the contents of a box: a small house or lodge, as a shooting-box, &c.: in a theatre, a small enclosure with several seats—the boxes = their occupants, the ladies: an old square pew or similar enclosure, as a sentry-box, signal-box, &c.: the driver's seat on a carriage: the case in which the ship's compass is kept.—v.t. to put into or furnish with boxes: (slang) to overturn a watchman in his box.—ns. Box′-bed, a kind of bed once common in Scotch cottages, having its ends, sides, and roof of wood, and capable of being closed in front by two sliding panels; Box′-day, one of the Court of Session vacation days when papers ordered to be deposited in court must be lodged.—adj. Box′en, made of or like boxwood.—ns. Box′ing-day, in England, the day after Christmas, when boxes or presents are given; Box′-ī′ron, a hollow smoothing-iron which is heated by a heater put into it; Box′-keep′er, an attendant who opens the doors of boxes at theatres or other places of public amusement; Box′-lobb′y, the lobby leading to the boxes in a theatre; Box′wood, wood of the box-tree.—In the wrong box, in a false position, in a scrape.—To be in a box, to be in a fix; To box Harry, to take a beefsteak, mutton-chop, or bacon and eggs with tea or ale, instead of the regulation dinner of the commercial traveller; To box the compass, to name the 32 points in their order and backwards, hence to make a complete roundabout in any opinion. [A.S. box—L. buxus—Gr. pyxos, the tree, pyxis, a box.]

Box, boks, n. a blow on the head or ear with the hand.—v.t. to strike with the hand or fist.—v.i. to fight with the fists.—ns. Box′er; Box′ing, the act of fighting with the fists: a combat with the fists; Box′ing-glove, a padded glove worn in boxing.

Boxhaul, boks′hawl, v.t. to veer a ship sharp round on her heel, by putting the helm a-lee, bracing the head-yards flat aback, and hauling to windward the head-sheets.

Boy, boy, n. a male child: a lad: a young man generally, used for 'man' in Ireland and elsewhere: (Shak.) a camp-follower: (obs.) knave: a native servant in South India, China, a male negro slave or native labourer in the South Seas.—v.t. to play the boy.—n. Boy′hood.—adj. Boy′ish.—adv. Boy′ishly.—n. Boy′ishness.—Boy's love, a popular name for southernwood; Boy's play, trifling. [M. E. boi, boy; Fris. boi; Dut. boef, Ger. bube.]

Boyar, boy′är, n. an order of the old Russian aristocracy, holding the chief military and civil offices prior to the reforms of Peter the Great.

Boycott, boy′kot, v.t. to shut out from all social and commercial intercourse—a kind of secular excommunication. [From Captain Boycott of County Mayo, who was so treated by his neighbours in Dec. 1880.]

Brabble, brab′bl, v.i. to babble or clamour: to brawl or wrangle.—n. (Shak.) a clamorous contest, a brawl: a quibble. [Dut. brabbelen, to stammer, to jabber.]

Braccio, brach′yo, n. an Italian measure of length, varying from half a yard to a yard:—pl. Braccia (brach-ya). [It., an arm.]

Brace, brās, n. anything that draws together and holds tightly: a bandage: a pair or couple: an instrument of wood or iron used by carpenters and metal-workers for turning boring tools: in printing, a mark connecting two or more words or lines (}): (pl.) straps for supporting the trousers: ropes for squaring or traversing horizontally the yards of a ship.—v.t. to tighten or strengthen, to give firmness to.—adj. Brac′ing, giving strength or tone. [O. Fr. brace (Fr. bras), the arm, power—L. brachium, Gr. brachiōn, the arm, as holding together.]

Bracelet, brās′let, n. an ornament for the wrist. [Fr.; dim. of O. Fr. brac. See Brace.]

Brach, brach, n. a dog for the chase, a bitch-hound. [O. Fr. brachet, pl. brachès, dim. of brac—Low L. bracco, of Teut. origin.]

Brachial, brak′i-al, adj. belonging to the arm.—Brachial artery, the great arterial trunk supplying the upper extremity between the armpit and the elbow—the direct continuation of the axillary artery. [See Brace.]

Brachiopoda, brak-i-op′o-da, Brachiopods, brak′i-o-pods, n.pl. a class of shelled animals having certain affinities with worms and with Polyzoa, but less with molluscs, provided with two long arm-like processes arising from the sides of the mouth, probably respiratory, and certainly serving to waft little food particles to the mouth. [Gr. brachiōn, an arm, and pous, pod-os, a foot.]

Brachycephalic, brak-i-sef-al′ik (also sef′-), Brachycephalous, brak-i-sef′al-us, adj. short-headed, applied in ethnology to skulls of which the breadth is at least four-fifths of the length—opp. to Dolichocephalic.

Brachypterous, brak-ip′tėr-us, adj. lit. short-winged: having wings which, when folded, do not reach to the base of the tail. [Gr. brachys, short, pteron, a wing.]

Bracket, brak′et, n. a support for something fastened to a wall, the ornamental metal pipe bearing gas-lamps, &c.: (pl.) in printing, the marks [ ] used to enclose one or more words: one of the side pieces of a gun-carriage, supporting the trunnions.—v.t. to support by brackets: to enclose by brackets: to group two names, as in an honour list, implying equality. [Fr. braguette; Sp. bragueta—L. braca, bracæ, breeches.]

Brackish, brak′ish, adj. saltish: applied to water mixed with salt or with sea-water.—n. Brack′ishness. [Dut. brak, brackish; prob. the same as brak, refuse.]

Bract, brakt, n. an irregularly developed leaf at the base of the flower-stalk.—adjs. Brac′teal, Brac′teate, Bract′ed, Brac′teolate.—n. Brac′teole, a little bract at the base of the stalk of a single flower which is itself on a main stalk supporting several flowers.—adj. Bract′less, destitute of bracts. [L. bractea, a thin plate of metal, gold-leaf.]

Brad, brad, n. a small nail having a slight projection at the top on one side instead of a head.—n. Brad′awl, an awl to pierce holes. [Scot. brod, an instrument for pricking with; Ice. broddr, a pointed piece of iron.]

Bradypeptic, brad-i-pep′tik, adj. slow of digestion. [Gr. bradys, slow, and Peptic.]

Brae, brā, n. (Scot.) the slope above a river bank, a hill-slope. [Scand. brá.]

Brag, brag, v.i. to boast or bluster:—pr.p. brag′ging; pa.p. bragged.—n. a boast or boasting: the thing boasted of: a game at cards, very like poker.—adj. Brag′ging.—advs. Brag′gingly, Brag′ly (Spens.). [Most prob. Celt.; cf. W. bragio, to boast; Ir. bragaim. The Fr. braguer, to brag, and bragard, a braggart, are not the parents of the Eng. word.]

Braggadocio, brag-a-dō′shi-o, n. and adj. a braggart or boaster: empty boasting. [From Braggadochio, a boastful character in Spenser's Faerie Queene.]

Braggart, brag′art, adj. boastful.—n. a vain boaster.—n. Bragg′ardism (Shak.), boastfulness. [Fr. bragard, vain, bragging; prob. of Celt. origin; Diez prefers Scand., and quotes Sw. brak, Dan. brag, &c.]

Brahman, brä′man, Brahmin, brä′min, n. a person of the highest or priestly caste among the Hindus.—adjs. Brahman′ic, -al, Brahmin′ic, -al, Brah′minee, appropriated to the Brahmans.—ns. Brah′manism, Brah′minism, one of the religions of India, the worship of Brahma. [From Brahma, the supreme post-Vedic Hindu deity.]

Braid, brād, v.t. to plait or entwine.—n. cord, or other texture made by plaiting.—p.adj. Braid′ed, plaited, embroidered, trimmed with braid.—n. Braid′ing, the act of making braids: embroidery with braid. [A.S. bregdan; Ice. bregða, to weave.]

Braid, brād, adj. (Shak.) dissembling, deceitful. [A.S. brægd, falsehood, from bregdan, brægd, to weave.]

Braid, brād, v.t. (Shak.) to upbraid, to reproach. [Prob. from Abraid, or Braid (1).]

Braidism, brād′ism, n. mesmerism or hypnotism. [From Dr James Braid, who practised it about 1842.]

Brail, brāl, n. a piece of leather to bind up a hawk's wing: (pl.) the feathers about a hawk's rump: (naut.) one of the ropes used to truss up a sail.—v.t. to haul in, as a sail, by pulling upon the brails. [O. Fr. brail—L. bracale, a waist-belt for holding up the breeches—bracæ.]

Braille, brāl, n. and adj. a kind of type for the blind, having arbitrary signs consisting of varying combinations of six points arranged thus (

), there being sixty-two possible combinations of these six points. [From Louis Braille, the inventor.]

Brain, brān, n. the term applied to that part of the central nervous system which in vertebrated animals is contained within the cranium or skull, and in the invertebrata, to the nervous ganglia near the head end of the body: the seat of the intellect and of sensation: the intellect.—v.t. to dash out the brains of: (Shak.) to conceive of.—n. Brain′-cor′al, the popular name of certain kinds of coral, so called from their general resemblance to a brain.—p.adj. Brained, having brains.—n. Brain′-fe′ver, a loose popular term which includes congestion of the brain and its membranes, delirium tremens, and inflammation of the brain substance itself.—adjs. Brain′ish (Shak.), brain-sick, hot-headed, furious; Brain′less, without brains or understanding: silly.—n. Brain′-pan, the skull.—adj. Brain′-sick, diseased in the understanding, deranged.—adv. Brain′sick′ly (Shak.).—n. Brain′-sick′ness. [A.S. brægn; Dut. brein, prov. Ger. bregen]

Braird, brārd, n. the first shoots of corn or other crop.—v.i. to appear above ground. [Orig. Scot.; A.S. brerd, the edge, and brord, a point.]

Braise, brāz, v.t. to stew meat together with slices of bacon, &c., properly with a charcoal fire above and below the braising-pan.—p.adj. Braised. [Fr. braiser.]

Brake, brāk, n. a fern: a place overgrown with ferns or briers; a thicket.—adj. Brak′y. [A doublet of Bracken; ety. dub.]

Brake, brāk, n. an instrument to break flax or hemp: a harrow: a contrivance for retarding by friction the speed of carriages, wagons, trains, or revolving drums.—adj. Brake′less, without a brake.—ns. Brake′man, the man whose business it is to manage the brake of a railway-train; Brake′-van, the carriage wherein the brake is worked; Brake′-wheel, the wheel to which a brake is applied. [From root of Break; cf. Dut. braak, a flax-brake.]

Brake, brāk, n. a handle, as of a pump: a lever for working a machine. [Prob. through O. Fr. brac, from L. brachium, an arm.]

Bramah-press, brä′ma-pres, n. a hydraulic press invented by Joseph Bramah of London (1748-1814), inventor also of the Bramah-lock, &c.

Bramble, bram′bl, n. a wild prickly shrub bearing blackberries, a blackberry bush: any rough prickly shrub.—ns. Bram′ble-berr′y, Bram′ble-bush, a collection of brambles growing together; Bram′ble-finch, Bram′bling, a bird nearly allied to the chaffinch.—adj. Bram′bly. [A.S. brémel; Dut. braam, Ger. brom-beere.]

Bran, bran, n. the refuse of grain: the inner husks of corn sifted from the flour: the coarser part of anything.—n. Bran′fulness.—adj. Bran′ny. [O. Fr. bran, bran; prob. Celt.]

Branch, bransh, n. a shoot or arm-like limb of a tree: anything like a limb of a tree: any offshoot or subdivision, a section or department of a subject: any subordinate division of a business, &c., as a branch-bank or pawn-shop.—v.t. to divide into branches.—v.i. to spread out as a branch (with out, off, from).—adj. Branched.—ns. Branch′er, a young hawk or other bird when it leaves the nest and begins to take to the branches; Branch′ery, branches collectively.—adjs. Branch′ing, furnished with or shooting out branches; Branch′less.—ns. Branch′let, a little branch; Branch′-pī′lot, one who holds the Trinity House certificate; Branch′-work, ornamental figured patterns.—adj. Branch′y.—Root and branch, thoroughly—used also adjectively, as in a 'root-and-branch' policy. [Fr. branche—Low L. branca, a beast's paw—L. brachium.]

Branchiæ, brangk′i-ē, n.pl. gills.—adjs. Branch′ial; Branch′iate, furnished with branchiæ.—n. Branchiop′oda, a sub-order of Crustaceans in the order with leaf-like feet (Phyllopods), to which the gills are attached. [L.—Gr.]

Brand, brand, n. a piece of wood burning or partly burned: a mark burned into anything with a hot iron: a trade-mark, made by burning or otherwise, as on casks: a particular sort of goods, from the trade-marks by which they are known, as cigars, &c.: a sword, so called from its glitter: a mark of infamy: a general name for the fungoid diseases or blights of grain crops—bunt, mildew, rust, and smut.—v.t. to burn or mark with a hot iron: to fix a mark of infamy upon.—adj. Brand′ed.—n. Brand′er, a gridiron.—v.t. to cook on the gridiron, as beef-steaks.—p.adjs. Brand′ered, Brand′ering.—ns. Brand′ing-ī′ron, Brand′-ī′ron, an iron to brand with: a trivet or tripod to set a pot or kettle upon: (Spens.) a sword—also Brand′ise, a trivet; Brand′ling, a red worm used by anglers, found commonly in tan-pits.—adj. Brand′-new, quite new (as if newly from the fire).—n. Brand′reth, a stand of wood for a cask or hayrick, a rail round a well.—A brand from the burning, one snatched out of a pressing danger—from Amos, iv. 11. [A.S. brand, brond, from root of Burn.]

Brandish, brand′ish, v.t. to wave or flourish as a brand or weapon.—n. a waving or flourish. [Fr. brandissant—brandir, from root of Brand.]

Brandy, brand′i, n. an ardent spirit distilled from wine.—adj. Bran′died, heartened or strengthened with brandy.—n. Brand′y-pawnee′, brandy and water. [Formerly brandwine—Dut. brandewijn—branden, to burn, to distil, and wijn, wine; cf. Ger. branntwein.]

Brangle, brang′l, v.i. (arch.) to wrangle, squabble.—n. (obs.) a brawl.—v.t. and v.i. Brand′le, to shake, cause to waver: to waver.—n. Brang′ling, disputing. [Prob. the two words are the same; Fr. branler.]

Brank, brangk, n. buckwheat. [Prob. Celt.; cf. L. brance, a Gallic name of a white kind of corn.]

Brank, brangk, v.i. to prance, toss the head: to strut or swagger.—adj. Brank′y (Scot.), showy. [Prob. a variant of Prank.]

Branks, brangks, n. (seldom in sing.) a scold's bridle, having a hinged iron framework to enclose the head and a bit or gag to fit into the mouth and compress the tongue. [Scot.; ety. very obscure; cf. M. E. bernak, whence Barnacle and Brake; Ger. pranger, the pillory, Dut. prang, a fetter; the Gael. brangus, brangas, is most prob. borrowed.]

Brankursine, brangk′ur-sin, n. the plant Acanthus, called also Bear's-breech. [Low L. branca, ursina, a bear's paw.]

Brash, brash, n. broken and angular fragments of rock which occasionally form the basement bed of alluvial deposits: fragments of crushed ice: clippings of hedges or trees.—adj. Brash′y. [Prob. Fr. brèche.]

Brash, brash, n. a slight attack of illness: an eructation or belching of acid water from the stomach—water-brash: a sudden burst of rain: (obs.) an attack.—v.t. to disturb. [Scot.; prob. onomatopœic.]

Brass, bräs, n. an alloy of copper and zinc: (fig.) impudence: money in cash: a monumental plate of brass inlaid on slabs of stone in the pavements of ancient churches.—n.pl. Brass′arts, the brass pieces which, in plate armour, protected the upper part of the arms, and united the shoulder and elbow pieces.—ns. Brass′-band, a band or company of musicians who perform on brass instruments; Brass′et, a casque or armour covering for the head: a helmet; Brass′found′er, a maker of articles in brass.—adjs. Brass′-paved (Spens.), durable, as if paved with brass; Brass′-vis′aged, brazen-faced, impudent.—n. Brass′y, a wooden golf-club with a brass sole.—adj. of or like brass: impudent: unfeeling: pitiless: harsh in tone. [A.S. braes; prob. related to Sw. brasa, fire.]

Brat, brat, n. a contemptuous name for a child, as in 'beggar's brat:' any over-garment of coarse cloth, a child's pinafore, an apron.—n. Brat′chet, a little brat—better Brat′ling. [A.S. bratt; of Celtic origin, Old Ir. brat, a plaid, Gael. brat, an apron.]

Brattice, brat′is, n. a wooden partition, as in the shaft of a coal-pit, &c.—v.t. to line with wood the sides of a shaft, &c.—n. Bratt′ice-cloth, strong tarred cloth used in mines in place of wooden bratticing. [O. Fr. breteske—Low L. bretachia; prob. Teut.]

Brattling, brat′ling, n. a clattering noise: quarrel: tumult—also Brat′tle.—v.i. Brat′tle, to make a clattering noise. [Onomatopœic.]

Bravado, brav-ā′do, or brav-ä′do, n. a display of bravery: a boastful threat: a swaggerer:—pl. Bravā′does.—v.i. to play the bravado. [Sp. bravada. See Brave.]

Brave, brāv, adj. daring, courageous: noble: finely dressed, showy, handsome (Scot. Braw): a general word for excellent, capital.—v.t. to meet boldly: to defy.—n. (obs.) a bully, a hired assassin: a brave soldier, esp. among the North American Indians: (arch.) bravado: (arch.) bravo.—adv. Brave′ly (Scot. Braw′ly), excellently, well.—n. Brav′ery, courage: heroism: finery, showy dress. [Fr. brave; It. and Sp. bravo; prob. from Celt., as in Bret. braga, to strut about, Gael. breagh, fine. See Brag.]

Bravo, bräv′o, n. a daring villain: a hired assassin:—pl. Bravoes (bräv′ōz). [It. and Sp.]

Bravura, bräv-ōōr′a, n. (mus.) a term applied to a florid air or song with difficult and rapid passages requiring great spirit and dash in execution. [It.]

Brawl, brawl, n. a noisy quarrel.—v.i. to quarrel noisily: to murmur or gurgle.—n. Brawl′ing, the act of quarrelling noisily.—adj. quarrelsome: noisy. [M. E. brallen, of doubtful origin; prob. cog. with Dut. brallen, Ger. prahlen, to boast.]

Brawn, brawn, n. muscle, esp. of the arm or calf of the leg: thick flesh: muscular strength: a boar: a preparation of meat made from pig's head and ox-feet, cut up, boiled, and pickled.—adj. Brawned.—n. Brawn′iness, quality of being brawny: muscularity.—adj. Brawn′y, fleshy: muscular: strong. [O. Fr. braon, from Old Ger. brato, flesh (for roasting), Old Ger. brâto (Ger. braten), to roast.]

Braxy, brak′si, n. and adj. a Scotch name loosely used for several totally different disorders of sheep.—Braxy mutton, the flesh of a braxy sheep; also, generally, of any sheep that has died of disease or accident. [Prob. the original form is bracks, the sing. of which is a variant of Break.]

Bray, brā, v.t. to break, pound, or grind small, as in a mortar.—n. Bray′er, an instrument to grind or spread ink in printing. [O. Fr. breier (Fr. broyer); It. brigare.]

Bray, brā, n. the cry of the ass: any harsh grating sound.—v.i. to cry like an ass: to give forth harsh sounds, esp. of the trumpet.—ns. Bray′er, one who brays like an ass; Bray′ing, the noise of an ass: any harsh noise.—adj. making a harsh noise. [O. Fr. brai, brait; braire—Low L. bragire, prob. of Celt. origin.]

Braze, brāz, v.t. to solder with an alloy of brass and zinc.—adj. Brā′zen, of or belonging to brass: impudent.—v.t. to face or confront with impudence—as in 'to brazen it out.'—n. Brā′zen-face, one having a brazen or impudent face: one remarkable for impudence.—adj. Brā′zen-faced, impudent.—adv. Brā′zenly.—ns. Brā′zenness, Brā′zenry, effrontery; Brā′zier, Brā′sier, a pan for holding burning coals—also Bras′ero; Brāz′ing, soldering. [O. Fr. braser, to burn; most prob. related to Brass.]

Brazil, bra-zil′, n. usually Brazil′-wood, the hard reddish wood of an East Indian tree, known as sappan, used in dyeing.—n. Brazil′ian, a native of Brazil, in South America.—adj. belonging to Brazil.—n. Brazil′-nut, the edible seed of a large tree, native of Brazil. [O. Fr. bresil (Sp. brasil, It. brasile)—Low L. brasilium, a red dye-wood, brought from the East, itself prob. a corr. of some Oriental word. When a similar wood was discovered in South America the country became known as terra de brasil, land of red dye-wood, whence Brasil, Brazil.]

Breach, brēch, n. a break or opening, as in the walls of a fortress: a breaking of law, &c., violation of contract, covenant, promise, &c.: a quarrel: a broken condition or part of anything, a break: a gap in a fortification—hence 'to stand in the breach,' often used figuratively: a break in a coast-line, bay, harbour, creek (Judges, v. 17).—v.t. to make a breach or opening in a wall, &c.—Breach of promise, often used simply for breach of promise of marriage; Breach of the peace, a violation of the public peace by riot or the like. [A.S. bryce, brice; related to Break.]

Bread, bred, n. food made of flour or meal baked: food: livelihood.—ns. Bread′-bas′ket, a basket for holding bread: (slang) the stomach; Bread′-chip′per (Shak.), one who chips bread, an under-butler; Bread′-corn, corn of which bread is made.—n.pl. Bread′-crumbs, bread crumbled down for dressing dishes of fried fish, &c.—n. Bread′fruit-tree, a tree of the South Sea Islands, producing a fruit which, when roasted, forms a good substitute for bread; Bread′-nut, the fruit of a tree, a native of Jamaica, closely allied to the breadfruit-tree, which is used as bread when boiled or roasted; Bread′-room, an apartment in a ship's hold where the bread is kept; Bread′-root, a herbaceous perennial plant of North America, with a carrot-like root which is used as food; Bread′-stud′y, any branch of study taken up as a means of gaining a living; Bread′-stuff, the various kinds of grain or flour of which bread is made; Bread′-tree, a tree of South Africa which has a great deal of starch in its stem, and is used as bread by the natives; Bread′-win′ner, one who earns a living for a family.—Bread buttered on both sides, very fortunate circumstances.—To take the bread out of one's mouth, to deprive of the means of living. [A.S. bréad, prob. from a Teut. root meaning a fragment, like the Scot. and Norse country use of 'a piece,' for a bit of bread. The usual A.S. word was hláf.]

Breadth, bredth, n. extent from side to side: width: a style in painting in which details are strictly subordinated to the harmony of the whole composition.—adv. Breadth′ways, broadside on. [A.S. brǽdu; Ger. briete. See Broad.]

Break, brāk, v.t. to part by force: to shatter: to crush: to tame, or wear out: to violate, or outrage, as a law, a bargain, &c.: to check by intercepting, as a fall: to interrupt, as silence, or the monotony of anything, or in 'to break one off a habit:' to make bankrupt: to degrade from rank, as an officer.—v.i. to part in two: to burst forth: to open or appear, as the morning: to become bankrupt: to crack or give way, as the voice: to dissolve, as frost: to collapse in foam, as a wave: to fall out, as with a friend:—pa.t. brōke; pa.p. brōk′en.—n. the state of being broken: an opening: a pause or interruption: (billiards) a consecutive series of successful strokes, also the number of points attained by such: the dawn.—ns. Break′age, the action of breaking, or its consequences: an interruption; Break′-down, a dance, vigorous rather than graceful, in which much noise is made by the feet of the one performer; Break′er, a wave broken on rocks or the shore.—adj. Break′-neck, likely to cause a broken neck.—ns. Break′-prom′ise, Break′-vow, one who makes a practice of breaking his promise or vow; Break′water, a barrier to break the force of the waves.—Break a jest, to utter a jest unexpectedly; Break a lance with, to enter into a contest with a rival; Break away, to go away abruptly, as from prison, &c.: to be scattered, as clouds after a storm; Break bulk, to open the hold and take out a portion of the cargo; Break cover, to burst forth from concealment, as a fox; Break down, to crush down or level: to collapse, to fail completely; Break forth, to burst out, issue; Break ground, to commence digging or excavation: to begin; Break in, to train to labour, as a horse; Break in, in upon, or into, to enter violently or unexpectedly, to interpose abruptly in a conversation, &c.; Break loose, to extricate one's self forcibly: to break through all restraint; Break news, to make anything known, esp. of bad news, with caution and delicacy; Break off, to separate by breaking, put an end to; Break out, to appear suddenly: to break through all restraint; Break sheer (said of a ship riding at anchor), to be forced by wind or tide out of a position clear of the anchor; Break the heart, to destroy with grief; Break the ice (fig.), to get through first difficulties: Break up, to break open; Break upon the wheel, to punish by stretching a criminal on a wheel and breaking his bones; Break wind, to void wind from the stomach; Break with, to fail out, as friends may do. [A.S. brecan; Ger. brechen.]

Break, Brake, brāk, n. a large wagonette: a carriage frame, all wheels and no body, used in breaking in horses. [Break, v.t.]

Breaker, brāk′ėr, n. a small water-cask, used on shipboard. [Prob. a corr. of Sp. bareca, a barrel.]

Breakfast, brek′fast, n. a break or breaking of a fast: the first meal of the day.—v.i. to take breakfast.—v.t. to furnish with breakfast.—ns. Break′fasting, the act of taking breakfast: a party at breakfast; Break′fast-set, the china or other ware used at breakfast.

Bream, brēm, n. a small fresh-water fish nearly allied to the bleak: a family of sea-breams or Sparidæ. [O. Fr. bresme (Fr. brême)—Old Ger. brahsema (mod. Ger. brassen).]

Bream, brēm, v.t. to clean, as a ship's bottom, by burning off seaweed, shells, &c. [Prob. conn. with Broom, Dut. brem.]

Breast, brest, n. the forepart of the human body between the neck and the belly: one of the two mammary glands in women, forming soft protuberances on the chest: the corresponding part of any animal: (fig.) conscience, disposition, affections.—v.t. to bear the breast against: to oppose manfully: to mount.—n. Breast′-bone, the bone running down the middle of the breast, to which the first seven ribs are attached.—adv. Breast′-deep, deep, as up to the breast.—adj. Breast′ed, having a breast.—adv. Breast′-high, high as the breast—ns. Breast′-knot, a knot of ribbons worn on the breast; Breast′pin, an ornamental pin for the breast; Breast′plate, a plate or piece of armour for the breast: (B.) an embroidered square of linen worn on the breast of the Jewish high-priest, bearing twelve precious stones, each inscribed with the name of one of the tribes of Israel; Breast′-plough, a kind of spade for cutting turf, with a cross-bar against which the breast is pressed; Breast′rail, the upper rail of a breastwork; Breast′summer, Bres′summer, a summer or beam supporting the whole front of a building in the same way as a lintel supports the portion over an opening; Breast′-wall, a retaining wall; Breast′-wheel, a water-wheel which is turned by water delivered upon it at about half its height; Breast′work, a hastily constructed earthwork.—To make a clean breast of, to make a full confession. [A.S. bréost; Ger. brust, Dut. borst.]

Breath, breth, n. the air drawn into and then expelled from the lungs: power of breathing: life: the time occupied by once breathing: a very slight breeze.—adjs. Breath′ful (Spens.), full of breath or air, also full of scent or odour; Breath′less, out of breath: dead: excessively eager, as if holding one's breath from excitement.—n. Breath′lessness.—To catch the breath, to stop breathing for an instant; To spend one's breath, as in profitless talk; To take breath, to recover freedom of breathing; With bated breath, with breath restrained from reverence or fear. [A.S. brǽth; Ger. brodem, steam, breath.]

Breathe, brēth, v.i. to draw in and expel breath or air from the lungs: to take breath, to rest or pause: to live.—v.t. to draw in and expel from the lungs, as air: to infuse: to give out as breath: to utter by the breath or softly, to whisper: to express: to keep in breath, to exercise: to tire by some brisk exercise.—ns. Breath′er, one who breathes or lives: a spell of exercise; Breath′ing, the act of breathing: aspiration, secret prayer: respite.—adj. life-like.—ns. Breath′ing-time, time to breathe or rest; Breath′ing-while, time sufficient for drawing breath: any very short period.—To breathe again, to be relieved from an anxiety; To breathe freely, to be at ease; To breathe upon, to tarnish or soil. [See Breath.]

Breccia, brech′ya, n. a conglomerate rock composed of angular and unworn fragments, cemented together by lime or other mineral substance.—adj. Brecciated (brech′yāt-ed), noting rocks composed of breccia, [It.; cf. Fr. brèche, breach, flint pebble.]

Bree, brē, n. the eyebrow. [Still in Scot.; A.S. brǽw, bréaw; cf. Ger. (augen)braue.]

Bree, brē, n. the liquor in which anything has been boiled—barley-bree. [A.S. briw; cf. Ger. brei.]

Breech, brēch, n. the lower part of the body behind: the hinder part of anything, esp. of a gun.—v.t. to put into breeches: to flog.—adj. Breeched.—n.pl. Breeches (brich′ez), a garment worn by men on the lower limbs of the body, strictly, as distinguished from trousers, coming just below the knee, but often used generally for trousers—(Knee-breeches, see under Knee).—n. Breech′ing, a part of a horse's harness attached to the saddle, which comes round the breech and is hooked to the shafts: a strong rope attached to the breech of a gun to secure it to a ship's side.—adj. (Shak.) subject to whipping.—n. Breech′-load′er, a firearm loaded by introducing the charge at the breech instead of the muzzle.—Breeches Bible, a name often given to the Geneva Bible produced by the English Protestant exiles in 1560, so named from the rendering 'breeches' in Gen. iii. 7; Breeches part (theat.), a part in which a girl wears men's clothes.—To wear the breeches, (said of a wife), to usurp the authority of the husband: to be master. [A.S. bréc; found in all Teut. languages; cf. Ger. bruch, Dut. brock.]

Breed, brēd, v.t. to generate or bring forth: to train or bring up: to cause or occasion.—v.i. to be with young: to produce offspring: to be produced or brought forth:—pa.t. and pa.p. bred.—n. that which is bred, progeny or offspring: kind or race.—ns. Breed′-bate (Shak.), one who is constantly breeding or producing debate or strife; Breed′er, one who breeds or brings up; Breed′ing, act of producing: education or manners.—Breeding in-and-in, pairing of similar forms: marrying always among near relations. [A.S. brédan, to cherish, keep warm; Ger. brüten, to hatch.]

Breeze, brēz, n. a gentle gale: a wind: a disturbance or quarrel: a whispered rumour.—adjs. Breeze′less, without a breeze: motionless; Breez′y, fanned with or subject to breezes.—To breeze up, to freshen into a breeze. [Old Sp. briza, It. brezza (Fr. brise, a cold wind).]

Breeze, brēz, n. (Shak.) the gadfly.—Also written Breese, Brize. [A.S. briosa.]

Bregma, breg′ma, n. the part of the skull where the frontal and the two parietal bones join—sometimes divided into the right and left bregmata.—adj. Bregmat′ic. [Gr.]

Brehon, brē′hon, n. an ancient Irish judge.—Brehon Laws, the name given by the English to the system of jurisprudence which prevailed among the native Irish from an early period till towards the middle of the 17th century. [Ir. breitheamh, pl. breitheamhuin.]

Breme, Breem, brēm, adj. (Spens.) fiery, stern, boisterous, sharp. [Prob. related to A.S. bréman, to rage.]

Bren, bren, v.t. (Spens.) to burn.—pa.p. and adj. Brent. [See Burn.]

Brent, brent, adj. (Scot.) lofty: smooth, unwrinkled. [A.S. brant, steep; cog. with Ice. brattr.]

Brent-goose, brent′-gōōs, n. a small species of wild goose, having the head, neck, long wing feathers, and tail black, the belly white, the rest slaty-gray—it visits the British coasts in winter.—Also Brant′-goose, or Brent barnacle, and often confounded with the barnacle goose. [Prob. branded = brindled.]

Bretwalda, bret-wal′da, n. a title of supremacy applied by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to Egbert and seven earlier kings, whose superiority was more or less acknowledged by other kings. [Lit. 'Lord of the Britons,' or 'of Britain.']

Breve, brēv, n. a pope's letter: the longest note now used in music,

. [It. breve—L. brevis, short.]

Brevet, brev′et, n. a military commission entitling an officer to take rank above that for which he receives pay.—n. Brevet′cy, the condition of one holding brevet rank. [Fr.—L. brevis, short.]

Breviary, brēv′i-ar-i, n. book containing the daily service of the R.C. Church. [Fr. bréviaire—L. brevis, short.]

Breviate, brē′vi-āt, n. a short compendium: a lawyer's brief. [L. breviātus—breviāre, to shorten—brevis, short.]

Brevier, brev-ēr′, n. a small type between bourgeois and minion, originally used in printing breviaries.

Brevity, brev′it-i, n. shortness: conciseness. [L. brevitas—brevis, short.]

Brew, brōō, v.t. to prepare a liquor, as from malt and other materials: to contrive or plot.—v.i. to perform the operation of brewing ale or beer: to be gathering or forming.—ns. Brew′age, something brewed: mixed liquor; Brew′er, one who brews; Brew′ery, Brew′-house, a place for brewing; Brew′ing, the act of making liquor from malt: the quantity brewed at once; Brew′ster (now only Scot.), a brewer. [A.S. bréowan; cf. Ger. brauen.]

Briarean, brī-ā′re-an, adj. relating to Briareus, a hundred-handed giant: hence many-handed. [Gr.—briaros, strong.]

Bribe, brīb, n. something given to influence unduly the judgment or corrupt the conduct: allurement.—v.t. to influence by a bribe: to gain over.—v.i. to practise bribery.—ns. Brib′er, one who bribes; Brib′ery, the act of giving or taking bribes; Brib′ery-oath, an oath taken by an elector that he has not been bribed. [O. Fr. bribe, a lump of bread; origin dub.]

Bric-à-brac, brik′a-brak, n. old curiosities, or other articles of value. [Acc. to Littré, formed after the phrase de bric et de broc, 'by hook and by crook.']

Brick, brik, n. an oblong or square piece of burned clay: a loaf of bread in the shape of a brick: (slang) a reliable friend, a good fellow.—v.t. to lay or pave with brick.—ns. Brick′bat, a piece of brick; Brick′clay, a clay used in making bricks; Brick′-dust, dust made by pounding bricks, a colour like that of brick-dust; Brick′-earth, earth used in making bricks; Brick′-field, a place where bricks are made; Brick′-kiln, a kiln in which bricks are burned; Brick′layer, one who lays or builds with bricks; Brick′laying; Brick′maker, one whose trade is to make bricks; Brick′-tea, tea pressed into cakes; Brick′-work, a structure formed of bricks.—Like a brick, with good-will. [Fr. brique, from root of Break.]

Brickle, brik′l, adj. (Spens. and Scot.) apt to break: weak: troublesome. [Older form of Brittle.]

Bricole, brik′el, or brik-ōl′, n. an ancient engine for throwing stones: the rebound of a ball from the wall of a tennis-court, an indirect stroke. [Fr.—Low L. briccola.]

Bridal, brīd′al, n. a marriage feast: a wedding.—adj. belonging to a bride or a wedding: nuptial. [Bride, and Ale, a feast.]

Bride, brīd, n. a woman about to be married: a woman newly married.—v.i. (Shak.) to act the bride.—ns. Bride′-ale (obs.)—Bridal, the ale-drinking at a marriage feast; Bride′-bed, the marriage bed; Bride′cake, the bride's cake, or cake distributed at a wedding; Bride′-cham′ber, a nuptial apartment; Bride′groom, a man about to be married: a man newly married; Bride′maid, Bride's′-maid, Bride′man, Bride's′-man, young unmarried people who attend the bride and bridegroom at a wedding. [A.S. brýd; Ice. brúdr, Ger. braut, a bride.]

Bridewell, brīd′wel, n. a house of correction: a gaol. [From a palace near St Bride's Well in London.]

Bridge, brij, n. a structure raised across a river, &c., or anything like such: the narrow raised platform whence the captain of a steamer gives directions: a thin upright piece of wood supporting the strings in a violin or similar instrument.—v.t. to build a bridge over.—n. Bridge′-head, a fortification covering the end of a bridge nearest to the enemy's position.—adj. Bridge′less, without a bridge.—n. Bridge′-of-boats, a bridge resting on boats moored abreast across a piece of water. [A.S. brycg; Ger. brucke, Ice. bryggja.]

Bridge, brich, n. a modification of whist in which the dealer does not turn up the last card, but has the option (which he may pass to his partner) of declaring which suit shall be trumps.

Bridle, brī′-dl, n. the apparatus on a horse's head, by which it is controlled: any curb or restraint: a gesture expressing pride or vanity.—v.t. to put on or manage by a bridle: to check or restrain.—v.i. to hold up the head proudly or affectedly.—ns. Brī′dle-hand, the hand which holds the bridle in riding—the left hand; Brī′dle-path, a path or way for horsemen; Brī′dler, one who governs or restrains as by a bridle; Bri′dle-rein, the strap of a bridle.—To bridle up (at something), to take something amiss. [A.S. brídel; Old High Ger. brittel.]

Bridoon, brid′ōōn, n. the light snaffle usual in a military bridle, in addition to the ordinary bit, controlled by a separate rein. [Fr. bridon, bride, a bridle.]

Brief, brēf, n. a short account of a client's case for the instruction of counsel: a writ: a short statement of any kind.—adj. short: concise.—adj. Brief′less.—adv. Brief′ly.—n. Brief′ness.—In brief, in few words.—King's briefs, royal mandates ordering collections to be made in chapels for building churches, &c.; Papal brief, such documents as are issued without some of the solemnities proper to bulls.—The brief and the long (Shak.), the short and the long.—To be brief, to speak in a few words; To hold a brief, to be retained as counsel in a case; To take a brief, to undertake a case. [Fr. bref—L. brevis, short.]

Brier, brī′er, n. a prickly shrub: a common name for the wild rose: (Scot.) the thorn of the brier—also Brī′ar.—adjs. Brī′ery, Brī′ered, having briers. [A.S. brér.]

Brier, Briar, brī′ėr, n. the white heath, a shrub grown in France, from the root of which tobacco-pipes are made: a pipe of this wood. [Fr. bruyère, heath.]

Brig, brig, n. a two-masted, square-rigged vessel. [Shortened from Brigantine.]

Brigade, brig-ād′, n. a body of troops consisting of two or more regiments of infantry or cavalry, and commanded by a general officer, two or more of which form a division: a band of people more or less organised.—v.t. to form into brigades.—ns. Brigade′-mā′jor, a staff-officer attached to a brigade; Brigadier′, Brigadier′-gen′eral, a general officer of the lowest grade, who has command of a brigade. [Fr. brigade—It. brigata—Low L. briga, strife.]

Brigand, brig′and, n. a robber or freebooter.—ns. Brig′andage, freebooting: plundering; Brig′andine, Brig′antine, a coat-of-mail, composed of linen or leather, with steel rings or plates sewed upon it. [Fr.—It. brigante—briga, strife.]

Brigantine, brig′an-tīn, n. a two-masted vessel, with the mainmast of a schooner and the foremast of a brig. [Fr. brigantin—It. brigantine, a pirate ship.]

Bright, brīt, adj. shining: full of light: clear: beautiful: cheerful: clever: illustrious.—adv. (Shak.) brightly: clearly.—v.t. Bright′en, to make bright or brighter.—v.i. to grow bright or brighter: to clear up.—adv. Bright′ly.—n. Bright′ness.—adj. Bright′some, bright: brilliant. [A.S. beorht; cog. with Goth. bairhts, clear, L. flagr-āre, to flame.]

Bright's-disease, brīts′-diz-ēz′, n. a generic name for a group of diseases of the kidneys, which may be defined as comprising cases where structural changes in the kidneys, usually inflammatory, but without suppuration, lead to the presence of albumen in the urine. [From Dr Richard Bright (1789-1858).]

Brigue, brig, v.i. to intrigue.—n. strife, intrigue.—n. Brigu′ing, canvassing. [Fr. brigue; derivation uncertain.]

Brill, bril, n. a fish of the same kind as the turbot, spotted with white. [Ety. unknown.]

Brilliant, bril′yant, adj. sparkling: glittering: splendid.—n. a diamond of the finest cut (as opposed to rose-cut or other patterns).—ns. Brill′iancy, Brill′iance.—adv. Brill′iantly.—n. Brill′iantness.[Fr. brillant, pr.p. of briller, to shine, which, like Ger. brille, an eyeglass, is from Low L. beryllus, a beryl.]

Brim, brim, n. the margin or brink of a river or lake: the upper edge of a vessel: the rim of a hat.—v.t. to fill to the brim.—v.i. to be full to the brim:—pr.p. brim′ming; pa.p. brimmed.—adj. Brim′ful, full to the brim.—n. Brim′fulness (Shak.), fullness to the top.—adjs. Brim′less, without a brim; Brimmed, brimful: having a brim—used in composition.—n. Brim′mer, a bowl full to the brim or top.—adj. Brim′ming. [M. E. brymme—bremman, to roar.]

Brimstone, brim′stōn, n. sulphur: (fig.) a virago.—Fire and brimstone! an ejaculation. [Lit. burning stone; from A.S. brýne, a burning—byrnan, to burn, and Stone; cf. Ger. bernstein.]

Brinded, brin′ded, Brindled, brin′dld, adj. marked with spots or streaks.—n. Brin′dle, state of being brindled. [See Brand.]

Brine, brīn, n. salt water: the sea.—ns. Brine′-pit, a pit or pan in which brine is evaporated, so as to form salt: a salt spring; Brine′-shrimp, a small crustacean.—adjs. Brin′ish, like brine: somewhat salt; Brin′y, pertaining to brine or to the sea: salt.—The briny (slang), the sea. [A.S. brýne, a burning; applied to salt liquor, from its burning, biting quality.]

Bring, bring, v.t. to fetch: to carry: to procure: to occasion: to draw or lead:—pa.t. and pa.p. brought (brawt).—Bring about, to bring to pass, effect; Bring down, to humble; Bring forth, to give birth to, produce; Bring home, to prove, to impress; Bring in, to introduce; Bring off, to bring away, as by a boat from a ship, to rescue; Bring on, to cause to advance; Bring out, to express: to produce before the public, as a book, a play, a subscription: to introduce a young woman formally into so-called society; Bring over, to convert; Bring round, to restore from illness; Bring to, to check the course of, as a ship, by trimming the sails so as to counteract each other; Bring under, to subdue; Bring up, to rear or educate. [A.S. bringan, to carry, to bring; allied perh. to Bear.]

Brinjarry, brin-zhar′i, n. a travelling dealer in grain and salt in Southern India. [Hind. bānjāra.]

Brink, bringk, n. the edge or border of a steep place or of a river: (fig.) the very verge of time, at the very point of something—e.g. To be on the brink of death. [Dan. brink, declivity; Ice. bringa, a hillock.]

Briquette, bri-ket′, n. a brick-shaped block of coal formed from coal-dust. [Fr. briquette, dim. of brique, a Brick.]

Brisk, brisk, adj. full of life and spirit: active: sharp: effervescing, as liquors.—v.t. to enliven, freshen.—v.i. to cheer up.—adjs. Brisk′ish, Brisk′y, (Shak.).—adv. Brisk′ly.—n. Brisk′ness. [Dr Murray notes that the word is first found in the end of the 16th century; prob. W. brysg, swift of foot; cf. Gael. brisg, Ir. briosg.]

Brisket, brisk′et, n. the breast of an animal: the part of the breast next to the ribs. [Fr. brechet, brichet.]

Bristle, bris′l, n. a short, stiff hair, as of swine.—v.i. to stand erect, as bristles.—v.t. to cover, as with bristles: to make bristly:—pr.p. bris′tling; pa.p. brist′led.—adj. Bristled (bris′ld), furnished with bristles.—n. Brist′liness.—adj. Brist′ly, set with bristles: rough.—To set up one's bristles, to show temper. [A.S. byrst; Scot. birse; cog. with Ger. borste, Ice. burst.]

Bristol-board, bris′tul-bōrd, n. a smooth pasteboard.—ns. Bris′tol-brick, an earthy material for scouring cutlery, like bath-brick; Bris′tol-dī′amond, a kind of crystal found near Bristol. [From the town of Bristol, in England.]

Brisure, bri-zhūr′, n. (fort.) any part of a rampart or parapet which breaks off at an angle from the general direction: (her.) a variation of a coat-of-arms, showing the relation of a younger to the main line. [Fr.—briser, to break.]

Britannia-metal, brit-an′i-a-met′l, n. a metallic alloy largely used in the manufacture of spoons, &c.

Britannic, brit-an′ik, adj. pertaining to Britannia or Great Britain: British.—adj. British, in ethnography, Old Celtic as opposed to Anglo-Saxon: pertaining to Great Britain or its people—ns. Brit′isher, a British subject (Amer.); Brit′on, a native of Britain.

Brittle, brit′l, adj. apt to break: easily broken: frail.—ns. Britt′leness; Britt′le-stars, or Sand-stars, one of the classes of Echinodermata, including forms not far removed from starfishes. [A.S. bréotan, to break.]

Britzka, Britzska, brits′ka, n. an open four-wheeled carriage with shutters to close at pleasure, and only one seat.—Also Britschka, Britska. [Polish bryczka, dim. of bryka, a wagon.]

Broach, brōch, n. a tapering, pointed instrument, used chiefly for boring: a spit: a church spire.—v.t. to pierce as a cask, to tap: to open up or begin: to utter.—n. Broach′er, a broach or spit: one who broaches or utters.—To broach the admiral, to steal some liquor from a cask while being carried by rail or otherwise, or when in store; To broach to, to turn a ship to windward. [Fr. brocher, to pierce, broche, an iron pin—L. brocchus, a projecting tooth.]

Broad, brawd, adj. wide: large, free or open: outspoken: coarse, indelicate: of pronunciation, e.g. a broad accent.—advs. Broad, Broad′ly.—ns. Broad′-ar′row, a mark, thus (

), stamped on materials belonging to Government; Broad′-brim, a hat with a broad brim, such as those worn by Quakers: (coll.) a Quaker.—adj. Broad′cast, scattered or sown abroad by the hand: dispersed widely.—adv. by throwing at large from the hand, only in phrases, as, 'to scatter broadcast,' &c.—v.t. to scatter freely.—n. Broad′cloth, a fine kind of woollen fulled cloth, used for men's garments.—v.t. Broad′en, to make broad or broader.—v.i. to grow broad or extend in breadth.—adj. Broad′-eyed (Shak.), having a wide or extended survey.—ns. Broad′-gauge (see Gauge); Broad′ness.—n.pl. Broads, lake-like expansions of rivers.—ns. Broad′side, the side of a ship: all the guns on one side of a ship of war, or their simultaneous discharge: a sheet of paper printed on one side, otherwise named Broad′sheet; Broad′sword, a cutting sword with a broad blade: a man armed with such a sword.—Broad Church, a party within the Church of England which advocates a broad and liberal interpretation of dogmatic definitions and creed subscription—the name was first used in 1833 by W. J. Conybeare. [A.S. brád, Goth. braids.]

Brobdingnagian, brob-ding-nā′ji-an, n. an inhabitant of the fabulous region of Brobdingnag in Gulliver's Travels, the people of which were of great stature—hence a gigantic person.—adj. gigantic.—adj. Brobdingnag′, immense.

Brocade, brok-ād′, n. a silk stuff on which figures are wrought.—adj. Brocad′ed, woven or worked in the manner of brocade: dressed in brocade. [It. broccato, Fr. brocart, from It. broccare, Fr. brocher, to prick, stitch; from root of Broach.]

Brocage, brōk′āj, n. Obsolete spelling of Brokage (q.v. under Broker).

Brocard, brok′ärd, n. an elementary law or principle: a canon: (Fr.) a gibe. [Fr. brocard, Low L. brocarda, from Brocard or Burchard, Bishop of Worms, who published a book of ecclesiastical rules.]

Broccoli, brok′o-li, n. a cultivated kind of cabbage resembling cauliflower, of which it is originally a hardy variety. [It.; pl. of broccolo, a sprout, dim. of brocco, a skewer, a shoot.]

Broch, broh, n. the local name applied in the north of Scotland to the ancient dry-built circular castles, known also to the Gaelic-speaking people as duns, and to antiquaries as Pictish towers.—Also Brogh and Brough. [Old Norse borg; A.S. burh.]

Brochure, bro-shōōr′, n. a pamphlet. [Lit. a small book stitched, Fr.—brocher, to stitch—broche, a needle. See Broach.]

Brock, brok, n. a badger—hence, from the smell, a dirty, stinking fellow.—adj. Brocked (Scot.), variegated, having a mixture of black and white. [From the Celt., as in Gael. broc, a badger, which is from Gael. breac, speckled.]

Brog, brog, n. a pointed steel instrument used for piercing holes: (Scot.) an awl.—v.t. to prick. [Ety. dub.; the Gael. brog; an awl, is prob. borrowed.]

Brogue, brōg, n. a stout coarse shoe: a dialect or manner of pronunciation, esp. the Irish. [Ir. and Gael. brog, a shoe.]

Broider, broid′ėr, Broidery, broid′ėr-i. Same as Embroider, Embroidery.—Broidered (B.) = Embroidered.

Broil, broil, n. a noisy quarrel: a confused disturbance—(Scot.) Brul′yie, Brul′zie.—n. Broil′er, one who stirs up broils. [Fr. brouiller, to trouble.]

Broil, broil, v.t. to cook over hot coals: to grill.—v.i. to be greatly heated. [Ety. dub.]

Broke, brōk, pa.t. and old pa.p. of Break.—p.adj. Brok′en, rent asunder: infirm: humbled or crushed: dispersed, routed: altered in direction: shattered in estate or position: incomplete, fragmentary: uncertain.—adjs. Brok′en-backed, having the back broken, applied to a ship so loosened in her frame as to droop at both ends; Brok′en-down, decayed, ruined in character or strength; Brok′en-heart′ed, crushed with grief: greatly depressed in spirit.—adv. Brok′enly.—ns. Brok′en-man, one under outlawry, esp. in the Highlands and Border country; Brok′en-meat, the leavings of a banquet; Brok′enness.—adj. Brok′en-wind′ed, having short breath or disordered respiration, as a horse.

Broker, brōk′ėr, n. one employed to buy and sell for others: a second-hand dealer: a pander: a commissioner.—v.i. Broke, to bargain, negotiate: (Shak.) to act as a pander or go-between:—pr.p. brōk′ing; pa.p. brōked.—ns. Brok′erage, Brok′age, the business of a broker: the commission charged by a broker: a commission charged for transacting business for others; Brok′ery, the business of a broker.—p.adj. Brok′ing, doing business as a broker: practised by brokers. [M. E. brocour—A.S. brucan; Ger. brauchen, to use, to profit.]

Brome-grass, brōm′-gras, n. a kind of grass bearing a strong resemblance to oats. [Gr. brōmos, and bromos, grass.]

Bromine, brōm′in, n. one of the elements, closely allied to chlorine, so called from its disagreeable smell.—adj. Brom′ic, pertaining to bromine.—ns. Brom′ate, a combination of bromic acid with a salifiable base; Brom′ide, a combination of bromine with a base.—Bromic acid, an acid composed of bromine and oxygen. [Gr. brōmos, a disagreeable odour.]

Bronchiæ, brongk′i-ē, n.pl. a name given to the ramifications of the windpipe which carry air into the lungs.—adjs. Bronch′ic, Bronch′ial.—n. Bronchī′tis, inflammation of the bronchiæ. [L.—Gr. bronchia, the bronchial tubes.]

Broncho, Bronco, brong′ko, n. (U.S.) a half-tamed horse. [Sp. bronco, rough, sturdy.]

Bronze, bronz, n. an alloy of copper and tin used in various ways since the most ancient times: anything cast in bronze: the colour of bronze: (fig.) impudence.—adj. made of bronze: coloured like bronze.—v.t. to give the appearance of bronze to: (fig.) to harden.—adj. Bronzed, coated with bronze: hardened.—ns. Bronze′-steel, or Steel-bronze, a specially hardened bronze; Bronze′-wing, Bronze′-pi′geon, a species of Australian pigeon having wings marked with a lustrous bronze colour.—v.t. Bronz′ify, to make into bronze.—ns. Bronz′ing, the process of giving the appearance of bronze; Bronz′ite, a lustrous kind of diallage.—adj. Bronz′y, having the appearance of bronze.—Bronze age or period, a term in prehistoric archæology denoting the condition or stage of culture of a people using bronze as the material for cutting implements and weapons—as a stage of culture coming between the use of stone and the use of iron for those purposes—not an absolute division of time, but a relative condition of culture. [Fr.—It. bronzo—L. Brundusium, the modern Brindisi.]

Broo, brōō (mod. Scot.—vowel sounded like Ger. ü), n. (Scot.) broth. [Ety. dub.: prob. O. Fr. bro, breu, broth; prob conn. with Bree.]

Brooch, brōch, n. an ornamental pin or instrument for fastening any article of dress, consisting for the most part either of a ring or disc, or of a semicircle, there being a pin in either case passing across it, fastened at one end with a joint or loop, and at the other with a hook.—v.t. (Shak.) to adorn as with a brooch. [Fr. broche, a spit. See Broach.]

Brood, brōōd, v.t. to sit upon or cover in order to breed or hatch: to hatch: to cover, as with wings: to mature or foster with care: to meditate moodily upon.—v.i. to sit as a hen on eggs: to hover over: to think anxiously for some time: to meditate silently (with on, over): to be bred.—n. something bred: offspring, children, or family: a race, kind: parentage: the number hatched at once.—adj. for breeding, as in brood-mare, &c.—adv. Brood′ingly.—adj. Brood′y, inclined to sit or incubate. [A.S. bród; Dut. broed; what is hatched.]

Brook, brōōk, n. a small stream.—ns. Brook′let, a little brook; Brook′lime, a species of speedwell found in ditches. [A.S. bróc, water breaking forth; Dut. broek, Ger. bruch.]

Brook, brōōk, v.t. to enjoy: to bear or endure. [A.S. búrcan, to use, enjoy; Ger. brauchen, L. frui, fructus.]

Broom, brōōm, n. a name given to a number of species of shrubs of the closely allied genera Cytisus, Genista, and Spartium: a besom made of its twigs.—v.t. to sweep with a broom.—ns. Broom′-corn, a species of plant resembling maize, cultivated for its seed and its spikes, of which brooms are made; Broom′-rape, a parasitic plant found adhering to the root of broom, clover, &c.; Broom′staff, Broom′stick, the staff or handle of a broom.—adj. Broom′y, abounding in or consisting of broom.—To marry over the broomstick, or To jump the besom, to go through an irregular form of marriage, in which both jump over a broomstick. [A.S. bróm; Ger. bram.]

Broose, brüz, n. (Scot.) a race at weddings in Scotland. [Derivation unknown.]

Brose, brōz, n. a simple and nutritious food, made by pouring boiling water or milk on oatmeal, seasoned with salt and butter.—Athole brose, a mixture of whisky and honey. [Scot.; O. Fr. broez.]

Broth, broth, n. an infusion or decoction of vegetable and animal substances in water.—A broth of a boy (Irish), a first-rate fellow. [A.S. broth—bréowan, to brew. See Brew.]

Brothel, broth′el, n. a house of ill-fame. [M. E. brothel—A. S. broð-en, ruined, bréðen, to go to ruin.]

Brother, bruth′ėr, n. a male born of the same parents: any one closely united with or resembling another; associated in common interests, occupation, &c.: a fellow-member of a religious order, a fellow-member of a guild, &c.: a fellow-creature, fellow-citizen, a co-religionist: (B.) a kinsman: pl. Broth′ers and Breth′ren, the latter esp. used in the sense of fellow-membership of guilds, religious communities, &c., and is a name given to certain sections of the Church of Christ, as Christian Brethren, Moravian Brethren, Plymouth Brethren, &c.—ns. Broth′er-ger′man, a brother having the same father and mother, in contradistinction to a half-brother, by one parent only; Broth′erhood, the state of being a brother: an association of men for any purpose; Broth′er-in-law, the brother of a husband or wife: a sister's husband.—adjs. Broth′er-like, Broth′erly, like a brother: kind: affectionate.—n. Broth′erliness, state of being brotherly: kindness. [A.S. broðor; cog. with Ger. bruder, Gael. brathair, Fr. frère, L. frater, Sans. bhrátar.]

Brougham, brōō′am, or brōōm, n. a one-horse close carriage, either two or four wheeled, named after Lord Brougham (1778-1868).

Brow, brow, n. the eyebrow: the ridge over the eyes: the forehead: the edge of a hill: a gallery in a coalmine running across the face of the coal: (fig.) aspect, appearance.—v.t. Brow′beat, to bear down with stern looks or speech: to bully.—adjs. Brow′-bound, having the brow bound as with a crown: crowned; Brow′less, without shame. [A.S. brú; Ice. brün.]

Brown, brown, adj. of a dark or dusky colour, inclining to red or yellow: dark-complexioned: sunburnt.—n. a dark-reddish colour: (slang) a copper.—v.t. to make brown, or give a brown colour to: to roast brown.—ns. Brown′-bess, the old British flint-lock musket—from the brown walnut stock; Brown′-bill, a foot-soldier's or watchman's halbert, painted brown; Brown′-bread, bread of a brown colour, made of unbolted flour; Brown′-coal, commonly called Lignite, an imperfect kind of coal which exhibits more of its woody structure than ordinary coal; Brown′-George, a hard biscuit: a brown earthen vessel; Brown′ing, the process of imparting a brown colour to iron articles: a preparation for giving a brown colour to gravy, &c., or for dressing brown leather.—adj. Brown′ish.—ns. Brown′ness; Brown′-pā′per, coarse and strong paper used chiefly for wrapping; Brown′-spar, a name given to certain varieties of dolomite or magnesian limestone, distinguished by their brownish colour; Brown′-stout, a kind of porter; Brown′-stud′y, gloomy reverie: absent-mindedness.—adj. Brown′y (Shak.), of a brown colour.—To do brown (slang), to do thoroughly, to deceive or take in completely. [A.S. brún; Dut. bruin, Ger. braun.]

Brownie, brown′i, n. a kind of domestic spirit in the folklore of Scotland, represented as a good-humoured, drudging goblin, who attached himself to farmhouses, and occupied himself overnight in churning, thrashing corn, and the like. [Brown.]

Brownist, brown′ist, n. one holding the Church principles of Robert Browne (1550-1633), which may be said to have given birth to the Independents or Congregationalists of England.

Browse, browz, v.t. and v.i. to feed on the shoots or leaves of plants.—ns. Browse, Brows′ing, the shoots and leaves of plants: fodder: the action of the verb browse. [O. Fr. brouster (Fr. brouter)—broust, a sprout.]

Bruckle, bruk′l, adj. (Scot.) liable to break, brittle. [A.S. brucol—brekan, to Break.]

Bruin, brōō′in, n. a bear, so called from the name of the bear in the famous beast-epic Reynard the Fox, just as reynard and chanticleer have also passed from proper names into common names, often written without capitals. [Bruin = brown.]

Bruise, brōōz, v.t. to crush by beating or pounding: to oppress: to box or fight with the fists: to ride recklessly in hunting, careless alike of horse and crops: to reduce to small fragments.—n. a wound made by anything heavy and blunt.—p.adj. Bruised, hurt by a heavy blow, with skin crushed and discoloured.—n. Bruis′er, one that bruises: a boxer.—p.adj. Bruis′ing, boxing. [A.S. brýsan, to crush, with which, says Dr Murray, afterwards coalesced Fr. brisie-r; bruisier, bruser, to break.]

Bruit, brōōt, n. noise: something noised abroad: a rumour or report.—v.t. to noise abroad: to report: to celebrate. [Fr. bruit—Fr. bruire; cf. Low L. brugītus; prob. imit.]

Brulzie, bruilzie, brül′yi, n. Scotch and northern form of Broil.

Brumaire, brōōmār′, n. the second month in the French revolutionary calendar, extending from Oct. 22 to Nov. 20. [Fr. brume, fog—L. bruma, winter.]

Brume, brōōm, n. fog.—adjs. Brum′al, relating to winter; Brum′ous, foggy, wintry. [L. bruma, winter, contr. from brevima, the shortest day.]

Brummagem, brum′a-jem, adj. showy but worthless, sham, counterfeit. [From a popular pronunciation of Birmingham.]

Brunette, brōōn-et′, n. a girl with a brown or dark complexion. [Fr. dim. of brun, brown.]

Brunonian, brōō-no′ni-an, adj. relating to the system of medicine founded by Dr John Brown of Edinburgh (1736-88)—all diseases sthenic, those depending on an excess of excitement, or asthenic, those resulting from a deficiency of it.

Brunt, brunt, n. the shock of an onset or contest: the force of a blow: the chief stress or crisis of anything.—v.t. to bear the brunt of. [Ice. bruna, to advance like fire, is usually given; Dr Murray suggests that it may be an onomatopœia of Eng. itself (cf. Dunt), or connected with burnt—Scot. brunt.]

Brush, brush, n. an instrument for removing dust, usually made of bristles, twigs, feathers, or stiff grass stems: a kind of hair-pencil used by painters: a painter, one who uses the brush: brushwood: a skirmish or encounter: the tail of a fox: (elect.) a brush-like discharge of sparks: one of the bundles of copper wires or flexible strips in contact with the commutator of the armature on opposite sides, and which carry off the positive and negative currents of electricity generated.—v.t. to remove dust, &c., from by sweeping: to touch lightly in passing: remove (with off): to thrash.—v.i. to move over lightly: to make off with a rush.—n. Brush′ing, the act of rubbing or sweeping.—adj. in a lively manner: brisk.—ns. Brush′-wheel, a wheel used in light machinery to turn another by having the rubbing surface covered with stiff hairs or bristles; Brush′wood, rough close bushes: a thicket.—adj. Brush′y, rough, rugged.—To brush up, to brighten, revive. [O. Fr. brosse, a brush, brushwood—Low L. bruscia; Diez connects the Fr. with Old High Ger. burst, bursta, bristle.]

Brusque, brōōsk, adj. blunt, abrupt in manner, rude.—adv. Brusque′ly.—ns. Brusque′ness; Brusque′rie. [Fr. brusque; rude. See Brisk.]

Brussels, brus′elz, n. contracted from Brussels-carpet, a kind of carpet in which the worsted threads are arranged in the warp, and are interwoven into a network of linen. Still, the bulk of the carpet consists of wool.—n.pl. Bruss′els-sprouts, a variety of the common cabbage with sprouts like miniature cabbages. [Named from Brussels in Belgium.]

Brute, brōōt, adj. belonging to the lower animals: irrational: stupid: rude.—n. one of the lower animals.—adj. Brut′al, like a brute: unfeeling: inhuman.—v.t. Brut′alise, to make like a brute, to degrade.—v.i. to live like a brute.—n. Brutal′ity.—adv. Brut′ally.—n. Brute′ness, brute-like state: brutality: (Spens.) stupidity.—v.t. Brut′ify, to make brutal, stupid, or uncivilised:—pr.p. brutify′ing; pa.p. brutifīed′.—adj. Brut′ish, brutal: (B.) unwise.—adv. Brut′ishly.—n. Brut′ishness.—The brute creation, the lower animals. [Fr. brut—L. brutus, dull, irrational.]

Brutus, brōō′tus, n. a kind of wig: a way of wearing the hair brushed back from the forehead, popular at the time of the French Revolution, when it was an affectation to admire the old Romans, as Brutus.

Bryology, brī-ol′o-ji, n. the study of mosses. [Gr. bryon, moss, and logia—legein, to speak.]

Bryony, brī′o-ni, n. a wild climbing plant, common in English hedgerows.—Black bryony, a climbing plant similar to bryony in habit and disposition, but which may be readily distinguished by its simple, entire, heart-shaped leaves, which are smooth and somewhat glossy. [L.—Gr. bryōnia.]

Bryozoa, brī-ō-zō′a, n.pl. an old name for the Polyzoa, from their resemblance to mosses.

Brythonic, brīth-on′ik, adj. a name introduced by Prof. Rhys for the second of the two great divisions of Celtic ethnology. The Goidelic or Gadhelic group embraces Irish, Manx, and Gaelic; the Brythonic group, Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. [Brython, one of the Welsh words for the Welsh and so-called Ancient Britons.]

Bubalis, bū′bal-is, n. a genus in the Antelope division of hollow-horned, even-toed Ruminants, not to be confused with the genus Bubalus, the Buffalo. [Gr.]

Bubble, bub′l, n. a bladder of water blown out with air: anything empty: a cheating scheme.—adj. unsubstantial, deceptive.—v.i. to rise in bubbles.—v.t. to cheat with bubble schemes:—pr.p. bubb′ling; pa.p. bubb′led.—adj. Bubb′ly.—n. Bubb′ly-jock, a Scotch name for a turkey-cock.—Bubble and squeak, meat and cabbage fried together.—To bubble over, as of a pot boiling, with anger, mirth, &c. [Cf. Sw. bubbla, Dut. bobbel.]

Bubo, bū′bo, n. an inflammatory swelling of the glands in the groin or armpit.—adj. Bubon′ic, accompanied by buboes.—n. Būb′ukle, a ridiculous word of Fluellen's for a red pimple, corrupted from bubo and carbuncle. [L.—Gr. boubōn, the groin.]

Buccaneer, Buccanier, buk-an-ēr′, n. one of the piratical adventurers in the West Indies during the 17th century, who plundered the Spaniards chiefly.—v.i. to act as a buccaneer.—n. Buccaneer′ing.—adj. Buccaneer′ish. [Fr. boucaner, to smoke meat—Carib. boucan, a wooden gridiron. The French settlers in the W.I. cooked their meat on a boucan in native fashion, and were hence called boucaniers.]

Buccinator, buk-sin-ā′tor, n. the name of a flat muscle forming the wall of the cheek, assisting in mastication and in the blowing of wind-instruments.—adj. Buccinat′ory. [L.;—buccinare.]

Bucentaur, bōō-sen′tawr, n. a mythical monster half man and half bull: the state barge of Venice used annually on Ascension Day in the ancient ceremony of the marriage of the state with the Adriatic. [It. bucentoro, usually explained as from Gr. bous, an ox, kentauros, a centaur.]

Bucephalus, bū-sef′a-lus, n. the famous war-horse of Alexander the Great: a familiar name for a riding-horse. [Gr.; bous, ox, kephalē, head.]

Buck, buk, n. the male of the deer, goat, hare, and rabbit—often used specifically of the male of the fallow-deer: a dashing young fellow.—v.i. (of a horse or mule—a Buck′jumper) to attempt to throw by a series of rapid jumps into the air, coming down with the back arched, the head down, and the forelegs stiff: (U.S.) to make obstinate resistance to any improvements.—ns. Buck′een, a poor Irish gentleman, without means to support his gentility; Buck′-eye, the American horse-chestnut; Buck′horn, the material of a buck's horn; Buck′-hound, a small kind of staghound used for hunting bucks; Buck′-shot, a large kind of shot, used in shooting deer; Buck′skin, a soft leather made of deerskin or sheepskin: a strong twilled woollen cloth, cropped of nap and carefully finished.—adj. made of the skin of a buck.—n.pl. Buck′skins, breeches made usually of the cloth, not of the leather.—ns. Buck′thorn, a genus of shrubs, the berry of which supplies the sap-green used by painters; Buck′-tooth, a projecting tooth. [A.S. buc, bucca; Dut. bok, Ger. bock, a he-goat.]

Buck, buk, v.t. to soak or steep in lye, a process in bleaching.—n. lye in which clothes are bleached.—n. Buck′-bas′ket, a basket in which clothes are carried to be bucked. [Ety. obscure; M. E. bouken; cog. words are Ger. bäuchen, beuchen.]

Buckbean, buk′bēn, n. the marsh-trefoil, a plant common in bogs in Britain. [Corr. of Bogbean.]

Bucket, buk′et, n. a vessel for drawing or holding water, &c.; one of the compartments on the circumference of a water-wheel, or one of the scoops of a dredging-machine: the leather socket for holding the whip in driving, or for the carbine or lance when mounted: a name given to the pitcher in some orchids.—ns. Buck′etful, as much as a bucket will hold; Buck′eting (U.S.), jerky rowing; Buck′et-shop, slang term for the offices of 'outside brokers'—mere agents for bets on the rise or fall of prices of stock, &c.; Buck′et-wheel, a contrivance for raising water by means of buckets attached to the circumference of a wheel.—Give the bucket, to dismiss; Kick the bucket (slang), to die. [Prob. conn. with A.S. búc, a pitcher; or O. Fr. buket, a pail. Not Gael. bucaid, a bucket.]

Buckie, buk′i, n. (Scot.) a shellfish such as the whelk: a refractory person. [Scot., prob. related somehow to L. buccinum, a shellfish.]

Buckle, buk′l, n. a metal instrument consisting of a rim and tongue, used for fastening straps or bands in dress, harness, &c.—v.t. to fasten with a buckle: to prepare for action: to engage in close fight.—v.i. to bend or bulge out: to engage with zeal in a task.—n. Buck′ler, a small shield used for parrying. [Fr. boucle, the boss of a shield, a ring—Low L. buccula, dim. of bucca, a cheek.]

Buckra, buk′ra, n. a word used by West Indian and American negroes for a white man—said in a dialect of the Calabar coast to mean 'demon.'

Buckram, buk′ram, n. a coarse open-woven fabric of cotton or linen made very stiff with size, used for the framework of ladies' bonnets, for the inside of belts and collars of dresses, and for bookbinding: stiffness in manners and appearance.—adj. made of buckram: stiff: precise.—v.t. to give the quality of buckram. [O. Fr. boquerant.]

Buckwheat, buk′hwēt, n. a species of Polygonum, grown in Germany, Brittany, &c., for feeding horses, cattle, and poultry—buckwheat cakes are esteemed on American breakfast-tables. [Prob. Dut. boekweit, or Ger. buckweize.]

Bucolic, -al, bū-kol′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to the tending of cattle: pastoral: rustic, countrified.—n. Bucol′ic, a pastoral poem. [L.—Gr. boukolikos—boukolos, a herdsman.]

Bud, bud, n. the first shoot of a tree or plant: used of young people, as a term of endearment.—v.i. to put forth buds: to begin to grow.—v.t. to put forth as buds: to graft, as a plant, by inserting a bud under the bark of another tree:—pr.p. bud′ding; pa.p. bud′ded.—n. Bud′ding, a method of propagation by means of buds.—adjs. Bud′dy; Bud′less.—To nip in the bud, to destroy at its very beginning. [M. E. budde; prob. related to Dut. bot, a bud.]

Buddha, bōōd′da, n. an epithet applied to Sakyamuni or Gautama, the founder of the Buddhist religion.—ns. Bud′dhism, the religion founded by Buddha; Bud′dhist, a believer in Buddhism.—adjs. Buddhist′ic, Bud′dhist, pertaining to Buddhism.—Esoteric Buddhism (see Theosophy). [Sans. buddha, wise, from budh, to know.]

Buddle, bud′l, v.t. to wash ore with a buddle or inclined hutch over which water flows.

Budge, buj, v.i. and v.t. to move or stir.—n. Budg′er, one who stirs. [Fr. bouger—It. bulicare, to boil, to bubble—L. bullire.]

Budget, buj′et, n. a sack with its contents: a compact collection of things: a socket in which the end of a cavalry carbine rests: that miscellaneous collection of matters which aggregate into the annual financial statement made to parliament by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. [Fr. bougette, dim. of bouge, a pouch—L. bulga.]

Buff, buf, n. a pliant and uncracking leather used for soldiers' belts and other military purposes, made out of salted and dried South American light ox and cow hides: a military coat: the colour of buff: a light yellow: the bare skin: (pl.) certain regiments in the British army, so named from their buff-coloured facings—e.g. East Kent Regiment, Ross-shire Buffs.—ns. Buff′-coat, a strong military coat: a soldier; Buff′-wheel, Buff′-stick, a wheel or stick covered with buff-leather or the like, and sprinkled with emery, for polishing.—In buff, naked. [Fr. buffle, a buffalo.]

Buff, buf, n. (obs.) a buffet, blow, or stroke.—v.t. to strike. [O. Fr. buffe, a blow.]

Buffalo, buf′a-lō, n. a genus of the ox kind, the tame, often domesticated Asiatic buffalo, and the entirely wild and fierce Cape buffalo. The so-called American buffalo is really a 'bison.' [It. buffalo, through L. from Gr. boubalos.]

Buffer, buf′ėr, n. a mechanical apparatus for deadening the force of a concussion, as in railway carriages: a fellow, as in 'old buffer.'—n. Buff′er-state, a neutral country lying between two others, whose relations are or may become strained.

Buffet, buf′et, n. a blow with the fist, a slap.—v.t. to strike with the hand or fist: to contend against.—n. Buff′eting, a striking with the hand, boxing: contention. [O. Fr. bufet—bufe, a blow, esp. on the cheek.]

Buffet, buf′et, n. a kind of sideboard: a low stool: a refreshment-bar (in this sense often pronounced buf'ā). [Fr. buffet; origin unknown.]

Buffoon, buf-ōōn′, n. one who amuses by jests, grimaces, &c.: a clown: a fool.—ns. Buff′o, the comic actor in an opera; Buffoon′ery, the practices of a buffoon; ludicrous or vulgar jesting. [Fr. bouffon—It. buffone, buffare, to jest.]

Bug, bug, n. an object of terror.—ns. Big-bug (slang), an aristocrat; Bug′aboo, a bogy, or object of terror; Bug′bear, an object of terror, generally imaginary.—adj. causing fright. [M. E. bugge, prob. W. bwg, a hobgoblin.]

Bug, bug, n. a name applied loosely to certain insects, esp. to one (Cimex lectularius) that infests houses and beds: in America applied to any insect.

Buggery, bug′gėr-i, n. the crime of bestiality, unnatural vice. [Fr. bougre—L. Bulgarus, a Bulgarian, a heretic.]

Buggy, bug′i, n. a name given to several kinds of light carriages or gigs—in America, a light one-horse, four-wheeled vehicle with one seat; in England, two-wheeled; in India, provided with a hood to ward off the sun. [By some conn. with Bogie; ety. really quite unknown.]

Bugle, bū′gl, Bugle-horn, bū′gl-horn, n. a hunting-horn, originally a buffalo-horn: a treble musical instrument, usually made of copper, like the trumpet, but having the bell less expanded and the tube shorter and more conical: (Spens.) a buffalo or wild ox—dim. Bū′glet.—v.i. Bū′gle, to sound a bugle.—n. Bū′gler, one who plays upon the bugle. [O. Fr. bugle;—L. buculus, dim. of bos, an ox.]

Bugle, bū′gl, n. a slender elongated kind of bead, usually black.—adj. (Shak.) like bugles. [Prob. conn. with Low L. bugulus; prob. obscurely conn. with Dut. beugel, a ring.]

Bugle, bū′gl, n. a palæarctic genus of plants of the natural order Labiatæ, with blue or sometimes white or purple flowers. [Fr., It. bugola—Low L. bugula, bugillo.]

Bugloss, bū′glos, n. a name popularly applied to many plants of the natural order Boragineæ, more strictly to Anchusa arvensis, a common weed in corn-fields in Britain. [Fr. buglosse—L. buglossa—Gr. bouglōssos—bous, ox, glōssa, tongue.]

Buhl, būl, n. unburnished gold, brass, or mother-of-pearl worked in patterns for inlaying: furniture ornamented with such. [From André Charles Boule (1642-1732), a cabinet-maker in the service of Louis XIV.]

Buhrstone, bur′stōn, n. a variety of quartz, containing many small empty cells, which give it a peculiar roughness of surface, particularly adapting it for millstones.—Often Burr′-stone. [Perh. conn. with Burr, from its roughness.]

Build, bild, v.t. to erect, as a house or bridge: to form or construct, as a railway, &c.—v.i. to depend (with on, upon):—pa.p. built or build′ed.—n. construction: make.—ns. Build′er, one who builds, or who controls the actual work of building; Build′ing, the art of erecting houses, &c.: anything built: a house.—p.adj. Built, formed or shaped.—Build in, to enclose by building; Build up, to close up by building, as a door: to erect any edifice, as a reputation: to edify spiritually, as the church. [A.S. gebyld, bold, a dwelling, from an assumed byldan, to build.]

Buirdly, bürd′li, adj. stalwart, large and well made. [Scot., a variant of Burly.]

Buisson, bwē-song, n. a fruit-tree trained on a low stem, the branches closely pruned. [Fr.]

Buist, büst, n. (Scot.) a mark put on sheep or cattle to indicate ownership: a box.—v.t. to mark with such. [Ety. dub.]

Bukshi, Bukshee, buk′shē, n. the paymaster in native Indian states. [Hind. bakshi—baksh, pay.]

Bulb, bulb, n. an onion-like root: any protuberance or enlargement resembling such.—v.i. to form bulbs: to bulge out or swell.—adjs. Bul′bar, Bulbed, Bul′bous, Bulbā′ceous, Bulb′iform, Bulbif′erous, Bul′bose, Bul′by.—ns. Bul′bule, a little bulb: a young bulb which grows from an old one; Bul′bus, a bulb. [L. bulbus—Gr. bolbos, an onion.]

Bulgarian, bul-gā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Bulgaria or its language.—n. a native of Bulgaria: the Bulgarian language (Slavonic).—n. Bul′gar, a member of an ancient Finnic or Ugrian tribe which moved from the Volga towards Bulgaria.—adj. Bulgar′ic.—n. the ancient language of the foregoing.

Bulge, bulj, n. the widest part of a cask, a round protuberance, swelling.—v.i. to swell out.—ns. Bul′ger, a wooden golf-club with a convex face; Bul′giness.—adj. Bul′gy—To get the bulge on one (slang), to get a decided advantage over a person. [O. Fr. boulge, prob. L. bulga, a leather knapsack; a Gallic word.]

Bulimy, būl′i-mi, n. an unnatural hunger. [Gr.; bous, ox, limos, hunger.]

Bulk, bulk, n. a stall or framework built in front of a shop.—n. Bulk′er, a street thief or strumpet. [Ety. dub.; Prof. Skeat suggests Scand. bálk-r, beam, and Dr Murray quotes also an A.S. bolca, gangway of a ship.]

Bulk, bulk, n. magnitude or size: the greater part: any huge body or structure: the whole cargo in the hold of a ship.—v.i. to be in bulk: to be of weight or importance.—v.t. to put or hold in bulk.—ns. Bulk′head, a partition separating one part of the interior of a ship from another, either transverse or longitudinal, and usually made watertight; Bulk′iness.—adj. Bulk′y, having bulk: of great size, unwieldy.—Collision bulkhead, that nearest the bow—usually the only one in sailing-ships.—To load in bulk, to put the cargo in loose; To sell in bulk, to sell the cargo as it is in the hold: to sell in large quantities. [Prob. Scand.; Ice. bulki, a heap.]

Bull, bool, n. the male of the ox kind: an old male whale, fur-seal, &c.: a sign of the zodiac: one who tries artificially and unduly to raise the price of stocks, and speculates on a rise.—adj. denoting largeness of size—used in composition, as bull-trout: favourable to the bulls, rising.—v.t. to try to raise, as the price of shares, artificially: to copulate with a cow, of a bull.—v.i. to be in heat, of a cow.—ns. Bull′-baiting, the sport of baiting or exciting bulls with dogs; Bull′-bat (U.S.), the night-hawk or goat-sucker; Bull′-beef, the beef or flesh of bulls, coarse beef: (Shak., in pl.) Bull′-beeves; Bull′-begg′ar, a hobgoblin, &c.; Bull′-calf, a male calf: a stupid fellow, a lout; Bull′-dance, a dance of men only; Bull′dog, a breed of dogs of great courage, formerly used for baiting bulls, its general appearance that of a smooth-coated, compact dog, low in stature, but broad and powerful, with a massive head, large in proportion to its body: a person of obstinate courage: a short-barrelled revolver of large calibre: a proctor's attendant at Oxford and Cambridge.—v.t. Bull′-dose (U.S.) to intimidate, bully: flog.—n. Bull′-dōs′er.—adj. Bull′-faced, having a large face.—ns. Bull′-fight, a popular spectacle in Spain, in which a bull is goaded to fury in a kind of circus by mounted picadores armed with lances, and finally despatched by a specially skilful espada or swordsman; Bull′-fight′er; Bull′-finch, a species of red-breasted finch a little larger than the common linnet, closely allied to the grossbeaks and crossbills: a kind of hedge hard to jump; Bull′-frog, a large North American frog.—adj. Bull′-front′ed, having a front or forehead like a bull.—n. Bull′-head, or Miller's Thumb, a small river fish remarkable for its large, flat head.—adj. Bull′-head′ed, impetuous and obstinate.—n. Bull′-head′edness.—adj. Bull′ish.—ns. Bull′ock, an ox or castrated bull; Bull′-roar′er, a provincial English name for a boy's plaything, made of an oblong piece of wood, to one end of which a string is tied, then twisted tightly round the finger, when the whole is whirled rapidly round and round until a loud and peculiar whirring noise is produced—the native Australian turndun, the rhombos of the Greek mysteries; Bull's′-eye, the central boss formed in making a sheet of blown glass (hence adj. Bull's′-eyed), a round piece of glass in a lantern, a policeman's lantern, a round opening or window: the centre of a target, of a different colour from the rest, and usually round: a thick lump of coloured or striped candy; Bull′-terr′ier, a species of dog, a cross-breed between the bulldog and the terrier; Bull′-trout, a large trout of the salmon genus, also migratory in its habits, often called the Gray Trout; Bull′-whack, a heavy whip.—v.t. to lash with such.—n. Bull′wort, the bishop's weed.—Bull into, to plunge hastily into.—A bull in a china-shop, a synonym for a man who does harm through ignorance or fury, a man completely out of place.—Take the bull by the horns, to face a danger or difficulty with courage, to take the initiative boldly in a struggle. [M.E. bole, prob. Scand. bole, boli; most prob. cog. with Bellow.]

Bull, bool, n. an edict of the pope which has his seal affixed.—adj. Bullan′tic—n. Bull′ary, a collection of papal bulls. [L. bulla, a knob, a leaden seal.]

Bull, bool, n. a ludicrous blunder in speech implying some obvious absurdity or contradiction, often said to be an especial prerogative of Irishmen—'I was a fine child, but they changed me.' [Prob. O. Fr. boul, cheat.]

Bull, bool, n. drink made by pouring water into a cask that had held liquor.

Bulla, bool′a, n. a round metal ornament worn by ancient Roman children: a seal attached to a document: anything rounded or globular. [L.]

Bullace, bool′lās, n. a shrub closely allied to the sloe and the plum, its fruit making excellent pies or tarts. [O. Fr. beloce, of uncertain origin; prob. Celt.]

Bullate, bul′āt, adj. blistered, inflated—ns. Bullā′tion; Bulles′cence.

Bullet, bool′et, n. the projectile of lead or other metal discharged from any kind of small-arm: a plumb or sinker in fishing.—n. Bull′et-head, a head round like a bullet: (U.S.) an obstinate fellow.—adjs. Bull′et-head′ed; Bull′et-proof, proof against bullets. [Fr. boulet, dim. of boule, a ball—L. bulla. See Bull, an edict.]

Bulletin, bool′e-tin, n. an official report of public news. [Fr.,—It. bullettino.]

Bullion, bool′yun, n. gold and silver in the mass and uncoined, though occasionally used as practically synonymous with the precious metals, coined and uncoined: a heavy twisted cord fringe, often covered with gold or silver wire.—n. Bull′ionist, one in favour of an exclusive metallic currency. [Ety. dub.; but apparently related to Low L. bullio, a boiling, melting.]

Bully, bool′i, n. a blustering, noisy, overbearing fellow: a ruffian hired to beat or intimidate any one: a fellow who lives upon the gains of a prostitute: (obs.) a term of familiarity to either man or woman.—adj. blustering: brisk: (U.S.) first-rate.—v.i. to bluster.—v.t. to threaten in a noisy way:—pr.p. bull′ying; pa.p. bull′ied.—n. Bull′yism.—v.t. Bull′yrag (coll.), to assail with abusive language, to overawe.—ns. Bull′yragging; Bull′y-rook, a bully.—Bully for you, bravo! [Perh. Dut. boel, a lover; cf. Ger. buhle.]

Bully-tree, bool′i-trē, n. a name given to several West Indian sapotaceous trees yielding good timber.—Also Bull′et-tree, Bull′etrie, Boll′etrie.

Bulrush, bool′rush, n. a large strong rush, which grows on wet land or in water—often applied to the cat's-tail (Typha).—adj. Bul′rushy.

Bulse, buls, n. a bag for diamonds, &c.: a package or certain quantity of such. [Port. bolsa—Low L. bursa, a purse. See Purse.]

Bulwark, bool′wark, n. a fortification or rampart: a breakwater or sea-wall: any means of defence or security.—v.t. to defend. [Cf. Ger. bollwerk.]

Bum, bum, n. (Shak.) the buttocks.—ns. Bum′-bail′iff, an under-bailiff; Bum′-boat, boat for carrying provisions to a ship, originally a Thames scavenger's boat. [Ety. dub., prob. from bump, from sense of 'swelling.']

Bum, bum, v.i. to hum or make a murmuring sound, as a bee: (slang) to live dissolutely.—pr.p. bum′ming; pa.p. bummed.—n. a humming sound: a spree, debauch: a dissipated fellow. [Onomatopœic.]

Bumble-bee, bum′bl-bē, n. a large kind of bee that makes a bumming or humming noise: the humble-bee.—n. Bum′-clock (Scot.), a drone-beetle. [M. E. bumble, freq. of Bum, and Bee.]

Bumbledom, bum′bl-dom, n. fussy pomposity. [From Bumble, name of the beadle in Dickens's Oliver Twist.]

Bumble-foot, bum′bl-foot, n. a disease of domestic fowls, marked by inflammation of the ball of the foot: a club-foot.—adj. Bum′ble-foot′ed, club-footed.

Bumble-puppy, bum′bl-pup′i, n. whist played regardless of rules: the game of nine-holes.—n. Bum′ble-pupp′ist, one who plays whist without knowing the game.

Bumkin, Bumpkin, bum′kin, n. a short beam of timber projecting from each bow of a ship, for the purpose of extending the lower corner of the foresail to windward: a small outrigger over the stern of a boat, usually serving to extend the mizzen. [From Boom, and dim. termination kin.]

Bummalo, bum′a-lō, n. a small fish dried and salted all round the coast of India—Bombay duck and nehar.—Also Bummalō′ti. [East Ind.]

Bummaree, bum′ar-ē, n. a middleman in the Billingsgate fish-market. [Ety. unknown: hardly the Fr. bonne marée, good fresh sea-fish.]

Bummer, bum′ėr, n. a plundering straggler or camp-follower during the American Civil War: a dissolute fellow, a loafer, a sponge.

Bump, bump, v.i. to make a heavy or loud noise.—v.t. to strike with a dull sound: to strike against: to overtake and impinge upon the stern or side of a boat by the boat following, the bumper consequently taking the place of the bumped in rank—also 'to make a bump:' to spread out material in printing so as to fill any desired number of pages.—n. a dull heavy blow: a thump: a lump caused by a blow, one of the protuberances on the surface of the skull confidently associated by phrenologists with certain distinct qualities or propensities of the mind, hence colloquially for organ: the noise of the bittern.—n. Bump′er, a cup or glass filled to the brim for drinking a toast: anything large or generous in measure: a crowded house at a theatre or concert.—adj. as in a 'bumper house.'—v.i. to drink bumpers.—n. Bumpol′ogy, phrenology.—adj. Bump′y. [Onomatopœic.]

Bumpkin, bump′kin, n. an awkward, clumsy rustic: a clown.—adj. Bump′kinish. [Prob. Dut. boomken, a log.]

Bumptious, bump′shus, adj. offensively self-assertive.—adv. Bump′tiously.—n. Bump′tiousness. [Prob. formed from Bump.]

Bun, bun, n. a dry stalk: a hare's scut: a rabbit. [Prob. Gael. bun, a root.]

Bunch, bunsh, n. a number of things tied together or growing together: a definite quantity fastened together, as of linen yarn (180,000 yards), &c.: a cluster: something in the form of a tuft or knot.—v.i. to swell out in a bunch.—v.t. to make a bunch of, to concentrate.—adjs. Bunch′-backed (Shak.), having a bunch on the back, crook-backed; Bunched, humped, protuberant.—ns. Bunch′-grass, a name applied to several West American grasses, growing in clumps; Bunch′iness, the quality of being bunchy: state of growing in bunches.—adj. Bunch′y, growing in bunches or like a bunch, bulging.—Bunch of fives, the fist with the five fingers clenched. [Ety. obscure.]

Bundesrath, bōōn′des-rät, n. the Federal Council of the German Empire, its members annually appointed by the governments of the various states.

Bundle, bun′dl, n. a number of things loosely bound together: an aggregation of one or more kinds of tissue traversing other tissues: a definite measure or quantity, as two reams of paper, twenty hanks of linen yarn, &c.—v.t. to bind or tie into bundles.—v.i. to pack up one's things for a journey, to go hurriedly or in confusion (with away, off, out).—n. Bun′dling, an old custom in Wales, New England, and elsewhere for sweethearts to sleep on the same bed without undressing.—To bundle off, bundle out, to send away unceremoniously or summarily. [Conn. with Bind and Bond.]

Bung, bung, n. the stopper of the hole in a barrel: a large cork: (Shak.) a sharper.—v.t. to stop up with a bung: to thrash severely.—ns. Bung′-hole, a hole in a cask through which it is filled, closed by a bung; Bung′-vent, a small hole in a bung to let gasses escape, &c.—Bung up, to bruise. [Ety. dub.]

Bungalow, bung′ga-lō, n. the kind of house usually occupied by Europeans in the interior of India, and commonly provided for officers' quarters in cantonments.—Dâk-bungalows are houses for travellers. [Hind. banglā, Bengalese.]

Bungle, bung′l, n. anything clumsily done: a gross blunder.—v.i. to act in a clumsy, awkward manner.—v.t. to make or mend clumsily: to manage awkwardly.—p.adj. Bung′led, done clumsily.—n. Bung′ler.—p.adj. Bung′ling, clumsy, awkward: unskilfully or ill done.—adv. Bung′lingly. [Ety. obscure; prob. onomatopœic; Prof. Skeat quotes a dial. Sw. bangla, to work ineffectually; Mr F. Hindes Groome suggests Gipsy bongo, left, awkward.]

Bunion, bun′yun, n. a lump or inflamed swelling on the ball of the great toe. [Ety. unknown; Prof. Skeat suggests It. bugnone, a botch.]

Bunk, bungk, n. a box or recess in a ship's cabin, a sleeping-berth anywhere.—v.i. to occupy the same bunk, sleep together.—n. Bunk′er, a large bin or chest used for stowing various things, as coals, &c.: a hazard in a golf-links, originally confined to sand-pits, but now often used for hazards generally. [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Ice. bunki, Dan. bunke, a heap.]

Bunko, Bunco, bung′kō, n. (U.S.) a form of confidence-trick by which a simple fellow is swindled or taken somewhere and robbed.—v.t. to rob or swindle in such a way.—n. Bunk′o-steer′er, that one of the swindling confederates who allures the victim.

Bunkum, bung′kum, n. empty clap-trap oratory, bombastic speechmaking intended for the newspapers rather than to persuade the audience.—Also Bun′combe. [From Buncombe, the name of a county in North Carolina. Bartlett quotes a story of how its member once went on talking in congress, explaining apologetically to the few hearers that remained that he was 'only talking for Buncombe.']

Bunny, bun′i, n. a pet name for a rabbit. [Ety. unknown; prob. conn. with Gael. bun, a root.]

Bunodont, bū′nō-dont, adj. having tuberculate molars—opp. to Lophodont. [Gr. bounos, a rounded hill, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Bunsen, bōōn′sen, or bun′sen, adj. applied to some of the inventions of the great chemist, R. W. Bunsen of Heidelberg.—n. Bun′sen-burn′er, a gas-burner in which a plentiful supply of air is caused to mingle with the gas before ignition, so that a smokeless flame of low luminosity but great heating power is the result.

Bunt, bunt, n. a parasitic disease of wheat and other grains.—adjs. Bunt′ed, Bunt′y. [Ety. unknown.]

Bunt, bunt, n. the bagging part of a fishing-net, a sail, &c.—v.i. to belly, as a sail. [Ety. unknown.]

Bunt, bunt, v.i. to push with the horns, butt: to spring, rear.—n. a push.—n. Bunt′ing, pushing: a boys' game, played with sticks and a small piece of wood: a strong timber, a stout prop.

Bunting, bunt′ing, n. a thin worsted stuff of which ships' colours are made. [Ety. dub.]

Bunting, bunt′ing, n. a genus of birds in the Finch family nearly allied to the crossbills.

Buntline, bunt′līn, n. a rope passing from the foot-rope of a square sail, led up to the masthead and thence on deck, to help in hauling the sail up to the yard.

Buoy, boi, n. a floating cask or light piece of wood fastened by a rope or chain to indicate shoals, the position of a ship's anchor, &c.—v.t. to fix buoys or marks: to keep afloat, bear up, or sustain: to raise the spirits.—ns. Buoy′age, a series of buoys or floating beacons to mark the course for vessels: the providing of buoys; Buoy′ancy, capacity for floating lightly on water or in the air: specific lightness: (fig.) lightness of spirit, cheerfulness.—adj. Buoy′ant, light: cheerful.—n. Buoy′antness. [Dut. boei, buoy, fetter, through Romance forms (Norman boie), from Low L. boia, a collar of leather.]

Buphaga, bū′fā-ga, n. a small genus of African perching birds, nearly related to the starlings, feeding on the larvæ of gadflies and the like, which they find on the backs of cattle, camels, &c.—Also Beef-eater and Ox-pecker. [Gr., bous, an ox, phagein, to eat.]

Buprestis, bū-pres′tis, n. a genus of beetles, typical of a large family, Buprestidæ, those occurring in warmer countries having lively colour and metallic sheen—some known as Golden Beetles. [L.,—Gr. bouprestis, bous, an ox, prēthein, to swell.]

Bur, Burr, bur, the prickly seed-case or head of certain plants, which sticks to clothes: any impediment or inconvenient adherent: any lump, ridge, &c., more or less sharp, a knot on a tree, knot in thread, knob at the base of a deer's horn, &c.: waste raw silk: the sweetbread or pancreas: (Scot.) club-moss: the name for various tools and appliances, as the triangular chisel for clearing the corners of mortises, &c.: the blank driven out of a piece of sheet-metal by a punch: a partly vitrified brick.—ns. Bur′dock, a dock with a bur or prickly head; Bur′-this′tle, the spear-thistle.—Bur in the throat, something seeming to stick in the throat, producing a choking sensation. [Cog. with Dan. borre, a bur.]

Bur, Burr, bur, n. the rough sound of r pronounced in the throat, as in Northumberland—v.i. to whisper hoarsely, to murmur. [Usually associated with preceding, but perh. from the sound.]

Bur, bur, n. in an engraving, a slight ridge of metal raised on the edges of a line by the graver or the dry point, producing an effect like a smear, but dexterously used by some etchers, as Rembrandt, to deepen their shadows.

Burble, burb′l, n. trouble, disorder.—v.t. to trouble, confuse. [Scot.; prob. conn. with O. Fr. barbouiller, to confound.]

Burbot, bur′bot, n. a fresh-water fish, like the eel, having a longish beard on its lower jaw. [Fr. barbote—L. barba, a beard.]

Burd, burd, n. (obs.) for Bird, a poetic name for a girl or lady.—n. Bur′dalane, the last surviving child of a family.

Burdash, burd′ash, n. a fringed sash worn round the waist by fine gentlemen in the time of Anne and George I.

Burden, bur′dn, n. a load: weight: cargo: that which is grievous, oppressive, or difficult to bear, as blame, sin, sorrow, &c.: birth.—v.t. to load: to oppress: to encumber.—adjs. Bur′denous, Bur′densome, heavy: oppressive.—Burden of proof, in legal procedure, signifies the obligation to establish by evidence certain disputed facts. [A.S. byrthen—beran, to bear.]

Burden, bur′dn, n. part of a song repeated at the end of every stanza, refrain: the leading idea of anything: a load of care, sorrow, or responsibility. [Fr. bourdon, a humming tone in music—Low L. burdo, a drone or non-working bee.]

Bureau, būr′ō, n. a writing-table or chest of drawers: a room or office where such a table is used: a department for the transacting of public business:—pl. Bureaux (būr′ō), Bureaus (būr′ōz). [Fr. bureau—O. Fr. burel, russet cloth—L. burrus, red.]

Bureaucracy, būrō′kras-i, n. a system of government centralised in graded series of officials, responsible only to their chiefs, and controlling every detail of public and private life.—ns. Bureau′crat, Bureau′cratist, one who advocates government by bureaucracy.—adj. Bureaucrat′ic, relating to or having the nature of a bureaucracy.—adv. Bureaucrat′ically. [Bureau, and Gr. kratein, to govern.]

Burette, bū-ret′, n. a flask-shaped vessel for holding liquids, an altar-cruet. [Fr.]

Burgage, bur′gāj, n. a tenure in socage for a yearly rent: a tenure in Scotland in royal burghs under nominal service of watching. [O. Fr.]

Burganet, bur′ga-net, n. a 16th-century helmet.—Also Bur′gonet. [Lit. 'Burgundian.']

Burgee, bur′jē, n. a swallow-tailed flag or pennant: a kind of small coal for furnaces.

Burgh, bur′ō, n. the Scotch word corresponding to the English Borough.—ns. Burg (same as Borough); Burg′age, a system of tenure where the king or other person is lord of an ancient borough, city, or town, by which the citizens hold their lands or tenements, for a certain annual rent; Burgess (bur′jes), Bur′gher, an inhabitant of a borough: a citizen or freeman: a magistrate of certain towns: one able to take the usual burgesses' oath (see Antiburgher).—adj. Bur′ghal, relating to a burgh.—n. Burg′omaster, the chief magistrate of a German or a Dutch borough, answering to the English term mayor.—Burgh of barony, a corporation consisting of the inhabitants of a determinate tract of land within the barony, and municipally governed by magistrates and a council whose election is either vested in the baron superior of the district, or vested in the inhabitants themselves; Burgh of regality, a burgh of barony, spiritual or temporal, enfranchised by crown charter, with regal or exclusive criminal jurisdiction within their own territories.—Parliamentary burgh, one like Paisley, Greenock, Leith, whose boundaries, as first fixed in 1832, were adopted for municipal purposes, with regard to which they stand practically in the same position as royal burghs; Police burgh, a burgh constituted by the sheriff for purposes of improvement and police, the local authority being the police commissioners; Royal burgh, a corporate body deriving its existence, constitution, and rights from a royal charter, such being either actual and express, or presumed to have existed.

Burglar, burg′lar, n. one who breaks into a house by night to steal.—v.t. and v.i. to commit burglary.—adj. Burglār′ious.—adv. Burglār′iously.—v.t. Burg′larise.—n. Burg′lary, breaking into a house by night to steal. [Ety. dub.]

Burgoo, bur′gōō, n. a dish made of boiled oatmeal seasoned with salt, butter, and sugar, used by seamen. [Derivation unknown.]

Burgrave, bur′grāv, n. the governor of a town or castle. [Ger. burg-graf.]

Burgundy, bur′gun-di, n. a generous French red wine, so called from Burgundy, the district where it is made.

Burial, ber′i-al, n. the act of laying a dead body in the grave: interment.—ns. Bur′ial-aisle, an aisle in a church used for burials; Bur′ial-ground, Bur′ial-place, a piece of ground set apart for burying.—Burial service, a religious service or form of ritual accompanying a burial; Burial society, an insurance society for providing the expenses of burial. [A.S. byrgels, a tomb. See Bury.]

Burin, būr′in, n. a kind of chisel of tempered steel, used in copper engraving—the distinctive style of a master is frequently described by such expressions as a soft, a graphic, or a brilliant burin.—n. Bur′inist, an engraver. [Fr.; from root of Bore.]

Burke, burk, v.t. to murder, esp. by stifling: hence (fig.) to put an end to quietly. [From Burke, an Edinburgh Irishman (hanged 1829), who committed the crime in order to sell the bodies of his victims for dissection.]

Burl, burl, n. a small knot in thread, a knot in wood.—v.t. to pick knots, &c., from, in finishing cloth.—ns. Bur′ling-ī′ron; Bur′ling-machine′.—adj. Bur′ly, knotty.

Burlap, bur′lap, n. a coarse canvas for wrappings, &c.—usually in pl. [Origin unknown.]

Burlesque, bur-lesk′, n. a ludicrous representation—in speaking, acting, writing, drawing—a low and rude grade of the comic, whose legitimate office is to turn to laughter pretension and affectation.—adj. jocular: comical.—v.t. to turn into burlesque: to ridicule.—p.adj. Burlesqued′, caricatured.—adv. Burlesque′ly. [It. burlesco; prob. from Low L. burra, a flock of wool, a trifle.]

Burletta, bur-let′a, n. a musical farce: comic opera. [It.;—dim. of burla, a jest.]

Burly, bur′li, adj. bulky: boisterous, bluff.—n. Bur′liness. [M. E. borlich; prob. Old High Ger. burlīh, high, bōr, a height.]

Burmese, bur′mēz, adj. relating to Burma in Farther India, or its language.—n. a native of Burma, or the language of Burma—also Bur′man.

Burn, burn, n. a small stream or brook: a spring or fountain. [A.S. burna; cog. with Dut. and Ger. born.]

Burn, burn, v.t. to consume or injure by fire.—v.i. to be on fire: to feel excess of heat: to be inflamed with passion:—pa.p. burned or burnt.—n. a hurt or mark caused by fire.—ns. Burn′er, the part of a lamp or gas-jet from which the flame arises; Burn′ing, act of consuming by fire: conflagration: inflammation.—adj. very hot: scorching: ardent: excessive.—ns. Burn′ing-glass, a convex lens concentrating the sun's rays at its focus; Burn′ing-house, a kiln; Burn′ing-mirr′or, a concave mirror for producing heat by concentrating the sun's rays; Burn′ing-point, the temperature at which a volatile oil in an open vessel will take fire from a match held close to its surface; Burnt′-ear, a kind of smut in oats, wheat, &c., caused by a microscopic fungus; Burnt′-off′ering, something offered and burned upon an altar as a sacrifice—amongst the Hebrews, apparently offerings of dedication and to some extent of expiation; Burnt′-sienn′a (see Sienna); Burn′-the-wind (Scot.), a blacksmith.—Burn a hole in one's pocket, said of money, when one is eager to spend it; Burn blue, to burn with a bluish flame like that of brimstone; Burn daylight (Shak.), to waste time in superfluous actions; Burn down, to burn to the ground; Burn in, to eat into, as fire: to fix and render durable, as colours, by means of intense heat, to imprint indelibly on the mind; Burning bush, the emblem of the Presbyterian churches of Scotland, with the motto, 'Nec tamen consumebatur,' adopted from Ex. iii. 2, in memory of the unconquerable courage of the Covenanters under the cruel persecutions of the 17th century; Burning question, one being keenly discussed; Burn one's boats, to cut one's self off, as Cortes did, from all chance of retreat, to stake everything on success; Burn one's fingers, to suffer from interfering in others' affairs, from embarking in speculations, &c.; Burn out, to destroy by means of burning: to burn till the fire dies down from want of fuel; Burn the water, to spear salmon by torchlight; Burn up, to consume completely by fire: to be burned completely. [A.S.; the weak verb bœrnan, bœrnde, bœrned, has been confused with beornan, byrnan, barn, bornen; cf. Ger. brennen, to burn.]

Burnet, bur′net, n. the English name of two closely united genera of Rosaceæ—the Great Burnet common in meadows all over Europe; the Common Burnet growing on chalky soils, its slightly astringent leaves used in salads or soups, also as an ingredient in 'cool tankard.' [From its brown flowers.]

Burnish, burn′ish, v.t. to polish: to make bright by rubbing.—n. polish: lustre.—ns. Burn′isher, an instrument employed in burnishing; Burn′ishing; Burn′ishment.

Burnous, bur-nōōs′, n. a mantle with a hood much worn by the Arabs. [Fr.—Ar. burnus.]

Burrel, bur′el, n. a kind of coarse russet cloth in medieval times. [See Bureau.]

Burrock, bur′ok, n. a small weir or dam in a river, to direct the current toward fish-traps.

Burrow, bur′ō, n. a hole in the ground dug by certain animals for shelter or defence.—v.i. to make holes underground as rabbits: to dwell in a concealed place.—ns. Burr′ow-duck, the sheldrake or bergander; Burr′owing-owl, a small long-legged diurnal American owl nesting in burrows; Burr′owstown (Scot.), a town that is a burgh. [Ety. obscure; prob. a variant of Borough—A.S. beorgan, to protect.]

Bursa, bur′sa, n. a pouch or sac, esp. a synovial cavity formed where tendons pass over the harder parts of the body:—pl. Bur′sæ (-sē).—adj. Bur′sal.—ns. Bursā′lis, a muscle moving the nictitating membrane, as in birds; Bursal′ogy, knowledge about the bursæ. [See Bursar.]

Bursar, burs′ar, n. one who keeps the purse, a treasurer: in Scotland, a student maintained at a university by funds derived from endowment.—adj. Bursar′ial.—ns. Burs′arship, the office of a bursar; Burs′ary, in Scotland, the allowance paid to a bursar; Burse, a purse, an obsolete form of Bourse.—adjs. Bursic′ulate, bursiform: resembling a small pouch, or provided with such; Burs′iform, pouch-shaped. [Low L. bursarius—bursa, a purse—Gr. byrsa, skin or leather.]

Bursch, bōōrsh, n. a German student:—pl. Bursch′en.—n. Bursch′enism. [Ger. bursch, a companion, student.]

Burst, burst, v.t. to break into pieces: to break open suddenly or by violence: to disturb, interrupt.—v.i. to fly open or break in pieces: to break forth or away: to break into some sudden expression of feeling—e.g. 'to burst into song:'—pa.t. and pa.p. burst.—n. a sudden outbreak: a hard gallop: a spurt: a drunken bout.—Burst in, to force one's way violently into; Burst into blossom, to begin to blossom; Burst into tears, to fall a-crying; Burst out, to force one's way out violently; Burst up (coll.), to explode: to fail, become bankrupt.—A burst up, a collapse, failure.—On the burst, on the spree. [A.S. berstan; Ger. bersten; Gael. brisd, to break.]

Bury, ber′i, v.t. to hide in the ground: to cover: to place in the grave, as a dead body: to hide or blot out of remembrance:—pr.p. bur′ying; pa.p. bur′ied.—ns. Bur′ying-ground, Bur′ying-place, ground set apart for burying the dead: a graveyard.—Bury the hatchet, to cease strife. [A.S. byrgan, to bury; Ger. bergen, to hide.]

Bury, ber′i, n. a delicate pear of several varieties.—Also Burr′el, Burr′el-pear. [Cf. the Fr. beurré, as in 'Beurré d'Angoulême.']

Busby, bus′bi, n. a fur hat with short bag hanging down from the top on its right side, of the same colour as the facings of the regiment, worn by hussars, and, in the British army, by horse artillerymen also. [Prob. Hung.]

Buscon, bus′kon, n. (U.S.) a miner paid by a percentage of the ore he raises. [Sp.]

Bush, boosh, n. a shrub thick with branches: anything of bushy tuft-like shape: any wild uncultivated country, esp. at the Cape or in Australia: a bunch of ivy hung up as a tavern sign, a tavern itself—'Good wine needs no bush.'—v.i. to grow thick or bushy.—v.t. to set bushes about, support with bushes: to cover seeds by means of the bush-harrow.—n. Bush′-cat, the serval.—adj. Bushed, lost in the bush.—ns. Bush′-harr′ow, a light kind of harrow used for covering grass-seeds, formed of a barred frame interwoven with bushes or branches; Bush′iness; Bush′man, a settler in the uncleared land of America or the Colonies, a woodsman: one of a native race in South Africa (Dut. boschjesman); Bush′-rang′er, in Australia, a lawless fellow, often an escaped criminal, who takes to the bush and lives by robbery; Bush′-shrike, a tropical American ant-thrush; Bush′tit, a small long-tailed titmouse of West America, building a large hanging-nest.—v.i. Bush′-whack, to range through the bush: to fight in guerilla warfare.—ns. Bush′-whack′er, a guerilla fighter: a country lout: a short heavy scythe for cutting bushes; Bush′-whack′ing, the habits or practice of bush-whackers: the process of forcing a way for a boat by pulling at the bushes overhanging a stream.—adj. Bush′y, full of bushes: thick and spreading.—Beat about the bush, to go round about anything, to evade coming to the point. [M. E. busk, busch; from a Teut. root found in Ger. busch, Low L. boscus, Fr. bois.]

Bush, boosh, n. the metal box or lining of any cylinder in which an axle works.—v.t. to furnish with a bush.—n. Bush′-met′al, hard brass, gun-metal, a composition of copper and tin, used for journals, bearings, &c. [Dut. bus—L. buxus, the box-tree.]

Bushel, boosh′el, n. a dry measure of 8 gallons, for measuring grain, fruit, &c. [O. Fr. boissiel, from the root of Box.]

Bushel, boosh′el, v.t. and v.i. (U.S.) to mend or alter, as men's clothes.—ns. Bush′eller; Bush′elling; Bush′el-wom′an.

Business, biz′nes, n. employment: engagment: trade, profession, or occupation: one's concerns or affairs: a matter or affair: (theat.) action as distinguished from dialogue.—adj. Bus′iness-like, methodical, systematic, practical.—Do the business for, to settle, make an end of: to ruin.—Genteel business (theat.), such parts as require good dressing.—Make it one's business, to undertake to accomplish something or see it done; Mean business, to be in earnest; Mind one's own business, to confine one's self to one's own affairs.—Send about one's business, to dismiss promptly.

Busk, busk, v.t. or v.i. to prepare: to dress one's self. [Ice. búa, to prepare, and -sk, contr. of sik, the recip. pron.—self.]

Busk, busk, n. the piece of bone, wood, or steel in the front of a woman's stays: a corset.—adj. Busked. [Fr. busc, which Scheler thinks a doublet of bois; Littré, the same as It. busto, a bust.]

Busk, busk, v.i. (naut.) to cruise along a shore, to beat about: to seek. [Prob. Sp. buscar, to seek.]

Buskin, busk′in, n. a kind of half-boot with high heels worn in ancient times by actors of tragedy—hence, the tragic drama as distinguished from comedy: a half-boot.—adj. Busk′ined, dressed in buskins, noting tragedy: tragic: dignified. [Ety. uncertain; cognates may be found in the O. Fr. brousequin; Dut. broos-ken; Sp. borceguí.]

Buss, bus, n. a rude or playful kiss, a smack.—v.t. to kiss, esp. in a rude or playful manner. [M. E. bass, prob. from Old Ger. bussen, to kiss, but modified by Fr. baiser, to kiss, from L. basium, a kiss.]

Buss, bus, n. a small two-masted Dutch vessel, used in the herring and mackerel fisheries. [O. Fr. busse, Low L. bussa; cf. Ger. büse.]

Bussu-palm, bus′soo-päm, n. a palm growing along the Amazon, with leaves as long as 30 feet and 5 feet broad, forming good thatch.

Bust, bust, n. a sculpture representing the head and breast of a person: the upper part of the human body, a woman's bosom.—adj. Bust′ed, breasted: adorned with busts. [Fr. buste; It. and Sp. busto.]

Bust, bust, n. and v. a vulgar form of Burst.—n. Bust′er, something large: a frolic: (slang) a roisterer.

Bustard, bus′tard, n. a genus of birds, sometimes made the type of a large family, usually ranked in the order of marsh birds like the cranes. [Fr. bistard, corr. from L. avis tarda, slow bird.]

Bustle, bus′l, v.i. to busy one's self noisily: to be active, often with more noise than actual work.—n. hurried activity: stir: tumult.—n. Bust′ler. [There is a M. E. bustelen, of doubtful relations; perh. conn. with bluster, or with Ice. bustl, a splash, or with A.S. bysig, busy.]

Bustle, bus′l, n. a stuffed pad or cushion worn by ladies under the skirt of their dress, the intention to improve the figure.

Busy, biz′i, adj. fully employed: active: diligent: meddling.—v.t. to make busy: to occupy:—pr.p. busying (biz′i-ing); pa.p. busied (biz′id).—adv. Bus′ily.—n. Bus′ybody, one busy about others' affairs, a meddling person.—adj. Bus′yless (Shak.), without business.—n. Bus′yness, state of being busy. [A.S. bysig.]

But, but, prep. or conj. without: except: besides: only: yet: still.—Used as a noun for a verbal objection; also as a verb, as in Scott's 'but me no buts.'—adj. (Scot.) outside, as in 'but end.'—But and ben, a house having an outer and an inner room. [A.S. be-útan, bútan, without—be, by, and útan, out—near and yet outside.]

Butcher, booch′ėr, n. one whose business is to slaughter animals for food: one who delights in bloody deeds.—v.t. to slaughter animals for food: to put to a bloody death, to kill cruelly: (fig.) to spoil anything, as a bad actor or the like.—ns. Butch′er-bird, a shrike; Butch′ering, Butch′ing, the act of killing for food, or cruelly.—adv. Butch′erly, butcher-like, cruel, murderous.—ns. Butch′er-meat, Butch′er's-meat, the flesh of animals slaughtered by butchers, as distinguished from fish, fowls, and game; Butch′er's-broom, a genus of plants of the lily order, the common one being an evergreen shrub, a bunch of which is used by butchers for sweeping their blocks; Butch′ery, great or cruel slaughter: a slaughter-house or shambles. [O. Fr. bochier, bouchier, one who kills he-goats—boc, a he-goat; allied to Eng. Buck.]

Butler, but′lėr, n. a servant who has charge of the liquors, plate, &c.—v.i. to act as butler.—ns. But′lership, But′lerage; But′lery, the butler's pantry. [Norm. Fr. butuiller—Low L. buticularius. See Bottle.]

Butt, but, v.i. and v.t. to strike with the head, as a goat, &c.—n. a push with the head of an animal.—n. Butt′er, an animal that butts. [O. Fr. boter, to push, strike.]

Butt, but, n. a large cask: a wine-butt = 126 gallons, a beer and sherry butt = 108 gallons. [Cf. Fr. botte, Sp. bota, Low L. butta.]

Butt, but, n. a mark for archery practice: a mound behind musketry or artillery targets: one who is made the object of ridicule.—n. Butt′-shaft (Shak.), a shaft or arrow for shooting at butts with. [Fr. but, goal.]

Butt, but, or in longer form, Butt′-end, n. the thick and heavy end: the stump. [Ety. dub.]

Butte, būt, but, n. any conspicuous and isolated hill or peak, esp. in the Rocky Mountain region. [Fr.]

Butter, but′ėr, n. an oily substance obtained from cream by churning.—v.t. to spread over with butter.—ns. Butt′er-bird, the name in Jamaica for the rice-bunting; Butt′er-boat, a table vessel for holding melted butter; Butt′er-bump, a bittern; Butt′er-bur, -dock, the sweet coltsfoot; Butt′ercup, a plant of the Crowfoot genus, with a cup-like flower of a golden yellow; Butt′er-fing′ers, one who lets a cricket-ball he ought to catch slip through his fingers; Butt′er-fish (see Gunnel); Butt′erfly, the name of an extensive group of beautiful winged insects: (fig.) a light-headed person.—adj. light, flighty, like a butterfly.—ns. Butt′erine, an artificial fatty compound sold as a substitute for butter—since 1887 only allowed to be sold under the names margarine or oleo-margarine; Butt′er-milk, the milk that remains after the butter has been separated from the cream by churning; Butt′er-nut, the oily nut of the North American white walnut, the tree itself or its light-coloured close-grained wood: the nut of a lofty timber-tree of Guiana—the souari-nut; Butt′er-scotch, a kind of toffee containing a large admixture of butter; Butt′er-tree, a genus of plants found in the East Indies and in Africa, remarkable for a sweet buttery substance yielded by their seeds when boiled; Butt′er-wife, Butt′er-wom′an, a woman who makes and sells butter; Butt′er-wort, a genus of small plants found in marshy places, so called either from the power of the leaves to coagulate milk, or from their peculiar sliminess.—adj. Butt′ery, like butter. [A.S. butere; Ger. butter; both from L. butyrum—Gr. boutyron—bous ox, tyros, cheese.]

Buttery, but′ėr-i, n. a storeroom in a house for provisions, esp. liquors.—ns. Butt′ery-bar, the ledge for holding tankards in the buttery; Butt′ery-hatch, a half-door over which provisions are handed from the buttery. [Fr. bouteillerie, lit. 'place for bottles.' See Butler, Bottle.]

Buttock, but′ok, n. the rump or protuberant part of the body behind: a term in wrestling.—ns. Butt′ock-mail (Scot.), the fine formerly exacted by the Church as part of the discipline for the offence of fornication. [Dim. of Butt, end.]

Button, but′n, n. a knob of metal, bone, &c., used to fasten the dress: the knob at the end of a foil: the head of an unexpanded mushroom: the knob of an electric bell, &c.: anything of small value, as in the phrase, 'I don't care a button:' a person who acts as a decoy: (pl.) young mushrooms, sheep's dung.—v.t. to fasten by means of buttons: to close up tightly.—v.i. to be fastened with buttons.—ns. Butt′on-bush, a North American shrub of the madder family, having globular flower-heads; Butt′on-hole, the hole or slit in the dress by which the button is held.—v.t. to detain in talk, as if by taking hold of a man by the button.—ns. Butt′on-hook, a hook for pulling the buttons of gloves and shoes through the button-holes; Butt′on-wood, a small West Indian evergreen tree of the myrobalan family: the plane-tree of the United States—also Butt′on-ball and incorrectly Sycamore.—adj. Butt′ony, decorated with buttons.—Boy in buttons, a boy servant in livery, a page. [Fr. bouton, any small projection, from bouter, to push.]

Buttress, but′res, n. a projecting support built on to the outside of a wall: any support or prop.—v.t. to prop or support, as by a buttress. [Acc. to Dr Murray, perh. from O. Fr. bouterez, apparently from bouter, to push, bear against.]

Butty, but′i, n. (prov.) a chum, comrade, esp. one who takes a contract for working out a certain area of coal, or a partner in such.—ns. Butt′y-coll′ier; Butt′y-gang.

Butyric, bū-tir′ik, adj. pertaining to or derived from butter.—n. Bū′tyl, an alcohol radical.—adj. Butyrā′ceous, buttery, containing butter.—n. Bū′tyrate, a salt of butyric acid.—Butyric acid, a volatile fatty acid possessing the disagreeable odour of rancid butter. [L. butyrum.]

Buxom, buks′um, adj. yielding, elastic: gay, lively, jolly.—n. Bux′omness, the quality of being buxom: liveliness: gaiety. [M. E. buhsum, pliable, obedient—A.S. búgan, to bow, yield, and affix Some.]

Buy, bī, v.t. to purchase for money: to bribe: to obtain in exchange for something:—pr.p. buy′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. bought (bawt).—adj. Buy′able, capable of being bought.—n. Buy′er, one who buys, a purchaser.—Buy and sell (Shak.), to barter; Buy in, to purchase a stock: to buy back for the owner at an auction; Buy off, or out, to gain release from military service by payment of money; Buy over, to gain by bribery; Buy up, to purchase the whole stock. [A.S. bycgan; Goth. bugjan.]

Buzz, buz, v.i. to make a humming noise like bees.—v.t. to whisper or spread secretly.—n. the noise of bees and flies: a humming sound: a whispered report.—n. Buzz′er, one who buzzes: (Shak.) a whisperer or tell-tale.—adv. Buzz′ingly.—adj. Buzz′y. [From the sound.]

Buzzard, buz′ard, n. a bird of prey of the falcon family: a blockhead: a name for some night moths and cockchafers.—n. Buzz′ard-clock, a cockchafer, the dor. [Fr. busard; prob. from L. buteo, a kind of falcon.]

By, bī, prep. at the side of: near to: through, denoting the agent, cause, means, &c.—adv. near: passing near: in presence of: aside, away.—adv. By′-and-by, soon, presently.—ns. By′-blow, a side blow: an illegitimate child; By′-cor′ner, an out-of-the-way place; By′-drink′ing (Shak.), drinking between meals; By′-elec′tion, a parliamentary election during the sitting of parliament: By′-end, a subsidiary aim; By′-form, a form of a word slightly varying from it; By′-gō′ing, the action of passing by, esp. In the by-going.—adj. By′gone.—ns. By′-lane, a side lane or passage out of the common road; By′-mō′tive, an unavowed motive; By′name, a nickname; By′-pass′age, a side passage.—adj. By′-past (Shak.), past: gone by.—ns. By′path, a side path; By′-place, a retired place; By′play, a scene carried on, subordinate to and apart from the main part of the play; By′-prō′duct, an accessory product resulting from some specific process or manufacture; By′road, a retired side road; By′room (Shak.), a side or private room; By′-speech, a casual speech; By′stander, one who stands by or near one—hence a looker-on; By′-street, an obscure street; By′-thing, a thing of minor importance; By′-time, leisure time; By′way, a private and obscure way; By′word, a common saying: a proverb: an object of common derision; By′work, work for leisure hours.—By-the-by, By the way, in passing.—Let bygones be bygones, let the past alone. [A.S. bi, big; Ger. bei, L. ambi.]

By, Bye, bī, n. anything of minor importance, a side issue, a thing not directly aimed at: the condition of being odd, as opposed to even, the state of being left without a competitor, as in tennis, &c.: in cricket, a run stolen by the batsman on the ball passing the wicket-keeper and long-stop, the batsman not having struck the ball.—By-the-bye, or -by, incidentally, by the way.

Bycocket, bī′kok-et, n. a turned-up peaked cap worn by noble persons in the 15th century—sometimes erroneously abacot. [O. Fr. bicoquet, prob. bi- (L. bis), double, coque, a shell.]

Bylaw, Bye-law, bī′-law, n. the law of a city, town, or private corporation: a supplementary law or regulation. [The same as Byrlaw, from Ice. byarlög, Dan. by-lov, town-law; Scot. bir-law; from Ice. bua, to dwell. See Bower. By, town, is the suffix in many place-names. The by in bylaw is generally confused with the preposition.]

Bynempt, bī-nempt′, pa.t. of obsolete verb Bename (Spens.), named. [A.S. pfx. by-, be-, and nemnen, to name. See Name.]

Byre, bīr, n. (Scot.) a cow-house. [A.S. býre pl. dwellings—búr, a bower. See Bower.]

Byrlaw, bir′law, n. a sort of popular jurisprudence formerly in use in Scotland, in villages and among husbandmen, concerning neighbourhood to be kept among themselves.—n. Byr′law-man, still in parts of Scotland, an arbiter, oddsman, or umpire. [A.S. burh, a borough.]

Byronic, bī-ron′ik, adj. possessing the characteristics of Lord Byron (1788-1824), or of his poetry, overstrained in sentiment or passion, cynical and libertine.—adv. Byron′ically.—n. By′ronism.

Byssolite, bis′o-līt, n. an olive-green variety of actinolite, in long crystals.—Also Amian′tus. [Gr. byssos, byssus, lithos, stone.]

Byssus, bis′us, n. a fine yellowish flax, and the linen made from it: the bundle of fine silky filaments by which many shellfish attach themselves to rocks, &c.: a genus of cryptogamic plants of a silky fibrous texture found on decaying wood, in mines, &c., and other dark places.—adjs. Byssif′erous, bearing or having a byssus; Byss′ine, made of fine linen. [L.—Gr. byssos, a fine flaxen or silky substance.]

Byzantine, biz-an′tīn, biz′-, adj. relating to Byzantium or Constantinople.—n. an inhabitant thereof.—n. Byzan′tinism, the manifestation of Byzantine characteristics.—Byzantine architecture, the style prevalent in the Eastern Empire down to 1453, marked by the round arch springing from columns or piers, the dome supported upon pendentives, capitals elaborately sculptured, mosaic or other incrustations, &c.; Byzantine Church, the Eastern or Greek Church; Byzantine Empire, the Eastern or Greek Empire from 395 A.D. to 1453; Byzantine historians, the series of Greek chroniclers of the affairs of the Byzantine Empire down to its fall in 1453.

the third letter of our alphabet, originally having the sound of g, then of k, and finally, in some languages, equivalent to s: (mus.) name of one of the notes of the gamut, also the sound on which the system is founded—the scale C major has neither flats nor sharps, and therefore is called the natural scale.

Caaba, kä′a-ba, n. the Moslem Holy of Holies, a square building at Mecca, containing the famous Black Stone built into the south-east corner at a height convenient for being kissed. [Ar.]

Caaing-whale, kä′ing-hwāl, n. one of the Cetacea, in the dolphin family, very gregarious, and oftener stranded than any other 'whale'—16 to 24 feet long, and 10 feet in girth. Other names are Pilot-whale, Black-fish, Social Whale, Grindhval. [Scot. ca, to drive.]

Cab, kab, n. a public carriage of various sizes and shapes, with two or four wheels, drawn by one horse.—ns. Cab′by, a shortened form of Cab′man, one who drives a cab for hire; Cab′-stand, a place where cabs stand for hire; Cab′-tout, one whose business it is to call cabs.—Cabmen's shelter, a place of shelter for cabmen while waiting for hire. [Shortened from Cabriolet.]

Cab, kab, n. a Hebrew dry measure = nearly three pints. [Heb. kab—kabab, to hollow.]

Cabal, ka-bal′, n. a small party united for some secret design: the plot itself: a name in English history esp. given to five unpopular ministers of Charles II. (1672), whose initials happened to make up the word.—v.i. to form a party for a secret purpose: to plot:—pr.p. cabal′ling.—n. Cabal′ler, a plotter or intriguer. [Fr. cabale; from Cabala.]

Caballine, kab′a-lin, adj. pertaining to, or suited to, a horse. [L. caballinus—caballus, a horse.]

Cabaret, kab′a-ret, n. a small tavern. [Fr., prob. for cabanaret—cabane, a hut.]

Cabas, Caba, kab′a, n. a woman's work-basket or reticule: a rush basket or pannier. [Fr.]

Cabbage, kab′āj, n. a well-known kitchen vegetable.—ns. Cabb′age-butt′erfly, a large butterfly whose larvæ injure the leaves of cabbage and other cruciferous plants; Cabb′age-moth, a moth whose larva feeds on the cabbage; Cabb′age-palm, Cabb′age-tree, a name given in different countries to different species of palm, the great terminal bud of which is eaten cooked like cabbage, or sometimes also raw in salads; Cabb′age-rose, a species of rose which has a thick form like a cabbage-head; Cabb′age-worm, the larva of the cabbage-butterfly or of the cabbage-moth. [Fr. caboche, head (choux cabus, a cabbage); from L. caput, the head.]

Cabbage, kab′āj, v.t. and v.i. to purloin, esp. a tailor of portions of a customer's cloth.—n. cloth so appropriated.

Cabbala, Cabala, kab′a-la, n. a secret science of the Jewish rabbis for the interpretation of the hidden sense of Scripture, claimed to be handed down by oral tradition.—ns. Cabb′alism, the science of the cabbala; Cabb′alist, one versed in the cabbala.—adjs. Cabbalist′ic, -al, relating to the cabbala: having a hidden meaning. [Heb. qabbālāh, tradition, qibbēl, to receive.]

Caber, kāb′ėr, n. a pole, generally the stem of a young tree, which is poised and tossed or hurled by Highland athletes. [Gael.]

Cabin, kab′in, n. a hut or cottage: a small room, esp. in a ship, for officers or passengers—hence Cab′in-pass′enger, one paying for superior accommodation.—v.t. to shut up in a cabin.—v.i. to dwell in a cabin.—n. Cab′in-boy, a boy who waits on the officers or those who live in the cabin of a ship. [Fr. cabane—Low L. capanna.]

Cabinet, kab′in-et, n. (obs.) a little cabin or hut: (Shak.) the bed or nest of a beast or bird: a small room, closet, or private apartment: a case of drawers for articles of value: a private room for consultation, esp. a king's—hence The Cabinet, a limited number of the chief ministers who govern England, being the leaders of the majority in parliament.—ns. Cab′inet-coun′cil, a council or consultation of the members of the Cabinet; Cab′inet-edi′tion (of a book), one less in size and price than a library edition, but still elegant in format; Cab′inet-mak′er, a maker of cabinets and other fine furniture; Cab′inet-phō′tograph, one of the size larger than a carte-de-visite. [Dim. of Cabin; cf. mod. Fr. cabinet.]

Cabiri, ka-bī′rī, n.pl. ancient divinities of Semitic origin, associated with fire and creative energy, worshipped in mysteries in Lemnos, Samothrace, and Indros—also Cabei′ri.—adjs. Cabir′ian, Cabir′ic.

Cable, kā′bl, n. a strong rope or chain which ties anything, esp. a ship to her anchor: a nautical measure of 100 fathoms; a cable for submarine telegraphs composed of wires embedded in gutta-percha and encased in coiled strands of iron wire; a bundle of insulated wires laid underground in a street: a cable-message.—v.t. to provide with a cable, to tie up: to transmit a message, or to communicate with any one by submarine telegram.—ns. Cā′blegram, a message sent by submarine telegraph cable; Cā′ble-mould′ing, a bead or moulding carved in imitation of a thick rope; Cā′bling, a bead or moulding like a thick rope, often worked in flutes: the filling of flutes with a moulding like a cable.—Slip the cable, to let it run out. [Fr.—Low L. caplum, a halter—cap-ĕre, to hold.]

Cabob, ka-bob′, n. an Oriental dish of pieces of meat roasted with herbs: roast meat generally in India. [Ar. kabāb.]

Caboched, Caboshed, ka-bosht′, adj. (her.) bearing the head of an animal, with only the face seen. [Fr. caboché—L. caput, head.]

Cabochon, ka-bō-shong, n. a precious stone polished but uncut.—En cabochon, rounded on top and flat on back, without facets—garnets, moonstone, &c. [Fr.]

Caboose, ka-bōōs′, n. the kitchen or cooking-stove of a ship. [Dut. kombuis; cf. Ger. kabuse.]

Cabriolet, kab-ri-ō-lā′, n. a covered carriage with two or four wheels drawn by one horse. [Fr. See Capriole. By 1830 shortened into Cab.]

Cacao, ka-kā′o, ka-kä′o, n. the chocolate-tree, from the seeds of which chocolate is made. [Mex. cacauatl.]

Cachæmia, Cachemia, ka-kē′mi-a, n. a morbid state of the blood.—adj. Cachē′mic. [Gr. kakos, bad, haima, blood.]

Cache, kash, n. a hiding-place for treasure, for stores of provisions, ammunition, &c.: the stores themselves so hidden.—v.t. to hide anything.—n. Cache′pot, an ornamental flower-pot enclosing a common one of earthenware. [Fr. cacher, to hide.]

Cachet, kash′ā, n. a seal, any distinctive stamp.—Lettre de cachet, a letter under the private seal of the king of France under the old régime, by which the royal pleasure was made known to individuals, and the administration of justice often interfered with. [Fr.]

Cachexy, ka-kek′si, n. a bad state of body: a depraved habit of mind.—adjs. Cachec′tic, -al. [L.—Gr. kachexia—kakos, bad, hexis, condition.]

Cachinnation, kak-in-ā′shun, n. loud laughter.—adj. Cachin′natory. [L. cachinnation-em, cachinnāre, to laugh loudly—from the sound.]

Cacholong, kash′o-long, n. a variety of quartz or of opal, generally of a milky colour. [Fr.]

Cachou, kash′ōō, n. a sweetmeat, made in the form of a pill, of extract of liquorice, cashew-nut, or the like, used by some smokers in the hope to sweeten their breath. [Fr.]

Cacique, ka-sēk′, n. a native chief among the West Indian aborigines. [Haytian.]

Cackle, kak′l, n. the sound made by a hen or goose.—v.i. to make such a sound.—ns. Cack′ler, a fowl that cackles: a talkative, gossiping person; Cack′ling, noise of a goose or hen. [M. E. cakelen; cog. with Dut. hakelen.]

Cacodemon, kak-o-dē′mon, n. an evil spirit: (Shak.) a nightmare. [Gr. kakos, bad, and Demon.]

Cacodyl, kak′o-dil, n. a colourless stinking liquid, composed of arsenic, carbon, and hydrogen. [Gr. kakōdēs, ill-smelling.]

Cacoethes, kak-o-ē′thēz, n. an obstinate habit or disposition. [Gr. kakos, bad, ēthos, habit.]

Cacogastric, kak-ō-gas′trik, adj. pertaining to a disordered stomach, dyspeptic. [Gr. kakos, bad, gastēr, the stomach.]

Cacography, kak-og′ra-fi, n. bad writing or spelling.—adj. Cacograph′ic [Gr. kakos, bad, and graphia, writing.]

Cacolet, kak′o-lā, n. a military mule-litter for sick and wounded. [Fr.; prob. Basque.]

Cacology, ka-kol′o-ji, n. bad grammar or pronunciation. [Gr. kakos, bad, logos, speech.]

Cacoon, ka-kōōn′, n. a large seed of a tropical climber of the bean family, used for making scent-bottles, snuff boxes, purses, &c.: a purgative and emetic seed of a tropical American climber of the gourd family.

Cacophony, ka-kof′ō-ni, n. a disagreeable sound: discord of sounds.—adjs. Cacoph′onous, Cacophon′ic, -al, Cacophō′nious, harsh-sounding. [Gr. kakos, bad, phōnē, sound.]

Cactus, kak′tus, n. an American plant, generally with prickles instead of leaves.—adj. Cactā′ceous, pertaining to or like the cactus. [Gr., a prickly plant found in Sicily.]

Cad, kad, n. a low, mean, or vulgar fellow: a bus driver or conductor, a tavern-yard loafer.—adj. Cad′dish. [Short for Cadet.]

Cadastral, ka-das′tral, adj. pertaining to a Cadastre or public register of the lands of a country for fiscal purposes: applied also to a survey on a large scale, like our Ordnance Survey on the scale of 25 inches to the mile. [Fr.—Low L. capitastrum, register for a poll-tax—L. caput, the head.]

Cadaverous, ka-dav′ė-rus, adj. looking like a dead body: sickly-looking.—n. Cadāv′er (surg. and anat.), a corpse.—adj. Cadav′eric.—n. Cadav′erousness. [L. cadaver, a dead body—cad-ĕre, to fall dead.]

Caddice, Caddis, kad′dis, n. the larva of the May-fly and other species of Phryganea, which lives in water in a sheath formed of fragments of wood, stone, shell, leaves, &c., open at both ends—caddis-worms form excellent bait for trout.—n. Cad′dis-fly.

Caddie, kad′i, n. a lad who attends a golfer at play, carrying his clubs: in 18th century a messenger or errand porter in Edinburgh. [See Cadet.]

Caddy, kad′i, n. a small box for holding tea. [Malay kati, the weight of the small packets in which tea is made up.]

Cade, kād, n. and adj. a lamb or colt brought up by hand, a pet lamb. [Ety. unknown.]

Cadenas, kad′e-nas, n. in medieval times, a locked casket containing a great man's table requisites, knife, fork, spoon, &c., often in the form of a ship. [O. Fr.,—L. catena, a chain.]

Cadence, kā′dens, n. the fall of the voice at the end of a sentence: tone, sound, modulation.—adj. Cā′denced, rhythmical.—n. Cā′dency, regularity of movement: (her.) the relative status of younger sons.—adj. Cā′dent (Shak.), falling.—n. Caden′za, a flourish given by a solo voice or instrument at the close of a movement. [Fr.—L. cad-ĕre, to fall.]

Cadet, ka-det′, n. the younger or youngest son: a member of the younger branch of a family: in the army, one who serves as a private to become an officer: a student in a military school.—n. Cadet′ship.—Cadet corps, parties of boys undergoing military training. [Fr. cadet, formerly capdet—Low L. capitettum, dim. of caput, the head.]

Cadge, kaj, v.i. to beg or go about begging.—n. Cadg′er, a carrier who collects country produce, a hawker: a fellow who picks up his living about the streets. [Prob. conn. with Catch.]

Cadgy, kaj′i, adj. (prov.) frolicsome: wanton. [Cf. Dan. kaad, wanton, Ice. kátr, merry.]

Cadi, kā′di, n. a judge in Mohammedan countries. [Ar. qādī, a judge.]

Cadmean, kad-mē′an, adj. relating to Cadmus, who introduced the original Greek alphabet.

Cadmia, kad′mi-a, n. oxide of zinc, containing from 10 to 20 per cent. of cadmium. [Gr. kadmia, kadmeia (ge), Cadmean (earth), calamine.]

Cadmium, kad′mi-um, n. a white metal occurring in zinc ores. [See Cadmia.]

Cadrans, kad′rans, n. a wooden instrument by which a gem is adjusted while being cut. [Fr. cadran, a quadrant.]

Cadre, kad′r, n. a nucleus, framework, esp. the permanent skeleton of a regiment or corps, the commissioned and non-commissioned officers, &c., around whom the rank and file may be quickly grouped. [Fr.]

Caduceus, ka-dū′se-us, n. (myth.) the rod carried by Mercury, the messenger of the gods—a wand surmounted with two wings and entwined by two serpents.—adj. Cadū′cean. [L., akin to Gr. kērukeion, a herald's wand—kērux, a herald.]

Caducibranchiate, ka-dūi-si-brang′ki-āt, adj. losing the gills on attaining maturity, as all the salamanders.—n.pl. Caducibranchiā′ta. [L. caducus, caducous, branchiæ, gills.]

Caducous, ka-dū′kus, adj. falling early, as leaves or flowers.—n. Cadū′city, transitoriness, senility. [L. caducus—cad-ĕre, to fall.]

Cæcum, sē′kum, n. a blind sac: a sac or bag having only one opening, connected with the intestine of an animal.—adj. Cæ′cal. [L.—cæcus, blind.]

Caen-stone, kā′en-stōn, n. a cream-coloured limestone brought from Caen in France.

Cæsar, sē′zar, n. an absolute monarch, an autocrat, from the Roman dictator Caius Julius Cæsar (100-44 B.C.).—adj. Cæsar′ean, relating to Julius Cæsar.—ns. Cæ′sarism; Cæ′sarist; Cæ′sarship.—Cæsarean operation, the popular name for Hysterotomy, the delivery of a child by cutting through the walls of the abdomen, as is said to have been the case with Cæsar.

Cæsium, sēz′i-um, n. a silver-white, soft, and extensile alkaline metal, almost always found along with rubidium, discovered by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860 by spectrum analysis.—adj. Cæs′ious, bluish green. [L. cæsius, bluish gray.]

Cæsura, Cesura, sē-zū′ra, n. a syllable cut off at the end of a word after the completion of a foot: a pause in a verse.—adj. Cæsū′ral. [L.—cædĕre, cæsum, to cut off.]

Café, käf′ā, n. a coffee-house, a restaurant.—Café chantant, a public place of entertainment where the guests hear music while sipping their liquor. [Fr.]

Caffeine, kaf′e-in, or kaf-ē′in, n. the alkaloid or active principle of coffee and tea. [Fr. caféine. See Coffee.]

Cage, kāj, n. a place of confinement: a box made of wire and wood for holding birds or small animals: (mining) a frame with one or more platforms for cars, used in hoisting in a vertical shaft: the framework supporting a peal of bells.—v.t. to imprison in a cage—p.adj. Caged, confined.—ns. Cage′ling, a bird kept in a cage; Cage′-work, open work like the bars of a cage. [Fr.—L. cavea, a hollow place.]

Cagot, kag′ō, n. one of an outcast race found scattered in the district of the western Pyrenees, most likely the descendants of lepers. [Fr.; origin unknown.]

Cahier, ka-yā′, n. a writing-book, memorandum or report: a memorial. [Fr.]

Cain, kān, n. a murderer, from Cain, who killed his brother Abel (Gen. iv.).—adj. Cain′-col′oured (Shak.), reddish, the traditional colour of the hair of Cain and Judas.—n. Cain′ite, a descendant of Cain: a member of a 2d-century set of Gnostics who revered Cain and Judas.

Cain, Kain, kān, n. in old Scots law, rent paid in kind, esp. in poultry, &c.—To pay the cain, to pay the penalty. [Ir. and Gael, cáin, rent, tax.]

Cainozoic, kā-no-zō′ik, adj. belonging to the third of the great periods of geology, the same as the Tertiary (q.v.). [Gr. kainos, newly made, recent, zōon, animal.]

Caique, kä-ēk′, n. a light skiff used on the Bosporus: the skiff of a galley. [Fr.,—Turk. kaik, a boat.]

Caird, kārd, n. a tramping tinker, a gipsy, a vagrant. [Gael. and Ir. ceard.]

Cairn, kārn, n. a heap of stones, esp. one raised over a grave, or as a landmark on a mountain-top.—n. Cairn′gorm-stone, or simply Cairngorm, a name often given by jewellers to brown or yellow quartz or rock-crystal, because found among the Cairngorm Mountains in Aberdeenshire. [Celt. carn.]

Caisson, kās′on, n. a tumbril or ammunition wagon: a chest filled with explosive materials: a strong case for keeping out the water while the foundations of a bridge are being built: an apparatus for lifting a vessel out of the water for repairs or inspection: the pontoon or floating gate used to close a dry-dock. [Fr., from caisse, a case or chest. See Case.]

Caitiff, kā′tif, n. a mean despicable fellow.—adj. mean, base.—n. Cai′tive (Spens.), captive, subject. [O. Fr. caitif, (Fr. chétif)—L. captivus, a captive—cap-ĕre, to take.]

Cajole, ka-jōl′, v.t. to coax: to cheat by flattery.—ns. Cajole′ment, coaxing for the purpose of deluding: wheedling language: flattery; Cajol′er; Cajol′ery. [Fr. cajoler, to chatter; ety. dub.]

Cajuput, kaj′i-put, n. a pungent, volatile, aromatic oil, distilled from the leaves of two trees native to Australia.—Also Caj′eput. [Malay.]

Cake, kāk, n. a piece of dough that is baked: a small loaf of fine bread: any flattened mass baked, as pan-cake, &c., or as soap, wax, tobacco, &c.: a thin hard-baked kind of oaten-bread—whence Scotland is styled the 'Land of Cakes:' fancy bread, sweetened: a composition of bread with butter, sugar, spices, currants, raisins, &c., baked into any form—plum-cake, tea-cake, wedding-cake.—v.t. to form into a cake or hard mass.—v.i. to become baked or hardened.—adj. Cak′y.—Cakes and ale, a phrase covering vaguely all the good things of life.—To take the cake (slang), to carry off the honours, rank first. [Scand. kaka; cog. with Ger. kuche, Dut. koek.]

Calabar-bean, käl′a-bär-bēn, n. the seed of Physostigma venenosum, the ordeal bean of Old Calabar, used in the form of an emulsion in cases of witchcraft, the accused being plainly innocent if he can throw off the poison by vomiting.

Calabash, kal′a-bash, n. a tree of tropical America, bearing a large melon-like fruit, the shell of which, called a calabash, is used for domestic purposes, as holding liquids, &c. [Fr. calebasse—Sp. calabaza—Pers. kharbuz, melon.]

Calaboose, kal′a-bōōs, n. a prison in New Orleans, esp. a common lock-up. [Sp. calabozo, a dungeon.]

Caladium, kal-ā′di-um, n. a genus of plants of the Arum family, with edible starchy root-stocks. [Latinised from Malay kélādy.]

Calamanco, kal-a-mangk′o, n. a satin-twilled woollen stuff, checkered or brocaded in the warp. [Dut. kalamink, Ger. kalmank, Fr. calmande; origin unknown.]

Calamander, kal′a-man-dėr, n. a hard and valuable cabinet-wood of a brownish colour, with black stripes, brought from India and Ceylon. [Prob. Singh.]

Calamary, kal′a-mar-i, n. a popular name applied to numerous forms of cuttle-fish or Cephalopoda, more esp. to Loligo vulgaris.—Also Squid. [Sp. calamar—Fr. calmar—L. calamarius, calamus, a pen.]

Calamine, kal′a-mīn, n. an ore consisting essentially of carbonate of zinc. [Fr.—Low L. calamina, most prob. from L. cadmia.]

Calamint, kal′a-mint, n. a genus of Labiate plants closely allied to balm and thyme. [Fr.—Low L. calamentum, through L. from Gr. kalaminthē.]

Calamite, kal′a-mīt, n. a fossil plant abundant in the coal-measures, believed to be a kind of gigantic horse-tails (Equisetaceæ). [Formed from L. calamus, a reed.]

Calamity, kal-am′i-ti, n. a great misfortune: affliction.—adj. Calam′itous, making wretched, disastrous.—adv. Calam′itously, in a calamitous manner.—n. Calam′itousness, the quality of producing distress: distress: misery. [Fr. calamité—L. calamitat-em.]

Calamus, kal′a-mus, n. the traditional name of the sweet flag, which is no doubt the Calamus aromaticus of Roman authors, and probably the sweet calamus and sweet cane of Scripture, but not the fragrant lemon-grass of India: a genus of palms whose stems make canes or rattans: the reed pen used by the ancients in writing. [L.—Gr.]

Calash, ka-lash′, n. a light low-wheeled carriage with a folding top: a silk and whalebone hood worn by ladies to shade the face. [Fr. calèche; of Slav. origin, as Bohem. kolésa, Russ. koleso, a wheel.]

Calavance, kal′a-vans, n. a name for certain varieties of pulse.—Also Car′avance. [Sp. garbanzo, chickpea, said to be the Basque garbantzu.]

Calcaneum, kal-kā′nē-um, n. a bone of the tarsus or ankle, forming in man the prominence of the heel, the os calcis: in birds, the hypotarsus.—adjs. Calcā′neal, Calcā′nean. [L., the heel—calx, the heel.]

Calcar, kal′kar, n. (bot.) a spur or spur-like projection, esp. from the base of a petal: (anat.) an eminence in the lateral ventricles of the brain, the hippocampus minor or calcar avis.—adjs. Cal′carate; Calcar′iform; Cal′carine. [L., a spur—calx, calcis, the heel.]

Calcar, kal′kar, n. an oven or furnace for calcining the materials of frit before melting—also Fritting-furnace: an arch or oven for annealing.

Calcareous, kal-kā′re-us, adj. like or containing chalk or lime, whether waters, rocks, or soils.—n. Calcā′reousness.—adj. Calcarif′erous, better Calcif′erous, containing lime. [L. calcarius, from calx, lime.]

Calceamentum, kal-sē-a-men′tum, n. a red silk embroidered sandal forming part of the insignia of the Holy Roman Empire. [L.]

Calced, kalst, adj. shod, wearing shoes—opp. to Discalced—of Carmelites.—v.t. Cal′cēate, to shoe.—adjs. Cal′cēate, -d, shod; Cal′cēiform (bot.), having the form of a slipper; Cal′cēolate, calceiform. [Low L. calceus, a shoe—calx, calcis, the heel.]

Calceolaria, kal-se-o-lā′ri-a, n. a South American genus of Scrophulariaceæ, largely cultivated as half-hardy or greenhouse plants for the beauty and variety in colour of the two-lipped slipper-like flowers. [L. calceolus, dim. of calceus, a shoe.]

Calcium, kal′si-um, n. the metal present in chalk, stucco, and other compounds of lime.—adjs. Cal′cic, containing calcium; Cal′cific, calcifying or calcified.—v.i. Cal′cificā′tion, the process of calcifying, a changing into lime.—adjs. Cal′ciform, like chalk, pebbly; Calcif′ugous, avoiding limestone.—v.t. and v.i. Cal′cify, to make calcic: to turn into bony tissue.—adjs. Calcig′enous, forming lime; Calcig′erous, containing lime.—n. Cal′cimine, a white or tinted wash for ceilings, walls, &c., consisting of whiting, with glue, &c.—v.t. to wash with such.—adj. Cal′cinable, capable of being calcined.—n. Calcinā′tion.—v.t. Cal′cine, or Calcine′, to reduce to a calx or chalky powder by the action of heat, to burn to ashes.—v.i. to become a calx or powder by heat.—ns. Cal′cite, native calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime—also called Calcā′reous spar and Calc′spar; Calc′-sin′ter, Calc′-tuff, Tra′vertin, a porous deposit from springs or rivers which in flowing through limestone rocks have become charged with calcium carbonate. [Formed from L. calx, chalk.]

Calculate, kal′kū-lāt, v.t. to count or reckon: to think out: to adapt, fit (only passive, with for): (U.S.) to think, purpose.—v.i. to make a calculation: to estimate.—adjs. Cal′culable; Cal′culating, given to forethought, deliberately selfish and scheming.—n. Calculā′tion, the art or process of calculating: estimate: forecast.—adj. Cal′culātive, relating to calculation.—n. Cal′culātor, one who calculates. [L. calculāre, -ātum, to reckon by help of little stones—calculus, dim. of calx, a little stone.]

Calculus, kal′kū-lus, n. a stone-like concretion which forms in certain parts of the body: one of the higher branches of mathematics:—pl. Calculi (kal′kū-li).—adj. Cal′culose, stony or like stone: gritty: affected with stone or with gravel.—Calculus of finite differences not merely does not consider differentials, but does not assume continuity.—Differential calculus, a method of treating the values of ratios of differentials or the increments of quantities continually varying; Integral calculus, the summation of an infinite series of differentials. [L.—calx.]

Caledonian, kal-e-dō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Caledonia, or Scotland.—n. a Scotchman.

Calefaction, kal-e-fak′shun, adj. act of heating: state of being heated.—adj. Calefā′cient, warming.—n. anything that warms: a blister or superficial stimulant.—adj. Calefac′tive, communicating heat.—n. Calefac′tor, a small stove.—adj. Calefac′tory, warming.—n. a room in which monks warmed themselves: a warming-pan, a pome.—v.t. and v.i. Cal′efy, to grow warm: to make warm.—n. Cales′cence, increasing warmth. [L.,—calēre, to grow hot, facĕre, to make.]

Calendar, kal′en-dar, n. the mode of adjusting the natural divisions of time with respect to each other for the purposes of civil life: an almanac or table of months, days, and seasons, or of special facts, &c., as in the 'gardener's calendar,' &c.: a list of documents arranged chronologically with summaries of contents, as in 'calendar of state papers:' a list of canonised saints, or of prisoners awaiting trial: any list or record.—v.t. to place in a list: to analyse and index.—ns. Cal′endarer, Cal′endarist. [O. Fr. calendier—L. calendarium, an account-book, kalendæ, calends.]

Calender, kal′en-dėr, n. a press consisting of two rollers for smoothing and dressing cloth, paper, &c.: a person who calenders, properly a calendrer.—v.t. to dress in a calender.—ns. Cal′endering; Cal′endrer, one whose business it is to calender cloth; Cal′endry, a place where calendering is done. [Fr. calandre—L. cylindrus—L. kylindros.]

Calender, kal′en-dėr, n. a word somewhat loosely used for dervish in Persia and Central Asia. [Pers.]

Calends, kal′endz, n. among the Romans, the first day of each month. [L. Kalendæ—calăre, Gr. kalein, to call, because the beginning of the month was proclaimed.]

Calenture, kal′en-tūr, n. a kind of fever or delirium occurring on board ship in hot climates. [Fr. and Sp.—L. calent-em, calēre, to be hot.]

Calf, käf, n. the young of the cow and of some other animals, as marine mammals: calf-skin leather, bookbinding in such: a stupid or a cowardly person:—pl. Calves (kävz).—ns. Calf′-love, an attachment between a boy and girl; Calf's′-foot, Calves'-foot, the foot of the calf, used in making a palatable jelly; Calf′-skin, the skin of the calf, making a good leather for bookbinding and shoes.—Divinity calf, a dark-brown calf bookbinding, with blind stamping, and without gilding—common in the binding of theological books; Golden calf, the idol set up by Aaron during the absence of Moses on Sinai, or those erected by Jeroboam at Bethel and Dan: worship of Mammon or wealth; Half-calf, a bookbinding in which the back and corners are in calf-skin; Mottled calf, a light coloured bookbinding, decorated by the sprinkling of acid in drops; Smooth calf, a binding in plain or undecorated calf leather.—The calves of our lips (Hosea, xiv. 2), an offering of praise (the Septuagint reads, 'The fruit of our lips').—Tree calf, a bright brown calf bookbinding, stained by acids with a pattern resembling the trunk and branches of a tree. [A.S. cealf; Ger. kalb.]

Calf, käf, n. the thick fleshy part of the leg behind.—adj. Calf′less, with a thin, poor calf. [Ice. kalfi; perh. the same word as the preceding.]

Caliban, kal′i-ban, n. a man of beastly nature, from the monster in Shakespeare's Tempest.

Calibre, Caliber, kal′i-bėr, n. the size of the bore of a gun: diameter: intellectual capacity.—adj. Cal′ibered.—v.t. Cal′ibrāte, to determine the calibre of.—n. Calibrā′tion. [Fr. calibre, the bore of a gun; prob. L. quā librā, with what weight, or from Ar. qālib, a form.]

Calico, kal′i-kō, n. a cotton cloth, first brought from Calicut in India: plain white unprinted cotton cloth, bleached or unbleached: coarse printed cotton cloth.—adj. made of calico: spotted—n. Cal′ico-print′er, one employed in printing calicoes.

Calif, Caliph, kā′lif, or kal′if, n. the name assumed by the successors of Mohammed.—ns. Cal′ifate, Cal′iphate, the office, rank, or government of a calif. [Fr.—Ar. khalīfah, a successor.]

Caliginous, kal-ij′en-us, adj. dim, obscure, dark.—n. Caliginos′ity. [L. caliginos-us.]

Calipash, kal′i-pash, n. the part of a turtle close to the upper shell, consisting of a fatty gelatinous substance of a dull greenish colour.—n. Cal′ipee, the white portion from the belly—a fatty gelatinous substance of a light-yellowish colour. [Prob. corr. of West Ind. words.]

Calipers, kal′i-pėrz, Caliper-compasses, kal′i-pėr-kum′pasez, n.pl. compasses with legs suitable for measuring the inside or outside diameter of bodies. [Corr. of Caliber.]

Calippic, kal-ip′ik, adj. four Metonic cycles less one day, or seventy-six years. [From the Greek astronomer Callipus, a contemporary of Aristotle.]

Caliver, kal′i-vėr, n. (Shak.) a kind of light musket. [Same as Calibre.]

Calixtin, Calixtine, kal-iks′tin, adj. of or belonging to the more moderate party among the Hussites, so called from their demanding the cup (L. calix) as well as the bread for the laity—also called U′traquists (L. uterque, both).—n. a follower of the Syncretist Lutheran divine, George Calixtus (1586-1656).

Calk, kawk, n. a pointed piece of iron on a horse-shoe to prevent slipping—also Calk′in and Calk′er.—v.t. to provide a shoe with a calk. [L. calc-em, calx, a heel.]

Calk, Calque, kawk, v.t. to chalk, as the back of a drawing, &c., in order to transfer it, to copy by tracing.—n. Calk′ing, the copying of a picture by means of tracing.

Call, kawl, v.i. to cry aloud (with out; to, after, at, up, down): to make a short visit (with upon, for, at).—v.t. to name: to summon: to appoint or proclaim: to designate or reckon: to select for a special office, as in 'called to be an apostle,' 'to be called to the bar:' (coll.) to call bad names to some one.—n. a summons or invitation: an impulse: a demand: a short visit: a shrill whistle: the cry of a bird: admission to the rank of barrister: an invitation to the pastorate of a congregation, also the written form of such with appended list of names of persons concurring: (coll.) occasion, cause.—ns. Call′-at-large, a form of pastoral call sometimes adopted by a presbytery where a congregation is not unanimous, in which the name of the person to be called is not inscribed beforehand, and names cannot be adhibited by mandate; Call′-bird, a bird trained to allure others into snares; Call′-boy, a boy who waits upon the prompter in a theatre, and calls the actors when wanted on the stage; Call′er, one who pays a short visit; Call′ing, that station to which a person is called by Providence to fill: one's trade, profession, or occupation; Call′ing-crab, a popular name for the fiddler-crab, which waves its larger claw when disturbed; Call′-note, the note by which a bird or beast calls its young.—Call attention to, to point out; Call away, to divert the mind; Call back, to recall; Call for, to ask loudly: claim; Call forth, to bring or summon to action; Call for trumps, to lay down such cards at whist as will induce one's partner to lead a trump; Call in, to bring in from outside, as the notes in circulation, &c.; Call in question, to challenge; Call off, to summon away; Call on, or upon, to invoke, appeal to; Call out, to challenge to fight, esp. a duel: to summon to service, bring into operation; Call over, to read aloud a list; Call to account, to summon to render an account; Call up, to summon from beneath, or to a tribunal. [A.S. ceallian; Ice. kalla, Dut. kallen.]

Caller, kal′ėr, adj. fresh: (Scot.) cool. [Prob. the same as Calver.]

Callet, kal′et, n. (Shak.) a scold, a woman of bad character, a trull. [Prob. Fr. caillette, a frivolous gossip; or prob. the Gael. caille, girl, may be related.]

Callid, kal′id, adj. shrewd.—n. Callid′ity, shrewdness. [L. callidus, expert.]

Calligraphy, Caligraphy, kal-lig′ra-fi, n. fine penmanship; characteristic style of writing.—adjs. Calligraph′ic, -al.—ns. Callig′raphist, Callig′rapher. [Gr., kalos, beautiful, graphein, to write.]

Calliope, kal-ī′o-pe, n. the muse of epic poetry: an instrument producing musical notes by means of steam-whistles, played by a keyboard. [Gr.]

Callisthenics, kal-is-then′iks, n.pl. exercises for the purpose of promoting gracefulness as well as strength of body.—adj. Callisthen′ic. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, sthenos, strength.]

Callous, kal′us, adj. hardened: unfeeling or insensible.—n. Callos′ity, a hard swelling on the skin.—adv. Call′ously.—n. Call′ousness. [L. callosus—callus, hard skin.]

Callow, kal′ō, adj. not covered with feathers: unfledged, unbearded: inexperienced: low-lying and liable to be submerged.—n. an alluvial flat. [A.S. calu; Ger. kahl, L. calvus, bald.]

Callus, kal′us, n. a thickening of the skin: a term employed in old surgical works for the exuded material by which fractures of bones are consolidated together. [L.]

Calm, käm, adj. still or quiet: serene, tranquil.—n. absence of wind—also in pl.: repose: serenity of feelings or actions.—v.t. to make calm: to quiet.—ns. Calm′ant, Calm′ative—in medical language.—adjs. Calm′ative, Calm′ant, Calmed, Calm′y (Spens.)—adv. Calm′ly.—n. Calm′ness. [Fr. calme (It. calma), from Low L. cauma—Gr. kauma, noonday heat—kai-ein, to burn.]

Calomel, kal′ō-mel, n. the popular name of one of the compounds of mercury and chlorine, much used in medicine. [Fr. calomel, which Littré derives from Gr. kalos, fair, melas, black.]

Caloric, ka-lor′ik, n. heat: the supposed principle or cause of heat.—n. Calores′cence, the transmutation of heat rays into luminous rays.—adj. Calorif′ic, causing heat: heating.—ns. Calorificā′tion; Calorim′eter, an instrument for measuring the specific heat of a body; Calorim′etry, the art or process of measuring heat; Cal′orist, one who held heat to be a subtle fluid called caloric; Cal′ory, the usually accepted thermal unit, being the quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water from 0° to 1° centigrade. [Fr. calorique, formed by Lavoisier from L. calor, heat.]

Calotype, kal′ō-tīp, n. a kind of photography.—n. Cal′otypist, one who makes calotypes. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, typos, an image. Name given in 1840 by W. H. Fox Talbot (1800-77) to his method of photographing by the action of light on nitrate of silver.]

Caloyer, ka-loi′ėr, n. a Greek monk, esp. of the order of St Basil. [Fr.,—It.—Late Gr. kalogēros, kalos, beautiful, gēros, aged.]

Calp, kalp, n. the name applied in Ireland to beds of shale, sandstone, &c. containing thin seams of coal.

Calpac, Calpack, kal′pak, n. a triangular felt cap, worn by Turks and Tartars. [Turk.]

Caltrop, kal′trop, n. an instrument armed with four spikes, so arranged that one always stands upright, used to obstruct the progress of an enemy's cavalry, or of besiegers of a fortification.—Also Cal′trap. [A.S. coltetræppe, calcatrippe—L. calc-em, heel, trappa, a trap.]

Calumba, ka-lum′ba, n. the root of an East African plant, extensively used in medicine as a stomachic and tonic. [From Colombo in Ceylon.]

Calumet, kal′ū-met, n. the 'peace pipe' of the North American Indians, a tobacco-pipe having a stem of reed or painted wood about 2½ feet long, decorated with feathers, with a large bowl, usually of soap-stone. [Calumet is a Norman name for a shepherd's pipe (Fr. chalumeau—L. calamellus, calamus), given by the early French settlers from its resemblance.]

Calumny, kal′um-ni, n. false accusation: slander.—v.t. Calum′niāte, to accuse falsely: to slander.—v.i. to spread evil reports.—ns. Calum′niātion; Calum′niātor.—adjs. Calum′niātory, Calum′nious, of the nature of calumny: slanderous.—adv. Calum′niously.—Oath of calumny, a method in the law of Scotland for the prevention of calumnious and unnecessary suits, by which both parties at the beginning of a cause swear, either by themselves or their counsel, that the facts set forth by them are true—usual only in actions of divorce, &c. [L. calumnia, prob. for calvomnia, from calvi, calvĕre, to deceive.]

Calvary, kal′va-ri, n. the name of the place where Jesus was crucified: (R.C.) a series of representations of the various scenes of Christ's crucifixion: an eminence crowned with one or three crosses bearing life-size figures of Jesus and the two thieves. [The Anglicised form of the Vulgate calvaria, which was the L. rendering of the Gr. kranion, as that again of the Aramaic gogulthō or gogolthā (Heb. gulgōleth—Græcised form golgotha), all three words meaning skull.]

Calvered, kal′verd, p.adj. from obsolete verb Cal′ver, to prepare salmon or other fish when freshly caught. [Prob. the same as Scot. Caller.]

Calvinism, kal′vin-izm, n. the doctrines of the great Genevan religious reformer, John Calvin (1509-1564), as these are given in his Institutio, esp. as regards particular election, predestination, the incapacity for true faith and repentance of the natural man, efficacious grace, and final perseverance.—n. Cal′vinist, one who holds the doctrines of Calvin.—adjs. Calvinist′ic, -al, pertaining to Calvin or Calvinism.

Calx, kalks, n. chalk or lime: the substance of a metal or mineral which remains after being subjected to violent heat:—pl. Calxes (kalk′sēz), or Calces (kal′sēz). [L. calx, lime.]

Calycanthus, kal-i-kan′thus, n. a small order of square-stemmed aromatic shrubs, natives of North America and Japan. [Made up of Calyx and Gr. anthos.]

Calyptra, ka-lip′tra, n. a hood, covering, esp. that of the theca or capsule of mosses.—adjs. Calyp′trate, furnished with such; Calyp′triform, Calyptrimor′phous, having the form of a calyptra.—n. Calyp′trogen, the root-cap. [Gr., a veil.]

Calyx, Calix, kal′iks, or kā′liks, n. the outer covering or cup of a flower, its separate leaves termed sepals:—pl. Calyces, or Calyxes.—adjs. Cal′ycate, having a calyx; Calycīf′erous, bearing the calyx; Calyciflō′ral, Calyciflō′rate, Calyciflō′rous, having the petals and stamens borne upon the calyx; Calyc′iform, having the form of a calyx; Cal′ycine, Calyc′inal, pertaining to a calyx.—n. Cal′ycle, an accessory calyx outside the true one.—adjs. Cal′ycled, having a calycle; Cal′ycoid, Calycoi′deous, like a calyx. [L.,—Gr. kalyx—kalyptein, to cover.]

Cam, kam, n. (mech.) a device for changing a regular rotary motion into a reciprocating motion, various forms of which are the cam-wheel and shaft, the heart-wheel, the wiper-wheel, and the eccentric. [Dut. kam.]

Camaieu, kam′ī-ū, n. a cameo: a painting in monochrome, or in simple colours not imitating nature: a style of printing pictures producing the effect of a pencil-drawing.—Also Cam′ayeu. [Fr. See Cameo.]

Camaraderie, kam-a-rad-rē′, n. good-fellowship: the intimacy of comradeship. [Fr.]

Camarilla, kam-ar-il′a, n. a body of secret intriguers, esp. of a court party against a king's legitimate ministers: a small room. [Sp. dim. of camara, a chamber.]

Camass, ka-mas′, n. a small plant growing in the north-western United States, also its nutritious bulb.—ns. Camass′ia, a genus of liliaceous plants nearly related to the European Scilla; Camass′-rat, a small gopher rodent which devours the bulbs of the camass.

Camber, kam′bėr, n. a convexity upon an upper surface, as of a deck amidships, a bridge, or lintel: the curve of a ship's plank: a small dock in the royal yards where timber is loaded and discharged.—v.t. to curve ship-planks, to arch slightly. [Fr.—L. camerāre, to vault.]

Cambist, kam′bist, n. one skilled in the science of exchange.—ns. Cam′bism, Cam′bistry. [It—L. cambīre, to exchange.]

Camberwell beauty, kam′ber-wel bū′ti, n. (Vanessa antiopa) a fancy name for one of the largest and most beautiful of British butterflies.

Cambium, kam′bi-um, n. a layer of vascular tissue formed between the wood and the bark of exogens, in which the annual growth is formed. [Low L.—cambium—L. cambīre, to change.]

Cambrel, kam′brel, n. a bent piece of wood or iron on which butchers hang the carcasses of animals: the hock of a horse. [Prob. conn. with Camber.]

Cambrian, kam′bri-an, adj. pertaining to Cambria or Wales: Welsh: the name given by Sedgwick in 1836 to a group or series of sedimentary deposits which come next in order to the Archæan System.—n. an inhabitant of Cambria, or Wales. [Formed from Cymry, Welshmen, or Cymru, Wales.]

Cambric, kām′brik, n. a kind of fine white linen, originally manufactured at Cambrai in the French department of Nord.

Cambuca, kam-bū′ka, n. a pastoral staff: a curved stick used in the game of pall-mall.—Also Cambut′ta. [Low L., of Celt. origin.]

Camel, kam′el, n. an animal of Asia and Africa with one or two humps on its back, used as a beast of burden and for riding.—adj. Cam′el-backed, hump-backed.—ns. Cam′eleer, one who drives or rides a camel; Cam′eline, camlet.—adj. Cam′elish, like a camel, obstinate.—n. Cam′elry, troops mounted on camels.—Camel's hair, the hair of the camel: the hair of the squirrel's tail used for paint-brushes; Camel's thorn, a shrub of the bean family which camels eat greedily. [L. camelus—Gr. kamēlos—Heb. gāmāl.]

Camellia, ka-mel′ya, n. a species of evergreen shrubs, natives of China and Japan, noted for the singular beauty of their flowers. [Named from Kamel, Latinised Camellus, a Moravian Jesuit, who collected plants in the Philippine Islands in 1639.]

Camelopard, kam′el-ō-pärd, or kam-el′ō-pärd, n. the giraffe. [L.,—Gr. camēlopardalis; from Gr. kamēlos, the camel, and pardalis, the panther.]

Cameo, kam′ē-ō, n. an engraved gem in which the figure or subject is carved in relief. [It. camméo (Fr. camée)—Low L. cammæus traced by Littré to Gr. kamnein, to work; by the late Mr C. W. King through an Ar. form, 'an amulet,' from Pers. camahen, loadstone, the usual material for Babylonian cylinders.]

Camera, kam′ėr-a, n. the variety of camera-obscura used by photographers.—ns. Cam′era-lū′cida, an instrument by which the rays of light from an object are reflected by a specially shaped prism, forming an image on the paper underneath; Cam′era-obscū′ra, an instrument for throwing the images of external objects on a white surface placed within a dark chamber or box. [L.]

Camera, kam′ėr-a, n. a vaulted room: the judge's private chamber (In camera, of a case heard there rather than in public court).—adj. Cam′erāted, divided into chambers: arched or vaulted.

Cameronian, kam-er-ōn′i-an, n. a follower of the Covenanter Richard Cameron, killed at Airds Moss in 1680, a member of the Reformed Presbyterian Church.—adj. pertaining to this party, or to the famous Cameronian regiment (26th Foot, now the First Battalion of Scottish Rifles) in the British army, which had its origin in a body of Cameronians (1689).

Camis, kam′is, n. (Spens.) a loose robe made of some light material, as silk, &c.: a chemise. [See Chemise.]

Camisade, kam-i-sād′, n. a night attack, probably because shirts were often put on over the armour.—Also Camisad′o. [Sp., from camisa, a shirt.]

Camisards, kam′is-ar, n.pl. the insurgent Huguenots of the Cevennes, so called from the camise or blouse worn by the peasants.

Camise, kam′ēs, n. the usual Arab shirt.—Also Cam′iso, Cam′ese.

Camisole, kam′is-ōl, n. a sleeved jacket, a woman's loose morning gown or jacket.

Camlet, kam′let, n. a cloth originally made of camel's hair, but now chiefly of wool and goat's hair. [Fr.—Low L. camelotum—L. camelus.]

Camomile, Chamomile, kam′o-mīl, n. a plant, or its dried flowers, used in medicine, affording a bitter stomachic and tonic. [Fr.—L.—Gr. chamaimēlon, the earth-apple, from the apple-like smell of its blossoms—chamai, on the ground, mēlon, an apple.]

Camorra, kam-or′a, n. the name of a secret society in the former kingdom of Naples, whose members, the Camorristi, for many years terrorised the country.—ns. Camorr′ism; Camorr′ist. [It.]

Camp, kamp, n. the ground on which an army pitch their tents: the tents of an army, quarters generally, a permanent military station, as at Aldershot: any fortified site in which a force once defended itself, as a Roman or British camp: any temporary quarters for travellers, &c.—v.i. to encamp or pitch tents.—ns. Camp′-foll′ower, any one who follows in the train of an army, but takes no part in battle; Camp′meet′ing, a religious gathering held in the open air or in a temporary encampment in the fields; Camp′-shed′ding, -sheet′ing, -shot, an erection of piles, &c., along the bank of a river or an embankment, for strengthening; Camp′-stool, or -bed′stead, a portable folding-stool, a trestle-bed. [Fr. camp, a camp—L. campus, a plain.]

Camp, kamp, n. (obs.) conflict: an old form of the game of football.—v.i. to fight, struggle.—v.i. Cam′ple, to wrangle. [A.S. camp, battle; cf. Ger. kampf.]

Campagnol, kam-pa-nyol′, n. a French name for several species of field-mice or voles.

Campaign, kam-pān′, n. a large open field or plain: the time during which an army keeps the field: an excursion into the country: an organised series of operations in the advocacy of a political or social cause.—v.i. to serve in a campaign.—ns. Campagn′a, once equivalent to champaign, now used only of the Campagna, an undulating, mostly uncultivated and unhealthy plain around Rome; Campaign′er, one who has served in several campaigns. [Fr. campagne—L. campania—campus, a field.]

Campanero, kam-pa-nē′ro, n. one of the South American bell-birds, the arapunga, &c. [Sp., a bellman.]

Campanile, kam-pan-ē′lā (sometimes also kam-pan-ēl′, and even kam′pan-il and kam′pan-īl), n. a name adopted from the Italian to signify a bell-tower of the larger kind, and usually applied only to such as are detached from the church: (pl. usually Campaniles, but sometimes the It. Campanili). [It., from campana, a bell.]

Campanology, kam-pan-ol′o-ji, n. the subject or science of bells or bell-ringing.—ns. Cam′panist, Campanol′ogist, one skilled in the same.—adj. Campanolog′ical. [It. campana, a bell, and Gr. logos, a discourse.]

Campanula, kam-pan′ū-la, n. a genus of flowers, commonly known as bell-flowers or bells, usually blue or white, the best-known species the harebell and Scotch bluebell.—The Canterbury Bells is a biennial species—seen in many florists' varieties.—adjs. Campan′iform, Campan′ulate, Campan′ular.—n. Campanulā′ria, a common genus of Hydroids, with stems simple or branched, the nutritive polyps surrounded by transparent bell-shaped sheaths. [It. campana, a bell.]

Campbellite, kam′bel-īt, n. a follower of Alexander Campbell (1788-1866), founder of the sect known as the 'Disciples of Christ.'

Campeachy, kam′pēch-i, adj. pertaining to the red dye-wood better known as Logwood, first exported from Campeachy in Yucatan.

Campestral, kam-pes′tral, adj. growing in or pertaining to fields.—Also Campes′trian. [L. campestris, from campus.]

Camphine, kam′fīn, n. rectified oil of turpentine.—Also Cam′phene.

Camphor, kam′for, n. a solid essential oil, mostly obtained from the camphor laurel of India, China, and Japan, having a peculiar hot aromatic taste and a pleasant smell.—adj. Camphorā′ceous, like camphor.—v.t. Cam′phorate, to impregnate with camphor.—adjs. Cam′phorate, Camphor′ic, pertaining to camphor. [Fr. camphre—Low L. camphora—Malay kapur, chalk.]

Campion, kam′pi-un, n. the common name of plants belonging to the genera Lychnis and Silene. [Perh. from L. campus, a field.]

Campo santo, kam′po sant′o, n. the Italian name for a cemetery or burying-ground, esp. for one enclosed by an arcade. [Lit. 'holy ground,' the earth of that at Pisa having been brought from Palestine.]

Campylospermous, kam-pi-lō-sper′mus, adj. (bot.) having the albumen of the seed curved at the margin so as to form a longitudinal furrow on the ventral face. [Gr. kampylos, curved, sperma, a seed.]

Campylotropal, kam-pi-lot′rō-pal, adj. (bot.) curved so as to bring the true apex close to the base—of an ovule or seed.—Also Campylot′ropous. [Gr. kampylos, curved, trepein, to turn.]

Camstairy, kam-stār′i, adj. perverse, unruly. [Ety. dub.; first part at any rate cam, crooked.]

Cam-wood, kam′-wood, n. a dye-wood obtained from Baphia nitida, a leguminous tree, a native of Angola. It is at first white, but turns red on exposure to air. [Perh. from African name kambi.]

Can, kan, v.i. to be able: to have sufficient power:—pa.t. Could.—Can is used for gan in M. E. and even in Spenser. [A.S. cunnan, to know (how to do a thing), to be able, pres. indic. can; Goth. kunnan, Ger. können, to be able. See Know.]

Can, kan, n. a vessel for holding or carrying liquids, generally of tinned iron, with a handle over the top: a chimney-pot: a vessel of tin-plate in which meat, fruit, &c. are hermetically sealed for exporting—in England usually called a tin: a drinking-mug.—v.t. to put up for preservation in cans.—n.pl. Canned′-goods, meat, fruit, &c. so prepared for preservation.—n. Can′nery, a place where meat, fish, fruit, &c. are canned. [A.S. canne; cf. L. canna, a reed, Gr. kannē, a reed.]

Canaanite, kā′nan-īt, n. a descendant of Canaan, the son of Ham: a native of the land of Canaan.—adj. Cā′naanitish.

Canadian, ka-nā′di-an, adj. and n. pertaining to Canada: a native of Canada.—Canada balsam (see Balsam).

Canaille, ka-nāl′, n. the mob, the vulgar rabble. [Fr., a dog—L. canis.]

Canal, kan-al′, n. an artificial watercourse for navigation: a duct in the body for any of its fluids.—n. Canal′-boat, a boat for canal traffic.—adjs. Canalic′ular, canal-shaped; Canalic′ulate, -d, channelled, grooved.—ns. Canalic′ulus (anat.), a small furrow or channel; Canalisā′tion, the construction of canals.—v.t. Canal′ise, to make a canal through: to convert into a canal. [L. canalis, a water-pipe.]

Canard, ka-när′, or ka-närd′, n. an extravagant or lying story. [Fr., lit. 'duck.']

Canary, ka-nā′ri, n. a light sweet wine from the Canary Islands: a bird originally from the Canary Islands: a lively dance.—adj. canary-coloured, bright yellow.—ns. Canā′ry-bird, a canary: (slang) a jail-bird: a mistress; Canā′ry-grass, a grass of which the seed is much used as food for canary-birds; Canā′ry-wood, the dark-coloured timber of two lauraceous trees of the Azores and Madeira.

Canarese, kan-a-rēz′, adj. pertaining to Canara in western India.—n. a native thereof: the language of the Dravidian group, allied to Telegu.—Also Kanarese′.

Canaster, ka-nas′tėr, n. a kind of tobacco, so called from the rush basket in which it was originally brought from Spanish America. [Sp. canastra—L.—Gr. kanastron.]

Can-can, kan-kan, n. a dance in some public balls at Paris and elsewhere, characterised by immodest gestures and postures. [Usually referred to L. quamquam, the pronunciation of which was long hotly disputed in the French schools; Littré quotes an O. Fr. caquehan, a noisy assembly.]

Cancel, kan′sel, v.t. to erase or blot out by crossing with lines: to annul or suppress, as a printed page, &c.: to obliterate: to frustrate: to counterbalance or compensate for: to remove equivalent quantities on opposite sides of an equation:—pr.p. can′celling; pa.p. can′celled.—n. the suppression of a printed page or sheet, the page so cancelled, or the new one substituted. [Fr. canceller—L. cancell-āre, from cancelli, railings, lattice-work, dim. of cancer.]

Cancelli, kan-sel′ī, n.pl. cross-pieces forming a lattice-work or grating, as in the division between the choir and the body of a church: (anat.) reticulations.—adjs. Can′cellate, -d, marked latticewise, reticulated.—n. Cancellā′tion.—adj. Can′cellous. [L., a lattice.]

Cancer, kan′sėr, n. the name for an important group of malignant tumours, divided into two groups, Carcinomata and Sarcomata, the name being now strictly used only of the former: a constellation between Gemini and Leo, and a sign of the zodiac showing the limits of the sun's course northward in summer: the typical genus of the family Cancridæ—v.i. Cancer′ate, to become cancerous.—ns. Cancerā′tion; Can′cerite, a petrified crab.—adj. Can′cerous, of or like a cancer.—adv. Can′cerously.—n. Can′cerousness.—adjs. Can′criform, Can′croid, crab-like. [L. cancer; cog. with Gr. karkinos, a crab.]

Candelabrum, kan-de-lā′brum, n. a branched and ornamented candlestick:—pl. Candelā′bra. [L.]

Candescence, kan-des′ens, n. a white heat.—adj. Candes′cent. [L. candesc-ĕre, inceptive of cand-ēre, to glow.]

Candid, kan′did, adj. frank, ingenuous: free from prejudice: fair, impartial.—adv. Can′didly.—n. Can′didness. [Fr. candide—L. candidus, white—cand-ēre, to shine.]

Candidate, kan′di-dāt, n. one who offers himself for any office or honour, so called because, at Rome, the applicant used to dress in white.—ns. Can′didature, Can′didateship, Can′didacy. [L. candidatus, from candidus.]

Candle, kan′dl, n. wax, tallow, or other like substance surrounding a wick: a light.—ns. Can′dle-berr′y, the wax-myrtle, also its fruit: the fruit of Aleurites triloba, the candle-berry tree; Can′dle-bomb, a small glass bomb filled with water, exploding on being held in a candle-flame; Can′dle-coal (same as Cannel-coal); Can′dle-dip′ping, the method of making candles by dipping instead of moulding; Can′dle-end, the end-piece of a burnt-out candle; Can′dle-fish, the eulachon, a deep-sea fish of the smelt family found along the north-west coast of America, producing eulachon oil: another West American fish, resembling a pollock—the black candle-fish or horse-mackerel; Can′dle-hold′er, one who holds a candle to another while working—hence one who renders another slight assistance, or humours him; Can′dle-light, the light of a candle, illumination by means of candles: the time when candles are lighted; Can′dle-light′er, one whose business is to light the candles: a spill; Can′dle-pow′er, the illuminating power of a standard sperm candle—a unit of luminosity; Can′dlestick, an instrument for holding a candle, originally a stick or piece of wood; Can′dle-wast′er, one who studies late; Can′dle-wood, the wood of various West Indian and Mexican resinous trees.—Burn the candle at both ends, to waste in two directions at once.—Not fit to hold a candle to, not fit even to be some one's inferior, not to be compared with.—Sell by the candle, to offer for sale as long as a small piece of candle burns, the bid made just before it goes out being successful.—The game is not worth the candle, the thing is not worth the labour or expense of it. [A.S. candel—L. candela, from cand-ēre, to glow.]

Candlemas, kan′dl-mas, n. a festival of the R.C. Church in honour of the purification of the Virgin Mary, on 2d February, and so called from the number of candles used. [Candle and Mass.]

Candour, kan′dur, n. freedom from prejudice or disguise: sincerity: justice: openness. [L. candor, whiteness, from candēre, to be shining.]

Candy, kan′di, Sugar-candy, shoog′ar-kan′di, n. a sweetmeat made of sugar: anything preserved in sugar.—v.t. to preserve or dress with sugar: to congeal or crystallise as sugar.—v.i. to become congealed.—p.adj. Can′died, encrusted with candy or sugar: (fig.) sugared, flattering. [Fr. candi, from Ar. qandah, candy.]

Candy, kan′di, n. a South Indian weight, generally containing 20 maunds, about 500 pounds English.—Also Can′die and Kan′dy. [Tamil.]

Cane, kān, n. the stem of one of the smaller palms—the calamus or rattan, or the larger grasses—bamboo and sugar-cane: a walking-stick.—v.t. to beat with a cane.—ns. Cane′-brake, a brake or thicket of canes; Cane′-chair, a chair made of rattan; Cane′-mill, a mill for bruising sugar-canes for the manufacture of sugar; Cane′-sū′gar, sugar obtained from the sugar-cane; Cane′-trash, refuse of sugar-cane used for fuel in boiling the juice; Cān′ing, a thrashing with a cane.—adj. Cān′y, made of cane.—Malacca cane, a walking-cane made without removing the bark from the brown-mottled or clouded stem of the palm, Calamus Scipionum, brought from Singapore or Sumatra. [Fr. canne—L. canna—Gr. kannē, a reed.]

Canella, kan-el′a, n. a genus of low aromatic trees, one species the whitewood of wild cinnamon of the West Indies, yielding canella or white cinnamon bark.

Canephor, kan′e-fōr, n. (archit.) a female figure bearing a basket on her head. [Gr. kanēphoros, one of the bearers upon their heads at the Panathenaic festival of the baskets containing the sacrificial implements.]

Canescent, ka-nes′ent, adj. tending to white: hoary. [L. canescens—canēre—canus, hoary.]

Cangue, Cang, kang, n. a Chinese portable pillory borne on the shoulders by petty offenders. [Fr. cangue—Port. cango, a yoke.]

Canicular, ka-nik′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to the Dog-star (Canic′ula) or to the Dog-days: (coll. and hum.) pertaining to a dog. [L. canicularis, canicula, dim. of canis, a dog.]

Canine, ka-nīn′, adj. like or pertaining to the dog.—Canine appetite, an inordinate appetite; Canine letter = R; Canine teeth, the four sharp-pointed tearing teeth in most mammals, one on each side of the upper and lower jaw, between the incisors or cutting teeth and the molars or grinders. [L. caninus, canis, a dog.]

Canister, kan′is-tėr, n. a box or case, usually of tin, for holding tea, shot, &c.: short for canister-shot, or case-shot.—n. Can′ister-shot (same as Case-Shot, q.v.). [L. canistrum, a wicker-basket; Gr. kanastron—kannē, a reed.]

Canker, kang′kėr, n. an eating sore: a gangrene: a disease in trees, or in horses' feet: anything that corrupts, consumes, irritates, or decays.—v.t. to eat into, corrupt, or destroy: to infect or pollute: to make sour and ill-conditioned.—v.i. to grow corrupt: to decay.—adj. Cank′ered, corroded: venomous, malignant: soured: crabbed.—adv. Cank′eredly.—n. Cank′eredness.—adj. Cank′erous, corroding like a canker.—n. Cank′er-worm, a worm that cankers or eats into plants.—adj. Cank′ery, affected with canker: (Scot.) crabbed. [L. cancer, a crab, gangrene.]

Canna, kan′na, n. a genus of reed-like plants—Indian shot: the upright stem of a candlestick, &c.: the tube by which the wine was taken from the chalice. [L., a reed.]

Cannabic, kan′a-bik, adj. pertaining to hemp.—ns. Cann′abin, a resin obtained from the plant Cannabis Indica; Cann′abis, a genus of urticaceous plants, yielding bhang.

Cannel, kan′el, n. a bituminous coal that burns with a bright flame, and is much used for making coal oils and gas.—Also Cann′el-coal, Can′dle-coal. [Prob. conn. with Candle, because of the similarity in burning.]

Cannelure, kan′e-lūr, n. a groove or a fluting: a groove round the cylindrical part of a bullet. [Fr.]

Cannibal, kan′i-bal, n. one who eats human flesh.—adj. relating to cannibalism.—n. Cann′ibalism, the practice of eating human flesh.—adj. Cannibalist′ic—adv. Cann′ibally (Shak.). [Sp., a corr. of Caribals (Eng. Caribs), the native name of the West India Islanders, who ate human flesh.]

Cannon, kan′un, n. a great gun used in war: a stroke in billiards in which the player hits both the red and his opponent's ball.—v.i. to cannonade: to make a cannon at billiards: to collide.—n. Cannonade′, an attack with cannon.—v.t. to attack or batter with cannon.—ns. Cannonad′ing; Cann′on-ball, a ball usually made of cast-iron, to be shot from a cannon; Cann′on-bit, or Cann′on, a smooth round bit; Cann′on-bone, the long bone between the knee and the foot of a horse; Cannoneer′, Cannonier′, one who manages cannon; Cann′on-game, a form of billiards in which, the table having no pockets, the game consists in making a series of cannons; Cann′on-met′al, an alloy of about 90 parts of copper and 10 of tin, from which cannon are manufactured.—adj. Cann′on-proof, proof against cannon-shot.—ns. Cann′onry, cannonading: artillery; Cann′on-shot, a cannon-ball: the distance to which a cannon will throw a ball. [Fr. canon, from L. canna, a reed.]

Cannula, kan′ū-la, n. a surgical tube, esp. that enclosing a trocar or perforator, and the breathing-tube inserted in the windpipe after tracheotomy.—adj. Cann′ulate. [Dim. of canna, a reed.]

Canny, kan′i, adj. (Scot.) knowing: shrewd: having supernatural power (see Uncanny): comfortable: careful in money matters: gentle: sly or pawky.—adv. Cann′ily.—n. Cann′iness.—To ca' canny, to go or act cautiously. [From Can, to be able.]

Canoe, ka-nōō′, n. a boat made of the hollowed trunk of a tree, or of bark or skins: a skiff driven by paddling.—v.t. to paddle a canoe.—n. Canoe′ist. [Sp. canoa—Haytian canoa.]

Cañon, kan-yon′, n. a deep gorge or ravine between high and steep banks, worn by watercourses. [Sp. cañon, a hollow, from root of Cannon.]

Canon, kan′un, n. a law or rule, esp. in ecclesiastical matters: a general rule: standard: the books of Scripture accepted as the standard or rule of faith by the Christian Church: a species of musical composition: one bound by certain vows over and above those binding upon regular members of his community—a canon regular: a clerical dignitary belonging to a cathedral, enjoying special emoluments, and obliged to reside there part of the year: a list of saints canonised: (print.) a large kind of type.—n. Can′oness, a female beneficiary of a regular religious college.—adjs. Canon′ic, -al, according to or included in the canon: regular: ecclesiastical.—adv. Canon′ically.—n.pl. Canon′icals, the official dress of the clergy, regulated by the church canons.—ns. Canonic′ity, the state of belonging to the canon of Scripture; Canonisā′tion.—v.t. Can′onise, to enrol in the canon or list of saints.—n. Can′onist, one versed in the canon law.—adj. Canonist′ic.—ns. Can′on-law, a digest of the formal decrees of councils, œcumenical, general, and local, of diocesan and national synods, and of patriarchal decisions as to doctrine and discipline; Can′onry, the benefice of a canon.—Canon of the mass, that part of the mass which begins after the 'Sanctus' with the prayer 'Te igitur,' and ends just before the 'Paternoster;' Canon residentiary, a canon obliged to reside at a cathedral and take a share in the duty; Honorary canon, one having the titular rank of canon in a cathedral, but without duties or emoluments; Minor canon, a cleric in orders, attached to a cathedral, his duty being to assist the canons in singing divine service. [A.S., Fr., from L. canon—Gr. kanōn, a straight rod—kannē, a reed.]

Canophilist, ka-nof′i-list, n. a lover of dogs. [L. canis, a dog, Gr. philein, to love.]

Canopus, ka-nō′pus, n. a bright star in the southern constellation Argo navis: an Egyptian vase for holding the entrails of the body embalmed.—adj. Canop′ic. [L.,—Gr.]

Canopy, kan′o-pi, n. a covering over a throne or bed: a covering of state stretched over the head: any covering, as the sky: a roof-like projection over a niche, tomb, statue, &c.: the wooden covering over prebends' stalls in cathedrals, pulpits, altars, &c.—v.t. to cover with a canopy:—pr.p. can′opying; pa.p. can′opied. [Fr. canapé—Low L. canopeum—Gr. kōnōpeion, a mosquito curtain—kōnōps, a mosquito.]

Canorous, kan-ō′rus, adj. musical: melodious.—adv. Canō′rously.—n. Canō′rousness. [L. canorus, from canor, melody—canĕre, to sing.]

Cant, kant, v.i. to speak in a conventional manner: to use the language of thieves, &c.: to talk in an affectedly solemn or hypocritical way.—n. a hypocritical or affected style of speech: the language peculiar to a sect: odd or peculiar talk of any kind: slang: a common saying: affected use of religious phrases or sentiments.—n. Cant′er, one who cants, a beggar: one who makes hypocritical professions.—adj. Cant′ing, whining, pretending to piety: (her.) allusive (see Allusive). [L. cantāre, freq. of canĕre, to sing.]

Cant, kant, n. an inclination from the level: a toss or jerk: a sloping or tilted position: one of the segments forming a side-piece in the head of a cask: a ship's timber lying obliquely to the line of the keel.—v.t. to turn on the edge or corner: to tilt or toss suddenly.—ns. Cant′ing, tilting; Cant′ing-coin; Cant′ing-wheel; Cant′-rail, a timber running along the tops of the upright pieces in the sides of the body of a railway-carriage and supporting the roof and roof-sticks. [Prob. conn. with Dut. kant; Ger. kante, corner.]

Cant, kant, n. sale by auction.—v.t. to sell by auction. [O. Fr. encant, auction; der. uncertain, cf. Low L. incantāre, to put up to auction.]

Cantab, kan′tab, for Cantabrigian, adj. of or pertaining to Cambridge—Latinised Cantabrigia.

Cantaloup, kan′ta-loop, n. a small, ribbed variety of musk-melon. [Fr.,—It. Cantalupo, a town near Rome, where it was first grown in Europe.]

Cantankerous, kan-tang′kėr-us, adj. cross-grained: perverse in temper.—adv. Cantan′kerously.—n. Cantan′kerousness. [M. E. contak, quarrelling.]

Cantata, kan-tä′ta, n. originally the name applied to a sort of musical narrative by one person, accompanied by a single instrument; subsequently an air was introduced—the modern concert-aria: now also a choral work, either sacred, and similar to, but shorter than the oratorio, or secular, either lyric or dramatic, but not intended for the stage.—ns. Canta′te, the 98th Psalm, from its opening words in Latin, 'Cantate Domino;' Can′tatrice, a female singer. [It.,—L. cantāre, freq. of canĕre, to sing.]

Canteen, kan-tēn′, n. a tin vessel used by soldiers for holding liquors: a barrack-tavern, or refreshment-house for the use of the soldiers. [Fr. cantine—It. cantina, a cellar; further der. uncertain.]

Canter, kan′tėr, n. an easy gallop.—v.i. to move at an easy gallop.—v.t. to make to canter. [Orig. Canterbury-gallop, from the easy pace at which the pilgrims rode to the shrine at Canterbury.]

Canterbury, kan′tėr-ber-ri, n. a stand with divisions in it for holding books, music, &c.—Canterbury Bells (see Campanula).

Cantharides, kan-thar′i-dēz, n.pl. Spanish flies, used for blistering.—adjs. Canthar′idal, Cantharid′ian, Cantharid′ic, composed of cantharides.—n. Canthar′idine, the active principle of blistering-flies. [L. cantharis, beetle, pl. cantharides.]

Cantharus, kan′tha-rus, n. a large two-handled drinking-cup: a laver in the atrium before ancient churches;—pl. Can′tharī, [L.]

Canthus, kan′thus, n. the angle formed by the junction of the eyelids: one of the upper and lower or anterior and posterior extremities of the compound eyes of insects:—pl. Can′thi (-thī). [Gr. kanthos, corner of the eye.]

Canticle, kan′ti-kl, n. a song: a non-metrical hymn, esp. one of those used in the public services of the church, as the Benedicite: (pl.) the Song of Solomon.—n. Can′ticum, a canticle: a part-song in an ancient play. [L. canticulum, dim of canticum.]

Cantilena, kan-ti-lē′na, n. a ballad or light song: a cantus firmus or melody for church use: a singing exercise or solfeggio. [L.]

Cantilever, kan′ti-lēv-ėr, n. a large bracket used in architecture for supporting cornices, balconies, and even stairs—the principle has been applied in the construction of bridges to support enormous weights.—Also Can′taliver. [Prob. made up of Cant, angle, and Fr. lever, to raise.]

Cantillate, kan′ti-lāt, v.t. and v.i. to chant, intone.—n. Cantillā′tion.—adj. Can′tillatory.

Cantle, kan′tl, n. a fragment or edge of anything: the protuberant part of the back of a saddle: (Scot.) the top of the head.—v.t. to cut a piece from: to divide.—ns. Cant′let, a fragment, cantle; Cant′ling, the lower course of bricks enclosing a brick-clamp. [Cant, edge.]

Canto, kan′tō, n. division of a song or poem: the treble or leading melody.—n. Can′tor, the leader of the singing in a church, a precentor.—adjs. Cantō′rial; Cantō′ris (gen. of L. cantor), of or belonging to the cantor or precentor.—n. Can′tus, a melody, esp. an ecclesiastical style of music.—Canto fermo, the simple melody of the hymns and chants used in the Christian Church of the West from the earliest times. [It.,—L. cantus—canĕre, to sing.]

Canton, kan′tun, n. a division of territory, constituting in Switzerland a separate government, in France a subdivision of an arrondissement: (her.) an ordinary of a shield, being a square occupying generally the dexter, sometimes the sinister, chief of the field.—v.t. to divide into cantons: to allot quarters to troops.—adjs. Can′tonal, pertaining to or divided into cantons; Can′toned (archit.), ornamented at the corners with projecting pilasters: (her.) placed in the midst of charges occupying the corners.—n. Can′tonment (also pronounced can-tōōn′ment), the temporary quarters of troops when taking part in manœuvres or active operations: in India, permanent military towns, distinct and at some little distance from the principal cities. [O. Fr. canton; It. cantone, corner, district—canto, a corner: cf. Cant (2).]

Cantred, kan′tred, n. a division of the country: a hundred. [W. cantref—cant, hundred, and tref, town.]

Cantrip, kan′trip, n. a freak or wilful piece of trickery: a witch's spell. [Scot.; ety. unknown; Jamieson suggested cant, to turn over, raip, a roap.]

Cantuarian, kan-tū-ā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Canterbury as the archiepiscopal see of the primate of the Church of England. [Low L. Cantuarius, Cantuarensis—A.S. Cantware (pl.), the people of Kent.]

Canty, kan′ti, adj. cheerful, lively.—n. Can′tiness. [Scot.; cf. Low Ger. kantig.]

Canvas, kan′vas, n. a coarse cloth made of hemp, used for sails, tents, &c., and for painting on: the sails of a ship.—v.t. to cover with canvas.—ns. Can′vas-back, a North American duck, very good eating, its back ashy white, crossed by broken, zigzag, dark lines; Can′vas-climb′er (Shak.), a sailor; Can′vas-stretch′er, a wooden frame on which canvas is stretched for oil-painting; Can′vas-work, embroidery upon cloth over which canvas has been laid to guide the stitches: an embroidery in Berlin wool on silk canvas with plush-stitch.—Under canvas, having the sails unfurled, under sail: living in tents. [O. Fr. canevas—L. and Gr. cannabis, hemp.]

Canvass, kan′vas, v.t. to sift, examine: to discuss: to solicit votes, contributions, &c.—v.i. to solicit votes, &c. (with for).—n. close examination: a seeking or solicitation.—n. Can′vasser. [From Canvas.]

Canzone, kan-zō′nā, n. a song or air in two or more parts, with passages of fugue and imitation: a series of stanzas in Italian poetry, of various metrical arrangements, and restricted to no set themes—(dim.) Canzonet′, Canzonette′. [It., a song (Fr. chanson), L. cantion-em, canĕre, to sing.]

Caoutchouc, kow′chuk, n. the highly elastic juice or gum of a plant which grows in South America and Asia: india-rubber. [Fr.—Carib. cahuchu.]

Cap, kap, n. a woman's head-dress of muslin, or the like: a boy's head-dress, any kind of unbrimmed covering for the head: a cap-like covering of any kind: a cover: the top.—v.t. to put on a cap, as the official cap of a degree in some colleges: to outdo or surpass: to cover the end or top: to raise the cap in token of respect:—pr.p. cap′ping; pa.p. capped.—n. Cap′-case, a small travelling-case, a chest.—Cap and bells, the characteristic marks of a professional jester; Cap a story, quotation, verse, &c., to follow one up with another, or with its proper continuation or conclusion; Cap in hand, symbolic of reverence or submission; Cap of liberty, or Phrygian bonnet, the conical cap given to a Roman slave on enfranchisement, now the symbol of republicanism; Cap of maintenance (see Maintenance).—A feather in one's cap, something giving distinction: something to be proud of.—Black cap, that put on by the judge before pronouncing sentence of death; College cap, the so-called square mortarboard, or trencher-cap, worn at English colleges.—Percussion cap, a small copper cylinder, closed at one end, for conveniently holding the detonating powder which is exploded by the act of percussion in percussion-arms.—Set one's cap at, of a woman, to set herself to captivate a man's fancy.—The cap fits, the allusion hits or suits; Throw up one's cap, in token of immoderate joy. [A.S. cæppe—Low L. cappa, a cape or cope.]

Cap, kap, n. a wooden drinking-bowl, with two handles. [Scot., prob. from A.S. copp, a cup; prob. Scand. koppr.]

Capa, kä′pa, n. a Spanish cloak: fine Cuban tobacco for the outsides of cigars. [Sp.]

Capable, kāp′a-bl, adj. having ability, power, or skill to do: qualified, competent.—ns. Capabil′ity, Cap′ableness. [Fr.,—Low L. capabilis—L. capĕre, to hold, take.]

Capacity, kap-as′i-ti, n. power of holding or grasping a thing: room: volume: power of mind: character: position enabling one to do something.—adj. Capā′cious, including much: roomy: wide: extensive.—adv. Capā′ciously.—n. Capā′ciousness.—v.t. Capac′itate, to make capable: to qualify; Capacity for heat, power of absorbing heat.—Legal capacity, the power to alter one's rights or duties by the exercise of free-will, or responsibility to punishment for one's acts. [Fr.,—L. capacitas,—capĕre, to take, hold.]

Cap-à-pie, kap-a-pē′, adv. from head to foot, referring to arming, as a knight. [O. Fr. cap a pie (mod. de pied en cap)—L. caput, head, and pes, foot.]

Caparison, ka-par′is-un, n. the covering of a horse: a rich cloth laid over a war-horse: dress and ornaments generally.—v.t. to cover with a cloth, as a horse: to dress very richly.—adj. Capar′isoned. [Fr. caparaçon—Sp. caparazon, augmentative of capa, a cape, cover—Low L. cappa.]

Cape, kāp, n. a covering for the shoulders attached as a tippet to a coat or cloak: a sleeveless cloak. [O. Fr. cape—Low L. cappa.]

Cape, kāp, n. a head or point of land running into the sea: a headland: a wine produced in Cape Colony.—v.i. (naut.) to keep a course.—The Cape, for the Cape Colony. [Fr. cap—L. caput, the head.]

Capelin, kap′e-lin, n. a small fish of the smelt family, extremely abundant on the coasts of Newfoundland, and much used as bait in the cod-fishery.—Also Cap′lin. [Fr. and Sp. capelan.]

Capeline, kap′e-lin, n. a small iron skull-cap worn by archers in the middle ages: a light woollen hood worn by ladies going out to an evening party: a surgical bandage for the head.—Also Cap′elline. [Fr.,—Low L. capella—capa, a cap.]

Capellet, kap′e-let, n. a wen-like swelling on a horse's elbow, or on the back part of his hock. [Fr.,—Low L. capella—capa, a cap.]

Caper, kā′pėr, n. the pickled flower-bud of the caper-shrub, much grown in Sicily. It has an agreeable pungency of taste, with a slight bitterness, and is much used in sauces, along with boiled mutton, &c.—n. Cā′per-tea, a black tea with a knotty curled leaf. [L. and Gr. capparis.]

Caper, kā′pėr, v.i. to leap or skip like a goat: to dance in a frolicsome manner.—n. a leap: a prank.—n. Cā′perer, a dancer.—To cut a caper, to dance or act fantastically. [See Capriole.]

Capercailzie, kā-per-kāl′yi, n. a species of grouse, almost equal in size to a turkey, and the largest of the gallinaceous birds of Europe.—Also Capercail′lie. [Gael. capull coilie, large woodcock.]

Capernaite, kap-er′na-īt, n. a polemical term applied to a believer in transubstantiation—from John, vi. 52.—adj. Capernait′ic.—adv. Capernait′ically. [Capernaum, a town in Galilee.]

Capernoitie, kap-er-noi′ti, n. (Scot.) head, noddle.—n. Capernoi′tedness.—adjs. Capernoi′ty, Capernoi′ted, peevish: crabbed.

Capias, kā′pi-as, n. a judicial writ, commanding the sheriff to arrest the person named in it. [L. capias, thou mayst take—L. capĕre, to take.]

Capillaire, kap-il-lār′, n. (orig.) a syrup extracted from the maiden-hair fern: a simple syrup flavoured with orange-flower water. [Fr., 'maiden-hair'—L. capillaris. See Capillary.]

Capillament, ka-pil′a-ment, n. a filament or fine fibre. [L. capillamentum—capillus, hair.]

Capillary, kap′il-a-ri, or ka-pil′a-ri, adj. as fine or minute as a hair: having a very small bore, as a tube.—n. a tube with a bore as fine as a hair: (pl.) the minute vessels that unite the veins and arteries in animals.—adj. Capillaceous (kap-i-lā′shi-us), hair-like, capillary.—n. Capillar′ity, a name given to certain phenomena which appear when open tubes, having a very small bore, are placed in vessels containing liquids—e.g., if placed in water, the level of the water in the tube will be above that of the general surface.—adj. Cap′illose, hairy. [L. capillaris—capillus, hair, akin to caput, the head, akin to Eng. Head.]

Capital, kap′it-al, adj. relating to the head: involving the loss of the head; chief: principal: excellent.—n. the head or top part of a column or pillar: the chief or most important thing: the chief city of a country: a large letter, such as used on title-pages, &c.: the stock or money for carrying on any business.—n. Capitalisā′tion, the act of converting into capital: printing with capital letters.—v.t. Cap′italīse, to convert into capital or money.—ns. Cap′italism, condition of possessing capital: the economic system which generates capitalists; Cap′italist, one who has capital or money.—adv. Cap′itally, chiefly: principally: excellently: by capital punishment.—adj. Cap′itate (bot.), growing in or shaped like a head.—ns. Capitā′tion, a numbering of every head or individual: a tax on every head; Capite (kap′it-i), an ancient English tenure (Shak.).—Circulating or Floating capital consists of the wages paid to the workmen, and of the raw material used up in the processes of industry, &c.; Fixed capital consists of buildings, machines, tools, &c.—Hold lands in capite, to hold them directly from the sovereign.—Make capital out of, to turn to advantage. [O. Fr. capitel—L. capitalis—caput, the head.]

Capitan, kap-i-tan′, or kap′i-tan, n. the chief admiral of the Turkish fleet.—n. Capitan′o, a head-man. [See Captain.]

Capitol, kap′it-ol, n. the temple of Jupiter at Rome, built on the Capitoline hill: (U.S.) the house where Congress meets.—adjs. Capitō′lian, Capit′oline. [L. Capitolium—caput, the head.]

Capitular, kap-it′ūl-ar, n. a statute passed in a chapter or ecclesiastical court: a member of a chapter—also Capit′ulary.—adj. relating or belonging to a chapter in a cathedral.—adv. Capit′ularly. [See Chapter.]

Capitulate, kap-it′ūl-āt, v.i. to treat: to draw up terms of agreement: to yield or surrender on certain conditions or heads.—ns. Capit′ulant; Capitulā′tion.—adj. Capit′ulatory, recapitulatory. [Low L. capitulatus, pa.p. of capitulāre, to arrange under heads—capitulum, a chapter.]

Capitulum, ka-pit′ū-lum, n. (bot.) a close head of sessile flowers, as in Compositæ: (anat.) the head of a bone, esp. of a rib—also Capitel′lum.—adj. Capit′ular. [L., dim. of caput, head.]

Caple, Capul, kā′pl, n. a horse. [M. E. capel; cf. Ice. kapall; Ir. capall; prob. from Low L. caballus, a horse.]

Capnomancy, kap′no-man-si, n. divination by means of smoke. [Gr. kapnos, smoke, manteia, divination.]

Capon, kā′pn, n. a castrated cock: a fish: a letter.—v.t. Cā′ponise. [A.S. capun; L. capon-em, Gr. kapōn—koptein, to cut. See Chop.]

Caponiere, kap-ō-nēr′, n. a covered passage across the ditch of a fortified place.—Also Caponier′. [Fr.]

Capot, ka-pot′, n. the winning of all the tricks at the game of piquet, and scoring forty.—v.i. to win all the tricks in piquet. [Fr.]

Capote, ka-pōt′, n. a long kind of cloak or mantle. [Fr., dim. of cape, a cloak.]

Cappagh-brown, kap′a-brown, n. a brown pigment yielded by a bituminous earth from Cappagh near Cork.—Also Capp′ah-brown.

Capric, kap′rik, adj. in Capric acid, a fatty acid obtained from butter, &c., having a slightly goat-like smell.—ns. Cap′rin, Cap′rine, a compound of capric acid and glycerine found in butter. [L. caper, a goat.]

Caprice, ka-prēs′, n. a change of humour or opinion without reason: a freak: changeableness.—ns. Capriccio (ka-prēt′cho), a sportive motion: (mus.) a species of free composition, not subject to rule as to form or figure; Capriccio′so, a direction in music for a free style.—adj. Capri′cious (Shak.), humorous: full of caprice: changeable.—adv. Capri′ciously.—n. Capri′ciousness. [Fr. caprice—It. capriccio; perh. from L. capra, a she-goat.]

Capricorn, kap′ri-korn, n. one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, like a horned goat. [L. capricornus—caper, a goat, cornu, a horn.]

Caprification, kap-ri-fi-kā′shun, n. a method supposed to hasten the ripening of figs, by puncturing.—adj. Cap′riform, goat-shaped. [L. caprificus, the wild fig—caper, a goat, and ficus, a fig.]

Capriole, kap′ri-ōl, n. a caper: a leap without advancing.—v.i. to leap: to caper. [O. Fr. capriole—It. capriola—L. caper, capra, a goat.]

Capsicum, kap′si-kum, n. a tropical plant or shrub, from which cayenne pepper is made.—n. Cap′sicine, the active principle of capsicum. [From L. capsa, a case, its berries being contained in pods or capsules—capĕre, to take, hold.]

Capsize, kap-sīz′, v.t. to upset.—v.i. to be upset. [Ety. dub.; Prof. Skeat suggests Sp. cabezar, to nod, pitch.]

Capstan, kap′stan, n. an upright machine turned by spokes so as to wind upon it a cable which draws something, generally the anchor, on board ship. [Fr. cabestan, capestan, through Low L. forms from L. capĕre, to take, hold.]

Capsule, kap′sūl, n. the seed-vessel of a plant: a small dish.—adjs. Cap′sular, Cap′sulary, hollow like a capsule: pertaining to a capsule; Cap′sulate, -d, enclosed in a capsule. [Fr.,—L. capsula, dim. of capsa, a case—capĕre, to hold.]

Captain, kap′tān, or kap′tin, n. a head or chief officer: the commander of a troop of horse, a company of infantry, or a ship: the overseer of a mine: the leader of a team or club: the head-boy of a school.—v.t. to lead.—ns. Cap′taincy, the rank or commission of a captain; Cap′tain-gen′eral, chief commander of an army; Cap′tainship, Cap′tainry (obs.), rank or condition of a captain: skill in commanding. [O. Fr. capitaine—Low L. capitaneus, chief—L. caput, head.]

Caption, kap′shun, n. the act of taking: an arrest: (Eng. law) the formal title of indictments and depositions which shows the authority under which it is executed or taken: in Scotland, prior to 1837, the name given to the formal warrant to apprehend a debtor or other defaulting obligant, which was given in the Bill Chamber after letters of horning had been executed.—adj. Cap′tious, ready to catch at faults or take offence: critical: peevish.—adv. Cap′tiously.—n. Cap′tiousness. [L. captionem—capĕre, to take.]

Captivate, kap′tiv-āt, v.t. to charm: to engage the affections.—adj. Cap′tivāting, having power to engage the affections. [See Captive.]

Captive, kap′tiv, n. one taken: a prisoner of war: one kept in bondage.—adj. taken, or kept prisoner in war; charmed or subdued by anything.—ns. Cap′tivaunce (Spens.), captivity; Captiv′ity; Cap′tor, one who takes a prisoner or a prize; Cap′ture, the act of taking: the thing taken: an arrest.—v.t. to take as a prize: to take by force. [L. captivus—capĕre, captum.]

Capuche, ka-pūsh′, n. a hood, esp. that worn by the Capuchins.—n. Capuchin, (kap′ū-chin or kap-ōō-shēn′), a Franciscan monk, so called from the hood he wears: a hooded pigeon. [Fr. capucin, It. cappucino, a small cowl—Low L. cappa. See Cap, Cape.]

Caput, käp′ut, n. a head.—Caput mortuum, the residuum after distillation: worthless residue.

Capybara, kap-i-bär′a, n. the largest of rodent quadrupeds, native to South America, allied to the guinea-pig. [Brazilian.]

Car (old form Carr), kär, n. a vehicle moved on wheels, applied to very various forms—a large and splendid vehicle, as a triumphal car, a funeral car, the two-wheeled Irish jaunting-car; in Birmingham, a four-wheeled cab, as opposed to a hansom (cab); in America, applied to all vehicles for railway travelling, as passenger-car, palace-car, freight-car, &c.; in England, applied only to the carriages of street tramways: a railway carriage: (poet.) a chariot: the part of a balloon in which the aeronauts sit.—n. Car′man, a man who drives a car or cart: a carter. [O. Fr. car—Low L. carra, carrus, itself a Celt. word, seen in Ir. carr, Bret. karr.]

Caracal, kar′a-kal, n. the Persian lynx. [Fr., prob. Turk. qara, qulaq, black ear.]

Caracara, kar-a-kar′a, n. a popular name for the South American Polyborinæ, a sub-family of Falconidæ, resembling the vultures. [Imit.]

Caracole, kar′a-kōl, n. the half-turn or wheel made by a horseman: a winding stair.—v.i. to turn half-round, as cavalry in wheeling: to prance about.—p.adj. Car′acoling. [Fr. caracole—It. caracollo—Sp. caracol, the spiral shell of a snail.]

Carafe, ka-raf′, n. a water-bottle for the table, [Fr. carafe, prob. from Ar. gharafa, to draw water.]

Carambola, ka-ram′bō-la, n. the acrid pulpy fruit of a small East Indian tree, used for tarts, &c.: the tree itself.

Caramel, kar′a-mel, n. a dark-brown substance produced by the action of heat on sugar, used in colouring whisky, wines, &c.: a kind of confection, usually of chocolate, sugar, and butter.—Also Car′omel. [Fr.—Sp. caramelo; further origin dubious.]

Carapa, kar′a-pa, n. a genus of tropical trees of natural order Meliaceæ, a South American species yielding the useful carap-oil or crab-oil. [Caraipi, the native Guiana name.]

Carapace, kar′a-pās, n. the shell of the crab, tortoise, &c.—adj. Carapā′cial. [Fr.—Sp. carapacho.]

Carat, kar′at, n. a weight of 4 grains: a proportional measure of 1⁄24 in stating the fineness of gold. [Fr.,—Ar. qīrāt, perh. from Gr. keration, a seed or bean used as a weight.]

Carauna, ka-raw′na, n. an aromatic resinous substance yielded by a tree on the Amazon, formerly used in plasters.—Also Caran′na.

Caravan, kar′a-van, n. a company of travellers associated together for security in crossing the deserts in the East: a company of people: a large close carriage, or any kind of house on wheels.—ns. Caravaneer′, the leader of a caravan; Caravan′sary, Caravan′sera, a kind of unfurnished inn where caravans stop. [Pers. kārwānsarāī—kārwān, caravan, sarāi, inn.]

Caravel, kar′av-el, n. a kind of light sailing-vessel. [Fr.,—It. caravelia; cf. Low L. carabus, Gr. karabos, a bark.]

Caraway, kar′a-wā, n. a plant with aromatic seeds, used as a tonic and condiment.—n. Car′away-seed. [Prob. through Sp. from Ar. karwiyā; cf. Gr. karon.]

Carbine, kär′bīn, n. a short light musket—also Car′abine.—ns. Carbineer′, Carabineer′, a soldier armed with a carbine. [Fr. carabine, O. Fr. calabrin, a carbineer—calabre, a machine for casting stones—Low L. chadabula, Gr. katabolē, overthrow. Thus Diez; Littré thinks calabrin from Calabrian.]

Carbolic acid, kar-bol′ik as′id, n. an acid produced from coal-tar, used as a disinfectant. [L. carbo, coal.]

Carbon, kär′bon, n. an elementary substance, widely diffused, of which pure charcoal is an example.—n. Car′bide, a compound of carbon with a metal, formerly called Car′buret.—adjs. Carbonā′ceous, Carbon′ic, pertaining to or composed of carbon.—n. Car′bonate, a salt formed by the union of carbonic acid with a base.—adjs. Car′bonated, combined or impregnated with carbonic acid; Carbonif′erous, producing carbon or coal.—n. Carbonisā′tion—v.t. Car′bonise, to make into carbon.—Carbonic acid, an acid formed of carbon and oxygen, generally gaseous, and evolved by respiration and combustion. [Fr. carbone—L. carbon-em, coal.]

Carbonado, kär-bon-ā′do, n. (obs.) a piece of meat cut crossways for broiling on coals.—v.t. to cut crossways for broiling: to slash. [Sp. carbonada.]

Carbonari, kär-bon-är′i, n.pl. members of a secret society in Italy at the beginning of this century, founded to help forward a republican government.—n. Carbonar′ism. [It., lit. 'charcoal burners.']

Carboy, kar′boi, n. a large bottle of green or blue glass, protected with a frame of basket-work or wood, used for holding sulphuric acid or the like. [Pers. qarābah.]

Carbuncle, kär′bung-kl, n. a fiery-red precious stone: an inflamed ulcer: a pimple on the nose.—adjs. Car′buncled, set with the gem carbuncle; afflicted with carbuncles: having red inflamed spots; Carbun′cular, belonging to or like a carbuncle: red: inflamed. [L. carbunculus, dim. of carbo, a coal.]

Carburet, same as Carbide (q.v. under Carbon).—adj. Car′buretted.—n. Carburet′ter, or Carburet′tor, an apparatus for charging gases with carbon.

Carcake, kar′kāk, n. a kind of cake for Shrove Tuesday. [Scot.—A.S. caru, grief, and Cake.]

Carcanet, kär′ka-net, n. a collar of jewels. [Carcan, an obsolete word for an iron collar used for punishment—Low L. carcannum, from Teut.]

Carcass, Carcase, kär′kas, n. a dead body or corpse, no longer used of the human body: the framework of anything: a ruin: a kind of bombshell. [Fr. carcasse, a skeleton (It. carcasso, a quiver), prob. from Late Gr. tarkasion, which is perh. the Pers. tarkash, a quiver.]

Carcinology, kär-si-nol′ō-ji, n. that department of zoology which treats of crabs and other crustaceans.—adj. Carcinolog′ical.—n. Carcinol′ogist. [Gr. karkinos, a crab, logia-legein, to speak.]

Carcinoma, kar-si-nōma, n. a cancer (see Cancer).—adj. Carcinō′matous.—n. Carcinō′sis, the growth and development of cancer. [Gr.]

Card, kärd, n. a piece of pasteboard marked with figures for playing a game, or with a person's address upon it: a note.—ns. Card′-board, a stiff, finely finished pasteboard; Card′-case, a case for carrying visiting-cards; Card′-sharp′er, one who cheats at cards; Card′-tā′ble, a table for playing cards on.—A knowing card (slang), one who is wide awake; A sure card, an undertaking which will be sure to succeed.—Have the cards in one's hands, to have everything under one's control; House of cards, something flimsy or unsubstantial; On the cards, likely to turn up; Play one's cards well, or badly, to make, or not to make, the best of one's chances; Show one's cards, to expose one's secrets or designs; Speak by the card, to speak with elegance and to the point; Throw up the cards, to give in: to confess defeat. [Fr. carte—L. charta, Gr. chartēs, paper. Carte is a doublet.]

Card, kärd, n. an instrument for combing wool or flax.—v.t. to comb wool, &c.—n. Card′er, one who has to do with carding wool. [Fr. carde—L. carduus, a thistle.]

Cardamine, kär′da-mīn, n. a genus of cress, including the cuckoo-flower or lady's smock, &c. [Gr. kardaminē—kardamon, cress.]

Cardamom, kär′da-mom, n. the capsules of certain tropical plants, which form an aromatic, pungent spice. [L. cardamomum—Gr. kardamōmon.]

Cardecu, kar′de-kū, n. (obs.) an old French silver coin. [Fr. quart d'écu, quarter of a crown.]

Cardiac, kär′di-ak, adj. belonging to the heart: cordial, reviving—also Cardiac′al.—ns. Car′diac, a disease of the heart: a cordial; Car′dialgy, Cardial′gia, an uneasy sensation or burning pain at the upper orifice of the stomach, apparently at the heart—hence called heartburn; Car′diograph, an apparatus for recording by a tracing—Car′diogram—the movements of the heart; Car′dioid, a geometrical curve, so called from its heart-like form; Cardīt′is, inflammation of the heart. [L.—Gr. kardiakos—kardia, the heart.]

Cardigan, kar′de-gan, n. a knitted woollen jacket, named from the Crimean hero, the Earl of Cardigan (1797-1868).

Cardinal, kär′din-al, adj. denoting that on which a thing hinges or depends: principal; of a deep scarlet colour, like a cardinal's cassock.—n. one of the seventy princes of the church constituting the sacred college at Rome, to whom pertains the right of electing a new pope: a short cloak, formerly worn by ladies.—ns. Car′dinalate, Car′dinalship, the office or dignity of a cardinal; Car′dinal-bird, a species of grosbeak, one of the finest song-birds of America, probably so called from its red plumage.—adv. Car′dinally, fundamentally: (Shak., Measure for Measure, II. i. 81) carnally.—Cardinal flower (see Lobelia); Cardinal numbers, numbers expressing how many; Cardinal points, the four chief points of the compass—north, south, east, and west; Cardinal virtues, justice, prudence, temperance, fortitude, so called because the whole of human nature was supposed to hinge or turn upon them—the natural as distinguished from the theological virtues. [Fr.—L. cardinalis—cardo, cardinis, a hinge.]

Cardoon, kar-dōōn′, n. a perennial plant, the prickly artichoke of the Mediterranean region.—Also Chardoon′. [O. Fr.,—L. carduus, a thistle.]

Carduus, kar′dū-us, n. (Shak.) a thistle.—n. Cardō′phagus, a thistle-eater, a donkey. [L.,—Gr. kardos, thistle; phagos, eater.]

Care, kār, n. anxiety, heedfulness: charge, oversight: the object of anxiety.—v.i. to be anxious: to be inclined: to have regard.—adjs. Care′-crazed (Shak.), crazed or broken with care and solicitude; Care′ful, full of care: heedful: (B.) anxious: (Spens.) dreadful.—adv. Care′fully.—n. Care′fulness.—adj. Care′less, without care: heedless, unconcerned.—ns. Care′lessness; Care′-tak′er, one put in charge of anything, esp. of an Irish farm from which a tenant has been evicted.—adj. Care′worn, worn or vexed with care.—Take care, to be careful or cautious; Take care of, to look after with care. [A.S. caru; Goth. kara, sorrow; Ice. kæra, to lament; Celt. car, care; allied to L. carus, dear.]

Careen, ka-rēn′, v.t. to lay a ship on her side to repair her bottom and keel.—v.i. of a ship, to move with an inclination to one side.—n. the position of a ship laid on one side.—n. Careen′age, a place where ships are careened: the cost of careening. [Fr. carène—L. carina, the bottom of a ship, the keel.]

Career, ka-rēr′, n. a racecourse: a race: course of action: manner of life; v.i. to gallop: to move or run rapidly. [Fr. carrière, a racecourse. See Car.]

Caress, ka-res′, v.t. to treat with affection: to fondle: to embrace.—n. any act or expression of affection. [Fr. caresser—It. carezza, an endearment; Low L. caritia—L. carus, dear.]

Caret, kā′ret, n. a mark, ^, used in writing when a word is left out. [L. caret, there is wanting.]

Carex, kā′reks, n. a genus of plants including the sedges. [L. carex, reed-grass, sedge.]

Carfax, -fox, kär′faks, -foks, n. a place where four roads meet—now used only of particular examples, as at Oxford. [Fr.—L. quadrifurc-us, four-forked.]

Cargo, kär′go, n. what a ship carries: its load. [Sp., from root of Car.]

Cargoose, kar′gōōs, n. the crested grebe. [Scand.; Ice. kjarr, copse wood, and Goose.]

Cariacou, kar′i-a-kōō, n. the Virginian deer of North America.—Also Car′jacou.

Cariama, kär-i-ä′ma, n. a South American bird of prey of large size. [Braz. cariama.]

Carib, kar′ib, n. one of a native race inhabiting parts of Central America and the north of South America—also Car′ibbee.—adj. Caribbē′an.

Caricature, kar′i-ka-tūr, n. a likeness of anything so exaggerated or distorted as to appear ridiculous.—v.t. to turn into ridicule by overdoing a likeness: to burlesque. Formerly spelt Caricatū′ra.—n. Caricatur′ist, one who caricatures. [It. caricatura—carricare, to load, from root of Car.]

Caries, kā′ri-ēz, n. rottenness or decay of a bone.—adj. Cā′rious, decayed. [L.]

Carillon, kar′il-yong, n. a suite of musical bells for playing tunes: the melody played on these. [Fr.,—Low L. quadrilion-em, a quaternary, because carillons were formerly rung on four bells.]

Carinate, kar′i-nāt, p.adj. keel-shaped: having a prominence on the outer surface. [L. carinatus—carina, a keel.]

Cariole, Carriole, kar′i-ōl, n. a small open carriage: a light cart. [Fr. carriole—root of Car.]

Cark, kärk, n. (arch.) care, anxiety, or solicitude.—v.t. to burden, harass.—v.i. to be anxious.—adj. Cark′ing, distressing, causing anxiety. [A.S. cearig, careful, anxious—caru, cearu, care. See Care.]

Carl, kärl, n. a husbandman, a clown: a churl: (Scot.) a niggard.—ns. Car′line, an old woman: a witch; Car′lot (Shak.), a churl, peasant. [Scand., Ice. karl, a man, a male. See Churl.]

Carline, kar′lin, n. a genus of plants closely allied to the true thistles. [From a legend that an angel showed the root of one to Charlemagne as a remedy for a plague.]

Carlist, kar′list, n. a supporter of the claims of the Spanish pretender Don Carlos de Bourbon (1788-1855), second son of Charles IV., and his representatives, as against Queen Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand VII., and her descendants.—n. Car′lism, devotion to the Carlist cause.

Carlock, kar′lok, n. a Russian isinglass obtained from the bladder of the sturgeon. [Russ.]

Carlovingian, kär-lo-vin′ji-an, adj. relating to a dynasty of Frankish kings, so called from Carl the Great or Charlemagne (742-814).

Carlylese, kar-līl′ēz, n. the vigorous, irregular, hypermetaphorical literary style and phraseology peculiar to Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881).—adjs. Carlyl′esque, Carlyl′ēan.—n. Carlyl′ism.

Carmagnole, kar′man-yōl, n. a. popular song and dance of the French Revolution: a kind of jacket worn by revolutionists at that time, with short skirts, a broad collar and lapels, and several rows of buttons. [Prob. from Carmagnola in Piedmont.]

Carmelite, kär′mel-īt, n. a monk of the order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, in Syria, founded there about 1156, made a mendicant order in 1247—the habit brown, with white cloak and scapular, hence the Carmelites were popularly known as the White Friars: a monk or nun of discalced or reformed branch established by St Teresa—the barefooted Carmelites: a variety of pear; a fine woollen stuff like beige.

Carminative, kar-min′a-tiv, adj. a medicine to relieve flatulence and pain in the bowels, such as cardamoms, peppermint, ginger, and other stimulating aromatics. [L. carmināre, to card—carmen, a card for wool.]

Carmine, kär′mīn, n. the red colouring principle obtained from the cochineal insect. [Fr. or Sp. carmin—Sp. carmesí, crimson—Ar. qirmazi, crimson. Same root as Crimson.]

Carnage, kär′nāj, n. (obs.) a heap of slain: slaughter. [Fr.,—It. carnaggio, carnage—L. caro, carnis, flesh.]

Carnal, kär′nal, adj. fleshly: sensual: unspiritual: (Shak.) murderous, flesh-eating.—v.t. and v.i. to convert into flesh, to become fleshy.—v.t. Car′nalise, to make carnal: to debase carnally:—pr.p. cär′nalīsing; pa.p. cär′nalīsed.—ns. Car′nalist, a sensualist: a worldling; Carnal′ity state of being carnal.—adv. Car′nally,—adjs. Car′nal-mind′ed, worldly-minded; Car′neous, Carnose′, fleshy: of or like flesh.—n. Car′nifex, executioner.—adj. Carnific′ial.—n. Carnos′ity, a fleshy excrescence growing in and obstructing any part of the body. [L. carnalis—caro, carnis, flesh.]

Carnallite, kär′nal-īt, n. a milk-white or pinkish hydrous chloride of potassium and magnesium found in the salt-mines of Stassfurt in Prussia. [Named from the mineralogist Von Carnall (1804-74).]

Carnation, kar-nā′shun, n. flesh-colour: one of the finest of florists' flowers, a double-flowering variety of the clove pink, and existing only in a state of cultivation.—adj. Carnā′tioned, having a flesh-like colour. [L. carnatio, fleshiness.]

Carnauba, kär-nä-ōō′ba, n. a Brazilian palm yielding a yellowish wax: the wax—also Brazilian wax. [Braz.]

Carnelian, kar-nē′li-an, n. the name given to the finer varieties of chalcedony, blood-red or flesh-colour, reddish-brown, reddish-white, or yellow, more rarely milk-white.—Also Cornē′lian.

Carnival, kär′ni-val, n. a feast observed by Roman Catholics just before the fast of Lent: any season of revelry or indulgence: riotous feasting, merriment, or amusement. [It. carnevale—Low L. carnelevarium, apparently from L. carnem levare, to put away flesh.]

Carnivora, kar-niv′ō-ra, n.pl. order of flesh-eating animals.—n. Car′nivore, a carnivorous animal.—adj. Carniv′orous, flesh-eating.—adv. Carniv′orously.—n. Carniv′orousness. [L. caro, carnis, flesh, vorus, devouring.]

Carny, Carney, kär′ni, v.t. (prov.) to coax, wheedle.—v.i. to act in such a way.—n. flattery.

Carob, kar′ob, n. the algaroba or locust-tree, a tree of the order Leguminosæ, native to the Mediterranean countries. [Through Fr. from Ar. kharrūbah.]

Caroche, ka-rōsh′, n. a coach or carriage. [Fr.,—It. caraccio, carro—L. carrus, car.]

Carol, kar′ol, n. a song of joy or praise.—v.i. to sing a carol: to sing or warble.—v.t. to praise or celebrate in song:—pr.p. car′olling; pa.p. car′olled.—n. Car′olling, the act of the verb to carol. [O. Fr. carole; It. carola, orig. a ring-dance; acc. to Diez, a dim. of L. chorus.]

Carolus, kar′ol-us, n. a gold coin of the time of Charles I.—adj. Car′oline, belonging to the time of Charles. [L. Carolus, Charles.]

Carom, kar′om, n. an abbreviation for Carambole, the same as Cannon in billiards.

Carotid, ka-rot′id, adj. relating to the two great arteries of the neck. [Gr. karōtides—karos, sleep, the ancients supposing that deep sleep was caused by compression of them.]

Carouse, kar-owz′, n. a drinking-bout: a noisy revel.—v.i. to hold a drinking-bout: to drink freely and noisily.—ns. Carous′al, a carouse: a feast; Carous′er, one who carouses.—adv. Carous′ingly. [O. Fr. carous, Fr. carrousse—Ger. gar aus, quite out!—that is, empty the glass.]

Carousel, kar-ōō′zel, n. a tilting match or tournament, to which were added games, shows, and allegorical representations. [Fr.]

Carp, kärp, v.i. to catch at small faults or errors (with at).—ns. Carp′er, one who carps or cavils; Carp′ing, cavilling: fault-finding.—adv. Carp′ingly. [Most prob. Scand., Ice. karpa, to boast, modified in meaning through likeness to L. carpĕre, to pluck, deride.]

Carp, kärp, n. a fresh-water fish common in ponds. [O. Fr. carpe—Low L. carpa, prob. Teut.]

Carpal, kär′pal, adj. pertaining to the wrist. [Gr. karpos, the wrist.]

Carpel, kär′pel, n. a modified leaf forming the whole or part of the pistil of a flower.—adj. Car′pellary. [Gr. karpos, fruit.]

Carpenter, kär′pent-ėr, n. a worker in timber as used in building houses, ships, &c.—v.i. to do the work of a carpenter.—ns. Car′penter-bee, a bee that excavates its nest in wood; Car′pentry, the trade or work of a carpenter, [O. Fr. carpentier—Low L. carpentarius—carpentum, a car, from root of Car.]

Carpet, kär′pet, n. the woven or felted covering of floors, stairs, &c.—v.t. to cover with a carpet:—pr.p. car′peting; pa.p. car′peted.—ns. Car′pet-bag, a travelling-bag, so called because usually made of carpeting; Car′pet-bag′ger, one who comes to a place for political or other ends, carrying his whole property qualification for citizenship with him in his carpet-bag; Car′pet-beat′ing, the removing of dust from carpets by beating; Car′pet-bed′ding, a system of horticulture in which plants are arranged in mosaic or geometrical designs; Car′peting, material of which carpets are made: carpets in general; Car′pet-knight, one dubbed a knight by mere court favour, not on account of his military exploits—hence an effeminate person; Car′pet-mong′er (Shak.), an effeminate person; Car′pet-rod, one of the narrow rods used to keep a stair carpet in its place.—On the carpet, under discussion. [O. Fr. carpite (Fr. carpette)—Low L. carpeta, a coarse fabric made from rags pulled to pieces—L. carpĕre, to pluck.]

Carpolite, kär′po-līt, n. fruit petrified or converted into stone.—n. Carpol′ogy, the part of botany which treats of the structure of fruits and seeds. [Gr. karpos, fruit, lithos, a stone, logos, a discourse.]

Carrack, kar′rak, n. a large ship of burden, which is also fitted for fighting.—Also Car′ack. [O. Fr. carraque—Low L. carraca. Ety. dub.]

Carrageen, kar-ra-gēn′, n. Carrageen moss, or Irish moss—marine alga, common on the British coasts, used for making a highly digestible soup and a kind of blanc-mange, as well as size. [From Carragheen, near Waterford in Ireland, where it is found abundantly.]

Carriage, kar′ij, n. act or cost of carrying: a vehicle for carrying: behaviour: bearing: (Shak.) burden: (B.) baggage.—adj. Carr′iageable, that may be conveyed in carriages.—ns. Carr′iage-com′pany, or -peo′ple, people who keep their carriages; Carr′iage-drive, a road for carriages through parks, &c.; Carr′iage-horse, a horse that draws a carriage.—Carriage and pair, a turn-out of a carriage and two horses; Carriage free, tree of charge for carrying. [See Carry.]

Carrick-bend, kar′ik-bend, n. (naut.), a kind of knot, formed on a bight by putting the end of a rope over its standing part, and then passing it. [Perh. conn. with Carrack, and the root of Bind.]

Carrion, kar′i-un, n. the dead and putrid body or flesh of any animal: anything vile.—adj. relating to, or feeding on, putrid flesh.—n. Carr′ion-crow, a species of crow which feeds on carrion, small animals, &c. [Fr. carogne—Low L. caronia—L. caro, carnis, flesh.]

Carritch, kar′itch, n. (Scot.) a corrupted form of the word catechism.—n. Carr′iwitchet, a quibble.

Carronade, kar-un-ād′, n. a short cannon of large bore, first made at Carron in Scotland.

Carron-oil, kar′on-oil, n. a liniment composed of linseed-oil and lime-water. [From its use for burns at Carron Ironworks in Stirlingshire.]

Carrot, kar′ut, n. a genus of Umbelliferæ, having a tapering root of a reddish or yellowish colour: the root itself, which is edible and sweet.—adj. Carr′oty, carrot-coloured, applied to the hair. [Fr. carotte—L. carota.]

Carry, kar′i, v.t. to convey or bear: to lead or transport: to take by force: to effect: to behave or demean: (of money) to be sufficient for a certain purpose: to gain the election of a candidate: to get a bill passed by a majority.—v.i. (of a gun, &c.) to reach, indicating the range of its shot:—pr.p. carr′ying; pa.p. carr′ied.—n. the distance a golf-ball goes when struck till it touches the ground: range: the portage of a boat: land across which a boat has to be carried between one navigable stream and another: the position of 'carry arms,' &c.: (prov.) the sky, cloud-drift.—ns. Carr′ier, one who carries, esp. for hire; Carr′y-all, a light, four-wheeled, one-horsed carriage; Carr′ying, the act of one who carries; Carr′y-tale (Shak.), a tale-bearer.—Carry all before one, to bear down all obstacles; Carry away, to carry off: to excite the feelings: to transport; Carry off, to cause the death of: to gain, to win, as a prize: to cause to pass muster, to make to pass by assurance or dissimulation; Carry on, to promote: to continue: to behave in a certain fashion (a term of mild reprobation); Carry one's point, to overrule objections in favour of one's plan; Carry out, to accomplish fully: to carry out for burial; Carry out one's bat (cricket), to leave the wickets without having been put out; Carry over, to induce to join the other party; Carry the day, or Carry it, to be successful: to win the day; Carry through, to succeed in accomplishing; Carry too far, to exceed reasonable limits; Carry up, to continue a building to a certain height: to trace back; Carry weight, to possess authority: to have force.—Be carried, to be highly excited: to have the head turned. [O. Fr. carier,—Low L. carricāre, to cart—L. carrus, a car.]

Carse, kärs, n. in Scotland, a stretch of alluvial land along the banks of some rivers. [Scot.; perh. from an obsolete word car, a fen; cf. Dan. kjær.]

Cart, kärt, n. a two-wheeled vehicle without springs, used for farm purposes, and for conveying heavy loads.—v.t. to convey in a cart: to carry publicly in a cart as a punishment—formerly done to bawds.—ns. Cart′age, the act or cost of carting; Cart′er, one who drives a cart; Cart′-horse, a horse used for drawing a cart; Cart′-house, a shed for keeping carts; Cart′-load, as much as a cart can carry; Cart's-tail, the hind part of a cart; Cart′way, a road or way by which carts may pass; Cart′wright, a carpenter who makes carts; T′-cart, a four-wheeled open phaeton, seated for four, its ground-plan resembling a T—see also Dog-cart, Mail-cart, Tax-cart, &c.—Put the cart before the horse, to reverse the natural order of things.—Village Cart, an uncovered two-wheeled carriage for one horse, with a low body and one seat; Whitechapel cart, or Chapel cart, a light two-wheeled spring-cart much used by butchers in delivering goods to their customers. [Ety. uncertain; from A.S. cræt, or Ice. kartr.]

Carte, kärt, n. the fourth position of the wrist in fencing. [Fr. quart—L. quartus, fourth.]

Carte, kärt, n. a bill of fare: (Scot.), a playing-card: short for carte-de-visite.—ns. Carte-blanche′, a blank paper, duly signed, and given to a person, to be filled up at his pleasure; Carte-de-visite′, a small photographic portrait pasted on a card; Cart′el, a challenge: an agreement for exchange of prisoners; a card with writing on it.—Have carte-blanche, to have a commission to act with full discretionary powers. [Fr.,—L. charta. See Card.]

Cartesian, kar-tē′zhi-an, adj. relating to the French philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650), or his philosophy.—Cartesian devil, diver, or bottle-imp, a scientific toy named after Descartes, illustrating the principle of specific gravity.

Carthamine, kär′tha-min, n. a dye obtained in crystals by a chemical process from safflower. [Low L. carthamus—Ar. qartum, saffron.]

Carthusian, kar-thū′zi-an, n. one of an order of monks founded by St Bruno in 1086, noted for their strictness: a scholar of the Charterhouse School.—adj. of or pertaining to the order. [L. Cartusianus—Catorissium, Chatrousse, a village in Dauphiné, near which their first monastery was founded.]

Cartilage, kär′ti-lāj, n. in vertebrate animals, a firm elastic substance, of a pearly whiteness, presenting to the unaided eye a uniform and homogeneous appearance: gristle.—adj. Cartilagi′nous, pertaining to or consisting of cartilage, gristly. [Fr.,—L. cartilago; cog. with crates, Gr. kartalos.]

Cartography, kar-tog′ra-fi, n. the art of preparing charts or maps. [L. charta, chart, map, and Gr. graphia, graph-ein, to write.]

Cartomancy, kär′tō-man-si, n. a divination by playing-cards. [Low L. carta, a card, Gr. manteia, divination.]

Carton, kär′ton, n. a thin pasteboard, a box made from such: a small disc within the bull's-eye of the target, a shot that strikes this.—ns. Car′tonnage, pasteboard: the outer covering of a mummy; Car′ton-pierre′, statuary pasteboard, a kind of papier-maché. [Fr. See Cartoon.]

Cartoon, kär-tōōn′, n. a preparatory drawing on strong paper to be transferred to frescoes, tapestry, &c.: any large sketch or design on paper, esp. a representation of current events in a comic paper.—v.t. to make a cartoon or working design: to caricature by a cartoon.—n. Cartoon′ist, one who makes cartoons. [Fr. carton (It. cartone), augmentative of Carte.]

Cartouche, kär-tōōsh′, n. a case for holding cartridges: formerly a case containing bullets to be discharged from a mortar, but now merely a waterproof canvas case for holding the cartridges of a field battery, one to each ammunition-box: (archit.) an ornament resembling a scroll of paper with the ends rolled up: an oval figure on ancient Egyptian monuments or papyri enclosing characters expressing royal or divine names.—Also Cartouch′. [Fr.,—It. cartoccio—L. charta, paper.]

Cartridge, kär′trij, n. a case made of paper, pasteboard, metal, &c., containing the charge for a gun—Blank′-car′tridges contain powder only; Ball′-cartridges contain a bullet as well.—ns. Car′tridge-bag, a bag of flannel, merino, &c., for holding a charge for a cannon; Car′tridge-belt, a belt having pockets for cartridges; Car′tridge-box, a small box for holding cartridges, carried by soldiers; Car′tridge-pā′per, a light-coloured, strong paper, originally manufactured for making cartridges. [A corr. of Cartouche.]

Cartulary, kär′tū-lar-i, n. a register-book of a monastery, &c.: one who kept the records: the place where the register is kept. [Low L. chartularium—L. chartula, a document—charta, paper.]

Carucate, kar′u-kāt, n. originally an amount of land such as one team of oxen could plough in a season.—n. Car′ucage, a tax on the carucate, first imposed by Richard I. in 1198. [Low L. carrucāta, ploughland—carruca, plough, from root of Car.]

Caruncle, kar-unk′l, n. a small fleshy excrescence, as the wattles of the turkey-cock.—adjs. Carun′cular, Carun′culate, Carun′culous. [Fr.—L. caruncula.]

Carve, kärv, v.t. to cut into forms, devices, &c.: to make or shape by cutting: to cut up (meat) into slices or pieces: to apportion or distribute: (Shak.) to speak with suavity.—v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculptor.—p.adj. Carv′en, carved.—ns. Carv′er, one who carves: a sculptor: a carving-knife; Carv′ing, the act or art of carving, a branch of sculpture usually performed on wood or ivory: the device or figure carved: the act or art of cutting up meat at table.—Carve out, to hew out: to gain by one's exertions.—Cut and carve, to refine. [A. S. ceorfan, to cut; Dut. kerven; Ger. kerben, to notch.]

Carvel, kär′vel, n. older form of Caravel.—adj. Car′vel-built, as distinguished from clinker-built (q.v. under Clink).

Caryatid, kar-i-at′id, n. a female figure used instead of a column to support an entablature:—pl. Caryat′ides.—adjs. Caryat′ic, Caryat′idal, Caryatidē′an, Caryatid′ic. [Gr. Karyatides.]

Caryophyllaceous, kar-i-ō-fi-lā′shi-us, adj. belonging to the natural order Caryophyllaceæ;, applied esp. to flowers having five petals with long claws, as in the clove-pink. [Gr. karyophyllon, the clove-pink.]

Cascabel, kas′ka-bel, n. the whole rear part behind the base-ring of a cannon. [Sp.]

Cascade, kas-kād′, n. a waterfall: a trimming of lace or other material in a loose wavy fall.—v.i. to fall in cascades. [Fr.,—It.—L. cadĕre, to fall.]

Cascara, kas′ka-ra, n. the Cascara sagrada, a Californian bark used as a tonic aperient: the Cascara amarga, a bitter Honduras bark.—n. Cascarill′a, the aromatic bitter bark of the West Indian Croton Eleuteria. [Sp.]

Casco, kas′kō, n. a form of boat used at Manila for lading and unlading ships.

Case, kās, n. a covering, box, or sheath: a set: an outer coating for walls: in bookbinding, the boards and back, separate from the book: the frame in which a compositor has his types before him while at work.—v.t. to supply with a case.—n. Case′-bott′le, a bottle made to fit into a case with others.—v.t. Case′-hard′en, to convert the surface of certain kinds of malleable iron goods into steel, thereby making them harder, less liable to rust, and capable of taking on a better polish.—ns. Case′-hard′ening; Case′-knife, a large knife kept in a case; Case′maker, one who makes cases or covers for books; Case′ment, the case or frame of a window: a window that opens on hinges: a hollow moulding.—adj. Case′mented, having casements.—ns. Case′-shot, canister-shot, an artillery projectile for use at close quarters; Case′-worm, the caddice; Cas′ing, the act of the verb Case: an outside covering of any kind, as of boards, plaster, &c. [O. Fr. casse—L. capsa—capĕre, to take.]

Case, kās, n. that which falls or happens, event: particular state or condition—'in good case' = well off: subject of question or inquiry: an instance of disease: a person under medical treatment: a legal statement of facts: (gram.) the inflection of nouns, &c.—Case of conscience (see Conscience).—In any case, at all events: at any rate; In case, in the event that; In case to, in fit condition for; Make out one's case, to give good reasons for one's statements or position; Put the case, to suppose an instance: to take for example; The case, the fact, the reality. [O. Fr. cas—L. casus, from cadĕre, to fall.]

Casein, Caseine, kā′sē-in, n. an organic substance, contained in milk and cheese.—adjs. Cā′sēic; Cā′sēous, pertaining to cheese. [Fr.,—L. caseus, cheese.]

Casemate, kās′māt, n. any bomb-proof vaulted chamber, even when merely used as quarters for the garrison: (orig.) a loopholed gallery, from which the garrison of a fort could fire upon an enemy who had obtained possession of the ditch.—adj. Case′mated. [Fr.; der. uncertain.]

Casern, ka-sėrn′, n. a lodging for troops in a town: a barrack. [Fr.,—Sp. caserna—casa, a house.]

Cash, kash, n. coin or money: ready money.—v.t. to turn into or exchange for money: to pay money for.—ns. Cash′-account′, an account to which nothing is carried but cash: a form of account with a bank, by which a person is entitled to draw out sums as required by way of loan to a stipulated amount—also called Cash′-cred′it; Cash′-book, a book in which an account is kept of the receipts and disbursements of money; Cashier′, a cash-keeper: one who has charge of the receiving and paying of money; Cash′-pay′ment, payment in ready money; Cash′-rail′way, a mechanical device adopted in large shops and warehouses for the interchange of cash between the counters and the cash-desk.—Hard cash, ready money; Out of cash, or In cash, without or with money: out of, or in, pocket. [A doublet of Case, a box—O. Fr. casse, a box.]

Cashew, ka-shōō′, n. a spreading tree of no great height, in both the East and West Indies, the fruit of which is a kidney-shaped nut at the end of a pear-shaped fleshy stalk, the kernel of this nut and the fleshy stalk (called the Cashew′-app′le) being both used as food. [Fr. acajou—Brazilian acajoba.]

Cashier, kash-ēr′, v.t. to dismiss from a post in disgrace: to discard or put away: to annul.—ns. Cashier′er, one who cashiers; Cashier′ing, a punishment for officers in the army and navy, severer than dismissal, inasmuch as it disqualifies from entering the public service in any capacity; Cashier′ment, dismissal. [Dut. casseren, to cashier—L. cassāre, cassus, void, empty.]

Cashmere, kash′mēr, n. a rich kind of shawl made from the Cashmere goat: any similar shawl.

Casino, kas-ē′nō, n. a room for public dancing: a card-game. [It.; from L. casa, a cottage.]

Cask, kask, n. a hollow round vessel for holding liquor, made of staves bound with hoops: a measure of capacity: (obs.) a casque,—v.t. to put in a cask. [Fr. casque—Sp. casco, skull, helmet, cask.]

Casket, kask′et, n. a little cask or case: a small case for holding jewels, &c.: (U.S.) a coffin. [Ety. uncertain; hardly a dim. of Cask.]

Casque, Cask, kask, n. a cover for the head: a helmet. [A doublet of Cask.]

Cassandra, kas-an′dra, n. a daughter of Priam, king of Troy, beloved by Apollo, who gave her the gift of prophecy, but not of being believed—hence any one who takes gloomy views of the political or social future.

Cassareep, kas′a-rēp, n. a sauce or condiment made from the juice of the cassava, the chief ingredient in the West Indian pepper-pot.

Cassation, kas-sā′shun, n. the act of making null or void: (French law) the act of annulling the decision of a court or judicial tribunal—hence Court of Cassation, the supreme tribunal. [Low L. cassation-em—cassāre, to bring to nought.]

Cassava, kas-sä′va, n. the West Indian name of the manioc, and the starch produced from it, called Brazilian Arrowroot, or Tapioca.

Casserole, kas′e-rōl, n. a stew-pan: the outer part of several dressed dishes. [Fr.]

Cassia, kash′ya, n. a coarser kind of cinnamon—also Cass′ia-bark: the tree which yields the foregoing: a fragrant plant mentioned in Ps. xlv. 8 (Heb. qeçî'ôth, prob. the Ind. orris or costus): a genus of shrubs of the bean family (Leguminosæ), the leaves of several species yielding senna, while the drug known as cassia fistula or purging cassia is derived from the pod of Cassia fistula, the bark of which is used in tanning. [L. casia—Gr. kasia—Heb.]

Cassimere, kas-i-mēr′, n. a twilled cloth of the finest wools.—Also Kerseymere′. [Corr. of Cashmere.]

Cassiopeia, kas-i-ō-pē′ya, n. a constellation in the northern hemisphere, near the North Pole, named after the mother of Andromeda in Greek mythology.

Cassiterite, ka-sit′e-rīt, n. a brown native tin dioxide. [L. cassiterum—Gr. kassiteros, tin.]

Cassock, kas′ok, n. a long loose black robe or outer coat, formerly in common wear, but now worn only by clergy and choristers: a shorter garment, usually of black silk, worn under the Geneva gown by Scotch ministers.—adj. Cass′ocked. [Fr. casaque—It. casacca, prob. from L. casa, a cottage, a covering. Some explain Fr. casaque, casaquin, It. casacchino, as from Ar. kazāyand, a padded jerkin.]

Cassolette, kas′ō-let, n. a censer: a perfume-box with perforated lid. [Fr.,—Sp. cazoleta—cazo, a saucepan.]

Cassowary, kas′ō-war-i, n. a genus of running birds, nearly related to the true ostrich, and nearer to the American rhea. [Malay kasuārī or kasavārī.]

Cast, kast, v.t. to throw or fling: to throw off, shed, drop: to throw down: to throw together or reckon: to mould or shape: (B.) to consider, to cast or throw up.—v.i. to warp:—pa.t. and pa.p. cast.—n. act of casting: a throw of anything, as the sounding-lead, a fishing-line: the thing thrown, esp. in angling: the distance thrown: a motion, turn, or squint, as of the eye: a chance: a mould: the form received from a mould: manner, stamp, or quality: a shade of colour, a degree of guilt, &c.: the assignment of the various parts of a play to the several actors: the company of actors to whom such have been assigned.—n. Cast′away, one cast away, an outcast.—adj. worthless, rejected.—adjs. Cast (B.), Cast′ed (Shak.), cast off.—ns. Cast′ing, act of casting or moulding: that which is cast: a mould; Cast′ing-net, a species of net for fishing; Cast′ing-vote, the voice or vote of the president of a meeting, by which he is enabled, when the other votes are equally divided, to cast the balance on the one side or the other; Cast′ing-weight, the weight which makes the balance cast or turn when exactly poised.—adj. Cast′-off, laid aside or rejected.—n. anything thrown aside.—n. Cast′-steel, steel that has been melted, cast into ingots, and rolled out into bars.—Cast about, to contrive, to look about, to search for, as game: (B.) to turn, to go round; Cast a nativity, to make an astrological calculation; Cast anchor, to moor a ship; Cast an eye, a glance, to look at; Cast a thing in one's teeth, to bring a reproach against some one; Cast away, to wreck, to waste; Cast down, to deject or depress in mind: to turn the eyes downward; Cast loose, to set loose or adrift; Cast up, to throw up, to bring up anything as a reproach.—Be cast (law), to be defeated.—The last cast, the last venture. [Scand.; as Ice. kasta, to throw.]

Castalian, kas-tā′li-an, adj. pertaining to Castalia, a fountain in Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses.

Castanet, kas′ta-net, n. a musical instrument of percussion in the form of two hollow shells of ivory or hard wood, which are bound together by a band fastening on the thumb, and struck by the fingers to produce a trilling sound in keeping with the rhythm of the music—much used in Spain as an accompaniment to dances and guitars. [Sp. castañeta—L. castanea, a chestnut.]

Caste, käst, n. a term applied chiefly to distinct classes or sections of society in India, and, in a modified sense, to social distinctions of an exclusive nature among other nations.—Lose caste, to descend in social rank. [A name given by the Portuguese to the classes of people in India; Port. casta, breed, race.—L. castus, pure, unmixed.]

Castigate, kas′tig-āt, v.t. to chastise: to correct: to punish with stripes.—ns. Castigā′tion, act of castigating: chastisement: severe punishment; Cas′tigātor, one who castigates.—adj. Cas′tigātory. [L. castigāre, -ātum, from castus, pure.]

Castilian, kas-til′yan, adj. and n. of or belonging to Castile, a native of Castile, or the language thereof, standard Spanish.—Castile soap, a hard soap made with olive-oil and soda.

Castle, kas′l, n. a fortified house or fortress: the residence of a prince or nobleman, or a large country mansion generally: anything built in the likeness of such: a defensive tower borne on an elephant's back: a large ship, esp. of war.—v.t. to enclose or fortify with a castle.—v.i. (chess) to bring the castle or rook up to the square next the king, and move the king to the other side of the castle.—n. Cas′tellan, governor or captain of a castle.—adj. Cas′tellated, having turrets and battlements like a castle.—n. Cas′tle-build′ing, the act of building castles in the air or forming visionary projects.—adj. Cas′tled, furnished with castles.—n. Cas′tle-guard, the guard for the defence of a castle.—Castles in the air, or in Spain, groundless or visionary projects.—The Castle, Dublin Castle, the seat of the viceroy and the executive—Castle influence, &c. [A.S. castel—L. castellum, dim. of castrum, a fortified place.]

Castor, kas′tor, n. the beaver: a hat made of its fur. [L.,—Gr. kastōr; cf. Sans. kasturi, musk.]

Castor, kast′or, n. a small wheel on the legs of furniture: a small vessel with perforated top for pepper, &c.—also Cast′er. [From Cast.]

Castor-oil, kas′tor-oil, n. a medicinal oil obtained from a tropical plant, the Ricinus communis. [Ety. dub.; prob. from castor or castoreum, the unctuous substance obtained from two pear-shaped glands in the beaver, formerly much used in midwifery.]

Castrametation, kas-tra-me-tā′shun, n. the act or art of encamping. [L. castra, a camp, metāri, -atus, to measure off—meta, a boundary.]

Castrate, kas′trāt, v.t. to deprive of the power of generation, to remove the testicles, geld, emasculate: to take from or render imperfect.—adj. Cas′trated, expurgated.—ns. Castrā′tion, gelding, expurgation; Castrato (kas-trä′tō), a male singer castrated in boyhood so as to preserve a soprano or alto voice:—pl. Castra′ti. [L. castrāre, -ātum.]

Casual, kash′ū-al, adj. accidental: unforeseen: occasional.—n. a chance or occasional visitor, labourer, pauper, &c.—n. Cas′ualism, the belief that chance governs all things.—adv. Cas′ually, in a casual manner.—n. Cas′ualty, that which falls out: an accident: a misfortune: (pl.) losses of a military force by death, desertion, &c.: an incidental charge or payment.—Casualties of superiority, in the feudal law of Scotland, such emoluments arising to the superior as depend on uncertain events—those of non-entry, relief or composition, and escheat alone remaining, but considerably modified by the Conveyancing Act of 1874.—Casualty ward, the ward in a hospital in which accidents are treated; Casual ward, a ward set apart for the use of those who are only occasionally in destitution. [L. casualis—casus. See Case.]

Casuarina, kas-ū-ar-ēn′a, n. a genus of Australian trees having thread-like, jointed, pendent branches, with small toothed sheaths at the joints, like the horse-tails—the Swamp-oak and She-oak belong to it, and its wood is the well-known Beef-wood.

Casuist, kaz′ū-ist, n. one who studies and resolves cases of conscience.—adjs. Casuist′ic, -al, relating to cases of conscience.—n. Cas′uistry, the science or doctrine of cases of conscience, or the reasoning which enables a man to decide in a particular case between apparently conflicting duties. [Fr. casuiste—L. casus. See Case.]

Cat, kat, n. a common domestic animal kept to devour mice: a spiteful woman: a movable pent-house used for their protection by besiegers: a double tripod with six legs: a piece of wood tapering at each end, struck with the Cat-stick in the game of tip-cat, this game itself: short for the Cat-o'-nine′-tails, an instrument of punishment consisting of a whip with nine tails or lashes, with three or four knots on each, once used in the army and navy.—v.t. to raise the anchor to the cathead.—ns. Cat′amount, a common name in the United States for the cougar or puma—also called Panther, Painter, and American lion; Catamoun′tain, or Cat o' mountain, a leopard, panther, or ocelot: a wild mountaineer.—adj. ferocious, savage.—adj. Cat-and-dog, used attributively for quarrelsome.—ns. Cat′-bird, an American bird of the thrush family, so called on account of the resemblance of its note to the mewing of a cat; Cat′-call, a squeaking instrument used in theatres to express dislike of a play: a shrill whistle or cry.—v.i. to sound a cat-call.—v.t. to assail with such.—adj. Cat′-eyed, having eyes like a cat: able to see in the dark.—n. Cat′gut, a kind of cord made from the intestines of animals, and used as strings for violins, harps, guitars, &c., the cords of clock-makers, &c.: the violin or other stringed instrument: a coarse corded cloth.—adj. Cat′-hammed, with thin hams like a cat's.—ns. Cat′head, one of two strong beams of timber projecting from the bow of a ship, on each side of the bowsprit, through which the ropes pass by which the anchor is raised; Cat′-hole, one of two holes in the after part of a ship, through which hawsers may pass for steadying the ship or for heaving astern; Cat′hood, state of being a cat or having the nature of a cat; Cat′kin, a crowded spike or tuft of small unisexual flowers with reduced scale-like bracts, as in the willow, hazel, &c.; Cat′-lap, any thin or poor drink.—adj. Cat′-like, noiseless, stealthy.—ns. Cat′ling, a little cat, a kitten: the downy moss on some trees, like the fur of a cat: (Shak.) a lute-string; Cat′mint, a perennial plant resembling mint, said to be so called from the fondness cats have for it; Cat's′-crā′dle, a game played by children, two alternately taking from each other's fingers an intertwined cord, so as always to maintain a symmetrical figure; Cat's′-eye, a beautiful variety of quartz, so called from the resemblance which the reflection of light from it bears to the light that seems to emanate from the eye of a cat; Cat's-foot, a plant, called also Ground-ivy; Cat′-sil′ver, a variety of silvery mica; Cat's′-meat, horses' flesh, or the like, sold for cats by street dealers; Cat's′-paw (naut.), a light breeze: the dupe or tool of another—from the fable of the monkey who used the paws of the cat to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire; Cat's′-tail, a catkin: a genus of aquatic plants of the reed kind, the leaves of which are sometimes used for making mats, seating chairs, &c.: a kind of grass.—adj. Cat′-wit′ted, small-minded, conceited, and spiteful.—Catted and fished, said of an anchor raised to the cathead and secured to the ship's side.—Bell the cat (see Bell).—Care killed the cat, even with his proverbial nine lives.—Cheshire cats are proverbially notable for grinning, and Kilkenny cats proverbially fight till each destroys the other.—Rain cats and dogs, to pour down heavily.—See which way the cat jumps, to watch how things are going to turn before committing one's self.—Turn the cat in the pan, to change sides with dexterity.—For Gib-cat, Tabby-cat, Tom-cat, see under Gib, Tabby, &c. [A.S. cat; found also in Celt., Slav., Ar., Finn, &c.]

Cat, kat, n. an old name for a coal and timber vessel on the north-east coast of England.—adj. Cat′-rigged, having one great fore-and-aft mainsail spread by a gaff at the head and a boom at the foot, for smooth water only.

Catacaustic, kat-a-kaws′tik, adj. (geom.) belonging to caustic curves formed by reflection (see Caustic). [Gr. kata, against, and Caustic.]

Catachresis, kat-a-krē′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure by which a word is used in a sense different from, yet analogous to, its own: a harsh or far-fetched metaphor.—adjs. Catachres′tic, -al.—adv. Catachres′tically. [L.,—Gr. katachrēsis, misuse.]

Cataclysm, kat′a-klizm, n. a flood of water: a deluge: great revolution.—adj. Cataclys′mic. [Gr. kataklysmos—kata, downward, klyzein, to wash.]

Catacomb, kat′a-kōm, n. a subterranean excavation used as a burial-place, esp. the famous Catacombs near Rome, where many of the early Christian victims of persecution were buried: any place built with crypt-like recesses for storing books, wine, &c.—adj. Cat′acumbal. [It. catacomba—Late L. catacumbas (prob. from ad catacumbas), prob. from Gr. kata, downward, and kymbē, a hollow.]

Catacoustics, kat-a-kows′tiks, n. the part of acoustics which treats of echoes or sounds reflected. [Gr. kata, against, and Acoustics.]

Catadioptric, -al, kat-a-di-op′trik, -al, adj. pertaining to instruments by which rays of light are both reflected and refracted. [See Catoptric.]

Catadromous, kat-ad′rom-us, adj. of fishes, descending periodically for spawning to the lower parts of a river or to the sea. [Gr. kata, down, dromos, running.]

Catafalque, kat-a-falk′, n. a temporary structure of carpentry representing a tomb or cenotaph placed over the coffin during a lying-in-state: a tomb of state, a funeral car.—Also Catafal′co. [Fr.,—It. catafalco. See Balcony and Scaffold.]

Catalan, kat′al-an, adj. of or belonging to Catalonia or its language, a dialect of Provençal.—n. a native of Catalonia, or the language thereof.

Catalectic, kat-a-lek′tik, adj. incomplete: applied to a verse wanting one syllable at the end, or terminating in an imperfect foot. [Gr. katalēktikos, incomplete—katalēgein, to stop.]

Catalepsy, kat′a-lep-si, n. a state of more or less complete insensibility, with absence of the power of voluntary motion, and statue-like fixedness of the body and limbs.—adj. Catalep′tic. [Gr., from kata, down, lambanō, lēpsomai, I seize.]

Catallactic, kat-al-ak′tik, adj. pertaining to exchange.—adv. Catallac′tically.—n. Catallac′tics, political economy as the science of exchanges. [Made up from Gr. katalassein, to exchange.]

Catalogue, kat′a-log, n. a list of names, books, &c.—v.t. to put in a catalogue:—pr.p. cat′aloguing; pa.p. cat′alogued.—v.t. Cat′aloguise. [Fr.—Late L.—Gr. katalogos, from kata, down, legein, to choose.]

Catalpa, kat-al′pa, n. a genus of hardy trees native to the United States and Japan, marked by a low habit, profuse blossoms, and long cigar-like pendent pods.—The common Catalpa, known also as the Bean-tree, Catawba, Indian bean, and Cigar-tree, yields a durable wood; as also the western Catalpa or Shawnee wood. [From the native Ind. name.]

Catalysis, ka-tal′i-sis, n. (chem.) the decomposition of a compound and the recomposition of its elements, by the presence of a substance which does not itself suffer change, as in fermentation.—adj. Catalyt′ic. [Gr. katalysis—kata, down, lyein, to loosen.]

Catamaran, kat′a-mar-an′, or kat-am′ar-an, n. a raft of three pieces of wood lashed together, the middle piece being longer than the others, and serving as a keel—on this the rower squats, and works a paddle—much used in the Madras surf: an old kind of fire-ship, long superseded; an ill-natured woman. [Tamil, 'tied wood.']

Catamenia, kat-a-mē′ni-a, n. the menstrual discharge.—adj. Catamē′nial. [Gr. katamēnios—kata, again, mēn, mēnos, a month.]

Catamite, kat′a-mīt, n. a boy kept for unnatural purposes—a corruption of Ganymede (q.v.).

Catapan, kat′a-pan, n. the governor of Calabria and Apulia for the Byzantine emperor. [Acc. to Littré, from Gr. katepanō tōn axiōmatōn, 'he who is placed over the dignities.']

Cataphonics, kat-a-fon′iks, n. the science of reflected sounds.—adj. Cataphon′ic. [Gr. kata, against, phonē, sound.]

Cataphract, kat′a-frakt, n. (Milton) a soldier in full armour. [Gr. kataphraktēs, a coat-of-mail—kata, inten., and phrass-ein, to enclose, protect.]

Cataphyllary, kat-a-fil′ar-i, adj. pertaining to such rudimentary scale-leaves as are found on various parts of plants, esp. underground.—n. Cataphyll′um. [Gr. kata, down, phyllon, leaf.]

Cataphysical, kat-a-fis′i-kal, adj. (rare) unnatural. [Gr. kata, down, against, physis, nature.]

Cataplasm, kat′a-plazm, n. a plaster or poultice. [Gr. kataplasma, a plaster—kata-plassein, to plaster over.]

Cataplexy, kat′a-plex-i, n. the kind of mesmeric sleep of animals under a sudden shock of terror—the state of 'shamming death.'—adj. Cataplec′tic. [Gr. kataplēssein, to strike down.]

Catapult, kat′a-pult, n. anciently an engine of war, resembling the ballista, for throwing stones, arrows, &c.: a small forked stick having an elastic string fixed to the two prongs, used by boys for throwing small stones.—adj. Catapul′tic.—n. Catapultier′. [L. catapulta—Gr. katapeltēs—kata, down, pallein, to throw.]

Cataract, kat′a-rakt, n. a great fall of water, water-spout, &c.: a waterfall or cascade: an opaque condition of the lens of the eye, painless, unaccompanied by inflammation, occasioning blindness, simply by obstructing the passage of the light. [L. cataracta—Gr. kata, down, arass-ein, to dash, to rush.]

Catarrh, kat-är′, n. a discharge of fluid from the inflammation of a mucous membrane, esp. of the nose, caused by cold in the head: the cold itself.—adjs. Catarrh′al, Catarrh′ous. [L. catarrhus—Gr. katarrhous—kata, down, rheēin, to flow.]

Catarrhine, Catarhine, kat′ar-īn, adj. pertaining to that one of the two divisions of Quadrumana, including all the Old-World monkeys, having a narrow partition between the nostrils. [Gr. kata, down, hris, hrinos, nose.]

Catasta, kat-äs′ta, n. a block on which slaves were exposed for sale: a stage or place for torture. [L.]

Catastasis, kat-as′tas-is, n. the part of the Greek drama in which the development of the action has reached its height: (rhet.) that part of a speech which states the subject to be discussed. [Gr.]

Catastrophe, kat-as′trō-fē, n. an overturning: a final event: an unfortunate conclusion: a calamity.—adj. Catastroph′ic—ns. Catas′trophism, the theory in geology that accounts for 'breaks in the succession' by the hypothesis of vast catastrophes—world-wide destruction of floras and faunas, and the sudden introduction or creation of new forms of life, after the forces of nature had sunk into repose; Catas′trophist, a holder of the foregoing, as opposed to the uniformitarian theory. [Gr., kata, down, strephein, to turn.]

Catawba, ka-taw′ba, n. a light sparkling wine, produced from a grape of the same name, first found on the banks of the Catawba River in Carolina.

Catch, kach, v.t. to take hold of: to apprehend or understand: to seize after pursuit: to trap or ensnare: to take a disease by infection: to take up anything by sympathy or imitation.—v.i. to be contagious: to be entangled or fastened in anything;—pa.t. and pa.p. caught (kawt).—n. seizure: anything that seizes or holds: that which is caught: anything worth catching: a sudden advantage taken: a specially English form of musical composition, written generally in three or four parts, and in the canon form—originally synonymous with the round.—adj. Catch′able, that may be caught.—ns. Catch′er, one who catches; Catch′fly, a popular name of several plants belonging to the genus Silene, and of Lychnis Viscaria, whose glutinous stems often retain insects settling on them; Catch′ing, the action of the verb 'to catch:' a nervous or spasmodic twitching.—adj. infectious: captivating, attractive.—ns. Catch′ment-bās′in, a term applied to all that part of a river-basin from which rain is collected, and from which, therefore, the river is fed; Catch′penny, any worthless thing, esp. a publication, intended merely to gain money—also adj.; Catch′word, among actors, the last word of the preceding speaker—the cue: the word at the head of the page in a dictionary or encyclopædia: the first word of a page given at the bottom of the preceding page: any word or phrase taken up and repeated as the watchword or symbol of a party.—adj. Catch′y, attractive, deceptive, readily caught up, as an air, &c., fitful.—Catch at, to snatch at; Catch fire, to become ignited, to be inspired by passion or zeal; Catch hold of, to seize; Catch it, to get a scolding or the like; Catch me! an emphatic colloquial phrase implying that there is not the remotest possibility of my doing something suggested; Catch on, to comprehend: to catch the popular fancy; Catch out, to put a batsman out at cricket by catching the ball he has batted; Catch sight of, suddenly to get a glimpse of; Catch up, to overtake; Catch up, or away, to lay hold of forcibly. [From O. Fr. cachier—Late L. captiāre for captāre, inten. of capĕre, to take. See Chase.]

Catchpole, -poll, kach′pōl, n. a constable, petty officer of justice. [Through O. Fr. from Low L. cachepolus, chassipullus, one who chases fowls. See Chase and Pullet.]

Catechise, kat′e-kīz, v.t. to instruct by question and answer: to question as to belief: to examine systematically, to take to task.—adjs. Catechet′ic, -al, relating to a catechism or oral instruction in the first principles, esp. of Christianity.—adv. Catechet′ically.—ns. Catechet′ics, the art or practice of teaching by question and answer: that part of theology which treats of Catechē′sis, or primary oral instruction, as that given to catechumens; Cat′echiser; Cat′echising, an examination by questioning; Cat′echism, any compendious system of teaching drawn up in the form of question and answer; Cat′echist, one who catechises, a teacher of catechumens, a native teacher in a mission church.—adjs. Catechist′ic, -al, Catechis′mal, pertaining to a catechist or catechism. [L. catechismus, formed from Gr. katēchiz-ein, katēche-ein, to din into the ears—kata, down, ēchē, a sound.]

Catechu, kat′e-shoo, n. a substance used in tanning and dyeing, and medicinally as an astringent, obtained from the heart-wood of several East Indian trees, as the betel-nut, &c. [Tamil.]

Catechumen, kat-e-kū′men, n. one who is being taught the rudiments of Christianity: the appellation given in the early Christian Church to those converted Jews and heathens who had not yet received baptism, but were undergoing a course of training and instruction preparatory to it.—adj. Catechumen′ical.—adv. Catechumen′ically.—ns. Catechū′menship, Catechū′menism, Catechū′menate. [Gr. katēchoumenos, being taught, pr.p. pass. of katēche-ein, to teach.]

Category, kat′e-gor-i, n. what may be affirmed of a class: a class or order.—adjs. Categoremat′ic, capable of being used by itself as a term; Categor′ical, positive: absolute: without exception.—adv. Categor′ically, absolutely: without qualification: expressly.—n. Categor′icalness, the quality of being absolute and unqualified.—n.pl. Cat′egories (phil.), the highest classes under which objects of philosophy can be systematically arranged, understood as an attempt at a comprehensive classification of all that exists: in Kant's system, the root-notions of the understanding, the specific forms of the a priori or formal element in rational cognition (quantity, quality, relation, modality, &c.).—v.t. Cat′egorise, to place in a category or list: to class.—n. Categor′ist, one who categorises.—Categorical imperative, in the ethics of Kant, the absolute unconditional command of the moral law, irrespective of every ulterior end or aim—universally authoritative, belonging to the fixed law of nature—'Act from a maxim at all times fit for law universal.' [Gr. katēgoria, katēgoros, an accuser, kata, down, against, agora, assembly.]

Catelectrode, kat-ē-lek′trōd, n. a negative electrode or cathode. [Gr. kata, down, and Electrode.]

Catenary, kat-ē′nar-i, n. the curve formed by a flexible homogeneous cord (such as a chain), hanging freely between two points of support, and acted on by no other force than gravity.—adj. relating to a chain, like a chain—also Catenā′rian.—n. Catē′na, a chain or connected series, as in Catena Patrum, a chronological series of extracts from the Fathers on any doctrine of theology.—v.t. Cat′enāte to connect as in a chain.—n. Catenā′tion. [L. catenarius, pertaining to a chain—catēna, chain.]

Cater, kā′tėr, v.i. to provide food, entertainment, &c. (with for).—ns. Cā′terer; Cā′teress; Cā′tering. [Lit. to act as a cater, the word being orig. a substantive, and spelled catour, an aphetised form of acater, acatour. See Acater.]

Cateran, kat′er-an, n. a Highland reiver or freebooter, a robber or brigand generally. [Gael. ceathairne, peasantry, Ir. ceithern, a band of soldiers.]

Cater-cousin, kā′tėr-kuz′n, n. a term implying familiarity, affection, sympathy, rather than kindred. [More prob. conn. with Cater than quatre or quarter.]

Caterpillar, kat′ėr-pil-ar, n. a grub that lives upon the leaves of plants. [Prob. O. Fr. chatepeleuse, 'hairy cat;' chate, a she-cat—L. catus, peleuse, hairy—L. pilosus, pilum.]

Caterwaul, kat′ėr-wawl, n. the shriek or cry emitted by the cat when in heat.—v.i. to make such a noise, to make any discordant sound: to behave lasciviously: to quarrel like cats.—n. Cat′erwauling. [The second part is prob. imit.]

Catharist, kath′ar-ist, n. one professing a higher standard of purity in life and doctrine, a puritan: esp. a member of a Manichean heretical sect of the Middle Ages, which spread over the whole of southern and western Europe—confounded with the kindred sect of Paulicians, reaching the greatest numbers in southern France, where, as the Albigenses, they were ruthlessly stamped out by the Inquisition.—n. Cath′arism. [Gr. katharistai, katharizein, to purify.]

Cathartic, -al, kath-ärt′ik, -al, adj. having the power of cleansing the stomach and bowels: purgative.—v.t. Cath′arise, to render absolutely clean.—ns. Cathar′sis, evacuation of the bowels; Cathart′ic, a purgative medicine; Cathar′tin, the purgative principle of senna. [Gr. kathartikos, fit for cleansing, katharos, clean.]

Cathedral, kath-ēd′ral, n. the principal church of a diocese, in which is the seat or throne of a bishop.—adj. belonging to a cathedral.—n. Cathed′ra, a bishop's seat, the episcopal dignity—ex cathedra, from the chair, officially given forth.—adjs. Cathedral′ic, Cathedralesque′, Cathed′raled, vaulted like a cathedral.—n. Cathed′ralism, the cathedral system.—adj. Cathedrat′ic, promulgated ex cathedra, authoritative. [L. cathedra—Gr. kathedra, a seat.]

Catherine-wheel, kath′e-rin-hwēl, n. (archit.) an ornamented window or compartment of a window, of a circular form, with radiating divisions of various colours: (her.) a wheel set round with teeth: a kind of firework which in burning rotates like a wheel.—Catherine pear, a small and early variety of pear.—Turn Catherine-wheels, to make a series of somersaults sideways. [From St Catherine of Alexandria, whom legend makes to suffer martyrdom in the 4th century by torture on a wheel.]

Catheter, kath′e-tėr, n. a tube to be introduced through the urethra into the bladder to draw off the urine, or for injecting air or fluids into the Eustachian tube.—ns. Cath′eterism; Cathetom′eter, an instrument for measuring small differences of level of different liquids in tubes; Cath′etus, a straight line falling perpendicularly on another straight line or surface. [Gr. kathetos, perpendicular, kathetēr, from kathienai, to send down.]

Cathisma, ka-thiz′ma, n. in Greek use, a portion of the psalter, there being altogether twenty cathismata: a troparion or short hymn used as a response. [Gr., kathizein, to sit down.]

Cathode, kath-ōd′, n. the negative pole or electrode of a galvanic battery, as opposed to anode: the surface in contact with the negative pole: the object to be coated in electroplating—adj. Cath′odal. [Gr. kathodos, a going down, kata, down, hodos, a way.]

Catholic, kath′ol-ik, adj. universal: general, embracing the whole body of Christians: orthodox, as opposed to heterodox and sectarian—applied esp. to the Christian Church before the great schism between the East and the West: liberal, the opposite of exclusive: relating to the name claimed by its adherents for the Church of Rome as the alleged sole visible representative of the church founded by Christ and His apostles—the characteristic marks of the Catholic Church being universality, antiquity, unity: relating to the Roman Catholics.—n. an adherent of the R.C. Church.—v.t. Cathol′icise, to make Catholic.—ns. Cathol′icism, Catholic′ity, universality: liberality or breadth of view: the tenets of the R.C. Church; Cathol′icon, a universal remedy or panacea; Cathol′icos, the Patriarch of Armenia.—Catholic creditor (law of Scot.), one whose debt is secured over several or the whole subjects belonging to the debtor—e.g. over two or more heritable estates; Catholic emancipation, the relief of the Roman Catholics from certain vexatious penal regulations and restrictions, granted in 1829; Catholic or General epistles, the name given to certain epistles in the canon addressed not to particular churches or individuals, but either to the Church universal or to a large and indefinite circle of readers—originally only 1 John and 1 Peter, but, as early as the 3d century, also James, Jude, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John; Catholic king, a title given specially to the king of Spain.—Old Catholics, the title assumed by a number of Catholics who at Munich protested against the new dogma of the personal infallibility of the pope in all ex cathedrâ deliverances proclaimed by the Vatican Council in 1870—now a considerable communion or church in Germany and Switzerland. [Gr. katholicos, universal—kata, throughout, holos, the whole.]

Catiline, kat′il-īn, n. the type of a daring and reckless conspirator, from L. Sergius Catilina, whose plot to destroy Rome was foiled by Cicero, 63 B.C.—adj. Cat′ilinārian.

Catonian, ka-tō′ni-an, adj. resembling Cato, the Roman Censor (died 149 B.C.), or Cato Uticensis (95-46 B.C.), both remarkable for gravity of manners—hence grave, severe, unbending.

Catoptric, kat-op′trik, adj. relating to catoptrics or vision by reflection.—n.pl. Catop′trics, the part of optics which treats of reflected light. [Gr.; from katoptron, a mirror—kata, against, optesthai, to see.]

Cattle, kat′l, n.pl. beasts of pasture, esp. oxen, bulls, and cows: sometimes also horses, sheep, &c.—ns. Catt′leman, one who tends cattle, or who rears them on a ranch; Catt′le-plague, plague or disease among cattle, esp. that known as rinderpest or steppe murrain; Catt′le-show, an exhibition or show of cattle or other domestic animals in competition for prizes. [O. Fr. catel, chatel—Low L. captale, orig. capital, property in general, then esp. animals—L. capitalis, chief—caput, the head, beasts in early times forming the chief part of property.]

Catty, kat′i, n. the Chinese kin or pound, usually a little over 1¼ lb. avoirdupois.

Caucasian, kaw-kā′zhi-an, adj. pertaining to Mount Caucasus or the country around it.—n. the name adopted by Blumenbach for one of his main ethnological divisions of mankind, by him made to include the two great groups, the Aryan and the Semitic; used by later anthropologists for the fair type of man as opposed to the Mongolic or yellow type.

Caucus, kaw′kus, n. a private meeting of political wire-pullers to agree upon candidates to be proposed for an ensuing election, or to fix the business to be laid before a general meeting of their party: applied loosely to any influential committee in a constituency. [Ety. dub.; perh. John Smith's Algonkin word Caw-cawaassough, an adviser; perh. a corr. of 'caulkers' meetings.']

Caudal, kaw′dal, adj. pertaining to the tail: having a tail or something like one.—adj. Cau′dāte, tailed. [L. cauda.]

Caudex, kaw′deks, n. (bot.) the stem of a tree, esp. of a palm or tree-fern:—pl. Caud′ices, Caud′exes.—n. Caudicle, the stalk of the pollen-masses of certain orchids. [L.]

Caudle, kaw′dl, n. a warm drink, sweetened and spiced, given to the sick, esp. women in childbed.—v.t. to give a caudle to, to mix. [O. Fr. chaudel—L. calidus, hot.]

Cauk, kawk, n. chalk: sulphate of baryta or heavy spar. [A form of Chalk.]

Caul, kawl, n. a net or covering for the head: the membrane covering the head of some infants at their birth. [O. Fr. cale, a little cap, prob. Celt.; cf. Ir. calla, a veil, hood.]

Cauldrife, kawld′-rīf, adj. (Scot.) cold, chilly, lifeless, without vigour.

Cauldron, Caldron, kawl′dron, n. a large kettle for boiling or heating liquids. [O. Fr. caudron—L. caldarium—calidus, hot—calēre, to be hot.]

Caulescent, kaw-les′ent, adj. (bot.) having a stem rising above the ground—also Caulif′erous.—n. Cau′licle, a rudimentary stem.—adj. Caulic′olous, growing on a stem.—n.pl. Cauliculā′ta, the black or antipatharian corals.—adj. Caulic′ulāte.—n. Caulic′ulus, one of the slender stems springing from the caules or main stalks supporting the volutes in the Corinthian capital.—adjs. Caul′iform, having the form of a stem; Caulig′enous, borne upon the stem; Caul′inary, Cau′line, belonging to a stem.—n. Cau′lis, the stem of a plant: one of the main stems at the angles of the Corinthian capital. [L. caulis, a stalk.]

Cauliflower, kaw′li-flow′ėr, n. a variety of cabbage, the eatable part of which is the deformed inflorescence or head. [Earlier cole-florye, colie-florie—Low L. cauli-flora—L. caulis, cabbage. See Cole and Flower.]

Caulk, Calk, kawk, v.t. to press oakum and untwisted rope into the seams of a ship to render it watertight.—ns. Caulk′er, one who caulks: a dram: a big lie—also Cauk′er; Caulk′ing; Caulk′ing-ī′ron, an instrument like a chisel used for pressing oakum into the seams of ships. [O. Fr. cauquer, to press—L. caclāre, to tread—calx, heel.]

Cause, kawz, n. that which produces an effect: that by or through which anything happens: motive: inducement: a legal action between contending parties: sake, advantage: that side of a question which is taken up by an individual or party: (Shak.) accusation: (Shak.) matter, affair in general.—v.t. to produce: to make to exist: to bring about: (Spens.) to give excuses.—conj. (dial.) because.—adj. Caus′al, relating to a cause or causes.—n. Causal′ity, the working of a cause: (phren.) the faculty of tracing effects to their causes.—adv. Caus′ally, according to the order of causes.—ns. Causā′tion, the act of causing: the bringing about of an effect; the relation of cause and effect; Causā′tionism, the theory of causation; Causā′tionist, a believer in the foregoing.—adj. Caus′ative, expressing causation.—n. a form of verb or noun expressing such.—adv. Caus′atively.—adj. Cause′less, having no cause or occasion.—adv. Cause′lessly.—ns. Cause′lessness; Caus′er, one who causes an effect to be produced.—Cause célèbre, a convenient French term for a specially interesting and important legal trial, criminal or civil.—Final cause, the end or object for which a thing is done, esp. the design of the universe; First cause, the original cause or creator of all.—Hour of cause (Scot.), hour or time of trial.—Secondary causes, such as are derived from a primary or first cause.—Have or Show cause, to have to give reasons for a certain line of action; Make common cause (with), to unite for a common object; Show cause (Eng. law), to argue against the confirmation of a provisional order or judgment.—For Occasional causes, see Occasionalism. [Fr.,—L. causa.]

Causerie, kōz′ri, n. a talk or gossip: a paragraph of chat about literature or art; a short and informal essay on any subject in a newspaper or magazine—as in Sainte-Beuve's famous Causeries du Lundi. [Fr.]

Causeway, kawz′wā, Causey, kawz′e, n. a raised way through a marsh: a pathway raised and paved with stone: a paved street.—v.t. to pave.—p.adjs. Cause′wayed, Caus′eyed. [Causeway is formed from Causey and Way. Causey is in M. E. causee—O. Fr. caucie—Low L. calciata—L. calx, heel.]

Caustic, kaws′tik, adj. burning: (fig.) bitter, severe, cutting: (math.) noting an envelope of rays of light proceeding from a fixed point and reflected (catacaustic) or refracted (diacaustic) by a surface or a curve.—n. a substance that exerts a corroding or disintegrating action on the skin and flesh.—adv. Caus′tically.—n. Caustic′ity, quality of being caustic.—Caustic alkali (chem.), a name given to the hydrates of potassium and sodium, called caustic potash and caustic soda respectively; Caustic ammonia, ammonia as a gas, or in solution; Caustic lime, quicklime.—Common caustic, potash; Lunar caustic, nitrate of silver in sticks for surgical use. [L.,—Gr. kaustikos—kai-ein, kaus-ein, to burn.]

Cautel, kaw′tel, n. (Shak.) craft: insidious purpose: caution: wariness: a traditionary caution or written direction about the proper manner of administering the sacraments.—adj. Cau′telous (Shak.), cautious: insidious: artful. [Fr. cautèle—L. cautela—cavēre, cautum, to guard against.]

Cauterise, kaw′tėr-īz, v.t. to burn with a caustic or a hot iron: (fig.) to sear.—ns. Cau′ter, Cau′tery, a burning with caustics or a hot iron: a burning iron or caustic used for burning tissue; Cauterisā′tion, Cau′terism. [Fr. cautériser—Low L. cauterizāre—Gr. kautēr, a hot iron—kai-ein, to burn.]

Caution, kaw′shun, n. heedfulness: security: warning: a surety: (Scot.) bail.—v.t. to warn to take care.—adj. Cau′tionary, containing caution: given as a pledge.—ns. Cau′tioner, one who cautions or advises: (Scots law) a surety; Cau′tionry, the act of giving security for another.—adj. Cau′tious, possessing or using caution: watchful: prudent.—adv. Cau′tiously.—n. Cau′tiousness.—Caution money, money paid in advance as security for good behaviour. [Fr.,—L. caution-em—cavēre, to beware.]

Cavalcade, kav-al-kād′, n. a train or procession of persons on horseback.—v.i. to go in a cavalcade. [Fr., through It. and Low L. forms from L. caballus, a horse.]

Cavalier, kav-al-ēr′, n. a knight: a Royalist in the great Civil War: a swaggering fellow: a gallant or gentleman in attendance upon a lady, as her escort or partner in a dance or the like: in military fortification, a raised work so situated as to command the neighbouring country.—adj. like a cavalier: gay: war-like: haughty, supercilious, free-and-easy.—v.i. to act as cavalier.—adj. Cavalier′ish.—n. Cavalier′ism.—adv. Cavalier′ly.—n. Cavalier′o, a cavalier.—Cavaliere-servente (It.), one who waits upon a lady, esp. a married lady, with fantastic devotion—a cicisbeo. [Fr.,—It. cavallo. See Cavalcade.]

Cavalry, kav′al-ri, n. horse-soldiers: a troop of horse or horsemen. [Fr. cavallerie—It. cavalleria—L. caballarius, horseman.]

Cavatina, kav-at-ē′na, n. a short form of operatic air, of a smooth and melodious character, differing from the ordinary aria in consisting only of one part, and frequently appearing as part of a grand scena. [It.]

Cave, kāv, n. a hollow place in the earth: a den: any small faction of seceders from a political party.—v.t. to hollow out.—v.i. to lodge in a cave.—n. Cave′-bear (Ursus spelæus), a fossil bear of the Quaternary epoch.—n.pl. Cave′-dwell′ers, prehistoric men who lived in caves.—n. Cav′ing, yielding.—To cave in, of land, to slip, to fall into a hollow: to yield to outside pressure, to give way, collapse. [Fr.,—L. cavus, hollow.]

Caveat, kā′ve-at, n. a notice or warning: a formal warning, entered in the books of a court or public office, that no step shall be taken in a particular matter without notice to the person lodging the caveat, so that he may appear and object. [L., 'let him take care'—cavēre, to take care.]

Cavendish, kav′en-dish, n. tobacco moistened and pressed into quadrangular cakes. [Possibly from the name of the original manufacturer.]

Cavern, kav′ėrn, n. a deep hollow place in the earth.—v.t. to put in a cavern: to hollow out, in the form of a cavern.—adjs. Cav′erned, full of caverns: dwelling in a cavern; Cav′ernous, hollow: full of caverns.—adv. Cav′ernously.—adj. Caver′nūlous, full of little cavities. [Fr.,—L. caverna—cavus, hollow.]

Cavesson, kav′es-on, n. a nose-band for a horse. [Fr.,—It.—L. capitia, capitium, a head-covering.]

Cavetto, ka-vet′to, n. a hollowed moulding whose curvature is the quarter of a circle, used chiefly in cornices. [It.; dim. of cavo—L. cavus, hollow.]

Caviare, Caviar, kav-i-är′, or kav-i-ār′ (originally four syllables), n. an article of food made from the salted roes of the sturgeon, &c.: (fig.) something whose flavour is too fine for the vulgar taste. [Prob. the 16th-cent. It. caviale; the Turk, khāvyār is prob. borrowed.]

Cavicorn, kav′i-korn, adj. hollow-horned, as a ruminant.—n. one of the Cavicor′nia, a family contrasted with the solid-horned ruminants, or deer (Cervidæ). [L. cavus, hollow, cornu, a horn.]

Cavil, kav′il, v.t. to make empty, trifling objections: to use false arguments:—pr.p. cav′illing; pa.p. cav′illed.—n. a frivolous objection.—ns. Cavillā′tion, Cav′illing; Cav′iller. [O. Fr. caviller—L. cavillāri, to practise jesting—cavilla, jesting.]

Cavity, kav′it-i, n. a hollow place: hollowness: an opening.—adj. Cav′itied. [L. cavitas, -tatem—cavus, hollow.]

Cavo-rilievo, kä′vō-rē-lyā′vō, n. a kind of relief in which the highest surface is level with the plane of the original stone, which is left round the outlines of the design.—Also Intaglio-rilievo and Cœlanaglyphic sculpture. [It. cavo, hollow, rilievo, relief. See Cave and Relief.]

Cavort, kav-ort′, v.i. (U.S. slang) to curvet, bound. [Explained as a corr. of Curvet.]

Cavy, kāv′i, n. a genus of Rodents, best known by the domesticated species, the common guinea-pig. [Cabiai, the native name in French Guiana.]

Caw, kaw, v.i. to cry as a crow.—n. the cry of a crow—also Kaw.—n. Caw′ing. [From the sound.]

Cawk, kawk, n. a miner's familiar name for heavy spar. [Prov. Eng. cauk, Chalk.]

Caxton, kaks′ton, n. a book printed by William Caxton (1422-91), the first English printer: a kind of printing-type in imitation of Caxton's.

Cayenne, kā-en′, Cayenne-pepper, kā-en′-pep′ėr, n. a very pungent red pepper, made from several species of capsicum.—adj. Cayenned′, seasoned with cayenne. [Usually referred to Cayenne in French Guiana; but there is little doubt the word is Brazilian.]

Cayman, kā′man, n. a local name loosely applied to various species of alligator—to that of the Mississippi, and more frequently to others found in tropical or subtropical America. [Sp. caiman, most prob. Carib.]

Cease, sēs, v.i. to give over: to stop: to be at an end (with from).—v.t. to put an end to.—n. (Shak.) extinction.—adj. Cease′less, without ceasing: incessant.—adv. Cease′lessly.—n. Ceas′ing.—Without cease, continually. [Fr. cesser—L. cessāre, to give over—cedĕre, to yield, give up.]

Cebus, sē′bus, n. a genus of South American monkeys—Cebidæ (seb′i-dē) is sometimes applied to all the broad-nosed New-World monkeys (Platyrrhini) with prehensile tails, in contrast to the Pithecidæ. [Gr. kēbos.]

Cecidomyia, ses-i-dom-ī′ya, n. a genus of dipterous (two-winged) insects in the Tipularia (gnat and mosquito) division. [Gr. kēkis, -idos, juice.]

Cecils, sē′silz, n.pl. minced meat, bread crumbs, onions, &c., made up into balls and fried.

Cedar, sē′dar, n. a large evergreen tree remarkable for the durability and fragrance of its wood; applied also to many more or less similar trees, as the Barbadoes cedar, properly a juniper, and the Bastard Barbadoes cedar, properly a Cedrela (used for canoes, cigar-boxes, blacklead pencils).—adj. made of cedar.—adjs. Cē′dared, covered with cedars; Cē′darn (Milton), pertaining to or made of cedar; Cē′drine, belonging to the cedar-tree; Cē′dry, obsolete form of Cē′dary, having the colour or properties of cedar. [L.—Gr. kedros.]

Cede, sēd, v.t. to yield or give up to another.—v.i. to give way. [L. cedĕre, cessum, to yield, give up.]

Cedilla, se-dil′la, n. a mark placed under the letter c (thus ç), esp. in French, to show that it is to have its soft sound of s, where one would expect the hard, as before a, o, u. [Sp. (Fr. cédille, It. zediglia), all from zēta, the Greek name of z.]

Cedrela, sed′rē-la, n. a tropical genus of Meliaceæ, allied to mahogany, whose wood is popularly called cedar.—adj. Cedrelā′ceous. [Gr. kedrelatē—kedros, cedar, elatē, the silver fir.]

Cedula, sed′ū-lä, n. a South American promissory-note or mortgage-bond on lands. [Sp. Cf. Schedule.]

Cee-spring, C-spring, sē′-spring, n. a spring supporting the frame of a carriage, in the shape of a C.

Ceil, Ciel, sēl, v.t. to overlay the inner roof of a room, generally to plaster it: to wainscot.—n. Ceil′ing, the inner roof of a room. [Prob. conn. with Fr. ciel, It. cielo, Low L. cælum, a canopy.]

Celandine, sel′an-dīn, n. swallow-wort, the popular name (and corruption) of Chelidonium majus, a perennial papaveraceous (poppy) herb, so named because it was supposed to flower when the swallows appeared, and to perish when they departed. [O. Fr. celidoine—Gr. chelidonion—chelidōn, a swallow.]

Celebrate, sel′e-brāt, v.t. to make famous: to distinguish by solemn ceremonies, as a festival or an event: to perform with proper rites and ceremonies, as mass, the eucharist, marriage, &c.: to publish the praises of.—n. Cel′ebrant, one who celebrates: the principal officiant at the holy communion.—adj. Cel′ebrated, distinguished: famous.—ns. Celebrā′tion, act of celebrating any solemn ceremony, as the eucharist (high, if with music, &c.; low, if without): an extolling; Celebrāt′or, one who celebrates; Celeb′rity, the condition of being celebrated: fame: notoriety: a person of distinction or fame. [L. celebrāre, -ātum—celeber, frequented.]

Celerity, sel-er′it-i, n. quickness: rapidity of motion. [Fr.,—L. celeritas—celer, quick.]

Celery, sel′er-i, n. a kitchen vegetable cultivated for its long blanched succulent stalks. [Fr. céleri—L. and Gr. selīnon, parsley.]

Celestial, sel-est′yal, adj. heavenly: dwelling in heaven: in the visible heavens.—n. an inhabitant of heaven.—adv. Celest′ially.—The Celestial Empire, a name for China. [Through Fr. from L. cœlestis—cœlum, heaven.]

Celestine, sel′es-tīn, or sel-es′tin, n. one of an order of monks following the rule of St Benedict, wearing a white garment with black hood and scapulary, founded about 1254 by Peter da Murrone, who became Pope Celestine V. in 1294, and resigned after five years—'the great refusal' of Dante.

Celestine, sel′es-tin, n. a mineral, native sulphate of strontia.—Also Cel′estite. [From its sky-blue colour.]

Celibacy, sel′i-bas-i, or se-lib′as-i, n. a single life: an unmarried state.—adjs. Celibatā′rian, favouring celibacy; Cel′ibate, living single.—n. one unmarried, or not allowed to marry. [L. cœlebs, single.]

Cell, sel, n. a small room in a prison, monastery, &c.: a cave: a small shut cavity: the grave: a unit-mass of living matter, whether rounded off by itself, as in the simplest plants or animals, and in the youngest stage of all organisms, or associated with other cells to form a higher unity.—adjs. Celled, having cells, cellular; Cellif′erous, having or producing cells; Cell′ular, Cell′ulated, consisting of or containing cells.—n. Cell′ule, a little cell.—adj. Cellulif′erous, having or producing little cells.—n. Cell′uloid, a hard elastic compound used for ivory, obtained by hydraulic pressure from pyroxylin, mixed with camphor, &c.—adj. Cell′ulose, containing cells.—n. the substance of which the permanent cell-membranes of plants are composed. [O. Fr. celle—L. cella, conn. with celāre, to cover.]

Cella, sel′a, n. the body of the temple, as distinguished from the portico, &c.

Cellar, sel′ar, n. any underground room or vault: a cell underground, where stores are kept, esp. wine, &c.—v.t. to store in a cellar.—ns. Cell′arage, space for cellars: cellars: charge for storing in cellars; Cell′arer, Cell′arist, one who has charge of the cellar: an officer in a monastery who has the charge of procuring and keeping the provisions; Cell′aret, an ornamental case for holding bottles; Cell′arman, one who has the care of a cellar.—adj. Cell′arous (Dickens), belonging to a cellar: excavated: sunken. [O. Fr. celier—L. cellarium—cella.]

Cello, chel′o, for Violoncello; sometimes written 'Cello.—Cellist, 'Cellist, for Violoncellist.

Cellulares, sel-ū-lā′rez, n.pl. a name sometimes applied to the Cryptogamia—properly only to the mosses and lower cryptogams.

Celt, selt, n. a cutting instrument of stone or bronze found in ancient barrows. [Founded on Celte, perh. a misreading for certe ('surely'), in the Vulgate, Job, xix. 24, there being apparently no such Latin word as celtes, a chisel.]

Celt, selt, n. one of the Celts, an Aryan race, now represented by the Bretons, the Welsh, the Irish, and the Scottish Highlanders—also Kelt.—adj. Celt′ic.—ns. Celt′icism, a Celtic idiom or custom; Celtomā′nia. [L. Celtæ; Gr. Keltoi or Keltai.]

Cement, se-ment′, n. anything that makes two bodies stick together: mortar: a bond of union.—v.t. to unite with cement: to join firmly.—n. Cementā′tion, the act of cementing: the process by which iron is turned into steel, glass into porcelain, &c.—done by surrounding them with a cement or powder and exposing them to heat.—adjs. Cement′atory, Cementi′tious, having the quality of cementing or uniting firmly. [O. Fr. ciment—L. cæmentum, chip of stone used to fill up in building a wall, cædimentum—cædĕre, to cut.]

Cemetery, sem′e-tėr-i, n. a burying-ground. [Low L. cæmeterium—Gr. koimētērion.]

Cenacle, sen′a-kl, n. a supper-room, esp. that in which the Last Supper was eaten by Jesus and His disciples. [Fr. cénacle—L. cenaculum.]

Cenotaph, sen′ō-taf, n. a sepulchral monument to one who is buried elsewhere. [Fr.,—L.—Gr. kenotaphion—kenos, empty, and taphos, a tomb.]

Cense, sens, v.t. to burn incense before: (obs.) to think.—n. (obs.) a public rate or tax: rank, condition. [See Census.]

Censer, sens′ėr, n. a pan in which incense is burned. [O. Fr. censier, encensier (mod. encensoir)—Low L. incensorium—L. incendĕre, incensum, to burn.]

Censor, sen′sor, n. in ancient Rome, an officer who kept account of the property of the citizens, imposed taxes, and watched over their morals: an officer who examines books or newspapers before they are printed: one who censures or blames.—adjs. Censō′rial, belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals; Censō′rious, expressing censure: fault-finding—also Censō′rian.—adv. Censō′riously.—ns. Censō′riousness; Cen′sorship, office of censor: time during which he holds office.—Censorship of the press, a regulation of certain governments, by which books and newspapers must be examined by officers, whose approval is necessary to their publication. [L.,—censēre, to weigh, to estimate.]

Censure, sen′shūr, n. an unfavourable judgment: blame: reproof: (obs.) criticism, judgment generally.—v.t. to blame: to condemn as wrong.—adj. Cen′surable, deserving of censure: blamable.—n. Cen′surableness.—adv. Cen′surably. [L. censūra, an opinion, a severe judgment—censēre, to estimate or judge.]

Census, sen′sus, n. an official enumeration of the inhabitants of a country, and of statistics relating to them.—adj. Cen′sual, relating to or containing a census. [L. census, a register.]

Cent, sent, n. a hundred: an American coin—the hundredth part of a dollar.—ns. Cent′age, rate by the hundred; Cent′al, a weight of 100 lb. proposed for general adoption, legalised in 1878.—Per cent., by the hundred. [L. centum, a hundred.]

Centaur, sen′tawr, n. a fabulous monster, half-man, half-horse.—adj. Centau′rian. [L.,—Gr. kentauros; ety. dub.]

Centaury, sen′taw-ri, n. an annual with pink or rose-coloured flowers, possessing the tonic and other medicinal virtues of gentian, esteemed in medicine since the days of Galen.

Centenary, sen′tin-ar-i (also sometimes sen-tēn′ar-i and even sen-ten′ar-i), n. a hundred: a century or hundred years.—adj. pertaining to a hundred.—ns. Centenā′rian, one a hundred years old; Centenā′rianism; Centenier (sen′ten-ēr), a centurion: a police-officer in Jersey. [L.,—centeni, a hundred each—centum.]

Centennial, sen-ten′i-al, adj. happening once in a hundred years.—n. a hundredth anniversary. [Coined from L. centum, and annus, a year.]

Centering, sen′tėr-ing, n. (archit.) the framework upon which an arch or vault of stone, brick, or iron is supported during its construction.

Centesimal, sen-tes′i-mal, adj. hundredth.—adv. Centes′imally. [L. centesimus—centum.]

Centigrade, sen′ti-grād, adj. having a hundred degrees: divided into a hundred degrees, as the centigrade thermometer constructed by Celsius (1701-44), in which freezing-point is zero and boiling-point is 100° (for its relation to the Fahrenheit scale, see Thermometer). [L. centum, and gradus, a step, a degree.]

Centigramme, sen′ti-gram, n. in the Metric System, the hundredth part of a gramme, or .1543248 of a gr. troy. [Fr.,—L. centum, a hundred, and Gramme.]

Centilitre, sen′ti-lē-tr, n. the hundredth part of a litre, a little more than 6⁄10ths of a cubic inch. [Fr.,—L. centum, a hundred, and Litre.]

Centime, sen-tēm′, n. the hundredth part of anything, esp. a French coin, the hundredth part of a franc. [Fr.,—L. centum, a hundred.]

Centimetre, sen′ti-mē-tr, n. a lineal measure, the hundredth part of a metre—0.3937 inches. [Fr.,—L. centum, a hundred, metrum, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Centipede, sen′ti-pēd, n. a general name for the members of one of the orders of the class Myriapoda, being segmented animals bearing jointed appendages, having a well-defined head furnished with feelers and jaws, and breathing by means of air-tubes or tracheæ. [L. centum, and pes, pedis, a foot.]

Cento, sen′to, n. a name applied to literary trivialities in the form of poems manufactured by putting together distinct verses or passages of one author, or of several authors, so as to make a new meaning: a composition formed by joining scraps from other authors: expressing contempt, a mere string of commonplace phrases and quotations:—pl. usually Cen′tos.—ns. Cen′toist; Cen′tonism, Cen′toism. [L. cento, Gr. kentrōn, patchwork.]

Centre, Center, sen′tėr, n. the middle point of anything, esp. a circle or sphere: the middle: the point toward which all things move or are drawn: the chief leader of an organisation—head-centre: the men of moderate political opinions in the French Chamber, sitting right in front of the president, with extreme men on the right and on the left—further subdivisions are Right-centre and Left-centre: the Ultramontane party in Germany.—v.t. to place on or collect to a centre.—v.i. to be placed in the middle:—pr.p. cen′tring, cen′tering; pa.p. cen′tred, cen′tered.—adj. Cen′tral, belonging to the centre, principal, dominant: belonging to a nerve-centre, of affections caused by injury to the brain or spinal cord.—ns. Centralisā′tion, Cen′tralism, the tendency to administer by the sovereign or central government matters which would be otherwise under local management.—v.t. Cen′tralise, to draw to a centre.—n. Central′ity, central position.—advs. Cen′trally, Cen′trically.—ns. Cen′tre-bit, a joiner's tool, turning on a centre, for boring circular holes—one of the chief tools of the burglar; Cen′tre-board, a shifting keel, fitted to drop below and in line with the keel proper in order to increase or diminish the draught of a boat—much used in United States racing yachts; Cen′tre-piece, an ornament for the middle of a table, ceiling, &c.—adjs. Cen′tric, Cen′trical, relating to, placed in, or containing the centre.—ns. Cen′tricalness, Centric′ity; Cen′trum, the body of a vertebra.—Central fire, said of a cartridge in which the fulminate is placed in the centre of the base, as opposed to rim fire; Central forces, forces whose action is to cause a moving body to tend towards a fixed point called the centre of force.—Centre of attraction, the point to which bodies tend by the force of gravity; Centre of buoyancy, or displacement, the point in an immersed body at which the resultant vertical pressure may be supposed to act; Centre of gravity, a certain point, invariably situated with regard to the body, through which the resultant of the attracting forces between the earth and its several molecules always passes; Centre of inertia, or mass, the centre of a set of parallel forces acting on all the particles of a body, each force being proportional to the mass of the particle on which it acts; Centre of oscillation, the point in a body occupied by that particle which is accelerated and retarded to an equal amount, and which therefore moves as if it were a single pendulum unconnected with the rest of the body; Centre of percussion, the point in which the direction of a blow, given to a body, intersects the plane in which the fixed axis and the centre of inertia lie, making the body begin to rotate about a fixed axis, without causing any pressure on the axis; Centre of pressure, the point at which the direction of a single force, which is equivalent to the fluid pressure on the plane surface, meets the surface. [Fr.,—L. centrum—Gr. kentron, a sharp point.]

Centrifugal, sen-trif′ū-gal, adj. relating to the force directed towards the centre of curvature constantly required to keep a body moving in a curve instead of in its natural straight line: (bot.) applied to an inflorescence when the development proceeds from the apex towards the base of the axis or leaf, as opposed to centripetal, when it is from the base upwards towards the apex.—n. Cen′trifuge, a centrifugal machine. [L. centrum, and fug-ĕre, to flee from.]

Centripetal, sen-trip′et-al, adj. of a force impelling a body towards some point as a centre. [L. centrum, and pet-ĕre, to seek.]

Centrobaric, sen-tro-bar′ik, adj. relating to the centre of gravity. [L. centrum, and Gr. baros, weight.]

Centrode, sen′trōd, n. a locus traced out by the successive positions of an instantaneous centre of pure rotation.

Centumvir, sen-tum′vir, n. one of the Roman judges chosen annually for civil suits, originally 105 in number (three from each of the thirty-five tribes):—pl. Centum′virī.—n. Centum′virate. [L. centum, a hundred, and vir, a man.]

Centuple, sen′tū-pl, adj. hundredfold.—v.t. Centū′plicate, to multiply a hundred times.—n. Centuplicā′tion. [L. centuplex—centum, and plicāre, to fold.]

Century, sen′tū-ri, n. a hundred, or something consisting of a hundred in number, as sonnets, &c.: a hundred years.—adj. Centū′rial.—ns. Centū′riātor, the centuriators of Magdeburg were a group of Reformed divines who in the 16th century compiled a church history in 13 vols., each volume covering a century; Centū′rion, among the Romans, the commander of a hundred men.—Century plant (see Agave). [L. centuria—centum.]

Ceorl, churl, n. before the Norman Conquest an ordinary freeman not of noble birth. [A.S.]

Cephalaspis, sef-a-las′pis, n. a genus of fossil Ganoid fishes found in the Upper Silurian and Devonian measures. [Gr. kephalē, the head, aspis, a shield.]

Cephalic, se-fal′ik, adj. belonging to the head—also Cephalis′tic.—ns. Cephalag′ra, gout in the head; Cephalal′gia, Ceph′algy, headache.—adjs. Cephalal′gic; Ceph′alate, having a head, as a mollusc.—n. Cephalī′tis, inflammation of the brain.—adjs. Ceph′aloid, in the form of the head: spherical.—ns. Ceph′alo-thō′rax, the anterior division of the body in arthropods; Cephalot′omy, the dissection of the head.—adj. Ceph′alous, having a head. [Gr. kephalikos—kephalē, the head.]

Cephalopoda, sef-al-op′od-a, n.pl. the highest class of molluscs, usually large animals, exclusively marine, with well-developed head region, but having the ventral surface grown round the mouth and split up into arms bearing suckers—more commonly cuttlefish.—adj. Ceph′alopod. [Gr. kephalē, the head, pous, podos, the foot.]

Cephaloptera, sef-a-lop′tėr-a, n. a name formerly used for a genus of rays. [Gr. kephalē, the head, ptera, wings.]

Ceramic, se-ram′ik, adj. pertaining to pottery. [Gr. keramos, potter's earth.]

Cerasine, ser′a-sin, n. the insoluble portion of the gum which exudes from the cherry, &c. [L. cerasus, Gr. kerasos, the cherry-tree.]

Cerastes, se-ras′tēz, n. a genus of poisonous snakes having a horny process over each eye. [L.; Gr. kerastēs—keras, a horn.]

Cerate, sē′rāt, n. a compound of wax with other oily or medicinal substances in such proportions as to form a stiff ointment.—adj. Cē′rated.—n. Cero′mancy, divination from figures produced by melted wax when dropped into water. [L. cerāre, cerātum, to cover with wax, cera, wax.]

Ceratitis, ser-a-tī′tis, n. inflammation of the cornea.—Also Keratī′tis.

Ceratode, ser′a-tōd, n. the horny skeletal substance of sponges—also Cer′atose.—adjs. Cerat′odous, Cer′atose.

Ceraunic, se-raw′nik, adj. pertaining to, or produced by, thunder.—ns. Cerau′nite, a belemnite; Cerau′noscope, an apparatus for imitating thunder and lightning in ancient mysteries. [Gr. keraunos, a thunderbolt.]

Cerberus, ser′bėr-us, n. (myth.) the monster that guarded the entrance to Hades, a dog with three, according to some a hundred, heads.—adj. Cerbē′rian. [L.—Gr. Kerberos.]

Cercaria, ser-kā′ri-a, n. the technical name applied to an embryonic form of many flukes.—adj. Cercā′rian. [Gr. kerkos, a tail.]

Cere, sēr, v.t. to cover with wax.—n. the bare waxlike patch at the base of the upper part of the beak in birds.—adj. Cerā′ceous, of or like wax.—ns. Cerā′go, a wax-like substance (bee-bread) used by bees as food; Cere′cloth, Cere′ment, a cloth dipped in melted wax in which to wrap a dead body: a winding-sheet or grave-clothes generally.—adjs. Cē′reous, waxy; Cē′ric.—ns. Cē′rin, Cē′rine, the portion of wax which dissolves in boiling alcohol: a waxy substance obtained by boiling grated cork in alcohol; Cē′rograph, a writing on wax: an encaustic painting.—adjs. Cerograph′ic, -al.—ns. Cerog′raphist; Cerog′raphy, the art of writing or engraving on wax.—adj. Ceroplas′tic, modelled or moulded in wax.—n. the art of modelling in wax.—n. Cer′osine, a wax-like substance produced on the surface of certain species of sugar-cane. [L. cera, cog. with Gr. kēros, wax; Gr. graphein, to write, plassein, to mould.]

Cerebrum, ser′e-brum, n. the front and larger part of the brain.—adjs. Cerebell′ar, Cerebell′ous.—n. Cerebell′um, the hinder and lower part of the brain.—adj. Cer′ebral, pertaining to the cerebrum.—ns. Cer′ebralism, the theory that all mental operations originate in the cerebrum; Cer′ebralist.—v.i. Cer′ebrate, to show brain action.—n. Cerebrā′tion, action of the brain, conscious or unconscious, marked by molecular changes in the cerebrum.—adjs. Cer′ebric, cerebral; Cereb′riform, brain-shaped.—ns. Cer′ebrin, a name given to several nitrogenous non-phosphorised substances obtained from the brain; Cerebrī′tis, inflammation of the cerebrum.—adj. Cer′ebro-spīn′al, relating to the brain and spinal cord together.—Cerebral hemispheres, the two great divisions of the cerebrum. [L. cerebrum, the brain; prob. cog. with Gr. kara, the head, kranion, the cranium.]

Ceremony, ser′e-mo-ni, n. a sacred rite: the outward form, religious or otherwise: any empty form without inwardness: pomp or state; a portent or omen.—adj. Ceremō′nial, relating to ceremony.—n. outward form: a system of ceremonies.—n. Ceremō′nialism, adherence to outward form.—adv. Ceremō′nially.—adj. Ceremō′nious, full of ceremony: particular in observing forms: precise.—adv. Ceremō′niously.—n. Ceremōniousness.—Master of ceremonies, the person who directs the form and order of the ceremonies to be observed on some public occasion. [Fr.—L. cærimonia, sanctity.]

Ceres, sē′rēz, n. the Roman name for the Greek Demētēr, goddess of tillage and corn.—adj. Cē′real, relating to corn or edible grain.—n.pl. Cē′reals, the grains used as food, such as wheat, barley, &c. [L. prob. from root of creāre, to create.]

Cereus, sē′ri-us, n. a large genus of cactuses, including some of the most imposing forms. [L., 'waxen.']

Cerge, sėrj, n. a large wax-candle burned before the altar.—Also Cierge, Serge. [O. Fr.,—L. cereus—cera, wax.]

Cerinthian, ser-in′thi-an, adj. pertaining to Cerinthus, one of the earliest heretics in the Christian Church, against whose crude Gnosticism the Gospel of John was written, according to Irenæus.

Cerise, ser-ēz′, n. and adj. a light and clear red colour. [Fr., 'cherry.']

Cerium, sē′ri-um, n. a rare metal found in the mineral Cē′rite, which is its hydrated silicate. [Named from the plant Ceres.]

Certain, sėr′tān, or sėr′tin, adj. sure: not to be doubted: resolved: fixed: regular: inevitable: some: one.—advs. Cer′tainly, (Scot.) Cer′ty, Cer′tie.—ns. Cer′titude, Cer′tainty.—'A certain person,' implying some degree of contempt; A lady of a certain age, of an age best not stated accurately—at least no longer young.—For certain, assuredly.—Moral certainty, a conviction so justifiable that one is morally entitled to act on it. [O. Fr.,—L. certus—cern-ĕre, to decide.]

Certificate, sėr-tif′i-kāt, n. a written declaration of some fact: a testimonial of character or definite statement of qualifications.—v.t. to give a certificate.—ns. Certificā′tion; Certif′icatory, a certificate—also adj.—n. Cer′tifier, one who certifies.—v.t. Cer′tify, to make known as certain: to inform: to declare in writing:—pr.p. cer′tifying; pa.p. cer′tified. [Fr. certificat—L. certificāre, certus, and facĕre, to make.]

Certiorari, sėr-shi-o-rā′ri, n. the writ by which, since the abolition of imprisonment for debt and the consequent disuse of the better-known writ, habeas corpus, causes are removed from inferior courts of record into the High Court of Justice. [Low L., 'be informed of'—certior, comp. of certus, certain.]

Cerulean, se-rū′le-an, adj. sky-blue: dark-blue; sea-green.—adj. Cerū′leous. [L. cæruleus.]

Cerulein, sėr-ū′lē-in, n. a coal-tar colour chiefly used in dyeing cotton fabrics, producing fast olive-green shades.

Cerumen, se-rū′men, n. the yellow waxy matter secreted in the ear.—adj. Cerū′minous. [L. cera, wax.]

Ceruse, sē′rōōs, or ser-ūs′, n. white-lead, the native carbonate of lead.—n. Cē′rusite. [Fr.,—L. cerussa, conn. with cera, wax.]

Cervical, sėr′vi-kal, adj. belonging to the neck. [Fr.,—L. cervix, cervicis, the neck.]

Cervine, sėr′vīn, adj. relating to deer. [L. cervinus, cervus, a stag.]

Cespitose, ses′pi-tōs, adj. turfy: growing in tufts.—Also Ces′pitous. [L. cespes, cespitis, turf.]

Cess, ses, n. a tax, a local rate.—v.t. to impose a tax.—Out of all cesse (Shak.), excessively, immoderately. [Shortened from Assess.]

Cessation, ses-ā′shun, n. a ceasing or stopping: a rest: a pause. [Fr.,—L. cessation-em. See Cease.]

Cession, sesh′un, n. a yielding up.—n. Ces′sionary, one to whom an assignment has been legally made.—Cessio bonōrum (Scots law), before 1880 a debtor's surrender of his estate to his creditors in return for a judicial protection from imprisonment in respect of his debts. [Fr.—L. cession-em. See Cede.]

Cesspool, ses′pōōl, n. a pool or hollow in which filthy water collects. [Acc. to Skeat, from Celt. soss-pool, a pool into which foul messes flow. Cf. Scot. soss, a mixed dirty mess.]

Cestoid, ses′toid, n. one of a family of flat worms of internal parasitic habit, having a long strap-like body divided into numerous segments: a tapeworm.—Also Cestoid′ean. [L. cestus, Gr. kestos, a girdle, a strap, and eidos, form.]

Cestracion, ses-trā′si-on, n. a generic name for the hammer-headed sharks. [Formed from Gr. kestra, a weapon.]

Cestui, sest′wē, n. any person who—in such phrases as Cestui que trust, a person entitled to the benefit of a trust, a beneficiary in Scots law phraseology. [O. Fr.]

Cestus, ses′tus, n. the girdle of Venus, which had power to awaken love: an ancient boxing-glove loaded with lead or iron. [L.—Gr. kestos, a girdle.]

Cetacea, se-tā′shi-a, n.pl. an order of mammals of aquatic habit and fish-like form, including the Toothed whales, or Odontoceti, and the Baleen whales, or Mystacoceti. To the former belong the Sperm whales, the Bottlenose, the genus Platanista and its allies, and the great family of Dolphins; to the latter, the Right Whale (Balæna), the Humpbacks, and the Rorquals.—n. Cetā′cean.—adj. Cetā′ceous.—n. Cetol′ogy, that part of zoology which treats of whales. [L.,—Gr. kētos, any sea-monster.]

Ceteosaurus, set-e-o-saw′rus, n. a large dinosaurian reptile belonging to the Jurassic system. [Gr. kētos, whale, sauros, lizard.]

Cevadilla, sev-a-dil′a, n. the dark acrid seeds of a Mexican bulbous plant of the lily family, yielding veratrin, formerly used as an anthelmintic: the plant itself.—Also Cebadill′a. [Sp.,—L. cibāre, to feed, cibus, food.]

Ceylonese, sē-lon-ēz′, adj. of or belonging to Ceylon.—n. a native of Ceylon.

Chablis, shab′lē, n. a celebrated white Burgundy wine made at Chablis, near Auxerre, in France.

Chaconne, shak-on′, n. an old dance, with slow movement, the music, a series of variations on a ground bass, mostly eight bars in length, appearing in sonatas as well as ballets. [Fr.,—Sp. chacona—Basque chucun, pretty.]

Chætodon, kē′to-don, n. a typical genus of a family of bony fishes, known as Squamipennes. [Gr. chaitē, hair, odous, odont-, tooth.]

Chætopod, kē′to-pod, n. a class of worms including familiar types like the Earthworm, the Fisherman's Lobworm, and the Sea-mouse—often included under the title of Annelids or ringed worms. [Gr. chaitē, hair, and pous, pod-, foot.]

Chafe, chāf, v.t. to make hot by rubbing: to fret or wear by rubbing: to cause to fret or rage (with against, at).—v.i. to fret or rage.—n. heat caused by rubbing: rage: passion.—ns. Chaf′er (obs.), a chafing-dish, a saucepan; Chaf′ing-dish, a dish or vessel in which anything is made hot: a kind of portable grate; Chaf′ing-gear, mats, spun-yarn, battens, &c., put upon the rigging and spars of a ship to prevent their being chafed. [Fr. chauffer—L. calefacĕre—calēre, to be hot, and facĕre, to make.]

Chafer, chāf′ėr, n. a kind of beetle, the cockchafer. [A.S. cefer; cog. with Dut. kever, Ger. käfer.]

Chaff, chaf, n. a general name for the husks of corn or other grain as threshed or winnowed: refuse, or worthless matter: light banter, badinage.—v.t. to banter, or tease, by some raillery.—ns. Chaff′-cut′ter, Chaff′-en′gine, a machine for cutting straw or hay into chaff.—n. and p.adj. Chaff′ing.—adv. Chaff′ingly.—adjs. Chaff′less; Chaff′y. [A.S. ceaf; cf. Dut. kaf.]

Chaffer, chaf′ėr, v.t. to buy.—v.i. to bargain: to haggle about the price.—ns. Chaff′erer, a haggler about the price; Chaff′ery, buying and selling: (Spens.) haggling. [M. E. chapfare, a bargain, from A.S. ceap, price, faru, way.]

Chaffinch, chaf′insh, n. a little song-bird of the finch family. [Said to delight in chaff. See Finch.]

Chaft, chaft, n. (Scot. and Northern English) the jaw. [Ice. kjaptr; cf. Sw. käft, Dan. kieft.]

Chagrin, sha-grēn′, n. that which wears or gnaws the mind: vexation: annoyance.—v.t. to vex or annoy.—p.adj. Chagrined′. [Fr. chagrin, shagreen, rough skin, ill-humour.]

Chain, chān, n. a series of links or rings passing through one another: a number of things coming after each other: anything that binds: a connected course or train of events: in surveying, often called Gunter's chain, a measure of 100 links, 66 feet long (10 sq. chains make an acre): (pl.) fetters, bonds, confinement generally.—v.t. to fasten: to fetter: to restrain: (Shak.) to embrace.—ns. Chain′-arm′our, chain-mail; Chain′-bolt, a large bolt used to secure the chain-plates to the ship's side; Chain′-bridge, a bridge suspended on chains: a suspension-bridge; Chain′-cā′ble, a cable composed of iron links.—p.adj. Chained, bound or fastened, as with a chain: fitted with a chain.—n. Chain′-gang, a gang of convicts chained together.—adj. Chain′less, without chains:

unfettered.—ns. Chain′let, a small chain; Chain′-mail, mail or armour made of iron links connected together, much used in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries; Chain′-mould′ing, moulding in the form of a chain; Chain′-pier, a pier supported by chains like a chain-bridge.—n.pl. Chain′-plates, on shipboard, iron plates bolted below the channels to serve as attachments for the dead-eyes, through which the standing rigging or shrouds and back-stays are rove and secured.—ns. Chain′-pump, a pump consisting of buckets or plates fastened to an endless iron chain, and used for raising water; Chain′-rule, an arithmetical rule, so called from the terms of the problem being stated as equations, and connected, as if by a chain, so as to obtain by one operation the same result as would be obtained by a number of different operations in simple proportion: the rule for solving problems by compound proportion; Chain′-shot, two bullets or half-bullets fastened together by a chain, used formerly in naval engagements to destroy rigging, now replaced by case-shot and shrapnel-shell; Chain′-stitch, a peculiar kind of stitch resembling the links of a chain; Chain′-work, work consisting of threads, cords, &c., wrought with open spaces like the links of a chain: network. [Fr. chaine—L. catēna.]

Chair, chār, n. a movable seat for one, with a back to it: a covered vehicle for one person, as a sedan-chair: the seat or office of one in authority, as a judge, a bishop, or the person presiding over any meeting—hence 'to take the chair' = to assume the place of president; 'to address the chair' = to direct one's speech to the chairman; 'to support the chair' = to uphold the authority of the chairman—often, when endangered in a public meeting, asserted by cries of 'Chair!': the seat from which a professor delivers his lectures, the office or function of a professor—'socialists of the chair' = mere doctrinaire or theoretical advocates of socialism: cast-iron supports for rails under the permanent way in a railway, held by wooden wedges, and spiked on to transverse wooden sleepers.—v.t. to place in a seat of authority: to carry publicly in triumph.—n. Chair′-bed, a kind of chair capable of being turned into a bed.—n.pl. Chair′-days (Shak.), used figuratively to denote the evening of life.—ns. Chair′man, the man who takes the chair, or presides at an assembly or meeting: one who carries a sedan or Bath chair; Chair′manship; Chair′-or′gan, a corruption of choir-organ (q.v.); Chair′woman. [Fr. chaire—L.—Gr. kathedra.]

Chaise, shāz, n. a light open carriage for one or more persons: a travelling carriage (see Post-chaise).—adj. Chaise′less.—n. Chaise-longue, a couch. [Fr., a Parisian pronunciation of chaire. See Chair.]

Chalcedony, kal-sed′ō-ni, or kal′-, n. a beautiful mineral of the quartz family, consisting of quartz with some admixture of opal—it is generally translucent, has a somewhat waxy lustre, and is in colour generally white or bluish-white.—adj. Chalcedon′ic.—n. Chalced′onyx, an agate formed of a white opaque chalcedony alternating with a grayish translucent chalcedony. [Prob. from Chalcedon, in Asia Minor.]

Chalcography, kal-kog′ra-fi, n. the art of engraving on copper or brass.—ns. Chalcog′rapher, Chalcog′raphist. [Gr. chalkos, copper, graphein, to write.]

Chaldaic, kal-dā′ik, Chaldee, kal′dē, adj. relating to Chaldea.—n. the language of the Chaldeans.—n. Chal′dāism, a Chaldaic idiom.—adj. Chaldē′an, Chaldaic.—n. a native of Chaldea.

Chalder, chawl′dėr, n. an old Scotch dry measure, containing 16 bolls. [Prob. a form of Chaldron.]

Chaldron, chawl′drun, n. an old coal-measure, holding 36 heaped bushels (= 25½ cwt.). [Fr. chaudron. See Cauldron.]

Chalet, sha-lā′, n. a summer hut used by Swiss herdsmen among the Alps: a urinal. [Fr.]

Chalice, chal′is, n. a cup or bowl: a communion-cup.—adj. Chal′iced, cup-like. [Fr. calice—L. calix, calicis; Gr. kylix, a cup. Calyx is a different word, but from the same root.]

Chalk, chawk, n. the well-known white substance, a carbonate of lime.—v.t. to rub or manure with chalk.—v.i. to mark with chalk: in a tavern, to write the score with chalk.—ns. Chalk′iness; Chalk′-pit, a pit in which chalk is dug; Chalk′-stone, a stone or piece of chalk: (pl.) the white concretions formed round the joints in chronic gout.—adj. Chalk′y.—Chalk for cheese, a small price for a good article.—Chalking the door, in Scotland, a form of warning tenants to remove from burghal tenements.—Chalk out, to trace out, as with chalk, to plan.—By a long chalk, by a considerable distance, referring to the habit of scoring with chalk. [A.S. cealc, like Fr. chaux, is from L. calx, limestone.]

Challenge, chal′enj, v.t. to call on one to settle a matter by fighting or by any kind of contest: to claim as one's own: to accuse; to object to.—n. a summons to a contest of any kind, but esp. a duel: a calling of any one or anything in question: exception to a juror: the demand of a sentry.—adj. Chall′engeable, that may be challenged.—n. Chall′enger, one who challenges to a combat of any kind: a claimant: one who objects, calls in question. [O. Fr. chalenge, a dispute, a claim—L. calumnia, a false accusation—calvi, calvĕre, to deceive.]

Challis, shal′is, or shal′i, n. a fine fabric of silk and worsted used for ladies' dresses. [Fr.]

Chalumeau, shal-ū-mō′, n. a musical instrument: a shepherd's pipe. [Fr.,—O. Fr. chalemel—Low L. calamellus, dim. of calamus, a pipe, a reed.]

Chalybean, ka-lib′ē-an, adj. (Milton) forged by the Chalybes: well tempered.—adj. Chalyb′eāte, containing iron.—n. a water or other liquor containing iron. [Gr. chalyps, chalybos, steel, so called from the Chalybes, a nation in Pontus famous for steel.]

Chamber, chām′bėr, n. an apartment: the place where an assembly meets: an assembly or body of men met for some purpose, as a chamber of commerce: a hall of justice: a compartment: a cavity: the back end of the bore of a gun.—v.t. to put in a chamber: to confine.—v.i. to be wanton.—ns. Cham′ber-coun′cil (Shak.), a private or secret council; Cham′ber-coun′sel, -coun′sellor, a counsel who gives his advice privately, but does not plead in court.—adj. Cham′bered.—ns. Cham′berer, a man of intrigue: (Shak.) a gallant; Cham′ber-fell′ow, one occupying the same chamber.—n.pl. Cham′ber-hang′ings (Shak.), the hangings or tapestry of a chamber.—ns. Cham′bering (B.), lewd behaviour; Cham′ber-lye (Shak.), urine; Cham′ber-maid, a female servant who has the care of bedrooms; Cham′ber-pot, a necessary bedroom vessel—often merely Cham′ber; Cham′ber-prac′tice, the business of a chamber-counsellor (q.v.). [Fr. chambre—L. camera—Gr. kamara, a vault, a room.]

Chamberlain, chām′bėr-lān, or -lin, n. an officer appointed by a king or nobleman, or by a corporation, to perform domestic and ceremonial duties.—n. Cham′berlainship.—Lord Chamberlain, an officer of high standing in the royal household, having control over all the officers and servants 'above stairs,' except those of the bedchamber, over the establishment attached to the Chapel Royal, the physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries of the household; Lord Great Chamberlain, a hereditary officer who has the government of the palace of Westminster, and upon solemn occasions the keys of Westminster Hall and of the Court of Requests are delivered to him. [O. Fr. chambrelenc; Old Ger. chamerling—L. camera, a chamber, and affix -ling or -lenc = Eng. -ling in hireling.]

Chambertin, shang′bert-ang, n. a famous red Burgundy from the vineyard of that name near Dijon, in France.

Chameleon, ka-mēl′yun, n. a small lizard famous for changing its colour: (fig.) an inconstant person.—adjs. Chamel′eonic, Chamel′eon-like. [L. chamæleon—Gr. chamaileōn—chamai (= L. humi), on the ground, dwarf, and leōn, a lion.]

Chamfer, cham′fėr, n. a bevel or slope made by paring off the edge of anything originally right-angled, either in wood or stone work: a groove, channel, or furrow.—v.t. to cut or grind off bevel-wise, as a corner: to channel or make furrows upon; to flute, as a column.—adj. Cham′fered, furrowed, grooved, wrinkled. [Fr. chanfrein—O. Fr. chanfraindre, which acc. to Dr Murray may be from chant fraindre—L. cantum frangĕre, to break the edge or side.]

Chamfrain, cham′fren, n. a piece of leather or plate of steel to protect the face of a horse in battle.—Also Cham′fron, Chaf′fron. [Fr. chanfrein; origin unknown.]

Chamois, sha′moi, sham′i, or sham′waw, n. a goat-like species or genus of antelope inhabiting the Alps and other high mountains of southern and central Europe: a soft kind of leather originally made from its skin. [Fr.,—Teut.; cf. mod. Ger. gemse, a chamois.]

Champ, champ, v.i. to make a snapping noise with the jaws in chewing.—v.t. to bite or chew: to crush: to mash.—n. champing.—n. Champ′ing, the action of the verb champ: mashing. [Older form cham, most prob. from Scand.]

Champac, cham′pak, n. an Indian tree of great beauty, much venerated by Brahminists and Buddhists.—Also Cham′pak. [Hind.]

Champagne, sham-pān′, n. a light sparkling wine from Champagne in France. Still or non-effervescent champagne is also made.

Champaign, sham-pān′, adj. level, open.—n. an open, level country.—n. Champ (her.), the field of a shield.—The Champagne, level land. [A doublet of Campaign, from O. Fr. champaigne—L. campania, a plain.]

Champerty, sham′pėr-ti, n. an illegal bargain whereby the one party is to assist the other in recovering property, and is to share in the proceeds.—n. Cham′part, the division of the produce of land, the right of the feudal lord. [Norm. Fr.—L. campi pars, part of the field.]

Champignon, sham-pin′yon, n. a mushroom, esp. the Fairy-ring Agaric. [Fr.]

Champion, cham′pi-un, n. one who fights in single combat for himself or for another: one who defends a cause: a successful combatant: in boxing, running, &c., one who has excelled all others: a hero:—fem. Cham′pioness.—adj. acting as champion, first: first-class.—v.t. (obs.) to challenge: to defend: to support.—n. Cham′pionship. [Fr.,—Low L. campio, campion-em—L. campus, a plain, a place for games.]

Chance, chans, n. that which falls out or happens: an unexpected event: risk: opportunity: possibility of something happening: probability: (pl.) misfortunes.—v.t. to risk.—v.i. to happen.—adj. happening by chance.—adv. perchance.—n. Chance′-com′er, one who comes by chance or unexpectedly.—adjs. Chance′ful (Spens.), full of risk or danger, hazardous; Chanc′y (coll.), lucky, bringing good luck: also risky, uncertain.—By chance, accidentally; Even chance, the probability being equally for or against.—How chance? (Shak.) how does it happen that?—Stand a good chance, to have a reasonable expectation; Take one's chance, to accept what happens: to risk an undertaking; The main chance, the chief object (often used of matrimony): what is most important. [O. Fr. cheance—Low L. cadentia—L. cadĕre, to fall.]

Chancel, chan′sel, n. the eastern part of a church, originally separated from the nave by a screen of lattice-work, so as to prevent general access thereto, though not to interrupt either sight or sound. [O. Fr.,—L. cancelli, lattices.]

Chancellor, chan′sel-or, n. (Shak.) secretary: the president of a court of chancery or other court: the official who keeps the registers of an order of knighthood: the titular head of a university: (Scot.) the foreman of a jury.—ns. Chan′cellorship; Chan′cellory.—Chancellor of a cathedral, an officer who formerly had charge of the chapter library, custody of the common seal, superintendence of the choir practices, and headship of the cathedral schools; Chancellor of a diocese, an ecclesiastical judge uniting the functions of vicar-general and official principal, appointed to assist the bishop in questions of ecclesiastical law, and hold his courts for him; Chancellor of the Exchequer, the chief minister of finance in the British government; Lord Chancellor, Lord High Chancellor, the presiding judge of the Court of Chancery, the keeper of the great seal, and the first lay person of the state after the blood-royal. [Fr. chancelier—Low L. cancellarius, orig. an officer that had charge of records, and stood near the cancelli (L.), the crossbars that surrounded the judgment-seat.]

Chance-medley, chans′-med-li, n. homicide justifiable because done in the hot blood caused by an unprovoked assault—the word has no reference to homicide by accident: inadvertency. [O. Fr. chance medlée, mingled chance. 'From the fact that medley is also a noun, and chance-medley a possible combination in the sense of "fortuitous medley," the meaning has often been mistaken' (Dr Murray).]

Chancery, chan′sėr-i, n. formerly the highest court of justice next to the House of Lords, presided over by the Lord High Chancellor—now a division of the High Court of Justice: a court of record generally: (slang) the position of a boxer's head when under his adversary's arm: (obs.) the office of a chancellor or ambassador.—Chancery office, in Scotland, an office in the General Register House at Edinburgh, managed by a director, in which all royal charters of novodamus, patents of dignities, gifts of offices, remissions, legitimations, presentations, commissions, and other writs appointed to pass the Great and Quarter Seals are recorded.—In Chancery, in litigation, as an estate: (slang) in an awkward predicament. [Fr. chancellerie.]

Chancre, shang′kėr, n. an ulcer arising from the direct application of syphilitic poison.—adjs. Chan′croid, Chan′crous. [Fr.; a form of Canker.]

Chandelier, shan-de-lēr′, n. a frame with branches for holding lights.—ns. Chand′ler, originally a candle maker and dealer: a dealer generally; Chand′lering.—adv. Chand′lerly.—ns. Chand′lery, goods sold by a chandler; Ship′-chand′ler, dealer in general stores for ships. [Fr.,—Low L. candelaria, a candlestick—L. candēla, a candle.]

Change, chānj, v.t. to alter or make different: to put or give for another: to make to pass from one state to another: to exchange.—v.i. to suffer change: to change one's clothes.—n. the act of changing: alteration or variation of any kind: (Shak.) exchange: (Shak.) fickleness: a shift: variety: small coin: also used as a short term for the Exchange.—ns. Changeabil′ity, Change′ableness, fickleness: power of being changed.—adj. Change′able, subject or prone to change: fickle: inconstant.—adv. Change′ably.—adj. Change′ful, full of change: changeable.—adv. Change′fully.—ns. Change′fulness; Change′-house (Scot.), a small inn or alehouse.—adj. Change′less, without change: constant.—ns. Change′ling, a child taken or left by the fairies in place of another—usually an under-sized, crabbed child: one apt to change; Chang′er, one who changes the form of anything: one employed in changing or discounting money; Chang′ing-piece (Shak.), a fickle person.—Change colour, to blush or turn pale; Change one's mind, to form a different opinion; Change one's self, to change one's clothes; Change one's tune, to change from joy to sorrow: to change one's manner of speaking.—Put the change on, to delude, trick.—Ring the changes, to go through the various changes in ringing a peal of bells: to go over in every possible order: to pass counterfeit money: to bemuddle a shopman into giving too much change. [Fr. changer—Late L. cambiāre—L. cambīre, to barter.]

Chank, changk, Chank-shell, changk′-shel, n. the popular name of the shell of several species of Turbinella, a genus of Gasteropod molluscs, natives of the East Indian seas, used as ornaments by Hindu women. [Hind. cantch.]

Channel, chan′el, n. the bed of a stream of water: the deeper part of a strait, bay, or harbour: a strait or narrow sea: a groove or furrow: means of passing or conveying: (Scot.) gravel.—v.t. to make a channel: to furrow: to convey.—p.adj. Chann′elled.—The Channel, the English Channel. [O. Fr. chanel, canel—L. canalis, a canal.]

Channel, chan′el, n. a flat piece of wood or iron projecting horizontally from a ship's side to spread the shrouds and keep them clear of the bulwarks—fore, main, and mizzen channels. [Corr. of Chain-wale. Cf. Gunnel.]

Chant, chant, v.t. to sing: to celebrate in song: to recite in a singing manner: to sell horses fraudulently.—n. song: melody: a kind of sacred music, in which prose is sung.—ns. Chant′er, Chant′or, a singer: a precentor: in a bagpipe, the pipe with finger-holes, on which the melody is played: one who cries up horses; Chant′ress; Chant′ry, an endowment, or chapel, for the chanting of masses; Chant′y, a sailor's song, usually with a drawling refrain, sung in concert while raising the anchor, &c. [Fr. chanter—L. cantāre, canĕre, to sing.]

Chantage, shan-täj′, chant′āj, n. extortion of money by threats of scandalous revelations. [Fr.]

Chanterelle, shan-ter-el′, n. the highest string of the violin, &c.: a yellowish edible mushroom. [Fr.]

Chanticleer, chant′i-klēr, n. a cock. [From the name of the cock in the old beast-epic of Reynard the Fox.] [O. Fr. chanter, to sing, cler, clear.]

Chaos, kā′os, n. shapeless mass: disorder: the state of matter before it was reduced to order by the Creator.—adj. Chaot′ic, confused.—adv. Chaot′ically. [Gr.]

Chap, chap, v.i. to crack: to strike, of a clock, &c.: to knock at a door.—v.t. to fissure.—n. crack: an open fissure in the skin, caused by exposure to frost: a knock.—adj. Chap′less.—p.adj. Chapped, cracked, of a heavy soil in dry weather, or of the skin in frost: cut short.—adj. Chap′py. [M. E. chappen; cog. with Dut. and Ger. kappen.]

Chap, chap, n. a fellow, originally a customer, from Chapman.—n. Chap′pie, a familiar diminutive.

Chap, chap, n. generally pl. the jaws.—adj. Chap′fall′en, a variant of Chop-fallen (q.v.). [Northern Eng. and Scot. chafts—Scand., as Ice. kjaptr, the jaw.]

Chaparral, chap-a-ral′, n. dense tangled brushwood. [Sp., prob. Basque achaparra.]

Chape, chāp, n. the plate of metal at the point of a scabbard: the catch or hook by which the sheath of a weapon was attached to the belt.—adj. Chape′less. [Fr.,—Low L. capa, a cap.]

Chapel, chap′el, n. a place of worship inferior or subordinate to a regular church, or attached to a palace, garrison, prison, school, college, &c.: an oratory in a mausoleum, &c., or a cell of a church containing its own altar: a dissenters' place of worship, as of Nonconformists in England, Roman Catholics or Episcopalians in Scotland, &c.: a chapel service—hence 'to keep one's chapels'—to make the requisite number of attendances at such: an association of workmen in a printing-office.—n. Chap′elry, the jurisdiction of a chapel.—Chapel cart (see Cart).—Chapel of ease, a chapel for worshippers far from the parish church; Chapel Royal, the oratory of a royal palace; Lady chapel, such a chapel dedicated to the Virgin; Proprietary chapel, one that is the property of a private person or persons. [O. Fr. capele—Low L. cappella, dim. of cappa, a cloak or cope; orig. from the cloak of St Martin.]

Chaperon, shap′e-rōn, n. a kind of hood or cap: one who attends a lady in public places as a protector.—v.t. to attend a lady to public places.—n. Chap′eronage. [Fr., a large hood—chape, a hooded cloak—Low L. cappa. See Cape.]

Chapiter, chap′i-tėr, n. the head or capital of a column. [Fr. chapitel—Low L. capitellum, dim. of L. caput, the head.]

Chaplain, chap′lān, or chap′lin, n. a clergyman attached to a ship of war, a regiment, a public institution, or private family.—ns. Chap′laincy, Chap′lainry, Chap′lainship. [O. Fr. chapelain—Low L. capellanus—capella. See Chapel.]

Chaplet, chap′let, n. a garland or wreath for the head: a circlet of gold, &c.: a string of beads used in counting prayers, one-third of a rosary in length: anything in a string: a metal support of a cylindrical pipe.—adj. Chap′leted. [O. Fr. chapelet—chape, a head-dress.]

Chapman, chap′man, n. one who buys or sells: an itinerant dealer, a pedlar: (obs.) a purchaser.—n. Chap′-book, a name given to the books which were formerly sold by chapmen. [A.S. céap-man—céap, trade, and mann, man; cf. Ger. kaufmann, and see Cheap.]

Chapter, chap′tėr, n. a main division of a book, or of anything: a subject or category generally: an assembly of the canons of a cathedral or collegiate church, or the members of a religious or military order: an organised branch of some society or fraternity.—v.t. to put into chapters: to take to task.—n. Chap′ter-house.—Chapter-and-verse, the exact reference to the passage of the authority for one's statements.—The chapter of accidents, the catalogue of unforeseen events.—To the end of the chapter, throughout the whole subject. [O. Fr. chapitre—L. capitulum, dim. of caput, the head. From the practice of reading to the assembled canons or monks a capitulum or chapter of their rule, or of the Scriptures, the men themselves came to be called in a body the capitulum or chapter, and their meeting-place the chapter-house.]

Chaptrel, chap′trel, n. the capital of a pillar which supports an arch. [Dim. of Chapiter.]

Char, chär, n. a small fish of the salmon kind, found in mountain lakes and rivers. [Prob. Celt.; cf. Gael, ceara, red, blood-coloured.]

Char, chär, v.t. to roast or burn until reduced to carbon or coal, to scorch:—pr.p. char′ring; pa.p. charred.—adj. Char′ry, pertaining to charcoal. [Prob. formed from char-coal.]

Char-à-banc, shar′-a-bang, n. a long light vehicle with transverse seats. [Fr.]

Character, kar′ak-tėr, n. a letter, sign, figure, stamp, or distinctive mark: a mark of any kind, a symbol in writing, &c.: writing generally, handwriting: a secret cipher: any essential feature or peculiarity: nature: (obs.) personal appearance: the aggregate of peculiar qualities which constitutes personal or national individuality: moral qualities especially, the reputation of possessing such: a formal statement of the qualities of a person who has been in one's service or employment: official position, rank, or status, or a person who has filled such: a person noted for eccentricity: a personality as created in a play or novel (Shak. Char′act).—v.t. to engrave, imprint, write: to represent, delineate, or describe.—n. Characterisā′tion.—v.t. Char′acterise, to describe by peculiar qualities: to distinguish or designate.—ns. Char′acterism; Characteris′tic, that which marks or constitutes the character.—adjs. Characteris′tic, -al, marking or constituting the peculiar nature.—adv. Characteris′tically.—adj. Char′acterless, without character or distinctive qualities.—ns. Char′acterlessness; Char′actery, writing: impression: that which is charactered.—In character, in harmony with the part assumed, appropriate, as a Character actor, one who tries to represent eccentricities. [Fr. caractère—L. character—Gr. charaktēr, from charass-ein, to cut, engrave.]

Charade, shar-äd′, n. a species of riddle, the subject of which is a word proposed for solution from an enigmatical description of its component syllables and of the whole—the charade is often acted. [Fr.; ety. dub. Littré gives Prov. charrada, chatter; Prof. Skeat quotes Sp. charrada, the speech of a clown.]

Charcoal, chär′kōl, n. charred wood or coal made by charring wood; the carbonaceous residue of vegetable, animal, or mineral substances when they have undergone smothered combustion. [The first element of the word is of doubtful origin.]

Chare, chār, Char, chär, n. an occasional piece of work, an odd job: (pl.) household work—in America usually Chore.—v.i. to do odd jobs of work: to do house-cleaning.—n. Char′woman, a woman hired by the day to do odd jobs of domestic work. [A.S. cerran, cierran, to turn.]

Charge, chärj, v.t. to load, to put into, to fill (with): to load heavily, burden: to fill completely: to cause to receive electricity: to lay a task upon one, to enjoin, command: to deliver officially an injunction, as a judge to a jury, a bishop or archdeacon to his clergy, or a senior to a junior minister at a Presbyterian ordination: to bring an accusation against: to exact a sum of money from, to ask as the price.—v.i. to make an onset.—n. that which is laid on: cost or price: the load of powder, &c., for a gun: attack or onset: care, custody: the object of care, esp. a minister of religion's flock or parish: an accumulation of electricity in a Leyden jar: command: exhortation: accusation: (pl.) expenses.—adj. Charge′able, liable to be charged, imputable: blamable: (B.) burdensome.—n. Charge′ableness.—adv. Charge′ably.—adj. Charge′ful (Shak.), expensive.—n. Charge′-house (Shak.), a common school where a fee was charged, in distinction to a free-school.—adj. Charge′less.—n. Charg′er, a flat dish capable of holding a large joint, a platter: a war-horse.—Give in charge, to hand over to the police. [Fr. charger—Low L. carricāre, to load—L. carrus, a wagon. See Car, Cargo.]

Chargé-d'affaires, shar′zhā-da-fār′, n. a fourth-class diplomatic agent, accredited, not to the sovereign, but to the department for foreign affairs—he also holds his credentials only from the minister: the person in charge for the time. [Fr.]

Chariot, char′i-ot, n. a four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage: a car used in ancient warfare: a light four-wheeled carriage with back-seats.—v.t. to carry in a chariot.—v.i. to ride in a chariot.—n. Charioteer′, one who drives a chariot.—v.t. and v.i. to drive or to ride in such. [Fr., dim. of char, a Car.]

Charism, kar′izm, n. a free gift of grace.—adj. Charismat′ic. [Gr. charisma—charis, grace.]

Charity, char′i-ti, n. (N.T.) universal love: the disposition to think favourably of others, and do them good: almsgiving: (pl.) affections.—adj. Char′itable, of or relating to charity: liberal to the poor.—n. Char′itableness.—adv. Char′itably.—Cold as charity, an ironical phrase implying the coldness of much so-called charity, which should naturally be warm. [Fr. charité—L. caritat-em, carus, dear.]

Charivari, shär′i-vär′i, n. a French term used to designate a wild tumult and uproar, produced by the beating of pans, kettles, and dishes, mingled with whistling, bawling, groans, and hisses, expressive of displeasure against an individual—the 'rough music' not unknown in England as a popular protest against an unequal marriage, or the like. [Ety. dub.; the word, as suggesting derision, has been adopted as a name by satirical journals.]

Charlatan, shär′la-tan, n. a mere talking pretender: a quack.—adj. Charlatan′ic.—ns. Char′latanism, Char′latanry. [Fr.,—It. ciarlatano—ciarlare, to chatter, an imit. word.]

Charles's Wain, n. a name given to the seven bright stars in Ursa Major, the Plough. [A.S. Carles wægn, Carl being Charlemagne.]

Charley, Charlie, chär′li, n. a night-watchman: the small triangular beard familiar in the portraits of Charles I.: the fox.—n. Char′ley-pitch′er (slang), one who makes a living by the thimble-and-pea trick.

Charlock, chär′lok, n. a plant of the mustard family, with yellow flowers, that grows as a weed in cornfields. [A.S. cerlic.]

Charlotte, shär′lot, n. a dish of apple marmalade covered with crumbs of toast.—Charlotte russe, a custard enclosed in a kind of sponge-cake.

Charm, chärm, n. a spell: something thought to possess occult power, a metrical form of words: attractiveness: a trinket worn on a watch-guard: the blended singing of birds, children, &c.: (pl.) female beauty or other personal attractions: that which can please irresistibly.—v.t. to influence by a charm: to subdue by secret influence: to enchant: to delight, to allure.—adj. Charmed, protected, as by a special charm.—n. Charm′er.—adj. Charm′ful, abounding with charms.—p.adj. Charm′ing, highly pleasing: delightful: fascinating.—adv. Charm′ingly.—adj. Charm′less, wanting or destitute of charms. [Fr. charme—L. carmen, a song.]

Charneco, chär′ne-ko, n. (Shak.) a kind of sweet wine. [Prob. from the name of a village near Lisbon.]

Charnel, chär′nel, adj. of, or pertaining to, a charnel or burial-place, as in 'charnel-vault,' &c.: sepulchral, death-like.—n. Char′nel-house, a place where the bones of the dead are deposited. [O. Fr. charnel—Low L. carnāle—L. carnalis, caro, carnis, flesh.]

Charon, kā′ron, n. in Greek mythology, the ferryman who rowed the shades of the dead across the river Styx in the lower world: a ferryman generally. [Gr.]

Charpie, shär′pē, n. lint shredded down so as to form a soft material for dressing wounds. [O. Fr. charpir—L. carpĕre, to pluck.]

Charpoy, char′poi, n. the common Indian bedstead, sometimes handsomely wrought and painted. [Hind. chaārpāī—Pers. chihār-pāī, four feet.]

Charqui, chär′kē, n. beef cut into long strips and dried in the sun—jerked beef. [Peruv.]

Chart, chärt, n. a marine or hydrographical map, exhibiting a portion of a sea or other water, with the islands, coasts of contiguous land, soundings, currents, &c: an outline-map, or a tabular statement giving information of any kind.—adjs. Chartā′ceous; Chart′less. [O. Fr. charte—L. charta, a paper.]

Charter, chärt′er, n. any formal writing in evidence of a grant, contract, or other transaction, conferring or confirming titles, rights, or privileges, or the like: the formal deed by which a sovereign guarantees the rights and privileges of his subjects, like the famous Mag′na Chart′a, signed by King John at Runnymede, 15th June 1215, or the Charte of Louis XVIII. at the Restoration in 1814, or that sworn by Louis-Philippe, 29th August 1830: any instrument by which powers and privileges are conferred by the state on a select body of persons for a special object, as the 'charter of a bank:' a patent: grant, allowance: immunity.—v.t. to establish by charter: to let or hire, as a ship, on contract.—p.adj. Chart′ered, granted or protected by a charter: privileged: licensed: hired by contract. [O. Fr. chartre—L. cartula, carta.]

Charterhouse, chärt′ėr-hows, n. a Carthusian monastery: the famous hospital and school instituted in London in 1611, on the site of a Carthusian monastery—now transferred—the 'masterpiece of Protestant English charity' in Fuller's phrase.—ns. Char′treuse, a Carthusian monastery, esp. the original one, the Grande Chartreuse near Grenoble in France: a famous liqueur, green, yellow, or white, long manufactured here by the monks from aromatic herbs and brandy: a kind of enamelled pottery: a pale greenish colour; Char′treux, a Carthusian: the Charterhouse School.

Charter-party, chärt′ėr-pär′ti, n. the common written form in which the contract of affreightment is expressed—viz. the hiring of the whole or part of a ship for the conveyance of goods. [Fr. charte-partie, lit. a divided charter, as the practice was to divide it in two and give a half to each person. L. charta partīta.]

Chartism, chärt′izm, n. a movement in Great Britain for the extension of political power to the working-classes, rising out of widespread national distress and popular disappointment with the results of the Reform Bill of 1832—its programme, the 'People's Charter,' drawn up in 1838, with six points: (1) Manhood Suffrage; (2) Equal Electoral Districts; (3) Vote by Ballot; (4) Annual Parliaments; (5) Abolition of Property Qualification; and (6) Payment of Members of the House of Commons.—n. Chart′ist, a supporter of chartism.

Chary, chār′i, adj. sparing: cautious.—adv. Char′ily.—n. Char′iness. [A.S. cearig—cearu, care.]

Charybdis, kar-ib′dis, n. a dangerous whirlpool between Italy and Sicily, and opposite to Scylla, the two together providing a proverbial alternative of ruin hardly to be escaped.

Chase, chās, v.t. to pursue: to hunt: to drive away, put to flight.—n. pursuit: a hunting: that which is hunted: ground abounding in game.—n. Chase′port, the porthole at the bow or stern of a vessel, through which the chase-gun is fired.—Beasts of chase, properly the buck, doe, fox, marten, and roe: wild beasts that are hunted generally.—Wild-goose chase, any foolish or profitless pursuit. [O. Fr. chacier, chasser—L. captāre, freq. of capĕre, to take.]

Chase, chās, v.t. to decorate metal-work, whether hammered or punched up, by engraving the exterior.—ns. Chas′er, one who practises chasing; Chas′ing, the art of representing figures in bas-relief by punching them out from behind, and then carving them on the front: the art of cutting the threads of screws. [Short for Enchase.]

Chase, chās, n. a case or frame for holding types: a groove. [Fr. châsse, a shrine, a setting—L. capsa, a chest. See Case.]

Chasericulture, chas-er-i-kul′tūr, n. the combined industries of tea-growing and of silk-production. [A combination of Chinese cha, tea, chasze, the former tea valuers of Canton, and L. sericum, silk.]

Chasm, kazm, n. a yawning or gaping hollow: a gap or opening: a void space.—adjs. Chasmed; Chasm′y. [Gr. chasma, from chain-ein, to gape; cf. Chaos.]

Chasse, shäs, n. a dram or liqueur taken after coffee, to remove the taste.—Also Chasse-café [Fr. chasse-café—chasser, to chase, remove.]

Chassé, shäs′ā, n. a kind of gliding step in dancing.—v.t. to make such a step: (slang) to dismiss. [Fr.]

Chassepot, shas′po, n. the kind of bolt-action breechloading rifle adopted by the French army in 1866. [From Antoine Alphonse Chassepot, the inventor.]

Chasseur, sha-sār′, n. a hunter or huntsman: one of a select body of French light troops, either infantry or cavalry; a domestic dressed in military garb in the houses of the great. [Fr. chasser, to hunt.]

Chaste, chāst, adj. modest; refined; virtuous: pure in taste and style.—adv. Chaste′ly.—ns. Chaste′ness, the quality of being chaste; Chas′tity, sexual purity: virginity: refinement of language: moderation. [O. Fr. chaste—L. castus, pure.]

Chasten, chās′n, v.t. to free from faults by punishing—hence to punish, to purify or refine: to restrain or moderate.—p.adj. Chas′tened, purified: modest.—n. Chas′tenment.

Chastise, chas-tīz′, v.t. to inflict punishment upon for the purpose of correction: to reduce to order or to obedience.—adj. Chastīs′able.—n. Chas′tisement.

Chasuble, chaz′ū-bl, n. a sleeveless vestment worn over the alb by the priest while celebrating mass. [O. Fr. chesible—Low L. casubula—L. casula, a mantle, dim. of casa, a hut.]

Chat, chat, v.i. to talk idly or familiarly:—pr.p. chat′ting; pa.p. chat′ted.—n. familiar, idle talk.—n. Chat′tiness.—adj. Chat′ty, given to chat, talkative. [Short for Chatter.]

Chat, chat, n. a genus of small birds in the thrush family, of which the wheatear is a familiar example. [From the sound of their voice.]

Chateau, sha-tō′, n. a castle, a great country-seat, esp. in France (common in place-names, and connected with wines, as 'Château Lafitte,' 'Château Yqem,' &c.).—ns. Chatelain (shat′e-lān), a castellan; Chat′elaine, a female castellan: an ornamental appendage, suitable to a lady chatelaine, consisting of short chains bearing keys, corkscrew, scissors, &c., attached to the waist-belt: a similar thing in miniature attached to the watch-chain.—Château en Espagne, a castle in the air. [O. Fr. chastel (Fr. château)—L. castellum, dim. of castrum, a fort.]

Chatoyant, shat-oi′ant, adj. with a changing lustre, like a cat's eye in the dark. [Fr.]

Chattel, chat′l, n. any kind of property which is not freehold, distinguished further into chattels-real and chattels-personal, the latter being mere personal movables—money, plate, cattle, and the like; the former including leasehold interests.—Goods and chattels, all corporeal movables. [O. Fr. chatel—Low L. captale—L. capitale, &c., property, goods.]

Chatter, chat′er, v.i. to talk idly or rapidly: to sound as the teeth when one shivers.—ns. Chatt′erbox, one who chatters or talks incessantly; Chatt′erer, one that chatters: an idle talker: a significant popular name applied to the birds of a small family of finch-like perching birds, as the Bohemian wax-wing and the cedar bird of America; Chatt′ering, noise like that made by a magpie, or by the striking together of the teeth: idle talk. [From the sound.]

Chaucerian, chä-sē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Chaucer, or like him.—n. a devoted student of Chaucer.—n. Chau′cerism, anything characteristic of Chaucer.

Chaud-mellé, shōd-mā′lā, n. a fight arising in the heat of passion: the killing of a man in such a fight.—Also Chaud′-med′ley. [O. Fr. chaude-mellee, hot fight. See Mêlée.]

Chauffer, chaw′fėr, n. a metal box for holding fire, a portable furnace or stove. [See Chafer.]

Chausses, shōs, or shō′sez, n.pl. any closely fitting covering for the legs, hose generally: the defence-pieces for the legs in ancient armour.—n. Chaussure′, a general name for boots and shoes. [O. Fr. chauces—L. calcias, pl. of calcia, hose.]

Chautauquan, sha-taw′kwan, adj. pertaining to a system of instruction for adults by home reading and study under guidance, evolved from the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, organised in 1878.

Chauvinism, shō′vin-izm, n. an absurdly extravagant pride in one's country, with a corresponding contempt for foreign nations—the French equivalent of the Jingoism of London music-halls.—ns. Chau′vin, Chau′vinist.—adj. Chauvinist′ic. [Fr. chauvinisme, from Chauvin, a figure in La Cocarde tricolore.]

Chaw, chaw, n. (Spens.) the jaw—usually pl.—v.t. to chew, still used of tobacco.—n. Chaw′-bā′con, a country clown, a rustic fellow.—Chawed up, destroyed. [See Jaw.]

Chawdron, chaw′dron, n. (Shak.) part of the entrails of an animal. [O. Fr. chaudun.]

Cheap, chēp, adj. low in price: of a place where prices are low, as 'a cheap market:' of a low price in relation to the value: easily obtained: of small value, or reckoned at such.—v.t. Cheap′en, to ask the price of a thing: to make cheap, to lower the price of: to lower the reputation of: to beat down the price of.—n. Cheap′ener.—adv. Cheap′ly.—n. Cheap′ness.—Cheap Jack, or John, a travelling hawker who pretends to give great bargains; Cheap labour, labour paid at a poor rate; Cheap trip, an excursion by rail or steamer at a reduced fare; Cheap-tripper, one who goes on such a trip.—Dirt cheap, ridiculously cheap.—On the cheap, cheap or cheaply.—To be cheap of anything (Scot.), to get off with less than one deserved or expected, as of punishment. [Orig. good cheap, i.e. a good bargain; A.S. ceap, price, a bargain; A.S. céapian, Ice. kaupa, Ger. kaufen, to buy; Scot. coup—all borrowed from L. caupo, a huckster.]

Cheat, chēt, v.t. to deceive, defraud, impose upon.—v.i. to practise deceit.—n. a fraud: one who cheats.—ns. Cheat′er, one who cheats: (Shak.) an officer who collected the fines to be paid into the Exchequer; Cheat′ery (coll.), cheating.—Put a cheat upon, to deceive.—Tame cheater, a decoy. [M. E. cheten, a form of escheten, to escheat.]

Check, chek, v.t. to bring to a stand: to restrain or hinder: to rebuke: to control an account, &c., by comparison with certified data, vouchers, &c.: to place in check at chess: to mark with a pattern of crossing lines.—n. a term in chess when one party obliges the other either to move or guard his king: anything that checks: a sudden stop, repulse, or rebuff: (B., Shak.) a rebuke: a mark put against items in a list: an order for money (usually written Cheque): any counter-register used as security, a counterfoil: a token, of printed paper or metal, given to a railroad passenger to make secure the after-identification of his luggage, to a person leaving his seat in a theatre with the intention of returning, &c.: (U.S.) a counter used in games at cards—hence 'to pass in one's checks' = to die: a pattern of cross lines forming small squares, as in a chessboard: any fabric woven with such a pattern.—adj. (her.) divided into small squares by transverse, perpendicular, and horizontal lines.—ns. Check′-clerk, a clerk who checks accounts, &c.; Check′er, one who hinders or rebukes; Check′er-board, a board on which checkers or draughts is played; Check′-key, a latch-key; Check′mate, in chess, a check given to the adversary's king when in a position in which it can neither be protected nor moved out of check, so that the game is finished: a complete check: defeat: overthrow.—v.t. in chess, to make a movement which ends the game: to defeat.—ns. Check′-rein, a coupling rein, a strap hindering the horse from lowering its head; Check′-string, a string by which the occupant of a carriage may attract the driver's notice; Check′-tak′er, the collector of admission tickets at a theatre, railway-train, &c.; Check′-weigh′er, one who on the part of the men checks the weight of coal sent up to the pit-mouth. [O. Fr. eschec, eschac (Low L. scaccus, scāchus, It. scacco, Sp. jaque, Ger. scach), through Ar. from Pers. shāh, king—Checkmate being O. Fr. eschec mat—Ar. shāh māt(a), 'the king is dead,' i.e. can make no further move.]

Checker-berry, chek′ėr-beri, n. an American name for the winter-green (q.v.).

Checklaton, chek′la-ton, n. (Spens.) a cloth of gold or other rich material.—Also Cic′latoun. [O. Fr. ciclaton, from Ar., prob. from the same root as scarlet.]

Cheddar, ched′ar, n. an excellent kind of cheese first made in Somersetshire. [From the village of Cheddar in Somersetshire.]

Cheek, chēk, n. the side of the face below the eye, the fleshy lateral wall of the mouth: effrontery, impudence, as in 'to have the cheek' to do anything, 'to give cheek:' one of the side-posts of a door or window: the cheek-strap of a horse's bridle, the ring at the end of the bit: anything arranged in internal pairs.—v.t. to address insolently.—ns. Cheek′bone, the bone of the cheek; Cheek′-pouch, a dilatation of the skin of the cheek, forming a bag outside the teeth, as in monkeys, &c.; Cheek′-tooth, a molar tooth.—adj. Cheek′y, insolent, saucy.—Cheek by jowl, side by side.—To one's own cheek, for one's own private use. [A.S. céce, céace, the cheek, jaw; cf. Dut. kaak.]

Cheep, chēp, v.i. to chirp, as a young bird.—n. any similar sound. [From the sound, like Chirp.]

Cheer, chēr, n. disposition, frame of mind (with good, &c.): joy: a shout of approval or welcome: kind treatment: entertainment: fare, food.—v.t. to comfort: to encourage: to applaud: to inspirit—'to cheer up.'—v.i. in such phrases as 'How cheer'st thou?'—refl. as in 'Cheer thee.'—n. Cheer′er, one who, or that which, cheers.—adj. Cheer′ful, of good spirits: joyful: lively.—advs. Cheer′fully, Cheer′ily.—ns. Cheer′fulness; Cheer′iness; Cheer′ishness (Milton), cheerfulness.—adj. Cheer′less, without comfort: gloomy.—n. Cheer′lessness.—adj. Cheer′ly, cheerful.—adv. in a cheery manner: heartily.—adj. Cheer′y, cheerful: promoting cheerfulness. [O. Fr. chiere, the countenance—Low L. cara, the face.]

Cheese, chēz, n. a wholesome article of food, made into a round form, from the curd of milk coagulated by rennet, separated from the whey, and pressed into a hard mass.—ns. Cheese′-cake, a cake made of soft curds, sugar, and butter, or whipped egg and sugar; Cheese′-hop′per, the larva of a small fly, remarkable for its leaping power, found in cheese; Cheese′-mite, a very small insect which breeds in cheese; Cheese′-mong′er, a dealer in cheese; Cheese′-par′ing (Shak.), paring, or rind, of cheese.—adj. mean and parsimonious.—ns. Cheese′-press, a machine in which curds for cheese are pressed; Cheese′-renn′et, the plant Ladies' bed-straw, so called because used as rennet in curdling milk; Cheese′-vat, a vat or wooden case in which curds are pressed; Chees′iness.—adj. Chees′y, having the nature of cheese.—Cheese it (slang), stop, have done, run off.—Green Cheese, cheese not yet dried.—To make cheeses, to whirl round and then sink down suddenly so as to make the petticoats stand out like a cheese. [A.S. cése, cýse, curdled milk (Ger. käse)—L. caseus.]

Cheese, chēz, n. (slang) the correct thing, of excellent quality, [Colonel Yule explains it as Pers. and Hind. chīz, thing, the expression having formerly been common among young Anglo-Indians, e.g. 'These cheroots are the real chīz,' i.e. the real thing.]

Cheetah, chē′tah, n. an Eastern animal like the leopard, used in hunting. [Hind, chītā—Sans. chitraka, chitrakāya, having a speckled body.]

Chef, shef, n. a master-cook; a reliquary in the shape of a head.—adj. chief, as in Chef d'œuvre, masterpiece, [Fr. See Chief.]

Cheiromancy, kī′ro-man-si, n. the art of telling fortunes by the lineaments of the hand—also Cheiros′ophy.—adj. Cheirosoph′ical.—n. Cheiros′ophist, [Gr. cheir, the hand, manteia, prophecy.]

Cheiroptera, kī-rop′tėr-a, n.pl. the order of Bats.—adj. Cheirop′terous. [Gr. cheir, the hand, pteron, a wing.]

Cheirotherium, kī-ro-thēr′i-um, n. the name originally given to the Labyrinthodont, from its peculiar hand-like impressions in the Triassic rocks.—adj. Cheirothē′rian. [Gr. cheir, hand, thērion, beast.]

Chela, kē′la, n. the prehensile claw of a crab or scorpion.—adj. Chē′late.—n. Chē′lifer, the book-scorpion.—adjs. Chelif′erous; Chē′liform. [L.,—Gr. chēlē.]

Chela, chē′la, n. a novice in esoteric Buddhism.—n. Chē′laship. [Hind. chēlā, servant.]

Chelicera, kēl-is′er-a, n. a technical term, usually restricted to the biting organs which form the first pair of appendages in spiders, scorpions, and other Arachnida:—pl. Chelic′eræ (-rē). [Gr. chēlē, a crab's claw, keras, horn.]

Chelonia, ke-lō′ni-a, n. an order of vertebrate animals including the tortoise and turtle.—adj. and n. Chelō′nian. [Gr. chelōnē, a tortoise.]

Chemise, she-mēz′, n. a woman's shirt or sark, a smock or shift.—n. Chemisette′, a kind of bodice worn by women, the lace or muslin which fills up the open front of a woman's dress. [Fr. chemise—Low L. camisia, a nightgown, surplice.]

Chemistry, kem′is-tri, formerly Chym′istry, n. the science which treats of the properties of substances both elementary and compound, and of the laws of their combination and action one upon another.—adjs. Chem′ic, -al (Chem′ico-, in many compound words), Chemiat′ric (a Paracelsian term, Gr. chēmeia, chemistry, iatreia, medical treatment).—adv. Chem′ically.—n.pl. Chem′icals, substances which form the subject of chemical effects.—ns. Chem′ism, chemical action; Chem′ist, one skilled in chemistry, specially a druggist or apothecary.—Chemical affinity, the name given to the tendency to combine with one another which is exhibited by many substances, or to the force by which the substances constituting a compound are held together; Chemical notation, a method of expressing the composition of chemical substances and representing chemical changes, by certain known symbols and formulæ; Chemical works, manufactories where chemical processes are carried on for trade, as alkali works, &c. [From Alchemy (q.v.).]

Chemitype, kemi′-tīp, n. the chemical process for obtaining casts in relief from an engraving.—n. Chem′itypy.

Chenille, she-nēl′, n. a thick, velvety-looking cord of silk or wool (and so resembling a caterpillar), used in ornamental sewing and manufactured trimmings. [Fr. chenille, a caterpillar—L. canicula, a hairy little dog, canis, a dog.]

Cheque, Check, chek, n. a money order on a banker payable at demand.—ns. Cheque′-book, a book containing cheque forms given by a bank to its customers; Cheq′uer, Check′er, a chess-board: alternation of colours, as on a chess-board: (pl.) draughts: chess-men.—v.t. to mark in squares of different colours: to variegate: interrupt.—adjs. Cheq′uered, Check′ered, variegated, like a chess-board: varying in character.—ns. Cheq′uer-work, any pattern having alternating squares of different colours; Blank′-cheque, a cheque signed by the owner, but without having the amount to be drawn indicated; Cross′-cheque, an ordinary cheque with two transverse lines drawn across it, which have the effect of making it payable only through a banker. [See Check.]

Cherimoyer, cher-i-moi′er, n. a Peruvian fruit resembling the custard-apple.—Also Chirimoy′a.

Cherish, cher′ish, v.t. to protect and treat with affection: to nurture, nurse: to entertain in the mind.—n. Cher′ishment. [Fr. chérir, chérissant—cher, dear—L. carus.]

Cheroot, she-rōōt′, n. a cigar not pointed at either end. [Fr. cheroute, representing the Tamil name shuruttu, a roll (Colonel Yule).]

Cherry, cher′i, n. a small bright-red stone-fruit: the tree that bears it.—adj. like a cherry in colour: ruddy.—ns. Cherr′y-brand′y, a pleasant liqueur made by steeping Morello cherries in brandy; Cherr′y-lau′rel, the common English name for the Cerasus Lauro-Cerasus of Asia Minor; Cherr′y-pepp′er, a West Indian species of Capsicum; Cherr′y-pie, a pie made of cherries; the common heliotrope; Cherr′y-pit, a game which consists in throwing cherry-stones into a small hole; Cherr′y-stone, the hard seed of the cherry. [A.S. ciris—L. cerasus—Gr. kerasos, a cherry-tree, said to be so named from Cerasus, a town in Pontus, from which the cherry was brought.]

Chersonese, ker′so-nēz, n. a peninsula, [Gr. cher-sonēsos—chersos, land, dry land, nēsos, an island.]

Chert, chėrt, n. a kind of quartz or flint: hornstone.—adj. Chert′y, like or containing chert. [Prob. Celt.; Ir. ceart, a pebble.]

Cherub, cher′ub, n. a winged creature with human face, represented as associated with Jehovah, esp. drawing his chariot-throne: a celestial spirit: a beautiful child:—pl. Cher′ubs, Cher′ubim, Cher′ubims.—adjs. Cheru′bic, -al, Cherubim′ic, angelic.—adv. Cheru′bically.—n. Cher′ubin (Shak.), a cherub. [Heb. k’rūb, pl. k’rūbīm.]

Chervil, chėr′vil, n. an umbelliferous plant, cultivated as a pot-herb, and used in soups and for a garnish, &c., in the same manner as parsley. In Scotland the plant is commonly called Myrrh. [A.S. cerfille (Ger. kerbel)—L. cærefolium—Gr. chairephyllon.]

Chesil, chez′il, n. gravel: shingle: bran.—Also Chisel. [A.S. cisil.]

Chess, ches, n. a game of skill for two persons or parties, played with figures or 'pieces,' which are moved on a chequered board.—n. Chess′-board, the board on which chess is played.—n.pl. Chess′-men, pieces used in chess. [Fr. échecs; It. scacchi; Ger. schach. Orig. from Pers. sháh, a king.]

Chess, ches, n. one of the parallel planks of a pontoon-bridge—generally in pl.

Chest, chest, n. a large strong box: the part of the body between the neck and the abdomen, the thorax.—adj. Chest′ed, having a chest: placed in a chest.—n. Chest′-note, in singing or speaking, a deep note, the lowest sound of the voice. [A.S. cyst; Scot. kist—L. cista—Gr. kistē.]

Chestnut, Chesnut, ches′nut, n. a nut or fruit enclosed in a prickly case: the tree that bears it: (slang) a stale joke or story.—adj. of a chestnut colour, reddish-brown. [O. Fr. chastaigne—L. castanea—Gr. kastanon, from Castana, in Pontus.]

Cheval-de-frise, she-val′-de-frēz, n. a piece of timber armed with spikes, used to defend a passage or to stop cavalry:—pl. Chevaux-de-frise (she-vō′-).—n. Cheval′-glass, a large glass or mirror supported on a frame. [Fr.,—cheval, horse; Frise, Friesland.]

Chevalier, shev-a-lēr′, n. a cavalier: a knight: a gallant. [Fr.,—cheval—L. caballus, a horse.]

Chevelure, shev′e-lūr, n. a head of hair: a periwig: the nebulous part of a comet. [Fr.,—L. capillatura—capillus, hair.]

Cheverel, chev′ėr-el, n. a kid: soft, flexible leather made of kid-skin.—adj. like kid leather, pliable. [Fr. chevreau, a kid—chèvre; L. capra, a goat.]

Chevesaile, chev′e-sāl, n. an ornamental collar of a coat. [O. Fr. chevesaile—chevece, the neck.]

Cheviot, chē′vi-ot, or chev′i-ot, n. a hardy breed of short-wooled sheep reared on the Cheviot Hills: a cloth made from their wool.

Chevisance, shev′i-zäns, n. (Spens.) achievement, performance. [Fr.,—chevir, to accomplish; chef, the head, the end.]

Chevron, shev′ron, n. a rafter: (her.) the representation of two rafters of a house meeting at the top: the V-shaped band of worsted braid or gold lace worn on the sleeve of a non-commissioned officer's coat.—adjs. Chevrone′, Chev′roned. [Fr. chevron (Sp. cabrio), a rafter—L. capreolus, dim. of caper, a goat.]

Chevy, chev′i, Chivy, chiv′i, n. a cry, shout: a hunt.—v.t. to chase. [Perh. from 'Chevy Chase,' a well-known ballad relating a Border battle.]

Chew, chōō, v.t. to cut and bruise with the teeth: to masticate: (fig.) to meditate, reflect.—n. action of chewing: a quid of tobacco.—ns. Chew′et, a kind of pie or pudding made of various ingredients mixed together; Chew′ing-gum, a preparation made from a gum called chicle, produced by a Mexican tree allied to the india-rubber tree, sweetened and flavoured.—Chew the cud, to masticate a second time food that has already been swallowed and passed into the first stomach: to ruminate in thought. [A.S. ceówan; Ger. kauen; cf. Jaw.]

Chewet, chōō′et, n. a chough; (Shak.) a chatterer. [Fr. chouette, an owl.]

Chiaroscuro, kyär′o-skū-ro, n. distribution or blending of light and shade, the art of representing light in shadow and shadow in light.

Chiasm, kī′azm, n. (anat.) a decussation or intersection, esp. that of the optic nerves—also Chias′ma.—n. Chias′mus (rhet.), contrast by parallelism in reverse order, as 'Do not live to eat, but eat to live.'—adj. Chias′tic. [Gr. chiasma, two lines crossed as in the letter X.]

Chibouk, Chibouque, chi-book′, n. a long straight-stemmed Turkish pipe for smoking. [Turk.]

Chic, shēk, n. style, fashion: adroitness.—adj. stylish, 'up to the mark.' [Fr.]

Chica, chē′ka, n. an orange-red dye-stuff, obtained by boiling the leaves of the Bignonia, a climber of the banks of the Cassiquiare and the Orinoco. [Native name.]

Chicane, shi-kān′, v.i. to use shifts and tricks.—v.t. to deceive.—n. a trick or artifice.—ns. Chicā′ner, one who chicanes: a quibbler; Chicā′nery, trickery or artifice, esp. in legal proceedings: quibbling; Chicā′ning, quibbling. [Fr. chicane, sharp practice at law, most prob. from Late Gr. tzykanion, a game at mall, tzykaniz-ein, to play at mall—Pers. tchaugān, a crooked mallet.]

Chicha, chēch′a, n. a South American liquor fermented from maize. [Haytian.]

Chick, chik, n. the young of fowls, esp. of the hen: a child, as a term of endearment.—ns. Chick′a-bid′dy, Chick′-a-did′dle, terms of endearment addressed to children; Chick′en, the young of birds, esp. of the hen: its flesh: a child: a faint-hearted person; Chick′en-haz′ard, a game at dice (see Hazard); Chick′en-heart, a cowardly person.—adj. Chick′en-heart′ed.—ns. Chick′en-pox, a contagious febrile disease, chiefly of children, and bearing some resemblance to a very mild form of small-pox; Chick′ling, a little chicken; Chick′weed, a species of stitchwort, and one of the most common weeds of gardens and cultivated fields—for making poultices, and for feeding cage-birds, which are very fond of its leaves and seeds.—Mother Carey's chicken, a sailor's name for the Stormy Petrel; No chicken, one no longer young. [A.S. cicen; cf. Dut. kieken, Ger. küchlein.]

Chick-pea, chik′-pē, n. a dwarf species of pea cultivated for food in the south of Europe and other places. [Fr. chiche—L. cicer, and Pea.]

Chicory, Chiccory, chik′o-ri, n. a plant whose long carrot-like root is ground to adulterate coffee.—Also Suc′cory. [Fr. chicorée—L. cichorium, succory—Gr. kichōrion.]

Chide, chīd, v.t. to scold, rebuke, reprove by words: to be noisy about, as the sea.—v.i. to make a snarling, murmuring sound, as a dog or trumpet:—pr.p. chid′ing; pa.t. chid, (obs.) chōde; pa.p. chid, chidd′en.—ns. Chid′er (Shak.), a quarrelsome person; Chid′ing, scolding. [A.S. cídan.]

Chief, chēf, adj. head: principal, highest, first: (Scot.) intimate.—adv. chiefly.—n. a head or principal person: a leader: the principal part or top of anything: (her.) an ordinary, consisting of the upper part of the field cut off by a horizontal line, generally made to occupy one-third of the area of the shield.—ns. Chief′-bar′on, the President of the Court of Exchequer; Chief′dom, Chief′ship, state of being chief: sovereignty; Chief′ery, an Irish chieftaincy: the dues paid to a chief; Chief′ess, a female chief; Chief′-jus′tice (see Justice).—adj. Chief′less, without a chief or leader.—adv. Chief′ly, in the first place: principally: for the most part.—ns. Chief′ry, a rent paid to the supreme lord: a chief's lands; Chief′tain, the head of a clan: a leader or commander:—fem. Chief′tainess; Chief′taincy, Chief′tainship; Chief′tainry.—In chief (her.) means that the charge is borne in the upper part of the shield: applied to holding land directly from the sovereign: at the head, as commander-in-chief. [Fr. chef—L. caput, the head.]

Chield, chēld, n. (Scot.) a lad, a young man.—Also Chiel. [A form of Child.]

Chiff-chaff, chif′-chaf, n. a small species of Warbler, so called from the resemblance of its notes to the syllables which form its name.

Chiffon, shif′ong, n. any merely ornamental part of a woman's dress.—n. Chiffonier′, an ornamental cupboard: (Fr.) a rag-picker. [Fr.—chiffe, rag.]

Chignon, shē′nyong, n. a general term for the long back-hair of women, when gathered up and folded into a roll on the back of the head and neck. [Fr., meaning first the nape of the neck, the joints of which are like the links of a chain—chaînon, the link of a chain—chaîne, a chain.]

Chigoe, chig′ō, Chigre, Chigger, chig′ėr, n. a species of flea of the West Indies, the female of which buries itself beneath the toe-nails, and produces troublesome sores. [Fr. chique.]

Chilblain, chil′blān, n. a localised inflammation of the skin which occurs in cold weather on hands and feet, more rarely on ears and nose. [Chill and Blain.]

Child, chīld, n. an infant or very young person: (Shak.) a female infant: one intimately related to one older: expressing origin or relation, e.g. child of the East, child of shame, child of God, &c.: a disciple: a youth of gentle birth, esp. in ballads, &c.—sometimes Childe and Chylde: (pl.) offspring: descendants: inhabitants:—pl. Chil′dren.—ns. Child′-bear′ing, the act of bringing forth children; Child′bed, the state of a woman brought to bed with child; Child′birth, the giving birth to a child: parturition; Child′-crow′ing, a nervous affection with spasm of the muscles closing the glottis.—adj. Child′ed (Shak.), possessed of a child.—n. Child′hood, state of being a child: the time of one's being a child.—adjs. Child′ing (Shak.), fruitful, teeming; Child′ish, of or like a child: silly: trifling.—adv. Child′ishly.—ns. Child′ishness, Child′ness, what is natural to a child: puerility.—adjs. Child′less, without children; Child′-like, like a child: becoming a child: docile: innocent.—n. Child′-wife, a very young wife.—Child's play, something very easy to do: something slight.—From or Of a Child, since the days of childhood.—Second childhood, the childishness of old age.—With child, pregnant, e.g. Get with child, Be or Go with child. [A.S. cild, pl. cild, later cildru, -ra. The Ger. equivalent word is kind.]

Childermas-day, chil′dėr-mas-dā, n. an anniversary in the Church of England, called also Innocents' Day, held 28th December, to commemorate the slaying of the children by Herod. [Child, Mass, and Day.]

Chiliad, kil′i-ad, n. the number 1000: 1000 of anything.—ns. Chil′iagon, a plane figure having 1000 angles; Chil′iahēdron, a solid figure having 1000 sides; Chil′iarch, a leader or commander of a thousand men; Chil′iarchy, the position of chiliarch; Chil′iasm, the doctrine that Christ will reign bodily upon the earth for 1000 years; Chil′iast, one who holds this opinion. [Gr.,—chilioi, 1000.]

Chill, chil, n. coldness: a cold that causes shivering: anything that damps or disheartens.—adj. shivering with cold: slightly cold: opposite of cordial.—v.i. to grow cold.—v.t. to make chill or cold: to blast with cold: to discourage.—adj. Chilled, made cold: hardened by chilling, as iron.—n. Chill′iness.—adj. Chill′ing, cooling, cold.—n. Chill′ness.—adj. Chilly, that chills: somewhat chill.—Take the chill off, to give a slight heat: to make lukewarm. [A.S. cele, ciele, cold. See Cold, Cool.]

Chilli, chil′li, n. the seed pod or fruit of the capsicum, extremely pungent and stimulant, and employed in sauces, mixed pickles, &c.; when dried and ground, forms the spice called Cayenne pepper. [The Mexican name.]

Chillum, chil′um, n. the part of a hookah containing the tobacco and charcoal balls: a hookah itself: the act of smoking it. [Hind. chilam.]

Chime, chīm, n. the harmonious sound of bells or other musical instruments: agreement of sound or of relation: harmony: (pl.) a set of bells.—v.i. to sound in harmony: to jingle: to accord or agree: to rhyme.—v.t. to strike, or cause to sound in harmony: to say words over mechanically.—Chime in, to join in, in agreement; Chime in with, to agree, or fall in with. [M. E. chimbe, prob. O. Fr. cymbale—L. cymbalum, a cymbal.]

Chime, Chimb, chīm, n. the rim formed by the ends of the staves of a cask: (naut.) a hollowed or bevelled channel in the waterway of a ship's deck. [Cog. with Dut. kim, Ger. kimme, edge.]

Chimer, shim′er, Chimere, shi-mēr, n. the upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are attached. [O. Fr. chamarre; Sp. zamarra, chamarra, sheepskin.]

Chimera, Chimæra, ki-mē′ra, n. a fabulous, fire-spouting monster, with a lion's head, a serpent's tail, and a goat's body: any idle or wild fancy: a picture of an animal having its parts made up of various animals: a genus of cartilaginous fishes, often ranked along with the sharks and rays.—adjs. Chimer′ic, -al, of the nature of a chimera: wild: fanciful.—adv. Chimer′ically. [L.,—Gr. chimaira, a she-goat.]

Chimney, chim′ni, n. a passage for the escape of smoke or heated air from a furnace: in houses, that part of the passage which is built above the roof: anything of a like shape.—ns. Chim′ney-can, or -pot, a cylindrical pipe of earthenware or other material placed at the top of a chimney to increase the draught; Chim′ney-cor′ner, in old chimneys, the space between the fire and the wall forming the sides of the fireplace: fireside, commonly spoken of as the place for the aged and infirm; Chim′ney-piece, a shelf over the fireplace; Chim′ney-shaft, the stalk of a chimney which rises above the building; Chim′ney-Stack, a group of chimneys carried up together; Chim′ney-stalk, a very tall chimney; Chim′ney-swall′ow, the Hirundo rustica, a very common swallow: the chimney-swift; Chim′ney-sweep, Chim′ney-sweep′er, one who sweeps or cleans chimneys; Chim′ney-top, the top of a chimney.—Chimney-pot hat, a familiar name for the ordinary cylindrical hat of gentlemen. [Fr. cheminée—L. camīnus; Gr. kaminos, a furnace.]

Chimpanzee, chim-pan′zē, n. an African ape, the highest of the anthropoid or more man-like apes, belonging to the same genus as the gorilla. [West African.]

Chin, chin, n. the jutting part of the face below the mouth.—Up to the chin, deeply immersed. [A.S. cin; Ger. kinn, Gr. genys.]

China, chīn′a, n. fine kind of earthenware, originally made in China: porcelain.—ns. Chin′a-bark, a common name of cinchona bark (derived not from the empire of China, but from. Kina or Quina, the Peruvian name of cinchona—see Quinine); Chin′a-clay, a fine white clay used in making porcelain; Chin′a-grass (Bœhmeria nivea), a small shrubby-like plant, allied to the nettle, native to China; the fibre of this plant used for making ropes and cordage, and also in China for the manufacture of grass-cloth; Chin′a-ink (see Ink); Chin′aman, a native of China; Chin′a-root, the root-stock of a Chinese shrubby plant, formerly used in Europe medicinally, but still in the East as a remedy in rheumatic or syphilitic cases; Chin′a-rose, a name applied to several varieties of garden roses; Chin′a-shop, a shop in which china, crockery, &c. are sold; Chin′a-ware, porcelain-ware; Chinee′, a Chinaman.—adj. Chinese′, of or belonging to China.—China aster (see Aster).

Chinchilla, chin-chil′la, n. a small rodent quadruped of South America, valued for its soft gray fur: the fur itself. [Sp.]

Chincough, chin′kof, n. a disease, esp. of children, attended with violent fits of coughing: whooping-cough. [For chink-cough; Scot. kink-host, Dut. kinkhoest. See Chink and Cough.]

Chine, chīn, n. the spine or backbone: a piece of the backbone and adjoining parts for cooking: a ridge, crest.—v.t. (Spens.) to break the back. [O. Fr. eschine, prob. from Old High Ger. scina, a pin, thorn.]

Chiné, shē-nā′, adj. mottled in appearance, the warp being dyed in different colours, or from threads of different colours twisted together. [Fr., lit. 'Chinese.']

Chink, chingk, n. a cleft, a narrow opening.—v.i. to crack.—v.t. to fill up cracks.—adj. Chink′y, full of chinks. [Apparently formed upon M. E. chine, a crack—A.S. cinu, a cleft.]

Chink, chingk, n. the clink, as of coins.—v.i. to give forth a sharp sound. [From the sound.]

Chink, chingk, n. a gasp for breath.—v.i. to gasp—the northern form Kink. [Cf. Dut. kinken, to cough; Ger. keichen, to gasp.]

Chinkapin, ching′ka-pin, n. the dwarf chestnut, a native of the United States.—Also Chin′capin. [Ind.]

Chinook, chin-ōōk′, n. a trader's jargon, consisting of words from French and English, as well as Chinook and other Indian tongues.

Chintz, chints, n. a highly glazed printed calico, with a pattern generally in several colours on a white or light-coloured ground. [Orig. pl. of Hind, chint, spotted cotton-cloth.]

Chip, chip, v.t. to chop or cut into small pieces: to hew: of chickens, to break the shell of the egg in hatching: to pare away the crust of bread, &c.: to bet:—pr.p. chip′ping; pa.p. chipped.—n. a small piece of wood or other substance chopped off: (slang) a sovereign.—n. Chip′-hat, a cheap kind of hat, made of what is popularly called Brazilian grass, but really consisting of strips of the leaves of a palm (Chamærops argentea) imported from Cuba.—adj. Chip′py, abounding in chips: dry as a chip: seedy from an overdose of liquor.—Chip in, to supply one's part.—A chip of the old block, one with the characteristics of his father. [M. E. chippen, to cut in pieces. Conn. with Chop.]

Chipmuck, Chipmunk, chip′muk, -mungk, n. a kind of squirrel, common in North America.

Chippendale, chip′pen-dāl, adj. applied to a light style of drawing-room furniture, after the name of a well-known cabinet-maker of the 18th century. The name is also applied to a style of book plates.

Chiragra, kī-rag′ra, n. gout in the hand.—adjs. Chirag′ric, -al. [Gr.]

Chirk, chėrk, v.i. (Scot.) to grate: to chirp or squeak. [A.S. cearcian, to creak.]

Chirl, chirl, v.i. to emit a low sound: to warble.—n. a kind of musical warble. [Scot., from the sound. See Chirr.]

Chirm, chėrm, v.i. to cry out: to chirp.—n. noise, din, hum of voices. [A.S. cirman, to cry out; cf. Dut. kermen.]

Chirognomy, kī-rog′nō-mi, n. the so-called art or science of judging character from the lines of the hand, palmistry.—adj. Chirognom′ic. [Gr. cheir, the hand, gnōmē, understanding.]

Chirograph, kī-rog-raf′, n. any written or signed document.—ns. Chirog′rapher, Chirog′raphist, one who professes the art of writing—-adj. Chirograph′ic—n. Chirog′raphy, the art of writing, or penmanship. [Gr. cheir, the hand, graphē, writing.]

Chirology, kī-rol′o-ji, n. the art of discoursing with the hands or by signs, as the deaf and dumb do.—n. Chirol′ogist, one who converses by signs with the hands. [Gr. cheir, the hand, logia, a discourse.]

Chiropodist, kī-rop′o-dist, n. a hand and foot doctor: one who removes corns, bunions, warts, &c. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and pous, podos, the foot.]

Chirp, chėrp, n. the sharp, shrill sound of certain birds and insects.—v.i. to make such a sound; to talk in a happy and lively strain.—v.t. to cheer.—n. Chirp′er, a little bird: a chirping-cup.—adj. Chirp′ing, merry: cheering.—n. Chirp′ing-cup, a cup that cheers.—adj. Chirp′y, lively: merry. [From the sound.]

Chirr, chėr, v.i. to chirp, as is done by the cricket or grasshopper. [From the sound.]

Chirrup, chir′up, v.i. to chirp: to make a sound with the mouth to urge on a horse: to cheer up. [Lengthened form of Chirp, and then brought into connection with cheer up.]

Chirur′geon, Chirur′gery, Chirur′gical, old forms of Surgeon, Surgery, Surgical.—adv. Chirur′geonly (Shak.), in a manner becoming a surgeon. [Fr. chirurgien—Gr. cheirourgos—cheir, the hand, ergon, a work.]

Chisel, chiz′el, n. an iron or steel tool to cut or hollow out wood, stone, &c.: esp. the tool of the sculptor.—v.t. to cut, carve, &c. with a chisel: (slang) to cheat:—pr.p. chis′elling; pa.p. chis′elled.—adj. Chis′elled, cut with a chisel; (fig.) having sharp outlines, as cut by a chisel.—n. Chis′elling.—adj. Chis′el-shaped.—n. Chis′el-tooth, the scalpriform perennial incisor of a rodent. [O. Fr. cisel—L. cædĕre, to cut.]

Chisleu, chis′lū, n. the ninth month of the Jewish year, including parts of November and December. [Heb.]

Chit, chit, n. a note: an order or pass.—Also Chit′ty. [Hind. chitthi.]

Chit, chit, n. a baby: a lively or pert young child: contemptuously, a young woman or girl. [A.S. cith, a young tender shoot.]

Chitchat, chit′chat, n. chatting or idle talk: prattle: gossip. [A reduplication of Chat.]

Chitin, kī′tin, n. the substance which forms most of the hard parts of jointed footed animals.—adj. Chī′tinous. [Fr. chitine—Gr. chiton, a tunic.]

Chiton, kī′ton, n. the ancient Greek tunic: a genus of marine molluscs. [Gr. chitōn, a tunic]

Chitter, chit′ėr, v.i. (Scot.) to shiver.—n. Chitt′ering. [Cf. Chatter.]

Chitterling, chit′ėr-ling, n. the smaller intestines of a pig or other edible animal: a frill—prov. forms, Chidling, Chitling, Chitter. [Ety. dub.]

Chivalry, shiv′al-ri, n. the usages and qualifications of chevaliers or knights: bravery and courtesy: the system of knighthood in feudal times.—adjs. Chival′ric, Chiv′alrous, pertaining to chivalry: bold: gallant.—adv. Chiv′alrously.—n. Chiv′alrousness. [Fr. chevalerie—cheval—Low L. caballus, a horse.]

Chive, chīv, n. an herb like the leek and onion, with small, flat, clustered bulbs: a small bulb.—Also Cive. [Fr. cive—L. cæpa, an onion.]

Chivy, chiv′vy, or Chevy, chev′vy, n. a hunting cry.—v.t. to chase.—v.i. to scamper. [Prob. from the Border battle of Chevy Chase.]

Chlamys, klā′mis, n. an ancient Greek short cloak or mantle for men: a purple cope: a genus of phytophagous beetles. [Gr.]

Chloasma, klō-az′ma, n. a skin-disease marked by yellowish-brown patches. [Gr. chloē, verdure.]

Chlorine, klō′rin, n. a yellowish-green gas with a peculiar and suffocating odour.—ns. Chlō′ral, a limpid, colourless, oily liquid, with a peculiar penetrating odour, formed when anhydrous alcohol is acted on by dry chlorine gas; Chlō′ralism, the habit of using chloral, a morbid state induced by such; Chlō′rate, a salt composed of chloric acid and a base.—adj. Chlō′ric, of or from chlorine.—n. Chlō′ride, a compound of chlorine with some other substance, as potash, soda, &c.—v.t. Chlō′ridise, to convert into a chloride: (phot.) to cover with chloride of silver—also Chlō′ridate.—n. Chlorinā′tion, the process of getting gold, &c., out of ore by the use of chlorine.—v.t. Chlō′rinise, to combine or otherwise treat with chlorine—also Chlō′rinate.—ns. Chlō′rite, a mineral consisting of silica, alumina, &c., in variable proportions—it is of a green colour, rather soft, and is easily scratched with a knife; Chlō′rodyne, a patent medicine containing opium, chloroform, &c., used for allaying pain and inducing sleep; Chlō′roform, a limpid, mobile, colourless, volatile liquid, with a characteristic odour and a strong sweetish taste, used to induce insensibility.—adj. Chlō′roid, like chlorine.—ns. Chlōrom′eter, an instrument for measuring the bleaching powers of chloride of lime; Chlōrom′etry, the process of testing the decolouring power of any compound of chlorine; Chlō′rophyl, the ordinary colouring matter of vegetation, consisting of minute soft granules in the cells; Chlorō′sis, properly green-sickness, a peculiar form of anæmia or bloodlessness, common in young women, and connected with the disorders incident to the critical period of life.—adjs. Chlōrot′ic, pertaining to chlorosis; Chlō′rous, full of chlorine.—Chloric acid, a syrupy liquid, with faint chlorine colour and acid reaction. [Gr. chlōros, pale-green.]

Chobdar, chob′dar, n. a frequent attendant of Indian nobles, and formerly also of Anglo-Indian officials of rank, carrying a staff overlaid with silver. [Pers.]

Chock, chok, v.t. to fasten as with a block or wedge.—n. a wedge to keep a cask from rolling: a log.—adjs. Chock′-full, Choke′-full, quite full; Chock′-tight, very tight. [See Choke.]

Chocolate, chok′ō-lāt, n. a preparation of the seeds of Theobroma cacao, made by grinding the seeds mixed with water to a very fine paste: a beverage made by dissolving this paste in boiling water.—adj. chocolate-coloured, dark reddish-brown: made of or flavoured with chocolate. [Sp. chocolate; from Mex. chocolatl, chocolate.]

Choice, chois, n. act or power of choosing: the thing chosen: alternative: preference: the preferable or best part.—adj. worthy of being chosen: select: appropriate.—adjs. Choice′-drawn (Shak.), selected with care; Choice′ful (Spens.), making many choices, fickle.—adv. Choice′ly, with discrimination or care.—n. Choice′ness, particular value: excellence: nicety.—Hobson's choice, the alternative of a thing offered or nothing, from Hobson, a Cambridge carrier and innkeeper, who insisted on lending out the horse nearest the stable door, or none at all.—Make choice of, to select; Take one's choice, to take what one wishes. [Fr. choix—choisir; cf. Choose.]

Choir, kwīr, n. a chorus or band of singers, esp. those belonging to a church: the part of a church appropriated to the singers: the part of a cathedral separated from the nave by a rail or screen.—v.i. (Shak.) to sing in chorus.—ns. Choir′-or′gan, one of the departments of a cathedral organ, standing behind the great-organ, having its tones less powerful, and more fitted to accompany the voice; Choir′screen, a screen of lattice-work, separating the choir from the nave, so as to prevent general access thereto, though not to interrupt either sight or sound.—adj. Chō′ral, belonging to a chorus or choir.—ns. Chōral′, Chorale′, a simple harmonised composition, with slow rhythm: a tune written for a psalm or hymn: in R.C. usage, any part of the service sung by the whole choir.—adv. Chō′rally, in the manner of a chorus: so as to suit a choir. [Fr. chœur—L. chorus—Gr. choros.]

Choke, chōk, v.t. to throttle: to suffocate: to stop or obstruct: to suppress.—v.i. to be choked or suffocated.—n. the action of choking.—n. Choke′-bore, the bore of a gun when narrowed at the muzzle so as to concentrate the shot: a shot-gun so bored.—v.t. to bore in such a way.—n. Choke′-cherr′y, a name given to certain nearly allied species of cherry, natives of North America, whose fruit, though at first rather agreeable, is afterwards astringent in the mouth.—adj. Choked, suffocated, clogged.—n. Choke′damp, the carbonic acid gas given off by coal which accumulates in coal-mines, and may suffocate those exposed to it.—adj. Choke′-full (see Chock-full).—ns. Chok′er, one who chokes: a neckerchief; Chok′ing, suffocation.—adj. smothering.—adj. Chok′y, tending to choke: inclined to choke.—Choke off, to put an end to, as if by choking; Choke up, to obstruct completely, to suffocate.—White choker, a white neckerchief worn by clergymen, &c. [Prob. from sound.]

Cholæmia, Cholemia, ko-lē′mi-a, n. a morbid accumulation of the constituents of bile in the blood.—adj. Cholæ′mic. [Gr. cholē, bile, haima, blood.]

Cholagogue, kol′a-gog, n. a purgative causing evacuations of bile.—adj. Cholagog′ic. [Gr. cholē, bile, agōgos, leading.]

Choler, kol′ėr, n. the bile: (Shak.) biliousness: anger, irascibility.—adj. Chol′eric, full of choler: passionate. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. cholera—cholē, bile.]

Cholera, kol′ėr-a, n. a highly infectious and deadly disease characterised by bilious vomiting and purging.—adj. Cholerā′ic.—British cholera, an acute catarrhal affection of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestines. [Gr. cholera.]

Cholesterine, ko-les′te-rin, n. a substance occurring abundantly in bile and biliary calculi, probably a monovalent alcohol.—adj. Cholester′ic. [Gr. cholē, bile, stereos, solid.]

Choliamb, kō′li-amb, n. a variety of iambic trimeter, having a trochee for an iambus as the sixth foot.—adj. Choliam′bic. [L.,—Gr. chōliambos—chōlos, lame, iambos, iambus.]

Choltry, chōl′tri, n. a khan or caravansary for travellers: a shed used as a place of assembly.—Also Choul′try. [Malayalam.]

Chondrify, kon′dri-fī, v.t. to convert into cartilage.—v.i. to be converted into cartilage.—n. Chondrificā′tion. [Gr. chondros, cartilage.]

Chondroid, kon′droid, adj. cartilaginous.—ns. Chon′drin, the proper substance of cartilage; Chondrī′tis, inflammation of cartilage; Chondrogen′esis, the formation of cartilage.—adj. Chondrogenet′ic.—ns. Chondrog′raphy, a description of the cartilages; Chondrol′ogy, the knowledge of the cartilages.

Chondropterygian, kon-drop-te-rij′i-an, adj. gristly-finned, belonging to the Chondropterygii, a group of fishes variously defined in different systems. [Gr. chondros, cartilage, pterygion, dim. of pteryx, a wing.]

Choose, chōōz, v.t. to take one thing in preference to another: to select.—v.i. to will or determine: to think fit:—pa.t. chōse; pa.p. chōs′en.—ns. Choos′er (Shak.), one who chooses; Choos′ing, choice: selection.—Cannot choose, can have no alternative.—Not much to choose between, each about equally bad.—Pick and choose, to select with care. [A.S. céosan, Dut. kiesen.]

Chop, chop, v.t. to cut with a sudden blow: to cut into small pieces: (Milton) to change: to exchange or barter: (Milton) to trade in: to bandy words.—v.i. to change about: to shift suddenly, as the wind.—n. a blow: a piece cut off: a slice of mutton or pork, containing a rib: a change: vicissitude.—ns. Chop′-house, a house where mutton-chops and beef-steaks are served: an eating-house; Chop′per, one who or that which chops: a cleaver; Chop′ping-knife, a knife for chopping or mincing meat.—adj. Chop′py, full of chops or cracks: running in irregular waves—also Chop′ping.—Chop and change, to buy and sell: to change about; Chop at, to aim a blow at; Chop in, to break in, interrupt; Chop logic, to dispute in logical terms: to bandy words; Chop up, to cut into small pieces.—A chop-logic (Shak.), a contentious fellow. [A form of Chap.]

Chop, chop, n. the chap or jaw, generally used in pl.: a person with fat cheeks: the mouth of anything, as a cannon.—adj. Chop′-fall′en, lit. having the chop or lower jaw fallen down: cast-down: dejected. [See Chap (3).]

Chop, chop, n. in China and India, an official mark or seal: a license or passport which has been sealed. [Hind. chhāp, seal, impression.]

Chopin, chop′in, n. an old French liquid measure containing nearly an English imperial pint: a Scotch measure containing about an English quart. [O. Fr. chopine, Old Dut. schoppe; Scot. chappin, Ger. schoppen, a pint.]

Chopine, chop-ēn′, chop′in, n. a high clog or patten introduced into England from Venice during the reign of Elizabeth. [Sp. chapin.]

Chop-sticks, chop′-stiks, n.pl. two small sticks of wood, ivory, &c., used by the Chinese instead of knife and fork. [Chop, a corr. of kih, quick.]

Choragus, ko-rā′gus, n. in Athens, the person appointed to organise the chorus: the leader of a choir.—adj. Chorag′ic, pertaining to a choragus.—Choragic monument, a small temple on which were dedicated the tripods given in the Dionysian contests to the victorious chorus. [Gr. chorēgos—choros, chorus, and agein, to lead.]

Chord, kord, n. (mus.) the simultaneous and harmonious union of sounds of a different pitch.—The Common chord is a note with its third and perfect fifth reckoned upwards. [Formed from Accord.]

Chord, kord, n. the string of a musical instrument: (fig.) of the emotions: (geom.) a straight line joining the extremities of an arc: a straight line joining any two points in the curve of a circle, ellipse, &c. [L. chorda—Gr. chordē, an intestine.]

Chorea, ko-rē′a, n. St Vitus's dance, a nervous disease causing irregular and involuntary movements of the limbs or face. [L.,—Gr. choreia, a dancing.]

Chorepiscopal, kō-re-pis′ko-pal, adj. pertaining to a local or suffragan bishop. [Gr. chōra, place.]

Choriamb, kō′ri-amb, n. a metrical foot of four syllables, the first and last long, the two others short.—adj. and n. Choriam′bic. [Gr. choriambos—choreios, a trochee, iambos, iambus.]

Chorion, kō′ri-on, n. the outer fœtal envelope: the external membrane of the seeds of plants:—pl. Chō′ria.—adj. Chō′roid. [Gr.]

Chorography, kō-rog′ra-fi, n. the description of the geographical features of a particular region.—adjs. Chorograph′ic, -al; Chorolog′ical.—ns. Chorol′ogist; Chorol′ogy, the science of the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

Chorus, kō′rus, n. a band of singers and dancers, esp. in the Greek plays: a company of singers: that which is sung by a chorus: the combination of several voices in one simultaneous utterance: the part of a song in which the company join the singer.—adj. Choreograph′ic.—ns. Choreog′raphy, Chorog′raphy, the notation of dancing.—adj. Chō′ric.—ns. Chō′rist, Chor′ister, a member of a choir. [L.,—Gr. choros, dance.]

Chough, chuf, n. a kind of jackdaw which frequents rocky places on the seacoast. [A.S. céo; from the cry of the bird. See Caw.]

Chouse, chows, n. (obs.) a cheat: one easily cheated: a trick.—v.t. to cheat, swindle. [Prob. from Turk. chaush, a messenger or envoy.]

Chout, chowt, n. one-fourth part of the revenue extorted by the Mahrattas as blackmail: blackmail, extortion. [Hind. chauth, the fourth part.]

Chow-chow, chow′-chow, n. a mixture of food such as the Chinese use, e.g. preserved pickles.—adj. miscellaneous, mixed. [Pigeon-English.]

Chowder, chow′dėr, n. a dish made of a mixture of fish and biscuits. [Fr. chaudière, a pot.]

Chowry, chow′ri, n. an instrument used for driving away flies. [Hindi, chaunri.]

Chrematistic, krē-ma-tis′tik, adj. pertaining to finance.—n. Chrematis′tics, the science of wealth. [Gr.,—chrēma, a thing.]

Chrestomathy, kres-tom′a-thi, n. a book of selections from foreign languages, usually for beginners.—adjs. Chrestomath′ic, -al. [Gr. chrēstos, useful, mathein, to know.]

Chrism, krizm, n. consecrated or holy oil: unction: confirmation: chrisom. (q.v.).—adj. Chris′mal, pertaining to chrism.—n. a case for containing chrism: a pyx: a veil used in christening.—ns. Chris′matory, a vessel for containing chrism; Chris′om, a white cloth laid by the priest on a child newly anointed with chrism after its baptism: the child itself.—Chrisom child (Shak.), a child still wearing the chrisom cloth: an innocent child. [O. Fr. chresme (Fr. chrême)—Gr. chrisma, from chriein, chrisein, to anoint.]

Christ, krīst, n. the Anointed, the Messiah.—ns. Christ-cross-row (kris′-kros-rō), the alphabet, from the use in horn-books of having a cross at the beginning; Chrīst's-thorn, a kind of prickly shrub common in Palestine and south of Europe, so called because supposed to have been the plant from which the crown of thorns was made.—v.t. Christen (kris′n), to baptise in the name of Christ: to give a name to.—ns. Chris′tendom, that part of the world in which Christianity is the received religion: the whole body of Christians; Chris′tening, the ceremony of baptism; Chrīst′hood, the condition of being the Christ or Messiah; Christ′ian, a follower of Christ: (coll.) a human being.—adj. relating to Christ or His religion: being in the spirit of Christ.—v.t. Christ′ianise, to make Christian: to convert to Christianity.—ns. Christ′ianism, Christian′ity, the religion of Christ: the spirit of this religion.—adjs. Christ′ian-like, Christ′ianly.—ns. Christ′ianness, Christ′liness.—adjs. Christ′less, Christ′ly.—Christian era, the era counted from the birth of Christ; Christian name, the name given when christened, as distinguished from the surname. [A.S. crist—Gr. Christos—and chriein, chrisein, to anoint.]

Christadelphian, kris-ta-del′fi-an, n. a member of a small religious body holding conditional immortality, denying a personal devil, &c.—sometimes called Thomasites from Dr John Thomas of Brooklyn (1805-71). [Lit. 'Brethren of Christ,' Gr. Christos, Christ, and adelphos, brother.]

Christmas, kris′mas, n. an annual festival, originally a mass, in memory of the birth of Christ, held on the 25th of December.—ns. Christ′mas-box, a box containing Christmas presents: a Christmas gift; Christ′mas-card, a card, more or less ornamented, sent from friend to friend at this season; Christ′mas-eve, the evening before Christmas; Christ′mas-rose, or -flow′er, the Helleborus niger, flowering in winter; Christ′mas-tree, a tree, usually fir, set up in a room, and loaded with Christmas presents. [Christ and Mass.]

Christology, kris-tol′o-ji, n. that branch of theology which treats of the nature and person of Christ.—adj. Christolog′ical.—n. Christol′ogist. [Gr. Christos, and logia, a discourse.]

Christom, kris′um, n. (Shak.). Same as Chrisom, under Chrism (q.v.).

Christophany, kris-tof′a-ni, n. an appearance of Christ to men. [Gr. Christos, and phainein, to appear.]

Chromatic, krō-mat′ik, adj. relating to colours: coloured: (mus.) relating to notes in a melodic progression, which are raised or lowered by accidentals, without changing the key of the passage, and also to chords in which such notes occur.—ns. Chrōm′ate, a salt of chromic acid; Chrōmat′ics, the science of colours.—v.t. Chrō′matise, to impregnate with a chromate.—ns. Chrōmatog′raphy, a treatise on colours; Chrōmatol′ogy, the science of colours, or a treatise thereon; Chrōmat′ophore, one of the pigment-cells in animals: one of the granules in protoplasm: one of the brightly coloured bead-like bodies in the oral disc of certain actinias, &c.; Chrōmatop′sia, coloured vision; Chrō′matrope, an arrangement in a magic-lantern by which effects like those of the kaleidoscope are produced; Chrō′matype, Chrō′motype, a photographic process by which a coloured impression of a picture is obtained.—adj. relating to the chromatype.—ns. Chrōme, Chrō′mium, a metal remarkable for the beautiful colours of its compounds.—adj. Chrōm′ic.—ns. Chrō′mite, a mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; Chrō′mo-lith′ograph, or merely Chrō′mo, a lithograph printed in colours; Chrō′molithog′raphy; Chrō′mosphere, a layer of incandescent red gas surrounding the sun through which the light of the photosphere passes—also Chrōmat′osphere; Chrō′mo-typog′raphy, typography in colours; Chrō′mo-xy′lograph, a picture printed in colours from wooden blocks; Chrō′mo-xylog′raphy.—Chromatic scale, a scale proceeding by semitones; Chromic acid, an acid of chromium, of an orange-red colour, much used in dyeing and bleaching. [Gr. chrōmatikos—chrōma, colour.]

Chronic, -al, kron′ik, -al, adj. lasting a long time: of a disease, deep seated or long continued, as opposed to acute.—n. Chron′ic, chronic invalid. [Gr. chronikos—chronos, time.]

Chronicle, kron′i-kl, n. a bare record of events in order of time: a history: (pl.) name of two of the Old Testament books: a story, account.—v.t. to record.—n. Chron′icler, a historian. [O. Fr. chronique—L.—Gr. chronika, annals—chronos, time.]

Chronogram, kron′o-gram, n. an inscription in which the time or date of an event is given by certain of the letters printed larger than the rest. [Gr. chronos, time, gramma, a letter—graphein, to write.]

Chronograph, kron′o-graf, n. a chronogram: an instrument for taking exact measurements of time, or for recording graphically the moment or duration of an event.—ns. Chronog′rapher, a chronicler; Chronog′raphy, chronology. [Gr. chronos, time, graphein, to write.]

Chronology, kron-ol′o-ji, n. the science of time.—ns. Chronol′oger, Chronol′ogist.—adjs. Chronolog′ic, -al.—adv. Chronolog′ically. [Gr. chronos, time, logia, a discourse.]

Chronometer, kron-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring time: a watch.—adjs. Chronomet′ric, -al.—n. Chronom′etry, the art of measuring time by means of instruments: measurement of time. [Gr. chronos, and metron, a measure.]

Chronoscope, kron′ō-skōp, n. an instrument for measuring very short intervals of time, esp. with projectiles.

Chrysalis, kris′a-lis, Chrysalid, kris′a-lid, n. a term originally applied to the golden-coloured resting stages in the life-history of many butterflies, but sometimes extended to all forms of pupæ or nymphs: the shell whence the insect comes:—pl. Chrysal′ides (i-dēz).—adjs. Chrys′alid, Chrys′aline, Chrys′aloid. [Gr. chrysallis—chrysos, gold.]

Chrysanthemum, kris-an′the-mum, n. a genus of composite plants to which belong the corn marigold and ox-eye daisy. [Gr. chrysos, gold, anthemon, flower.]

Chryselephantine, kris-el-e-fan′tin, adj. noting the art of making statues jointly of gold and ivory. [Gr. chrysos, gold, elephantinos, made of ivory—elephas, -antos, ivory.]

Chrysoberyl, kris′o-ber-il, n. a mineral of various shades of greenish-yellow or gold colour. [Gr. chrysos, gold, and Beryl.]

Chrysocolla, kris-ō-kol′a, n. a silicate of protoxide of copper, bluish-green. [Gr. chrysos, gold, kolla, glue.]

Chrysocracy, kri-sok′ra-si, n. the rule of wealth. [Gr. chrysos, gold, kratein, to rule.]

Chrysolite, kris′ō-līt, n. a yellow or green precious stone. [Gr. chrysos, and lithos, a stone.]

Chrysophan, kris′ō-fan, n. an orange-coloured bitter substance found in rhubarb.—adj. Chrysophan′ic. [Gr. chrysos, gold, phanēs, appearing.]

Chrysophyll, kris′ō-fil, n. the yellow colouring matter in the green chlorophyl pigment of plants.—Also Xanthophyl. [Gr. chrysos, gold, phyllon, a leaf.]

Chrysoprase, kris′o-prāz, n. a variety of chalcedony: (B.) a yellowish-green stone, nature unknown. [Gr. chrysos, and prason, a leek.]

Chrysotype, kris′o-tīp, n. a process of taking pictures by photography, on paper impregnated with a neutral solution of chloride of gold. [Gr. chrysos, gold, typos, impression.]

Chthonian, thō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to the under world, subterranean.—Also Chthon′ic. [Gr. chthōn, the ground.]

Chub, chub, n. a small fat river-fish.—adjs. Chubbed, Chub′by, short and thick, plump; Chub′-faced, plump-faced.—n. Chub′biness.

Chubb, chub, n. a patent lock invented by Chubb, a locksmith in London—much used for safes, &c.—Also Chubb′-lock.

Chuck, chuk, n. the call of a hen: a chicken (dim. Chuck′ie): a word of endearment.—v.i. to call, as a hen. [A variety of Cluck.]

Chuck, chuk, n. a gentle blow, as under the chin: (coll.) a toss or throw; any game of pitch and toss.—v.t. to pat gently, as under the chin: to toss: to pitch.—n. Chuck′-far′thing, a game in which a farthing is chucked into a hole. [Fr. choquer, to jolt; allied to Shock.]

Chuck, chuk, n. a pebble or small stone: a game with such stones, often called Chuck′ies: an instrument for holding an object so that it can be rotated, as upon the mandrel of a lathe. [Der. uncertain; cf. It. cioco, a block, stump.]

Chuckle, chuk′l, n. a kind of laugh: the cry of a hen.—v.t. to call, as a hen does her chickens: to caress.—v.i. to laugh in a quiet, suppressed manner, indicating derision or enjoyment.—n. Chuck′ling. [Akin to Chuck, to call.]

Chuckle, chuk′l, adj. clumsy.—n. Chuck′le-head, a loutish fellow. [Prob. Chock, a log.]

Chuff, chuf, n. a clown: a surly fellow.—n. Chuf′finess, boorishness.—adj. Chuf′fy, coarse and surly. [M. E. chuffe, choffe, a boor (origin unknown), conn. with Scotch coof, akin to Ice. kueif.]

Chum, chum, n. a chamber-fellow: friend or associate, chiefly among schoolboys and students.—v.i. and v.t. to occupy, or to put one into, the same room with another.—n. Chum′mage, the quartering of two or more persons in one room: a fee demanded from a new chum.—adj. Chum′my, sociable.—n. a chimney-sweeper's boy: a chum. [Perh. a mutilation of Chamber-fellow.]

Chump, chump, an end lump of wood: a blockhead: the head.—Off his chump—out of his mind.

Chunk, chungk, n. a thick piece of anything, as wood, bread, &c. [Perh. related to Chuck.]

Church, church, n. a house set apart for Christian worship: the whole body of Christians: the clergy: any particular sect or denomination of Christians: any body professing a common creed, not necessarily Christian.—v.t. to perform with any one the giving of thanks in church, more esp. of a woman after childbirth, or of a newly-married couple on first appearing at church after marriage.—ns. Church′-ale, a strong ale brewed for a church festival: the festival at which the ale was drunk; Church′-bench (Shak.), a seat in the porch of a church; Church′-court, a court for deciding ecclesiastical causes, a presbytery, synod, or general assembly; Church′-gō′ing, the act of going to church, esp. habitually; Church′ing, the first appearance of a woman in church after childbirth; Church′ism, adherence to the forms or principles of some church.—adj. Church′less, not belonging to a church: (Tennyson) without church approval.—ns. Church′man, a clergyman or ecclesiastic: a member or upholder of the established church; Church′-rate, an assessment for the sustentation of the fabric, &c., of the parish church; Church′-serv′ice, the form of religious service followed in a church, order of public worship, a book containing such; Church′-text, a thin and tall form of black-letter print; Churchwar′den, an officer who represents the interests of a parish or church: a long clay-pipe; Church′way, the public way or road that leads to the church; Church′woman, a female member of the Anglican Church.—adj. Church′y, obtrusively devoted to the church.—n. Church′yard, the burial-ground round a church.—Church history, the description of the course of development through which the church as a whole, as well as its special departments and various institutions, has passed, from the time of its foundation down to our own day; Church militant, the church on earth in its struggle against evil; Church triumphant, the portion of the church which has overcome and left this world.—Visible and Invisible church (see Visible). [A.S. circe (Scot, kirk; Ger. kirche)—Gr. kyriakon, belonging to the Lord—Kyrios, the Lord.]

Churl, churl, n. a rustic, labourer: an ill-bred, surly fellow.—adj. Churl′ish, rude: surly: ill-bred.—adv. Churl′ishly.—n. Churl′ishness. [A.S. ceorl, a countryman; Ice. karl, Ger. kerl, a man; Scot. carl.]

Churn, churn, n. a machine used for the production of butter from cream or from whole milk.—v.t. to agitate cream so as to obtain butter.—v.i. to perform the act of churning.—ns. Churn′-drill, a drill worked by hand, not struck with the hammer, a jumper; Churn′ing, the act of making butter: the quantity of butter made at once; Churn′-staff, the plunger used in an upright churn: the sun-spurge. [A.S. cyrin; Ice. kirna, a churn; Dut. and Ger. kernen, to churn.]

Churr, chėr, n. a low sound made by certain birds.—v.i. to make this sound. [Prob. imit.]

Churrus, chur′us, n. the resinous exudation of Cannabis indica, which, in its milder preparations, known as bhang, &c., is used as a narcotic and intoxicant. [Hind. charas.]

Chute, shōōt, n. a waterfall, rapid: a channel down which to pass water, logs, rubbish, &c. [Fr. chute, a fall.]

Chutnee, Chutny, chut′ne, n. an East Indian condiment, a compound of mangoes, chillies, or capsicum, and lime-juice, &c. [Hind. chatni.]

Chyle, kīl, n. a white fluid drawn from the food while in the intestines.—adjs. Chylā′ceous, Chylif′ic, Chyl′ous; Chylifac′tive, having the power to make chyle.—n. Chylificā′tion.—v.t. and v.i. Chyl′ify, to convert, or be converted, into chyle.—n. Chylū′ria, a discharge of milky urine. [Fr.,—Gr. chylos, juice—cheein, to pour.]

Chyme, kīm, n. the pulp to which the food is reduced in the stomach.—n. Chymificā′tion, the act of being formed into chyme.—v.t. Chym′ify, to form into chyme.—adj. Chym′ous. [Gr. chymos, from cheein.]

Cibol, sib′ol, n. a variety of onion. [Fr. ciboule (Sp. cebolla)—Low L. cepola, dim. of L. cepa, an onion.]

Ciborium, si-bō′ri-um, n. (R.C. Church) a vessel nearly resembling a chalice, with an arched cover, in which the Host is deposited: a canopy supported on four pillars over the high altar:—pl. Cibō′ria. [L., a drinking-cup—Gr. kibōrion, the seed-vessel of the Egyptian bean.]

Cicada, si-kā′da, Cicala, si-kā′la, n. an insect remarkable for its chirping sound. [L. cicada.]

Cicatrix, sik-ā′triks, or sik′a-triks, n. the scar over a wound after it is healed—also Cic′atrice: scar in the bark of a tree: (Shak.) mark, impression.—ns. Cicatric′ula, the germinating point in the yolk of an egg; Cicatrisā′tion, the process of healing over.—v.t. Cic′atrise, to help the formation of a cicatrix on a wound or ulcer: to scar.—v.i. to heal. [Fr.,—L. cicatrix, a scar.]

Cicely, sis′e-li, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants nearly allied to chervil. [L. and Gr. seseli.]

Cicerone, chich-er-ō′ni, or sis-e-rō′ne, n. one who shows strangers the curiosities of a place: a guide.—v.i. to act as cicerone.—adjs. Cicerō′nian, Ciceron′ic.—ns. Cicerō′nianism, the character of Cicero's Latin style; Ciceron′ism, Ciceron′age, Cicerone′ship, the function of a guide. [It.,—L. Cicero, the Roman orator.]

Cicisbeo, chē-chēs-bā′o, n. a married woman's gallant or cavaliere servente in Italy:—pl. Cicisbe′i.—n. Cicisbē′ism. [It.]

Cicuta, si-kū′ta, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants with poisonous roots—water-hemlock or cowbane. [L., hemlock.]

Cid, sid, n. a chief, captain, a hero, from the famous 11th-cent. Castilian warrior against the Moors, styled el Cid Campeador, whose real name was Rodrigo, or Ruy, Diaz (i.e. 'son of Diego'). The name Cid is the Ar. seid, seiyid, lord.

Cider, sī′dėr, n. a drink made from apples.—ns. Cī′der-and, a mixture of cider and other spirits; Cī′der-cup, a drink of sweetened cider, with other ingredients; Cī′derkin, an inferior cider. [Fr. cidre—L.,—Gr. sikera, strong drink—Heb. shakar, to be intoxicated.]

Cigar, si-gär′, n. a roll of tobacco-leaves for smoking.—n. Cigarette′, a little cigar made of finely-cut tobacco rolled in thin paper. [Sp. cigarro.]

Cilia, sil′i-a, n.pl. hair-like lashes borne by cells.—adjs. Cil′iary, Cil′iāte, Cil′iāted, Cilif′erous, having cilia; Cil′iīform, very thin and slender like cilia. [L. cilium, pl. cilia, eyelids, eyelashes.]

Cilice, sil′is, n. hair-cloth: a penitential garment made of hair-cloth.—adj. Cilic′ious. [L.,—Gr. kilikion, a cloth made of Cilician goat's hair.]

Cimbric, sim′brik, adj. pertaining to the ancient Cimbri, a people from central and northern Europe, crushed by Marius, 101 B.C.—Also Cim′brian. [Sometimes made Celtic by a desperate analogy with the name Cymry.]

Cimex, si-meks′, n. a bug.—adjs. Cimic′ic, Cimic′ious.—n. Cimicif′uga, the genus of bugworts or bugbanes, natural order Ranunculaceæ. [L. cimex.]

Cimmerian, sim-ē′ri-an, adj. relating to the Cimmerii, a tribe fabled to have lived in perpetual darkness: extremely dark.

Cimolite, sim′ō-līt, n. a species of clay, or hydrous silicate of aluminium, used as fuller's earth. [Gr. kimōlia, prob. from Kimōlos, an island of the Cyclades.]

Cinch, sinch, n. a saddle-girth.—v.i. to tighten the cinch. [Sp. cincha—L. cingula.]

Cinchona, sin-kō′na, n. a genus of trees, yielding the bark so much valued in medicine, from which the most important alkaloids, quinine and its congeners, are obtained—also called Peruvian bark.—adjs. Cinchonā′ceous, Cinchon′ic.—n. Cin′chonine, an alkaloid obtained from the bark of several species of cinchona.—adj. Cinchonin′ic.—n. Cinchonisā′tion.—v.t. Cin′chonise, to bring under the influence of cinchona or quinine.—n. Cin′chonism, a morbid state due to overdoses of cinchona or quinine. [Said to be so named from the Countess of Chinchon, who was cured of a fever by it in 1638.]

Cincture, singk′tūr, n. a girdle or belt: a moulding round a column.—v.t. to gird, encompass.—adjs. Cinct, surrounded; Cinc′tured, having a cincture. [L. cinctura—cingĕre, cinctum, to gird.]

Cinder, sin′dėr, n. the refuse of burned coals: anything charred by fire: (slang) some strong stimulant put in tea, soda-water, &c.—ns. Cinderel′la, a scullery-maid; Cinderel′la-dance, an early dancing-party ending at midnight—from the nursery tale.—adj. Cin′dery. [A.S. sinder, scoriæ, slag.]

Cinenchyma, si-neng′ki-ma, n. laticiferous tissue, consisting of irregularly branching and anastomosing vessels.—adj. Cinenchym′atous. [Gr. kinein, to move, engchyma, infusion.]

Cineraria, sin-e-rā′ri-a, n. a genus of plants, with flowers of various colours, chiefly belonging to South Africa, but also grown in greenhouses in Britain and elsewhere. [L. cinerarius—cinis, cineris, ashes.]

Cinerary, sin′e-ra-ri, adj. pertaining to ashes.—ns. Cinerā′tion; Cinerāt′or; Cinē′rea, gray or cellular, as distinguished from white or fibrous, nerve tissue.—adjs. Cinē′real; Cinē′reous, ashy-gray; Cineres′cent, becoming ashy-gray; Cineri′tious, ashy-gray: pertaining to gray nerve tissue. [L. cinereus, ashy—cinis, cineris, ashes.]

Cingalese, sing′ga-lēz, n. a native of Ceylon.—adj. belonging to Ceylon.

Cingulum, sing′gū-lum, n. the girdle of an alb. [L.—cingĕre, to gird.]

Cinnabar, sin′a-bar, n. sulphuret of mercury, called vermilion when used as a pigment.—adj. vermilion-coloured.—adjs. Cinnabar′ic, Cinn′abarine. [L.,—Gr. kinnabari, a dye, from Persian.]

Cinnamon, sin′a-mon, n. the spicy bark of a laurel in Ceylon: the tree.—adj. cinnamon-coloured.—adjs. Cinnam′ic, Cinnamon′ic, obtained from, or consisting of, cinnamon.—n. Cinn′amon-stone, a kind of stone found in Ceylon, of a cinnamon or reddish-brown colour, sometimes cut for jewellery. [L. cinnamomum—Heb. kinnamon.]

Cinque, singk, n. the number five as on dice.—ns. Cinque′-cen′to (It., 'five hundred'), a phrase sometimes applied, in treating of architecture and art, to the Renaissance period, which began about 1500; Cinque′-foil (her.), a common bearing representing a flower with five petals borne full-faced and without a stalk: (bot.) species of plants of the genus Potentilla: the five-bladed clover; Cinque′-pace (Shak.), a kind of dance, the pace or movement of which is characterised by five beats.—n.pl. Cinque′-ports, the five ancient ports on the south of England lying opposite to France—Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, Romney, and Hastings.—adj. Cinque′-spot′ted (Shak.), having five spots. [Fr.]

Cipher, sī′fėr, n. (arith.) the character 0: any of the nine figures: anything of little value, whether persons or things: a nonentity: an interweaving of the initials of a name: a secret kind of writing.—v.i. to work at arithmetic: to write in cipher: of an organ-pipe, to sound independent of the organ: (Shak.) to decipher.—ns. Cī′phering; Cī′pher-key, a key to a cipher or piece of secret writing. [O. Fr. cifre, Fr. chiffre—Ar. sifr, empty.]

Cipolin, sip′ō-lin, n. a granular limestone containing mica.—Also Cipollino (chē-pol-lē′nō). [It.,—cipolla, an onion.]

Cippus, sip′us, n. the stocks: a monumental pillar. [L. cippus, a post.]

Circassian, sėr-kash′yan, adj. belonging to Circassia, a district of Russia, on the north of Mount Caucasus: a kind of light cashmere of silk and mohair—generally Circassienne′ (Fr. fem.).

Circean, sėr-sē′an, adj. relating to the beautiful sorceress Circe, who transformed the companions of Ulysses into swine by a magic beverage: infatuating and degrading.—Also Circæ′an.

Circensian, sir-sen′shi-an, adj. relating to the Circus Maximus in Rome, where the games and contests were held.—Also Circen′sial (obs.). [L. circensis—circus.]

Circle, sėr′kl, n. a plane figure bounded by one line every point of which is equally distant from a certain point called the centre: the line which bounds the figure: a ring: a planet's orbit: a series ending where it began: a figure in magic; a company surrounding the principal person: those of a certain class or society.—v.t. to move round: to encompass.—v.i. to move in a circle: to stand in a circle.—adjs. Cir′cinate; Cir′cled, circular: encircled.—ns. Cir′cler; Cir′clet; Cir′cling, motion in a circle: a revolution.—Dress′ cir′cle (see Dress); Fair′y-cir′cle, -ring (see Fairy).—Reasoning in a circle, assuming what is to be proved as the basis of the argument. [A.S. circul—L. circulus, dim. of circus; allied to A.S. hring, a ring.]

Circuit, sėr′kit, n. the act of moving round: area, extent: a round made in the exercise of a calling, esp. the round made by the judges for holding the courts of law: the judges making the round: (Shak.) diadem.—v.t. to go round.—n. Circuiteer′, a judge: one who goes on a circuit.—adj. Circū′itous, round about.—adv. Circū′itously.—n. Circū′ity, motion in a circle: an indirect course.—Make a circuit, to go round. [Fr.,—L. circuitus—circuīre, circum, round, īre, to go.]

Circular, sėr′kū-lar, adj. round: ending in itself: addressed to a circle of persons.—n. a note sent round to a circle or number of persons.—n. Circular′ity.—adv. Cir′cularly.—Circular notes, bank-notes issued for the convenience of travellers, being a kind of bill personal to the bearer, who is given also a corresponding 'letter of indication' addressed to foreign bankers.

Circulate, sėr′kū-lāt, v.t. to make to go round as in a circle: to spread: to repeat (of decimals).—v.i. to move round: to be spread about.—adj. Cir′culable, capable of being circulated.—ns. Cir′culant; Circulā′tion, the act of moving in a circle: the movement of the blood: the sale of a periodical: the publication of a report or of a book: the money in use at any time in a country.—adjs. Cir′culative, Cir′culatory, circulating.—n. Cir′culator.—Circulating library, one where books are circulated among subscribers. [L. circulāre, -ātum.]

Circumambages, sėr-kum-am′baj-ez, n.pl. roundabout ways of speech.—adj. Circumambā′gious, roundabout in speech.—ns. Circumam′bience, Circumam′biency.—adj. Circumam′bient, going round about.—n. Circumben′dibus, a roundabout method or course: a circumlocution. [L. circum, about, ambīre, to go round.]

Circumambulate, sėr-kum-am′bū-lāt, v.i. to walk round about.—n. Circumambulā′tion. [L. ambulāre, -ātum, to walk.]

Circumcise, sėr′kum-sīz, v.t. to cut off the foreskin according to the Jewish law: (fig.) to purify.—p.adj. Cir′cumcised, that has undergone circumcision: purified, chastened.—ns. Cir′cumciser, one who circumcises; Circumci′sion, the act of circumcising. [L. circumcidĕre, circumcisum—cædĕre, to cut.]

Circumdenudation, sėr-kum-de-nūd-ā′shun, n. (geol.) denudation or erosion round an elevated tract left isolated.

Circumduct, sėr′kum-dukt, v.t. to lead around or about, to revolve round an imaginary axis so as to describe a cone: (Scots law) to close a case to further proof.—n. Circumduc′tion.—adj. Circumduct′ory. [L. circum, about, ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Circumference, sėr-kum′fėr-ens, n. the boundary-line of any round body, esp. of a circle: the line surrounding anything: area: compass: distance round.—adj. Circumferen′tial—n. Circumferent′or, an instrument used by surveyors and miners for measuring horizontal angles, consisting of a graduated circle, an index, and a magnetic needle suspended over the centre of a circle—now superseded by the Theodolite. [L. circum, about, ferre, to carry.]

Circumflect, sėr′kum-flekt, v.t. to mark with a circumflex.—ns. Cir′cumflex, an accent (^) denoting a rising and falling of the voice on a vowel or syllable; Circumflex′ion, a bending round. [L. flectĕre, flexum, to bend.]

Circumfluence, sėr-kum′flōō-ens, n. a flowing round.—adj. Circum′fluent, flowing round. [L. fluĕre, to flow.]

Circumforaneous, sėr-kum-fō-rā′ne-us, adj. wandering about as from market to market, vagrant.—Also Circumfora′nean. [L., circum, about, forum, the forum, market-place.]

Circumfuse, sėr-kum-fūz′, v.t. to pour around.—p.adj. Circumfused′.—adj. Circumfus′ile, molten.—n. Circumfū′sion. [L. fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Circumgyrate, sėr-kum-jī′rāt, v.i. to go round and round.—n. Circumgyrā′tion.—adj. Circumgy′ratory. [L. gyrāre, -ātum, to turn.]

Circumjacent, sėr-kum-jā′sent, adj. lying round: bordering on every side.—n. Circumja′cency. [L. jacens, lying—jacēre, to lie.]

Circumlittoral, sėr-kum-lit′ō-ral, adj. adjacent to the shore-line. [L. circum, about, litus, litoris, the shore.]

Circumlocution, sėr-kum-lō-kū′shun, n. roundabout speaking: a manner of expression in which many unnecessary words are used.—v.i. Cir′cumlocute, to use circumlocution.—n. Circumlocū′tionist, one who practises circumlocution.—adj. Circumloc′utory.—Circumlocution office, a name given by Dickens in Little Dorrit to the government offices, owing to their dilatoriness in attending to business. [L. loqui, locutus, to speak.]

Circummure, sėr-kum-mūr′, v.t. (Shak.) to wall round. [L. murus, a wall.]

Circumnavigate, sėr-kum-nav′i-gāt, v.t. to sail round.—adj. Circumnav′igable, capable of being circumnavigated.—ns. Circumnavigā′tion; Circumnav′igator, one who sails round. [See Navigate.]

Circumnutation, sėr-kum-nū-tā′shun, n. a nodding or turning successively towards all points of the compass, as in the tendrils of plants.—v.i. Circumnū′tate.—adj. Circumnū′tatory. [L. circum, about, nutāre, -ātum, to nod.]

Circumpolar, sėr-kum-pō′lar, adj. situated round the pole. [See Polar.]

Circumpose, sėr′kum-pōz, v.t. to place round.—n. Circumposi′tion, the act of placing round. [See Position.]

Circumscribe, sėr-kum-skrīb′, v.t. to draw a line round: to enclose within certain limits, to curtail, abridge.—adj. Circumscrib′able, able to be circumscribed.—ns. Circumscrib′er, one who circumscribes; Circumscrip′tion, limitation: the line that limits: a circumscribed place.—adj. Circumscrip′tive, marking the external form or outline. [L. scribĕre, to write.]

Circumspect, sėr′kum-spekt, adj. looking round on all sides watchfully: cautious: prudent.—n. Circumspec′tion, watchfulness: caution: examining.—adj. Circumspec′tive, looking around: wary.—adv. Cir′cumspectly.—n. Cir′cumspectness. [L. specĕre, spectum, to look.]

Circumstance, sėr′kum-stans, n. the logical surroundings of an action: an accident or event: ceremony: detail: (pl.) the state of one's affairs.—v.t. to place in particular circumstances:—pa.p. cir′cumstanced.—adj. Circumstan′tial, consisting of details: minute.—n. Circumstantial′ity, the quality of being circumstantial: minuteness in details: a detail.—adv. Circumstan′tially.—n.pl. Circumstan′tials, incidentals: details.—v.t. Circumstan′tiate, to prove by circumstances: to describe exactly.—Circumstantial evidence, evidence which is not positive nor direct, but which is gathered inferentially from the circumstances in the case.—In good or bad circumstances, prosperous or unprosperous; In, Under the circumstances, owing to certain conditions. [L. stans, stantis, standing—stāre, to stand.]

Circumvallate, sėr-kum′val-āt, v.t. to surround with a rampart.—n. Circumvallā′tion, a surrounding with a wall: a wall or fortification surrounding a town or fort. [L. vallum, rampart.]

Circumvent, sėr-kum-vent′, v.t. to come round or outwit a person: to deceive or cheat.—n. Circumven′tion.—adj. Circumvent′ive, deceiving by artifices. [L. venīre, to come.]

Circumvolve, sėr-kum-volv′, v.t. to roll round.—v.i. to revolve:—pr.p. circumvolv′ing; pa.p. circumvolved′.—n. Circumvolū′tion, a turning or rolling round: anything winding or sinuous. [L. volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Circus, sėr′kus, n. a circular building for the exhibition of games: a place for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship: a group of houses arranged in the form of a circle: applied to nature, as, e.g., high hills surrounding a plain.—n. Cirque (sėrk), a circus: a ring of some sort. [L. circus; cog. with Gr. kirkos.]

Cirripeda, sir-rip′e-da, Cirripedia, sir-rip-ē′di-a, n. a degenerate sub-class of Crustacea, including the numerous forms of Barnacles and Acorn-shells.—n. Cir′riped, one of the Cirripeda. [L. cirrus, a tuft of hair, and pes, a foot.]

Cirrus, sir′us, n. the highest form of clouds consisting of curling fibres: (bot.) a tendril: (zool.) any curled filament:—pl. Cirri (sir′ī).—adjs. Cirr′ate, Cirr′iform, like a cirrus; Cirr′igrade, moving by cirri.—n. Cirr′o-cū′mulus, a fleecy cloud intermediate between the cirrus and cumulus.—adj. Cirr′ose, with tendrils.—n. Cirr′o-strā′tus, a mottled-looking cloud intermediate between the cirrus and stratus.—adj. Cirr′ous, having a cirrus. [L.]

Cisalpine, sis-alp′in, adj. on this side—i.e. on the Roman side—of the Alps.—So Cisatlan′tic; Cisleith′an, on this side the Leitha, which separates the archduchy of Austria and Hungary; Cismon′tane, on this side the mountains—opp. to Ultramontane; Cis′padane, on this side the Po; Cispon′tine, on this side of the bridges, viz. in London, north of the Thames. [L. cis, on this side.]

Ciselure, sēz′lūr, n. the art or operation of chasing, the chasing upon a piece of metal-work.—n. Cis′eleur, a chaser. [Fr.]

Cissoid, sis′soid, n. a plane curve consisting of two infinite branches symmetrically placed with reference to the diameter of a circle, so that at one of its extremities they form a Cusp (q.v.), while the tangent to the circle at the other extremity is their common asymptote. [Gr. kissoeidēs.]

Cist, sist, n. a tomb consisting of a stone chest covered with stone slabs.—adjs. Cist′ed, containing cists; Cist′ic, like a cist. [See Chest.]

Cistella, sis-tel′a, n. the capsular shield of some lichens. [L., dim. of cista, a box.]

Cistercian, sis-ter′shan, n. one of the order of monks established in 1098 in the forest of Citeaux (Cistercium), in France—an offshoot of the Benedictines.

Cistern, sis′tėrn, n. any receptacle for holding water or other liquid: a reservoir: in a steam-engine, the vessel surrounding the condenser. [L. cisterna, from cista, a chest.]

Cistus, sis′tus, n. Rock-rose, a genus of exogenous shrubby plants, cultivated for the beauty of their flowers:—pl. Cis′tuses (-ēz) and Cis′ti (′tī). [Low L., from Gr. kistos, the rock-rose.]

Cit, sit, n. shortened from citizen, and used as a term of contempt:—fem. Cit′ess (Dryden). [See Citizen.]

Citadel, sit′a-del, n. a fortress in or near a city: the place where the guns are kept in an ironclad man-of-war. [It. cittadella, dim. of città, a city. See City.]

Cite, sīt, v.t. to call or summon: to summon to answer in court: to quote: to name: to adduce as proof.—adj. Cit′able, that can be cited.—ns. Cit′al, summons to appear: (Shak.) accusation, reproof; Citā′tion, an official summons to appear: the document containing the summons: the act of quoting: the passage or name quoted; Citā′tor, one who cites.—adj. Cit′ātory, having to do with citation, addicted to citation. [L. citāre, -ātum, to call, inten. of ciēre, cīre, to make to go.]

Cithara, sith′a-ra, n. an ancient musical instrument closely resembling the guitar.—n. Cith′arist, a player on it.—adj. Citharist′ic.—ns. Cith′er, Cith′ern, Cit′tern, a metal-stringed musical instrument, played with a plectrum. [L.,—Gr. kithara. A doublet of Guitar.]

Citigrade, sit′i-grād, adj. moving quickly: applied to a tribe of spiders of remarkably quick motions. [L. citus, quick, gradus, a step.]

Citizen, sit′i-zen, n. an inhabitant of a city: a member of a state: a townsman: a freeman:—fem. Cit′izeness.—adj. (Shak.) like a citizen.—v.t. Cit′izenise, to make a citizen of.—ns. Cit′izenry, the general body of citizens; Cit′izenship, the rights of a citizen. [M. E. citesein—O. Fr. citeain. See City.]

Citole, sit′ōl, n. a small dulcimer used in medieval times. [O. Fr.,—L. cithara.]

Citron, sit′run, n. the fruit of the citron-tree, resembling a lemon.—n. Cit′rate, a salt of citric acid.—adjs. Cit′reous, citrine; Cit′ric, derived from the citron; Cit′rine, dark and greenish yellow, like a citron or lemon.—n. citrine colour: a rock crystal of this colour.—ns. Cit′ron-wood, Cit′rus-wood, the most costly furniture-wood of the ancient Romans.—Citric acid, the acid to which lemon and lime juice owe their sourness. [Fr.,—L. citrus—Gr. kitron, a citron.]

City, sit′i, n. a large town: a town with a corporation.—n.pl. Cit′y-commis′sioners, officials who attend to the drainage, &c.—n. Cit′y-mis′sion, a mission for evangelising the poor classes in the large cities.—adj. Civ′ic, pertaining to a city or citizen.—City of God, Heavenly city, &c., the ideal of the Church of Christ in glory; City of refuge, by the Jewish law a city where the perpetrator of an accidental murder might flee for refuge.—Eternal city, Rome; Holy city, Jerusalem.—The City, The City of London, that part of London where business is principally carried on. [Fr. cité, a city—L. civitas, the state—civis, a citizen.]

Civet, siv′et, n. a perfume obtained from the civet or Civ′et-cat, a small carnivorous animal of Africa, India, &c. [Fr. civette—Ar. zabad.]

Civil, siv′il, adj. pertaining to the community: having the refinement of city-bred people: polite: commercial, not military: lay, secular, or temporal, not ecclesiastical: pertaining to the individual citizen: (law) relating to private relations amongst citizens, and such suits as arise out of these, as opposed to criminal: (theol.) naturally good, as opposed to good through regeneration.—ns. Civil′ian, a professor or student of civil law (not canon law): one engaged in civil as distinguished from military and other pursuits; Civ′ilist, one versed in civil law; Civil′ity, good-breeding: politeness.—adv. Civ′illy.—adj. Civ′il-suit′ed (Milton), sombrely clad.—n. Civ′ism, good citizenship, state of being well-affected to the government.—Civil death, the loss of all civil and legal but not natural privileges, as by outlawry: Civil engineer, one who plans rail-ways, docks, &c., as opposed to a military engineer, or to a mechanical engineer, who makes machines, &c.; Civil law, as opposed to criminal law: the law laid down by a state regarding the rights of the inhabitants; Civil list, now the expenses of the sovereign's household only; Civil list pensions, those granted by royal favour; Civil service, the paid service of the state, in so far as it is not military or naval; Civil war, a war between citizens of the same state. [L. civīlis—civis.]

Civilise, siv′il-īz, v.t. to reclaim from barbarism: to instruct in arts and refinements.—adj. Civ′ilisable.—n. Civilisā′tion, state of being civilised—p.adj. Civ′ilised.—n. Civ′iliser.

Clachan, kla′han, n. (Scot.) a small village. [Gael. clachan—clach, stone.]

Clack, klak, v.i. to make a sudden sharp noise as by striking: to chatter: to cackle.—n. a sharp, sudden sound; sound of voices: an instrument making this kind of noise: (coll.) the tongue.—ns. Clack′-box, the box containing the clack-valve of an engine; Clack′-dish (Shak.), a wooden dish carried by beggars, having a movable cover which they clacked to attract attention; Clack′er; Clack′-valve, a valve used in pumps, having a flap or a hinge which lifts up to let the fluid pass, but prevents the fluid from returning by falling back over the aperture. [From the sound.]

Clag, klag, v.i. (prov.) to stick.—adj. Clag′gy, sticky. [Prob. Scand.; Dan. klag, mud.]

Claim, klām, v.t. to call for: to demand as a right.—n. a demand for something supposed due: right or ground for demanding: the thing claimed.—adj. Claim′able, that can be claimed.—n. Claim′ant, one who makes a claim.—Lay claim to, to assert a right. [O. Fr. claimer—L. clamāre, to call out.]

Clairaudience, klār-awd′i-ens, n. the alleged power of hearing things not present to the senses.—n. Clairaud′ient. [Fr. clair—L. clarus, clear, and Audience.]

Clair-obscure, Clare-obscure, klār-ob-skūr′. Same as Chiaroscuro (q.v.). [Fr. clair—L. clarus, clear, and Fr. obscur—L. obscurus, obscure.]

Clairvoyance, klār-voi′ans, n. the alleged power of seeing things not present to the senses.—n. Clairvoy′ant, one who is said to have this power. [Fr., clair—L. clarus, clear, and Fr. voir—L. vidēre, to see.]

Clam, klam, n. a species of bivalve shellfish: an instrument for holding. [A.S. clam, fetter; cf. Ger. klamm; Dan. klamme.]

Clam, klam, v.t. to clog: to smear; pr.p. clam′ming; pa.p. clammed.—n. dampness.—adv. Clam′mily.—n. Clam′miness.—adj. Clam′my, sticky: moist and adhesive. [A.S. clæman, to anoint; cf. Dut., Dan. klam, damp.]

Clam, klam, n. noise produced in ringing a chime of bells at once.—v.t. or v.i. to produce a clam. [Prob. onomatopœic.]

Clamant, klam′ant, adj. calling aloud or earnestly.—n. Clam′ancy, urgency. [L. clamāre, to cry out.]

Clamber, klam′bėr, v.i. to climb with difficulty, grasping with the hands and feet.—n. the act of clambering. [From root of Clump; cf. Ger. klammern—klemmen, to squeeze or hold tightly.]

Clamjamphrie, klam-jam′fri, n. (Scot.) rubbish: nonsense: rabble. [Der. uncertain.]

Clamour, klam′or, n. a loud continuous outcry: uproar; any loud noise.—v.i. to cry aloud in demand: to make a loud continuous outcry.—adj. Clam′orous, noisy, boisterous.—adv. Clam′orously.—ns. Clam′-orousness; Clam′ourer. [L. clamor.]

Clamp, klamp, n. a piece of timber, iron, &c., used to fasten things together or to strengthen any framework: any instrument for holding.—v.t. to bind with clamps. [From a root seen in A.S. clam, fetter; Dut. klamp, a clamp, and akin to Eng. Clip, Climb.]

Clamp, klamp, n. a heavy tread.—v.i. to tread heavily. [Prob. from the sound.]

Clamper, klam′pėr, v.t. to botch up. [Der. unknown; prob. conn. with Clamp, a piece of timber, &c.]

Clan, klan, n. a tribe or collection of families subject to a single chieftain, bearing the same surname, and supposed to have a common ancestor: a clique, sect: a collective name for a number of persons or things.—adj. Clan′nish, closely united, like the members of a clan.—adv. Clan′nishly.—ns. Clan′nishness; Clan′ship, association of families under a chieftain: feeling of loyalty to a clan; Clans′man, a member of a clan. [Gael. clann, offspring, tribe—L. planta, a shoot.]

Clandestine, klan-des′tin, adj. concealed or hidden: private: sly.—adv. Clandes′tinely. [L. clandestinus—clam, secretly.]

Clang, klang, v.i. to produce a sharp, ringing sound.—v.t. to cause to clang.—n. a sharp, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances struck together: (fig.) sound, the cry of some birds.—n. Clang′ing, the sound corresponding to the verb.—adj. Clang′orous.—adv. Clang′orously.—n. Clang′our, a clang: a sharp, shrill, harsh sound.—v.i. to make a clangour. [L. clangĕre; Ger. klang; formed from the sound.]

Clank, klangk, n. a sharp sound, less prolonged than a clang, such as is made by a chain.—v.t. or v.i. to make or cause a clank.—n. Clank′ing, the action of the verb clank.—adj. Clank′less, without clank. [Prob. formed under the influence of Clink and Clang.]

Clap, klap, n. the noise made by the sudden striking together of two things, as the hands: a burst of sound: a slap.—v.t. to strike together so as to make a noise: to thrust or drive together suddenly: to fasten promptly: to pat with the hand in a friendly manner: to applaud with the hands: to bang: to imprison—e.g. 'to clap one in prison.'—v.i. to strike the hands together: to strike together with noise: to applaud:—pr.p. clap′ping; pa.p. clapped.—ns. Clap′-board, a thin board used in covering wooden houses; Clap′-bread, a kind of hard-baked oatmeal cake; Clap′-dish (same as Clack-dish); Clap′-net, a kind of net which is made to clap together suddenly by pulling a string; Clap′per, one who claps: that which claps, as the tongue of a bell: a glib tongue.—v.t. Clap′per-claw, to claw or scratch: (Shak.) to scold.—ns. Clap′ping, noise of striking: applause; Clap′-sill, the bottom part of the frame on which lock-gates shut—called also Lock-sill; Clap′trap (Shak.), a trick to gain applause: flashy display: empty words; Claptrap′pery.—adj. Claptrap′pish.—Clap eyes on, to see; Clap hands (Shak.), to make an agreement; Clap hold of, to seize roughly; Clap up (Shak.), to conclude suddenly. [Ice. klappa, to pat; Dut. and Ger. klappen.]

Claque, klak, n. an institution for securing the success of a public performance, by bestowing upon it preconcerted applause.—n. Claq′ueur, a member of the claque. [Fr. claquer, to clap.]

Clarence, klar′ens, n. a four-wheeled carriage, seated inside for two or more persons. [Named after William IV. when Duke of Clarence.]

Clarenceux, Clarencieux, klar′en-sū, n. (her.) the second king-of-arms in England, so named from the Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III.

Claret, klar′et, n. originally applied to wines of a light-red colour, but now used in England for the dark-red wines of Bordeaux: (slang) blood.—v.i. to drink claret.—ns. Clar′et-cup, a drink made up of iced claret, brandy, sugar, &c.; Clar′et-jug, a fancy jug for holding claret. [Fr. clairet—clair—L. clarus, clear.]

Clarify, klar′i-fī, v.t. to make clear or pure.—v.i. to become clear:—pr.p. clar′ifying; pa.p. clar′ified.—ns. Clarificā′tion; Clar′ifier, that which clarifies or purifies. [L. clarus, clear, and facĕre, to make.]

Clarion, klar′i-on, n. a kind of trumpet whose note is clear and shrill: the sound of a trumpet, or a sound resembling that of a trumpet.—ns. Clar′inet, Clar′ionet, a wind-instrument, usually of wood, in which the sound is produced by a single thin reed.—The Bass Clarinet is pitched an octave lower than the ordinary clarinet. [Fr. clairon—clair—L. clarus, clear.]

Clary, klār′i, n. a biennial with clammy stem, large, heart-shaped, rough, doubly crenate leaves, and whorls of pale-blue flowers in loose terminal spikes, with large coloured bracts. [Low L. sclarea. Origin unknown.]

Clash, klash, n. a loud noise, such as is caused by the striking together of weapons: opposition: contradiction: (Scot.) chatter, country talk.—v.i. to dash noisily together: to meet in opposition: to act in a contrary direction: to disagree: (Scot.) to gossip.—v.t. to strike noisily against.—n. Clash′ing, a striking against: opposition. [Formed from the sound, like Ger. and Sw. klatsch.]

Clasp, klasp, n. a hook for fastening: an embrace.—v.t. to fasten with a clasp: to enclose and hold in the hand or arms: to embrace.—ns. Clasp′er, that which clasps: the tendril of a plant; Clasp′ing; Clasp′-knife, a knife the blade of which folds into the handle. [M. E. clapse, from the root of A.S. clyppan, to embrace. See Clip.]

Class, klas, n. a rank or order of persons or things: high rank or social standing: a number of students or scholars who are taught together: a scientific division or arrangement: the position in order of merit of students after examination.—v.t. to form into a class or classes: to arrange methodically.—v.i. to take rank.—adjs. Class′able, Class′ible, capable of being classed.—ns. Class′-fell′ow, Class′-mate, a pupil in the same class at school or college; Class′ic, any great writer or work: a student of the ancient classics: a standard work: (pl.) Greek, Roman, and modern writers of the first rank, or their works.—adjs. Class′ic, -al, of the highest class or rank, esp. in literature: originally and chiefly used of the best Greek and Roman writers: (as opposed to Romantic) like in style to the authors of Greece and Rome: chaste, refined, in keeping with classical art: famous for literary or historical reasons.—ns. Classical′ity, Class′icalness, the quality of being classical.—adv. Class′ically.—ns. Class′icism, a classical idiom; Class′icist, one versed in the classics, or devoted to their being retained in education; Class′-lead′er, the leader of a class in a Methodist church; Class′man, one who has gained honours of a certain class at the Oxford examinations—opp. to Passman.—Classic races, the five chief annual horse-races—the Two Thousand, One Thousand, Derby, Oaks, and St Leger.—Take a class, to take honours in an examination, as opposed to the mere 'pass.' [Fr. classe—L. classis, cog. with L. calāre, Gr. kalein.]

Classify, klas′i-fī, v.t. to make or form into classes: to arrange:—pr.p. class′ifying; pa.p. class′ified.—adjs. Classifī′able, capable of being classified; Classif′ic, denoting classes.—n. Classificā′tion, act of forming into classes: distribution into classes.—adj. Class′ificātory.—n. Class′ifīer. [L. classis, and facĕre, to make.]

Clastic, klas′tik, adj. breaking into fragments, fragmental. [Gr. klastos—klan, to break.]

Clatch, klach, v.t. (Scot.) to finish carelessly, to botch.—n. a piece of work spoiled or botched.

Clathrate, klath′rāt, adj. latticed—also Clath′roid.—adjs. Clath′rose, crossed by deep rectangular furrows; Clath′rulate, finely clathrate. [L. clath-rāre, -ātum, to furnish with a lattice—Gr. klēthra, a lattice.]

Clatter, klat′ėr, n. a repeated rattling noise: a repetition of abrupt, sharp sounds: noisy talk: (Burns) gossip.—v.i. to make rattling sounds: to rattle with the tongue: to talk fast and idly.—v.t. to strike so as to produce a rattling.—adv. Clatt′eringly. [Acc. to Skeat, clatter = clacker, a freq. of Clack.]

Claude Lorraine glass, n. a convex mirror, usually coloured, employed for viewing landscape. [Named after the painter Claude Lorraine (1600-82).]

Claudian, klaw′di-an, adj. pertaining to the Roman emperors of the Claudian gens (Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero), or their period (14-68 A.D.).

Claudication, klaw-di-kā′shun, n. a halting, a limp. [L.,—claudus, lame.]

Claught, kläht, v.t. (Scot.) to snatch.—n. a hold, catch. [Cf. Cleek.]

Clause, klawz, n. a sentence or part of a sentence: an article or part of a contract, will, &c.—adj. Claus′ular, pertaining to, or consisting of, a clause or clauses. [Fr. clause—L. clausus—claudĕre, to shut.]

Claustral, klaws′tral, adj. cloistral, secluded, pertaining to a claustrum.—ns. Claustrā′tion, the act of shutting in a cloister; Claustrophō′bia, a morbid dread of confined places.—adj. Claustrophob′ic.

Claustrum, klaws′trum, n. a thin layer of gray matter in the substance of the hemispheres of the brain:—pl. Claus′tra. [L.]

Claut, klat, n. a kind of rake: (Scot.) what is raked, a rakeful.—v.t. to scratch, claw.—n.pl. Clats, slops.—adj. Clat′ty, dirty. [Perh. conn. with Claw.]

Clavate, -d, klā′vāt, -ed, adj. (bot.) club-shaped: gradually thickening to the top.—n. Clavā′tion, articulation in a socket.—adjs. Clav′ellate, having club-shaped processes; Clav′iform, in the form of a club.—n. Clav′iger, a club-bearer.—adj. Clavig′erous, club-bearing. [From L. clava, a club.]

Clavecin, klav′e-sin, n. a harpsichord.—n. Clav′ecinist (Browning), a player on the clavecin. [Fr. clavecin—L. clavis, a key.]

Claver, klā′vėr, n. idle talk, gossip.—v.i. to talk idly. [Scotch; der. uncertain; cf. Gael. clabaire.]

Clavichord, klav′i-kord, n. an obsolete musical instrument, of the same form as the Harpsichord and Spinet.—n. Clav′iharp, a harp struck with keys like a piano. [L. clavis, a key, chorda, a string.]

Clavicle, klav′i-kl, n. an important part of the pectoral girdle of vertebrates, best known in the collar-bone of man and in the merry-thought of birds—also Clavic′ula.—adj. Clavic′ular. [Fr. clavicule—L. clavicula, dim. of clavis, a key.]

Clavicorn, klav′i-korn, adj. having clavate antennæ.—n. a member of the Clavicornia, a group of Coleoptera or beetles. [L. clava, a club, cornu, a horn.]

Clavier, kla-vēr′, n. the keyboard of a musical instrument: a stringed instrument, esp. the pianoforte. [Fr.,—L. clavis, a key.]

Clavis, klă′vis, n. a key, hence a clue or aid for solving problems, interpreting a cipher, &c.:—pl. Clā′ves.—n. Clav′iger, one who keeps a key, a custodian.—adj. Clavig′erous, keeping keys. [L., a key.]

Claw, klaw, n. the hooked nail of a beast or bird: the whole foot of an animal with hooked nails: anything like a claw: an instrument shaped like a claw.—v.t. to scratch or tear as with the claws or nails: to scrape; to seize: (fig.) to flatter, fawn on.—n. Claw′back, a toady, flatterer.—adj. Clawed, having claws.—ns. Claw-hamm′er, a hammer with one part of the head divided into two claws, with which to extract nails; Claw′-hamm′er-coat, a facetious name for a dress-coat.—adj. Claw′less.—Claw me and I'll claw thee, favour me and I shall do you good in return. [A.S. clawu; cog. with Ger. klaue; akin to Cleave, to stick.]

Clay, klā, n. a tenacious ductile earth: earth in general: the human body: short for clay-pipe, a tobacco-pipe made of baked clay.—v.t. to purify with clay, as sugar.—adjs. Clay′-brained (Shak.), stupid; Clay′-cold, cold as clay, lifeless.—n. Clay′-eat′er, one addicted to chewing a fatty clay—in Brazil and elsewhere.—adjs. Clayed, clay-like; Clay′ey, made of clay: covered with clay.—n. Clay′-ground, ground consisting mainly of clay.—adj. Clay′ish, of the nature of clay.—ns. Clay′-marl, a whitish chalky clay; Clay′-mill, a mill for preparing clay; Clay′-slate, an argillaceous rock, splitting readily into thin sheets; Clay′stone, one of the concretionary nodules in alluvial deposits.—Wet one's clay, to drink. [A.S. clæg; cf. Dan. klæg, Ger. klei.]

Claymore, klā′mōr, n. a large sword formerly used by the Scottish Highlanders, the old Celtic one-handed, two-edged longsword, now applied inaccurately to the basket-hilted sword of the officers of Highland regiments. [Gael. claidheamh-mor—Gael. and Ir. claidheamh, sword, mor, great.]

Clean, klē′n, adj. free from dirt, stain, or whatever defiles: pure: guiltless: neat: complete.—adv. quite: entirely: cleverly.—v.t. to make clean, or free from dirt.—ns. Clean′or, that which cleans; Clean′ing, the act of making clean.—adj. Clean′-limbed, having well-proportioned limbs: smart.—n. Clean′liness.—adj. Clean′ly, clean in habits or person: pure: neat.—adv. in a cleanly manner.—n. Clean′ness.—adj. Clean′-tim′bered (Shak.), well-proportioned.—Clean bill of health (see Bill of health).—Have clean hands, to be free from the guilt of wrong-doing.—Make a clean breast of, to own up frankly, to confess fully; Show a clean pair of heels, to escape by running.—The clean thing, the right thing to do. [A.S. clǽne; W., Gael. glan, shine, polish; Ger. klein, small.]

Cleanse, klenz, v.t. to make clean or pure.—adj. Cleans′able.—ns. Cleans′er, one who, or that which, cleanses; Cleans′ing, purification.

Clear, klēr, adj. pure, bright, undimmed: free from obstruction or difficulty: plain, distinct: without blemish, defect, drawback, or diminution: conspicuous: transparent.—adv. in a clear manner: plainly: wholly: quite.—v.t. to make clear: to empty: to free from obscurity, obstruction, or guilt: to free, acquit, or vindicate; to leap, or pass by or over; to make profit: to settle a bill.—v.i. to become clear: to grow free, bright, or transparent.—ns. Clear′age, a piece of land cleared; Clear′ance, act of clearing: removal of hinderances: a certificate that a ship has been cleared at the custom-house—that is, has satisfied all demands and procured permission to sail.—adjs. Clear′-eyed, clear-sighted, discerning; Clear′-head′ed, having a clear understanding, sagacious.—ns. Clear′ing, the act of making clear: a tract of land cleared of wood, &c., for cultivation: a method by which bankers exchange cheques and drafts, and arrange the differences; Clear′ing-house, a place in London where such clearing business is done; Clear′ing-nut, the seed of Strychnos potatorum, used in the East Indies for clearing muddy water.—adv. Clear′ly, in a clear manner: distinctly.—ns. Clear′ness; Clear′-obscure′ (see Chiaroscuro).—adj. Clear′-sight′ed, having clearness of sight: discerning.—ns. Clear′-sight′edness; Clear′-starch′er, a laundress; Clear′-starch′ing, the act of stiffening linen with clear starch; Clear-story (see Clerestory).—Clear out, to be off; Clear the way, to make the way open; Clear up, to become clear. [Fr. clair—L. clarus, clear.]

Cleat, klēt, n. a wedge: a piece of wood nailed across anything to keep it in its place or give it an additional strength: a piece of wood fastened on parts of a ship, and having holes or recesses for fastening ropes.—v.t. to strengthen with a cleat. [From a supposed A.S. cléat; cf. Dut. kloot; Dan. klode; Ger. kloss.]

Cleave, klēv, v.t. to divide, to split: to separate with violence: to go through: to pierce.—v.i. to part asunder: to crack:—pr.p. cleav′ing; pa.t. clōve or cleft; pa.p. clov′en or cleft.—adj. Cleav′able, capable of being cleft.—ns. Cleav′age, a condition of rocks in which they split easily into thin plates; Cleav′er, one who or that which cleaves: a butcher's chopper; Cleav′ers, Cliv′ers, goose-grass—Galium aperine, diuretic and sudorific.—adj. Cleav′ing, splitting. [A.S. cleófan; cog. with Ger. klieben.]

Cleave, klēv, v.i. to stick or adhere: to unite:—pr.p. cleav′ing; pa.t. cleaved or clāve; pa.p. cleaved.—n. Cleav′ing, the act of adhering. [A.S. clifian; cog. with Ger. kleben, Dut. kleven.]

Cleché, klesh′ā, adj. (her.) voided or hollowed throughout, as a cross showing only a narrow bolder. [Fr.]

Cleck, klek, v.t. to hatch.—n. Cleck′ing, a brood. [Scot.,—Ice. klekja; cf. Dan. klække, to hatch.]

Cleddyo, kled′yō, n. an antique leaf-shaped bronze Celtic sword. [W. cleddeu, cleddyf; L. gladius.]

Cleek, klēk, n. a large hook for catching hold of something, used in fishing, &c.: an iron-headed golf-club: a peg.—v.t. to seize, snatch. [M. E. kleken; perh. related to Clutch.]

Clef, klef, n. a musical character placed on the staff by which the absolute pitch of the notes is fixed. [Fr., from L. clavis; Gr. kleis, a key.]

Cleft, kleft, n. an opening made by cleaving or splitting: a crack, fissure, or chink.—Also Clift (B.). [Cf. Ger. kluft, Dan. klyft, a hole.]

Clem, klem, v.i. and v.t. to starve. [Prov. Eng. clam; Ger. klemmen, to pinch.]

Clematis, klem′a-tis, n. a creeping plant, called also Virgin's Bower and Traveller's Joy. [L.,—Gr. klēmatis—klēma, a twig.]

Clement, klem′ent, adj. mild: gentle: kind: merciful.—ns. Clem′ence (Spens.), Clem′ency, the quality of being clement: mildness: readiness to forgive.—adv. Clem′ently. [Fr.,—L. clemens.]

Clepe, klēp, v.t. (arch.) to call: to name.—pa.p. Yclept. [A.S. clipian, to call.]

Clepsydra, klep′si-dra, n. an instrument used by the Greeks and Romans for measuring time by the trickling of water. [L.,—Gr. klepsydra—kleptein, klepsein, to steal, hydōr, water.]

Clerestory, Clear-story, clēr-stō′ri, n. an upper row of windows rising above the adjoining parts of the building, probably so named as admitting clearness or light—esp. applied to the windows in the upper part of the central nave of churches.

Clergy, klėr′ji, n. the ministers of the Christian religion, as holders of an allotted office, in contradistinction to the laity.—adjs. Cler′gyable, Cler′giable, entitled to or admitting of the benefit of clergy.—ns. Cler′gyman, one of the clergy, a regularly ordained minister; Cler′gy-wom′an, a woman belonging to a clergyman's family.—adjs. Cler′ic, -al, belonging to the clergy: pertaining to a clerk.—ns. Cler′ic, a clergyman; Cler′icalism, undue influence of the clergy, sacerdotalism; Cler′icate, clerical position; Cleric′ity, state of being a clergyman; Cler′isy, the class of learned men, scholars.—Clergyman's sore throat, chronic pharyngitis.—Benefit of clergy, originally an exemption of clergymen, in certain cases, from criminal process before a secular judge, but later covering the first offence of all who could read.—Black clergy, in Russia, the regular or monastic, as distinct from the secular or parochial, clergy. [Fr. clergé—L.,—Gr. klērikos, from klēros, a lot, then the clergy.]

Clerk, klärk, or klerk, n. a clergyman or priest: a scholar: one who leads the responses in the English Church service: in common use, one employed as a writer, assistant, copyist, account-keeper, or correspondent in an office.—v.i. to act as clerk.—adj. Cler′ical, pertaining to a clerk or copyist, as in 'clerical error.'—ns. Clerk′dom, Clerk′ship; Clerk′ery, Clerk′age, the work of a clerk.—adjs. Clerk′ish, like a clerk; Clerk′less, ignorant; Clerk′-like, scholarly.—n. Clerk′ling, a young clerk.—adj. Clerk′ly, scholarly.—adv. in a scholar-like or learned manner.—Clerk of the weather, an imaginary functionary facetiously supposed to direct the weather.—Bible clerk, a scholar who reads the lessons in some college chapels. [A.S. clerc, a priest—Late L. clericus. See Clergy.]

Cleromancy, kler′o-man-si, n. divination by lots. [Gr. klēros, lot, manteia, divination.]

Cleuch, Cleugh, klūh, n. a ravine with steep and precipitous sides. [Scotch form of Clough.]

Cleve, klēv, n. cliff: hillside. [Now rare. M. E. cleof, a variant of Cliff.]

Clever, klev′ėr, adj. able or dexterous: ingenious: skilful: (U.S.) good-natured.—ns. Cleveral′ity, Clev′erness.—adj. Clev′erish, somewhat clever.—adv. Clev′erly. [Ety. dub.]

Clew, Clue, klōō, n. a ball of thread, or the thread in it: a thread that guides through a labyrinth: anything that solves a mystery: the corner of a sail.—v.t. to coil up into a clew or ball: to truss or tie up sails to the yards.—n. Clew′-gar′net (naut.), a tackle for clewing up the smaller square sails for furling.—n.pl. Clew′-lines, ropes on the smaller square sails by which they are clewed up for furling. [A.S. cliwen; cf. Dut. kluwen; Ger. knäuel.]

Cliché, klē-shā′, n. the impression made by a die in any soft metal: an electrotype or stereotype plate. [Fr.,—clicher, to stereotype.]

Click, klik, n. a short, sharp clack or sound: anything that makes such a sound, as a small piece of iron falling into a notched wheel: a latch for a gate.—v.i. to make a light, sharp sound.—ns. Click′-clack, a continuous clicking noise; Click′er, the compositor who distributes the copy among a companionship of printers, makes up pages, &c.: one who cuts up leather for the uppers and soles of boots and shoes; Click′ing, the action of the verb. [Dim. of Clack.]

Client, klī′ent, n. one who employs a lawyer: a dependent.—n. Clī′entage, the whole number of one's clients: the client's relation to the patron.—adj. Clīent′al.—ns. Clī′entele, a following: the whole connection of a lawyer, shopkeeper, &c.; Clī′entship. [L. cliens, for cluens, one who hears or listens (to advice), from cluēre, to hear.]

Cliff, klif, n. a high steep rock: the steep side of a mountain.—adjs. Cliffed, Cliff′y, having cliffs: craggy. [A.S. clif; Dut. clif; Ice. klif.]

Clift, klift, n. same as Cliff, the form arising under the influence of Cleft.—adjs. Clift′ed, Clift′y, broken into cliffs.

Climacteric, klim-ak-tėr′ik, or klim-ak′tėr-ik, n. a critical period in human life, in which some great bodily change is supposed to take place: a critical time.—adj. pertaining to such a period: critical.—adj. Climacter′ical.—The grand climacteric, the sixty-third year, supposed to be a critical period for men. [Gr. klimaktēr—klimax, a ladder.]

Climate, klī′māt, n. the condition of a country or place with regard to temperature, moisture, &c.: (fig.) character of something.—v.i. (Shak.) to remain in a certain place.—adjs. Clī′matal, Climat′ic, -al, relating to climate.—v.t. Clī′matise (see Acclimatise).—adj. Climatograph′ical.—n. Climatog′raphy, a description of climates.—adj. Climatolog′ical, relating to climatology.—ns. Climatol′ogist, one skilled in the science of climatology; Climatol′ogy, the science of climates, or an investigation of the causes on which the climate of a place depends; Clī′mature (Shak.), climate. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. klima, klimatos, slope—klinein, to slope.]

Climax, klī′maks, n. (rhet.) the arranging of the particulars of a portion of a discourse so as to rise in strength to the last: the last term of the rhetorical arrangement: a culmination.—v.i. to ascend in a climax: to culminate.—adjs. Climact′ic, -al, pertaining to a climax.—adv. Climact′ically. [Gr. klimax, a ladder—from klinein, to slope.]

Climb, klīm, v.i. or v.t. to ascend or mount by clutching with the hands and feet: to ascend with difficulty: to mount.—adj. Climb′able, capable of being climbed.—ns. Climb′er, one who or that which climbs: (pl.) an old-fashioned popular title for several orders of birds whose feet are mainly adapted for climbing: (bot.) those plants which, having weak stems, seek support from other objects, chiefly from other plants, in order to ascend from the ground; Climb′ing. [A.S. climban; cf. Ger. klimmen; conn. with Clamber and Cleave, to stick.]

Clinanthium, klin-an′thi-um, n. the receptacle in a composite plant. [Gr. klinē, a bed, anthos, a flower.]

Clinch, klinsh, Clench, klensh, v.t. to fasten or rivet a nail by bending the point and beating the bent part flat against the object through which the nail was driven: to grasp tightly: to set firmly, as the teeth: to fasten on: (fig.) to drive home an argument: to settle or confirm.—n. something set firmly: the fastening of a nail by beating it back, as in the verb: a pun.—n. Clinch′er, one that clinches: a decisive argument.—adj. Clinch′er-built (same as Clinker-built).—n. Clinch′er-work, the disposition of the side planks of a vessel, when the lower edge of one row overlaps the row next under it. [Causal form of klink, to strike smartly; Dut. and Ger. klinken, to rivet a bolt.]

Cling, kling, v.i. to adhere or stick close by winding round: to adhere in interest or affection: to remain by an opinion: of wood, to shrink.—v.t. to attach: to shrivel:—pa.t. and pa.p. clung.—n. adherence.—adjs. Cling′stone, having the pulp adhering firmly to the stone (of peaches)—opp. to Freestone; Cling′y, sticky. [A.S. clingan, to shrivel up, to draw together.]

Clinic, -al, klin′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to a bed: (med.) applied to instruction given in hospitals at the bedside of the patient.—n. Clin′ic, one confined to bed by sickness: the teaching of medicine or surgery practically at the bedside of the patient—also Clin′ique.—adv. Clin′ically.—Clinical baptism, baptism administered to persons on their sick-bed; Clinical convert, one converted on his death-bed; Clinical medicine, or surgery, medicine or surgery as taught by clinics, a Clinical lecture being one delivered to students at the bedside of the sick. [Gr. klinikos—klinē, a bed, from klinein, to recline.]

Clink, klingk, n. a ringing sound made by the striking together of sounding bodies: jingle.—v.t. to cause to make a ringing sound.—v.i. to ring or jingle: to go with a clinking sound.—n. Clink′er, the name given to the scales or globules of black oxide of iron, obtained from red-hot iron under the blows of a hammer: the slags of iron furnaces: the cindery-like masses which form the crust of some lava-flows.—adj. Clink′er-built, made of planks which overlap each other below (as distinguished from carvel-built) and are fastened together with clinched nails.—n. Clink′stone, a greenish-gray or brownish compact, or very finely crystalline igneous rock, splitting into slabs, which give a metallic clink when struck by a hammer. [A form of Click and Clank.]

Clinometer, klī-nom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the angle of inclination or dip of a stratum.—adj. Clinomet′ric.—n. Clinom′etry. [Gr. klinein, to incline, metron, a measure.]

Clinquant, klingk′ant, adj. shining like tinsel: glittering.—n. tinsel: glitter. [Fr.,—Dut. klinken, to clink.]

Clio, klī′o, n. the muse of history and epic poetry: (zool.) a genus of shell-less molluscs in the class of Pteropods, swarming in northern and southern seas, and named by the whalers 'whales' food,' one species of which constitutes a principal part of the food of whales. [Gr. kleein, to call.]

Clip, klip, v.t. to cut by making the blades of shears meet: to cut off: to debase the coin by cutting off the edges: to diminish.—v.i. to go quickly:—pr.p. clip′ping; pa.p. clipped.—n. the thing clipped off, as the wool that has been shorn off sheep: a smart blow.—adj. Clipped, cut short.—ns. Clip′per, one that clips: a sharp-built, fast-sailing vessel: (slang) a dashing person; Clip′ping, the act of cutting, esp. debasing coin by cutting off the edges: the thing clipped off.—adj. superb: fast-going.—Clip the wings, to cut a bird's wings to prevent it from flying: (fig.) to restrain ambition: to deprive of the means of rising. [Prob. from Ice. klippa, to cut; Dan. klippe.]

Clip, klip, v.t. (Shak.) to embrace: to encircle: to hold firmly.—n. an instrument for holding things firm. [A.S. clyppan, to embrace; Ice. klýpa, to pinch; Ger. kluppe, pincers.]

Clique, klēk, n. a group of persons in union for a purpose: a party or faction: a gang—used generally in a bad sense.—adj. Cliqu′ish, relating to a clique.—ns. Cliqu′ishness; Cliqu′ism, tendency to form cliques. [Fr.; prob. from root of click, and so = a noisy conclave. Acc. to Littré, orig. in sense of Claque.]

Clish-clash, klish′-klash, Clishmaclaver, klish′maklāv′ėr, n. gossip. [Scot.]

Clistogamy, klis-tog′a-mi, n. a peculiar dimorphism in the flowers of a plant when these do not expand and are systematically close or self-fertilised.—adjs. Clistog′amous, Clistogam′ic. [Gr. kleistos, closed, gamos, marriage.]

Clitellum, kli-tel′um, n. the saddle of an annelid, as the earthworm:—pl. Clitell′a. [L.]

Clithral, klith′ral, adj. with a roof that forms a complete covering. [Gr.]

Clitoris, klī′tō-ris, n. a homologue of the penis present, as a rudimentary organ, in the female of many higher vertebrates.—ns. Clī′torism; Clitorī′tis. [Gr.]

Clitter, klit′ėr, v.t. and v.i. to make, or cause to make, a shrill rattling noise.—n. Clitt′er-clatt′er, idle talk, chatter. [Related to Clatter.]

Cloaca, klō-ā′ka, n. a sewer: a privy: a cavity in birds and reptiles, in which the intestinal and urinary ducts terminate: a sink of moral filth:—pl. Cloacæ (klō-ā′sē).—adjs. Cloā′cal, Cloā′cinal. [L. cloāca—cluĕre, to purge.]

Cloak, Cloke, klōk, n. a loose outer garment: a covering: that which conceals: a disguise, pretext.—v.t. to clothe with a cloak: to cover: to conceal.—ns. Cloak′-bag (obs.), a portmanteau; Cloak′-room, a room set apart for keeping cloaks, coats, hats, &c., at a theatre, railway station, &c. [O. Fr. cloke, cloque—Low L. cloca, a bell, also a horseman's cape, because bell-shaped, from root of Clock.]

Cloam, klōm, n. and adj. earthenware, clay, or made of such. [A.S. clám, mud. See Clay.]

Clobber, klob′ėr, n. a paste used by shoemakers to hide the cracks in leather. [Ety. dub.]

Clock, klok, n. a machine for measuring time, marking the time by the position of its 'hands' upon the dial-plate, or by the striking of a hammer on a bell: (Shak.) the striking of the hour.—n. Clock′work, the works or machinery of a clock: machinery steady and regular like that of a clock.—adj. automatic.—Go like clockwork, to go along smoothly and without a hitch.—Know what o'clock it is, to be wide awake, to know how things are. [M. E. clokke, prob. through O. Fr. from Low L. cloca, clocca, a bell; mod. Fr. cloche, Dut. klok; Ger. glocke, a bell.]

Clock, klok, n. an ornament worked on the side of a stocking.—adj. Clocked, ornamented with clocks.

Clock, klok, v.i. (Scot.) to cluck: to hatch.—n. Clock′er, a clocking hen. [A.S. cloccian; Dut. klokken.]

Clod, klod, n. a thick round mass or lump, that sticks together, esp. of earth or turf: a concreted mass: the ground: the body of man, as formed of clay: a stupid fellow.—v.t. to pelt.—v.i. to throw clods: (Scot.) to throw:—pr.p. clod′ding; pa.p. clod′ded.—adjs. Clod′dish; Clod′dy, abounding in clods: earthy.—n. Clod′hopper, a countryman: a peasant: a dolt.—adj. Clodhop′ping, boorish.—adv. Clod′ly.—ns. Clod′pate, Clod′poll, a stupid fellow.—adj. Clodpat′ed, stupid. [A later form of Clot.]

Cloff, klof, n. an allowance, on buying goods wholesale, of 2 lb. in every 3 cwt., after tare and tret have been deducted. [Der. unknown.]

Clog, klog, n. a piece of wood: anything hindering motion: an obstruction: an impediment: a shoe with a wooden sole.—v.t. to fasten a piece of wood to: to accumulate in a mass and cause a stoppage: to obstruct: to encumber: to put clogs on.—ns. Clog′-al′manac, an early form of almanac having the indicating characters notched on wood, horn, &c.; Clog′-dance, a dance performed with clogs, the clatter keeping time to the music.—adj. Clogged, encumbered.—ns. Clog′ger, one who makes clogs; Clog′giness.—adj. Clog′gy, lumpy, sticky. [Ety. dub.; prob. related to Clay; cf. Scot. clag, to cover with mud; claggy, muddy, sticky.]

Cloison, kloi′son, n. a partition, dividing fillet or band.—n. Cloi′sonnage, the process of executing cloisonné work.—adj. Cloisonné, partitioned—of a surface decoration in enamel, the outlines of the design formed by small fillets of metal, the interstices filled with coloured enamel paste, vitrified.—n. work of this kind. [Fr.]

Cloister, klois′tėr, n. a covered arcade forming part of a monastic or collegiate establishment: a place of religious retirement, a monastery or nunnery: an enclosed place.—v.t. to confine in a cloister: to confine within walls.—adjs. Clois′teral, Clois′tral, Claus′tral, pertaining or confined to a cloister: secluded; Clois′tered, dwelling in cloisters.—ns. Clois′terer, one belonging to a cloister; Clois′ter-garth, the court or yard enclosed by a cloister; Clois′tress (Shak.), a nun.—The cloister, the monastic life. [O. Fr. cloistre (A.S. clauster)—L. claustrum—claudĕre, clausum, to shut.]

Clonic, klon′ik, adj. pertaining to clonus, with alternate convulsive contractions and relaxations of the muscles (of spasms)—opp. to Tonic.—n. Clō′nus, a clonic spasm. [Gr.]

Cloop, kloop, n. the sound made when the cork is drawn from a bottle. [From the sound.]

Cloot, kloot, n. a cloven hoof: (pl.) the devil.—n. Cloot′ie, the devil, because of his cloven hoof. [Scot.; ety. dub.]

Close, klōs, adj. shut up: with no opening: confined, unventilated: stifling: narrow: stingy: near, in time or place: intimate: compact, as opposed to discursive: crowded: hidden: reserved: private: secret.—adv. in a close manner: tightly; nearly: densely.—n. an enclosed place: a small enclosed field: a narrow passage of a street: the precinct of a cathedral.—adjs. Close′-band′ed, closely united; Close′-barred, firmly closed; Close′-bod′ied, fitting close to the body.—n. Close′-corporā′tion, a corporation which fills up its own vacancies, without outside interference.—adjs. Close′-fist′ed, Close′-hand′ed, penurious, covetous; Close′-grained, with the fibres, &c., close together, compact; Close′-hauled, noting the trim of a ship when sailing as near as possible to the wind.—adv. Close′ly.—ns. Close′ness; Close′-stool, a chamber utensil enclosed in a box or stool; Close′-sea′son, Close′-time, a time of the year when it is against the law to kill certain animals, esp. game.—adj. Close′-tongued (Shak.), cautious in speaking. [Fr. clos, shut—L. claudĕre, clausum, to shut.]

Close, klōz, v.t. to make close: to draw together and unite: to finish.—v.i. to come together: to grapple: to come to an end (with).—n. the manner or time of closing: a pause or stop: the end: junction: (Shak.) encounter.—ns. Clos′er, one who concludes; Clos′ing, enclosing: ending: agreement; Clos′ure, the act of closing: the end: the stopping of a debate in the House of Commons by the vote of the House.—Close a bargain, to make an agreement; Close with, to accede to: to grapple with.—With closed doors, in private, the public being excluded, as in special cases in court, &c.

Closet, kloz′et, n. a small private room: a recess off a room: a privy: the private chamber of a sovereign, an apartment for private audience or council, or for private or domestic devotions.—v.t. to shut up in or take into a closet: to conceal:—pr.p. clos′eting; pa.p. clos′eted.—n. Bed′-clos′et, a small recess for a bed. [O. Fr. closet, dim. of clos. See Close.]

Clot, klot, n. a mass of soft or fluid matter concreted, as blood.—v.i. to form into clots: to coagulate:—pr.p. clot′ting; pa.p. clot′ted.—n. Clot′poll (Shak.), a clodpoll, a blockhead.—v.t. Clot′ter, to coagulate.—ns. Clot′tiness; Clot′ting, coagulation.—adj. Clot′ty.—Clotted (also Clouted) cream, a famous Devonshire dainty, skimmed off milk that has been 'scalded' or heated after standing 24 hours, with a little sugar thrown on the top. [A.S. clott, a clod of earth; cf. Dut. klos, block; Dan. klods; Ger. klotz.]

Cloth, kloth, n. woven material from which garments or coverings are made: clothing: the usual dress of a trade or profession, esp. the clerical:—pl. Cloths.—v.t. Clothe (klōth), to cover with a garment: to provide with clothes: (fig.) to invest as with a garment: to cover:—pr.p. clōth′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. clōthed or clad.—n.pl. Clothes (klōthz, coll. klōz), garments or articles of dress: blankets for a bed.—ns. Clothes′-bas′ket, a large basket for holding and carrying clothes; Clothes′-brush, a brush for clothes; Clothes′-horse, Clothes′-screen, a frame for hanging clothes on to dry; Clothes′-line, a rope or wire for hanging clothes on to dry; Clothes′-moth, one of various tineas whose larvæ feed on furs, woollens, &c., spinning cases out of these; Clothes′-pin, a forked piece of wood to secure clothes on a line; Clothes′-press, a place for holding clothes; Cloth′-hall, a cloth-exchange building or market; Cloth′ier, one who makes or sells cloth; Cloth′ing, clothes, garments: covering; Cloth′-yard, formerly the yard by which cloth was measured.—Cloth of gold, a tissue consisting of threads of gold and silk or wool; Cloth of state, a canopy; Cloth-yard shaft, an arrow a cloth-yard long.—Clothe in words, to express ideas in words; Clothe on, or upon, to invest: to cover.—American cloth, a kind of enamelled cloth, used for covering chairs, &c.—The cloth, the clerical profession: the clergy. [A.S. cláth, cloth; Ger. kleid, a garment.]

Cloture, klot′ūr, n. Same as Closure. [Fr. clôture—L. claudĕre, clausum, to shut.]

Cloud, klowd, n. a mass of fog, consisting of minute particles of water, often in a frozen state, floating in the atmosphere: (fig.) anything unsubstantial: a great number or multitude of anything, as the New Test. 'cloud of witnesses:' anything that obscures, as a cloud: a dark spot on a lighter material: a great volume of dust or smoke: anything gloomy, overhanging, or bodeful.—v.t. to overspread with clouds: to darken: to defame: to stain with dark spots or streaks.—v.i. to become clouded or darkened.—ns. Cloud′age; Cloud′-berr′y, a low plant related to the bramble, found on elevated moors in Britain, with an orange-red berry of delightful flavour.—adj. Cloud′-built, made of clouds, unsubstantial.—n. Cloud′-burst, a sudden flood of rain over a small area.—adjs. Cloud′-capt (Shak.), capped with or touching the clouds; Cloud′-compel′ling, driving or collecting the clouds, an epithet of Jupiter; Cloud′ed, hidden by clouds: (fig.) darkened: indistinct: variegated with spots, as a 'clouded cane,' &c.—n. Cloud′ery.—adv. Cloud′ily.—ns. Cloud′iness; Cloud′ing, a cloudy appearance.—adj. growing dim.—adjs. Cloud′-kiss′ing (Shak.), touching the clouds; Cloud′less, unclouded, clear.—adv. Cloud′lessly.—n. Cloud′let, a little cloud.—adjs. Cloud′-topped, covered with or touching the clouds; Cloud′y, darkened with, or consisting of, clouds: obscure: gloomy: stained with dark spots: (coll.) 'shady.'—Wait till the clouds roll by, to wait for more favourable circumstances.—Under a cloud, in trouble or disfavour. [A.S. clúd, a hill, then a cloud, the root idea being a mass or ball. Clod and Clot are from the same root.]

Clour, klōōr, n. a knock: a swelling caused by a knock.—v.t. to knock: to raise a bump. [Scot.; cf. Ice. klór.]

Clout, klowt, n. a piece of cloth used for mending: a rag: a piece of cloth used by archers to shoot at, then the shot itself: a blow: a cuff.—v.t. to mend with a patch: to cover with a cloth: to cuff.—p.adj. Clout′ed (Shak.), heavy and patched, as shoes having nails in the soles: covered with a clout.—adj. Clout′erly, clownish.—ns. Clout′-nail, a large-headed nail used for the soles of boots; Clout′-shoe, a shoe having the sole protected by clout-nails. [A.S. clút; cf. Ice. klútr, a kerchief; Dan. klud, rag.]

Clove, klōv, pa.t. of Cleave.—n. Clove′-hitch (see Hitch.)

Clove, klōv, n. the unexpanded flower-bud of the clove-tree, a native of the Moluccas, used as a spice.—ns. Clove′-gill′yflower, a clove-scented species of pink; Clove′-pink, a variety of pink which has an odour like that of cloves. [Fr. clou, in full clou de girofle, nail of the girofle, so called from the shape of the bud and its stalk—L. clavus, a nail.]

Cloven, clōv′n, p.adj. split: divided.—adjs. Clov′en-foot′ed, Clov′en-hoofed, having the hoof divided, as the ox or sheep.—The cloven hoof, applied to any indication of devilish agency or temptation, from the early representation of the devil with cloven hoofs—prob. from Pan, some of whose characteristics he shares. [Pa.p. of Cleave, to divide.]

Clover, klōv′ėr, n. a genus of plants containing a great number of species, natives chiefly of temperate climates, affording rich pasturage.—adj. Clov′ered, covered with clover.—n. Clov′er-grass, clover.—adj. Clov′ery, abounding in clover.—Live in clover, to live luxuriously or in abundance. [A.S. cláfre; Dut. klaver; Dan. klöver; Ger. klee.]

Clown, klown, n. a rustic or country-fellow: one with the rough manners of a countryman: an ill-bred fellow: a fool or buffoon.—ns. Clown′ery, a clown's performance; Clown′ing, acting the clown.—adj. Clown′ish, of or like a clown: coarse and awkward: rustic.—adv. Clown′ishly.—ns. Clown′ishness; Clown′ship. [Prob. conn. with Clod, and Clot.]

Cloy, kloi, v.t. to fill to loathing: to satiate: (Spens.) to gore:—pr.p. cloy′ing; pa.p. cloyed.—adjs. Cloyed, clagged: cumbered; Cloy′ing, satiating; Cloy′less (Shak.) that cannot cloy.—n. Cloy′ment (Shak.), satiety, surfeit.—adj. Cloy′some, satiating. [Fr. clouer, to drive a nail into, to spike or stop, as a gun, from L. clavus, a nail.]

Cloy, kloi, v.t. (Shak.) to stroke with a claw. [Perh. a corr. of Claw.]

Club, klub, n. a heavy tapering stick, knobby or massy at one end, used to strike with: a cudgel: a bat used in certain games: an instrument for playing golf, variously with wooden heads, iron heads, and wooden heads with brass soles: a bunch; one of the four suits of cards: a combination: a clique, set: an association of persons for the joint study of literature, politics, &c., or for social ends: an association of persons who possess a building as a common resort for the members: a club-house, or the house occupied by a club.—v.t. to beat with a club: to gather into a bunch: to combine: to throw soldiers into confusion.—v.i. to join together for some common end: to combine together: to share in a common expense.—adjs. Club′bable, sociable; Clubbed, like a club.—n. Club′bing, beating: combination: a disease in some plants.—adj. Club′bish, given to clubs.—ns. Club′bism, the club system; Club′bist, Club′-foot, a deformed foot.—adj. Club′-foot′ed.—n. Club′-grass, a species of grass having a club-shaped articulation.—v.t. Club′-haul, (naut.), to tack by dropping the lee anchor and slipping the cable.—adj. Club′head′ed, having a thick head.—ns. Club′-house, a house for the accommodation of a club; Club′-law, government by violence; Club′-man, one who carries a club: a member of a club; Club′-mas′ter, the manager of, or purveyor for, a club; Club′-moss, one of the four genera of Lycopodiaceæ; Club′-room, the room in which a club meets; Club′-rush, a plant of many varieties of the genus Scripus or rush.—n.pl. Clubs (see Clumps). [Ice. and Sw. klubba; same root as Clump.]

Cluck, kluk, n. the call of a hen to her chickens: any similar sound.—v.i. to make the sound of a hen when calling on her chickens.—n. Cluck′ing, the noise made by a hen when calling her chickens.—adj. that clucks. [From the sound, like Dut. klokken, Ger. glucken, Dan. klukke.]

Clumber, klumb′ėr, n. a kind of spaniel. [Clumber, in Notts, a seat of the Duke of Newcastle.]

Clump, klump, n. a thick, short, shapeless piece of anything: a cluster of trees or shrubs: a thick sole put on in addition.—v.i. to walk heavily.—v.t. to put in a clump.—n.pl. Clumps, a parlour game of question and answer—also Clubs.—adj. Clump′y, abounding in clumps: heavy. [Prob. Scand.; Dan. klump, a lump. Cf. Ger. klump, and Club.]

Clumsy, klum′zi, adj. shapeless: ill-made: unwieldy: awkward: ungainly.—adj. Clum′sily.—n. Clum′siness. [M. E. clomsen, to be stiff or benumbed; most prob. Scand.; allied to Clamp.]

Clunch, klunsh, n. the miner's name for tough indurated clay, sometimes found in the coal-measures. [Ety. dub.; prob. related to Clump.]

Clunk, klungk, n. the sound of a liquid coming out of a bottle when the cork has been quickly drawn.—v.i. to make such a sound. [Scot.; from the sound.]

Clupeoid, klōō′pē-oid, n. a kind of herring. [L. clupea, a kind of fish.]

Cluster, klus′tėr, n. a number of things of the same kind growing or joined together: a bunch: a mass: a crowd.—v.i. to grow or gather into clusters.—v.t. to collect into clusters; to cover with clusters.—adjs. Clus′tered, grouped; Clus′tering, Clus′tery.—Clustered column, a pier which consists of several columns or shafts clustered together. [A.S. clyster; Low Ger. kluster; cf. Clot.]

Clutch, kluch, v.t. to close the hand: to carry off: to hold firmly: to seize or grasp.—n. a grasp; seizure.—n.pl. Clutch′es, the hands or paws: cruelty: rapacity. [M. E. cloche, cloke, claw; prob. allied to M. E. clechen—A.S. gelæccan. Cf. Latch.]

Clutch, kluch, n. (prov.) a brood of chickens, a 'sitting' of eggs.—v.t. to hatch.

Clutter, klut′ėr, n. confusion: stir: noise.—v.i. to crowd together: to go about noisily.—v.t. to pack. [A variant of Clatter.]

Cly, klī, v.t. (slang) to seize, steal.—ns. Cly′-fak′er, a pickpocket; Cly′-fak′ing, pocket-picking. [Prob. related to Claw; referred by some to Dut. kleed, a garment, 'to fake a cly' = to take a garment.]

Clypeus, klip′ē-us, n. the shield-like part of an insect's head.—adjs. Clyp′ēal, Clyp′ēate, Clyp′ēiform, in the shape or form of a shield. [L. clipeus, clypeus, a shield.]

Clyster, klis′tėr, n. a liquid injected into the intestines to wash them out.—n. Clys′ter-pipe (Shak.), a pipe or syringe for injecting a clyster. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. klyzein, to wash out.]

Cnida, knī′da, n. one of the thread-cells of the Cœlenterata, whence is their power of stinging:—pl. Cnī′dæ. [Late L.,—Gr. knidē, a nettle.]

Co-, kō, a common prefix, signifying jointness, accompaniment, connection. [L. cum, with.]

Coach, kōch, n. a large, close, four-wheeled carriage: a private tutor: a professional trainer in athletics.—v.t. to carry in a coach: to tutor, instruct, prepare others for, as an examination or a rowing contest, &c.—v.t. to study under a tutor.—ns. Coach′-box, the seat on which the driver of a coach sits; Coach′dog, a spotted dog, kept chiefly as an attendant on coaches, called also Dalmatian Dog; Coach′ee, Coach′y, a coachman; Coach′-fell′ow, a yoke-fellow, comrade; Coach′-hire, money paid for the use of a hired coach; Coach′-horse, a horse used for drawing a coach; Coach′-house, a house to keep a coach in; Coach′ing, travelling by coach: tutoring: instruction; Coach′man, the driver of a coach; Coach′-off′ice, a booking-office for passengers and parcels by stage-coach; Coach′-stand, a place where coaches stand for hire; Coach′-wheel; Coach′-whip.—adj. Coach′y, pertaining to a coach. [Fr. coche—Hung. kocsi (pron. kot′shi), from Kocs, a place south of Komorn.]

Coact, kō-akt′, v.i. (Shak.) to act together.—adj. Coact′ive (Shak.), acting together.—n. Coactiv′ity.

Coact, kō-akt′, v.t. to compel.—n. Coac′tion, compulsion.—adj. Coact′ive, compulsory. [L. cogĕre, coactum, to compel.]

Coadjacent, kō-ad-jās′ent, adj. contiguous.—n. Coadjac′ency. [Co- and Adjacent.]

Coadjutant, kō-ad-jōō′tant, or ko-ad′joo-tant, adj. mutually helping or assisting.—n. one of several who help another.—ns. Coadju′tor, a helper or assistant: an associate:—fem. Coadju′tress, Coadju′trix; Coadju′torship. [L. co, with, adjutor, a helper—ad, to, juv-āre, to help.]

Coadunate, kō-ad′ū-nāt, v.t. to unite: to combine.—n. Coadunā′tion.—adj. Coad′unātive. [Co-, and L. adunāre, -ātum, to unite.]

Co-agency, kō-ā′jen-si, n. agency with another.—n. Co-ā′gent, one acting with another.

Coagulate, kō-ag′ū-lāt, v.t. to make to curdle or congeal.—v.i. to curdle or congeal.—adj. clotted: congealed.—n. Coagulabil′ity.—adj. Coag′ulable.—ns. Coagū′lant, a substance which causes coagulation, as rennet; Coagulā′tion.—adjs. Coag′ulātive; Coag′ulātory.—n. Coag′ulum, what is coagulated. [L. coagulāre, -ātum, co-, together, ag-ĕre, to drive.]

Coaita, kō-ī′ta, n. a small South American monkey—the red-faced Spider Monkey.

Coal, kōl, n. a solid, black, combustible substance used for fuel, dug out of the earth: cinder.—v.i. to take in coal.—v.t. to supply with coal.—n. Coal′-bed, a stratum of coal.—adj. Coal′-black, black as coal, very black.—ns. Coal′-box, a box for holding coal; Coal′-brass, a name applied to the pyrites in the coal-measures; Coal′field, a field or district containing coal strata; Coal′-fish, a fish of the cod family, so named from the black colour of its back; Coal′-gas, the mixture of gases produced by the destructive distillation of coal, chiefly carburetted hydrogen—giving the gaslight in common use; Coal′-heav′er, one employed in carrying coal; Coal′-house, a covered-in place for keeping coal; Coal′man, one who has to do with coals; Coal′-mas′ter, the owner or lessee of a coalfield; Coal′-meas′ure, a measure by which the quantity of coal is ascertained: (pl.) the group of carboniferous strata in which coal is found (geol.); Coal′-mine, Coal′-pit, a pit or mine from which coal is dug; Coal′-own′er, one who owns a colliery; Coal′-plant, a fossil plant of the carboniferous strata; Coal′-scutt′le, a vessel for holding coal; Coal′-tar, or Gas-tar, a thick, black, opaque liquid which condenses in the pipes when coal or petroleum is distilled; Coal′-trim′mer, one who stores or shifts coal on board vessels; Coal′-whip′per, one employed in unloading coal from vessels at anchor to barges which convey it to the wharves.—adj. Coal′y, of or like coal.—Coaling station, a port at which steamships take in coal; Coal-scuttle bonnet, a woman's bonnet, shaped like a coal-scuttle upside down.—Blind or Anthracite coal, that which does not flame when kindled; Bituminous coal, that which does; Brown coal (see Brown); Caking coal, a bituminous coal which cakes or fuses into one mass in the fire; Cannel or Parrot coal (see Cannel); Cherry or Soft coal, coal breaking off easily into small, irregular cubes, having beautiful shining lustre; Splint, Hard, or Block coal, plentiful in Scotland, hard, breaking into cuboidal blocks.—Blow the coals, to excite passion; Carry coals to Newcastle, to take a thing where it is least needed; Haul over the coals, reprimand—from the discipline applied to heretics; Heap coals of fire on the head, to excite remorse by returning good for evil (Rom. xii. 20). [A.S. col; cog. with Ice. kol, Ger. kohle.]

Coalesce, kō-al-es′, v.i. to grow together or unite into one body: to associate.—adj. Coales′cent, uniting.—n. Coales′cence, union. [L. coalescĕre, co-, together, and alescĕre, to grow up.]

Coalition, kō-al-ish′un, n. act of coalescing, or uniting into one body: a union of persons, states, &c., which agree to sink their differences and act in common: alliance.—v.i. Cō′alise, to make an alliance.—n. Coali′tionist, one of a coalition.

Coamings, kōm′ingz, n.pl. (naut.) raised work about the edges of the hatches of a ship to prevent the water from running into the apartments below. [Der. unknown.]

Coarctate, kō-ark′tāt, adj. compressed.—n. Coarctā′tion. [L. coartāre, -ātum, to compress together.]

Coarse, kōrs, adj. rough: rude: uncivil: vulgar: harsh: gross.—adj. Coarse′-grained, coarse in the grain, as wood: (fig.) inelegant, gross.—adv. Coarse′ly.—v.t. Coars′en, to make coarse.—n. Coarse′ness.—adj. Coars′ish, somewhat coarse. [From phrase 'in course,' hence ordinary.]

Coast, kōst, n. side or border of land next the sea: the seashore: limit or border of a country.—v.i. to sail along or near a coast: to travel downhill on a bicycle with the feet on the foot-rests.—v.t. to sail by or near to.—ns. Coast′er, a vessel that sails along the coast; Coast′-guard, a body of men organised to act as a guard along the coast, originally intended to prevent smuggling.—adj. Coast′ing, keeping near the coast: trading between ports in the same country.—n. the act of sailing, or of trading, along the coast: advances towards acquaintance, courtship: riding downhill on a bicycle with the feet up.—ns. Coast′-line, the line or boundary of a coast: shore-line; Coast′-wait′er, a custom-house officer who waits upon and superintends the cargoes of vessels engaged in the coasting trade.—advs. Coastward, -s, toward the coast; Coast′wise, along the coast.—adj. carried on along the coast. [O. Fr. coste (Fr. côte)—L. costa, a rib, side.]

Coat, kōt, n. a kind of outer garment: the hair or wool of a beast: vesture or habit: any covering: a garment worn by women and children, and hanging from the waist downwards: a membrane or layer, such as paint, &c.: a coat of arms.—v.t. to clothe: to cover with a coat or layer.—ns. Coat′-arm′our, coat of arms: armorial devices; Coat′-card, a card bearing the representation of a coated figure, the king, queen, or knave—now, less correctly, called Court-card; Coatee′, a close-fitting coat with short tails; Coat′ing, a covering: cloth for coats.—Coat of arms, the family insignia embroidered on the surcoat worn over the hauberk, or coat of mail: the heraldic bearings of a gentleman; Coat of mail, a piece of armour for the upper part of the body, made of metal scales or rings linked one with another.—Turn one's coat, to change one's principles, or to turn from one party to another. [O. Fr. cote (Fr. cotte)—Low L. cottus, cotta, a tunic; the further ety. is uncertain.]

Coati, kō-ä′ti, or kō′a-ti, n. an American plantigrade carnivorous mammal allied to the raccoons.—Also Coä′ti-mun′di. [Tupi.]

Coax, kōks, v.t. to persuade by fondling or flattery: to humour or soothe: to pet.—ns. Coax, Coax′er, one who coaxes.—adv. Coax′ingly. [M. E. cokes, a simpleton; of obscure origin.]

Co-axial, kō-ak′si-al, adj. having the same axis.—adv. Coax′ially.

Cob, kob, n. a head of maize: a short-legged strong horse for heavy weights: a male swan—also Cob′-swan.—ns. Cob′loaf, a large loaf: (Shak.) an expression of contempt; Cob′nut, a large variety of the hazel-nut: a game played by children with nuts. [Prob. conn. with Cop.]

Cob, kob, n. a kind of composition of clay and straw for building.—n. Cob′-wall, a wall built of this.

Cobalt, kō′bawlt, n. a metal the ores of which are sparingly distributed—in the metallic state found in meteoric stones or aerolites, generally occurring combined with arsenic: a blue pigment, prepared from the foregoing—also Cō′balt-blue.—adj. of this deep-blue colour.—adjs. Cobalt′ic; Cobaltif′erous.—n. Cō′baltite, a sulpharsenide of cobalt. [Ger. kobalt, from kobold, a demon, a nickname given by the German miners, because they supposed it to be a mischievous and hurtful metal.]

Cobble, kob′l, n. a stone worn smooth by water.—n. Cobb′le-stone, a rounded stone used in paving.—v.t. to pave with such. [Ety. dub.]

Cobble, kob′l, v.t. to patch up or mend coarsely, as shoes.—ns. Cobb′ler, one who cobbles or mends shoes: a drink made up of wine, sugar, &c., and sucked through a straw; Cobbler's punch, a warm drink made of beer, with the addition of spirit, sugar, and spice. [Der. unknown.]

Coble, Cobble, kob′l, n. a small flat-bottomed fishing-boat. [Cf. W. ceubal, a hollow trunk, a boat.]

Cobra, Cobra da capello, kō′bra da ka-pel′o, n. a poisonous snake, native of the East Indies, which dilates the back and sides of the neck so as to resemble a hood. [Port., lit. 'snake of the hood.']

Coburg, kō′burg, n. a thin fabric of worsted with cotton or silk, twilled on one side. [Coburg, a town in Germany.]

Cobweb, kob′web, n. the spider's web or net: any snare or device intended to entrap: anything flimsy or easily broken: anything that obscures.—n. Cobweb′bery.—adj. Cob′webby. [Prob. shortened from M. E. atter-cop-web—A.S. átor, poison, and coppa—W. cop, a head, tuft. See also Web.]

Coca, kō′ka, n. a shrub of six or eight feet high, of which the leaves furnish an important narcotic and stimulant.—ns. Cocaine (kō′kä-in), a local anæsthetic made from coca-leaves, and much used in dentistry and surgical operations; Cocainisā′tion.—v.t. Cō′cainise.—n. Cō′cainism, a morbid condition induced by over-use of cocaine. [Sp.,—Peruv.]

Cocciferous, kok-sif′ėr-us, adj. berry-bearing. [L. coccum (—Gr. kokkos), a berry, and ferre, to bear.]

Coccolite, kok′ō-līt, n. a variety of pyroxene: a small rounded body found in deep-sea mud.—Also Cocc′olith. [Gr. kokkos, a berry, lithos, a stone.]

Coccus, kok′us, n. one of the carpels or seed-vessels of a dry fruit: (zool.) a genus of insects in the order Hemiptera, and type of a family including many forms injurious to plants, and a few others useful to man.—n. Cocc′ulus, a tropical genus of climbing plants (Menispermaceæ).—Cocculus Indicus, a drug consisting of the dried fruit of Anamirta cocculus, having narcotic and poisonous properties—yielding picrotoxin. [L.,—Gr. kokkos, a berry.]

Coccyx, kok′siks, n. (anat.) the lower bone of the vertebral column:—pl. Coc′cyges.—adjs. Coccyg′ēal, Coccyg′ian. [Gr. kokkyx, the cuckoo, from its bill.]

Cochin, kō′chin, n. a large-sized variety of the domestic hen, with feathered legs, full breast, small tail.—n. Cō′chin-chin′a, a large-sized hen originally from Cochin-China.—adj. Cō′chin-Chinese′.

Cochineal, koch′i-nēl, n. a scarlet dye-stuff consisting of the dried bodies of certain insects gathered from the cactus plant in Mexico, the West Indies, &c.: the insect itself. [Sp. cochinilla, dim. of L. coccinus—Gr. kokkos, a berry, as the cochineal was formerly supposed to be the berry or seed of the plant.]

Cochlea, kok′le-a, n. a spiral-shaped shell, esp. the snail-shell: (anat.) the spiral cavity of the ear.—adjs. Cochlear′iform; Coch′leary, Coch′leāte, Coch′leāted, twisted. [L.,—Gr. kochlias, a snail.]

Cock, kok, n. the male of birds, particularly of the domestic fowl: the time of cock-crowing: a weathercock: a plucky chap, a term of familiarity, as 'Old cock:' a strutting chief or leader: anything set erect: a tap for liquor: part of the lock of a gun, held back by a spring, which, when released by the trigger, produces the discharge.—v.t. to set erect or upright: to set up, as the hat: to draw back the cock of a gun: to turn up to one side: to tilt up knowingly, inquiringly, or scornfully.—v.i. to strut: to swagger.—ns. Cockāde′, a knot of ribbons or something similar worn on the hat as a badge; Cockalō′rum, a bumptious little person: a boy's game; Cock′-broth, the broth made from a boiled cock; Cock′chafer, the May-bug, an insect of a pitchy-black colour, most destructive to vegetation; Cock′-crow, -ing, early morning, the time at which cocks crow.—adj. Cocked, set erect: turned up at one side.—ns. Cock′er, one who follows cock-fighting: a small dog of the spaniel kind employed by sportsmen in pheasant and woodcock shooting; Cock′erel, a young cock: a young man—also Cock′le, whence Cock′le-brained, foolish; Cock′-eye, a squinting eye: the loop by which a trace is attached to the whipple-tree.—adj. Cock′-eyed.—ns. Cock′-fight, -ing, a fight or contest between game-cocks: a fight; Cock′-horse, a child's rocking-horse.—adj. prancing, proud.—adv. properly a-cock-horse = on cock-horse, on horseback: exultingly.—ns. Cock′laird (Scot.), a yeoman; Cock′loft, the room in a house next the roof; Cock′-match, a cock-fight; Cock′pit, a pit or enclosed space where game-cocks fought: a room in a ship-of-war for the wounded during an action; Cock′roach, the common black beetle; Cocks′comb, the comb or crest on a cock's head: a fop: the name of various plants; Cock′shut (Shak.), twilight, probably referring to the time when poultry are shut up; Cock′-shy, a free throw at a thing, as for amusement.—adj. Cock′-sure, quite sure, often without cause.—n. Cock′swain (see Coxswain).—adjs. Cock′sy, Cox′y, bumptious.—n. Cock′tail, a racing horse that is not thoroughbred: one who apes the gentleman: (U.S.) a drink of spirits flavoured with various ingredients.—adjs. Cock′tailed, having the tail cocked or tilted up; Cock′y, impudent.—ns. Cock′y-leek′y, soup made of a fowl boiled with leeks; Cock′yolly, a nursery or pet name for a bird.—Cock-a-doodle-doo, the cry of the cock; Cock-a-hoop, a phrase expressing reckless exultation; Cock and pie, used as an exclamation (see Pie, 2); Cocked hat, the old-fashioned three-cornered hat, the triangular pointed hat worn as part of some full-dress uniforms: a note folded into a three-cornered shape; Cock of the walk, chief of a set; Cock's-foot grass, a genus of grasses very abundant in Britain, and furnishing an important part of both natural and artificial pastures; Cock the eye (coll., humorous), to wink.—A cock-and-bull story, an incredible tale.—Full-cock, when the cock of a gun is drawn full back: when a tap is full open; Half-cock, the position of the cock of a gun when drawn back half the whole distance.—Knock into a cocked hat, 'to lick out of shape:' to give a profound beating. [A.S. coc; Ice. kokkr.]

Cock, kok, n. a small pile of hay.—adj. Cocked, heaped up in cocks. [Sw. koka, a lump of earth; Dut. kogel; Ger. kugel, a ball.]

Cock-a-bon′dy, kok-a-bon′di, n. a fly for angling. [A corr. of Welsh coch a bon ddu, red, with black stem.]

Cockaigne, Cockayne, kok-ān′, n. an imaginary country of luxury and delight. [Ety. dub.; Fr. cocagne, acc. to some from L. coquĕre, to cook.]

Cockatoo, kok-a-tōō′, n. a popular name for several genera and species of parrots. [Malay, kakatúa, prob. from its cry.]

Cockatrice, kok′a-trīs, n. a fabulous monster like a serpent, often confounded with the Basilisk (q.v.), and regarded as possessing similar deadly powers. [O. Fr. cocatrice.]

Cock-boat, kok′-bōt, n. a small ship's boat: a small frail boat. [See Cog, a small boat.]

Cocker, kok′ėr, v.t. to pamper: to fondle: to indulge. [Ety. dub.; cf. Dut. kokelen, O. Fr. coqueliner, to dandle.]

Cockernony, kok′ėr-non-i, n. (Scot.) the gathering of a young woman's hair, when it is wrapped up in a band or fillet, commonly called a 'snood' (Jamieson).

Cocket, kok′et, n. the custom-house official seal: a document given by the officers of the custom-house to merchants, as a warrant that their goods are duly entered: the office where such goods are entered. [Perh. a corr. of the words quo quietus.]

Cockle, kok′l, n. a troublesome weed among corn, with a purple flower. [A.S. coccel.]

Cockle, kok′l, n. a large and typical genus of bivalve molluscs, having a thick, ribbed, heart-shaped, equal-valved shell.—adj. Cock′led, shelled like a cockle.—ns. Cock′le-hat, a hat bearing a scallop-shell, the badge of a pilgrim; Cock′le-shell, the shell of a cockle: a frail boat.—The cockles of the heart, the heart itself. [Fr. coquille—Gr. kongchylion—kongchē, a cockle.]

Cockle, kok′l, v.i. to pucker into wrinkles or ridges.—v.t. to cause to pucker.

Cockney, kok′ne, n. (Shak.) an affected, effeminate person, knowing the manners of the town, but a stranger to what every child else knows: a townsman as opposed to a countryman: one born in London, but strictly in a particular part of London.—ns. Cock′neydom, the domain of Cockneys; Cockneyficā′tion.—v.t. Cock′neyfy, to make Cockney.—adj. Cock′neyish.—n. Cock′neyism, the dialect or manners of a Cockney.—The Cockney school, a school of writers belonging to London, who flourished in the first half of the nineteenth century. [M. E. coken-ey, prob. lit. 'cock's egg;' cf. Fr. coco, an egg, a darling, a chap. Others would connect with Fr. coquin, a rogue—L. coquus, a cook.]

Coco, Cocoa, kō′kō, n. a palm-tree growing in tropical countries, and producing the coco-nut.—ns. Cō′co-nut, Cō′coa-nut, the well-known fruit of the coco-palm: (slang) a man's head. [Port. and Sp. coco, a bugbear; applied to the nut from the three marks at the end of it, which form a grotesque face.]

Cocoa, kō′kō, n. the seed of the cacao or chocolate tree: a beverage made from the seeds crushed and ground. [A corr. of Cacao.]

Cocoon, ko-kōōn′, n. the silken sheath spun by the larvæ of many insects in passing into the pupa or resting stage.—n. Cocoon′ery, a place for keeping silkworms when feeding and spinning cocoons. [Fr. cocon, from coque, a shell—L. concha, a shell.]

Coction, kok′shun, n. the act of boiling or cooking.—adj. Coc′tile, baked: hardened by fire, as a brick. [L. coquĕre, coctum, to boil, to cook.]

Cod, kod, Codfish, kod′fish, n. a species of fish much used as food, found in the northern seas.—ns. Cod′-fisher; Cod′-fish′ery; Cod′-fish′ing; Cod′ling, a small cod.—Cod-liver oil, a medicinal oil extracted from the fresh liver of the common cod. [Ety. dub.]

Cod, kod, n. a husk or shell containing seeds: the scrotum.—adjs. Cod′ded, enclosed in a cod; Cod′ding (Shak.), wanton.—n. Cod′-piece, a baggy appendage worn in front of the tight hose of the middle ages. [A.S. codd, a small bag.]

Cod, kod, n. (Scot.), a pillow. [Old Dan. kodde, Ice. koddi, a pillow.]

Cod, kod, n. (slang) applied to persons, with various meanings: a joke.—v.t. to impose on. [Ety. dub.; conn. with Codger.]

Coddle, kod′l, v.t. to pamper: to fondle: to parboil.—n. an effeminate person. [Ety. dub.]

Code, kōd, n. a collection or digest of laws: a system of rules and regulations: a system of signs used in the army.—ns. Codificā′tion; Codi′fīer, Cod′ist, one who codifies.—v.t. Cod′ify, to put into the form of a code: to digest: to systematise:—pr.p. cod′ifying; pa.p. cod′ified.—Code telegram, a telegram whose text in itself has no meaning, but where the words are merely arbitrary symbols for other words known to the receiver.—The Code, esp. the rules and regulations regarding government schools and teachers. [Fr. code—L. codex.]

Codex, kō′deks, n. a code: a manuscript volume:—pl. Codices (kod′i-sēz). [L. codex or caudex, the trunk of a tree, a set of tablets, a book.]

Codger, koj′ėr, n. a mean fellow: an old person: a chap. [Prob. a variant of Cadger.]

Codicil, kod′i-sil, n. a short writing or note added as a supplement to a will.—adj. Codicill′ary. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex.]

Codilla, kō-dil′a, n. the coarsest part of hemp or flax, sorted out and separated from the rest. [Dim. of It. coda—L. cauda, a tail.]

Codille, kō-dil, n. a term at ombre when the player gets fewer tricks than one of his opponents. [Fr.]

Codling, kod′ling, Codlin, kod′lin, n. a variety of apple.—n. Cod′lin-moth, the moth whose larvæ cause the 'worm-eaten' apples which fall prematurely off. [Ety. dub.]

Coefficient, kō-ef-fish′ent, n. that which acts together with another thing: (math.) the numerical or literal factor prefixed to an unknown quantity in any algebraic term.—n. Coeffi′ciency.—adv. Coeffi′ciently.

Coehorn, Cohorn, kō′horn, n. a small mortar for throwing grenades. [From Baron van Coehoorn (1641-1704).]

Cœlenterata, sē-len-ter-ā′ta, n. the technical name for the second lowest alliance of many-celled animals—radially symmetrical, without any body-cavity distinct from the alimentary tube.—adj. Cœlen′terāte. [Gr. koilos, hollow, and enteron, intestine.]

Cœliac, sē′li-ak, adj. relating to the belly. [L. cœliacus—Gr. koilia, the belly.]

Coemption, ko-emp′shun, n. the purchasing of the whole of a commodity: in Roman law, a mode of marriage under the fiction of a mutual sale. [Co-, and L. emĕre, to buy.]

Cœnesthesis, sē-nes-thē′sis, n. the general bodily consciousness. [Gr. koinos, common, aisthēsis, perception.]

Cœnobite, Cenobite, sen′o-bīt, n. a monk who lives along with others of a like mind with himself, in contradistinction to anchorites or hermits.—adjs. Cœnobit′ic, -al; Cenobit′ic, -al.—ns. Cœn′obitism, Cen′obitism; Cœnō′bium, a religious community. [Gr. koinobion—koinos, common, and bios, life.]

Coequal, ko-ē′kwal, adj. equal with another person or thing: of the same rank or dignity.—n. one of the same rank.—n. Coequal′ity.—adv. Coē′qually.

Coerce, kō-ėrs′, v.t. to restrain by force: to compel.—adj. Coer′cible.—adv. Coer′cibly.—ns. Coer′cion, restraint: government by force; Coer′cionist.—adj. Coer′cive, having power to coerce: compelling.—adv. Coer′cively.—n. Coer′civeness. [L. coercēre—co-, together, arcēre, to shut in.]

Co-essential, kō-es-sen′shal, adj. partaking of the same essence.—n. Co-essential′ity.

Coetaneous, kō-ē-tān′e-us, adj. of the same age: contemporary. [Co-, and L. ætas, ætatis, age.]

Co-eternal, kō-ē-tėr′nal, adj. equally eternal with another.—adv. Co-eter′nally.—n. Co-eter′nity.

Coeval, kō-ē′val, adj. of the same age.—n. one of the same age: a contemporary. [L. coævus, co-, together, and ævum, age.]

Co-exist, kō-egz-ist′, v.i. to exist at the same time.—n. Co-exist′ence.—adj. Co-exist′ent.

Co-extend, kō-eks-tend′, v.i. to extend equally with.—n. Co-exten′sion.—adj. Co-exten′sive.

Coffee, kof′ē, n. a drink made from the seeds of the coffee-tree, a native of Arabia: the powder made by roasting and grinding the seeds.—ns. Coff′ee-bean, the seed of the coffee-plant; Coff′ee-berr′y, the fruit of the coffee-tree; Coff′ee-bug, the Lecanium coffeæ, destructive to the coffee-plant; Coff′ee-cup, a cup for coffee; Coff′ee-house, a house where coffee and other refreshments are sold; Coff′ee-mill, a small mill or machine for grinding coffee-beans; Coff′ee-pot, a pot or vessel in which coffee is prepared and served; Coff′ee-room, a room in a hotel where coffee and other refreshments are served. [Turk. qahveh—Ar. qahwah, orig. meaning wine.]

Coffer, kof′ėr, n. a chest for holding money or treasure: (pl.) the whole wealth of a person: a deep panel in a ceiling.—v.t. to hoard up.—n. Coff′erdam, a water-tight structure used in engineering for excluding the water from the foundations of bridges, quay walls, &c., so as to allow of their being built dry.—adj. Coff′ered. [O. Fr. cofre, a chest—L. cophinus, a basket—Gr. kophinos.]

Coffin, kof′in, n. the coffer or chest in which a dead body is enclosed.—v.t. to place within a coffin.—n. Coff′in-ship, a ship that is unsound, and likely to prove fatal to those in it.—Drive a nail in one's coffin, to do something tending to hasten death or ruin. [O. Fr. cofin—L. cophinus—Gr. kophinos.]

Cog, kog, v.t. to cheat or deceive: to wheedle: to cog dice is to manipulate them so that they may fall in a given way.—n. the act of cheating: deception.—p.adj. Cog′ging, cheating. [No doubt from the succeeding word.]

Cog, kog, n. a catch or tooth on a wheel.—v.t. to fix teeth in the rim of a wheel: to stop a wheel by putting a block before it:—pr.p. cog′ging; pa.p. cogged.—n. Cog′-wheel, a toothed wheel, whose teeth fit into and move another. [M. E. cogge; ety. dub.; cf. Sw. kugge.]

Cog, kog, n. formerly a large ship of burden or for war: a small boat: a cock-boat. [M. E. cogge, perh. from O. Fr. cogue, a ship. Cf. Dan. kogge, kog; Ice. kuggi.]

Cogent, kō′jent, adj. powerful: convincing.—ns. Cō′gence, Cō′gency, convincing power.—adv. Cō′gently. [L. cogĕre, co-, together, agĕre, to drive.]

Coggie, Cogie, kog′i, n. (Scot.) a small wooden bowl.—Also Cog. [Dim. of Cogue (q.v.).]

Coggle, kog′gl, v.i. to be unsteady.—n. a cobble, a round stone.—adv. Cog′gly (Scot.), shaky. [Cf. Ger. kugel, and Dut. kogel.]

Cogitate, koj′i-tāt, v.i. to turn a thing over in one's mind: to meditate: to ponder.—adj. Cog′itable, capable of being thought.—n. Cogitā′tion, deep thought: meditation.—adj. Cog′itātive, having the power of thinking: given to cogitating. [L. cogitāre, -ātum, to think deeply, co-, together, and agitāre, to put a thing in motion.]

Cognac, kō′nyak, n. an excellent quality of French brandy, so called because much of it is made near the town Cognac, in Charente.

Cognate, kog′nāt, adj. of the same family, kind, or nature: related or allied to.—n. one related by blood, a kinsman: a person related to another through the mother, as distinguished from an agnate, one related through the father.—n. Cognā′tion. [L. cognatus—co-, together, (g)nasci, (g)natus, to be born.]

Cognition, kog-nish′un, n. certain knowledge: apprehension.—adj. Cog′nisable, that may be known or understood: that may be judicially investigated.—adv. Cog′nisably.—ns. Cog′nisance, Cog′nizance, knowledge or notice, judicial or private: observation: jurisdiction: that by which one is known, a badge.—adj. Cog′nisant, having cognisance or knowledge of.—v.t. Cog′nise, to become conscious of.—adj. Cog′nitive, capable of, or pertaining to, cognition.—Have cognisance of, to have knowledge of. [L., from cognoscĕre, cognitum—co-, together, and noscĕre, gnoscĕre, to know.]

Cognomen, kog-nō′men, n. a surname: a nickname: a name: the last of the three names of an individual among the Romans, indicating the house or family to which he belonged.—adj. Cognom′inal, like-named: relating to a cognomen.—v.t. Cognom′inate, to name.—n. Cognominā′tion. [L.,—co-, together, nomen, gnomen, a name—noscĕre, gnoscĕre, to know.]

Cognosce, kog-nos′, v.t. (Scots law) to examine: to give judgment: to declare to be an idiot.—adj. Cognos′cible. [L. cognoscĕre—co-, together, and noscĕre, to know.]

Cognoscente, ko-nyo-shent′e, n. one professing a critical knowledge of works of art, and of a somewhat more pretentious character than amateurs:—pl. Cognoscenti (ko-nyo-shent′ē). [It.,—L. cognoscĕre.]

Cognovit, kog-nō′vit, n. (law) an acknowledgment by the defendant in an action that the plaintiff's cause is just. [L. cognovit actionem, he has confessed the action.]

Cogue, Cog, kōg, n. (Scot.) a round wooden vessel for holding milk. [Ety. dub.]

Cohabit, kō-hab′it, v.i. to dwell together as husband and wife, often of persons not married.—ns. Cohab′itant, one dwelling with others; Cohabitā′tion. [L. cohabitāre—co-, together, habitāre, to dwell.]

Cohere, kō-hēr′, v.i. to stick together: to follow in proper connection: to be consistent.—ns. Coher′ence, a sticking together: a consistent connection between several parts: congruity; Coher′ency.—adj. Coher′ent, sticking together: connected: consistent in thought or speech.—adv. Coher′ently.—n. Coher′er, an apparatus for the reception of the waves in 'wireless' telegraphy.—adj. Cohē′sible, capable of cohesion.—n. Cohē′sion, the act of sticking together: a form of attraction by which particles of bodies stick together: logical connection.—adj. Cohē′sive, having the power of cohering: tending to unite into a mass.—adv. Cohē′sively.—ns. Cohē′siveness, Cohesibil′ity. [L. cohærēre, cohæsum, co-, together, and hærēre, to stick.]

Cohort, kō′hort, n. among the Romans, a body of soldiers from 300 to 600 in number, forming a tenth part of a legion: a band of armed men: any band of men. [Fr.,—L. cohors, an enclosed place, a multitude enclosed, a company of soldiers.]

Cohortative, kō-hor′ta-tiv, adj. encouraging.—n. in Heb. grammar, a lengthened form of the imperfect—also Paragogic future. [See Paragoge.]

Coif, koif, n. a covering for the head, esp. the close-fitting cap of white lawn or silk originally worn by serjeants-at-law: a covering for the head worn by women.—v.t. to provide with a coif: to dress (the hair).—ns. Coiff′eur, a hairdresser; Coiff′ure, a head-dress. [Fr. coiffe—Low L. cofia, a cap, perh. Old High Ger. chuppha, a cap, Ger. kopf.]

Coign, koin, n. a corner or external angle: a corner-stone: a wedge.—Coign of vantage, a position of advantage, either for seeing or acting. [Coin.]

Coil, koil, v.t. to wind in rings as a rope, a serpent, &c.: to twist: to entangle.—v.i. to twist one's self.—n. a rope which has been gathered into rings: one of the rings into which a rope is gathered: a wire wound spirally to conduct electricity.—Coil up, of a serpent, to get into a position for springing: to gather into a ball. [O. Fr. coillir (Fr. cueillir)—L. colligĕre—col, together, legĕre, to gather.]

Coil, koil, n. tumult: hubbub: noise: fuss.—Mortal coil, the toil and trouble of human life. [Der. unknown; prob. Celt.; Gael. and Ir. goill, war.]

Coin, koin, n. (Shak.) a corner-stone: a piece of metal legally stamped and current as money.—v.t. to convert a piece of metal into money: to stamp; to make, invent, fabricate: (fig.) to make into.—ns. Coin′age, the act of coining money: the currency: the pieces of metal coined: the invention, or fabrication, of something new: what is invented; Coin′er, one who coins money: a maker of counterfeit coins: an inventor; Coin′ing, minting: invention.—Coin money, to make money rapidly.—Pay a man in his own coin, to give tit for tat: to give as good as one got. [Fr. coin, a wedge, also the die to stamp money—L. cuneus, a wedge.]

Coincide, kō-in-sīd′, v.i. to fall in with, or agree, in opinion: to correspond: to be identical.—ns. Coin′cidence, act or condition of coinciding: the occurrence of an event at the same time as another event, without any apparent connection; Coin′cidency.—adjs. Coin′cident, Coincident′al.—adv. Coin′cidently. [L. co-, together, incidĕre—in, in, cadĕre, to fall.]

Co-inhere, kō-in-hēr′, v.i. to inhere together.—n. Co-inher′ence.

Co-inheritor, kō-in-her′it-or, n. a joint heir.—n. Co-inher′itance.

Co-instantaneous, kō-in-stan-tān′e-us, adj. exactly simultaneous.—ns. Co-instantanē′ity, Co-instantan′eousness.—adv. Co-instantan′eously.

Coir, koir, n. the strong fibre of the husk of the coco-nut, used for making door-mats. [Malay, kāyar, cord—kāyaru, to be twisted.]

Coition, kō-ish′un, n. sexual intercourse. [L. coitio—co-, together, īre, ītum, to go.]

Coke, kōk, n. a form of fuel obtained by the heating of coal in confined spaces whereby its more volatile constituents are driven off.—v.t. to make into coke. [Ety. dub.; not before 17th century.]

Col, kol, n. (geog.) a depression or pass in a mountain-range. [Fr.,—L. collum, a neck.]

Colander, Cullender, kul′end-ėr, n. a vessel having small holes in the bottom, used as a strainer in cookery.—ns. Colā′tion, Col′ature, straining. [L. colāre, to strain—colum, a strainer.]

Colbertine, kol′ber-tin, n. a kind of lace, so called after Jean Baptiste Colbert (1619-83), Minister of Finance to Louis XIV., a great patron of the arts.

Colcannon, kol-kan′on, n. an Irish dish, being a stew of pounded cabbage and potatoes with butter. [Cole, cabbage; cannon unknown.]

Colchicum, kol′chi-kum, n. a genus of Liliaceæ—the meadow saffron, its corm or seed used for gout and rheumatism. [L.,—Gr. colchicon, meadow saffron—Colchicus, relating to Colchis, the native country of the sorceress Medea.]

Colcothar, kol′kō-thar, n. a dark-red iron peroxide formed by calcining copperas.

Cold, kōld, adj. the opposite of hot: shivering: without passion or zeal: spiritless: unfriendly: indifferent: reserved.—n. a relative want of sensible heat: the feeling or sensation caused by the absence of heat: coldness: a spell of cold weather: a disease caused by cold, a catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs, usually accompanied by hoarseness and coughing: catarrh: chillness.—adj. Cold′-blood′ed, having cold blood, as fishes: without feeling: hard-hearted—of persons or actions.—adv. Cold′-blood′edly.—ns. Cold′-blood′edness; Cold′-Chis′el, a strong and finely-tempered chisel for cutting cold metal, as distinguished from a blacksmith's chisel for cutting hot iron; Cold′-cream, the name applied to a creamy ointment, usually made of almond-oil, spermaceti, white wax, and rose-water, used as a cooling dressing for the skin.—adjs. Cold′-heart′ed, wanting feeling: indifferent; Cold′ish, somewhat cold.—adv. Coldly.—ns. Cold′ness; Cold′-pig (coll.), the application of cold water to wake a person.—adj. Cold′-short, brittle when cold: (fig.) of the temper.—ns. Cold′-wat′er, water at its natural temperature; Cold′-without′, brandy with cold water and no sugar.—Cold as charity, a proverbial phrase expressing ironically great coldness or indifference.—Catch cold, Take cold, to acquire the malady—a cold.—Give the cold shoulder, to show indifference: to give a rebuff.—In cold blood, with deliberate intent, not under the influence of passion.—Leave out in the cold, to neglect, ignore.—Throw cold water on, to discourage. [A.S. ceald; Scot, cauld, Ger. kalt; cog. also with Eng. cool, Ice. kala, to freeze, L. gelidus—gelu, frost.]

Cole, kōl, n. a general name for all sorts of cabbage.—ns. Cole′-garth, a cabbage garden; Cole′-seed, the seed of rape; Cole′-wort, a species of cabbage. [A.S. cáwel; Ger. kohl, Scot. kail; all from L. colis, caulis, a stem, esp. of cabbage; cf. Gr. kaulos.]

Coleoptera, kol-e-op′tėr-a, n.pl. an order of insects having two pairs of wings, the outer pair being hard or horny, serving as wing-cases for the true wings: the beetles.—adjs. Coleop′teral, Coleop′terous.—n. Coleop′terist. [Gr. koleos, a sheath, and pteron (pl. ptera), a wing.]

Coleorhiza, kol-ē-ō-rī′za, n. the root-sheath in endogens. [Gr. koleos, sheath, rhiza, root.]

Colibri, kol′ib-rē, n. a kind of humming-bird. [Sp. and Fr. colibri, said to be the Carib. name.]

Colic, kol′ik, n. a disease attended with severe pain and flatulent distension of the abdomen, without diarrhœa.—adj. Col′icky, suffering or causing colic.—n. Colī′tis (see Colonitis under Colon). [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. kolikos—kolon, the large intestine.]

Coll, kol, v.t. (Spens.) to embrace or fondle by taking round the neck.—n. Coll′ing, embracing. [Fr. col—L. collum, the neck.]

Collaborator, kol-ab′ō-rā-tor, Collaborateur, kol-ab′ō-ra-tār, n. an associate or assistant in labour, particularly literary or scientific.—n. Collaborā′tion. [Coined from L. col, with, and laborāre, -ātum, to labour.]

Collapse, kol-aps′, n. a falling away or breaking down: any sudden or complete breakdown or prostration.—v.i. to fall together, to contract: to fall or break down: to go to ruin: to lose heart.—adj. Collaps′ible, capable of collapsing. [L. collapsus—col, together, and labi, lapsus, to slide or fall.]

Collar, kol′ar, n. something worn round the neck: the part of a garment at the neck: a band round a dog's neck: that part of a horse's harness worn round the neck, to which the traces are attached: a ring: a band.—v.t. to seize by the collar: to put a collar on: to capture.—ns. Coll′ar-beam, a horizontal piece of timber connecting or bracing two opposite rafters, to prevent sagging; Coll′ar-bone, in man and most mammals the only bone directly connecting the upper extremity with the skeleton of the trunk.—p.adj. Coll′ared, having, or ornamented with, a collar: rolled up and bound with a string, as a piece of meat having the bones removed: captured.—ns. Coll′arette, a small collar; Coll′ar-work, hard work against the collar: drudgery. [O. Fr. colier—L. collāre—collum, the neck.]

Collate, kol-āt′, v.t. to bring together for comparison: to examine and compare, as books, and esp. old manuscripts: to place in or confer a benefice upon: to place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding.—adj. Collā′table.—ns. Collā′tion, act of collating: a bringing together for examination and comparison: presentation to a benefice: a repast between meals, from the habit of reading the collationes or lives of the Fathers during meals in monasteries.—adj. Collā′tive, having the power of conferring: of livings where the bishop and patron are one and the same person.—n. Collā′tor, one who collates or compares: one who bestows or presents. [L. conferre, collatum—con, together, ferre, to bring.]

Collateral, kol-at′ėr-al, adj. side by side: running parallel or together; corresponding; descended from the same ancestor, but not directly, as the children of brothers.—n. a collateral relation: a contemporary: a rival.—adv. Collat′erally. [L. col, and latus, lateris, a side.]

Colleague, kol′ēg, n. one associated with others in some employment—not of partners in business.—n. Coll′eagueship. [Fr. collègue—L. collega—col, together, and legĕre, to choose.]

Colleague, kol′ēg, v.i. to join or unite: to conspire:—pr.p. colleaguing (kol-ēg′ing); pa.p. colleagued (kol-ēgd′). [From O. Fr. colliguer, to join in alliance—L. colligāre, to bind together.]

Collect, kol-ekt′, v.t. to assemble or bring together: to infer: to put one's thoughts in order.—v.i. to run together: to accumulate.—ns. Col′lect, a short form of prayer, peculiar to the liturgies of the Western Church, consisting of a single sentence, conveying one main petition; Collectā′nea, a selection of passages from various authors: a miscellany.—adj. Collect′ed, gathered together: having one's senses gathered together: cool: firm—adv. Collect′edly.—ns. Collect′edness, self-possession: coolness; Collec′tion, act of collecting: collecting of money at a religious or public meeting: the money collected: a number of anything: an assemblage: a book of selections: composure: an examination at the end of the terms in certain colleges.—adj. Collect′ive, considered as forming one mass or sum: congregated: common: (Milt.) inferential: (gram.) expressing a number or multitude.—adv. Collect′ively.—ns. Collect′ivism, the economic theory of socialism, that industry should be carried on with a collective capital; Collect′ivist, a socialist—also adj.; Collect′or, one who collects, as tickets, money, &c.; Collect′orate, Collect′orship. [L. colligĕre, collectum, from col, together, and legĕre, to gather.]

College, kol′ej, n. an incorporation, company, or society of persons joined together generally for literary or scientific purposes, and often possessing peculiar or exclusive privileges: a member of the body known as the university: (U.S.) often used as the equivalent of university: a seminary of learning: a literary, political, or religious institution: the edifice appropriated to a college.—n. Coll′eger, inmate of a college: one of the seventy foundationers at Eton College.—adj. Collē′gial, pertaining to a college.—ns. Collē′gian, a member or inhabitant of a college: (slang) inmate of a prison; Collē′gianer, a member of a college, a student.—adj. Collē′giate, pertaining to or resembling a college: containing a college, as a town; instituted like a college: corporate.—n. inmate of a prison, &c.—College of Arms, Heralds' College, a collegiate body incorporated in 1483, presided over by the Earl Marshal, and including Garter, principal King-of-arms, Clarenceux, and Norroy, besides six heralds and four pursuivants: College of Justice, in Scotland, a great forensic society, composed of judges, advocates, writers to the signet, and solicitors.—Collegiate church, Collegial church, a church so called from having a college or chapter, consisting of a dean or provost and canons, attached to it (in Scotland, a church occupied by two or more pastors of equal rank—also Collegiate charge). [Fr. collège—L. collegium, from col, and legĕre, to gather.]

Collet, kol′et, n. a ring or collar: the part of a ring which contains the stone. [Fr.,—L. collum.]

Collide, kol-īd′, v.i. to dash together: to clash.—p.adjs. Collid′ed, Collid′ing.—ns. Colli′sion, state of being struck together: conflict: opposition: clashing; Colli′sion-mat; a mat for covering a hole in a ship's side caused by a collision. [L. collidĕre, collisum—col, together, lædĕre, to strike.]

Collier, kol′yėr, n. one who works in a coal-mine: a ship that carries coal: a sailor in such a ship.—n. Coll′iery, a coal-mine.

Colligate, kol′i-gāt, v.t. to bind together. [L. colligāre, -ātum—col, together, ligāre, to bind.]

Collimation, kol-li-mā′shun, n. the adjustment of the line of sight of a telescope.—v.t. Col′limāte.—n. Collimā′tor, a subsidiary telescope used to detect errors in collimation, when adjusting for transit observations. [L. collimāre for collineāre, to bring into line with—col, together, linea, a line.]

Collieshangie, kol-i-shang′i, n. (Scot.) noisy wrangling or fighting. [Ety. dub.; but perh. from collie, a dog, and shangie, something attached to his tail.]

Colliquate, kol′i-kwāt, v.t. to melt.—adjs. Colliq′uable, Coll′iquant, melting, wasting; Colliq′uative, profuse in flow. [L. com-, together, liquāre, -ātum, to make melt.]

Collocate, kol′ō-kāt, v.t. to place together: to set: to arrange.—n. Collocā′tion, act of collocating: disposition in place: arrangement. [L. collocāre, -ātum, col, together, locāre, to place.]

Collodion, kol-ō′di-on, n. a gluey solution of gun-cotton in alcohol and ether, used in surgery and photography. [Gr. kollōdēs—kolla, glue, eidos, form, appearance.]

Collogue, ko-log′, v.i. to simulate belief: to conspire: to converse confidentially.—v.t. to coax; to flatter. [Prob. from L. colloqui, to speak together.]

Colloid, kol′oid, n. a name given by Graham, in contradistinction to crystalloids, to any soluble substance, which, when exposed to dialysis, does not pass through the porous membrane.—adj. Colloid′al. [Gr. kolla, glue, and eidos, form.]

Collop, kol′op, n. a slice of meat, fried or otherwise: (Shak.) a child.—Collop Monday, the day before Shrove Tuesday, when collops-and-eggs was eaten.—Minced collops (Scot.), minced meat.

Colloquy, kol′o-kwi, n. a speaking together: mutual discourse: conversation.—v.i. (rare) to converse.—n. Colloc′ūtor.—adj. Colloc′ūtory.—v.i. Colloque′, to hold colloquy.—adj. Collō′quial, pertaining to or used in common conversation.—ns. Collō′quialism, a form of expression used in familiar talk; Collō′quialist.—adv. Collō′quially.—v.i. Coll′oquise, to converse.—n. Coll′oquist, a speaker in a colloquy. [L. colloquium, col, together, loqui, to speak.]

Collotype, kol′o-tīp, n. a photographic process much used for book illustrations and advertising purposes. [Gr. kolla, glue, and Type.]

Colluctation, kol-uk-tā′shun, n. strife: opposition. [L. colluctāri—col-, luctāri, to wrestle.]

Collude, kol-ūd′, v.i. to play into each other's hand: to act in concert, esp. in a fraud.—ns. Collud′er; Collū′sion, act of colluding: a secret agreement to deceive: deceit.—adj. Collū′sive, fraudulently concerted: deceitful.—adv. Collū′sively. [L. colludĕre, collusum, from col, and ludĕre, to play.]

Colluvies, ko-lū′vi-ēs., n. filth: a rabble. [L. 'washings'—colluĕre, to wash thoroughly.]

Colly, kol′li, v.t. to begrime with coal-dust: (Shak.) to darken.—p.adj. Col′lied. [See Coal.]

Collyrium, ko-lir′i-um, n. a term for various kinds of eye-salve or eye-wash. [L.,—Gr. kollyrion, eye-salve, dim. of kollyra, a roll of bread.]

Colocynth, kol′ō-sinth, n. the dried and powdered pulp of a kind of cucumber, much used as a purgative. [L.,—Gr. kolokynthis.]

Cologne-earth, ko-lōn′-ėrth, n. a brown earth prepared from lignite, found originally near Cologne, a German city on the Rhine.—Cologne water, or Eau de Cologne, a perfumed spirit first made at Cologne in 1709 by Jean Farina.

Colon, kō′lon, n. the mark (:) used to indicate a distinct member or clause of a sentence. [Gr. kōlon, a limb, member.]

Colon, kō′lon, n. that portion of the large intestine which extends from the cæcum to the rectum, which is the terminal portion of the intestinal canal.—n. Colonī′tis, inflammation of the colon. [L.,—Gr. kolon, the large intestine.]

Colonel, kur′nėl, n. an officer who has command of a regiment;—ns. Col′onelcy, his office or rank; Col′onelling, playing the colonel; Col′onelship, colonelcy: quality of a colonel. [Fr. and Sp. coronel; a corr. of It. colonello, the leader of a colonna, or column—L. columna.]

Colonnade, kol-on-ād′, n. a range of columns placed at regular intervals: a similar row, as of trees. [Fr.,—L. columna.]

Colony, kol′on-i, n. a name somewhat vaguely applied to the foreign dependencies of a state (a Roman colony was a military settlement planted in subject territory; a Greek colony consisted of a band of emigrants impelled to seek a new home, and connected with their mother-city by no stronger tie than that of sentiment): a body of persons who form a fixed settlement in another country: the settlement so formed: the place they inhabit.—adj. Colōn′ial, pertaining to a colony.—n. an inhabitant of a colony, a colonist.—ns. Colōn′ialism, a trait of colonial life or speech; Colonisā′tion, act or practice of colonising: state of being colonised.—v.t. Col′onise, to plant or establish a colony in: to form into a colony.—v.i. to settle.—n. Col′onist, an inhabitant of a colony.—Colonial animals, organisms which cannot be fairly regarded as unities, but consist of numerous individuals united in a common life; Colonial system, the theory that the settlements abroad were to be treated as proprietary domains exploited for the benefit of the mother-country. [L. colonia—colonus, a husbandman—colĕre, to till.]

Colophon, kol′o-fon, n. in early printing, the inscription at the end of a book with name, date, &c. [L. colophon—Gr. kolophōn, the finish.]

Colophony, kol-of′o-ni, n. the dark-coloured resin got from the distillation of turpentine with water. [Gr., from Colophon, in Asia Minor.]

Colossus, kol-os′us, n. a gigantic statue, esp. that of Apollo astride the entrance of the harbour of Rhodes.—adjs. Coloss′al, like a colossus: gigantic; Coloss′alwise, astride (Shak.).—ns. Colossē′um, Colisē′um, Vespasian's amphitheatre at Rome, which was the largest in the world. [L.,—Gr. kolossos.]

Colostrum, ko-los′trum, n. the first milk of a mammal after parturition.—n. Colostrā′tion, a disease of infants due to colostrum.—adjs. Colos′tric, Colos′trous. [L.]

Colour, kul′ur, n. a property of light which causes bodies to have different appearances to the eye: the hue or appearance which bodies present to the eye: appearance of blood in the face: appearance: pretext: tint: paint: false show: kind: (pl.) a flag, ensign, or standard: paints.—v.t. to put colour on: to stain: to paint: to set in a fair light: to exaggerate: to misrepresent.—v.i. to show colour: to blush.—adjs. Colorif′ic, containing or producing colours; Col′ourable, having a fair appearance: designed to conceal.—adv. Col′ourably.—n. Colourā′tion.—adj. Col′our-blind, unable to distinguish between colours.—n. Col′our-blind′ness.—adjs. Col′oured, having colour: (Spens.) having a specious appearance, deceitful: of the complexion, other than white.—ns. Col′ouring, any substance used to give colour: manner of applying colours: specious appearance; Col′ourist, one who colours or paints: one who excels in colouring.—adj. Col′ourless, without colour: transparent: neutral.—ns. Col′ourman, one who prepares and sells colours; Col′our-ser′geant, the sergeant who guards the colours of a regiment.—adj. Col′oury, having much colour.—Colour a pipe, to cause a tobacco-pipe, esp. a meerschaum, to take on a brown or black colour, by smoking.—A person of colour, a person of negro blood.—Change colour, to turn pale: to blush; Come off with flying colours, to do something with great éclat; Come out in one's true colours, to appear in one's real character; Desert one's colours, to abandon one's post or duty; Fast colour, a colour which does not fade when washed; Fight under false colours, to put forward a false pretence as a cover for one's actions; Give colour, to give plausibility: Hang out false colours, to put up another's flag, to pretend to belong to another party than one really does; High colour, pronounced redness of complexion; Lose colour, to lose one's good looks; Nail one's colours to the mast, to commit one's self to some party or plan of action; Off colour, faded: past one's best; Paint in bright colours, to embellish: to exaggerate; Primary colours, the three colours, red, green, and violet, from which the others, called Secondary colours, can be obtained; Show one's colours, to show what are one's inclinations, opinions, or character; Stick to one's colours, to adhere to one's party or opinions; Under colour of, under the pretext of; Without colour, without disguise: colourless: without individuality. [Fr.,—L. color; akin to celāre, to cover, to conceal.]

Colporteur, kol′pōrt-ār, or kol′pōrt-ėr, n. a peddler, esp. one selling tracts and religious books.—n. Col′portāge, the distribution of books by colporteurs. [Fr. colporteur, from col—L. collum, the neck, and porter—L. portāre, to carry.]

Colt, kōlt, n. a young horse: an awkward fellow: an inexperienced youth: (B.) a young camel or ass: (naut.) a rope's end.—v.i. (Spens.) to frisk like a colt.—v.t. (Shak.) to cheat: to give the rope's end, to beat.—adj. Colt′ish, like a colt: frisky: wanton.—ns. Colt's′-foot, a composite plant with large soft leaves once used for asthma and coughing; Colt's′-tooth, one of a horse's first set of teeth; (Shak.) love of youthful pleasures: wantonness. [A.S. colt; Sw. kult, a young boar, a stout boy.]

Colter, Coulter, kōltėr, n. the fore-iron of a plough. [A.S. culter—L. culter, a knife.]

Coluber, kol′ub-ėr, n. a genus of non-venomous snakes, of almost world-wide distribution.—n. Colub′riad (Cowper).—adj. Col′ubrine. [L. coluber, a snake.]

Columbian, kō-lum′bi-an, adj. pertaining to Columbia, a name of America.—ns. Colum′bate, a salt or compound of columbic acid with a base; Colum′bite, the native ore of columbium; Colum′bium, a metallic element now called niobium. [Columbia, America, from Columbus (1447-1506), its discoverer.]

Columbine, kol′um-bīn, adj. of or like a dove: dove-coloured.—n. a genus of plants (Aquilegia) having five coloured sepals, which soon fall off, and five petals, each terminating below in a horn-shaped spur or nectary: in pantomimes, the sweetheart of Harlequin (q.v.).—ns. Columbā′rium, a dovecot or pigeon-house: one of the niches or pigeon-holes in a particular kind of sepulchral chamber in which the urns containing the ashes of dead bodies burned were deposited; Col′umbary, a pigeon-house or dovecot. [L. columba, a dove.]

Column, kol′um, n. a long, round body, used to support or adorn a building: any upright body or mass like a column: a body of troops drawn up in deep files: a perpendicular row of lines in a book.—ns. Col′ūmel, a small column; Colūmel′la, the central axis of a spiral univalve; the auditory ossicle of the amphibian ear: the central axis of the spore-case of mosses: in the opening of fruits, what remains in the centre after the carpels have split away.—adjs. Colum′nal, Colum′nar, formed in columns.—n. Columna′rity.—adjs. Col′umned, Colum′niāted, Colum′nated, having columns.—n. Colum′niātion. [L. columen, columna, akin to celsus, high; Gr. kolōnē, a hill.]

Colure, kō-lūr′, n. (astron.) one of two great circles supposed to intersect each other at right angles in the poles of the equator. [Gr. kolourus—kolos, docked, oura, tail.]

Colza, kol′za, n. a kind of cabbage whose seeds yield oil for lamps. [Dut. koolzaad, cabbage-seed.]

Coma, kō′ma, n. deep sleep: stupor.—adj. Com′atose, affected with coma: drowsy. [Gr. kōma.]

Coma, kō′ma, n. (bot.) a tuft or bunch of hairy-like appendages as on some seeds: the leafy branches forming the head of a tree: (astron.) the nebulous envelope surrounding the nucleus of a comet. [L.—Gr. komē, hair of the head.]

Comarb, kō′märb, n. the head of one of the families composing an old Irish sept: the successor in an ecclesiastical office, abbot, vicar, &c.—Better Cō′arb. [Ir. comharba, successor.]

Comb, kōm, n. a toothed instrument for separating and cleaning hair, wool, flax, &c.: the crest of a cock: the top or crest of a wave or of a hill: an aggregation of cells for honey.—v.t. to separate, arrange, or clean by means of a comb: to dress with a comb: (Shak.) to beat.—v.i. to break with a white foam, as the top of a wave.—adj. Combed.—n. Comb′er, one who or that which combs wool, &c.—n.pl. Comb′ings, hairs combed off.—adjs. Comb′less (Shak.), without a comb; Comb′wise; Comb′y.—n. Crop′-comb, a semicircular comb worn by girls.—Comb off, to remove. [A.S. camb.]

Combat, kom′bat, or kum′bat, v.i. to contend or struggle.—v.t. to beat against: to contest: to oppose: to debate.—n. a struggle: a fight.—adjs. Com′batable, capable of being combated; Com′batant, disposed to combat.—n. one who combats; Com′bative, inclined to quarrel.—n. Com′bativeness.—Combatant officer, one who takes part in the action, as opposed to the medical officers, &c., who are Non-combatant. [Fr. combattre, to fight—com, with, and battre, to beat. See Beat.]

Comber, kom′bēr, n. a name applied to the gaper, a sea-perch, and to a species of wrasse.

Combine, kom-bīn′, v.t. to join two together: to unite intimately.—v.i. to come into close union: to co-operate: (chem.) to unite and form a new compound.—n. a trading syndicate, a trust.—adj. Com′binate, combined: betrothed.—ns. Combinā′tion, the act of combining: union of individual things: persons united for a purpose; Combinā′tion-room, the college-parlour at Cambridge, for the fellows of a college after dinner, a common-room.—n.pl. Combinā′tions, a women's and children's garment consisting of chemise and drawers combined.—adjs. Com′binātive; Combī′natory; Combined′; Combin′ing. [L. combināre, to join—com, together, and bini, two and two.]

Combust, kom-bust′, adj. burned by the sun: in conjunction with the sun, or apparently very near it, so as to be obscured by its light, said of a planet when it is not more than 8½° from the sun.—n. that which is burned.—v.t. to burn up.—adj. Combust′ible, liable to take fire and burn: excitable.—n. anything that will take fire and burn.—ns. Combust′ibleness, Combustibil′ity, quality of being combustible; Combus′tion, a burning: the action of fire on combustible substances: confusion, turmoil: the scientific term for all kinds of consumption through the influence of heat.—adjs. Combust′ious (Shak.), combustible, inflammable: turbulent; Combust′ive, disposed to take fire.—Spontaneous combustion, burning caused by heat generated in the substance itself. [L. comburĕre, combustum, to consume—com, inten., urĕre, to burn.]

Come, kum, v.i. to move toward this place (the opposite of go): to draw near: to arrive at a certain state or condition: to issue: to happen: (Shak.) to yield; to become: to turn out:—pr.p. com′ing; pa.t. came; pa.p. come.—n. Com′ing.—adj. Come′-at-able, accessible; Come about, to happen; Come across, to meet; Come and go, to have freedom of action (n. passage to and fro); Come at, to reach; Come by, to come near: to pass: to obtain; Come down, to descend: to be reduced (n. a fall); Come down upon, to be severe with; Come down with, to pay down; Come high, or low, to cost much, or little; Come home, to return to one's house: to touch one's interest or feelings closely (with to): (naut.) to drag or slip through the ground—of an anchor; Come in, to enter: to give in, to yield: (fencing) to get within the opponent's guard (Shak.); Come in for, to have reason to expect or to have a share; Come it strong (coll.), to do or say too much; Come of, to descend from: become of; Come off, to come away: to turn out: to escape (n. a conclusion: an evasion of duty); Come out, to result: to be published: to become evident: to enter society; Come out with, to let be known: to tell; Come over (Shak.), surpass: to befall: (slang) to overreach; Come o' will, something that comes of its own accord: an illegitimate child; Come round, to come by a circuitous path: to happen in due course: to change: to recover from a faint; Come short, to fail; Come short of, to fail to accomplish; Come to, to obtain: to amount to: to recover consciousness or sanity; Come to grief, to meet with disaster or ill-fortune; Come to pass, to happen; Come true, to be found to have been true; Come under, to be included under; Come upon, to attack: to affect; to hold answerable: to meet; Come up with, to overtake: reach.—All comers, any one that likes. [A.S. cuman; Ger. kommen, to come.]

Comedo, kom′e-do, n. a small, black-tipped, worm-like mass which is found on the face of some persons. [L. comedĕre, to eat up.]

Comedy, kom′e-di, n. a dramatic piece of a pleasant or humorous character, originally accompanied with dancing and singing.—ns. Comē′dian, one who acts or writes comedies: an actor:—fem. Comédienne′; Comēdiet′ta, a short comic piece. [L.,—Gr. kōmōdia, kōmos, revel, ōdē, song.]

Comely, kum′li, adj. pleasing: graceful: handsome.—adv. in a comely manner.—n. Come′liness. [A.S. cymlic—cyme, suitable, líc, like.]

Comestibles, kom-est′i-blz, n.pl. eatables. [Fr.,—L. comedĕre, to eat up.]

Comet, kom′et, n. a heavenly body with an eccentric orbit, having a definite point or nucleus, a nebulous light surrounding the nucleus, and a luminous tail preceding or following the nucleus.—adjs. Com′etary, Comet′ic.—ns. Com′et-find′er, a telescope of low power used to search for comets; Cometog′raphy; Cometol′ogy. [Gr. komētēs, long-haired—komē, the hair.]

Comfit, kum′fit, n. a sweetmeat made of fruit and sugar, &c. [A doublet of Confect; from Fr. confit, confiture—L. conficĕre, to make up.]

Comfort, kum′furt, v.t. to relieve from pain or distress: to soothe: to cheer, revive.—n. relief: encouragement: ease: quiet enjoyment: freedom from annoyance: whatever gives ease, enjoyment, &c.: a subject of satisfaction.—adj. Com′fortable, imparting or enjoying comfort.—adv. Com′fortably.—n. Com′forter, one who administers comfort: (B.) the Holy Spirit: a long, narrow woollen tippet.—adj. Com′fortless, without comfort.—n. Com′fortlessness.—Job's comforter, one who, while pretending to comfort, only aggravates the distress. [O. Fr. conforter—L. con, and fortis, strong.]

Comfrey, kum′fri, n. a genus of Boraginaceæ, somewhat coarse perennial herbs. [O. Fr. confirie.]

Comic, kom′ik, adj. relating to comedy: raising mirth: droll.—n. (coll.) an amusing person: (coll.) a comic paper.—adj. Com′ical, funny: queer: ludicrous.—ns. Comical′ity, Com′icalness.—adv. Com′ically.—n. Comique (kō-mēk′), a comic actor or singer. [See Comedy.]

Comitia, ko-mish′i-a, n. the assemblies of the Romans for electing magistrates, passing laws, &c. [L.,—com, together, īre, ītum, to go.]

Comity, kom′i-ti, n. courteousness: civility.—Comity of nations (comitas gentium), the international courtesy by which effect is given to the laws of one state within the territory of another state. [L. comitas—comis, courteous.]

Comma, kom′a, n. (Shak.) a short part of a sentence: in punctuation, the point (,) which marks the smallest division of a sentence: (fig.) a brief interval.—Inverted commas, marks of quotation ("..", '..'). [L.,—Gr. komma, a section of a sentence, from koptein, to cut off.]

Command, kom-mand′, v.t. to order: to bid: to exercise supreme authority over: (Shak.) to demand: to cause to act: (Shak.) to exact: to have within sight, influence, or control.—v.i. to have chief authority: to govern.—n. an order: authority: message: the ability to overlook or influence: the thing commanded.—ns. Commandant′, an officer who has the command of a place or of a body of troops, Commandant′ship.—v.t. Commandeer′, to compel to military service.—ns. Command′er, one who commands: an officer in the navy next in rank under a captain; Command′er-in-chief, the highest staff appointment in the British army: the officer in supreme command of an army, or of the entire forces of the state; Command′ership; Command′ery, the district under a commander, specially used in connection with the Templars, the Hospitallers, and other religious orders.—adj. Command′ing, fitted to impress or control.—adv. Command′ingly.—n. Command′ment, a command: a precept.—Commander of the Faithful, a title of the caliphs.—At Command, available for use; On command, under orders.—Ten Commandments, the ten Mosaic laws: (slang) the ten finger-nails, used by women in fighting. [Fr. commander—L. commendāre—com, and mandāre, to entrust.]

Commeasure, kom-mezh′ūr, v.t. to equal in measure: to coincide with.—n. Commeas′urable (same as Commen′surable).

Commemorate, kom-em′o-rāt, v.t. to call to remembrance by a solemn or public act: to celebrate: to preserve the memory of.—adj. Commem′orable.—n. Commemorā′tion, preserving the memory of some person or thing by a solemn ceremony: the specification of individual saints in the prayers for the dead: the great festival of the Oxford academic year, usually taking place on the third Wednesday after Trinity Sunday.—adjs. Commem′orative, Commem′oratory, tending or serving to commemorate.—n. Commem′orator. [L. commemoratus, pa.p. of commemorāre, to remember—com, inten., and memor, mindful.]

Commence, kom-ens′, v.i. to begin: to originate: to take rise.—v.t. to begin: to originate: to enter upon: to take a university degree—e.g. 'to commence M.A.'—n. Commence′ment, the beginning: at certain universities the act of taking the degrees: the ceremony when these are conferred. [O. Fr. comencer—L. com, and initiāre, to begin—in, into, and īre, to go.]

Commend, kom-end′, v.t. to give into the charge of: to recommend as worthy: to praise: to adorn, set off.—n. (Shak.) praise.—adj. Commend′able, worthy of being commended or praised.—n. Commend′ableness.—adv. Commend′ably.—ns. Commend′am, a manner of holding an ecclesiastical benefice till a proper pastor was provided for it—it was provisionally commended to the care of a clerk, and was said to be held in commendam; Commendā′tion, the act of commending: praise: declaration of esteem: esp. the act of commending the dying or dead to the favour and mercy of God; Com′mendātor, one who holds a benefice in commendam.—adj. Commend′atory, commending: containing praise or commendation: presenting to favourable notice or reception.—Commend me to, remember me kindly to: give me by preference. [L. commendāre—com, and mandāre, to trust.]

Commensal, ko-men′sal, adj. eating at the same table.—n. a messmate.—n. Commen′salism, the intimate but never parasitic association of two organisms, for the benefit of one, or very often of both. [L. com, together, mensa, a table.]

Commensurable, kom-en′sū-ra-bl, adj. having a common measure.—ns. Commensurabil′ity, Commen′surableness.—adv. Commen′surably.—adj. Commen′surāte, of the same measure with: equal in measure or extent: in proportion with.—adv. Commen′surātely.—ns. Commen′surāteness, Commensurā′tion. [L. com, with, and mensura, a measure—metīri, mensus, to measure.]

Comment, kom′ent, n. a note conveying an illustration or explanation: a remark, observation, criticism.—v.i. (or kom-ent′) to make critical or explanatory notes: to annotate: (Shak.) to meditate.—ns. Comm′entary, a comment: a remark: a book consisting of a regular series of comments or notes on another book; Commentā′tion, annotation; Comm′entātor, Comm′enter (or Comment′er), Comm′entor (or Comment′or).—adj. Commentatō′rial, pertaining to the making of commentaries. [Fr.,—L. commentāri—com, and L. mens, the mind.]

Commerce, kom′ėrs, n. interchange of merchandise on a large scale between nations or individuals: extended trade or traffic: intercourse: fellowship.—v.i. Commerce′, to trade: to have communication with.—adj. Commer′cial, pertaining to commerce: mercantile.—n. commercial traveller.—ns. Commer′cialism; Commer′cialist; Commer′ciality.—adv. Commer′cially.—Commercial room, a room in a hotel set apart for commercial travellers; Commercial traveller, a person who transacts business as the accredited travelling representative of a trading house to other trading houses. [Fr.,—L. commercium—com, with, merx, mercis, merchandise.]

Comminate, kom′in-āt, v.t. to threaten.—n. Comminā′tion, threatening, denunciation: a recital of God's threatenings made on Ash-Wednesday and at other times in the English Church.—adjs. Comm′inative, Comm′inatory, threatening punishment. [L.,—com, inten., and mināri, to threaten.]

Commingle, kom-ing′gl, v.t. to mingle or mix with.—adj. Commin′gled. [L. com, together, and Mingle.]

Comminute, kom′in-ūt, v.t. to reduce to minute particles: to pulverise.—n. Comminū′tion.—Comminuted fracture, the breaking of a bone in several places: a compound fracture. [L. comminuĕre, -ūtum, to break into pieces—com, and minuĕre, to make small—root minus, less.]

Commiserate, kom-iz′ėr-āt, v.t. to feel for the miseries of another: to pity: to condole with.—adj. Commis′erable, requiring commiseration: pitiable.—n. Commiserā′tion, concern for the sufferings of others: pity.—adj. Commis′erative, feeling or expressing sympathetic sorrow.—n. Commis′erātor. [L. com, with, miserāri, to deplore—miser, wretched.]

Commissary, kom′is-ar-i, n. one to whom any charge is committed: a deputy: (Scots law) the judge in a commissary court: a higher officer of police: (eccles.) an officer representing a bishop, and performing his duties in distant parts of the diocese: an officer who furnishes provisions, &c., to an army.—adj. Commissā′rial, pertaining to a commissary.—ns. Commissā′riat, the department charged with the furnishing of provisions, as for an army: the supply of provisions: the office of a commissary; Comm′issary-gen′eral, the head of the department for supplying provisions, &c., to an army; Comm′issaryship.—Commissary Court, a supreme court established in Edinburgh in 1563, with jurisdiction in questions of marriage—its powers conjoined with those of the Court of Session in 1836. [Low L. commissarius—L. committĕre, commissum.]

Commission, kom-ish′un, n. act of committing: that which is committed: a writing conferring certain powers: authority: the percentage paid in a transaction to an active agent who usually incurs some pecuniary and always some moral responsibility: a body of persons appointed to perform certain duties: a warrant from the head of the state for holding various military offices, whether combatant or non-combatant.—v.t. to give a commission to: to empower: to send: to appoint.—ns. Commis′sion-ag′ent, Commis′sion-mer′chant, a person employed to sell goods delivered to him by another (his principal), for a certain percentage—his commission or factorage; Commissionaire′, a messenger, or light porter: one employed about public places and hotels to undertake light commissions.—adj. Commis′sioned.—ns. Commis′sioner, one who holds a commission to perform some business: a member of a commission; Commis′sionership.—Commissioned officer, one appointed by commission—in the navy, the officers from the lieutenant; in the army, from the ensign upwards. [From Commit.]

Commissure, kom′mis-sūr, n. a joint: place where two bodies meet and unite: (anat.) a term applied to nervous connections between adjacent parts of the nervous system.—adj. Commis′sural. [L., commissura, a joining, from root of Commit.]

Commit, kom-it′, v.t. to give in charge or trust: to consign: to do: to endanger: to involve: to pledge:—pr.p. commit′ting; pa.p. commit′ted.—ns. Commit′ment, act of committing: an order for sending to prison: imprisonment; Commit′tal, commitment: a pledge, actual or implied; Commit′tee, a portion, generally consisting of not less than three members, selected from a more numerous body, to whom some special act to be performed, or investigation to be made, is committed; Commit′teeship.—Commit one's self, to compromise one's self: to pledge one's self wittingly or unwittingly to a certain course; Commit to memory, to learn by heart. [L. committĕre—com, with, mittĕre, to send.]

Commix, kom-iks′, v.t. to mix together.—v.i. to mix.—ns. Commix′tion, Commix′ture, act of mixing together: the state of being mixed: the compound formed by mixing: the rite of putting a piece of the host into the chalice, emblematic of the reunion of body and soul at the Resurrection.

Commodious, kom-ō′di-us, adj. suitable or convenient: roomy, spacious: (Shak.) serviceable: comfortable.—n. Commode′, a small sideboard: a large, high head-dress formerly worn by ladies: a box for holding a chamber utensil: a night-stool.—adv. Commō′diously.—ns. Commō′diousness; Commod′ity, convenience: (Shak.) profit: (Shak.) parcel: an article of traffic: (pl.) goods, produce. [L. commodus—com, with, modus, measure.]

Commodore, kom′o-dōr, n. in the royal navy, a rank intermediate between an admiral and a captain: the leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen: the president of a yacht-club, also his vessel at a regatta. [Perh. from Dut. kommandeur.]

Common, kom′un, adj. belonging equally to more than one: public: general: usual: frequent: ordinary: easy to be had: of little value: vulgar: of low degree.—n. (Shak.) the commonalty: a tract of open land, used in common by the inhabitants of a town, parish, &c.—v.i. (Shak.) to share.—adj. Common′able, held in common.—ns. Comm′onage, right of pasturing on a common: the right of using anything in common: a common; Comm′onalty, the general body of the people without any distinction of rank or authority; Comm′oner, one of the common people, as opposed to the nobles: a member of the House of Commons: at Oxford, a student who pays for his commons.—adv. Comm′only.—ns. Comm′onness; Comm′onplace, a common topic or subject: a platitude: a memorandum: a note.—adj. common: hackneyed.—v.i. to make notes: to put in a commonplace-book.—n. Comm′onplace-book, a note or memorandum book.—n.pl. Comm′ons, the common people: their representatives—i.e. the lower House of Parliament or House of Commons: common land: food at a common table: at Oxford, rations served at a fixed rate from the college buttery: food in general, rations.—n. Comm′on-sense, average understanding: good sense or practical sagacity: the opinion of a community: the universally admitted impressions of mankind.—Common Bench, Common Pleas, one of the divisions of the High Court of Justice; Common forms, the ordinary clauses which are of frequent occurrence in identical terms in writs and deeds; Common law, in England, the ancient customary law of the land; Common Prayer (Book of), the liturgy of the Church of England; Common-riding, the Scotch equivalent of Beating the Bounds (see Beat); Common room, in schools, colleges, &c., a room to which the members have common access.—In common, together: equally with others.—Make common cause with, to cast in one's lot with: to have the same interests and aims with.—Philosophy of common-sense, that school of philosophy which takes the universally admitted impressions of mankind as corresponding to the facts of things without any further scrutiny.—Short commons, scant fare, insufficient supply of rations.—The common, that which is common or usual; The common good, the interest of the community at large: the corporate property of a burgh in Scotland; The common people, the people in general. [Fr. commun—L. communis, prob. from com, together, and munis, serving, obliging.]

Commonweal, kom′un-wēl, Commonwealth, kom′un-welth, n. the common or public good: the government in a free state: the public or whole body of the people: a form of government in which the power rests with the people, esp. that in England after the overthrow of Charles I. [See Wealth.]

Commove, kom-mōōv′, v.t. to put in motion: to agitate: to disturb, excite.—n. Commō′tion, a violent motion or moving: excited or tumultuous action, physical or mental: agitation: tumult. [L. com, inten., and movēre, motum, to move.]

Commune, kom′ūn, n. a corporation: in France, a territorial division governed by a mayor.—The Commune at Paris in 1871 was a revolt against the national government, the principle of the revolt being that each city or district should be ruled independently by its own commune or local government.—adj. Commū′nal (also Comm′unal).—ns. Communalisā′tion; Commū′nalism; Commū′nalist. [Fr. commune. See Common.]

Commune, kom-ūn′, v.i. to converse or talk together: to have intercourse: to receive Holy Communion.—ns. Comm′une, converse: talk; Commun′ing, conversing: communion. [O. Fr. comuner, to share—comun, common.]

Communicate, kom-ū′ni-kāt, v.t. to give a share of, impart: to reveal: to bestow.—v.i. to have something in common with another: to have communication: to have intercourse: to partake of Holy Communion.—ns. Communicabil′ity, Commū′nicableness, the state of being communicable.—adj. Commū′nicable, that may be communicated: affable.—adv. Commū′nicably.—ns. Commū′nicant, one who partakes of Holy Communion; Communicā′tion, act of communicating: that which is communicated: intercourse: correspondence: a means of communicating, a connecting passage or channel.—adj. Commū′nicative, inclined to communicate or give information: unreserved.—adv. Commū′nicatively.—n. Commū′nicativeness, the quality of being communicative.—adj. Commū′nicatory, imparting knowledge. [L. communicāre, -ātum, from communis.]

Communion, kom-ūn′yun, n. act of communing: mutual intercourse: fellowship: common possession: interchange of transactions: union in religious service: the body of people who so unite.—n. Commun′ionist, a communicant.—The Communion, Holy Communion, the celebration of the Lord's Supper. [L. communion-em, from communis.]

Communism, kom′ū-nizm, n. a theory or condition of things according to which private property should be abolished, and all things held in common.—n. Comm′unist, one who holds such principles.—adj. Communist′ic, pertaining to communism.

Community, kom-ūn′i-ti, n. common possession or enjoyment: agreement: communion: (Shak.) commonness: people having common rights, &c.: the public in general: a body of persons in the same locality, e.g. 'village community:' a monastic body.—n. Communitā′rian, a member of a community. [O. Fr.,—L. communitas—communis.]

Commute, kom-ūt′, v.t. to exchange: to exchange a punishment for one less severe.—n. Commutabil′ity.—adj. Commut′able, that may be commuted or exchanged.—n. Commutā′tion, the act of commuting: change or exchange of one thing for another: the change of a penalty or rate from a greater to a less.—adj. Commū′tative (or Comm′), relating to exchange: interchangeable.—adv. Commū′tatively.—n. Comm′utātor, an apparatus attached to many electric machines for reversing the currents.—adj. Commut′ual, mutual. [L. commutāre—com, with mutāre, to change.]

Compact, kom-pakt′, adj. fastened or packed together: firm: close: brief.—v.t. to press closely together: to consolidate: (Shak.) to confirm.—adj. Compact′ed, firmly put together: compact.—adv. Compact′edly.—n. Compact′edness.—adv. Compact′ly.—ns. Compact′ness, state of being compact: closeness: solidity: terseness; Compac′ture (Spens.) close union or knitting together; Compāge′, Compā′ges, a structure of many parts. [Fr.,—L. com, pactus, pa.p. of compingĕre—com, together, pangĕre, to fix. Cf. Fang.]

Compact, kom′pakt, n. a mutual bargain or agreement: a league, treaty, or union: (Shak.) league, in bad sense.—adj. united: leagued. [L. compactum—compacisci, from com, with, and pacisci, to make a bargain; cf. pangĕre.]

Compaginate, kom-paj′i-nāt, v.t. to join, connect.—n. Compaginā′tion. [L. compagināre, -ātum—com, together, and pangĕre, to fasten, fix.]

Companion, kom-pan′yun, n. one who keeps company or frequently associates with another: an associate or partner: a higher rank of servant, who, though receiving pay, stands rather in the relation of a friend: fellow, in a bad sense.—v.t. to accompany.—adj. of the nature of a companion: accompanying.—adjs. Compan′iable (obs.), sociable; Compan′ionable, fit to be a companion: agreeable.—n. Compan′ionableness.—adv. Compan′ionably.—adj. Compan′ioned, having a companion.—ns. Compan′ionhood, Compan′ionary.—adj. Compan′ionless, without a companion.—n. Compan′ionship. [Fr. compagnon, from Low L. companium, a mess—L. com, with, and panis, bread.]

Companion, kom-pan′yun, n. (naut.) the skylight or window-frame through which light passes to a lower deck or cabin: companion-ladder.—ns. Compan′ion-ladd′er, the ladder or stair leading from the deck to the officers' cabin; Compan′ion-way, a staircase from the deck to a cabin. [Cf. Dut. kompanje; O. Fr. compagne; It. compagne.]

Company, kum′pa-ni, n. any assembly of persons: a number of persons associated together for trade, &c.: a society: a subdivision of a regiment: the crew of a ship: state of being a companion: fellowship: associates: society: a gathering of people for social intercourse.—v.t. to accompany.—v.i. to associate.—Be good, or bad, company, to have, or to lack, companionable qualities; Keep company, to associate with: to court; Know a man by his company, to determine his character by the quality of his friends. [Fr. compagnie. See Companion.]

Compare, kom-pār′, v.t. to set things together, to ascertain how far they agree or disagree: to liken or represent as similar: (gram.) to inflect an adjective.—v.i. to hold comparison.—n. (obs.) comparison: similitude.—adj. Com′parable, that may be compared.—n. Com′parableness.—adv. Com′parably.—adj. Compar′ative, pertaining to comparison: estimated by comparing with something else: not positive or absolute: (gram.) expressing more.—adv. Compar′atively.—n. Compar′ison, the act of comparing: capacity of being compared: comparative estimate: a simile or figure by which two things are compared: (gram.) the inflection of an adjective.—Beyond compare, without any rival. [Fr.,—L. comparāre, to match, from com, together, parāre, to make or esteem equal—par, equal.]

Compare, kom-pār′, v.t. (Spens.) to get or provide. [L. comparāre—com, inten., parāre, to prepare.]

Compartment, kom-pärt′ment, n. a separate part or division of any enclosed space: a division of a railway carriage: a division of anything.—v.t. Compart′, to divide into parts. [Fr., from compartir—L. com, with, partīre, to part.]

Compass, kum′pas, n. a circuit or circle: space: limit: range, a limit of tones of a voice or instrument: the circumference: girth: an instrument consisting of a magnetised needle, used to steer ships by, &c., the needle indicating on a card the absolute directions at any given time: (pl.) an instrument consisting of two movable legs, for describing circles, &c.—v.t. to pass or go round: to surround or enclose: to besiege: to bring about or obtain: to contrive or plot: to accomplish.—adj. Com′passable, capable of being compassed.—ns. Com′pass-card, the circular card of a compass; Com′passing, contrivance: design; Com′pass-plane, a plane, convex on the under side, for smoothing curved timber; Com′pass-saw, a saw that cuts in a circular manner; Com′pass-sig′nal, a signal denoting a point in the compass; Com′pass-tim′ber, curved timber, used for shipbuilding, &c.; Com′pass-win′dow, a semicircular bay-window.—Box the compass (see Box); Fetch a compass, to go round in a circuit. [Fr. compas, a circle, prob. from Low L. compassus—L. com, together, passus, a step.]

Compassion, kom-pash′un, n. fellow-feeling, or sorrow for the sufferings of another: pity.—v.t. to pity.—adjs. Compas′sionable, pitiable; Compas′sionate, inclined to pity or mercy: merciful.—v.t. to have compassion for: to have pity or mercy upon.—adv. Compas′sionately.—n. Compas′sionateness. [Fr.,—L. compassio—com, with, pati, passus, to suffer.]

Compatible, kom-pat′i-bl, adj. consistent: agreeable: that can be endured together.—ns. Compatibil′ity, Compat′ibleness, the quality of being compatible.—adv. Compat′ibly. [Fr.,—L. com, with, pati, to suffer.]

Compatriot, kom-pā′tri-ot, adj. of the same country.—n. one of the same country.—adj. Compatriot′ic.—n. Compā′triotism. [Fr.,—L. com, with, and Patriot.]

Compear, kom-pēr′, v.i. (Scots law) to appear in court.—ns. Compear′ance; Compear′ant. [L. comparēre—com, together, parēre, to appear.]

Compeer, kom-pēr′, n. one who is equal to another: a companion: an associate.—v.t. (Shak.) to equal. [L. compar—com, with, and par, equal.]

Compel, kom-pel′, v.t. to drive or urge on forcibly: to oblige: to force: to obtain by hard labour:—pr.p. compel′ling; pa.p. compelled′.—adj. Compel′lable. [L. com, inten., pellĕre, pulsum, to drive.]

Compellation, kom-pel-ā′shun, n. style of address: an appellation.—adj. Compel′lative.—n. compellation. [L. compellāre, -atum, to address, freq. of compellĕre.]

Compend, kom′pend, Compendium, kom-pen′di-um, n. a shortening or abridgment: a book or treatise containing the substance of a larger one: an epitome: an abstract.—adj. Compen′dious, short: concise: comprehensive.—adv. Compen′diously.—n. Compen′diousness. [L. compendium, what is weighed together, or saved (opp. to dispendium)—com, together, pendĕre, to weigh.]

Compensate, kom′pen-sāt, or kom-pen′sāt, v.t. to reward suitably: to make amends for: to recompense: to counterbalance.—n. Compensā′tion, act of compensating: reward for service: amends for loss sustained: (phys.) the neutralisation of opposing forces.—adjs. Compen′sative, Compen′satory, giving compensation.—n. Com′pensātor, one who or that which compensates.—Compensation balance, pendulum, a balance-wheel or pendulum so constructed as to counteract the effect of the expansion and contraction of the metal under variation of temperature. [L. com, inten., and pensāre, freq. of pendĕre, to weigh.]

Compesce, kom-pes′, v.t. to restrain. [L. compescĕre—compes, a fetter—com, together, pes, a foot.]

Compete, kom-pēt′, v.i. to seek or strive with others for something: to contend for a prize.—n. Competi′tion, the act of competing: common strife for the same object.—adj. Compet′itive, pertaining to or characterised by competition.—n. Compet′itor, one who competes: a rival or opponent. [L. competĕre—com, together, petĕre, to seek.]

Competent, kom′pe-tent, adj. suitable: sufficient: fit: belonging: legally qualified: legitimate.—ns. Com′petence, Com′petency, fitness: capacity: sufficiency: competent circumstances: legal power or capacity.—adv. Com′petently. [Fr.,—L. competĕre—com, with, petĕre, to seek, to strive after.]

Compile, kom-pīl′, v.t. to write or compose by collecting the materials from other books: to draw up or collect: to compose.—ns. Compilā′tion, the act of compiling: the thing compiled, a literary work made by gathering the material from various authors; Compile′ment, a compilation; Compil′er, Com′pilātor, one who compiles. [Fr. compiler, prob. from L. compilāre—com, together, pilāre, to plunder.]

Complacent, kom-plā′sent, adj. showing satisfaction: pleased: inclined to please.—ns. Complā′cence, Complā′cency, pleasure: satisfaction: complaisance.—adv. Complā′cently. [L. complacēre—com, inten., placēre, to please.]

Complain, kom-plān′, v.i. to express grief, pain, censure: to murmur or express a sense of injury: to accuse: to make a mournful sound: to be ill—e.g. 'to complain of a sore throat.'—n. complaint.—ns. Complain′ant, one who complains: (law) one who raises a suit, a plaintiff; Complain′er, a murmurer: complainant; Complain′ing, the action of the verb complain: complaint.—adv. Complain′ingly.—n. Complaint′, a complaining: an expression of grief: a representation of pains or injuries: a finding fault: the thing complained of: a disease: an ailment. [Fr. complaindre—Low L. complangĕre—L. com, inten., plangĕre, bewail.]

Complaisant, kom′plā-zant, or kom-plā-zant′, adj. desirous of pleasing; obliging.—n. Com′plaisance (or Complaisance′), care or desire to please: an obliging civility.—adv. Com′plaisantly (or Complaisant′ly). [Fr.,—complaire—L. complacēre.]

Complect, kom-plekt′, v.t. to embrace: to interweave.—adj. Complect′ed, interwoven. [L. complecti, to embrace—com, and plectĕre, to twine.]

Complement, kom′ple-ment, n. that which completes or fills up: full number or quantity: (Shak.) politeness.—v.t. Complement′, to supplement: (arch.) to compliment.—adjs. Complement′al, completing: (Shak.) complimental; Complement′ary, completing: together making up a whole.—Complementary angles, angles which together make up a right angle. [L. complementum—com, and plēre, to fill.]

Complete, kom-plēt′, adj. free from deficiency: perfect: finished: entire.—v.t. to finish: to make perfect or entire: to accomplish.—adjs. Complēt′able; Complēt′ed.—adv. Complete′ly.—ns. Complete′ness, the state of being complete; Complē′tion, the act of completing: the state of being complete: fulfilment.—adjs. Complēt′ive; Complēt′ory, fulfilling: completing. [L. complēre, -ētum, to fill up—com, inten., and plēre, to fill.]

Complex, kom′pleks, adj. composed of more than one, or of many parts: not simple: intricate: difficult.—n. a complex whole.—v.t. to complicate.—ns. Complex′edness, Com′plexness, Complex′ity, state of being complex: complication.—adv. Com′plexly.—n. Complex′us, a complicated system: a large muscle of the back, passing from the spine to the head. [L. complex—com, together, and root of plicāre, to fold. See Complicate.]

Complexion, kom-plek′shun, n. disposition: colour: quality: colour or look of the skin, esp. of the face: general appearance, temperament, or texture: (Shak.) bodily constitution.—v.t. to give a colour to.—adjs. Complex′ional, pertaining to the complexion; Complex′ioned, having a certain complexion, or temperament; Complex′ionless, colourless: pale. [Fr.,—L. complexio, a combination, physical structure of body—complecti, complexus, to embrace—plectĕre, to plait.]

Compliance, kom-plī′ans, n. a yielding: agreement: complaisance: assent: submission (in bad sense).—adj. Complī′able, disposed to comply.—n. Complī′ancy, compliance.—adj. Complī′ant, yielding: pliant: civil.—adv. Complī′antly.—In compliance with, in agreement with. [See Comply.]

Complicate, kom′pli-kāt, v.t. to twist or plait together: to render complex: to entangle.—adj. complex: involved.—n. Com′plicacy, the quality or state of being complicated.—adj. Com′plicated, intricate, confused.—n. Complicā′tion, an intricate blending or entanglement.—adj. Com′plicative, tending to complicate.—Complicated fracture, a fracture where there is some other injury (e.g. a flesh wound not communicating with the fracture, a dislocation, a rupture of a large blood-vessel); Complication of diseases, a number of diseases present at the same time. [L. com, together, and plicāre, -ātum, to fold.]

Complice, kom′plis, n. (Shak.) an associate: an accomplice.—n. Complic′ity, state or condition of being an accomplice: complexity.

Compliment, kom′pli-ment, n. an expression of regard or praise: delicate flattery: an expression of formal respect or civility: a present.—v.t. Compliment′, to pay a compliment to: to express respect for: to praise: to flatter: to congratulate: to make a present.—v.i. to make compliments.—adjs. Compliment′al, expressing or implying compliment; Compliment′ary, conveying, or expressive of, civility or praise: using compliments.—n. Compliment′er, one who pays compliments.—Compliments of the season, compliments appropriate to special times, as Christmas and birthdays; Left-handed compliment, a saying intended to seem a compliment, but in reality the reverse; Pay, or Present, one's compliments, to give one's respects or greeting. [Fr. compliment—L. complementum. See Comply.]

Compline, Complin, kom′plin, n. the 7th and last service of the day, at 9 P.M., completing the canonical hours. [O. Fr. conplie (mod. complies)—L. completa (hora).]

Complot, kom′plot, n. a conspiracy.—v.i. Complot′, to plot together, to conspire.—v.t. to plan.—pr.p. complot′ting; pa.p. complot′ted. [Fr.]

Compluvium, kom-plōō′vi-um, n. a quadrangular open space in the middle of a Roman house, which carried the rain-water from the roofs to a basin (impluvium) placed below. [L.]

Comply, kom-plī′, v.i. to yield to the wishes of another: to agree or consent to (with):—pr.p. comply′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. complied′.—n. Complī′er, one who complies.—p.adj. Comply′ing, compliant. [It. complire, to fulfil, to suit, to offer courtesies—L. complēre, to fulfil.]

Compo, kom′pō, n. a mixture of whiting, resin, and glue for ornamenting walls and cornices; a bankrupt's composition. [Abbrev. of Composition.]

Component, kom-pō′nent, adj. making up: forming one of the elements of a compound.—n. one of the elements of a compound.—n. Compō′nency.—adj. Component′al. [L. componĕre.]

Comport, kom-pōrt′, v.i. to agree, suit (with).—v.t. to bear one's self: to behave.—n. manner of acting.—ns. Comport′ance (Spens.); Comport′ment, behaviour. [L. comportāre—com, together, and portāre, to carry.]

Compose, kom-pōz′, v.t. to form by putting two or more parts or things together: to place in proper order, to put together, to arrange artistically the elements of a landscape for painting: to settle or set at rest: to soothe: to set up or place types in order for printing: to originate or write as author, to set to music.—p.adj. Composed′, settled, quiet, calm.—adv. Compos′edly.—ns. Compos′edness; Compos′er, a writer, an author, esp. of a piece of music.—adj. Com′posite, made up of two or more distinct parts: (archit.) a blending of the Ionic and the Corinthian orders: (bot.) belonging to the natural order Compositæ, having compound or composite flowers—heads of flowers composed of a number of florets on a common receptacle, surrounded by bracts forming a leafy involucre, like single flowers.—adv. Com′positely.—ns. Com′positeness; Compos′ing-stick, an instrument with a sliding adjustment, used for holding printing-types before they are put on the galley; Compos′ition, the act of putting together, or that which is put together: the thing composed, as a work in literature, music, or painting: mental constitution: artistic manner, style in writing or painting: a coming together or agreement, an arrangement or compromise: a certain percentage which creditors agree to accept in lieu of the full payment of a bankrupt's debts: (mech.) the compounding of two velocities or forces into a single velocity or force which shall be their equivalent.—adj. Compos′itive.—ns. Compos′itor, one who puts together, or sets up, types for printing; Com′post, Compost′ure (Shak.) a mixture for manure: a kind of plaster; Compō′sure, calmness: self-possession: tranquillity.—Composite candle, one made of a mixture of stearic acid and the stearin of coco-nut oil; Composite carriage, a railway-carriage with compartments of different classes; Composite portrait, a single portrait produced by combining those of a number of persons; Composition of a felony, the act of abstaining from prosecution for some consideration—itself punishable by fine and imprisonment. [Fr. composer, from L. cum, and pausāre, to cease, to rest.]

Compos mentis, kom′pos ment′is, adj. phrase, in one's right mind—sometimes merely Compos. [L.]

Compossible, kom-pos′i-bl, adj. possible in co-existence with something else.—n. Compossibil′ity. [L. com-, and Possible.]

Compotation, kom-po-tā′shun, n. a carouse together.—ns. Compotā′tionship; Com′potator, a bottle-companion.—adj. Compot′atory. [L. compotationem—com, together, potāre, to drink.]

Compound, kom-pownd′, v.t. to mix or combine: to settle or adjust by agreement.—v.i. to agree, or come to terms: to bargain in the lump.—adj. Com′pound, mixed or composed of a number of parts: not simple, dealing with numbers of various denominations of quantity, &c., as in 'compound addition,' &c.; or with processes more complex than the simple process, as in 'compound proportion,' &c.—n. a mass made up of a number of parts: the usual name in India for the enclosure in which a house stands, with its outhouses, yard, and garden: a compounded drug.—n. Compound′er.—Compound engine, a condensing engine in which the mechanical action of the steam is begun in one cylinder, and ended in a larger cylinder; Compound fracture, a broken bone, communicating with a co-existing skin wound; Compound householder, one who pays his rates in his rent, the landlord being immediately chargeable with them; Compound interest, the charge made where—the interest not being paid when due—it is added to the principal, forming the amount upon which the subsequent year's interest is computed; Compound quantity (alg.), a quantity consisting of more than one term, as a + b; Compound time (mus.), time in which each bar is made up of two or more simple bars. [O. Fr., from L. componĕre—com, together, ponĕre, to place.]

Comprehend, kom-pre-hend′, v.t. to seize or take up with the mind, to understand: to comprise or include.—ns. Comprehensibil′ity, Comprehen′sibleness.—adj. Comprehen′sible, capable of being understood.—adv. Comprehen′sibly.—n. Comprehen′sion, power of the mind to understand: (logic) the intension of a term or the sum of the qualities implied in the term: the inclusion of Nonconformists within the Church of England.—adj. Comprehen′sive, having the quality or power of comprehending much: extensive: full.—adv. Comprehen′sively.—n. Comprehen′siveness. [L. comprehendĕre, to seize.]

Compress, kom-pres′, v.t. to press together: to force into a narrower space: to condense or concentrate.—n. Com′press, soft folds of linen, &c., formed into a pad, and used in surgery to apply any requisite pressure to any part: a wet cloth, covered with waterproof, applied to the skin.—adj. Compressed′.—ns. Compressibil′ity, Compres′sibleness, the property that bodies have of being reduced in volume by pressure—the ratio of the amount of compression per unit volume to the compressing force applied.—adj. Compres′sible, that may be compressed.—n. Compres′sion, act of compressing: state of being compressed, condensation.—adjs. Compres′sional; Compres′sive, able to compress.—ns. Compres′sor, anything that compresses; a muscle that compresses certain parts; Compres′sure.—Compressed-air bath, a strong chamber of iron plates in which a patient can sit, and into which air is driven by a steam-engine to any required pressure; Compressed-air motor, any mode of employing air as a motive-power, as in automatic railway-brakes, &c. [L. compressāre, com, together, and pressāre, to press—premĕre, pressum, to press.]

Comprint, kom-print′, v.t. to share in printing—of the former privilege shared with the Stationers' Company and the King's Printer by Oxford and Cambridge.

Comprise, kom-prīz′, v.t. to contain, include: to sum up.—adj. Compris′able.—n. Compris′al, the act of comprising.—p.adjs. Comprised′, included; Compris′ing, including. [Fr. compris, pa.p. of comprendre—L. comprehendĕre. See Comprehend.]

Compromise, kom′prō-mīz, n. a settlement of differences by mutual concession, adjustment of one's theories or principles.—v.t. to settle by mutual agreement and concession: to pledge: to involve or bring into question—to expose one's self to risk of danger or misunderstanding.—p.adj. Com′promised, exposed to danger or discredit. [Fr. compromis—L. compromittĕre, -missum—com, together, promittĕre, to promise.]

Comprovincial, kom-pro-vin′shal, adj. (Spens.) belonging to the same province.

Compulse, kom-puls′, v.t. to compel.—adjs. Compul′satory, Compul′sative (Shak.), compulsory.—p.adj. Compulsed′, compelled.—ns. Compul′sion, the act of compelling: force: necessity: violence; Compul′sitor (Scots law), that which compels.—adj. Compul′sive, coercive: with power to compel.—adv. Compul′sively; Compul′sorily.—adj. Compul′sory, compelled: obligatory: compelling. [L. compulsāre, freq. of compellĕre, to compel.]

Compunction, kom-pungk′shun, n. uneasiness of conscience: remorse: regret: pity.—adj. Compunc′tious, feeling or causing compunction: repentant: remorseful.—adv. Compunc′tiously.—Without compunction, with no feeling of sorrow or regret. [O. Fr.,—L. compunctio, -nis—com, inten., and pungĕre, punctum, to prick.]

Compurgation, kom-pur-gā′shun, n. the custom, in Anglo-Saxon law, of permitting the accused to call in witnesses to prove his innocency, by joining their oaths to his: evidence in favour of the accused: vindication.—n. Com′purgator, one who testifies to the innocency or veracity of another.—adjs. Compurgatō′rial, Compur′gatory. [L. compurgāre, to purify wholly. See Purge.]

Compute, kom-pūt′, v.t. to calculate: to number: to estimate.—adj. Comput′able, calculable.—ns. Com′putant, Comput′er, Com′putist, a calculator; Computā′tion, act of computing: reckoning: estimate.—adj. Comput′ātive, given to computation.—n. Com′putātor. [L. computāre, from com, together, putāre, to reckon.]

Comrade, kom′rād, n. a close companion: an intimate associate—ns. Com′radery; Com′radeship. [Sp. camarada, a roomful, a chamber-mate—L. camera, a chamber.]

Comtism, komt′ism, n. the philosophical system of August Comte, the founder of Positivism (1798-1857).—adj. Com′tian.—n. and adj. Comt′ist.

Comus, kō′mus, n. a god of mirth: a revel. [L.,—Gr. kōmos, a revel.]

Con., kon, a contraction of L. contra, against, as in Pro and con., for and against.

Con, kon, v.t. to study carefully: to commit to memory:—pr.p. con′ning; pa.p. conned.—n. Con′ning, learning by heart; poring over. [A.S. cunnian, to try to know—cunnan, to know.]

Con, Conn, kon, kun, v.t. to direct the steering of a ship.—n. the act of conning.—ns. Con′ning, directing the steering; Con′ning-tow′er, the pilot-house of a war-ship. [Prob. conn. with preceding.]

Conacre, kon′ā-kėr, n. the custom of letting land in Ireland in small portions for a single crop, the rent paid in money or in labour—also Corn′acre.—v.t. to sublet in conacre.—n. Con′acreism.

Conarium, kō-nā′ri-um, n. the pineal gland of the brain.—adj. Conā′rial. [Gr. kōnarion.]

Conatus, ko-nā′tus, n. an effort: an impulse.—n. Conā′tion, the faculty of free agency, including desire and volition.—adj. Conā′tive. [L. conāri, -ātus, to endeavour.]

Concatenate, kon-kat′e-nāt, v.t. to chain or link together: to connect in a series.—n. Concatenā′tion, a series of links united: a series of things depending on each other. [L. con, together, and catena, a chain.]

Concave, kon′kāv, adj. curved, vaulted, or arched, applied to the inner side of any curved line or rounded body, and opposed to convex, which is applied to the outside.—n. a hollow: an arch or vault.—adv. Con′cavely.—n. Concav′ity, the quality of being concave: the inner surface of a concave or hollow body.—adjs. Concā′vo-con′cave, or Doub′le-con′cave, concave on both sides of a lens; Concā′vo-con′vex, concave on one side, and convex on the other. [L. concavus, from con, inten., and cavus, hollow. See Cave.]

Conceal, kon-sēl′, v.t. to hide completely or carefully: to keep secret; to disguise: to keep from telling.—adjs. Conceal′able, that may be concealed; Concealed′, hidden.—n. Conceal′ment, act of concealing: secrecy: disguise: hiding-place: (Shak.) a mystery. [O. Fr. conceler—L. concelāre, from con, inten., and celāre, to hide.]

Concede, kon-sēd′, v.t. to cede or give up: to quit: to surrender: to admit: to grant.—v.i. to admit or grant.—n. Conced′er. [L. concedĕre, -cessum—con, wholly and cedĕre, to yield.]

Conceit, kon-sēt′, n. over-estimate of one's self: too favourable opinion of one's own good qualities: a pleasant, fantastical, or affected notion: wit: (Spens.) idea: (Shak.) understanding: estimate.—v.t. to conceive: to think.—adj. Conceit′ed, clever, witty, fantastical (obs. uses): having a high opinion of one's self: egotistical.—adv. Conceit′edly.—n. Conceit′edness.—adj. Conceit′less (Shak.), without conceit, stupid.—Out of conceit with, no longer fond of. [Through a Fr. form conceit, from L. conceptus, pa.p. of concipĕre.]

Conceive, kon-sēv′, v.t. to receive into and form in the womb: to form in the mind: to imagine or think: to understand: to express.—v.i. to become pregnant: to think.—ns. Conceivabil′ity, Conceiv′ableness.—adj. Conceiv′able, that may be conceived, understood, or believed.—adv. Conceiv′ably.—adj. Conceived′, imagined, thought. [O. Fr. concever—L. concipĕre, conceptum, from con, and capĕre, to take.]

Concent, kon-sent′, n. a harmony or concord of sounds: concert of voices.—v.i. (Spens.) to harmonise. [L. concentus, pa.p. of concinĕre—con, together, canĕre, to sing.]

Concentrate, kon′sen-trāt, or kon-sen′-, v.t. to bring towards a common centre: to bring into a closer union: to condense, to render more intense the properties of.—adj. Concen′trated (also Con′-).—n. Concentrā′tion, act of concentrating: condensation: the keeping of the mind fixed on something.—adj. Concen′trative, tending to concentrate.—n. Concen′trativeness. [A lengthened form of Concentre.]

Concentre, kon-sent′ėr, v.i. to tend to or meet in a common centre: to be concentric.—v.t. to bring or direct to a common centre or point:—pr.p. concent′ring; pa.p. concent′red or concent′ered.—adjs. Concen′tric, -al, having a common centre.—adv. Concen′trically.—n. Concentric′ity. [Fr. concentrer—L. con, with, centrum, the centre.]

Concept, kon′sept, n. a thing conceived, a general notion.—ns. Concep′tacle, that in which anything is contained, a receptacle: (bot.) a pericarp of one valve, a follicle: a cavity enclosing the reproductive cells in certain plants and animals; Concep′tion, the act of conceiving: the thing conceived; the formation in the mind of an image or idea: a notion: (Shak.) a mere fancy: a plan: a concept; Concep′tionist.—adjs. Concep′tious (Shak.), fruitful; Concept′ive, capable of conceiving mentally; Concep′tual, pertaining to conception.—ns. Consep′tualism, the doctrine in philosophy that universals have an existence in the mind apart from any concrete embodiment; Concep′tualist, one who holds this doctrine.—adj. Conceptualis′tic. [L. concipĕre, -ceptum, to conceive.]

Concern, kon-sern′, v.t. to relate or belong to: to affect or interest: to make uneasy: to trouble: to have to do with: to be affected.—n. that which concerns or belongs to one: interest: regard: anxiety: a business, or those connected with it.—adj. Concerned′, having connection with: interested: anxious.—adv. Concern′edly.—n. Concern′edness.—prep. Concern′ing, regarding: pertaining to.—n. Concern′ment, a thing in which one is concerned: an affair: importance: interest: interference. [Fr.,—L. concernĕre, con, together, cernĕre, to see.]

Concert, kon′sėrt, n. union or agreement in any undertaking: harmony: musical harmony: a musical entertainment.—v.t. Concert′, to frame or devise together: to arrange, adjust.—p.adj. Concert′ed, mutually planned: arranged.—ns. Concertina (kon-ser-tē′na), a musical instrument consisting of a pair of bellows, usually polygonal, the sounds produced by free vibrating reeds of metal, as in the accordion; Concer′to, a musical composition for a solo instrument, with orchestral accompaniments.—Concert pitch (mus.), the pitch at which instruments for concert use are tuned. [Fr. concerter—It. concertāre, to sing in concert.]

Concession, kon-sesh′un, n. the act of conceding: the thing conceded: a grant.—adj. Conces′sible.—n. Concessionaire′, one who has obtained a concession.—adj. Conces′sionary.—n. Conces′sionist.—adj. Conces′sive, implying concession. [Concede.]

Concetto, kon-chet′to, n. an ingenious turn of expression: a conceit:—pl. Concet′ti.—n. Concet′tism, the use of concetti. [It.,—L. conceptum, conceit.]

Conch, kongk, n. a marine shell: a spiral shell used by the Tritons as a trumpet, and still used by some African peoples in war: a name for the native whites of the Bahamas, owing to their use of conchs as food: (archit.) the semidome of an apse; the apse itself.—n. Conchif′era, a term applied by Lamarck to bivalve molluscs and to very different Brachiopods.—adjs. Conchif′erous, having a shell; Conch′iform, conch-shaped.—n. Conch′oid, a plane curve invented to solve the problem of trisecting a plane angle, doubling the cube, &c.—adjs. Conchoid′al, pertaining to a conchoid: shell-like, applied to the fracture of a mineral; Concholog′ical, pertaining to conchology.—ns. Conchol′ogist; Conchol′ogy, that branch of natural history which deals with the shells of molluscs. [L. concha—Gr. kongchē; Sans. cankha, a shell; conn. with Cockle.]

Concha, kong′ka, n. the central cavity of the outer ear: the outer ear: (archit.) conch. [L. concha.]

Conciliar, kon-sil′i-ar, adj. pertaining to a council.—Also Concil′iary.

Conciliate, kon-sil′i-āt, v.t. to gain, or win over: to gain the love or good-will of such as have been indifferent or hostile: to pacify.—v.i. to make friends.—adj. Concil′iable (obs.).—n. Conciliā′tion, act of conciliating.—adj. Concil′iātive.—n. Concil′iātor.—adj. Concil′iatory. [L. conciliāre, -ātum—concilium, council.]

Concinnity, kon-sin′i-ti, n. harmony: congruity: elegance.—adj. Concinn′ous, elegant: harmonious. [L. concinnus, well adjusted.]

Concipient, kon-sip′i-ent, adj. that which conceives.—n. Concip′iency.

Concise, kon-sīs′, adj. cut short: brief.—v.t. (Milt.) to mutilate.—adv. Concise′ly.—ns. Concise′ness, the quality of being concise: terseness [Fr.,—L. concidĕre, concisum, from con, and cædĕre, to cut.]

Conclave, kon′klāv, n. the room in which cardinals meet to elect a pope: the body of cardinals: any close assembly.—n. Con′clavist, an attendant on a cardinal in conclave. [L. conclave, from con, together, clavis, a key.]

Conclude, kon-klōōd′, v.t. to close: to end: to oblige.—v.i. to end: to infer: to form a final judgment.—p.adj. Conclud′ed, finished: settled.—adj. Conclud′ing, final, closing.—n. Conclu′sion, act of concluding: the end, close, or last part: inference: judgment: an experiment: (Shak.) a riddle.—adjs. Conclus′ive, Conclu′sory, final: convincing.—adv. Conclus′ively.—n. Conclus′iveness.—In conclusion, finally.—To try conclusions, to experiment: to engage in a contest. [L. concludĕre, conclusum—con, together, claudĕre, to shut.]

Concoct, kon-kokt′, v.t. to digest: to prepare or mature: to make up a mixture: to plan, devise: to fabricate.—ns. Concoct′er, Concoct′or; Concoc′tion, act of concocting: ripening: preparation of a medical prescription, &c.: a made-up story.—adj. Concoct′ive, pertaining to concoction. [L. concoquĕre, concoctum—con, together, and coquĕre, to cook, to boil.]

Concomitant, kon-kom′i-tant, adj. accompanying or going along with: conjoined with.—n. he who or that which accompanies.—ns. Concom′itance, Concom′itancy, state of being concomitant.—adv. Concom′itantly. [L. con, with, and comitans, pr.p. of comitāri, to accompany—comes, a companion.]

Concord, kon′kord, or kong′-, n. state of being of the same heart or mind: union: harmony: agreement: a combination of notes which is pleasant to the ear.—v.i. to agree: to harmonise.—n. Concord′ance, agreement: an index or dictionary of the leading words or passages of a book, esp. of the Bible.—adj. Concord′ant, harmonious, united.—adv. Concord′antly.—n. Concord′at, a term, though sometimes used of secular treaties, generally employed to denote an agreement made between the pope and a secular government.—adj. Concor′dial, harmonious. [Fr. concorde—L. concordia—concors, of the same heart, from con, together, cor, cordis, the heart.]

Concorporate, kon-kor′por-āt, v.t. to unite in one body.—adj. united in one body. [L. con, together, and Corporate.]

Concourse, kon′kōrs, or kong′-, n. an assembly of persons or things running or drawn together: (Scots law) concurrence of an officer, who has legal right to grant it. [Fr.,—L. concursus—con, together, currĕre, to run.]

Concrescence, kon-kres′ens, n. increment: a growing together of cells or other organisms. [L. concrescentia—con, together, crescĕre, to grow.]

Concrete, kon′krēt, adj. formed into one mass: the opposite of abstract, and denoting a particular thing: made of concrete.—n. a mass formed by parts growing or sticking together: a mixture of lime, sand, pebbles, &c., used in building.—v.t. Concrēte′, to form into a solid mass.—v.i. to harden.—adv. Concrēte′ly.—ns. Concrēte′ness; Concrē′tion, a mass concreted: a growth forming in certain parts of the body, as calculi, &c.—adjs. Concrē′tionary; Concrēt′ive, having power to concrete. [L. concretus—con, together, crescĕre, cretum, to grow.]

Concubine, kong′kū-bīn, n. a woman who cohabits or lives with a man without being married.—n. Concū′binage, state of living together as man and wife without being married.—adj. Concū′binary. [Fr.,—L. concubina—con, together, cubāre, to lie down.]

Concupiscence, kon-kū′pis-ens, n. violent desire: sexual appetite: lust.—adjs. Concū′piscent, Concū′piscible. [Fr.,—L. concupiscentia—concupiscĕre—con, inten., cupĕre, to desire.]

Concupy, kong′kū-pi, n. (Shak.) concubine, or concupiscence, according to Schmidt.

Concur, kon-kur′, v.i. to run together: to meet in one point: to coincide: to act together: to agree: to assent to:—pr.p. concur′ring; pa.p. concurred′.—ns. Concur′rence, the meeting of lines: union: joint action: assent; Concur′rency.—adj. Concur′rent, of lines meeting in the same point: coming, acting, or existing together: united: accompanying.—n. one that concurs: a competitor: one who accompanies a sheriff's officer as witness.—adv. Concur′rently.—adj. Concur′ring, agreeing. [L. concurrĕre, from con, together, currĕre, cursum, to run.]

Concuss, kon-kus′, v.t. to disturb: to overawe: to coerce.—n. Concus′sion, state of being shaken: a violent shock caused by the sudden contact of two bodies: any undue pressure or force exerted upon any one.—adj. Concuss′ive, having the power or quality of concussion. [L. concussus—con, together, quatĕre, to shake.]

Concyclic, kon-sī′klik, adj. (geom.) lying on the circumference of one circle.

Condemn, kon-dem′, v.t. to pronounce guilty: to censure or blame: to sentence to punishment: to give up to some fate: to pronounce unfit for use.—adj. Condem′nable, blamable.—n. Condemnā′tion, state of being condemned: blame: cause of being condemned.—adj. Condem′natory, expressing or implying condemnation.—p.adj. Condemned′, pronounced to be wrong, guilty, or useless: belonging or relating to one who is sentenced to punishment, e.g. 'condemned cell:' declared dangerous and to be removed, as a house, bridge, &c. [L. condemnāre, from con, inten., and damnāre, to damage.]

Condense, kon-dens′, v.t. to compress or reduce by pressure into smaller compass: to reduce to a denser form, as vapour to liquid.—n. Condensabil′ity, the quality of being condensable.—adj. Condens′able, capable of being compressed.—v.t. Condens′āte, to condense: to compress into a closer form.—v.i. to become dense: to harden:—pr.p. condens′āting; pa.p. condens′āted.—ns. Condensā′tion, act of condensing; Condens′er, an apparatus for reducing vapours to a liquid form: an appliance for collecting or condensing electricity. [L. condensāre—con, inten., and densus, dense.]

Condescend, kon-de-send′, v.i. to descend willingly from a superior position: to act kindly to inferiors: to deign: to comply: to lower one's self.—n. Condescend′ence, condescension: (Scots law) an articulate statement annexed to a summons, setting forth the allegations in fact upon which an action is founded.—adj. Condescend′ing, yielding to inferiors: courteous: obliging: patronising.—adv. Condescend′ingly.—n. Condescens′ion, affability to inferiors: courtesy: graciousness.—Condescend upon, to specify: to mention. [L. con, inten., and descendĕre, to descend.]

Condign, kon-dīn′, adj. well merited: adequate (of punishment).—adv. Condign′ly.—n. Condign′ness. [L. condignus—con, wholly, dignus, worthy.]

Condiment, kon′di-ment, n. a seasoning used at table to give a flavour to the ordinary solid or liquid food.—v.t. to pickle. [L. condimentum—condīre, to preserve, to pickle.]

Condition, kon-dish′un, n. state in which things exist: a particular manner of being: quality: rank, as 'a person of condition:' pre-requisite: temper: a term of a contract: proposal: arrangement: (logic) that which must precede the operation of a cause: (law) a provision that upon the occurrence of an uncertain event an obligation shall come into force, or shall cease, or that the obligation shall not come into force until a certain event.—v.i. to make terms.—v.t. to agree upon: to restrict, limit: to determine.—adj. Condi′tional, depending on conditions.—n. Conditional′ity.—adv. Condi′tionally.—v.t. Condi′tionate, to condition: to qualify.—adj. Condi′tioned, having a certain condition, state, or quality: circumstanced: depending: relative—the opposite of absolute.—Conditioning House, an establishment in which the true weight, length, and condition of articles of trade and commerce are determined scientifically—the first in England established at Bradford in 1891. [L. condicio, -nis, a compact (later false spelling conditio)—condicĕre—con, together, dicĕre, to say.]

Condole, kon-dōl′, v.i. to grieve with another: to sympathise in sorrow: (Shak.) to grieve.—adj. Condol′atory, expressing condolence.—ns. Condole′ment, Condol′ence, expression of grief for another's sorrow.—adj. Condol′ent, sympathetic. [L. con, with, dolēre, to grieve.]

Condone, kon-dōn′, v.t. to forgive: to pass over.—n. Condonā′tion, forgiveness: in the legal phraseology of Britain and the United States, forgiveness granted by the injured party, which may be urged by the guilty party as a defence against an action of divorce on the ground of adultery. [L. con, inten., donāre, to give. See Donation.]

Condor, kon′dor, n. a large vulture found among the Andes of South America. [Sp.,—Peruv. cuntur.]

Condottiere, kon-dot-ti-ā′re, n. a leader of a band of military adventurers who sold their services to any party in any contest:—pl. Condottieri (-ā′rē). [It.,—condotto, way—L. con, and ducĕre, to lead.]

Conduce, kon-dūs′, v.i. to tend to some end: to contribute.—ns. Conduce′ment (Milt.), Conduc′ibleness, Conduc′iveness.—adjs. Conduc′ible, Conduc′ive, leading or tending: having power to promote: advantageous.—advs. Conduc′ibly, Conduc′ively. [L. con, together, ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Conduct, kon-dukt′, v.t. to lead or guide: to convey (water): to direct: to manage: to behave: (elect.) to carry or transmit.—ns. Con′duct, act or method of leading or managing: guidance: escort: guide: management: behaviour; Conductibil′ity.—adjs. Conduct′ible, capable of conducting heat, &c.: capable of being conducted or transmitted.—n. Conduc′tion, act or property of conducting or transmitting: transmission by a conductor, as heat.—adj. Conduct′ive, having the quality or power of conducting or transmitting.—ns. Conductiv′ity, a power that bodies have of transmitting heat and electricity; Conduct′or, the person or thing that conducts: a leader: a manager: a leader of an orchestra: one in charge of a bus, &c.: that which has the property of transmitting electricity, heat, &c.—n.fem. Conduct′ress. [L. conductus—conducĕre. See Conduce.]

Conduit, kun′dit, or kon′-, n. a channel or pipe to lead or convey water, &c.: a kind of fountain. [Fr. conduit—L. conductus—conducĕre, to lead.]

Condyle, kon′dil, n. a protuberance at the end of a bone serving for articulation with another bone, esp. that by which the occipital bone of the skull is articulated to the spine.—adj. Con′dyloid.—n. Condylō′ma, a growth about the anus or generative organs. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. kondylos, knuckle.]

Cone, kōn, n. a solid pointed figure with a circular base: fruit shaped like a cone, as that of the pine, fir, &c.: anything shaped like a cone.—ns. Cone′-shell, a family of Gasteropod molluscs, with substantial conical shells; Cone′-wheat, a variety of wheat, with conical-shaped spike.—adjs. Conic, -al, having the form of or pertaining to a cone.—adv. Con′ically.—ns. Con′icalness, Conic′ity.—adj. Con′ico-cylin′drical.—n. Con′ics, that part of geometry which deals with the cone and its sections.—adj. Cō′niform, in the form of a cone.—Conic section, a figure made by the section of a cone by a plane. [Fr. cone—L.,—Gr. kōnos, a peak, a peg.]

Confab, kon-fab′, v. and n. coll. forms of Confab′ulāte, Confabulā′tion.—adj. Confab′ular.—n. Confab′ulātor.—adj. Confab′ulātory.

Confabulate, kon-fab′ū-lāt, v.i. to talk familiarly together: to chat.—n. Confabulā′tion. [L. con, together, fabulāri, to talk—fabula, a tale, fable.]

Confarreation, kon-far-re-ā′shun, n. a Roman mode of marriage, made in the presence of the high-priest and ten witnesses, at which bread made of spelt was eaten together.—adj. Confar′reate. [L. confarreatio—confarreāre, to unite by bread, to marry—con, with, far, a species of grain.]

Confect, kon′fekt, n. fruit, &c., prepared with sugar: a sweetmeat: a comfit.—v.t. Confect′, to prepare: to preserve.—n. Confec′tion, composition, compound: a composition of drugs: a sweetmeat: the French word for a ready-made article of dress for women's wear.—v.t. to make a confection, in its various uses.—ns. Confec′tionary (B.), a confectioner: a sweetmeat: a place where confections are made: confectionery; Confec′tioner, one who makes confections; Confec′tionery, a confectioner's shop: the business of a confectioner: sweetmeats in general. [L. conficĕre, confectum, to make up together—con, together, facĕre, to make.]

Confederate, kon-fed′ėr-āt, adj. leagued together: allied.—n. one united in a league: an ally: an acomplice.—v.i. and v.t. to league together or join in a league.—ns. Confed′eracy, a league or mutual engagement: persons or states united by a league: a conspiracy; Confederā′tion, a league: alliance, esp. of princes, states, &c.—adj. Confed′erātive, of or belonging to a confederation. [L. confœderāre, -ātum—con, together, fœdus, fœdĕris, a league.]

Confer, kon-fėr′, v.t. to give or bestow: to compare (notes), collate—abbrev. cf.—v.i. to talk or consult together:—pr.p. confer′ring; pa.p. conferred′.—ns. Conferee′, one conferred with; Con′ference, the act of conferring: an appointed meeting for instruction or discussion.—adjs. Conferen′tial; Confer′rable.—n. Confer′rer, one who confers. [Fr.,—L. conferre—con, together, ferre, to bring.]

Conferva, kon-fėr′va, n. a genus of lower fresh-water Algæ, forming slimy masses or tufts in ponds and stagnent pools, easily recognised by their unbranched filaments.—adj. Confer′void. [L. conferva, a kind water-plant.]

Confess, kon-fes′, v.t. to acknowledge fully, esp. something wrong: to own or admit: to make known, as sins to a priest: to hear a confession, as a priest.—v.i. to make confession.—ns. Confes′sion, acknowledgment of a crime or fault: avowal; a statement of one's religious belief: acknowledgment of sin to a priest; Confes′sional, the seat or enclosed recess where a priest hears confessions.—adj. pertaining to confession.—ns. Confes′sionalism; Confes′sionalist.—adj. Confes′sionary, of or belonging to confession.—n. a confessional.—ns. Confess′or, one who professes the Christian faith, or a priest who hears confessions and grants absolution: one who endures persecution but not death:—fem. Confess′oress; Confess′orship.—adjs. Confessed′, Confest′, admitted: avowed: evident.—advs. Confess′edly, Confest′ly.—Confession of Faith, a formulary embodying the religious beliefs of a church or sect: a creed.—Confess to, to admit, acknowledge; Stand confessed, to be revealed. [Fr. confesser—L. confitēri, confessus—con, sig. completeness, and fatēri—fāri, to speak.]

Confide, kon-fīd′, v.i. to trust wholly or have faith (with in): to rely.—v.t. to entrust, or commit to the charge of.—ns. Confidant′, one confided in or entrusted with secrets: a bosom-friend:—fem. Confidante′; Con′fidence, firm trust or belief: faith: self-reliance: firmness: boldness: presumption; Con′fidency.—adj. Con′fident, trusting firmly: having full belief: positive: bold.—n. a confidential friend.—adj. Confiden′tial, (given) in confidence: admitted to confidence: private.—advs. Confiden′tially; Con′fidently.—n. Confid′er, one who confides.—adj. Confid′ing, trustful.—adv. Confid′ingly.—n. Confid′ingness.—Confidence trick, a swindler's trick, whereby a person is induced to hand over money as a mark of confidence in the swindler; Confidant person, in Scots law, a confidential person, partner, agent, &c. [L. confidĕre—con, sig. completeness, and fidĕre, to trust.]

Configuration, kon-fig-ū-rā′shun, n. external figure or shape: outline: relative position or aspect, as of planets.—vs.t. Config′urate, Config′ure, to shape. [L. configuratio—con, together, and figurāre, to form. See Figure.]

Confine, kon′fīn, n. border, boundary, or limit—generally in pl.: (kon-fīn′) confinement: (Shak.) a prison.—v.t. Confine′, to border; to be adjacent to: to limit, enclose: to imprison.—adjs. Confin′-able; Confined′, limited: imprisoned: narrow; Confine′less (Shak.), without bound: unlimited.—ns. Confine′ment, state of being shut up: restraint: imprisonment: restraint from going abroad by sickness, and esp. of women in childbirth; Confin′er. one within the confines: (Shak.) an inhabitant.—adj. Confin′ing, bordering: limiting.—Be confined, to be limited: to be in child-bed. [Fr. confiner—L. confinis, bordering—con, together, finis, the end.]

Confirm, kon-fėrm′, v.t. to strengthen: to fix or establish: to ratify: to verify: to assure: to admit to full communion.—adj. Confirm′able.—n. Confirmā′tion, a making firm or sure: convincing proof: the rite by which persons are admitted to full communion in the R.C., Greek, Lutheran, Anglican, and other Churches.—adjs. Confirm′ative, tending to confirm; Confirm′atory, giving additional strength to: confirming; Confirmed′, settled: inveterate.—ns. Confirmee′, one to whom anything is confirmed; Confirm′er; Confirm′ing. [O. Fr. confermer—L. confirmāre—con, inten., and firmāre—firmus, firm.]

Confiscate, kon′fis-kāt, or kon-fis′-, v.t. to appropriate to the state, as a penalty: to take possession of.—adj. forfeited to the public treasury.—adjs. Confis′cable, Confis′catory, of the nature of confiscation.—ns. Confiscā′tion, the act of confiscating; Con′fiscātor, one who confiscates. [L. confiscāre, -ātum—con, together, fiscus, a basket.]

Confiteor, kon-fit′ē-or, n. a form of prayer or confession used in the Latin Church. [L. confiteor, I confess.]

Confix, kon-fiks′, v.t. (Shak.) to fix firmly. [L. configĕre, -fixum—con, inten., figĕre, to fix.]

Conflagrate, kon′fla-grāt, v.t. and v.i. to burn up.—adj. Conflag′rant (Milt.) burning.—n. Conflagrā′tion, a great burning or fire. [L. conflagrāre—con, inten., and flagrāre, to burn. See Flagrant.]

Conflate, kon-flāt′, v.t. to blow together: to produce: to combine two variant readings of a text into one.—n. Conflā′tion. [L. conflatus—conflāre, to blow together—con, and flāre, to blow.]

Conflict, kon′flikt, n. violent collision: a struggle or contest: a battle: a mental struggle.—v.i. Conflict′, to fight: contend: to be in opposition: to clash.—adj. Conflict′ing, clashing: contradictory.—n. Conflic′tion.—adj. Conflict′ive, tending to conflict. [L. confligĕre—con, together, and fligĕre, to strike.]

Confluence, kon′floo-ens, n. a flowing together: the place of meeting, as of rivers: a concourse: the act of meeting together.—adj. Con′fluent, flowing together: uniting.—n. a stream uniting and flowing with another.—adv. Con′fluently.—n. Con′flux, a flowing together. [L. confluĕre, confluxum, from con, together, fluĕre, to flow.]

Conform, kon-form′, v.t. to make like or of the same form with: to adapt.—v.i. to be of the same form; to comply: to obey.—n. Conformabil′ity, state of being conformable.—adj. Conform′able, corresponding in form: suitable: compliant.—adv. Conform′ably.—ns. Conformā′tion, particular form, shape, or structure: adaptation; Conform′er, Conform′ist, one who conforms, esp. with the worship of the Established Church; Conform′ity, likeness: compliance: consistency.—In conformity with, in accordance with. [L. conformāre—con, with, and formāre—forma, form.]

Confound, kon-fownd′, v.t. to overthrow, defeat: to mingle so as to make the parts indistinguishable: to throw into disorder: to perplex: to astonish.—p.adj. Confound′ed, confused: astonished: (coll.) consummate, egregious (a term of disapprobation).—advs. Confound′edly (coll.), hatefully, shamefully: cursedly; Confound′ingly, astonishingly.—Confound you, an execration or curse. [O. Fr. confondre—L. confundĕre, -fusum—con, together, fundĕre, to pour.]

Confraternity, kon-fra-tėr′ni-ti, n. a brotherhood: clan: brotherly friendship.

Confrère, kong-frār, n. a colleague: a fellow-member or associate. [Fr.,—L. con, together, frater, a brother.]

Confront, kon-frunt′, v.t. to stand in front of: to face: to oppose: to bring face to face: to compare.—n. Confrontā′tion, the bringing of people face to face. [Fr. confronter—Low L.,—L. con, together, and frons, the front. See Front.]

Confucian, kon-fū′shyan, adj. of or belonging to Confucius, the Chinese philosopher (551-479 B.C.).—ns. Confū′cianism; Confū′cianist.

Confuse, kon-fūz′, v.t. to pour or mix together so that things cannot be distinguished: to throw into disorder: to perplex.—v.i. to be confused.—adj. Confused′, perplexed: disordered.—adv. Confus′edly, in a confused manner: disorderly.—ns. Confus′edness, state of being confused: disorder; Confū′sion, the state of being confused: disorder: shame: overthrow: perplexity: embarrassment: turmoil.—adj. Confū′sive. [A doublet of Confound.]

Confute, kon-fūt′, v.t. to prove to be false: to refute: to put an end to.—adj. Confūt′able.—n. Confutā′tion.—adj. Confūt′ative, tending to confute.—n. Confute′ment. [L. confutāre—con, inten., and futis, a water-vessel, from fundĕre, to pour: to overthrow. See Futile.]

Congeal, kon-jēl′, v.t. to freeze: to change from fluid to solid by cold: to solidify, as by cold.—v.i. to pass from fluid to solid, as by cold: to stiffen: to coagulate.—adj. Congeal′able.—ns. Congeal′ableness; Congeal′ment, Congelā′tion, act or process of congealing: anything congealed. [L. congelāre, from con, and gelu, frost.]

Congee, kon′jē, Congé, kong′jā, n. a bow: dismissal: leave to depart.—v.i. to take leave: to bow.—Congé d'élire (Fr.), permission to elect: permission given by the crown to a dean and chapter to elect a bishop. [Fr. congé—L. commeatus, leave of absence—com, together, and meāre, to go.]

Congener, kon′je-nėr, or kon-jē′nėr, n. a person or thing of the same kind or nature.—adj. akin.—adjs. Congener′ic, -al, of the same genus, origin, or nature; Congen′erous, of the same nature or kind; Congenet′ic, alike in origin. [L.,—con, with, and genus, generis, kind.]

Congenial, kon-jē′ni-al, adj. of the same genius, spirit, or tastes: kindred, sympathetic: suitable.—n. Congenial′ity.—adv. Congē′nially. [L. con, with, and genialis, genial. See Genial.]

Congenital, kon-jen′i-tal, adj. begotten or born with, said of diseases or deformities dating from birth.—adv. Congen′itally. [L. congenitus, from con, together, gignĕre, genitum, to beget.]

Conger, kong′gėr, n. a marine bony fish in the eel family, 3 to 6 feet long—also Con′ger-eel: a company of co-operating booksellers. [L.,—Gr. gongros.]

Congeries, kon-jē′ri-ēz, n. a collection of particles or small bodies in one mass. [L.,—con, together, gerĕre, gestum, to bring.]

Congest, kon-jest′, v.t. to bring together, or heap up: to accumulate.—adjs. Congest′ed, affected with an unnatural accumulation of blood: overcrowded; Congest′ible.—n. Congest′ion, an accumulation of blood in any part of the body: fullness: an overcrowded condition.—adj. Congest′ive, indicating or tending to congestion. [L. congerĕre, congestum—con, together, and gerĕre, gestum, to bring.]

Congiary, kon′ji-ar-i, n. a gift to the Roman people or soldiery, originally in corn, oil, &c., each receiving a congius or gallon—afterwards given in money. [L. congiarium—congius, the Roman gallon.]

Conglobe, kon-glōb′, v.t. or v.i. to collect together into a globe or round mass:—pr.p. conglōb′ing; pa.p. conglōbed′.—adj. Conglob′ate, formed into a globe or ball.—v.t. to form into a globe or ball.—n. Conglobā′tion.—v.i. Conglob′ūlate, to gather into a globule or small globe. [L. con, together, and globāre, -ātum—globus, a ball, globe.]

Conglomerate, kon-glom′ėr-āt, adj. gathered into a clew or mass.—v.t. to gather into a ball.—n. a rock composed of pebbles cemented together.—n. Conglomerā′tion, state of being conglomerated: a collection of things. [L. conglomerāre, -ātum—con, together, and glomus, glomeris, a clew, akin to globus.]

Conglutinate, kon-glōō′tin-āt, v.t. to glue together: to heal by uniting.—v.i. to unite or grow together.—p.adj. Conglu′tinant.—n. Conglutinā′tion, a joining by means of some sticky substance: healing.—adj. Conglu′tinātive, having power to conglutinate.—n. Conglu′tinātor. [L. conglutināre, -ātum—con, together, and gluten, glue.]

Congou, kong′gōō, n. a kind of black tea.—Also Congo. [Chinese kung-fu, labour, referring to the labour expended in producing the tea.]

Congratulate, kon-grat′ū-lāt, v.t. to wish joy to on any fortunate event: to felicitate: to consider one's self fortunate in some matter.—adj. Congrat′ulant, expressing congratulation.—n. a congratulator.—ns. Congratulā′tion, act of congratulating: an expression of joy or sympathy; Congrat′ulator.—adj. Congrat′ulatory. [L. congratulāri, -ātus—con, inten., gratulāri—gratus, pleasing.]

Congree, kon-grē′, v.i. (Shak.) to agree together: to accord. [L. con, together, and Fr. gré, good-will—L. gratus, pleasing.]

Congreet, kon-grēt′, v.t. (Shak.) to salute mutually. [L. con, together, and Greet.]

Congregate, kong′gre-gāt, v.t. to gather together: to assemble.—v.i. to flock together.—p.adj. Congregat′ed, assembled: aggregated.—n. Congregā′tion, the act of congregating: an assemblage of persons or things: (O.T.) a name given to the children of Israel: a body of people united to worship in a particular church: the name given to the body of Protestant Reformers in Scotland in the time of Mary.—adj. Congregā′tional, pertaining to a congregation.—ns. Congregā′tionalism, a form of church government in which each congregation is independent in the management of its own affairs—also called Independency; Congregā′tionalist, adherent of Congregationalism. [L. congregāre, -ātum—con, together, and grex, gregis, a flock.]

Congress, kong′gres, n. a meeting together or assembly, as of ambassadors, &c., for political purposes: the federal legislature of the United States.—v.i. to meet in congress.—adj. Congres′sional.—n. Con′gressman, a member of congress. [L. con, together, and gradi, gressus, to step, to go.]

Congreve, kong′grēv, n. a rocket for use in war, invented by Sir William Congreve (1772-1828).—n. Con′greve-match, a kind of lucifer match, invented by Congreve.

Congrue, kong-grōō′, v.i. (Shak.) to agree.—ns. Cong′ruence, Cong′ruency, agreement: suitableness.—adj. Cong′ruent, agreeing: suitable: congruous: used of two numbers which, when divided by the same number, give the same remainder.—n. Congru′ity, agreement between things: consistency: fitness.—adj. Cong′ruous, suitable: fit: consistent.—adv. Cong′ruously.—n. Cong′ruousness. [L. congruĕre, to run together.]

Coniferæ, kon-if′ėr-ē, n.pl. an order of exogenous plants, including pines, firs, &c., which bear cones, in which the seed is contained.—n. Con′ifer, one of the foregoing.—adj. Conif′erous, cone-bearing, as the fir, &c. [Cone, and L. ferre, to bear.]

Conine, kō′nin, n. an alkaloid forming the poisonous principle of hemlock.—Also Cō′nia, Cō′nicine. [Gr. kōneion, hemlock.]

Conirostral, kōn-i-ros′tral, adj. having a strong conical beak.—n.pl. Coniros′tres, a group of insessorial birds with such. [Cone, and L. rostralis—rostrum, a beak.]

Conjecture, kon-jekt′ūr, n. a forecast: an opinion formed on slight or defective evidence: an opinion without proof: a guess: an idea.—v.t. to make conjectures regarding: to infer on slight evidence: to guess.—adjs. Conject′urable, that may be conjectured; Conject′ural, involving conjecture: given to conjecture.—adv. Conject′urally. [L. conjicĕre, conjectum, to throw together—con, together, and jacĕre, to throw.]

Conjee, Congee, kon′jē, n. water in which rice has been boiled, much used for invalids. [Anglo-Indian—Tamil kañji. Origin unknown.]

Conjoin, kon-join′, v.t. to join together: to combine.—v.i. to unite.—adjs. Conjoined′, united: in conjunction; Conjoint′, joined together: united.—adv. Conjoint′ly. [Fr. conjoindre—L. con, together, and jungĕre, junctum, to join. See Join.]

Conjugal, kon′joo-gal, adj. pertaining to marriage.—n. Conjugal′ity.—adv. Con′jugally. [L. conjugalis—conjux, one united to another, a husband or wife—con, and jugum, a yoke.]

Conjugate, kon′joo-gāt, v.t. (gram.) to give the various inflections or parts of a verb.—adj. joined: connected.—n. a word agreeing in derivation with another word.—adjs. Con′jugated, Conjugā′tional, Con′jugative, conjugate.—ns. Con′jugateness; Con′jugating; Conjugā′tion, the act of joining: union: (gram.) a term applied to a connected view or statement of the inflectional changes of form that a verb undergoes in its various relations: a class of verbs inflected in the same manner.—Conjugate axes, two axes in a conic section, such that each is parallel to the tangent at the extremity of the other; Conjugate foci (see Focus); Conjugate mirrors, two mirrors set face to face so that the rays emitted from the focus of one are first reflected from it to the and thence to its focus; Conjugation of cells, a mode of reproduction in which two apparently similar cells unite, as in Amœba, Diatoms, &c. [L. conjugāre, -ātum—con, together, and jugāre—jugum, a yoke.]

Conjunct, kon-junkt′, adj. conjoined: concurrent.—n. Conjunc′tion, connection, union: (gram.) a word that connects sentences, clauses, and words: one of the aspects of the planets, when two heavenly bodies have the same longitude—i.e. when the same perpendicular to the ecliptic passes through both.—adj. Conjunc′tional, relating to a conjunction.—adv. Conjunc′tionally.—adj. Conjunc′tive, closely united: serving to unite: connective: (gram.) introduced by a conjunction.—adv. Conjunc′tively.—n. Conjunc′tiveness.—adv. Conjunc′tly, conjointly: in union.—n. Conjunc′ture, combination of circumstances: important occasion, crisis.—Grand conjunctions, those where several planets or stars are found together. [L.,—conjungĕre. See Conjoin.]

Conjure, kun′jėr and kon-jōōr′ (con′jure, generally of the art of legerdemain, &c.; conjure′, of actions treated as religious or solemn), v.i. to practise magical arts: to make an invocation: (obs.) to conspire.—v.t. to call on or summon by a sacred name or in a solemn manner: to implore earnestly: to compel (a spirit) by incantations: to enchant: to raise up or frame needlessly; to effect by jugglery:—pr.p. con′juring; pa.p. con′jured.—ns. Conjurā′tion, act of summoning by a sacred name or solemnly: enchantment; Con′jurātor, a conspirator; Conjure′ment, adjuration; Con′jurer, -or, one who practises magic: an enchanter: (kon-jōō′ror) one bound by oath with others; Con′juring, magic-working: the production of effects apparently miraculous by natural means; Con′jury, magic. [Fr.,—L. con, together, and jurāre, to swear.]

Conk, kongk, n. the nose.—n. Conk′y (slang), a person with a large nose. [Mr F. Hindes Groome suggests that it may be back slang, conk being the illiterate spelling of the Gipsy knoc, nose.]

Connascent, kon-nas′ent, adj. born or produced at the same time.—ns. Connas′cence, Connas′cency. [L. con, with nasci, to be born.]

Connate, kon′āt, adj. born with one's self: innate: allied: congenial.—adj. Connat′ural, of the same nature with another.—v.t. Connat′uralise.—n. Connat′urality.—adv. Connat′urally.—ns. Connat′uralness; Connā′ture. [L. con, with, and nasci, natus, to be born.]

Connect, kon-ekt′, v.t. to tie or fasten together: to establish a relation between: to associate.—p.adj. Connect′ed, joined: united.—adv. Connect′edly, in a connected manner.—ns. Connect′er, -or, one who or that which connects.—adj. Connect′ible, capable of being connected.—ns. Connec′tion, Connex′ion, act of connecting: that which connects: a body or society held together by a bond: coherence: intercourse: context: relation: intimacy: a relative.—adjs. Connect′ive, Connex′ive (obs.), binding together.—n. a word that connects sentences and words.—adv. Connect′ively.—Connective tissue, one of the four sets of the commonest classification of animal tissues, including a great variety—e.g. bone, cartilage, ligaments, and enswathing membranes. [L. con, together, and nectĕre, to tie.]

Connictation, kon-ik-tā′shun, n. the act of winking. [L. con, and nictare, -ātum, to wink.]

Connive, kon-īv′, v.i. to wink at a fault: to take no notice: to have a private understanding.—ns. Conniv′ance, Conniv′ancy, Conniv′ence, Conniv′ency.—adj. Conniv′ent.—n. Conniv′er. [Fr.,—L. connivēre, to wink.]

Connoisseur, kon-es-sehr′, or kon-is-ūr′, n. one who knows a subject well; a critical judge in art, music, &c.—n. Connoisseur′ship, the skill of a connoisseur. [Fr. connoître—L. cognoscĕre, to know.]

Connote, kon-ōt′, v.t. to signify secondarily: to imply along with an object the inherent attributes: to include.—v.t. Con′notāte, to connote.—n. Connotā′tion, implication of something more than the denotation of an object: the aggregation of attributes connoted by a term.—adjs. Connot′ātive, Connō′tive. [L. con, with, and Note.]

Connubial, kon-ū′bi-al, adj. pertaining to marriage or to the marriage state: nuptial.—n. Connubial′ity.—adv. Connū′bially. [L. con, and nubĕre, to marry. See Nuptial.]

Connumerate, kon-nū′me-rāt, v.t. to count conjointly.—n. Connumerā′tion.

Conoid, kōn′oid, n. anything like a cone in form.—adjs. Conoid′ic, -al, Con′oid, Conoid′al. [Gr. kōnos, a cone, eidos, form.]

Conquer, kong′kėr, v.t. to gain by force or with an effort: to overcome or vanquish.—v.i. to be victor.—adj. Con′querable, that may be conquered.—n. Con′querableness.—adj. Con′quering, victorious.—adv. Con′queringly.—ns. Con′queror, one who conquers: a victor:—fem. Con′queress; Con′quest, the act of conquering: that which is conquered or acquired by physical or moral force: the act of gaining the affections of another.—Make a conquest, to conquer.—The Conqueror, William I. of England (L. Conques′tor); The Conquest, the acquisition of the throne of England by William, Duke of Normandy, in 1066. [O. Fr. conquerre—L. conquirĕre,—con, inten., quærĕre, to seek.]

Conquistador, kong-kwis′ta-dōr, n. a conqueror, applied to the conquerors of Mexico and Peru. [Sp.,—L. conquirĕre. See Conquer.]

Consanguine, kon-sang′gwin, adj. related by blood: of the same family or descent—also Consanguin′eous.—n. Consanguin′ity, relationship by blood: opposed to affinity or relationship by marriage. [L. consanguineus—con, with, sanguis, blood.]

Conscience, kon′shens, n. the knowledge of our own acts and feelings as right or wrong: sense of duty: scrupulousness: (Shak.) understanding: the faculty or principle by which we distinguish right from wrong.—adjs. Con′science-proof, unvisited by any compunctions of conscience; Con′science-smit′ten, stung by conscience; Conscien′tious, regulated by a regard to conscience: scrupulous.—adv. Conscien′tiously.—n. Conscien′tiousness.—adj. Con′scionable, governed or regulated by conscience.—n. Con′scionableness.—adv. Con′scionably.—Conscience clause, a clause in a law, affecting religious matters, to relieve persons of conscientious scruples, esp. one to prevent their children being compelled to undergo particular religious instruction; Conscience money, money given to relieve the conscience, by discharging a claim previously evaded; Case of conscience, a question in casuistry.—Good, or Bad, conscience, an approving or reproving conscience.—In all conscience, certainly: (coll.) by all that is right and fair.—Make a matter of conscience, to act according to conscience: to have scruples about.—My conscience! a vulgar exclamation of astonishment, or an asseveration.—Speak one's conscience (Shak.), to speak frankly: to give one's opinion. [Fr.,—L. conscientia, knowledge—conscīre, to know well—con, and scīre, to know.]

Conscious, kon′shus, adj. having the feeling or internal knowledge of something: aware: having the faculty of consciousness.—adv. Con′sciously.—n. Con′sciousness, the waking state of the mind: the knowledge which the mind has of its own acts and feelings: thought. [L. conscius—conscīre, to know.]

Conscribe, kon-′skrīb′, v.t. to enlist by conscription.—adj. Con′script, enrolled, registered.—n. one enrolled and liable to serve as a soldier or sailor.—v.t. to enlist.—n. Conscrip′tion, a compulsory enrolment for naval or military service: the obtaining recruits by compulsion.—adj. Conscrip′tional.—Conscript fathers (patres conscripti), the senators of ancient Rome. [L. conscribĕre, to enrol—con, together, scribĕre, to write.]

Consecrate, kon′se-krāt, v.t. to set apart for a holy use: to render holy or venerable; to hallow; to devote.—adj. consecrated: devoted: sanctified.—ns. Con′secratedness; Consecrā′tion, the act of devoting to a sacred use; Con′secrator.—adj. Con′secratory, making sacred. [L. consecrāre, -ātum, to make wholly sacred—con, and sacrāre, to set apart as sacred—sacer, sacred.]

Consectaneous, kon-sek-tā′nē-us, adj. following as a natural consequence.

Consectary, kon-sek′ta-ri, n. a deduction, corollary. [L. consectāri, freq. of consequi. See Consecution.]

Consecution, kon-se-kū′shun, n. a train of consequences or deductions: a series of things that follow one another: (mus.) succession of similar intervals in harmony.—adj. Consec′utive, following in regular order: succeeding or resulting.—adv. Consec′utively—n. Consec′utiveness. [L. consequi—con, and sequi, secutus, to follow.]

Consenescence, kon-sē-nes′ens, n. the state of growing old.—Also Consenes′cency.

Consensus, kon-sen′sus, n. agreement of various parts: agreement in opinion: unanimity.—n. Consen′sion, mutual consent.—adj. Consen′sual, relating to consent.—adv. Consen′sually.—Consensual contract, a contract requiring merely the consent of the parties. [L. consentīre. See Consent.]

Consent, kon-sent′, v.i. to be of the same mind: to agree: to give assent: to yield: to comply.—v.t. (Milt.) to allow.—n. agreement: accordance with the actions or opinions of another: concurrence: advice, counsel.—adj. Consentā′neous, agreeable or accordant: consistent with.—adv. Consentā′neously—ns. Consentā′neousness, Consentanē′ity.—n. Consen′tience, state of being consentient: imperfect consciousness.—adj. Consen′tient, agreeing in mind or in opinion.—adv. Consent′ingly.—Age of consent, the age at which a person is considered in the eyes of the law competent to give consent to certain acts; Be of consent (Shak.), to be accessory; With one consent, unanimously. [L. consentīre—con, with, sentīre, to feel, to think.]

Consequence, kon′se-kwens, n. that which follows or comes after as a result: effect: influence: importance: (pl.) a round game describing the meeting of a lady and gentleman and its consequences, each player in turn writing a part of the story, not knowing what the others have written.—v.i. (Milt.) to draw inferences.—adj. Con′sequent, following as a natural effect or deduction.—n. that which follows: the natural effect of a cause.—adj. Consequen′tial, following as a result: casual: pompous.—advs. Consequen′tially; Con′sequently. [Fr.,—L. consequi—con, together, and sequi, to follow.]

Conserve, kon-sėrv′, v.t. to keep entire: to retain: to preserve: (obs.) to preserve in sugar.—n. something preserved, as fruits in sugar.—adj. Conser′vable.—n. Conser′vancy, a court having authority to preserve the fisheries, &c., on a river: the act of preserving.—p.adj. Conser′vant.—n. Conservā′tion, the act of conserving: the keeping entire.—adj. Conservā′tional.—n. Conser′vatism, the opinions and principles of a Conservative.—adj. Conser′vative, tending or having power to conserve.—n. (politics) one who desires to preserve the institutions of his country against innovation and change: one averse to change and progress.—ns. Conser′vativeness; Conservatoire (kon-ser-va-twär′), Conservatō′rium, a name given by the Italians to schools instituted for the purpose of advancing the study of music and maintaining its purity; Con′servātor, one who preserves from injury or violation: a guardian, custodian:—fem. Conser′vatrix; Conser′vatorship; Conser′vatory, a storehouse: a greenhouse or place in which exotic plants are kept: a school of music.—adj. preservative.—n. Conser′ver.—Conservation of energy, the law that the total amount of energy in a material system cannot be varied, provided the system neither parts with energy to other bodies nor receives it from them; Conservation of matter, the experimentally ascertained fact that no process at the command of man can either destroy or create even a single particle of matter.—Conservators of the peace, a title usually applied to knights elected in each shire, from the 12th century onwards, for the conservation of the peace. [L. conservāre—con, together, and servāre, to keep.]

Consider, kon-sid′ėr, v.t. to look at closely or carefully: to think or deliberate on: to take into account: to attend to: to reward.—v.i. to think seriously or carefully: to deliberate.—adj. Consid′erable, worthy of being considered: important: more than a little.—n. Consid′erableness.—adv. Consid′erably.—n. Consid′erance (Shak.), consideration.—adjs. Consid′erāte, Consid′erative (obs.), thoughtful: serious: prudent: thoughtful for the feelings of others.—adv. Consid′erately.—ns. Consid′erateness, thoughtfulness for others; Considerā′tion, deliberation: importance: motive or reason: compensation, reward: the reason or basis of a compact: (law) the thing given or done or abstained from by agreement with another, and in view of that other giving, doing, or abstaining from something.—prep. Consid′ering, in view of: seeing that.—adv. Consid′eringly, with consideration. [Fr.—L. considerāre, supposed to have been orig. a term of augury—con, and sidus, sideris, a star.]

Consign, kon-sīn′, v.t. to give to another: to sign or seal: to transfer: to entrust: to commit: to transmit for sale or custody.—adj. Consign′able.—ns. Consignā′tion; Consig′natory, one who signs a document jointly.—adj. Consigned′, given in trust.—ns. Consig′nature, complete signature: joint signing; Consignee′, one to whom anything is consigned or entrusted; Consign′er, Consign′or; Consign′ment, the act of consigning: the thing consigned: the writing by which anything is made over: in Mercantile Law, goods placed in the hands of an agent or factor for sale, or for some other specified purpose. [Fr.,—L. consignāre, to attest.]

Consignify, kon-sig′ni-fī, v.t. to signify or indicate in connection with something else.—n. Consignificā′-tion.—adj. Consignif′icative.

Consilience, kon-sil′i-ens, n. concurrence: coincidence.—adj. Consil′ient, agreeing. [L. con, together, and salīre, to leap.]

Consimilar, kon-sim′i-lar, adj. like each other.—ns. Consimil′itude, Consimil′ity. [L. consimilis.]

Consist, kon-sist′, v.i. to exist, subsist: to co-exist: to agree.—ns. Consist′ence, Consist′ency, a degree of density: substance: agreement: the quality of being self-consistent.—adj. Consistent, fixed: not fluid: agreeing together: uniform in thought or action.—adv. Consist′ently.—adjs. Consistō′rial, Consistō′rian.—n. Consist′ory, properly a place of assembly: the particular place where the privy-council of the Roman emperor met, the council itself: an assembly or council: a spiritual or ecclesiastical court in the R.C. Church, consisting of the pope and cardinals, and determining all such matters as the appointment of cardinals, bishops, &c.; in the Lutheran Church, exercising a supervision over religion and education, over the clergy, schoolmasters, and theological candidates; in the Reformed Church, the kirk-session, or the presbytery.—Consist in, to lie in: to depend upon: to be composed of; Consist of, to be made up of. [L. consistĕre—con, together, sistĕre, to stand.]

Consociate, kon-sō′shi-āt, v.t. and v.i. to associate together.—p.adj. Consō′ciated.—n. Consociā′tion, companionship (with): association: alliance. [L. consociāre, -ātum—con, with, sociāre, to associate—socius, a companion.]

Console, kon-sōl′, v.t. to give solace or comfort: to cheer in distress.—adj. Consol′able, that may be comforted.—v.t. Con′solate (Shak.), to console.—ns. Consolā′tion, solace: alleviation of misery: a comforting circumstance; Consolā′tion-match, -race, &c., a race, &c., in which only those who have been previously unsuccessful may compete.—adj. Consol′atory.—n. Con′soler:—fem. Con′-solātrix. [L. con, inten., and solāri, to comfort.]

Console, kon′sōl, n. (archit.) a projection resembling a bracket, frequently in the form of the letter S, used to support cornices, or for placing busts, vases, or figures on: the key-desk of an organ.—n. Con′sole-ta′ble, a table having one of its sides supported against a wall by consoles or brackets. [Fr. console; prob. conn. with Consolidate.]

Consolidate, kon-sol′i-dāt, v.t. to make solid: to form into a compact mass: to unite into one.—v.i. to grow solid or firm: to unite.—adj. made firm or solid: united.—p.adj. Consol′idated.—n. Consolidā′tion, act of making or becoming solid: confirmation.—adj. Consol′idative, tending to consolidate: having the quality of healing.—n. Consol′idator, one who or that which consolidates.—Consolidation Acts, acts of parliament which combine into one general statute several special enactments. [L. consolidāre, -ātum—con, inten., and solidus, solid.]

Consols, kon′solz, n.pl. (short for Consolidated Annuities) that part of the British national debt which consists of several stocks consolidated into one fund.

Consommé, kon-so-mā′, n. a kind of soup made from meat by slow boiling. [Fr.,—L. consummāre, to consummate.]

Consonant, kon′son-ant, adj. consistent: suitable: harmonious.—n. an articulation which can be sounded only with a vowel: a letter of the alphabet other than a vowel.—ns. Con′sonance, a state of agreement: agreement or unison of sounds: (mus.) a combination of notes which can sound together without the harshness produced by beats: concord; Con′sonancy, harmony.—adj. Consonant′al.—adv. Con′sonantly.—adj. Con′sonous, harmonious. [L. consonans, -antis, pr.p. of consonāre, to harmonise—con, with, and sonāre, to sound.]

Consort, kon′sort, n. a partner: a companion: a wife or husband: an accompanying ship: (obs.) a number of people: an orchestra: former spelling for concert.—v.t. Consort′ (Shak.), to accompany: to associate (with).—v.i. to associate or keep company: to agree.—p.adj. Consort′ed, associated.—n. Con′sortship.—In consort, in company: in harmony. [L. consors, from con, with, and sors, sortis, a lot.]

Conspecies, kon-spē′shēz, n. (zool.) a subspecies or variety.—adj. Conspecif′ic.

Conspectus, kon-spek′tus, n. a comprehensive survey: a synopsis.—n. Conspectū′ity (Shak.), sight: the eye. [L. conspectus—conspicĕre, to look at.]

Conspicuous, kon-spik′ū-us, adj. clearly seen: visible to eye or mind: prominent.—ns. Conspicū′ity, Conspic′uousness.—adv. Conspic′uously. [L. conspicuus—conspicĕre—con, inten., spicĕre, to look.]

Conspire, kon-spīr′, v.i. to plot or scheme together: to agree: to concur to one end.—v.t. to plan, devise.—n. Conspir′acy, the act of conspiring: a banding together for an evil purpose: a plot: concurrence.—adj. Conspir′ant, conspiring.—ns. Conspirā′tion, conspiracy; Conspir′ator, one who conspires:—fem. Conspir′atress.—adj. Conspiratō′rial.—n. Conspir′er (Shak.), conspirator.—adv. Conspir′ingly. [L. conspirāre—con, together, spirāre, to breathe.]

Conspissate, kon-spis′āt, v.t. to inspissate.—n. Conspissā′tion.

Conspurcation, kon-spur-kā′shun, n. (obs.) defilement. [L. conspurcāre, -ātum, to defile.]

Constable, kun′sta-bl, n. formerly a state-officer of the highest rank: the warden of a castle: a peace-officer: a policeman.—ns. Con′stablery, the charge of a constable; Con′stableship; Con′stablewick, the district of a constable; Con′stabling, acting as a constable or policeman; Constab′ulary, the body of constables of a district, town, &c.—adj. of or pertaining to constables, or peace-officers.—Constable of France, chief of the household under the old French kings, then commander-in-chief of the army, judge in questions of chivalry, tournaments, and martial displays.—High Constable, one of two constables ordained in every hundred or franchise, to make the view of armour, and to see to the conservation of the peace; High Constable of Scotland, the first subject in Scotland after the blood-royal; Lord High Constable of England, the seventh great officer of the crown, and formerly a judge in the court of chivalry.—Outrun the constable, to go too fast: to get into debt.—Special constable, a person sworn in by the justices to preserve the peace, or to execute warrants on special occasions. [O. Fr. conestable (Fr. connétable)—L. comes stabuli, count of the stabulum, stable.]

Constant, kon′stant, adj. fixed: unchangeable: firm: continual: faithful.—n. (math.) a term or quantity which does not vary throughout a given investigation: that which remains unchanged.—n. Con′stancy, fixedness: unchangeableness: faithfulness: (Shak.) perseverance: (Shak.) certainty.—adv. Con′stantly. [L. constans, -antis, from constāre, to stand firm—con, inten., stāre, to stand.]

Constantia, kon-stan′shi-a, n. a wine produced around Constantia in Cape Colony.

Constantinian, kon-stan-tin′yan, adj. pertaining to the Roman emperor, Constantine the Great (A.D. 274-337).

Constantinopolitan, kon-stan′ti-no-pol′it-an, adj. of or pertaining to Constantinople.

Constat, kon′stat, n. a certificate of what appears (constat) on record touching a matter given by the auditors of the Exchequer: an attested copy of the enrolment of letters patent.

Constellate, kon′stel-āt, or kon-stel′āt, v.t. to cluster.—v.i. to be fated, according to the position of the stars: to cluster together.—n. Constellā′tion, a group of stars: an assemblage of persons distinguished in some way: (astrol.) a particular disposition of the planets, supposed to influence the course of human life or character.—adj. Constel′latory. [L. constellatus, studded with stars—con, with, stellāre—stella, a star.]

Consternate, kon′ster-nāt, v.t. to fill with dismay.—n. Consternā′tion, terror which throws into confusion: astonishment: dismay. [L. consternāre, -ātum, from con, wholly, sternĕre, to strew.]

Constipate, kon′stip-āt, v.t. to stop up: to make costive: (obs.) to press together.—n. Constipā′tion, costiveness, an irregular and insufficient action of the bowels. [L. con, together, stipāre, -ātum, to pack.]

Constitute, kon′stit-ūt, v.t. to set up: to establish: to form or compose: to appoint: to determine.—n. Constit′uency, the whole body of voters for a member of parliament.—adj. Constit′uent, constituting or forming: essential: elemental: component.—n. an essential or elemental part: one of those who elect a representative, esp. in parliament.—n. Constitū′tion, the act of constituting: the natural condition of body or mind: disposition: a system of laws and customs established by the sovereign power of a state for its own guidance: the established form of government: a particular law or usage.—adj. Constitū′tional, inherent in the natural frame: natural: agreeable to the constitution or frame of government: essential: legal: of a sovereign who rules subject to fixed laws.—n. a walk for the sake of one's health.—v.t. Constitū′tionalise, to make constitutional.—ns. Constitū′tionalism, adherence to the principles of the constitution; Constitū′tionalist, Constitū′tionist, one who favours the constitution; Constitutional′ity, the state or quality of being constitutional.—adv. Constitū′tionally.—adj. Con′stitutive, that constitutes or establishes: having power to enact, &c.: essential. [L. constituĕre, constitutum, from con, together, and statuĕre, to make to stand, to place.]

Constrain, kon-strān′, v.t. to urge with irresistible power: to force, compel: to distress: to confine: to limit: to cause constraint.—adj. Constrain′able.—p.adj. Constrained′, forced, compelled: embarrassed.—adv. Constrain′edly.—n. Constraint′, irresistible force: compulsion: confinement: repression of one's feelings: embarrassment. [O. Fr. constraindre—L. constringĕre—con, together, stringĕre, to press. See Strain.]

Constrict, kon-strikt′, v.t. to press together: to contract: to cramp.—p.adj. Constrict′ed, narrowed: cramped: (bot.) contracted or tightened, so as to be smaller in some parts than in others.—n. Constric′tion, a pressing together: contraction: tightness.—adj. Constrict′ive.—n. Constrict′or, that which constricts or draws together: a large serpent which crushes its prey in its folds—the Boa-constrictor (q.v.). [L. constringĕre, constrictum.]

Constringe, kon-strinj′, v.t. to draw together: to cause to contract.—v.i. to contract.—n. Constrin′gency.—adj. Constrin′gent, having the quality of contracting. [L. constringĕre.]

Construct, kon-strukt′, v.t. to build up: to compile: to put together the parts of a thing: to make: to compose.—adj. constructed.—adjs. Construct′able, Construct′ible, able to be constructed.—ns. Construct′er, Construct′or; Construc′tion, the act of constructing: anything piled together, building: manner of forming: (gram.) the arrangement of words in a sentence: interpretation: meaning.—adjs. Construc′tional, pertaining to construction; Construct′ive, capable of constructing: not direct or expressed, but inferred.—adv. Construct′ively.—ns. Construct′iveness, the faculty of constructing; Construct′ure.—Construct state, in Hebrew and other Semitic languages, the state of a noun depending on another noun, which in Aryan languages would be in the genitive case—e.g. House of God—house being in the construct state.—Bear a construction, to allow of a particular interpretation. [L. construĕre, -structum—con, struĕre, to build.]

Construe, kon′strōō, or kon-strōō′, v.t. to exhibit the arrangement in another language: to translate: to explain: to interpret: to infer.—v.i. to admit of grammatical analysis.—Con′ster, an old form. [L. construĕre, constructum, to pile together.]

Constuprate, kon′stū-prāt, v.t. (obs.) to deflower.—n. Constuprā′tion.

Consubstantial, kon-sub-stan′shal, adj. of the same substance, nature, or essence, esp. of the Trinity.—ns. Consubstan′tialism, the doctrine of consubstantiation; Consubstan′tialist, one who believes in consubstantiation; Consubstantial′ity.—adv. Consubstan′tially, with sameness of substance.—v.t. Consubstan′tiāte, to unite in one common substance or nature.—v.i. to become so united.—adj. united in one common substance.—ns. Consubstantiā′tion (theol.), the Lutheran doctrine of the actual, substantial presence of the body and blood of Christ co-existing in and with the bread and wine used at the Lord's Supper; Consubstantiā′tionist. [L. con, with, and Substantial.]

Consuetude, kon′swe-tūd, n. custom: familiarity.—adj. Consuetū′dinary, customary.—n. an unwritten law established by usage, derived by immemorial custom from antiquity: a ritual of customary devotions. [L. consuetudo, custom.]

Consul, kon′sul, n. one of the two chief-magistrates in the Roman republic: one commissioned to reside in a foreign country as an agent for, or representative of, a government.—n. Con′sulage, duty paid to a consul for protection of goods.—adj. Con′sular, pertaining to a consul.—n. a man of consular rank.—ns. Con′sulate, the office, residence, or jurisdiction of a consul; Con′sulship, the office, or term of office, of a consul. [L.]

Consult, kon-sult′, v.t. to ask advice of: to decide or act in favour of: to look up to for information or advice: to discuss: to consider: to take measures for the advantage of any one.—v.i. to consider in company: to take counsel.—n. (kon-sult′, or kon′sult) the act of consulting: a meeting for consultation: a council: a meeting for conspiracy or intrigue.—ns. Consul′ta, a meeting of council; Consultā′tion, deliberation, or a meeting for such, esp. of physicians or lawyers.—adj. Consult′ative, of or pertaining to consultation, esp. of bodies taking part in a consultation without voting on the decision.—ns. Consultee′, the person consulted; Consult′er, one who consults.—adjs. Consult′ing, of a physician or lawyer who gives advice; Consult′ive, pertaining to consultation; Consult′ory, Consult′atory. [L. consult-āre, inten. of consul-ĕre, to consult.]

Consume, kon-sūm′, v.t. to destroy by wasting, fire, evaporation, &c.: to use up: to devour: to waste or spend: to exhaust.—v.i. to waste away.—adj. Consum′able.—adv. Consum′edly, exceedingly—originally a fantastic variant of confoundedly, and prob. influenced in meaning by consummately.—ns. Consum′er, as opposed to producer, he who uses an article produced; Consum′ing, wasting or destroying. [L. consum-ĕre, to destroy—con, sig. completeness, sum-ĕre, sumptum, to take.]

Consummate, kon′sum-āt, or kon-sum′āt, v.t. to raise to the highest point: to perfect or finish: to make marriage legally complete by sexual intercourse.—adj. complete, supreme, perfect of its kind.—adv. Consumm′ately, perfectly.—n. Consummā′tion, act of completing: perfection: conclusion of life or of the universe: the subsequent intercourse which makes a marriage legally valid.—adj. Consumm′ative.—n. Con′summator.—adj. Consumm′atory. [L. consummare, to perfect—con, with, and summus, highest, perfect.]

Consumption, kon-sum′shun, n. the act of using up or consuming—the converse of production—also Consumpt′; pulmonary consumption, a more or less rapidly advancing process of lung destruction, with progressive emaciation—phthisis, tuberculosis.—adj. Consump′tive, wasting away: inclined to the disease consumption.—adv. Consump′tively.—ns. Consump′tiveness, a tendency to consumption; Consumptiv′ity. [See Consume.]

Consute, kon′sūt, adj. (entom.) marked as if with stitches, as the wing-covers of some beetles.—adj. Consū′tile (obs.), stitched together. [L. consuĕre, -sutum, to sew together.]

Contabescent, kon-tab-es′ent, adj. wasting away, atrophied.—n. Contabes′cence. [L. contabescentem—contabescĕre, to waste away.]

Contabulate, kon-tab′ū-lāt, v.t. to floor with boards.—n. Contabulā′tion. [L., con, with, tabula, a board.]

Contact, kon′takt, n. touching or close union: meeting: (math.) coincidence, as of two curves, in two or more successive points.—adj. Contact′ual, pertaining to contact.—Be in contact (with), to be touching anything; Make contact, to complete an electrical current. [L. conting-ĕre, contactum, to touch—con, wholly, tangĕre, to touch.]

Contadina, kon-ta-dē′na, n. an Italian peasant woman:—pl. Contadi′ne (-ne), Contadi′nas. [It.]

Contagion, kon-tā′jun, n. transmission of a disease from the sick to the healthy, either by direct contact of a part affected with the disease, or through the medium of the excretions or exhalations of the body.—n. Contā′gionist, one who believes that certain diseases are contagious.—adj. Contā′gious, that may be communicated by contact.—adv. Contā′giously.—ns. Contā′giousness; Contā′gium, the supposed morbific matter by means of which disease spreads.—Contagious Diseases Acts, a series of laws passed in 1865 and succeeding years for the better regulation of prostitutes in certain seaport and military towns. [L. contagion-em—con, together, tangĕre, to touch.]

Contain, kon-tān′, v.t. to comprise, to include: (B.) to restrain, esp. the sexual appetite.—adj. Contain′able, that may be contained.—ns. Contain′ant, Contain′er. [Through Fr. from L. continēre—con, together, tenēre, to hold.]

Contaminate, kon-tam′i-nāt, v.t. to defile by touching or mixing with: to pollute: to corrupt: to infect.—adj. Contam′inable.—n. Contaminā′tion, pollution.—adj. Contam′inative. [L. contamināre, -ātum—contamen (for contagmen), pollution. See Contact.]

Contango, kon-tang′go, n. a percentage paid by the buyer to the seller of stock for keeping back its delivery to the next settling-day, continuation—opp. to Backwardation. [From Continue.]

Conteck, kon′tek, n. (Spens.). Same as Contest. [O. Fr. contek, prob. conn. with contekier, to touch.]

Contemn, kon-tem′, v.t. to despise: to neglect, to disregard.—n. Contem′ner. [Fr.,—L. contemnĕre, -temptum, to value little—con, inten., temnĕre, to slight.]

Contemper, kon-temp′ėr, v.t. to blend together, to qualify by mixture: to adapt to anything.—ns. Contemperā′tion (obs.), Contem′perature. [L. contemperāre.]

Contemplate, kon′tem-plāt, or kon-tem′plāt, v.t. to consider or look at attentively: to meditate on or study: to intend.—v.i. to think seriously: to meditate (with on, upon).—adj. Contemp′lable.—ns. Contem′plant, Contemp′latist; Contemplā′tion, continued study of a particular subject: a meditation written, or a subject for such.—adj. and n. Contem′plative, given to contemplation.—adv. Contem′platively.—ns. Contem′plativeness; Con′templātor, one who contemplates: a student. [L. contemplāri, -ātus, to mark out carefully a templum or place for auguries—con, sig. completeness, and templum. See Consider and Temple.]

Contemporaneous, kon-tem-po-rā′ne-us, adj. living, happening, or being at the same time.—n. Contemporanē′ity (geol.), does not imply that two systems were precisely synchronous, but merely that each occupies the same relative position in the succession of systems.—adv. Contemporā′neously.—ns. Contemporā′neousness; Contem′porariness.—adj. Contem′porary, contemporaneous, occupying the same period (with).—n. one who lives at the same time: a rival newspaper or magazine.—v.t. Contem′porise, to make contemporary in mind. [L. con, together, and temporaneus—tempus, time.]

Contempt, kon-tempt′, n. scorn: disgrace: (law) disregard of the rules or an offence against the dignity of a court (with of, for).—ns. Contemptibil′ity, Contempt′ibleness.—adj. Contempt′ible, despicable.—adv. Contempt′ibly.—adj. Contempt′uous, haughty, scornful.—adv. Contempt′uously.—n. Contempt′uousness. [See Contemn.]

Contend, kon-tend′, v.i. to strive: to struggle in emulation or in opposition: to dispute or debate (with against, for, with, about): to urge one's course.—ns. Contend′ent, Contend′er, one who contends.—p.adj. Contend′ing, striving.—n. Conten′tion, a violent straining after any object: strife: debate.—adj. Conten′tious, quarrelsome.—adv. Conten′tiously.—n. Conten′tiousness. [L. contendĕre, -tentum—con, with, tendĕre, to stretch.]

Content, kon-tent′, or kon′tent, n. that which is contained: the capacity or extent of anything: the substance: (pl.) the things contained: the list of subjects treated of in a book. [See Contain.]

Content, kon-tent′, adj. having the desires limited by present enjoyment: satisfied.—n. satisfaction—often 'heart's content.'—interj. = I am content, agreed!—the formula of assent in the House of Lords.—v.t. to make content: to satisfy the mind: to make quiet: to please.—n. Contentā′tion (obs.).—adj. Content′ed, content.—adv. Content′edly.—ns. Content′edness, Content′ment.—adj. Content′less, without content: discontented. [Fr.,—L. contentus, contained, hence satisfied—con, and tenēre, to hold.]

Conterminous, kon-tėr′min-us, adj. having a common boundary: coincident with: co-extensive with in time, substance, &c.—Also Conter′minable, Conter′minal, Conter′minant, Conter′minate. [L. conterminus, neighbouring—con, together, and terminus, a boundary.]

Contest, kon-test′, v.t. to call in question or make the subject of dispute: to strive for.—n. Con′test, a struggle for superiority: strife: debate.—adj. Contest′able.—ns. Contest′ant, one who contests; Contestā′tion, the act of contesting: contest: strife: emulation.—p.adj. Contest′ed.—adv. Contest′ingly, by contest.—Contested election, an election for a member of parliament or the like, where more than one competitor offer themselves. [Fr.,—L. contestāri, to call to witness—con, and testāri, to be a witness—testis, a witness.]

Context, kon′tekst, n. the parts of a discourse or treatise which precede and follow a special passage and fix its true meaning.—adj. Context′ual—adv. Context′ually.—n. Context′ure, the interweaving of parts into a whole: the structure or system of anything: any interwoven fabric: the composition of a writing.—v.t. (Carlyle) to weave. [L. contextus, contexĕre—con, together, texĕre, textum, to weave.]

Conticent, kon′tis-ent, adj. (Thackeray) silent. [L. conticent-em, con, and tacēre, to be silent.]

Contignation, kon-tig-nā′shun, n. joining together: any structure so joined: a framework or stage. [L. contignation-em—contignāre—con, tignum, wood.]

Contiguous, kon-tig′ū-us, adj. touching, adjoining: near.—ns. Contigū′ity, Contig′uousness.—adv. Contig′uously. [L. contiguus—contingĕre, to touch on all sides—con, wholly, tangĕre, to touch.]

Continent, kon′ti-nent, n. a large extent of land not broken up by seas: the mainland of Europe: one of the great divisions of the land surface of the globe.—adj. restraining the indulgence of pleasure, esp. sexual: temperate: virtuous.—ns. Con′tinence, Con′tinency, the restraint imposed by a person upon his desires and passions: self-restraint in sexual indulgence, often absolute: chastity.—adj. Continent′al, characteristic of a continent, as of climate, &c.: pertaining to the European continent, or to the colonies of North America at the period of independence.—n. Continent′alism, anything peculiar to the usage of the Continent.—adv. Con′tinently.—Continental system, the name given to Napoleon's plan for shutting out England from all commercial connection with Europe. [L. continentem—continēre, to contain—con, together, tenĕre, to hold.]

Contingent, kon-tin′jent, adj. dependent on something else: liable but not certain to happen: accidental.—n. an event which is liable but not certain to occur: a share or proportion, esp. of soldiers.—ns. Contin′gence, Contin′gency.—adv. Contin′gently. [L. contingent-em—con, tangĕre, to touch.]

Continue, kon-tin′ū, v.t. to draw out or prolong: to extend or increase in any way: to unite without break: to persist in.—v.i. to remain in the same place or state: to last or endure: to persevere.—adjs. Contin′uable, that may be continued; Contin′ual, without interruption: unceasing.—adv. Contin′ually.—n. Contin′uance, duration: uninterrupted succession: stay.—adjs. Contin′uant; Contin′uāte, close united: (Shak.) unbroken.—ns. Continuā′tion, constant succession: extension; Continuā′tion-day, the same as Contango-day, that on which contangoes are fixed.—adj. Contin′uātive, continuing.—n. Contin′uātor, one who continues or keeps up a series or succession.—adj. Contin′ued, uninterrupted: unceasing: extended.—adv. Contin′uedly.—ns. Contin′uedness; Contin′uer, one who continues, or has the power of persevering; Continū′ity, state of being continuous: uninterrupted connection.—adj. Contin′uous, joined together without interruption.—adv. Contin′uously.—ns. Contin′uousness; Contin′ūum, a continuous thing:—pl. Contin′ua. [Fr.,—L. continuāre—continuus, joined, connected, from continēre.]

Contline, kont′līn, n. in the stowage of casks the space between them: the spiral intervals formed between the strands of a rope, by their being twisted together. [Prob. cant.]

Contorniate, kon-tor′ni-āt, n. a coin or medal with a deep groove round the disc.—adj. having this.

Contort, kon-tort′, v.t. to twist or turn violently: to writhe.—adj. Contort′ed, twisted: folded or twisted back upon itself, as some parts of plants.—ns. Contor′tion, a violent twisting; Contor′tionist, a gymnast who practises contorted postures: one who twists words and phrases.—adj. Contort′ive, expressing contortion. [L. con, inten., and torquēre, tortum, to twist.]

Contour, kon′tōōr, or kon-tōōr′, n. the outline: the line which bounds the figure of any object.—v.t. to mark with contour lines.—Contour lines, lines drawn in a map through points all at the same height above sea-level—usually on the British Ordnance Survey maps at intervals of 50 feet. [Fr. con, and tour, a turning—L. tornus—Gr. tornos, a lathe.]

Contra, kon′tra, adv. and prep. against, opposite: in front of: to the contrary: a doublet of Counter- (mus.), signifying an octave lower than the typical form, as in contrabass, &c. See Appendix.

Contraband, kon′tra-band, adj. contrary to law: prohibited.—n. illegal traffic: prohibition: prohibited goods.—ns. Con′trabandism, trafficking in contraband goods; Con′trabandist, a smuggler.—Contraband of war, a name applied to certain commodities, as military stores, and even coal in an age of war steamers, not to be supplied by neutral to belligerent powers. [Sp. contrabanda—It. contrabbando—L. contra, against, L. L. bandum, ban.]

Contrabass, kon′tra-bās, n. the double-bass viol, giving the lower octave to the bass in the orchestra.—adj. applied to other instruments taking a similar part.—Also Contrabas′so and Count′erbase.

Contract, kon-trakt′, v.t. to draw together: to lessen: to shorten: to acquire: to incur: to bargain for: to betroth.—v.i. to shrink: to become less.—n. Con′tract, an agreement on fixed terms: a bond: a betrothment: the writing containing an agreement.—adj. Contract′ed, drawn together: narrow: mean.—adv. Contract′edly.—ns. Contract′edness; Contractibil′ity, Contract′ibleness.—adjs. Contract′ible, capable of being contracted; Contract′ile, tending or having power to contract.—ns. Contractil′ity; Contrac′tion, act of contracting: a word shortened by rejecting a part of it: a symbol for shortening in palæography, &c.—adj. Contract′ive, tending to contract.—n. Contract′or, one of the parties to a bargain or agreement: one who engages to execute work or furnish supplies at a fixed rate.—adj. Contract′ual.—Contract one's self out of, to get rid of some general obligation by making a special contract; Contract work, work done for a fixed sum estimated beforehand and paid down for the whole job. [L. contractus—con, together, trahĕre, to draw.]

Contradict, kon-tra-dikt′, v.t. to oppose by words: to assert the contrary: to deny: to be contrary to in character.—adj. Contradict′able.—n. Contradic′tion, act of contradicting: a speaking against: denial: inconsistency.—adj. Contradic′tious.—advs. Contradic′tiously (rare), Contradic′torily.—adjs. Contradict′ive, Contradict′ory, affirming the contrary: inconsistent.—n. Contradict′oriness, the quality of being contradictory, [L. contradicĕre, -dictum.]

Contradistinction, kon-tra-dis-tingk′shun, n. distinction by contrast.—adj. Contradistinct′ive, distinguishing by opposite qualities.—v.t. Contradistin′guish, to mark the difference between two things by contrasting their different qualities.

Contrafissure, kon′tra-fish-ūr, n. (surg.) a fracture or contusion of the skull at a place opposite that on which the blow was received.

Contrahent, kon′tra-hent, adj. entering into a contract.—n. a contracting party. [L. contrahent-em—contrahĕre.]

Contra-indicate, kon′tra-in′di-kāt, v.t. of a disease, to show symptoms adverse to a particular treatment.—ns. Con′tra-in′dicant, Con′tra-indicā′tion.

Contralto, kon-tral′tō, n. the deepest or lowest species of musical voice in boys, in eunuchs, and best of all in women. [See Alto and Counter (1).]

Contraplex, kon′tra-pleks, adj. (teleg.) having two currents or messages passing in opposite directions at the same time.

Contraposition, kon′tra-po-zish′un, n. opposition, contrast: (logic) an immediate inference, which consists in denying the original subject of the contradictory of the original predicate.—adj. Con′tra-pos′itive.

Contra-rotation, kon′tra-rō-tā′shun, n. rotation in a contrary direction.

Contrary, kon′tra-ri, adj. opposite: contradictory—Contra′riant (rare).—n. a thing that is contrary or of opposite qualities.—n.pl. Con′traries, things opposite in quality: (logic) propositions which destroy each other.—n. Contrarī′ety, opposition: inconsistency.—adv. Con′trarily.—n. Con′trariness.—adj. Contrā′rious, showing contrariety: repugnant: opposite.—advs. Contrā′riously, contrarily; Con′trariwise, on the contrary way or side: on the other hand. [L. contrarius—contra, against.]

Contrast, kon-trast′, v.i. to stand in opposition to.—v.t. to set in opposition, in order to show superiority or give effect.—n. Con′trast, opposition or unlikeness in things compared: exhibition of differences.—adj. Contrast′ive. [Fr. contraster—L. contra, opposite to, stāre, to stand.]

Contrate, kon′trāt, adj. having cogs or teeth arranged in a manner contrary to the usual one, or projecting parallel to the axis.

Contravallation, kon-tra-val-ā′shun, n. a fortification built by besiegers about the place invested. [L. contra, opposite, vallāre, ātum, to fortify.]

Contravene, kon-tra-vēn′, v.t. to oppose.—n. Contraven′tion, act of contravening: opposition: obstruction. [L. contra, against, venīre, to come.]

Contrayerva, kon-tra-yėr′va, n. a stimulating and tonic aromatic root of tropical America. [Sp. contrayerba—L. contra, against, herba, a herb.]

Contretemps, kon-tr-tang′, n. something happening inopportunely or at the wrong time, anything embarrassing, a hitch. [Fr. contre—L. contra, against, and Fr. temps—L. tempus, time.]

Contribute, kon-trib′ūt, v.t. to give along with others: to give for a common purpose: to furnish an article to a newspaper, &c.: to pay a share.—v.i. to give or bear a part.—adj. Contrib′utary, paying a share, contributable, subject to contribution.—n. Contribū′tion, a collection: a levy or charge imposed upon a people: anything furnished to a common stock: a written composition supplied to a jointly written book, newspaper, &c.—adjs. Contrib′utive, Contrib′utory, giving a share: helping.—n. Contrib′utor. [L. con, with, tribuĕre, -utum, to give.]

Contrist, kon-trist′, v.t. (obs.) to sadden.—n. Contristā′tion. [Fr.,—L. contristāre—con, inten., and tristis, sad.]

Contrite, kon′trīt, adj. broken-hearted for sin: penitent.—adv. Con′tritely.—ns. Con′triteness; Contri′tion, deep sorrow for sin: remorse. [L. contritus—conter-ĕre—con, wholly, ter-ĕre, to bruise.]

Contrive, kon-trīv′, v.t. to plan: to invent: to bring about or effect: to plot.—adj. Contriv′able, that may be contrived.—ns. Contriv′ance, Contrive′ment, act of contriving: the thing contrived: invention: design: artifice; Contriv′er, a schemer, a manager. [O. Fr. controver—con-, trover, to find—L. turbāre, to disturb.]

Contrive, kon-triv′, v.t. (obs.) to spend, as time. [L. conter-ĕre, contritum, perf. contrīvi, to wear out.]

Control, kon-trōl′, n. restraint: authority: command.—v.t. to check: to restrain: to govern:—pr.p. contrōl′ling; pa.p. contrōlled′.—Formerly Comptroll′, Countrol′, Controul′.—adj. Control′lable, capable of, or subject to, control.—ns. Control′ler, Comptrol′ler, one who checks the accounts of others by a counter-roll; Control′lership; Control′ment, act or power of controlling: state of being controlled: control. [Fr. contrôle, from contre-rôle, a duplicate register—L. contra, against, rotulus, a roll.]

Controvert, kon′tro-vėrt, v.t. to oppose: to argue against: to refute.—adj. Controver′sial, relating to controversy.—n. Controver′sialist, one given to controversy.—adv. Controver′sially.—ns. Con′troversy, a debate: contest: resistance.—adj. Controvert′ible.—adv. Controvert′ibly.—n. Con′trovertist. [L. contra, against, and vert-ĕre, to turn.]

Contumacious, kon-tū-mā′shus, adj. opposing lawful authority with contempt: obstinate: stubborn.—adv. Contumā′ciously.—ns. Contumā′ciousness; Con-tumac′ity; Con′tumacy, obstinate disobedience or resistance. [L. contumax, -acis, insolent, from con, and tum-ēre, to swell, or temn-ĕre, to despise.]

Contumely, kon′tū-mel-i, n. rudeness: insolence: reproach.—adj. Contumē′lious, haughtily reproachful: insolent.—adv. Contumē′liously.—n. Contumē′liousness. [L. contumelia, which is prob. from the same source as contumacy.]

Contund, kon-tund′, v.t. to bruise or pound.—v.t. Contūse′, to beat or bruise: to crush.—n. Contū′sion, act of bruising; state of being bruised; a bruise.—adj. Contū′sive, apt to bruise. [L. contundĕre, contusum—con, and tundĕre, to bruise.]

Conundrum, kon-un′drum, n. a sort of riddle containing some odd or fanciful resemblance between things quite unlike: any puzzling question. [Ety. dub.]

Convalesce, kon-val-es′, v.i. to regain health.—ns. Convales′cence, Convales′cency, gradual recovery of health and strength.—adj. Convales′cent, gradually recovering health.—n. one recovering health. [L. con, and valesc-ĕre—val-ēre, to be strong.]

Convallaria, kon-va-lā′ri-a, n. a genus of Liliaceæ, its only species the Lily-of-the-valley. [L. convallis, a sheltered valley.]

Convection, kon-vek′shun, n. the process of transmission of heat or electricity through liquids or gases by means of currents.—adj. Convec′tive, occasioned by convection. [L.,—con, and vehĕre, to carry.]

Convenance, kong′ve-nangs, n. what is suitable or proper: (pl.) the conventional usages or social proprieties. [Fr.]

Convene, kon-vēn′, v.i. to come together: to assemble.—v.t. to call together.—adj. Convē′nable.—n. Conven′er, one who convenes a meeting: the chairman of a committee. [Fr.,—L. conven-īre, from con, together, and venīre, to come.]

Convenient, kon-vēn′yent, adj. suitable: handy: commodious.—adj. Conven′able (obs.), fitting.—ns. Conven′ience, Conven′iency, suitableness: an advantage: any particular domestic accommodation, as a closet, &c.—adv. Conven′iently. [L. convenīre.]

Convent, kon′vent, n. an association of persons secluded from the world and devoted to a religious life: the house in which they live, a monastery or nunnery.—adj. Convent′ual, belonging to a convent.—n. a monk or nun; a member of one of the two divisions of the Franciscans, following a mitigated rule—the other being the Observants. [Through Fr. from L. convent-um, convenīre, to come together.]

Conventicle, kon-vent′i-kl, n. applied in contempt to a meeting for worship of dissenters from the Established Church, applied esp. to the field-preachings of the Presbyterian ministers in the persecutions under Charles II. and James II.: any private, clandestine, or irregular meeting.—v.i. to hold such.—n. Conven′ticler. [L. conventiculum, a secret meeting of monks, dim. of conventus.]

Convention, kon-ven′shun, n. an assembly, esp. of representatives or delegates for some common object: any extraordinary assembly called upon any special occasion: any temporary treaty: an agreement: established usage: fashion.—adj. Conven′tional, formed by convention: growing out of tacit agreement or custom: customary: not spontaneous.—v.t. Conven′tionalise.—ns. Conventionalism, that which is established by tacit agreement, as a mode of speech, &c.; Conven′tionalist, one who adheres to a convention, or is swayed by conventionalism; Conventional′ity, state of being conventional: that which is established by use or custom.—adv. Conven′tionally.—adj. Conven′tionary, acting under contract.—ns. Conven′tioner, Conven′tionist. [Fr.,—L. convention-em. See Convene.]

Converge, kon-vėrj′, v.i. to tend to one point.—ns. Conver′gence, Conver′gency, act or quality of tending to one point.—adjs. Conver′gent, Conver′ging, tending to one point. [L. con, together, and vergĕre, to bend, to incline.]

Conversazione, kon-vėr-sat-se-ō′ne, n. a meeting for conversation, particularly on literary subjects:—pl. Conversaziō′ni (-nē). [It.]

Converse, kon-vėrs′, v.i. to have intercourse: to talk familiarly.—n. Con′verse, familiar intercourse: conversation.—adj. Convers′able, disposed to converse: sociable.—adv. Convers′ably.—ns. Con′versance, Con′versancy, state of being conversant: familiarity.—adj. Con′versant, acquainted by study: familiar; (B.) walking or associating with.—n. Conversā′tion, intercourse: talk: familiar discourse; (B.) behaviour or deportment.—adj. Conversā′tional.—ns. Conversā′tionalist, Conversā′tionist, one who excels in conversation; Conversā′tionism, a colloquialism.—adj. Conver′sative, ready to talk. [Fr.,—L. conversāri, to live with—con, inten., and versāre, to turn much—vertĕre, to turn.]

Convert, kon-vert′, v.t. to change or turn from one thing, condition, or religion to another: to change from an irreligious to a holy life: to alter one thing into another: to apply to a particular purpose.—n. Con′vert, one converted: one who has become religious, or who has changed his religion.—adj. Con′verse, reversed in order or relation.—n. that which is the opposite of another: a proposition converted or turned about—i.e. one in which the subject and predicate have changed places.—adv. Con′versely.—ns. Conver′sion, change from one thing, state, or religion to another: (theol.) the conscious change of heart impelling the repentant sinner to a new life: appropriation to a special purpose: (logic) act of interchanging the terms of a proposition; Con′vertend, the proposition to be converted; Convert′er, one who converts: a vessel in which materials are changed from one condition to another; Convertibil′ity, Convert′ibleness.—adjs. Convert′ible, Conver′sive (obs.), that may be converted: equivalent.—adv. Convert′ibly.—n. Con′vertite, a convert, a reformed woman. [L. convertĕre, conversum—con, and vertĕre, to turn.]

Convex, kon′veks, adj. rising into a round form on the outside, the reverse of concave.—n. the vault of heaven, &c.—adj. Convexed′, made convex.—adv. Convex′edly.—ns. Convex′ity, Con′vexness, roundness of form on the outside.—adv. Con′vexly.—adjs. Convex′o-con′cave, convex on one side, and concave on the other; Convex′o-con′vex, convex on both sides. [L. convexus—conveh-ĕre—con, together, and vehĕre, to carry.]

Convey, kon-vā′, v.t. to carry: to transmit: to impart: to steal: to communicate, as ideas: to make over in law.—adj. Convey′able.—ns. Convey′al; Convey′ance, the means of conveying: a vehicle of any kind: (law) the act of transferring property: the writing which transfers it; Convey′ancer, one whose business is the preparation of deeds for the transference of property; Convey′ancing, the business of a conveyancer; Convey′er. [O. Fr. conveier—L. con, along with, and O. Fr. veie—L. via, a way.]

Convict, kon-vikt′, v.t. to prove guilty: to pronounce guilty.—n. Con′vict, one convicted or found guilty of crime, esp. one who has been condemned to penal servitude.—ns. Convic′tion, act of convincing: strong belief: a proving guilty: (theol.) the condition of being consciously convicted of sin; Con′victism, the convict system.—adj. Convict′ive, able to convince or convict.—Carry conviction, to bear irresistibly the stamp or proof of truth; Under conviction, in such a state of awakened consciousness. [From root of Convince.]

Convince, kon-vins′, v.t. to subdue the mind by evidence: to satisfy as to truth or error: (B.) to convict: to refute.—n. Convince′ment.—adjs. Convinc′ible; Convinc′ing, producing conviction.—adv. Convinc′ingly. [L. convincĕre, con, sig. completeness, and vincĕre, victum, to conquer.]

Convivial, kon-viv′i-al, adj. feasting in company: relating to a feast: social: jovial.—v.i. Convive′ (Shak.), to feast together.—n. a companion at table.—ns. Conviv′ialist, a convivial fellow; Convivial′ity.—adv. Conviv′ially. [L.,—convivium, a living together, a feast—con, together, and vivĕre, to live.]

Convoke, kon-vōk′, v.t. to call together: to assemble—also Con′vocāte.—n. Convocā′tion, act of convoking: a provincial synod of clergy, the ancient ecclesiastical council of the archbishop, esp. those of the provinces of Canterbury and York in the Church of England: the great legislative assembly of the university at Oxford and elsewhere.—adj. Convocā′tional.—n. Convocā′tionist. [L. convocāre—con, together, and vocāre, -ātum, to call.]

Convolve, kon-volv′, v.t. to roll together, or one part on another.—adjs. Con′volute, -d, rolled together, or one part on another.—n. Convolū′tion, a twisting: a fold. [L. con, together, volvĕre, -utum, to roll.]

Convolvulus, kon-vol′vū-lus, n. a genus of twining or trailing plants, called also Bindweed. [L.,—convolvĕre.]

Convoy, kon-voy′, v.t. to accompany for protection.—n. Con′voy, the act of convoying: protection: that which convoys or is convoyed, esp. a ship or ships of war guarding a fleet of merchant-vessels, also the ships so protected: an honourable escort: a supply of stores, &c., under escort. [Fr. convoyer. See Convey.]

Convulse, kon-vuls′, v.t. to agitate violently: to affect by spasms.—adj. Convul′sible, subject to convulsion.—n. Convul′sion, any involuntary contraction of the voluntary muscles of the body, esp. such seizures in which the body is thrown into violent spasmodic contractions, the sensibility and voluntary motion being for a time suspended: any violent disturbance.—adjs. Convul′sional, Convul′sionary, pertaining to convulsions.—n.pl. Convul′sionaries, a fanatical sect of Jansenists who sprang up in France about 1730.—adj. Convuls′ive, attended with convulsions: spasmodic.—adv. Convuls′ively.—n. Convuls′iveness. [L. con, inten., and vellĕre, vulsum, to pluck, to pull.]

Cony, Coney, kō′ni, or kun′i, n. a rabbit: (B.) translation of Heb. shâphân, the Hyrax syriacus, or rock-badger: (obs.) an equivocal term of endearment for a woman.—n. Cō′ny-burr′ow, a rabbit-warren.—v.t. Cō′ny-catch (Shak.), to cheat.—ns. Cōny-catch′er, a cheat; Cō′ny-wool, rabbits' fur. [Prob. through O. Fr. connil, from L. cuniculus, a rabbit.]

Conyza, kō-nī′za, n. a genus of strong-smelling herbaceous composite plants—applied formerly to the fleabanes. [Gr.]

Coo, kōō, v.i. to make a sound as a dove: to caress fondly, usually in phrase, 'to bill and coo:'—pr.p. cōō′ing; pa.p. cōōed.—n. the sound emitted by doves.—adv. Coo′ingly. [From the sound.]

Cooee, kōō′ē, Cooey, koo′i, n. the signal-call of the native Australians in the bush.—v.i. to make such.

Coof, küf, n. (Scot.) a stupid fellow. [Prob. M. E. cofe, the modern Cove, a fellow.]

Cook, kook, v.t. to prepare food: to manipulate for any purpose, or falsify, as accounts, &c.: to concoct.—n. one whose business is to cook.—ns. Cook′ery, the art or practice of cooking; Cook′ery-book, a book of receipts for cooking dishes.—n.pl. Cook′ing-app′les, &c., apples, &c., sold specially for cooking.—ns. Cook′ing-range, a stove adapted for cooking several things at once; Cook′-room, a room in which food is cooked; Cook′-shop, an eating-house.—To cook one's goose (slang), to finish off, to kill. [A.S. cóc, a cook (Ger. koch), borrowed from L. coquus.]

Cookie, kook′i, n. a kind of sweet cake used at tea.—n. Cookie-shine, a tea-party. [Dut. koekje, a cake.]

Cool, kōōl, adj. slightly cold: free from excitement: calm: not zealous, ardent, or cordial: indifferent: impudent: colloquially of a large sum of money, as 'a cool thousand.'—v.t. to make cool: to allay or moderate, as heat, excitement, passion, &c.—v.i. to grow cool.—n. that which is cool: coolness.—n. Cool′er, anything that cools: a vessel in which something is cooled—e.g. 'a butter-cooler.'—adjs. Cool′-head′ed, not easily excited: capable of acting with composure; Cool′ish, somewhat cool; Cool′ly (Spens.), cool.—adv. in a cool manner: indifferently: impudently.—ns. Cool′ness, moderate cold: indifference: want of zeal; Cool′-tank′ard, a cooling drink of wine and water, with lemon-juice, spices, and borage: a local name of borage; Coolth (dial.), coolness. [A.S. cól; Ger. kühl. See Cold and Chill.]

Coolie, Cooly, kōōl′i, n. an Indian or Chinese labourer who has emigrated under contract to a foreign land: a European's name for a hired native labourer in India and China. [Prob. Kuli, a tribe of Guzerat; or orig. Tamil, cf. kūli, hire.]

Coom, kōōm, n. matter that gathers at the naves of wheels: soot that gathers at the mouth of an oven: coal-dust. [Prob. conn. with Ger. kahm, mould gathered on liquids.]

Coom, kōōm, n. (Scot.) the wooden centering on which a bridge is built: anything arched or vaulted.—adj. Coom′-ceiled, said of a garret with the inside ceiling sloping from the wall. [Origin obscure.]

Coomb, Comb, kōōm, n. a deep little wooded valley: a hollow on the flank of a hill. [A.S. cumb, a hollow.]

Coomb, Comb, kōōm, n. a measure of capacity = 4 bushels. [A.S. cumb, a measure.]

Coon, kōōn, n. the raccoon: a sly fellow.—A gone coon, one whose case is hopeless. [U.S.]

Coop, kōōp, n. a tub, cask, or barrel: a box or cage for fowls or small animals.—v.t. to confine in a coop: to shut up or confine.—n. Coop′er, one who makes tubs, casks, &c.: a mixture of stout and porter.—v.t. to repair (tubs, &c.): to prepare, patch up.—ns. Coop′erage, the work or workshop of a cooper: the sum paid for a cooper's work; Coop′ering; Coop′ery, the business of a cooper. [A.S. cýpe, a basket; cf. Ger. kufe.]

Cooper, kōōp′ėr, n. a floating grog-shop.—v.i. to supply fishing-boats at sea with liquor. [See Coper.]

Co-operate, kō-op′ėr-āt, v.i. to work together.—n. Co-operā′tion, joint operation; the association of a number of persons for the cheaper purchasing of goods, or for carrying on some branch of industry.—adjs. Co-op′erātive, Co-op′erant, working together.—n. Co-op′erātor.—Co-operating grace (theol.), the R.C., Arminian, and Socinian doctrine that the human will co-operates with the divine in the matter of saving grace. [Co-, together, and Operate.]

Co-opt, kō-opt′, v.t. to elect into any body by the votes of its members.—ns. Co-optā′tion, Co-op′tion.—adj. Co-op′tative. [L. cooptāre, -ātum—co-, together, optāre, to choose.]

Co-ordinate, kō-or′di-nāt, adj. holding the same order or rank.—v.t. to make co-ordinate.—n. a co-ordinate element: each of a system of two or more magnitudes used to define the position of a point, line, or plane, by reference to a fixed system of lines, points, &c.—n. Co-or′dinance, a joint ordinance.—adv. Co-or′dinately.—ns. Co-or′dinateness, the state of being co-ordinate: equality of rank, &c.; Co-ordinā′tion, state of being co-ordinate.—adj. Co-or′dinative, indicating co-ordination.

Coot, kōōt, n. a short-tailed water-fowl, with a characteristic white spot—an extension of the bill—on the forehead; hence called bald, as in phrase, 'bald as a coot.' [M. E. cote; cf. Dut. koet.]

Coot, küt, n. (Scot.) the ankle.—adj. Coot′ie, having legs clad with feathers. [Scot.; cf. Dut. koot; Flem. keute.]

Cop, kop, n. a conical ball of thread on a spindle—also Cop′pin: (obs.) a top or head of anything.—adj. Copped, rising to a cop or head. [A.S. cop, copp.]

Cop, kop, v.t. (slang) to capture.—ns. Cop, Cop′per (slang), a policeman.

Copaiba, ko-pā′ba, n. a balsam obtained from an American tree, much used in medicine.—Also Copai′va. [Sp.,—Braz.]

Copal, kō′pal, n. a resinous substance used in varnishes. [Sp.,—Mex. copalli, resins generally.]

Copartner, kō-pärt′ner, n. a joint partner.—ns. Copart′nership, Copart′nery, Copar′cener, Copar′cenary. [L. co-, together, and Partner.]

Copatain, kop′a-tān, adj. (Shak.) of a hat, high-crowned like a sugar-loaf.

Cope, kōp, n. a covering: a cap or hood: anything spread overhead: a coping: an ecclesiastical vestment worn over the alb or surplice in processions, at solemn lauds and vespers, but not by the celebrant at mass, semicircular, without sleeves and with a hood, fastened across the breast with a clasp or morse, the straight edge usually ornamented with a broad orphrey.—v.t. to cover with a cope.—ns. Cope′-stone, Cop′ing-stone, the stone which copes or tops a wall; Cop′ing, the covering course of masonry of a wall. [From root of Cap.]

Cope, kōp, v.i. to contend.—v.t. to vie with, esp. on equal terms or successfully: to match.—n. Copes′mate (Shak.), a companion. [Fr. couper—L. colaphus, a blow with the fist.]

Copeck, Kopeck, kō′pek, n. a Russian copper coin, worth from ¼ to ⅓ of a penny English. [Russ.]

Coper, kōp′ėr, n. a ship employed in surreptitiously supplying strong drink to deep-sea fishermen—often spelt Cooper.—v.i. to supply liquor in such a way. [Dut. kooper—koopen, to trade; cf. Ger. kaufen, to buy; A.S. ceápan.]

Copernican, ko-pėr′ni-kan, adj. relating to Copernicus, the famous Prussian astronomer (1473-1543), or to his system.

Copious, kō′pi-us, adj. plentiful: overflowing: not concise.—adv. Cō′piously.—n. Cō′piousness. [L. copiosus—copia, plenty—co-, inten., and ops, opis, wealth.]

Copland, kop′land, n. a piece of ground terminating in a cop or acute angle.

Copopsia, kō-pop′si-a, n. fatigue of sight. [Gr. kōphos, dull, opsis, sight.]

Copper, kop′ėr, n. a moderately hard metal of a fine red colour, perhaps the first metal employed by man: money made of copper—e.g. 'a copper' = a penny or halfpenny: a vessel made of copper.—adj. made of copper: copper-coloured.—v.t. to cover with copper.—adj. Copp′er-bott′omed, having the bottom covered with copper, as a ship—n. Copp′er-cap′tain, one who styles himself captain without grounds.—adjs. Copp′er-faced, faced with copper, as type; Copp′er-fas′tened, fastened with copper bolts.—ns. Copp′er-head, a United States snake: (U.S.) a northern sympathiser with the South in the Civil War; Copp′ering, the act of sheathing with copper: a covering of copper.—adjs. Copp′erish, Copp′ery, Cū′preous, containing or like copper.—ns. Copp′er-nick′el, arsenical nickel, niccolite; Copp′er-nose, a red nose caused by intemperance; Copp′erplate, a plate of polished copper on which something has been engraved: an impression taken from the plate; Copp′er-pyrī′tes, a double sulphide of copper and iron of yellow hue; Copp′er-smith, a smith who works in copper; Copp′er-work, a place where copper is wrought or manufactured; Copp′erworm, the ship-worm.—Hot coppers, parched tongue and throat after a bout of drinking. [Low L. cuper—L. cuprum, a contr. of cyprium aes, 'Cyprian brass,' because found in Cyprus.]

Copperas, kop′ėr-as, n. sulphate of iron, used in dyeing black, or making ink. [Fr. couperose (It. copparosa)—L. cupri rosa, rose of copper—so Diez.]

Coppice, kop′is, Copse, kops, n. a wood of small growth for periodical cutting.—n. Copse′wood.—adj. Cop′sy. [O. Fr. copeiz, wood newly cut—Low L. colpāre, to cut—L. colaphus, a blow with the fist.]

Copple, kop′l, n. (obs.) a crest on a bird's head.—n. Copp′le-crown.—adj. Copp′le-crowned.

Copra, kop′ra, n. the dried kernel of the coco-nut, yielding coco-nut oil. [Port., from Malay.]

Co-presence, ko-prez′ens, n. presence together.—adj. Co-pres′ent.

Coprolite, kop′ro-līt, n. fossilised excrement of animals in Palæozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary strata.—adj. Coprolit′ic. [Gr. kopros, dung, lithos, a stone.]

Coprology, kop-rol′oj-i, n. the unclean in literature and art. [Gr. kopros, dung, logia, discourse.]

Coprophagan, kop-rof′a-gan, n. a dung-beetle.—n. Coproph′agist, a dung-eater.—adj. Coproph′agous, dung-eating. [Gr. kopros, dung, phagein, to eat.]

Copt, kopt, n. a Christian descendant of the ancient Egyptians.—adj. Cop′tic.—n. the language of the Copts. [A corr. of Gr. Aigyptios, Egyptian.]

Copula, kop′ū-la, n. that which joins together: a bond or tie: (logic) the word joining the subject and predicate.—adj. Cop′ular.—v.t. and v.i. Cop′ulāte, to unite in sexual commerce.—n. Copulā′tion, act of copulating.—adj. Cop′ulātive, uniting.—n. (gram.) a conjunction that unites ideas as well as words.—adj. Cop′ulātory. [L.,—co-, together, ap-ĕre, to join.]

Copy, kop′i, n. an imitation from an original pattern, a transcript: that which is imitated: a specimen of penmanship to be imitated: the original work from which an imitation or reproduction is made: manuscript for printing.—v.t. to write, paint, &c. after an original: to imitate: to transcribe:—pa.p. cop′ied.—ns. Cop′ier, Cop′yer, one who copies: an imitator; Cop′y-book, a book in which copies are written or printed for imitation; Cop′yhold (Eng. law), a species of estate or right of holding land, for which the owner can only show the copy of the rolls originally made by the steward of the lord's court; Cop′yholder, one who has a tenure of land by copyhold; Cop′ying-press, a machine for copying manuscript letters by pressure; Cop′yism, the practice of the copyist; Cop′yist, one whose business is to copy documents; Copy′right, the exclusive right of an author or his heirs to multiply copies of a written or printed composition, or of a work of art (for books in England the term is forty-two years, or the life of the author and seven years, whichever is longer).—adj. protected by copyright.—v.t. to secure the copyright of.—A copy of verses, a set of verses, esp. a college exercise. [Fr. copie, from L. copia, plenty; in Low L. a transcript.]

Coquelicot, kōk′li-ko, n. (Jane Austen) a brilliant red, the colour of the red poppy. [Fr.]

Coquet, Coquette, ko-ket′, v.i. to excite admiration or love.—v.t. to trifle with in love: to flirt with: to dally with:—pr.p. coquet′ting; pa.p. coquet′ted.—ns. Cō′quetry, act of coquetting: attempt to attract admiration, without serious affection: deceit in love: any kind of prettiness; Coquette′, a vain woman who seeks admiration from mere vanity: a flirt.—adj. Coquet′tish, practising coquetry: befitting a coquette.—adv. Coquet′tishly.—n. Coquet′tishness. [Fr. coqueter—coquet, dim. of coq, a cock.]

Coquilla, kok-il′ya, n. the nut of a Brazil palm, whose mottled, dark-brown endosperm is used by button-makers and turners. [Sp.; dim. of coca, shell.]

Coquimbite, kō-kim′bīt, n. a yellowish hydrous sulphate of iron—also white copperas.

Coquito, kō-kē′tō, n. a beautiful Chilian palm. [Sp., dim. of coco, coco-nut.]

Cor, kor, n. a Hebrew measure, the same as the homer, containing 10 ephahs or baths (10 bushels and 3 gallons).

Coracle, kor′a-kl, n. a small oval rowboat used in Wales, made of skins or oilcloth stretched on wickerwork. [W. corwgl—corwg, anything round; Gael. curach, a wicker-boat.]

Coracoid, kor′a-koid, adj. shaped like a crow's beak.—n. (anat.) an important paired bone in the breast-girdle, forming along with the scapula the articulation for the fore-limb, and always lying ventrally. [Gr. korax, korakos, a crow, and eidos, form.]

Coral, kor′al, n. a hard substance of various colours growing on the bottom of the sea, composed of the skeletons of zoophytes: a child's toy made of coral.—adj. made of or like coral.—n. Cor′al-is′land.—adjs. Corallā′ceous, like, or having the qualities of, coral; Corallif′erous, containing coral; Coral′liform, having the form of coral; Corallig′enous, producing coral; Cor′alline, of, like, or containing coral.—n. a limy seaweed of a delicate pinkish or purplish colour, common on British coasts: a coral-like substance.—n. Cor′allite, a petrified substance, in the form of coral.—adjs. Cor′alloid, -al, in the form of coral: resembling coral.—ns. Cor′al-rag, a limestone rock formed chiefly of petrified coral found in the oolite system; Cor′al-reef, a reef or bank formed by the growth and deposit of coral; Cor′al-sea, the part of the Pacific between Australia on the west and the New Hebrides on the east; Cor′al-snake, a small venomous snake, in the same family as the cobra; Cor′al-tree, a small tropical tree or shrub, producing long spikes of beautiful red flowers resembling coral; Cor′al-wood, a hard South American cabinet-wood, first yellow, then red; Cor′al-wort, a cruciferous plant in English woods—called also Tooth-wort or Tooth-violet. [O. Fr.,—L. coralium—Gr. korallion.]

Coranto, ko-rant′o, n. a rapid and lively kind of dance. [Fr. courante—L. currĕre, to run.]

Corb, korb, n. an iron basket used in raising coal. [L. corbis, a basket.]

Corban, kor′ban, n. anything devoted to God in fulfilment of a vow. [Heb. qorbān, an offering, sacrifice.]

Corbeau, kor-bō′, n. a dark-green colour, almost black. [Fr., 'a raven.']

Corbeil, kor′bel, n. (fort.) a basket filled with earth, and set up as a protection from the fire of the enemy. [Fr. corbeille—L. corbicula, dim. of corbis, a basket.]

Corbel, kor′bel, n. (archit.) a projection of stone or wood from the face of a wall, supporting pillars or other superincumbent weights.—adj. Cor′belled.—ns. Cor′belling; Cor′bel-tā′ble, a row of corbels and the parapet or cornice they support. [O. Fr. corbel—Low L. corvellus, dim. of corvus, a raven.]

Corbiculum, kor-bik′ū-lum, n. the flattened hairy outer surface of the hind-tibia of a bee, used for carrying pollen:—pl. Corbic′ula.—adj. Corbic′ulate. [L., dim. of corbis, a basket.]

Corbie, kor′bi, n. a raven, crow.—Corbie messenger (Scot.), one who returns too late, or not at all; Corbie-steps, the stepped slopes of gables—also Crow-steps. [O. Fr. corbin—L. corvus, a crow.]

Corchorus, kor′ko-rus, n. a genus of tropical plants cultivated for their fibre, which is the jute of commerce. [Gr.]

Corcle, kork′l, n. the embryo in the seed of a plant.—Also Cor′cule. [L. corculum, dim. of cor, heart.]

Cord, kord, n. a small rope or thick kind of string: something resembling a cord, as 'spinal cord,' 'umbilical cord,' &c.: (fig.) anything that binds or restrains: a measure of firewood, originally determined by the use of a cord or string.—v.t. to supply with a cord: to bind with a cord.—n. Cord′age, a quantity of cords or ropes, as the rigging of a ship, &c.—adj. Cord′ed, fastened with cords: furrowed, as with cords: (her.) wound about with cords: piled in 'cords.'—ns. Cord′-grass, a genus of grasses of which one species found in muddy salt-marshes is used for making ropes; Cord′ing, the act of binding: cordage; Cord′ite, an approved smokeless gunpowder, so called from its cord-like appearance; Cord′-wood, wood put up in 'cords.' [Fr. corde—L. chorda. See Chord.]

Cordelier, kor-de-lēr′, n. a Franciscan friar, so named from the knotted cord worn by him as a girdle: (pl.) name of a club in the French Revolution, from its meeting-place being an old convent of the Cordeliers. [O. Fr. cordel, dim. of corde, a rope.]

Cordial, kor′di-al, adj. hearty: with warmth of heart: sincere: affectionate: reviving the heart or spirits.—n. anything which revives or comforts the heart: a medicine or drink for refreshing the spirits.—adjs. Cor′date (bot.), heart-shaped; Cor′dial-heart′ed.—v.i. Cor′dialise, to become cordial, to fraternise.—ns. Cordial′ity, Cor′dialness.—adv. Cor′dially.—adj. Cor′diform, in the form of a heart. [Fr.,—L. cor, cordis, the heart.]

Cordillera, kor-dil-yā′ra, n. a name applied in America to a chain of mountains, as the Andes and Rocky Mountains. [Sp.,—Old Sp. cordilla—L. chorda, cord.]

Cordon, kor′don, n. a cord or ribbon bestowed as a badge of honour: (fort.) a row of stones along the line of a rampart: in military operations, a line of sentries within sight of each other, guarding a place to prevent the passage of unauthorised persons.—Cordon bleu, originally the blue ribbon which in France supported the insignia of the order of the Holy Ghost—transferred to other first-class distinctions, and playfully to a first-class cook; Cordon sanitaire, a line of sentries to guard a place infected with contagious disease. [Fr.]

Cordovan, kor′do-van, Cordwain, kord′wān, n. goatskin leather, originally from Cordova in Spain.—ns. Cord′wainer, a worker in cordovan or cordwain: a shoemaker; Cord′wainery.

Corduroy, kor′du-roi, n. a ribbed kind of fustian, a cotton stuff made after the fashion of velvet: (pl.) trousers made of corduroy.—adj. made of corduroy. [Perh. Fr. corde du roi, king's cord.]

Core, kōr, n. the heart: the inner part of anything, esp. of fruit.—v.t. to take out the core of fruit.—adjs. Cored, having the core removed; Core′less, without core: pithless: hollow.—n. Cor′er, an instrument for removing the core. [Ety. dub.; perh. conn. with L. cor, the heart.]

Coregonus, ko-reg′o-nus, n. a genus of fishes in the salmon family, found esp. near the coast.—adj. Coreg′onine.

Co-religionist, kō-re-lij′un-ist, n. one of the same religion as another.

Co-respondent, kō-re-spond′ent, n. (law) a man charged with adultery, and proceeded against along with the wife, who is the respondent.

Coriaceous, kōr-i-ā′shus, adj. leathery: of or like leather. [L. corium—Gr. chorion, skin, leather.]

Coriander, kōr-i-an′dėr, n. an annual plant, the seeds of which when fresh have an offensive smell, used as a medicine, spice, &c.—n. Corian′der-seed. [Fr.,—L. coriandrum—Gr. koriannon.]

Corinthian, kor-inth′i-an, adj. pertaining to Corinth, a city of Greece: pertaining to an ornate order of Greek architecture, (M. Arnold) to an over-brilliant literary style: profligate.—n. a profligate: a man of fashion, a 'swell.'—n. Cor′inth (obs.), a brothel, from the notorious licentiousness of Corinth.—v.i. Corinth′ianise, to be licentious.—Corinthian brass, bronze, an alloy made in Corinth, much valued in ancient times: assurance or effrontery.

Cork, kork, n. the outer bark of the cork-tree, an oak found in the south of Europe, &c.: a stopper made of cork: any stopper.—adj. made of cork.—v.t. to stop with a cork: to stop up.—ns. Cork′age, corking or uncorking of bottles: a charge made by hotel-keepers for uncorking of bottles when the liquor has not been supplied from the house; Cork′-cut′ter, one employed in cutting corks for bottles, &c.: an instrument used for this.—adj. Corked, stopped by a cork: tainted by the cork, as wine: blackened by burnt cork.—ns. Cork′er, a finisher: (slang) something conclusive; Cork′ing-pin, a large pin, probably from fastening the hair to a pad of cork; Cork′-jack′et, a jacket made of or lined with cork, to aid in swimming; Cork′-leg, an artificial leg, partly of cork; Cork′-screw, a screw for drawing corks from bottles.—adj. like a cork-screw in shape.—v.i. to move in a spiral manner.—v.t. to pull out with difficulty, as a cork: to obtain information from by force or cunning.—n. Cork′-tree, a species of oak from which cork is obtained.—adj. Cork′y, of or resembling cork: (Shak.) withered. [Sp. corcho—L. cortex, bark, rind.]

Corm, korm, Cormus, kor′mus, n. sometimes called a solid bulb—the short, bulb-like subterranean stem of many plants—e.g. crocus. [Gr. kormos, the lopped trunk of a tree.]

Cormophyte, kor′mō-fīt, n. a plant having a true axis of growth—also Cor′mogen.—adj. Cormophyt′ic.

Cormorant, kor′mo-rant, n. a genus of web-footed sea-birds, of great voracity: a glutton. [Fr. cormoran, from L. corvus marinus, the sea-crow.]

Corn, korn, n. a grain or kernel: seeds that grow in ears, as wheat, rye, &c.: grain of all kinds.—v.t. to form into grains; to sprinkle with salt in grains: to salt.—ns. Corn′-ball (U.S.), a ball of popped corn, sweetened, with white of egg; Corn′-brand′y, spirits made from grain; Corn′-bee′tle, a small beetle, the larva of which is very destructive to grain; Corn′brash, a member of the Lower Oolites (see Oolite); Corn′-cake (U.S.), a cake made of Indian-corn meal; Corn′-chand′ler, a dealer in corn; Corn′-cob, the elongated, woody receptacle constituting the ear of maize; Corn′-cock′le, a tall beautiful weed, with large purple flowers, common in corn-fields; Corn′-crake, one of the true rails, with characteristic cry, frequenting corn-fields.—adj. Corned, granulated; salted.—ns. Corn′-exchange′, a mart where grain is sampled and sold; Corn′-fac′tor, a wholesale dealer in corn; Corn′-field, a field in which corn is growing; Corn′-flag, the popular name of plants of genus Gladiolus; Corn′-flour, the name applied to the finely-ground flour of maize or Indian corn; Corn′-flow′er, a well-known composite weed of corn-fields, having a beautiful deep azure flower; Corn′-fly, Corn′-moth, insects very destructive to corn; Corn′ing-house, a place where corn is granulated; Corn′-land, ground suitable for growing corn; Corn′-law, a law made for the restriction and regulation of the trade in corn: esp. in pl. (in England), laws that restricted the importation of corn by imposing a duty, repealed in 1846; Corn′-loft, a granary; Corn′-mar′igold, a chrysanthemum common in corn-fields; Corn′-mē′ter, an official measurer of corn; Corn′-mill, a mill for grinding corn; Corn′-pars′ley, a European grain-field flower (Petroselinum segetum); Corn′-pipe, a pipe made by slitting the joint of a green stalk of corn; Corn′-popp′y, the common red poppy, a troublesome weed growing in corn-fields; Corn′-rent, a fluctuating rent paid in corn, not money; Corn′-rig (Scot.), a ridge in a corn-field; Corn′-sal′ad, a genus of humble annual weeds, found in corn-fields, of which some are used as spring salads; Corn′stone, a kind of mottled limestone, often concretionary, usually occurring in those systems which are largely composed of reddish sandstones; Corn′-van, a machine for winnowing corn; Corn′-weev′il, a small insect very destructive to stored grain.—adj. Corn′y, like corn, produced from corn: (slang) tipsy.—Corn-cob pipe, a tobacco-pipe with the bowl made of the cob of Indian corn.—Corn in Egypt, an expression signifying abundance, in reference to Gen. xlii. 2. [A.S. corn; Goth. kaurn; akin to L. granum.]

Corn, korn, n. a small hard growth chiefly on the toe or foot, resulting from an increase of thickness of the cuticle, caused by excessive pressure or friction on the part.—adj. Cor′neous, horny.—n. Corn′-plas′ter, a remedial plaster applied to a corn.—adj. Corn′y, of or pertaining to corns: horny.—Tread on one's corns, to injure one's feelings. [O. Fr.,—L. cornu, a horn.]

Cornage, korn′āj, n. an ancient tenure of land in the north country, the tenant being bound to blow a horn in case of a Scottish foray.

Cornea, kor′ne-a, n. the transparent horny membrane which forms the front covering of the eye.—adj. Cor′neal.

Cornel, kor′nel, n. the cornelian cherry or dogwood, a small tree native to southern Europe.—Also Cor′nel-tree, Cornē′lian-tree. [O. Fr. cornille—Low L. corniola, cornolium—L. cornus, cornel.]

Cornelian, kor-nē′li-an, n. a precious stone, a variety of chalcedony.—Also Carnē′lian (q.v.). [Fr. cornaline—L. cornu, a horn.]

Corner, kor′nėr, n. the point where two lines meet: a secret or confined place: an embarrassing position, difficulty: (obs.) a point in a rubber at whist: a free kick given to the opposite side when a player in football kicks the ball over his own goal-line: an operation by which the whole of a stock or commodity is bought up, so that speculative sellers are compelled to buy, to meet their engagements, at the corner-men's own price.—v.t. to supply with corners: to put in a corner: to put in a fix or difficulty.—adj. Cor′nered, having corners: put in a difficult position.—n. Cor′ner-stone, the stone which unites the two walls of a building at a corner: the principal stone, esp. the corner of the foundation of a building—hence (fig.) something of very great importance.—n.pl. Cor′ner-teeth, the lateral incisors of a horse, above and below.—adv. Cor′ner-wise, with the corner in front: diagonally.—Cut off a corner, to take a short cut; Done in a corner, done secretly: Drive into a corner, to put in a fix: to bring to bay; Keep a corner, to reserve a place; The Corner (slang), Tattersall's betting-rooms in London, till 1867 at Hyde Park Corner; Turn the corner, to go round the corner: to get past a difficulty; Within the four corners of, contained in (of a document, &c.). [O. Fr. corniere—L. cornu.]

Cornet, kor′net, n. a brass treble wind-instrument, with a cup mouthpiece—also Cor′net-à-pis′ton, -ons: formerly the lowest grade of commissioned officer in the cavalry—the office was abolished in 1871, sub-lieutenant being substituted.—ns. Cor′netcy, the commission or rank of a cornet; Cor′netist, Cor′nist, a solo cornet-player. [Fr. cornet, dim. of corne, a horn, trumpet. See Corn, lit. horn.]

Cornice, kor′nis, n. (classical archit.) the uppermost member of the entablature, surmounting the frieze: plaster mouldings round the ceiling of rooms at its junction with the walls.—v.t. to furnish with a cornice.—p.adj. Cor′niced.—ns. Cor′nice-hook, -pole, -rail, a hook, pole, rail, for hanging pictures, curtains, &c.—n. Cor′nice-ring, a ring or moulding on a cannon next below the muzzle-ring. [Fr.,—It., perh. Gr. korōnis, a curved line; cf. L. corona.]

Corniculate, kor-nik′ū-lāt, adj. horned: shaped like a horn.—n. Cor′nicle, a little horn or horn-like process.—adj. Cornif′ic, producing horn.—n. Cornificā′tion.—adjs. Cor′niform, in the form of a horn; Corni′gerous, bearing horns. [L. cornu, horn, forma, form, gerĕre, to bear.]

Cornish, korn′ish, adj. pertaining to Cornwall.—n. the people or dialect of Cornwall.—n. Corn′ishman.

Corno, kor′no, n. the French horn.—Corno di bassetto, the basset-horn: an organ-stop. [It.,—L. cornu, a horn.]

Cornopean, kor-nō′pe-an, n. Same as Cornet-à-piston. [See Cornet.]

Cornu, kor′nū, n. a horn (a horn-like part or process):—pl. Cor′nua.—adj. Cor′nual.—Cornu ammonis, the hippocampus major. [L.]

Cornubianite, kor-nū′bi-an-īt, n. a dark-blue laminated rock found in Cornwall with granite.

Cornucopia, kor-nū-kō′pi-a, n. the horn of plenty: according to the fable, the horn of the goat that suckled Jupiter, placed among the stars as an emblem of plenty.—adj. Cornucō′pian, plentiful. [L. cornu, and copia, plenty.]

Cornute, kor-nūt′, v.t. (obs.) to make a cuckold.—adjs. Cornute′, -d, having horns.—n. Cornut′o (obs.), a cuckold. [L. cornutus, horned—cornu, horn.]

Corolla, kō-rol′a, n. the inner circle or whorl of the floral envelopes.—adjs. Corollā′ceous; Corollate, -d.—n. Cor′ollet, a floret of an aggregate flower.—adjs. Corollif′erous; Corolli′florous, Corolliflō′ral; Coroll′iform; Coroll′ine. [L. corolla, dim. of corona, a crown.]

Corollary, kor-ol′a-ri, or kor′ol-a-ri, n. an inference or deduction from recognised facts: a consequence or result. [L. corollarium, a garland—corolla.]

Corona, ko-rō′na, n. (archit.) the large, flat, projecting member of a cornice which crowns the entablature: (bot.) the crown-like appendage at the top of compound flowers: (astron.) the luminous circle or halo which surrounds the moon during a solar total eclipse: (anat.) a term used to signify the upper surface of certain parts of the body: a round pendent chandelier:—pl. usually Corō′næ.—n. Cor′onal, a crown or garland: the frontal bone of the skull.—adjs. Cor′onal, Cor′onary, pertaining to a crown, or to the top of the head; Cor′onāte, -d, crowned, applied to shells with a row of projections round the apex.—ns. Coronā′tion, the act of crowning a sovereign; Corō′nis, a sign (′) marking a crasis, as κἄν = καὶ ἄν; Cor′onule (bot.), an appendage like a small crown. [L. corona, a crown.]

Coronach, kor′o-nah, n. a funeral dirge or lamentation. [Ir. coranach, Gael. corranach.]

Coroner, kor′o-nėr, n. an officer whose duty is to hold inquest into the causes of accidental or suspicious deaths. [Late L. coronator—L. corona.]

Coronet, kor′o-net, n. a small crown inferior to the sovereign's, worn by the nobility: an ornamental head-dress: the part of a horse's pastern just above the coffin—also Cor′net.—adj. Cor′oneted. [O. Fr., dim. of corone, crown.]

Coronoid, kor′o-noid, or kor-ō′noid, adj. (anat.) resembling the beak of a crow, as the coronoid process of the lower jaw. [Gr. korōnē, a crow, eidos, form.]

Corozo, kor-ō′zo, n. a South American tree from whose seed is formed vegetable ivory.

Corporal, kor′po-ral, n. in the British army, the grade of non-commissioned officer next in rank to a sergeant; in the navy, a petty officer under a master-at-arms.—n. Cor′poralship. [Fr. caporal—It. caporale—capo, the head—L. caput, the head.]

Corporal, kor′po-ral, adj. belonging or relating to the body: having a body: not spiritual.—n. the cloth used in Catholic churches for covering the elements of the Eucharist—also Cor′porale, Cor′poras (obs.).—n. Corporal′ity, state of being corporal—opp. to Spirituality.—adv. Cor′porally.—adj. Cor′porate, legally united into a body so as to act as an individual: belonging to a corporation: united.—adv. Cor′porately.—ns. Cor′porateness; Corporā′tion, a body or society authorised by law to act as one individual: rotundity of figure, a pot-belly.—adj. Cor′porātive.—n. Cor′porātor, a member of a corporation.—adj. Corpō′real, having a body or substance; material.—v.i. and v.t. Corpō′realise.—ns. Corpō′realism, materialism; Corpō′realist, a materialist; Corporeal′ity.—adv. Corpō′really.—ns. Corporē′ity; Corporificā′tion, act of corporifying.—v.t. Corpor′ify, to embody: solidify.—Corporal punishment, punishment inflicted on the body, as flogging, &c.—Aggregate corporation, a corporation consisting of several persons; Sole corporation, a corporation which consists of one person and his successors. [L. corporalis—corpus, corpŏris, the body.]

Corposant, kor′po-zant, n. St Elmo's fire, a ball of fire sometimes seen about a ship during a storm. [Port.,—L. corpus sanctum, holy body.]

Corps, kōr, n. a division of an army forming a tactical unit—usually Corps d'armée, or army corps:—pl. Corps (kōrz).—Corps de ballet, the company of ballet dancers at a theatre; Corps de garde, the body of soldiers stationed on guard, their station, a guard-house; Corps diplomatique, the whole diplomatic staff at a particular capital. [Fr., from L. corpus.]

Corpse, korps, or kors, n. the dead body of a human being.—ns. Corpse′-can′dle, a light seen hovering over a grave—an omen of death; Corpse′-gate, the lichgate (see Lichgate). [M. E. corps, earlier cors—O. Fr. cors, the body—L. corpus.]

Corpus, kor′pus, n. a body: any special structure or function in the body; the whole body of literature on any subject.—ns. Cor′pulence, Cor′pulency, fleshiness of body; excessive fatness.—adj. Cor′pulent, fleshy or fat.—adv. Cor′pulently.—n. Cor′puscle, a minute particle; a physical atom—also Corpus′cule.—adjs. Corpus′cular, Corpusculā′rian, pertaining to corpuscles.—ns. Corpusculā′rian, one who holds the corpuscular philosophy; Corpuscular′ity.—Corpus Christi, the festival in honour of the Consecrated Host, held on the Thursday after the festival of the Trinity; Corpus delicti, a criminal law term in Scotland to signify the body or substance of the crime charged.—Corpuscular theory of light, or Emission theory (see Emit). [L. corpus, the body.]

Corradiate, kor-rād′ī-āt, v.i. to radiate together.—n. Corradiā′tion.

Corral, kor-al′, n. an enclosure for cattle, &c.—v.t. to form such. [Sp.]

Correct, kor-ekt′, v.t. to make right: to remove faults: to punish: to counterbalance: to bring into a normal state.—adj. made right or straight: free from faults: true.—adjs. Correct′able, Correct′ible.—adv. Correct′ly.—n. Correc′tion, amendment: punishment: bodily chastisement.—adjs. Correc′tional, Correct′ive, tending, or having the power, to correct.—ns. Correc′tioner (Shak.), one who administers correction; Correct′ive, that which corrects; Correct′ness; Correct′or, he who, or that which, corrects: a director or governor.—adj. Correct′ory, corrective.—Under correction, subject to correction—often used as a formal expression of deference to a superior authority. [L. corrigĕre, correctum—cor, inten., regĕre, to rule.]

Correlate, kor′e-lāt, v.i. to be mutually related, as father and son.—n. Correlā′tion.—adj. Correl′ative, mutually or reciprocally related.—n. a person or thing correspondingly related to another person or thing.—adv. Correl′atively.—ns. Correl′ativeness, Correlativ′ity. [Coined from L. cor, with, and Relate.]

Correption, kor-ep′shun, n. shortening in pronunciation: (obs.) reproof.

Correspond, kor-e-spond′, v.i. to answer, suit, agree (with to, with): to hold intercourse, esp. by sending and receiving letters.—ns. Correspond′ence, Correspond′ency, suitableness, harmony, relation of agreement: friendly intercourse: communication by means of letters: letters which pass between correspondents.—adj. Correspond′ent, agreeing with: suitable.—n. one with whom intercourse is kept up by letters: one who contributes letters to a journal.—adv. Correspond′ently.—adj. Correspond′ing, correspondent: answering: suiting: carrying on correspondence by letters.—adv. Correspond′ingly.—adj. Correspon′sive, corresponding: answering.—Doctrine of correspondences, the theory of Swedenborg that there is a spiritual antitype corresponding to every natural object, and that Scripture contains the key to these correspondences. [Coined from L. cor, with, and respondēre.]

Corridor, kor′i-dōr, n. a passage-way or open gallery communicating with separate chambers.—n. Corr′idor-train, a train in which one can pass along from one carriage to another without having to leave the train. [Fr.,—It. corridore, a runner, a running—It. correre, to run—L. currĕre.]

Corrie, kor′i, n. a term applied in Scotland and Ireland to semicircular recesses or cirques in mountains, generally flanked by steep and lofty hills. [Gael. coire, a cauldron, or large pot.]

Corrigendum, kor-i-jen′dum, n. that which requires correction:—pl. Corrigen′da, corrections to be made in a book. [L., gerundive of corrigĕre, to correct.]

Corrigible, kor′i-ji-bl, adj. that may be corrected: open to correction.—n. Corrigibil′ity.

Corrival, kor-rī′val, n. a fellow-rival: a competitor: an equal.—adj. contending: emulous.—v.i. and v.t. to rival: to vie with.—ns. Corrī′valry; Corrī′valship. [L. con, with, and Rival.]

Corroborate, kor-ob′o-rāt, v.t. to confirm: to make more certain.—adjs. Corrob′orant, Corrob′orative, tending to confirm.—n. that which corroborates.—ns. Corroborā′tion, confirmation; Corrob′orator.—adj. Corrob′oratory, corroborative. [L. cor, inten., and roborāre, -ātum, to make strong. See Robust.]

Corroboree, ko-rob′ō-ri, n. Australian name for a gathering of aborigines, held on moonlight nights, when they engage in dancing and other exercises.

Corrode, kor-ōd′, v.t. to eat away by degrees: to rust.—v.i. to be eaten away.—adj. Corrod′ent, having the power of corroding.—n. that which corrodes.—ns. Corrodibil′ity, Corrosibil′ity, Corrō′sibleness.—adjs. Corrod′ible, Corros′ible, that may be corroded.—n. Corrō′sion, act of eating or wasting away.—adj. Corros′ive, having the quality of eating away.—n. that which has the power of corroding.—adv. Corros′ively.—n. Corros′iveness.—Corrosive sublimate, the popular name of the highly poisonous bichloride of mercury (mercuric chloride). [L. cor, inten., rodĕre, rosum, to gnaw.]

Corrody, Corody, kor′o-di, n. an allowance: pension: originally the right of the lord to claim free lodging from the vassal. [O. Fr. conroi.]

Corrugate, kor′oo-gāt, v.t. to wrinkle or draw into folds.—p.adjs. Corr′ugant; Corr′ugated.—ns. Corrugā′tion, the act of wrinkling or being wrinkled: a wrinkle; Corr′ugator (anat.) one of the two muscles that wrinkle the brow.—Corrugated metal, metal passed between pairs of rollers with ridged surfaces, the ridges of one fitting into the hollows of the other, the plates operated on being bent and compressed into the wavy outline of the rolls. [L. cor, inten., rugāre, -ātum, to wrinkle—ruga, a wrinkle.]

Corrupt, kor-upt′, v.t. to make putrid: to defile: to mar: to debase: to bribe.—v.i. to rot: to lose purity.—adj. putrid: depraved: defiled: not genuine: full of errors.—ns. Corrupt′er; Corruptibil′ity, Corrupt′ibleness.—adj. Corrupt′ible, liable to be corrupted.—adv. Corrupt′ibly.—ns. Corrup′tion, rottenness: putrid matter: impurity: bribery; Corrup′tionist, one who defends or who practises corruption.—adj. Corrupt′ive, having the quality of corrupting.—adv. Corrupt′ly.—n. Corrupt′ness. [L. cor, inten., and rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Corsage, kor′sāj, n. the bodice or waist of a woman's dress. [O. Fr.,—cors—L. corpus, the body.]

Corsair, kor′sār, n. a pirate: a pirate's vessel. [Fr. corsaire, one who makes the course or ranges—L. cursus, a running—currĕre, to run.]

Corset, kor′set, n. a closely-fitting inner bodice, stiffened with whalebone, &c., and laced up: stays. [Dim. of O. Fr. cors—L. corpus, the body.]

Corslet, Corselet, kors′let, n. a cuirass, formerly the usual body-covering of pikemen, chiefly of leather, and pistol-proof.—p.adj. Cors′leted. [Fr. corselet, dim. of O. Fr. cors—L. corpus, the body.]

Corsned, kors′ned, n. a kind of ordeal, wherein the accused was required to swallow consecrated bread and cheese; if it stuck in his throat he was pronounced guilty. [A.S. corsnǽd—cor, trial, from coren, pa.p. of céosan, to choose, and snǽd, a piece, from snídan, to cut.]

Cortege, kor-tāzh′, n. a train of attendants: a procession, a funeral procession. [Fr.,—It. corteggio—corte, court.]

Cortes, kor′tes, n. the parliament of Spain and Portugal. [Sp., pl. of corte, a court.]

Cortex, kor′teks, n. the bark or skin of a plant: a covering.—adjs. Cor′tical, pertaining to the cortex: external; Cor′ticate, -d, furnished with bark; Corticif′ėrous, producing bark; Cortic′iform, resembling bark; Cor′ticole, Cortic′olous, growing on bark; Cor′ticose, barky. [L. cortex, corticis, bark.]

Cortile, kor-tē′le, n. an enclosed courtyard within a building, generally roofless. [It.]

Corundum, ko-run′dum, n. a mineral consisting of mere alumina, yet of great specific gravity—about four times that of water—and second in hardness only to the diamond. [Hind. kurund.]

Coruscate, kor′us-kāt, v.i. to sparkle: to throw off flashes of light.—adj. Corus′cant, flashing.—n. Coruscā′tion, a glittering: sudden flash of light. [L. coruscāre, -ātum, to vibrate, glitter.]

Corvée, kor-vā′, n. the obligations on the inhabitants of districts to perform gratuitous labour (such as the maintenance of roads) for the sovereign or feudal lord. [Fr.,—Low L. corrogata—L. corrogāre—cor, together, regāre, to ask.]

Corvette, kor-vet′, n. a flush-decked vessel, ship, or barque, rigged, having only one tier of guns, either on the upper or main deck. [Fr.,—Sp. corbeta—L. corbīta, a slow-sailing ship, from corbis, a basket.]

Corvine, kor′vīn, adj. pertaining to the crow.—n. Cor′vus, the typical genus of Corvinæ: a hooked ram for destroying walls: a southern constellation: a grappling-hook in ancient Roman naval warfare. [L. corvinus—corvus, a crow.]

Corybant, kor′i-bant, n. a priest of Cybele, whose rites were accompanied with noisy music and wild dances:—Eng. pl. Cor′ybants; L. pl. Corybantes (kor-i-ban′tēz).—adj. Coryban′tic, wildly excited.—n. Cor′ybantism. [Gr. korybas, korybantos.]

Corydaline, kor′id-a-lin, n. an alkaloid obtained from the root of Corydalis tuberosa.

Corydon, kor′i-don, n. generic name for a rustic. [L. and Gr. proper name applied to a shepherd.]

Corylus, kor′i-lus, n. a genus of small trees, including the common hazel. [L.]

Corymb, kor′imb, n. (bot.) a convex flower-cluster of indefinite inflorescence.—adjs. Corym′biate, -d; Corymbif′erous; Corym′bose, Corym′bous, Corym′bulous. [L. corymbus—Gr. korymbos, a cluster.]

Corymbus, ko-rim′bus, n. the knot on the top of the head into which girls gathered their hair. [Gr.]

Corypha, kor′i-fa, n. a genus of tropical Asian palms with fan-shaped leaves. [Gr. koryphē, the top.]

Coryphæus, kor-i-fē′us, n. the chief or leader, esp. the leader of a chorus.—n. Coryphée (kor-i-fā′), the principal danseuse in the ballet. [L.,—Gr. koryphaios—koryphē, the head.]

Coryphene, kor′i-fēn, n. a fish of the genus Coryphæna, which includes the dolphins. [Gr.]

Corystes, ko-ris′tēz, n.pl. a genus of long-armed crabs, of family Corystidæ. [Gr. korys, helmet.]

Coscinomancy, kos′i-no-man-si, n. an ancient mode of divination by a sieve and pair of shears. [Gr. koskinon, a sieve, manteia, divination.]

Cose, kōz, v.i. to make one's self cosy.—adj. Cosh (Scot.), cosy, snug. [See Cosy.]

Cosecant, kō-sē′kant, n. (trig.) the secant of the complement of an angle.

Coseismal, kō-sīs′mal, adj. experiencing an earthquake shock simultaneously at all points.—Also Coseis′mic.

Cosher, kosh′ėr, v.t. to pamper, to coddle.—v.i. to chat in a friendly way.

Coshery, kosh′ėr-i, n. the ancient right of an Irish chief to quarter himself and his retainers on his tenantry—also Cosh′ering.—v.i. Cosh′er, to live on dependants.—n. Cosh′erer. [Ir. coisir, a feast.]

Co-signatory, kō-sig′na-tō-ri, adj. uniting with others in signing: one who does so.—adj. Co-signif′icative, having the same signification.

Co-sine, kō′-sīn, n. the sine of the complement of a given angle (whose co-sine it is).

Cosmetic, koz-met′ik, adj. improving beauty, esp. that of the complexion.—n. a preparation for beautifying the skin and hair.—adj. Cosmet′ical.—adv. Cosmet′ically.—v.t. Cosmet′icise.—n. Cosmet′icism. [Gr. kosmētikos—kosmein—kosmos, order.]

Cosmogony, koz-mog′o-ni, n. the theory of the origin of the universe and its inhabitants—also Cosmog′eny.—adjs. Cosmogonet′ic; Cosmog′onal, Cosmogon′ic, -al, relating to cosmogony.—n. Cosmog′onist, one who speculates on the origin of the universe. [Gr. kosmogonia—kosmos, and root of gignesthai, to be born.]

Cosmography, koz-mog′ra-fi, n. a description of the world: the science of the constitution of the universe.—n. Cosmog′rapher.—adjs. Cosmograph′ic, -al. [Gr.,—kosmos, and graphein, to write.]

Cosmology, koz-mol′o-ji, n. the science of the universe as a whole: a treatise on the structure and parts of the system of creation.—adj. Cosmolog′ical.—n. Cosmol′ogist, one versed in cosmology.—adj. Cosmoplas′tic, moulding the universe. [Gr. kosmos, and logia, discourse.]

Cosmopolitan, koz-mo-pol′i-tan, n. a citizen of the world: one free from local or national prejudices—also Cosmop′olite.—adj. belonging to all parts of the world: unprejudiced.—ns. Cosmopol′itanism, Cosmop′olitism, Cosmopol′icy (Shelley).—adjs. Cosmopol′itic, -polit′ical. [Gr. kosmopolitēs—kosmos, and politēs, a citizen—polis, a city.]

Cosmorama, koz-mo-rä′ma, n. a view, or a series of views, of different parts of the world.—adj. Cosmoram′ic. [Gr. kosmos, and horama, a spectacle.]

Cosmos, koz′mos, n. the world as an orderly or systematic whole—opp. to Chaos: order.—adjs. Cos′mic, relating to the cosmos: orderly; Cos′mical, cosmic: (astron.) happening at sunrise: rising with the sun.—adv. Cos′mically.—ns. Cos′mism, the notion of the cosmos as a self-existing whole; Cos′mist, a secularist; Cos′mocrat, ruler of the world.—adj. Cosmocrat′ic.—ns. Cos′molabe, a kind of astrolabe—also Pantocosm; Cosmol′atry, worship paid to the world; Cosmom′etry, the art of measuring the world; Cos′mosphere, an apparatus for showing the position of the earth at any given time with reference to the fixed stars; Cosmothē′ism, the belief that identifies God with the cosmos: pantheism.—adjs. Cosmothet′ic, -al, assuming an external world. [Gr.]

Coss, kos, n. a measure of distance in India, averaging about 1¾ mile. [Hindi kōs—Sans. kroça, a call.]

Cossack, kos′ak, n. one of a people in south-eastern Russia, forming splendid light cavalry. [Turk.]

Cosset, kos′set, n. a lamb reared in the house without a dam: a pet.—v.t. to fondle. [Ety. dub.]

Cost, kost, v.t. to bring a certain price: to require to be laid out or suffered:—pa.t. and pa.p. cost.—n. what is laid out or suffered to obtain anything: (pl.) expenses of a lawsuit.—adj. Cost′-free, free of charge.—n. Cost′liness.—adv. Cost′ly, of great cost: high-priced: valuable.—Cost price, the price which the merchant pays.—Prime cost, the price of production, without regard to profit. [O. Fr. couster (Fr. coûter)—L. constāre, to stand at.]

Costal, kos′tal, adj. relating to the ribs, or to the side of the body.—adjs. Cos′tāte, -d, ribbed: having the appearance of ribs. [L. costa, a rib.]

Costard, kos′tard, n. a large kind of apple: the human head (contemptuously).—ns. Cos′tardmonger, Cos′ter, Cos′termonger, a seller of apples and other fruit: an itinerant seller of fruit: a term of abuse. [Perh. from L. costa, a rib.]

Costean, kos-tēn′, v.i. to try to find a lode by sinking pits down to bed-rock.—ns. Cost′-book, a book containing the names and shares of the joint adventurers in a mine; Costean′ing; Costean′-pit. [Corn. cothas, dropped, stean, tin.]

Costive, kos′tiv, adj. having the motion of the bowels too slow: constipated.—adv. Cos′tively.—n. Cos′tiveness, slowness in the action of the bowels. [Fr. constipé. See Constipate.]

Costmary, kost′mār-i, n. a herbaceous perennial composite of southern Europe, introduced from Italy in 1568, and cultivated in gardens for the fragrance of the leaves. [L. costum—Gr. kostos, an Oriental aromatic plant, and Maria, the Virgin Mary.]

Costrel, kos′trel, n. a kind of bottle with ears, to be hung at the waist. [O. Fr. costerel.]

Costume, kos-tūm′, or kos′tūm, n. the manner of dressing prevalent at a particular period or place: dress, esp. a woman's dress.—v.t. to dress.—p.adj. Costumed′.—ns. Costum′er, Costum′ier, one who makes or deals in costumes. [Fr.,—It.,—Low L. costuma—L. consuetudo, custom.]

Co-supreme, kō-sū-prēm′, n. (obs.) a sharer with another in supremacy.

Cosy, Cozy, kō′zi, adj. (Scot.) snug: comfortable.—n. a covering used for a teapot, to keep the tea warm—also Tea′-cō′sy.—adv. Cō′sily. [Ety. dub.]

Cot, kot, n. a small dwelling, a cottage.—ns. Cot′-folk (Scot.), cottars; Cot′-house, a house occupied by a cottar; Cot′-land, land belonging to a cottage; Cot′-quean (Shak.), a man who busies himself with women's affairs.—adj. Cot′ted, lined with cots.—n. Cot′-town, a number of cot-houses. [A.S. cot; cf. Ice. kot, Dut. kot.]

Cot, kot, n. a small bed: a swinging bed of canvas, suspended from the beams of a ship, for the officers: a bed for a child, a crib. [Anglo-Ind.—Hind. khāt.]

Cote, kōt, n. a cot: a place for animals, as dove-cote or dove-cot, sheep-cote. [A.S. cote. Cf. Cot (1).]

Cote, kōt, v.t. to pass by: to outstrip, leave behind. [Der. obscure; perh. conn. with Coast.]

Cotemporaneous, -temporary. Same as Contemporaneous, -temporary.

Co-tenant, kō-ten′ant, n. one who is a tenant along with another.—n. Co-ten′ancy.

Coterie, kō′te-rē, n. a number of persons meeting familiarly for social, literary, or other purposes. [Fr.; orig. a number of peasants obtaining a joint tenure of land from a lord—Low L. cota, a hut. See Cot.]

Cothurn, kō′thurn, Cothurnus, kō-thur′nus, n. a buskin or high boot laced in front, worn in tragic performances. [L. cothurnus—Gr. kothornos.]

Co-tidal, kō-tīd′al, adj. noting an equality in the tides, applied to lines on a chart or map passing through places that have high tide at the same time.

Cotillion, ko-til′yun, Cotillon, ko-ti′yong, n. a brisk dance by eight persons. [Fr.,—cotte, a coat—Low L. cotta, a tunic. See Coat.]

Cotinga, kō-ting′ga, n. a genus of passerine birds of bright plumage, represented by six species in central and in tropical South America. [Native name.]

Cotise, Cottise, kō′tis, n. (her.) one of the diminutives of the bend (q.v.).—v.t. to border a bend, &c., with cotises, barrulets, &c. [Fr. cotice; origin obscure.]

Cotoneaster, kō-tō-ni-as′tėr, n. a genus of shrubs or small trees, closely allied to the hawthorn and medlar. [Formed from L. cotonea, quince.]

Cottabus, kot′a-bus, n. an amusement in ancient Greece among young men, consisting in throwing wine into a vessel, success at which betokened fortune in love. [L.,—Gr. kottabos.]

Cottage, kot′āj, n. a small dwelling-house, esp. of labourers, varying greatly in size, appearance, and comfort: a country residence.—adj. Cott′aged, covered with cottages.—n. Cott′ager, one who dwells in a cottage, esp. of labourers.—Cottage allotments, pieces of land allotted to cottagers to be cultivated as gardens; Cottage piano, a small upright piano. [See Cot.]

Cottar, Cotter, kot′ėr, n. (Scot.) a peasant occupying a cot or cottage for which he has to give labour.—ns. Cott′ier, a cottar: an Irish tenant; Cott′ierism, the cottier system of land tenure.

Cotter, kot′ėr, n. a pin or wedge for fastening and tightening. [Origin obscure.]

Cotton, kot′n, n. a soft substance like fine wool, got from the pods of the cotton-plant: cloth made of cotton.—adj. made of cotton.—v.t. to provide with cotton.—v.i. to agree: to be attached to (the connection of the intransitive meanings is unknown).—ns. Cottonade′, a name given to an inferior kind of cotton cloth; Cott′on-gin, a machine for separating the seeds from the fibre of cotton; Cott′on-grass, a genus of Cyperaceæ in which the perigone or covering of united bracts, which in this order enclose the ripening ovary, is developed into long, silky, or cottony hairs; Cottonoc′racy, the cotton planting or the cotton manufacturing interest; Cott′on-plant, one of various plants of the genus Gossypium, natural order Malvaceæ, yielding the textile substance cotton; Cott′on-press, a press for compressing cotton into bales; Cott′on-seed, the seed of the cotton-plant, yielding a valuable oil; Cott′on-spin′ner, one who spins cotton, or employs those who do; Cott′on-tail, the ordinary United States rabbit; Cott′on-this′tle, a strong thistle covered with a cottony down; Cott′on-tree, the American cotton-wood: the Indian Bombax malabaricum; Cott′on-weed, cudweed or everlasting; Cott′on-wood, any one of several American species of poplar; Cott′on-wool, cotton in its raw or woolly state.—adj. Cott′ony, like cotton: soft: downy. [Fr. coton—Ar. qutun.]

Cotyle, kot′i-lē, n. an ancient Greek drinking-cup: (zool.) a cup-like cavity:—pl. Cot′ylæ, or Cot′yles.—adj. Cotyl′iform. [Gr.]

Cotyledon, kot-i-lē′don, n. (bot.) the term applied to the seed-leaves of the embryo: the seed-leaf.—adjs. Cotylē′donary; Cotylē′donous, pertaining to or having cotyledons or seed-lobes; Cot′yloid, cup-shaped. [L.,—Gr. kotylēdōn—kotylē, a cup.]

Couch, kowch, v.t. to lay down on a bed, &c.: to lower: to level: to arrange in language, to express: to depress or remove a cataract in the eye.—v.i. to lie down for the purpose of sleep, concealment, &c.: to bend or stoop in reverence.—n. any place for rest or sleep: a bed: the lair of a wild beast.—adj. Couch′ant, couching or lying down: (her.) of a beast lying down with his head up.—ns. Couch′-fell′ow, Couch′-mate, a bed-fellow; Couching.—Couch a spear, to fix it in its rest at the side of the armour. [Fr. coucher, to lie down—L. collocāre, to place—com, together, locus, a place.]

Couch, kowch, Couch-grass, kowch′-gras, n. a grass of the same genus with wheat, but a widespread and troublesome weed. [A variant of Quitch.]

Couchee, kōō′shā, n. an evening party or reception. [Fr. couché. See Couch.]

Cougar, kōō′gar, n. an American animal, same as the puma. [Fr. couguar, from native name.]

Cough, kof, n. an effort of the lungs to throw off injurious matter, accompanied by a harsh sound, proceeding from the throat.—v.i. to make this effort.—v.t. to expel from the throat or lungs by a cough.—ns. Cough′-drop, -loz′enge, a sweetmeat taken to cure coughing; Cough′er; Cough′ing,—Cough down, to drown a speaker's voice by coughing, so that he must stop. [M. E. coughen; cf. Dut. kuchen, Ger. keuchen, keichen, to gasp.]

Could, kood, pa.t. of Can. [M. E. coude, couth—A.S. cúðe for cunðe, was able; l is inserted from the influence of would and should.]

Coulée, kōō-lā′, or kōō′li, n. a ravine, esp. one worn out by water. [Fr.,—couler, to flow.]

Couleur, kool′ār, n. French word for Colour.—n. Coul′eur-de-rose′, rose colour.—adv. in a favourable light: fanciful.

Coulisse, kōō-lis′, n. a piece of grooved wood, as the slides in which the side-scenes of a theatre run—hence, the side-scene of a theatre. [Fr.,—couler, to glide, to flow—L. colāre, to flow.]

Coulomb, koo-lom′, n. the unit of quantity in measuring current electricity: the quantity furnished by a current of one ampere in one second. [From the French physicist, C. A. de Coulomb (1736-1806).]

Coumarine, koo′ma-rin, n. a crystalline compound obtained in Tonka beans, &c.—also Cu′marin.—adjs. Cou′maric, Coumaril′ic.

Council, kown′sil, n. an assembly called together for deliberation or advice: the body of men constituting such an assembly: the body of men directing the affairs of the city: an assembly of ecclesiastics met to regulate doctrine or discipline (diocesan, provincial, national, general, or œcumenical).—ns. Coun′cil-board, the board or table round which a council meets for deliberation: the council itself; Coun′cil-cham′ber, the room where a council is held; Coun′cillor, a member of a council, esp. of a common council; Coun′cil-man, a member of a municipal council.—Council of war, a conference of military or naval officers called to meet and consult with the commander.—General council, one called by an invitation to the church at large, also Œcumenical, if received by the Catholic Church in general—as the first seven, 325-787.—In council, in the council-chamber: in giving advice.—Privy-council (see Privy). [Fr. concile—L. concilium.]

Counsel, kown′sel, n. consultation: deliberation: advice: plan: purpose: one who gives counsel, a barrister or advocate.—v.t. to give advice: to warn:—pr.p. coun′selling; pa.p. coun′selled.—n. Coun′sel-keep′er (Shak.), one who can keep counsel or a secret.—adjs. Coun′sel-keep′ing (Shak.), keeping counsel or secrets; Coun′sellable, that may be counselled.—ns. Coun′sellor, one who counsels: a barrister; Coun′sellorship.—Counsel of perfection, a declaration of our Lord's, not absolutely imperative, but commended as the means of reaching greater perfection; Keep counsel, to keep a secret; King's counsel (K.C.), a barrister-at-law appointed by letters-patent—the office is honorary, but gives the right of precedence in all the courts. [Fr. conseil—L. consilium, advice—consulĕre, to consult.]

Count, kownt, n. on the Continent, a title of nobility equal in rank to an English earl:—fem. Count′ess, the wife of a count or earl (fem. of earl).—ns. Count′ship, a count's dignity or domain (also used as a title); Coun′ty, a portion of a country separated for the administration of justice: a shire; Coun′ty-fam′ily, a family of the nobility or gentry (Coun′ty-people), with estates and a seat in the county. [O. Fr. conte—L. comes, comitis, a companion, con, with, īre, itum, to go.]

Count, kownt, v.t. to number, sum up: to ascribe: esteem: consider.—v.i. to add to or increase a number by being counted to it: to depend.—n. act of numbering: the number counted: a particular charge in an indictment.—adj. Count′able, capable of being counted.—ns. Count′er, he who or that which counts: that which indicates a number: a piece of metal, &c., used in reckoning: a table on which money is counted or goods laid; Count′ing-house, Count′ing-room, the house or room in which merchants keep their accounts and transact business.—adj. Count′less, that cannot be counted: innumerable.—n. Count′-wheel, a wheel with notched edge controlling the stroke of a clock in sounding the hours. [O. Fr. cunter (Fr. compter)—L. computāre.]

Countenance, kown′ten-ans, n. the face: the expression of the face: appearance.—v.t. to favour or approve.—n. Coun′tenancer.—Change countenance, to change the expression of the face; His countenance fell, he became dejected or angry; In countenance, unabashed—opp. to Out of countenance. [O. Fr. contenance—L. continentia, restraint, demeanour—L. continēre, to contain.]

Counter, kown′tėr, adv. against: in opposition.—adj. contrary: opposite.—n. that which is counter of opposite: (mus.) the voice-part set in immediate contrast with the air: (fencing) a parry in which one foil follows the other in a small circle: the part of a horse's breast between the shoulders and under the neck: (naut.) the part of a ship between the water-line and the knuckle of the stern.—v.t. Counteract′, to act counter or in opposition to: to hinder or defeat.—n. Counterac′tion.—adj. Counteract′ive, tending to counteract.—n. one who or that which counteracts.—adv. Counteract′ively.—ns. Coun′ter-ag′ent, anything which counteracts; Coun′ter-approach′, a work thrown up outside a besieged place to command or check the approaches of the besieger; Coun′ter-attrac′tion, attraction in an opposite direction.—adj. Coun′ter-attract′ive, attracting in an opposite direction.—v.t. Counterbal′ance, to balance by weight on the opposite side: to act against with equal weight, power, or influence.—ns. Coun′terbalance, an equal weight, power, or agency working in opposition; Coun′terbase (see Contrabass); Coun′ter-batt′ery (mil.), a battery erected to oppose another; Coun′ter-blast, something done in opposition to another thing; Coun′ter-bond, a bond to protect from contingent loss one who has given bond for another.—v.t. Coun′ter-brace (naut.), to brace or fasten (the head-yards and after-yards) in opposite ways.—n. the lee-brace of the fore-topsail-yard.—n. Coun′terbuff, a stroke that stops motion or causes a recoil.—v.t. to drive back by such.—ns. Coun′ter-cast (Spens.), a contrary cast, counterplot, trick; Coun′ter-cast′er (Shak.), one who casts accounts: a book-keeper—used in contempt; Coun′ter-change, (Shak.), exchange, reciprocation.—p.adj. Coun′terchanged′, exchanged: (her.) intermixed or set one against the other, as the colours of the field and charge.—n. Coun′ter-charge, a charge brought forward in opposition to another charge.—v.t. Coun′tercharm, to destroy or dissolve the effects of another charm.—n. that which destroys the effects of another charm.—v.t. Coun′ter-check, to check by some obstacle: to rebuke.—ns. Counter-check′, a check in opposition to another: a rebuke; Counter-claim, kown′tėr-klām, n. a cross-demand brought forward as a partial or complete set-off against another claim.; Coun′ter-curr′ent, a current flowing in an opposite direction; Coun′ter-drain, a drain alongside a canal, &c., to carry off water oozing out.—v.t. Coun′terdraw, to trace on oiled paper or other transparent material.—ns. Coun′ter-ev′idence, evidence brought forward in opposition to other evidence; Coun′terfoil, the corresponding part of a bank cheque, &c., retained by the giver; Coun′ter-force, an opposing force; Coun′ter-fort (fort.), a buttress, or arch behind the revetments or retaining walls of the ditches of permanent fortifications; Coun′ter-gauge, an adjustable scribing gauge for marking the measurements of a mortise on a piece to be tenoned; Coun′ter-guard (fort.), an outwork consisting of two lines of rampart running parallel to the faces of the bastion, to guard the bastion from being breached; Coun′ter-in′fluence, an opposing influence; Coun′ter-irr′itant, an agent or substance applied to the skin so as to redden, to vesicate, or to produce pustules, &c.; Coun′ter-irritā′tion, an artificial irritation produced in one part of the body to act in opposition to and remove already existing irritation; Coun′terlight (paint.), a light opposite to any object, disturbing the effect of its light.—v.i. Coun′termarch, to march back or in a direction contrary to a former one.—n. a marching backward or in a direction different from a former one: (mil.) an evolution by which a body of men change front, and still retain the same men in the front rank: change of measures.—n. Coun′termark, an additional mark put on a bale of goods belonging to several merchants, so that it may not be opened except in the presence of all the owners: a mark put on standard metal by the London Goldsmiths' Company in addition to the artificer's: an artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses to disguise their age.—v.t. Coun′termine, to make a mine in opposition to: to oppose by means of a countermine: (fig.) to frustrate by secret working:—pr.p. countermin′ing; pa.p. countermined′.—ns. Coun′ter-mine (mil.), a mine or chamber excavated by the besieged to counteract or destroy the mines made by the besiegers: (fig.) any means of counteraction; Coun′ter-mō′tion, an opposite motion; Coun′ter-move, -move′ment, a contrary move, movement.—v.t. Coun′termure, to fortify a wall with another wall.—ns. Coun′ter-ō′pening, an aperture or vent on the opposite side, or in a different place; Coun′ter-pace, a step in opposition to another, a contrary measure.—adj. Coun′ter-paled (her.), divided equally, as an escutcheon, first palewise, then by a line fesswise, with two tinctures countercharged.—ns. Coun′ter-parole′, a word in addition to the password; Coun′terpart, the part that answers to another part: that which fits into or completes another, having the qualities which another lacks, and so an opposite.—adj. Coun′ter-pass′ant (her.), denoting two animals in a coat of arms represented as passing each other the contrary way.—n. Coun′terplea, a replication to a plea or request.—v.t. Counterplead′, to plead the contrary of; Coun′terplot′, to plot against in order to frustrate another plot:—pr.p. counterplot′ting; pa.p. counterplot′ted.—n. a plot or stratagem opposed to another plot.—v.t. Coun′terpoise, to poise or weigh against or on the opposite side: to act in opposition to with equal effect.—n. an equally heavy weight in the other scale—(Spens.) Coun′terpoys.—ns. Coun′ter-pois′on, a poison used as the antidote of another; Coun′ter-pres′sure, opposing pressure; Coun′ter-proof, an inverted impression obtained from a newly printed proof of an engraving, by laying it, while the ink is still wet, upon plain paper, and passing it through the press; Coun′ter-revolū′tion, a subsequent revolution counteracting the effect of a previous; Coun′ter-roll, a copy of the rolls relating to appeals, inquests, &c., serving as a check on another's roll; Coun′ter-round, a body of officers which goes to inspect the rounds.—adj. Coun′tersā′lient (her.), salient in opposite directions.—n. Coun′terscarp (fort.), the side of the ditch nearest to the besiegers and opposite to the scarp.—v.t. Counterseal′ (Shak.), to seal along with others.—ns. Coun′ter-secur′ity, security given to one who has become surety for another; Coun′ter-sense, an interpretation contrary to the real sense.—v.t. Countersign′, to sign on the opposite side of a writing: to sign in addition to the signature of a superior, to attest the authenticity of a writing.—ns. Coun′tersign, a military private sign or word, which must be given in order to pass a sentry: a counter-signature; Coun′ter-sig′nal, a signal used as an answer

to another; Coun′ter-sig′nature, a name countersigned to a writing.—v.t. Coun′tersink, to bevel the edge of a hole, as for the head of a screw-nail (a a in fig.)—it is usually done by a Countersink-bit (b in fig.) in a brace.—ns. Coun′ter-stand, opposition, resistance; Coun′ter-state′ment, a statement in opposition to another statement; Coun′ter-stroke (Spens.), a stroke given in return for another stroke; Coun′ter-tal′ly, a tally serving as a check to another; Coun′ter-ten′or, name applied to alto when sung by a male voice (so called because a contrast to tenor); Coun′ter-time, the resistance of a horse that interrupts his cadence and the measure of his manège: resistance, opposition; Coun′terturn, a turn in a play different from what was expected.—v.t. Countervail′, to be of avail against: to act against with equal effect: to be of equal value to: to compensate [Counter and Avail].—n. Coun′ter-view, an opposing view: a posture in which two persons face each other: opposition: contrast.—v.t. Coun′ter-vote, to vote in opposition to; Coun′ter-weigh, to weigh against, counterbalance.—ns. Coun′ter-weight, a weight in an opposite scale.—v.i. Coun′ter-wheel, to wheel in an opposite direction.—n. Coun′ter-work, a work raised in opposition to another.—v.t. to work in opposition to.—p.adj. Coun′ter-wrought. [Fr.,—L. contra, against.]

Counter, kown′tėr, n. (Spens.) encounter.—v.t. to encounter: to contradict.

Counterfeit, kown′tėr-fit, -fēt, v.t. to imitate: to copy without authority: to forge.—n. something false or copied, or that pretends to be true and original.—adj. pretended: made in imitation of: forged: false.—n. Coun′terfeiter, one who counterfeits.—adv. Coun′terfeitly, in a counterfeit manner: falsely.—n. Coun′ter-fes′ance (Spens.), act of counterfeiting: forgery. [O. Fr. contrefet, from contrefaire, to imitate—L. contra, against, facĕre, to do.]

Countermand, kown-tėr-mand′, v.t. to give a command in opposition to one already given: to revoke.—n. a revocation of a former order.—adj. Countermand′able. [O. Fr. contremander—L. contra, against, and mandāre, to order.]

Counterpane, kown′tėr-pān, n. a coverlet for a bed, stitched or woven in squares.—Older form Coun′terpoint. [A corr. of O. Fr. contrepointe, which is a corr. of coultepointe—L. culcita puncta, a stitched pillow or cover. See Quilt.]

Counterpoint, kown′tėr-point, n. (mus.) the art of combining melodies: the setting of a harmony of one or more parts to a melody: the art of composition.—adj. Contrapunt′al.—n. Contrapunt′ist. [Fr.,—contre, against, point, a point.]

Country, kun′tri, n. a rural region as distinct from a town: a tract of land: the land in which one was born, or in which one resides.—adj. belonging to the country: rustic: rude.—p.adj. Coun′trified.—v.t. Coun′trify, to make rustic.—ns. Coun′try-box, a country-house; Coun′try-dance, a dance practised by country people: a dance in which an indefinite number of couples can take part, the gentlemen being arranged at the commencement on one side, and the ladies on the other.—n.pl. Coun′try-folk, the inhabitants of the country.—ns. Coun′try-house, -seat, the residence of a country gentleman; Coun′tryman, one who lives in the country: a farmer: one born in the same country with another; Coun′try-side, a district or part of the country; Coun′try-woman, a woman who dwells in the country: a woman born in the same country.—Country cousin, a relative from the country, unaccustomed to town sights or manners; Country gentleman, a landed proprietor who resides on his estate in the country; Country town, a small town in a rural district, depending on the agricultural industry of the surrounding country.—Go to the country, in parliamentary usage, to appeal to the feeling of the community by a general election. [O. Fr., contrée—Low L. contrata, contrada, an extension of L. contra, over against.]

Coup, kōō, n. a blow, stroke, a successful hit: (billiards) the act of putting a ball in a pocket without having hit another ball.—Coup d'état, a sudden or violent stroke of state policy, as that by which Louis Napoleon subverted the constitution (Dec. 2, 1851); Coup de grâce, the finishing blow by which a tortured man is put out of pain, any decisive stroke generally; Coup de main, a sudden and overpowering attack; Coup de maître, a master-stroke; Coup de théâtre, a sudden and sensational turn in a piece: Coup d'œil, a general view of a scene or subject taken in at a glance. [Fr.,—L.,—colaphos, a blow.]

Coup, kowp, v.t. to exchange or barter.—n. Coup′er, a dealer. [Scot., from Ice., kaupa, to buy.]

Coup, kowp, v.t. to overturn. [Scot.; perh. originally the same word as Cope.]

Coupé, kōō-pā, n. the front part of a French stagecoach: a four-wheeled carriage seated for two inside, with a separate seat for the driver: the front compartment of a railway carriage.—adj. Couped (her.), cut evenly off, as the head or limb of an animal. [Fr. couper, to cut.]

Coupee, koo-pē′, n. in dancing, a salute to a partner, while resting on one foot and swinging the other backward or forward. [Fr.,—couper, to cut.]

Couple, kup′l, n. that which joins two things together: two of a kind joined together, or connected: two: one pair at a dance: a pair: esp. of married or betrothed persons: (statics) a pair of equal forces acting on the same body in opposite and parallel directions.—v.t. to join together.—v.i. to pair sexually.—ns. Coup′lement, union: a couple; Coup′ler, one who or that which couples or unites; Coup′let, two lines of verse that rhyme with each other; Coup′ling, that which connects, an appliance for transmitting motion in machinery; Coup′ling-box, the box or ring of metal connecting the contiguous ends of two lengths of shafts; Coup′ling-pin, a pin or bolt used in coupling machinery.—adj. Well-coupled, of a horse, well formed at the part where the back joins the rump. [O. Fr. cople—L. copula.]

Coupon, kōō′pong, n. a billet, check, or other slip of paper cut off from its counterpart: one of a series of tickets which are vouchers that certain payments will be made or services be performed, at various times or places, in consideration of money paid: a dividend or interest warrant presented for payment by holders of debentures. [Fr.,—couper, to cut off.]

Coupure, koo-pūr′, n. an entrenchment made by the besieged behind a breach: a passage cut to facilitate sallies. [Fr.,—couper, to cut.]

Courage, kur′āj, n. the quality that enables men to meet dangers without fear: bravery: spirit.—interj. take courage!—adj. Courā′geous, full of courage: brave.—adv. Courā′geously.—n. Courā′geousness.—Dutch courage, a fictitious courage induced by drinking; Pluck up one's courage, to nerve one's self to something daring; The courage of one's convictions, courage to act up to or consistently with one's opinions. [O. Fr. corage (Fr. courage), from L. cor, the heart.]

Courant, kōō-ränt′, adj. (her.) in a running attitude.—ns. Courante′, Courant′, an old dance with a kind of gliding step. [See Current.]

Courap, koo-rap′, n. an itching skin disease, common in India, with eruptions on face, breast, groin, &c.

Courb, kōōrb, v.i. (Shak.) to bend, stoop to supplicate.—adj. (Shak.) bent. [Fr.,—L. curvāre, to bend.]

Courier, kōō′ri-ėr, n. a runner: a messenger: a state messenger: a travelling attendant: a frequent title of newspapers. [Fr.,—L. currĕre, to run.]

Course, kōrs, n. the act of running: the road or tract on which one runs: the direction pursued: a voyage: a race: regular progress from point to point: habitual method of procedure: a prescribed series, as of lectures, &c.: each of the successive divisions of a meal, as dinner: conduct: a range of bricks or stones on the same level in building: (naut.) one of the sails bent to a ship's lower yards, as the main-sail, called the main-course, the fore-sail or fore-course, and the cross-jack or mizzen-course: (pl.) the menses.—v.t. to run, chase, or hunt after.—v.i. to move with speed, as in a race or hunt.—ns. Cours′er, a runner: a swift horse: one who courses or hunts; Cours′ing, hunting with greyhounds; Cours′ing-joint, a joint between two courses of masonry.—In course, in regular order: (coll.) of course; Of course, by natural consequence, or by settled rule. [Fr. cours—L. cursus, from currĕre, cursum, to run.]

Court, kōrt, n. a space enclosed: a space surrounded by houses: the palace of a sovereign: the body of persons who form his suite or council: attention: civility, as 'to pay court:' (law) the hall of justice; the judges and officials who preside there: any body of persons assembled to decide causes, whether civil, military, or ecclesiastical.—v.t. to pay attentions to: to woo: to solicit: to seek.—ns. Court′-bar′on, the assembly of freehold tenants of a manor under a lord; Court′-card (see Coat-card); Court′-cup′board (Shak.), a movable cupboard or sideboard on which plate was displayed; Court′-day, a day on which a judicial court sits; Court′-dress, the special regulation costume worn on state or ceremonious occasions; Court′-dress′er, a flatterer.—adj. Courteous (kurt′yus), of court-like manners: polite: respectful: obliging.—adv. Courteously (kurt′-).—ns. Courteousness, (kurt′-); Court′-fool, a fool or jester, formerly kept at court for amusement; Court′-guide, a guide to, or directory of, the names and residences of the nobility in a town; Court′-hand, a modification of the Norman handwriting, as distinguished from the modern or Italian handwriting, in use in the English law-courts from the 16th century to the reign of George II.; Court′-house, a building where the law-courts are held; Court′ier, one who frequents courts or palaces: one who courts or flatters; Court′ierism, the behaviour or practices of a courtier.—adv. Court′ierly.—ns. Court′ing, paying addresses to a woman, wooing; (Spens.) attendance at court; Court′-leet, a court of record held in a manor before the lord or his steward; Court′let, a petty court.—adj. Court′-like, courtly: polite.—ns. Court′liness; Court′ling, a hanger-on at court.—adj. Court′ly, having manners like those at a court: elegant.—ns. Court′-mar′tial, a court held by officers of the army or navy for the trial of offences against military or naval laws:—pl. Courts′-mar′tial; one improvised in time of war round an upturned drum for summary judgment is a Drumhead court-martial; Court′-plas′ter, sticking-plaster made of silk, originally applied as patches on the face by ladies at court; Court′-roll, the record of a court of justice; Court′ship, courtly behaviour: the act of wooing with intention to marry; Court′-sword, a light dress-sword worn as part of court-dress; Court′yard, a court or enclosed ground before a house.—Court holy water, empty compliments: (obs.) flattery. [O. Fr. cort (Fr. cour)—Low L. cortis, a courtyard—L. cors, cohors, an enclosure; akin to Gr. chortos, an enclosed place, L. hortus, a garden. See Yard.]

Courtesan, -zan, kōrt′e-zan, or kurt′e-zan, n. a court-mistress: a woman of the town, a whore. [Fr.,—It. cortigiana.]

Courtesy, kort′e-si, or kurt′e-si, n. courtliness: elegance of manner: an act of civility or respect: a curtsy: (law) the life interest which the surviving husband has in the real or heritable estate of his wife.—v.i. to make a curtsy.—pr.p. court′esying; pa.p. court′esied.—n.pl. Court′esy-tī′tles, titles really invalid, but allowed by the usage of society—as to children of peers. [O. Fr. courtoisie.]

Couscous, kus′kus, n. an African dish of granulated flour steamed over broth. [Ar. kuskus.]

Cousin, kuz′n, n. formerly a kinsman generally; now, the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt: a term used by a sovereign in addressing another, or to one of his own noblemen: something kindred or related to another.—ns. Cous′in-ger′man, a first cousin: something closely related; Cous′inhood, Cous′inship.—adj. Cous′inly, like, or having the relation of, a cousin.—n. Cous′inry, cousins collectively.—First cousins, children of brothers and sisters—also called Cousins-german, Full cousins; First cousin once removed, the son or daughter of a cousin-german—sometimes loosely called Second cousin; Second cousins, the children of first cousins. [Fr.,—L. consobrinus—con, sig. connection, and sobrinus for sororinus, applied to the children of sisters—soror, a sister.]

Couteau, koo-tō′, n. a large knife.—Couteau de chasse, a hunting-knife. [Fr.]

Couter, kōō′tėr, n. (slang) a sovereign. [Said to be from Gipsy cuta, a gold piece.]

Couvade, kōō-väd′, n. a custom among savages in many parts of the world for the father to take to his bed at the birth of a child, and submit to certain restrictions of food, &c. [Erroneously attributed to the Basques; the O. Fr. couvade, from couver, to hatch, never having had this special meaning.]

Cove, kōv, n. a small inlet of the sea: a bay: a cavern or rocky recess: (archit.) a concave arch or vault.—v.t. to overarch, and thus form a hollow.—adj. Coved, formed with an arch.—n. Cove′let, a small cove. [A.S. cófa, a room; Ice. kofi, Ger. koben.]

Cove, kōv, n. (slang) a fellow, a customer:—fem. Cov′ess—dim. Cov′ey. [Prob. conn. with Chap.]

Coven, kōv′en, n. a muster of witches.—n. Cov′entree, a point of muster before a Scottish mansion.

Covenant, kuv′e-nant, n. a mutual agreement: the writing containing the agreement: an engagement entered into between God and a person or a people—the Old Covenant, the Jewish dispensation; the New Covenant, the new relation to God opened up by Jesus Christ.—v.i. to enter into an agreement: to contract or bargain.—n. Cov′enant-break′er, one who violates a covenant.—adj. Cov′enanted, holding a position under a covenant or contract.—ns. Covenantee′, the person to whom a covenant is made; Cov′enanter (usually in Scot. Covenant′er), one who signed or adhered to the Scottish National Covenant of 1638—the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643 was in effect an international treaty between Scotland and England for securing civil and religious liberty; Cov′enantor, that party to a covenant who subjects himself to the penalty of its breach.—Covenant of grace, redemption, that by which life is freely offered to sinners on condition of faith in Christ; Covenant of works, that made with Adam as federal representative of the human race on condition of obedience. [O. Fr.,—L. con, together, and venīre, to come.]

Coventry, kuv′ent-ri, n.—in phrase, To send to Coventry = to shut a man out of any special society.

Cover, kuv′ėr, v.t. to hide: to clothe: to extend over: to brood or sit on: to be sufficient for: to protect: to table a coin of equal value in wagering: to copulate with—esp. of a stallion: to screen: to aim directly at.—v.i. to spread over so as to conceal something: to lay a table for a meal: to put one's hat on.—n. that which protects: undergrowth, thicket, concealing game, &c.: the table requisites for one person—plate, knife, fork, napkin, &c.: deceitfulness: a swindler's confederate.—adj. Cov′ered, intended or used for shelter or concealment: roofed over: with the hat on.—ns. Cover′ed-way; Cov′ert-way (fort.), a path about thirty feet wide outside the ditch of a fort, and so far sunk below the crest of the glacis as to afford cover or shelter to the soldiers; Cover′ing, anything that covers.—adj. Cov′ert, covered: concealed: secret.—n. a place that covers or affords protection.—ns. Cov′ert-coat, a short light overcoat; Cov′ert-coat′ing, cloth for such.—adv. Cov′ertly, in a covered or concealed manner.—n. Cov′erture, covering, shelter: (law) the condition of a married woman as legally under the protection of her husband.—Cover into, to transfer into; Cover shorts, to buy in such stocks as have been sold short, in order to meet one's engagements, &c.; Cover the buckle, to execute a difficult step in dancing. [Fr. couvrir (It. coprire)—L. co-operīre—con, and operīre, to cover.]

Coverlet, kuv′ėr-let, n. a bedcover.—Also Cov′erlid. [Fr. couvrelit, couvre, lit—L. lectum, a bed.]

Covet, kuv′et, v.t. to desire or wish for eagerly: to wish for what is unlawful.—v.i. to desire (with for).—adjs. Cov′etable; Cov′eted.—adv. Cov′etingly.—ns. Cov′etise (obs.), covetousness: ardent desire; Cov′etiveness (obs.), acquisitiveness.—adj. Cov′etous, inordinately desirous: avaricious.—adv. Cov′etously.—n. Cov′etousness. [O. Fr. coveiter (Fr. convoiter)—L. cupiditat-em—cupĕre, to desire.]

Covey, kuv′i, n. a brood or hatch of partridges: a small flock of birds—said of game: a party, a set. [O. Fr. covée—L. cubāre, to lie down.]

Covin, kuv′in, n. a compact: a conspiracy.—adjs. Cov′inous, Cov′enous, deceitful. [O. Fr. covin—Late L. convenium—L. convena, a meeting—con, together, venīre, to come.]

Coving, kō′ving, n. the projection of upper stories over lower: the vertical sides connecting the jambs with the breast of a fireplace. [See Cove.]

Cow, kow, n. the female of the bovine animals: the female of certain other animals, as the elephant, &c.—older plurals, Kine and Kye, the latter now only Scotch.—ns. Cow′-bane, the water-hemlock, often destructive to cattle; Cow′-berr′y, the red whortleberry; Cow′-bird, -bunt′ing, an American starling which accompanies cattle, and drops its eggs into other birds' nests; Cow′-boy, a boy who has the care of cows: (U.S.) a man who has the charge of cattle on a ranch; Cow′-calf, a female calf; Cow′-catch′er (U.S.), an apparatus on the front of railway engines to throw off obstacles; Cow′-cher′vil, -pars′ley, -weed, an umbelliferous European plant of the hedges and woods; Cow′feeder, a dairyman, cowherd; Cow′-grass, the zigzag clover: a variety of red clover; Cow′-heel, an ox-foot stewed to a jelly; Cow′herd, one who herds cows; Cow′hide, the hide of a cow: the hide of a cow made into leather: a coarse whip made of twisted strips of cowhide.—v.t. to whip with a cowhide.—n. Cow′-house, a place in which cows are stalled, a byre.—adj. Cow′ish, like a cow: (Shak.) cowardly.—ns. Cow′-leech, a cow-doctor; Cow′lick, a tuft of turned-up hair on the forehead; Cow′-pars′nip, an umbelliferous plant, used as food for hogs and cattle; Cow′-plant, a perennial plant of Ceylon, with a milky juice; Cow′-pox, a disease which appears in pimples on the teats of the cow, the matter thereof used for vaccination; Cow′-tree, a South American tree that produces a nourishing fluid resembling milk; Cow′-wheat, a genus of annual plants, with yellow flowers and seeds somewhat like grains of wheat. [A.S. cú, pl. cý; Ger. kuh; Sans. go.]

Cow, kow, v.t. to subdue: keep under: to dishearten.—adjs. Cowed, depressed; Cow′ish (Shak.), easily cowed, timorous: mean. [Perh. from Ice. kúga; Dan. kue, to subdue.]

Cowan, kow′an, n. (Scot.) a mason who never served an apprenticeship: one who tries to enter a mason's lodge, or the like, surreptitiously.

Coward, kow′ard, n. a faint-hearted person: one without courage.—v.t. to intimidate.—adjs. Cow′ard, Cow′ardly, afraid of danger: timid: mean.—ns. Cow′ardice, want of courage: timidity.—Cow′ardree (Spens.); Cow′ardliness.—adv. Cow′ardly.—n. Cow′ardship (Shak.), the quality of being a coward. [O. Fr. couard (It. codardo)—L. cauda, a tail.]

Cower, kow′er, v.i. to sink down through fear, &c.: to crouch, for protection or in fear.—adv. Cow′eringly. [Cf. Ice. kúra, Dan. kure, to lie quiet.]

Cowhage, kow′āj, n. the hairs of the pods of a tropical climbing plant of the bean family, administered as a mechanical vermifuge, the pods themselves or the plant. [Hind. kawānch, koānch.]

Cowl, kowl, n. a cap or hood: a monk's hood: the badge of monkhood: a monk: a cover for a chimney.—v.t. to make a monk of: to cover like a cowl.—adj. Cowled, wearing a cowl. [A.S. cufle; Ice. cofl; akin to L. cucullus, hood.]

Cowl-staff, kowl′-staf, n. (Shak.) a staff or pole on which a basket or vessel is supported between two persons. [O. Fr. cuvele—L. cupella, dim. of cupa, a cask, and staff.]

Cowrie, Cowry, kow′ri, n. a large genus of Gasteropods, including over a hundred species, some of which are familiar as decorative objects, and as a medium of exchange with uncivilised peoples. [Hindi kaurī.]

Cowslip, kow′slip, n. a beautiful and fragrant species of primrose, common in English pastures.—adj. Cow′slip'd, covered with cowslips. [A.S. cú, cow, slyppe, perh. cow-dung.]

Coxcomb, koks′kōm, n. a strip of red cloth notched like a cock's comb, which professional fools used to wear: a fool: a fop.—adjs. Coxcom′bical, Coxcom′ical, foppish: vain.—n. Coxcombical′ity.—adv. Coxcom′bically.—n. Cox′combry, the manner of a coxcomb. [Cockscomb.]

Coxswain, Cockswain, kok′swān, or kok′sn, n. a seaman who steers a boat, and under the superior officer takes charge of it. [Cock, a boat, and Swain.]

Coy, koy, adj. modest: bashful: shy.—v.t. (Shak.) to caress: (Shak.) to disdain.—adj. Coy′ish, somewhat coy.—adv. Coy′ishly.—n. Coy′ishness.—adv. Coy′ly.—n. Coy′ness. [Fr. coi—L. quietus, quiet.]

Coyote, ko-yōt′e, n. a prairie wolf, abundant in Mexico and Texas. [Mex. coyotl.]

Coypu, koi′pōō, n. a large rodent in the porcupine section of the order, common in South America—living in burrows near water, feeding on aquatic plants. [Native name.]

Cozen, kuz′n, v.t. to flatter: to cheat.—ns. Coz′enage, the practice of cheating: deceit; Coz′ener. [Perh. from Fr. cousiner, to claim kindred for one's own advantage, play the parasite—cousin, a cousin.]

Cozier, Cosier, kō′zi-ėr, n. a cobbler. [O. Fr. cousere—L. consuĕre, to sew together.]

Crab, krab, n. a popular name applied to any of the short-tailed division of decapod crustaceans: a sign in the zodiac: a portable winch: a sour-tempered person: the lowest throw at hazard—two aces.—adj. Crabb′ed, ill-natured: harsh: rough: difficult, perplexing.—adv. Crabb′edly.—n. Crabb′edness.—adj. Crab′-faced, having a sour, peevish countenance.—n. Crab′ite, a fossil crab or crayfish.—adj. Crab′-like, moving like a crab.—n. Crab′-louse, a crab-shaped louse infesting the hair of the pubis, &c.—n.pl. Crab's′-eyes, the scarlet seeds of an East Indian bead-tree: a concretion of carbonate of lime in the stomach of the cray-fish.—v.i. Crab′-sī′dle, to go sideways like a crab.—n.pl. Crab′-yaws, a name applied to the tumours of frambœsia on the soles and palms.—Catch a crab, in rowing, to sink the oar too deeply in the water: to miss the water altogether in making the stroke. [A.S. crabba; Ger. krabbe.]

Crab, krab, Crab-apple, krab′-ap-l, n. a wild bitter apple.—ns. Crab′-stick, a stick made out of the crab-tree; Crab′-tree, the tree that bears crab-apples.—adj. like a crab-tree, crooked. [Perh. conn. with Crabbed.]

Crabro, krā′brō, n. the typical genus of Crabronidæ, a family of fossorial hymenopters: a hornet. [L.]

Crack, krak, v.i. to utter a sharp sudden sound: to split: to boast: to chat.—v.t. to produce a sudden noise: to break into chinks: to split: to break partially or wholly: to open (a bottle).—n. a sudden sharp splitting sound: a chink: a flaw: a blow, a smack: friendly chat: (slang) housebreaking: a craze: one who has a craze: a pert boy.—adj. (coll.) excellent.—n. Crack′-brain, a crazy person.—adjs. Crack′-brained; Cracked, rent: damaged: crazy.—ns. Crack′er, one who or that which cracks: a boaster, a lie: the pin-tail duck: (U.S.) a thin crisp biscuit: a bonbon, or a small firework, exploding when pulled asunder: (U.S.) a poor white; Crack′-halt′er, Crack′-hemp (Shak.), Crack′-rope, one likely to be hanged.—adj. Crack′-jaw, of a word, hard to pronounce.—ns. Cracks′man, a burglar; Crack′-tryst, one who breaks an engagement.—Crack credit, to destroy one's credit; Crack tryst, to break an engagement; Crack up, to praise. [A.S. cracian, to crack; cf. Dut. kraken, Gael. crac.]

Crackle, krak′l, v.i. to give out slight but frequent cracks.—n. the giving out of slight cracks.—ns. Crack′lin, a kind of china-ware, purposely cracked in the kiln as an ornament; Crack′ling, the rind of roast pork: (pl.) skinny parts of suet without tallow: three stripes of velvet worn on the sleeves of students at St John's College, Cambridge.—adj. Crack′ly, brittle.—n. Crack′nel, a light, brittle biscuit: (pl.) pieces of fat pork fried crisp.

Cracovian, kra-kō′vi-an, adj. pertaining to Cracow.—ns. Cracovienne′, a graceful Polish dance, resembling the mazourka: the music for such; Crac′owe, a long-toed boot fashionable under Richard II.

Cradle, krā′dl, n. a bed or crib in which children are rocked: (fig.) infancy: the place where one is born and brought up: a frame in which anything is imbedded: a case for a broken limb: a frame under a ship for launching it: a box on rockers for washing auriferous dirt.—v.t. to lay or rock in a cradle: to nurture.—adj. Crā′dled, laid in a cradle.—ns. Crā′dle-scythe, a broad scythe used in a cradle for cutting grain; Crā′dle-walk, an avenue arched over with trees; Crā′dling.—From the cradle, from birth, from the first. [A.S. cradol; ety. obscure.]

Craft, kraft, n. cunning: artifice: dexterity: art: trade: occupation: small ships.—v.i. to exercise one's craft (Shak., Cor., IV. vi. 118).—adv. Craft′ily.—n. Craft′iness.—adj. Craft′less, free from craft.—ns. Crafts′man, one engaged in a craft; Crafts′manship, Craft′manship; Crafts′master, one skilled in a craft.—adj. Craft′y, having skill: cunning: deceitful. [A.S. cræft; Ger. kraft, power.]

Crag, krag, n. a rough steep rock or point: (geol.) a bed of gravel mixed with shells.—adjs. Crag′ged, Crag′gy, full of crags or broken rocks: rough: rugged.—ns. Crag′gedness, Crag′giness; Crags′man, one skilled in climbing rocks. [W. craig, a rock, car-eg, a stone; Gael. creag, carraig.]

Crag, Cragge, krag, n. the neck.—Scotch forms, Craig, Craig′ie. [Cf. Dut. kraag, Ger. kragen, the neck.]

Crake, krāk, v.i. to utter a cry like a crow, &c.—n. Crake′-berr′y, the crow-berry.

Crake, krāk, n. a crow, raven, corncrake: (obs.) a boast. [See Corncrake.]

Cram, kram, v.t. to press close: to stuff: to fill to superfluity: (slang) to make believe false or exaggerated tales: to teach for a special examination, only giving instruction useful for passing that examination.—v.i. to eat greedily: to get up a subject by cram:—pr.p. cram′ming; pa.p. crammed.—n. a crush: (slang) a lie: information that has been crammed: the system of cramming.—adjs. Cram′-full; Cram′mable; Crammed.—n. Cram′mer, one who prepares students for examination by cramming them. [A.S. crammian; Ice. kremja, to squeeze; Dan. kramme, to crumple.]

Crambo, kram′bo, n. a game in which one gives a word to which another finds a rhyme: rime.—ns. Cram′boclink, -jingle, riming. [Prob. from L. crambe repetita, cabbage served up again.]

Crambus, kram′bus, n. a genus of pyralid moths, the veneers or grass-moths—family Crambidæ, subfamily Crambinæ. [Gr. krambos, dry.]

Cramoisy, kram′oiz-i, Cramesy, kram′ez-i, adj. and n. crimson. [See Crimson.]

Cramp, kramp, n. an involuntary and painful contraction of a voluntary muscle or group of muscles: restraint: a piece of iron bent at the ends, for holding together wood, stone, &c.: a tool used by carpenters and others, having a movable part which can be screwed tight so as to press things together.—adj. hard to make out (used of handwriting): cramped: narrow.—v.t. to affect with spasms: to confine: to hinder: to fasten with a cramp-iron.—ns. Cramp′bark, the popular American name of the medicinal Viburnum Oxycoccus; Cramp′-bone, the patella of the sheep, an old charm for cramp; Cramp′-fish, the electric ray or torpedo; Cramp′-ī′ron, a piece of metal bent at both ends for binding things together; Cramp′on, a grappling-iron: a pointed plate for the foot in hill-climbing; Cramp′-ring, a ring formerly blessed by the sovereign on Good-Friday against cramp and the falling sickness.—adj. Cramp′y, affected or diseased with cramp: producing cramp.—Bather's cramp, the popular name for paralysis attacking a person while bathing; Writer's cramp, or Scrivener's palsy, a common disease affecting those in the habit of constant writing, the muscles refusing to obey only on attempting to write. [O. Fr. crampe; cf. Dut. kramp, Ger. krampf.]

Cran, kran, n. a measure of capacity in Scotland for herrings when just taken out of the net. It amounts to 37½ imperial gallons, and comprises about 750 herrings on an average.—Coup the cran (Scot.), to be upset. [Prob. from Gael. crann, a measure.]

Cranberry, kran′ber-i, n. a genus of small evergreen shrubs growing in peaty bogs and marshy grounds: the berry much used for tarts. [For crane-berry; a late word; origin obscure; cf. Ger. kranbeere or kranich-beere.]

Crane, krān, n. a large wading bird, with long legs, neck, and bill: a bent pipe for drawing liquor out of a cask: a machine for raising heavy weights—both named from their likeness to the bird.—v.t. to raise with a crane.—v.i. to stretch out the neck: to pull up before a jump.—ns. Cran′age, the use of a crane: the price paid for the use of it; Crane′-fly, a genus of dipterous insects, nearly allied to the gnats, with very long legs.—adj. Crane′-necked.—n. Crane's′-bill, the Geranium, from a lengthened appendage of the seed-vessel. [A.S. cran; Ger. kranich, W. garan.]

Cranium, krā′ni-um, n. the skull: the bones enclosing the brain.—adj. Crā′nial, pertaining to the cranium.—n. Craniog′nomy, cranial physiognomy.—adj. Craniolog′ical.—ns. Craniol′ogist, one skilled in craniology; Craniol′ogy, the study of skulls: phrenology; Craniom′eter, an instrument for measuring the skull; Craniom′etry, the measurement of skulls; Craninos′copist, a phrenologist; Cranios′copy, phrenology; Craniot′omy (obstetrics), the act of breaking down the head of the fœtus. [Low L. cranium—Gr. kranion, from karē, the head.]

Crank, krangk, n. a crook or bend: a conceit in speech: a whim: (mach.) a lever or arm on a shaft, driven by hand or by a connecting-rod, its object being to convert reciprocating motion into rotary motion.—v.i. to move in a zizag manner.—v.t. to shape like a crank: to provide with a crank.—adj. crooked: crabbed: loose or slack.—adv. Crank′ily.—n. Crank′iness.—adj. Crank′y, crooked: infirm: full of whims: cross. [M. E. kranke—A.S. crincan, to yield; cf. Ger. krank.]

Crank, krangk, Crank-sided, krangk-sī′ded, adj. (naut.) liable to be upset—n. Crank′ness, liability to be upset. [Ety. uncertain.]

Crankle, krangk′l, Crinkle, kringk′l, n. a turn, winding, or wrinkle, an angular protuberance.—v.t. to bend: to twist.

Crannog, kran′og, n. the name given in Scotland and Ireland to a fortified island (partly natural and partly artificial) in a lake, once used as a dwelling-place and place of refuge. [Gael. crann, a tree.]

Cranny, kran′i, n. a rent: a chink: a secret place.—v.i. to enter crannies.—adj. Crann′ied, having crannies, rents, or fissures. [Fr. cran, a notch.]

Crants, krantz, n. (Shak.) the garland carried before the bier of a maiden and hung over her grave. [From Ger. kranz, a wreath, a garland.]

Crape, krāp, n. a thin silk fabric, tightly twisted, without removing the natural gum—usually dyed black, used for mournings.—adj. made of crape.—v.t. to clothe with crape: to frizzle (hair).—adj. Crap′y. [O. Fr. crespe (Fr. crêpe)—L. crispus, crisp.]

Crappit-head, krap′it-hed, n. a haddock's head stuffed with a compound of oatmeal, suet, onions, and pepper. [Crappit, from a Scotch word, crap, to cram.]

Crapulence, krap′ū-lens, n. sickness caused by an overdose of drink.—adjs. Crap′ulous, Crap′ulent. [Fr. crapule—L. crapula, intoxication.]

Crare, Crayer, krār, n. a trading vessel. [O. Fr. craier—Late L. craiera; origin dub.]

Crash, krash, n. a noise as of things breaking or being crushed by falling; the shock of two bodies meeting: the failure of a commercial undertaking.—v.i. to fall to pieces with a loud noise: to move with such a noise.—v.t. to dash in pieces. [From the sound.]

Crasis, krā′sis, n. the mixture of different elements in the constitution of the body: temperament: (gram.) the mingling or contraction of two vowels into one long vowel, or into a diphthong. [Gr. krasis—kerannynai, to mix.]

Crass, kras, adj. gross: thick: dense: stupid.—ns. Crassament′um, the thick part of coagulated blood: the clot; Crass′itude, coarseness: density: stupidity.—adv. Crass′ly.—n. Crass′ness.—n.pl. Crassulā′ceæ, an order of herbaceous or shrubby, succulent plants—including the Stone-crop and House-leek. [O. Fr. cras—L. crassus.]

Cratægus, kra-tē′gus, n. a genus of thorny shrubs, of the rose family, in north temperate regions. [Gr.]

Cratch, krach, n. a crib to hold hay for cattle, a manger.—n.pl. Cratches, a swelling on a horse's pastern, under the fetlock. [Fr. crèche, a manger; from a Teut. root, whence also crib.]

Crate, krāt, n. a wicker-work case for packing crockery in, or for carrying fruit. [L. cratis, a hurdle. See Cradle.]

Crater, krāt′ėr, n. the bowl-shaped mouth of a volcano.—adjs. Crat′eriform, or Crater′iform, shaped like a crater; Crat′erous. [L.,—Gr. kratēr, a large bowl for mixing wine, from kerannynai, to mix.]

Cravat, kra-vat′, n. a kind of neckcloth worn chiefly by men.—v.t. to dress in a cravat.—adj. Cravat′ted, wearing a cravat. [Fr. cravate—introduced in 1636 from the Cravates or Croatians.]

Crave, krāv, v.t. to beg earnestly: to beseech: to demand or require: to long for.—ns. Crav′er, one who craves: a beggar; Crav′ing, desire: longing. [A.S. crafian, to crave; Ice. krefja.]

Craven, krāv′n, n. a coward: a spiritless fellow.—adj. cowardly: spiritless.—v.t. to render spiritless.—adv. Crav′enly.—n. Crav′enness.—To cry craven, to surrender. [M. E. cravant—O. Fr. participle cravanté, corresponding to L. crepant-em, crepāre, to rattle, to break; some explain M. E. cravant as O. Fr. creant, as in recreant.]

Craw, kraw, n. the crop, throat, or first stomach of fowls: the stomach of animals generally. [M. E. crawe; not found in A.S.; cf. Dut. kraag, neck.]

Crawl, krawl, v.i. to move slowly along the ground, as a worm: to creep: to move feebly, stealthily, or sneakingly: to be covered with crawling things.—n. the act of crawling.—ns. Crawl′er, one who or that which crawls: a reptile; Crawl′ing.—adv. Crawl′y (coll.), with a creepy feeling. [Scand.; Ice. krafla, Dan. kravle; Ger. krabbeln, to creep.]

Crayfish, krā′fish, Crawfish, kraw′fish, n. a large fresh-water crustacean in the long-tailed division of the order Decapoda: the small spiny lobster. [M. E. crevice—O. Fr. crevice (Fr. écrevisse, a crayfish)—Old High Ger. krebiz, a Crab.]

Crayon, krā′on, n. a pencil made of chalk or pipeclay, variously coloured, used for drawing: a drawing done with crayons.—v.t. to draw with a crayon.—In crayons, of a picture, made by crayons. [Fr. crayon—craie, chalk, from L. creta, chalk.]

Craze, krāz, v.t. to weaken: to derange (applied to the intellect): (obs.) to break.—v.i. to become mad.—n. a crack or flaw: insanity.—adj. Crazed, deranged.—adv. Craz′ily.—ns. Craz′iness; Craz′ing-mill, a mill for crushing tin-ore.—adj. Craz′y, frail: insane: demented. [Scand.; Sw. krasa, Dan. krase, to crackle; whence also Fr. écraser, to crush.]

Creak, krēk, v.i. to make a sharp, grating sound, as of a hinge, &c.—n. a grating noise, as of an unoiled hinge.—adv. Creak′ily.—adj. Creak′y. [From the sound, like crake and croak.]

Cream, krēm, n. the oily substance which forms on milk, yielding butter when churned: the best part of anything: any cream-like preparation, as cold cream for the skin, &c., or any dish largely made of cream, or like cream, as chocolate-cream, ice-cream, whipped-cream, &c.—v.t. to take off the cream.—v.i. to gather or form cream.—ns. Cream′-cake, a kind of cake filled with custard made of cream, &c.; Cream′-cheese, cheese made of cream.—adj. Cream′-col′oured, of the colour of cream, light yellow.—n. Cream′ery, an establishment where butter and cheese are made from the milk supplied by a number of producers: a shop for milk, butter, &c.—adj. Cream′-faced, pale-faced.—ns. Cream′-fruit, the fruit of a creeping West African plant of the dogbane family, yielding a cream-like juice; Cream′iness.—adj. Cream′-laid, of a cream-colour and laid, or bearing linear water-lines as if laid.—ns. Cream′-nut, the Brazil nut; Cream′-slice, a wooden blade for skimming cream from milk.—adjs. Cream′-wove, woven of a cream-colour; Cream′y, full of or like cream: gathering like cream.—Cream of tartar, a white crystalline compound made by purifying argol, bitartrate of potash. [O. Fr. cresme, creme—L. chrisma.]

Creance, krē′ans, n. the cord which secures the hawk while being trained. [Fr.]

Crease, krēs, n. a mark made by folding or doubling anything: (cricket) a line indicating the boundaries of a particular space, as the position of a batter and bowler.—v.t. to make creases in anything.—v.i. to become creased.—adj. Creas′y, full of creases. [Prob. Celt., as Bret. krīz, &c.]

Create, krē-āt′, v.t. to bring into being or form out of nothing: to beget: to form: to invest with a new form, office, or character: to produce.—adj. Creāt′able.—n. Creā′tion, the act of creating, esp. the universe: that which is created, the world, the universe.—adj. Creā′tional.—ns. Creā′tionism, the theory of special creation, opp. to Evolutionism: the theory that God immediately creates a soul for every human being born—opp. to Traducianism; Creā′tionist.—adj. Creā′tive, having power to create: that creates.—adv. Creā′tively.—ns. Creā′tiveness; Creā′tor, he who creates: a maker:—fem. Creā′trix, Creā′tress; Creā′torship.—adjs. Crea′tural, Crea′turely, pertaining to a creature or thing created.—ns. Creature (krē′tūr), whatever has been created, animate or inanimate, esp. every animated being, an animal, a man: a term of contempt or of endearment: a dependent, instrument, or puppet; Crea′tureship.—The Creator, the Supreme Being, God.—Creature comforts, material comforts, food, &c.: liquor, esp. whisky. [L. creāre, -ātum; Gr. krain-ein, to fulfil.]

Creatine, krē′a-tin, n. a constant and characteristic constituent of the striped muscle of vertebrates—also Kre′atine.—adj. Creat′ic, relating to flesh.—n. Cre′atinine, dehydrated form, a constant constituent of urine, found also in fish muscles. [Gr. kreas, kreatos, flesh.]

Crèche, kresh, n. a sort of public nursery for children, while their mothers are at work. [Fr.]

Credence, krē′dens, n. belief: trust: the small table beside the altar on which the bread and wine are placed before being consecrated.—n. Creden′dum, a thing to be believed, an act of faith:—pl. Credenda.—adjs. Crē′dent, easy of belief; Creden′tial, giving a title to belief or credit.—n. that which entitles to credit or confidence: (pl.) esp. the letters by which one claims confidence or authority among strangers.—ns. Credibil′ity, Cred′ibleness.—adj. Credible (kred′-), that may be believed.—adv. Cred′ibly.—n. Cred′it, belief: esteem: reputation: honour: good character: sale on trust: time allowed for payment: the side of an account on which payments received are entered: a sum placed at a person's disposal in a bank on which he may draw to its amount.—v.t. to believe: to trust: to sell or lend to on trust: to enter on the credit side of an account: to set to the credit of.—adj. Cred′itable, trustworthy: bringing credit or honour.—n. Cred′itableness.—adv. Cred′itably.—ns. Cred′itor, one to whom a debt is due:—fem. Cred′itrix; Crē′do, the Creed, or a musical setting of it for church services; Credū′lity, credulousness: disposition to believe on insufficient evidence.—adj. Cred′ulous, easy of belief: apt to believe without sufficient evidence: unsuspecting.—adv. Cred′ulously.—ns. Cred′ulousness; Creed, a summary of articles of religious belief, esp. those called the Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian: any system of belief. [Fr.,—Low L. credentia—L. credent-, believing, pr.p. of credĕre.]

Creek, krēk, n. a small inlet or bay of the sea, or the tidal estuary of a river: any turn or winding: in America and Australia, a small river.—adj. Creek′y, full of creeks: winding. [Prob. Scand., Ice. kriki, a nook; cf. Dut. kreek, a bay.]

Creel, krēl, n. a basket, esp. an angler's basket. [Prob. Celt; cf. Old Ir. criol, a chest.]

Creep, krēp, v.i. to move on the belly, like a snake: to move slowly: to grow along the ground or on supports, as a vine: to fawn or cringe: to have the physical sensation of something creeping over or under the skin: to shudder at from fear or repugnance: to drag with a creeper, as a river-bottom:—pr.p. creep′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. crept.—ns. Creep′er, a creeping plant: a genus of small climbing birds; Creep′-hole, a hole into which to creep: a subterfuge; Creep′ie, a low stool, the old Scotch stool of repentance.—adv. Creep′ingly.—adj. Creep′y. [A.S. creópan; Dut. kruipen.]

Creese, Crease, krēs, n. a Malay dagger with a wavy blade—also Kris.—v.t. to stab with a creese.

Creesh, krēsh, v.t. (Scot.) to grease.—n. grease.—adj. Creesh′y. [O. Fr. craisse—L. crassus, fat.]

Cremaillere, kre-mal-yār′, n. a line of fortification built zigzag to give wider range in firing. [Fr.]

Cremation, krem-ā′shun, n. act of burning, esp. of the dead.—v.t. Cremate′.—ns. Cremā′tionist, one who advocates cremation; Cremat′or, Crematōr′ium, Crem′atory, a place where cremation is done.—adj. Crematōr′ial. [L.,—cremāre, to burn.]

Cremona, krem-ō′na, n. a superior kind of violin made at Cremona in Italy.—adj. Cremonese′.

Crenate, -d, krē′nāt, -ed, adj. (bot.) having the edge notched.—ns. Crē′na, a furrow or notch; Crenā′tion; Cren′ature.—adjs. Cren′ulate, -d, finely notched or crenate. [L. crena, a notch.]

Crenel, kren′el, Crenelle, kre-nel′, n. (archit.) an opening in a parapet for shooting through: a battlement—dim. Cren′elet.—n. Crenaux (krē′nō), crenellations or loopholes in a fortress.—v.t. Cren′ellate.—adjs. Crenellāt′ed, furnished with battlements: indented.—n. Crenellā′tion.—adjs. Crenelle′ (her.), embattled; Crenelled′, having embrasures. [Fr.,—Low L. crena, a notch.]

Creole, krē′ōl, n. and adj. strictly applied in the former Spanish, French, and Portuguese colonies of America, Africa, and the East Indies to natives of pure European blood (sangre azul), in opposition to immigrants themselves born in Europe, or to the offspring of mixed blood, as mulattoes, quadroons, Eurasians, &c.: (U.S.) applied only to the native French stock in Louisiana: a negro born in the West Indies—earlier Creō′lian. [Fr. créole—Sp. criollo, contr. of criadillo, 'a little nursling,' dim. of criado—criar, lit. to create, also to bring up, to nurse—L. creāre.]

Creophagous, krē-of′a-gus, adj. flesh-eating. [Gr. kreas, flesh, phagein, to eat.]

Creosote, krē′o-sōt, Creasote, krē′a-sōt, n. an oily, colourless liquid obtained from the tar produced by the destructive distillation of wood. [Gr. kreas, flesh, sōtēr, saviour—sōz-ein, to save.]

Crepance, krē′pans, n. a wound on a horse's hind ankle-joint, caused by striking with the shoe of the other hind-foot.—Also Crē′pane. [L. crepāre, to break.]

Crepitate, krep′i-tāt, v.i. to crackle, snap.—adj. Crep′itant, crackling.—n. Crepitā′tion, the characteristic sound detected in the lungs by auscultation.—adj. Crep′itātive.—n. Crep′itus. [L. crepitāre, -ātum, freq. of crepāre, to crack, rattle.]

Crepuscular, kre-pus′kū-lar, adj. of or pertaining to twilight—also Crepus′culous.—ns. Crepus′cule, Crepus′cle, twilight. [L. crepusculum—creper, dusky, obscure.]

Crescendo, kres-en′dō, adv. (mus.) gradually increasing in force or loudness.—n. a passage marked by this.—Often cres., cresc., or

Crescent, kres′ent, adj. increasing: shaped like the new or old moon.—n. the moon as she increases towards half-moon: a figure like the crescent moon, as that on the Turkish standard: the standard itself: the Turkish power: a range of buildings in curved form.—n. Cres′centade, a religious war for Islam.—adjs. Cres′cented, Crescent′ic, formed like a crescent; Cres′cive (Shak.), increasing. [L. crescens, crescent-is, pr.p. of crescĕre, to grow.]

Cress, kres, n. the name of several species of plants like the water-cress, which grow in moist places, and have pungent leaves used as salads and medicinally.—adj. Cress′y, abounding in cresses. [A.S. cresse, cerse; cf. Dut. kers, Ger. kresse.]

Cresset, kres′et, n. an iron basket, jar, or open lamp filled with combustible material, placed on a beacon, lighthouse, wharf, &c.: a torch generally. [O. Fr. cresset, crasset (Fr. creuset)—Old Dut. kruysel, a hanging lamp.]

Crest, krest, n. the comb or tuft on the head of a cock and other birds: the summit of anything, as a roof-ridge, hill, wave: the mane of a horse, &c.: (anat.) a ridge along the surface of a bone: a plume of feathers or other ornament on the top of a helmet: (her.) an accessory figure originally surmounting the helmet, placed on a wreath, &c., also used separately as a personal cognisance on plate, &c.—v.t. to furnish with, or serve for, a crest, to surmount.—p.adj. Crest′ed, having a crest: (bot.) having an elevated appendage like a crest.—adjs. Crest′fallen, dejected: heartless; Crest′less, without a crest: not of high birth.—ns. Crest′-marine′, rock samphire; Crestol′atry, toadyism. [O. Fr. creste (mod. crête)—L. crista.]

Cretaceous, krē-tā′shus, adj. composed of or like chalk.—adj. Crē′tāted, rubbed with chalk.—n. Cretifac′tion.—v.i. Crē′tify, to become impregnated with salts of lime. [L. cretaceus, from creta, chalk.]

Cretic, krē′tik, adj. and n. Cretan, belonging to Crete: a metrical foot consisting of one short syllable between two long.—n. Crē′tism, a lie.

Cretinism, krē′tin-izm, n. a state of defective mental development, associated with bodily deformity or arrested growth, occurring esp. in connection with enlargement of the thyroid gland or goitre in the lower Alpine valleys.—n. Crē′tin, one affected with cretinism.—adjs. Crē′tinous, Crē′tinised. [Fr. crétin—Swiss crestin—L. christian-us, prob. implying that, after all, they are human, or that they are (from their fatuousness) incapable of sin—cf. the frequent use of innocent.]

Cretonne, kret-on′, or kret′on, n. a strong printed cotton fabric used for curtains or for covering furniture. [Fr., prob. from Creton in Normandy.]

Crevasse, krev-as′, n. a crack or split, esp. applied to a cleft in a glacier: (U.S.) a breach in a canal or river bank.—v.t. to fissure with crevasses. [Fr.]

Crevice, krev′is, n. a crack or rent: a narrow opening. [O. Fr. crevace—L. L.,—L. crepāre, to creak.]

Crew, krōō, n. a company, squad, or gang, often in a bad or contemptuous sense: a ship's company. [O. Fr. creue, increase—croistre, to grow.]

Crewel, krōō′el, n. a fine worsted yarn used for embroidery and tapestry: work in crewels.—v.t. to work in such.—ns. Crew′elist; Crew′ellery. [Orig. a monosyllable, crule, crewle; ety. dub.]

Crewels, krōō′elz, n.pl. (Scot.) the king's evil, scrofula. [Fr. ēcrouelles.]

Crib, krib, n. the rack or manger of a stable: a stall for oxen: a child's bed; a small cottage or hovel, a confined place: (coll.) a translation of a classic baldly literal, for lazy schoolboys.—v.t. to put away in a crib, confine: to pilfer: to plagiarise:—pr.p. crib′bing; pa.p. cribbed.—n. Crib′-bit′ing, a vicious habit of horses, consisting in biting the manger. [A.S. crib; Ger. krippe.]

Cribbage, krib′āj, n. a game at cards played by two, three, or four persons, so called from crib, the name given to certain cards laid aside from his hand by each player, and which belong to the dealer.—n. Cribb′age-board, a board with holes for keeping by means of pegs the score at cribbage.

Cribble, krib′l, n. a coarse screen or sieve used for sand, gravel, or corn: coarse flour or meal.—v.t. to sift or riddle.—adjs. Crib′rāte, Crib′rose, perforated like a sieve.—n. Cribrā′tion, act of sifting.—adj. Crib′riform, shaped like a sieve. [L. cribellum, dim. of cribrum, a sieve.]

Cribellum, kri-bel′um, n. an accessory spinning-organ of certain spiders—also Cribrell′um:—pl. Cribell′a.

Cricetus, kri-sē′tus, n. the typical genus of Cricetinæ, a sub-family of muroid rodents with cheek-pouches.

Crick, krik, n. a spasm or cramp of the muscles, esp. of the neck. [Prob. onomatopœic.]

Cricket, krik′et, n. a saltatory, orthopterous insect, allied to grasshoppers and locusts. [O. Fr. criquet; cf. Dut. krekel, Ger. kreckel.]

Cricket, krik′et, n. an outdoor game played with bats, a ball, and wickets, between two sides of eleven each.—v.i. to play at cricket.—ns. Crick′eter, one who plays at cricket; Crick′et-match, a match at cricket. [Fr. criquet; further ety. dub. Not the A.S. crycc, a stick.]

Cricoid, krī′koid, adj. (anat.) ring-shaped. [Gr. krikos, a ring, and eidos, form.]

Cried, krīd, pa.t. and pa.p. of Cry.—n. Crī′er, one who cries or proclaims, esp. an officer whose duty is to make public proclamations.—Cried down, or Decried, denounced, belittled; Cried up, extolled.

Crime, krīm, n. a violation of law: an act punishable by law: offence: sin.—adjs. Crime′ful, criminal; Crime′less, without crime, innocent; Criminal (krim′-), relating to crime: guilty of crime: violating laws.—n. one guilty of crime.—ns. Crim′inalist, one versed in criminal law; Criminal′ity, guiltiness.—adv. Crim′inally.—v.t. Crim′ināte, to accuse.—n. Criminā′tion, act of criminating: accusation.—adjs. Crim′inātive, Crim′inātory, involving crimination or accusation.—ns. Criminol′ogist; Criminol′ogy, that branch of anthropology which treats of crime and criminals.—adj. Crim′inous, criminal—now chiefly in the phrase 'a criminous clerk.'—n. Crim′inousness.—Criminal conversation, often Crim. con., adultery. [Fr.,—L. crimen.]

Crimine, Crimini, krim′i-ne, interj. an ejaculation of surprise or impatience.

Crimp, krimp, adj. made crisp or brittle.—v.t. to wrinkle: to plait: to make crisp: to seize or decoy sailors or soldiers.—n. one who presses or decoys.—ns. Crimp′age, act of crimping; Crimp′er, one who or that which crimps or corrugates; Crimp′ing-ī′ron, an iron instrument used for crimping hair; Crimp′ing-machine′, a machine for forming crimps or plaits on ruffles.—v.t. Crimp′le, to contract or draw together: to plait: to curl. [A dim. of cramp; Dut. krimpen, to shrink.]

Crimson, krim′zn, n. a deep red colour, tinged with blue: red in general.—adj. deep red.—v.t. to dye crimson.—v.i. to become crimson: to blush. [M. E. crimosin—O. Fr. cramoisin; from Ar. qermazi, the cochineal insect, from which it is made.]

Crinal, krī′nal, adj. of or belonging to the hair.—adjs. Crin′ate, -d, having hair; Crinicul′tural, relating to the culture or growth of the hair; Crinig′erous, hairy; Crī′nite, hairy: (bot.) resembling a tuft of hair. [L. crinalis—crinis, the hair.]

Cringe, krinj, v.i. to bend or crouch with servility: to submit: to fawn: to flatter with mean servility.—n. a servile obeisance.—ns. Cringe′ling, Crin′ger, one who cringes.—adv. Crin′gingly, in an obsequious manner. [Related to A.S. crincan, cringan, to shrink. Cf. Crank, weak.]

Cringle, kring′gl, n. a small piece of rope worked into the bolt-rope of a sail, and containing a metal ring or thimble. [Teut.; cf. Ger. kringel.]

Crinkle, krink′l, v.t. to twist, wrinkle, crimp.—v.i. to wrinkle up, curl.—n. a wrinkle.—adj. Crink′ly, wrinkly.—n. and adj. Crink′um-crank′um, a word applied familiarly to things intricate or crooked.

Crinoidea, krī-noid′ē-a, n.pl. a class of Echinodermata, sometimes called feather-stars or sea-lilies, and well known in fossil forms as encrinites or stone-lilies.—n. Cri′nite, a fossil crinoid.—adjs. and ns. Crinoid′, Crinoid′ean.—adj. Crinoid′al. [Gr. krinon, a lily, and eidos, form.]

Crinoline, krin′o-lin, n. a name originally given by the French modistes to a stiff fabric of horse-hair, employed to distend women's attire: a hooped petticoat or skirt made to project all round by means of steel-wire: a netting round ships as a guard against torpedoes.—n. Crin′olette, a small crinoline causing the dress to project behind only—akin to the bustle and dress-improver.—adj. Crin′olined. [Fr., crin—L. crinis, hair, and lin—L. linum, flax.]

Crio-sphinx, krī′ō-sfingks, n. a ram-headed sphinx. [Gr. krios, a ram, sphingx, a sphinx.]

Cripple, krip′l, n. a lame person.—adj. lame.—v.t. to make lame: to lame: disable, impair the efficiency of.—ns. Cripp′ledom; Cripp′ling, a prop set up as a support against the side of a building. [A.S. crypel; conn. with Creep.]

Crisis, krī′sis, n. point or time for deciding anything, the decisive moment or turning-point:—pl. Crises (krī′sēz). [Gr. krisis, from krinein, to separate.]

Crisp, krisp, adj. curling closely: having a wavy surface: so dry as to be crumbled easily: brittle, or short, as 'crisp cakes,' &c.: fresh and bracing, as 'crisp air:' firm, the opposite of limp or flabby, as a 'crisp style' in writing.—v.t. to curl or twist: to make crisp or wavy.—adjs. Cris′pāte, -d, having a crisped or wavy appearance.—ns. Crispā′tion; Crisp′ature, a curling; Crisp′er, one who or that which crisps; Crisp′ing-ī′ron, -pin, a curling-iron.—adv. Crisp′ly.—n. Crisp′ness.—adj. Crisp′y. [A.S.,—L. crispus.]

Crispin, kris′pin, n. a shoemaker, from Crispin of Soissons, the patron saint of shoemakers, martyred 25th October 287.

Criss-cross, kris′-kros, n. a mark formed by two lines in the form of a cross, as the signature of a person unable to write his name: a child's game played on a slate, the lines being drawn in the form of a cross.—v.i. to intersect frequently.

Cristate, kris′tāt, adj. crested.—n. Cris′ta, a crest.—adjs. Cris′tiform; Cristim′anous, having crested claws.

Criterion, krī-tē′ri-on, n. a means or standard of judging: a test: a rule, standard, or canon:—pl. Critē′ria. [Gr., from kritēs, a judge.]

Crith, krith, n. a chemical unit of mass for gases, the mass of one litre of hydrogen. [Gr. krithē, barley.]

Crithomancy, krith′o-man-si, n. divination by the meal strewed over the victims of sacrifice. [Gr. krithē, barley, and manteia, divination.]

Critic, krit′ik, n. one skilled in estimating the quality of literary or artistic work: a professional reviewer: one skilled in textual or biblical criticism, literature, the fine arts, &c.: a fault-finder.—adj. Crit′ical, relating to criticism: discriminating: captious: decisive.—adv. Crit′ically.—ns. Crit′icalness, Critical′ity; Crit′icaster, Crit′ickin, a petty critic.—adj. Criticīs′able.—v.t. Crit′icise, to pass judgment on: to censure.—ns. Crit′icism, the art of judging, esp. in literature or the fine arts: a critical judgment or observation; Critique (kri-tēk′), a critical examination of any production: a review.—Critical angle, the least angle of incidence at which a ray is totally reflected; Critical philosophy, that of Kant as based on a critical examination of the faculty of knowledge; Critical point, that temperature below which a substance may, and above which it cannot, be liquefied by pressure alone.—Higher or Historical criticism, as distinguished from Textual or Verbal criticism, the inquiry into the composition, date, and authenticity of the books of Scripture, from historical and literary considerations. [Gr. kritikos—krinein, to judge.]

Croak, krōk, v.i. to utter a low hoarse sound, as a frog or raven: to grumble: to forebode evil: to utter croakingly: (slang) to die.—n. the sound of a frog or raven.—n. Croak′er.—adv. Croak′ily.—n. Croak′ing.—adj. Croak′y. [From the sound. Cf. Crake, Crow.]

Croat, krō′at, n. a native of Croatia, esp. one serving as a soldier in the Austrian army.

Croche, krō′she, n. one of the buds or knobs at the top of a deer's horn. [Fr.]

Crochet, krō′shā, n. a kind of handiwork in fancy worsted, cotton, or silk—an extensive system of looping, by means of a small hook.—v.i. to do such work. [Fr. crochet—croche, croc, a hook.]

Crocidolite, kro-sid′o-līt, n. a mineral consisting mainly of silicate of iron, in asbestos-like fibres. [From Gr. krokis, -idos, cloth, and lithos, stone.]

Crock, krok, n. a pot or jar.—n. Crock′ery, earthenware: vessels formed of baked clay. [A.S. croc; Ger. krug; perh. of Celt. origin, as in W. crochan, a pot, Gael. krogan, a pitcher.]

Crock, krok, n. an old ewe: an old horse. [Cf. Norw. and Sw. krake, a poor beast.]

Crocket, krok′et, n. (archit.) an ornament on the angles of spires, canopies, &c., like curled leaves or flowers.

Crocodile, krok′o-dīl, n. a genus of large amphibious saurian reptiles, including the crocodile of the Nile, and also the alligators and gavials.—adj. and n. Crocodil′ian.—n. Crocodil′ity, captious arguing.—Crocodile tears, affected tears, hypocritical grief—from the old story that crocodiles (which have large lachrymal glands) shed tears over the hard necessity of killing animals for food. [O. Fr. cocodrille—L. crocodilus—Gr. krokodeilos, a lizard.]

Crocus, krō′kus, n. a bulbous plant with brilliant yellow or purple flowers: (slang) a quack doctor. [L. crocus—Gr. krokos; prob. of Eastern origin, as Heb. karkom, and Ar. kurkum, saffron.]

Croft, kroft, n. a small piece arable land adjoining a dwelling: a kind of small farm.—ns. Croft′er; Croft′ing. [A.S. croft; perh. cog. with Dut. kroft, or with Gael. croit.]

Crome, krōm, Cromb, krōōm, n. a hook or crook.—v.t. to draw with such. [Cf. Dut. kram.]

Cromlech, krom′lek, n. a term applied in Brittany to a group of standing stones, a stone circle: formerly applied to a dolmen, with which it is still sometimes confounded in England (see Dolmen). [W. cromlech—crom, curved, circular, and llech, a stone.]

Cromorna, krō-mor′na, n. a clarinet-like reed-stop in an organ. [Fr.,—Ger. krummhorn.]

Crone, krōn, n. an old woman, usually in contempt—sometimes an old man. [Perh. O. Fr. carogne, a crabbed woman; or Celt., as in Ir. crion, withered.]

Croodle, krōōd′l, v.i. to cower down, or cling close to anything. [Prob. related to Cuddle.]

Crook, krōōk, n. a bend, anything bent: a curved tube used to lower the pitch of a cornet, &c.: the bending of the body in reverence: a staff bent at the end, as a shepherd's or bishop's: an artifice or trick: (Spens.) gibbet.—v.t. to bend or form into a hook: to turn from the straight line or from what is right.—v.i. to bend or be bent.—n. Crook′back (Shak.), a hunchback.—adj. Crook′backed; Crook′ed, bent like a crook: not straight: deviating from rectitude, perverse.—adv. Crook′edly.—n. Crook′edness.—adjs. Crook′-kneed; Crook′-shoul′dered.—A crook in the lot, any trial in one's experience. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Ice. krókr, Dan. krog.]

Croon, krōōn, v.t. (Scot.) to utter a low, monotonous, inarticulate sound like a baby: to sing or hum in an undertone.—n. Croon′ing, a low murmuring sound. [Cf. Dut. kreunen, to groan.]

Crop, krop, n. all the produce of a field of grain: anything gathered or cropped: an entire ox-hide: the craw of a bird: (archit.) a finial: a whip-handle: the cutting the hair short.—v.t. to cut off the top or ends: to cut short or close: to mow, reap, or gather.—v.i. to yield:—pr.p. crop′ping; pa.p. cropped.—n. Crop′-ear, one having cropped or cut ears.—adj. Crop′ful (Milt.), satiated.—ns. Crop′per, one who or that which crops: a plant which furnishes a crop: one who raises a crop for a share of it: a kind of fancy pigeon remarkable for its large crop; Crop′ping, act of cutting off: the raising of crops: (geol.) an outcrop; Crop′py, one of the Irish rebels of 1798 who cut their hair short in imitation of the French Revolutionists.—adj. Crop′-sick, sick of a surfeit.—Crop out, to appear above the surface; Crop up, to come up incidentally. [A.S. crop, the top shoot of a plant, the crop of a bird; Dut. crop, a bird's crop.]

Cropper, krop′ėr, n. a fall; failure.—Come a cropper, to have a fall, perhaps from phrase 'neck and crop.'

Croquet, krō′kā, n. a game in which two or more players try to drive wooden balls, by means of long-handled mallets, through a series of arches set in the ground. [North Fr. croquet, a dial. form of crochet, dim. of croc, croche, a crook.]

Croquette, krok-et′, n. a ball of minced meat or fish, seasoned and fried. [Fr. croquer, to crunch.]

Crosier, Crozier, krō′zhėr, n. a cross mounted on a staff, borne before archbishops and patriarchs—often confounded with the pastoral staff.—adj. Crō′siered. [O. Fr. crocier—Late L. crociarius—L. crux, a cross.]

Cross, kros, n. a gibbet on which malefactors were hung, consisting of two pieces of timber, one placed crosswise on the other, either thus

: the instrument on which Christ suffered, and thus the symbol of the Christian religion: the sufferings of Christ: the atonement effected by these: a representation of the cross, a staff surmounted by a cross, a monument, model, or ornament in the form of a cross, esp. that in this form in the centre of a town at which proclamations are made, &c.: (Scot.) a signal or call to arms sent throughout a district, being a cross of two sticks charred and dipped in blood (Fiery cross): the transverse part of an anchor, or the like: a surveyor's cross-staff: anything that crosses or thwarts: a crossing or crossway: adversity or affliction in general.—v.t. to mark with a cross, or to make the sign of the cross.—ns. Cross′-aisle, a transept aisle of a cruciform church; Cross′-bear′er, one who carries a cross in a procession; Cross′-bun, a bun marked with the form of a cross, eaten on Good-Friday; Cross′ing, the making the sign of the cross; Cross′-stitch, a double stitch in the form of a cross; Cross′let, a little cross.—Crost, obsolete pa.p. of Cross.—Cross-and-pile, the obverse and reverse side of a coin, head and tail; Cross of Calvary, the Latin cross or cross of crucifixion elevated on three steps; Cross of Jerusalem, one having each arm capped by a cross-bar; Cross of Lorraine, a cross with two horizontal arms, combining the Greek and Latin crosses; Cross of St James, a Latin cross figured as a sword; Cross of St Patrick, the saltier cross of Ireland (red on a white ground).—Cross one's mind, to flash across the mind; Cross the path of any one, to thwart him.—Ansate cross (crux ansata), a common symbol of immortality in ancient Egypt; Archiepiscopal cross, the pastoral staff surmounted by a cross; Buddhist cross, the gammadion or fylfot, with returned arms, a symbol found in prehistoric remains in Italy and elsewhere; Capital cross, a Greek cross having each extremity terminated in an ornament like a Tuscan capital; Capuchin-cross, a cross having each arm terminated by a ball; Celtic cross, a type of cross found in Ireland and in the north and west of Scotland, varying from a cross incised on a flat slate to an elaborate cruciform monument—some crosses of this type show Scandinavian workmanship, and hence are often called Runic crosses; Greek cross, an upright cross with limbs of equal length—the well-known Cross of St George (red on a white ground); Latin cross (crux immissa), an upright cross having the lower limb longer than the others; Maltese cross, the badge of the knights of Malta, converging to a point in the centre, with two points to each limb; Norman cross, an elaborate memorial cross like a Gothic turret set on the ground, or on the base of a few steps, with niches for figures and pinnacles; Patriarchal cross, a cross with two horizontal bars; Rouen cross, a cross in fretwork, as a brooch or pendant; St Andrew's cross (crux decussata), or Cross saltier, a cross of two shafts of equal length crossed diagonally at the middle—the saltier cross of Scotland (white on a blue ground); St Anthony's cross (crux commissa), shaped like a

; Southern cross, a constellation in the Antarctic region where the stars are in the form of a cross. [O. Fr. crois (Fr. croix)—L. cruc-em, orig. an upright post to which latterly a cross-piece was added.]

Cross, kros, adj. lying across: transverse: oblique: opposite: adverse: ill-tempered: interchanged: dishonest: balancing, neutralising.—adv. across.—n. a crossing or mixing of breeds, esp. of cattle: something intermediate in character between two other things: dishonest practices, esp. in a sporting contest when one of the parties corruptly allows himself to be beaten.—v.t. to lay one body or draw one line across another: to cancel by drawing cross lines: to pass from side to side: to write across a bank-cheque the name of a banking company, or simply '& Co.' between the lines, to be filled up with the name of a banking company, through whom alone it may be paid: to obstruct: to thwart: to interfere with.—v.i. to lie or be athwart: to move or pass from place to place.—n. Cross′-ac′tion (law), an action brought by the defender against the pursuer in the same cause.—adjs. Cross′-armed, having the arms crossed: (bot.) brachiate; Cross′-band′ed, having the grain of the veneer run across that of the rail—of a hand-rail.—n. Cross′-bar, a transverse bar: a kind of lever.—adj. Cross′-barred.—ns. Cross′-beam, a large beam stretching across a building and serving to hold its sides together; Cross′-bench, in the House of Lords, certain benches so placed, on which independent members sometimes sit; Cross′-bill, a bill brought by the defendant in a Chancery suit against the plaintiff; Cross′-bill, a genus of birds resembling bullfinches, linnets, &c., with the mandibles of the bill crossing each other near the points; Cross′-birth, a birth in which the child lies transversely in the uterus.—v.t. Cross′bite, to bite the biter.—n.pl. Cross′-bones, a figure of two thigh-bones laid across each other—together with the skull, a conventional emblem of death.—ns. Cross′bow, a weapon for shooting arrows, formed of a bow placed crosswise on a stock; Cross′bower, -bowman, one who uses a crossbow.—adj. Cross′-bred.—ns. Cross′-breed, a breed produced by the crossing or intermixing of different races; Cross′-breed′ing; Cross′-butt′ock, a particular throw over the hip in wrestling; Cross′-cheque (see Cheque).—adj. Cross′-coun′try, across the fields rather than by the road.—n. Cross′-cut, a short road across from one point to another.—v.t. to cut across.—ns. Cross′cut-saw, a large saw worked by two men, one at each end, for cutting beams crosswise; Cross′-divi′sion, the division of any group into divisions that cut across each other and produce confusion.—adj. Crossed, marked by a line drawn crosswise, often denoting cancellation: folded: cruciate.—n. Cross′-examinā′tion.—v.t. Cross′-exam′ine, to test the evidence of a witness by subjecting him to an examination by the opposite party.—adj. Cross′-eyed, having a squint.—ns. Cross′-fertilisā′tion, the fecundation of a plant by pollen from another; Cross′-fire (mil.), the crossing of lines of fire from two or more points; Cross′-gar′net, a T-shaped hinge.—adjs. Cross′-gar′tered (Shak.), wearing the garters crossed on the leg; Cross′-grained, having the grain or fibres crossed or intertwined: perverse: contrary: intractable.—ns. Cross′-grain′edness; Cross′-guard, the bar, at right angles to the blade, forming the hilt-guard of a sword; Cross′-hatch′ing, the art of shading by parallel intersecting lines; Cross′-head, a beam across the head of something, esp. the bar at the end of the piston-rod of a steam-engine; Cross′ing, act of going across: the place where a roadway, &c. may be crossed: intersection: act of thwarting: cross-breeding.—adj. Cross′-legged, having the legs crossed.—adv. Cross′ly.—ns. Cross′ness; Cross′-patch, an ill-natured person; Cross′-piece, a piece of material of any kind crossing another: (naut.) a timber over the windlass, with pins for belaying the running rigging; Cross′-pur′pose, a contrary purpose: contradictory conduct or system: an enigmatical game; Cross′-quar′ters, an ornament of tracery like the four petals of a cruciform flower: a quatrefoil.—v.t. Cross′-ques′tion, to question minutely, to cross-examine.—ns. Cross′-ref′erence, a reference in a book to another title or passage; Cross′-road, a road crossing the principal road, a bypath; Cross′-row (same as Christ-cross-row); Cross′-sea, a sea that sets at an angle to the direction of the wind; Cross′-sill, a railroad sleeper lying under the rails transversely as a support to the stringer; Cross′-spring′er, a cross-rib in a groined vault; Cross′-staff, a surveying instrument consisting of a staff surmounted with a brass circle divided into four equal parts by two intersecting lines; Cross′-stone, chiastolite: staurolite: harmotome; Cross′-tie, in a railroad, a timber placed under opposite rails as a support; Cross′-tin′ing, a mode of harrowing crosswise.—n.pl. Cross′trees, pieces of timber placed across the upper end of the lower-masts and top-masts of a ship.—ns. Cross′-vault′ing, vaulting formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults; Cross′way, a way that crosses another; Cross′-wind, an unfavourable wind, a side-wind.—adv. Cross′wise, in the form of a cross: across.—Cross as two sticks, particularly perverse and disagreeable.—Cross the path of any one, to thwart him; Cross one's mind, to flash across the mind.

Crossette, kro-set′, n. a small projecting part of an impost-stone at the extremity of an arch: a shoulder in an arch-stone fitting into the stone next to it. [Fr.]

Crotalaria, krō-ta-lā′ri-a, n. a genus of Leguminosæ, the rattlewort. [Gr. krotalon, a rattle.]

Crotalidæ, krō-tal′i-dē, n.pl. a family of venomous serpents, including rattlesnakes, copper-heads, &c.

Crotalo, krō′ta-lō, n. a Turkish musical instrument, like the ancient cymbalum.

Crotch, kroch, n. a fork, as of a tree: the bifurcation of the human body.—adj. Crotched. [Ety. obscure.]

Crotchet, kroch′et, n. a hook: a note in music, equal to half a minim,

: a crooked or perverse fancy: a whim, or conceit.—adjs. Crotch′eted, Crotch′ety, having crotchets or peculiarities: whimsical.—n. Crotch′eteer, a crotchety person. [Fr. crochet, dim. of croche, a hook. See Crochet.]

Croton, krō′ton, n. a genus of tropical plants, producing a brownish-yellow oil, having a hot, biting taste.—ns. Crō′tonate, a salt formed by the union of crotonic acid with a base; Crō′ton-oil, a powerful purgative oil, expressed from the seeds of the Croton tiglium, also used externally.—Croton′ic acid, an acid obtained from croton-oil. [Gr. krotōn, a tick or mite, which the seed of the plant resembles.]

Crouch, krowch, v.i. to squat or lie close to the ground: to cringe: to fawn. [Possibly crook.]

Crouch-ware, krowch′-wār, n. a finely finished pottery made with an admixture of pipe-clay in Shropshire: the famous salt-glazed stoneware made at Burslem.

Croup, krōōp, n. a severe disease in the throat of children, accompanied by a hoarse cough.—v.i. to cry or speak hoarsely.—n. Croup′iness.—adjs. Croup′ous, Croup′y. [A.S. kropan, to cry; Scot. roup, croup, hoarseness; from the sound.]

Croup, krōōp, n. the rump of a horse: the place behind the saddle.—n. Croup′on (obs.), the croup: the human buttocks. [Fr. croupe, a protuberance; allied to Crop.]

Croupade, kroo-pād′, n. in the manège, a leap in which the horse draws up his hind-legs toward the belly. [Fr.]

Croupier, krōō′pi-ėr, n. one who sits at the lower end of the table as assistant-chairman at a public dinner: a vice-president: he who watches the cards and collects the money at the gaming-table. [Fr., 'one who rides on the croup.']

Crouse, krōōs, adj. (Scot.) lively, pert.—adv. boldly, pertly.—adv. Crouse′ly. [M. E. crūs; cf. Ger. kraus, Dut. kroes, crisp, cross.]

Crow, krō, n. a large bird, generally black, of the genus Corvus, which includes magpies, nut-crackers, jays, choughs, &c.: the cry of a cock: a crow-bar.—v.i. to croak: to cry as a cock, in joy or defiance: to boast, swagger (with over):—pa.t. crew (krōō) or crowed; pa.p. crowed.—ns. Crow′-bar, a large iron bar mostly bent at the end, to be used as a lever; Crow′-berr′y, a small creeping shrub, producing small black berries; Crow′-flow′er (Shak.), perhaps the same as Crow′foot, a common weed, the flower of which is like a crow's foot, the buttercup: crow's-foot: a number of lines rove through a long wooden block, supporting the backbone of an awning horizontally; Crow′-keep′er (Shak.), a scarecrow; Crow′-quill, a pen made of the quill of a crow, &c., for fine writing or etching; Crow's′-bill, Crow′-bill (surg.), a kind of forceps for extracting bullets, &c., from wounds; Crow's′-foot, one of the wrinkles produced by age, spreading out from the corners of the eyes: (mil.) a caltrop; Crow's′-nest (naut.), a shelter at the top-gallant mast-head of whalers for the man on the lookout.—n.pl. Crow′-steps (see Corbie).—n. Crow′-toe (Milt.), probably the same as Crowfoot.—As the crow flies, in a straight line; Eat crow, or boiled crow, to be forced to do something very disagreeable; Have a crow to pluck with, to have something to settle with some one. [A.S. crawe, a crow, crawan, to cry like a cock; imit.]

Crowd, krowd, n. a number of persons or things closely pressed together, without order: the rabble: multitude.—v.t. to gather into a lump or crowd: to fill by pressing or driving together: to compress.—v.i. to press on: to press together in numbers: to swarm.—p.adj. Crowd′ed.—Crowd sail, to carry a press of sail for speed. [A.S. crúdan, to press.]

Crowd, krowd, n. (obs.) an ancient musical instrument of the nature of the violin.—n. Crowd′er (obs.), a fiddler. [W. crwth, a hollow protuberance, a fiddle; Gael., Ir. cruit.]

Crowdie, krowd′i, n. a mixture of meal and water: (Scot.) brose. [Der. unknown.]

Crown, krown, n. the diadem or state-cap of royalty: regal power: the sovereign: honour: reward, as the 'martyr's crown:' the top of anything, esp. of the head: completion: accomplishment; a coin stamped with a crown, esp. the silver 5s. piece—used also as the translation of the old French écu, worth from six francs (or livres) to three francs: a size of paper, because originally water-marked with a crown: (archit.) a species of spire or lantern, formed by converging flying-buttresses.—v.t. to cover or invest with a crown: to invest with royal dignity: to adorn: to dignify: to complete happily.—ns. Crown′-ag′ent, a solicitor in Scotland who prepares criminal prosecutions; Crown′-ant′ler, the uppermost antler of the horn of a stag; Crown′-col′ony, a colony whose administration is directly under the home government; Crown Derby porcelain (see Porcelain).—p.adj. Crowned, having or wearing a crown: rewarded: consummated.—ns. Crown′er (Shak.), a corruption of coroner; Crown′et, a coronet: (Shak.) that which crowns or accomplishes; Crown′-glass, a kind of window-glass formed in circular plates or discs; Crown′-impē′rial, a plant, a species of fritillary; Crown′ing.—n.pl. Crown′-jew′els, jewels pertaining to the crown or sovereign.—ns. Crown′-land, land belonging to the crown or sovereign; Crown′-law′yer, the lawyer who acts for the crown in criminal cases.—adj. Crown′less.—ns. Crown′let, a small crown; Crown′-liv′ing, a church living in the gift of the crown; Crown-office, the office for the business of the crown side of the King's Bench: the office in which the great seal is affixed; Crown′-pā′per, in England, a printing-paper of the size 15 × 20 in.: in America, a writing-paper 15 × 19 in.; Crown′-post, the same as King-post (q.v.); Crown′-prince, the prince who succeeds to the crown; Crown′-saw, a circular saw made by cutting teeth round a cylinder; Crown′-wheel, a wheel resembling a crown, with teeth or cogs set at right angles to its plane; Crown′-wit′ness, a witness for the crown in a criminal prosecution instituted by it; Crown′work (fort.), an outwork composed of a bastion between two curtains, with demi-bastions at the extremes.—Crown of the causeway, the middle of the street. [O. Fr. corone (Fr. couronne)—L. corona; cf. Gr. korōnos, curved.]

Croze, krōz, n. the groove in the staves of a cask in which the edge of the head is set.

Crucial, krōō′shi-al, adj. testing, searching, from the practice of marking a testing instance with a cross to draw attention to it.—adj. Cru′ciāte (bot.), arranged in the form of a cross, as leaves or petals. [Fr. crucial, from L. crux, crucis, a cross.]

Crucible, krōō′si-bl, n. an earthen pot for melting ores, metals, &c. [Low L. crucibulum, most prob. from L. crux.]

Cruciferæ, kroo-sif′ėr-ē, n. a natural order of exogenous plants (many edible), having a corolla of four petals arranged in the form of a cross.—n. Cruc′ifer, a cross-bearer in a procession.—adj. Crucif′erous (bot.), bearing four petals in the form of a cross. [L. crux, crucis, a cross, ferre, to bear.]

Crucify, krōō′si-fī, v.t. to put to death by fixing the hands and feet to a cross: to subdue completely: to mortify: to torment:—pa.p. cru′cified.—ns. Crucifī′er, one who crucifies; Cru′cifix, a figure or picture of Christ fixed to the cross; Crucifix′ion, death on the cross, esp. that of Christ.—adjs. Cru′ciform, in the form of a cross; Crucig′erous, bearing a cross. [O. Fr. crucifier—L. crucifigĕre, crucifixum—crux, and figĕre, to fix.]

Crude, krōōd, adj. raw, unprepared: not reduced to order or form: unfinished: undigested: immature.—adv. Crude′ly.—ns. Crude′ness; Crud′ity, rawness: unripeness: that which is crude.—adj. Crud′y (Shak.), crude, raw. [L. crudus, raw.]

Cruel, krōō′el, adj. disposed to inflict pain, or pleased at suffering: void of pity, merciless, savage: severe.—adj. Cru′el-heart′ed, delighting in cruelty: hard-hearted: unrelenting.—adv. Cru′elly.—ns. Cru′elness (obs.); Cru′elty. [Fr. cruel—L. crudelis.]

Cruet, krōō′et, n. a small jar or phial for sauces and condiments.—n. Cru′et-stand, a stand or frame for holding cruets. [Acc. to Skeat, prob. formed from Dut. kruik, a jar = Eng. crock; and acc. to E. Müller, dim. of O. Fr. cruye (mod. Fr. cruche, cruchette, a jar), from root of crock.]

Cruise, krōōz, v.i. to sail to and fro: to rove on the sea.—n. a sailing to and fro: a voyage in various directions in search of an enemy, or for the protection of vessels.—n. Cruis′er. [Dut. kruisen, to cross—kruis, a cross.]

Cruive, Cruve, krōōv, n. (Scot.) a sty, hovel: a wattled hedge built on tidal flats for catching fish.

Cruller, krul′ėr, n. a cake cut from rolled dough made of eggs, butter, sugar, flour, &c., fried crisp in boiling lard. [Cf. Dut. krullen, to curl.]

Crumb, krum, n. a small bit or morsel of bread: a small particle of anything: the soft part of bread.—v.t. to break into crumbs: to fill with crumbs.—ns. Crumb′-brush, a brush for sweeping crumbs off the table; Crumb′-cloth, a cloth laid under a table to keep falling crumbs from the carpet.—adjs. Crumb′y, Crum′my, in crumbs: soft. [A.S. cruma; Dut. kruim; Ger. krume; allied to crimp.]

Crumble, krum′bl, v.t. to break into crumbs: to scatter in crumbs.—v.i. to fall into small pieces: to decay.—n. a crumb: that which crumbles easily.—adj. Crumb′ly, apt to crumble, brittle. [Orig. dim. of Crumb; Dut. kruimelen; Ger. krümeln.]

Crumenal, krōō′me-nal, n. (Spens.) a purse. [From L. crumena, a purse.]

Crump, krump, adj. crooked: wrinkled.—ns. Crum′my, a cow with a crumpled horn; Crump′et, a kind of crumby or soft cake or muffin.—adj. Crump′y, crump: easily broken. [A.S. crump—crumb, crooked; Ger. krumm. Cf. Cramp, Crimp.]

Crumple, krump′l, v.t. to contort: to mark with or draw into folds or wrinkles: to crease.—v.i. to become wrinkled: to contract or shrink.—adj. Crump′led.—n. Crump′ling. [Formed from Crump.]

Crunch, krunsh, v.t. to crush with the teeth: to chew anything hard, and so make a noise.—n. the act of crunching. [From the sound; cf. Fr. grincer.]

Cruor, krōō′or, n. coagulated blood.—n. Cru′orine, the red colouring matter of blood corpuscles.

Crupper, krup′ėr, n. a strap of leather fastened to the saddle and passing under the horse's tail to keep the saddle in its place: the hind part of a horse. [Fr. cropière—crope, the croup.]

Crural, krōō′ral, adj. belonging to or shaped like a leg. [L. cruralis, from crus, cruris, the leg.]

Crusade, kroo-sād′, n. a military expedition under the banner of the cross to recover the Holy Land from the Turks: any daring or romantic undertaking.—v.i. to go on a crusade.—n. Crusad′er, one engaged in a crusade. [Fr. croisade—Prov. crozada—croz, a cross—L. crux, a cross.]

Crusado, kroo-sā′do, n. a Portuguese coin, so called because marked with a cross. [Port. cruzado.]

Cruse, krōōz, n. an earthen pot: a small cup or bottle. [Cf. Ice. krus; Dan. kruus; Ger. krause.]

Crush, krush, v.t. to break or bruise: to squeeze together: to beat down or overwhelm: to subdue: to ruin.—v.i. to become broken under pressure.—n. a violet squeezing: a vast crowd of persons or things.—adj. Crushed, broken by pressure: subdued: oppressed.—ns. Crush′er, he who, or that which, crushes or subdues: (slang) a policeman; Crush′-hat, a hat so constructed as to collapse and become flat: an opera-hat.—adj. Crush′ing, bruising: overwhelming.—adv. Crush′ingly.—n. Crush′-room, a room in a theatre, &c., where the audience may promenade during the intervals of the entertainment.—Crush a cup, to empty a cup: to quaff.—Crushed strawberry, of the colour of strawberries that have been crushed. [O. Fr. croissir; per. cog. with Mid. High Ger. krosen, to crunch.]

Crusie, Crusy, krōōz′i, n. (Scot.) a lamp which burns oil. [From Cruset.]

Crust, krust, n. the hard rind or outside coating of anything: the outer part of bread: covering of a pie, &c.: (geol.) the solid exterior of the earth.—v.t. to cover with a crust or hard case.—v.i. to gather into a hard crust.—adj. Crustāt′ed, covered with a crust.—n. Crustā′tion, an adherent crust.—adv. Crust′ily.—n. Crust′iness.—adj. Crust′y, of the nature of or having a crust, as port or other wine: having a hard or harsh exterior: hard: snappy: surly. [O. Fr.,—L. crusta, rind.]

Crusta, krus′ta, n. something, as a gem, prepared for inlaying: a hard coating: a cocktail served in a glass, its rim encrusted in sugar:—pl. Crustæ (ē).

Crustacea, krus-tā′shi-a, n.pl. a large class of Arthropod animals, almost all aquatic, including crabs, lobsters, shrimps, sand-hoppers, wood-lice, water-fleas, barnacles, acorn-shells, &c.—n. Crustā′cean, one of the crustacea.—adj. Crustaceolog′ical.—ns. Crustaceol′ogist; Crustaceol′ogy, the science which treats of the crustacea.—adjs. Crustā′ceous, Crustā′cean, pertaining to the crustacea, or shellfish.

Crutch, kruch, n. a staff with a cross-piece at the head to place under the arm of a lame person: any support like a crutch.—v.t. to support: to prop.—v.i. to go on crutches.—adj. Crutched, marked by the sign of or wearing a cross.—n.pl. Crutched′-frī′ars, an order of friars so called from the sign of the cross which they wore—Crouched- or Crossed-friars. [From root of Crook; perh. modified by L. crux.]

Crux, kruks, n. a cross: (fig.) something that occasions difficulty. [L. crux, a cross.]

Crwth, kröth, n. an old Welsh stringed instrument, four of its six strings played with a bow, two twitched by the thumb. [W.]

Cry, krī, v.i. to utter a shrill loud sound, esp. one expressive of pain or grief: to lament: to weep: to bawl.—v.t. to utter loudly: to proclaim or make public:—pa.t. and pa.p. cried.—n. any loud sound, esp. of grief or pain: a fit of weeping: a pack of hounds, hence of people: particular sound uttered by an animal: bawling: lamentation: prayer: clamour:—pl. Cries.—ns. Crī′er; Cry′ing, act of calling loudly: weeping.—adj. calling loudly: claiming notice: notorious.—Cry against, to protest against; Cry down, to condemn: to decry; Cry off, to withdraw from a bargain; Cry on, to call upon: to invoke; Cry up, to praise: extol.—A far cry, a great distance; Great cry and little wool, appearance without reality: much ado about nothing; Hue and cry (see Hue); In full cry, in full pursuit, used of dogs in hunt; Within cry of, within hearing distance. [Fr. crier—L. quiritāre, to scream—freq. of L. queri, to lament.]

Cryolite, krī′o-līt, n. a mineral found on the coast of Greenland, consisting mainly of a fluoride of aluminium in combination with fluoride of sodium. [Gr. kryos, frost, and lithos, a stone.]

Cryophorus, krī-of′o-rus, n. an instrument for showing the decrease of temperature in water by evaporation. [Gr. kryos, frost, and pherein, to bear.]

Crypt, kript, n. an underground cell or chapel, esp. one used for burial.—adjs. Cryp′tic, -al, hidden: secret: unseen. [L. crypta—Gr. kryptē—kryptein, to conceal. Doublet of Grot.]

Cryptogamia, krip-to-gā′mi-a, n. the class of flowerless plants, or those which have their fructification concealed.—n. Cryp′togam.—adjs. Cryptogā′mian, Cryptogam′ic, Cryptog′amous.—ns. Cryptog′amist; Cryptog′amy. [Gr. kryptos, concealed, and gamos, marriage.]

Cryptogram, krip′tō-gram, n. a cryptograph.—ns. Cryptad′ia, things to be kept secret; Cryptol′ogy, secret language; Cryp′tonym, a secret name.

Cryptography, krip-tog′ra-fi, n. the art of secret writing: the character or cipher so used.—ns. Crypt′ograph; Cryptog′rapher.—adjs. Cryptograph′ic, -al. [Gr. kryptos, secret, and graphein, to write.]

Crystal, kris′tal, n. a superior kind of quartz, clear like ice: (chem.) a piece of matter which has assumed a definite geometrical form, with plane faces.—adjs. Crys′tal, Crys′tallīne, consisting of or like crystal in clearness, &c.; Crys′talform; Crys′tallīsable, capable of being crystallised or formed into crystals.—n. Crystallīsā′tion, the act of crystallising.—v.t. Crys′tallīse, to reduce to the form of a crystal.—v.i. to assume a crystalline form.—ns. Crys′tallite; Crystallogen′esis.—adj. Crystallogen′ic.—n. Crystallog′rapher, one skilled in crystallography.—adj. Crystallograph′ic—n. Crystallog′raphy, the science of crystallisation.—adj. Crys′talloid, having the form of a crystal.—n. a name given by Graham to a class of substances which when in solution pass easily through membranes.—n. Crys′tallomancy, a mode of divination by means of transparent bodies. [O. Fr. cristol—L. crystallum—Gr. krystallos, ice—kryos, frost.]

Ctenoid, tē′noid, adj. comb-shaped, applied by Agassiz to the scales and fins of certain fishes, as the perch, &c.—adj. and n. Ctenoid′ean. [Gr. kteis, ktenos, a comb, eidos, form.]

Ctenophora, ten-of′o-ra, n.pl. a sub-class of Cœlenterates—beautifully delicate, free-swimming marine organisms, generally globular, moving by means of comb-like plates. [Gr. kteis, ktenos, a comb, pherein, to carry.]

Cub, kub, n. the young of certain animals, as foxes, &c.: a whelp: a young boy or girl (in contempt).—v.i. to bring forth young:—pr.p. cub′bing; pa.p. cubbed.—adjs. Cub′bish, like a cub: awkward; Cub′-drawn (Shak.), drawn or sucked by cubs.—n. Cub′hood.—adj. Cub′less, without cubs. [Prob. Celt., as Ir. cuib, a whelp, from cu, a dog.]

Cuban, kū′ban, n. a native of the island of Cuba in the West Indies.—adj. pertaining to Cuba.

Cube, kūb, n. a solid body having six equal square faces, a solid square: the third power of a number, as—2 × 2 × 2 = 8.—v.t. to raise to the third power.—ns. Cū′bage, Cubā′tion, Cū′bature, the act of finding the solid or cubic content of a body: the result thus found.—adjs. Cū′bic, -al, pertaining to a cube: of the third power or degree: solid.—adv. Cū′bically.—n. Cū′bicalness, state or quality of being cubical.—adjs. Cū′biform; Cū′boid, Cuboid′al, resembling a cube in shape.—Cube root, the number or quantity that produces a given cube by being raised to the third power—thus 2 is the cube root of 8. [Fr.,—L. cubus—Gr. kybos, a die.]

Cubeb, kū′beb, n. the dried berry of Piper cubeba, a climbing shrub, native to Sumatra—useful as a stomachic and carminative in indigestion, for piles and for sore throats.—n. Cubeb′in, a crystallising substance in cubebs. [Fr. cubèbe—Ar. kabābah.]

Cubit, kū′bit, n. a measure employed by the ancients, equal to the length of the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle-finger, from 18 to 22 inches—also Cū′bitus.—adj. Cū′bital, of the length of a cubit. [L. cubitum, the elbow; cf. L. cubāre, to lie down.]

Cucking-stool, kuk′ing-stōōl, n. a stool in which scolds and other culprits were placed, usually before their own door, to be pelted by the mob. [Mentioned in Domesday Book as in use in Chester, and called cathedra stercoris. From an obs. word cuck, to ease one's self; cf. Ice. kúka.]

Cuckold, kuk′old, n. a man whose wife has proved unfaithful.—v.t. to wrong (a husband) by unchastity.—v.t. Cuck′oldise, to make a cuckold.—adv. Cuck′oldly (Shak.).—ns. Cuck′old-mak′er; Cuck′oldom, state of a cuckold: act of adultery; Cuck′oldry, adultery. [O. Fr. cucuault—cucu, cuckoo.]

Cuckoo, kook′kōō, n. a bird which cries cuckoo, remarkable for laying its eggs in the nests of other birds.—ns. Cuck′oo-bud (Shak.), name of a plant; Cuck′oo-clock, a clock in which the hours are told by a cuckoo-call; Cuck′oo-flow′er, a species of Cardamine—called also Lady's Smock; Cuck′oo-pint, the Wake-robin, Arum maculatum; Cuck′oo-spit, -spit′tle, a frothy spittle, made by many insects parasitic on plants, surrounding the larvæ and pupæ.

Cucullate, -d, kū′kul-lāt, -ed, adj. hooded: shaped like a hood. [L. cucullatus—cucullus, a hood.]

Cucumber, kū′kum-bėr, n. a creeping plant, with heart-shaped leaves, rough with bristly hairs, and large oblong fruit used as a salad and pickle—a native of southern Asia.—adj. Cucum′iform. [L. cucumis, cucumeris.]

Cucurbit, kū′kur-bit, n. a chemical vessel used in distillation, originally shaped like a gourd.—adjs. Cucur′bital, Cucurbitā′ceous, pertaining to the Cucurbitaceæ, mostly herbaceous climbers, as the gourd, melon, &c.; Cucur′bitive, like a gourd-seed. [Fr. cucurbite—L. cucurbita, a gourd.]

Cud, kud, n. the food brought from the first stomach of a ruminating animal back into the mouth and chewed again.—n. Cud′weed, the popular name for many species of plants covered with a cottony down.—Chew the cud, to meditate. [A.S. cwidu.]

Cudbear, kud′bār, n. a purple or violet coloured powder prepared from a lichen, used in dyeing. [A corr. of Cuthbert—from Dr Cuthbert Gordon, who first made it an article of commerce.]

Cuddle, kud′l, v.t. to hug: to embrace: to fondle.—v.i. to lie close and snug together.—n. a close embrace. [Perh. a freq. of M. E. couth, cosy.]

Cuddy, kud′i, n. a small cabin or cookroom, in the fore-part of a boat or lighter: in large vessels, the officers' cabin under the poopdeck. [Origin uncertain; cf. Fr. cahute; Dut. kajuit; Ger. kajüte.]

Cuddy, kud′i, n. the right of a lord to entertainment from his tenant: rent: (Spens.) Cuddeehih. [Corr. of Ir. cuid oidhche—cuid, a share, oidhche, night.]

Cuddy, Cuddie, kud′i, n. a donkey: (Scot.) a stupid person. [Perh. formed from Cuthbert.]

Cudgel, kud′jel, n. a heavy staff: a club.—v.t. to beat with a cudgel:—pr.p. cud′gelling; pa.p. cud′gelled.—ns. Cud′geller; Cud′gelling.—adj. Cud′gel-proof, not to be hurt by beating.—Take up the cudgels, to engage in a contest. [A.S. cycgel.]

Cue, kū, n. the last words of an actor's speech serving as a hint to the next speaker: any hint: the part one has to play. [Acc. to some from Fr. queue, tail, as the ending words of the last speech; in 17th cent. written Q, and derived from L. quando, 'when,' i.e. when the actor was to begin.]

Cue, kū, n. a twist of hair at the back of the head: a rod used in playing billiards.—v.t. of the hair, to form in a cue. [Fr. queue—L. cauda, a tail.]

Cuff, kuf, n. a stroke with the open hand.—v.t. to strike with the open hand: to beat. [Origin obscure; cf. Sw. kuffa, to knock.]

Cuff, kuf, n. the end of the sleeve near the wrist: a covering for the wrist: a handcuff (q.v.). [Prob. cog. with Coif.]

Cuff, kuf, n. Scotch form of Scruff.—Cuff of the neck. See Scruff.

Cufic, kūf′ik, adj. of or pertaining to Cufa, esp. applied to the kind of writing of the scholars of Cufa in Asiatic Turkey, seat of the most expert copyists of the Koran.

Cuirass, kwi-ras′, or kū-, n. a defensive covering for the breast and back, of leather or iron fastened with straps and buckles, &c.—v.t. to furnish with such.—n. Cuirassier′, a horse-soldier armed with such. [Fr. cuirasse—cuir, leather—L. corium, skin leather.]

Cuir-bouilli, kwēr-bōō′lyi, n. leather softened by boiling, then dried, retaining the impressions made on it.—Also Cuir-bouilly.

Cuisine, kwe-zēn′, n. a kitchen or cooking department: cookery.—n. Cuisin′ier, a cook. [Fr. (It. cucina)—L. coquina—coquĕre, to cook.]

Cuisse, kwis, Cuish, kwish, n. armour for the thighs, consisting of iron plates laid horizontally over each other and riveted together. [Fr. cuisse (It. coscia, the thigh)—L. coxa, the hip.]

Culdee, kul′dē, n. one of a fraternity of monks living in Scotland in the 8th century in groups of cells. [Acc. to Reeves and Skene, the old Ir. céle dé, 'servants of God,' or 'companions of God'—Latinised by Boece into Culdei, as if cultores Dei.]

Cul-de-four, kōō-de-foor, n. (archit.) a sort of low spherical vault, oven-like.—ns. Cul-de-lampe, an ornamental design used in filling up blank spaces in a book; Cul-de-sac, a street, &c., closed at one end: a blind alley. [Fr. cul, bottom—L. culus; Fr. four, furnace, lampe, lamp, sac, sack.]

Culet, kū′let, n. the small flat surface at the back or bottom of a brilliant: the part of armour protecting the body behind, from the waist downwards—also Culette. [O. Fr., cul—L. culus, the rump.]

Culex, kū′leks, n. the typical genus of Culicidæ or gnats—adj. Culic′iform, gnat-like. [L.]

Culinary, kū′lin-ar-i, adj. pertaining to the kitchen or to cookery: used in the kitchen. [L. culinarius—culina, a kitchen.]

Cull, kul, v.t. to select, pick out.—ns. Cull′er; Cull′ing. [Fr. cueillir, to gather—L. colligĕre—col, together, legĕre, to gather. Doublet of Collect.]

Cullion, kul′yun, n. a wretch: a cowardly fellow.—adj. Cull′ionly (Shak.), mean, base. [Fr. couillon, a poltroon (It. coglione)—L. coleus, a leather bag.]

Cullis, kul′is, n. a gutter in a roof: a groove, as for a side-scene in a theatre. [Fr. coulisse.]

Cully, kul′i, n. a mean dupe.—v.t. to deceive meanly:—pa.p. cull′ied.—ns. Cull, a dupe; Cull′yism, state of being a cully. [Prob. a contr. of Cullion.]

Culm, kulm, n. the stalk or stem of corn or of grasses.—v.i. to form a culm.—adj. Culmif′erous, having a culm. [L. culmus, a stalk.]

Culm, kulm, n. coal-dust: name given in some parts of England to anthracite or stone-coal.—adj. Culmif′erous, producing culm. [See Coom.]

Culmen, kul′men, n. highest point: the median length-wise ridge of a bird's upper mandible. [L.]

Culminate, kul′min-āt, v.i. (astron.) to be vertical or at the highest point of altitude: to reach the highest point (with in).—adj. Cul′minant, at its highest point.—n. Culminā′tion, act of culminating: the top: (astron.) transit of a body across the meridian or highest point for the day. [Low L. culmināre, from L. culmen, properly columen, a summit.]

Culottic, kul-ot′ic, adj. wearing trousers: (Carlyle) respectable. [Fr. culotte, breeches.]

Culpable, kul′pa-bl, adj. faulty: criminal.—ns. Culpabil′ity, Cul′pableness, liability to blame.—adv. Cul′pably.—adj. Cul′patory, expressive of blame. [O. Fr. coupable—L. culpabilis—culpa, a fault.]

Culprit, kul′prit, n. one in fault: a criminal: (Eng. law) a prisoner accused but not yet tried. [From the fusion in legal phraseology of cul. (culpable, culpabilis), and prit, prist (O. Fr. prest), ready. Not culpate—law L. culpatus, a person accused.]

Cult, kult, n. a system of religious belief, worship.—Also Cult′us. [L. cultus—colĕre, to worship.]

Culter, kul′tėr, n. obsolete form of Coulter.—adjs. Cultiros′tral, Culturos′tral; Cul′trate, -d, shaped like a pruning-knife; Cul′triform, in the form of a pruning-knife: sharp-edged.

Cultism, kult′ism, n. a style of writing after the manner of Luis de Góngora y Argote (1561-1627), a Spanish lyric poet—estilo culto, being florid, pedantic, often obscure.—ns. Cult′ist, Cult′orist. [Sp. culte, elegant—L. cultus.]

Cultivate, kul′ti-vāt, v.i. to till or produce by tillage: to prepare for crops: to devote attention to: to civilise or refine.—adjs. Cul′tivable, Cultivat′able, capable of being cultivated.—ns. Cultivā′tion, the art or practice of cultivating: civilisation: refinement; Cul′tivator.—Cultivate a person's friendship, to endeavour to get his good-will. [Low L. cultivāre, -ātum—L. colĕre, to till, to worship.]

Culture, kul′tūr, n. cultivation: the state of being cultivated: refinement the result of cultivation.—v.t. to cultivate: to improve.—adjs. Cul′turable; Cul′tural.—p.adj. Cul′tured, cultivated: well educated: refined.—adj. Cul′tureless. [L. cultūra—colĕre.]

Culver, kul′vėr, n. a dove: a pigeon.—n. Cul′ver-key, an herb, probably the columbine, having key-shaped flowerets.—adj. Cul′vertailed, dovetailed. [A.S. culfre, prob. from L. columba.]

Culverin, kul′vėr-in, n. one of the earlier forms of cannon of great length, generally an 18-pounder, weighing 50 cwt.—ns. Cul′verineer; Dem′i-cul′verin, a 9-pounder, weighing 30 cwt. [Fr. coulevrine, from couleuvre, a serpent.]

Culver's physic, root, n. popular name of a kind of speedwell, the rhizome of Veronica virginica, used medicinally. [Prob. from one Dr Culver.]

Culvert, kul′vėrt, n. an arched channel of masonry for carrying water beneath a road, railway, &c. [Perh. from Fr. couler, to flow—L. colāre.]

Culvertage, kul′ver-tāj, n. degradation of a vassal to the position of a serf. [O. Fr. culvert, a serf.]

Cumbent, kum′bent, adj. lying down; reclining. [L. cumbens, -entis, pr.p. of cumbĕre, to lie down.]

Cumber, kum′bėr, v.t. to trouble or hinder with something useless: to retard, trouble.—n. encumbrance: cumbering.—adj. Cum′bered, hampered: obstructed.—ns. Cum′berer; Cum′ber-ground, a useless thing, from Luke, xiii. 7.—adj. Cum′berless, unencumbered.—ns. Cum′berment, Cum′brance, encumbrance.—adjs. Cum′bersome, unwieldy: heavy; Cum′brous, hindering: obstructing: heavy.—adv. Cum′brously.—n. Cum′brousness. [O. Fr. combrer, to hinder—Low L. cumbrus, a heap; corr. of L. cumulus, a heap.]

Cumbrian, kum′bri-an, adj. (geol.) of or pertaining to a system of slaty rocks best developed in Cumberland and Westmorland, now merged in the Cambrian or Silurian system.

Cumin, Cummin, kum′in, n. an umbelliferous plant, common in Egypt, and cultivated in southern Europe and India—its seeds, resembling the caraway, valuable as carminatives. [L. cuminum—Gr. kyminon, cog. with Heb. kammôn.]

Cummer, kum′ėr, Kimmer, kim′ėr, n. a gossip: a woman: (Scot.) a girl. [Fr. commère—L. con, with, mater, mother.]

Cummerbund, kum′ėr-bund, n. a waist-belt, a sash. [Anglo-Ind.—Pers. kamarband, a loin-band.]

Cumulate, kūm′ū-lāt, v.t. to heap together: to accumulate.—adjs. Cum′ulate, -d, heaped up.—n. Cumulā′tion (= Accumulation).—adj. Cum′ulative, increasing by successive additions.—adv. Cum′ulatively. [L. cumulāre, -ātum—cumulus, a heap.]

Cumulus, kū′mū-lus, n. a heap; a kind of cloud common in summer, consisting of rounded heaps with a darker horizontal base.—adjs. Cū′muliform; Cū′mulose.—n. Cū′mulo-strā′tus, a cloud looking like a combination of the cumulus and stratus. [L. cumulus, a heap, and stratus.]

Cunarder, kūn-ard′ėr, n. one of a certain line of steamships between England and America. [Founded by Sir Samuel Cunard (1787-1865).]

Cunctator, kungk-tā′tor, n. one who delays or puts off.—n. Cunctā′tion, delay.—adjs. Cunctā′tious, Cunctā′tive, Cunctā′tory, inclined to delay. [L.,—cunctāri, to delay.]

Cuneal, kū′ne-al, Cuneate, kū′ne-āt, adj. of the form of a wedge.—adjs. Cunē′iform, Cū′niform, wedge-shaped—specially applied to the old Babylonian and Assyrian writing, of which the characters have a wedge-shape. [L. cuneus, a wedge.]

Cunning, kun′ing, adj. knowing: skilful: artful: crafty.—n. knowledge: skill: faculty of using stratagem to accomplish a purpose: artifice.—adv. Cunn′ingly.—n. Cunn′ingness, quality of being cunning: artfulness, slyness. [A.S. cunnan, to know.]

Cup, kup, n. a vessel used to contain liquid: a drinking-vessel: the liquid contained in a cup: that which we must receive or undergo: afflictions: blessings.—v.i. to extract blood from the body by means of cupping-glasses: (Shak.) to make drunk:—pr.p. cup′ping; pa.p. cupped.—ns. Cup′-bear′er, one who attends at a feast to fill out and hand the wine; Cupboard (kub′urd), a place for keeping victuals, dishes, &c.—v.t. to store.—ns. Cup′board-love, -faith, love or faith indulged in for a material end; Cup′ful, as much as fills a cup:—pl. Cup′fuls; Cup′-gall, a cup-shaped gall in oak-leaves; Cup′-lī′chen, or -moss, a species of Cladonia; Cup′man, a boon companion; Cup′per, a cup-bearer: one professionally engaged in cupping; Cup′ping, the application of cups from which the air has been exhausted to a scarified part of the skin for the purpose of drawing blood; Cup′ping-glass, a glass used in the operation of cupping; Dry′-cup′ping, the application of cups without previous scarification; Lov′ing-cup, a cup (from which all drink) passed round at the close of a feast.—Cry cupboard, to cry for food; In his cups, under the influence of liquor; Many a slip between the cup and the lip, a proverb signifying that something adverse may occur at the last moment. [A.S. cuppe (Fr. coupe, It. coppa, a cup, the head); all from L. cupa, cuppa, a tub.]

Cupel, kū′pel, n. a small vessel used by goldsmiths in assaying precious metals.—v.t. to assay in a cupel.—n. Cupellā′tion, the process of assaying precious metals. [L. cupella, dim. of cupa. See Cup.]

Cupidity, kū-pid′i-ti, n. covetousness.—n. Cū′pid, the god of love. [L. cupiditas—cupĕre, to desire.]

Cupola, kū′po-la, n. a spherical vault, or concave ceiling, on the top of a building: the internal part of a dome: a dome.—v.t. to furnish with such. [It.; dim. of Low L. cupa, a cup—L. cupa, a tub.]

Cupreous, kūp′rē-us, Cupric, kūp′rik, adj. of or containing copper.—adj. Cuprif′erous, producing copper.—n. Cū′prite, the red oxide of copper. [L. cuprum, copper, ferre, to bear.]

Cupule, kū′pūl, n. (bot.) a shortened axis with a number of more or less cohering bracts enclosing the ripening fruit—also Cū′pula.—adj. Cupulif′erous, bearing cupules. [L. cupula, dim. of cupa, a tub, and ferre, to carry.]

Cur, kur, n. a worthless dog, of low breed: a churlish fellow.—adj. Cur′rish.—adv. Cur′rishly.—n. Cur′rishness. [M. E. curre; cf. Old Dut. korre, Dan. kurre, to whir.]

Curaçoa, koo-ra-sō′a, n. a liqueur so named from the island of Curaçao in the West Indies, where it was first made.—Also Curaça′o.

Curari, koo-rä′ri, n. a poison used by South American Indians for their arrows—also Cura′ra.—n. Cura′rine, a highly poisonous alkaloid extracted from curari. [From the native name.]

Curate, kūr′āt, n. one who has the cure of souls: an inferior clergyman in the Church of England, assisting a rector or vicar.—ns. Cur′acy, Cur′ateship, the office, employment, or benefice of a curate. [Low L. curatus, from L. cura, care.]

Curator, kūr-ā′tor, n. one who has the charge of anything: a superintendent: one appointed by law as guardian: a member of a board for electing university professors and the like:—fem. Curā′trix.—n. Curā′torship, the office of a curator. [L. curator, an overseer—curāre, to cure.]

Curb, kurb, v.t. to bend to one's will: to subdue: to restrain or check: to furnish with or guide by a curb.—n. that which curbs: a check or hinderance: a chain or strap attached to the bit of a bridle for restraining the horse.—adjs. Curb′able; Curb′less.—ns. Curb′-roof, a roof whose upper rafters have a less inclination than the lower ones; Curb′stone, Kerb′stone, a stone placed edgeways against earth or stone work to check it. [Fr. courber, from L. curvus, crooked, bent.]

Curcuma, kur′kū-ma, n. a genus of plants yielding turmeric.—n. Cur′cumine, the colouring matter of turmeric. [Fr.,—Ar. kurkum, saffron.]

Curd, kurd, n. milk thickened or coagulated: the cheese part of milk, as distinguished from the whey.—n. Curd′iness.—v.i. Curd′le, to turn into curd: to congeal: to thicken.—v.t. to congeal.—adj. Curd′y, like or full of curd. [Prob. Celt.; Gael. gruth, Ir. cruth.]

Cure, kūr, n. care of souls or spiritual charge: care of the sick: act of healing: that which heals: a remedy, or course of remedial treatment.—v.t. to heal: to preserve, as by drying, salting, &c.:—pr.p. cūr′ing; pa.p. cūred.—adj. Cur′able, that may be cured.—ns. Cur′ableness, Curabil′ity, quality of being curable; Cure′-all, a panacea.—adjs. Cur′ative, Cur′atory, tending to cure; Cure′less, that cannot be cured.—ns. Cur′er, one who cures: a physician; Cur′ing-house, a house or place in which anything is cured, esp. a building in which sugar is drained, as in the West Indies. [O. Fr. cure—-L. cura, care; not the same as Care.]

Curfew, kur′fū, n. in feudal times the ringing of a bell at eight o'clock, as a signal to put out all fires and lights. [O. Fr. covrefeu; couvrir, to cover, feu, fire—L. focus.]

Curia, kū′ri-a, n. one of the ten divisions of a Roman tribe: a building in which the senate met, a provincial senate: a court, legislative or judicial: the court of the papal see.—ns. Cū′rialism; Cū′rialist.—adj. Curialist′ic. [L.]

Curio, kū′ri-o, n. any article of virtu or bric-à-brac, or anything considered rare and curious.—n. Curiō′so, a collector or admirer of curios.

Curious, kū′ri-us, adj. anxious to learn: inquisitive: showing great care or nicety: skilfully made: singular: rare.—n. Curios′ity, state or quality of being curious: inquisitiveness: that which is curious: anything rare or unusual.—adv. Cū′riously.—n. Cū′riousness.—Curious arts (B.), magical practices. [Fr. curieux—L. curiosus—cura.]

Curl, kurl, v.t. to twist into ringlets: to coil.—v.i. to shrink into ringlets: to rise in undulations: to writhe: to ripple: to play at the game of curling.—n. a ringlet of hair, or what is like it: a wave, bending, or twist.—adjs. Curled; Curled′-pate (Shak.), having curled hair.—ns. Curl′er, one who, or that which, curls: a player at the game of curling; Curl′icue, a fantastic curl; Curl′iewurlie (Scot.), any fantastic round ornament; Curl′iness; Curl′ing, a game, common in Scotland, consisting in hurling heavy smooth stones along a sheet of ice.—ns.pl. Curl′ing ī′rons, Curl′ing-tongs, an iron instrument used for curling the hair.—n. Curl′ing-stone, a heavy stone with a handle, used in curling.—adjs. Curl′y, having curls: full of curls; Curl′y-head′ed. [M. E. crull; Dut. krullen, Dan. krolle, to curl.]

Curlew, kur′lū, n. one of the wading-birds, having a very long slender bill and legs, and a short tail. [O. Fr. corlieu; prob. from its cry.]

Curmudgeon, kur-muj′un, n. an avaricious, ill-natured fellow: a miser.—adj. Curmud′geonly. [Earlier corn-mudgin; mudge, mooch; M. E. muchen—O. Fr. mucier, to hide.]

Curmurring, kur-mur′ing, n. a rumbling sound, esp. that made in the bowels by flatulence. [Imit.]

Currant, kur′ant, n. a small kind of raisin or dried grape imported from the Levant: the fruit of several species of ribes.—ns. Curr′ant-jell′y; Curr′ant-wine. [From Corinth.]

Current, kur′ent, adj. running or flowing: passing from person to person: generally received: now passing: present.—n. a running or flowing: a stream: a portion of water or air moving in a certain direction: course.—n. Curr′ency, circulation: that which circulates, as the money of a country: general estimation.—adv. Curr′ently.—n. Curr′entness, state of being current: general acceptance.—Pass current, to be received as genuine. [L. currens, -ent-is—currĕre), to run.]

Curricle, kur-i′kl, n. a two-wheeled open chaise, drawn by two horses abreast: a chariot.—n. Curric′ulum, a course, esp. the course of study at a university. [L. curriculum, from currĕre.]

Curry, kur′i, n. a kind of sauce or seasoning much used in India, compounded of pepper, ginger, and other spices: a stew mixed with curry-powder.—n. Curr′y-pow′der. [Tamil kari, sauce.]

Curry, kur′i, v.t. to dress leather: to rub down and dress a horse: to beat: to scratch:—pr.p. curr′ying; pa.p. curr′ied.—ns. Curr′ier, one who curries or dresses tanned leather; Curr′y-comb, an iron instrument or comb used for currying or cleaning horses; Curr′ying.—Curry favour (corruption of Curry favell, to curry the chestnut horse), to seek favour by flattery. [O. Fr. correier (mod. corroyer), conrei, outfit, from a supposed Low L. form conredāre, con-, with, rēdāre, seen in Array.]

Curse, kurs, v.t. to invoke or wish evil upon: to devote to perdition: to vex or torment.—v.i. to utter imprecations: to swear.—n. the invocation or wishing of evil or harm upon: evil invoked on another: torment: any great evil.—adj. Curs′ed, under a curse: blasted by a curse: hateful.—adv. Curs′edly.—ns. Curs′edness; Curs′er; Curs′ing.—adj. Curst, cursed: deserving a curse: ill-tempered: shrewish: froward.—n. Curst′ness, state of being curst: peevishness: frowardness. [A.S. cursian—curs, a curse; ety. dub.; not conn. with Cross.]

Cursitor, kur′si-tor, n. a clerk or officer in the Court of Chancery who makes out original writs. [Low L. cursitor, from the words 'de cursu,' applied in the statute to ordinary writs.]

Cursive, kur′siv, adj. written with a running hand, of handwriting: flowing.—adv. Cur′sively. [Low L. cursivus—L. currĕre, to run.]

Cursorial, kur-sō′ri-al, adj. adapted for running.—n.pl. Cursō′res, an order of birds variously limited.

Cursory, kur′sor-i, adj. hasty: superficial: careless.—adj. Cur′sorary (Shak.), cursory.—adv. Cur′sorily.—n. Cur′soriness. [L. currĕre, cursum, to run.]

Cursus, kur′sus, n. a race-course: a form of daily prayer or service; an academic curriculum. [L.]

Curt, kurt, adj. short: concise: discourteously brief or summary.—adj. Curt′āte, shortened or reduced; applied to the distance of a planet from the sun or earth reduced to the plane of the ecliptic.—n. Curtā′tion.—adv. Curt′ly.—n. Curt′ness. [L. curtus, shortened.]

Curtail, kur-tāl′, v.t. to cut short: to cut off a part: to abridge:—pr.p. curtail′ing; pa.p. curtailed′.—ns. Curtail′ment; Curtail′-step, the rounded step at the bottom of a stair. [Old spelling curtal, O. Fr. courtault (It. cortaldo)—L. curtus.]

Curtain, kur′tin, n. drapery hung round and enclosing a bed, &c.: the part of a rampart between two bastions.—v.t. to enclose or furnish with curtains.—n. Cur′tain-lec′ture, a lecture or reproof given in bed by a wife to her husband.—Behind the curtain, away from public view; Draw the curtain, to draw it aside, so as to show what is behind, or in front of anything so as to hide it. [O. Fr. cortine—Low L. cortina; prob. L. cors, cortis, a court.]

Curtal, kur′tal, n. a horse with a curt or docked tail: anything docked or cut short.—adj. docked or shortened.—n. Cur′tal-frī′ar (Scott), a friar with a short frock. [Fr. courtaud—court. See Curtail.]

Curtal-ax, kur′tal-aks, Curt-axe, kurt′aks, n. (Spens.), a short, broad sword. [A corr. of the earlier forms coutelas, curtelas. See Cutlass.]

Curtilage, kur′til-āj, n. a court attached to a dwelling-house. [O. Fr. courtillage. See Court.]

Curtsy, Curtsey, kurt′si, n. an obeisance, made by bending the knees, proper to women and children.—v.i. to make a curtsy. [See Courtesy.]

Curule, kū′rōōl, adj. applied to a chair in which the higher Roman magistrates had a right to sit. [L. curulis—currus, a chariot.]

Curve, kurv, n. anything bent: a bent or curved line: an arch.—v.t. to bend: to form into a curve.—adjs. Cur′vāte, -d, curved or bent in a regular form.—n. Curvā′tion.—adj. Cur′vative.—n. Cur′vature, a curving or bending: the continual bending or the amount of bending from a straight line.—adjs. Curved; Cur′vicaudate, having a crooked tail; Curvicos′tate, having curved ribs; Curvifō′liate, having curved leaves; Cur′viform; Cur′ving; Curviros′tral, with the bill curved downward; Cur′vital, of or pertaining to curvature.—n. Cur′vity, the state of being curved. [L. curvus, crooked.]

Curvet, kur′vet, kur-vet′, n. a light leap of a horse in which he raises his forelegs together, next the hindlegs with a spring before the forelegs touch the ground: a leap, frolic.—v.i. (kur-vet′, kur′vet) to leap in curvets: to frisk:—pr.p. curvet′ting, curvet′ing; pa.p. cur′veted. [It. corvetta, dim. of corvo—L. curvus.]

Curvilinear, kur-vi-lin′i-ar, Curvilineal, kur-vi-lin′i-al, adj. bounded by curved lines.—n. Curvilinear′ity. [L. curvus, and linearis—linea, a line.]

Cuscus, kus′kus, n. the grain of the African millet. Same as Couscous. [Fr. couscou.]

Cuscus, kus′kus, n. the fibrous root of an Indian grass, used for making fans, &c. [Pers. khas khas.]

Cushat, koosh′at, n. the ringdove or wood-pigeon. [A.S. cúscute, the former part of dub. origin, the latter derived from scéotan, to shoot.]

Cushion, koosh′un, n. a case filled with some soft, elastic stuff, for resting on: a pillow: the 'pillow' used in making bone-lace: an engraver's pad: the rubber of an electrical machine: a pad supporting a woman's hair: the elastic lining of the inner side of a billiard-table: a body of steam remaining in the cylinder of a steam-engine, acting as a buffer to the piston.—v.t. to seat on or furnish with a cushion.—p.adj. Cush′ioned, furnished with a cushion, padded: having cushion-tires.—ns. Cush′ionet, a little cushion; Cush′ion-tire, a bicycle tire made of india-rubber tubing, with india-rubber stuffing.—adj. Cush′iony, like a cushion, soft. [O. Fr. coissin—L. coxinum, coxa, hip.]

Cusp, kusp, n. a point: the point or horn of the moon, &c.: (archit.) a small projecting ornament common in Gothic tracery.—adjs. Cus′pidāte, -d (bot.), having a sharp end, as the canine teeth. [L. cuspis, cuspid-is, a point.]

Cuspidor, kus′pi-dor, n. a spittoon.—Also Cus′pidore. [Port.,—L. conspuĕre, to spit upon.]

Cuss, kus, n. (slang) a fellow: an expletive.—adj. Cuss′ed, cursed.—n. Cuss′edness, contrariness. [Obviously Curse; prob. in the personal sense with a supposed reference to Customer.]

Custard, kus′tard, n. a composition of milk, eggs, &c., sweetened and flavoured.—ns. Cus′tard-app′le, the fruit of a West Indian tree, having an eatable pulp, like a custard; Cus′tard-coff′in (Shak.), the paste or crust which covers a custard. [Earlier custade, a corr. of crustade, a pie with crust. See Crust.]

Custody, kus′to-di, n. a watching or guarding: care: security: imprisonment.—adj. Custō′dial.—ns. Custō′dian, Cus′tode, Custō′dier, Cus′tos, one who has care, esp. of some public building. [L. custodia, from custos, custodis, a keeper.]

Custom, kus′tum, n. what one is wont to do: usage: frequent repetition of the same act: regular trade or business: a tax on goods: (pl.) duties imposed on imports and exports.—adj. Cus′tomable, customary: common.—adv. Cus′tomarily.—n. Cus′tomariness.—adjs. Cus′tomary, according to use and wont: holding or held by custom; Cus′tomed, accustomed: usual.—ns. Cus′tomer, one accustomed to frequent a certain place of business: a buyer: (slang) a person; Cus′tom-house, the place where customs or duties on exports and imports are collected.—adj. Cus′tom-shrunk (Shak.), having fewer customers than formerly. [O. Fr. custume, costume—L. consuetud-inem, consuescĕre, to accustom.]

Custrel, kus′trėl, n. attendant on a knight: a villain. [O. Fr. coustillier, coustille, a dagger.]

Cut, kut, v.t. to make an incision in: to cleave or pass through: to divide: to carve, hew, or fashion by cutting: to wound or hurt: to affect deeply: to shorten: to break off acquaintance with, to pass intentionally without saluting: to renounce, give up: to castrate: to perform or execute, as 'to cut a caper.'—v.i. to make an incision: to pass, go quickly: (slang) to run away, to be off: to twiddle the feet rapidly in dancing:—pr.p. cut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. cut.—n. a cleaving or dividing: a stroke or blow: an act of unkindness: the card obtained by cutting or dividing the pack: an incision or wound: a piece cut off: an engraved block, or the picture from it: manner of cutting, or, fashion: (pl.) a lot.—n. Cut′away′, a coat with the skirt cut away in a curve in front—also adj.—ns. Cut′-off, that which cuts off or shortens, a straighter road, a shorter channel cut by a river across a bend: a contrivance for saving steam by regulating its admission to the cylinder; Cut′purse (Shak.), one who stole by

cutting off and carrying away purses (the purses being worn at the girdle): a pickpocket; Cut′ter, the person or thing that cuts: in a tailor's shop, the one who measures and cuts out the cloth: a small vessel with one mast, a mainsail, a forestaysail, and a jib set to bowsprit-end, any sloop of narrow beam and deep draught; Cut′-throat, an assassin: ruffian; Cut′ting, a dividing or lopping off: an incision: a piece cut off: a paragraph from a newspaper: a piece of road or railway excavated: a twig; Cut′-wa′ter, the fore-part of a ship's prow.—Cut a dash, or figure, to make a conspicuous appearance; Cut-and-come-again, abundant supply, from the notion of cutting a slice, and returning at will for another; Cut-and-cover, a method of forming a tunnel by cutting out, arching it over, and then covering in; Cut-and-dry, or Cut-and-dried, ready made, without the merit of freshness—from the state of herbs in the shop instead of the field; Cut and run, to be off quickly; Cut down, to take down the body of one hanged by cutting the rope: to reduce, curtail; Cut in, to strike into, as to a conversation, a game at whist; Cut it too fat, to overdo a thing; Cut off, to destroy, put to an untimely death: intercept: stop; Cut off with a shilling, to disinherit, bequeathing only a shilling; Cut one's stick, to take one's departure; Cut out, to shape: contrive: debar: supplant: to take a ship out of a harbour, &c., by getting between her and the shore; Cut short, to abridge: check; Cut the coat according to the cloth, to adapt one's self to circumstances; Cut the teeth, to have the teeth grow through the gums—of an infant; Cut the throat of (fig.), to destroy utterly; Cut up, to carve: eradicate: criticise severely: turn out (well or ill) when divided into parts; Cut up rough, to become quarrelsome.—A cut above (coll.), a degree or stage above; Short cut, or Near cut, a short way. [Prob. W. cwtau, shorten.]

Cutch, kuch, n. the commercial name for catechu, from the Indian name kut.

Cutcherry, kuch′ėr-i, n. an office for public business, a court-house.—Also Cutch′ery. [Hind.]

Cuthbert, kuth′bert, n. the apostle of Northumbria (635-687), whose name lives in (St) Cuthbert's Beads, a popular name for the perforated joints of encrinites found on Holy Island; (St) Cuthbert's duck, the eider-duck.

Cutikins, kōō′ti-kinz, n.pl. (Scot.) spatterdashes—also Cuitikins.

Cutis, kū′tis, n. the skin: the true skin, as distinguished from the cuticle.—adj. Cutān′eous, belonging to the skin.—n. Cū′ticle, the outermost or thin skin.—adj. Cutic′ular, belonging to the cuticle. [L.]

Cutlass, kut′las, n. a short, broad sword, with one cutting edge, used in the navy. [Fr. coutelas, augmentative of couteau, knife, from L. cultellus, dim. of culter, a ploughshare, a knife.]

Cutler, kut′lėr, n. one who makes or sells knives.—n. Cut′lery, the business of a cutler: edged or cutting instruments in general. [Fr. coutelier, coutel, knife.]

Cutlet, kut′let, n. a slice of meat cut off for cooking, esp. of mutton or veal—generally the rib and the meat belonging to it. [Fr. côtelette, dim. of côte, from L. costa, a rib.]

Cuttle, kut′l, n. a kind of mollusc, remarkable for its power of ejecting a black inky liquid—also Cutt′le-fish.—n. Cutt′le-bone, the internal shell or bone of the cuttle-fish, used for making tooth-powder and for polishing the softer metals. [A.S. cudele.]

Cutty, kut′i, adj. (Scot.) short, curtailed.—n. a short clay pipe: a short, dumpy girl: applied to a woman, a term of reprobation, serious or playful.—n. Cutt′y-stool, the stool of repentance in old Scotch church discipline. [Cut.]

Cuvette, küv-et′, n. a trench sunk along the middle of a dry ditch or moat.—Also Cunette′. [Fr.]

Cyanogen, sī-an′o-jen, n. a compound of carbon, obtained by decomposing the cyanide of mercury by heat, so called from being an essential ingredient in the formation of Prussian blue.—n. Cy′anate, a salt of cyanic acid.—adj. Cyan′ic, of or belonging to cyanogen.—ns. Cy′anide, a direct compound of cyanogen with a metal; Cy′anine, the blue colouring matter of violets, &c.; Cy′anite, a mineral composed of alumina and silica, generally sky-blue; Cyanom′eter, an instrument for measuring the degrees of blueness of the sky or ocean; Cyanō′sis, morbid lividness of the skin, blue jaundice.—adj. Cyanot′ic.—ns. Cyan′otype, a photograph on paper sensitised by a cyanide; Cyan′uret, a cyanide.—Cyanic acid, an acid composed of cyanogen and oxygen. [Gr. kyanos, blue.]

Cycad, sī′kad, n. an order allied to Coniferæ, but in appearance rather resembling ferns and palms.—adj. Cycadā′ceous. [Formed from Gr. kykas, an erroneous form of koikas, koiks, the doom-palm.]

Cyclamen, sik′lä-men, n. a genus of Primulaceæ, native to southern Europe. [Formed from Gr. kyklamis, -inos.]

Cycle, sī′kl, n. a period of time in which events happen in a certain order, and which constantly repeats itself: an imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens: a series of poems, prose romances, &c., centring round a figure or event—also Cy′clus: an abbreviation for bicycle and tricycle.—v.i. to move in cycles: to ride or take exercise on a bicycle or tricycle.—adjs. Cy′clic, -al, pertaining to or containing a cycle.—ns. Cy′clist, for bicyclist or tricyclist; Cy′clograph, an instrument for describing the arcs of circles that have too large a curvature for compasses; Cy′cloid, a figure like a circle: a curve made by a point in a circle, when the circle is rolled along a straight line.—adj. Cycloid′al.—ns. Cycloid′ian, one of the fourth order of fishes, according to the classification of Agassiz, having cycloid scales with smooth edges, as the salmon; Cyclom′eter, an instrument for measuring circular arcs: an apparatus attached to the wheel of a cycle for registering the distance traversed; Cy′clorn, a cycle-horn. [Gr. kyklos, a circle.]

Cyclone, sī′klōn, n. a circular or rotatory storm.—adj. Cyclon′ic. [Coined from Gr. kyklōn, pr.p. of kykloein, to whirl round—kyklos.]

Cyclopædia, Cyclopedia, sī-klō-pē′di-a, n. the circle or compass of human knowledge: a work containing information on every department, or on a particular department, of knowledge, usually arranged alphabetically.—adjs. Cyclopæ′dic, Cyclope′dic. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and paideia, learning.]

Cyclops, sī′klops, n. one of a fabled race of giants who lived chiefly in Sicily, with one eye in the middle of the forehead: a genus of minute freshwater copepods with an eye in front:—pl. Cyclō′pes.—adjs. Cyclopē′an, Cyclop′ic, relating to or like the Cyclops: giant-like: vast: pertaining to a prehistoric style of masonry with immense stones of irregular form. [Gr. kyklōps—kyklos, a circle, and ōps, an eye.]

Cyclorama, sī-klo-rä′ma, n. a circular panorama painted on the inside of a cylindrical surface appearing in natural perspective. [Formed from Gr. kyklos, circle, horama, view.]

Cyclostyle, sī′klo-stīl, n. an apparatus for multiplying copies of a writing. [Formed from Gr. kyklos, circle, and Style.]

Cygnet, sig′net, n. a young swan. [Acc. to Diez, a dim. of Fr. cygne, whose old form cisne (Sp. cisne, a swan) is from Low L. cecinus, not conn. with L. cygnus, Gr. kyknos, a swan.]

Cylinder, sil′in-dėr, n. a solid circular or roller-like body, whose ends are equal parallel circles: (mech.) applied to many cylindrical parts of machines, as any rotating cylindrical portion of a printing-press.—adjs. Cylindrā′ceous, somewhat cylindrical; Cylin′dric, -al, having the form or properties of a cylinder.—n. Cylindric′ity.—adj. Cylin′driform, in the form of a cylinder.—n. Cyl′indroid, a body like a cylinder, but having its base elliptical. [Gr. kylindros, kylindein, to roll.]

Cyma, sī′ma, n. a moulding of the cornice, an ogee.—ns. Cym′agraph, an instrument for tracing the outline of mouldings; Cymā′tium, a cyma. [Gr. kyma, a billow.]

Cymbal, sim′bal, n. a hollow brass, basin-like, musical instrument, beaten together in pairs.—ns. Cym′balist, a cymbal-player; Cym′balo, the dulcimer.—adj. Cym′biform, boat-shaped. [L. cymbalum—Gr. kymbanon—kymbē, the hollow of a vessel.]

Cyme, sīm, n. a young shoot: (bot.) term applied to all forms of inflorescence which are definite or centrifugal.—adjs. Cym′oid, Cym′ose, Cym′ous. [L. cyma—Gr. kyma, a sprout.]

Cymophane, sī′mō-fān, n. chrysoberyl.—adj. Cymoph′anous, opalescent. [Formed from Gr. kyma, wave, phainein, to show.]

Cymric, kim′rik, adj. Welsh.—n. Cym′ry, the Welsh, [W. Cymru, Wales.]

Cynanche, si-nang′kē, n. a name of various diseases of the throat or windpipe, esp. quinsy. [Gr., kyōn, a dog, anchein, to throttle.]

Cynic, -al, sin′ik, -al, adj. dog-like: surly: snarling: austere; misanthropic.—ns. Cynan′thropy, lycanthropy; Cyn′ic, one of a sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes of Athens (born c. 444 B.C.), characterised by an ostentatious contempt for riches, arts, science, and amusements—so called from their morose manners: a morose man: a snarler; Cyn′icism, surliness: contempt for human nature: heartlessness, misanthropy.—adv. Cyn′ically.—n. Cyn′icalness. [Gr. kynikos, dog-like—kyōn, kynos, a dog; cf. L. can-is.]

Cynocephalus, sī-no-sef′al-us, n. the dog-faced baboon: a race of men with dogs' heads. [Gr. kyōn, kynos, dog, kephalē, head.]

Cynosure, sin′o-shōōr, or sī′, n. the dog's tail, a constellation (Ursa minor) containing the north-star; hence anything that strongly attracts attention or admiration. [Gr. kyōn, kynos, a dog, oura, a tail.]

Cyperus, sip-ē′rus, n. a tropical genus of Cyperaceæ.—adj. Cyperā′ceous, belonging to, or like, sedge plants. [From Gr. kypeiros, sedge.]

Cy pres, sē prā, in the law of charitable trusts in England, the principle of applying the money to some object as near as possible to the one specified, when this has become impracticable. [O. Fr.]

Cypress, sī′pres, n. an evergreen tree whose branches used to be carried at funerals; hence a symbol of death.—adj. Cyp′rine. [O. Fr. ciprès (Fr. cyprès)—L. cupressus—Gr. kyparissos.]

Cyprian, sip′ri-an, adj. belonging to the island of Cyprus: lewd, licentious—Cyprus being the place where Venus was worshipped.—n. a native of Cyprus—also Cyp′riot: a lewd woman.

Cyprus, sī′prus, n. a thin, transparent, black stuff, a kind of crape.—n. Cy′prus-lawn (Milt.). [Prob. named from the island of Cyprus.]

Cyrenaic, sī-rin-ā′ik, adj. pertaining to Cyrene, or to the hedonism of its philosopher Aristippus, a pupil of Socrates.

Cyrillic, sir-il′ik, adj. pertaining to the alphabet attributed to St Cyril (9th cent.), distinguished from the other Slavonic alphabet, the Glagolitic.

Cyst, sist, n. a bag in animal bodies containing morbid matter.—adjs. Cyst′ic, Cyst′iform, Cystoid′, having the form of, or contained in, a cyst or bag.—ns. Cys′ticle, a small cyst; Cystī′tis, inflammation of the bladder; Cys′tocele, a hernia formed by the protrusion of the bladder; Cystō′ma, a tumour containing cysts; Cystot′omy, the operation of cutting into the bladder to remove extraneous matter. [Low L. cystis—Gr. kystis, a bladder.]

Cytherean, sith-e-rē′an, adj. pertaining to Venus. [L. Cythereus—Cythera, an island in the Ægean Sea (now Cerigo), celebrated for the worship of Venus.]

Cytisus, sit′i-sus, n. a group of hardy leguminous shrubby plants, with yellow, white, or purple flowers, chiefly in the warmer temperate parts of the Old World. [Gr. kytisos.]

Cytoblast, sī′to-blast, n. the nucleus or germinal spot of a cellule, from which the organic cell is developed.—n. Cytogen′esis, cell-formation. [Gr. kytos, a vessel, blastanein, to bud.]

Czar, Tsar, tsär, or zär, n. the emperor of Russia:—fem. Czari′na, Tsari′na.—ns. Czar′evitch, Tsar-, a son of a czar.—Cesar′evitch is the title of the eldest son, and Cesarev′na, of his wife.—ns. Czarev′na, Tsarev′na, a daughter of a czar. [Russ. tsari, a king; conn. with Ger. kaiser, ult. from L. cæsar, a king or emperor.]

Czardas, zär′das (Hung. pron. chär′dosh), n. a Hungarian national dance, consisting of two sections—a slow movement called a lassu or lassan, and a quick step, the friss or friska.

Czech, tshek, n. a member of the most westerly branch of the Slavic family of races, the term including the Bohemians, or Czechs proper, the Moravians, and the Slovaks: the language of the Czechs, Bohemian, closely allied to Polish.—adj., also Czech′ic.

the fourth letter in our alphabet, as well as in the Phœnician, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, from which last it was immediately derived—its sound the soft dental mute: (mus.) the second note in the natural scale.

Dab, dab, v.t. to strike gently with something soft or moist, to smear:—pr.p. dab′bing; pa.p. dabbed.—n. a gentle blow: a small lump of anything soft or moist: a species of flounder of light-brown colour, with small dark spots and rough, close-set scales.—ns. Dab′ber, a sort of pad for dabbing ink on engraved wood blocks or plates; Dab′chick, a small water-fowl, a kind of grebe. [First about 1300; cf. Old Dut. dabben, to pinch; Ger. tappe, a pat. Confused with Daub and Tap.]

Dab, dab, n. an expert person.—n. Dab′ster (coll.). [Prob. a corr. of Adept.]

Dabble, dab′l, v.t. to spatter with moisture.—v.i. to play in water with hands or feet: to do anything in a trifling way.—n. Dabb′ler, one who does things superficially.—adv. Dabb′lingly. [Freq. of Dab.]

Da capo, dä kä′pō, a term in music, frequently placed at the end of a movement, indicating that the performer must return to the beginning of the music—usually written D.C. [It., 'from the beginning'—L. de, from, caput, head.]

Dace, dās, Dare, dār, Dart, därt, n. a small river fish of the carp family, and of the same genus as the roach, chub, minnow, &c. [M. E. darce—O. Fr. dars—Low L. dardus, a dart or javelin—of Teut. origin. So called from its quickness.]

Dachshund, daks′hoond, n. a badger-dog. [Ger. dachs, a badger, hund, dog.]

Dacker, dak′ėr, Daker, dā′kėr, v.i. (Scot.) to lounge, saunter.—Also Daik′er.

Dacoit, da-koit′, n. one of a gang of robbers in India and Burma—also Dakoit′.—ns. Dacoit′y, Dacoit′age, robbery by gang-robbers, brigandage. [Hind. dākāīt, a robber.]

Dacryoma, dak-ri-ō′ma, n. stoppage of the tear duct. [Formed from Gr. dakry, a tear.]

Dactyl, dak′til, n. in Latin and Greek poetry, a foot of three syllables, one long followed by two short, so called from its likeness to the joints of a finger; in English, a foot of three syllables, with the first accented, as mer'rily, vi'olate.—adjs. Dac′tylar, Dactyl′ic, relating to or consisting chiefly of dactyls.—ns. Dactyl′iomancy, divination by means of a finger-ring; Dac′tylist; Dactylog′raphy, the science of finger-rings; Dactylol′ogy, the art of talking with the fingers, like the deaf and dumb. [L. dactylus—Gr. daktylos, a finger.]

Dad, dad, Daddy, dad′i, n. father, a word used by children.—n. Dadd′y-long-legs, the crane-fly, a familiar insect with long body, legs, and antennæ. [Prob. Celt., W. tad, Bret, tad, tat; cf. Gr. tata.]

Dad, dad, v.t. to throw against something: to dash.—n. a lump: a piece: a blow. [Der. unknown.]

Daddle, dad′l, v.i. to walk in an unsteady manner, as a child or very old person: to totter:—pr.p. dadd′ling; pa.p. dadd′led. [Perh. conn. with Dawdle.]

Dado, dā′do, n. in classical architecture, the cubic block forming the body of a pedestal: a skirting of wood along the lower part of the walls of a room, often represented merely by wall-paper, painting, &c. [It.,—L. datus (talus, a die, being understood), given or thrown forth—dāre, to give.]

Dædal, dē′dal, Dædalian, de-dā′li-an, adj. formed with art: displaying artistic skill: intricate. [From L. Dædalus, Gr. Daidalos, the mythical artist who constructed the Cretan labyrinth.]

Dæmon, dē′mon, n. a spirit holding a middle place between gods and men, like the dæmon or good genius of Socrates.—adj. Dæ′monic, supernatural: of power or intelligence more than human. [L. dæmon—Gr. daimōn, a spirit, a genius, and later a devil. See Demon.]

Daff, daf, v.i. to play, to play the fool.—n. Daff′ing (Scot.), foolery, gaiety. [M. E. daf, deaf, prob. Ice. dawfr (Sw. döf, Dan. döv), deaf.]

Daffodil, daf′o-dil, Daffodilly, daf′o-dil-i, Daffodowndilly, daf′o-down-dil′i, n. a yellow flower of the lily tribe—also called King's spear. [M. E. affodille—O. Fr. asphodile—Gr. asphodelus; the d is prefixed accidentally.]

Daft, daft, adj. (Scot.) silly, weak-minded, insane, unreasonably merry.—adv. Daft′ly.—n. Daft′ness. [See Daff.]

Dag, dag, n. a dagger: a hand-gun or heavy pistol, used in the 15th and 16th centuries.—Also Dagge. [Fr. dague; Celt.; cf. Bret. dag.]

Dagger, dag′ėr, n. a short sword for stabbing at close quarters: (print.) a mark of reference (

), the double dagger (

) being another.—At daggers drawn, in a state of hostility; Look daggers, to look in a hostile manner. [M. E. dagger—W. dagr (Ir. daigear); cf. Fr. dague.]

Daggle, dag′l, v.t. and v.i. to wet or grow wet by dragging on the wet ground.—n. Dagg′le-tail, a slattern.—adj. slatternly. [Freq. of prov. Eng. dag, to sprinkle, from a Scand. root seen in Sw. dagg.]

Dago, dā′go, n. (U.S.) a name applied loosely to Spanish- and Italian-born men. [Prob. a corr. of Sp. Diego—L. Jacobus.]

Dagoba, dag′o-ba, n. in Ceylon, a dome-like structure of solid masonry, containing relics of a Buddhist saint. [Singh. dāgaba.]

Dagon, dā′gon, n. the national god of the Philistines, half-man, half-fish. [Heb. dāgōn—dag, fish.]

Daguerreotype, da-ger′o-tīp, n. a method of taking pictures on metal plates by the light of the sun: a photograph fixed on a plate of copper by a certain process.—adj. Daguer′rēan.—n. Daguerrē′otypy, the art of daguerreotyping. [Fr., from Louis Daguerre (1789-1851).]

Dahabeeah, da-ha-bē′a, n. a Nile-boat with oars, one or two masts, and lateen sails.—Also Dahabi′eh, Dahabi′yeh. [Ar. dahabīya.]

Dahlia, dāl′i-a, n. a genus of garden plants with large flowers. [From Dahl, a Swedish botanist.]

Daidle, dā′dl, v.i. a Scotch form of daddle: also to draggle.—adj. Daid′ling, feeble: dawdling.

Daimio, dī′myo, n. a Japanese territorial noble under the old feudal system. [Jap.]

Dainty, dān′ti, adj. pleasant to the palate: delicate: fastidious: (Spens.) elegant.—n. that which is dainty, a delicacy.—adj. Daint (Spens.).—adv. Dain′tily.—n. Dain′tiness. [M. E. deintee, anything worthy or costly. O. Fr. daintié, worthiness—L. dignitat-em—dignus, worthy.]

Dairy, dā′ri, n. the place where milk is kept, and butter and cheese made: an establishment for the supply of milk.—ns. Dai′ry-farm; Dai′rying; Dai′rymaid; Dai′ryman. [M. E. deye.—Ice. deigja, a dairymaid; orig. a kneader of dough.]

Dais, dā′is, n. a raised floor at the upper end of the dining-hall where the high table stood: a raised floor with a seat and canopy: the canopy over an altar, &c. [O. Fr. dais—Low L. discus, a table—L. discus, a quoit—Gr. diskos, a disc.]

Daisy, dā′zi, n. a common wild-flower, growing in pastures and meadows—the name given also to other plants, as the Ox-eye daisy, which is a chrysanthemum.—adj. Dai′sied, covered with daisies.—n. Dai′sy-cut′ter, a fast-going horse that does not lift its feet high: a cricket-ball skimmed along the ground. [A. S. dæges eáge, day's eye, the sun.]

Dak, däk, Dawk, dawk, n. in India, the mail-post: travelling in palanquins carried by relays of bearers. [Hind. dāk, a relay of men.]

Dale, dāl, Dell, del, n. the low ground between hills: the valley through which a river flows.—n. Dales′man, specifically, an inhabitant of the dales of the Lake District. [Ice. dalr, Sw. dal; Ger. thal.]

Dally, dal′i, v.i. to lose time by idleness or trifling: to play: to exchange caresses:—pa.p. dall′ied.—ns. Dall′iance, dallying, toying, or trifling: interchange of embraces: delay; Dall′ier, a trifler. [M. E. dalien, to play; prob. from A.S. dweligan, to err; cf. Ice. dvala, to delay, Dut. dwalen, to err; prob. conn. with dwell.]

Dalmahoy, dal′ma-hoi, n. a bushy bob-wig, worn in the 18th cent. by chemists, &c.

Dalmatian, dal-mā′shun, adj. belonging to Dalmatia, a strip of Austrian territory along the Adriatic.—Dalmatian dog, the spotted coach-dog, resembling the pointer in shape.

Dalmatic, dal-mat′ik, n. a loose-fitting, wide-sleeved ecclesiastical vestment, worn specially by deacons in the R.C. Church, also sometimes by bishops. [Low L. dalmatica, a robe worn by persons of rank in the early Christian centuries, on the pattern of a dress worn in Dalmatia.]

Daltonism, dal′ton-izm, n. colour-blindness: inability to distinguish certain colours.—adj. Daltō′nian. [So called from the chemist John Dalton (1766-1844), who had this infirmity.]

Dam, dam, n. an embankment to restrain water: the water thus confined.—v.t. to keep back water by a bank:—pr.p. dam′ming; pa.p. dammed. [Teut.; Dut. dam, Ger. damm, &c.]

Damage, dam′āj, n. hurt, injury, loss: the value of what is lost: (coll.) cost: (pl.) the pecuniary reparation due for loss or injury sustained by one person through the fault or negligence of another.—v.t. to harm.—v.i. to take injury.—adj. Dam′ageable. [O. Fr. damage (Fr. dommage)—L. damnum, loss.]

Damascene, da′mas-ēn, adj. of Damascus.—v.t. same as Damaskeen.

Damask, dam′ask, n. figured stuff, originally of silk, now of linen, cotton, or wool, the figure being woven, not printed.—v.t. to flower or variegate, as cloth.—adj. of a red colour, like that of a damask rose.—v.t. Damaskeen′, to decorate metal (esp. steel) by inlaying or encrusting on it patterns like damask in other metals: to ornament with flowery patterns, to damask.—ns. Damaskeen′ing, Damasceen′ing, the watered or striated structure seen in certain sword-blades and other weapons: the ornamental incrustation with gold and silver of steel and iron surfaces; Damaskin′, a Damascus blade: a damaskeened blade; Dam′ask-plum, the damson; Dam′ask-rose, a species of pink-rose; Dam′ask-steel, Damascus steel; Dam′assin, damask with flowered patterns in gold or silver thread.—Damascus blade, a Damascus sword, the surface marked by wavy and variegating lines. [From Damascus, in Syria, where damask was orig. made.]

Damboard, dam′bōrd, Dambrod, dam′brod, n. (Scot.) a draughtboard, the pieces being dams. [Fr. jeu de dames, copied by the Germans as damenspiel, by the Swedes as damspel, &c., perhaps from the movement of the pieces being like those of the queen (reine or dame) in chess.]

Dame, dām, n. the mistress of a house: a matron: a noble lady.—ns. Dame′-school, a school for children kept by a woman; Dame's′-vī′olet, a genus of cruciferous plants, formerly cultivated by ladies in pots for its sweet scent at night. [Fr. dame—L. domina, a mistress, fem. of dominus, a master.]

Dammar, dam′mar, n. a resin, used for making varnish, obtained from a genus of East Indian conifers.

Damn, dam, v.t. to censure or condemn: to sentence to eternal punishment: to doom.—n. an oath: a curse.—adj. Dam′nable, deserving or tending to damnation: hateful: pernicious.—n. Dam′nableness.—adv. Dam′nably.—n. Damnā′tion, condemnation: (theol.) the punishment of the impenitent in the future state: eternal punishment.—adj. Dam′natory, consigning to damnation.—p.adj. Damned, sentenced to everlasting punishment: hateful: a profane intensive, meaning merely thorough (often written d——d, and softened into darned, dashed, &c.).—adv. very, exceedingly.—adj. Damnif′ic.—n. Damnificā′tion.—v.t. Dam′nify, to cause loss to.—adj. Dam′ning, exposing to condemnation. [Fr. damner—L. damnāre, to condemn—damnum, loss.]

Damoclean, dam-ō-clē′an, adj. like Damocles, flatterer of Dionysius of Syracuse, taught the insecurity of happiness by being made to sit through the feast with a sword suspended by a single hair over his head.

Damp, damp, n. vapour, mist: moist air: lowness of spirits: (pl.) dangerous vapours in mines, &c.—v.t. to wet slightly: to chill: to discourage: to check: to make dull.—adj. moist, foggy: sometimes in the form Damp′y.—v.t. and v.i. Damp′en, to make or become damp or moist.—n. Damp′er, that which checks or moderates: a mechanical appliance for reducing currents, musical vibration, &c.: (Australia) a kind of unfermented bread.—adj. Damp′ish, somewhat damp.—n. Damp′ishness.—adv. Damp′ly.—n. Damp′ness.—Damping off (hort.), the death of plants from excess of moisture. [M. E. dampen; akin to Dut. damp, Ger. dampf, vapour.]

Damsel, dam′zel, n. a young unmarried woman: a girl. [O. Fr. damoisele (Fr. demoiselle), a page—Low L. domicellus, dim. of L. dominus, a lord.]

Damson, dam′zn, n. a rather small oval fruited variety of the common plum, esteemed for preserving. [Shortened from Damascene—Damascus.]

Dan, dan, n. a title of honour equivalent to Master or Sir. [O. Fr. dan. (Sp. don; Port. dom)—L. dominus, lord. See Dame.]

Danakil, dan′a-kil, n. the name given to the numerous nomad and fisher tribes on the coast of North-east Africa. [Ar.]

Dance, dans, v.i. to move with measured steps to music: to spring.—v.t. to make to dance or jump.—n. the movement of one or more persons with measured steps to music: the tune to which dancing is performed.—ns. Dance′-mū′sic, music specially arranged for accompanying dancing; Danc′er, one who practises dancing; Danc′ing, the act or art of moving in the dance; Danc′ing-girl, a professional dancer; Danc′ing-mas′ter, a teacher of dancing.—Dance a bear (obs.), to exhibit a performing bear; Dance attendance, to wait obsequiously; Dance of death, a series of allegorical paintings symbolising the universal power of death, represented as a skeleton; Dance upon nothing, to be hanged.—Lead a person a dance, to set him on an undertaking under false hopes: to delude.—Merry dancers, the aurora. [O. Fr. danser, from Teut.; Old High Ger. danson, to draw along.]

Dancette, dan-set′, n. (her.) a zigzag or indented line or figure: the chevron or zigzag moulding common in Romanesque architecture—also adj. [O. Fr. dent, dant, tooth, notch—L. dens.]

Dandelion, dan-de-lī′un, n. a common plant with a yellow flower, its leaves with jagged tooth-like edges. [Fr. dent de lion, tooth of the lion.]

Dander, dan′dėr, Daunder, dawn′dėr, v.i. (Scot.) to walk leisurely or idly. [Akin to dandle.]

Dander, n. a form of Dandruff (vulg.), anger: passion.—Raise a person's dander, to put him in a temper.

Dandle, dan′dl, v.t. to play with: to fondle or toss in the arms, as a baby. [Prob. Teut.; cf. Ger. tändeln—tand, a toy.]

Dandriff, dand′rif, Dandruff, dand′ruf, n. a scaly scurf which forms on the surface of the skin under the hair and beard. [Perh. from W. ton, surface, skin, and drwg, bad (Skeat).]

Dandy, dan′di, n. a foppish, silly fellow: one who pays much attention to dress.—v.t. Dan′dify, to dress up as a dandy.—adv. Dan′dily, like a dandy.—ns. Dan′dy-brush, a hard brush of whalebone bristles; Dan′dy-cock, a bantam; Dan′dy-fē′ver (see Dengue); Dan′dy-horse, a velocipede.—adj. Dan′dyish.—n. Dan′dyism. [Perh. from Fr. dandin, a ninny; and prob. from root of dandle.]

Dandy, dan′di, n. a sloop-like vessel having a jigger-mast abaft.—n. Dandy-rigged cutter.

Dane, dān, n. a native of Denmark.—adj. Dan′ish, belonging to Denmark.—n. the language of the Danes—(Spens.) Danisk.

Danegeld, dān′geld, n. a tax imposed in the 10th cent., to buy off the Danes or to defend the country against them. [A.S. Dene, Danes, geid, a payment.]

Danger, dān′jėr, n. peril, hazard, or risk: insecurity: (obs.) power.—v.t. (Shak.) to endanger.—adj. Dan′gerous, full of danger: unsafe: insecure.—adv. Dan′gerously.—ns. Dan′gerousness; Dan′ger-sig′nal. [O. Fr. dangier, absolute power (of a feudal lord), hence power to hurt.—Low L. dominium, feudal authority—L. dominus, a lord. See Dungeon.]

Dangle, dang′gl, v.t. to hang loosely or with a swinging motion: to follow any one about.—v.t. to make to dangle.—n. Dan′gler, one who dangles about others, esp. about women. [Scand., Dan. dangle, to dangle; cf. Ice. dingla, to swing; Sw. danka, to saunter.]

Daniel, dan′yel, n. in phrase A second Daniel, a wise judge, with reference to the interposition of the wise young Daniel to save Susannah, in one of the Apocryphal additions to the book of Daniel.

Danite, dan′īt, n. one of a secret society amongst the early Mormons. [In allusion to Gen. xlix. 16, 17.]

Dank, dangk, adj. moist, wet.—n. (Milt.) water.—adj. Dank′ish, somewhat dank or damp. [Perh. conn. with dew. See also Daggle.]

Dannebrog, dān′e-brog, n. the second of the Danish orders instituted by King Waldemar in 1219. [Dan., 'the Danish banner.']

Dantean, dan′te-an, Dantesque, dan′tesk, adj. like the poet Dante: sublime: austere.—ns. Dan′tist, a Dante scholar; Dantoph′ilist, a lover of Dante.

Danton, dan′ton, v.t. (Scot.) to subdue, to daunt. [A form of daunt.]

Danubian, dan-ū′bi-an, adj. pertaining to or bordering on the Danube.—Danubian Principalities, a name applied to Moldavia and Wallachia.

Dapper, dap′ėr, adj. quick: little and active: neat: spruce.—n. Dapp′erling, a dapper little fellow. [Dut. dapper, brave; cf. Ger. tapfer, quick, brave.]

Dapple, dap′l, adj. marked with spots.—v.t. to variegate with spots.—adjs. Dapp′erly (Scot.), variegated; Dapp′le-bay, of bay colour, variegated with dapples; Dapp′led; Dapp′le-gray. [See Dimple.]

Darbies, där′biz, n.pl. (slang) handcuffs. [App. from the personal name Darby.]

Darbyites, där′bi-īts, n.pl. a name given to the Plymouth Brethren. [From their principal founder, J. N. Darby (1800-82).]

Dare, dār, v.i. to be bold enough: to venture:—pa.t. durst.—v.t. to challenge: to defy.—n. (Shak.) boldness, a challenge.—n. Dare′-dev′il, a rash, venturesome fellow.—adj. unreasonably rash and reckless.—adjs. Dare′ful (Shak.), full of daring, adventurous; Dar′ing, bold: courageous: fearless.—n. boldness.—n. Dar′ing-do (see Derring-doe).—adj. Dar′ing-hard′y (Shak.), foolhardy.—adv. Dar′ingly.—I dare say, I suppose. [A.S. durran, pres. dearr; Goth. daursan; akin to Gr. tharsein.]

Dare, dār, v.t. to frighten, terrify. [M. E. daren, to be in fear; cf. Dan. dirre, to tremble.]

Darg, darg, n. a day's work: (Scot.) a task. [Contr. from dawerk, day-wark, day-work.]

Daric, dar′ik, n. an old gold coin larger than an English sovereign, named after Darius I. of Persia.

Dark, därk, adj. without light: black, or somewhat black: gloomy: difficult to understand: unenlightened: secret: sinister.—n. absence of light: obscurity: a state of ignorance.—adv. (Shak.) in a state of dark.—v.t. Dark′en, to make dark: to render ignorant: to sully.—v.i. to grow dark or darker.—n. Dark′-house (Shak.), a mad-house.—adj. Dark′ish, somewhat dark: dusky.—v.i. Dark′le, to grow dark.—adv. and adj. Dark′ling, dark: in the dark.—advs. Dark′lings (poet.), in the dark; Dark′ly.—n. Dark′ness.—adj. Dark′some, dark: (poet.) gloomy.—ns. Dark′y, Dark′ey, a negro: (slang) a policeman's lantern.—Dark ages, the period of intellectual darkness in Europe, from the 5th to the 15th century.—Darken the door, to enter in at the door.—A dark horse, in racing, a horse whose capabilities are not known: a candidate about whom it is not known till the last moment that he is a candidate.—Keep dark, to be silent or secret; Keep it dark, to conceal.—The prince of darkness, Satan. [A.S. deorc.]

Darling, där′ling, n. a little dear: one dearly beloved: a favourite. [Dear, and dim. suff. -ling = l-ing.]

Darn, därn, v.t. to mend a hole by imitating the texture of the stuff.—n. the place darned.—n. Darn′ing-needle. [W. darn, a piece, a patch.]

Darnel, där′nel, n. an annual of the rye-grass genus, the tares of Scripture. [Prob. conn. with O. Fr. darne, stupid, from its supposed narcotic properties.]

Dart, därt, n. a pointed weapon for throwing with the hand: anything that pierces.—v.t. to hurl suddenly: to send or shoot forth.—v.i. to start or shoot forth rapidly—freq. Dar′tle.—adv. Dart′ingly. [O. Fr. dart; from a Low Ger. root.]

Darter, därt′ėr, n. a genus of birds nearly allied to cormorants, heron-like in gait and gesture.

Darwinism, där′win-ism, n. the theory of the origin of species propounded by C. Darwin (1809-82).—adjs. Darwin′ian, Darwin′ical.

Dash, dash, v.t. to throw violently: to break by throwing together: to throw water suddenly: to bespatter: to destroy or frustrate: to mix or adulterate.—v.i. to strike against: to break against, as water: to rush with violence.—n. a violent striking: a rushing or violent onset: a blow: a mark (—) at a break in a sentence: ostentation: a slight admixture.—ns. Dash′-board, a board or leathern frame in front of a carriage, to keep off splashes of mud; Dash′er, one who dashes: (coll.) one who makes a great show.—adj. Dash′ing, rushing: reckless: hasty and rash: gallant.—adv. Dash′ingly.—ns. Dash′-pot, a device for preventing too sudden motion in some part of an apparatus; Dash′-wheel, a wheel-shaped box with compartments, in which cotton cloth is washed by the revolution of the wheel in liquid.—Dash off, to sketch hastily; Dash out, to knock out by striking against something. [M. E. daschen, dassen, to rush, or strike with violence—Scand.; cf. Dan. daske, to slap].

Dastard, das′tard, n. a cowardly fellow.—adj. shrinking from danger: cowardly.—adj. and adv. Das′tardly.—ns. Das′tardness, Das′tardliness, Das′tardy. [From a Scand. stem dast = Eng. dazed, and Fr. suffix -ard. See Daze.]

Dasymeter, da-sim′e-tėr, n. an instrument for testing the density of gases. [Gr. dasys, thick, metron, measure.]

Dasyure, das′i-yōōr, n. a small carnivorous quadruped of Australia and Tasmania. [Formed from Gr. dasys, hairy, oura, tail.]

Data, dā′ta, n.pl. facts given or admitted from which other facts may be deduced:—sing. Dā′tum. [L. datum, data, given—dăre, to give.]

Datary, dā′ta-ri, n. an officer in the papal chancery, who dates and despatches documents, grants, &c.—n. Datā′ria, the office of such. [Low L. datarius—L. datum—dăre, to give.]

Date, dāt, n. the time of any event: a stipulated time: age, period of time.—v.t. to affix the date to.—v.t. to reckon: to begin.—adj. Date′less, without date: without fixed limit: undatable.—Out of date, antiquated; Up to date, adapted or corrected to the present time: modern. [O. Fr. date—L. datum, as in datum Romæ = given or written at Rome.]

Date, dāt, n. the fruit of the date-palm.—ns. Date′-palm, Date′-tree, the tree on which it grows, a native of the northern half of Africa and the south-west of Asia; Date′-plum; Date′-sug′ar. [Fr. datte—L. dactylus—Gr. daktylos, a finger.]

Dative, dāt′iv, adj. that is given or appointed.—n. the dative case, the oblique case of nouns, &c.—generally indicated in English by to or for. [L. dativus.]

Datum, dā′tum (see Data).—n. Dā′tum-line, the horizontal base-line from which heights and depths are measured.

Datura, dā-tū′ra, n. a genus of plants, of which one, D. stramonium, or thorn-apple, has strongly narcotic properties.—n. Dat′urine, a poisonous alkaloid in the foregoing. [Hind. dhatūrā.]

Daub, dawb, v.t. to smear: to paint coarsely.—n. a coarse painting.—ns. Daub′er, one who daubs: a coarse painter; Daub′ery, Daub′ry (Shak.), a daubing, or crudely artful device; Daub′ing.—adj. Daub′y, sticky. [O. Fr. dauber, to plaster—L. dealbāre, to whitewash—de, down, and albus, white.]

Daud, daud, v.t. (Scot.) to knock, thump.—n. a lump: large piece.—Also Dawd.

Daughter, daw′tėr, n. a female child: a female descendant: woman (generally).—ns. Daugh′ter-in-law, a son's wife; Daugh′terliness; Daugh′terling, a little daughter.—adj. Daugh′terly, like or becoming a daughter. [A.S. dohtor; Scot. dochter, Ger. tochter, Gr. thygatēr.]

Daunt, dänt, or dawnt, v.t. to frighten: to discourage: to subdue.—adj. Daunt′less, not to be daunted.—adv. Daunt′lessly.—n. Daunt′lessness.—v.t. Daun′ton, to subdue: to dare. [O. Fr. danter (Fr. dompter)—L. domitāre—domāre, to tame.]

Dauphin, daw′fin, n. the name given to the eldest son of the king of France, from 1349 down to 1830:—fem. Dau′phiness. [O. Fr. daulphin (Fr. dauphin)—L. delphinus, a dolphin. From the dolphins in the crest of Viennois.]

Davenport, dā′ven-port, n. a small ornamental writing-desk. [From the maker.]

Davenport-trick, dā′ven-port-trik, n. the artifice by which a man can free himself from ropes wound round him and tied.

Davit, dāv′it, n. one of a pair of pieces of timber or iron, projecting over a ship's side or stern, having tackle to raise a boat by. [Cf. Fr. davier, a forceps.]

Davy, dā′vi, Davy-lamp, dā′vi-lamp, n. the safety-lamp for coal-miners of Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829).

Davy Jones, dā′vi jōnz, n. a sailor's familiar name for the (malignant) spirit of the sea, the devil; hence Davy Jones's locker, of the sea, as the grave of men drowned at sea. [Said by some to be a compound of Duffy, a West Indian spirit name, and Jonah.]

Daw, daw, n. a bird of the crow kind: a jackdaw.—adj. Daw′ish. [From its cry.]

Dawdle, daw′dl, v.i. to waste time by trifling: to act or move slowly.—n. Daw′dler. [Allied to dandle and dandy.]

Dawn, dawn, v.i. to become day: to begin to grow light: to begin to appear.—n. daybreak: beginning.—Also Dawn′ing. [A.S. dagian, to dawn, dæg, day.]

Dawtie, daw′ti, n. (Scot.) a darling: a beloved child—also Daut′ie.—v.t. Daut, to fondle.

Day, dā, n. the time of light, from sunrise to sunset: the time from morning till night: twenty-four hours, the time the earth takes to make a revolution on her axis—this being the solar or natural day as distinguished from the sidereal day, between two transits of the same star: a man's period of existence or influence: a time or period.—ns. Day′-bed (Shak.), a couch or sofa; Day′-blind′ness, a defect of vision, in which objects are best seen by a dim light; Day′-book, a book in which merchants, &c., enter the transactions of every day; Day′break; Day′-coal, the upper stratum of coal; Day′-dream, a dreaming or musing while awake; Day′-fly, a fly which lives in its perfect form only for a day, one of the ephemera; Day′-lā′bour; Day′-lā′bourer; Day′light; Day′-lil′y, a flower whose blossoms last only for a day, the hemerocallis.—adj. Day′long, during the whole day.—ns. Day′-peep (Milt.), the dawn; Day′-schol′ar, a boy who attends a boarding-school during the school-hours, but boards at home; Day′-school, a school held during the day, as opposed both to a night-school and to a boarding-school; Day′-sight = night-blindness; Days′man, one who appoints a day to hear a cause: an umpire; Day′spring, dawn; Day′star, the morning star; Day′time.—adj. Day′-wea′ried (Shak.), wearied with the work of the day.—n. Day′-work.—Day by day, daily; Day of doom, the judgment day; Days of grace, three days allowed for payment of bills, &c., beyond the day named.—Name the day, to fix the day of marriage.—One of these days, an indefinite reference to the near future.—The day, the time spoken of: (Scot.) to-day; The other day, not long ago; The time of day, a greeting, as, 'to give a person the time of day,' to greet him. [A.S. dæg; Ger. tag; not conn. with L. dies.]

Daze, dāz, v.t. to stun, to stupefy. [Ice. dasa, to be breathless; cf. A.S. dwæs, foolish.]

Dazzle, daz′l, v.t. to daze or overpower with any strong light: to confound by brilliancy, beauty, or cleverness.—ns. Dazz′lement, the act of dazzling: that which dazzles; Dazz′ler; Dazz′ling.—adv. Dazz′lingly. [Freq. of daze.]

Deacon, dē′kn, n. in Episcopal churches, a member of the order of clergy under priests: in some Presbyterian churches, an officer, distinct from the elders, who attends to the secular affairs of the church: in Congregational and some other churches, an officer who advises the pastor, distributes the elements at the Communion, and dispenses charity: in Scotland, the master of an incorporated company:—fem. Dea′coness, a female servant of the Christian society in the time of the apostles: in a convent, a nun who has the care of the altar: one of an order of women in some Protestant churches who nurse the sick and tend the poor.—ns. Dea′conhood, Dea′conry, Dea′conship. [L. diaconus—Gr. diakonos, a servant.]

Dead, ded, adj. without life: death-like: at rest, of a ball: cold and cheerless: without vegetation: utter: unerring.—v.t. to deaden, dull.—adv. in a dead manner.—n. the time of greatest stillness, as 'the dead of night.'—adjs. Dead′-alive′, Dead′-and-alive′, dull, uneventful; Dead′-beat, quite overcome; Dead′-born, still-born.—n.pl. Dead′-clothes, clothes in which to bury the dead.—n. Dead′-col′ouring, the first broad outlines of a picture.—adjs. Dead′-do′ing (Spens.), putting to death, destructive; Dead′-drunk, completely drunk.—v.t. Dead′en, to make dead: to deprive partly of vigour or sensation: to blunt: to lessen.—ns. Dead′-eye, (naut.), a round, flattish wooden block with a rope or iron band passing round it, and pierced with three holes for a lanyard; Dead′-fall, a trap operated by a weight that, when its support is removed, falls upon and kills or holds an animal; Dead′-freight, money paid for the empty space in a ship by a person who engages to freight her, but fails to make out a full cargo; Dead′-head (U.S.), one who is allowed, without payment, to ride in a public carriage, sit in a theatre, or hold a privilege having a money value; Dead′-heat, a heat or race in which no one gains the advantage; Dead′-house, the house or room where (in hospitals, police-offices, &c.) dead bodies are kept till buried: a mortuary; Dead′-lett′er, a letter undelivered and unclaimed at the post-office: a law or ordinance which has been made but never enforced; Dead′-lev′el, a stretch of land without any rising ground: sameness; Dead′-lift, a lift made without help, leverage, &c.; hence an effort under discouraging conditions.—n.pl. Dead′-lights, storm-shutters for a cabin window.—ns. Dead′liness; Dead′-lock, the case when matters have become so complicated that all is at a complete standstill.—adj. Dead′ly, causing death: fatal: implacable.—adv. in a manner resembling death.—ns. Dead′ly-night′shade, the plant Belladonna (q.v.); Dead′-march, a piece of solemn music played at funeral processions, esp. of soldiers; Dead′-meat, the flesh of animals ready for the market.—n.pl. Dead′-men, empty bottles after a carouse.—ns. Dead′ness; Dead′-nett′le, a genus of plants of the natural order Labiatæ, so called because they resemble nettles but do not sting; Dead′-pay, continued pay dishonestly drawn for men actually dead; Dead′-reck′oning, an estimation of a ship's place simply by the log-book; Dead′-rope, a rope not running in any block; Dead′-set, a determined and prolonged attempt; Dead′-shot, an unerring marksman.—adj. Dead′-stroke, without recoil.—ns. Dead′-wall, a wall unbroken by windows or other openings; Dead′-wa′ter, the eddy water closing in behind a ship's stern as she sails; Dead′-weight, a heavy or oppressive burden; Dead′-wind, a wind coming directly ahead or opposed to a ship's course; Dead′-wood, pieces of timber laid on the upper side of the keel at either end, useless material; Dead′-work, work, itself unprofitable, which is necessary as a preliminary, as the opening of a mine.—Dead as a door-nail, absolutely dead; Dead language, one no longer spoken; Dead-men's bells, the foxglove; Dead-men's fingers, a very common cœlenterate belonging to the Actinozoa—also Cow-paps and Mermaid's glove; Dead-men's shoes, a situation formerly held by some one now dead; Dead's part (Scots law), the part of a man's movable property which he may bequeath by will, and which is not due to wife and children.—Be dead set against, to be utterly opposed to.—Put the dead wood on (U.S. slang), to gain a great advantage over. [A.S. deád; Goth. dauths, Ger. todt, from root of die.]

Deaf, def, adj. dull of hearing: unable to hear at all: not willing to hear: inattentive.—v.t. Deaf′en, to make deaf, partly or altogether: to stun: to render impervious to sound.—n. Deaf′ening, stuffing put into floors, partition-walls, &c. to prevent sounds from passing through.—adv. Deaf′ly.—ns. Deaf′-mute, one who is both deaf and dumb; Deaf′ness. [A.S. deáf; Dut. doof, Ger. taub.]

Deal, dēl, n. a portion; an indefinite quantity: a large quantity; the act of dividing cards: (U.S.) a bargain: a fir or pine board: timber.—v.t. to divide, to distribute: to throw about: to deliver.—v.i. to transact business: to act: to distribute cards.—pa.t. and pa.p. dealt (delt).—ns. Deal′er, one who deals: a trader; Deal′-fish, a genus of ribbon-fishes; Deal′ing, manner of acting towards others: intercourse of trade. [A.S. dǽlan—dǽl, a part; Ger. theilen—theil, a part or division. A doublet of dole. By some, however, deal, a plank, is taken as a doublet of thill, from A.S. thel, a plank.]

Deambulatory, dē-am′bū-la-to-ri, n. a passage or aisle round the choir and apse of a church. [L. deambulāre, -ātum, to walk about.]

Dean, dēn, n. a small valley.—Also Dene. [A.S. denu, a valley. Cf. Den.]

Dean, dēn, n. a dignitary in cathedral and collegiate churches who presides over the other clergy: the president of faculty in a college; the chief chaplain of the Chapel Royal: the chief judge of the Court of Arches: the president of a trade-guild.—ns. Dean′ery, the office of a dean: a dean's house; Dean′ship, the office or dignity of a dean.—Dean of Arches, dean of the Court of Arches (see Arch); Dean of Faculty, president of the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland: Dean of Guild, a municipal functionary in Scotland, who has authority over building and altering of houses.—Rural dean, one who, under the bishop, has the special care and inspection of the clergy in certain parishes. [O. Fr. deien (Fr. doyen)—Low L. decanus, a chief of ten—L. decem, ten.]

Dear, dēr, adj. high in price: costly: scarce: highly valued: beloved: (Shak.), earnest, inmost.—n. one who is dear or beloved.—adv. at a high price.—adj. Dear′-bought.—n. Dear′ling (Spens.), a darling.—adj. Dear′-loved.—adv. Dear′ly.—ns. Dear′ness; Dear′y, one who is dear. [A.S. deóre, dýre; cog. with Ger. theuer.]

Dear, dēr, interj. indicating surprise, pity, or other emotion, as in 'Oh dear!' 'Dear me!' 'Dear, dear!'—prob. elliptical in 'Dear help us!' &c. [Sometimes doubtfully referred to Dio mio (It. 'My God'), or to some compound of Fr. Dieu.]

Dearth, dėrth, n. dearness, high price: scarcity: want: famine; barrenness.—adj. Dearth′ful (Scot.), expensive.

Deasil, dē′shēl, n. (Scot.) motion according to the apparent course of the sun—opp. to Withershins.—Also Dea′soil, Dei′sheal, Dea′siul. [Gael.]

Death, deth, n. state of being dead: extinction or cessation of life: manner of dying: mortality: a deadly plague: cause of death: spiritual lifelessness: the killing of the animal in hunting.—ns. Death′-add′er, a poisonous Australian snake; Death′-ag′ony, the struggle often preceding death; Death′-bed, the bed on which one dies, the last illness; Death′-bell, the passing bell; Death′-blow, a blow that causes death; Death′-damp, a cold, clammy sweat preceding death.—n.pl. Death′-dū′ties, duties paid to government on the inheritance of property, real or personal, after the death of the former owner.—n. Death′-fire, a kind of light supposed to presage death.—adjs. Death′ful, Death′ly, deadly, destructive; Death′less, never dying: everlasting.—n. Death′lessness.—adj. Death′-like (Shak.), like a dead person, deadly.—n. Death′liness.—adj. Death′-marked, marked for or by death, destined to die.—n. Death′-mask, a plaster-cast taken from the face after death.—adj. Death′-prac′tised (Shak.), threatened with death by malicious arts.—ns. Death′-rate, the proportion of deaths to the population; Death′-ratt′le, a rattling in the throat which sometimes accompanies the last uneasy breathings of a dying person; Death's′-door, the point of death; Death's′-head, the skull of a human skeleton, or a figure of it; Death's′-man (Shak.), the public executioner; Death′-stroke, a death-blow; Death′-throe, the dying agony; Death′-tō′ken (Shak.), a sign or token of impending death, a plague-spot; Death′-trap, an unsafe building, vessel, or place that shuts up its occupants to almost certain death; Death′-warr′ant, an order from the authorities for the execution of a criminal; Death′-watch, a watch by a dying person: a popular name for several insects which produce a ticking noise, specially audible in the stillness of a death-chamber; Death′-wound, a wound which caused death.—Death's′-head moth, a species of hawk-moth, having pale markings on the back of the thorax somewhat like a skull.—Be death on, to be fond of, to be good at; Be in at the death, in hunting, to be up on the animal before the dogs have killed it.—Do, or Put, to death, to kill: to cause to be killed.—Gates, or Jaws, of death, death's door, the point of death.—To death, expressive of intensity, very much. [A.S. deáth; Ger. tod. See Dead and Die.]

Debacle, de-bak′l, n. a breaking up of ice on a river: (geol.) a sudden flood of water leaving its path strewed with debris. [Fr. débâcle; de, and bâcler, to bar—L. baculus, a stick.]

Debar, de-bär′, v.t. to bar out from: to exclude: to hinder:—pr.p. debar′ring; pa.p. debarred′.—n. Debar′ment. [L. de, from, and bar.]

Debark, de-bärk′, v.t. or v.i. to land from a ship or boat: to disembark.—ns. Debarkā′tion, Debarcā′tion. [Fr. débarquer—des = L. dis, away, and barque, a ship.]

Debarrass, de-bär′as, v.t. to disembarrass, disentangle, free. [Fr. débarrasser; de, and barre, a bar.]

Debase, de-bās′, v.t. to lower: to make mean or of less value: to adulterate.—adj. Debased′, degraded: (her.) reversed.—n. Debase′ment, degradation.—adj. Debas′ing, tending to lower or degrade.—adv. Debas′ingly. [L. de, down, and base, low.]

Debate, de-bāt′, n. a contention in words or argument: (obs.) strife.—v.t. to contend for in argument: (arch.) to fight for.—v.i. to deliberate: to join in debate.—adjs. Debat′able, liable to be disputed; Debate′ful (Spens.), quarrelsome.—ns. Debate′ment (Spens., Shak.), controversy; Debat′er.—adv. Debat′ingly.—Debatable land, a tract of border land between Esk and Sark claimed both by England and Scotland. [O. Fr. debatre—L. de, and batuĕre, to beat.]

Debauch, de-bawch′, v.t. to lead away from duty or allegiance: to corrupt with lewdness: to pervert.—v.i. to indulge in revelry.—n. a fit of intemperance or debauchery.—p.adj. Debauched′, corrupt: profligate.—adv. Debauch′edly.—ns. Debauch′edness; Deb′auchee, a libertine; Debauch′er; Debauch′ery, excessive intemperance: habitual lewdness; Debauch′ment. [O. Fr. desbaucher (Fr. débaucher), to corrupt—des = L. dis, and baucher, to hew—bauche or bauc, a beam, a course of stones.]

Debel, de-bel′, v.t. (Milt.) to conquer in war. [Fr. débeller—L. debellāre—de, from, and bellāre, to carry on war, from bellum, war.]

Debenture, de-bent′ūr, n. a written acknowledgment of a debt: a deed of mortgage given by a railway or other company for borrowed money: a certificate entitling an exporter of imported goods to a repayment of the duty paid on their importation.—p.adj. Debent′ured, entitled to drawback or debenture, as goods. [L. debentur, there are due, 3d pers. pl. pass. of debēre, to owe—the first word of the receipt.]

Debilitate, de-bil′i-tāt, v.t. to make weak: to impair the strength of.—adj. Deb′ile (arch.), weak, feeble.—ns. Debilitā′tion; Debil′ity, weakness and languor: a weak action of the animal functions. [L. debilitāre, ātum—debilis, weak—de, not, habilis, able. See Ability.]

Debit, deb′it, n. a debt or something due: an entry on the debtor side of an account.—v.t. to charge with debt: to enter on the debtor side of an account.—n. Deb′itor (Shak.), a debtor. [L. debitum, what is due, from debēre, to owe.]

Déblai, dā-blā′, n. the earth excavated from a ditch to form a parapet. [Fr.]

Debonair, deb-o-nār′, adj. of good appearance and manners: elegant: courteous: gay.—adv. Debonair′ly.—n. Debonair′ness. [Fr. de, of, bon, good, air, appearance, manner.]

Debouch, de-bōōsh′, v.i. to march out from a narrow pass or confined place.—ns. Debouch′ment, the act of debouching; Debouchure′, the mouth of a river or strait. [Fr. déboucher—de, from, bouche, the mouth—L. bucca, the cheek.]

Debris, de-brē′, n.sing. and pl. rubbish: ruins: a mass of rocky fragments. [Fr., from briser, akin to bruise.]

Debruised, de-brōōzd′, p.adj. (her.) surmounted or partly covered by one of the ordinaries. [O. Fr. debrusier—de, apart, brusier, to break.]

Debt, det, n. what one owes to another: what one becomes liable to do or suffer: a state of obligation or indebtedness: a duty: (B.) a sin.—p.adj. Debt′ed (Shak.), indebted, obliged to.—ns. Debt′ee, a creditor; Debt′or, one who owes a debt: the side of an account on which debts are charged.—Debt of honour, a debt not recognised by law, but binding in honour—esp. gambling and betting debts; Debt of nature, death.—Active debt, a debt due to one, as opposed to Passive debt, a debt one owes; Floating debt, miscellaneous public debt, like exchequer and treasury bills, as opposed to Funded debt, that which has been converted into perpetual annuities like consols in Britain.—In one's debt, under a pecuniary obligation to one. [O. Fr. dette—L. debitum, debēre, to owe.]

Début, de-bü′ (u sounded as in Scot. gude), n. a beginning or first attempt: a first appearance before the public, as of an actor, &c.—n. Débutant′, one who makes his first appearance before the public:—fem. Débutante′. [Fr. début, a first stroke—débuter—de, from, but, aim, mark.]

Decachord, dek′a-kord, n. an ancient musical instrument with ten strings: anything having ten parts. [Gr. dekachordos—deka, ten, and chordē, a string.]

Decade, dek′ād, Decad, dek′ad, n. a group of ten, esp. a series of ten years.—adj. Dec′adal. [Fr. décade—Gr. dekas—deka, ten.]

Decadence, dek′a-dens, or de-kā′-, Dec′adency (or de-kā′-), n. state of decay: a term for a school in modern French literature not distinguished for vigour or originality.—adj. Dec′adent (or de-kā′-), decaying.—n. something decaying or decayed. [Fr.,—Low L. decadentia, from L. de, down—cadĕre, to fall.]

Decagon, dek′a-gon, n. a plane figure of ten angles and sides.—adj. Decag′onal. [Gr. deka, and gōnia, an angle.]

Decagramme, Decagram, dek′a-gram, n. a weight of ten grammes, equal to 0.353 oz. [Fr.,—Gr. deka, ten, and gramma, a weight; L. granum, a grain.]

Decagynia, dek-a-jin′i-a, n. a class of plants in the Linnæan system having ten pistils.—adjs. Decagyn′ian, Decag′ynous. [Gr. deka, ten, gynē, a woman.]

Decahedron, dek-a-hē′dron, n. a solid figure having ten faces.—adj. Decahē′dral. [Gr. deka, and hedra, a seat.]

Decalcify, de-kal′si-fī, v.i. to deprive of lime: to take the calcareous matter out of bones, teeth, &c.—n. Decalcificā′tion. [L. de, away from, calx, calcis, lime, facĕre, to make.]

Decalcomania, dē-kal-kō-mā′ni-a, n. the process of transferring pictures to marble, glass, wood, &c. [Fr.]

Decalitre, dek′a-lēt-ėr, n. a French measure, ten litres: equal to 2½ imperial gallons. [Fr.,—Gr. deka, ten, and litra, a pound.]

Decalogue, dek′a-log, n. the ten commandments.—n. Decal′ogist. [Gr. deka, ten, logos, a discourse.]

Decameron, de-kam′e-ron, n. Boccaccio's hundred tales, supposed to be told in ten days.—adj. Decameron′ic. [From Gr. deka, ten, hēmera, a day.]

Decametre, dek′a-mēt-ėr, n. a French measure of ten metres, or 32.8 feet. [Fr. décamètre—Gr. deka, ten, metron, a measure. See Metre.]

Decamp, de-kamp′, v.i. to go away, esp. secretly.—n. Decamp′ment. [Fr. décamper.]

Decandria, de-kan′dri-a, n. a class of plants in the Linnæan system having ten stamens.—adjs. Decan′drian, Decan′drous. [Gr. deka, ten, and anēr, andros, a man.]

Decangular, dek-ang′gū-lar, adj. having ten angles. [Gr. deka, ten, and L. angulus, an angle.]

Decant, de-kant′, v.t. to pour off, leaving sediment: to pour from one vessel into another.—ns. Decantā′tion; Decant′er, an ornamental bottle for holding decanted liquor. [Fr. décanter (It. decantare)—de, from, and Low L. cantus, a side or corner.]

Decaphyllous, dek-a-fil′us, adj. having ten leaves. [Gr. deka, ten, phyllon, a leaf.]

Decapitate, de-kap′i-tāt, v.t. to take the head from: to behead.—n. Decapitā′tion. [Low L. decapitāre—L. de, from, and caput, capitis, the head.]

Decapod, dek′a-pod, n. one of the shellfish which have ten feet or claws, as the crab.—adjs. Deca′podal, Deca′podous. [Gr. deka, ten, and pous, podos, a foot.]

Decarbonate, de-kär′bon-āt, v.t. to deprive of carbon—also Decar′bonise, Decar′burise.—ns. Decarbonisā′tion, Decarburisā′tion. [De, from, carbon.]

Decastich, dek′a-stik, n. a poem of ten lines. [Gr. deka, ten, and stichos, a row, a verse.]

Decastyle, dek′a-stīl, n. a portico with ten columns in front. [Gr. deka, ten, stylos, a column.]

Decasyllabic, dek-a-sil-ab′ik, adj. having ten syllables. [Gr. deka, ten, syllabē, a syllable.]

Decaudate, de-kaw′dāt, v.t. to cut off the tail of. [L. de, and cauda, tail.]

Decay, dē-kā′, v.i. to fall away from a state of health or excellence: to waste away.—v.t. to cause to waste away: to impair.—n. a falling into a worse or less perfect state: a passing away: loss of fortune: (obs.) misfortune.—p.adj. Decayed′, reduced in circumstances.—n. Decayed′ness. [O. Fr. decair—L. de, from cadĕre, to fall.]

Decease, dē-sēs′, n. death.—v.i. to die.—p.adj. Deceased′, dead. [O. Fr. deces (Fr. décès)—L. decessus—de, away, cedĕre, cessum, to go.]

Deceit, de-sēt′, n. act of deceiving: anything intended to mislead another: fraud: falseness.—adj. Deceit′ful, full of deceit: disposed or tending to deceive: insincere.—adv. Deceit′fully.—n. Deceit′fulness. [O. Fr., from L. decipĕre, deceptum, to deceive.]

Deceive, de-sēv′, v.t. to mislead or cause to err: to cheat: to disappoint.—adj. Deceiv′able, that may be deceived: exposed to imposture.—n. Deceiv′ableness.—adj. Deceiv′ably.—n. Deceiv′er. [Fr. décevoir—L. decipĕre, deceptum—de, from capĕre, to take, catch.]

December, de-sem′bėr, n. the tenth month among the Romans, who began their year with March: with us, the twelfth month of the year.—adj. Decem′berly, wintry, cold.—n. Decem′brist, one of those who took part in the Russian conspiracy of December 1825. [L. decem, ten.]

Decemvir, de-sem′vir, n. one of ten magistrates who at one time had absolute power in ancient Rome:—pl. Decem′virs, or (L.) Decemviri (dē-sem′vi-rī).—adj. Decem′viral.—n. Decem′virāte, a body of ten men in office: the term of office of decemvirs. [L. decem, ten, and vir, a man.]

Decennary, de-sen′ar-i, n. a period of ten years—also Decenn′ium.—adj. Decenn′ial, consisting of or happening every ten years. [L. decem, ten, and annus, a year.]

Decent, dē′sent, adj. becoming: seemly: proper: modest: moderate: tolerable.—n. Dē′cency, becomingness: modesty.—adv. Dē′cently. [L. decens, decentis, pr.p. of decēre, to be becoming.]

Decentralise, de-sen′tral-īz, v.t. to withdraw from the centre: to transfer functions from the central government to local centres.—n. Decentralisā′tion. [L. de, neg., and centralise.]

Deception, de-sep′shun, n. act of deceiving: the means by which it is sought to deceive.—n. Deceptibil′ity.—adjs. Decept′ible, capable of being deceived; Decep′tious (Shak.), deceitful; Decep′tive, tending to deceive: misleading.—adv. Decep′tively.—n. Decep′tiveness.—adj. Decep′tory, tending to deceive. [O. Fr.,—Low L. deceptio, -nis—decipĕre, to deceive.]

Decern, de-sėrn′, v.t. and v.i. (Scots law) to judge: to decree: to pass judgment. [O. Fr. decerner—L. decernĕre—de, and cernĕre, to distinguish.]

Dechristianise, de-krist′yan-īz, v.t. to turn from Christianity: to destroy Christian elements.

Deciare, de′si-är, n. the tenth part of an are. [Fr.,—L. deci- (in decimus), and are.]

Decide, de-sīd′, v.t. to determine: to end: to settle: to resolve.—adjs. Decid′able, capable of being decided; Decid′ed, determined: clear, unmistakable: resolute.—adv. Decid′edly. [O. Fr. decider—L. decidēre—de, away, cædĕre, to cut.]

Deciduous, de-sid′ū-us, adj. that fall in autumn, as leaves: not permanent.—n. Decid′ua, a membrane of the uterus discharged after parturition.—adj. Decid′uāte.—n. Decid′uousness.—Deciduous trees, those which annually lose and renew their leaves. [L. deciduus—decidĕre, de, from, cadĕre, to fall.]

Decigramme, de′si-gram, n. the tenth part of a gramme. [See Gramme (3).]

Decilitre, des′i-lē-tėr, n. a measure of capacity equal to 1⁄10 litre.

Decillion, de-sil′yun, n. a million raised to the tenth power: in the French and American notation, a thousand raised to the eleventh power.

Decimal, des′i-mal, adj. numbered or proceeding by tens.—n. a fraction having ten or some power of ten for its denominator.—v.t. Dec′imalise, to reduce to the decimal system.—ns. Dec′imalism; Dec′imalist.—adv. Dec′imally.—Decimal notation, a system of writing numbers based on ten and powers of ten, like our ordinary system; Decimal system, a system whose units are tens and powers of tens, esp. in the French metric system of weights and measures. [Fr.,—Low L. decimalis—decem, ten.]

Decimate, des′i-māt, v.t. to take the tenth part of: to put to death every tenth man.—ns. Decimā′tion, a military punishment, by which every tenth man was selected by lot and put to death or otherwise punished; Dec′imator. [L. decimāre, -ātum—decimus, tenth.]

Decipher, de-sī′fėr, v.t. to uncipher or read secret writing: to make out what is unintelligible or obscure: to reveal.—adj. Deci′pherable.—n. Deci′pherment. [L. de, neg. and cipher.]

Decision, de-sizh′un, n. the act of deciding: settlement: judgment: the quality of being decided in character.—adj. Decī′sive, having the power of deciding: showing decision: final: positive.—adv. Decī′sively.—n. Decī′siveness.—adj. Decī′sory, decisive. [See Decide.]

Decivilise, dē-siv′i-līz, v.t. to reduce from a civilised to a more savage state.

Deck, dek, v.t. to cover: to clothe: to adorn: to furnish with a deck, as a vessel.—n. a covering: a horizontal platform extending from one side of a vessel to the other, thereby joining them together, and forming both a floor and a covering: the part of a pack of cards that remains after the deal, or the part of a pack necessary for playing such games as bezique, &c.—ns. Deck′-car′go, cargo stowed on the deck of a vessel; Deck′-chair, a light chair of spars and canvas, to be used on board ship; Deck′er, the person or thing that decks: a vessel which has a deck or decks, used only in composition, as a three-decker, a ship with three decks; Deck′-hand, a person employed on deck; Deck′-house, a house or box on deck; Deck′ing, adornment; Deck′-load, a deck-cargo; Deck′-pass′age, a passage securing only the right of being on deck, without cabin accommodation; Deck′-pass′enger; Flush′-deck, a deck continuous from stem to stern at the same level (see Quarter-deck); Gun′-deck, a deck on which guns are carried; Hur′ricane-deck, a light partial deck over the saloon of some steamers; Main′-deck, the deck below the spar-deck; Spar′-deck, the upper deck of a ship. [Dut. dekken, to cover; Ger. decken; akin to L. tegĕre.]

Deckle, dek′l, n. the gauge on a paper-making machine.—n. Deck′le-edge, the raw or ragged edge of handmade paper.—adj. Deck′le-edged, having a rough uncut edge. [Ger.]

Declaim, de-klām′, v.i. to make a set or rhetorical speech: to harangue: to recite in public.—ns. Declaim′ant, Declaim′er.—p.adj. Declaim′ing.—ns. Declamā′tion, act of declaiming: a set speech in public: display in speaking.—adj. Declam′atory, of the nature of declamation: appealing to the passions: noisy and rhetorical merely. [L. declamāre—de, inten., clamāre, to cry out.]

Declare, de-klār′, v.t. to make known: to announce: to assert: to make a full statement of, as of goods at a custom-house.—v.i. to make a statement: to show cards in order to score.—adj. Declār′able, capable of being declared, exhibited, or proved.—ns. Declar′ant, one who makes a declaration; Declarā′tion, act of declaring: that which is declared: a written affirmation: in the criminal law of Scotland, the statement made by the prisoner before the magistrate: in common law, the pleading in which the plaintiff in an action at law sets forth his case against the defendant.—adjs. Declar′ative, Declar′atory, explanatory.—advs. Declar′atively, Declar′atorily.—n. Declar′ator, a form of action in the Court of Session in Scotland, with the view of having a fact judicially ascertained and declared.—adj. Declared′, avowed.—adv. Decla′redly, avowedly.—Declaratory Act, an act intended to explain an old law which had become obscure or a subject of controversy. [Fr. déclarer, from L. declarāre, -ātum—de, wholly, clarus, clear.]

Declension, de-klen′shun, n. a falling off: decay: descent: (gram.) change of termination for the oblique cases. [See Decline.]

Decline, de-klīn′, v.i. to bend or turn away from (a straight line); to deviate: to refuse: to bend down: to fail or decay: to stoop or condescend: to draw to an end.—v.t. to bend down: to turn away from: to refuse: to avoid: (gram.) to give the changes of a word in the oblique cases.—n. a falling off: deviation: decay: a gradual sinking of the bodily faculties, consumption.—adjs. Declin′able, having inflection for the oblique cases; Declī′nal, bending downward; Dec′linant (her.), having the tail hanging down—also Dec′livant.—ns. Declinā′tion, act of declining: a sloping or bending downward: deviation: (astron.) distance from the celestial equator; Dec′linātor, an instrument determining declination.—adj. Declin′atory, containing a declination or refusal—ns. Declin′ature, act of declining or refusing: (law) a plea declining the jurisdiction of a judge; Declinom′eter, an instrument for measuring the declination of the compass—i.e. the deviation of the magnetic needle from the true north. [Fr. décliner—L. de, down, away from, clināre, to bend. See Lean.]

Declivity, de-kliv′i-ti, n. a place that declines, or slopes downward, opposite of acclivity: inclination downward: a gradual descent.—adjs. Decliv′itous, Declī′vous. [Fr.,—L. declivitas—de, downward, clivus, sloping, akin to clināre.]

Decoct, de-kokt′, v.t. to prepare by boiling: to extract the substance of by boiling: to boil: to devise.—adjs. Decoc′tible, Decoc′tive.—ns. Decoc′tion, an extract of anything got by boiling; Decoc′ture, a substance prepared by decoction. [L. decoquĕre, decoctum—de, down, coquĕre, to cook.]

Decode, de-kōd′, v.t. to translate the symbols in a code telegram into ordinary language.

Decollate, de-kol′āt, v.t. to behead.—p.adj. Decoll′ated, rounded off, as the apex of a shell.—n. Decollā′tion, the act of beheading: a picture of a decapitation, esp. of the head of St John the Baptist on a charger: the festival of the Baptist, Aug. 29. [L. decollāre—de, from, collum, the neck.]

Decolleté, dā-kol-e-tā′, adj. with neck uncovered: of dress, low cut. [Fr. décolleter, to bare the neck and shoulders. Cf. Decollate.]

Decolour, de-kul′ur, v.t. to deprive of colour—also Decol′ourise.—n. Decol′orant, a substance that bleaches or removes colour.—v.t. Decol′orate, to deprive of colour.—ns. Decolorā′tion, removal or absence of colour; Decolorisā′tion. [Fr. décolorer—L. decolorāre—de, from, color, colour.]

Decompose, de-kom-poz′, v.t. to separate the parts composing anything: to resolve into original elements.—v.i. to decay, rot.—adj. Decompos′able.—n. Decomposi′tion, act of decomposing: decay or dissolution: also the compounding of things already compound. [L. de, neg., and compose.]

Decomposite, dē-kom-poz′it, or de-kom′-, adj. compound a second time or more than once. [L. de, and composite.]

Decompound, de-kom-pownd′, v.t. to compound again: to compound things already compounded; also, to divide a thing into its constituent parts.—adj. compounded a second time.—adj. Decompound′able. [L. de, and compound.]

Deconcentrate, de-kon-sen′trāt, or de-kon′sen-trāt, v.t. to scatter.—n. Deconcentrā′tion. [De, and concentrate.]

Deconsecrate, de-kon′se-krāt, v.t. to deprive of the character given by consecration: to secularise.—n. Deconsecrā′tion.

Decorate, dek′o-rāt, v.t. to ornament, to beautify: to honour with a badge or medal.—adj. Dec′orated.—n. Decorā′tion, ornament: badge of an order.—adj. Dec′orātive, ornamental.—ns. Dec′orātiveness; Dec′orātor.—Decorated style (archit.), a style of Gothic architecture, elaborated and richly decorated, which prevailed till near the end of the 14th century.—Decoration Day, May 30th, when the memory of the soldiers who fell in the American Civil War of 1861-65 is honoured by the decoration of their graves, speeches, processions, &c. [L. decorāre, -ātum—decus, what is becoming—decēre, to be becoming.]

Decorous, de-kō′rus, or dek′o-rus, adj. becoming: suitable: proper: decent.—adv. Decō′rously.—ns. Decō′rousness; Decō′rum, that which is becoming in outward appearance: propriety of conduct: decency. [L. decorus, becoming.]

Decorticate, de-kor′ti-kāt, v.t. to deprive of the bark, husk, or peel.—n. Decorticā′tion. [L. decorticāre, -ātum—de, from, and cortex, bark.]

Decoy, de-koy′, v.t. to allure: to entrap: to lure into a trap.—n. anything intended to allure into a snare: an apparatus of hoops and network for trapping wild-ducks—sometimes duck-coy.—n. Decoy′-duck, a wild-duck tamed and trained to entice others into a trap: (fig.) one employed to allure others into a snare. [L. de, down, and O. Fr. coi, quiet; the earlier verb to coy was confused with the Dut. kooi—L. cavea, a cage. See Coy.]

Decrease, de-krēs′, v.i. to become less: to be diminished by degrees in size or power.—v.t. to make less: to lessen gradually.—n. a growing less: loss.—adv. Decreas′ingly. [O. Fr. decrois, a decrease—L. descrescĕre—de, from, crescĕre, to grow.]

Decree, de-krē′, n. an order by one in authority: an edict or law: a judicial decision: a predetermined purpose.—v.t. to decide or determine by sentence in law: to appoint.—v.i. to make a decree:—pr.p. decree′ing; pa.p. decreed′.—adjs. Decree′able, capable of being decreed; Decrē′tive, having the force of a decree; Dec′rētory, Decretō′rial, established by a decree: determining: judicial.—Decree nisi (L. nisi, unless), a decree that becomes absolute unless cause be shown to the contrary—granted esp. in divorce cases. [O. Fr. decret—L. decretum—decernĕre, to decide.]

Decrement, dek′re-ment, n. the act or state of decreasing: the quantity lost by decrease. [L. decrementum.]

Decrepit, de-krep′it, adj. worn out by the infirmities of old age: in the last stage of decay.—ns. Decrep′itness; Decrep′itude, state of being decrepit or worn out with age. [L. decrepitus, noiseless, very old—de, not, crepitus, a noise.]

Decrepitate, de-krep′i-tāt, v.i. to crackle, as salts when heated.—v.t. to roast so as to cause a continual crackling, to calcine.—n. Decrepitā′tion. [L. de, inten., crepitāre, to rattle much, freq. of crepāre.]

Decrescent, de-kres′ent, adj. becoming gradually less.—n. (mus.) Decrescen′do = Diminuendo (q.v.). [L.]

Decretal, de-krē′tal, adj. pertaining to a decree.—n. a decree, esp. of the pope: a book containing decrees: spec. in pl. the second part of the canon law, the decrees of various popes determining points of ecclesiastical law.—n. Decrē′tist, in medieval universities, a student of the decretals, a student of law.—adjs. Decrē′tive; Decrē′tory, pertaining to a decree, judicial. [L. decretalis—decretum.]

Decrew, de-krōō′, v.i. (Spens.) to decrease. [For decrue—O. Fr. decru, pa.p. of decroistre. See Decrease.]

Decrown, dē-krown′, v.t. to discrown. [Fr. découronner, to discrown.]

Decry, de-krī′, v.t. to cry down: to condemn: to censure as worthless: to blame:—pa.p. decried′.—ns. Decrī′al; Decrī′er. [Fr. de(s) = L. dis, and crier, to cry. See Cry.]

Decuman, dek′ū-man, adj. principal, large—of waves, &c.: connected with the principal gate of a Roman camp (near which the 10th cohort of the legion was stationed).—n. a great wave, as every tenth wave was supposed to be. [L. decumanus—decem, ten.]

Decumbent, de-kum′bent, adj. lying down: reclining on the ground.—ns. Decubā′tion, Decum′bence, Decum′bency, the act or posture of lying down.—adj. Decū′bital—n. Decū′bitus, a recumbent position, as of one sick in bed: a bed-sore.—adv. Decum′bently.—n. Decum′biture, the time when a sick person takes to bed. [L. decumbens—de, down, and cumbĕre, for cubāre, to lie.]

Decuple, dek′ū-pl, adj. tenfold.—n. a number ten times repeated.—v.t. to make tenfold. [Fr. décuple—L. decem, ten, and plicāre, to fold.]

Decurion, dē-kū′ri-on, n. an officer in a Roman army over ten soldiers—a Dec′ury or Decū′ria: any overseer of ten.—n. Decū′rionate. [L.]

Decurrent, de-kur′ent, adj. running or extending downward.—n. Decurr′ency.—adv. Decurr′ently.—n. Decur′sion, a running down: a military manœuvre or parade.—adj. Decur′sive.—adv. Decur′sively. [L. decurrens—de, down, currĕre, cursum, to run.]

Decurtate, dē-kur′tāt, adj. cut short, abridged.—v.t. to cut short. [L. decurtāre, -ātum, to cut short.]

Decussate, de-kus′āt, v.i. to cross in the form of an X: to cross, as lines, &c.—adjs. Decuss′ate, -d, crossed: arranged in pairs which cross each other, like some leaves.—adv. Decuss′ately.—n. Decussā′tion. [L. decussāre, -ātum—decussis, a coin of ten asses (decem asses) marked with X, symbol of ten.]

Dedicate, ded′i-kāt, v.t. to set apart and consecrate to some sacred purpose: to devote wholly or chiefly: to inscribe to any one.—adj. devoted: (Shak.) dedicated.—ns. Ded′icant, one who dedicates; Dedicatee (ded′i-kā-tē′), one to whom a thing is dedicated; Dedicā′tion, the act of dedicating: an address to a patron, prefixed to a book; Ded′icātor, one who dedicates.—adjs. Dedicatō′rial, Ded′icātory, of or pertaining to a dedication. [L. dedicāre, -ātum—de, down, dicēre, to declare.]

Dedimus, ded′i-mus, n. a writ commissioning one not a judge to act as a judge—from its first word. [L., dedimus, we have given, dăre, to give.]

Deduce, de-dūs′, v.t. to draw from: to infer a truth or opinion from what precedes or from premises.—ns. Deduce′ment, what is deduced; Deducibil′ity, the quality of being deducible.—adj. Deduc′ible, that may be deduced or inferred.—v.t. Deduct′, to take from: to separate: to subtract.—adj. Deduct′ible.—n. Deduc′tion, (1) the act of deducing: that which is deduced: the drawing of a particular truth from a general, antecedently known, as distinguished from Induction, rising from particular truths to a general; (2) the act of deducting: that which is deducted: abatement.—adj. Deduct′ive, that is, or that may be, deduced from premises or accepted principles.—adv. Deduct′ively. [L. deducĕre, deductum—de, from ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Deed, dēd, n. something done: an act: an exploit: a legal transaction: the written evidence of it.—adj. Deed′ful (Tenn.), marked by deeds or exploits.—adv. Deed′ily.—adjs. Deed′less (Shak.), not having performed deeds; Deed′y, industrious, active.—Deed of saying (Shak.), performance of what has been said or promised.—In deed, in reality. [A.S. dæd—dón, to do; Ger. that—thun, to do.]

Deem, dēm, v.t. or v.i. to judge: to think: to believe.—n. (Shak.) opinion.—ns. Deem′ster, Demp′ster, one who pronounces judgment, a judge—esp. one of the two in the Isle of Man. [A.S. déman, to form a judgment—dóm, doom.]

Deep, dēp, adj. extending far down or far from the outside: difficult to understand: secret: wise and penetrating: cunning: very still: profound: profoundly learned in a language: intense, heart-felt: sunk low: low or grave: (of a road) encumbered with mud, sand, or ruts.—adv. in a deep manner.—n. that which is deep: the sea: anything profound or incomprehensible.—adjs. Deep′-browed, of high intellectual powers; Deep′-draw′ing (of ships), requiring considerable depth to float in; Deep′-drawn; Deep′-dyed, thorough-going, extreme—in a bad sense.—v.t. Deep′en, to make deeper in any sense: to increase.—v.i. to become deeper.—adjs. Deep′-fet (Shak.), fetched or drawn from a depth; Deep′-laid.—adv. Deep′ly.—adjs. Deep′-most, deepest; Deep′-mouthed, with deep voice.—n. Deep′ness.—adjs. Deep′-read, profoundly versed; Deep′-sea, pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea; Deep′-seat′ed, firmly seated; Deep′-toned, having a deep tone. [A.S. deóp; Ger. tief. Cf. Dip, Dive.]

Deer, dēr, n. a quadruped of several species, as the stag, reindeer, &c.; in M. E., any kind of animal.—ns. Deer′-hair, heath club-rush; Deer′-herd; Deer′-hound; Deer′-lick, a spot of salt ground whither deer come to lick the earth; Deer′-mouse, a common name for several species of American mice—so called from their agility; Deer′-neck, a thin, ill-shaped neck—of horses; Deer′-skin, the skin of the deer, or leather made therefrom; Deer′-stalk′er; Deer′-stalk′ing, the hunting of deer by stalking, or stealing upon them unawares. [A.S. deór; Ger. thier, Dut. dier; Ice. dýr. There is no connection with Gr. thēr, L. fera, a wild beast.]

Deface, de-fās′, v.t. to destroy or mar the face or external appearance of, to disfigure: to obliterate.—n. Deface′ment, act of defacing: injury to form or appearance: that which defaces.—adv. Defā′cingly. [O. Fr. desfacer—des = L. dis, away, facies, face.]

Defalcate, de-fal′kāt, v.t. to deduct a part of, of money, &c.: to embezzle money held on trust.—ns. Defalcā′tion, a diminution: a misappropriation of funds entrusted to one; Def′alcātor, a defaulter. [Low L. difalcāre, -ātum, to cut away—L. dis-, off, falcāre, to cut—falx, falcis, a sickle.]

Defame, de-fām′, v.t. to take away or destroy the good fame or reputation of: to speak evil of: to charge falsely.—n. (Spens.) infamy.—n. Defamā′tion, the act of defaming: calumny: slander.—adv. Defam′atorily.—adj. Defam′atory, containing defamation: injurious to reputation: calumnious.—p.adj. Defā′ming. [O. Fr. defamer—L. diffamāre—dis, away, fama, report.]

Default, de-fawlt′, n. a fault, failing, or failure: defect: neglect to do what duty or law requires: failure to account for money entrusted to one's charge: offence.—v.i. to fail through neglect of duty: to fail to appear in court when called upon.—n. Default′er, one who fails to appear in court, or to account for money entrusted to his care, or to settle a debt of honour.—Judgment by default, judgment given against a person because he fails to plead or make an appearance in court. [O. Fr. defaute and default—de = L. dis, apart, and faute.]

Defeasance, de-fēz′ans, n. undoing: defeat.—adjs. Defeas′anced, liable to be forfeited; Defeas′ible, that may be defeated or annulled.—n. Defeas′ibleness.—Deed of defeas′ance (Eng. law), an instrument which defeats the operation of some other deed or estate; and that which in the same deed is called a condition, in a separate deed is a defeasance. [O. Fr. defaisance—defaire, to undo.]

Defeat, de-fēt′, v.t. to frustrate: to ruin.—n. a frustration of plans: ruin: overthrow, as of an army in battle.—n. Defeat′ure (Spens.), defeat: disfigurement, disguise. [O. Fr. defait, defaire, to undo—L. dis, neg. facĕre, to do.]

Defecate, def′e-kāt, v.t. to clear from dregs or impurities: to purify from extraneous matter.—v.i. to void excrement.—n. Defecā′tion. [L. defæcāre, -ātum, to cleanse—de, from, fæx, fæcis, dregs.]

Defect, de-fekt′, n. a deficiency: a want: imperfection: blemish: fault.—n. Defectibil′ity.—adj. Defect′ible, liable to imperfection: deficient.—ns. Defec′tion, a failure, a falling away from duty: revolt; Defec′tionist.—adj. Defec′tive, having defect: wanting in some necessary quality: imperfect: faulty: insufficient.—adv. Defect′ively.—n. Defect′iveness.—The defects of one's qualities, virtues carried to excess, the faults apt to accompany or flow from good qualities. [L. deficĕre, defectum, to fail—de, down, and facĕre, to do.]

Defence, de-fens′, n. a defending: protection: vindication: (law) a defendant's plea.—pa.p. Defenc′ed (B.), fortified.—adj. Defence′less.—adv. Defence′lessly.—n. Defence′lessness. [See Defend.]

Defend, de-fend′, v.t. to keep off anything hurtful: to guard or protect: to maintain against attack: (obs.) to prohibit, forbid: (law) to resist, as a claim: to contest.—adj. Defend′able, that may be defended.—ns. Defend′ant, a defender: (law) a person accused or sued; Defendee′, one who is defended; Defend′er; Defen′sative, a protection; Defensibil′ity.—adjs. Defens′ible, that may be defended; Defens′ive, Defen′sory, serving to defend: in a state or posture of defence.—n. that which defends: posture of defence.—adv. Defens′ively.—Defender of the Faith, a title borne by the sovereigns of England since Henry VIII., on whom it was conferred in 1521 for his book against Luther.—Be on the defensive, to be in the position to defend one's self. [L. defendĕre, defensum, to ward off—de, off, and obs. fendĕre, to strike.]

Defer, de-fėr′, v.t. to put off to another time: to delay:—pr.p. defer′ring; pa.p. deferred′.—ns. Defer′ment; Defer′rer, a procrastinator.—Deferred annuity (see Annuity); Deferred pay, an allowance paid to soldiers on their discharge, or to their relations on their death; Deferred shares, shares issued by a trading company, but not entitling the holder to a full share of the profits of the company, and sometimes to none at all, until the expiration of a specified time or the occurrence of some event. [L. differre—dis, asunder, ferre, to bear, carry.]

Defer, de-fėr, v.i. to yield to the wishes or opinions of another, or to authority.—v.t. to submit to or lay before:—pr.p. defer′ring; pa.p. deferred′.—n. Def′erence, a deferring or yielding in judgment or opinion: regard: submission.—adj. Def′erent, bearing away, carrying off.—n. a deferent duct (as opposed to an afferent one) in the human body.—adj. Deferen′tial, expressing deference or respect.—adv. Deferen′tially. [L. deferre—de, down, and ferre, to bear.]

Defervescence, de-fer-ves′ens, n. abatement of heat: coolness: decrease of feverish symptoms.—Also Deferves′cency. [L. defervescĕre, to cease boiling—de, down, and fervescĕre, from fervēre, to boil.]

Defiance, de-fī′ans, n. the act of defying: a challenge to combat: aggressiveness: contempt of opposition.—adj. Defī′ant, full of defiance, insolently bold.—adv. Defī′antly.—n. Defī′antness.—adj. Defī′atory, bidding defiance.—Bid defiance to, to defy.

Defibrinate, de-fī′bri-nāt, v.t. to deprive of fibrine—also Defī′brinise.—n. Defibrinā′tion.

Deficient, de-fish′ent, adj. wanting.—n. Defic′iency (sometimes Defic′ience), defect.—adv. Defic′iently.—ns. Defic′ientness; Def′icit, deficiency, esp. of revenue, as compared with expenditure. [L., deficĕre.]

Defile, dē-fīl′, or dē′fīl, v.i. to march off in file or line, or file by file.—n. a long narrow pass or way, in which troops can march only in file, or with a narrow front.—v.t. Defilāde′, to plan a fortification so as to protect it from enfilading fire.—n. Defile′ment. [Fr. défiler—L. dis, and filum, a thread.]

Defile, de-fīl′, v.t. to pollute or corrupt: to violate.—ns. Defile′ment, act of defiling: foulness; Defil′er. [L. de, and A.S. fýlan, fúl, foul.]

Defiliation, de-fil-i-ā′shun, n. depriving a parent of his child. [L. de, neg., and filius, a son.]

Define, de-fīn′, v.t. to fix the bounds or limits of: to determine with precision: to describe accurately: to fix the meaning of.—adj. Defin′able, that may be defined.—n. Define′ment (Shak.), description.—adj. Def′inite, defined: having distinct limits: fixed: exact: clear.—adv. Def′initely.—ns. Def′initeness; Defini′tion, a defining: a description of a thing by its properties: an explanation of the exact meaning of a word, term, or phrase.—adj. Defin′itive, defining or limiting: positive: final.—n. (gram.) an adjective used to limit the signification of a noun.—adv. Defin′itively.—ns. Defin′itiveness; Defin′itude, definitiveness. [Fr.,—L. definīre, -ītum, to set bounds to—de, finis, a limit.]

Deflagrate, def′la-grāt, v.i. or v.t. to burn down: to burn rapidly.—ns. Deflagrabil′ity, combustibility; Deflagrā′tion; Def′lagrator, a galvanic instrument for producing rapid combustion. [L. deflagrāre—de, down, flagrāre, to burn.]

Deflect, de-flekt′, v.i. or v.t. to turn aside: to swerve or deviate from a right line or proper course.—p.adj. Deflect′ed (bot.), bent abruptly downward.—ns. Deflec′tion, Deflex′ion, deviation.—adj. Deflec′tive, causing deflection.—n. Deflec′tor, a diaphragm in a lamp, stove, &c., by which the flame and gases are brought together and the combustion improved.—v.t. Deflex′ (zool., bot.), to bend down.—adj. Deflexed′.—n. Deflex′ure, deviation. [L. de, from, and flectĕre, flexum, to bend, turn.]

Deflorate, de-flō′rāt, adj. past the flowering state, as an anther after it has shed its pollen.—n. Deflorā′tion, the act of deflowering.

Deflower, Deflour, de-flowr′, v.t. to deprive of flowers: to deprive of grace and beauty: to ravish.—n. Deflow′erer. [O. Fr. deflorer—Low L. deflorāre, to strip flowers off—L. de, neg., flos, floris, a flower.]

Defluent, def′lōō-ent, adj. running down, decurrent.—n. Deflux′ion, a discharge of fluid in the body. [L. defluĕre—de, down, fluĕre, fluxum, to flow.]

Defoliate, de-fō′li-āt, v.t. to deprive of leaves.—adjs. Defō′liate, -d.—ns. Defoliā′tion, the falling off of leaves: the time of shedding leaves; Defō′liator. [Low L. defoliāre, -ātum—de, off, folium, a leaf.]

Deforce, de-fōrs′, v.t. (law) to keep out of possession by force: (Scots law) to resist an officer of the law in the execution of his duty.—ns. Deforce′ment; Deforc′iant, one who deforces; Deforciā′tion, a legal distress. [Fr. de = L. dis, and force.]

Deforest, de-for′est, v.t. to disforest: to deprive of forests.—n. Deforestā′tion.

Deform, de-form′, v.t. to alter or injure the form of: to disfigure.—adj. (Milt.) hideous, unshapely.—n. Deformā′tion.—p.adj. Deformed′, misshapen.—adv. Deform′edly.—ns. Deformed′ness; Deform′er; Deform′ity, state of being deformed: want of proper form: ugliness: disfigurement: anything that destroys beauty: an ugly feature or characteristic. [L. deformis, ugly—de, from, forma, beauty.]

Defoul, de-fowl′, v.t. to defile. [A.S. fúl, foul, whence by vowel change of ú to ý, fýlan.]

Defraud, de-frawd′, v.t. to deprive of by fraud: to withhold wrongfully: to cheat or deceive.—ns. Defraud′ment, Defraudā′tion. [L. defraudāre—de, from, and fraus, fraudis, fraud.]

Defray, de-frā′, v.t. to discharge the expenses of anything: to pay: (Spens.) to appease:—pr.p. defray′ing; pa.p. defrayed′.—ns. Defray′ment, Defray′al. [O. Fr. defrayer—de, and frais, expense—Low L. fractum, breakage, damage, expense.]

Deft, deft, adj. handy, clever.—adv. Deft′ly.—n. Deft′ness. [M. E. defte, dafte, simple, meek; A.S. ge-dæfte, meek—dæftan, gedæftan, prepare, make fit; the stem appears in ge-daf-en, to fit.]

Defunct, de-funkt′, adj. having finished the course of life, dead.—n. a dead person.—n. Defunc′tion (Shak.), death.—adj. Defunc′tive (Shak.), pertaining to the dead. [L. defungi, defunctus, to finish—de, and fungi, to perform.]

Defy, de-fī′, v.t. to challenge: to brave: (obs.) to discard, dislike:—pr.p. defy′ing; pa.p. defied′.—n. (Dryden) a defiance.—n. Defī′er. [O. Fr. defier—Low L. diffidāre, to renounce faith or allegiance—L. dis, asunder, and fīdĕre, to trust—fĭdes, faith.]

Dégagé, dā-ga-zhā′, adj. unembarrassed, unconstrained, easy. [Pa.p. of Fr. dégager, to disentangle.]

Degenerate, de-jen′ėr-āt, adj. having departed from the high qualities of race or kind: become base—also Degen′erous (obs.).—v.i. to fall from a nobler state: to be or to grow worse.—v.i. Degen′der (Spens.), to degenerate.—ns. Degen′eracy, Degenerā′tion, the act or process of becoming degenerate: the state of being degenerate.—adv. Degen′erately.—n. Degen′erateness.—adj. Degen′erating.—n. Degenerā′tionist, one who believes that the tendency of man is not to improve, but to degenerate.—adj. Degen′erative, tending or causing to degenerate. [L. degenerāre, -ātum, to depart from its kind—de, from, down, genus, genĕris, kind.]

Degerminator, de-jėr′mi-nā-tor, n. an apparatus for splitting grains and removing the germs. [L. de, neg., and germen, a germ.]

Deglutinate, de-glōō′tin-āt, v.t. to separate things that are glued together by softening the glue:—pr.p. deglu′tināting; pa.p. deglu′tināted. [L. deglutināre, -ātum—de, neg., and glutināre—gluten, glue.]

Deglutition, deg-lōō-tish′un, n. the act or power of swallowing.—adjs. Deglu′titive, Deglu′titory. [Fr.,—L. de, down, and glutīre, to swallow. See Glut.]

Degrade, de-grād′, v.t. to lower in grade or rank: to deprive of office or dignity: to lower in character, value, or position: to disgrace.—n. Degradā′tion, disgrace: degeneration: abortive structural development: a lowering in dignity.—p.adjs. Degrad′ed, reduced in rank: base: low: (her.) placed on steps; Degrad′ing, debasing: disgraceful. [Fr. dégrader—L. de, down, and gradus, a step. See Grade.]

Degree, de-grē′, n. a grade or step: one of a series of advances: relative position: rank: extent: a mark of distinction conferred by universities, whether earned by examination or granted as a mark of honour: the 360th part of a circle: 60 geographical miles: nearness of relationship: comparative amount of guilt: one of the three stages (positive, comparative, superlative) in the comparison of an adjective or an adverb.—By degrees, by little and little, gradually; Forbidden degrees, the degrees of consanguinity and affinity within which it is not permitted to marry; Songs of degrees, or Songs of ascents, Psalms cxx.-cxxxiv., either because sung by the Jews returning from captivity, or by the Jews coming up annually to attend the feasts at Jerusalem; To a degree, to a great degree, to an extreme. [Fr. degré—L. de, gradus, a step.]

Degust, dē-gust′, v.t. to taste, to relish.—v.i. to have a relishing taste.—v.t. Degust′āte (same as Degust).—n. Degustā′tion, the act of tasting. [L. de, down, and gustāre, to taste.]

Dehisce, dē-his′, v.i. to gape, to open as the capsules of a plant.—n. Dehis′cence.—adj. Dehis′cent. [L. dehiscens, pr.p. of dehiscĕre—de, inten., and hiscĕre, to gape.]

Dehort, de-hort′, v.t. to exhort from, to dissuade.—n. Dehortā′tion, dissuasion.—adjs. Dehor′tative, Dehor′tatory, dissuasive.—n. Dehort′er. [L. dehortāri—de, neg., and hortāri, to exhort.]

Dehumanise, de-hū′ma-nīz, v.t. to deprive of specifically human qualities. [L. de, neg., and humanise.]

Dehydrate, de-hī′drāt, v.t. to deprive of water, chemically.—v.i. to lose water.—n. Dehydrā′tion. [L. de, neg., Gr. hydōr.]

Deicide, dē′i-sīd, n. the killing of a god: the putting to death of Jesus Christ. [From a supposed Low L. form deicidium—deus, a god, and cædĕre, to kill.]

Deictic, dīk′tik, adj. proving directly.—adv. Deic′tically. [Gr. deiktikos—deiknynai, to show.]

Deify, dē′i-fī, v.t. to exalt to the rank of a god: to worship as a deity: to make god-like:—pr.p. dē′ifying; pa.p. dē′ified.—adjs.—Deif′ic, -al, making god-like or divine.—n. Deificā′tion, the act of deifying: a deified embodiment.—adj. Dē′iform, god-like in form or character. [Fr. déifier—L. deificāre—deus, a god, and facĕre, to make.]

Deign, dān, v.i. to condescend.—v.t. to give: to allow: (obs.) to favour. [Fr. daigner—L. dignāri, to think worthy—dignus, worthy.]

Deiparous, dē-ip′a-rus, adj. bearing a god—of the Virgin. [L. deus, a god, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Deipnosophist, dīp-nos′ō-fist, n. one who converses learnedly at dinner, a table-philosopher—from the title of a work by Athenæus. [Gr. deipnon, dinner, sophistēs—sophos, wise.]

Deist, dē′ist, n. one who believes in the existence of God, but not in revealed religion.—n. Dē′ism, the creed of a deist.—adjs. Deist′ic, -al.—adv. Deist′ically. [Fr. déiste, déisme—L. deus, a god.]

Deity, dē′i-ti, n. the divinity: godhead: a god or goddess: the Supreme Being. [Fr.,—Low L. deitas—L. deus, god; Sans. deva—div, to shine.]

Deject, de-jekt′, v.t. to cast down the countenance or spirits of.—adj. (Shak.) cast down.—adj. Deject′ed, cast down: dispirited.—adv. Deject′edly.—ns. Deject′edness; Dejec′tion, lowness of spirits: (pl.) fæcal discharge (also dejecta).—adj. Dejec′tory, promoting evacuations. [L. dejicĕre, -jectum—de, down, jacĕre, to cast.]

Delaine, dē-lān′, n. an untwilled light dress material, originally of wool—also Muslin-de-laine.

Delate, de-lāt′, v.t. to carry on: to publish: to charge with a crime.—ns. Delā′tion; Delat′or. [L. deferre, delātum, to bring a report against, to inform—de, inten., ferre, to bear.]

Delay, de-lā′, v.t. to put off to another time: to defer: to hinder or retard.—v.i. to pause, linger, or put off time.—n. a putting off or deferring: a lingering: hinderance:—pr.p. delay′ing; pa.p. delayed′.—n. Delay′er.—adv. Delay′ingly. [O. Fr. delaier—L. differre, dilātum—dis, apart, ferre, to carry.]

Delay, de-lā′, v.t. (Spens.) to temper, dilute, weaken. [Fr. délayer, dilute—L. deliquāre, clarify.]

Dele, dē′lē, v.t., delete, efface, a direction in proof-reading to remove a superfluous letter or word, usually marked thus

.—adjs. Del′eble, Del′ible, that can be deleted. [L., imper. of delēre, to delete.]

Delectable, de-lekt′a-bl, adj. delightful: pleasing.—n. Delect′ableness.—adv. Delect′ably.—n. Delectā′tion, delight. [Fr.,—L. delectabilis—delectāre, to delight.]

Delegate, del′e-gāt, v.t. to send as a legate or representative: to entrust or commit to.—n. one who is delegated: a deputy or representative: (U.S.) a person elected to represent a territory in congress, as distinguished from the representatives of the States.—adj. delegated, deputed.—ns. Delegā′tion, Del′egacy, a delegating: the persons delegated. [L. de, away, and legare, -ātum, to send as ambassador.]

Delete, de-lēt′, v.t. to blot out: to erase: to destroy.—n.pl. Delen′da, things to be deleted or erased.—n. Delē′tion.—adjs. Delē′tive, Delē′tory. [L. delēre, delētum, to blot out.]

Deleterious, del-e-tē′ri-us, adj. tending to destroy life: hurtful or destructive: poisonous.—adv. Deletē′riously.—n. Deletē′riousness. [Gr. dēlētērios, hurtful—deleisthai, to hurt.]

Delf, delf, n. a contraction for Delft′ware, a kind of earthenware originally made at Delft, Holland.

Delf, delf, n. a drain, ditch: (her.) a charge representing a square sod. [A.S. dælf—delfan, to dig.]

Delian, dē′li-an, adj. pertaining to Delos in the Ægean Sea, birthplace of Apollo and Artemis.

Deliberate, de-lib′ėr-āt, v.t. to weigh well in one's mind.—v.i. to consider the reasons for and against anything: to reflect: to consider.—adj. well considered: considering carefully: slow in determining: cautious.—adv. Delib′erately.—ns. Delib′erateness; Deliberā′tion, the act of deliberating: mature reflection: calmness: coolness.—adj. Delib′erative, proceeding or acting by deliberation.—adv. Delib′eratively. [L. deliberāre, -ātum—de, inten., and librāre, to weigh—libra, a balance.]

Delicate, del′i-kāt, adj. pleasing to the senses, esp. the taste: dainty: nicely discriminating or perceptive: of a fine, slight texture or constitution: tender: frail, not robust: requiring nice handling: refined in manners: gentle, polite, considerate: luxurious.—n. Del′icacy, state or quality of being delicate: refinement: nicety: tenderness, weakness: luxuriousness: anything delicate or dainty.—adv. Del′icately, in a delicate manner: (B.) luxuriously.—n. Del′icateness, state of being delicate: (B.) delicacy, luxury.—n.pl. Del′icates (B.), delicacies. [L. delicātus—deliciæ, allurements, luxury—delicĕre—de, inten., lacĕre, to entice.]

Delice, del′is, n. (Spens.) flower delice, the iris. [See Fleur-de-lis.]

Delicious, de-lish′us, adj. full of delicacies: highly pleasing to the senses: affording exquisite pleasure.—n. Del′ice, (Spens.), delight: a delight or delightful thing.—adv. Deli′ciously, in a delicious manner: (B.) luxuriously.—n. Deli′ciousness. [L. deliciosus—deliciæ.]

Delict, de-likt′, n. a transgression, a misdemeanour. [L. delictum, an offence—de, and linquĕre, to leave.]

Delight, de-līt′, v.t. to please highly.—v.i. to have or take great pleasure: to be greatly pleased.—n. a high degree of pleasure: extreme satisfaction: that which gives great pleasure.—p.adj. Delight′ed, greatly pleased: (Shak.) delightful.—adjs. Delight′ful, Delight′some, full of delight.—adv. Delight′fully.—n. Delight′fulness.—adj. Delight′less, affording no delight. [O. Fr. deliter—L. delectāre, inten. of delicĕre.]

Delilah, dē-lī′la, n. the Philistine woman who befooled Samson: a courtesan who seduces a man to betray secrets: a light woman, strumpet.—Also Dalī′la.

Delimit, de-lim′it, v.t. to fix or mark the limit of.—n. Delimitā′tion.

Delineate, de-lin′e-āt, v.t. to mark out with lines: to represent by a sketch or picture: to portray: to describe accurately in words.—adj. Delin′eable.—ns. Delineā′tion, the act of delineating: a sketch, representation, or description (sometimes Delin′eament); Delin′eator. [L. delineāre, -ātum—de, down, and linea, a line.]

Delinquent, de-ling′kwent, adj. failing in duty.—n. one who fails in or leaves his duty: a transgressor: a criminal.—n. Delin′quency, failure in or omission of duty: a fault: a crime.—adv. Delin′quently. [L. delinquens, -entis, pr.p. of delinquĕre—de, inten., and linquĕre, to leave.]

Deliquesce, del-i-kwes′, v.i. to melt and become liquid by absorbing moisture, as certain salts, &c.—v.i. and v.t. Del′iquate, Deliq′uiate, to melt.—ns. Deliques′cence, Deliquiā′tion.—adj. Deliques′cent, liquefying in the air. [L. deliquescĕre—de, inten., liquescĕre, to become fluid—liquēre, to be fluid.]

Deliquium, de-lik′wi-um, n. liquefaction by absorption of moisture. [Fr.,—Low L. deliquium—L. de, down, and liquēre, to melt.]

Delirious, de-lir′i-us, adj. wandering in mind: light-headed: insane.—n. Delirā′tion, madness, an aberration.—adj. Delirifā′cient, producing delirium.—n. any substance with this quality.—adv. Delir′iously.—ns. Delir′iousness; Delir′ium, state of being delirious: strong excitement: wild enthusiasm.—Delirium tremens, a delirious disorder of the brain produced by excessive drinking, and often marked by convulsive or trembling symptoms. [L. delirus, crazy—de, from, and lira, a furrow; tremens, the pr.p. of tremĕre, to tremble.]

Delitescent, del-i-tes′ent, adj. lying hid or concealed—e.g. the germs of an infectious disease.—n. Delites′cence. [L. delitescens, pr.p. of delitescĕre—de, from, and latescĕre—latēre, to lie hid.]

Deliver, de-liv′ėr, v.t. to liberate or set free from restraint or danger: to rescue from evil or fear: to give up or part with: to communicate: to pronounce: to give forth, as a blow, a ball, &c.: to disburden a woman of a child in childbirth.—adj. Deliv′erable.—ns. Deliv′erance, act of delivering or freeing: act of transferring from one to another: parturition: the utterance of a judgment or authoritative opinion; Deliv′erer; Deliv′ery, the act of delivering: a giving up: the act or manner of speaking in public, of discharging a shot, of throwing a cricket-ball, of pouring water, &c.: the act of giving birth.—General delivery, the delivery of letters from a post-office window to the persons to whom they are addressed—opp. to house to house delivery; Gaol, or Jail, delivery (see Gaol). [Fr. délivrer—L. de, from, liberāre, to set free—liber, free.]

Deliverly, de-liv′ėr-li, adv. (Shak.) nimble manner. [O. Fr. delivre, free—L. de, and liber, free.]

Della-Cruscan, del-la-krus′kan, adj. belonging to, or resembling, the old Florentine Accademia della Crusca (1582), esp. of a group of sentimental English poetasters resident in Florence about 1784—crushed by Gifford's Baviad in 1794.

Della-Robbia, del-la-rob′ya, n. a term applied to enamelled terra-cotta, said to have been invented by Luca della Robbia.

Delphian, del′fi-an, adj. relating to Delphi, a town of ancient Greece, or to the famous oracle which was there.—Also Del′phic.

Delphin, del′fin, adj. pertaining to the dauphin of France, or to an edition of the Latin classics prepared for his use, 64 vols., 1674-1730.

Delphinidæ, del-fin′i-dē, n. a family of cetaceans, including dolphins, grampuses, &c. [L. delphinus, a dolphin.]

Delphinium, del-fin′i-um, n. a genus of Ranunculaceæ comprising the larkspurs and stavesacre. [Formed from Gr. delphinion, larkspur.]

Delta, del′ta, n. the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, the capital form of which is Δ: a tract of land of like shape formed at the mouth of a river.—n. Deltaficā′tion, the process of forming a delta.—adj. Del′toid, of the form of the Greek Δ: triangular.—Delta metal, a hard alloy of copper, zinc, and iron—the three metals symbolised by the triangular shape; Deltoid muscle, the large triangular muscle of the shoulder. [Gr.,—Heb. daleth, a tent-door.]

Delubrum, de-lū′brum, n. a temple, shrine, sanctuary: a church having a font, a fort. [L.]

Delude, de-lūd′, v.t. to play or impose upon: to deceive.—adj. Delud′able.—n. Delud′er. [L. deludĕre, to play—de, down, ludĕre, lusum, to play.]

Deluge, del′ūj, n. a great overflow of water: a flood: esp. that in the days of Noah.—v.t. to inundate: to overwhelm as with water. [Fr.,—L. diluvium—diluĕre—dis, away, luĕre, to wash.]

Delundung, de-lun′dung, n. the weasel-cat of Java and Malacca, a small carnivore akin to the civet.

Delusion, de-lū′zhun, n. the act of deluding: the state of being deluded: a false belief: error.—adj. Delū′sional, pertaining to delusions, afflicted with such.—n. Delū′sionist.—adjs. Delū′sive, Delū′sory, apt or tending to delude: deceptive.—adv. Delū′sively.—n. Delū′siveness. [See Delude.]

Delve, delv, v.t. and v.i. to dig with a spade.—n. (Spens.) a place dug out, a ditch, a cave.—n. Delv′er. [A.S. delfan, to dig; conn. with dale, dell.]

Demagnetise, de-mag′net-īz, v.t. to deprive of magnetic power.—n. Demagnetisā′tion.

Demagogue, dem′a-gog, n. a leader of the people: a popular and factious orator.—adjs. Demagogic, -al (-goj′).—ns. Demagogism, Demagoguism (dem′a-gog-ism); Dem′agoguery, Demagogy (-goj′). [Fr.,—Gr. dēmogōgos—dēmos, the people, agogos, leading—agein, to lead.]

Demand, dē-mand′, v.t. to claim: to ask earnestly or authoritatively: to call for: to question.—n. the asking for what is due: an asking for with authority: a claim: earnest inquiry.—adj. Demand′able, that may be demanded.—n. Demand′ant, one who demands: a plaintiff:—fem. Demand′ress.—In great demand, much sought after. [Fr.,—Low L. demandāre, to demand—L. de, from, and mandāre, to put into one's charge.]

Demarcation, Demarkation, de-mark-ā′shun, n. the act of marking off or setting bounds to: division: a fixed limit.—v.t. Demar′cate, to mark off or limit. [Fr.,—dé, off, and marquer, to mark. See Mark.]

Dematerialise, dē-ma-tē′ri-al-īz, v.t. to deprive of material qualities.

Deme, dēm, n. a subdivision of ancient Attica and of modern Greece, a township: (biol.) any differentiated aggregate of cells. [Gr. dēmos.]

Demean, de-mēn′, v.t. to conduct (with self): to behave.—n. Demeanour, conduct—(Spens.) Demayne, Demeasnure. [O. Fr. demener—de, inten., and mener, to lead—Low L. mināre, to drive cattle, L. mināri, to threaten.]

Demean, de-mēn′, v.t. to make mean: to lower. [More prob. on the analogy of debase, from de, and mean, low, than the same word as the preceding with specialised sense.]

Dement, de-ment′, v.t. to drive crazy, render insane.—adj. insane, demented.—n. a demented person.—v.t. Dement′āte, to dement.—p.adj. Dement′ed, out of one's mind: insane: suffering from dementia. [L. demens, dementis, out of one's mind—de, from, and mens, the mind.]

Démenti, dā-mong-tē, n. a contradiction. [Fr. démentir, to give the lie to.]

Dementia, de-men′shi-a, n. general mental enfeeblement, with loss of memory, reason, feeling, and will: often the consequence of acute mania. [L. de, neg., and mens, mentis, mind.]

Demerit, de-mer′it, n. ill-desert: fault: crime. [O. Fr. demerite, desert, also a fault—Low L. demeritum, a fault, demerēre, to deserve—L. de, fully, merēre, to deserve.]

Demersed, dē-merst′, adj. (bot.) growing under water.—n. Demer′sion.

Demesmerise, de-mes′mer-īz, v.t. to relieve from mesmeric influence.—n. Demesmerisā′tion.

Demesne, de-mēn′, Demain, de-mān′, n. a manor-house, with lands adjacent to it not let out to tenants: any estate in land. [Forms of domain.]

Demi-bastion, dem′i-bast′yun, n. a kind of half-bastion, consisting of one face and one flank. [Fr. demi—L. dimidius, half, and bastion.]

Demi-cannon, dem′i-kan′un, n. (Shak.) an old gun which threw a ball of from 30 to 36 lbs.

Demi-culverin, dem′i-cul′ve-rin, n. an old kind of cannon which threw a shot of 9 or 10 lbs.

Demi-distance, dem′i-dis′tans, n. (fort.) the distance between the outward polygons and the flank.

Demigod, dem′i-god, n. half a god: one whose nature is partly divine, esp. a hero fabled to be the offspring of a god and a mortal:—fem. Dem′i-godd′ess. [Fr. demi, half, and god.]

Demi-gorge, dem′i-gorj, n. (fort.) the part of the polygon remaining after the flank is raised, going from the curtain to the angle of the polygon.

Demi-john, dem′i-jon, n. a glass bottle with a full body and narrow neck, enclosed in wicker-work. [Fr. dame-jeanne, Dame Jane, analogous to Bellarmine, gray-beard. Not from the town Damaghan.]

Demi-lance, dem′i-lans, n. a short, light spear of the 16th century; a soldier armed with such a weapon.

Demi-lune, dem′i-lōōn, n. (fort.) a half-moon: an old name for Ravelin. [L. demi, half, and Fr. lune—L. luna, the moon.]

Demi-monde, dem′i-mond, n. women in an equivocal position, kept women: the prostitute class generally.

Demirep, dem′i-rep, n. a woman of dubious reputation.—n. Dem′irepdom, shady women collectively. [Said to be a contraction of demi-reputation.]

Demise, dē-mīz′, n. a transferring: death, esp. of a sovereign or a distinguished person: a transfer of the crown or of an estate to a successor.—v.t. to send down to a successor: to bequeath by will.—adj. Demī′sable. [O. Fr. demise, pa.p. of desmettre, to lay down—L. dimittĕre, to send away—L. dis, aside, and mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Demi-semiquaver, dem′i-sem′i-kwā-vėr, n. (mus.) a note equal in time to the half of a semiquaver. [Fr. demi, half, and semiquaver.]

Demiss, de-mis′, adj. (Spens.) humble. [L. demissus, pa.p. of demittĕre. See Demise.]

Demission, de-mish′un, n. a lowering: degradation: depression: relinquishment: resignation.—adj. Demiss′ive (obs.), humble.—adv. Demiss′ly. [L. demission-em. See Demise.]

Demit, de-mit′, v.t. to dismiss: to relinquish: to resign. [See Demise.]

Demiurge, dem′i-urj, n. the maker of the world: among the Gnostics, the creator of the world and of man, subordinate to God the supreme—also Demiur′gus.—adj. Demiur′gic. [Gr. dēmiourgos—dēmos, the people, and ergon, a work.]

Demi-volt, dem′i-volt, n. a half-turn of a horse, the forelegs being raised in the air. [Fr. demi-volte—demi, half, and volte, a leap. See Vault.]

Demi-wolf, dem′i-woolf, n. (Shak.) a half-wolf, the offspring of a dog and a wolf.

Demobilise, de-mob′il-īz, v.t. to take out of mobilisation: to disband.—n. Demobilisā′tion. [Fr.]

Democracy, de-mok′ra-si, n. a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people collectively, and is administered by them or by officers appointed by them: the people, esp. the common people in the United States, the democratic party—also Democ′raty (Milt.).—n. Dem′ocrat, one who adheres to or promotes democracy as a principle: a member of the democratic party in the United States, who preserve carefully the local liberties of states and of individuals, opposing national centralisation, and supporting a wide franchise, low tariff duties for the interests of the revenue rather than protection, and a limited public expenditure.—adjs. Democrat′ic, -al, relating to democracy: insisting on equal rights and privileges for all.—adv. Democrat′ically.—adj. Democratifī′able, capable of being made democratic.—v.t. Democratise′, to render democratic.—n. Democ′ratist, a democrat. [O. Fr.,—Gr. dēmokratia—dēmos, the people, and kratein, to rule—kratos, strength.]

Demogorgon, dē-mo-gor′gon, n. a mysterious deity or diabolical magician first mentioned about 450 A.D., and regarded as an object of terror. [Gr. daimōn, deity, gorgos, terrible.]

Demography, dē-mog′ra-fi, n. vital and social statistics, as applied to the study of nations and races.—n. Demog′rapher.—adj. Demograph′ic. [Gr. dēmos, the people, graphein, to write.]

Demoiselle, dem-wa-zel′, n. (Shak.) a young lady: a crane-like bird of peculiarly graceful form. [Fr. See Damsel.]

Demolish, de-mol′ish, v.t. to destroy, lay in ruins, to ruin.—n. Demoli′tion, act of pulling down: ruin. [Fr. démolir—L. demolīri, to throw down—de, down, and molīri, to build—moles, a heap.]

Demology, de-mol′o-jī, n. same as Demography: the theory of the origin and development of nations. [Gr. dēmos, the people, logia, a discourse.]

Demon, dē′mon, n. an evil spirit, a devil: sometimes like Dæmon, a friendly spirit or good genius:—fem. Dē′moness.—adjs. Demō′niac, Demōnī′acal, pertaining to or like demons or evil spirits: influenced by demons.—ns. Demō′niac, a human being possessed by a demon or evil spirit.—adv. Demonī′acally.—n. Demonī′acism, state of being a demoniac.—adj. Demō′nian (Milt.).—ns. Demō′nianism, Demō′niasm, possession by a demon.—v.t. Dē′monise, to convert into a demon: to control or possess by a demon.—ns. Dē′monism, a belief in demons; Dē′monist, a believer in demons; Demonoc′racy, the power of demons; Demonol′atry, the worship of demons; Demonol′ater, one who worships such; Demonology, an account of, or the study of, demons and their agency.—adjs. Demonolog′ic, -al.—ns. Demonol′ogist, a writer on demonology; Demonomā′nia, a form of mania in which the subject believes himself possessed by devils; Demon′omy, the dominion of demons; Dē′monry, demoniacal influence. [L. dæmon—Gr. daimōn, a spirit, genius; in N. T. and Late Greek, a devil.]

Demonetise, dē-mon′e-tīz, n. to divest of value as money.—n. Demonetisā′tion.

Demonstrate, de-mon′strāt, v.t. to show or point out clearly: to prove with certainty.—adj. Demon′strable, that may be demonstrated.—ns. Demon′strableness, Demonstrabil′ity.—adv. Demon′strably.—ns. Demonstrā′tion, a pointing out: proof beyond doubt: expression of the feelings by outward signs: expression of sympathy with political or social opinions, with a man or body of men, by a mass-meeting, a procession, &c.: show: a movement of troops or ships to exhibit military intention, or in war to deceive the enemy.—adj. Demon′strative, making evident: proving with certainty: of the nature of proof: given to the manifestation of one's feelings.—adv. Demon′stratively.—ns. Demon′strativeness; Dem′onstrator, one who proves beyond doubt: one who teaches: (anat.) one who teaches anatomy from the dissected parts.—adj. Demon′stratory, demonstrative. [L. demonstrāre, -ātum—de, inten., and monstrāre, to show.]

Demoralise, de-mor′al-īz, v.t. to corrupt in morals: to lower the morale—that is, to deprive of spirit and confidence: to throw into confusion.—n. Demoralisā′tion, act of demoralising: corruption or subversion of morals.—p.adj. Demoralīs′ing.

Demos, dē′mos, n. the people, esp. the lower classes.—adj. Demot′ic, pertaining to the people: popular: in Egypt. ant., of a kind of writing distinguished from the hieratic, or priestly, and from hieroglyphics. [Gr.]

Demosthenic, de-mos-then′ik, adj. of or like Demosthenes, the Athenian orator: eloquent.

Demulcent, de-mul′sent, adj. soothing. [L. demulcent-em—de, and mulcēre, to stroke, to soothe.]

Demur, de-mur′, v.i. to hesitate from uncertainty or before difficulty: to object:—pr.p. demur′ring; pa.p. demurred′.—n. a stop: pause, hesitation.—adj. Demur′rable.—ns. Demur′rage, an allowance made for undue delay or detention of a vessel in port: compensation paid by the freighter to the owner of the same: allowance for undue detention of railway-wagons, &c.; Demur′rer, one who demurs: (law) a plea in law that, even if the opponent's facts are as he says, they yet do not support his case. [Fr. demeurer—L. demorāri, to loiter, linger—de, inten., and morāri, to delay—mora, delay.]

Demure, de-mūr′, adj. sober: staid: modest: affectedly modest: making a show of gravity.—adv. Demure′ly.—n. Demure′ness. [O. Fr. de (bons) murs, of good manners—L. de, of, mores, manners.]

Demy, de-mī′, n. a size of paper 22½ by 17½ in.; in the United States 21 by 16 in. [Fr. demi—L. dimidium, half—di, apart, medius, the middle.]

Demy, de-mī′, n. a holder of certain scholarships in Magdalen College, Oxford.—n. Demy′ship. [Ety. same as above.]

Den, den, n. the hollow lair of a wild beast: a kind of pit, a cave: a haunt of vice or misery: (coll.) a private retreat for work: (prov.) a narrow valley.—v.i. to retire to a den. [A.S. denn, a cave, and denu, a valley.]

Denary, den′ar-i, adj. containing ten.—n. the number ten.—n. Denā′rius, the chief Roman silver coin under the Republic, divided into ten asses, and worth 92⁄5d. [L. denarius—deni—decem, ten.]

Denationalise, de-nash′un-al-īz, v.t. to deprive of national rights.—n. Denationalisā′tion.

Denaturalise, de-nat′ū-ral-īz, v.t. to make unnatural; to deprive of naturalisation.

Dendrachate, den′dra-kāt, n. arborescent agate.—Moss′-ag′ate. [Gr. dendron, tree, achatēs, agate.]

Dendriform, den′dri-form, adj. having the appearance of a tree. [Formed from Gr. dendron, a tree, and L. forma, form.]

Dendrite, den′drīt, n. a mineral in which are figures resembling plants.—adjs. Dendrit′ic, -al, tree-like, arborescent: marked with branching figures like plants. [Gr. dendritēs, of a tree—dendron, a tree.]

Dendrodont, den′drō-dont, n. a fish of extinct fossil genus Dendrodus, having teeth of dendritic structure.—adj. having such teeth.—n. Dendroden′tine, the form of branched dentine seen in compound teeth, produced by the interblending of the dentine, enamel, and cement. [Gr. dendron, a tree, and odous, odontos, tooth.]

Dendroid, den′droid, adj. having the form of a tree. [Gr. dendron, a tree, and eidos, form.]

Dendrolite, den′dro-līt, n. a petrified or fossil plant. [Gr. dendron, a tree, and lithos, a stone.]

Dendrology, den-drol′o-ji, n. a treatise on trees: the natural history of trees.—adj. Dendrolog′ical.—n. Dendrol′ogist. [Gr. dendron, a tree, and logia, a discourse.]

Dendrometer, dėn-drom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for ascertaining the height of a tree. [Gr. dendron, tree, metron, measure.]

Dene, dēn, n. a small valley.—n. Dene′-hole, an ancient artificial excavation in the chalk formations of Kent and Essex. [A form of dean. Cf. Den.]

Denegation, dē-ne-gā′shun, n. denial. [L. denegāre, -ātum, to deny—de, inten., and negāre, to deny.]

Dengue, deng′gā, n. an acute tropical epidemic fever, seldom fatal—also breakbone-fever, dandy-fever. [The Spanish dengue, refusing, prudery, from L. denegāre, to deny, seems to have been confused with dandy-fever.]

Denial, de-nī′al, n. act of denying or saying no: contradiction: refusal: rejection.—adj. Denī′able, that may be denied.—n. Denī′er, one who denies.

Denier, de-nēr′, n. (Shak.) an old small French silver coin: also later, a copper coin of the value of 1⁄12 sou—hence a very trifling sum. [Fr.,—L. denarius.]

Denigration, de-ni-grā′shun, n. a making or becoming black—esp. the blackening of a man's character.—v.t. Den′igrate (obs.). [L. de, inten., nigrāre, to blacken, niger, black.]

Denitrate, dē-nī′trāt, v.t. to free from nitric acid.—ns. Denitrā′tion; Denī′trificator.

Denizen, den′i-zn, n. an inhabitant (human or animal): one admitted to the rights of a citizen.—v.t. to make a denizen of: to provide with occupants.—v.i. to inhabit.—ns. Denizā′tion, act of making one a citizen; Den′izenship. [O. Fr. deinzein—deinz, dens (Fr. dans), within—L. de intus, from within.]

Denominate, dē-nom′in-āt, v.t. to give a name to: to call.—adj. Denom′inable.—n. Denominā′tion, the act of naming: a name or title: a collection of individuals called by the same name: a sect.—adj. Denominā′tional, belonging to a denomination or sect.—n. Denominā′tionalism, a denominational or class spirit or policy: devotion to the interests of a sect.—adj. Denom′inative, giving or having a title.—adv. Denom′inatively.—n. Denom′inator, he who, or that which, gives a name: (arith.) the lower number in a vulgar fraction, which names the parts into which the integer is divided. [L. de, and nomināre, -ātum, to name—nomen, a name.]

Denote, dē-nōt′, v.t. to note or mark off: to indicate by a sign: to signify or mean: (log.) to indicate the objects comprehended in a class.—adj. Denō′table.—n. Denotā′tion, that which a word names or indicates, in contradistinction to that which it connotes or signifies.—adj. Denō′tative.—adv. Denō′tatively.—n. Denōte′ment (Shak.), a sign or indication. [Fr.,—L. denotāre, -ātum—de, inten., and notāre, to mark—nota, a mark or sign.]

Dénouement, dā-nōō′mong, n. the unravelling of a plot or story: the issue, event, or outcome. [Fr. dénouement or dénoûment; dénouer, to untie—de, neg., and nouer, to tie—L. nodus, a knot.]

Denounce, de-nowns′, v.t. to inform against or accuse publicly: (U.S.) to claim the right of working a mine, as being abandoned or insufficiently worked.—ns. Denounce′ment (same as Denunciation); Denounc′er. [Fr. dénoncer—L. denuntiāre—de, inten., and nuntiāre, to announce.]

Dense, dens, adj. thick, close, compact: impenetrably stupid.—n. a thicket.—adv. Dense′ly.—ns. Dense′ness; Dens′ity, the quality of being dense: the proportion of mass to bulk or volume: the quantity of matter per unit of bulk. [L. densus, thick.]

Densimeter, den-sim′et-ėr, n. an instrument for ascertaining the comparative density or specific gravity of a substance. [L. densus, dense, and metrum (Gr. metron), measure.]

Dent, dent, n. a small hollow made by the pressure or blow of a harder body on a softer.—v.t. to make a mark by means of a blow.—p.adj. Dent′ed, marked with dents: indented. [A variant of dint.]

Dent, dent, n. a notch.—v.t. to notch. [Confused with the preceding, but from Fr. dent, tooth—L. dens, dentis.]

Dental, den′tal, adj. belonging to the teeth: produced by the aid of the teeth.—n. an articulation or letter pronounced chiefly with the teeth.—adj. Den′tary, belonging to dentition, bearing teeth.—n. the distal element of the jaw of vertebrates below mammals.—Dental engine, a mechanical appliance giving a rotary motion to a dentist's boring instruments. [L. dens, dentis, a tooth. See Tooth.]

Dentate, -d, den′tāt, -ed, adj. toothed: notched: set as with teeth. [L. dentatus, toothed, dens, a tooth.]

Denticle, den′ti-kl, n. a small tooth.—adjs. Dentic′ulāte, -d, having notches.—n. Denticulā′tion. [L. denticulus, dim. of dens, a tooth.]

Dentiform, den′ti-form, adj. having the form of a tooth or of teeth. [L. dens, dentis, tooth, and forma, form.]

Dentifrice, den′ti-fris, n. a substance used in rubbing or cleaning the teeth. [Fr.,—L. dentifricium, from dens, and fricāre, to rub.]

Dentil, den′til, n. a denticle: (pl.) small square blocks or projections in the bed-mouldings of the cornices of columns—also Den′tel.—adj. Den′tilated. [See Denticle.]

Dentilingual, den-ti-ling′-gwal, adj. formed between the teeth and the tongue, as th in thin, this.—n. a consonant so formed.—Also Dentoling′ual. [L. dent-, dens, a tooth, lingua, the tongue.]

Dentine, Dentin, den′tin, n. the substance of which the tooth is formed, under the enamel. [L. dens, dentis, a tooth.]

Dentirostral, den-ti-ros′tral, adj. having the mandibles of the beak toothed or notched, as certain birds. [L. dens, dentis, a tooth, and rostrum, a beak.]

Dentist, den′tist, n. one who remedies diseases of the teeth, or inserts artificial teeth.—v.i. Den′tise, to cut one's teeth.—ns. Den′tistry, the business of a dentist; Denti′tion, the cutting or growing of teeth: the conformation, number, and arrangement of the teeth.

Dentoid, den′toid, adj. formed or shaped like a tooth. [L. dens, dentis, a tooth, and Gr. eidos, form.]

Denude, de-nūd′, v.t. to make nude or naked: to lay bare.—n. Denudā′tion, a making nude or bare: (geol.) the wearing away of rocks by water and atmospheric action, whereby the underlying rocks are laid bare. [L. denudāre—de, inten., and nudāre, -ātum, to make naked—nudus, naked.]

Denunciate, de-nun′shi-āt, v.t. same as Denounce.—ns. Denunciation (-shi-ā′-, or -si-ā′-), any formal declaration: act of denouncing: a threat; Denun′ciator, one who denounces.—adj. Denun′ciatory, containing a denunciation: threatening.

Deny, de-nī′, v.t. to gainsay or declare not to be true: to reject: to refuse admission to: to disown:—pr.p. deny′ing; pa.p. denied′.—adv. Deny′ingly.—Deny one's self, to deny one's self the indulgence of bodily appetites and carnal inclinations: to exercise self-denial. [Fr. denier—L. denegāre—de, inten., and negāre, to say no. See Negation.]

Deodand, dē′o-dand, n. in old English law, a personal chattel which had been the immediate, accidental cause of the death of a human being, forfeited to the crown for pious uses. [L. deo, to God, dandum, that must be given—dăre, to give.]

Deodar, de-o-där′, n. a cedar much praised by Indian poets: the Cedrus Deodara of the Himalayas. [Sans. Deva-dāru, divine tree—a name given to various coniferous trees growing in sacred places.]

Deodate, dē′ō-dāt, n. a gift from God. [L. deo, to God, datum, given part, pa.p. of dăre, to give.]

Deodorise, dē-ō′dor-īz, v.t. to take the odour or smell from.—ns. Deodorisā′tion; Deō′doriser, a substance that destroys or conceals unpleasant smells.

Deontology, dē-on-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of duty, ethics.—adj. Deontolog′ical.—n. Deontol′ogist.

Deoppilate, dē-op′i-lāt, v.t. to free from obstruction.—n. Deoppilā′tion.—adj. Deop′pilative.

Deoxidate, de-oks′i-dāt, v.t. to take oxygen from, or reduce from the state of an oxide—also Deox′idise.—ns. Deoxidā′tion; Deoxidī′ser, a substance that deoxidises.

Deoxygenate, de-oks-ij′en-āt, v.t. to deprive of oxygen.—Also Deoxy′genise.

Depart, de-pärt′, v.i. to go away: to quit or leave: to die: (obs.) to separate from one another.—v.t. (obs.) to separate, divide.—ns. Depart′er; Depart′ing; Depart′ure, act of departing: a going away from a place: deviation: the distance in nautical miles made good by a ship due east or west: death.—A new departure, a change of purpose or method, a new course of procedure.—The departed, the deceased. [Fr. départir—L. de, from, and partīri, to part, to divide.]

Department, de-pärt′ment, n. a part: a separate part of business or duty: a section of the administration: a division of a country, esp. of France.—adj. Department′al.—adv. Department′ally.

Depauperise, de-paw′per-īz, v.t. to remove from the state of paupers.—v.t. Depau′perate, to impoverish.

Depend, de-pend′, v.i. to hang down: to be sustained by or connected with anything: to be pending: to rely: to rest.—adjs. Depend′able, that may be depended on; Depend′ent, depending, relying on, contingent, relative.—n. a subordinate: a hanger-on—also Depend′ant.—ns. Depend′ence, state of being dependent, reliance, trust: that on which one depends—also Depend′ance; Depend′ency, same as Dependence, in the additional sense of a foreign territory dependent on the mother-country, a kind of subordinate colony without self-government.—adj. Depend′ing, still undetermined.—adv. Depend′ingly. [Fr. dépendre—L. dependēre—de, from, and pendēre, to hang.]

Depersonalise, dē-per′son-al-īz, v.t. to take away the characteristics that constitute the personality of.

Dephlegmate, de-fleg′māt, v.t. (chem.) to free from water.—ns. Dephlegmā′tion; Dephlegmā′tor.

Dephlogisticate, de-flo-jis′ti-kāt, v.t. to deprive of phlogiston, once supposed to be the principle of heat.—Dephlogisticated air, the name given by Priestley to oxygen when discovered by him in 1774.

Depict, de-pikt′, v.t. to paint carefully: to make a likeness of: to describe minutely. [L. depingĕre, depictum—de, inten., pingĕre, to paint.]

Depicture, de-pikt′ūr, v.t. to picture: to paint: to represent:—pr.p. depict′ūring; pa.p. depict′ūred.

Depilate, dep′i-lāt, v.t. to remove the hair from.—ns. Depilā′tion; Depil′atory, an application for removing superfluous hairs.—adj. possessing this quality.

Deplantation, dē-plan-tā′shun, n. the act of clearing from plants or of transplanting.

Deplete, de-plēt′, v.t. to empty, reduce, exhaust.—n. Deplē′tion, the act of emptying or exhausting: (med.) the act of relieving congestion or plethora, by purging, blood-letting, or reduction of the system by abstinence.—adjs. Deplē′tive, Deplē′tory. [L. deplēre, deplētum, to empty, de, neg., plēre, to fill.]

Deplore, de-plōr′, v.t. to feel or express deep grief for.—adj. Deplor′able, lamentable: sad.—n. Deplor′ableness.—adv. Deplor′ably.—n. Deplorā′tion (obs.), lamentation.—adv. Deplor′ingly. [Fr.,—L. deplorāre—de, inten., plorāre, to weep.]

Deploy, de-ploy′, v.t. to unfold: to open out or extend.—v.i. to open: to extend from column into line, as a body of troops.—ns. Deploy′, Deploy′ment. [Fr. déployer—L. dis, apart, and plicāre, to fold. Doublet of display.]

Deplume, de-plōōm′, v.t. to take the plumes or feathers from.—n. Deplumā′tion.

Depolarise, de-pō′lar-īz, v.t. to deprive of polarity.—n. Depolarisā′tion.

Depone, de-pōn′, v.t. to testify upon oath. [L. deponĕre—de, down, and ponĕre, to place.]

Deponent, de-pō′nent, adj. (gram.) applied to verbs with a passive form but an active signification.—n. one who makes a deposition, esp. under oath, or whose written testimony is used as evidence in a court of justice. [L., pr.p. of deponĕre.]

Depopulate, de-pop′ū-lāt, v.t. to deprive of population, to dispeople.—v.i. to become dispeopled.—adj. depopulated.—ns. Depopulā′tion, act of depopulating: havoc: destruction; Depop′ulator. [L. depopulāri, depopulātus—de, inten., and populāri, to spread over a country, said of a hostile people (L. populus)—hence to ravage, to destroy. Some make it a freq. of spoliāre, to plunder.]

Deport, de-pōrt′, v.t. to transport, to exile: to behave.—ns. Deportā′tion, transportation, exile; Deport′ment, carriage, behaviour. [Fr.,—L. deportāre—de, away, and portāre, -ātum, to carry.]

Depose, de-pōz′, v.t. to remove from a high station: to degrade: to strip: to attest: (Shak.) to examine on oath.—adj. Depos′able.—n. Depos′al. [Fr.,—L. de, from, pausāre, to pause, (late) to place.]

Deposit, de-poz′it, v.t. to put or set down: to place: to lay up or past: to entrust.—n. that which is deposited or put down: (geol.) rocks produced by precipitation from a fluid medium, by settling from a solution in water: something entrusted to another's care, esp. money put in a bank: a pledge: a bailment where one entrusts goods to another to be kept without recompense—in Scots law, Depositā′tion.—ns. Depos′itary, a person with whom anything is left for safe keeping: a guardian—sometimes Depos′itory.—adj. Depos′itive.—ns. Depos′itor; Depos′itory, a place where anything is deposited—sometimes Depos′itary. [Fr.,—L. depositum, placed—deponĕre, from de, and ponĕre, to put down.]

Deposition, dep-o-zish′un, n. act of deposing: act of deponing: declaration, testimony taken authoritatively, to be used as a substitute for the production of the witness in open court: removal: act of depositing: what is deposited, sediment.

Depot, dep′ō, de′pō, or dē′pō, n. a place of deposit: a storehouse: a military station where stores are kept and recruits trained: the headquarters of a regiment: the portion of a regiment that remains at home when the rest go on foreign service: (U.S.) a railway station. [Fr. depôt—L. deponĕre, -positum.]

Deprave, de-prāv′, v.t. to make bad or worse: to corrupt.—n. Depravā′tion, act of depraving: state of being depraved: depravity.—adj. Deprāved′, corrupt.—adv. Deprāv′edly.—ns. Deprāv′edness; Deprave′ment, vitiation.—adv. Deprāv′ingly.—n. Deprav′ity, a vitiated or corrupt state of moral character: extreme wickedness: corruption: (theol.) the hereditary tendency of man toward sin: original sin. [Fr.,—L. depravāre—de, inten., pravus, bad.]

Deprecate, dep′re-kāt, v.t. to try to ward off by prayer: to desire earnestly the prevention or removal of: to regret deeply: to argue against.—adj. Dep′recable, that is to be deprecated.—n. Deprecā′tion, act of deprecating, earnest prayer, esp. a special petition against some evil, in litanies.—adv. Dep′recatingly.—adjs. Dep′recative, Dep′recatory, tending to avert evil by prayer: having the form of prayer.—n. Dep′recator. [L. deprecāri, deprecātus—de, away, and precāri, to pray.]

Depreciate, de-prē′shi-āt, v.t. to lower the worth of: to undervalue: to disparage.—v.i. to fall in value.—n. Depreciā′tion, the falling of value: disparagement.—adjs. Deprē′ciative, Deprē′ciatory, tending to depreciate or lower.—n. Deprē′ciator. [L. depretiāre, -ātum—de, down, and pretium, price.]

Depredate, dep′re-dāt, v.t. to plunder or prey upon: to rob: to lay waste: to devour.—ns. Depredā′tion, act of plundering: state of being depredated; Dep′redator.—adj. Dep′redatory. [L. deprædāri, -ātus—de, inten., and prædāri—præda, plunder.]

Deprehend, dep′re-hend, v.t. to catch, seize: to apprehend. [Through Fr. from L. deprehendĕre—de, and prehendĕre, to take.]

Depress, de-pres′, v.t. to press down: to let down: to lower: to humble: to make subject: to dispirit or cast a gloom over.—n. Depres′sant (med.), a sedative.—p.adj. Depressed′, pressed down: lowered: humbled: dejected: dispirited.—adj. Depres′sing, able or tending to depress.—adv. Depres′singly.—ns. Depres′sion, a falling in or sinking: a lowering: a fall of the barometer: a hollow: abasement: dejection; Depres′sor, an oppressor: a muscle that draws down: a surgical instrument for squeezing down a soft part. [L. deprimĕre, -pressum—de, down, and primĕre, to press.]

Deprive, de-prīv′, v.t. to take away from one his own: in take from: to dispossess: to degrade (a clergyman) from office: to bereave.—n. Deprivā′tion, act of depriving: state of being deprived: degradation from office: loss: bereavement: suffering from hardship.—adj. Depriv′ative.—n. Deprive′ment. [Low L. deprivāre, to degrade—L. de, from, and privāre, to deprive—privus, one's own.]

De profundis, dē prō-fun′dis, 'Out of the depths,' the first words of the 130th Psalm—also used as a name for this penitential psalm. [L.]

Depth, depth, n. deepness: the measure of deepness down or inwards: a deep place: the sea: the middle, as depth of winter: abstruseness: extent of sagacity and penetration.—adj. Depth′less, having no depth.—Out of one's depth, in water where one cannot touch bottom: in water too deep for one's safety: beyond one's faculties.—The depths, the lowest pitch of humiliation and misery. [Not in A.S.; Skeat makes it Ice. dýpð, from djúpr, deep.]

Depurate, dep′ū-rāt, v.t. to purify: sometimes to render impure.—ns. Depurā′tion; Dep′urator.—adj. Dep′uratory. [Low L. depurāre, -ātum, to purify—L. de, and purāre, to purify—purus, pure.]

Depute, de-pūt′, v.t. to appoint or send, as a substitute or agent: to send with a special commission: to make over one's powers to another.—adj. in Scotland, appointed deputy (as in sheriff-depute—often called simply the depute).—n. Deputā′tion, act of deputing: the person or persons deputed or appointed to transact business for another: persons sent to state a case before a government official.—v.t. Dep′utise, to appoint as deputy.—v.i. to act as such.—n. Dep′uty, one deputed or appointed to act for another: a delegate or representative, or substitute. [Fr.,—L. deputāre, to cut off, (late) to select.]

Deracinate, de-ras′i-nāt, v.t. to pluck up by the roots. [Fr. déraciner—L. de, and radix, radĭcis, a root.]

Derail, de-rāl′, v.t. to cause to leave the rails.—n. Derail′ment.

Derain, de-rān′, v.t. to prove: to justify: to win by fighting: to prepare for battle: to arrange in order of battle.—Also Deraign′, Darrain′, Darrayne′. [O. Fr. derainier, desraisnier—Late L. derationāre, to vindicate—L. de or dis, and rationāre, to discourse; ratio, reason.]

Derange, de-rānj′, v.t. to put out of place or order: to disorder.—p.adj. Deranged′, disordered: insane.—n. Derange′ment, disorder; insanity. [Fr. déranger—dé (L. dis), asunder, and ranger, to rank.]

Deray, de-rā′, v.t. to derange.—v.i. to go wild.—n. tumult, disorder. [O. Fr. desreer—des, neg., and rei, roi, order. See Array.]

Derby, där′bi, n. a great horse-race held annually on the Derby Day, on the Wednesday before Whitsuntide, on Epsom Downs, near London, so called from the Derby stakes, instituted by the Earl of Derby in 1780; a rounded felt hat with narrow brim.—ns. Der′byshire-neck, a form of the disease goitre, occurring in Derbyshire; Der′byshire-spar, a fluorspar found in Derbyshire.

Der-doing, der-dōō′ing, adj. (Spens.) doing daring deeds. [See Derring-doe.]

Derelict, der′e-likt, adj. forsaken: abandoned.—n. anything forsaken or abandoned.—n. Derelic′tion, act of forsaking, unfaithfulness or remissness: state of being abandoned: land gained from the water by a change of water-line. [L. derelinquĕre, -lictum,—de, inten., and linquĕre, to leave.]

Deride, de-rīd′, v.t. to laugh at: to mock.—n. Derid′er.—adj. Derid′ingly. [L. deridēre—de, inten., and ridēre, to laugh.]

Derision, de-rizh′un, n. act of deriding: mockery: a laughing-stock.—adjs. Derī′sive, Derīs′ory, mocking.—adv. Derī′sively.—n. Derī′siveness.

Derive, de-rīv′, v.t. to draw from, as water from a river; to take or receive from a source or origin: to infer: (ety.) to trace a word to its root.—adj. Derīv′able.—adv. Derīv′ably.—adj. Der′ivate, derived.—n. a derivative.—n. Derivā′tion, act of deriving: a drawing off or from: the tracing of a word to its original root: that which is derived: descent or evolution of man or animals.—adj. Derivā′tional.—n. Derivā′tionist.—adj. Deriv′ative, derived or taken from something else: not radical or original.—n. that which is derived: a word formed from another word.—adv. Deriv′atively. [O. Fr. deriver—L. derivāre—de, down from, rivus, a river.]

Derm, dėrm, n. the skin—also Der′ma, Der′mis.—adjs. Der′mal, Der′mic, Dermat′ic, pertaining to the skin: consisting of skin.—n. Dermatog′raphy, anatomical description of the skin—also Dermog′raphy.—adjs. Der′matoid, of the form of skin: skin-like; Dermatolog′ical.—ns. Dermatol′ogist; Dermatol′ogy, the branch of physiology which treats of the skin; Der′matophyte, a parasitic fungus on the skin; Der′matoskel′eton, the bony integument of many reptiles, insects, and crustaceans—also Dermoskel′eton.—adj. Dermogas′tric, connecting the skin and the stomach. [Gr. derma, dermatos, the skin—derein, to flay.]

Dern, dėrn, adj. secret: hidden: (Shak.) dreadful—also Dearn.—adjs. Dern′ful, Dearn′ful, solitary: mournful.—advs. Dern′ly, Dearn′ly, secretly: sorrowfully: grievously. [M. E. dern, dærne—A.S. dyrne, derne, secret.]

Derogate, der′o-gāt, v.i. to lessen by taking away: to detract.—adj. (Shak.) degenerate.—adv. Der′ogātely (Shak.), in a derogatory manner.—n. Derogā′tion, a taking from: detraction: depreciation.—adv. Derog′atorily.—n. Derog′atoriness.—adj. Derog′atory, detracting: injurious. [L. derogāre, -ātum, to repeal part of a law—de, down from, and rogāre, to propose a law.]

Derrick, der′ik, n. an apparatus for lifting weights, closely resembling a crane.—Floating derrick, a derrick mounted on a special boat: a beam supported at an angle between the perpendicular and horizontal, with tackle for raising heavy weights. [From Derrick, the name of a hangman in the early part of the 17th century.]

Derring-doe, der′ring-dōō, n. daring action. [M. E. dorryng-don, duryng-do, &c., as in Chaucer; taken over by Spenser in the spellings derring-doe and der-doing, with the noun derring-doer. Daring-do should be the modern English form.]

Derringer, der′in-jer, n. a short-rifled pistol, with one barrel—from the inventor, an American.

Dervish, dėr′vish, n. among Mohammedans, a member of one of the numerous orders of monks who profess poverty and lead an austere life. [Pers. darvísh, a dervish—lit., a poor man.]

Descant, des′kant, n. the air in a four-part song: a discourse or disquisition under several heads.—v.i. Descant′, to discourse at length: to comment. [O. Fr. descant—L. dis, apart, and cantus, a song—cantāre, to sing.]

Descend, dē-send′, v.i. to climb down: to pass from a higher to a lower place or condition: to pass from general to particulars: to fall upon or invade: to be derived.—v.t. to go down upon: to go to the bottom of.—n. Descend′ant, one who descends, as offspring from an ancestor.—adjs. Descend′ent, descending or going down: proceeding from an ancestor; Descend′ible, that may descend or be descended: capable of transmission by inheritance, heritable.—p.adj. Descend′ing.—n. Descen′sion.—adj. Descen′sional.—n. Descent′, act of descending: transmission by succession: motion or progress downward: slope: a falling upon or invasion: derivation from an ancestor: a generation, a degree in genealogy: descendants collectively.—Descent from the cross, a picture representing Christ being taken down from the cross. [Fr. descendre—L. descendĕre—de, down, scandĕre, to climb.]

Describe, dē-skrīb′, v.t. to trace out or delineate: to give an account of.—adj. Describ′able.—n. Describ′er. [L. describĕre—de, down, and scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Description, de-skrip′shun, n. act of describing: an account of anything in words: definition: sort, class, or kind.—adj. Descrip′tive, containing description.—adv. Descrip′tively.—n. Descrip′tiveness.

Descry, de-skrī′, v.t. to discover by the eye: to espy:—pr.p. descry′ing; pa.p. descried′.—n. discovery: (Shak.) a thing discovered. [O. Fr. descrire for descrivre—L. describĕre: a doublet of describe. Others derive the word from O. Fr. descrier, decryer, proclaim, announce—des-, de-, and crier, to cry, in which case it would be a doublet of decry.]

Desecrate, des′e-krāt, v.t. to divert from a sacred purpose: to profane.—ns. Desecrat′er, -or, Desecrā′tion, act of desecrating: profanation. [L. desecrāre, -ātum—de, away from, and sacrāre, to make sacred—sacer, sacred.]

Desert, de-zėrt′, n. the reward or punishment deserved: claim to reward: merit—adj. Desert′less, without merit. [See Deserve.]

Desert, de-zėrt′, v.t. to leave: to forsake.—v.i. to run away: to quit a service, as the army, without permission.—ns. Desert′er, one who deserts or quits a service without permission; Deser′tion, act of deserting: state of being deserted: wilful abandonment of a legal or moral duty or obligation. [L. deserĕre, desertum—de, neg., and serĕre, to bind.]

Desert, dez′ėrt, adj. deserted: desolate: uninhabited: uncultivated: a desolate or barren place: a wilderness: a solitude. [O. Fr. desert—L. desertum, deserĕre, to desert, unbind.]

Deserve, de-zėrv′, v.t. to earn by service: to merit.—v.i. to be worthy of reward.—adj. Deserv′ing, worthy.—n. desert.—advs. Deserv′ingly, Deserv′edly, according to desert: justly. [Fr.,—L. deservīre—de, inten., servīre, to serve.]

Deshabille, des-a-bil′, n. an undress: a careless toilet. [Fr. déshabillé, undressed—des = L. dis = un, not, and habiller, to dress.]

Desiccate, de-sik′āt, or des′i-kāt, v.t. to dry up.—v.i. to grow dry.—adjs. Desic′cant, Desic′cative, drying: having the power of drying.—n. an application that tends to dry up sores.—n. Desiccā′tion, the act of desiccating: state of being desiccated. [L. desiccāre, -ātum, to dry up—de, and siccus, dry.]

Desiderate, de-sid′ėr-āt, v.t. to long for or earnestly desire a thing: to want or miss.—n. Desiderā′tion, the act of desiderating: the thing desiderated.—adj. Desid′erative, implying desire, as in desiderative verb.—n. Desiderā′tum, something desired or much wanted:—pl. Desiderā′ta. [L. desiderāre, -ātum, to long for. A doublet of desire.]

Design, de-zīn′, or de-sīn′, v.t. to draw: to form a plan of: to contrive: to intend.—n. a drawing or sketch: a plan in outline: a plan or scheme formed in the mind: plot: intention.—adj. Design′able.—v.t. Des′ignāte, to mark out so as to make known: to show: to name.—ns. Designā′tion, a showing or pointing out: name: title; Des′ignātor.—adv. Design′edly, by design: intentionally.—n. Design′er, one who furnishes designs or patterns: a plotter.—adjs. Design′ful, full of design; Design′ing, artful: scheming: deceitful.—n. the art of making designs or patterns.—adj. Design′less.—n. Design′ment, the design or sketch of a work: (Shak.) intention, purpose, enterprise.—The argument from design, the argument for the existence of God derived from the evidences of design in creation. [Fr.,—L. designāre, -ātum—de, and signum, a mark.]

Desilver, de-sil′vėr, v.t. to deprive of silver: to extract the silver from—also Desil′verise.—n. Desilverisā′tion.

Desipience, de-sip′i-ens, n. (rare) silliness, nonsense.—adj. Desip′ient, foolish. [L. desipiens, desipĕre, to be foolish, de-, neg., sapĕre, to be wise.]

Desire, de-zīr′, v.t. to long for the possession of: to wish for: to request, ask: (B.) to regret.—v.i. to be in a state of desire.—n. an earnest longing for: eagerness to obtain: a prayer or request: the object desired: lust.—adj. Desir′able, worthy of desire: pleasing: agreeable.—ns. Desir′ableness, Desirabil′ity.—adv. Desir′ably.—adj. Desire′less.—n. Desir′er.—adj. Desir′ous, full of desire: anxious to obtain: eager.—adv. Desir′ously.—n. Desir′ousness. [Fr. désirer—L. desiderāre. See Desiderate.]

Desist, de-sist′, v.i. to stop: to forbear.—ns. Desist′ance, -ence, a desisting. [Fr.,—L. desistĕre—de, away, and sistĕre, to cause to stand.]

Desk, desk, n. a sloping table for the use of writers or readers, often fitted with drawers, &c.: a shut-up writing-box: a pulpit or lectern.—n. Desk′-work, work done at a desk, professional labours of a clerk or author. [M. E. deske—L. discus. It is a variant of dish and disc.]

Desman, des′man, n. a kind of musk-rat, found in Russia and the Pyrenees. [Sw. desman, musk; Ice. des, musk.]

Desmid, des′mid, n. one of a group of microscopic algæ. [Formed as a dim. of Gr. desmos, a chain.]

Desmine, des′min, n. a zeolitic mineral occurring in clusters. [Gr. desmos, a band.]

Desmodium, des-mō′di-um, n. a genus of leguminous plants to which the D. gyrans, or telegraph plant, belongs. [Gr. desmos, chain, eidos, form.]

Desmoid, des′moid, adj. arranged in bundles. [Gr. desmos, a chain, a bundle, and eidos, form.]

Desmology, des-mol′o-ji, n. the anatomy of the ligaments.—ns. Desmog′raphy, the description of these; Desmot′omy, their dissection. [Gr. desmos, a ligament, and logia, a discourse.]

Desolate, des′o-lāt, v.t. to make solitary: to deprive of inhabitants: to lay waste.—adj. solitary: destitute of inhabitants: laid waste.—adv. Des′olately.—ns. Des′olateness; Desolat′er, -or; Desolā′tion, waste: destruction: a place desolated.—adj. Des′olatory. [L. desolāre, -ātum—de, inten., and solāre, to make alone—solus, alone.]

Despair, de-spār′, v.i. to be without hope: to despond.—n. want of hope: utter hopelessness: that which causes despair.—adj. Despair′ful (Spens.).—p.adj. Despair′ing, apt to despair: full of despair.—adv. Despair′ingly. [O. Fr. desperer—L. desperāre, -ātum—de, neg., and sperāre, to hope.]

Despatch, de-spach′, Dispatch, dis-pach′, v.t. to send away hastily: to send out of the world: to put to death: to dispose of: to perform speedily.—v.i. (Shak.) to make haste.—n. a sending away in haste: dismissal: rapid performance: haste: the sending off of the mails: that which is despatched, as a message, esp. telegraphic.—ns. Despatch′-boat, a government vessel for carrying despatches; Despatch′-box, a box for containing official despatches; Despatch′er.—adv. Despatch′ful (Milt.), swift.—Happy despatch, a playful name given to the Japanese hara-kiri or judicial suicide; Pneumatic despatch (see Pneumatic). [O. Fr. despeecher (mod. Fr. dépêcher); acc. to Littré, from an assumed Low L. despedicāre, to remove obstacles (pedica, a fetter), the opp. of impedicāre. See Impeach.]

Desperado, des-pėr-ā′dō, n. a desperate fellow: one reckless of danger: a madman:—pl. Desperā′dos. [Sp. desesperado—L. desperātus.]

Desperate, des′pėr-āt, adj. in a state of despair: hopeless: beyond hope: fearless of danger: rash: furious.—adv. Des′perately.—ns. Des′perateness, Desperā′tion, state of despair: disregard of danger: fury. [See Despair.]

Despicable, des′pi-ka-bl, adj. deserving to be despised: contemptible: worthless.—ns. Des′picableness, Despicabil′ity.—adv. Des′picably. [L. despicĕre, to despise.]

Despise, de-spīz′, v.t. to look down upon with contempt: to scorn.—adj. Despis′able.—ns. Despī′sal, contempt; Despis′edness (Milt.); Despis′er. [O. Fr. despiz, despire—L. despicĕre—de, down, specĕre, to look.]

Despite, de-spīt′, n. a looking down upon with contempt: violent malice or hatred.—prep. in spite of: notwithstanding.—adj. Despite′ful.—adv. Despite′fully.—n. Despite′fulness.—adj. Despit′eous (Spens.). [O. Fr. despit (mod. dépit)—L. despectus—despicĕre.]

Despoil, de-spoil′, v.t. to spoil completely: to strip: to bereave: to rob.—ns. Despoil′er; Despoliā′tion, Despoil′ment. [O. Fr. despoiller (mod. dépouiller)—L. despoliāre—de, inten., and spolium, spoil.]

Despond, de-spond′, v.i. to lose hope or courage: to despair.—ns. Despond′ence, Despond′ency, state of being without hope: dejection.—adj. Despond′ent, desponding: without courage or hope: sad.—advs. Despond′ently; Despond′ingly. [L. despondēre, to promise, to give up or devote to, to give up or resign, to lose courage, to despond—de, away, and spondēre, to promise.]

Despot, des′pot, n. one invested with absolute power: a tyrant.—n. Des′potat, a territory governed by a despot.—adjs. Despot′ic, -al, pertaining to or like a despot: having absolute power: tyrannical.—adv. Despot′ically.—ns. Despot′icalness, Des′potism, absolute power: tyranny; Despotoc′racy, government by a despot. [O. Fr. despot—Low L. despotus—Gr. despotēs, a master.]

Despumate, de-spū′māt, or des′pū-māt, v.i. to throw off in foam or scum.—n. Despumā′tion. [L. despumāre, -ātum—de, off, and spuma, foam.]

Desquamate, des′kwa-māt, v.i. to scale off.—n. Desquamā′tion, a scaling off: the separation of the cuticle or skin in scales.—adjs. Desquam′ative, Desquam′atory. [L. desquamāre, -ātum—de, off, and squama, a scale.]

Dessert, dez-ėrt′, n. fruits, confections, &c., served at the close of an entertainment after the rest has been taken away.—ns. Dessert′-serv′ice, the dishes used for dessert; Dessert′-spoon, a spoon smaller than a table-spoon and larger than a tea-spoon, used not so much for dessert as for pudding. [O. Fr. dessert, desservir, to clear the table—des, away, and servir, to serve—L. servīre.]

Dessiatine, Dessyatine, des′ya-tin, n. a Russian measure of land, 2.7 English acres. [Russ. desyatina, a measure of land, a tenth; desyati, ten.]

Destine, des′tin, v.t. to ordain or appoint to a certain use or state: to fix: to doom—also Des′tinate (obs.).—ns. Destinā′tion, the purpose or end to which anything is destined or appointed: end: purpose: design: fate: place to which one is going; Des′tiny, the purpose or end to which any person or thing is destined or appointed: unavoidable fate: necessity. [Fr.,—L. destināre—de, inten., and root sta-, in stāre, to stand.]

Destitute, des′ti-tūt, adj. left alone: forsaken: in want, needy—v.t. to forsake: to deprive.—n. Destitu′tion, the state of being destitute: deprivation of office: poverty. [L. destituĕre, -ūtum—de, away, and statuĕre, to place.]

Destroy, de-stroy′, v.i. to unbuild or pull down: to overturn: to ruin: to put an end to:—pr.p. destroy′ing:—pa.p. destroyed′.—n. Destroy′er. [O. Fr. destruire (Fr. détruire)—L. destruĕre, destructum—de, down, and struĕre, to build.]

Destruction, de-struk′shun, n. act of destroying: overthrow: physical or moral ruin: death: a destructive plague.—adj. Destruc′tible, liable to be destroyed.—ns. Destructibil′ity, Destruc′tibleness.—n. Destruc′tionist, one engaged in destruction: one who believes in the final annihilation of the damned.—adj. Destruc′tive, causing destruction: mischievous: ruinous: deadly.—adv. Destruc′tively.—ns. Destruc′tiveness; Destruc′tivist, a representative of destructive principles, as in Biblical criticism; Destruc′tor, a destroyer: a furnace for burning up refuse.

Desudation, des-ū-dā′shun, n. a violent sweating: an eruption of small pimples on children. [L. desudāre, -ātum, de, inten., and sudāre, to sweat.]

Desuetude, des′we-tūd, n. disuse: discontinuance of custom, habit, or practice. [L. desuetudo—desuētum, desuescĕre—de, neg., and suescĕre, to become used.]

Desulphur, de-sul′fur, v.t. to free of sulphur: to take sulphur out of the ore—also Desul′phurāte, Desul′phurise.—n. Desulphurā′tion.

Desultory, des′ul-tor-i, adj. jumping from one thing to another: without rational or logical connection: rambling: hasty: loose.—adv. Des′ultorily.—n. Des′ultoriness. [L. desultorius, of or pertaining to a vaulter, inconstant, desultor, a vaulter, desilīre, -sultum, to leap—de, from, and salīre, to jump.]

Detach, de-tach′, v.t. to unfasten: to take from or separate: to withdraw: to send off on special service.—v.i. to separate one's self.—adj. Detach′able.—p.adj. Detached′, unconnected: separate: free from care, passion, ambition, and worldly bonds.—adv. Detach′edly.—ns. Detach′edness; Detach′ment, state of being separated: that which is detached, as a body of troops. [Fr. détacher—de, neg., and root of attach.]

Detail, de-tāl′, v.t. to relate minutely: to enumerate: to set apart for a particular service.—v.i. to give details about anything.—n. (de-tāl′, or dē′tāl) a small part: an item: a particular account.—adj. Detailed′, giving full particulars: exhaustive.—In detail, circumstantially, point by point. [O. Fr. detailler—de, inten., and tailler, to cut. See Tailor.]

Detain, de-tān′, v.t. to hold from or back: to stop: to keep: to keep in custody.—ns. Detain′er, one who detains: (law) the holding of what belongs to another: a warrant to a sheriff to keep in custody a person already in confinement: Detain′ment (same as Detention). [O. Fr. detenir—L. detinēre—de, from, and tenēre, to hold.]

Detect, de-tekt′, v.t. (lit.) to uncover—hence to discover: to find out.—adjs. Detect′able, Detect′ible.—ns. Detect′er, -or, one who detects: an apparatus for detecting something, as a detector-lock, which shows if it has been tampered with; Detec′tion, discovery of something hidden: state of being found out.—adj. Detect′ive, employed in detecting.—n. a policeman employed in the investigation of special cases of crime, or in watching special classes of wrong-doers, usually not in uniform.—Private detective, one employed by a private person to gain information, or to watch his interests. [L. detectum, detegĕre—de, neg., and tegĕre, tectum, to cover.]

Detention, de-ten′shun, n. act of detaining: state of being detained: confinement: delay.—n. Detent′, something to check motion: a catch, esp. in a clock or watch. [See Detain.]

Deter, de-tėr′, v.t. to frighten from: to hinder or prevent:—pr.p. deter′ring; pa.p. deterred′.—n. Deter′ment. [L. deterrēre—de, from, terrēre, to frighten.]

Deterge, de-tėrj′, v.t. to wipe off; to cleanse (as a wound).—ns. Deterg′ence, Deterg′ency.—adj. Deterg′ent, cleansing: purging.—n. that which cleanses. [L. detergēre, detersum—de, off, and tergere, to wipe.]

Deteriorate, de-tē′ri-o-rāt, v.t. to make worse.—v.i. to grow worse.—p.adj. Detē′riorated, spoilt: of inferior quality.—n. Deteriorā′tion, the act of making worse: the state of growing worse.—adj. Detē′riorative.—n. Deterior′ity (obs.), worse state. [L. deteriorāre, -ātum, to make worse—deterior, worse—obs. deter, lower—de, down; cf. inter-ior.]

Determine, dē-tėr′min, v.t. to put terms or bounds to: to limit: to fix or settle the form or character of: to influence; to put an end to: to define.—v.i. to come to a decision: to resolve.—adj. Deter′minable, capable of being determined, decided, or finished.—ns. Deter′minableness, Determinabil′ity.—adj. Deter′minant, serving to determine.—n. that which serves to determine: in mathematical analysis, a symbolical method used for different processes, as for the solution of equations by inspection.—adj. Deter′mināte, determined or limited: fixed: decisive.—v.t. (Shak.) to determine.—adv. Deter′minātely.—n. Determinā′tion, that which is determined or resolved on: end: direction to a certain end: resolution: fixedness of purpose: decision of character.—adjs. Deter′minātive, that determines, limits, or defines; Deter′mined, firm in purpose: fixed: resolute.—adv. Deter′minedly.—n. Deter′minism, the doctrine that all things, including the will, are determined by causes—the converse of free-will: necessitarianism.—n. Deter′minist.—adj. Determinis′tic. [Fr.,—L. determināre, -ātum—de, neg., and terminus, a boundary.]

Deterrent, de-tėr′ent, adj. serving to deter.—n. anything that deters or prevents. [See Deter.]

Detest, de-test′, v.t. to hate intensely.—adj. Detest′able, worthy of being detested: extremely hateful: abominable.—n. Detest′ableness.—adv. Detest′ably.—n. Detestā′tion, extreme hatred. [Fr.,—L. detestāri—de, inten., and testāri, to call to witness, execrate—testis, a witness.]

Dethrone, de-thrōn′, v.t. to remove from a throne.—ns. Dethrone′ment; Dethronisā′tion.

Detonate, det′o-nāt, v.i. to explode.—v.t. to cause to explode.—ns. Detonā′tion, an explosion with report; Det′onator, a detonating substance: an apparatus for the explosion of a detonating substance, as a percussion-cap.—Detonating powder, powder, such as the fulminates, which explodes easily by impact or heating, and which may be used to cause other substances to explode. [L. detonāre, -ātum—de, down, and tonāre, to thunder.]

Detort, de-tort′, v.t. to distort.—ns. Detor′sion, Detor′tion. [L. detorquēre, detortum; de, away, and torquere, twist.]

Detour, de-tōōr′, n. a winding: a circuitous way. [Fr. dé, for L. dis, asunder, and tour, a turning.]

Detract, de-trakt′, v.t. to take away, abate: to defame.—v.i. to take away reputation (with from): to reduce in degree: diminish.—ns. Detract′er, -or:—fem. Detract′ress.—adv. Detract′ingly.—n. Detrac′tion, depreciation: slander.—adjs. Detract′ive, Detrac′tious, Detract′ory, tending to detract: derogatory. [L. de, from, and trahĕre, to draw.]

Detrain, de-trān′, v.t. to set down out of a railway train, as troops.—v.i. to come out of a train.

Detriment, det′ri-ment, n. diminution: damage: loss.—adj. Detriment′al. [L. detrimentum—de, off, and terĕre, tritum, to rub.]

Detritus, de-trī′tus, n. a mass of substance gradually rubbed or worn off solid bodies: an aggregate of broken or loosened fragments, esp. of rock.—n. Detri′tion, a wearing away. [L.,—de, off, and terĕre, tritum, to rub.]

Detrude, de-trōōd′, v.t. to thrust down.—n. Detru′sion. [L. de, down, and trudĕre, to thrust]

Detruncate, de-trung′kāt, v.t. to cut off from the trunk: to lop off: to shorten.—n. Detruncā′tion. [L. detruncāre, -ātum—de, off, truncāre, lop.]

Detumescence, dē-tū-mes′ens, n. diminution of swelling—opp. to Intumescence.

Deuce, dūs, n. a card or die with two spots: (lawn tennis) a term denoting that each side has gained three points ('forty all').—n. Deuce′-ace, a throw of two dice, one of which turns up deuce and the other ace. [Fr. deux, two—L. duos, accus. of duo, two.]

Deuce, dūs, n. the devil—in exclamatory phrases.—adj. Deuced (dū′sed, or dūst), devilish: excessive.—adv. confoundedly.

Deuterocanonical, dū′tėr-o-ka-non′ik-al, adj. pertaining to a second canon of inferior authority—the O. T. Apocrypha and the N. T. Antilegomena. [Gr. deuteros, second, kanōn, rule.]

Deuterogamy, dū-tėr-og′a-mi, n. second marriage, esp. of the clergy, after the death of the first wife.—n. Deuterog′amist, one who allows such. [Gr. deuteros, second, gamos, marriage.]

Deuteronomy, dū-tėr-on′o-mi, or dū′tėr-on-o-mi, n. the fifth book of the Pentateuch, containing a repetition of the decalogue and laws given in Exodus.—adjs. Deuteronom′ic, -al.—ns. Deuteron′omist, Deu′tero-Isā′iah, the assumed author of the later prophecies of Isaiah. [Gr. deuteros, second, nomos, law.]

Deuteroscopy, dū-tėr-os′ko-pi, n. second-sight. [Gr. deuteros, second, skopia—skopein, to look.]

Deutoplasm, dū′tō-plasm, n. secondary, nutritive plasm, or food-yolk.—adjs. Deutoplas′mic, Deutoplas′tic.

Deutoxide, dūt-oks′īd, n. an old name for a compound of two parts of oxygen with one of a base. [Gr. deuteros, second, and oxide.]

Deutzia, dewt′si-a, or doit′si-a, n. a genus of saxifragaceous plants with panicles of white flowers, introduced from China and Japan. [Named after Deutz, a Dutch naturalist.]

Devanagari, dā-va-nä′ga-ri, n. the character in which Sanskrit is usually written and printed. [Sans. 'town-script of the gods,' a term app. coined by an Indian scholar.]

Devastate, dev′as-tāt, v.t. to lay waste: to plunder.—ns. Devastā′tion, act of devastating: state of being devastated: havoc; Devastā′vit, a waste of the estate of a deceased person by the executor. [L. devastāre, ātum—de, inten., vastāre, to lay waste.]

Develop, dē-vel′op, v.t. to unroll: to unfold: to lay open by degrees: to promote the growth of: (phot.) to make the latent picture visible by chemical applications.—v.i. to grow into: to open out: to evolve:—pr.p. devel′oping; pa.p. devel′oped.—n. Devel′opment, a gradual unfolding: a gradual growth: evolution: (math.) the expression of a function in the form of a series.—adj. Development′al, pertaining to development.—adv. Development′ally.—Doctrine of development, the theory of the evolution of new species from lower forms. [Fr. développer, opposite of envelopper; both perh. from a Teut. root found in Eng. lap, to wrap.]

Devest, de-vest′, v.t. (law) to alienate: to deprive of: to strip. [A form of divest.]

Deviate, dē′vi-āt, v.i. to go from the way: to turn aside from a certain course: to err.—v.t. to cause to diverge.—ns. Deviā′tion, a going out of the way: a turning aside; error; Dē′viator, one who deviates.—Deviation of the compass, departure of the mariner's compass from the magnetic needle, due to the ship's magnetism—either from the iron of which it is built or the iron which it carries. [L. deviāre, -ātum—de, from, via, a way.]

Device, de-vīs′, n. that which is devised or designed: contrivance: power of devising: genius: (her.) the emblem borne upon a shield: a picture of some kind, with a motto illustrative of a man's life or character, borne by an individual rather than by a family.—adj. Device′ful (Spens.), full of devices. [O. Fr. devise. See Devise.]

Devil, dev′l, v.t. (cook.) to season highly and broil.—v.i. to perform another man's drudgery (esp. to devil for a barrister).

Devil, dev′l, n. the supreme spirit of evil, Satan: any evil spirit: a false god: a very wicked person: a fellow, as in 'Poor devil:' an expletive, in 'What the devil,' &c.—ns. Dev′ildom; Dev′iless; Dev′ilet; Dev′il-fish, a name for the fishing-frog or angler, for the giant-ray of the United States, and for other large and ugly fishes; Dev′il-in-the-bush, a garden flower, also called Love-in-a-mist.—adj. Dev′ilish, fiendish, malignant.—adv. (coll.) very: exceedingly.—adv. Dev′ilishly.—ns. Dev′ilism; Dev′ilkin.—adj. Dev′il-may-care, reckless, audacious.—ns. Dev′ilment; Dev′il-on-the-neck, an old instrument of torture; Dev′ilry; Dev′ilship; Dev′iltry; Dev′il-wor′ship, the worship of the devil, or of devils; Dev′il-wor′shipper.—Devil a bit, not at all; Devil of a mess, a very bad mess.—Devil's advocate, a name given to the Promoter of the Faith, an advocate at the papal court, whose duty it is to propose all reasonable objections against a person's claims to canonisation; Devil's bit, a popular name for scabious; Devil's books, playing-cards; Devil's coach-horse, a large dark-coloured beetle; Devil's dozen, thirteen (like baker's dozen); Devil's dung, a popular name for asafœtida; Devil's dust, shoddy made by a machine called the devil; Devil's own, a name given to the 88th Regiment in the Peninsular war, as also to the Inns of Court volunteers; Devil's snuff-box, the puff-ball, a kind of fungus; Devil's tattoo (see Tattoo); Devil to pay, serious trouble ahead—said to be from the difficulty of paying, or caulking, an awkward and inaccessible seam in a ship.—Cartesian devil (see Cartesian); Printer's devil, the youngest apprentice in a printing-office: a printer's errand-boy; Tasmanian devil, the ursine dasyure, a Tasmanian carnivore.—Play the devil with, to bring to utter ruin. [A.S. deóful, deófol—L. diabolus—Gr. diabolos, from diaballein, to throw across, to slander, from dia, across, and ballein, to throw; cf. Ger. teufel, Fr. diable, It. diavolo, Sp. diablo.]

Devious, dē′vi-us, adj. from or out of the way: roundabout: erring.—adv. Dē′viously.—n. Dē′viousness. [L. devius. See Deviate.]

Devise, de-vīz′, v.t. to imagine: to scheme: to contrive: to give by will: to bequeath.—v.i. to consider, scheme.—n. act of bequeathing: a will: property bequeathed by will.—adj. Devis′able.—ns. Devis′al; Devisē[e]′, one to whom real estate is bequeathed; Devis′er, one who contrives; Devis′or, one who bequeaths. [O. Fr. deviser, devise—Low L. divisa, a division of goods, a mark, a device—L. dividĕre, divisum, to divide.]

Devitalise, de-vī′ta-līz, v.t. to deprive of vitality or life-giving qualities.—n. Devitalisā′tion.

Devitrify, de-vit′ri-fī, v.t. to take away or greatly diminish the vitreous quality of.—n. Devitrificā′tion, loss or diminution of the vitreous nature.

Devocalise, de-vō′ka-līz, v.t. to make voiceless: to reduce the vowel element in a sound or syllable.

Devoid, de-void′, adj. destitute: free from. [O. Fr. desvoidier, des—L. dis-, away, voidier—L. viduāre, viduus, deprived.]

Devoir, dev-wawr′, n. what is due, duty: service: an act of civility. [Fr.,—L. debēre, to owe.]

Devolution, dev-ol-ū′shun, n. a passing from one person to another. [See Devolve.]

Devolve, de-volv′, v.t. to roll down: to hand down: to deliver over.—v.i. to roll down: to fall or pass over.—n. Devolve′ment. [L. devolvĕre, -volūtum—de, down, volvĕre, -ūtum, to roll.]

Devonian, de-vō′ni-an, adj. belonging to Devonshire: belonging to a system of geological strata which abound in Devonshire, closely corresponding to Old Red Sandstone.

Devonport, dev′on-pōrt, n. a small ornamental writing-table, fitted with drawers, &c.

Devote, de-vōt′, v.t. to vow: to set apart or dedicate by solemn act: to doom: to give up wholly.—adj. Devōt′ed, given up, as by a vow: doomed: strongly attached: zealous.—adv. Devōt′edly.—ns. Devōt′edness; Devotēē′, one wholly or superstitiously devoted, esp. to religion: a fanatic; Devōte′ment (Shak.); Devō′tion, consecration: giving up of the mind to the worship of God: piety: prayer: strong affection or attachment: ardour: (pl.) prayers: (obs.) religious offerings: alms.—adj. Devō′tional.—ns. Devō′tionalist, Devō′tionist.—adv. Devō′tionally. [L. devovēre, devōtum—de, a way, and vovēre, to vow.]

Devour, de-vowr′, v.t. to swallow greedily: to eat up: to consume or waste with violence or wantonness: to destroy: to gaze intently on.—n. Devour′er.—adj. Devour′ing.—adv. Devour′ingly.—n. Devour′ment. [O. Fr. devorer—L. devorāre—de, inten., and vorāre, to swallow. See Voracious.]

Devout, de-vowt′, adj. given up to religious thoughts and exercises: pious: solemn: earnest.—adv. Devout′ly.—n. Devout′ness. [O. Fr. devot—L. devotus. See Devote.]

Dew, dū, n. moisture deposited from the air on cooling, esp. at night, in minute specks upon the surface of objects: early freshness (esp. in Dew of his youth).—v.t. to wet with dew: to moisten.—ns. Dew′berr′y, a kind of bramble or blackberry having a bluish dew-like bloom on the fruit; Dew′-claw, a rudimentary inner toe of a dog's hind-foot; Dew′drop; Dew′fall, the falling of dew, the time it falls; Dew′point, the temperature at which dew begins to form; Dew′-rett′ing, the process of rotting away the gummy part of hemp or flax by exposure on the grass to dew and rain; Dew′stone, a Nottinghamshire limestone; Dew′-worm, the common earthworm.—adj. Dew′y.—Mountain dew (slang), whisky, originally illicitly distilled or smuggled spirits. [A.S. deáw; cf. Ice. dögg, Ger. thau, dew.]

Dewan, dē-wan′, n. in India, a financial minister, the native steward of a business-house.—ns. Dewan′i, Dewan′ny, the office of dewan. [Hind.]

Dewitt, dē-wit′, v.t. to lynch—from the fate of Jan and Cornelius De Witt in Holland in 1672.

Dewlap, dū′lap, n. the pendulous skin under the throat of oxen, dogs, &c.: the fleshy wattle of the turkey.—adjs. Dew′lapped, Dew′lapt. [Prob. dew and A.S. læppa, a loose hanging piece.]

Dexter, deks′tėr, adj. on the right-hand side: right: (her.) of that side of the shield on the right-hand side of the wearer, to the spectator's left.—n. Dexter′ity, right-handedness: cleverness: readiness and skill: adroitness.—adjs. Dex′terous, Dex′trous, right-handed: adroit: subtle.—adv. Dex′terously.—n. Dex′terousness.—adj. Dex′tral, right, as opposed to left.—n. Dextral′ity, right-handedness.—adv. Dex′trally.—adjs. Dex′tro-gȳ′rate, causing to turn to the right hand; Dex′trorse, Dextror′sal, rising from right to left. [L. dexter; Gr. dexios, Sans. dakshina, on the right, on the south.]

Dextrine, deks′trin, n. starch altered by the action of acids, diastase, or heat till it loses its gelatinous character, so called because when viewed through polarised light it turns the plane of polarisation to the right.—n. Dex′trose, a glucose sugar, found in grapes, &c., and manufactured from starch by means of sulphuric acid. [Fr.,—L. dexter.]

Dey, dā, n. a name given to the pasha or governor of Algiers before the French conquest. [Turk, dái, orig. a maternal uncle, a familiar title of the chief of the Janizaries.]

Dharma, där′ma, n. the righteousness that underlies the law: the law. [Sans.]

Dhooly, dōō′li, n. a covered litter.—Also Doo′lie. [Hind. doli.]

Dhow, dow, n. a native vessel on the eastern African and western Indian coasts, with lateen sails: an Arab slaver.

Diabase, dī′a-bās, n. a compact igneous rock, an altered form of basalt—included under the popular names greenstone and trap.—adj. Diabā′sic.

Diabaterial, dī-a-ba-tē′ri-al, adj. crossing the boundaries. [Gr. diabatos—dia, across, bainein, to go.]

Diabetes, dī-a-bē′tēz, n. a disease marked by a morbid and excessive discharge of urine.—adjs. Diabet′ic, -al. [Gr., from diabainein, dia, through, and bainein, to go.]

Diablerie, Diablery, di-ab-le-rē′, n. magic: the black art: sorcery. [Fr.,—diable. See Devil.]

Diabolic, -al, dī-a-bol′ik, -al, adj. devilish.—adv. Diabol′ically.—v.t. Diab′olise, to render devilish.—ns. Diab′olism, devilish conduct: sorcery or black magic; Diabol′ogy, the doctrine of devils. [L.,—Gr. diabolikos, diabolos, the devil. See Devil.]

Diacaustic, dī-a-kaws′tik, adj. pertaining to curves formed by the intersections of rays of refracted light.—n. a curve so formed. [Formed from Gr. dia, through, and caustic.]

Diachylon, dī-ak′i-lon, Diachylum, dī-ak′i-lum, n. common sticking-plaster. [Gr. diachylos—dia, and chylos, juice.]

Diachyma, dī-ak′i-ma, n. the parenchyma of leaves. [Gr. dia, through, chyma, juice.]

Diacodium, dī-a-kō′di-um, n. a syrup of poppies. [L.,—Gr. dia, through, kōdeia, a poppy-head.]

Diaconate, dī-ak′o-nāt, n. the office of a deacon.—adj. Diac′onal, pertaining to a deacon.

Diaconicon, dī-a-kon′i-kon, n. a sacristy for sacred vessels, in a Greek church, on the south side of the bema or sanctuary.

Diacoustic, dī-a-kows′tik, adj. pertaining to the refraction of sound through various mediums.—n. Diacous′tics, the branch of physics which deals with refracted sounds. [Formed from Gr. dia, through, and acoustics.]

Diacritic, -al, dī-a-krit′ik, -al, adj. distinguishing between—used of marks or points attached to the letters of various languages. [Gr. diakritikos, diakrinein—dia, between, and krinein, to distinguish. See Critic.]

Diactinic, dī-ak-tin′ik, adj. capable of transmitting the actinic rays of the sun.

Diadelphous, dī-a-del′fus, adj. grouped together in two sets—of the stamens of plants.—n. Dī′adelph. [Formed from Gr. di-, double, and adelphos, brother.]

Diadem, dī′a-dem, n. a band or fillet worn round the head as a badge of royalty: a crown: royalty.—adj. Dī′ademed, wearing a diadem.—Diadem spider, the common garden spider—from its markings. [O. Fr. diademe—L. diadema—Gr. diadēma—dia, round, and deein, to bind.]

Diadexis, dī-a-dek′sis, n. (path.) the transformation of one disease into another, differing both in location and character. [Gr.]

Diadochi, dī-ad′o-kī, n. the generals who became monarchs of the various kingdoms (Syria, Egypt, &c.) into which the empire of Alexander the Great split after his death (323 B.C.). [Gr. diadochos, succeeding, a successor; diadechesthai, to succeed.]

Diæresis, Dieresis, dī-ēr′e-sis, n. a mark (¨) placed over one of two vowels to show that each is to be pronounced separately, as aërial:—pl. Diær′eses, Dier′eses. [Gr.,—dia, apart, hairein, to take.]

Diagnosis, dī-ag-nō′sis, n. the distinguishing a disease by means of its symptoms: a brief description:—pl. Diagnō′ses.—v.t. Dī′agnose, to ascertain from symptoms, as a disease.—adj. Dīagnos′tic, distinguishing: characteristic.—n. that by which anything is known: a symptom.—n.pl. Diagnos′tics, the branch of medicine to which the skill in noting and interpreting symptoms belongs. [Gr., dia, between, gnōsis—gnōnai, to know.]

Diagometer, dī-a-gom′e-tėr, n. a form of electroscope for ascertaining conducting power. [Gr. diagein, to conduct, metron, a measure.]

Diagonal, dī-ag′o-nal, adj. through the corners, or from an angle to an opposite angle of a four or many sided figure.—n. a straight line so drawn.—adv. Diag′onally.—Diagonal scale, a scale for laying down small fractions of the unit of measurement, the parallel lines drawn lengthwise on its surface being divided into sections by lines drawn crosswise, and in one end section being intersected by a series of other parallel lines drawn obliquely at equal distances across them. [Fr.,—L. diagonalis, from Gr. diagōnios—dia, through, and gōnia, a corner.]

Diagram, dī′a-gram, n. a figure or plan drawn in outline to illustrate any statement: a record traced by an automatic indicator.—adj. Diagrammat′ic.—adv. Diagrammat′ically.—n. Dī′agraph, an instrument for enabling unskilled persons to draw objects in outline.—adj. Diagraph′ic. [L.,—Gr. diagramma—dia, round, graphein, to write.]

Diaheliotropic, dī-a-hē-li-ō-trop′ik, adj. (bot.) turning transversely to the light.—n. Diaheliot′ropism. [Gr. dia, across, and heliotropic.]

Dial, dī′al, n. an instrument for showing the time of day by the sun's shadow: a timepiece: the face of a watch or clock: a circular plate on which a movable index shows the degree of pressure, &c.—v.t. to measure, as with a dial.—ns. Dī′alist, a maker of dials: one skilled in dialling; Dī′alling, the art of constructing dials: the science which explains the measuring of time by the sun-dial: surveying by help of a compass with sights, such as is called a 'miner's dial;' Dīal-plate. [M. E. dial—Low L. dialis, daily—L. dies, a day.]

Dialect, dī′a-lekt, n. a variety or form of a language peculiar to a district: a non-literary vernacular: a peculiar manner of speaking.—adj. Dialect′al.—adv. Dialect′ally.—ns. Dialect′icism; Dialectol′ogist; Dialectol′ogy. [Through Fr. and L. from Gr. dialektos, speech, manner of speech, peculiarity of speech—dia, between, legein, to speak.]

Dialectic, -al, dī-a-lek′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to dialect or to discourse: pertaining to dialectics: logical.—ns. Dialec′tic, Dialect′ics, art of discussing: that branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning.—adv. Dialec′tically.—n. Dialecti′cian, one skilled in dialectics, a logician. [Gr. dialektikos.]

Diallage, dī-al′a-jē, n. (rhet.) a figure of speech by which arguments, after having been considered from various points of view, are all brought to bear upon one point. [Gr.]

Diallage, dī′al-āj, n. a mineral nearly allied to augite, brown, gray, or green in colour, laminated in structure, with a metallic lustre when broken across.—adjs. Diallag′ic, Dial′lagoid. [Gr. diallagē, change—dia, between, allassein, to change—allos, other.]

Dialogite, dī-al′ō-jīt, n. a rose-red carbonate of manganese—also Rhodochrosite.

Dialogue, dī′a-log, n. conversation between two or more persons, esp. of a formal or imaginary nature.—v.i. and v.t. (Shak.) to put into dialogue form.—adjs. Dialog′ic, Dialogist′ic, -al (-loj-), in the form of a dialogue.—v.i. Dial′ogise (′oj-), to discourse in dialogue.—n. Dial′ogist (′oj-), a speaker in, or writer of, a dialogue. [Fr.,—L. dialogus—Gr. dialogos, a conversation—dialegesthai, to discourse.]

Dialuric, dī-a-lū′rik, adj. pertaining to alloxan and uric acid.—n. Dialū′rate, a salt of dialuric acid.

Dialysis, dī-al′i-sis, n. (chem.) the separation of substances by diffusion through a membranous septum or partition: diæresis: dissolution:—pl. Dial′yses.—adj. Dialys′able.—v.t. Dī′alyse, to separate by dialysis.—n. Dī′alyser.—adj. Dialyt′ic. [Gr. dialysis—dia, asunder, lyein, to loose.]

Diamagnetic, dī-a-mag-net′ik, adj. cross-magnetic—applied to any substance, such as a rod of bismuth or glass, which, when suspended between the poles of a magnet, arranges itself across the line joining the poles (a rod of iron or of sealing-wax so held arranges itself parallel to the line joining the poles, and is said to be Paramagnetic).—adv. Diamagnet′ically.—n. Diamag′netism, the form of magnetic action possessed by diamagnetic bodies: the branch of magnetism which deals with diamagnetic phenomena. [Gr. dia, through, magnētēs, magnēs, a magnet.]

Diamantiferous, dī-a-man-tif′er-us, adj. yielding diamonds. [Fr. diamantifère.]

Diamesogamous, dī-a-me-sog′a-mus, adj. (bot.) fertilised by intermediary means.

Diameter, dī-am′e-tėr, n. the measure through or across: a straight line passing through the centre of a circle or other figure, terminated at both ends by the circumference.—adjs. Diam′etral, Diamet′ric, -al, in the direction of a diameter: pertaining to the diameter: like the opposite ends of the diameter (as in diametrical opposition).—advs. Diam′etrally, in a diametral manner; Diamet′rically, exactly.—Tactical diameter, the space covered by a steamer in turning 180° out of her original course. [Through Fr. and L. from Gr. diametros—dia, through, metrein, to measure.]

Diamond, dī′a-mond, n. the most valuable of all gems, and the hardest of all substances: a four-sided figure with two obtuse and two acute angles: one of the four suits of cards: one of the smallest kinds of English printing type.—adj. resembling diamonds: made of diamonds: marked with diamonds: lozenge-shaped, rhombic.—ns. Dī′amond-bee′tle, a beautiful sparkling South American weevil; Dī′amond-cut′ting, diamond-setting; Dī′amond-drill, an annular borer whose bit is set with borts; Dī′amond-dust, Dī′amond-pow′der, the powder made by the friction of diamonds on one another in the course of polishing.—adjs. Dī′amonded, furnished with diamonds; Diamondif′erous, yielding diamonds.—n. Dī′amond-wheel, a wheel covered with diamond-dust and oil for polishing diamonds and other precious stones.—Diamond cut diamond, the case of an encounter between two very sharp persons.—Rough diamond, an uncut diamond: a person of great worth, though of rude exterior and unpolished manners. [M. E. adamaunt—O. Fr. adamant—L. adamanta, accus. of adamas—Gr. adamas, adamantos, adamant—a, not, damaein, to tame.]

Diana, di-ā′na, or dī-an′a, n. an ancient Italian goddess of light, the moon-goddess, representative of chastity and hunting, afterwards identified with the Greek Artemis.—Diana of the Ephesians, a goddess of fertility worshipped at Ephesus.

Diandria, dī-an′dri-a, n. a class of plants in the Linnæan system having two stamens.—n. Dian′der, a plant with two stamens.—adjs. Dian′drian, Dian′drous. [Gr. dis, twice, double, anēr, andros, a man.]

Dianoetic, dī-a-nō-et′ik, adj. capable of thought, thinking: belonging to the ratiocinative faculties of the mind. [Gr. dianoētikos—dia, through, noein, to think.]

Dianthus, dī-an′thus, n. the genus of herbaceous flowers to which carnations and pinks belong. [Gr. dianthēs—dis, di-, two, anthos, a flower.]

Diapason, dī-a-pā′zon, n. a whole octave: a harmony: a full volume of various sounds in concord: correct pitch: the two foundation-stops of an organ (open and stopped diapason)—(Spens.) Dī′apase. [Gr. dia, through, and pasōn, gen. pl. of pas, all—part of the Gr. phrase, dia pasōn chordōn symphōnia, concord through all the notes.]

Diapedesis, dī-a-pe-dē′sis, n. (physiol.) the migration of white blood-corpuscles through the walls of the blood-vessels without apparent rupture.—adj. Diapedet′ic. [Gr., dia, through, pēdan, to leap.]

Diapente, dī-a-pen′tē, n. (mus.) the interval of a fifth: a composition in pharmacy of five ingredients. [Gr.]

Diaper, dī′a-pėr, n. unbleached linen cloth woven in slightly defined figures, used for towels, &c.: a pattern for ornamentation, woven, not coloured, in textiles: a floral or geometric pattern in low relief in architecture, often repeated over a considerable surface.—v.t. to variegate with figures, as diaper.—n. Dī′apering. [O. Fr. diaspre, diapre—Low L. diasprus—Byzantine Gr. diaspros, dia, through, aspros, white.]

Diaphanous, dī-af′a-nus, adj. shining or appearing through, transparent, clear—also Diaphan′ic.—ns. Dī′aphane, a diaphanous figured silk fabric; Diaphanom′eter, an instrument for testing the transparency of the air; Diaphan′oscope, a darkened box for viewing transparent positive photographs; Diaphan′otype, a picture produced by colouring on the back a positive lightly printed on translucent paper, and placing this exactly over a strong duplicate print.—adv. Diaph′anously.—ns. Diaph′anousness, Diaphanē′ity. [Gr. diaphanes—dia, through, and phainein, to show, shine.]

Diaphonics, dī-a-fon′iks, n. Same as Diacoustics. [Gr. dia, through, phonē, sound.]

Diaphoretic, dī-a-fo-ret′ik, adj. promoting perspiration.—n. a sudorific or medicine that increases perspiration.—n. Diaphorē′sis, perspiration artificially induced. [Gr.,—diaphorein, to carry off—dia, through, pherein, to bear.]

Diaphragm, dī′a-fram, n. a thin partition or dividing membrane: the midriff, a structure separating the chest from the abdomen: a metal plate with a central hole, for cutting off side-rays in a camera, &c.—adjs. Diaphragmat′ic, Diaphrag′mal.—n. Diaphragmatī′tis, inflammation of the diaphragm. [Gr. diaphragma—dia, across, phragnynai, to fence.]

Diaphysis, dī-af′i-sis, n. (bot.) an abnormal elongation of the axis of a flower or of an inflorescence: (anat.) the continuity of a bone between its two ends. [Gr. dia, through, phyesthai, to grow.]

Diaplasis, dī-ap′la-sis, n. (surg.) reduction, of a dislocation, &c.—adj. Diaplas′tic. [Gr.]

Diapnoic, dī-ap-nō′ik, adj. producing slight perspiration—also Diapnot′ic—n. a mild diaphoretic.

Diapositive, dī-a-poz′i-tiv, n. a transparent photographic positive, such as a lantern slide.

Diapyetic, dī-a-pī-et′ik, adj. producing suppuration.—n. a medicine with this property.—n. Diapyē′sis, suppuration. [Gr.]

Diarchy, dī′ar-ki, n. a form of government in which two persons are jointly vested with supreme power—less correctly Dī′narchy. [Formed from Gr. di-, two, archein, to rule.]

Diarrhœa, Diarrhea, dī-a-rē′a, n. a persistent purging or looseness of the bowels.—adjs. Diarrhœ′al, Diarrhœ′ic, Diarrhœt′ic (also -rhē′al, -rhē′ic, -rhet′ic). [Gr. diarroia—dia, through, and rhein, to flow.]

Diarthrosis, dī-ar-thrō′sis, n. the general name for all forms of articulation which admit of the motion of one bone upon another, free arthrosis—including Enarthrosis, Ginglymus, and Cyclarthrosis. [Gr.]

Diary, dī′a-ri, n. a daily record: a journal.—adjs. Diā′rial, Diā′rian.—v.t. or v.i. Dī′arise.—n. Dī′arist, one who keeps a diary. [L. diarium.]

Diascordium, dī-a-skor′di-um, n. an electuary prepared with scordium or water-germander. [Gr. dia, through, and skordion.]

Diaskeuast, dī-as-kew′ast, n. a reviser: an interpolator.—n. Diaskeu′asis, reviewing. [Gr. diaskeuazein, to make ready—dia, through, skeuos, a tool.]

Diaspora, dī-as′por-a, n. dispersion, used collectively for the dispersed Jews after the Babylonian captivity, and also in the apostolic age for the Jews living outside of Palestine. [Gr. dia, through, speirein, to scatter.]

Diastaltic, dī-a-stal′tik, adj. (Greek mus.) dilated, extended: bold. [Gr., diastellein, to expand.]

Diastase, dī′as-tās, n. a peculiar ferment developed during the germination of all seeds, which has the power of converting starch into dextrine and then into sugar.—adj. Diastat′ic—adv. Diastat′ically. [Gr. diastasis, division—dia, through, histanai, stēnai, to stand.]

Diastasis, dī-as′ta-sis, n. (surg.) separation of bones without fracture. [Gr.]

Diastema, dī-a-stē′ma, n. a natural space between two consecutive teeth, or series of teeth.—adj. Diastemat′ic. [Gr.]

Diastole, dī-as′to-lē, n. dilation of the heart, auricles, and arteries—opp. to Systole, or contraction of the same: the protracting of a short syllable, as before a pause.—adj. Diastol′ic. [Gr. diastolē—dia, asunder, and stellein, to place.]

Diastyle, dī′a-stīl, adj. (archit.) marked by wide intercolumniation. [Gr.]

Diatessaron, dī-a-tes′a-rōn, n. a harmony of the four gospels, esp. the earliest, that of Tatian (prob. 110-180 A.D.): (mus.) the interval of a fourth: an electuary of four ingredients. [Gr., for dia tessarōn, through, or composed of four.]

Diathermal, dī-a-thėr′mal, adj. letting heat through, permeable by radiating heat—also Diather′manous, Diather′mous, Diather′mic.—ns. Diather′mance, -cy. [Gr. dia, through, thermos, heat.]

Diathesis, dī-ath′e-sis, n. a particular condition or habit of body, esp. one predisposing to certain diseases: a habit of mind.—adj. Diathet′ic. [Gr.,—dia, asunder, tithenai, to place.]

Diatom, dī′a-tom, n. one of an order of microscopic unicellular algæ, of the Diatomaceæ.—adj. Diatomā′ceous.—n. Diat′omite, diatomaceous earth. [Gr. diatomos—dia, through, temnein, to cut.]

Diatomic, dī-a-tom′ik, adj. consisting of two atoms. [Gr. di-, dis, two, and atom.]

Diatomous, dī-at′ō-mus, adj. having crystals with one distinct diagonal cleavage.

Diatonic, dī-a-ton′ik, adj. proceeding by the tones and intervals of the natural scale in music.—adv. Diaton′ically. [Gr.,—dia, through, tonos, tone.]

Diatribe, dī′a-trīb, n. a continued discourse or disputation: an invective harangue.—n. Dī′atrībist, a writer or utterer of such. [Gr. diatribē—dia, through, tribein, to rub, wear away.]

Dib, dib, v.i. to dip, as in angling:—pr.p. dib′bing; pa.p. dibbed. [A form of dab.]

Dib, dib, n. one of the small bones of a sheep's leg: (pl.) a children's game, played by throwing up such small bones or stones (Dib′-stones) from the palm and catching them on the back of the hand—(Scot.) Chuckie-stanes, or Chucks: (slang) money.

Dibasic, dī-bā′sik, adj. having two bases: of acids, with two atoms of hydrogen replaceable by a base or bases. [Gr. di-, two, and basic.]

Dibble, dib′l, n. a pointed tool used for making holes to put seed or plants in—also Dibb′er.—v.t. Dibb′le, to plant with a dibble.—v.i. to make holes: to dip, as in angling.—n. Dibb′ler. [Freq. of dib, a form of dab.]

Dibranchiata, dī-brang-ki-ā′ta, n. one of the two orders of cephalopoda, having two gills.—adj. Dibran′chiate. [Gr. di-, two, branchia, gills.]

Dicacity, dik-as′i-ti, n. raillery, pert speech.—adj. Dicā′cious. [L. dicax, sarcastic.]

Dicast, Dikast, dī′kast, n. one of the 6000 Athenians annually chosen to act as judges.—n. Dicas′tery, their court. [Gr. dikastēs, dikē, justice.]

Dicatalectic, dī-kat-a-lek′tik, adj. doubly catalectic, both at the middle and end of the verse. [Gr. di-, double. See Catalectic.]

Dice-coal, dīs′-kōl, n. a kind of coal which readily splits into cubical pieces.

Dicentra, dī-sen′tra, n. a genus of plants including the flower Bleeding-heart (D. spectabilis).—Also Diel′ytra. [Gr. di-, double, kentron, a point.]

Dicephalous, dī-sef′a-lus, adj. two-headed. [Gr. dikephalos—di-, double, kephalē, a head.]

Dichastasis, dī-kas′ta-sis, n. spontaneous subdivision.—adj. Dichas′tic. [Gr.]

Dichlamydeous, dī-kla-mid′ē-us, adj. having both a calyx and a corolla.

Dichogamy, dī-kog′a-mi, n. an arrangement for preventing the self-fertilisation of hermaphrodite flowers, the stamens and stigmas ripening at different times.—adj. Dichog′amous. [Gr. dicha, in two, gamos, marriage.]

Dichotomy, dī-kot′o-mi, n. a division into two parts.—v.t. and v.i. Dichot′omise.—adj. Dichot′omous.—adv. Dichot′omously. [Gr., from dicha, in two, and temnein, to cut.]

Dichroism, dī′krō-izm, n. the property of showing different colours when viewed in different directions exhibited by doubly refracting crystals.—adjs. Dichrō′ic, Dichrois′tic.—n. Dī′chroscope, an instrument for testing the dichroism of crystals.—adj. Dichroscop′ic.

Dichromatism, dī-krō′ma-tizm, n. (zool.) the quality of presenting, in different individuals, two different colours or systems of colouration.—adj. Dichromat′ic.

Dichromism, dī-krō′mizm, n. an inability to distinguish more than two of the primary colours.—adj. Dichrō′mic.

Dick, dik, n. (slang) fine words, for Dictionary: for Declaration, as 'to take one's dick,' and prob. 'up to dick' = excellent, also properly.

Dickens, dik′enz, n. the deuce, the devil, as in 'What the dickens.'—Play the dickens with, to play the deuce with. [For devil, confused with Dickon = Richard.]

Dicker, dik′ėr, n. (Amer.) petty trade by barter, &c.—v.i. to haggle. [Prob. the obs. dicker, the number ten, esp. of hides or skins.]

Dickey, Dicky, dik′i, n. a leathern apron for a gig, &c.: the driver's seat in a carriage: a seat for servants at the back of a carriage: a false shirt-front. [Perh. from dick, a prov. Eng. word for a leathern apron; Prob. Dut. dek, a cover.]

Dicky, dickey, dik′i, n. (East Anglian) an ass.—n. Dick′y-bird, a small bird. [From Dick, familiar of Richard—like Jack, in jackass.]

Diclinic, dī-klin′ik, adj. (crystal.) having two of the intersections of the axes oblique.—Also Dī′clinate, Dī′clinous.

Diclinous, dī′kli-nus, adj. having the stamens and pistils in separate flowers.—n. Dī′clinism. [Gr. di-, asunder, and klinē, a bed.]

Dicotyledon, dī-kot-i-lē′don, n. a plant having two seed-lobes.—adj. Dicotylē′donous. [Gr. di-, two, and cotyledon.]

Dicrotic, dī-krot′ik, adj. double-beating—also Dī′crotous.—n. Dī′crotism. [Gr., di-, two, krotos, beat.]

Dictate, dik′tāt, v.t. to tell another what to say or write: to communicate with authority: to point out: to command—(arch. Dict).—n. an order, rule, or direction: impulse.—ns. Dictā′tion, act, art, or practice of dictating: overbearing command; Dictā′tor, one invested for a time with absolute authority—originally an extraordinary Roman magistrate:—fem. Dictā′tress, Dictātrix.—adj. Dictatō′rial, like a dictator: absolute: authoritative.—adv. Dictatō′rially.—ns. Dictā′torship, Dic′tature.—adj. Dic′tatory. [L. dictāre, -ātum—dicĕre, to say.]

Diction, dik′shun, n. a saying or speaking: manner of speaking or expressing: choice of words: style. [L., from dicĕre, dictum, to say.]

Dictionary, dik′shun-a-ri, n. a book containing the words of a language alphabetically arranged, with their meanings, etymology, &c.: a lexicon: a work containing information on any department of knowledge, alphabetically arranged. [Low L. dictionarium. See Diction.]

Dictum, dik′tum, n. something said: a saying: an authoritative saying:—pl. Dic′ta. [L.]

Dictyogen, dik′ti-o-jen, n. a plant with net-veined leaves. [Gr. diktyon, a net; -genēs, producing.]

Dicynodont, di-sin′o-dont, n. an extinct reptile, allied to tortoises on one hand and mammals on the other. [Formed from Gr. di-, two, cyōn, dog, and odous, odontos, tooth.]

Didache, did′a-kē, n. the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (see under Apostle). [Gr., 'teaching.']

Didactic, -al, di-dak′tik, -al, adj. fitted or intended to teach: instructive: perceptive.—adv. Didac′tically.—n. Didac′ticism.—n.pl. Didactics, the art or science of teaching. [Gr. didaktikos—didaskein, to teach; akin to L. doc-ēre, disc-ĕre.]

Didactyl, dī-dak′til, adj. having only two digits—also Didac′tylous.—n. Didac′tyl, an animal with two toes only on each foot.

Didapper, did′ap-ėr, n. a water-bird that is constantly dipping or diving under water—also called the Dabchick. [A compound of dive and dapper (which is a variant of dipper). See Dip and Dive.]

Didecahedral, dī-dek-a-hē′dral, adj. (crystal.), having five planes on each extremity.

Didelphia, dī-del′fi-a, n.pl. the marsupialia, or marsupial implacental mammals, one of the three sub-classes of Mammalia.—adjs. Didel′phian, Didel′phic. [Gr. di-, double, delphys, womb.]

Dido, dī′dō, n. (slang) an antic caper.—Cut up didoes, to behave in an extravagant way.

Didodecahedral, dī-do-dek-a-hē′dral, adj. of a six-sided-prism, truncated on the lateral edges, and acuminated on the extremities with six planes.

Diduction, dī-duk′shun, n. separation by withdrawing one part from the other.

Didunculus, di-dung′kū-lus, n. a remarkable genus of pigeons—the tooth-billed pigeon of Samoa.

Didymium, dī-dim′i-um, n. a supposed element discovered in 1841, so named from being, as it were, twin brother of lanthamum.

Didynamia, did-i-nā′mi-a, n. a class of plants in the Linnæan system having in the flower four stamens in pairs of unequal length.—adjs. Didynā′mian, Didyn′amous. [Gr. di-, double, dynamis, strength.]

Die, dī, v.i. to lose life: to perish: to wither: to languish: to become insensible:—pr.p. dy′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. died (dīd).—adj. Die′-away′, languishing.—Die away, to disappear by degrees, become gradually inaudible; Die game, to keep up one's spirit to the last; Die hard, to struggle hard against death, to be long in dying; Die off, to die quickly or in large numbers; Die out, to become extinct, to disappear. [From a Scand. root seen in Ice. deyja, Dan. d[ö]e, Scot. dee; akin to Mid. High Ger. touwen, whence Ger. tod, todt. The A.S. word is steorfan, whence our starve.]

Die, dī, n. a small cube used in gaming by being thrown from a box: any small cubical body: hazard:—pl. Dice (dīs).—n. Dice′-box.—adj. Diced, ornamented with square or diamond-shaped figures.—ns. Dice′-play; Dice′-play′er, Dī′cer; Dī′cing-house.—The die is cast, the question is decided. [O. Fr. det, pl. dez (Prov. dat, It. dado), from Low L. dadus—L. dātus, given or cast (talus, a piece of bone used in play, being understood). Doublets, dado, date.]

Die, dī, n. a stamp for impressing coin, &c.: the cubical part of a pedestal:—pl. Dies (dīz).—ns. Die′-sink′er; Die′-sink′ing, the engraving of dies; Die′-stock, a contrivance for holding the dies used in screw-cutting; Die′-work, ornamentation of a metal surface by impressions with a die. [See above.]

Diegesis, dī-e-jē′sis, n. (rhet.) in an oration, the narration of the facts. [Gr.]

Dielectric, dī-e-lek′trik, adj. non-conducting: transmitting electric effects without conducting.—n. a substance through which electric force acts. [Gr. dia, through, and electric.]

Diesis, dī′e-sis, n. (mus.) the difference in tone between a major and a minor semitone: (print.) the double dagger (‡).

Dies Iræ, dī′ēz ī′rē, n. the name given (from the opening words) to a famous hymn on the last judgment (c. 1250 A.D.). [L., 'day of wrath.']

Dies non, dī′ēz non, a day on which law courts may not be held. [From L. dies non juridicus, same as dies nefastus, an unlawful day.]

Diet, dī′et, n. mode of living, with especial reference to food: food prescribed by a physician: allowance of provisions.—v.t. to furnish with food.—v.i. to eat: to take food according to rule.—n. Dietā′rian, one who observes prescribed rules for diet.—adj. Dī′etary, pertaining to diet or the rules of diet.—n. course of diet: allowance of food, esp. in large institutions.—ns. Dī′et-drink, medicated liquor; Dī′eter (Shak.), one who diets or prepares food by rule.—adjs. Dietet′ic, -al, pertaining to diet.—adv. Dietet′ically.—ns. Dietet′ics, rules for regulating diet; Dietet′ist, one who lays stress on diet; Dī′etist, an authority on diet. [Fr. diète—Low L. diæta—Gr. diaita, mode of living, diet.]

Diet, dī′et, n. an assembly of princes and delegates, the chief national council in several countries in Europe: (Scots law) the proceedings under a criminal libel: a clerical or ecclesiastical function in Scotland, a diet of worship.—n. Dī′etine, a minor or local diet.—Desert the diet, to abandon criminal proceedings under a particular libel—in Scotch usage. [O. Fr. diete—Low L. diæta—Gr. diaita; or acc. to Littré, from L. dies, a (set) day, with which usage cf. Ger. tag, a day, reichstag.]

Diffarreation, di-far-ē-ā′shun, n. the parting of a cake of spelt—a ceremony at a Roman divorce. [L.]

Differ, dif′ėr, v.i. to be unlike, distinct, or various (used by itself, or followed by with, from, to): to disagree (with from, with): to fall out, dispute (with):—pr.p. diff′ering; pa.p. diff′ered.—ns. Diff′erence, Diff′erency (Shak.), dissimilarity: the quality distinguishing one thing from another: a contention or quarrel: the point in dispute: the excess of one quantity or number over another: (her.) the modification of an achievement of arms to indicate the wearer's relation to the head of the house, as by marks of cadency.—v.t. to make a difference between things.—adj. Diff′erent, distinct: separate: unlike: not the same (with from, not to).—n. Differen′tia (logic), the characteristic quality or attribute of a species.—adj. Differen′tial, creating a difference: special: (math.) pertaining to a quantity or difference infinitely small (see Calculus).—adv. Differen′tially.—v.t. Differen′tiāte, to make different: to create a difference between: to classify as different.—v.i. to become different by specialisation: (math.) to obtain the differential or differential coefficient of.—n. Differentiā′tion, the act of distinguishing or describing a thing by giving its differentia: exact definition: a change by which organs or structures become specialised or modified: (math.) the act or process of differentiating.—adv. Diff′erently.—Differential gear, gear for communicating differential motion; Differential motion, an apparatus by which the difference of two velocities is communicated, as in the Differential screw, a combination of male and female screws; Differential thermometer, a thermometer for marking minute differences of temperature. [L. differre—dif (= dis), apart, ferre, to bear.]

Difficult, dif′i-kult, adj. not easy: hard to be done: requiring labour and pains: hard to please: not easily persuaded.—adv. Diff′icultly.—n. Diff′iculty, laboriousness: obstacle: objection: that which cannot be easily understood or believed: embarrassment of affairs: a quarrel. [The adj. was formed from difficulty, in place of the old form difficile. Fr. difficulté—L. difficultas = difficilitas—difficilis—dif (= dis), neg., and facilis, easy.]

Diffident, dif′i-dent, adj. wanting faith in: distrustful of one's self: modest: bashful.—n. Diff′idence, want of confidence: want of self-reliance: modesty: bashfulness.—adv. Diff′idently. [L., pr.p. of diffidĕre, to distrust—dif (= dis), neg., fīdĕre, to trust—fĭdes, faith.]

Difform, dif′orm, adj. not uniform, irregular in form.—n. Diffor′mity.

Diffract, dif-frakt′, v.t. to break or separate into parts, as rays of light.—n. Diffrac′tion, a name for certain phenomena connected with light passing through a narrow opening or by the edge of an opaque body: the spreading of the rays, with interference phenomena, coloured and other.—adj. Diffrac′tive.—n. Diffrangibil′ity.—adj. Diffran′gible. [L. diffringĕre, diffractum—dis, asunder, frangĕre, to break.]

Diffuse, dif-ūz′, v.t. to pour out all round: to send out in all directions: to scatter: to circulate: to publish.—v.i. to spread, as a liquid does.—pa.p. and adj. Diffused′, spread widely: loose.—adv. Diffus′edly.—ns. Diffus′edness; Diffus′er; Diffusibil′ity.—adj. Diffus′ible, that may be diffused.—ns. Diffū′sion, a spreading or scattering abroad: extension: distribution: in the case of gases or liquids in contact, mixture through each other; Diffū′sion-tube, an instrument for determining the rate of diffusion for different gases.—adj. Diffus′ive, extending: spreading widely.—adv. Diffus′ively.—n. Diffus′iveness. [L. diffundĕre, diffūsum—dif (= dis), asunder, fundĕre, to pour out.]

Diffuse, dif-ūs′, adj. diffused: widely spread: wordy: not concise.—adv. Diffuse′ly.—n. Diffuse′ness.

Dig, dig, v.t. to excavate: to turn up the earth: to cultivate with a spade: to poke or thrust, as one's elbow into another's side, or spurs into a horse.—v.i. to till the ground; to occupy one's self in digging; (U.S. slang) to study hard:—pr.p. dig′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. dug, (B.) digged.—n. a thrust, a poke: (U.S. slang) a hard student.—adj. Dig′gable, that may be dug.—n. Dig′ger, a person or animal that digs: a machine for digging, as a steam-digger.—n.pl. Dig′gings, places where mining is carried on, esp. for gold: (slang, orig. American) lodgings, rooms.—Dig in, to cover over by digging: to work hard; Dig out (U.S. slang), to decamp.—Digger Indians, degraded Indian tribes of California and Nevada, who live by digging roots. [Prob. O. Fr. diguer, to dig; of Teut. origin.]

Digamma, dī-gam′ma, n. an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet, having the force of our W. [So called from its form (

), like one capital Γ (gamma) placed over another.]

Digamy, dig′a-mi, n. a second marriage.—n. Dig′amist.—adj. Dig′amous (bot.), androgynous. [Gr. dis, twice, and gamos, marriage.]

Digastric, dī-gas′trik, adj. double-bellied, or fleshy at each end, as is one of the muscles of the lower jaw. [Gr. di-, double, gastēr, the belly.]

Digenesis, dī-jen′e-sis, n. reproduction by two methods, a sexual followed by an assexual.—adj. Digenet′ic.

Digest, di-jest′, v.t. to dissolve food in the stomach: to soften by heat and moisture: to distribute and arrange: to prepare or classify in the mind: to think over.—v.i. to be dissolved in the stomach: to be softened by heat and moisture.—adv. Digest′edly.—n. Digest′er, one who digests: a close vessel in which by heat and pressure strong extracts are made from animal and vegetable substances.—n. Digestibil′ity.—adj. Digest′ible, that may be digested.—n. Diges′tion, the dissolving of the food in the stomach: orderly arrangement: exposing to slow heat, &c.—adj. Digest′ive, pertaining to digestion: promoting digestion.—adv. Digest′ively. [L. digerĕre, digestum, to carry asunder or dissolve—di (= dis), asunder, and gerĕre, to bear.]

Digest, dī′jest, n. a body of laws collected and arranged, esp. the Justinian code of civil laws. [L. digesta, neut. pl. of digestus, pa.p. of digerĕre, to carry apart, to arrange.]

Dight, dīt, adj. disposed, adorned.—adv. finely.—Also Dight′ly. [A.S. dihtan, to arrange, prescribe, from L. dictāre, to dictate, whence Ger. dichten, to write poetry, and the Scotch verb dight, to dress, used of stones, flour, &c.]

Digit, dij′it, n. a finger's breadth or ¾ inch: from the habit of counting on the fingers, any one of the nine numbers: the twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or moon.—adj. Dig′ital, pertaining to the fingers.—n. finger: a key of a piano, &c.—ns. Digitā′lia, Dig′italine, Dig′italin, the active principles of digitalis; Digitā′lis, a genus of plants, including the foxglove; Digitā′ria, a genus of grasses with digitate spikes.—adjs. Digitate, -d, consisting of several finger-like sections.—adv. Dig′itately.—n. Digitā′tion, finger-like arrangement: a finger-like process.—adj. Digit′iform, formed like fingers; Dig′itigrade, walking on the toes.—n. an animal that walks on its toes, as the lion—opp. to Plantigrade.—ns. Dig′itigradism; Digitō′rium, a small portable instrument used for making the fingers flexible for piano-playing. [L. digitus, a finger or toe, akin to Gr. daktylos.]

Diglyph, dī′glif, n. (archit.) an ornament consisting of a double groove.

Dignify, dig′ni-fī, v.t. to invest with honour: to exalt:—pr.p. dig′nifying; pa.p. dig′nified.—n. Dignificā′tion.—adj. Dig′nified, marked with dignity: exalted: noble: grave. [Low L. dignificāre—dignus, worthy, facĕre, to make.]

Dignity, dig′ni-ti, n. the state of being dignified: elevation of mind or character: grandeur of mien: elevation in rank, place, &c.: degree of excellence: preferment: high office: a dignitary.—n. Dig′nitary, one in a dignified position or rank, esp. in the church. [Fr. dignité—L. dignitas—dignus, worthy.]

Digraph, dī′graf, n. two letters expressing but one sound, as ph in digraph. [Gr. di-, twice, graphē, a mark, a character—graphein, to write.]

Digress, di-gres′, v.i. to step aside or go from the main subject: to introduce irrelevant matter.—n. Digres′sion, a going from the main point: a part of a discourse not upon the main subject.—adjs. Digres′sional, Digress′ive, of the nature of a digression: departing from the main subject.—adv. Digress′ively. [L. digredi, digressus—di, aside, gradi, to step. See Grade.]

Digynia, dī-jin′i-a, n. an order of plants having in the flower two styles or a deeply cleft style.—adjs. Digyn′ian, Dig′ynous. [Gr. dis, twice, and gynē, a woman.]

Dihedral, dī-hē′dral, adj. having two sides, or two plane faces—also Diē′dral.—n. Dihē′dron. [Gr. di-, two, hedra, a seat.]

Dihexahedral, dī-heks-a-hē′dral, adj. pertaining to a six-sided prism having three planes on the extremities.—n. Dihexahē′dron.

Dijudicate, dī-jōō′di-kāt, v.t. and v.i. to judge between two: to decide.—n. Dijudicā′tion. [L. di, asunder, and judicāre, judge.]

Dike, dīk, n. a trench, or the earth dug out and thrown up: a ditch: a mound raised to prevent inundation: in Scotland, a wall (Dry-stane dike, a wall without mortar; Fail-dike, a wall of turf), sometimes even a thorn-hedge: (geol.) a wall-like mass of igneous rock in the fissures of stratified rocks.—v.t. to surround with a dike or bank. [A.S. díc; Dut. dijk, Ger. teich, a pond; perh. conn. with Gr. teichos, a wall or rampart. See Dig, Ditch.]

Dilacerate, di-las′ėr-āt, v.t. to rend or tear asunder.—n. Dilacerā′tion. [L. di, asunder, and lacerate.]

Dilapidate, di-lap′i-dāt, v.t. to pull stone from stone: to lay waste: to suffer to go to ruin.—adj. Dilap′idated, in ruins.—ns. Dilapidā′tion, the state of ruin: impairing of church property during an incumbency: (pl.) money paid at the end of an incumbency by the incumbent or his heirs for the purpose of putting the parsonage, &c. in good repair for the succeeding incumbent; Dilap′idator. [L. dilapidāre—di, asunder, lapis, lapidis, a stone.]

Dilate, di-lāt′, v.t. to spread out in all directions: to enlarge: the opposite of contract.—v.i. to widen: to swell out: to speak at length.—ns. Dilātabil′ity, Dilāt′ancy, Dilatā′tion, Dilā′tion, expansion.—adjs. Dilāt′able, that may be dilated or expanded; Dilā′tant.—ns. Dī′latātor, Dilāt′or, Dilāt′er.—adj. Dilāt′ive. [L. dilatus (used as pa.p. of differre), from di (= dis), apart, and latus, borne.]

Dilatory, dil′a-tor-i, adj. slow: given to procrastination: loitering: tending to delay.—adv. Dil′atorily.—n. Dil′atoriness. [L. dilatorius, extending or putting off (time). See Dilate.]

Dilemma, di-lem′a, n. a form of argument in which the maintainer of a certain proposition is committed to accept one of two alternative propositions each of which contradicts his original contention: a position where each of two alternative courses (or of all the feasible courses) is eminently undesirable: a trying practical difficulty. The argument was called a 'horned syllogism,' and the victim compared to a man certain to be impaled on one or other of the horns of an infuriated bull, hence the Horns of a dilemma: the usual phrase Landed in a dilemma is, or suggests, a mixed metaphor.—adj. Dilemmat′ic. [L.,—Gr. dilēmma—di-, twice, double, lēmma, an assumption—lambanein, to take.]

Dilettante, dil-et-an′te, n. one who loves the fine arts, but in a superficial way and without serious purpose (the amateur usually practises them): a dabbler in art, science, or literature:—pl. Dilettan′ti (′tē).—adj. Dilettan′tish.—ns. Dilettan′tism, Dilettan′teism. [It., pr.p. of dilettare, to take delight in—L. delectāre, to delight.]

Diligent, dil′i-jent, adj. steady and earnest in application: industrious.—n. Dil′igence, steady application: industry: (Scots law) a warrant to produce witnesses, books, &c., or a process by which persons or goods are attached: a French or continental stage-coach (also pronounced dē-lē-zhongs)—also Dill′y.—adv. Dil′igently. [Fr.,—diligens, -entis, pr.p. of L. diligĕre, to choose.]

Dill, dil, n. an umbelliferous annual, the seeds used in medicine.—n. Dill′-wa′ter, a stomachic and carminative. [A.S. dile; Ger. and Sw. dill.]

Dilling, dil′ing, n. a darling: the youngest child, the weakling of a litter.

Dilly-bag, dil′i-bag, n. an Australian native-made rush or bark-bag.—Also Dill′i, Dill′y.

Dilly-dally, dil′i-dal′i, v.i. to loiter, trifle. [A kind of reduplication of dally. Cf. Shilly-shally.]

Dilogy, dil′ō-ji, n. repetition: intentional ambiguity.—adj. Dilog′ical.

Dilucidate, di-lū′si-dāt, v.t. (obs.) to elucidate.—adj. Dilū′cid.—n. Dilucidā′tion.

Dilute, dil-ūt′, v.t. to make thinner or more liquid: to diminish the strength, flavour, &c. of, by mixing, esp. with water.—v.i. to become mixed.—adj. diminished in strength by mixing with water.—adj. Dil′uent, diluting.—n. that which dilutes.—ns. Dilute′ness; Dilū′tion. [L. diluĕre, dilūtum—di, away from, luĕre, to wash.]

Diluvium, dil-ū′vi-um, n. an inundation or flood: (geol.) a deposit of sand, gravel, &c. made by extraordinary currents of water—also Dilū′vion.—adjs. Dilū′vial, Dilū′vian, pertaining to a flood, esp. that in the time of Noah: caused by a deluge: composed of diluvium.—n. Dilū′vialist, one who explains geological phenomena by the Flood. [L. diluvium—diluĕre.]

Dim, dim, adj. not bright or distinct: obscure: mysterious: not seeing clearly.—v.t. to make dark: to obscure.—v.i. to become dim:—pr.p. dim′ming; pa.p. dimmed.—adv. Dim′ly.—adj. Dim′mish, somewhat dim.—n. Dim′ness. [A.S. dim; akin to Ice. dimmr, dark, and Ger. dämmerung, twilight.]

Dime, dīm, n. the tenth part of an American dollar, 10 cents, nearly equal to 5d.—Dime museum, a cheap show; Dime novel, a cheap novel, usually sensational. [Fr., orig. disme, from L. decima (pars, a part, being understood), a tenth part.]

Dimension, di-men′shun, n. usually in pl., measure in length, breadth, and thickness (the three dimensions of space): extent: size.—adjs. Dimen′sional, concerning dimension (one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional space = space of one, two, three dimensions); Dimen′sioned, having dimension; Dimen′sionless.—Dimension work, masonry in stones of specified size.—Fourth dimension, an additional dimension attributed to space by a hypothetical speculation. [Fr.,—L. dimensio—dimetīri, dimensus—di(= dis), apart, metīri, to measure.]

Dimerous, dim′e-rus, adj. consisting of two parts: (bot.) with two members in each whorl: (entom.) having two-jointed tarsi.—n. Dim′erism. [Gr., di-, double, meros, a part.]

Dimeter, dim′e-tėr, adj. containing two metres or measures.—n. a verse of two measures. [L.,—Gr. dimetros—di-, twice, metron, a measure.]

Dimethylaniline, di-meth-il-an′i-lin, n. an oily liquid: aniline heated with methyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid—from which dyes are obtained. [L. di-, twice, methyl, and aniline.]

Dimidiate, di-mid′i-āt, adj. divided into halves: having a shape that appears as if halved.—v.t. (her.) to represent the half of.—n. Dimidiā′tion. [L. dimidiāre, -ātum, to halve—dimidius; half—dis, twice, medius, the middle.]

Diminish, di-min′ish, v.t. to make less: to take a part from: to degrade.—v.i. to grow or appear less: to subside.—adj. Dimin′ishable.—p.adj. Dimin′ished, made smaller, humbled: (mus.) lessened by a half-step, as an interval.—adv. Dimin′ishingly. [Coined by adding di to the word minish, an imitation of L. diminuĕre—di = dis, apart, minuĕre, to make less.]

Diminuendo, di-min-ū-en′dō, adv. (mus.) a direction to let the sound die away, marked thus

. [It.,—L. diminuendus, fut. part. pass. of diminuĕre, diminūtum, to lessen.]

Diminution, dim-in-ū′shun, n. a lessening: degradation.—adj. Dimin′utive, of a diminished size: small: contracted.—n. (gram.) a word formed from another to express a little one of the kind.—adv. Dimin′utively.—n. Dimin′utiveness.

Dimissory, dim′is-or-i, adj. sending away or giving leave to depart to another jurisdiction. [L. dimissorius—dimittĕre, dimissum.]

Dimity, dim′i-ti, n. a kind of stout white cotton cloth, striped or figured in the loom by weaving with two threads. [Through the L., from Gr. dimitos—di-, twice, mitos, a thread.]

Dimorphism, dī-mor′fizm, n. (bot.) a state in which two forms of flower, leaf, &c. are produced by the same species of plant: the property of crystallising in two forms.—adjs. Dimor′phic, Dimor′phous. [Gr. di-, twice, morphē, form.]

Dimple, dim′pl, n. a small hollow: a small natural depression on the face.—v.i. to form dimples.—v.t. to mark with dimples.—p.adj. Dim′pled.—n. Dim′plement.—adj. Dim′ply. [Dim. of dip, with inserted m. Another dim. is dapple.]

Dimyarian, dim-i-ā′ri-an, adj. double-muscled (of bivalve shells like the clam)—also Dim′yary.—n.pl. Dimyā′ria. [Gr. di-, two, mys, a muscle.]

Din, din, n. a loud continued noise.—v.t. to assail (the ears) with noise: to annoy with clamour: to obtrude noisily (as to din one's complaints into their ears):—pr.p. din′ning; pa.p. dinned.—adj. Din′ful. [A.S. dyn, dyne; cf. Ice. dynr, Dan. dön, noise.]

Dinanderie, dē-nong′de-rē, n. domestic utensils of copper, esp. such as are quaint and artistic—applied also to Indian and Levantine brass-ware. [Fr., from Dinant in Belgium.]

Dinar, dē-när′, n. an ancient Arab gold coin of 65 grains weight. [L. denarius.]

Dine, dīn, v.i. to take dinner.—v.t. to give a dinner to.—n. (obs.) dinner-time.—ns. Din′er-out, one who goes much to dinner-parties; Dinette′, a preliminary dinner, luncheon; Din′ing-hall; Din′ing-room; Din′ing-tā′ble.—Dine out, to dine elsewhere than at home; Dine with Duke Humphrey, to go without a meal, like those who, unable to procure a dinner, loitered about Duke Humphrey's Walk in Old St Paul's. [O. Fr. disner (Fr. dîner)—Low L. disjunāre, for disjejunāre, to break one's fast—L. dis-, and jejunus, fasting (cf. Déjeuner). Others explain disnare as from decenāre—L. de, inten., and cenāre, to dine.]

Ding, ding, v.t. to throw, dash, or hurl: to beat: (arch.) to urge or enforce: (Scot.) to defeat, non-plus—also, as v.i., to be defeated: to descend, fall, as of continued heavy rain or snow falling.—Ding doun (Scot.), to knock or throw down. [M. E. dingen; cf. Ice. dengja, Sw. dänga, to bang.]

Ding, ding, v.i. to ring, keep sounding.—v.t. to reiterate to a wearisome degree.—n. Ding′-dong, the sound of bells ringing: monotony: sameness. [Imit. Cf. Ring.]

Dingle, ding′gl, n. a little hollow or narrow valley. [Prob. conn. with dimple and dip.]

Dingle-dangle, ding′gl-dang′gl, adv. hanging loose: swinging backwards and forwards. [A duplication of Dangle.]

Dingy, Dingey, ding′gi, n. the smallest ship's boat: in India, a canoe. [Beng. dingī, a boat.]

Dingy, din′ji, adj. of a dim or dark colour: dull: soiled.—n. Din′giness. [Acc. to Skeat = dungy.]

Dinic, din′ik, adj. relating to vertigo or dizziness.—n. a remedy for dizziness. [Gr. dinos, whirling.]

Dinmont, din′mont, n. a Border name for a wether between the first and second shearing.

Dinner, din′ėr, n. the chief meal of the day: a feast.—ns. Dinnerette′, a little dinner; Dinn′er-hour.—adj. Dinn′erless.—ns. Dinn′er-tā′ble; Dinn′er-time; Dinn′er-wag′on, a set of light movable shelves for a dining-room. [O. Fr. disner, prop. breakfast. See Dine.]

Dinnle, din′l, v.i. (Scot.) to tingle.—n. a thrill.—Also Din′dle.

Dinoceras, dī-nos′er-as, n. an extinct genus of mammals found in Wyoming, approaching the elephant in size, and named from three pairs of osseous protuberances on the skull. [Formed from Gr. deinos, terrible, keras, horn.]

Dinornis, dī-nor′nis, n. a genus of large extinct birds, the bones of which are found in New Zealand. [Formed from Gr. deinos, terrible, and ornis, a bird.]

Dinosaur, dī′no-sawr, n. a gigantic extinct reptile, which attained a length of eighty feet. [Formed from Gr. deinos, terrible, and sauros, lizard.]

Dinotherium, dī-no-thē′ri-um, n. an extinct animal of huge size, with elephant-like tusks and trunk. [Gr. deinos, terrible, thērion, a beast.]

Dint, dint, n. a blow or stroke: the mark of a blow (often Dent): force: power (as in 'by dint of').—v.t. to make a dint in. [A.S. dynt, a blow; Scot. dunt, a blow with a dull sound, Ice. dyntr.]

Diocese, dī′ō-sēs, n. the circuit or extent of a bishop's jurisdiction.—adj. Diocesan (dī-os′es-an, or dī′ō-sē-san), pertaining to a diocese.—n. a bishop as regards his diocese: one of the clergy in the diocese. [Through Fr. and L. from Gr. dioikēsis, dioikein, to keep house—di, for dia, sig. completeness, oikein, to manage a household—oikos, a house.]

Diodon, dī′o-don, n. a genus of globe-fishes which have all their teeth consolidated on the jaws, so as to make them like the beak of a bird. [Gr. dis, twice, double, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Diœcia, dī-ē′shi-a, n. a class of plants having the stamens on one plant and the pistils on another.—adjs. Diœ′cious, Diœ′cian.—adv. Diœ′ciously.—n. Diœ′ciousness. [Gr. di-, twice, oikos, a house.]

Diogenic, dī-o-jen′ik, adj. resembling the Cynic philosopher Diogenes (412-323 B.C.), cynical.

Dionæa, dī-ō-nē′a, n. Venus's fly-trap: an American insectivorous plant. [L., from Gr., a name of Aphrodite or Venus, from her mother Diōnē.]

Dionysia, dī-o-niz′i-a, n.pl. dramatic and orgiastic festivals in honour of Dionysus (Bacchus), god of wine.—adjs. Dionys′iac, Dionys′ian.

Diophantine, dī-o-fan′tīn, adj. pertaining to the Alexandrian mathematician Diophantus (c. 275 A.D.).—Diophantine analysis, the part of algebra which treats of finding particular rational values for general expressions under a surd form.

Diopside, dī-op′sid, n. a grayish and readily cleavable variety of pyroxene. [Gr., dia, through, opsis, a view.]

Dioptric, -al, dī-op′trik, -al, adj. pertaining to dioptrics.—ns. Diop′ter, an ancient form of theodolite: the index-arm of a graduated circle; Diop′trics, the part of optics which treats of the transmission of light from one medium to another.—Dioptric system, in lighthouses (as opposed to reflecting system), illumination from a central lamp whose rays are transmitted through a combination of lenses. [Gr. dia, through, opt-, as in opsesthai, to see, &c.]

Diorama, dī-ō-rä′ma, n. an exhibition of pictures, illuminated, and viewed through an opening in the wall of a darkened chamber.—adj. Dioram′ic. [Gr. dia, through, horama, a sight.]

Diorism, dī′ō-rizm, n. distinction, definition.—adjs. Dioris′tic, -al.—adv. Dioris′tically. [Gr. diorizein, to divide, dia, through, horos, a boundary.]

Diorite, dī′o-rīt, n. a crystalline granular igneous rock composed of feldspar and hornblende. [Gr. diorizein, to distinguish—dia, through, horos, a boundary.]

Diorthosis, dī-or-thō′sis, n. (surg.) the reduction of a dislocation, the correction of a deformity: a critical revision of a text.—adj. Diorthrot′ic. [Gr., dia, through, orthos, straight.]

Dioscorea, di-os-kōr′e-a, n. a genus of twining plants, containing the yams.—n. Dioscorā′ceæ, the order to which Dioscorea belongs.—adj. Dioscorā′ceous. [From the 1st-cent. Greek physician Dioscorides.]

Dioscuri, di-os-kū′ri, n.pl. Castor and Pollux, as sons of Jupiter. [Gr. Dios, gen. of Zeus (Jupiter), and koros (Ion. kouros), a son, a lad.]

Diosmosis, dī-oz-mō′zis, n. the transfusion of a liquid through a membrane.—Also Dios′mose. [Gr. dia, through, ōsmos, a pushing—ōthein, to thrust.]

Diothelism, dī-oth′e-lizm, n. the doctrine that Christ during His life on earth possessed two wills, a human and a divine—opp. to Monothelism—also Dyoth′elism.—n. Dioth′elite, one who holds this.

Dioxide, dī-oks′īd, n. an oxide containing two equivalents of oxygen to one of a metal. [Gr. di-, twice, and oxide.]

Dip, dip, v.t. to dive or plunge into any liquid for a moment: to lower and raise again (as a flag): to baptise by immersion.—v.i. to sink: to enter slightly: to look cursorily: to incline downwards:—pr.p. dip′ping; pa.p. dipped.—n. inclination downwards: a sloping: (geol.) the angle a stratum of rock makes with a horizontal plane: a bath: a candle made by dipping a wick in tallow.—Dip of the horizon, the angle of the horizon below the level of the eye; Dip of the needle, the angle a balanced magnetic needle makes with the plane of the horizon, measured by the Dipping needle, or Compass. [A.S. dyppan, causal of dýpan, to plunge in—deóp, deep; cf. Dan. dyppe; Ger. taufen, to immerse.]

Dipetalous, dī-pet′a-lus, adj. having two petals. [Gr. di-, twice, and petal.]

Diphtheria, dif-thē′ri-a, n. a throat disease in which the air-passages become covered and impeded with a leathery membrane, and a dangerous fever is present.—adj. Diphtherit′ic. [A coinage of 1859 from Gr. diphthera, leather.]

Diphthong, dif′thong, or dip′thong, n. two vowel-sounds pronounced as one syllable.—adj. Diphthong′al, relating to a diphthong.—adv. Diphthong′ally.—n. Diphthongā′tion.—v.t. Diph′thongise. [Through Fr. from Gr. diphthongos, with two sounds—di-, twice, phthongos, sound.]

Diphycercal, dif-i-ser′kal, adj. having the tail symmetrical (of fishes).—Also Diph′ycerc. [Formed from Gr. diphyēs, of double nature, kerkos, a tail.]

Diphyllous, dī-fil′us, adj. having two leaves. [Gr. di-, twice, and phyllon, a leaf.]

Diphyodont, dif′i-ō-dont, adj. having two sets of teeth.—n. a mammal possessing such.

Diphysite, dif′i-sīt, n. one who holds the doctrine of Diph′ysitism, or the belief of the existence of two natures in Christ, a divine and a human—opp. to Monophysite; less correctly Dioph′ysite, Diophys′itism. [Gr. di-, two, physis, nature.]

Dipleidoscope, di-plī′dō-skōp, n. an instrument for ascertaining the moment of passage of the sun or a star over the meridian. [Formed from Gr. diploos, double, eidos, appearance, skopein, to view.]

Diplex, dī′pleks, adj. pertaining to the transmission of two simultaneous messages over one wire in the same direction.

Diploe, dip′lō-ē, n. (anat.) the spongy tissue between the hard inner and outer tables of the skull.

Diplogenic, dip-lō-jen′ik, adj. producing two bodies.—n. Diplogen′esis, the production in duplicate of parts normally single. [Gr. diploos, double, genesis, generation.]

Diploma, di-plō′ma, n. a writing conferring some honour or privilege, as a university degree, &c.—v.t. to furnish with a diploma. [L.,—Gr. diplōma, a letter folded double—diploos, double.]

Diplomacy, di-plō′ma-si, n. the art of negotiation, esp. of treaties between states: political skill.—n. Diplomat′ic, a minister at a foreign court: (pl.) the science of deciphering ancient writings, as charters, decrees, &c.—paleography.—adjs. Diplomat′ic, -al, pertaining to diplomacy: skilful in negotiation.—adv. Diplomat′ically.—v.i. and v.t. Diplō′matise, to practise, or effect by, diplomacy.—ns. Diplō′matist, Dip′lōmat, one skilled in diplomacy; Diplomatol′ogy, the study or science of diplomatics, charters, decrees, &c.—Diplomatic corps, or Corps diplomatique, the whole body of foreign diplomatists resident at any court.

Diplozoon, dip-lō-zō′on, n. a remarkable flat worm or Trematode, consisting of two organisms fused together. [Gr. diploos, double, zōon, an animal.]

Dipnoi, dip′noi, n.pl. the lung fishes.—adj. Dip′noous, having both lungs and gills.

Dipper, dip′ėr, n. a genus of birds in the Thrush family that find their food by diving into streams or lakes: a kind of Baptist or Dunker.

Dipsacus, dip′sa-kus, n. the teasel. [Gr. dipsa, thirst, because the leaf-axils hold water.]

Dipsas, dip′sas, n. a snake whose bite was believed to cause intense thirst: a genus of non-venomous snakes. [Gr. dipsas—dipsa, thirst.]

Dipsector, dip′sekt-or, n. an instrument for observing the dip of the horizon. [Dip and sector.]

Dipsomania, dip-sō-mā′ni-a, n. a morbid craving for alcoholic stimulants.—ns. Dipsomā′niac, one who suffers from the foregoing; Dipsop′athy, treatment by restricting a patient's drink; Dipsō′sis, morbid thirst. [Gr. dipsa, thirst, and mania, madness.]

Diptera, dip′ter-a, n.pl. two-winged insects or flies.—ns. Dip′teran, a dipterous insect; Dip′teros, a building with double peristyle or colonnade.—adjs. Dip′terous, Dip′teral. [Gr. dipteros, two-winged, di-, twice, pteron, a wing.]

Diptych, dip′tik, n. a double-folding writing-tablet: a register of bishops, saints, &c. read aloud during the eucharist: a pair of pictures as folding-tablets. [Gr. diptychos—di-, and ptyssein, to fold.]

Dire, dīr, adj. dreadful: calamitous in a high degree—(poet.) Dire′ful.—adv. Dire′fully.—n. Dire′fulness. [L. dirus; cf. Gr. deinos, frightful.]

Direct, di-rekt′, adj. quite straight: straightforward: in the line of descent: outspoken: sincere: unambiguous: unsophisticated in manner.—v.t. to keep or lay quite straight: to point or aim straightly or correctly: to point out the proper course to: to guide: to order: to mark with the name and residence of a person.—v.i. to act as director.—n. Direc′tion, aim at a certain point: the line of course in which anything moves: guidance: command: the body of persons who guide or manage a matter: the written name and residence of a person.—adjs. Direc′tional; Direct′ive, having power or tendency to direct.—adv. Direct′ly, in a direct manner: without intermediary: immediately (in time and otherwise).—ns. Direct′ness; Direct′or, one who directs: a manager or governor: a counsellor: a father confessor or spiritual guide: part of a machine or instrument which guides its motion:—fem. Direct′ress, Direct′rix.—ns. Direct′orāte, Direct′orship, the office, or a body of, directors.—adjs. Directō′rial; Direct′ory, containing directions: guiding.—n. a body of directions: a guide: a book with the names and residences of the inhabitants of a place: a body of directors: the Directoire, or French Republican government of 1795-99.—n. Direct′rix, a line serving to describe a circle. [L. dirigĕre, directum—di, apart, and regĕre, to rule, to make straight.]

Dirge, dėrj, n. a funeral song or hymn. [Contracted from dirige, the first word of an antiphon sung in the office for the dead—the words from the Vulgate, Psalm v. 8. L. dirigĕre, to direct.]

Dirhem, dir′hem, n. an oriental weight and silver coin, originally two-thirds of an Attic drachma.—Also Dir′ham, Der′ham. [Ar., Pers., and Turk. modifications of the Greek drachmē, a drachma or dram.]

Dirigible, dir′i-ji-bl, adj. that can be directed.—adj. Dir′igent, directing. [See Direct.]

Dirk, dėrk, n. a Highland dagger or poniard: a side-arm worn by midshipmen and cadets of the royal navy.—v.t. to stab with a dirk. [Scot. durk; from the Celt., as in Ir. duirc.]

Dirk, dėrk, adj. (Spens.) dark.—v.t. (Spens.) to darken. [See Dark.]

Dirl, dirl, v.i. (Scot.) to thrill, vibrate.—n. a vibration, a sensation of tingling as after a blow.

Dirt, dėrt, n. any filthy substance, such as dung, mud, &c.: loose earth.—v.t. to make dirty.—n. Dirt′-bed, a quarryman's term for several layers in the Purbeck group.—adj. Dirt′-cheap, cheap as dirt, very cheap.—n. Dirt′-eating, a practice of using some kinds of clay for food, as among the Ottomacs of South America: a morbid impulse to eat dirt, amongst negroes (Cachexia Africana) and pregnant women.—adv. Dirt′ily.—ns. Dirt′iness; Dirt′-pie, clay moulded by children's hands in the form of a pie.—adjs. Dirt′-rotten (Shak.), wholly decayed; Dirt′y, foul, filthy: unclean in thought or conversation: despicable: mean.—v.t. to soil with dirt: to sully:—pr.p. dirt′ying; pa.p. dirt′ied.—Eat dirt, submissively to acquiesce in a humiliation; Throw dirt at, to abuse scurrilously or slanderously. [M. E. drit—Scand., Ice. drit, excrement.]

Dis, dis, n. a name for Pluto, sometimes the infernal world. [L., cog. with deus, divus.]

Disable, dis-ā′bl, v.t. to deprive of power: to weaken: to disqualify.—ns. Disā′blement, Disabil′ity, want of power; want of legal qualification: disqualification.

Disaccommodate, dis-a-kom′ō-dāt, v.t. to put to inconvenience.—n. Disaccommodā′tion.

Disaccord, dis-ak-kord′, v.i. (Spens.) to refuse to accord, to dissent.—adj. Disaccord′ant.

Disaccustom, dis-a-kus′tom, v.t. to make a habit to be lost through disuse.

Disadvance, dis-ad-vans′, v.t. to cause to retreat: (Spens.) to draw back.

Disadvantage, dis-ad-vant′āj, n. want of advantage: what is unfavourable to one's interest: loss: injury.—adjs. Disadvan′tageable (obs.); Disadvantā′geous, attended with disadvantage: unfavourable.—adv. Disadvantā′geously.—n. Disadvantā′geousness.

Disadventurous, dis-ad-ven′tūr-us, adj. unfortunate.—ns. Disadven′ture, Disaven′ture (Spens.), a mishap.—adj. Disaven′trous (Spens.), unfortunate.

Disaffect, dis-af-fekt′, v.t. to take away the affection of: to make discontented or unfriendly.—pa.p. and adj. Disaffect′ed, ill-disposed, disloyal.—adv. Disaffect′edly.—ns. Disaffect′edness, Disaffec′tion, state of being disaffected: want of affection or friendliness: disloyalty: hostility: ill-will.—adj. Disaffec′tionate.

Disaffirm, dis-af-fėrm′, v.t. to deny (what has been affirmed): to contradict.—ns. Disaffirm′ance, Disaffirma′tion.

Disafforest, dis-af-for′est, v.t. to deprive of the privilege of forest laws: to bring into the condition of common land.—ns. Disafforestā′tion, Disaffor′estment (see Disforest). [L. dis, neg., and Low L. afforestāre, to make into a forest. See Forest.]

Disaggregate, dis-ag′greg-āt, v.t. to separate into component parts.—n. Disaggregā′tion.

Disagree, dis-a-grē′, v.i. to differ or be at variance: to dissent: to quarrel: to prove unsuitable or a source of annoyance, as of food disagreeing with the stomach.—adj. Disagree′able, not agreeable: unpleasant: offensive.—ns. Disagree′ableness, Disagreeabil′ity.—n.pl. Disagree′ables, annoyances.—adv. Disagree′ably.—n. Disagree′ment, want of agreement: difference: unsuitableness: dispute.

Disallow, dis-al-low′, v.t. not to allow: to refuse permission to: to deny the authority of: to reject.—adj. Disallow′able.—n. Disallow′ance.

Disally, dis-al-lī′, v.t. to break the alliance of: (Milt.) to separate, sunder.

Disanchor, dis-angk′ur, v.t. to free from the anchor.—v.i. to weigh anchor.

Disanimate, dis-an′i-māt, v.t. to deprive of spirit or animation: (Shak.) to deject.

Disannul, dis-an-nul′, v.t. to annul completely.—ns. Disannul′ler; Disannul′ment, Disannul′ling.

Disappear, dis-ap-pēr′, v.i. to vanish from sight.—n. Disappear′ance, a ceasing to appear: removal from sight, flight, secret withdrawal.

Disappoint, dis-ap-point′, v.t. to frustrate of what is appointed: to deprive one of what he expected.—p.adjs. Disappoint′ed, balked: frustrated: (Shak.) unprepared or ill-prepared; Disappoint′ing, causing disappointment.—n. Disappoint′ment, the defeat of one's hopes: frustration: the vexation accompanying failure. [O. Fr. desapointer—des = L. dis, away, and apointer, to appoint. See Appoint.]

Disapprobation, dis-ap-prob-ā′shun, n. censure: dislike.—adjs. Disap′probātive, Disap′probātry.

Disappropriate, dis-ap-prō′pri-āt, v.t. to take away from that to which anything has been appropriated.—adj. deprived of appropriation.

Disapprove, dis-a-prōōv′, v.t. to give an unfavourable opinion of, to regard as bad or blameworthy (usually followed with of): to reject.—n. Disapprov′al.—adv. Disapprov′ingly.

Disarm, diz-ärm′, v.t. to deprive of arms: to render defenceless: to quell: to deprive of the power to hurt: to reduce to a peace footing.—v.i. to disband troops, reduce national armaments to a peace footing.—n. Disarm′ament. [O. Fr. desarmer, des—L. dis-, neg., armer, to arm.]

Disarrange, dis-ar-rānj′, v.t. to undo the arrangement of: to disorder: to derange.—n. Disarrange′ment.

Disarray, dis-ar-rā′, v.t. to break the array of: to throw into disorder: to strip of array or dress.—n. want of array or order: undress. [O. Fr. desarroi, des—L. dis, away, arroi. See Array.]

Disarticulate, dis-ar-tik′ūl-āt, v.t. to separate the joints of.—n. Disarticulā′tion.

Disassociate, dis-as-sō′shi-āt, v.t. to disconnect things associated: to dissociate.—n. Disassociā′tion.

Disaster, diz-as′tėr, n. an adverse or unfortunate event: a great and sudden misfortune: calamity.—adj. Disas′trous, calamitous, ruinous: gloomy, foreboding disaster.—adv. Disas′trously. [O. Fr. desastre, des—L. dis, with evil sense, astre—L. astrum, a star, destiny.]

Disattach, dis-a-tach′, v.t. to undo what is attached.—n. Disattach′ment.

Disattire, dis-at-tīr′, v.t. to divest of attire or dress: (Spens.) to undress.

Disavow, dis-a-vow′, v.t. to disclaim knowledge of, sanction of, or connection with: to disown: to deny.—n. Disavow′al. [O. Fr. desavouer, des—L. dis, away, avouer, to avow.]

Disband, dis-band′, v.t. to break up a band: to disperse, esp. of troops.—v.i. to break up.—n. Disband′ment. [O. Fr. desbander, des—L. dis, neg., bander.]

Disbark, dis-bärk′, v.t. to land from a ship: to disembark. [O. Fr. desbarquer, des—L. dis, neg., barque, bark.]

Disbelieve, dis-be-lēv′, v.t. to refuse belief or credit to: to deny the truth of, esp. of religious dogmas.—ns. Disbelief′; Disbeliev′er.

Disbench, dis-bensh′, v.t. (Shak.) to drive from a bench or seat: to deprive of the privilege of a bencher (e.g. in the Inns of Court).

Disbowel, dis-bow′el, v.t. (fig.) to disembowel:—pr.p. disbow′elling; pa.p. disbow′elled.

Disbranch, dis-bransh′, v.t. to break off, as a branch from a tree: to sever.

Disburden, dis-bur′dn, Disburthen, dis-bur′thn, v.t. to unburden or rid of a burden: to free.

Disburse, dis-burs′, v.t. to pay out.—n. Disburse′ment, a paying out: that which is paid out. [O. Fr. desbourser, des—L. dis, apart, and bourse, a purse.]

Disc, Disk, disk, n. the face of a round plate, any flat, round object: the face of a celestial body: (bot.) the flat surface of an organ, as a leaf, any flat, round growth.—adjs. Disc′al; Discif′erous; Disciflō′ral; Dis′ciform. [L. discus—Gr. diskos, a round plate, a quoit—dikein, to cast. See Desk, Dish.]

Discalced, dis-kalsd′, adj. without shoes, barefooted, a term for a branch of the Carmelite order. [L. discalceātus—dis, neg., and calceāre, -ātum, to shoe, calceus, a shoe—calx, the heel.]

Discandy, dis-kan′di, v.i. (Shak.) to dissolve or melt from a state of being candied.

Discard, dis-kärd, v.t. and v.i. to throw away, as not needed or not allowed by the game, said of cards: in whist, to throw down a (useless) card of another suit when one cannot follow suit and cannot or will not trump: to cast off: to discharge: to reject.—n. the act of discarding: the card or cards thrown out of the hand.—n. Discard′ment.

Discase, dis-kās′, v.t. (Shak.) to remove a case or covering from, to undress.

Discept, dis-ept′, v.i. (Browning) to dispute, debate.—n. Disceptā′tion.—adj. Disceptā′tious.—n. Disceptā′tor.—adj. Disceptatō′rial. [L. disceptare, -ātum, to contend.]

Discern, diz-ėrn′, v.t. to distinguish clearly by the eye or understanding: to judge (sometimes with between).—n. Discern′er.—adj. Discern′ible.—adv. Discern′ibly.—p.adj. Discern′ing, discriminating, acute.—n. Discern′ment, power or faculty of discriminating: judgment: acuteness. [L. discern˘ere—dis, thoroughly, and cernĕre, to sift, perceive.]

Discerp, di-serp′, v.t. to separate.—n. Discerpibil′ity, capability of being disunited.—adjs. Discerp′ible, Discerp′tible.—n. Discerp′tion.—adj. Discerp′tive. [L. discerpĕre, to tear in pieces.]

Discharge, dis-chärj′, v.t. to free from a load or charge: to unload or remove the cargo: to set free: to acquit: to dismiss: to fire, as a gun: to let out or emit: to perform, as duties: to pay, as an account.—n. act of discharging: unloading: acquittance: dismissal: a flowing out: payment: performance: that which is discharged.—n. Discharg′er. [O. Fr. descharger—des, apart, and charger, to load.]

Discharm, dis-chärm, v.t. to remove the charm, or power of a charm, from.

Discide, dis-sīd′, v.t. (Spens.) to cut asunder, to divide. [L. dis, asunder, and cœdĕre, to cut.]

Discinct, dis-singkt′, adj. ungirded. [L. discingĕre, -cinctum, to ungird.]

Disciple, dis-ī′pl, n. one who professes to receive instruction from another: one who follows or believes in the doctrine of another: a follower, esp. one of the twelve disciples of Christ.—v.t. (Spens.) to teach.—n. Discī′pleship.—Disciples of Christ, a denomination of American Baptists, also known as Campbellites. [Fr.,—L. discipulus, from discĕre, to learn; akin to docēre, to teach.]

Discipline, dis′i-plin, n. instruction: training, or mode of life in accordance with rules: subjection to control: order: severe training: mortification: punishment: an instrument of penance or punishment.—v.t. to subject to discipline: to train: to educate: to bring under control: to chastise.—adjs. Dis′ciplinable; Dis′ciplinal.—ns. Dis′ciplinant, one who subjects himself to a certain discipline, esp. one of an order of Spanish flagellants; Disciplinā′rian, one who enforces strict discipline; Disciplinā′rium, a scourge for penitential flogging.—adj. Dis′ciplinary, of the nature of discipline—n. Dis′cipliner, one who disciplines.—First, and Second, Book of Discipline, two documents (1560 and 1578) embodying the constitution and order of procedure of the Church of Scotland from the period of the Reformation. [L. disciplina, from discipulus.]

Discission, di-sish′un, n. an incision into a tumour or cataract. [See Discide.]

Disclaim, dis-klām′, v.t. to renounce all claim to: to refuse to acknowledge or be responsible for: to reject.—v.i. to give up all claim (with in).—ns. Disclaim′er, a denial, disavowal, or renunciation; Disclamā′tion, a disavowal. [O. Fr. disclaimer—L. dis, apart, clamāre, to cry out.]

Disclose, dis-klōz′, v.t. to unclose: to open: to lay open: to bring to light: to reveal.—n. Disclō′sure, act of disclosing: a bringing to light or revealing: that which is disclosed or revealed. [O. Fr. desclos—L. discludēre—dis, apart, claudĕre, to shut, close.]

Discobolus, dis-kob′o-lus, n. 'the disc-thrower,' the name of several famous statues of athletes. [L.,—Gr. diskos, a quoit, ballein, to throw.]

Discoid, -al, dis′koid, -al, adj. having the form of a disc. [Gr. diskos, and eidos, form.]

Discolour, dis-kul′ur, v.t. to take away colour from: to change or to spoil the natural colour of: to alter the appearance of: to mark with other colours, to stain: to dirty, disfigure.—n. Discolorā′tion, act of discolouring: state of being discoloured: stain.—p.adj. Discol′oured, stained, &c.: (Spens.) many-coloured. [O. Fr. descolorer—L. dis, apart, and colorāre—color; colour.]

Discomfit, dis-kum′fit, v.t. to disconcert, to balk: to defeat or rout;—pr.p. discom′fiting; pa.p. discom′fited.—n. (Milt.) defeat.—n. Discom′fiture. [O. Fr. desconfit, pa.p. of desconfire—L. dis, neg., conficĕre, to prepare—con, inten., facĕre, to make.]

Discomfort, dis-kum′furt, n. want of comfort: uneasiness: pain.—v.t. to deprive of comfort: to make uneasy: to pain: to grieve.—adj. Discom′fortable, causing discomfort: uncomfortable. [O. Fr. desconforter—des, apart, conforter, to comfort.]

Discommend, dis-kom-end′, v.t. to blame.—adj. Discommend′able.—ns. Discommend′ableness, Discommendā′tion.

Discommission, dis-kom-ish′un, v.t. (Milt.) to deprive of a commission.

Discommode, dis-kom-ōd′, v.t. to incommode.—adj. Discommō′dious.—adv. Discommō′diously.—n. Discommod′ity, inconvenience.

Discommon, dis-kom′un, v.t. to deprive of the right of common, or, at Oxford and Cambridge, of dealing with undergraduates.

Discompose, dis-kom-pōz′, v.t. to deprive of composure: to disarrange, to disorder: to disturb: to agitate.—n. Discompō′sure.

Disconcert, dis-kon-sėrt′, v.t. to deprive of harmony or agreement: to disturb: to frustrate: to defeat: to put out of countenance.—n. Discon′cert, disunion; Disconcer′tion, confusion; Disconcert′ment. [O. Fr. disconcerter—des = L. dis, apart, and concerter, to concert.]

Disconformable, dis-kon-form′a-bl, adj. not conformable.—n. Disconform′ity, want of conformity: inconsistency.

Disconnect, dis-kon-ekt′, v.t. to separate or disjoin (with from).—p.adj. Disconnect′ed, separated: loosely united, as of a discourse.—adv. Disconnect′edly.—n. Disconnec′tion.

Disconsolate, dis-kon′sō-lāt, adj. without consolation or comfort: hopeless: sad.—adv. Discon′solately.—ns. Discon′solateness, Disconsolā′tion. [L. dis, neg., and consolāri, consolātus, to console.]

Discontent, dis-kon-tent′, adj. not content: dissatisfied: ill-humoured: peevish.—n. want of content: dissatisfaction: ill-humour.—v.t. to deprive of content: to stir up to ill-will.—adj. Discontent′ed, dissatisfied.—adv. Discontent′edly.—n. Discontent′edness.—adj. Discontent′ful.—p.adj. Discontent′ing, not contenting or satisfying: (Shak.) discontented.—n. Discontent′ment, the opposite of contentment: ill-humour.

Discontinue, dis-kon-tin′ū, v.t. to cease to continue: to put an end to: to leave off: to stop.—v.i. to cease: to be separated from.—ns. Discontin′uance, Discontinuā′tion, a breaking off or ceasing; Discontinū′ity.—adj. Discontin′uous, not continuous: broken off: separated: interrupted by intervening spaces.—adv. Discontin′uously. [O. Fr. discontinuer—L. dis, neg., and continuāre, to continue.]

Discophora, dis-kof′ō-ra, n.pl. the discoidal hydrozoans—jelly-fishes, &c.—n. Discoph′oran, one of the foregoing.—adj. Discoph′orous, having a gelatinous bell or disc. [Gr.]

Discord, dis′kord, n. opposite of concord: disagreement, strife: difference or contrariety of qualities: a combination of inharmonious sounds: uproarious noise.—v.i. Discord′, to disagree.—ns. Discord′ance, Discord′ancy.—adj. Discord′ant, without concord or agreement: inconsistent: contradictory: harsh: jarring.—adv. Discord′antly.—adj. Discord′ful (Spens.).—Apple of discord (see Apple). [O. Fr. descord—L. discordia—dis, neg., and cor, cordis, the heart.]

Discounsel, dis-kown′sel, v.t. (Spens.) to dissuade. [O. Fr. desconseillier—des, apart, and conseillier, to counsel.]

Discount, dis′kownt, n. a sum taken from the reckoning: a sum returned to the payer of an account: a deduction made for interest in advancing money on a bill.—v.t. Discount′, to allow discount: to advance money on, deducting discount: to put a reduced value on, as in an extravagant statement or fabulous story.—v.i. to practise discounting.—adj. Discount′able.—ns. Dis′count-brok′er, one who cashes notes or bills of exchange at a discount; Discount′er.—At a discount, below par: not sought after: superfluous: depreciated in value. [O. Fr. descompter, des—L. dis, away, compter, to count.]

Discountenance, dis-kown′ten-ans, v.t. (obs.) to put out of countenance: to abash: to refuse countenance or support to: to discourage.—n. cold treatment: disapprobation. [O. Fr. descontenancer, des-, neg., contenance, countenance.]

Discourage, dis-kur′āj, v.t. to take away the courage of: to dishearten: to seek to check by showing disfavour to.—n. Discour′agement, act of discouraging: that which discourages: dejection.—p.adj. Discour′aging, disheartening, depressing.—adv. Discour′agingly. [O. Fr. descourager. See Courage.]

Discourse, dis-kōrs′, n. speech or language generally: conversation: the reasoning faculty: a treatise: a sermon.—v.i. to talk or converse: to reason: to treat formally.—v.t. to utter or give forth.—n. Discours′er (Shak.).—adj. Discours′ive. [Fr. discours—L. discursus—dis, away, currĕre, to run.]

Discourteous, dis-kurt′yus, adj. wanting in good manners; uncivil: rude.—adv. Discourt′eously.—ns. Discourt′eousness, Discourt′esy. [O. Fr. descourtois, des—L. dis, neg., cortois, courteous.]

Discover, dis-kuv′ėr, v.t. to uncover: to lay open or expose: to exhibit: to make known: to find out: to espy.—adj. Discoverable.—ns. Discov′erer; Discov′ery, the act of finding out: the thing discovered. [O. Fr. descouvrir, des—L. dis, away, couvrir, to cover.]

Discovert, dis-kuv′ert, adj. (law) not under the bonds of matrimony, either of a spinster or widow.—n. Discov′erture. [Lit. uncovered, unprotected; O. Fr. descovert. See Discover.]

Discredit, dis-kred′it, n. want of credit: bad credit: ill-repute: disgrace.—v.t. to refuse credit to, or belief in: to deprive of credibility: to deprive of credit: to disgrace.—adj. Discred′itable, not creditable: disgraceful.—adv. Discred′itably.

Discreet, dis-krēt′, adj. having discernment: wary: circumspect: prudent.—adv. Discreetly.—n. Discreet′ness. [O. Fr. discret—L. discrētus—discernĕre, to separate, to perceive.]

Discrepancy, dis-krep′an-si, or dis′krep-an-si, n. disagreement, variance of facts or sentiments—(obs.) Discrep′ance.—adj. Discrep′ant, contrary, disagreeing. [Through Fr. from L. discrepan(t)s, different—dis, asunder, and crepans, pr.p. of crepāre, to sound.]

Discrete, dis-krēt′, adj. separate: consisting of distinct parts: referring to distinct objects—opposite of concrete.—adv. Discrete′ly.—n. Discrete′ness.—adj. Discret′ive, separating: disjunctive.—adv. Discret′ively. [A doublet of discreet.]

Discretion, dis-kresh′un, n. quality of being discreet: prudence: liberty to act at pleasure.—adjs. Discre′tional, Discre′tionary, left to discretion: unrestricted,—advs. Discre′tionally, Discre′tionarily.—Age, Years, of discretion, mature years; At discretion, according to one's own judgment; Be at one's discretion, to be completely under another person's power or control; Surrender at discretion, to surrender unconditionally, that is, to another's discretion. [Through Fr. from L. discretion-em, discernĕre, -crētum.]

Discriminate, dis-krim′i-nāt, v.t. to note the difference: to distinguish: to select from others.—v.i. to make a difference or distinction: to distinguish.—adv. Discrim′inately.—p.adj. Discrim′inating, noting distinctions: gifted with judgment and penetration.—adv. Discrim′inatingly.—n. Discriminā′tion, act or quality of distinguishing: acuteness: discernment, judgment.—adj. Discrim′inative, that marks a difference: characteristic: observing distinctions.—adv. Discrim′inatively.—n. Discrim′inātor. [L. discrimināre, -ātum—discrimen, discriminis, that which separates, discernĕre, discern.]

Discursive, dis-kur′siv, adj. running from one thing to another: roving, desultory: proceeding regularly from premises to conclusion: intellectual, rational.—ns. Discur′sion, desultory talk: act of reasoning; Discur′sist, a disputer.—adv. Discur′sively.—n. Discur′siveness.—adj. Discur′sory, discursive.—n. Discur′sus, argument. [See Discourse.]

Discuss, dis-kus′, v.t. to examine in detail, or by disputation: to debate: to sift: (coll.) to consume, as a bottle of wine.—adj. Discuss′able.—n. Discus′sion, debate: (surg.) dispersion of a tumour.—adjs. Discuss′ive, Discū′tient, able or tending to discuss or disperse tumours.—n. Discū′tient, a medicine with this property. [L. discutĕre, discussum—dis, asunder, quatĕre, to shake.]

Disdain, dis-dān′, v.t. to think unworthy: to reject as unsuitable: to scorn.—n. a feeling of scorn or aversion: haughtiness.—adjs. Disdained′ (Shak.), disdainful; Disdain′ful.—adv. Disdain′fully.—n. Disdain′fulness. [O. Fr. desdaigner—L. dedignāri, de, dis, neg., and dignus, worthy.]

Disease, diz-ēz′, n. a disorder or want of health in mind or body: ailment: cause of pain.—v.t. (Spens.) to make uneasy.—p.adj. Diseased′, affected with disease.—n. Diseas′edness.—adj. Disease′ful. [O. Fr. desaise, des—L. dis, neg., aise, ease.]

Disedge, dis-ej′, v.t. (Shak.) to deprive of the edge: to blunt; to dull.

Disedify, dis-ed′i-fī, v.t. to do the reverse of edifying: to scandalise.—n. Disedificā′tion.

Disembark, dis-em-bärk′, v.t. to land persons, troops, &c.: to take out of a ship.—v.i. to quit a ship: to land.—ns. Disembarkā′tion, Disembark′ment. [O. Fr. desembarquer, des-—L. dis, neg., embarquer. See Embark.]

Disembarrass, dis-em-bär′as, v.t. to free from embarrassment or perplexity.—n. Disembarr′assment. [O. Fr. disembarrasser, des—L. dis, neg., embarrasser. See Embarrass.]

Disembody, dis-em-bod′i, v.t. to take away from or out of the body (esp. of disembodied spirits): to discharge from military service or array.—n. Disembod′iment.

Disembogue, dis-em-bōg′, v.t. and v.i. to discharge at the mouth, as a stream.—n. Disembogue′ment. [Sp. desembocar, des—L. dis, asunder, embocar, to enter the mouth, em-—L. im, in, into, boca—L. bucca, a cheek, the mouth.]

Disembosom, dis-em-bōōz′um, v.t. to separate from the bosom: to disburden one's self of a secret.

Disembowel, dis-em-bow′el, v.t. to take out the bowels of: to tear out the inside of a thing.—n. Disembow′elment.

Disemploy, dis-em-ploi′, v.t. to relieve of employment.—adj. Disemployed′.

Disenable, dis-en-ā′bl, v.t. to make unable: to disable: (obs.) to deprive of power.

Disenchant, dis-en-chant′, v.t. to free from enchantment, to disillusionise.—ns. Disenchant′er:—fem. Disenchant′ress; Disenchant′ment. [O. Fr. desenchanter, des—L. dis, neg., enchanter, to enchant.]

Disenclose, dis-en-klōz′, v.t. to free from the condition of being enclosed: to dispark.—Also Disinclose.

Disencumber, dis-en-kum′bėr, v.t. to free from encumbrance: to disburden.—n. Disencum′brance.

Disendow, dis-en-dow′, v.t. to take away the endowments (esp. of an established church).—adj. Disendowed′.—n. Disendow′ment.

Disenfranchise, dis-en-fran′chiz, v.t. (rare) to disfranchise: to deprive of suffrage.—n. Disenfran′chisement.

Disengage, dis-en-gāj′, v.t. to separate or free from being engaged: to separate: to set free: to release.—ns. Disengag′edness; Disengage′ment. [O. Fr. desengager, des-—L. dis, neg., engager, to engage.]

Disennoble, dis-en-nō′bl, v.t. to deprive of title, or of what ennobles: to degrade.

Disentail, dis-en-tāl′, v.t. to break the entail of (an estate): to divest.—n. the act of disentailing.

Disentangle, dis-en-tang′gl, v.t. to free from entanglement or disorder: to unravel: to disengage or set free.—n. Disentang′lement.

Disenthral, Disenthrall, dis-en-thrawl′, v.t. to free from enthralment.—n. Disenthral′ment.

Disentrance, dis-en-trans′, v.t. to awaken from a trance or deep sleep: to arouse from a reverie.—n. Disentrance′ment.

Disenvelop, dis-en-vel′op, v.t. to free from that in which a thing is enveloped, to unfold.

Disespouse, dis-es-powz′, v.t. (Milt.) to separate after espousal or betrothment.

Disestablish, dis-es-tab′lish, v.t. to take away what has been established or settled, esp. of the standing of church as established by law.—n. Disestab′lishment.

Disesteem, dis-es-tēm′, n. want of esteem: disregard.—v.t. to disapprove: to dislike.—n. Disestimā′tion.

Disfavour, dis-fā′vur, n. want of favour: displeasure: dislike.—v.t. to withhold favour from: to disapprove: to oppose.—n. Disfā′vourer.

Disfellowship, dis-fel′ō-ship, n. want of, or exclusion from, fellowship.—v.t. to excommunicate.

Disfigure, dis-fig′ūr, v.t. to spoil the figure of: to change to a worse form: to spoil the beauty of: to deform.—ns. Disfig′urement, Disfigurā′tion. [O. Fr. desfigurer—L. dis, neg., figurāre, to figure.]

Disfranchise, dis-fran′chiz, v.t. to deprive of a franchise, or of rights and privileges, esp. that of voting for a M.P.—n. Disfran′chisement.

Disfurnish, dis-fur′nish, v.t. (Shak.) to strip, render destitute.—n. Disfur′nishment.

Disgorge, dis-gorj′, v.t. to discharge from the throat: to vomit: to throw out with violence: to give up what has been seized.—n. Disgorge′ment. [O. Fr. desgorger, des, away, gorge, throat. See Gorge.]

Disgospel, dis-gos′pel, v.i. to act in a manner not becoming the gospel.

Disgown, dis-gown′, v.t. or v.i. to deprive of his gown: to divest one's self of a clerical gown, to renounce orders.

Disgrace, dis-grās′, n. state of being out of grace or favour, or of being dishonoured: cause of shame: dishonour.—v.t. to put out of favour: to bring disgrace or shame upon.—adj. Disgrace′ful, bringing disgrace: causing shame: dishonourable.—adv. Disgrace′fully.—ns. Disgrace′fulness; Disgrā′cer.—adj. Disgrā′cious (Shak.), ungracious, unpleasing. [O. Fr.,—L. dis, neg., and gratia, favour, grace.]

Disgrade, dis-grād′, v.t. to deprive of any rank or status.—n. Disgradā′tion.

Disgruntle, dis-grun′tl, v.t. (prov.) to disappoint, disgust.—adj. Disgrun′tled, rendered sulky. [Dis- and gruntle, to grunt, to be sulky.]

Disguise, dis-gīz′, v.t. to change the guise or appearance of: to conceal by a dress intended to deceive, or by a counterfeit manner and appearance: to intoxicate (usually 'disguised in liquor')—n. a dress intended to conceal the wearer: a false appearance: change of behaviour in intoxication.—adv. Disguis′edly.—ns. Disguis′edness; Disguise′ment; Disguis′er; Disguis′ing. [O. Fr. desguiser—des, neg., guise, manner, guise.]

Disgust, dis-gust′, n. loathing: strong dislike.—v.t. to excite disgust in: to offend the taste of: to displease.—adv. Disgust′edly.—adjs. Disgust′ing, Disgust′ful.—adv. Disgust′ingly.—ns. Disgust′ingness, Disgust′fulness. [O. Fr. desgouster—des (= L. dis), and gouster—L. gustāre, to taste.]

Dish, dish, n. a plate: a vessel in which food is served: the food in a dish: a particular kind of food: the condition of having a dish shape, concavity of form.—v.t. to put in a dish, for table: (coll.) to outwit, to defeat.—ns. Dish′-clout, Dish′-cloth; Dish′-cov′er, a cover for a dish to keep it hot.—adj. Dish′-faced; having a round, flat face.—ns. Dish′ful; Dish′ing, putting in a dish.—adj. hollow like a dish.—n. Dish′-wa′ter, water in which dishes have been washed.—Dish up, to serve up, esp. figuratively of old materials cooked up anew. [A.S. disc, a plate, a dish, a table—L. discus. Doublets, disc and desk; cf. Ger. tisch, a table.]

Dishabilitate, dis-ha-bil′i-tāt, v.t. to disqualify: to attaint.—n. Dishabilitā′tion.

Dishabit, dis-hab′it, v.t. (Shak.) to drive from a habitation. [O. Fr. deshabiter—L. dis, neg., habitāre, to inhabit.]

Disharmony, dis-har′mo-ni, n. lack of harmony: discord: incongruity.—adj. Disharmō′nious.—adv. Disharmō′niously.—v.t. and v.i. Dishar′monise, to put out of, or be out of, harmony.

Dishearten, dis-härt′n, v.t. to deprive of heart, courage, or spirits: to discourage: to depress.—adjs. Disheart′ened; Disheart′ening.

Disherit, dis-her′it, v.t. (Spens.) to disinherit.—ns. Disher′ison; Disher′itor. [O. Fr. desheriter—L. dis, neg., Late L. hereditāre, to inherit.]

Dishevel, di-shev′el, v.t. to disorder the hair: to cause the hair to hang loose.—v.i. to spread in disorder:—pr.p. dishev′elling; pa.p. dishev′elled.—n. Dishev′elment. [O. Fr. discheveler—Low L. discapillāre, to tear out or disorder the hair—L. dis, in different directions, capillus, the hair.]

Dishonest, diz-on′est, adj. not honest: wanting integrity: disposed to cheat: insincere: (Shak.) unchaste.—adv. Dishon′estly.—n. Dishon′esty. [O. Fr. deshonneste, des—L. dis, neg., honneste—L. honestus, honest.]

Dishonour, diz-on′ur, n. want of honour: disgrace: shame: reproach.—v.t. to deprive of honour: to disgrace: to cause shame to: to seduce: to degrade: to refuse the payment of, as a cheque.—adjs. Dishon′orary, causing dishonour; Dishon′ourable, having no sense of honour: disgraceful.—n. Dishon′ourableness.—adv. Dishon′ourably.—n. Dishon′ourer. [O. Fr. deshonneur, des—L. dis, neg., honneur—L. honor, honour.]

Disillude, dis-il-lūd′, v.t. to free from illusion.—n. Disillū′sion, a freeing from illusion: state of being disillusionised.—v.t. to free from illusion, disenchant.—adj. Disillū′sionary.—v.t. Disillū′sionise.—n. Disillū′sionment.—adj. Disillū′sive.

Disilliuminate, dis-il-lū′mi-nāt, v.t. to destroy the light of, to darken.

Disimpassioned, dis-im-pash′und, adj. free from the influence of passion, tranquil.

Disimprison, dis-im-priz′n, v.t. to free from prison or restraint.—n. Disimpris′onment.

Disimprove, dis-im-prōōv′, v.t. and v.i. to render worse, to grow worse.

Disincarcerate, dis-in-kär′sėr-āt, v.t. to free from prison.—n. Disincarcerā′tion.

Disinclination, dis-in-kli-nā′shun, n. want of inclination: unwillingness.—v.t. Disincline′, to turn away inclination from: to excite the dislike or aversion of.—adj. Disinclined′, not inclined: averse.

Disincorporate, dis-in-kor′po-rāt, v.t. to deprive of corporate rights.—n. Disincorporā′tion.

Disindividualise, dis-in-di-vid′ū-al-īz, v.t. to deprive of individuality.

Disinfect, dis-in-fekt′, v.t. to free from infection: to purify from infectious germs.—ns. Disinfect′ant, anything that destroys the causes of infection; Disinfec′tion; Disinfect′or.

Disingenuous, dis-in-jen′ū-us, adj. not ingenuous: not frank or open: crafty.—adv. Disingen′uously.—n. Disingen′uousness.

Disinherit, dis-in-her′it, v.t. to cut off from hereditary rights: to deprive of an inheritance.—ns. Disinher′ison, act of disinheriting; Disinher′itance.

Disintegrate, dis-in′te-grāt, or diz-, v.t. to separate into integrant parts: to break up.—adjs. Disin′tegrable, Disin′tegrative.—ns. Disintegrā′tion; Disin′tegrator, a machine for crushing or pulverising oil-cake, mineral ores, &c.

Disinter, dis-in-tėr′, v.t. to take out of a grave: to bring from obscurity into view.—n. Disinter′ment.

Disinterested, dis-in′tėr-est-ed, adj. not interested or influenced by private feelings or considerations: impartial: unselfish, generous.—adv. Disin′terestedly.—n. Disin′terestedness.—adj. Disin′teresting (obs.), not interesting. [Corr. of disinterest = disinteress'd, O. Fr. des—L. dis, neg., interessé, interested in. See Interest.]

Disinvest, dis-in-vest′, v.t. to divest.—n. Disinvest′iture, the action of disinvesting.

Disjaskit, dis-jas′kit, adj. (Scot.) jaded, worn out. [Prob. dejected.]

Disjoin, dis-join′, or diz-, v.t. to separate what has been joined.—v.t. Disjoint′, to put out of joint: to separate united parts: to break the natural order or relations of things: to make incoherent.—p.adj. Disjoint′ed, incoherent, esp. of discourse: badly assorted.—adv. Disjoint′edly.—n. Disjoint′edness. [O. Fr. desjoindre—L. disjungĕre—dis, apart, jungĕre, to join.]

Disjunct, dis-jungkt′, adj. disjoined—n. Disjunc′tion, the act of disjoining: disunion: separation.—adj. Disjunct′ive, disjoining: tending to separate: (gram.) uniting sentences but disjoining the sense, or rather marking an adverse sense.—n. a word which disjoins.—adv. Disjunct′ively.—ns. Disjunct′or; Disjunct′ure. [O. Fr. desjoinct, desjoindre. See above.]

Disleal, dis-lēl′, adj. (Spens.) disloyal, dishonourable. [See Disloyal.]

Dislike, dis-līk′, v.t. to be displeased with: to disapprove of: to have an aversion to.—n. disinclination: aversion: distaste: disapproval.—adjs. Dislike′able, Dislik′able; Dislike′ful (Spens.)—v.t. Dislik′en (Shak.), to make unlike.—n. Dislike′ness (obs.), unlikeness. [L. dis, neg., and like; the genuine Eng. word is mislike.]

Dislimn, dis-lim′, v.t. (Shak.) to strike out what has been limned or painted, to efface.

Dislocate, dis′lō-kāt, v.t. to displace: to put out of joint.—adv. Dislocā′tedly.—n. Dislocā′tion, a dislocated joint: displacement: (geol.) a 'fault,' or displacement of stratified rocks. [Low L. dislocāre, -ātum—L., dis, apart, locāre, to place.]

Dislodge, dis-loj′, v.t. to drive from a lodgment or place of rest: to drive from a place of hiding or of defence.—v.i. to go away.—n. Dislodg′ment. [O. Fr. desloger, des—L. dis, apart, loger, to lodge.]

Disloign, dis-loin′, v.t. (Spens.) to put far apart or at a distance, to remove. [O. Fr. desloignier, des—L. dis, apart, loignier, to remove.]

Disloyal, dis-loi′al, adj. not loyal: false to one's sovereign: faithless: treacherous.—adv. Disloy′ally.—n. Disloy′alty. [O. Fr. desloyal, des—L. dis, neg., loyal, leial—L. legalis, legal.]

Dismal, diz′mal, adj. gloomy: dreary: sorrowful: depressing.—adv. Dis′mally.—ns. Dis′malness, Dismal′ity.—n.pl. Dis′mals, mournings.—The dismals, the dumps. [O. Fr. dismal = L. dies mali, evil, unlucky days. Skeat makes O. Fr. dismal correspond to Low L. decimalis, of a tenth, pertaining to tithes—L. decimus, tenth—decem, ten.]

Disman, dis-man′, v.t. to deprive of men (of a country, or ship): to unman: to deprive of human character (of the body by death).

Dismantle, dis-man′tl, v.t. to strip: to deprive of furniture, fittings, &c., so as to render useless: of a fortified town, to raze the fortifications. [O. Fr. desmanteller—des—L. dis, away, manteler, mantel, a mantle.]

Dismask, dis-mask′, v.t. to strip a mask from: to remove a disguise from: to uncover. [O. Fr. desmasquer, des—L. dis, neg., masquer, to mask.]

Dismast, dis-mast′, v.t. to deprive of a mast or masts.—n. Dismast′ment.

Dismay, dis-mā′, v.t. to terrify: to discourage.—n. loss of strength and courage through fear.—n. Dismay′edness.—adj. Dismay′ful (Spens.). [A hybrid word, from an O. Fr. desmayer—des (= L. dis), and Old High Ger. magan (Ger. mögen) = A.S. magan, to have might or power. See May.]

Dismayl, dis-māl′, v.t. to deprive of mail: (Spens.) to break open one's coat of mail. [O. Fr. desmailler, des—L. dis, neg., maille, mail.]

Dismember, dis-mem′bėr, v.t. to divide member from member: to separate a limb from the body: to disjoint: to tear to pieces.—ns. Dismem′berment; Dismem′brator. [O. Fr. desmembrer, des—L. dis, neg., membre, a member.]

Dismiss, dis-mis′, v.t. to send away: to despatch: to discard: to remove from office or employment: (law) to reject, to put out of court, to discharge.—ns. Dismiss′al, Dismis′sion.—adjs. Dismiss′ive, Dismiss′ory. [L. dis, away, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Dismount, dis-mownt′, v.i. to come down: to come off a horse.—v.t. to throw or bring down from any elevated place: to throw off their carriages, as cannon: to unhorse. [O. Fr. desmonter, des—L. dis, neg., monter, to mount.]

Disnatured, dis-nā′tūrd, adj. unnatural, devoid of natural affection.—v.t. Disnat′uralise, to make alien or unnatural.

Disobedient, dis-o-bē′di-ent, adj. neglecting or refusing to obey.—n. Disobē′dience, neglect or refusal to obey: violation of orders.—adv. Disobē′diently.

Disobey, dis-o-bā′, v.t. to neglect or refuse to obey or do what is commanded. [O. Fr. desobeir—des (= L. dis), and obeir, to obey.]

Disoblige, dis-o-blīj′, v.t. to offend by an act of unkindness or incivility: to do something against the wishes of another: to injure slightly.—n. Disobligā′tion, freedom from obligation: act of disobliging.—adj. Disob′ligatory, releasing from obligation.—n. Disoblige′ment.—adj. Disoblig′ing, not obliging: not careful to attend to the wishes of others: unaccommodating: unkind.—adv. Disoblig′ingly.—n. Disoblig′ingness. [O. Fr. desobliger, des (= L. dis), neg., obliger, to oblige.]

Disorder, dis-or′dėr, n. want of order: confusion: disturbance: breach of the peace: disease.—v.t. to throw out of order: to disarrange: to disturb: to produce disease.—adj. Disor′dered, confused, deranged.—n. Disor′derliness.—adj. Disor′derly, out of order: in confusion: irregular: lawless: defying the restraints of decency.—adv. confusedly: in a lawless manner.—Disorderly house, a brothel. [O. Fr. desordre, des (= L. dis), neg., ordre, order.]

Disordinate, dis-or′din-āt, adj. (rare) not in order: irregular.—adv. Disor′dinately.

Disorganise, dis-or′gan-īz, v.t. to destroy the organic structure of: to break up a union of parts: to disorder.—adj. Disorgan′ic.—n. Disorganisā′tion.

Disorient, dis-ō′ri-ent, v.t. to turn from the east: to confuse as to direction in general—also Disorien′tate.—n. Disorientā′tion.

Disown, diz-ōn′, v.t. to refuse to own or acknowledge as belonging to one's self: to deny: to repudiate, cast off—n. Disown′ment.

Disoxydate, dis-ok′si-dāt, v.t. to deoxidate or deprive of oxygen.—Also Disox′ygenate.

Disparage, dis-par′āj, v.t. to dishonour by comparison with what is inferior: to lower in rank or estimation: to talk slightingly of.—ns. Dispar′agement; Dispar′ager.—adv. Dispar′agingly. [O. Fr. desparager—des (—L. dis), neg., and Low L. paragium, equality of birth—L. par, equal.]

Disparate, dis′par-āt, adj. unequal: incapable of being compared.—n. Disparate′ness.—n.pl. Dis′parates, things or characters of different species. [L. disparātus—dis, neg., and parāre, make equal.]

Disparity, dis-par′i-ti, n. inequality: unlikeness so great as to render comparison difficult and union unsuitable.

Dispart, dis-pärt′, v.t. to part asunder: to divide, to separate.—v.i. to separate.—n. the difference between the thickness of metal at the breech and the mouth of a gun.

Dispassion, dis-pash′un, n. freedom from passion: a calm state of mind.—adj. Dispas′sionāte, free from passion: unmoved by feelings: cool: impartial.—adv. Dispas′sionātely.

Dispathy, dis′pa-thi, n. difference of feeling, the opposite of sympathy.

Dispauperise, dis-paw-per-īz′, v.t. to free from pauperism or from paupers.—v.t. Dispau′per, to declare no longer a pauper.

Dispeace, dis-pēs′, n. lack of peace: dissension. [A recent coinage from dis, neg., and peace.]

Dispel, dis-pel′, v.t. to drive away: to make disappear: to banish:—pr.p. dispel′ling; pa.p. dispelled′. [L. dispellĕre—dis, away, pellĕre, to drive.]

Dispend, dis-pend′, v.t. (arch.) to expend, pay out. [O. Fr.,—L. dis, out of, and pendĕre, to weigh.]

Dispensable, dis-pens′a-bl, adj. that may be dispensed, or dispensed with: (arch.) pardonable.—ns. Dispensabil′ity, Dispens′ableness.

Dispensary, dis-pens′ar-i, n. a place where medicines are dispensed, esp. to the poor, gratis.

Dispensation, dis-pen-sā′shun, n. the act of dispensing or dealing out: various methods or stages of God's dealing with His creatures—Patriarchal, Mosaic, Christian: the distribution of good and evil in the divine government: license or permission to neglect a rule.—adjs. Dispens′ative, Dispens′atory, granting dispensation.—advs. Dispens′atively, Dispens′atorily.—n. Dispens′atory, a book containing medical prescriptions.—adj. Dispens′ing.

Dispense, dis-pens′, v.t. to deal out in portions: to distribute: to administer: (Spens.) to pay for.—n. expense: profession: abundance.—adj. Dispensed′.—n. Dispens′er.—Dispense with, to permit the want of: to do without. [Fr. dispenser—L. dis, asunder, pensare, inten. of pendĕre, to weigh.]

Dispermous, dī-spėrm′us, adj. having only two seeds. [Gr. di-, twofold, sperma, a seed.]

Disperse, dis-pėrs′, v.t. to scatter in all directions: to spread: to diffuse: to drive asunder: to cause to vanish.—v.i. to separate: to spread abroad: to vanish.—n. Dispers′al.—adv. Dispers′edly.—ns. Dispers′edness; Dispers′er.—adj. Dispers′ive, tending to disperse. [L. dispergere, dispersum—di, asunder, apart, spargĕre, to scatter.]

Dispersion, dis-pėr′shun, n. a scattering, or state of being scattered: (med.) the removal of inflammation: (opt.) the separation of light into its different rays: the Diaspora (q.v.).

Dispirit, dis-pir′it, v.t. to dishearten: to discourage.—p.adj. Dispir′ited, dejected: feeble, spiritless.—adv. Dispir′itedly.—n. Dispir′itedness.—p.adj. Dispir′iting, disheartening.—n. Dispir′itment.

Dispiteous, dis-pit′e-us, adj. pitiless.—adv. Dispit′eously.—n. Dispit′eousness. [See Despite.]

Displace, dis-plās′, v.t. to put out of place: to disarrange: to remove from a state, office, or dignity.—adj. Displace′able.—n. Displace′ment, a putting out of place: the difference between the position of a body at a given time and that occupied at first: the quantity of water displaced by a ship afloat. [O. Fr. desplacer—L. dis, neg., and place.]

Displant, dis-plant′, v.t. to remove anything from where it has been planted or placed: to drive from an abode.—n. Displantā′tion. [Through Fr. from L. dis, neg., and plantāre, to plant.]

Display, dis-plā′, v.t. to unfold or spread out: to exhibit: to set out ostentatiously: (print.) to make prominent by large type, wide spacing, &c.—n. a displaying or unfolding: exhibition: ostentatious show.—p.adj. Displayed′, unfolded: spread: printed in prominent letters: (her.) erect, with wings expanded, as a bird.—n. Display′er. [O. Fr. despleier—des (= L. dis), neg., and plier, ploier—L. plicāre, to fold; doublet, deploy. See Ply.]

Disple, dis′pl, v.t. (Spens.) to discipline, chastise. [A contraction of disciple.]

Displease, dis-plēz′, v.t. to offend: to make angry in a slight degree: to be disagreeable to.—v.i. to raise aversion.—n. Displeas′ance (Spens.), displeasure.—adj. Displeas′ant (obs.).—p.adj. Displeased′, vexed, annoyed.—adv. Displeas′edly.—n. Displeas′edness.—p.adj. Displeas′ing, causing displeasure: giving offence.—adv. Displeas′ingly.—n. Displeas′ingness. [O. Fr. desplaisir, des—L. dis, neg., plaisir, to please.]

Displeasure, dis-plezh′ūr, n. the feeling of one who is offended: anger: cause of irritation.—v.t. (arch.) to displease, offend.

Displenish, dis-plen′ish, v.t. to deprive of plenishing or furniture, implements, &c.: to sell the plenishing of.—n. Displen′ishment.

Displode, dis-plōd′, v.t. (Milt.) to discharge, to explode.—v.i. to explode.—n. Displo′sion. [L. displodĕre—dis, asunder, plaudĕre, to beat.]

Dispondee, dī-spon′dē, n. a double spondee.—adj. Dispondā′ic.

Dispone, dis-pōn′, v.t. (arch.) to set in order, dispose: (Scots law) to make over to another: to convey legally.—n. Disponee′, the person to whom anything is disponed. [Fr.,—L. disponĕre, to arrange.]

Disponge, Dispunge, dis-punj′, v.t. (Shak.) to sprinkle, as with water from a sponge.

Disport, dis-pōrt′, v.t. and v.i. usually reflexive, to divert, amuse, enjoy one's self: to move in gaiety.—n. Disport′ment. [O. Fr. desporter (with se), to carry one's self away from one's work, to amuse one's self, from des (= L. dis), and porter—L. portāre, to carry. See Sport.]

Dispose, dis-pōz′, v.t. to arrange: to distribute: to apply to a particular purpose: to make over by sale, gift, &c.: to bestow: to incline.—n. disposal, management: behaviour, disposition.—adj. Dispos′able.—n. Dispos′al, the act of disposing: order: arrangement: management: right of bestowing.—p.adj. Disposed′, inclined, of a certain disposition (with well, ill, &c.).—adv. Dispos′edly, in good order: with measured steps.—n. Dispos′er.—p.adj. Dispos′ing, that disposes.—adv. Dispos′ingly.—Dispose of, to place in any condition: to apply to any purpose: to part with: to get rid of: to sell. [Fr. disposer, dis—L. dis, asunder, poser, to place.]

Disposition, dis-po-zish′un, n. arrangement: plan for disposing one's property, &c.: natural tendency: temper: (N.T.) ministration: (Scots law) a giving over to another = conveyance or assignment in Eng. phraseology—often 'disposition and settlement,' a deed for the disposal of a man's property at his death.—adjs. Disposi′tional; Disposi′tioned; Dispos′itive.—adv. Dispos′itively.—ns. Dispos′itor, a planet that disposes or controls another; Dispō′sure (obs.), disposal, arrangement: disposition. [Fr.,—L., from dis, apart, ponĕre, to place.]

Dispossess, dis-poz-zes′, v.t. to put out of possession.—n. Dispossess′or.

Dispraise, dis-prāz′, n. blame: reproach: dishonour.—v.t. to blame: to censure.—n. Disprais′er.—adv. Disprais′ingly. [O. Fr. despreisier, des—L. dis, neg., preisier, to praise.]

Dispread, dis-pred′, v.t. to spread in different ways.—v.i. to spread out: to expand.—Spenser has the forms dispred, dispredden, disprad.

Disprinced, dis-prinst′, p.adj. (Tenn.) deprived of the appearance of a prince.

Disproperty, dis-prop′ėr-ti, v.t. (Shak.) to deprive of any property.

Disproportion, dis-pro-pōr′shun, n. want of proportion, symmetry, or suitableness of parts: inequality.—v.t. to make unsuitable in form or size, &c.—n. Dispropor′tionableness.—adv. Dispropor′tionably.—adjs. Dispropor′tional, Dispropor′tionable (arch.).—advs. Dispropor′tionally, Dispropor′tionably (arch.).—adj. Dispropor′tionate, not proportioned: unsymmetrical: unsuitable to something else in some respect.—adv. Dispropor′tionately.—n. Dispropor′tionateness.

Disprove, dis-prōōv′, v.t. to prove to be false or not genuine: to refute: (arch.) to disapprove.—n. Disprov′al. [O. Fr. disprover. See Prove.]

Dispurvey, dis-pur-vā′, v.t. (arch.) to deprive of provisions.—n. Dispurvey′ance (Spens.).

Dispute, dis-pūt′, v.t. to make a subject of argument: to contend for: to oppose by argument: to call in question.—v.i. to argue: to debate.—n. a contest with words: an argument: a debate: a quarrel.—adj. Dis′putable, that may be disputed: of doubtful certainty.—n. Dis′putableness.—adv. Dis′putably.—ns. Dis′putant, Disput′er; Disputā′tion, a contest in argument: an exercise in debate.—adjs. Disputā′tious, Disput′ative, inclined to dispute, cavil, or controvert.—adv. Disputā′tiously.—n. Disput[a]′tiousness.—Beyond, or Without, dispute, indubitably, certainly. [O. Fr. disputer—L. disputāre—dis, apart, and putāre, to think.]

Disqualify, dis-kwol′i-fī, v.t. to deprive of the qualities necessary for any purpose: to make unfit: to disable.—n. Disqualificā′tion, state of being disqualified: anything that disqualifies or incapacitates.

Disquiet, dis-kwī′et, adj. (obs.) unquiet, uneasy, restless.—n. want of quiet: uneasiness, restlessness: anxiety.—v.t. to render unquiet: to make uneasy: to disturb.—adjs. Disquī′etful; Disquī′etive, Disquī′eting.—adv. Disquī′etly (Shak.).—ns. Disquī′etness, Disquī′etude.—adj. Disquī′etous.

Disquisition, dis-kwi-zish′un, n. a careful inquiry into any matter by arguments, &c.: an essay.—adjs. Disquisi′tional, Disquisi′tionary, Disquis′itory, Disquis′itive, pertaining to or of the nature of a disquisition. [L. disquisitio—disquirĕre, disquisitum—dis, inten., quærĕre, to seek.]

Disrank, dis-rangk′, v.t. to reduce to a lower rank: to throw into confusion.

Disrate, dis-rāt′, v.t. (naut.) to reduce to a lower rating or rank, as a petty officer.

Disregard, dis-re-gärd′, v.t. to pay no attention to.—n. want of attention: neglect: slight.—adj. Disregard′ful—adv. Disregard′fully.

Disrelish, dis-rel′ish, v.t. not to relish: to dislike the taste of: to dislike.—n. distaste: dislike: disgust.—p.adj. Disrel′ishing, offensive.

Disrepute, dis-re-pūt′, n. ill-character: discredit—also Disreputā′tion.—adj. Disrep′utable, in bad repute: disgraceful.—ns. Disrep′utableness, Disreputabil′ity (rare).—adv. Disrep′utably.

Disrespect, dis-re-spekt′, n. want of respect: discourtesy: incivility.—v.t. (arch.) not to respect.—adjs. Disrespect′able (rare), not respectable; Disrespect′ful, showing disrespect: irreverent: uncivil.—adv. Disrespect′fully.—n. Disrespect′fulness.

Disrupt, dis-rupt′, v.t. to burst asunder, to break up.—n. Disrup′tion, the act of breaking asunder: the act of bursting and rending: breach: in Scottish ecclesiastical history, the separation of the party who became the Free Church from the Established Church for the sake of spiritual independence (1843).—adj. Disrup′tive, causing, or accompanied by, disruption. [L. disruptus, diruptus, dirumpĕre—dis, asunder, rumpĕre, to break.]

Dissatisfactory, dis-sat-is-fak′tor-i, adj. causing dissatisfaction: unable to give content.—ns. Dissatisfac′tion, state of being dissatisfied: discontent: uneasiness; Dissatisfac′toriness.

Dissatisfy, dis-sat′is-fī, v.t. not to satisfy: to make discontented: to displease.—adj. Dissat′isfied, discontented: not pleased.

Disseat, dis-sēt′, v.t. (Shak.) to deprive of, or remove from, a seat.

Dissect, dis-sekt′, v.t. to cut asunder: to cut into parts for the purpose of minute examination: to divide and examine: to analyse and criticise (often hostilely, as a man's character or motives).—adj. Dissect′ible.—ns. Dissect′ing; Dissec′tion, the act or the art of cutting in pieces a plant or animal in order to ascertain the structure of its parts: anatomy.—adj. Dissect′ive, tending to dissect.—n. Dissect′or.—Dissected map, picture, a map or picture on a board cut into pieces, so that the putting of them together forms a puzzle. [L. dissecāre, dissectum—dis, asunder, secāre, to cut.]

Disseize, dis-sēz′, v.t. to deprive of seizin or possession of an estate of freehold: to dispossess wrongfully.—ns. Disseiz′in; Disseiz′or.

Dissemble, dis-sem′bl, v.t. to represent a thing as unlike what it actually is: to put an untrue semblance upon: to disguise: to conceal: (Shak.) to make unlike.—v.i. to assume a false appearance: to play the hypocrite: to dissimulate—ns. Dissem′blance (rare), want of resemblance: the act of dissembling; Dissem′bler; Dissem′bling.—p.adj. deceiving, hypocritical.—adv. Dissem′blingly. [O. Fr. dessembler, to be unlike, from L. dissimulāre—dissimilis, unlike—dis, neg., and similis, like.]

Disseminate, dis-sem′i-nāt, v.t. to sow or scatter abroad: to propagate: to diffuse.—n. Disseminā′tion.—adj. Dissem′inative.—n. Dissem′inator. [L. disseminare, -ātum—dis, asunder, semināre, to sow—semen, seminis, seed.]

Dissent, dis-sent′, v.i. to think differently: to disagree in opinion: to differ (with from).—n. the act of dissenting: difference of opinion: a protest by a minority: a differing or separation from an established church.—ns. Dissen′sion, disagreement in opinion: discord: strife; Dissent′er, one who separates on conscientious grounds from the service and worship of an established church: a nonconformist; Dissent′erage, condition of dissenters; Dissent′erism (rare).—adj. Dissen′tient, declaring dissent: disagreeing.—n. one who disagrees: one who declares his dissent.—p.adj. Dissent′ing.—adv. Dissent′ingly.—adj. Dissen′tious (Shak.), disposed to discord, contentious. [Fr.,—L. dissentīre, dissensum—dis, apart from, sentīre, to think.]

Dissepiment, dis-sep′i-ment, n. (bot.) a partition in compound ovaries formed by the union of the sides of their carpels.—adj. Dissepiment′al. [Low L. dissepimentum, a partition—L. dissæpīre—dis, apart, sepīre, to hedge in.]

Dissertate, dis′er-tāt, v.i. to discourse—(arch.) Dissert′.—n. Dissertā′tion, a formal discourse: a treatise.—adjs. Dissertā′tional, Dissertā′tive.—n. Dis′sertātor. [Fr.,—L. dissertāre, inten. of disserĕre, to discuss—dis, serĕre, to put in a row.]

Disserve, dis-serv′, v.t. to do the opposite of serving: (rare) to injure.—n. Disserv′ice, injury: mischief: an ill turn.—adj. Disserv′iceable. [O. Fr. desservir—L. dis, neg., servīre, to serve.]

Dissettle, dis-set′l, v.t. to unsettle.—adj. Dissett′led.—n. Dissett′lement.

Dissever, dis-sev′ėr, v.t. to sever: to part in two: to separate: to disunite.—ns. Dissev′erance, Disseverā′tion, Dissev′erment, a dissevering or parting.—p.adj. Dissev′ered, disunited. [O. Fr. dessevrer—L. dis, apart, seperāre, to separate.]

Dissident, dis′i-dent, adj. dissenting.—n. a dissenter.—n. Diss′idence, disagreement. [L. dissidens, -entis, pr.p. of dissidēre—dis, apart, sedēre, to sit.]

Dissilient, dis-sil′yent, adj. (bot.) bursting open with elastic force.—n. Dissil′ience. [L. dissiliens, -entis—dis, asunder, salīre, to leap.]

Dissimilar, dis-sim′i-lar, adj. not similar: unlike in any respect: of different sorts.—ns. Dissimilar′ity, Dissimil′itude, unlikeness: want of resemblance.—adv. Dissim′ilarly.—ns. Dissimilā′tion, the act of rendering dissimilar; Dissim′ile, the opposite of a simile, a comparison by contrast.

Dissimulate, dis-sim′ū-lāt, v.t. to pretend the contrary of: to pretend falsely: to conceal.—v.i. to practise dissimulation, play the hypocrite.—ns. Dissimulā′tion, the act of dissembling: a hiding under a false appearance: false pretension: hypocrisy; Dissimulā′tor. [L. dissimulāre, -ātum, to dissimulate—dis, neg., similis, like.]

Dissipate, dis′i-pāt, v.t. to scatter: to squander: to waste.—v.i. to separate and disappear: to waste away: (coll.) to be dissolute in conduct.—adj. Diss′ipable, that may be dissipated.—p.adj. Diss′ipated, dissolute, esp. addicted to drinking.—n. Dissipā′tion, dispersion: state of being dispersed: scattered attention: a dissolute course of life, esp. hard drinking.—adj. Diss′ipative, tending to dissipate or disperse: connected with the dissipation of energy. [L. dissipāre, -ātum—dis, asunder, and obs. supāre, which appears in insipĕre, to throw into.]

Dissociate, dis-sō′shi-āt, v.t. to separate from a society or company: to disunite: to separate.—n. Dissociabil′ity.—adjs. Dissō′ciable, not sociable: ill associated: incongruous: capable of being dissociated; Dissō′cial, not social.—v.t. Dissō′cialise, to make unsocial.—n. Dissociā′tion.—adj. Dissō′-ciative (chem.), tending to dissociate. [L. dissociāre, -ātum—dis, asunder, sociāre, to unite.]

Dissoluble, dis′ol-ū-bl, or dis-zol′ū-bl, adj. dissolvable.—ns. Dissolubil′ity, Dissol′ubleness, capacity of being dissolved.

Dissolve, di-zolv′, v.t. to loose asunder: to separate or break up: to put an end to (as a parliament): to melt: to destroy, as by fire: (arch.) to resolve, as doubts.—v.i. to break up: to waste away: to crumble: to melt.—adj. Diss′olūte, loose, esp. in morals: lewd: licentious.—adv. Diss′olūtely.—ns. Diss′olūteness; Dissolū′tion, the breaking up of an assembly: change from a solid to a liquid state: a melting: separation of a body into its original elements: decomposition: destruction: death; Dissolū′tionism; Dissolū′tionist.—ns. Dissolvabil′ity, Dissolv′ableness.—adjs. Dissolv′able, Dissolv′ible, capable of being dissolved or melted.—n. and adj. Dissolv′ent, a solvent having the power to melt. [L. dissolvĕre, -solutum—dis, asunder, solvĕre, solūtum, to loose.]

Dissonant, dis′o-nant, adj. not agreeing or harmonising in sound: without concord or harmony: disagreeing.—n. Diss′onance, disagreement of sound: want of harmony: discord: disagreement: (spec.) a combination of musical sounds which produces beats—also Diss′onancy. [Fr.,—L. dissonans, -antis—dis, apart, sonāre, to sound.]

Dissuade, dis-swād′, v.t. to advise against: to try to divert from anything by advice or persuasion: to succeed in persuading not to.—ns. Dissuā′der; Dissuā′sion.—adj. Dissuā′sive, tending to dissuade.—n. that which tends to dissuade.—adv. Dissuā′sively.—n. and adj. Dissuā′sory (rare). [Fr.,—L. dissuadēre—dis, apart, suadēre, suasum, to advise.]

Dissyllable, dis-sil′a-bl, n. a word of only two syllables.—adj. Dissyllab′ic.—n. Dissyllabificā′tion.—v.t. Dissyllab′ify, to make into two syllables.—n. Dissyll′abism, the character of having only two syllables. [Through Fr. and L. from Gr. di-, twice, syllabē, a syllable.]

Dissymmetry, dis-sim′e-tri, n. want of symmetry.—adjs. Dissymmet′ric, -al, of similar shape, but not capable of being superposed, as right and left hand gloves, crystals with different optical properties, &c.

Distaff, dis′taf, n. the stick which holds the bunch of flax, tow, or wool in spinning.—Distaff side, the female part of a family. [A.S. distæf, from dise = Low Ger. diesse, the bunch of flax on the staff; and stæf = Eng. staff. See Dizen.]

Distain, dis-tān′, v.t. to stain: to sully. [O. Fr. desteindre, to take away the colour of—L. dis, neg., and tingĕre, to stain. See Stain.]

Distal, dis′tal, adj. (anat.) at the end.—adv. Dis′tally. [Formed on the analogy of central, from Distance.]

Distance, dis′tans, n. a space or interval between: remoteness: opposition: reserve of manner: in horse-racing, the space measured back from the winning-post which a horse, in heat-races, must reach when the winner has covered the whole course, in order to run in the final heat.—v.t. to place at a distance: to leave at a distance behind.—adj. Dis′tanceless, not allowing a distant view—said of hazy weather: having no indications of distance—said of certain pictures.—Keep one at a distance, to treat with reserve; Keep one's distance, to abstain from familiarity with, to keep aloof from. [See Distant.]

Distant, dis′tant, adj. at a certain distance: remote, in time, place, or connection: not obvious: indistinct: reserved in manner.—adv. Dis′tantly. [Fr.,—L. distans, -tantis—dis, apart, stans, stantis, pr.p. of stāre, to stand.]

Distaste, dis-tāst′, n. oppositeness or aversion of taste: dislike of food: dislike: disgust.—v.t. (arch.) to dislike: (obs.) to offend: (Shak.) to spoil the taste of.—v.i. (Shak.) to be distasteful.—adj. Distaste′ful, nauseous to the taste: unpleasant: (Shak.) indicating distaste.—adv. Distaste′fully.—n. Distaste′fulness.

Distemper, dis-tem′pėr, n. a coarse mode of painting, in which the colours are mixed in a watery glue, white of egg, &c., chiefly used in scene-painting and in staining paper for walls.—Also Destem′per. [Same ety. as succeeding word.]

Distemper, dis-tem′pėr, n. a morbid or disorderly state of body or mind: disease, esp. of animals, specifically a typhoid inflammation of the mucous membranes of young dogs: ill-humour.—v.t. to derange the temper: to disorder or disease.—adj. Distem′perate, not temperate, immoderate: diseased.—n. Distem′perature (arch.), want of proper temperature: intemperateness, disturbance: uneasiness of mind: indisposition.—p.adj. Distem′pered, disordered: intemperate, ill-humoured, put out of sorts. [O. Fr. destemprer, to derange—L. dis, apart, temperāre, to govern.]

Distend, dis-tend′, v.t. to stretch in all directions: to swell.—v.i. to swell.—n. Distensibil′ity, capacity for distension.—adjs. Disten′sible, that may be stretched; Disten′sive, capable of stretching or of being stretched; Distent′ (Spens.), distended.—ns. Disten′tion, Disten′sion, act of distending or stretching: state of being stretched: (rare) breadth. [Fr.,—L. distendĕre—dis, asunder, tendĕre, tensum or tentum, to stretch.]

Disthene, dis′thēn, n. cyanite—so called from its positive and negative electric properties. [Gr. di-, two, sthenos, strength.]

Disthrone, dis-thrōn′, v.t. (obs.) to dethrone—(Spens.) Disthrōn′ise.

Distich, dis′tik, n. a couple of lines or verses, making complete sense: a couplet.—adj. having two rows.—adj. Dis′tichous (bot.), arranged in two rows. [L.,—Gr. distichos—dis, twice, stichos, a line.]

Distil, dis-til′, v.i. to fall in drops; to flow gently: to use a still.—v.t. to let or cause to fall in drops: to convert a liquid into vapour by heat, and then to condense it again: to extract the spirit or essential oil from anything by evaporation and condensation:—pr.p. distil′ling; pa.p. distilled′.—adj. Distil′lable.—ns. Distil′lāte, the product of distillation; Distillā′tion, the act of distilling.—adj. Distil′latory, of or for distilling.—ns. Distil′ler; Distil′lery, a place where distilling is carried on; Distil′ling, the action of the verb distil, distillation; Distil′ment (Shak.), that which is distilled.—Destructive distillation, the collection of the volatile matters released when a substance is destroyed by heat in a close vessel (as coal in making gas); Fractional distillation, the separation by distilling liquids having different boiling-points, the heat being gradually increased and the receiver changed. [O. Fr. distiller—L. distillāre, -ātum—de, down, stillāre, to drop—stilla, a drop.]

Distinct, dis-tingkt′, adj. separate: different: well-defined: clear: (Spens., Milt.) adorned.—adj. Distinctive, marking or expressing difference.—adv. Distinct′ively.—n. Distinct′iveness.—adv. Distinct′ly.—ns. Distinct′ness; Distinct′ure, distinctness. [See Distinguish.]

Distinction, dis-tingk′shun, n. separation or division: that which distinguishes or gives distinction: difference: eminence: characteristic dignity and elegance of style: honourable treatment.

Distinguish, dis-ting′gwish, v.t. to mark off, set apart (often with from): to recognise by characteristic qualities: to discern critically: to separate by a mark of honour: to make eminent or known.—v.i. to make or show distinctions or differences, to recognise the difference (with from, between).—adj. Disting′uishable, that may be capable of being distinguished.—adv. Disting′uishably.—p.adj. Disting′uished, illustrious.—n. Disting′uisher.—p.adj. Disting′uishing, peculiar.—n. Disting′uishment (Shak.), distinction. [Through Fr. from L. distinguĕre, distinctum—dis, asunder, stinguĕre, to prick, conn. with Gr. stizein, to mark. See Sting.]

Distoma, dis′tō-ma, n. the genus of trematode worms to which the liver-fluke belongs. [Gr. distomos, two-mouthed—dis, and stoma, the mouth.]

Distort, dis-tort′, v.t. to turn a different way: to force out of the natural or regular shape or direction: to turn aside from the true meaning: to pervert: to misrepresent.—p.adj. Distort′ed.—n. Distor′tion, a twisting out of regular shape: crookedness: perversion.—adj. Distort′ive, causing distortion. [L. dis, asunder, torquēre, tortum, to twist.]

Distract, dis-trakt′, v.t. to draw in different directions—applied to the mind or attention: to confuse: to harass: to render crazy: to divert.—adj. Distract′ed.—adv. Distract′edly.—n. Distract′edness.—adjs. Distract′ible; Distract′ile (bot.), carried widely apart.—n. Distrac′tion, state of being distracted: perplexity: agitation: madness: a diversion.—adj. Distract′ive, causing perplexity.

Distrain, dis-trān′, v.t. to seize, esp. goods for debt, esp. for non-payment of rent or rates.—v.i. to seize the goods of a debtor.—adj. Distrain′able.—ns. Distrain′ment; Distrain′or, Distrain′er; Distraint′, seizure of goods. [O. Fr. destraindre—L. dis, asunder, stringĕre, to draw tight.]

Distress, dis-tres′, n. extreme pain: that which causes suffering: calamity: misfortune: (arch.) compulsion: act of distraining goods.—v.t. to afflict with pain or suffering: to harass: to grieve: to distrain.—p.adj. Distressed′.—adj. Distress′ful.—adv. Distress′fully.—n. Distress′fulness.—p.adj. Distress′ing.—adv. Distress′ingly. [O. Fr. destresse—L. distringĕre, districtum, to pull asunder.]

Distribute, dis-trib′ūt, v.t. to divide amongst several: to deal out or allot: to classify: to give a logical term its fullest extension.—n. Distrib′uend, that which is to be distributed.—adjs. Distrib′utable, that may be divided; Distrib′utary, distributing.—ns. Distrib′uter, -or; Distribū′tion, allotment: classification: the application of a general term to all the objects denoted by it.—adjs. Distribū′tional; Distrib′utive, that distributes, separates, or divides: giving to each his own.—n. a word, like each or every, that indicates the several individuals of a number.—adv. Distrib′utively.—Geographical distribution, the department of science that treats of the distribution of animals and plants over certain areas of the globe. [L. distribuĕre—dis, asunder, tribuĕre, tribūtum, to allot.]

District, dis′trikt, n. a portion of territory defined for political, judicial, educational, or other purposes (as a registration district, a militia district, the District of Columbia): a region.—v.t. to divide into districts. [Fr.,—L. districtus—distringĕre, to draw tight.]

Distringas, dis-tring′gas, n. an old writ directing a sheriff or other officer to distrain. [Second pers. sing. pres. subj. of Late L. distringĕre, to distrain.]

Distrouble, dis-trub′l, v.t. (Spens.) to trouble greatly, to perplex. [L. dis, inten., and trouble.]

Distrust, dis-trust′, n. want of trust: want of faith or confidence: doubt.—v.t. to have no trust in: to disbelieve: to doubt.—adj. Distrust′ful, full of distrust: apt to distrust: suspicious.—adv. Distrust′fully.—n. Distrust′fulness.—adj. Distrust′less.

Disturb, dis-turb′, v.t. to throw into confusion: to agitate: to disquiet: to interrupt.—n. Disturb′ance, agitation: tumult: interruption: perplexity.—adj. and n. Disturb′ant, disturbing.—adjs. Disturb′ative; Disturbed′.—n. Disturb′er. [O. Fr. distourber—L. disturbāre, dis, asunder, turbāre, to agitate—turba, a crowd.]

Distyle, dis′til, n. a portico with two columns. [Gr. distylos—di-, two, and stylos, column.]

Disulphate, dī-sul′fāt, n. a sulphate containing one atom of hydrogen replaceable by a base.—n. Disul′phide, a sulphide containing two atoms of sulphur to the molecule—also Disul′phuret.—adj. Disulphū′ric, containing two sulphuric-acid radicals.

Disuniform, dis-ū′ni-form, adj. not uniform.—n. Disuniform′ity.

Disunion, dis-ūn′yun, n. want of union: breaking up of union or concord: separation.—n. Disun′ionist, promoter of disunion.

Disunite, dis-ū-nīt′, v.t. to separate what is united: to sever or sunder.—v.i. to fall asunder: to part.—n. Disū′nity, state of disunion.

Disuse, dis-ūs′, or dis′ūs, n. cessation or giving up of use or custom.—v.t. (dis-ūz′) to cease to use or practise.—n. Disusage (dis-ūz′-), gradual cessation of use or custom.

Dital, dit′al, n. a digital key for raising the pitch of a guitar a semitone. [It.,—L. digitus, a finger.]

Ditch, dich, n. a trench dug in the ground: any long narrow receptacle for water.—v.i. to make a ditch or ditches.—v.t. to dig a ditch in or around: to drain by ditches.—ns. Ditch′-dog (Shak.), a dead dog rotting in a ditch; Ditch′er, a ditch-maker. [A corr. of dike.]

Ditheism, dī′thē-izm, n. the doctrine of the existence of two supreme gods.—n. Dī′theist.—adjs. Ditheist′ic, -al. [Gr. di-, two, and theos, a god.]

Dithyramb, dith′i-ram, n. an ancient Greek hymn sung in honour of Bacchus: a short poem of a like character.—adj. Dithyram′bic, of or like a dithyramb: enthusiastic: wild and boisterous. [L.,—Gr. dithyrambos, a hymn in honour of Bacchus.]

Ditokous, dit′ō-kus, adj. producing two at a birth. [Gr. di-, two, tiktein, to bring forth.]

Ditriglyph, dī-trī′glif, n. a space for two triglyphs in the entablature between columns.—adj. Ditriglyph′ic.

Ditrochee, dī-trō′kē, n. a trochaic dipody.—adj. Ditrō′chean.

Dittany, dit′a-ni, n. a genus of aromatic perennial plants, formerly much used medicinally as a tonic. [O. Fr. dictame—L. dictamnus—Gr. diktamnos; prob. from Mt. Diktē in Crete.]

Dittay, dit′ā, n. (Scots law) an indictment, charge. [O. Fr. ditté—L. dictātum. Cf. Ditty, Dictate.]

Ditto, dit′ō, contracted Do., n. that which has been said: the same thing.—adv. as before, or aforesaid: in like manner.—n.pl. Ditt′os, a suit of clothes of the same colour throughout. [It. ditto—L. dictum, said, pa.p. of dicĕre, to say.]

Dittography, di-tog′ra-fi, n. mechanical repetition of letters or words in copying a manuscript. [Gr. dittos, double, graphein, to write.]

Dittology, di-tol′o-ji, n. a double reading. [Gr. dittologia—dittos, double, graphein, to write.]

Ditty, dit′i, n. a song: a little poem to be sung. [O. Fr. ditie—L. dictātum, neut. of dictātus, perf. part. of dictāre, to dictate.]

Ditty-bag, dit′i-bag, n. a sailor's bag for needles, thread, &c.—Also Ditt′y-box.

Diuretic, dī-ū-ret′ik, adj. promoting the discharge of urine.—n. a medicine causing this discharge.—n. Diurē′sis, the excessive discharge of urine. [Fr.,—Gr. diourētikos—dia, through, ouron, urine.]

Diurnal, dī-ur′nal, adj. daily: relating to or performed in a day.—n. a service-book containing the day hours, except matins (a night-office): a diary, journal.—n. Diur′nalist, a journalist.—adv. Diur′nally. [L. diurnālis—dies, a day. See Journal.]

Diva, dī′va, n. a popular female singer: a prima-donna. [It.,—L. diva, fem. of divus, divine.]

Divagation, dī-va-gā′shun, n. a digression, deviation.—v.i. Dī′vagate, to wander about.—adv. Divague′ly. [L. divagāri, to wander.]

Divan, di-van′, n. the Turkish council of state: a court of justice: used poetically of any council or assembly: a council-chamber with cushioned seats: a sofa: a smoking-room: a collection of poems. [Ar. and Pers. díwán, a long seat.]

Divaricate, dī-var′i-kāt, v.i. to part into two branches, to fork: to diverge.—v.t. to divide into two branches.—adj. widely divergent, spreading apart.—n. Divaricā′tion. [L. divaricāre, -ātum—dis, asunder, varicāre, to spread the legs—varus, bent apart.]

Dive, dīv, v.i. to dip or plunge into water: to go headlong into a recess, forest, &c.: to plunge or go deeply into any matter.—n. a plunge into water: a swoop.—n. Div′er, one who dives: a pearl-diver: one who works from a diving-bell or in a diving-dress beneath water: a bird expert at diving—specifically, the genus diver or loon of northern seas—loosely, auks, grebes, penguins, &c.: (slang) a pickpocket. [A.S. dýfan, dúfan; Ice. dýfa. See Dip.]

Diverge, di-vėrj′, v.i. to incline or turn apart: to tend from a common point in different directions: to vary from the standard.—ns. Diverge′ment; Diverg′ence, Diverg′ency, a tendency to recede from one point.—adj. Diverg′ent.—adv. Diverg′ingly. [L. dis, asunder, vergĕre, to incline.]

Divers, dī′vėrz, adj. sundry: several: more than one: (B.) same as Diverse. [See Divert.]

Diverse, dī′vėrs, or div-ėrs′, adj. different: unlike: multiform: various.—adv. Dī′versely, or Diverse′ly.

Diversify, di-vėr′si-fī, v.t. to make diverse or different: to give variety to:—pr.p. diver′sifying; pa.p. diver′sified.—adj. Diversifī′able.—n. Diversificā′tion.—adj. Diver′siform, of diverse or various forms. [Fr.,—Low L. diversificāre—diversus, diverse, facĕre, to make.]

Diversion, di-vėr′shun, n. act of diverting or turning aside: that which diverts: amusement, recreation: something done to turn the attention of an enemy from the principal point of attack.

Diversity, di-vėr′si-ti, n. state of being diverse: difference: unlikeness: variety.

Divert, di-vėrt′, v.t. to turn aside: to change the direction of: to turn the mind from business or study: to amuse.—n. Divert′imento (obs.), diversion: (mus.) a ballet-interlude.—adj. Divert′ing.—adv. Divert′ingly.—n. Divert′isement, diversion: a short ballet between the acts of a play.—adj. Divert′ive, tending to divert. [Fr.,—L. divertĕre, diversum—dis, aside, vertĕre, to turn.]

Diverticle, di-ver′ti-kl, n. (anat.) a diverticulum, cæcum, or blind tubular process.—adjs. Divertic′ular, Divertic′ulated.

Dives, dī′vēs (L. 'the rich man'), n. a name used as if a proper name for the rich man at whose gate Lazarus lay (Luke, xvi. 19): a rich and luxurious person.—n. Div′itism, condition of being rich.

Divest, di-vest′, v.t. to strip or deprive of anything.—adj. Divest′ible.—ns. Divest′iture, Divest′ment (rare). [L. devestīre—dis, neg., vestīre, to clothe—vestis, a garment.]

Divide, di-vīd′, v.t. to part asunder: to part among, to allot, &c.: to set at variance: to separate into two parts (as in voting).—v.i. to part or open: to break friendship: to vote by separating into two bodies.—n. (coll.) the act of dividing: (esp. in U.S.) a watershed.—adj. Divid′able (rare), divisible: (Shak.) divided.—adv. Divid′edly.—n. Divid′er, that which divides: a kind of compasses for dividing lines, &c.—adj. Divid′ing, separating.—n. separation.—n. Divid′ing-en′gine, an instrument for graduating the scales of scientific apparatus.—adjs. Divid′ual (Milt.), shared in common with others; Divid′uous, special, accidental. [L. dividĕre, divisum—dis, asunder, root vid, to separate.]

Dividend, div′i-dend, n. that which is to be divided: the share of a sum divided that falls to each individual, by way of interest or otherwise.—Declare a dividend, to announce the sum per cent. a trading concern is prepared to pay its shareholders. [L. dividendum—dividĕre.]

Dividivi, div′i-div-i, n. the curved pods of the leguminous tree, Cæsalpinia coriaria, imported for tanning and dyeing. [Native name.]

Divine, di-vīn′, adj. belonging to or proceeding from God: devoted to God's service: holy: sacred: excellent in the highest degree.—n. one skilled in divine things: a minister of the gospel: a theologian.—v.t. to foresee or foretell as if divinely inspired: to guess or make out.—v.i. to profess or practise divination: to have forebodings.—ns. Divinā′tion, the act or practice of divining: instinctive prevision: prediction: conjecture; Div′inātor, Divīn′er, one who divines or professes divination: a conjecturer:—fem. Divin′eress.—adjs. Divinatō′rial, Divin′a-tory, relating to divination, conjectural.—adv. Divine′ly.—ns. Divine′ness; Divin′ing-rod, a rod, usually of hazel, used by those professing to discover water or metals under ground.—vs.t. Div′inise, Divin′ify, to treat as divine. [Fr.,—L. divinus, from divus, deus, a god.]

Diving, dīv′ing, n. the action of the verb to dive.—adj. that dives.

Diving-bell, dīv′ing-bel, n. a hollow vessel or chamber, originally bell-shaped, open at the bottom and supplied with air by a tube from above, in which one may descend into and work under water.—n. Div′ing-dress, the water-tight costume of a diver, with special provision for receiving air, &c. [See Dive.]

Divinity, di-vin′i-ti, n. godhead: the nature or essence of God: God: a celestial being: any god: the science of divine things: theology.—Divinity Hall (Scot.), a theological college, or the theological department in a university. [See Divine.]

Division, di-vizh′un, n. act of dividing: state of being divided: that which divides: a partition: a barrier: the portion divided or separated: part of an army or military force: separation: difference in opinion, &c.: disunion: (arith.) the rule or process of finding how many times one number is contained in another.—n. Divisibil′ity.—adj. Divis′ible, capable of being divided or separated.—adv. Divis′ibly.—adjs. Divi′sional, Divi′sionary, pertaining to or marking a division or separation; Divīs′ive, forming division or separation: creating discord.—ns. Divīs′iveness; Divis′or (arith.), the number which divides the dividend.

Divorce, di-vors′, n. the legal separation of husband and wife: the sentence by which a marriage is dissolved.—v.t. to separate: to sunder: to dissolve the marriage-contract of: to put away.—adj. Divorce′able.—ns. Divorcee′, a divorced person; Divorce′ment (B.), divorce; Divor′cer.—adj. Divor′cive, having power to divorce. [Fr.,—L. divortium—divortĕre, another form of divertĕre. See Divert.]

Divot, div′ot, n. (Scot.) a piece of turf.—Feal and divot (Scots law), a right of cutting sods and turfs for certain purposes. [Origin unknown.]

Divulge, di-vulj′, v.t. to spread abroad among the vulgar or the people: to make public: to reveal.—v.t. Divul′gate, to publish.—n. Divulgā′tion. [Fr.,—L. divulgāre—dis, among, vulgāre, vulgus, the common people. See Folk.]

Divulsion, di-vul′shun, n. act of pulling or rending asunder or away.—adj. Divul′sive, tending to pull asunder. [L. divulsion-em, divellĕre, divulsum—dis, asunder, vellĕre, vulsum, to pull.]

Dizain, di-zān′, n. a poem in ten stanzas. [Fr.,—dix, ten—L. decem, ten. Cf. Dozen.]

Dizen, dī′zn, or diz′n, v.t. to dress gaudily: (obs.) to dress: to deck. [From an Eng. form found also in Low Ger. diesse, the bunch of flax on the distaff.]

Dizzy, diz′i, adj. giddy: confused: causing giddiness.—v.t. to make dizzy: to confuse.—adv. Dizz′ily.—n. Dizz′iness, giddiness.—p.adj. Dizz′ying, making dizzy. [A.S. dysig, foolish, allied to dwaes, stupid; cf. Dan. dösig; drowsy; also Daze, Doze.]

Do, dōō, v.t. to perform any action: to bring about or effect: to accomplish or finish: to prepare: to put or bring into any form or state: to cheat, swindle.—v.i. to act or behave:—pr.p. do′ing; pa.t. did; pa.p. done (dun).—In 'Do come,' 'I do love him,' Do is intensive; Do serves as substitute for other verbs to save repeating them (as in 'I didn't mean to speak, but if I do,' &c.).—n. endeavour, duty: a trick, hoax.—n. Do′-all, a factotum.—p.adj. Do′ing, active (as in 'Up and doing').—Do away with, to abolish, destroy; Do brown, to cook or roast to brownness: (slang) to make a fool of; Do for, to suit: to provide for: to ruin: (vulg.) to kill; Do into, to translate; Do Macbeth, &c., to represent that part in a play; Do one proud (coll.), to make one feel flattered; Do over, to do again: to cover over, as with paint; Do the city, to visit the sights of the city; Do to death, to murder; Do up, put up, make tidy, arrange, tie up, dress (linen): to utterly fatigue; Do well (to be angry), to be justified in being angry, &c.: to prosper; Do with, to make use of: to meddle with: to get on with; Do without, not to be dependent on, to dispense with.—Be done for, to be defeated or ruined.—Have done, desist; Have done with, to cease interest in; Have to do with, to have a connection with.—What's to do? what is the matter? [A.S. dón, dyde, gedón; Dut. doen, Ger. thun; conn. with Gr. tithenai, to put, place.]

Do, dōō, v.i. to fare or get on, as to health: to succeed: to suffice: to suit or avail (cf. 'This will do,' 'This will never do,' 'This will do for me well enough'). [Prov. Eng. dow, to avail, to be worth; from A.S. dugan, to be worth; Ger. taugen, to be strong, to be worth. See Doughty.]

Do, dō, n. the syllable or name for the first tone or keynote of the musical scale—the others being re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, initial syllables of lines in an old Latin hymn in honour of John the Baptist.

Doab, do′äb, n. in India, land between two rivers. [Hind. doāb, duāb.]

Dobbin, dob′bin, n. a workhorse. [Fr. Dobbin, a form like Robin for Robert. Cf. Dicky, Jackass.]

Dobby, Dobbie, dob′i, n. a dotard: a brownie: an attachment to a loom for weaving small figures.

Docetism, do-sē′tizm, n. a 2d-century heresy, which denied the human nature of Christ, affirming that His body was only a semblance.—n.pl. Docē′tæ.—adjs. Docē′tic, Docetis′tic.—ns. Docē′tism; Docē′tist. [Gr. dokētai, those of this belief—dokein, to seem.]

Doch-an-doris, doch′an-dō′ris, n. a stirrup-cup, a parting-cup.—Also Doch-an-dorach, Deuch-an-doris. [Gael., deoch, drink, an, the, doruis, gen. of dorus, door.]

Docile, dō′sīl, or dos′il, adj. teachable: ready to learn: easily managed—(obs.) Doc′ible.—ns. Doc′ibleness, Docil′ity, teachableness.—adj. Dō′cious (U.S.).—n. Doc′ity. [Fr.,—L. docilis—docēre, to teach.]

Docimasy, dos′i-ma-si, n. the art by which the nature and proportions of an ore are determined: assaying: examination of poisons.—n. Docimas′tes, a genus of humming-birds with enormously long beak.—adj. Docimas′tic—n. Docimol′ogy, a treatise on the art of assaying. [Gr. dokimasia, examination—dokimazein, to test—dechesthai, to take, approve.]

Dock, dok, n. a troublesome weed with large leaves and a long root.—n. Dock′-cress, the nipplewort. [A.S. docce; perh. from Gael. dogha, a burdock.]

Dock, dok, v.t. to cut short: to curtail: to cut off: to clip.—n. the part of a tail left after clipping. [Prob. W. tocio, to cut short; or Old Ice. dockr, a stumpy tail.]

Dock, dok, n. an enclosure or artificial basin near a harbour or river, for the reception of vessels: the box in court where the accused stands: in a railway station, the place of arrival and departure of a train.—v.t. to place in a dock.—ns. Dock′age, accommodation in docks for ships: dock-dues; Dock′er, one who works in the docks; Dock′-mas′ter, the person superintending a dock; Dock′-warr′ant, a warehouse receipt; Dock′yard, a naval establishment with docks, building-slips, stores, &c.; Dry′-dock, a dock which can be laid dry by dock-gates, pumping, &c.—also called Grav′ing-dock, because suitable for cleaning or graving the sides and bottoms of ships; Float′ing-dock, a dock which floats in the water, but can by pumping out its hollow sides be raised high in the water with any ship that has been floated into it, and then emptied of water by further pumping; Wet′-dock, a dock maintaining a level nearly uniform with that of high water. [Old Dut. dokke; perh. from Low L. doga, a canal—Gr. dochē, a receptacle—dechesthai, to receive.]

Docket, dok′et, n. a summary of a larger writing: a bill or ticket affixed to anything: a label: a list or register of cases in court.—v.t. to make a summary of the heads of a writing: to enter in a book: to mark the contents of papers on the back:—pr.p. dock′eting; pa.p. dock′eted. [Dim. of dock, to curtail; sometimes docquet, as if French.]

Doctor, dok′tur, n. one who has received from a university the highest degree in a faculty: a physician: a medical practitioner: a cleric especially skilled in theology or ecclesiastical law.—v.t. to treat as a doctor does: to adulterate: to make alterations on: to falsify: to address as doctor: to create a doctor.—v.i. to take physic: to practise medicine.—adj. Doc′toral.—ns. Doc′torate, Doc′torship; Doc′toress, Doc′tress, a female physician.—Doctors' Commons, before the establishment of the Divorce Court and Probate Court in 1857, the college of the doctors of civil law in London, incorporated by royal charter in 1768; Doctor's stuff, medicine. [L., 'a teacher'—docere, to teach.]

Doctrinaire, doc′tri-nār, n. an unpractical theorist, disposed to carry principles to logical but unworkable extremes: in France, in 1815-30, one of a school who desired a constitution like that of Britain.—adj. theorist.—ns. Doctrinā′rian, one given to theory; Doctrinā′rianism, blind adhesion to one-sided principles. [Fr.,—Late L. doctrinarius.]

Doctrine, dok′trin, n. a thing taught: a principle of belief: what the Scriptures teach on any subject: (B.) act or manner of teaching.—adj. Doc′trinal, relating to or containing doctrine: relating to the act of teaching.—adv. Doc′trinally. [Fr.,—L. doctrīna, docēre, to teach.]

Document, dok′ū-ment, n. a paper containing information or the proof of anything.—v.t. to furnish with documents: to support or prove by documents.—adjs. Document′al, Document′ary, relating to or found in documents.—n. Documentā′tion, preparation or use of documentary evidence and authorities—used in realistic fiction by the school of Zola of faithful reproduction of the records, real or supposed, of actual lives (the so-called document humain).—Documentary hypothesis, the hypothesis that the Pentateuch consists of two or more originally distinct documents. [Fr.,—L. documentum—docēre, to teach.]

Dod, dod, v.t. (prov.) to clip, poll, lop.—p.adj. Dod′ded, polled, hornless.—ns. Dod′dle, a pollard; Dod′dy, a cow without horns.

Dodder, dod′ėr, n. a leafless, twining, pale-coloured parasitic plant.—p.adj. Dodd′ered, overgrown with dodder. [A.S. dodder; Ger. dotter.]

Dodder, dod′ėr, v.t. or v.i. to shake, tremble.—p.adj. Dodd′ering, trembling: pottering. [Cf. Toddle.]

Dodecagon, dō-dek′a-gon, n. a plane figure having twelve equal angles and sides. [Gr. dōdeka, twelve, gōnia, an angle.]

Dodecagynia, dō-dek-a-jin′i-a, n. a Linnæan order of plants having twelve styles.—adjs. Dodecagyn′ian, Dodecag′ynous.

Dodecahedron, dō-dek-a-hē′dron, n. a solid figure, having twelve equal pentagonal bases or faces.—adj. Dodecahē′dral. [Gr. dōdeka, twelve, hedra, a base, a side.]

Dodecandria, dō-de-kan′dri-a, n. a Linnæan class of plants having twelve stamens.—adj. Dodecan′drous. [Gr. dōdeka, twelve, anēr, andros, a man.]

Dodecapetalous, dō-dek-a-pet′a-lus, adj. having twelve petals. [Gr. dōdeka, twelve, petalon, a petal.]

Dodecastyle, dō′dek-a-stīl, adj. (archit.) having twelve columns in front.—n. a portico with such.

Dodecasyllable, dō-dek-a-sil′a-bl, n. a word of twelve syllables.—adj. Dodecasyllab′ic.

Dodge, doj, v.i. to start aside or shift about: to evade or use mean tricks: to shuffle or quibble.—v.t. to evade by a sudden shift of place: to trick.—n. an evasion: a trick: a quibble.—ns. Dodg′er; Dodg′ery, trickery.—adj. Dodg′y. [Cf. dodder, toddle, diddle; Scot. daddle, doddle.]

Dodo, dō′dō, n. a large clumsy bird, about the size of a turkey, and without the power of flight—it was once found in Mauritius and Madagascar, but became extinct about the end of the 17th century. [Port. doudo, silly.]

Dodonæan, dō-dō-nē′an, adj. pertaining to Dodona in Epirus, or its oracle sacred to Zeus, situated in a grove of oaks.—Also Dodō′nian.

Doe, dō, n. John Doe and Richard Roe, names of an imaginary plaintiff and opponent in the old legal action for ejectment, and proverbial term for a legal action.

Doe, dō, n. the female of the fallow-deer or buck.—n. Doe′skin, the skin of a doe: a smooth, close-woven woollen cloth. [A.S. dá; Dan. daa, a deer.]

Doer, dōō′ėr, n. one who does anything; one who habitually performs: an agent.

Doff, dof, v.t. to do or take off: to rid one's self of. [A contr. of do off.]

Doffer, dof′ėr, n. the part of a carding-machine which strips the cotton from the cylinder when carded.

Dog, dog, n. a domestic quadruped of the same genus as the wolf, and akin to the fox, varying in size from small terriers to huge Newfoundlands, mastiffs, and St Bernards: a mean scoundrel: a term of contempt: a fellow (as a jolly dog): one of two constellations of stars: an andiron: an iron hook for holding logs of wood: a dogfish: a cock, as of a gun.—adj. male (opposed to bitch), as in dog-fox, dog-ape.—v.t. to follow as a dog: to follow and watch constantly: to worry with importunity:—pr.p. dog′ging; pa.p. dogged.—ns. Dog′-bane, a plant with an intensely bitter root, valued for its medicinal properties, said to be poisonous to dogs; Dog′-bee, a drone; Dog′-belt, a broad leather belt round the waist for drawing dans or sledges in the low workings of coal-mines; Dog′-bis′cuit, biscuit made for dogs, sometimes containing scraps of meat; Dog′-bolt (obs.), a contemptible fellow; Dog′-box, the part of a railway wagon in which dogs are carried; Dog′-brī′er, the brier dogrose; Dog′cart, a two-wheeled carriage with seats back to back, so called from sporting-dogs being originally carried inside the box.—adj. Dog′-cheap, very cheap.—n. Dog′-coll′ar, a collar for dogs: a kind of stiff collar on a woman's dress: a close-fitting clerical collar.—adj. Dog′-faced.—ns. Dog′-fan′cier, one who has a fancy for, or who deals in dogs; Dog′fish, a popular name for various small species of shark, common on British and American coasts; Dog′-fox, a male fox; Dog′ger.—adj. Dog′gish, like a dog: churlish: brutal.—adv. Dog′gishly.—n. Dog′gishness.—p.adj. Dog′goned (vulg.), confounded.—n. Dog′-grass, a coarse perennial grass common in uncultivated grounds, akin to couch-grass, dog-wheat, &c.—adjs. Dog′-head′ed; Dog′-heart′ed.—ns. Dog′-hole, a hole fit only for dogs: a mean dwelling; Dog′-house, -kenn′el; Dog′-leech, one who treats the diseases of dogs; Dog-lett′er, the letter or sound r—also Canine letter; Dog′-louse; Dog′-pars′ley, fool's parsley; Dog′rose, a wild-rose, a brier; Dog's′-ear, the corner of the leaf of a book turned down like a dog's ear.—v.t. to turn down the corners of leaves.—p.adjs. Dog's′-eared, Dog′-eared.—ns. Dog's′-fenn′el, May-weed; Dog′ship, the quality or personality of a dog.—adj. Dog′-sick.—n. Dog′skin, leather made from the skin of a dog, or from sheepskin in imitation of it.—adj. made of such.—ns. Dog′-sleep, a light sleep broken by the slightest noise; Dog's′-meat, coarse meat, scraps and refuse sold as food for dogs; Dog's′-mer′cury, the mercurialis perennis; Dog's′-nose, a kind of mixed drink; Dog's′-tail-grass, a common British pasture grass.—n.pl. Dog′-stones, a name for various British species of orchis.—ns. Dog's′-tongue, the hound's-tongue plant, Cynoglossum officinale; Dog′-tick.—adjs. Dog′-tired, Dog′-wea′ry (Shak.), tired as a dog, completely worn out.—ns. Dog′-trick, an ill-natured trick; Dog′-trot, a gentle trot like that of a dog; Dog′-vane, a small vane of thread, cork, and feathers placed on the weather gunwale to show the direction of the wind; Dog′-vī′olet, the common name of Viola canina and other scentless species of wild violet; Dog′-wheat, a name of Dog-grass; Dog′-whelk, the popular name for univalve molluscs of the genus Nassa; Dog′wood, a tree or shrub of the cornel genus, valuable on account of the hardness of the wood.—interj. Dog on it! a minced oath (for God damn it!).—Go to the dogs, to be ruined; Not to lead the life of a dog, to lead a life so wretched that even a dog would not be content with it; Throw, Give, or Send to the dogs, to throw away or abandon. [M. E. doggë; not in A.S.; Dut. dog, a mastiff; Ger. dogge, docke.]

Dogberry, dog′ber-ri, n. the fruit of a species of dogwood: a stupid, obstinate fellow, from the old watchman in Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing.

Dogdays, dog′dāz, n.pl. the period when the dogstar rises and sets with the sun (generally reckoned July 3d to August 11th)—erroneously supposed to be the time when dogs are specially liable to hydrophobia.

Doge, dōj, n. formerly the chief-magistrate in Venice and Genoa.—ns. Dogaress′a, the wife of a doge; Dog′ate, Doge′ate, Doge′ship. [It., prov. for duce = Eng. duke—L. dux, a leader—ducĕre, to lead.]

Dogged, dog′ed, adj. surly like an angry dog: sullen: obstinate.—adv. (slang) very.—adv. Dogg′edly.—n. Dogg′edness.

Dogger, dog′ėr, n. a two-masted Dutch fishing-vessel.—n. Dogg′erman. [Dut.]

Doggerel, dog′ėr-el, n. irregular measures in burlesque poetry, so named in contempt: worthless verses.—adj. irregular in rhythm, mean.—Also Dog′grel. [Usually assumed to be from dog, but no good ground for this.]

Dogma, dog′ma, n. a settled opinion: a principle or tenet: a doctrine laid down with authority.—adjs. Dogmat′ic, -al, pertaining to a dogma: asserting a thing as if it were a dogma: asserting positively: overbearing.—adv. Dogmat′ically.—n. Dogmat′ics (theol.), the statement of Christian doctrines, systematic theology.—v.i. Dog′matise, to state one's opinion dogmatically or arrogantly.—ns. Dog′matiser; Dog′matism, dogmatic or positive assertion of opinion; Dog′matist, one who makes positive assertions; Dogmatol′ogy, the science of dogma.—adj. Dog′matory. [Gr., 'an opinion,' from dokein, to think, allied to L. decet.]

Dog-shores, dog′-shōrz, n.pl. the pieces of timber used to shore up a vessel, to keep it from falling or from starting during the preparations for launching, knocked aside when the ship is ready to be launched.

Dogstar, dog′stär, n. Sirius, a star of the first magnitude, whose rising and setting with the sun gave name to the dogdays.

Dog-tooth, dog′-tōōth, n. a moulding for doors and windows in later Norman architecture, consisting of a series of ornamented conical projections: a canine tooth.

Dog-watches, dog′-woch′ez, n.pl. on shipboard, the two watches 4-6 P.M. and 6-8 P.M., consisting each of two hours only, instead of four.

Doily, doi′li, n. (obs.) an old kind of woollen stuff: a small napkin used at dessert. [From Doily or Doyley, a famous haberdasher.]

Doit, doit, n. a small Dutch coin worth about half a farthing: a thing of little or no value. [Dut. duit.]

Dolabra, dō-lā′bra, n. an ancient Roman cutting or digging implement, of various shapes.—adj. Dolab′riform, like a hatchet or cleaver, used of leaves, also of shells straight and thick at one side, and thin at the other. [L. dolabra, a cleaver.]

Dolce, dōl′che, adj. (mus.) sweet.—n. a soft-toned organ-stop.—adv. Dolcemen′te (mus.), softly and sweetly. [It.]

Doldrums, dol′drumz, n.pl. (naut.) those parts of the ocean about the equator where calms and baffling winds prevail: low spirits. [Prob. conn. with dold, stupid, or dol = dull.]

Dole, dōl, v.t. to deal out in small portions.—n. a share distributed: something given in charity: a small portion. [A doublet of deal, to divide.]

Dole, dōl, n. pain: grief: (arch. and poet.) heaviness at heart.—adj. Dole′ful, full of dole or grief: melancholy.—adv. Dole′fully.—n. Dole′fulness.—adjs. Dō′lent (obs.), Dole′some, dismal.—adv. Dole′somely. [O. Fr. doel (Fr. deuil), grief—L. dolēre, to feel pain.]

Dolerite, dol′er-īt, n. basaltic greenstone. [Fr.,—Gr. doleros, deceptive, it being hard to distinguish from real greenstone.]

Dolichocephalic, dol-i-ko-sef-al′ik, adj. long-headed, a term used to denote a head whose diameter from front to back is longer than from side to side—also Dolichoceph′alous.—ns. Dolichoceph′aly, Dolichoceph′alism. [Formed from Gr. dolichos, long, kephalē, the head.]

Dolichos, dol′i-kos, n. a genus of leguminous plants allied to the Haricot. [Gr., long.]

Dolichosaurus, dol-i-kō-saw′rus, n. the typical genus of Dolicosau′ria, a group of fossil Lacertilia of the Cretaceous formation.

Dolichotis, dol-i-kō′tis, n. a genus of long-eared South American rodents. [Gr. dolichos, long, ous, ōtos, the ear.]

Dolichurus, dol-i-kū′rus, n. a dactylic hexameter with a redundant syllable at the end, the sixth foot being a dactyl. [Gr., long-tailed.]

Dolium, dō′li-um, n. a Roman earthenware jar for wine, oil, grain, &c.:—pl. Dō′lia. [L.]

Doll, dol, n. a puppet or toy-baby for a child: a pretty but silly woman: the smallest or pet pig in a litter.—ns. Doll′dom; Doll′hood; Doll′ship; Doll's′-house. [Prob. from Dolly, familiar dim. of Dorothy.]

Dollar, dol′ar, n. a silver coin (= 100 cents) of U.S.A., Mexico, Singapore, &c. The U.S.A. dollar = about 4s. 2d. sterling.—adjs. Doll′ared; Doll′arless.—ns. Dollaroc′racy; Doll′arship. [Ger., short for Joachimsthaler, because first coined at the silver mines in Joachimsthal (Joachim's dale) in Bohemia—Low Ger. daler, Sw., Dan. daler.]

Dollop, dol′op, n. a lump.—Also Dall′op. [Prob. cog. with Norw. dial. dolp, a lump.]

Dolly, dol′i, n. a complimentary offering of flowers, sweetmeats, &c. on a tray. [Anglo-Ind.,—Hindi, dālī.]

Dolly, dol′i, n. dim. of Doll.—adj. babyish.—n. Doll′iness.

Dolly, dol′i, n. a wooden shaft attached to a disc with projecting arms, used for stirring clothes in a washing-tub; somewhat similar pieces of apparatus in mining, pile-driving, &c.—v.t. to wash (clothes) in a tub: to beat (red-hot metal) with a hammer: to crush ore with a dolly, to obtain or yield by this method.—adj. Doll′ied.—n. Doll′ier. [Prob. from Dolly, the familiar form of Dorothy.]

Dolly-shop, dol′i-shop, n. a marine store, a low pawn-shop—often having a black doll as signboard.

Dolly Varden, dol′i vär′den, n. a flowered muslin dress for women, with pointed bodice and tucked-up skirt: a large hat, one side bent downwards, abundantly trimmed with flowers. [Named from Dolly Varden, a character in Dickens's Barnaby Rudge.]

Dolman, dol′man, n. a Turkish robe with slight sleeves and open in front: a hussar's jacket, worn like a cloak, with one or both sleeves hanging loose. [Fr.,—Turk. dōlāmān.]

Dolmen, dol′men, n. a stone table: the French name for a cromlech, a prehistoric structure of two or more erect unhewn stones, supporting a large flattish stone. [Fr. dolmen; usually explained as Bret. dolmen—dol, taol, table, men, a stone. But tolmen in Cornish meant 'hole of stone.']

Dolomite, dol′o-mīt, n. a magnesian limestone, so called from the French geologist D. Guy de Dolomieu (1750-1801).—adj. Dolomit′ic.

Dolour, dō′lor, n. pain: grief: anguish.—adjs. Dolorif′erous, Dolori′fic, causing or expressing dolour, pain, or grief.—adv. Dolorō′so (mus.), noting a soft and pathetic manner.—adj. Dol′orous, full of dolour, pain, or grief: doleful.—adv. Dol′orously.—n. Dol′orousness.—Dolours of the Virgin, the prophecy of Simeon, the flight into Egypt, the three days' loss of Jesus, the meeting of Him on the way to Calvary, the crucifixion, the descent from the cross, the entombment. [Fr.,—L. dolēre, to grieve.]

Dolphin, dol′fin, n. an animal of the whale kind, closely resembling the porpoise, about 8 or 10 feet long: the coryphæna, a fish about 5 feet in length, noted for the brilliancy of its colours when dying.—ns. Dol′phinet (Spens.), a female dolphin; Dol′phin-fly, a black aphis or plant-louse, destructive to bean-plants. [O. Fr. daulphin—L. delphinus—Gr. delphis, -phinos.]

Dolt, dōlt, n. a dull or stupid fellow.—adj. Dolt′ish, dull: stupid.—adv. Dolt′ishly.—n. Dolt′ishness. [Dolt = dulled or blunted. See Dull.]

Dom, dom, n. the Portuguese form of Don: also a title given to certain Catholic dignitaries and members of some monastic orders, esp. the Benedictine. [L. dominus, lord.]

Domain, do-mān′, n. what one is master of or has dominion over: an estate: territory: ownership of land: the scope or range of any subject or sphere of knowledge.—adjs. Domain′al, Domā′nial. [Fr.,—L. dominium, dominus, a master.]

Domboc, dōm′bōk, n. a collection of laws made by authority of King Alfred, but now lost. [A.S. dóm, judgment, law, and bóc, book.]

Domdaniel, dom-dan′yel, n. a hall under the sea inhabited by a sorcerer and his disciples: (Carlyle) an infernal cave, den of iniquity generally. [Fr.,—Gr. dōma Daniēl, house of Daniel.]

Dome, dōm, n. a structure raised above the roof of large buildings, usually hemispherical: a large cupola: a cathedral: (poet.) a building.—v.t. to furnish with a dome.—adjs. Domed, Dom′ical, having a dome. [L. domus, a house; Fr. dôme, It. duomo, Ger. dom.]

Domesday-, Doomsday-book, dōōmz′dā-book, n. a book compiled by order of William the Conqueror, containing a survey of all the lands in England, their value, owners, &c.—so called from its authority in judgment (A.S. dóm) on the matters contained in it.

Domestic, do-mes′tik, adj. belonging to the house: remaining much at home: private: tame: not foreign.—n. a servant in the house: (pl.) articles of home manufacture, esp. home-made cotton cloths.—adv. Domes′tically.—v.t. Domes′ticāte, to make domestic or familiar: to tame.—ns. Domesticā′tion; Domesticā′tor; Domestic′ity.—Domestic architecture, the architecture of mansions, dwelling-houses, cottages, &c.; Domestic economy, the principles of thrifty housekeeping. [Fr.,—L. domesticus—domus, a house.]

Domet, dom′et, n. a kind of plain cloth, in which the warp is cotton and the weft woollen.

Domicile, dom′i-sil, n. a house: an abode: a man's legal place of residence.—v.t. to establish a fixed residence.—adjs. Dom′iciled; Domicil′iary, pertaining to the domicile.—v.t. Domicil′iāte, to establish in a permanent residence.—n. Domiciliā′tion.—Domiciliary visit, a visit, under authority, to a private house for the purpose of searching it. [Fr.,—L. domicilium—domus, a house.]

Dominant, dom′in-ant, adj. prevailing: predominant.—n. (mus.) the fifth note of the scale in its relation to the first and third.—ns. Dom′inance, Dom′inancy, ascendency.—adv. Dom′inantly. [L. dominans, -antis, pr.p. of domināri, to be master.]

Dominate, dom′in-āt, v.t. to be lord over: to govern: to prevail over, to be the chief feature of.—n. Dominā′tion, government: absolute authority: tyranny.—adj. Dom′inative, governing: (rare) arbitrary.—n. Dom′inator (Shak.), a ruler or governor: a ruling influence. [L. domināri, -ātus, to be master—dominus, master—domare = Eng. tame.]

Domineer, dom-in-ēr′, v.i. to rule arbitrarily: to command haughtily: to be overbearing.—adj. Domineer′ing, overbearing. [Prob. through Dut. from O. Fr. dominer—L. domināri.]

Dominical, do-min′ik-al, adj. belonging to our Lord, as the Lord's Prayer, the Lord's Day.—Dominical letter, one of the first seven letters of the alphabet, used in calendars to mark the Sundays throughout the year. [Low L. dominicalis—L. dominicus—dominus, lord, master.]

Dominican, do-min′i-kan, adj. belonging to St Dominic or to the Dominicans.—n. a friar or monk of the order of St Dominic—Fratres Predicatores, founded in 1215—the Black Friars, from their black mantle.

Dominie, dom′i-ni, n. (Scot.) a schoolmaster, a tutor: in parts of the United States, a clergyman. [L. domine, voc. case of dominus, lord, master, sir.]

Dominion, do-min′yun, n. lordship: highest power and authority: control: the country or persons governed, esp. the Dominion of Canada: (pl., B.) a class of angelic spirits (Col. i. 16).—n. Domin′ium, the ownership of a thing.—Dominion Day, a Canadian festival on the anniversary of the union of the provinces, 1st July 1867.

Domino, dom′i-no, n. a cape with a hood worn by a master or by a priest: a long cloak of black silk with a hood, used at masked balls, a person wearing such: one of the oblong pieces with which the game of Dom′inoes (-nōz) is played, usually twenty-eight in number, divided into two compartments, each of which is blank or marked with from one to six spots. [Sp. domino—L. dominus.]

Don, don, n. a Spanish title, corresponding to English Sir, formerly applied only to noblemen, now to all classes: a fellow of a college, a college authority: (coll.) a swell, adept:—fem. Doña, in English, usually with the Italian spelling, Don′na.—adj. Don′nish, pertaining to a don: with the airs of a don.—ns. Don′nism, self-importance; Don′ship, rank or dignity of a don. [Sp.,—L. dominus.]

Don, don, v.t. to do or put on: to assume:—pr.p. don′ning; pa.p. donned. [A contr. of do on.]

Donat, do′nat, n. a grammar, a primer.—Also Don′et. [O. Fr. donat, from Ælius Donatus, author about 358 A.D. of a long famous Latin grammar.]

Donation, do-nā′shun, n. act of giving: that which is given, a gift of money or goods: (law) the act by which a person freely transfers his title to anything to another.—n. Dō′nary, a thing given to a sacred use.—v.t. Donāte′, to present a gift.—n. Don′ative, a gift: a gratuity: a benefice presented by the founder or patron without reference to the bishop.—adj. vested or vesting by donation.—ns. Donā′tor, one who makes a gift, a donor; Don′atory (Scots law), one to whom lands escheated to the crown are made over; Donee′, the person to whom a gift is made; Dō′nor, a giver: a benefactor.—Dona nobis, the last section of the mass, beginning 'Dona nobis pacem.' [Fr.,—L. donāre, -ātum—donum, a gift—dăre, to give.]

Donatists, don′a-tists, n.pl. the members of an African sect in the Christian Church of the 4th and 5th centuries, who protested against any diminution of the extreme reverence paid to martyrs, who treated the lapsed severely, and rebaptised converts from the Catholic Church.—n. Don′atism.—adjs. Donatis′tic, -al. [From Donatus, one of their leaders.]

Done, dun, pa.p. of Do, often with sense of utterly exhausted: so Done up, Done out.

Donga, dong′ga, n. the South African name for a channel or gully formed by the action of water.

Donjon, dun′jun, n. a strong central tower in ancient castles, to which the garrison retreated when hard pressed. [A doublet of dungeon.]

Donkey, dong′ki, n. the ass.—ns. Don′key-en′gine, a small engine used in steam-vessels for loading and unloading, pumping water into the boilers, &c.; Don′key-pump, an extra steam-pump. [Still regarded as slang in 1823. Perh. = dun-ik-ie, a double dim. of dun, from its colour; or from Duncan, cf. Dicky.]

Donnered, don′erd, adj. (Scot.) stupefied, stunned.—Also Donn′erd, Donn′ert.

Do-nothing, dōō′-nuth′ing, n. one who does nothing: a lazy or idle person: a fainéant.—ns. Do-noth′ingism, Do-noth′ingness.

Dook, dōōk, n. (Scot.) a plug of wood driven into a wall to hold a nail, &c.

Doolefull, dōōl′fool, adj. (Spens.) = Doleful.—ns. Dool′-tree, Dule′-tree (Scot.), a tree that marks a place of mourning.

Doom, dōōm, n. judgment: condemnation: destiny: ruin: final judgment: a picture of the Last Judgment.—v.t. to pronounce judgment on: to sentence: to condemn:—pr.p. dōōm′ing; pa.p. dōōmed.—adjs. Doomed, under sentence; Doom′ful (Spens.), full of doom, ruin, or destructive power.—adv. Dooms (Scot.) very, exceedingly.—ns. Dooms′day, the day of doom, the day when the world will be judged; Dooms′day-book (see Domesday); Dooms′man, one who pronounces doom or sentence, a judge.—Crack of doom, the signal for the final dissolution of all things, the last trump. [A.S. dóm, judgment.]

Doom-palm, dōōm′-päm, n. a kind of African palm, with a branched stem, tufts of fan-shaped leaves, and a fruit as big as an apple.

Door, dōr, n. the usual entrance into a house, room, or passage: the wooden frame on hinges closing up the entrance: a means of approach or access.—ns. Door′-bell; Door′-case, the frame which encloses a door; Door′-cheek (Scot.), one of the side-posts of a door; Door′-keep′er; Door′-knock′er; Door′-mat; Door′-nail; Door′-plate, a plate on or at a door with the householder's name on it; Door′-post, the jamb or side-piece of a door; Door′-sill, the threshold of a doorway; Door′-stead, a doorway; Door′-step, Door′-stone, the step-stone; Door′way, the entrance or passage closed by the door; Door′-yard, a yard about the door of a house; Fold′ing-door, a door in two halves, each of which may be folded back against the wall.—Darken one's door, to cross one's threshold; Death's door, on the point of death, in great danger of death; Next door to, in the house next to: near to, bordering upon, very nearly; Out of doors, in the open air; Show to the door, to dismiss with ignominy. [A.S. duru; Ger. thor, thür; Gr. thyra, L. fores (pl.), a door.]

Dop, dop, n. a copper cup with a wooden handle, in which a gem is soldered to be held while being cut or polished. [Dut.]

Dope, dōp, n. any thick liquid used as a lubricant, axle-grease: any absorbent material holding a thick liquid, as cotton-waste, or a substance used to hold nitro-glycerine. [Prob. Dut. doop, a dipping.]

Dopplerite, dop′ler-īt, n. a substance derived from the maceration of peat. [From Doppler, a German physicist.]

Dor, dor, n. (obs.) a scoff, mockery, as 'to give (any one) the dor.' [Prob. Ice. dór, scoff.]

Dor, Dorr, dor, n. a kind of dung-beetle, also called Dor-beetle and Dor-fly; a cockchafer (in U.S. called Dor-bug): (obs.) a drone. [A.S. dora, a humble-bee.]

Dorado, dō-rä′dō, n. the dolphin, so called from its beautiful colour when dying. [Sp., from dorar, to gild—L. deaurāre, ātum. See Dory, El Dorado.]

Dorcas, dor′kas, n. given in Acts, ix. 36, as the Greek translation of Tabitha (Aramaic, 'female gazelle'), the name of the Christian woman of Joppa, famous for her good works, esp. the making of clothes for the poor—hence Dorcas societies, ladies' societies for making and providing clothes for the poor.

Dorian, dō′ri-an, adj. and n. belonging to Doris in Greece, Doric: a native of Doris.

Doric, dor′ik, adj. belonging to Doris in Greece, denoting one of the Greek orders of architecture, distinguished by its simplicity and solidity.—n. one of the modes of Greek music: a dialect of the Greek language distinguished by the use of broad vowel sounds: any dialect having this character, as Scotch.—ns. Dor′icism, Dor′ism, a peculiarity of the Doric dialect. [Fr. dorique—L. Doricus—Gr. Dōris.]

Dorking, dork′ing, n. a square-bodied breed of poultry, variously coloured, and with five claws on each foot—so named from Dorking in Surrey.

Dormant, dor′mant, adj. sleeping: at rest: not used, in abeyance (as a title): in a sleeping posture: (archit.) leaning.—n. a crossbeam: a joist.—n. Dor′mancy, quiescence.—ns. Dor′mer-win′dow, a vertical window, esp. of a sleeping-room (formerly called dormer), on the sloping roof of a house; Dormi′tion, sleeping.—adj. Dor′mitive, causing sleep (of medicine), as opium.—ns. Dor′mitory, a large sleeping-chamber with many beds; Dor′mouse, a small rodent intermediate between the squirrel and the mouse, so called because torpid in winter:—pl. Dor′mice; Dor′tour (Spens.) a dormitory. [Fr. dormir—L. dormīre, to sleep.]

Dormy, Dormie, dor′mi, adj. a term applied to one player at golf, when he is as many holes ahead as there remain holes to be played.

Dornick, dor′nik, n. a kind of stout figured linen, originally made at Doornik, or Tournay, in Belgium.

Dorsal, dor′sal, adj. pertaining or belonging to the back.—adv. Dor′sally.—n. Dorse (obs.), the back of a writing: a dossal: the back.—adj. Dorsibranch′iate, having gills on the back.—n. one of the Dorsibranchiata, including free marine worms.—adjs. Dorsif′erous, dorsigerous: dorsiparous; Dorsig′erous, carrying on the back; Dor′sigrade, walking on the back of the toes; Dorsip′arous, bearing fruit on the back: hatching young upon the back; Dor′sispin′al, pertaining to both the back and the spine; Dorsiven′tral, Dorsabdom′inal, pertaining to the back and the belly; Dorsocau′dal, superior and posterior in direction or position; Dorsocer′vical, pertaining to the back of the neck.—n. Dorsoflex′ion, a bending of the back, a bow.—adjs. Dorsolat′eral, pertaining to the back and the side; Dorsolum′bar, pertaining to the whole dorsal region of the trunk—also Dorsilum′bar; Dorsomē′dian, situated in the middle of the back; Dorsomes′al, lying along the middle line of the back—also Dorsimes′al; Dorsopleu′ral, pertaining to the back and the side.—n. Dors′um.—Send to dorse, to throw on the back. [Fr.,—L. dorsum, the back.]

Dory, dō′ri, n. a fish of a golden-yellow colour.—Also John Dory and Doree. [Fr. dorée, from dorer, to gild—L. deaurāre, to gild—de, of, with, and aurum, gold. John is simply the ordinary name.]

Dose, dōs, n. the quantity of medicine given to be taken at one time: a portion: anything disagreeable that must be taken.—v.t. to order or give in doses: to give anything nauseous to.—ns. Dōs′age, a practice or method of dosing; Dosim′eter, an apparatus for measuring minute quantities of liquid.—adj. Dosimet′ric.—n. Dosol′ogy, the science of doses—also Dosiol′ogy. [O. Fr. dose—Gr. dosis, a giving—didōmi, I give.]

Doseh, dō′se, n. a religious ceremony at Cairo during the festival of the Moolid, in which the sheik rides on horseback over the prostrate bodies of dervishes.

Dossal, dos′sal, n. a cloth hanging, of various colours at various festivals, for the back of an altar and the sides of the chancel of a church.—Also Dos′sel. [Late L. dossale, dorsale—L. dorsum, the back.]

Dosser, dos′er, n. a rich hanging of tapestry for the walls of a hall or of a chancel: a pannier.

Doss-house, dos′-hows, n. a very cheap lodging-house.—n. Doss′er, one who lodges in a doss-house. [Perh. from doss, a prov. Eng. name for a hassock.]

Dossil, dos′il, n. a plug, spigot: a cloth roll for wiping ink from an engraved plate in printing: (surg.) a pledget of lint for cleaning out a wound. [O. Fr. dosil—Late L. ducillus, a spigot.]

Dot, dot, n. any small mark made with a pen or sharp point.—v.t. to mark with dots: to diversify with objects.—v.i. to form dots:—pr.p. dot′ting; pa.p. dot′ted.—Dot and carry, in addition, to set down the units and carry over the tens to the next column. [Prob. related to the Dut. dot, a little lump.]

Dotation, dō-tā′shun, n. the act of bestowing a dowry on a woman: an endowment.—n. Dot, a marriage portion.—adj. Dō′tal, pertaining to dowry or to dower. [Low L. dotation-em—L. dotāre, to endow.]

Dote, dōt, v.i. (arch.) to be stupid or foolish: to be weakly affectionate: to show excessive love—formerly also spelt Doat.—ns. Dōt′age, a doting: childishness of old age: excessive fondness; Dōt′ant (Shak.), a dotard; Dōt′ard, one who dotes: one showing the weakness of old age, or excessive fondness.—adj. Dōt′ed (Spens.), stupid.—n. Dōt′er, one who dotes.—p.adj. and n. Dōt′ing.—adjs. Dōt′ish, silly; Dot′tle (Scot.), stupid.—n. a dotard.—adj. Dot′ty, feeble in mind: tottering. [Old Dut. doten, to be silly, Scot. doitet, stupid; Fr. radoter, to rave, is from the same root.]

Dotterel, dot′ėr-el, n. a kind of plover, named from its apparent stupidity in allowing itself to be approached and caught: a stupid fellow, a dupe. [Also spelt dottrel, from dote.]

Dottle, dot′l, n. (Scot.) a plug, esp. the tobacco at the bottom of a pipe after smoking, sometimes put on the top of fresh tobacco after refilling.

Douane, dōō-än′, n. a custom-house.—n. Douan′ier, a custom-house officer. [Fr.]

Double, dub′l, adj. twofold: twice as much: of extra weight, size, or quality: two of a sort together: in pairs: acting two parts, insincere.—adv. Doub′ly. [O. Fr. doble—L. duplus—duo, two, and plus, akin to plenus, full.]

Double, dub′l, v.t. to multiply by two, to be the double of: to fold: to repeat: to clench: to pass round or by.—v.i. to increase to twice the quantity: to turn sharply back on one's course in running.—n. twice as much: a duplicate: an actor's substitute: a quick pace (short for double-quick): one's wraith or apparition: one's exact counterpart: a trick: (eccles.) a feast on which the antiphon is said both before and after the psalms.—adjs. Doub′le-act′ing, applying power in two directions: producing a double result; Dou′ble-banked, having two men at each oar, or having two tiers of oars one above the other, as in ancient galleys; Doub′le-barr′elled, having two barrels.—n. Doub′le-bass, the lowest-toned instrument of violin form.—adjs. Doub′le-bit′ing, cutting on either side; Doub′le-breast′ed, of a coat having two breasts, one to be folded over the other.—ns. Doub′le-charge, to charge with a double measure; Doub′le-deal′er, a deceitful person; Doub′le-deal′ing, duplicity.—adj. Doub′le-decked, having two decks above water-line.—n. Doub′le-deck′er, a double-decked frigate.—adj. Doub′le-dyed, twice dyed: deeply imbued (as a double-dyed villain).—n. Doub′le-ea′gle (U.S.), a gold coin worth $20, or £4, 2s. 2d.: the heraldic representation of an eagle with two heads, as in the arms of Russia and Austria.—adj. Doub′le-edged, having two edges: cutting or working both ways.—ns. Doub′le-end′er, anything having two ends alike: a cross-cut sawing machine, with two adjustable circular saws, for sawing both ends of timber; Doub′le-en′try (book-k.), a method by which two entries are made of each transaction.—adjs. Doub′le-eyed, having a deceitful countenance; Doub′le-faced, hypocritical, false.—ns. Doub′le-fā′cedness; Doub′le-first, at Oxford, a degree with first-class honours in mathematics and classics: one who takes such a degree.—adj. Doub′le-flow′ered, having double flowers, as a plant.—v.t. Doub′le-gild, to gild with double coatings of gold: to gloze over.—n. Doub′le-Glos′ter, Gloucestershire cheese of extra richness.—adjs. Doub′le-hand′ed, having two hands, two-handled; Doub′le-head′ed, having two heads; Doub′le-heart′ed, treacherous; Doub′le-hung, suspended, as a window-sash, so as to move either upward or downward; Doub′le-locked, locked with two locks or bolts: locked by two turns of the key, as in very few locks but many novels; Doub′le-manned, furnished with twice the complement of men; Doub′le-mean′ing, deceitful; Doub′le-mind′ed, undetermined, wavering.—n. Doub′le-mind′edness.—adj. Doub′le-nā′tured, having a twofold nature.—n. Doub′leness, the state of being double: duplicity.—adj. and adv. Doub′le-quick, the pace next a run.—n. the double-quick pace.—v.t. Doub′le-shade (Milt.), to double the natural darkness.—adj. Doub′le-shot′ted, of cannon, with two shots in them.—ns. Doub′le-shuff′le (see Shuffle); Doub′le-stop′ping, playing on two stopped strings of a violin at once; Doub′le-stout, extra strong stout or porter.—adj. Doub′le-tongued, deceitful.—n. Doub′ling, the act of making double: a turning back in running: a trick: a plait or fold.—adj. shifting, manœuvring.

Double entendre, doobl′ ong-tongdr, n. an equivoque, a word or phrase with two meanings, one usually more or less indecent. [Fr. of 17th century, superseded now by (mot) à double entente.]

Doublet, dub′let, n. a pair: an inner garment: name given to words that are really the same, but vary somewhat in spelling and signification, as desk, disc, and dish, describe and descry. [O. Fr., dim. of double.]

Doubloon, dub-loon′, n. an obsolete Spanish gold coin double the value of a pistole—varying from 33s. in 1772 to 20s. 8d. in 1848. [Sp. doblon.]

Doubt, dowt, v.i. to waver in opinion: to be uncertain: to hesitate: to suspect: to believe with fear or hesitation: (Scot.) to think, even without the sense of hesitation.—v.t. to hold in doubt: to distrust.—p.adj. Doubt′ed (Spens.), questioned: feared, redoubted. [O. Fr. douter—L. dubitāre, akin to dubius, doubtful, moving in two (duo) directions.]

Doubt, dowt, n. uncertainty of mind: suspicion: fear: a thing doubted or questioned.—adj. Doubt′able.—n. Doub′ter.—adj. Doubt′ful, full of doubt: undetermined: not clear: not secure: suspicious: not confident.—adv. Doubt′fully.—n. Doubt′fulness.—p.adj. Doubt′ing, that doubts, undecided.—advs. Doubt′ingly; Doubt′less, without doubt: certainly; Doubt′lessly.

Douce, dōōs, adj. (obs.) sweet: (Scot.) sober, peaceable, sedate.—adv. Douce′ly.—n. Douce′ness.—n.pl. Douc′ets, the stones of a deer.—n. Douceur (dōō-sėr′), sweetness of manner (obs.): something intended to please, a present or a bribe. [Fr. doux, douce, mild—L. dulcis, sweet.]

Douche, dōōsh, n. a jet of water directed upon the body from a pipe: an apparatus for throwing such. [Fr.,—It. doccia, a water-pipe—L. ducĕre, to lead.]

Dough, dō, n. a mass of flour or meal moistened and kneaded, but not baked.—adjs. Dough′-baked, half-baked, defective in intelligence; Dough′faced (U.S.) pliable, truckling.—n. Dough′iness.—adj. Dough′-knead′ed (Milt.), soft.—n. Dough′-nut, sweetened dough fried in fat.—adj. Dough′y, like dough: soft. [A.S. dáh; Ger. teig, Ice. deig, dough; prov. dow and duff.]

Doughty, dow′ti, adj. able, strong: brave.—adv. Dough′tily.—n. Dough′tiness. [A.S. dyhtig, valiant—dugan, to be strong; Ger. tüchtig, solid.]

Doup, dowp, n. (Scot.) bottom, buttocks.—n. Can′dle-doup, a candle-end. [Cf. Ice. daup.]

Douse, Dowse, dows, v.t. to plunge into water.—v.i. to fall suddenly into water. [Cf. Sw. dunsa, fall heavily. Prob. from sound; cf. souse.]

Douse, Dowse, dows, v.t. to strike: to strike or lower a sail.—n. a heavy blow. [Prob. related to Old Dut. dossen, to beat.]

Douse, Dowse, dows, v.t. to put out, extinguish (esp. in the slang Douse the glim, put out the light). [Prob. a corr. of the obs. verb dout below; more likely a particular use of douse, to strike.]

Dove, duv, n. a pigeon (esp. in comp., as ringdove, turtle-dove, &c.): a word of endearment: an emblem of innocence, gentleness, also of the Holy Spirit—the 'Holy Dove' (Matt. iii. 16).—v.t. to treat as a dove.—ns. Dove′-col′our, a grayish, bluish, pinkish colour; Dove′cot, -cote, a small cot or box in which pigeons breed.—adjs. Dove′-drawn (Shak.), drawn by doves; Dove′-eyed, meek-eyed.—ns. Dove′-house, a dovecot; Dove′let, a small dove.—adj. Dove′-like, innocent.—ns. Dove's′-foot, the common name for Geranium molle; Dove′ship, the character or quality of a dove.—Flutter the dovecots, to disturb commonplace, conventional people, as the eagle would a dovecot (see Shak., Cor. V. vi. 115). [A.S. dufe in dúfe-doppa; Ger. taube.]

Dovekie, duv′ki, n. the little auk, a diving bird of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.

Dover, dō′ver, v.i. (Scot.) to slumber lightly, doze off.—v.t. to send off into a light sleep.—n. a slight unsettled sleep.

Dover's powder, dō′verz pow′der, n. a valuable sudorific medicine, compounded of ipecacuanha root, powdered opium, and sulphate of potash. [From Dr Thomas Dover, 1660-1742.]

Dovetail, duv′tāl, n. a mode of fastening boards together by fitting pieces shaped like a wedge or a dove's tail spread out (tenons) into corresponding cavities (mortises).—v.t. to fit one thing into another.

Dow, dow, v.i. (obs.) to be good for a purpose: (Scot.) to be able.—p.adjs. Docht, Dought. [A.S. dugan.]

Dowager, dow′a-jėr, n. a widow with a dower or jointure: a title given to a widow to distinguish her from the wife of her husband's heir. [O. Fr. douagere—Low L. dotarium—L. dotāre, to endow.]

Dowdy, dow′di, adj. untidy, carelessly dressed, soft and slack in habit.—n. an untidy woman.—adv. Dow′dily.—ns. Dow′diness, Dow′dyism.—adj. Dow′dyish. [Ety. unknown.]

Dowel, dow′el, n. a pin of wood or iron inserted in the edges of two adjacent boards for the purpose of fastening them together.—v.t. to fasten by means of dowels.—ns. Dow′el-joint; Dow′el-pin. [Prob. related to Ger. döbel, a plug.]

Dower, dow′ėr, n. a jointure, that part of the husband's property which his widow enjoys during her life—sometimes used for Dow′ry.—adjs. Dow′able, that may be endowed; Dow′ered, furnished with dower.—n. Dow′er-house, the house set apart for the widow.—adj. Dow′erless. [O. Fr. douaire—Low L. dotarium—L. dotāre, to endow.]

Dowf, dowf, adj. (Scot.) dull, heavy, spiritless.—n. Dowf′ness. [Prob. Ice. daufr, deaf.]

Dowie, dow′i, adj. (Scot.) dull, low-spirited, sad. [Prob. A.S. dol, dull.]

Dowlas, dowlas, n. a coarse linen cloth. [From Daoulas or Doulas, near Brest, in Brittany.]

Down, down, n. the soft hair under the feathers of fowls: the hairy covering of the seeds of certain plants: anything which soothes or invites to repose.—n. Down′-bed.—p.adj. Downed, filled or covered with down.—ns. Down′iness; Down′-quilt.—adj. Down′y, covered with or made of down: like down: soft: soothing: (slang) knowing.—The downy (slang), bed. [Ice. dúnn; Ger. daune, dune.]

Down, down, n. a bank of sand thrown up by the sea (same as Dune): a treeless land: (pl.) a tract of hilly land, used for pasturing sheep, as the North Downs (Kent) and South Downs (Sussex)—also given to the famous roadstead off the east coast of Kent, inside the Goodwin Sands. [A.S. dún, a hill; prob. from Celt. dun, as in Dunkeld, &c.]

Down, down, adv. from a higher to a lower position: on the ground: from earlier to later times: from thick to thin, from large to small (to boil down, to cut down): from more to less (to beat down a price).—prep. along a descent: from a higher to a lower position or state.—v.t. to knock down: to dispirit—also used as a kind of interjection, with get, go, come, kneel, &c. understood.—n. a tendency to be down upon, a grudge against: a descent, reverse of fortune.—v.i. Down′-bear, to bear or press down.—adj. Down′cast, dejected.—ns. Down′come, a fall, ruin, a heavy pour of rain; Down′-draught, a current of air downwards; Down′-east′er, one living 'down east' from the speaker, a New Englander, and esp. an inhabitant of Maine; Down′fall, fall, failure, humiliation, ruin: a falling down, as of rain.—adjs. Down′fallen, ruined; Down′-gyved (Shak.), hanging down like fetters.—n. Down′-haul, a rope by which a jib, &c., is hauled down when set.—adjs. Down′-heart′ed, dejected; Down′hill, descending, sloping.—n. Down′-line, the line of a railway leading from the capital, or other important centre, to the provinces.—adj. Down′looked (Dryden), downcast, gloomy.—ns. Down′-ly′ing, time of retiring to rest: a woman's lying-in; Down′pour, a heavy fall of rain, &c.—adv. Down′right (obs.), perpendicular: in plain terms: utterly.—adj. plain spoken: brusque: utter (as in downright madness).—ns. Down′rightness; Down′rush, a rushing down (as of gas, hot air, &c.); Down′-set′ting, a setting down, a snub; Down′-sit′ting, sitting down, time of rest (Ps. cxxxix. 2).—advs. Down′stairs, in, or to, a lower story; Down′-stream, with the current.—ns. Down′-throw, act of throwing down, state of being thrown down: a sinking of strata below the level of the surrounding beds; Down′-train, a railway train proceeding from the chief terminus.—adj. Down′-trodden, trampled on, tyrannised over.—advs. Down′ward, Down′wards, from higher to lower: from source to outlet: from more ancient to modern: in the lower part.—adj. Down′ward.—Down east (U.S.), in or into Maine and adjoining parts of New England; Down in the mouth, in low spirits; Down on one's luck, in ill-luck; Down south, in the southern states; Down to the country, away into the country, from London (hence 'down to the Derby,' 'down to Scotland'); Down with your money, lay it down, pay it.—A down-train, a train away from London.—Lay down the law, to expound authoritatively. [A corr. of M. E. a-dawn, adun—A.S. of dúne, 'from the hill'—A.S. dún, a hill.]

Dowry, dow′ri, n. the property which a woman brings to her husband at marriage—sometimes used for dower. [See Dower.]

Dowse, dows, v.i. to use the divining-rod.—n. Dows′er, a water diviner.

Doxology, doks-ol′o-ji, n. a hymn expressing praise and honour to the Trinity.—adj. Doxolog′ical. [Gr. doxologia—doxa, praise, and legein, to speak.]

Doxy, dok′si, n. (Shak.) a mistress: a woman of loose character. [Prob. conn. with East Fries. dok, a bundle, Low Ger. dokke.]

Doxy, dok′si, n. opinion—'Orthodoxy,' said Warburton, 'is my doxy—heterodoxy is another man's doxy.' [Gr. doxa, opinion.]

Doyen, dwaw′yong, n. dean, senior member (of an academy, diplomatic corps, &c.). [Fr.,—Lat. dēcanus.]

Doze, dōz, v.i. to sleep lightly, or to be half-asleep: to be in a dull or stupefied state.—v.i. to spend in drowsiness (with away).—n. a short light sleep.—adj. Dozed, drowsy.—v.t. Dō′zen (Scot.), to stupefy.—v.i. to become stupefied.—ns. Dō′zer; Dō′ziness; Dō′zing.—adj. Dō′zy, drowsy. [From a Scand. root, seen in Ice. dúsa, Dan. döse, to dose.]

Dozen, duz′n, adj. two and ten, or twelve.—n. a collection of twelve articles.—adj. Doz′enth.—Baker's dozen, Devil's dozen, thirteen. [O. Fr. dozeine—L. duodecim—duo, two, and decem, ten.]

Drab, drab, n. a low, sluttish woman: a whore.—v.i. to associate with bad women.—ns. Drab′ber, one who herds with drabs; Drab′biness.—adjs. Drab′bish, Drab′by, sluttish. [Celt.; Gael. drabag; Ir. drabog, slut.]

Drab, drab, n. thick, strong, gray cloth: a gray or dull-brown colour, perh. from the muddy colour of undyed wool. [Fr. drap, cloth—Low L. drappus, prob. Teut.]

Drabble, drab′l, v.t. to besmear with mud and water.—n. Drabb′ling, a manner of fishing for barbels with a rod and long line passed through a piece of lead. [Cf. drivel, dribble; prob. conn. with drab, a low woman.]

Drabbler, drab′ler, n. an additional piece of canvas, laced to the bottom of the bonnet of a sail, to give it greater depth.

Dracæna, dra-sē′na, n. the tree which produces the resin called Dragon's-blood.—n. Dracī′na, the red resin of dragon's-blood used to colour varnishes—also Dracine′, Dracō′nin. [Low L. dracæna, a she-dragon—Gr. drakaina, fem. of drakōn, dragon.]

Drachma, drak′ma, n. an ancient Greek weight, and silver coin of different values: a modern Greek coin = above 9½d. sterling. [Gr. drachmē—drassesthai, to grasp with the hand.]

Draconian, dra-kō′nyan, adj. severe, as was the legislation, of Draco, the Athenian archon (621 B.C.).—Also Dracon′ic.

Dracontium, drā-kon′shi-um, n. a genus of American araceous plants: the root of the skunk-cabbage. [Gr.,—drakōn, a dragon.]

Dracunculus, drā-kun′kū-lus, n. a herbaceous genus of Araceæ; a dragonet or goby of genus Callionymus: a genus of worms, the guinea-worm. [L., dim, of draco, a dragon.]

Draff, draf, n. dregs: the refuse of malt that has been brewed from.—adjs. Draff′ish, Draff′y, worthless. [Prob. related to Dut. draf, Ger. träber.]

Draft, dräft, n. anything drawn: a selection of men from an army, &c.: an order for the payment of money: lines drawn for a plan: a rough sketch: the depth to which a vessel sinks in water.—v.t. to draw an outline of: to compose and write: to draw off: to detach.—ns. Draft′-bar, a swingle-tree, the bar to which the coupling of a railway-carriage is attached; Draft′-horse, a horse used for drawing the plough, heavy loads, &c., in distinction to a carriage or saddle horse; Draft′-ox, an ox used for drawing loads; Drafts′man, one who draws plans or designs; Drafts′manship. [A corr. of Draught.]

Drag, drag, v.t. to draw by force: to draw slowly: to pull roughly and violently: to explore with a drag-net or hook.—v.i. to hang so as to trail on the ground: to be forcibly drawn along: to move slowly and heavily:—pr.p. drag′ging; pa.p. dragged.—n. a net or hook for dragging along to catch things under water: a heavy harrow: a device for guiding wood to the saw: a mail-coach: a long open carriage, with transverse or side seats: a contrivance for retarding carriage-wheels in going down slopes: any obstacle to progress: an artificial scent (anise-seed, &c.) dragged on the ground for foxhounds trained to the pursuit (Drag′-hounds) to follow: (billiards) a push somewhat under the centre of the cue-ball, causing it to follow the object-ball a short way.—ns. Drag′-bar, a strong iron bar for connecting railway-carriages together—also Draw′-bar; Drag′-bolt, a strong bolt passing through the drag-bar of railway-carriages, and serving to fasten the coupling; Drag′-chain, the chain that connects engine and tender, or carriages and wagons, with one another; Drag′-man, a fisherman who uses a drag-net; Drag′-net, a net to be dragged or drawn along the bottom of water to catch fish; Drags′man, the driver of a drag or coach. [A.S. dragan; Ger. tragen. Acc. to Curtius, nowise conn. with L. trahĕre.]

Draggle, drag′l, v.t. or v.i. to make or become wet and dirty by dragging along the ground.—n. Dragg′le-tail, a slut.—adj. Dragg′le-tailed. [Freq. of drag, and a doublet of drawl.]

Dragoman, drag′o-man, n. an interpreter or guide in Eastern countries:—pl. Drag′omans. [Fr., from Ar. tarjumân—tarjama, to interpret. See Targum.]

Dragon, drag′un, n. a fabulous winged serpent: the constellation Draco: a fierce person: the flying lizard of the East Indies.—ns. Drag′onet, a little dragon: a genus of fishes of the goby family; Drag′on-fly, an insect with a long body and brilliant colours.—v.t. Drag′onise, to turn into a dragon: to watch like a dragon.—adjs. Drag′onish, Drag′on-like.—n. Drag′onism, watchful guardianship.—adj. Dragonné (her.), like a dragon in the hinder part, and a lion or the like in the fore part.—ns. Drag′on's-blood, the red resinous exudation of several kinds of trees in the W. and E. Indies, used for colouring; Drag′on's-head, a plant of genus Dracocephalum, of the mint family (Labiatæ): (her.) tenné or tawny when blazoning is done by the heavenly bodies; Drag′on-shell, a cowry; Drag′on's-wort, tarragon or snake-weed; Drag′on-tree (same as Dracæna). [Fr.,—L. draco, draconis—Gr. drakōn, from aorist of derk-esthai, to look.]

Dragonnade, drag-on-ād′, n. the persecution of French Protestants under Louis XIV. by raids of dragoons: abandonment of a place to the violence of soldiers. [Fr., from dragon, dragoon.]

Dragoon, dra-gōōn′, n. formerly a soldier trained to fight either on horseback or on foot, now applied only to heavy cavalry as opposed to hussars and lancers.—v.t. to give up to the rage of soldiers: to compel by violent measures.—n. Dragoon′-bird, the umbrella-bird. [Fr. See Dragon.]

Drail, drāl, n. the iron bow of a plough from which the traces draw: a piece of lead round the shank of the hook in fishing.—v.i. to draggle.

Drain, drān, v.t. to draw off by degrees: to filter: to clear of water by drains: to make dry: to drink dry: to exhaust.—v.i. to flow off gradually.—n. a watercourse: a ditch: a sewer: (slang) a drink: exhausting expenditure.—adj. Drain′able.—ns. Drain′age, the drawing off of water by rivers or other channels: the system of drains in a town; Drain′age-basin, the area of land which drains into one river; Drain′age-tube, a tube of silver, india-rubber, glass, &c., introduced by a surgeon into a wound or abscess to draw off pus, &c.; Drain′er, a utensil on which articles are placed to drain; Drain′ing-en′gine, a pumping-engine for mines, &c.; Drain′ing-plough, a form of plough used in making drains; Drain′-pipe; Drain′-tile; Drain′-trap, a contrivance for preventing the escape of foul air from drains, but admitting the water into them. [A.S. dréahnigan—dragan, to draw.]

Drake, drāk, n. the male of the duck.—n. Drake′stone, a flat stone thrown along the surface of water so as to graze it and then rebound. [Ety. dub.; cf. prov. Ger. draak; O. High Ger. antrahho, Ger. enterich, the first element usually explained as eend, end, anut, 'duck.']

Drake, drāk, n. a dragon: a fiery meteor: a beaked galley, or Viking ship of war: an angler's name for species of Ephemera. [A.S. draca, dragon—L. draco.]

Dram, dram, n. a contraction of Drachm: 1⁄16th of an oz. avoirdupois: formerly, with apothecaries, ⅛th of an oz.: as much raw spirits as is drunk at once.—v.i. to drink a dram.—v.t. to give a dram to.—ns. Dram′-drink′er; Dram′-shop. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. drachmē. See Drachma.]

Drama, dram′a, n. a story of human life and action represented by actors imitating the language, dress, &c. of the original characters: a composition intended to be represented on the stage: dramatic literature: theatrical entertainment: a series of deeply interesting events.—adjs. Dramatic, -al, belonging to the drama: appropriate to or in the form of a drama: with the force and vividness of the drama.—adv. Dramat′ically.—n. Dramat′icism.—adj. Dram′atīsable.—n. Dramatisā′tion, the act of dramatising: the dramatised version of a novel or story.—v.i. Dram′atīse, to compose in, or turn into, the form of a drama or play.—n. Dram′atist, a writer of plays.—Dram′atis persō′næ (-ē), the characters of a drama or play. [L.,—Gr. drama, dramatos—draein, to do.]

Dramaturgy, dram′a-tur-ji, n. the principles of dramatic composition: theatrical art.—ns. Dram′aturge, Dram′aturgist, a playwright.—adj. Dram′aturgic. [Through Fr. from Gr. dramatourgia, dramatourgos, playwright—drama, and ergon, a work.]

Drant, drant, v.i. and v.t. (prov.) to drawl, to drone.—n. a droning tone.

Draper, drāp′ėr, n. one who deals in drapery or cloth:—fem. Drap′eress.—n. Drap-de-Berry, a woollen cloth, coming from Berry in France.—v.t. Drape, to cover with cloth.—p.adj. Drap′eried, draped.—n. Drap′ery, cloth goods: hangings of any kind: the draper's business: (art) the representation of the dress of human figures.—v.t. to drape.—n. Drap′et (Spens.), cloth, coverlet. [Fr. drapier—drap, from a Teut. root. See Drab.]

Drastic, dras′tik, adj. active, powerful.—n. a medicine that purges quickly or thoroughly.—adv. Dras′tically. [Gr. drastikos—draein, to act, to do.]

Drat, drat, v.t. a minced oath used to express vexation, as 'Drat the boy!' [Aphetic from God rot!]

Draught, dräft, n. act of drawing: force needed to draw: the act of drinking: the quantity drunk at a time: outline of a picture: that which is taken in a net by drawing: a chosen detachment of men: a current of air: the depth to which a ship sinks in the water.—v.t. (more commonly Draft), to draw out.—n. Draught′-en′gine, the engine over the shaft of a coal-pit.—n.pl. Draught′-hooks, large iron hooks fixed on the cheeks of a cannon-carriage.—ns. Draught′-house (B.), a sink, privy; Draught′iness; Draught′-net, a drag-net.—n.pl. Draughts, a game in which two persons make alternate moves (draughts) on a checkered board, called the Draught′board, with pieces called Draughts′men—U.S. checkers, Scot. dambrod.—n. Draughts′man (see Draftsman).—adj. Draught′y, full of draughts or currents of air. [M. E. draht—A.S. dragan, to draw. See Drag, v., and Draw.]

Dravidian, dra-vid′i-an, n. of the non-Aryan stock to which the Tamil, Telugu, Canarese, and Malayālam speaking peoples of Southern India belong: of the languages of these races. [Sans. Drāvida, an ancient province of Southern India.]

Draw, draw, v.t. to pull along: to bring forcibly towards one: to entice, attract: to coax into giving information: to make one express himself (also to Draw out a man): to inhale: to take out: to evoke or bring out by some artifice: to extract by pulling: to cast lots: to extract the essence of: to eviscerate (hang, draw, and quarter): to manufacture (wire) by drawing through a small hole: to deduce: to lengthen: to extend to the full length (as in drawing a bow): to force to appear (as a badger from its hole): to receive (as revenues): to demand money by a draft: to make a picture of, by lines drawn: to describe: to require a depth of water for floating.—v.i. to pull: to practise drawing: to move: to approach: to have a free current (of a chimney):—pa.t. drew (drōō); pa.p. drawn.—n. the act of drawing: anything drawn: a drawn or undecided game.—adj. Draw′able.—ns. Draw′back, a disadvantage: a receiving back some part of the duty on goods on their exportation; Draw′-bar (same as Drag-bar); Draw′-boy, the boy who pulls the cords of the harness in figure-weaving, a mechanical device for this purpose; Draw′bridge, a bridge that can be drawn up or let down at pleasure; Drawēē′, the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn; Draw′er, he or that which draws: one who draws beer or fetches liquor in a tavern: a thing drawn out, like the sliding box in a case: (pl.) a close under-garment for the lower limbs; Draw′-gear, the apparatus by which railway-cars are coupled; Draw′ing, the art of representing objects by lines drawn, shading, &c.: a picture: the distribution of prizes, as at a lottery; Draw′ing-board; Draw′ing-frame, a machine in which carded wool, cotton, or the like is drawn out fine; Draw′ing-knife, a knife with a handle at each end, used by coopers for shaving hoops by drawing it towards one; Draw′ing-mas′ter; Draw′ing-pā′per; Draw′ing-pen; Draw′ing-pen′cil; Draw′ing-room, in engineering, a room where plans and patterns are drawn; Draw′ing-tā′ble, a table which can be extended in length by drawing out sliding leaves; Draw′-net (same as Drag-net); Draw′-plate, a plate of steel or ruby with a hole drilled in it through which wire, tubing, or the like is drawn to make it more slender; Draw′-well, a well from which water is drawn up by a bucket and apparatus.—Draw a bead on (see Bead); Draw a blank (see Blank); Draw a cover, to send the hounds into a cover to frighten out a fox; Draw blank, to do so, but find no fox; Draw back, to retire: to withdraw from an engagement; Draw cuts, to cast lots; Draw in, to reduce, contract: to become shorter; Draw it fine, to be too precise; Draw it mild, to state a thing without exaggeration; Draw near, to approach; Draw off, to take wine, ale, &c. out of a barrel: to retire; Draw on, to approach (of a fixed date); Draw on one's imagination, to make imaginative or lying statements; Draw on one's memory, to try to remember; Draw out, to leave the place (of an army), &c.; Draw over, to persuade to desert to the other side; Draw rein, to slacken speed, to stop; Draw the line, to fix a limit; Draw up, to form in regular order: to arrange or to be arranged (as troops): to compose (as a protest, &c.): to stop (as in driving a carriage).—In drawing, correctly drawn; Out of drawing, inaccurately drawn, or drawn in violation of the principles of drawing. [A later form of Drag.]

Drawcansir, draw′kan-sėr, n. a blustering fellow, a braggart. [The name of a character in Buckingham's Rehearsal (1671).]

Drawing-room, draw′ing-rōōm, n. a room to which the company withdraws after dinner: a reception of company at court.—Drawing-room car, a railway-carriage fitted up as a drawing-room. [Orig. Withdrawing-room.]

Drawl, drawl, v.i. (obs.) to dawdle: to speak in a slow, lengthened tone.—v.t. to utter (words) in a slow and sleepy manner.—n. a slow, lengthened utterance.—n. Drawl′er.—adv. Drawl′ingly.—n. Drawl′ingness. [Freq. of draw, as draggle of drag.]

Drawn, drawn, part. and adj. from Draw, esp. in 'a drawn game or battle,' undecided.—Drawn and quartered, disembowelled and cut into quarters.—At daggers drawn, openly hostile.

Dray, drā, n. a low strong cart for heavy goods; that which is dragged or drawn.—ns. Dray′age; Dray′-horse; Dray′man; Dray′-plough. [A.S. dræge, from dragan. See Drag, v.]

Dread, dred, n. fear: awe: the objects that excite fear.—adj. dreaded: inspiring great fear or awe.—v.t. to regard with terror: to regard with reverence.—adjs. Dread′able; Dread′ful, (orig.) full of dread: producing great fear or awe: terrible.—adv. Dread′fully.—n. Dread′fulness.—adj. Dread′less, free from dread: intrepid.—adv. Dread′lessly.—n. Dread′lessness.—adj. Dread′ly (Spens.) dreadful.—ns. Dread′naught, Dread′nought, one who dreads nothing—hence, a garment of thick cloth defending against the weather: the cloth of which it is made.—Penny dreadful, a cheap sensational serial or tale, usually bloody in subject and vulgar in tone. [M. E. dreden—A.S. on-drǽdan, to fear; Ice. ondréda, Old High Ger. in-tratan, to be afraid.]

Dream, drēm, n. a train of thoughts and fancies during sleep, a vision: something only imaginary.—v.i. to fancy things during sleep: to think idly.—v.t. to see in, or as in, a dream:—pa.t. and pa.p. dreamed or dreamt (dremt).—ns. Dream′er; Dream′ery, a place favourable to dreams: dream-work.—adj. Dream′ful (Tenn.), dreamy.—n. Dream′hole, one of the holes in the walls of steeples, towers, &c., for admitting light.—adv. Dream′ily.—n. Dream′iness.—adv. Dream′ingly.—n. Dream′land, the land of dreams, reverie, or imagination.—adj. Dream′less, free from dreams.—ns. Dream′while, the duration of a dream; Dream′world, a world of illusions.—adj. Dream′y, full of dreams: appropriate to dreams: dream-like. [M. E. dream, drēm, not recorded in A.S., but pointing to an assumed A.S. dréam, cog. with O. High Ger. troum, O. Norse draum, &c. This is distinct from the A.S. dréam, mirth, minstrelsy, being ultimately related to dreug-, draug-, drug-, to deceive, the radical sense therefore 'illusion.']

Drear, drēr, Dreary, drēr′i, adj. gloomy: cheerless.—adv. Drear′ily.—ns. Drear′iment, Drear′ing, Drear′ihead, Drear′ihood (Spens.), dreariness, cheerlessness; Drear′iness.—adj. Drear′isome, desolate, forlorn. [A.S. dreórig, mournful, bloody—dreór, gore.]

Dredge, drej, n. an instrument for dragging: a drag-net for catching oysters, &c.: a machine for taking up mud or zoological specimens from the bottom of the sea: a floating machine for deepening a harbour or river by gathering up mud from the bottom by means of buckets on an endless chain—also Dredg′er, Dredg′ing-machine′.—v.t. Dredge, to gather with a dredge: to deepen with a dredge. [Conn. with drag.]

Dredge, drej, v.t. to sprinkle flour on meat while roasting.—ns. Dredg′er, Dredge′-box, Dredg′ing-box, a utensil for dredging. [O. Fr. dragie, sugar-plum, mixed grain for horses—Gr. tragēmata, spices.]

Dree, drē, v.i. to endure, bear, esp. in Dree one's weird, to abide one's destiny. [Scot.; A.S. dreōgan, suffer, perform; Prov. Eng. dree, Scot. dreich, dreigh, all meaning wearisome.]

Dregs, dregz, n.pl. impurities in liquor that fall to the bottom, the grounds: dross: the vilest part of anything.—ns. Dreg′giness, Dreg′gishness.—adj. Dreg′gy, containing dregs: muddy: foul. [Prob. Scand.; Ice. dreggjar.]

Drench, drensh, v.t. to fill with drink or liquid: to wet thoroughly: to soak: to physic by force: (obs.) to drown.—n. a draught: a dose of physic forced down the throat.—n. Drench′er. [A.S. drencan, to give to drink, from drincan, to drink; Ger. tränken, to soak. See Drink.]

Dress, dres, v.t. to put straight or in order, as troops: to put clothes upon: to prepare: to cook: to trim: to deck: to cleanse a sore: to manure.—v.i. to come into line: to put on clothes:—pa.t. and pa.p. dressed or drest.—n. the covering or ornament of the body: a lady's gown: style of dress.—ns. Dress′-cir′cle, part of a theatre (usually the first gallery) set apart for people in evening dress; Dress′-coat, a fine black coat with narrow or cut-away skirts, worn when in full dress; Dress′er, one who dresses: a medical student who dresses wounds: a table on which meat is dressed or prepared for use: a kind of kitchen sideboard with rows of shelves for plates, dishes, &c.—n.pl. Dress′-goods, cloths for making women's and children's gowns, frocks, &c.—ns. Dress′ing, dress or clothes: manure given to land: matter used to give stiffness and gloss to cloth: the sauce, &c., used in preparing a dish for the table, stuffing, &c.: the bandage, &c., applied to a sore: an ornamental moulding: a thrashing; Dress′ing-case, a case of toilet requisites used in dressing one's self: Dress′ing-gown, a loose garment used in dressing, or in deshabille; Dress′ing-jack′et, Dress′ing-sack, a jacket worn by women in dressing: Dress′ing-room; Dress′ing-tā′ble; Dress′maker, a person who makes gowns or dresses for women.—adj. Dress′y, fond of dress.—Evening dress, Full dress, the costume prescribed by fashion for evening receptions, dinners, balls, &c. [O. Fr. dresser, to prepare—L. dirigĕre, directum, to direct.]

Drib, drib, v.t. to cut off in small portions: to filch or steal: to lead on by degrees. [Akin to Drub.]

Dribble, drib′l, v.i. to fall in small drops: to drop quickly: to slaver, as a child or an idiot.—v.t. to let fall in drops: to give out in small portions: at football, &c., to keep the ball moving forward little by little.—v.t. Drib, to dribble, drivel.—n. a driblet.—ns. Drib′bler; Drib′let, Drib′blet, a small drop: a small quantity. [Dim. of Drip.]

Drier, drī′ėr, n. that which dries: a machine for extracting moisture from wet cloths, grain, &c.: a substance causing paint to dry more rapidly.

Drift, drift, n. a driving: a heap of matter driven together, as snow: the direction in which a thing is driven: a slow current in the sea caused by the wind: leeway: the object aimed at: the meaning of words used: (geol.) detritus, such as broken rock, sand, gravel: (mining) a horizontal excavation or passage.—v.t. to drive into heaps, as snow.—v.i. to be floated along: to be driven into heaps.—ns. Drift′age, that which is drifted: the amount of deviation from a ship's course due to leeway; Drift′-an′chor, an anchor for keeping the ship's head to the wind; Drift′-bolt, a steel bolt used to drive out other bolts; Drift′-ice, floating masses of ice drifting before the wind; Drift′land, an old tribute paid for the privilege of driving cattle through a manor.—adj. Drift′less, without drift or aim.—ns. Drift′-min′ing, gold-mining by means of drifts in the gravel and detritus of old river-beds; Drift′-net, a net kept upright in the water by floats above and weights below; Drift′-sail, a sail immersed in the water, used for lessening the drift of a vessel during a storm; Drift′-way, a road over which cattle were driven: (min.) drift; Drift′-weed, gulf-weed: tangle; Drift′-wood, wood drifted by water.—adj. Drift′y, full of or forming drifts. [See Drive.]

Drill, dril, v.t. to bore, pierce: to make with a drill: to exercise soldiers, pupils, &c.—to sow seeds, &c., in rows.—n. an instrument for boring stone, metal, teeth, or hard substances (not wood), actuated by a kind of bow, by a brace, or otherwise: a large boring instrument used in mining: a ridge with seed or growing plants on it (turnips, potatoes, &c.): the plants in such a row: the machine for sowing the seed in drill-husbandry.—ns. Drill′-bar′row, a grain-drill driven by hand; Drill′-har′row, a harrow for working between drills; Drill′-hus′bandry, the method of sowing seed in drills or rows; Drill′ing-machine′, Drill′ing-lathe, Drill′-press, machines for boring with a drill or drills; Drill′-mas′ter, one who teaches drill, one who trains in anything, esp. in a mechanical manner; Drill′-plough, a plough for sowing grain in drills; Drill′-ser′geant, a sergeant who drills soldiers. [Prob. borrowed from Dut. drillen, to bore; dril, drille, a borer.]

Drill, dril, n. a species of baboon found in Western Africa, resembling the mandrill, but smaller. [A contr. of mandrill.]

Drilling, dril′ing, n. stout twilled linen or cotton cloth.—Also Drill. [Ger. drillich, ticking—L. trilix, three-threaded; tres, three, licium, thread.]

Drink, dringk, v.t. to swallow, as a liquid: to empty, as a glass, bowl, &c.: to take in through the senses.—v.i. to swallow a liquid: to take intoxicating liquors to excess:—pr.p. drink′ing; pa.t. drank; pa.p. drunk.—n. something to be drunk: intoxicating liquor.—adj. Drink′able.—ns. Drink′ableness; Drink′er, a tippler; Drink′-hail, the customary old English reply to a pledge in drinking (wæs hail, 'health or good luck to you,' was answered with drinc hail, 'drink good health or good luck'); Drink′ing-bout; Drink′ing-fount′ain; Drink′ing-horn; Drink′-mon′ey, a gratuity, ostensibly given to buy liquor for drinking to the health of the giver; Drink′-off′ering, an offering of wine, oil, blood, &c. to God or the gods.—Drink himself drunk, to drink until he is drunk; Drink in, to absorb rain, &c., as dry land does; Drink off, to quaff wholly and at a gulp; Drink the others under the table, to continue drinking and remain (comparatively) sober after the others have completely collapsed; Drink to, Drink to the health of, to drink wine, &c., with good wishes for one's health; Drink up, to exhaust by drinking.—In drink, intoxicated.—Strong drink, alcoholic liquor. [A.S. drincan; Ger. trinken.]

Drip, drip, v.i. to fall in drops: to let fall drops.—v.t. to let fall in drops:—pr.p. drip′ping; pa.p. dripped.—n. a falling in drops: that which falls in drops: the edge of a root.—ns. Drip′ping, that which falls in drops, as fat from meat in roasting; Drip′ping-pan, a pan for receiving the dripping from roasting meat; Drip′-stone, a projecting moulding over doorways, &c., to throw off the rain.—Right of drip, right in law to let the drip from one's roof fall on another's land. [A.S. dryppan—dréopan.]

Drive, drīv, v.t. to force along: to hurry one on: to guide, as horses drawing a carriage: to convey or carry in a carriage: to force in, as nails with a hammer: to push briskly: to urge, as a point of argument, a bargain, &c.: to compel: to send away with force, as a ball in cricket, golf, tennis: to chase game towards sportsmen.—v.i. to press forward with violence: to be forced along, as a ship before the wind: to go in a carriage: to tend towards a point: to strike at with a sword, the fist, &c.:—pr.p. drīv′ing; pa.t. drōve; pa.p. driv′en.—n. an excursion in a carriage: a road for driving on: the propelling of a ball in cricket, &c.: the chasing of game towards the shooters, or the sport so obtained, or the ground over which the game is driven: urgent pressure: pushing the sale of a special article by reduction of prices.—ns. Driv′er, one who or that which drives, in all senses: a club used in golf to propel the ball from the teeing-ground; Driv′ing-band, the band or strap which communicates motion from one machine, or part of a machine, to another; Driv′ing-shaft, a shaft from a driving-wheel communicating motion, to machinery; Driv′ing-wheel, a main wheel that communicates motion to other wheels: one of the main wheels in a locomotive.—Drive feathers, down, to separate the lighter from the heavier by exposing them to a current of air.—Drive to one's wits' end, to perplex utterly.—Let drive, to aim a blow. [A.S drífan, to drive; Ger. treiben, to push.]

Drivel, driv′l, v.i. to slaver like a child: to be foolish: to speak like an idiot:—pr.p. driv′elling; pa.p. driv′elled.—n. slaver: nonsense.—n. Driv′eller, a fool. [M. E. drevelen, dravelen; related to Dribble.]

Drivel, driv′l, n. (Spens.) a drudge. [Cf. Old Dut. drevel, a scullion.]

Drizzle, driz′l, v.i. to rain in small drops.—v.t. (Shak.) to shed in small drops.—n. a small, light rain.—adj. Drizz′ly. [Freq. of M. E. dresen—A.S. dreósan, to fall; Norw. drjosa, Goth. driusan.]

Droger, Drogher, drō′ger, n. a West Indian coasting vessel, with long masts and lateen sails.

Drogue, drōg, n. the drag of boards, attached to the end of a harpoon-line, checking the progress of a running whale.

Droguet, drō-gā′, n. a ribbed woollen dress fabric, a variety of rep. [Fr.]

Droll, drōl, adj. odd: amusing: laughable.—n. one who excites mirth: a jester.—v.i. to practise drollery: to jest.—ns. Droll′ery; Droll′ing.—adjs. Droll′ish, rather droll; Droll′y. [Fr., prob. from Dut. drollig, odd—trold, a hobgoblin; cf. Ger. droll, a short thick person.]

Dromedary, drum′e-dar-i, n. a thoroughbred one-humped Arabian camel.—ns. Dromedā′rian, Drom′edarist. [Fr.,—Low L. dromedarius—Gr. dromas, dromados, running—dramein, 2 aor. infin. of trechein, to run.]

Dromond, drom′ond, n. a swift medieval ship of war.—Also Drom′on. [O. Fr.,—Late L. dromo—Gr. dromon—dromos, a running, dramein, to run.]

Dromos, drom′os, n. a Greek race-course: an entrance-passage or avenue, as to a subterranean treasury, &c.—adjs. Drom′ic, -al, pertaining to a race-course: basilican. [Gr.,—dramein, to run.]

Drone, drōn, n. the male of the honey-bee: one who lives on the labour of others, like the drone-bee: a lazy, idle fellow.—adj. Dron′ish, like a drone: lazy, idle.—adv. Dron′ishly.—n. Dron′ishness.—adv. Dron′y. [A.S. drán, the bee; Dan. drone.]

Drone, drōn, v.i. to make a low humming sound.—n. the bass-pipe of a bagpipe.—n. Drone′-pipe, a pipe producing a droning sound. [M. E. drounen, to roar; not found in A.S. Cf. Dut. dreunen, Ger. dröhnen.]

Droop, drōōp, v.i. to sink or hang down: to grow weak or faint: to decline.—v.t. to let sink.—n. a drooping position.—adv. Droop′ingly, in a drooping manner. [Ice. drúpa, to droop. See Drop.]

Drop, drop, n. a small particle of liquid which falls at one time: a very small quantity of liquid: anything hanging like a drop: a fall: a trap in the gallows scaffold, the fall of which allows the criminal to drop: a device for lowering goods into a ship's hold.—v.i. to fall in small particles: to let drops fall: to fall suddenly: to come to an end: to fall or sink lower.—v.t. to let fall in drops: to let fall: to let go, dismiss, break off, as an acquaintance: to utter casually: to write and send (a note) in an off-hand manner: to set down from a carriage:—pr.p. drop′ping; pa.p. dropped.—ns. Drop′-drill, an apparatus for dropping seed and manure into the soil simultaneously; Drop′-hamm′er, Drop′-press, a swaging, stamping, or forging machine having either a regular or intermittent motion; Drop′let, a little drop; Drop′-lett′er (U.S.), a letter posted in any place merely for local delivery; Drop′-net, a net suspended from a boom, to be suddenly dropped on a passing shoal of fish; Drop′ping, that which is dropped: (pl.) dung, esp. of fowls.—adj. Drop′-ripe, so ripe as to be ready to drop from the tree.—ns. Drop′-Scene, a painted curtain suspended by pulleys, which drops in front of the stage in a theatre; Drop′-stone, a stalactic variety of calcite.—adv. Drop′-wise (Tenn.), by drops.—n. Drop′-wort, the Spiræa Filipendula.—Drop astern (naut.), to pass or move towards the stern; Drop away, off, to depart, disappear; Drop down, to sail, move, or row down a coast, or down a river to the sea; Drop in, to come in casually; Drop out, to disappear from one's place; Drop serene, an old medical name for amaurosis, literally translated from L. gutta serena.—A dropping fire, a continuous irregular discharge of small-arms.—Prince Rupert's drops, drops of glass which have fallen in a melted state into cold water, and have assumed a tadpole-like shape, the whole falling to dust with a loud report if the point of the tail be nipped off. [A.S. dropa, a drop—dreópan, to drop; Dut. drop, Ger. tropfe.]

Dropsy, drop′si, n. an unnatural collection of water in any part of the body.—adjs. Drop′sical, Drop′sied (Shak.), affected with dropsy.—n. Drop′sicalness. [Through Fr. from L. hydropisis—Gr. hydrōps—hydōr, water.]

Drosera, dros′er-a, n. a genus of small herbaceous plants of the order Droseraceæ, generally inhabiting marshy places. [Formed from Gr. droseros—drosos, dew.]

Droshky, drosh′ki, Drosky, dros′ki, n. a low four-wheeled open carriage much used in Russia. [Russ. drozhki.]

Drosometer, drō-som′e-ter, n. an instrument for measuring the quantity of dew condensed on the surface of a body left in the open air. [Gr. drosos, dew, metron, measure.]

Dross, dros, n. the scum which metals throw off when melting: waste matter: refuse: rust.—n. Dross′iness.—adj. Dross′y, like dross: impure: worthless. [A.S. drós, from dreósan, to fall; cf. Dut. droesem; Ger. druse.]

Drought, drowt, Drouth, drowth, n. dryness: want of rain or of water: thirst.—ns. Drought′iness, Drouth′iness.—adjs. Drought′y, Drouth′y, full of drought: very dry: wanting rain, thirsty. [A.S. drúgathe, dryness—drúgian, to dry.]

Drouk, Drook, drōōk, v.t. to drench: (Scot.) to duck.—p.adjs. Drouk′it, Drook′it. [Ice. drukna, to be drowned; cf. Dan. drukne.]

Drove, drōv, pa.t. of Drive.—n. a number of cattle, or other animals, driven.—n. Drov′er, one whose occupation is to drive cattle: (Spens.) a boat. [A.S. dráf—drífan, to drive.]

Drow, drow, n. a kind of elves supposed to belong to Shetland, inhabiting caves—also Trow, a variant of troll.

Drown, drown, v.t. to drench or sink in water: to kill by placing under water: to overpower: to extinguish.—v.t. to be suffocated in water. [A.S. druncnian, to drown—druncen, pa.p. of drincan, to drink. See Drench.]

Drowse, drowz, v.i. to be heavy with sleep: to look heavy and dull.—v.t. to make heavy with sleep: to stupefy.—n. a half-sleeping state.—ns. Drows′ihead, Drows′ihed (Spens.), drowsiness, sleepiness.—adv. Drows′ily.—n. Drows′iness.—adj. Drows′y, sleepy: heavy: dull: inducing sleep. [A.S. drúsian, to be sluggish; Dut. dreósen, to fall asleep.]

Drub, drub, v.t. to beat or thrash:—pr.p. drub′bing; pa.p. drubbed.—n. Drub′bing, a cudgelling. [Murray suggests Ar. daraba, to beat, bastinado, darb, a beating.]

Drudge, druj, v.i. to work hard: to do very mean work.—n. one who works hard: a slave: a menial servant.—ns. Drudg′er; Drudg′ery, Drudg′ism, the work of a drudge: uninteresting toil: hard or humble labour.—adv. Drudg′ingly. [Ety. unknown. Some suggest Celt., as in Ir. drugaire, a drudge.]

Drug, drug, n. any substance used in the composition of medicine: an article that cannot be sold, generally owing to overproduction.—v.t. to mix or season with drugs: to dose to excess.—v.i. to prescribe drugs or medicines:—pr.p. drug′ging; pa.p. drugged.—n. Drug′gist, one who deals in drugs. [O. Fr. drogue, prob. from Dut. droog, dry; as if applied orig. to dried herbs.]

Drugget, drug′et, n. a woven and felted coarse woollen fabric, chiefly used for covering carpets—hence called in some parts of Britain crumbcloth. [O. Fr. droguet, dim. of drogue, a drug, trash. See above.]

Druid, drōō′id, n. a priest among the ancient Celts of Britain, Gaul, and Germany, who worshipped under oak-trees: a member of a benefit society (founded 1781), its lodges called groves:—fem. Dru′idess.—adjs. Druid′ic, -al, Dru′idish.—n. Dru′idism, the doctrines which the Druids taught: the ceremonies they practised. [L. pl. druidæ—Celt. druid—whence Old Ir. drai, Ir. and Gael. draoi, magician. Littré accepts the ety. from Celt. derw, an oak, which is from the same root as Gr. drys, an oak.]

Drum, drum, n. an instrument of percussion, in which a skin of parchment, stretched on a frame of wood or metal, is beaten with an instrument called a drumstick: anything shaped like a drum: the tympanum or middle portion of the ear: (archit.) the upright part of a cupola: (mech.) a revolving cylinder: formerly a large and tumultuous evening party (said to be so called because rival hostesses vied with each other in beating up crowds of guests).—v.i. to beat a drum: to beat with the fingers.—v.t. to drum out, to expel: to summon:—pr.p. drum′ming; pa.p. drummed.—ns. Drum′head, the head of a drum (see Court-martial): the top part of a capstan; Drum′-mā′jor, the chief drummer of a regiment (now called sergeant-drummer); Drum′mer, one who drums: (U.S.) a commercial traveller; Drum′stick, the stick with which the drum is beat: the leg of a cooked fowl. [From a Teut. root found in Dut. trom, Ger. trommel, a drum; prob. imit.]

Drum, drum, n. a small hill or ridge of hills, used in many place-names, as Drumglass, Drumsheugh, &c. [Ir. druim, the back.]

Drummond-light, drum′ond-līt, n. the lime-light or oxy-hydrogen light invented by Captain T. Drummond (1797-1840). [See Lime-light.]

Drunk, drungk, pa.p. of Drink.—p.adj. intoxicated: saturated.—n. a drunken bout: a drunk person.—n. Drunk′ard, one who frequently drinks to excess: a habitual drinker.—p.adj. Drunk′en, given to excessive drinking: worthless, besotted: resulting from intoxication.—adv. Drunk′enly.—n. Drunk′enness, excessive drinking: habitual intemperance.

Drupe, drōōp, n. a fleshy fruit containing a stone, as the plum, &c.—adj. Drupā′ceous, producing or pertaining to drupes or stone-fruits.—n. Drup′el, a little drupe. [L. drupa—Gr. dryppa, an over-ripe olive—drypepēs, ripened on the tree, from drys, a tree, and peptein, to cook; cf. drupetēs—drys, and piptein, to fall.]

Druse, drōōs, n. (mining) a rock cavity lined with crystals, a geode or vug. [Ger.]

Druse, drōōs, n. one of a remarkable people inhabiting a mountainous district in the north of Syria, with a peculiar religion interwoven from the Bible and the Koran.—adj. Drus′ian.

Druxy, druk′si, adj. of timber, having decayed spots concealed by healthy wood.—Also Drick′sie.

Dry, drī, adj. free from, deficient in, moisture, sap: not green: not giving milk: thirsty: uninteresting: (obs.) hard: frigid, precise: free from sweetness and fruity flavour (of wines, &c.).—v.t. to free from water or moisture: to exhaust.—v.i. to become dry, to evaporate entirely—both used also with prep. up:—pr.p. dry′ing; pa.p. dried.—n. and adj. Dry′asdust, the pretended editor or introducer of some of Scott's novels—a synonym for a dull and pedantic though learned person.—v.t. Dry′-beat (Shak.), to beat severely, or so as to be dry.—ns. Dry′-bob, a slang name used at Eton for boys who play cricket, football, &c.—opp. to the Wet-bob, who makes rowing his recreation; Dry′-dock (see Dock).—adj. Dry′-eyed, tearless.—n. Dry′-foot (Shak.), like a dog which pursues game by the scent of its foot.—n.pl. Dry′-goods, drapery, &c., as distinguished from groceries, hardware, &c.—n. Dry′-light, a clear, unobstructed light: an unprejudiced view.—advs. Dry′ly, Drī′ly.—ns. Dry′-meas′ure (see Measure); Dry′ness; Dry′-nurse, a nurse who feeds a child without milk from the breast; Dry′-plate, a sensitised photographic plate, with which a picture may be made without the preliminary use of a bath; Dry′-point, a sharp needle by which fine lines are drawn in copperplate engraving; Dry′-rot, a decay of timber caused by fungi which reduce it to a dry, brittle mass: (fig.) a concealed decay or degeneration.—v.t. Dry′-salt, to cure meat by salting and drying.—ns. Dry′salter, a dealer in gums, dyes, drugs, &c.: (obs.) or in salted or dry meats, pickles, &c.; Dry′saltery.—adj. Dry′-shod, without wetting the shoes or feet.—n. Dry′-steam, steam containing no unevaporated water.—adj. Dry′-stone, built of stone without mortar, as some walls.—n. Dry′-stove, a kind of hot-house for preserving the plants of dry, warm climates.—Cut and dried (see Cut).—High and dry (see High). [A.S. dr['y]ge; cf. Dut. droog, Ger. trocken.]

Dryad, drī′ad, n. (Greek myth.) a nymph of the woods: a forest-tree. [Gr. dryas, from drys, a tree.]

Dual, dū′al, adj. consisting of two.—ns. Dū′ad, a pair of objects looked at as one; Dū′al-control′, any joint control or jurisdiction, as of England and France in Egypt; Dū′alism (philos.), that view which seeks to explain the world by the assumption of two radically independent and absolute elements—e.g. (1) the doctrine of the entire separation of spirit and matter, thus being opposed both to idealism and to materialism; (2) the doctrine of two distinct principles of good and of evil, or of two distinct divine beings of these characters; Dū′alist, a believer in dualism.—adj. Dualis′tic, consisting of two: relating to dualism.—ns. Dual′ity, doubleness: state of being double; Dū′al-school, a school for both boys and girls; Dū′archy, government by two. [L.,—duo, two.]

Dualin, dū-al′in, n. an explosive compound of sawdust, saltpetre, and nitro-glycerine.

Dub, dub, v.t. to confer knighthood, from the ceremony of striking the shoulder with the flat of a sword: to confer any name or dignity: to smooth with an adze: to rub a softening and waterproof mixture into, as leather: to dress a fly for fishing:—pr.p. dub′bing; pa.p. dubbed.—n. Dub′bing, the accolade: a preparation of grease for softening leather—also Dub′bin. [Conn. with O. Fr. a-douber, to equip with arms; but O. Fr. dober may be Teut.]

Dubious, dū′bi-us, adj. doubtful: undetermined: causing doubt: of uncertain event or issue.—adv. Dū′biously.—ns. Dū′biousness, Dubī′ety, Dubios′ity, doubtfulness. [L. dubius.]

Dubitate, dū′bi-tāt, v.i. to doubt, hesitate.—adj. Dū′bitable.—ns. Dū′bitancy, Dubitā′tion.—adj. Dū′bitative.—adv. Dū′bitatively. [L. dubitiāre, -ātum.]

Ducat, duk′at, n. a gold coin, formerly much used on the Continent, its commonest value being about 9s. 4d., though there were silver ducats in Italy worth 3s. 4d.—n. Ducatoon′, an old silver coin in Venice and elsewhere, worth 5 to 6 shillings. [O. Fr. ducat—It. ducato—ducatus, a duchy. The name was applied to an Apulian silver coin of 1140. The first gold ducat struck at Venice in 1284 bore the legend—'Sit tibi Christe datus quem tu regis iste Ducatus' ('Be this duchy, which thou rulest, dedicated to thee, O Christ'), which may have helped to spread the name, though it did not originate it.]

Duchy, duch′i, n. the territory of a duke, a dukedom.—ns. Duch′ess, the consort or widow of a duke; Duch′y-court, the court of a duchy, esp. that of the duchy of Lancaster.

Duck, duk, n. a kind of coarse cloth for small sails, sacking, &c. [Dut. doeck, linen cloth; Ger. tuch.]

Duck, duk, v.t. to dip for a moment in water.—v.i. to dip or dive: to lower the head suddenly: to cringe, yield.—n. a quick plunge, dip: a quick lowering of the head or body, a jerky bow.—ns. Duck′er, one who ducks: a diving-bird; Duck′ing; Duck′ing-pond; Duck′ing-stool, a stool or chair in which scolds were formerly tied and ducked in the water as a punishment. [A.S. dúcan, to duck, dive; Ger. tauchen, Dut. duiken.]

Duck, duk, n. name given to any member of the family Anatidæ, the prominent marks of which are short webbed feet, with a small hind-toe not reaching the ground, the netted scales in front of the lower leg, and the long bill: the female duck as distinguished from the male drake: in cricket (originally duck's egg), the zero (0), which records in a scoring-sheet that a player has made no runs: (coll.) a darling, sweetheart: a financial defaulter—esp. Lame Duck: also of things.—ns. Duck′-ant, a Jamaican termite nesting in trees; Duck′-bill, an aquatic burrowing and egg-laying Australian mammal, about 18 inches long, with soft fur, broadly webbed feet, and depressed duck-like bill—also called Duck-mole, Platypus, and Ornithorhynchus.—adj. Duck′-billed, having a bill like a duck.—n. Duck′-hawk, the moor-buzzard or marsh-harrier: the peregrine falcon of the United States.—adj. Duck′-legged, short-legged.—ns. Duck′ling, a young duck; Duck's′-foot, the lady's mantle; Duck′-weed, a name for several species of Lemna and Wolffia growing in ditches; Bombay duck, bummals; Wild′-duck, the mallard.—Break one's duck (cricket), to make one's first run (see above); Make, Play, ducks and drakes, to use recklessly: squander, waste (with with, of)—from the skipping of a flat stone across the surface of water. [A.S. duce, a duck, from, dúcan, to duck, dive.]

Duct, dukt, n. a tube conveying fluids in animal bodies or plants. [L. ductus—ducĕre, to lead.]

Ductile, duk′til, adj. easily led: yielding: capable of being drawn out into threads.—ns. Ductilim′eter, an instrument for measuring the ductility of metals; Ductil′ity, capacity of being drawn out without breaking. [Fr.,—L. ductilis—ducĕre, to lead.]

Dud, dud, n. (coll.) in pl. poor or ragged clothes, tatters.—n. Dud′dery, a shop where old clothes are sold, rags collectively.—adj. Dud′dy, ragged. [There is a M. E. dudd, birrus, a cloak, which may be Celt.]

Dude, dūd, n. (slang) a fop or dandy, esp. remarkable for the exquisite make and quality of his clothes.—adj. Dū′dish.—n. Dū′dism. [Hardly from dud.]

Dudgeon, duj′un, n. resentment: grudge. [There is an Anglo-Fr. digeon, wood hafts of knives, &c., but a connection cannot be stated. Skeat suggests dubiously W. dygen, malice, dychan, a jeer.]

Due, dū, adj. owed: that ought to be paid or done to another: proper: appointed, under engagement to be ready, arrive, &c.—adv. exactly: directly.—n. that which is owed: what one has a right to: perquisite: fee or tribute.—adj. Due′ful (Spens.), proper, fit.—Give the devil his due, to give a fair hearing or fair-play to one of notorious character. [O. Fr. deu, pa.p. of devoir—L. debēre, to owe.]

Duel, dū′el, n. a combat between two persons, prearranged, and fought under fixed conditions, generally on an affair of honour—happily harmless in France: any fight or struggle between two parties: single combat to decide a quarrel.—v.i. to fight in a duel:—pr.p. dū′elling; pa.p. dū′elled.—ns. Dū′eller, Dū′ellist; Dū′elling, fighting in a duel: the practice of fighting in single combat; Duell′o, a duel: the laws which regulate duelling.—adj. Dū′elsome, given to duelling. [It. duello—L. duellum, the original form of bellum—duo, two.]

Duenna, dū-en′a, n. an old lady who acts the part of governess in Spain: an old lady who acts as guardian to a younger. [Sp. dueña, a form of doña, mistress—L. domina, fem. of dominus, lord.]

Duet, dū-et′, Duetto, dū-et′o, n. a composition in music for two voices, instruments, or instrumentalists.—ns. Duetti′no, a simple duet; Duet′tist. [It. duetto, due, two—L. duo, two.]

Duff, duf, n. dough: a stiff flour pudding boiled in a bag; decaying vegetable matter, fallen leaves: coaldust. [From dough.]

Duff, duf, v.t. to manipulate an article so as to make it look like new: to alter the brands on stolen cattle.

Duffel, duf′l, n. a thick, coarse woollen cloth, with a thick nap—also Duff′le: (U.S.) change of flannels. [Dut., from Duffel, a town near Antwerp.]

Duffer, duf′ėr, n. a dull plodding person: a fogy, useless old fellow: a counterfeit coin: a claim or mine which proves unproductive.—ns. Duff′erdom, Duff′erism.

Duffer, duf′ėr, n. a peddler of dubious goods, sham jewellery, &c.: one who fakes up sham articles, or duffs cattle.

Dug, dug, n. the nipple of the pap, esp. applied to that of a cow or other beast. [Cf. Sw. dægga, Dan. dægge, to suckle a child. See Dairy.]

Dug, dug, pa.t. and pa.p. of Dig.—n. Dug′out, a boat made by hollowing out the trunk of a tree.

Dugong, dū-gong′, n. a kind of herb-eating whale, from 8 to 20 feet long, found in Indian seas—the supposed original of the mermaid. [Malayan dūyong.]

Duke, dūk, n. the highest order of nobility next below that of prince: (B.) a chieftain: on the Continent, a sovereign prince.—ns. Duke′dom, the title, rank, or territories of a duke; Duke′ling, a petty duke; Duk′ery, a duke's territory or seat; Duke′ship.—The Dukeries, a group of ducal seats in Nottinghamshire. [O. Fr. duc—L. dux, ducis, a leader—ducĕre, to lead.]

Dulcamara, dul-ka-mā′ra, n. a name for the Bittersweet (q.v.). [Formed from L. dulcis, sweet, amara, bitter.]

Dulcet, duls′et, adj. sweet to the taste, or to the ear: melodious, harmonious.—n. Dulcificā′tion.—adj. Dulcif′luous, flowing sweetly.—v.t. Dul′cify, to make sweet.—ns. Dulcil′oquy, a soft manner of speaking; Dul′cite, Dul′citol, Dul′cose, a saccharine substance derived from various plants—in its crude form, Madagascar manna; Dul′citude, sweetness.—Dulcified spirit, a compound of alcohol with mineral acid. [O. Fr. doucet, dim. of dols (Fr. doux)—L. dulcis, sweet.]

Dulcimer, dul′si-mėr, n. a musical instrument resembling a flat box, with sounding-board and bridges, across which run wires tuned by pegs at the sides, and played on by striking the wires with a small piece of wood in each hand, or more usually with two cork-headed hammers: a Jewish musical instrument, according to Gesenius, a double pipe with a bag. [Sp. dulcemele—L. dulce melos, a sweet song—dulcis, sweet; melos = Gr. melos, a song.]

Dulcinea, dul-sin′ē-a, or dul-sin-ē′a, n. sweetheart. [From Dulcinea del Toboso, the name given by Don Quixote to the mistress of his imagination.]

Dule, dool, n. (Scot.) woe.—n. Dule′-tree, the gallows. [See Dole.]

Dulia, dū-lī′a, n. (R.C. Church) that inferior veneration due to saints and angels.—n. Duloc′racy, government by slaves. [Gr. douleia—doulos, a slave.]

Dull, dul, adj. slow of hearing, of learning, or of understanding: insensible: without life or spirit: slow of motion: drowsy: sleepy: sad: downcast: cheerless: not bright or clear: cloudy: dim, obscure: obtuse: blunt.—v.t. to make dull or stupid: to blunt: to damp: to cloud.—v.i. to become dull.—n. Dull′ard, a dull and stupid person: a dunce.—adjs. Dull′-brained (Shak.), of dull brain or intellect: stupid; Dull′-browed, of gloomy brow or look; Dull′-eyed (Shak.), having eyes dull or wanting expression; Dull′ish, somewhat dull: wearisome.—ns. Dull′ness, Dul′ness, the stale or quality of being dull.—adjs. Dull′-sight′ed; Dull′-wit′ted; Dull′y, somewhat dull.—adv. Dull′y. [A.S. dol—dwelan, to err; Dut. dol, Ger. toll, mad.]

Dulse, duls, n. an edible seaweed, with red, deeply-divided fronds, eaten in Ireland and elsewhere. [Gael, duileasg—duille, a leaf, uisge, water.]

Dumb, dum, adj. without the power of speech: silent: soundless.—v.t. (Shak.) to render dumb.—n.pl. Dumb′-bells, double-headed weights swung in the hands for the purpose of developing the arms, muscles of the chest, &c.—n. Dumb′-cane, a plant of the order Araceæ, aberrant in its almost arborescent character, but agreeing with them in its acridity, which is in none of them more highly developed.—adv. Dumb′ly, in silence: mutely.—ns. Dumb′ness; Dumb′-show, gesture without words: pantomime; Dumb′-wait′er, a movable platform used for conveying food, dishes, &c. at meals: a stand with revolving top for holding dessert, &c.—vs.t. Dumfound′, -er, to strike dumb: to confuse greatly: to astonish.—ns. Dum′merer, a dumb person, esp. a rogue who feigns dumbness; Dum′miness; Dum′my, one who is dumb: a mere tool of another, man of straw: a sham package in a shop: the fourth or exposed band when three persons play at whist.—Strike dumb, to silence with astonishment. [A.S. dumb; Ger. dumm, stupid, Dut. dom.]

Dumbledore, dum′bl-dōr, n. (prov.) the bumble-bee: the brown cockchafer.

Dum-dum, dum′-dum, n. a soft-nosed expanding bullet, first made at Dum Dum in British India.

Dumose, dū′mōs, adj. thorny—also Dū′mous.—n. Dumos′ity. [L. dumus, a thorn-bush.]

Dump, dump, v.t. to throw down: to unload.—n. a thud: a place for the discharge of loads, or for rubbish: (pl.) money (slang). [Cf. Dan. dumpe, Norw. dumpa, to fall plump.]

Dump, dump, n. dullness or gloominess of mind, ill-humour, low spirits—now only used in the pl.: (Shak.) a melancholy strain, any tune.—adj. Dump′ish, depressed in spirits.—adv. Dump′ishly.—n. Dump′ishness. [Prob. related to Old Dut. domp, mist; or Ger. dumpf, gloomy.]

Dump, dump, n. a deep hole in a river-bed, a pool. [Prob. Norse dump, a pit.]

Dumpling, dump′ling, n. a kind of thick pudding or mass of paste. [Dim. of dump, in dumpy.]

Dumpy, dump′i, adj. short and thick.—n. a dumpy person or animal, esp. one of a breed of very short-legged fowls.—n. Dumpi′ness.—v.t. Dum′ple, to make or cook, as a dumpling: to bend into a dumpy shape.—n. Dump′y-lev′el, a spirit-level used in surveying, having a short telescope with a large aperture. [From a provincial form dump, a clumsy piece.]

Dun, dun, adj. of a dark colour, partly brown and black: dark.—v.t. (U.S.) to cure and brown, as cod.—v.i. to become dun-coloured.—ns. Dun′-bird, the pochard; Dun′-cow, the shagreen ray; Dun′-dīv′er, the merganser; Dun′-fish, codfish cured by dunning.—adj. Dun′nish, somewhat dun. [A.S. dun, most prob. Celt.; W. dwn, dusky, Gael. donn, brown.]

Dun, dun, v.t. to demand a debt with din or noise: to urge for payment:—pr.p. dun′ning; pa.p. dunned.—n. one who duns: a demand for payment. [Allied to Din.]

Dun, dun, n. a hill: a fortified mound. [A.S. dún—Celt.; in many place-names, as Dunbar, Doncaster.]

Dunce, duns, n. one slow at learning: a stupid person.—ns. Dunce′dom, the class of dunces; Dun′cery, stupidity; Dun′ciad, the epic of dunces, the world of dunces—name of a famous poem by Pope.—adjs. Dun′cish, Dunce′-like. [Duns Scotus (died 1308), the Subtle Doctor, leader of the schoolmen, from him called Dunses, who opposed classical studies on the revival of learning—hence any opposer of learning, a blockhead.]

Dunch, dunsh, v.t. (Scot.) to push with the elbow: to gore with the horns, as a bull. [Hardly related to Sw. dunka, to beat; Dan. dunke, a thump.]

Dunderfunk, dun′dėr-fungk, n. ship-biscuit, soaked in water, mixed with fat and molasses, and baked in a pan.—Also Dan′dyfunk.

Dunderhead, dun′dėr-hed, n. a stupid person—also Dun′derpate.—adj. Dun′derheaded.—n. Dun′der-headism.

Dundreary, dun-drēr′i, adj. like Lord Dundreary—in Sothern's creation of the part, a lisping and brainless dandy, wearing long side-whiskers.

Dune, dūn, n. a low hill of sand on the seashore. [An earlier form of down, a hill.]

Dung, dung, n. the excrement of animals: refuse litter mixed with excrement.—v.t. to manure with dung.—v.i. to void excrement.—ns. Dung′-bee′tle, the dor-beetle: (pl.) the scarabæoid beetles generally; Dung′-fork, a fork used for moving stable manure; Dung′hill, a heap of dung: any mean situation; Dung′mere, a manure-pit.—adj. Dung′y. [A.S. dung; cf. Dan. dynge, a heap; Ger. dung.]

Dungaree, dung′ga-ri, n. a coarse Indian calico: (pl.) trousers of such.—Also Dung′eree. [Hindi.]

Dungeon, dun′jun, n. (orig.) the principal tower of a castle: a close, dark prison: a cell under ground.—v.t. to confine in a dungeon.—n. Dun′geoner, a gaoler. [O. Fr. donjon—Low L. domnion-em—L. dominus, a lord.]

Dunker, dungk′ėr, n. a member of a sect of German-American Baptists who practise triple immersion.—Also Tunk′er. [Ger.]

Dunlop, dun-lop′, n. a rich cheese made of unskimmed milk—from Dunlop in Ayrshire.

Dunnage, dun′āj, n. on shipboard, a name applied to loose wood of any kind laid in the bottom of the hold to keep the cargo out of the bilge-water, or wedged between parts of the cargo to keep them steady. [Ety. unknown.]

Dunniewassal, Duniwassal, dun-i-was′al, n. (Scot.) a gentleman of inferior rank. [Gael. duin' uasal—duine, a man, uasal, gentle.]

Dunstable, dun′stä-bl, n. a hat, bonnet, &c. of plaited straw, first made at Dunstable in Bedfordshire.—Dunstable road, highway, anything plain and direct.

Dunt, dunt, n. (Scot.) a blow or stroke, the wound made by such.—v.t. to strike, beat. [See Dint.]

Duodecennial, dū-o-de-sen′i-al, adj. occurring every twelve years. [L. duodecim, twelve, annus, year.]

Duodecimal, dū-o-des′i-mal, adj. computed by twelves: twelfth: (pl.) a method of calculating the area of a rectangle when the length and breadth are stated in feet and inches.—adjs. Duodecim′fid, divided into twelve parts; Duodec′imo, formed of sheets folded so as to make twelve leaves.—n. a book of such sheets—usually written 12mo.—Duodecimal scale, the name given to the division of unity into twelve equal parts. [L. duodecim, twelve—duo, two, and decem, ten.]

Duodecuple, dū-o-dek′ū-pl, adj. twelvefold: consisting of twelve. [L. duodecim, plicāre, to fold.]

Duodenum, dū-o-dē′num, n. the first portion of the small intestines, so called because about twelve fingers'-breadth in length:—pl. Duodē′na.—adj. Duodē′nal. [Formed from L. duodeni, twelve each.]

Dup, dup, v.t. (Shak.) to undo a door. [From do and up. Cf. don and doff.]

Dupe, dūp, n. one easily cheated: one who is deceived or misled.—v.t. to deceive: to trick.—n. Dupabil′ity.—adj. Dū′pable.—n. Dū′pery, the art of deceiving others. [Fr. dupe; of uncertain origin.]

Dupion, dū′pi-on, n. a cocoon spun by two silkworms together, also the silk of such.—Also Dou′pion. [Fr.]

Duplex, dū′pleks, adj. twofold: double.—adjs. Dū′ple, double: twofold; Dū′plicate, double: twofold.—n. another thing of the same kind: a copy or transcript.—v.t. to double: to fold.—n. Duplicā′tion.—adj. Dū′plicative.—ns. Dū′plicature, a doubling: anything doubled: the fold of a membrane; Duplic′ity, doubleness: insincerity of heart or speech: deceit; Dū′ply, a second reply in Scots law.—The duplication of the cube was a problem eagerly discussed by the early Greek geometers. [L. duplicāre, -ātum—duplex—duo, two, plicāre, to fold.]

Durable, dūr′a-bl, adj. able to last or endure: hardy: permanent.—ns. Dur′ableness, Durabil′ity, quality of being durable: power of resisting decay.—adv. Dur′ably.—ns. Dur′ance, continuance: imprisonment: duress; Dur′ant, a strong cloth in imitation of buff-leather; Durā′tion, continuance in time: time indefinitely: power of continuance. [Fr.,—L. durabilis—durāre, to last.]

Dura mater, dū′ra mā′tėr, n. the exterior membrane of the brain and spinal column distinguished from the other two, the arachnoid and the pia mater.

Duramen, dū-rā′mėn, n. the inner and fully ripened wood of dicotyledonous trees. [L.,—durus, hard.]

Durbar, dur′bar, n. an audience-chamber: a reception or levee, esp. a reception of native princes held by the Viceroy of India: the body of officials at a native court. [Pers. dar-bár, a prince's court, lit. a 'door of admittance.']

Dure, dūr, v.i. (obs.) to endure, last, or continue.—adj. Dure′ful (Spens.), enduring, lasting. [Fr. durer—L. durāre—durus, hard.]

Duress, dūr′es, or dūr-es′, n. constraint: imprisonment: constraint illegally exercised to force a person to perform some act. [O. Fr. duresse—L. duritia—durus, hard.]

Durgan, dur′gan, n. a dwarf, any undersized creature.—adj. Dur′gy. [Related to dwarf.]

Durham, dur′am, n. one of a particular breed of shorthorned cattle—from the English county.

Durian, dū′ri-an, n. a lofty Indian and Malayan fruit-tree (genus Durio), with leaves resembling those of the cherry, and large bunches of pale-yellow flowers.—Also Dū′rion. [Malay duryon.]

During, dū′ring, prep. for the time a thing lasts: in the course of. [Orig. pr.p. of obs. dure, to last.]

Durra, dur′ra, n. a genus of grasses closely allied to sugar-cane and beard-grass—also called Durra millet and Indian millet or Sorgho grass. Much cultivated in Asia, Africa, and the south of Europe.—Also Dour′a, Dhur′ra, and Dur′a. [Ar.]

Durst, durst, pa.t. of Dare, to venture. [A.S. dorste, pa.t. of dear, to dare.]

Dusk, dusk, adj. darkish: of a dark colour.—n. twilight: partial darkness: darkness of the colour.—v.t. to occasion a dusky appearance.—v.i. Dusk′en, to grow dark.—adv. Dusk′ily.—n. Dusk′iness.—adj. Dusk′ish, rather dusky: slightly dark or black.—adv. Dusk′ishly.—n. Dusk′ishness.—adv. Dusk′ly.—n. Dusk′ness.—adj. Dusk′y, partially dark or obscure: dark-coloured: sad: gloomy. [A.S. dox, dosc, dark—further history of word obscure.]

Dust, dust, n. fine particles of matter: a cloud of powdery matter present in the atmosphere: powder: earth: the grave, where the body becomes dust: a mean condition: gold-dust—hence money.—v.t. to free from dust: to sprinkle with dust.—ns. Dust′-ball, a disease of horses, in which grain-dust forms a ball in the intestine; Dust′-bin, a bucket, box, &c. for holding dust and rubbish; Dust′-brand, smut (q.v.); Dust′-brush, a light brush for removing dust from walls, &c.; Dust′-cart, a cart for conveying dust and rubbish from the streets; Dust′-contract′or, one who has made a contract to remove dust, &c., as from yards; Dust′er, one who dusts: a cloth or brush used for removing dust; Dust′-hole, a dust-bin; Dust′iness; Dust′man, a scavenger; Dust′-pan, a pan or shovel for removing dust swept from the floor.—adj. Dust′y, covered or sprinkled with dust: like dust.—ns. Dust′y-foot (see Pie-powder); Dust′y-mill′er, the auricula, from the white dust upon its leaves.—Dust a person's jacket, to give him a drubbing.—Bite the dust (see Bite); Down with the dust, pay down the money, originally with reference to gold-dust; Kick up a dust, to make a stir or uproar; Raise a dust, to create a disturbance; Throw dust in a person's eyes, to delude or deceive a person. [A.S. dúst; cf. Ger. dunst, vapour, Dut. duist, meal-dust.]

Dutch, duch, adj. belonging to Holland or its people—in old writers rather applied to the Germans: heavy, clumsy, as in Dutch-built, -buttocked, &c.—n. Dutch′man, a native of Holland.—Dutch auction, courage, tiles (see Auction, Courage, Tile); Dutch carpet, a mixed material of cotton and wool for floor coverings; Dutch cheese, a small round cheese made on the Continent from skim-milk; Dutch clinkers, a hard brick for paving stables, &c.; Dutch clover, white clover; Dutch concert, a concert in which singers sing their various songs simultaneously, or each one sings a verse of any song he likes between bursts of some familiar chorus; Dutch drops, a balsam, or popular nostrum, of oil of turpentine, tincture of guaiacum, &c.; Dutch liquid, an oily substance obtained by mixing chlorine and olefiant gases—not miscible with water, readily dissolving in ether and alcohol, producing anæsthesia; Dutch metal, sometimes called Dutch gold or Dutch leaf, is an alloy of copper and zinc; Dutch oven (see Oven); Dutch pink (see Pink); Dutch rush, the scouring-rush; Dutch wife, an open frame of rattan or cane used in the Dutch Indies, to rest the limbs upon in bed.—Talk like a Dutch uncle, to rebuke with kindness. [Ger. deutsch, (lit.) belonging to the people—Old High Ger. diutisk, of which -isk = the Eng. suffix -ish, and diut = A.S. theod, Goth. thiuda, a nation. See Teutonic.]

Duty, dū′ti, n. that which is due: what one is bound by any obligation to do: obedience: military service: respect or regard: one's proper business: tax on goods.—adj. Dū′teous, devoted to duty: obedient.—adv. Dū′teously.—n. Dū′teousness.—adjs. Dū′tiable, subject to custom duty; Dū′tied, subjected to duties and customs; Dū′tiful, attentive to duty: respectful: expressive of a sense of duty.—adv. Dū′tifully.—n. Dū′tifulness.—adj. Dū′ty-free, free from tax or duty. [Formed from Anglo-Fr. deu or due (mod. Fr. dú) and suffix -ty. See Due (1).]

Duumvirate, dū-um′vi-rāt, n. the union of two men in the same office: a form of government in ancient Rome.—n. Dūum′vir, one of two associated in the same office.—adj. Dūum′viral. [L. duo, two, and vir, a man.]

Dwale, dwāl, n. (bot.) deadly nightshade: a stupefying drink: (her.) a black colour. [Ice. dvöl, dvali, delay, sleep.]

Dwale, dwāl, n. (obs.) error: a heretic.—adj. perverse. [A.S. dwala, error.]

Dwalm, Dwaum, dwäm, n. (Scot.) a swoon, a sudden sickness.—v.i. to fail in health. [A.S. dwolma, confusion.]

Dwarf, dwawrf, n. an animal or plant that does not reach the ordinary height: a diminutive man.—v.t. to hinder from growing: to make to appear small.—adjs. Dwarf′ish, Dwarf, like a dwarf: very small: despicable.—adv. Dwarf′ishly.—n. Dwarf′ishness.—Dwarfed trees, small trees growing in flower-pots, a characteristic ornament in Chinese and Japanese houses and gardens. [A.S. dweorg; Dut. dwerg, Ice. dvergr, Ger. zwerg.]

Dwell, dwel, v.i. to abide in a place: to remain: to rest the attention: to continue long.—v.t. (Milt.) to inhabit, to place:—pr.p. dwell′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. dwelled or dwelt.—ns. Dwell′er; Dwell′ing, the place where one dwells: habitation: continuance; Dwell′ing-house, a house used as a dwelling, in distinction from a place of business or other building; Dwell′ing-place, a place of residence. [A.S. dwellan, to cause to wander, to delay, from dwal or dol, the original of Eng. dull.]

Dwindle, dwin′dl, v.i. to grow less: to waste away: to grow feeble: to become degenerate.—v.t. to lessen.—n. decline.—n. Dwin′dlement. [Dim. of Dwine.]

Dwine, dwīn, v.i. to pine: (Scot.) to waste away. [A.S. dwínan, to fade; cf. Ice. dvína, Dan. tvine, to pine away.]

Dyad, dī′ad, n. a pair of units treated as one: (chem.) an atom, radical, or element having a combining power of two units: (biol.) a secondary unit of organisation consisting of an aggregate of monads.—adj. Dyad′ic.

Dyak, dī′ak, n. the Malay name for the race who constitute the bulk of the aboriginal population of Borneo, divided into innumerable tribes, differing pretty widely in language, customs, and degrees of savageness.—Also Day′ak.

Dye, dī, v.t. to stain: to give a new colour to:—pr.p. dye′ing; pa.p. dyed.—n. colour: tinge: stain: a colouring liquid.—ns. Dye′-house, a building in which dyeing is done; Dye′ing, the art of imparting colours to textile and other materials, such as cotton, silk, wool, and leather; Dy′er, one whose trade is to dye cloth, &c.; Dy′er's-broom, a European shrubby plant, thoroughly naturalised in some parts of North America—a well-known source of yellow colouring matter; Dy′er's-weed, the woad, weld, or yellow weed, yielding a yellow dye; Dye′-stuff, material used in dyeing; Dye′-wood, any wood from which material is obtained for dyeing; Dye′-work, an establishment for dyeing. [A.S. deágan, to dye, from deág or deáh, colour.]

Dying, dī′ing, pr.p. of Die.—adj. destined for death: mortal: declining: occurring immediately before death, as dying words: supporting a dying person, as a dying-bed: pertaining to death.—n. death.—adv. Dy′ingly.—n. Dy′ingness.—Dying declaration (law), the declaration made by a person convinced of his impending death, and who does not expect to survive the trial of the accused. [See Die (1).]

Dynactinometer, din-ak-tin-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the actinic force of light. [Gr. dynamis, force, aktis, aktinos, a ray, metron, a measure.]

Dynam, dī′nam, n. a unit of work, a foot-pound: the resultant of all the forces acting on a body.

Dynameter, dī-nam′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the magnifying power of a telescope.—adj. Dynamet′rical, pertaining to a dynameter. [Gr. dynamis, power, and metron, a measure.]

Dynamic, -al, di-nam′ik, -al, adj. relating to force: relating to the effects of forces in nature: causal.—n. Dynam′ic, a moving force.—adv. Dynam′ically.—ns. Dynam′ics, the science which treats of matter and motion, where the nature of the moving body and the cause of its motion are both considered; Dy′namism, a theory which explains the phenomena of the universe by some immanent energy: operation of force; Dy′namist.—adj. Dynamis′tic. [Gr. dynamikos—dynamis, power—dynasthai, to be able.]

Dynamite, din′a-mīt, n. a powerful explosive agent, consisting of absorbent matter, as porous silica, saturated with nitro-glycerine.—v.t. to blow up with dynamite.—ns. Dyn′amitard, Dyn′amiter, a ruffian who would use dynamite to destroy bridges, gaols, &c. [Gr. dynamis.]

Dynamo, dī′na-mo, n. a contraction of Dynamo-electric machine, a machine for generating electric currents by means of the relative movement of conductors and magnets.—adjs. Dy′namo-electric, -al.—ns. Dynamog′eny, production of increased nervous activity; Dynam′ograph, a recording dynamometer: an instrument for marking the degree of compression of an elliptic spring.

Dynamometer, din-am-om′e-tėr, n. originally an instrument for measuring force, such as the pull exerted by a horse in drawing a cart: the name now usually given to instruments for measuring power.—adjs. Dynamomet′ric, -al. [Gr. dynamis, power, and metron, a measure.]

Dynasty, din′as-ti, or d[i]′nas-ti, n. a succession of kings of the same family.—n. Dy′nast, a ruler.—adj. Dynas′tic, belonging to a dynasty. [Gr. dynasteia—dynastēs, a lord, dynasthai, to be able.]

Dyne, dīn, n. the unit of force in the centimetre-gramme-second (C.G.S.) system.

Dyophysite, dī-of′i-zīt, n. a holder of the doctrine of the coexistence of two natures, the divine and the human, in Christ—also Diph′ysite.—adjs. Dyophysit′ic, -al.—n. Dyoph′ysitism.

Dyothelete, dī-oth′e-lēt, adj. holding the doctrine that Christ had two wills, a divine and a human—also Dyoth′elite.—n. one who holds the foregoing.—ns. Dyoth′elitism, Dyoth′elism.

Dysæsthesia, dis-es-thē′si-a, n. impaired sensation, partial insensibility.—adj. Dysæsthetic. [Gr., dys, hard, aisthētos—aisthanesthai, to feel.]

Dyschroa, dis′krō-a, n. discoloration of the skin from disease.—Also Dys′chroia.

Dyscrasia, dis-krā′si-a, n. (path.) an altered condition of the blood and fluids of the system, leading to constitutional diseases, as dropsy, cancer, delirium tremens, lead-poisoning, &c. [From Gr. dys, bad, krasis, a mixture.]

Dysentery, dis′en-ter-i, n. a form of disease accompanied by discharges from the bowels, and differing from diarrhœa chiefly in being attended by marked fever and pain, as also by the presence of blood and inflammatory products in the discharges. It is a disease of the mucous membrane of the colon or great intestine.—adj. Dysenter′ic. [Gr. dysenteria, dys, ill, entera, entrails.]

Dyslogistic, dis-lō-jis′tik, adj. conveying censure, opprobrious.—adv. Dyslogis′tically.—n. Dys′logy, dispraise.

Dysmenorrhœa, dis-men-ō-rē′a, n. difficult or painful menstruation.—adjs. Dysmenorrhœ′al, -ic.

Dysodyle, -ile, dis′ō-dīl, n. a yellow or grayish laminated bituminous mineral, often found with lignite, burning vividly, with an odour of asafœtida. [Gr. dysōdēs—dys, ill, ozein, to smell.]

Dysopsia, dis-op′si-a, n. dimness or difficulty of vision.—Also Dysō′pia, Dysop′sy.

Dysorexia, dis-ō-rek′si-a, n. an impaired or depraved appetite.—Also Dys′orexy.

Dyspathy, dis′pa-thi, n. antipathy, dislike—opposite of Sympathy.—adj. Dyspathet′ic.

Dyspepsia, dis-pep′si-a, n. a scientific term for indigestion—also Dyspep′sy.—n. Dyspep′tic, a person afflicted with dyspepsia.—adjs. Dyspep′tic, -al, afflicted with, pertaining to, or arising from indigestion.—adv. Dyspep′tically. [Gr. dyspepsia—dys, hard, pessein, pepsein, to digest.]

Dysphagia, dis-fā′ji-a, n. difficulty in swallowing—also Dys′phagy.—adj. Disphag′ic.

Dysphonia, dis-fō′ni-a, n. difficulty in producing sounds. [Gr. dys, ill, phōnē, sound.]

Dysphoria, dis-fō′ri-a, n. impatience under affliction, morbid restlessness.

Dyspnœa, disp-nē′a, n. difficulty of breathing.—adjs. Dyspnœ′al, Dyspnœ′ic. [Gr. dys, ill, pnoē, breathing.]

Dysteleology, dis-tel-ē-ol′o-ji, n. the doctrine of purposelessness, or denial of 'final causes:' the study of apparently functionless rudimentary organs in animals and plants.—adj. Dysteleolog′ical.—n. Dysteleol′ogist.

Dysthesia, dis-thē′si-a, n. a morbid habit of body, resulting in general discomfort and impatience.—adj. Dysthet′ic.

Dystomic, dis-tom′ik, adj. having an imperfect fracture or cleavage.—Also Dys′tomous.

Dysuria, dis-ū′ri-a, n. a difficulty of passing urine—also Dys′ury.—adj. Dysū′ric. [Gr. dys, ill, ouron, urine.]

Dytiscus, dī-tis′kus, n. a genus of water-beetles, including a common large British species, D. marginalis—also Dyt′icus.—adj. Dytis′cid. [Formed from Gr. dytēs, a diver.]

Dyvour, dī′vōōr, n. (Scot.) a bankrupt.—n. Dyv′oury, bankruptcy. [Generally conn. with Fr. devoir, to owe. The old phrase 'drowned in debt' suggests a connection with diver.]

Dzeren, dzē′ren, n. the Mongolian antelope.—Also Dzē′ron—called also Goitered antelope, Yellow goat.

Dziggetai, dzig′ge-tī, n. a species of wild ass, more horse-like than the others, inhabiting the elevated steppes of Tartary—prob. the hemionus (half-ass) of Herodotus and Pliny. [Mongol.]

PRONOUNCING, EXPLANATORY, ETYMOLOGICAL, WITH COMPOUND PHRASES,
TECHNICAL TERMS IN USE IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES,
COLLOQUIALISMS, FULL APPENDICES, AND
COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED

EDITED BY
Rev. THOMAS DAVIDSON
ASSISTANT-EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA'
EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY'

London: 47 Paternoster Row
W. & R. CHAMBERS, Limited
EDINBURGH: 339 High Street
1908

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

the fifth letter in our own and the cognate alphabets, with four sounds—e.g. e in evil, i in England, u in the last syllable of eleven, Italian e in prey. A subscript e is commonly used to lengthen the previous vowel, as in not, note; bit, bite; (mus.) the third note or sound of the natural diatonic scale, and the third above the tonic C.

Each, ēch, adj. every one in any number separately considered.—adv. Each′where, everywhere. [A.S. ǽlc, supposed to be for á-ge-líc, from á (=aye), pfx. ge-, and líc, like—i.e. aye-like.]

Eager, ē′gėr, adj. excited by desire: ardent to do or obtain: (obs.) earnest: keen, severe, sour, acid, bitter.—adv. Ea′gerly.—n. Ea′gerness. [O. Fr. aigre—L. acer, acris, sharp.]

Eagle, ē′gl, n. a name given to many birds of prey in the family Falconidæ: a military standard carrying the figure of an eagle: a gold coin of the United States, worth ten dollars.—adjs. Ea′gle-eyed, Ea′gle-sight′ed, having a piercing eye: discerning; Ea′gle-flight′ed, mounting high.—ns. Ea′gle-hawk, a name applied to several eagles of comparatively small size; Ea′gle-owl, a genus of large owls, the largest in Europe; Ea′gle-stone, a variety of argillaceous oxide of iron occurring in egg-shaped masses; Ea′glet, a young or small eagle.—adj. Ea′gle-winged, having an eagle's wings.—ns. Ea′gle-wood, another name for agalloch or calambac; Spread′-ea′gle (see Spread). [O. Fr. aigle—L. aquila.]

Eagre, ē′gėr, n. rise of the tide in a river (same as Bore). [Ety. dub.; hardly from A.S. égor, flood.]

Ean, ēn, v.t. or v.i. (Shak.) to bring forth young.—n. Ean′ling, a young lamb. [A.S. éanian.]

Ear, ēr, n. a spike, as of corn.—v.i. to put forth ears.—n. Ear′-cock′le, a disease of wheat.—adj. Eared, of corn, having ears. [A.S. éar; Ger. ähre.]

Ear, ēr, v.t. (obs.) to plough or till.—n. Ear′ing (obs.), ploughing. [A.S. erian; cf. L. arāre, Gr. aroein.]

Ear, ēr, n. the organ of hearing, or the external part merely: the sense or power of hearing: the faculty of distinguishing sounds: attention: anything like an ear.—ns. Ear′ache, an ache or pain in the ear; Ear′bob, an earring; Ear′-cap, a covering to protect the ear from cold; Ear′drop, an ornamental pendant hanging from the ear; Ear′drum, the drum or middle cavity of the ear, tympanum (q.v.).—adj. Eared, having ears.—n. Ear′-hole, the aperture of the ear.—adj. Ear′-kiss′ing, whispered.—n. Ear′lap, the tip of the ear: an ear-cap.—adj. Ear′less, wanting ears.—ns. Ear′lock, a curl near the ear worn by Elizabethan dandies; Ear′mark, a mark set on the ears of sheep whereby their owners may distinguish them: a distinctive mark.—v.t. to put an earmark on.—n. Ear′-pick, an instrument for clearing the ear.—adj. Ear′-pierc′ing, shrill, screaming.—ns. Ear′ring, an ornamental ring worn in the ear; Ear′-shell, any shell of the family Haliotidæ; Ear′shot, the distance at which a sound can be heard; Ear′-trum′pet, a tube to aid in hearing; Ear′wax, a waxy substance secreted by the glands of the ear; Ear′wig, an insect which was supposed to creep into the brain through the ear: a flatterer.—v.t. to gain the ear of: to bias: to torment by private importunities (A.S. éarwicga, éare, ear, wicga, earwig).—n. Ear′witness, a witness that can testify from his own hearing.—About one's ears, said of a house falling, &c.; Be all ears, to give every attention; Give ear, to attend; Go in at one ear and out at the other, used of words which make no permanent impression; Have a person's ear, to be secure of his favourable attention; Have itching ears, to be desirous of hearing novelties (2 Tim. iv. 3); Lend an ear, to listen; Over head and ears, overwhelmed: deeply engrossed or involved; Set by the ears, to set at strife; Speak in the ear, to whisper; Tickle the ear, to flatter; Turn a deaf ear, to refuse to listen; Walls have ears, a proverbial phrase implying that there may be listeners behind the wall. [A.S. éare; cf. L. auris, Ger. ohr.]

Earl, ėrl, n. an English nobleman ranking between a marquis and a viscount:—fem. Count′ess.—ns. Earl′dom, the dominion or dignity of an earl; Earl′-mar′shal, an English officer of state, president of the Heralds' College—the Scotch form Earl-marischal. [A.S. eorl, a warrior, hero; cf. Ice. jarl.]

Early, ėr′li, adj. in good season: at or near the beginning of the day: relating to the beginning: happening in the near future.—adv. near the beginning: soon.—n. Ear′liness.—Early and late, at all times; Early bird, an early riser; Early English (archit.), generally applied to the form of Gothic in which the pointed arch was first employed in Britain. The Early English succeeded the Norman towards the end of the 12th century, and merged into the Decorated at the end of the 13th.—Keep early hours, to rise and go to bed betimes; Small and early (coll.), applied to evening parties; The early bird catches the worm, a proverb in favour of early rising. [A.S. árlíce—ǽr, before.]

Earn, ėrn, v.t. to gain by labour: to acquire: to deserve.—n.pl. Earn′ings, what one has earned: money saved. [A.S. earnian, to earn; cog. with Old High Ger. aran, to reap; Ger. ernte, harvest.]

Earnest, ėr′nest, adj. showing strong desire: determined: eager to obtain: intent: sincere: serious.—n. seriousness: reality.—adv. Ear′nestly.—n. Ear′nestness. [A.S. eornost, seriousness; Ger. ernst.]

Earnest, ėr′nest, n. money given in token of a bargain made—also Ear′nest-mon′ey, Ear′nest-penn′y: a pledge: first-fruits. [Ety. obscure; possibly conn. with arles.]

Earth, ėrth, n. the name applied to the third planet in order from the sun: the matter on the surface of the globe: soil: dry land, as opposed to sea: the world: the inhabitants of the world: dirt: dead matter: the human body: a fox's hole: (pl.) the name applied by the alchemists and earlier chemists to certain substances now known to be oxides of metal, which were distinguished by being infusible, and by insolubility in water.—v.t. to hide or cause to hide in the earth: to bury.—v.i. to burrow: to hide.—ns. Earth′-bag, a sack of earth used in fortifications; Earth′-bath, a bath of earth or mud; Earth′-board, the board of a plough, or other implement, that turns over the earth.—adjs. Earth′-born, born from or on the earth; Earth′-bound, bound or held by the earth, as a tree; Earth′-bred, mean, grovelling.—n. Earth′-clos′et, a system consisting of the application of earth to the deodorisation of fæcal matters.—adjs. Earth′-creā′ted, made of earth; Earth′en, made of earth or clay: earthly.—ns. Earth′enware, crockery; Earth′-fall, a landslide.—adj. Earth′-fed, contented with earthly things.—ns. Earth′flax, asbestos; Earth′-hog (see Aardvark); Earth′-house, the name given to the ancient underground dwellings in Ireland and Scotland, also called Picts' houses; Earth′-hung′er, the passion for acquiring land; Earth′iness; Earth′liness; Earth′ling, a dweller on the earth.—adjs. Earth′ly, belonging to the earth: vile: worldly; Earth′ly-mind′ed, having the mind intent on earthly things.—ns. Earth′ly-mind′edness; Earth′-nut, the popular name of certain tuberous roots growing underground; Earth′-pea, the hog-peanut; Earth′-plate, a buried plate of metal forming the earth-connection of a telegraph-wire, lightning-conductor, &c.; Earth′quake, a quaking or shaking of the earth: a heaving of the ground; Earth′-shine, the faint light visible on the part of the moon not illuminated by the sun; Earth′-trem′or, a slight earthquake.—adv. Earth′ward, toward the earth.—ns. Earth′work, a fortification of earth; Earth′-worm, the common worm: a mean person, a poor creature.—adj. Earth′y, consisting of, relating to, or resembling earth: inhabiting the earth: gross: unrefined. [A.S. eorthe; cf. Dut. aarde, Ger. erde.]

Ease, ēz, n. freedom from pain or disturbance: rest from work: quiet: freedom from difficulty: naturalness.—v.t. to free from pain, trouble, or anxiety: to relieve: to calm.—adj. Ease′ful, ease-giving: quiet, fit for rest.—n. Ease′ment, relief: assistance: support: gratification.—adv. Eas′ily.—n. Eas′iness.—adj. Eas′y, at ease: free from pain: tranquil: unconstrained: giving ease: not difficult: yielding: not straitened (in circumstances): not tight: not strict, as in 'easy virtue.'—interj. Easy! a command to lower, or to go gently, to stop rowing, &c.—n. Eas′y-chair, an arm-chair for ease or rest.—adj. Eas′y-gō′ing, good-natured: indolent.—Ease one's self, to relieve nature.—Chapel of ease (see Chapel); Free and easy (see Free).—Honours easy, when the honours are evenly divided at whist: Ill at ease, uncomfortable; Stand at ease, used of soldiers, when freed from 'attention;' Take it easy, to be quite unconcerned: to be in no hurry; Take one's ease, to make one's self comfortable. [O. Fr. aise; cog. with It. agio; Prov. ais, Port. azo.]

Easel, ēz′l, n. the frame on which painters support their pictures while painting. [Dut. ezel, or Ger. esel, an ass.]

East, ēst, n. that part of the heavens where the sun first shines or rises: one of the four cardinal points of the compass.—adj. toward the rising of the sun.—ns. East′-end, the eastern part of London, the habitation of the poorer classes; East′-end′er.—adjs. East′er, East′ern, toward the east: connected with the east: dwelling in the east.—n. East′erling, a native of the East: a trader from the shores of the Baltic.—adj. East′erly, coming from the eastward: looking toward the east.—adv. on the east: toward the east.—adjs. East′ernmost, East′most, situated farthest east.—ns. East′-In′diaman, a vessel used in the East India trade; East′ing, the course gained to the eastward: distance eastward from a given meridian; East′land, the land in the East.—adv. East′ward, toward the east.—East-by-south (north), 11¼ degrees from due east; East-south (north)-east, 22½ degrees from due east.—Eastward position, the position of the celebrant at the Eucharist, when he stands in front of the altar and facing it, instead of the usual practice of standing at the north end of the altar, facing southward.—About east (slang), in proper manner; The East, the countries to the east of Europe; Turning to the east, a practice for both clergy and laity during service, esp. while singing the creeds, the Gloria Patri, and the Gloria in Excelsis. [A.S. east; Ger. ost; akin to Gr. ēōs, the dawn.]

Easter, ēst′ėr, n. a Christian festival commemorating the resurrection of Christ, held on the Sunday after Good-Friday.—n. East′er-day, Easter Sunday.—ns.pl. East′er-dues, -off′erings, 'customary sums' which from time immemorial have been paid to the parson by his people at Easter.—ns. East′er-egg, eggs stained of various colours, given as presents on Easter; East′ertide, Eastertime, either Easter week or the fifty days between Easter and Whitsuntide. [A.S. éastre; Ger. ostern. Bede derives the word from Eastre, a goddess whose festival was held at the spring equinox.]

Eat, ēt, v.t. to chew and swallow: to consume: to corrode.—v.i. to take food:—pr.p. eat′ing; pa.t. ate (āt or et); pa.p. eaten (ētn) or (obs.) eat (et).—adj. Eat′able, fit to be eaten.—n. anything used as food (chiefly pl.).—ns. Eat′age, grass or fodder for horses, &c.: the right to eat; Eat′er, one who, or that which, eats or corrodes; Eat′ing, the act of taking food.—p.adj. that eats: corroding.—ns. Eat′ing-house, a place where provisions are sold ready dressed: a restaurant; Good′-eat′ing, something good for food.—Eat away, to destroy gradually: to gnaw; Eat in, used of the action of acid; Eat its head off, used of an animal which costs as much for food as it is worth; Eat one's heart, to pine away, brooding over misfortune; Eat one's terms, to study for the bar, with allusion to the number of times in a term that a student must dine in the hall of an Inn of Court; Eat one's words, to retract: to recant; Eat out, to finish eatables: to encroach upon; Eat the air (Shak.) to be deluded with hopes; Eat up, to devour: to consume, absorb; Eat well, to have a good appetite. [A.S. etan; cf. Ger. essen, Ice. eta, L. edĕre, Gr. edein.]

Eath, ēth, adj. (obs.) easy.—adv. Eath′ly. [A.S. éathe, easily; cf. Old High Ger. odi, easy.]

Eau, ō, n. the French word for water, used in English in various combinations.—Eau Créole, a fine Martinique liqueur, made by distilling the flowers of the mammee-apple with spirit of wine; Eau de Cologne (see under Cologne-earth); Eau de vie, brandy.

Eaves, ēvz, n.pl. the projecting edge of the roof: anything projecting.—ns. Eaves′drip, Eaves′drop, the water which falls from the eaves of a house: the place where the drops fall.—v.i. and v.t. Eaves′drop, to stand under the eaves or near the windows of a house to listen: to listen for secrets.—ns. Eaves′dropper, one who thus listens: one who tries to overhear private conversation; Eaves′dropping. [A.S. efes, the clipped edge of thatch; cf. Ice. ups.]

Ebb, eb, n. the going back or retiring of the tide: a decline or decay.—v.i. to flow back: to sink: to decay.—n. Ebb′-tide, the ebbing or retiring tide. [A.S. ebba; Ger. ebbe; cog. with even.]

Ebenezer, eb-en-ēz′er, n. a memorial stone set up by Samuel after the victory of Mizpeh (1 Sam. vii. 12): a name sometimes applied to a chapel or meeting-house. [Heb., 'stone of help.']

Ebionite, ē′bi-on-īt, n. a name applied to Jewish Christians who remained outside the Catholic Church down to the time of Jerome. They held the Mosaic laws binding on Christians, and denied the apostolate of Paul and the miraculous birth of Jesus.—v.t. E′bionise.—adj. Ebionit′ic.—ns. Ebionīt′ism, E′bionism. [Heb. ebyōn, poor.]

Eblis, eb′lis, n. the chief of the fallen angels or wicked jinns in Mohammedan mythology.—Also Ib′lees.

Ebon, eb′on, Ebony, eb′on-i, n. a kind of wood almost as heavy and hard as stone, usually black, admitting of a fine polish.—adj. made of ebony: black as ebony.—v.t. Eb′onise, to make furniture look like ebony.—ns. Eb′onist, a worker in ebony; Eb′onite, vulcanite (see under Vulcan). [L.,—Gr. ebenos; cf. Heb. hodnīm, pl. of hobni, obni—eben, a stone.]

Éboulement, ā-bool′mong, n. the falling in of the wall of a fortification: a landslide or landslip. [Fr.]

Ebriated, ē′bri-āt-ed, adj. intoxicated.—n. Ebrī′ety, drunkenness.—adj. E′briōse, drunk.—n. Ebrios′ity. [L. ebriāre, -ātum, to make drunk.]

Ébrillade, ā-brē-lyad′, n. the sudden jerking of a horse's rein when he refuses to turn. [Fr.]

Ebullient, e-bul′yent, adj. boiling up or over: agitated: enthusiastic.—ns. Ebull′ience, Ebull′iency, a boiling over; Ebulli′tion, act of boiling: agitation: an outbreak. [L. ebullient-em, ebullīre—e, out, and bullīre, to boil.]

Eburnine, eb-ur′nin, adj. of or like ivory—also Ebur′nean.—ns. Eburnā′tion, a morbid change of bone by which it becomes very hard and dense; Eburnificā′tion, art of making like ivory. [L. ebur.]

Écarté, ā-kär′tā, n. a game for two, played with the thirty-two highest cards, one feature being the right to discard or throw out certain cards for others. [Fr.,—e, out, carte, a card.]

Ecbasis, ek′ba-sis, n. (rhet.) a figure in which the speaker treats of things according to their consequences.—adj. Ecbat′ic, denoting a mere result, not an intention. [Gr.]

Ecblastesis, ek-blas-tē′sis, n. (bot.) the production of buds within flowers.

Ecbole, ek′bo-lē, n. (rhet.) a digression: (mus.) the raising or sharping of a tone.—adj. Ecbol′ic, promoting parturition.—n. a drug with this quality. [Gr.]

Eccaleobion, ek-kal-e-ō′bi-on, n. a machine for the artificial hatching of eggs. [Gr., 'I call out life.']

Ecce, ek′si, Latin word for 'behold.'—Ecce homo, behold the man (John, xix. 5)—in art, a Christ crowned with thorns.

Eccentric, -al, ek-sen′trik, -al, adj. departing from the centre: not having the same centre as another, said of circles: out of the usual course: not conforming to common rules: odd.—n. Eccen′tric, a circle not having the same centre as another: (mech.) a contrivance for taking an alternating rectilinear motion from a revolving shaft: an eccentric fellow.—adv. Eccen′trically.—n. Eccentric′ity, the distance of the centre of a planet's orbit from the centre of the sun: singularity of conduct: oddness. [Fr.,—Low L. eccentricus—Gr. ek, out of, kentron, centre.]

Ecchymosis, ek-ki-mō′sis, n. a discoloration of the surface produced by blood effused below or in the texture of the skin.—adjs. Ec′chymosed, Ecchymot′ic. [Gr.,—ek, out of, and chymos, juice.]

Ecclesia, e-klē′zi-a, n. a popular assembly, esp. of Athens, where the people exercised full sovereignty, and all above twenty years could vote: applied by the Septuagint commentators to the Jewish commonwealth, and from them to the Christian Church.—adj. Ecclē′sial.—ns. Ecclē′siarch, a ruler of the church; Ecclē′siast, the preacher—Solomon formerly considered as the author of Ecclesiastes: an ecclesiastic; Ecclē′siastes, one of the books of the Old Testament, traditionally ascribed to Solomon; Ecclesias′tic, one consecrated to the church, a priest, a clergyman.—adjs. Ecclē′siastic, -al, belonging to the church.—adv. Ecclesias′tically, in an ecclesiastical manner.—ns. Ecclesias′ticism, attachment to ecclesiastical observances, &c.: the churchman's temper or spirit; Ecclesias′ticus, name of a book of the Apocrypha; Ecclesiol′atry, excessive reverence for church forms and traditions.—adj. Ecclesiolog′ical.—ns. Ecclesiol′ogist, a student of church forms and traditions; Ecclesiol′ogy, the science of building and decorating churches: the science relating to the church. [Low L.,—Gr. ekklesia, an assembly called out of the world, the church—ek, out, and kalein, to call.]

Eccoprotic, ek-ō-prot′ik, adj. laxative, mildly cathartic.—n. a laxative.

Eccrinology, ek-ri-nol′ō-ji, n. the branch of physiology relating to the secretions.

Eccrisis, ek′ri-sis, n. expulsion of waste or morbid matter.—n. Eccrit′ic, a medicine having this property. [Gr.]

Ecdysis, ek′di-sis, n. the act of casting off an integument, as in serpents. [Gr.]

Eche, ēk, v.t. (Shak.) to eke out: to augment. [A.S. écan; akin to L. augēre, to increase. See Eke.]

Echelon, esh′e-long, n. an arrangement of troops in battalions or divisions placed parallel to one another, but no two on the same alignment, each having its front clear of that in advance. [Fr., from échelle, a ladder or stair. See Scale.]

Echidna, ek-id′na, n. a genus of Australian toothless burrowing monotremate mammals, armed with porcupine-like spines, laying eggs instead of bringing forth the young.—n. Echid′nine, serpent-poison. [Formed from Gr. echidna, a viper.]

Echinate, -d, ek′in-āt, -ed, adj. prickly like a hedgehog: set with prickles or bristles.—ns. Echī′nite, a fossil sea-urchin; Echī′noderm, one of the Echinoder′mata, a class of animals having the skin strengthened by calcareous plates, or covered with spikes.—adjs. Echinoder′matous, relating to the Echinodermata; Ech′inoid, like a sea-urchin.—n. one of the Echinoi′dea.—n. Echī′nus, a sea-urchin: (archit.) the convex projecting moulding of eccentric curve in Greek examples, supporting the abacus of the Doric capital. [Gr. echinos, a hedgehog, and derma, skin.]

Echo, ek′ō, n. the repetition of sound caused by a sound-wave coming against some opposing surface, and being reflected: a device in verse in which a line ends with a word which recalls the sound of the last word of the preceding line: imitation: an imitator:—pl. Echoes (ek′ōz).—v.i. to reflect sound: to be sounded back: to resound.—v.t. to send back the sound of: to repeat a thing said: to imitate: to flatter slavishly:—pr.p. ech′ōing; pa.p. ech′ōed.—ns. Ech′oism, the formation of imitative words; Ech′oist, one who repeats like an echo.—adj. Ech′oless, giving no echo, unresponsive.—ns. Echom′eter, an instrument for measuring the length of sounds; Echom′etry, the art of measuring such.—Cheer to the echo, to applaud most heartily, so that the room resounds. [L.,—Gr. ēchō, a sound.]

Éclaircissement, ek-lār-sis′mong, n. the act of clearing up anything: explanation.—Come to an éclaircissement, to come to an understanding: to explain conduct that seemed equivocal. [Fr. éclaircir, pr.p. -cissant, é—L. ex, out, clair—L. clarus, clear.]

Eclampsia, ek-lamp′si-a, n. a term often erroneously applied as synonymous with epilepsy, while it is really the equivalent of convulsions, but usually restricted to such as are due to such local or general causes as teething, child-bearing, &c.—also Eclamp′sy.—adj. Eclamp′tic. [Formed from Gr. eklampein, to shine forth.]

Éclat, ā-klä′, n. a striking effect: applause: splendour: social distinction, notoriety. [Fr. éclat, from O. Fr. esclater, to break, to shine.]

Eclectic, ek-lek′tik, adj. selecting or borrowing: choosing the best out of everything: broad, the opposite of exclusive.—n. one who selects opinions from different systems, esp. in philosophy.—adv. Eclec′tically.—n. Eclec′ticism, the practice of an eclectic: the doctrine of the Eclec′tics, a name applied to certain Greek thinkers in the 2d and 1st centuries B.C., later to Leibnitz and Cousin. [Gr. eklektikos—ek, out, legein, to choose.]

Eclipse, e-klips′, n. an obscuration of one of the heavenly bodies by the interposition of another, either between it and the spectator, or between it and the sun: loss of brilliancy: darkness.—v.t. to hide a luminous body wholly or in part: to darken: to throw into the shade, to cut out, surpass.—p.adjs. Eclipsed′, darkened, obscured; Eclips′ing, darkening, obscuring.—n. Eclip′tic, the name given to the great circle of the heavens round which the sun seems to travel, from west to east, in the course of a year: a great circle on the globe corresponding to the celestial ecliptic.—adj. pertaining to an eclipse or the ecliptic. [Through O. Fr. and L. from Gr. ekleipsis—ek, out, leipein, to leave.]

Eclogite, ek′loj-īt, n. a crystalline rock, composed of smaragdite and red garnet. [Gr. eklogē, selection—ek, out, legein, to choose.]

Eclogue, ek′log, n. a short pastoral poem like Virgil's Bucolics. [L. ecloga—Gr. eklogē, a selection, esp. of poems—ek, out of, legein to choose.]

Economy, ek-on′o-mi, n. the management of a household or of money matters: a frugal and judicious expenditure of money: a system of rules or ceremonies: a dispensation, as 'the Christian economy:' regular operations, as of nature.—adjs. Econom′ic, -al, pertaining to economy: frugal: careful.—adv. Econom′ically.—ns. Econom′ics, the science of household management: political economy; Economisā′tion, act of economising.—v.i. Econ′omise, to manage with economy: to spend money carefully: to save.—v.t. to use prudently: to spend with frugality.—ns. Economī′ser, Econ′omist, one who is economical: one who studies political economy.—Political economy (see under Politic). [L. œconomia—Gr. oikonomia—oikos, a house, nomos, a law.]

Écorché, ā-kor′shā, n. a figure in which the muscles are represented stripped of the skin, for purposes of artistic study. [Fr. écorcher, to flay.]

Écossaise, ā-ko-sāz′, n. a kind of country-dance of Scotch origin, or music appropriate to such.—Douche Écossaise, the alternation of hot and cold douches. [Fr., fem. of Écossais, Scotch.]

Ecphonesis, ek-fō-nē′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure of speech which uses questions, interjections, &c., for variety: in Greek use, the part of the service spoken in an audible tone.

Ecphractic, ek-frak′tik, adj. (med.) serving to remove obstructions.—n. a drug with such properties.

Ecraseur, ā-kra-zėr, n. (surg.) an instrument for removing tumours. [Fr.]

Ecstasy, ek′sta-si, n. a word applied to states of mind marked by temporary mental alienation and altered or diminished consciousness: excessive joy: enthusiasm, or any exalted feeling.—v.t. to fill with joy.—adjs. Ec′stasied, enraptured; Ecstat′ic, causing ecstasy: amounting to ecstasy: rapturous.—n. one given to ecstasy: something spoken in a state of ecstasy.—adv. Ecstat′ically. [Through O. Fr. and Low L. from Gr. ekstasis—ek, aside, histanai, to make to stand.]

Ectal, ek′tal, adj. (anat.) outer, external—opp. to Ental.—adv. Ec′tad. [Gr. ektos, without.]

Ecthyma, ek-thī′ma, n. a pustular disease of the skin, in which the pustules often reach the size of a pea, and have a red, slightly elevated, hardish base. [Gr., ek, thyein, to boil.]

Ectoblast, ek′to-blast, n. the outer wall of a cell.—adj. Ectoblas′tic.

Ectoderm, ek′to-dėrm, n. the external germinal layer of the embryo. [Gr. ektos, outside, derma, skin.]

Ectopia, ek-tō′pi-a, n. (path.) morbid displacement of parts.—adj. Ectop′ic.

Ectoplasm, ek′to-plasm, n. the exterior protoplasm or sarcode of a cell.—adjs. Ectoplas′mic, Ectoplas′tic.

Ectozoa, ek-tō-zō′a, n.pl. external parasites generally—opp. to Entozoa.—n. Ectozō′an, one of the Ectozoa.

Ectropion, -um, ek-trōp′i-on, -um, n. eversion of the margin of the eyelid, so that the red inner surface is exposed.—adj. Ectrop′ic. [Gr. ek, out, and trepein, to turn.]

Ectype, ek′tīp, n. a reproduction or copy.—adj. Ec′typal.—n. Ectypog′raphy. [Gr. ek, out, and typos, a figure.]

Écu, ā′kü, or ā-kū′, n. a French silver coin, usually considered as equivalent to the English crown—there were also gold écus weighing about 60 grains: a common name for the five-franc piece. [Fr.,—L. scutum, a shield.]

Ecumenic, -al, ek-ū-men′ik, -al, adj. general, universal, belonging to the entire Christian Church.—Also Œcumen′ic, -al.

Eczema, ek′ze-ma, n. a common skin disease, in which the affected portion of the skin is red, and is covered with numerous small papules, which speedily turn into vesicles.—adj. Eczem′atous. [Gr., from ekzein—ek, out, zeein, to boil.]

Edacious, e-dā′shus, adj. given to eating: gluttonous.—adv. Edā′ciously.—ns. Edā′ciousness; Edac′ity. [L. edax, edācis—edĕre, to eat.]

Edda, ed′a, n. the name of two Scandinavian books—the 'Elder' Edda, a collection of ancient mythological and heroic songs (9th-11th century); and the 'Younger' or prose Edda, by Snorri Sturluson (c. 1230), mythological stories, poetics, and prosody. [Ice., 'great-grandmother.']

Eddish, ed′dish, n. pasturage, or the eatable growth of grass after mowing. [Dubiously referred to A.S. edisc, a park.]

Eddy, ed′i, n. a current of water or air running back, contrary to the main stream, thus causing a circular motion: a whirlpool: a whirlwind.—v.i. to move round and round:—pr.p. edd′ying; pa.p. edd′ied.—n. Edd′ying, the action of the verb eddy. [Prob. from A.S. ed, back; cf. Ice. ida—id, back.]

Edelweiss, ā′del-vīs, n. a small white composite, with pretty white flower, found growing in damp places at considerable altitudes (5000-7000 feet) throughout the Alps. [Ger. edel, noble, weiss, white.]

Edematose, -ous. Same as Œdematose, -ous (q.v. under Œdema).

Eden, ē′den, n. the garden where Adam and Eve lived: a paradise.—adj. Eden′ic. [Heb. ēden, delight, pleasure.]

Edentate, -d, e-den′tāt, -ed, adj. without teeth: wanting front teeth—also Eden′tal.—ns. Edentā′ta, a Cuvierian order of mammals, having no teeth or very imperfect ones; Edentā′tion, toothlessness.—adj. Eden′tulous, edentate. [L. edentātus, toothless—e, out of, dens, dentis, a tooth.]

Edge, ej, n. the border of anything: the brink: the cutting side of an instrument: something that wounds or cuts: sharpness of mind or appetite: keenness.—v.t. to put an edge on: to place a border on: to exasperate: to urge on: to move by little and little.—v.i. to move sideways.—n. Edge′-bone, the haunch-bone.—adjs. Edged; Edge′less, without an edge: blunt.—ns. Edge′-rail, a rail of such form that the carriage-wheels roll on its edges, being held there by flanges; Edge′-tool, Edged tool, a tool with a sharp edge.—advs. Edge′ways, Edge′wise, in the direction of the edge: sideways.—ns. Edg′iness, angularity, over-sharpness of outline; Edg′ing, any border or fringe round a garment: a border of box, &c., round a flower-bed.—adj. Edg′y, with edges, sharp, hard in outline.—Edge in a word, to get a word in with difficulty; Edge of the sword, a rhetorical phrase for the sword as the symbol of slaughter.—Outside edge, figure in skating, made on the outer edge of the skate.—Play with edge-tools, to deal carelessly with dangerous matters.—Set on edge, to excite; Set the teeth on edge, to cause a strange grating feeling in the teeth; to rouse an instinctive dislike. [A.S. ecg; cf. Ger. ecke, L. acies.]

Edible, ed′i-bl, adj. fit to be eaten.—n. something for food.—ns. Edibil′ity, Ed′ibleness, fitness for being eaten. [L. edibilis—edĕre, to eat.]

Edict, ē′dikt, n. something proclaimed by authority: an order issued by a king or lawgiver.—adj. Edict′al.—adv. Edict′ally. [L. edictum—e, out, dicĕre, dictum, to say.]

Edify, ed′i-fī, v.t. to build: to build up the faith of: to strengthen spiritually towards faith and holiness: to comfort: to improve the mind:—pr.p. ed′ifying; pa.p. ed′ified.—n. Edificā′tion, instruction: progress in knowledge or in goodness.—adj. Ed′ificatory, tending to edification.—n. Ed′ifice, a large building or house.—adj. Edific′ial, structural.—n. Ed′ifier, one who edifies.—adj. Ed′ifying, instructive: improving.—adv. Ed′ifyingly. [Fr. édifier—L. ædificāre—ædes, a house, facĕre, to make.]

Edit, ed′it, v.t. to prepare the work of an author for publication: to superintend the publication of (a newspaper, &c.): to compile, garble, or cook up materials into literary shape.—ns. Edi′tion, the publication of a book: the number of copies of a book printed at a time; Ed′itor, one who edits a book: one who conducts a newspaper or journal:—fem. Ed′itress.—adj. Editō′rial, of or belonging to an editor.—n. an article in a newspaper written by the editor, a leading article.—adv. Editō′rially.—n. Ed′itorship. [L. edĕre, edĭtum—e, out, dăre, to give.]

Educate, ed′ū-kāt, v.t. to bring up children: to train: to teach: to cultivate any power.—adj. Ed′ucable.—n. Educā′tion, the bringing up or training, as of a child: instruction: strengthening of the powers of body or mind.—adj. Educā′tional.—adv. Educā′tionally.—n. Educā′tionist, one skilled in methods of educating or teaching: one who promotes education.—adj. Ed′ucative, of or pertaining to education: calculated to teach.—n. Ed′ucator. [L. educāre, -ātum—educĕre—e, out, ducĕre, to lead.]

Educe, ē-dūs′, v.t. to draw out: to extract: to cause to appear.—n. inference.—adj. Educ′ible, that may be educed or brought out and shown.—ns. E′duct, what is educed; Educ′tion, the act of educing; Educ′tion-pipe, the pipe by which the exhaust steam is led from the cylinder of a steam-engine into the condenser or the atmosphere; Educ′tor, he who, or that which, educes. [L. educĕre, eductum—e, out, and ducĕre, to lead.]

Edulcorate, ē-dul′kō-rāt, v.t. to sweeten: to free from acids, &c.—adj. Edul′corant.—n. Edulcorā′tion.—adj. Edul′corātive.—n. Edul′corātor.

Eel, n. a name widely applied in popular usage, but justifiably extended to all the members of the family Murænidæ—the body is much elongated, cylindrical or ribbon-shaped.—ns. Eel′-bas′ket, a basket for catching eels; Eel′-pout, in England, a Burbot (q.v.); in parts of Scotland, a Blenny (q.v.): a well-known fish, with a slimy body, living chiefly in mud; Eel′-spear, an instrument with broad prongs for catching eels. [A.S. ǽl; Ger., Dut. aal.]

Eerie, Eery, ē′ri, adj. exciting fear: weird: affected with fear: timorous.—adv. Ee′rily.—n. Ee′riness (Scot.). [M. E. arh, eri—A.S. earg, timid.]

Effable, ef′a-bl, adj. capable of being expressed. [Fr.,—L. effāri—ex, out, fāri, to speak.]

Efface, ef-fās′, v.t. to destroy the surface of a thing: to rub out: to obliterate, wear away.—adj. Efface′able, that can be rubbed out.—n. Efface′ment. [Fr. effacer—L. ex, out, facies, face.]

Effect, ef-fekt′, n. the result of an action: impression produced: reality: the consequence intended: (pl.) goods: property.—v.t. to produce: to accomplish.—ns. Effec′ter, Effec′tor.—adjs. Effec′tible, that may be effected; Effec′tive, having power to effect: causing something: powerful: serviceable.—adv. Effec′tively.—n. Effec′tiveness.—adjs. Effect′less, without effect, useless; Effec′tual, successful in producing the desired effect: (Shak.) decisive.—n. Effectual′ity.—adv. Effec′tually.—v.t. Effec′tuate, to accomplish.—n. Effectua′tion.—Effectual calling (theol.), the invitation to come to Christ which the elect receive.—For effect, so as to make a telling impression; General effect, the effect produced by a picture, &c., as a whole; Give effect to, to accomplish, perform; In effect, in truth, really: substantially.—Leave no effects, to die without property to bequeath.—Take effect, to begin to operate: to come into force. [Fr.,—L. efficĕre, effectum, to accomplish—ex, out, facĕre, to make.]

Effeminate, ef-fem′in-āt, adj. womanish: unmanly: weak: cowardly: voluptuous.—n. an effeminate person.—v.t. to make womanish: to unman: to weaken.—v.i. to become effeminate.—n. Effem′inacy, womanish softness or weakness: indulgence in unmanly pleasures.—adv. Effem′inately.—n. Effem′inateness. [L. effemināre, -ātum, to make womanish—ex, out, and femina, a woman.]

Effendi, ef-fen′di, n. a Turkish title for civil officials and educated persons generally. [Turk.; from Gr. authentēs, an absolute master.]

Effervesce, ef-fėr-ves′, v.i. to boil up: to bubble and hiss: to froth up.—ns. Efferves′cence; Efferves′cency.—adjs. Efferves′cent, boiling or bubbling from the disengagement of gas; Efferves′cible. [L. effervescĕre—ex, inten., and fervēre, to boil.]

Effete, ef-fēt′, adj. exhausted: worn out with age. [L. effētus, weakened by having brought forth young—ex, out, fetus, a bringing forth young.]

Efficacious, ef-fi-kā′shus, adj. able to produce the result intended.—adv. Efficā′ciously.—ns. Efficā′ciousness; Efficac′ity; Ef′ficacy, virtue: energy. [Fr.,—L. efficax, efficacis—efficĕre.]

Efficient, ef-fish′ent, adj. capable of producing the desired result: effective.—n. the person or thing that effects.—ns. Effi′cience, Effi′ciency, power to produce the result intended, adequate fitness.—adv. Effi′ciently. [Fr.,—L. efficiens, -entis, pr.p. of efficĕre—ex, out, facĕre, to make.]

Effigy, ef′fi-ji, n. a likeness or figure of a person: the head or impression on a coin: resemblance—(arch.) Effig′ies.—Burn in effigy, to burn a figure of a person, expressing dislike or contempt. [Fr.,—L. effigies—effingĕre—ex, inten., fingĕre, to form.]

Effloresce, ef-flo-res′, v.i. to blossom forth: (chem.) to become covered with a white dust: to form minute crystals.—ns. Efflores′cence, Efflores′cency, production of flowers: the time of flowering: a redness of the skin: the formation of a white powder on the surface of bodies, or of minute crystals.—adj. Efflores′cent, forming a white dust on the surface: shooting into white threads. [L. efflorescĕre—ex, out, florescĕre, to blossom—flos, floris, a flower.]

Effluent, ef′floo-ent, adj. flowing out.—n. a stream that flows out of another stream or lake.—n. Ef′fluence, a flowing out: that which flows from any body: issue. [L. effluens, -entis, pr.p. of effluĕre—ex, out, fluĕre, to flow.]

Effluvium, ef-flōō′vi-um, n. minute particles that flow out from bodies: disagreeable vapours rising from decaying matter:—pl. Efflu′via.—adj. Efflu′vial. [Low L.,—L. effluĕre.]

Efflux, ef′fluks, n. act of flowing out: that which flows out.—Also Efflux′ion. [L. effluĕre, effluxum.]

Effoliation, e-fō-li-ā′shun, n. the removal or fall of the leaves of a plant.

Efforce, ef-fōrs′, v.t. (Spens.) to compel. [Fr. efforcer—Late L. effortiāre—ex, out, fortis, strong.]

Effort, ef′fort, n. a putting forth of strength: attempt: struggle.—adj. Ef′fortless, making no effort: passive. [Fr.,—L. ex, out, fortis, strong.]

Effrontery, ef-frunt′ėr-i, n. shamelessness: impudence: insolence. [O. Fr.,—L. effrons, effrontis—ex, out, frons, frontis, the forehead.]

Effulge, ef-fulj′, v.i. to shine forth: to beam:—pr.p. effulg′ing; pa.p. effulged′.—n. Efful′gence, great lustre or brightness: a flood of light.—adj. Efful′gent, shining forth: extremely bright: splendid.—adv. Efful′gently. [L. effulgēre, to shine out, pr.p. effulgens, -entis—ex, out, fulgēre, to shine.]

Effuse, ef-fūz′, v.t. to pour out: to pour forth, as words: to shed.—n. effusion, loss.—adj. loosely spreading, not compact, expanded.—n. Effū′sion, act of pouring out: that which is poured out or forth: quality of being effusive.—adj. Effū′sive, pouring forth abundantly: gushing: expressing emotion in a pronounced manner.—adv. Effū′sively.—n. Effū′siveness. [L. effundĕre, effusum—ex, out, fundĕre, to pour.]

Eft, eft, n. a kind of lizard: a newt. [A.S. efeta. Origin obscure. See Newt.]

Eft, eft, adv. (Spens.) afterwards, again, forthwith, moreover.—adv. Eftsoons′ (obs.), soon afterwards, forthwith. [A.S. æft, eft, after, again. See Aft.]

Egal, ē′gal, adj. (Shak.) equal.—n. Egal′ity, equality. [Fr. égalité—égal—L. æquus, equal.]

Egestion, ej-est′yun, n. the passing off of excreta from within the body.—v.t. Egest′, to discharge.—n.pl. Egest′a, things thrown out, excrements.—adj. Egest′ive. [L. egerĕre—e, out, gerĕre, to carry.]

Egg, eg, n. an oval body laid by birds and certain other animals, from which their young are produced: anything shaped like an egg.—ns. Egg′-app′le, or plant, the brinjal or aubergine, an East Indian annual with egg-shaped fruit; Egg′-bird, a sooty tern; Egg′-cō′sy, a covering put over boiled eggs to keep in the heat after being taken from the pot: Egg′-cup, a cup for holding an egg at table; Egg′er, Egg′ler, one who collects eggs; Egg′ery, a place where eggs are laid; Egg′-flip, a hot drink made of ale, with eggs, sugar, spice, &c.; Egg′-glass, a small sand-glass for regulating the boiling of eggs; Egg′-nog, a drink compounded of eggs and hot beer, spirits, &c.; Egg′-shell, the shell or calcareous substance which covers the eggs of birds; Egg′-slice, a kitchen utensil for lifting fried eggs out of a pan; Egg′-spoon, a small spoon used in eating eggs from the shell.—A bad egg (coll.), a worthless person; Put all one's eggs into one basket, to risk all on one enterprise; Take eggs for money, to be put off with mere promises of payment; Teach your grandmother to suck eggs, spoken contemptuously to one who would teach those older and wiser than himself; Tread upon eggs, to walk warily, to steer one's way carefully in a delicate situation. [A.S. æg; cf. Ice. egg, Ger. ei, perh. L. ovum, Gr. ōon.]

Egg, eg, v.t. to instigate. [Ice. eggja—egg, an edge; cog. with A.S. ecg. See Edge.]

Eglantine, eg′lan-tīn, n. a name given to the sweet-brier, and some other species of rose, whose branches are covered with sharp prickles. [Fr.,—O. Fr. aiglent, as if from a L. aculentus, prickly—acus, a needle, and suff. lentus.]

Ego, ē′gō, n. the 'I,' that which is conscious and thinks.—ns. E′gōism (phil.), the doctrine that we have proof of nothing but our own existence: (ethics), the theory of self-interest as the principle of morality: selfishness; E′gōist, one who holds the doctrine of egoism: one who thinks and speaks too much of himself.—adjs. Egōist′ic, -al, pertaining to or manifesting egoism.—ns. Egō′ity, the essential element of the ego; E′gōtheism, the deification of self.—v.i. E′gotise, to talk much of one's self.—ns. E′gotism, a frequent use of the pronoun I: speaking much of one's self: self-exaltation; E′gotist, one full of egotism.—adjs. Egotist′ic, -al, showing egotism: self-important: conceited.—adv. Egotist′ically. [L. ego, I.]

Egophony, ē-gof′o-ni, n. a tremulous resonance heard in auscultation in cases of pleurisy.—Also Ægoph′ony. [Gr. aix, a goat, phonē, voice.]

Egregious, e-grē′ji-us, adj. prominent: distinguished: outrageous: enormous (in bad sense).—adv. Egrē′giously.—n. Egrē′giousness. [L. egregius, chosen out of the flock—e, out, grex, gregis, a flock.]

Egress, ē′gres, n. act of going out: departure: the way out: the power or right to depart.—n. Egres′sion, the act of going out. [L. egredi, egressus—e, out, forth, and gradi, to go.]

Egyptian, ē-jip′shi-an, adj. belonging to Egypt.—n. a native of Egypt: a gipsy.—adj. Egyptolog′ical.—ns. Egyptol′ogist; Egyptol′ogy, the science of Egyptian antiquities.—Egyptian darkness, darkness like that of Exod. x. 22.

Eident, ī′dent, adj. busy: (Scot.) diligent. [M. E. ithen—Ice. iðinn, diligent.]

Eider, ī′dėr, n. the eider-duck, a northern sea-duck, sought after for its fine down.—n. Ei′der-down, the soft down of the eider-duck, used for stuffing quilts. [Prob. through Sw. from Ice. æðar, gen. of æðr, an eider-duck.]

Eidograph, ī′do-graf, n. an instrument for copying drawings. [Gr. eidos, form, graphein, to write.]

Eidolon, ī-dō′lon, n. an image: a phantom or apparition: a confusing reflection or reflected image:—pl. Eidō′la. [Gr. See Idol.]

Eiffel-tower, īf′el-tow′ėr, n. a colossal building—from the iron structure, 985 feet high, erected (1887-89) in the Champ-de-Mars at Paris by Gustave Eiffel.

Eight, āt, n. the cardinal number one above seven: the figure (8 or viii.) denoting eight.—adj. noting the number eight.—adjs. and ns. Eight′een, eight and ten, twice nine; Eight′eenmō, same as Octodecimo (q.v.); Eight′eenth, the ordinal number corresponding to eighteen.—n. Eight′foil (her.), an eight-leaved grass.—adjs. Eight′fold, eight times any quantity; Eighth, the ordinal number corresponding to eight.—n. an eighth part.—adv. Eighth′ly, in the eighth place.—adjs. and ns. Eight′ieth, the ordinal number corresponding to eighty; Eight′y, eight times ten, fourscore.—An eight, a crew of a rowing-boat, consisting of eight oarsmen; An eight-oar, or simply Eight, the boat itself; An eight days, a week; Figure of eight, a figure shaped like an 8 made in skating; Piece of eight, a Spanish coin; The eights, annual bumping boat-races which take place in the summer term in Oxford and Cambridge between the various colleges. [A.S. eahta; Ger. acht, L. octo, Gr. oktō.]

Eirenicon, ī-rē′ni-kon, n. a proposal calculated to promote peace.—adj. Eirē′nic. [Gr.,—eirēnē, peace.]

Eisteddfod, es-teth′vod, n. a congress of Welsh bards and musicians held in various towns for the preservation and cultivation of national poetry and music. [W.; lit. 'session,' eistedd, to sit.]

Either, ē′thėr, or ī′thėr, adj. or pron. the one or the other: one of two: each of two.—conj. correlative to or: (B.) or. [A.S. ǽgðer, a contr. of ǽghthwæðer=á, aye, the pfx. ge-, and hwæther, the mod. whether. See also Each.]

Ejaculate, e-jak′ū-lāt, v.t. to eject: to utter with suddenness.—v.i. to utter ejaculations.—n. Ejaculā′tion, a sudden utterance in prayer or otherwise: what is so uttered.—adjs. Ejac′ulative; Ejac′ulatory, uttered in short, earnest sentences. [L. e, out, and jaculāri, -ātus—jacĕre, to throw.]

Eject, e-jekt′, v.t. to cast out: to dismiss: to dispossess of: to expel.—ns. E′ject, a coinage of Prof. Clifford for an inferred existence, a thing thrown out of one's own consciousness, as distinguished from object, a thing presented in one's consciousness; Ejec′tion, discharge: expulsion: state of being ejected: vomiting: that which is ejected.—adj. Ejec′tive.—ns. Eject′ment, expulsion; dispossession: (law) an action for the recovery of the possession of land; Eject′or, one who ejects or dispossesses another of his land: any mechanical apparatus for ejecting. [L. ejectāre, freq. of ejicĕre, ejectum—e, out, jacĕre, to throw.]

Eke, ēk, v.t. to add to or increase: to lengthen.—n. E′king, act of adding: what is added.—Eke out, to supplement: to prolong. [A.S. écan, akin to L. augēre, to increase.]

Eke, ēk, adv. in addition to: likewise. [A.S. éac; Ger. auch; from root of eke, v.t.]

Elaborate, e-lab′or-āt, v.t. to labour on: to produce with labour: to take pains with: to improve by successive operations.—adj. wrought with labour: done with fullness and exactness: highly finished.—adv. Elab′orately.—ns. Elab′orateness; Elaborā′tion, act of elaborating: refinement: the process by which substances are formed in the organs of animals or plants.—adj. Elab′orative.—ns. Elab′orator, one who elaborates; Elab′oratory=Laboratory. [L. elaborāre, -ātum—e, out, laborāre—labor, labour.]

Eland, ē′land, n. the South African antelope, resembling the elk in having a protuberance on the larynx. [Dut.; Ger. elend, the elk—Lith. élnis, the elk.]

Elapse, e-laps′, v.i. to slip or glide away: to pass silently, as time.—n. Elap′sion. [L. elapsus, elabi—e, out, away, labi, lapsus, to slide.]

Elasmobranchiate, e-las-mo-brang′ki-āt, adj. pertaining to a class, subclass, or order of fishes including sharks and skates, having lamellar branchiæ or plate-like gills.

Elastic, e-las′tik, adj. having a tendency to recover the original form: springy: able to recover quickly a former state or condition after a shock: flexible: yielding.—n. a piece of string, cord, &c. made elastic by having india-rubber woven in it.—adv. Elas′tically.—ns. Elastic′ity, springiness: power to recover from depression; Elas′ticness. [Coined from Gr. elastikos, elaunein, fut. elasein, to drive.]

Elate, e-lāt′, adj. lifted up: puffed up with success: exalted.—v.t. to raise or exalt: to elevate: to make proud.—adv. Elat′edly.—ns. Elat′edness; El′ater, an elastic filament in certain liverworts and scale-mosses: a skip-jack beetle; Elatē′rium, a substance contained in the juice of the fruit of the squirting cucumber, yielding the purgative Elat′erin; Elā′tion, pride resulting from success. [L. elātus, pa.p. of efferre—e, out, ferre, to carry.]

Elbow, el′bō, n. the joint where the arm bows or bends: any sharp turn or bend.—v.t. to push with the elbow: to jostle.—ns. El′bow-chair, an arm-chair; El′bow-grease, humorously applied to vigorous rubbing; El′bow-room, room to extend the elbows: space enough for moving or acting: freedom.—At one's elbow, close at hand; Be out at elbow, to wear a coat ragged at the elbows; Up to the elbows, completely engrossed. [A.S. elnboga—el-, allied to L. ulna, the arm, boga, a bend—bugan, to bend. See Ell; Bow, n. and v.t.]

Elchee, elt′shi, n. an ambassador.—Also El′chi, Elt′chi. [Turk.]

Elder, eld′ėr, n. a genus of plants consisting chiefly of shrubs and trees, with pinnate leaves, small flowers (of which the corolla is wheel-shaped and five-cleft), and three-seeded berries—the Common Elder is the Scotch Bourtree.—ns. Eld′er-berr′y, the acidulous purple-black drupaceous fruit of the elder; Eld′er-gun, a popgun made of elder-wood by extracting the pith; Eld′er-wine, a pleasant wine made from elder-berries.—Elder-flower water, distilled water, with an agreeable odour, made from the flowers. [A.S. ellærn, ellen.]

Elder, eld′ėr, adj. older: having lived a longer time: prior in origin.—n. one who is older: an ancestor: one advanced to office on account of age: one of a class of office-bearers in the Presbyterian Church—equivalent to the presbyters of the New Testament.—n. Eld′erliness.—adj. Eld′erly, somewhat old: bordering on old age.—n. Eld′ership, state of being older: the office of an elder.—adj. Eld′est, oldest. [A.S. eldra, yldra, comp. of eald, old.]

El Dorado, el dō-rä′dō, the golden land of imagination of the Spanish conquerors of America: any place where wealth is easily to be made. [Sp. el, the, dorado, pa.p. of dorar, to gild.]

Eldritch, el′drich, adj. (Scot.) weird, hideous. [Der. obscure: perh. conn. with elf.]

Eleatic, el-e-at′ik, adj. noting a school of philosophers, specially connected with Elea, a Greek city of Lower Italy, and including Zenophanes, Parmenides, and Zeno.—n. one belonging to this school.

Elecampane, el′e-kam-pān′, n. a composite plant allied to Aster, formerly much cultivated for its medicinal root. [Formed from Low L. enula campana.]

Elect, e-lekt′, v.t. to choose out: to select for any office or purpose: to select by vote.—adj. chosen: taken by preference from among others: chosen for an office but not yet in it (almost always after the noun, as 'consul elect').—n. one chosen or set apart.—n. Elec′tion, the act of electing or choosing: the public choice of a person for office, usually by the votes of a constituent body: freewill: (theol.) the exercise of God's sovereign will in the predetermination of certain persons to salvation: (B.) those who are elected.—v.i. Electioneer′, to labour to secure the election of a candidate.—n. Electioneer′er.—n. and adj. Electioneer′ing, the soliciting of votes and other business of an election.—adj. Elect′ive, pertaining to, dependent on, or exerting the power of choice.—adv. Elect′ively.—ns. Electiv′ity; Elect′or, one who elects: one who has a vote at an election: the title formerly belonging to those princes and archbishops of the German Empire who had the right to elect the Emperor:—fem. Elect′ress, Elect′oress.—adjs. Elect′oral, Electō′rial, pertaining to elections or to electors: consisting of electors.—ns. Elect′orate, the dignity or the territory of an elector: the body of electors; Elect′orship.—The elect (theol.), those chosen by God for salvation. [L. e, out, legĕre, to choose.]

Electric, e-lek′trik, adj. pertaining to or produced by electricity.—n. any electric substance: a non-conductor of electricity, as amber, glass, &c.—adj. Elec′trical.—adv. Elec′trically.—ns. Elec′tric-eel (see Gymnotus); Electri′cian, one who studies, or is versed in, the science of electricity; Electric′ity, name of the cause of certain phenomena of attraction and repulsion: the phenomena themselves: the science which investigates the nature and laws of these phenomena.—adj. Elec′trifīable.—n. Electrificā′tion.—v.t. Elec′trify, to communicate electricity to: to excite suddenly: to astonish: to adapt to electricity as the motive power:—pa.p. elec′trified.—n. Elec′trisation.—v.t. Elec′trīse, to electrify.—ns. Elec′trode, either of the poles of a galvanic battery; Elec′trolier, a device for suspending a group of incandescent lamps; Elec′trum, amber: an alloy of gold and silver.—Electric railway, a railway on which electricity is the motive-power; Electric spark, one of the forms in which accumulated electricity discharges itself; Electric storm, a violent disturbance in the electrical condition of the earth. [L. electrum—Gr. elektron, amber, in which electricity was first observed.]

Electro-biology, e-lek′tro-bī-ol′o-ji, n. the science which treats of the electricity developed in living organisms: that view of animal magnetism according to which the actions, feelings, &c. of a person are controlled by the will of the operator.—adj. Elec′tro-ballis′tic, of an apparatus for determining by electricity the velocity of a projectile.—ns. Elec′tro-biol′ogist; Elec′tro-chem′istry, that branch of chemical science which treats of the agency of electricity in effecting chemical changes.—v.t. Elec′trocute, to inflict a death penalty by means of electricity.—ns. Electrocū′tion, capital punishment by electricity; Elec′tro-dynam′ics, the branch of physics which treats of the action of electricity; Elec′tro-dynamom′eter, an instrument for measuring the strength of electro-dynamic action; Elec′tro-engrav′ing, an etching process in which the etched plate is placed in an electro-bath to deepen the 'bite;' Elec′tro-gild′ing, electroplating with gold; Elec′tro-kinet′ics, that branch of science which treats of electricity in motion; Electrol′ogy, the science of applied electricity.—v.t. Elec′trolyse, to subject to electrolysis.—ns. Electrol′ysis, the process of chemical decomposition by electricity; Elec′trolyte, a body which admits of electrolysis.—adj. Electrolyt′ic.—n. Elec′tro-mag′net, a piece of soft iron rendered magnetic by a current of electricity passing through a coil of wire wound round it.—adj. Elec′tro-magnet′ic.—ns. Elec′tro-mag′netism, a branch of science which treats of the relation of electricity to magnetism; Elec′tro-met′allurgy, a name given to certain processes by which electricity is applied to the working of metals, as in electroplating and electrotyping; Electrom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of electricity.—adjs. Electromet′ric, -al, pertaining to the measurement of electricity.—ns. Electrom′etry, the science of electrical measurements; Elec′tro-mō′tion, the passage of an electric current in a voltaic circuit: motion produced by electricity employed as power.—adjs. Elec′tro-mō′tive, pertaining to the motion of electricity or the laws governing it.—n. Elec′tro-mō′tor, an apparatus for applying electricity as a motive-power.—adj. Elec′tro-neg′ative, appearing, as an element in electrolysis, at the positive electrode: having the property of becoming negatively electrified by contact with a dissimilar substance.—ns. Elec′trophōne, an instrument for producing sounds resembling trumpet-tones by electric currents of high tension; Electroph′orus, an instrument for obtaining statical electricity by means of induction; Elec′tro-physiol′ogy, the study of the electric phenomena of living organisms.—v.t. Elec′troplate, to plate or cover with silver by electrolysis.—n. Elec′troplating.—adjs. Elec′tro-pō′lar, having, as an electrical conductor, one end or surface positive and the other negative; Elec′tro-pos′itive, attracted by bodies negatively electrified, or by the negative pole of a voltaic battery: assuming positive potential when in contact with another substance.—ns. Elec′troscope, an instrument for detecting the presence of electricity in a body and the nature of it; Elec′tro-stat′ics, that branch of science which treats of electricity at rest; Elec′tro-tint, a style of etching by means of galvanism; Elec′trotype, the art of copying an engraving or type on a metal deposited by electricity.—adj. Electrotyp′ic.—ns. Elec′trotypist; Elec′trotypy, the art of copying.—adj. Elec′tro-vī′tal, electrical and dependent upon vital processes.

Electuary, e-lek′tū-ar-i, n. a composition of medicinal powders with honey or sugar. [Low L. electuarium—Gr. ekleikton—ekleichein, to lick up.]

Eleemosynary, el-e-mos′i-nar-i, adj. relating to charity or almsgiving: dependent on charity: given in charity. [Gr. eleēmosynē, compassionateness, alms—eleos, pity. See Alms.]

Elegant, el′e-gant, adj. pleasing to good taste: graceful: neat: refined: nice: richly ornamental.—ns. El′egance, El′egancy, the state or quality of being elegant: the beauty of propriety: refinement: that which is elegant; Elegante (el-e-gangt′), a lady of fashion.—adv. El′egantly. [Fr.,—L. elegans, -antis—e, out, and root of legĕre, to choose.]

Elegy, el′e-ji, n. a song of mourning: a funeral-song: a poem written in elegiac metre.—adj. Elegī′ac, belonging to elegy: mournful: used in elegies, esp. noting the kind of metre, alternate hexameter and pentameter lines.—n. elegiac verse.—adj. Elegī′acal.—ns. Elē′giast, El′egist, a writer of elegies.—v.i. El′egīse, to write an elegy.—v.t. to write an elegy on. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. elegos, a lament.]

Element, el′e-ment, n. a first principle: one of the essential parts of anything: an ingredient: the proper state or sphere of any thing or being: (pl.) the rudiments of learning: the bread and wine used in the Eucharist: fire, air, earth, and water, supposed by the ancients to be the foundation of everything: (chem.) the simplest known constituents of all compound substances: (astron.) those numerical quantities, and those principles deduced from astronomical observations and calculations, which are employed in the construction of tables exhibiting the planetary motions.—adj. Element′al, pertaining to elements or first principles: fundamental: belonging to or produced by elements.—n. Element′alism, the theory which resolves the divinities of antiquity into the elemental powers.—adv. Element′ally.—adj. Element′ary, of a single element: primary: uncompounded: pertaining to the elements: treating of first principles.—Elemental spirits, beings in medieval belief who presided over the four 'elements,' living in and ruling them. [Fr.,—L. elementum, pl. elementà, first principles.]

Elemi, el′em-i, n. a fragrant resinous substance, obtained from the Manila pitch-tree, Arbol de la Brea.—n. El′emin, the crystallisable portion of elemi. [Cf. Fr. élémi, Sp. elemi; perh. Ar.]

Elench, e-lengk′, Elenchus, e-lengk′us, n. refutation: a sophism.—adjs. Elench′ic, -al, Elenc′tic. [L.,—Gr. elengchos—elengchein, to refute.]

Elephant, el′e-fant, n. the largest quadruped, having a very thick skin, a trunk, and two ivory tusks: a special size of paper.—ns. Elephan′tiac, one affected with elephantiasis; Elephantī′asis, a disease chiefly of tropical climates, consisting of an overgrowth of the skin and connective tissue of the parts affected, with occasional attacks of inflammation resembling erysipelas.—adjs. Elephant′ine, pertaining to an elephant: like an elephant: very large or ungainly; Elephant′oid, elephant-like.—ns. El′ephant-seal, the largest of the seals, the male measuring about 20 feet in length; El′ephant's-foot, a plant of which the root-stock forms a large fleshy mass resembling an elephant's foot, used as food by the Hottentots; El′ephant-shrew, name applied to a number of long-nosed, long-legged Insectivora, natives of Africa, and notable for their agile jumping over loose sand.—A white elephant, a gift which occasions the recipient more trouble than it is worth—a white elephant being a common gift of the kings of Siam to a courtier they wished to ruin. [M. E. olifaunt—O. Fr. olifant—L. elephantum, elephas, -antis—Gr. elephas, acc. to some from Heb. eleph, aleph, an ox.]

Eleusinian, el-ū-sin′i-an, adj. relating to Eleusis in Attica.—Eleusinian mysteries, the mysteries of Demeter celebrated at Eleusis.

Eleutheromania, el-ūth-er-o-mā′ni-a, n. mad zeal for freedom.—n. Eleutheromā′niac (Carlyle), one possessed with such. [Formed from Gr. eleutheros, free, and mania.]

Elevate, el′e-vāt, v.t. to raise to a higher position: to raise in mind and feelings: to improve: to cheer: to exhilarate: to intoxicate.—p.adjs. El′evate, -d, raised: dignified: exhilarated.—ns. Elevā′tion, the act of elevating or raising, or the state of being raised: exaltation: an elevated place or station: a rising ground: height: (archit.) a representation of the flat side of a building, drawn with mathematical accuracy, but without any attention to effect: (astron., geog.) the height above the horizon of an object on the sphere, measured by the arc of a vertical circle through it and the zenith: (gun.) the angle made by the line of direction of a gun with the plane of the horizon; El′evator, the person or thing that lifts up: a lift or machine for raising grain, &c., to a higher floor: a muscle raising a part of the body.—adj. El′evatory, able or tending to raise. [L. elevāre, -ātum—e, out, up, levāre, to raise—levis, light. See Light (2).]

Eleven, e-lev′n, n. the cardinal number next above ten: the figure (11 or xi.) denoting eleven: a team of eleven cricketers.—adj. noting the number eleven.—adj. and n. Elev′enth, the ordinal number corresponding to eleven.—Eleventh hour, the very last moment, referring to Matt. xx. 6, 9. [A.S. endleofon; cf. Goth. ainlif.]

Elf, elf, n. in European folklore, a supernatural being, generally of human form but diminutive size, more malignant than a fairy: a dwarf: a tricky being:—(pl.) Elves.—v.t. (Shak.) of the hair, to entangle.—n. Elf′-child, a changeling, or a child supposed to have been left by elves in place of one stolen by them.—adj. Elf′in, of or relating to elves.—n. a little elf: a child.—adjs. Elf′ish, Elv′an, Elv′ish, elf-like, mischievous: tricky: disguised.—n. Elf′-land, the land of the elves or fairies.—n.pl. Elf′-locks (Shak.) locks of hair clotted together, supposed to have been done by elves.—ns. Elf′-shot, Elf′-bolt, Elf′-ar′row, an arrow-head of flint or stone. [A.S. ælf; cf. Ice. álfr, Sw. elf.]

Elicit, e-lis′it, v.t. to entice: to bring to light: to deduce.—n. Elicitā′tion. [L. elicĕre, elicitum.]

Elide, e-līd′, v.t. to rebut: to cut off, as a syllable.—n. Eli′sion, the suppression of a vowel or syllable. [L. elidĕre, elisum—e, out, lædĕre, to strike.]

Eligible, el′i-ji-bl, adj. fit or worthy to be chosen: legally qualified: desirable.—n. (coll.) a person or thing eligible.—ns. El′igibleness, Eligibil′ity, fitness to be elected or chosen: the state of being preferable to something else: desirableness.—adv. El′igibly. [Fr.,—L. eligĕre. See Elect, v.t.]

Eliminate, ē-lim′in-āt, v.t. to thrust out: to remove, cancel: to leave out of consideration.—adj. Elim′inable.—n. Eliminā′tion. [L. eliminăre, -ātum—e, out, limen, liminis, a threshold.]

Elite, ā-lēt, n. a chosen or select part: the best of anything. [Fr. élite—L. electa (pars, a part, understood). See Elect, v.t.]

Elixir, e-liks′ėr, n. more fully, Elixir vitæ, or Elixir of life, a liquor once supposed to have the power of indefinitely prolonging life or of transmuting metals: the quintessence of anything: a substance which invigorates: (med.) a compound tincture. [Low L.,—Ar. al-iksīr, the philosopher's stone, from al-, the, iksīr, prob. from Late Gr. xērion, a desiccative powder for wounds—Gr. xēros, dry.]

Elizabethan, e-liz-a-beth′an, adj. pertaining to Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) or her time—of dress, manners, literature, &c.—n. a poet or dramatist of that age.—Elizabethan architecture, a name applied to the mixed style which sprang up on the decline of Gothic, marked by Tudor bow-windows and turrets decorated with classic cornices and pilasters, long galleries, enormous square windows, large apartments, plaster ceilings wrought into compartments, &c.

Elk, elk, n. the largest species of deer, found in the north of Europe and in North America.—Irish elk, a giant deer now extinct, known from the remains found in the Pleistocene diluvium, esp. of Ireland. [Perh. from the Scand., Ice. elgr, Sw. elg.]

Ell, el, n. a measure of length originally taken from the arm: a cloth measure equal to 1¼ yd.—n. Ell′wand, a measuring rod.—Give him an inch and he'll take an ell, a proverb, signifying that to yield one point entails the yielding of all. [A.S. eln; Dut. el, Ger. elle, L. ulna, Gr. ōlenē.]

Elleborin, el′ē-bō-rin, n. a very acrid resin found in winter hellebore.

Ellipse, el-lips′, n. an oval: (geom.) a figure produced by the section of a cone by a plane passing obliquely through the opposite sides.—ns. Ellip′sis (gram.), a figure of syntax by which a word or words are left out and implied:—pl. Ellip′sēs; Ellip′sograph, an instrument for describing ellipses; Ellip′soid (math.), a surface every plane section of which is an ellipse.—adjs. Ellipsoi′dal; Ellip′tic, -al, pertaining to an ellipse: oval: pertaining to ellipsis: having a part understood.—adv. Ellip′tically.—n. Elliptic′ity, deviation from the form of a circle or sphere: of the earth, the difference between the equatorial and polar diameters. [L.,—Gr. elleipsis—elleipein, to fall short—en, in, leipein, to leave.]

Elm, elm, n. a genus of trees of the natural order Ulmaceæ, with serrated leaves unequal at the base, and small flowers growing in clusters appearing before the leaves.—adjs. Elm′en, made of elm; Elm′y, abounding with elms. [A.S. elm; Ger. ulme, L. ulmus.]

Elmo's fire, el′mōz fīr, n. the popular name of an electric appearance sometimes seen like a brush or star of light at the tops of masts, spars, &c.—Also known as the Fire of St Elias, of St Clara, of St Nicholas, and of Helena, as well as composite or composant (corpus sanctum) on the Suffolk sea-board. [Explained as a corr. of Helena, name of the sister of Castor and Pollux, or of St Erasmus, a 3d-cent. bishop, Italianised as Ermo, Elmo.]

Elocution, el-o-kū′shun, n. the art of effective speaking, more esp. of public speaking, regarding solely the utterance or delivery: eloquence.—adj. Elocū′tionary.—n. Elocū′tionist, one versed in elocution: a teacher of elocution. [Fr.,—L. elocution-em, eloqui, elocūtus—e, out, loqui, to speak.]

Éloge, ā-lōzh′, Elogium, ē-lō′ji-um, Elogy, el′o-ji, n. a funeral oration: a panegyric.—n. El′ogist, one who delivers an éloge. [Fr. éloge—L. elogium, a short statement, an inscription on a tomb, perh. confused with eulogy.]

Elohim, e-lō′him, n. the Hebrew name for God.—n. Elō′hist, the writer or writers of the Elohistic passages of the Old Testament.—adj. Elohist′ic, relating to Elohim—said of those passages in the Old Testament in which Elohim is used as the name for the Supreme Being instead of Jehovah. [Heb., pl. of Eloah—explained by Delitzsch as a plural of intensity.]

Eloin, Eloign, e-loin′, v.t. to convey to a distance, to separate and remove.—ns. Eloin′ment, Eloign′ment. [O. Fr. esloignier (Fr. éloigner)—Low L. elongāre. See Elongate.]

Elongate, e-long′gāt, v.t. to make longer: to extend.—p.adjs. Elong′ate, -d.—n. Elongā′tion, act of lengthening out: distance. [Low L. elongāre, -ātum—e, out, longus, long.]

Elope, e-lōp, v.i. to escape privately, said esp. of a woman, either married or unmarried, who runs away with a lover: to run away, bolt.—n. Elope′ment, a secret departure, esp. of a woman with a man. [Cf. Old Dut. ontlōpen, Ger. entlaufen, to run away.]

Eloquent, el′o-kwent, adj. having the power of speaking with fluency, elegance, and force: containing eloquence: persuasive.—n. El′oquence, the utterance of strong emotion in correct, appropriate, expressive, and fluent language: the art which produces fine speaking: persuasive speech.—adv. El′oquently. [L. eloquens, -entis, pr.p. of eloqui.]

Else, els, pron. other.—adv. otherwise: besides: except that mentioned.—advs. Else′where, in or to another place; Else′wise, in a different manner: otherwise. [A.S. elles, otherwise—orig. gen. of el, other; cf. Old High Ger. alles or elles.]

Elsin, el′sin, n. (Scot.) an awl. [From Old Dut. elssene (mod. els), from same root as awl.]

Elucidate, e-lū′si-dāt, v.t. to make lucid or clear: to throw light upon: to illustrate.—n. Elucidā′tion.—adjs. Elū′cidative, Elū′cidatory, making clear: explanatory.—n. Elū′cidator. [Low L. elucidāre, -ātum—e, inten., lucidus, clear.]

Elude, e-lūd′, v.t. to escape by stratagem: to baffle.—adj. Elū′dible.—n. Elū′sion, act of eluding: evasion.—adj. Elū′sive, practising elusion: deceptive.—adv. Elū′sively.—n. Elū′soriness.—adj. Elū′sory, tending to elude or cheat: evasive: deceitful. [L. eludĕre, elusum—e, out, ludĕre, to play.]

Elul, ē′lul, n. the 12th month of the Jewish civil year, and 6th of the ecclesiastical. [Heb.,—âlal, to reap.]

Elutriate, e-lū′tri-āt, v.t. to separate by means of water the finer particles of earth and pigments from the heavier portions.—ns. Elū′tion, washing from impurity; Elutriā′tion. [L. elutriāre, -ātum, to wash out, eluĕre—e, out, luĕre, to wash.]

Elvan, elv′an, n. the miner's name in the south-west of England for a granular crystalline rock, composed of quartz and orthoclase, which forms veins associated with granite.—Also Elv′anite. [Prob. Corn. elven, spark.]

Elysium, e-lizh′i-um, n. (myth.) among the Greeks, the abode of the blessed after death: any delightful place.—adj. Elys′ian, pertaining to Elysium: delightful: glorious. [L.,—Gr. ēlysion (pedion), the Elysian (plain).]

Elytrum, el′it-rum, n. the fore-wing of beetles, modified to form more or less hard coverings for the hind pair—also El′ytron:—pl. El′ytra.—adjs. El′ytral; Elyt′riform; Elytrig′erous. [Gr. elytron, a sheath.]

Elzevir, el′ze-vir, adj. published by the Elzevirs, a celebrated family of printers at Amsterdam, Leyden, and other places in Holland, whose small neat editions were chiefly published between 1592 and 1681: pertaining to the type used in their 12mo and 16mo editions of the Latin classics.—n. a special form of printing types.

Em, em, n. the name of the letter M: (print.) the unit of measurement in estimating how much is printed on a page.

'Em, ėm, pron. him: (coll.) them. [Orig. the unstressed form of hem, dat. and accus. pl. of he; but now used coll. as an abbreviation of them.]

Emaciate, e-mā′shi-āt, v.t. to make meagre or lean: to deprive of flesh: to waste.—v.i. to become lean: to waste away.—p.adjs. Emā′ciate, -d.—n. Emaciā′tion, the condition of becoming emaciated or lean: leanness. [L. emaciāre, -ātum—e, inten., maciāre, to make lean—macies, leanness.]

Emanate, em′a-nāt, v.i. to flow out or from: to proceed from some source: to arise.—adj. Em′anant, flowing from.—ns. Emanā′tion, a flowing out from a source, as the universe considered as issuing from the essence of God: the generation of the Son and the procession of the Spirit, as distinct from the origination of created beings: that which issues or proceeds from some source; Em′anatist.—adjs. Em′anative, Em′anatory, Emanā′tional. [L. emanāre, -ātum—e, out from, manāre, to flow.]

Emancipate, e-man′si-pāt, v.t. to set free from servitude: to free from restraint or bondage of any kind.—ns. Emancipā′tion, the act of setting free from bondage or disability of any kind: the state of being set free; Emancipā′tionist, an advocate of the emancipation of slaves; Eman′cipator; Eman′cipist, a convict who has served his time of punishment in a penal colony. [L. emancipāre, -ātum—e, away from, mancipāre, to transfer property—manceps, -cipis, one who gets property, from manus, the hand, capĕre, to take.]

Emarginate, e-mär′jin-āt, v.t. to take away the margin of.—p.adj. (bot.) depressed and notched instead of pointed at the summit, as a leaf: (min.) having all the edges of the primitive form crossed by a face: (zool.) having the margin broken by a notch or segment of a circle.—n. Emarginā′tion. [L. emargināre, -ātum—e, out, margināre, to provide with a margin—margo, a margin.]

Emasculate, e-mas′kū-lāt, v.t. to deprive of the properties of a male: to castrate: to deprive of masculine vigour: to render effeminate.—ns. Emasculā′tion; Emas′culātor.—adj. Emas′culātory. [Low L. emasculāre, -ātum—e, neg., masculus, dim. of mas, a male.]

Embale, em-bāl′, v.t. to make up, as into a bale: to bind up: to enclose. [Fr. emballer—em—L. in, balle, a bale.]

Embalm, em-bäm′, v.t. to preserve from decay by aromatic drugs, as a dead body: to perfume: to preserve with care and affection.—ns. Embalm′er; Embalm′ing; Embalm′ment. [Fr. embaumer, from em, in, and baume. See Balm.]

Embank, em-bangk′, v.t. to enclose or defend with a bank or dike.—n. Embank′ment, the act of embanking: a bank or mound made to keep water within certain limits: a mound constructed so as to carry a level road or railway over a low-lying place. [Coined from em, in, and bank.]

Embar, em-bär′, v.t. to shut in; to hinder or stop:—pr.p. embar′ring; pa.p. embarred′.—n. Embar′ring.

Embargo, em-bär′gō, n. a temporary order from the Admiralty to prevent the arrival or departure of ships: a stoppage of trade for a short time by authority:—pl. Embar′goes.—v.t. to lay an embargo on: to seize.—pr.p. embar′gōing; pa.p. embar′gōed. [Sp.,—embargar, to impede, to restrain—Sp. em, in, barra, a bar. See Barricade and Embarrass.]

Embark, em-bärk′, v.t. to put on board ship: to engage in any affair.—v.i. to go on board ship: to engage in a business: to enlist.—n. Embarkā′tion, a putting or going on board: that which is embarked: (obs.) a vessel.—p.adjs. Embarked′; Embark′ing.—n. Embark′ment. [Fr. embarquer, from em, in, barque, a bark.]

Embarrass, em-bar′as, v.t. to encumber: to involve in difficulty, esp. in money matters: to perplex.—p.adj. Embarr′assed, perplexed: constrained.—n. Embarr′assment, perplexity or confusion: difficulties in money matters.—Embarras des richesses, a superabundance of materials, an abundance so great that choice is difficult. [Fr. embarrasser—em, in, barre, bar.]

Embase, em-bāz′, v.t. (obs.) to bring down: to degrade.—p.adj. Embased′.—n. Embase′ment. [Em and base.]

Embassy, em′bas-i, n. the charge or function of an ambassador: the person or persons sent on an undertaking.—ns. Em′bassade, Em′bassage (same as Ambassage); Embass′ador (same as Ambassador).

Embattle, em-bat′l, v.t. to furnish with battlements.—p.adj. Embatt′led, furnished with battlements: (her.) having the outline like a battlement.—n. Embatt′lement (same as Battlement). [Em, and O. Fr. bastiller, from the same root as battlement, bastille, and baste, to sew. The form of this word is due to a confusion with Eng. battle.]

Embattle, em-bat′l, v.t. to range in order of battle: to arm—p.adj. Embatt′led, arranged for battle. [O. Fr. embataillier—en, in, bataille, battle.]

Embay, em-bā′, v.t. to enclose in a bay: to land-lock.—n. Embay′ment, a bay. [Em, in, into, and bay.]

Embay, em-bā′, v.t. (Spens.) to bathe. [Em, in, and Fr. baigner. See Bagnio.]

Embed, em-bed′, Imbed, im-, v.t. to place in a mass of matter: to lay, as in a bed.—n. Embed′ment, the act of embedding: state of being embedded.

Embellish, em-bel′ish, v.t. to make beautiful with ornaments: to decorate: to make graceful: to illustrate pictorially, as a book.—n. Embell′isher.—adv. Embell′ishingly.—n. Embell′ishment, act of embellishing or adorning: decoration: ornament. [Fr. embellir, embellissant—em, in, bel, beau, beautiful.]

Ember, em′bėr, n. a live piece of coal or wood: chiefly in pl. red-hot ashes: smouldering remains of a fire. [A.S. ǽmerge; Ice. eimyrja. The b is simply euphonic.]

Ember-days, em′bėr-dāz, n.pl. the three Fast-days in each quarter (Wednesday, Friday, Saturday)—following the first Sunday in Lent, Whitsunday, Holy Cross Day (Sept. 14th), and St Lucia's Day (Dec. 13th).—n. Em′ber-week, the week in which the ember-days occur. [A.S. ymbryne, a circuit—ymb, round (Ger. um, L. ambi-), and ryne, a running, from rinnan, to run.]

Ember-goose, em′bėr-gōōs, n. a kind of sea-fowl, the Great Northern Diver. [Norw. emmer; Ger. imber.]

Embezzle, em-bez′l, v.t. to appropriate fraudulently what has been entrusted.—ns. Embezz′lement, fraudulent appropriation of another's property by the person to whom it was entrusted; Embezz′ler. [Perh. from root of imbecile, the primary sense being to weaken: (obs.) Bezz′le, to squander, from O. Fr. besiler, to destroy, is the same word.]

Embitter, em-bit′ėr, Imbitter, im-, v.t. to make bitter: to increase (ill-feeling).—p.adj. Embitt′ered, soured.—n. Embitt′erer.—p.adj. Embitt′ering.—n. Embitt′erment.

Emblazon, em-blā′zn, v.t. to deck in blazing colours: (her.) to blazon or adorn with figures: to depict heraldically.—v.t. Emblaze′, to illuminate.—ns. Emblā′zoner; Emblā′zonment, an emblazoning; Emblā′zonry, the art of emblazoning or adorning: devices on shields. [Em, and blaze, blazon.]

Emblem, em′blem, n. a picture representing to the mind something different from itself: a type or symbol: (Milton) an inlaid ornament.—v.t. to symbolise.—n. Emblē′ma, an inlaid ornament:—pl. Emblē′mata.—adjs. Emblemat′ic, -al, pertaining to or containing emblems: symbolical: representing.—adv. Emblemat′ically.—v.t. Emblem′atise, Em′blemise, to represent by an emblem:—pr.p. emblem′atīsing; pa.p. emblem′atīsed.—n. Emblem′atist, a writer or inventor of emblems. [L. emblēma—Gr. em (=en), in, ballein, to cast.]

Emblements, em′bl-ments, n.pl. crops raised by the labour of the cultivator, but not fruits nor grass. [O. Fr. emblaer, to sow with corn—Low L. imbladāre—in, in, bladum, wheat.]

Embody, em-bod′i, Imbody, im-, v.t. to form into a body: to make corporeal: to make tangible: to express (an idea in words): to organise.—v.i. to unite in a body or mass.—p.adj. Embod′ied.—n. Embod′iment, act of embodying: state of being embodied: that in which something is embodied. [Em, in, and body.]

Emboil, em-boil′, v.i. (Spens.) to burn with anger.—v.t. to cause to burn with anger: to irritate.

Embolden, em-bōld′n, Imbolden, im-, v.t. to make bold or courageous. [Em, to make, and bold.]

Embolism, em′bo-lizm, n. the insertion of days in an account of time to produce regularity: an intercalated prayer for deliverance from evil coming after the Lord's Prayer: (med.) the presence of obstructing clots in the blood-vessels.—adjs. Embolis′mal, Embolis′mic.—n. Em′bolus, the clot of fibrin obstructing a blood-vessel, causing embolism. [Fr.,—Gr. embolismos—emballein, to cast in.]

Embonpoint, ang-bong-pwang′, adj. stout, plump, full in figure, mostly of women: well-fed.—n. stoutness, plumpness, well-fed condition. [Fr.,—en bon point, in good form.]

Emboscata, em-bos-kā′ta, n. an erroneous form of It. imboscáta, an ambuscade.

Embosom, em-booz′um, Imbosom, im-, v.t. to take into the bosom: to receive into the affections: to enclose or surround. [Em, in, into, and bosom.]

Emboss, em-bos′, v.t. to produce (a raised pattern) by pressure upon sheet-metal, leather, cloth, &c.: to ornament with raised-work: (Spens.) to cover with armour: to be wrapped in.—p.adj. Embossed′, formed or covered with bosses: raised, standing out in relief: (bot.) having a protuberance in the centre.—ns. Emboss′er; Emboss′ment, a prominence like a boss: raised-work. [Em, in, into, and boss.]

Emboss, em-bos′, v.i. (Milton) to plunge into the depths of a wood.—v.t. to make to foam at the mouth. [O. Fr. embosquer, em—L. in, in, bosc, a wood. See Ambush.]

Embouchure, ang-boo-shür′, n. the mouth of a river: the mouth-hole of a wind musical instrument. [Fr.,—em-boucher, to put to the mouth—en, in, bouche, a mouth.]

Embow, em-bō′, v.t. and v.i. to bow or arch.—p.adj. Embowed′, arched, vaulted: bent like a bow: the heraldic term noting anything bent like a bow—as, e.g., the arm of a man. [Em and bow.]

Embowel, em-bow′el, v.t. properly, to enclose in something else; but also used for disembowel, to remove the entrails from:—pr.p. embow′elling; pa.p. embow′elled.—n. Embow′elment. [Em, in, into, and bowel.]

Embower, em-bow′er, Imbower, im-, v.t. to place in a bower: to shelter, as with trees.—p.adjs. Embow′ered; Embow′ering.—n. Embow′erment. [Em, in, and bower.]

Embrace, em-brās′, v.t. to take in the arms: to press to the bosom with affection: to take eagerly or willingly: to comprise: to admit, adopt, or receive.—v.i. to join in an embrace.—n. an embracing: fond pressure in the arms.—ns. Embrace′ment; Embrac′er.—adjs. Embrac′ing, Embrac′ive.—adv. Embrac′ingly.—n. Embrac′ingness. [O. Fr. embracer (Fr. embrasser)—L. in, in, into, bracchium, an arm. See Brace.]

Embrace, em-brās′, v.t. (Spens.) to brace, to fasten, or bind:—pr.p. embrac′ing; pa.p. embraced′. [Em, in, and brace.]

Embracer, em-brā′ser, n. (law) one who influences jurors by corrupt means to deliver a partial verdict—also Embrā′ceor, Embrā′sor.—n. Embrac′ery, the offence of an embracer. [O. Fr. embraceor, from embraser, to set on fire.]

Embranchment, em-bransh′ment, n. a branching off, as an arm of a river, a spur of a mountain, &c. [Fr.]

Embrangle, em-brang′gl, Imbrangle, im-, v.t. to confuse, perplex.—n. Embran′glement. [Em, in, and brangle.]

Embrasure, em-brā′zhūr, n. a door or window with the sides slanted on the inside: an opening in a wall for cannon. [Fr.,—O. Fr. embraser, to slope the sides of a window, em—L. in, braser, to skew.]

Embrave, em-brāv′, v.t. (Spens.) to make brave or showy, to decorate: to inspire with bravery.

Embreathe, em-brēth′, v.t. to breathe into, to inspire with. [En and breathe.]

Embrocate, em′brō-kāt, v.t. to moisten and rub, as a sore with a lotion.—n. Embrocā′tion, act of embrocating: the lotion used. [Low L. embrocāre, -ātum, from Gr. embrochē, a lotion—embrechein, to soak in—em (=en), in, into, brechein, to wet.]

Embroider, em-broid′ėr, v.t. to ornament with designs in needlework, originally on the border.—ns. Embroid′erer; Embroid′ery, the art of producing ornamental patterns by means of needlework on textile fabrics, &c.: ornamental needlework: variegation or diversity: artificial ornaments. [M. E. embrouderie—O. Fr. embroder, em, and broder, prob. Celt., acc. to Skeat. Bret. brouda, to pierce; confused with Fr. border, to border.]

Embroil, em-broil′, v.t. to involve in a broil, or in perplexity (with): to entangle: to distract: to throw into confusion.—n. Embroil′ment, a state of perplexity or confusion: disturbance. [Fr. embrouiller—em, in, brouiller, to break out.]

Embrown, em-brown′, Imbrown, im-, v.t. to make brown: to darken, obscure.—p.adj. Embrown′ing.

Embryo, em′bri-ō, Embryon, em′bri-on, n. the young of an animal in its earliest stages of development: the part of a seed which forms the future plant: the beginning of anything:—pl. Em′bryos, Em′bryons.—ns. Embryoc′tomy, destruction of the fetus in the uterus; Embryog′eny, the formation and development of the embryo; Embryog′raphy, description of the embryo.—adjs. Embryolog′ic, -al, of or pertaining to embryology.—ns. Embryol′ogist; Embryol′ogy, science of the embryo or fetus of animals.—adjs. Em′bryonate, -d, in the state of an embryo; Embryon′ic, Embryot′ic, of or relating to anything in an imperfect state: rudimentary.—ns. Embryot′omy, the division of a fetus to effect delivery; Embryul′cia, forcible extraction of a fetus. [Low L.,—Gr. embryon—em (=en), in, bryein, to swell.]

Emend, e-mend′, v.t. to remove faults or blemishes from: to correct or improve.—adj. Emend′able, that may be emended.—n.pl. Emend′als, funds set apart for repairs in the accounts of the Inner Temple.—v.t. Em′endate, to correct errors.—ns. Emendā′tion, removal of an error or fault: correction; Em′endātor, a corrector of errors in writings: one who corrects or improves.—adj. Emen′dātory, mending or contributing to correction. [L. emendāre, -ātum—e, out, menda, a fault.]

Emerald, em′ėr-ald, n. a very highly esteemed mineral of the same species with the beryl, from which it differs in scarcely anything but its colour, a beautiful velvety green.—n. Em′erald-copp′er (see Dioptase).—Emerald Isle, a name for Ireland, owing to its greenness; Emerald type (print.), a small size of type. [O. Fr. esmeralde—L. smaragdus—Gr. smaragdos.]

Emerge, e-mėrj′, v.i. to rise out of: to issue or come forth: to reappear after being concealed: to come into view: to result.—ns. Emer′gence, Emer′gency, act of emerging: sudden appearance: an unexpected occurrence: pressing necessity; Emer′gency-man, a man provided for any special service, esp. in Irish evictions, and in saving the crops and other property of men boycotted.—adj. Emer′gent, emerging: suddenly appearing: arising unexpectedly: urgent.—adv. Emer′gently.—n. Emer′sion, act of emerging: (astron.) the reappearance of a heavenly body after being eclipsed by another or by the sun's brightness. [L. emergĕre, emersum—e, out of, mergĕre, to plunge.]

Emeritus, e-mer′i-tus, adj. honourably discharged from the performance of public duty, esp. noting a retired professor.—n. one who has been honourably discharged from public duties:—pl. Emer′iti. [L. emeritus, having served one's time—emerēri, to deserve, do one's duty—e, sig. completeness, and merēre, to deserve.]

Emery, em′ėr-i, n. a very hard mineral, a variety of corundum, used as powder for polishing, &c.—v.t. to rub or coat with emery.—ns. Em′ery-pā′per, paper covered with emery-powder for polishing; Em′ery-pow′der, ground emery; Em′ery-wheel, a wheel coated with emery for polishing. [O. Fr. esmeril, emeril—Low L. smericulum—Gr. smēris—smaein, to rub.]

Emetic, e-met′ik, adj. causing vomiting.—n. a medicine that causes vomiting.—n. Em′esis, vomiting.—adj. Emet′ical.—adv. Emet′ically.—n. Em′etin, the alkaloid forming the active principle of ipecacuanha-root, violently emetic.—adj. Em′eto-cathart′ic, producing both vomiting and purging.—n. Emetol′ogy, the study of emesis and emetics, [Through L., from Gr. emetikos—emeein, to vomit.]

Emiction, e-mik′shun, n. the discharging of urine: urine.—adj. Emic′tory, promoting the flow of urine. [L. emingĕre, emictum—e, out, mingĕre, to make water.]

Emigrate, em′i-grāt, v.i. and v.t. to remove from one country to another as a place of abode.—adj. Em′igrant, emigrating or having emigrated.—n. one who emigrates.—n. Emigrā′tion.—adj. Emigrā′tional.—n. Emigrā′tionist, an advocate or promoter of emigration.—adj. Emigrā′tory.—n. Emigré (ā-mē-grā), a royalist who quitted France during the Revolution. [L. emigrāre, -ātum—e, from, migrāre, to remove.]

Eminent, em′i-nent, adj. rising above others: conspicuous: distinguished: exalted in rank or office.—ns. Em′inence, Em′inency, a part eminent or rising above the rest: a rising ground: height: distinction: a title of honour: homage: a title given in 1631 to cardinals, till then styled Most Illustrious.—adj. Eminen′tial.—adv. Em′inently.—Eminent domain (dominium eminens), the right by which the supreme authority in a state may compel a proprietor to part with what is his own for the public use. [L. eminens, -entis, pr.p. of eminēre—e, out, minēre, to project.]

Emir, em-ēr′, or ē′mir, n. a title given in the East and in the north of Africa to all independent chieftains, and also to all the supposed descendants of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima.—n. Em′irate, the office of an emir. [Ar. amīr, ruler.]

Emit, e-mit′, v.t. to send out: to throw or give out: in issue: to utter (a declaration):—pr.p. emit′ting; pa.p. emit′ted.—n. Em′issary, one sent out on a secret mission: a spy: an underground channel by which the water of a lake escapes.—adj. that is sent forth.—n. Emis′sion, the act of emitting: that which is issued at one time.—adjs. Emis′sive, Emis′sory, emitting, sending out.—Emission theory, the theory that all luminous bodies emit with equal velocities a number of elastic corpuscles, which travel in straight lines, are reflected, and are refracted. [L. emittĕre, emissum—e, out of, mittĕre, to send.]

Emmanuel, em-an′ū-el, Immanuel, im-, n. the symbolical name of the child announced by Isaiah (Isa. vii. 14), and applied to the Messiah (Matt. i. 23). [Heb.,—im, with, anu, us, el, God.]

Emmarble, em-mär′bl, v.t. to turn to marble, to petrify. [Em and marble.]

Emmenagogues, em-en′a-gogz, n.pl. medicines intended to restore, or to bring on for the first time, the menses.—adj. Emmenagog′ic (-goj′ik).—n. Emmenol′ogy, knowledge about menstruation. [Gr. emmēna, menses, agōgos, drawing forth.]

Emmetropia, em-e-trō′pi-a, n. the normal condition of the refractive media of the eye.—adj. Emmetropi′c. [Gr., en, in, metron, measure, ōps, the eye.]

Emmollient, e-mol′yent, adj. softening: making supple.—n. (med.) a substance used to soften the textures to which they are applied, as poultices, fomentations, &c.—n. Emolles′cence, incipient fusion.—v.t. Emmoll′iate, to soften: to render effeminate.—n. Emolli′tion, the act of softening or relaxing. [L. emollīre, emollitum—e, inten., mollīre, to soften—mollis, soft.]

Emolument, e-mol′ū-ment, n. advantage: profit arising from employment, as salary or fees.—adj. Emolumen′tal. [L. emolimentum—emolīri, to work out—e, sig. completeness, molīre, to toil.]

Emotion, e-mō′shun, n. a moving of the feelings: agitation of mind: (phil.) one of the three groups of the phenomena of the mind.—adj. Emō′tional.—n. Emō′tionalism, tendency to emotional excitement, the habit of working on the emotions, the indulgence of superficial emotion.—adv. Emō′tionally.—adjs. Emō′tionless; Emō′tive, pertaining to the emotions. [L. emotion-em—emovēre, emōtum, to stir up—e, forth, movēre, to move.]

Empæstic, em-pē′stik, adj. pertaining to the art of embossing, stamped. [Gr. empaiein, to emboss.]

Empanel, em-pan′el, Impanel, im-, v.t. to enter the names of a jury on a panel.—n. Empan′elment.

Empeople, em-pē′pl, v.t. (obs.) to fill with people: to form into a people or community.

Emperor, em′pėr-or, n. the head of the Roman Empire: the highest title of sovereignty:—fem. Em′press.—ns. Em′peror-moth, except the Death's-head, the largest British moth, its expanse of wings being about three inches; Em′perorship; Em′pery, empire, power. [O. Fr. emperere—L. imperator (fem. imperatrix)—imperāre, to command.]

Emphasis, em′fa-sis, n. stress of the voice on particular words or syllables to make the meaning clear: impressiveness of expression or weight of thought: intensity:—pl. Em′phases (-sēz).—v.t. Em′phasīse, to make emphatic.—adjs. Emphat′ic, -al, uttered with or requiring emphasis: forcible: impressive.—adv. Emphat′ically.—n. Emphat′icalness. [L.,—Gr.,—em (=en), in, into, and phasis—phaein, phainein, to show.]

Emphlysis, em′fli-sis, n. a vesicular tumour. [Gr., en, in, phlysis—phlyein, to break out.]

Emphractic, em-frak′tik, adj. stopping the pores of the skin.—n. a substance with this property. [Gr., en, in, phrassein, to stop.]

Emphysema, em-fis-ē′ma, n. (med.) an unnatural distention of a part with air.—adj. Emphysem′atous. [Gr.,—emphysaein, to inflate.]

Emphyteusis, em-fit-ū′sis, n. in Roman law, a perpetual right in a piece of land, for which a yearly sum was paid to the proprietor.—adj. Emphyteu′tic. [L.,—Gr.,—emphyteuein, to implant.]

Empire, em′pīr, n. supreme control or dominion: the territory under the dominion of an emperor. [Fr.,—L. imperium—imperāre, to command.]

Empiric, -al, em-pir′ik, -al, adj. resting on trial or experiment: known only by experience.—n. Empir′ic, one who makes trials or experiments: one whose knowledge is got from experience only: a quack.—adv. Empir′ically.—ns. Empir′icism (phil.) the system which, rejecting all a priori knowledge, rests solely on experience and induction: dependence of a physician on his experience alone without a regular medical education: the practice of medicine without a regular education: quackery: Empir′icist, one who practises empiricism.—adj. Empiricūt′ic (Shak.), empirical. [Fr.,—L. empiricus—Gr. empeirikos—em, in, peira, a trial.]

Emplacement, em-plās′ment, n. the act of placing: (mil.) a platform placed for guns.

Emplaster, em-plas′tėr, n. and v. same as Plaster.—adj. Emplas′tic, glutinous: adhesive.—n. a medicine causing constipation.

Emplecton, em-plek′ton, n. masonry in which the outsides of the walls are ashlar and the insides filled up with rubbish.—Also Emplec′tum. [Gr.]

Employ, em-ploy′, v.t. to occupy the time or attention of: to use as a means or agent: to give work to.—n. a poetical form of employment.—adj. Employ′able, that may be employed.—ns. Employ′é, one who is employed:—fem. Employ′ée; Employēē′, a person employed; Employ′er; Employ′ment, act of employing: that which engages or occupies: occupation. [Fr. employer—L. implicāre, to infold—in, in, and plicāre, to fold. Imply and implicate are parallel forms.]

Empoison, em-poi′zn, v.t. to put poison in: to poison.—p.adj. Empoi′soned.—n. Empoi′sonment.

Emporium, em-pō′ri-um, n. a place to which goods are brought from various parts for sale: a shop: a great mart:—pl. Empō′ria. [L.,—Gr. emporion—emporos, a trader, em (=en), in, poros, a way.]

Emprise, em-prīz′, n. (Spens.) an enterprise: a hazardous undertaking. [O. Fr. emprise—L. in, in, prehendĕre, to take.]

Emption, emp′shun, n. act of buying, purchase.—adj. Emp′tional. [L. emĕre, to buy.]

Empty, emp′ti, adj. having nothing in it: unfurnished: without effect: unsatisfactory: wanting substance: foolish.—v.t. to make empty: to deprive of contents.—v.i. to become empty: to discharge its contents:—pa.p. emp′tied.—n. an empty vessel, box, sack, &c.:—pl. Emp′ties.—ns. Emp′tier: Emp′tiness, state of being empty: want of substance: unsatisfactoriness: inanity.—adj. Emp′ty-hand′ed, carrying nothing, esp. of a gift.—n. Emp′tying.—Come away empty, to come away without having received anything. [A.S. ǽmetig—ǽmetta, leisure, rest. The p is excrescent.]

Empusa, em-pū′za, n. a goblin or spectre sent by Hecate.—Also Empuse′. [Gr. empousa.]

Empyema, em-pi-ē′ma, n. a collection of pus in the pleura. [Gr.,—em (=en), in, and pyon, pus.]

Empyreal, em-pir′ē-al, or em-pir-ē′al, adj. formed of pure fire or light: pertaining to the highest and purest region of heaven: sublime.—adj. Empyrean (em-pi-rē′an, or em-pir′e-an), empyreal.—n. the highest heaven, where the pure element of fire was supposed by the ancients to subsist: the heavens. [Coined from Gr. empyros, fiery—em (=en), in, and, pyr, fire.]

Empyreuma, em-pir-ū′ma, n. the burned smell and acrid taste which result when vegetable or animal substances are burned:—pl. Empyreu′mata.—adjs. Empyreumat′ic, -al.—v.t. Empyreu′matise. [Gr.,—empyreuein, to kindle.]

Emu, Emeu, ē′mū, n. a genus of running birds or Ratitæ in the cassowary family, belonging to Australia.—n. E′mu-wren, a small Australian bird of genus Stipiturus. [Port. ema, an ostrich.]

Emulate, em′ū-lāt, v.t. to strive to equal or excel: to imitate, with a view to equal or excel: to rival.—adj. (Shak.) ambitious.—n. Emulā′tion, act of emulating or attempting to equal or excel: rivalry: competition: contest: (obs.) jealous rivalry.—adj. Em′ulative, inclined to emulation, rivalry, or competition.—n. Em′ulator:—fem. Em′ulatress.—adj. Em′ulatory, arising from or expressing emulation.—v.t. Em′ule (obs), to emulate.—adj. Em′ulous, eager to emulate: desirous of like excellence with another: engaged in competition or rivalry.—adv. Em′ulously—n. Em′ulousness. [L. æmulāri, æmulātus—æmulus, striving with.]

Emulgent, e-mul′jent, adj. milking or draining out, chiefly referring to the action of the kidneys. [L. emulgens, -entis, pr.p. of emulgēre, to milk.]

Emulsion, e-mul′shun, n. a milky liquid prepared by mixing oil and water by means of another substance that combines with both.—adj. Emul′sic, pertaining to emulsion.—v.t. Emul′sify.—n. Emul′sin, a peculiar ferment present in the bitter and sweet almond, which forms a constituent of all almond emulsions.—adj. Emul′sive. [Fr.,—L. emulgēre, emulsum, to milk out—e, out, and mulgēre, to milk.]

Emunctory, e-mungk′tor-i, n. an organ of the body that carries off waste: an excretory duct.—v.t. Emunge′, to clean. [L. emungĕre, emunctum, to blow the nose, to cleanse.]

Emys, em′is, n. a genus of marsh tortoises, found in South and Middle Europe, North Africa, and South-west Asia. [Gr. emys.]

Enable, en-ā′bl, v.t. to make able: to give power, strength, or authority to.

Enact, en-akt′, v.t. to perform: to act the part of: to establish by law.—n. (Shak.) that which is enacted.—adjs. Enact′ing, Enact′ive, that enacts.—ns. Enact′ment, the passing of a bill into law: that which is enacted: a law; Enact′or, one who practises or performs anything: one who forms decrees or establishes laws; Enact′ure (Shak.), action.

Enallage, en-al′a-jē, n. (gram.) the exchange of one case, mood, or tense for another. [Gr.,—en, and allassein, to change.]

Enamel, en-am′el, n. the name given to vitrified substances applied chiefly to the surface of metals: any smooth hard coating, esp. that of the teeth: anything enamelled.—v.t. to coat with or paint in enamel: to form a glossy surface upon, like enamel:—pr.p. enam′elling; pa.p. enam′elled.—adj. En-am′ellar.—ns. Enam′eller, Enam′ellist; Enam′elling. [O. Fr. enameler—en, in, esmail, enamel. Cf. Eng. Smelt, Melt.]

Enamour, en-am′ur, v.t. to inflame with love: to charm.—p.adjs. Enam′oured; Enam′ouring.—Be enamoured (with of, with), to be in love. [O. Fr. enamourer—en, to make, amour—L. amor, love.]

Enanthesis, en-an-thē′sis, n. an eruption on the skin from internal disease. [Gr.]

Enantiopathy, en-an-ti-op′a-thi, n. a synonym of allopathy. [Gr. enantios, opposite, pathos, suffering.]

Enantiosis, e-nan-ti-ō′sis, n. (rhet.) the expression of an idea by negation of its contrary, as 'he is no fool'='he is wise.' [Gr.]

Enarmed, en-ärmed′, adj. (her.) having horns, hoofs, &c. of a different colour from the body.

Enarthrosis, en-ar-thrō′sis, n. (anat.) a joint of 'ball-and-socket' form, allowing motion in all directions.—adj. Enarthrō′dial. [Gr.,—en, in, and arthroein, arthrōsein, to fasten by a joint—arthron, a joint.]

Enaunter, en-än′tėr, conj. (obs.) lest by chance. [Contr. from in adventure.]

Encænia, en-sē′ni-a, n. the annual commemoration of founders and benefactors at Oxford, held in June.—Also Encē′nia. [L.,—Gr. egkainia, a feast of dedication—en, in, kainos, new.]

Encamp, en-kamp′, v.t. to form into a camp.—v.i. to pitch tents: to halt on a march.—n. Encamp′ment, the act of encamping: the place where an army or company is encamped: a camp.

Encanthis, en-kan′this, n. a small tumour of the inner angle of the eye. [Gr.]

Encase, en-kās′, Incase, in-, v.t. to enclose in a case: to surround, cover.—n. Encase′ment, the enclosing substance: a covering.

Encaustic, en-kaws′tik, adj. having the colours burned in.—n. an ancient method of painting in melted wax.—Encaustic tile, a decorative glazed and fired tile, having patterns of different coloured clays inlaid in it and burnt with it. [Fr.,—Gr.,—egkaiein, egkausein—en, in, kaiein, to burn.]

Enceinte, äng-sangt′, n. (fort.) an enclosure, generally the whole area of a fortified place. [Fr.,—enceindre, to surround—L. in, in, cingĕre, cinctum, to gird.]

Enceinte, äng-sangt′, adj. pregnant, with child. [Fr.,—L. incincta, girt about.]

Encephalon, en-sef′al-on, n. the brain.—adj. Encephal′ic, belonging to the head or brain.—ns. Encephalī′tis, inflammation of the brain; Enceph′alocele, a protrusion of portion of the brain through the skull, where the bones are incomplete in infancy.—adj. Enceph′aloid, resembling the matter of the brain.—n. Encephalot′omy, dissection of the brain.—adj. Enceph′alous, cephalous. [Gr.,—en, in, kephalē, the head.]

Enchain, en-chān′, v.t. to put in chains: to hold fast: to link together.—n. Enchain′ment [Fr. enchainer—en, and chaîne, a chain—L. catena.]

Enchant, en-chant′, v.t. to act on by songs or rhymed formulas of sorcery: to charm: to delight in a high degree.—p.adj. Enchant′ed, under the power of enchantment: delighted: possessed by witches or spirits.—n. Enchant′er, one who enchants: a sorcerer or magician: one who charms or delights:—fem. Enchant′ress.—adv. Enchant′ingly, with the force of enchantment: in a manner to charm or delight.—n. Enchant′ment, act of enchanting: use of magic arts: that which enchants. [Fr. enchanter—L. incantāre, to sing a magic formula over—in, on, cantāre, to sing.]

Encharge, en-chärj′, v.t. to enjoin: to entrust. [O. Fr. encharger. See Charge.]

Enchase, en-chās′, v.t. to fix in a border: to set with jewels: to engrave: to adorn with raised or embossed work.—p.adj. Enchased′. [Fr. enchâsser—en, in, châssis, caisse, a case—L. capsa, a case. See Chase, n. Chase, v.t., is a contraction.]

Encheason, en-chē′zn, n. (Spens.) reason, cause, occasion. [O. Fr. encheson, encheoir, to fall in; influenced by L. occasio, occasion.]

Enchiridion, en-ki-rid′i-on, n. a book to be carried in the hand for reference: a manual. [Gr. encheiridion—en, in, and cheir, the hand.]

Enchondroma, en-kon-drō′ma, n. (path.) an abnormal cartilaginous growth. [Formed from Gr. en, in, chondros, cartilage.]

Enchorial, en-kō′ri-al, adj. belonging to or used in a country: used by the people, noting esp. the written characters used by the common people in Egypt as opposed to the hieroglyphics.—Also Enchor′ic. [Gr. enchōrios—en, in, and chōra, a place, country.]

Encincture, en-singk′tūr, v.t. to surround with a girdle.—n. an enclosure.

Encircle, en-sėrk′l, v.t. to enclose in a circle: to embrace: to pass round.—n. Encirc′ling.

Enclave, en-klāv′, or äng-klāv′, n. a territory entirely enclosed within the territories of another power.—v.t. to surround in this way. [Fr.,—Late L. inclavāre—L. in, and clavis, a key.]

Enclitic, en-klit′ik, adj. that inclines or leans upon.—n. (gram.) a word or particle which always follows another word, so united with it as to seem a part of it.—n. En′clisis.—adv. Enclit′ically. [Gr. engklitikos—en, in, klinein, to bend.]

Enclose, en-klōz′, Inclose, in-, v.t. to close or shut in: to confine: to surround: to put in a case, as a letter in an envelope, &c.: to fence, esp. used of waste land.—ns. Enclos′er; Enclos′ure, the act of enclosing: state of being enclosed: that which is enclosed: a space fenced off: that which encloses: a barrier. [Fr.,—L. includĕre, inclusum—in, in, claudĕre, to shut.]

Encolpion, en-kol′pi-on, n. an amulet: a Greek pectoral cross.—Also Encol′pium. [Gr.]

Encomium, en-kō′mi-um, n. high commendation: a eulogy:—pl. Encō′miums.—n. Encō′miast, one who utters or writes encomiums: a praiser.—adjs. Encomias′tic, -al, bestowing praise.—adv. Encomias′tically. [L.,—Gr. egkōmion, a song of praise—en, in, kōmos, festivity.]

Encompass, en-kum′pas, v.t. to surround or enclose: (obs.) to go round.—n. Encom′passment.

Encore, äng-kōr′, adv. again: once more.—n. a call for the repetition of a song, &c.: the repetition of a song, &c.—v.t. to call for a repetition of. [Fr. (It. ancora)—perh. from L. (in) hanc horam, till this hour, hence=still.]

Encounter, en-kown′ter, v.t. to meet face to face, esp. unexpectedly: to meet in contest: to oppose.—n. a meeting unexpectedly: an interview: a fight: (Shak.) behaviour. [O. Fr. encontrer—L. in, in, contra, against.]

Encourage, en-kur′āj, v.t. to put courage in: to inspire with spirit or hope: to incite: to patronise: to cherish.—ns. Encour′agement, act of encouraging: that which encourages; Encour′ager,—p.adj. Encour′aging, giving ground to hope for success.—adv. Encour′agingly. [O. Fr. encoragier (Fr. encourager)—en, to make, corage, courage.]

Encratite, en′kra-tīt, n. one of a heretical sect in the early church, who abstained from marriage, and from flesh and wine.—n. En′cratism. [Formed from Gr. egkratēs, continent—en, in, kratos, strength.]

Encrimson, en-krim′zn, v.t. to tinge with a crimson colour.—p.adj. Encrim′soned.

Encrinite, en′kri-nīt, n. a common fossil crinoid, found thick in limestone and marble—called also Stone-lily.—adjs. Encrī′nal, Encrin′ic, Encrinī′tal, Encrinit′ic, relating to or containing encrinites. [Formed from Gr. en, in, krinon, a lily.]

Encroach, en-krōch′, v.i. to seize on the rights of others: to intrude: to trespass.—n. Encroach′er.—adv. Encroach′ingly.—n. Encroach′ment, act of encroaching: that which is taken by encroaching. [O. Fr. encrochier, to seize—en-, and croc, a hook.]

Encrust, en-krust′, Incrust, in-, v.t. to cover with a crust or hard coating: to form a crust on the surface of.—v.i. to form a crust.—n. Encrustā′tion, act of encrusting: a crust or layer of anything: an inlaying of marble, mosaic, &c. [Fr.,—L. incrustāre, -ātum—in, on, crusta, crust.]

Encumber, en-kum′bėr, v.t. to impede the motion of: to hamper: to embarrass: to burden: to load with debts.—ns. Encum′berment, the act of encumbering: the state of being encumbered; Encum′brance, that which encumbers or hinders: a legal claim on an estate: one dependent on another—e.g. 'a widow without encumbrances'=a widow without children; Encum′brancer. [O. Fr. encombrer, from en-, and combrer.]

Encyclical, en-sik′lik-al, adj. sent round to many persons or places.—n. a letter addressed by the pope to all his bishops condemning current errors or advising the Christian people how to act in regard to great public questions.—Also Encyc′lic. [Gr. engkyklios—en, in, kyklos, a circle.]

Encyclopædia, Encyclopedia, en-sī-klo-pē′di-a, n. the circle of human knowledge: a work containing information on every department, or on a particular department, of knowledge, generally in alphabetical order: a name specially given to the work of the French writers Diderot, D'Alembert, and others in the third quarter of the 18th century.—adjs. Encyclopæ′dian, embracing the whole circle of learning; Encyclopæ′dic, -al, pertaining to an encyclopædia: full of information.—ns. Encyclopæ′dism, knowledge of everything; Encyclopæ′dist, the compiler, or one who assists in the compilation, of an encyclopædia: esp. a writer for the French Encyclopédie (1751-65). [Formed from Gr. engkyklopaideia—engkyklios, circular, paideia, instruction.]

Encyst, en-sist′, v.t. or v.i. to enclose or become enclosed in a cyst or vesicle.—ns. Encystā′tion, Encyst′ment.—adj. Encyst′ed.

End, end, n. the last point or portion: termination or close: death: consequence: object aimed at: a fragment.—v.t. to bring to an end: to destroy.—v.i. to come to an end: to cease.—n. End′-all, that which ends all.—adj. End′ed, brought to an end: having ends.—n. End′ing, termination: conclusion: that which is at the end: (gram.) the terminating syllable or letter of a word.—adj. End′less, without end: everlasting: objectless.—adv. End′lessly.—n. End′lessness.—adv. End′long, lengthwise: continuously: on end.—adj. End′most, farthest.—n. End′ship (obs.) a village.—advs. End′ways, End′wise, on the end: with the end forward.—End for end, with the position of the ends reversed; Endless screw, an arrangement for producing slow motion in machinery, consisting of a screw whose thread gears into a wheel with skew teeth; End on, having the end pointing directly to an object—(naut.) opp. to Broadside on: (min.) opp. to Face on.—A shoemaker's end, a waxed thread ending in a bristle.—At loose ends, in disorder; At one's wits' end, at the end of one's ability to decide or act.—Begin at the wrong end, to manage badly; Be the end of, to cause the death of.—Come to the end of one's tether, to go as far as one's powers permit.—Have at one's finger-ends, to be thoroughly acquainted, to have in perfect readiness.—In the end, after all: at last.—Latter end, the end of life.—Make both ends meet, to live within one's income (both ends meaning both ends of the year).—No end (coll.), very much, a great deal.—On end, erect.—Rope's end (see Rope). [A.S. ende; cf. Ger. and Dan. ende, Goth. andeis; Sans. ánta.]

Endamage, en-dam′āj, v.t. same as Damage.—n. Endam′agement, damage, injury, loss.

Endanger, en-dān′jėr, v.t. to place in danger: to expose to loss or injury.—ns. Endan′gerer; Endan′germent, hazard, peril.

Endear, en-dēr′, v.t. to make dear or more dear.—adjs. Endeared′, beloved; Endear′ing.—adv. Endear′ingly.—n. Endear′ment, act of endearing: state of being endeared: that which excites or increases affection: a caress.

Endeavour, en-dev′ur, v.i. to strive to accomplish an object: to attempt or try.—v.t. to attempt.—n. an exertion of power towards some object: attempt or trial.—n. Endeav′ourment (Spens.), endeavour.—Do one's endeavour, to do one's utmost. [Fr. en devoir—en, in (with force of 'to do' or 'make,' as in en-amour, en-courage), and devoir, duty.]

Endecagon, en-dek′a-gon, n. a plane figure of eleven sides—also Hendec′agon.—adjs. Endecag′ynous, having eleven pistils; Endecaphyl′lous, having eleven leaflets; Endecasyllab′ic, having eleven syllables.

Endeictic, en-dīk′tik, adj. showing, exhibiting.—n. Endeix′is, an indication. [Gr.]

Endemic, -al, en-dem′ik, -al, Endemial, en-dē′mi-al, adj. peculiar to a people or a district, as a disease.—n. Endem′ic, a disease affecting a number of persons simultaneously, in such manner as to show a distinct connection with certain localities.—adv. Endem′ically.—ns. Endemi′city, state of being endemic; Endemiol′ogy, knowledge of endemic diseases. [Gr. endēmios—en, in, and dēmos, a people, a district.]

Endermic, -al, en-dėrm′ik, -al, adj. through or applied directly to the skin—also Endermat′ic.—n. En′deron, the corium, derma, or true skin. [Gr. en, in, and derma, the skin.]

Endive, en′div, n. an annual or biennial plant of the same genus as chicory, used as a salad. [Fr.,—L. intubus.]

Endocardium, en-do-kar′di-um, n. the lining membrane of the heart.—adjs. Endocar′diac, Endocar′dial.—n. Endocardī′tis, disease of the internal surface of the heart, resulting in the deposit of fibrin on the valves. [Gr. endon, within, kardia, heart.]

Endocarp, en′do-kärp, n. the inner coat or shell of a fruit. [Gr. endon, within, and karpos, fruit.]

Endochrome, en′dō-krōm, n. the colouring matter, other than green, of vegetable cells, esp. of algæ: (zool.) the coloured endoplasm of a cell. [Gr. endon, within, chrōma, colour.]

Endoderm, en′do-derm, n. the inner layer of the Blastoderm (q.v.). [Gr. endon, within, derma, skin.]

Endogamy, en-dog′am-i, n. the custom forbidding a man to marry any woman who is not of his kindred.—adj. Endog′amous. [Gr. endon, within, gamos, marriage.]

Endogen, en′do-jen, n. a plant that grows from within, or by additions to the inside of the stem, as the palm, grasses, &c.—adj. Endog′enous, increasing by internal growth. [Gr. endon, within, and genēs, born.]

Endolymph, en′dō-limf, n. the fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the ear.

Endomorph, en′do-morf, n. a mineral enclosed within another mineral, the latter being termed a perimorph. [Gr. endon, within, morphē, form.]

Endophagy, en-dō′faj-i, n. in cannibalism, the practice of eating one of the same stock. [Gr. endon, within, phagos, an eater.]

Endophyllous, en-dō-fil′us, adj. (bot.) being or formed within a sheath, as the young leaves of monocotyledons.

Endoplasm, en′dō-plazm, n. (bot.) the granular and fluid part of the protoplasm of a cell—opp. to Ectoplasm: (zool.) the interior protoplasm of a protozoan.—Also En′dosarc.

Endorhizal, en-dō-rī′zal, adj. (bot.) having the radicle of the embryo enclosed within a sheath, as in endogenous plants.—Also Endorhī′zous.

Endorse, en-dors′, Indorse, in-, v.t. to write one's name on the back of: to assign by writing on the back of: to give one's sanction to: to lay on the back, to load.—adj. Endors′able.—ns. Endorsēē′, the person to whom a bill, &c., is assigned by endorsement; Endorse′ment, act of endorsing: that which is written on a bill: sanction; Endors′er. [Changed from M. E. endosse under the influence of Low L. indorsāre—in, on, dorsum, the back.]

Endoskeleton, en-dō-skel′e-ton, n. the internal skeleton or framework of the body.—adj. Endoskel′etal.

Endosmosis, en-dos-mō′sis, n. the passage of a fluid inwards through an organic membrane, to mix with another fluid inside—also En′dosmose.—n. Endosmom′eter, an instrument for measuring endosmotic action.—adjs. Endosmomet′ric; Endosmot′ic, pertaining to or of the nature of endosmosis.—adv. Endosmot′ically. [Gr. endon, within, and ōsmos.]

Endosome, en′dō-sōm, n. the innermost part of the body of a sponge.—adj. En′dosōmal.

Endosperm, en′dō-sperm, n. (bot.) the albumen of a seed.—adj. Endosper′mic.

Endoss, en-dos′, v.t. (obs.) to endorse: (Spens.) to write. [M. E. endosse—O. Fr. endosser.]

Endosteum, en-dos′tē-um, n. (anat.) the internal periosteum.—adj. Endos′tēal.—n. Endostī′tis, inflammation of the endosteum.

Endostome, en′dō-stōm, n. (bot.) the foramen of the inner integument of an ovule: the inner peristome of mosses.

Endow, en-dow′, v.t. to give a dowry or marriage-portion to: to settle a permanent provision on: to enrich with any gift or faculty: to present.—ns. Endow′er; Endow′ment, act of endowing: that which is settled on any person or institution: a quality or faculty bestowed on any one. [Fr. en (=L. in), douer, to endow—L. dotāre—dos, dotis, a dowry.]

Endue, en-dū′, Indue, in-, v.t. to put on, as clothes: to invest or clothe with: to supply with.—n. Endue′ment, adornment. [O. Fr. enduire—L. inducĕre—in, into, ducĕre, to lead. In certain senses the word is closely related to induĕre, to put on.]

Endure, en-dūr′, v.t. to remain firm under: to bear without sinking: to tolerate.—v.i. to remain firm: to last.—adj. Endur′able, that can be endured or borne.—n. Endur′ableness.—adv. Endur′ably.—ns. Endur′ance, state of enduring or bearing: continuance: a suffering patiently without sinking: patience; Endur′er.—adv. Endur′ingly. [O. Fr. endurer—L. indurāre—in, in, durus, hard.]

Endymion, en-dim′i-on, n. a beautiful youth whom Selene (the moon) wrapped in perpetual sleep that she might kiss him without his knowledge.

Enema, en′e-ma, or e-nē′ma, n. a liquid medicine thrown into the rectum: an injection. [Gr.,—enienai, to send in—en, in, and hienai, to send.]

Enemy, en′e-mi, n. one who hates or dislikes: a foe: a hostile army.—adj. (obs.) hostile.—How goes the enemy? (slang) what o'clock is it?—The Enemy, The old Enemy, the Devil; The last enemy, death. [O. Fr. enemi (mod. Fr. ennemi)—L. inimicus—in, neg., amicus, a friend.]

Energumen, en-er-gū′men, n. one possessed: a demoniac. [Low L.,—Gr. energoumenos—energein—en, in, ergon, work.]

Energy, en′ėr-ji, n. power of doing work: power exerted: vigorous operation: strength: (physics) the term, as applied to a material system, used to denote the power of doing work possessed by that system.—adjs. Energet′ic, -al, having or showing energy: active: forcible: effective.—adv. Energet′ically.—n.pl. Energet′ics, the science of the general laws of energy.—adj. Ener′gic, exhibiting energy.—v.t. En′ergise, to give strength or active force to.—v.i. to act with force:—pr.p. en′ergīsing; pa.p. en′ergīsed.—Conservation of energy (see Conservation). [Gr. energeia—en, in, ergon, work.]

Enervate, en-ėr′vāt, v.t. to deprive of nerve, strength, or courage: to weaken.—adj. weakened: spiritless.—n. Enervā′tion.—adj. Ener′vative.—v.t. Enerve′ (obs.), to enervate. [L. enervāre, -ātum—e, out of, nervus, a nerve.]

Enew, e-nū′, v.t. in falconry, to drive back to the water: to pursue. [O. Fr. enewer—en, in, eau, water.]

Enfeeble, en-fē′bl, v.t. to make feeble: to weaken.—n. Enfee′blement, weakening: weakness.

Enfeoff, en-fef′, v.t. to give a fief to: to invest with a possession in fee: to surrender.—n. Enfeoff′ment, act of enfeoffing: the deed which invests with the fee of an estate. [O. Fr. enfeffer—en-, and fief. See Fief, Feoff.]

Enfilade, en-fi-lād′, n. a number of rooms with the doors opening into a common passage: a fire that rakes a line of troops, &c., from end to end; a situation or a body open from end to end.—v.t. to rake with shot through the whole length of a line. [Fr.,—enfiler—en (=L. in), and fil, a thread. See File, a line or wire.]

Enfiled, en-fīld′, p.adj. (her.) thrust through with a sword. [See Enfilade.]

Enfold, en-fōld′, Infold, in-, v.t. to wrap up.—n. Enfold′ment, act of enfolding: that which enfolds.

Enforce, en-fōrs′, v.t. to gain by force: to give force to: to put in force: to give effect to: to urge: (Spens.) to attempt.—adj. Enforce′able.—adv. Enforc′edly, by violence, not by choice.—n. Enforce′ment, act of enforcing: compulsion: a giving effect to: that which enforces. [O. Fr. enforcer—en (=L. in), and force.]

Enfouldered, en-fowl′dėrd, p.adj. (Spens.) mixed with lightning or fire. [En, in, and O. Fr. fouldre (Fr. foudre)—L. fulgur, lightning, fulgĕre, to flash.]

Enfranchise, en-fran′chiz, v.t. to set free: to give a franchise or political privileges to.—n. Enfran′chisement, act of enfranchising: liberation: admission to civil or political privileges. [O. Fr. enfranchir—en, and franc, free. See Franchise.]

Enfree, en-frē′, Enfreedom, en-frē′dum, v.t. (Shak.) to set free, to give freedom to.

Enfreeze, en-frēz′, v.t. (Spens.) to freeze: turn to ice:—pr.p. enfreez′ing: pa.p. enfrōz′en, enfrōz′ened.

Engage, en-gāj′, v.t. to bind by a gage or pledge: to render liable: to gain for service: to enlist: to gain over: to betroth: (archit.) to fasten: to win: to occupy: to enter into contest with: (obs.) to entangle.—v.i. to pledge one's word: to become bound: to take a part: to enter into conflict.—p.adj. Engaged′, pledged: promised, esp. in marriage: greatly interested: occupied: (archit.) partly built or sunk into, or so appearing: geared together, interlocked.—n. Engage′ment, act of engaging: state of being engaged: that which engages: betrothal: promise: employment: a fight or battle.—p.adj. Engag′ing, winning: attractive.—adv. Engag′ingly.—Engage for, to answer for. [Fr. engager—en gage, in pledge. See Gage.]

Engender, en-jen′dėr, v.t. to beget: to bear: to breed: to sow the seeds of: to produce.—v.i. to be caused or produced.—ns. Engen′drure, Engen′dure, act of engendering: generation. [Fr. engendrer—L. ingenerāre—in, and generāre, to generate.]

Engine, en′jin, n. a complex and powerful machine, esp. a prime mover: a military machine: anything used to effect a purpose: a device: contrivance: (obs.) ability, genius.—v.t. to contrive: to put into action.—ns. En′gine-driv′er, one who manages an engine, esp. who drives a locomotive; Engineer′, an engine maker or manager: one who directs works and engines: a soldier belonging to the division of the army called Engineers, consisting of men trained to engineering work.—v.i. to act as an engineer.—v.t. to arrange, contrive.—ns. Engineer′ing, the art or profession of an engineer; En′gine-man, one who drives an engine; En′gine-room, the room in a vessel in which the engines are placed; En′ginery, the art or business of managing engines: engines collectively: machinery; En′gine-turn′ing, a kind of ornament made by a rose-engine, as on the backs of watches, &c.—Civil engineer (see Civil). [O. Fr. engin—L. ingenium, skill. See Ingenious.]

Engirdle, en-gėrd′l, Engirt, en-gėrt′, v.t. to surround, as with a girdle: to encircle.

English, ing′glish, adj. belonging to England or its inhabitants.—n. the language of the people of England.—v.t. to translate a book into English: to make English.—ns. Eng′lander, an Englishman; Eng′lisher, Eng′lishman, a native or naturalised inhabitant of England; Eng′lishry, the fact of being an Englishman; in Ireland, the population of English descent.—Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, the language spoken in England from 450 till about 1150; Middle English till 1500; Modern English from 1500 onwards (Early English often means Early Middle English; (archit.), see Early).—Presentment of Englishry, the offering of proof that a person murdered belonged to the English race, to escape the fine levied on the hundred or township for the murder of a Norman. [A.S. Englisc, from Engle, Angle, from the Angles who settled in Britain.]

Engorge, en-gorj′, v.t. (Spens.) to devour, to glut.—v.i. (Milton) to feed voraciously.—adj. Engorged′, filled to excess with blood.—n. Engorge′ment, the act of swallowing greedily: (med.) an obstruction of the vessels in some part of the system.

Engouled, en-gōōld′, adj. (her.) of bends, crosses, &c., the extremities of which enter the mouths of animals.—Also Engoul′ee.

Engraft, en-graft′, Ingraft, in-, v.t. to graft (a shoot of one tree) into another: to introduce something: to fix deeply.—ns. Engraftā′tion, act of engrafting: Engraft′ment, engrafting: the thing engrafted: a scion.

Engrail, en-grāl′, v.t (her.) to make a border composed of a series of little semicircular indents: to make rough.—v.i. to form an edging or border: to run in indented lines.—n. Engrail′ment, the ring of dots round the edge of a medal: (her.) indentation in curved lines. [O. Fr. engresler (Fr. engrêler)—gresle, hail. See Grail.]

Engrain, en-grān′, Ingrain, in-, v.t. to dye of a fast or lasting colour: to dye in the raw state: to infix deeply.—n. Engrain′er. [Orig. 'to dye in grain' (meaning with grain)—i.e. cochineal.]

Engrave, en-grāv′, v.t. to cut out with a graver a representation of anything on wood, steel, &c.: to imprint: to impress deeply.—ns. Engrav′er; Engrav′ery, the art of the engraver; Engrav′ing, act or art of cutting or incising designs on metal, wood, &c., for the purpose of printing impressions from them in ink on paper, or other similar substance—in metal, the lines to be printed are sunk or incised; in wood, the lines to be printed appear in relief, the wood between them being cut away: an impression taken from an engraved plate: a print. [Fr. en (=L. in), and grave, v.]

Engroove, en-grōōv′, Ingroove, in-, v.t. to cut a groove or furrow in: to make into a groove.

Engross, en-grōs′, v.t. to occupy wholly, monopolise: to absorb: to copy a writing in a large hand or in distinct characters: to write in legal form: to make gross.—ns. Engross′er; Engross′ing, the conduct of those who buy merchandise in large quantities to obtain command of the market; Engross′ment, act of engrossing: that which has been engrossed: a fair copy.—Engrossing a deed, the writing it out in full and regular form on parchment or paper for signature. [From Fr. en gros, in large—L. in, in, grossus, large. See Gross.]

Enguiché, äng-gē-shā′, adj. (her.) having a different tincture inside the mouth, of trumpets, &c. [Fr.]

Engulf, en-gulf′, Ingulf, in-, v.t. to swallow up wholly, as in a gulf: to cast into a gulf: to overwhelm.—n. Engulf′ment.

Engyscope, en′ji-skōp, n. a kind of reflecting microscope.—Also En′giscope. [Gr. enggys, near, skopein, to view.]

Enhance, en-hans′, v.t. to heighten: to add to, increase.—n. Enhance′ment, act of enhancing: state of being enhanced: aggravation. [Prob. from O. Fr. enhaucer—L. in, and altus, high.]

Enharmonic, -al, en-har-mon′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to music constructed on a scale containing intervals less than a semitone: pertaining to that scale of music current among the Greeks, in which an interval of 2½ tones was divided into two quarter tones and a major third.—adv. Enharmon′ically. [L.,—Gr.,—en, in, harmonia, harmony.]

Enhydrous, en-hī′drus, adj. containing water or other fluid.—n. Enhy′drite, a mineral containing water. [Gr. en, in, and hydōr, water.]

Enhypostatic, en-hī-pō-stat′ik, adj. possessing substantial or personal existence, possessing personality not independently but by union with a person.—n. Enhypostā′sia.—v.t. Enhypos′tatise.

Enigma, en-ig′ma, n. a statement with a hidden meaning to be guessed: anything very obscure: a riddle.—adjs. Enigmat′ic, -al, relating to, containing, or resembling an enigma: obscure: puzzling.—adv. Enigmat′ically.—v.t. Enig′matise, to utter or deal in riddles.—ns. Enig′matist, one who enigmatises; Enigmatog′raphy, science of enigmas and their solution. [L. ænigma—Gr. ainigma—ainissesthai, to speak darkly—ainos, a fable.]

Enjambment, en-jamb′ment, n. in verse, the continuation of a sentence beyond the end of the line. [Fr.,—enjamber—en, in, jambe, leg.]

Enjoin, en-join′, v.t. to lay upon, as an order: to order or direct with authority or urgency.—n. Enjoin′ment. [Fr. enjoindre—L. injungĕre—in, and jungĕre, to join.]

Enjoy, en-joi′, v.t. to joy or delight in: to feel or perceive with pleasure: to possess or use with satisfaction or delight: to have the use of: to have sexual intercourse with.—adj. Enjoy′able, capable of being enjoyed or of giving joy.—n. Enjoy′ment, state or condition of enjoying: satisfactory possession or use of anything; pleasure: happiness. [O. Fr. enjoier, to give joy to—en (=L. in), and joie, joy; or O. Fr. enjoir, to enjoy—en, and joir—L. gaudēre, to rejoice.]

Enkindle, en-kin′dl, v.t. to kindle or set on fire: to inflame: to rouse.—p.adj. Enkin′dled.

Enlace, en-lās′, v.t. to encircle, surround: to embrace.—n. Enlace′ment.

Enlarge, en-lärj′, v.t. to make larger: to increase in size or quantity: to expand: to amplify discourse: to set free.—v.i. to grow large or larger: to be diffuse in speaking or writing: to expatiate.—adj. Enlarged′.—adv. Enlar′gedly.—ns. Enlar′gedness; Enlarge′ment, act of enlarging: state of being enlarged: increase: extension: diffuseness of speech or writing: a setting at large: release. [O. Fr. enlarger—en (=L. in), large, large.]

Enlighten, en-līt′n, v.t. to lighten or shed light on: to make clear to the mind: to impart knowledge to: to elevate by knowledge or religion—(obs.) Enlight′.—n. Enlight′enment, act of enlightening: state of being enlightened: the spirit of the French philosophers of the 18th century.

Enlist, en-list′, v.t. to enrol: to engage as a soldier, &c.: to employ in advancing an object.—v.i. to engage in public service, esp. as a soldier: to enter heartily into a cause.—n. Enlist′ment, act of enlisting: state of being enlisted.

Enliven, en-līv′n, v.t. to put life into: to excite or make active: to make sprightly or cheerful: to animate.—ns. Enliv′ener; Enliv′enment.

Enmesh, en-mesh′, Emmesh, em-, Immesh, im-, v.t. to catch in a mesh or net, to entangle.

Enmity, en′mi-ti, n. the quality of being an enemy: unfriendliness: ill-will: hostility. [O. Fr. enemistié—L. inimicus. See Enemy.]

Ennea, en′ē-a, a prefix in words of Greek origin, signifying nine.—n. En′nead, the number nine, a system of nine objects.—adj. Ennead′ic.—n. En′neagon, a polygon with nine angles.—adjs. Enneag′onal; Enneag′ynous, having nine pistils or styles; Enneahē′dral, having nine faces.—n. Ennean′dria, the ninth Linnæan class of plants, with nine stamens.—adjs. Ennean′drian; Enneaphyl′lous, nine-leaved; Enneasper′mous, having nine seeds.

Ennoble, en-nō′bl, v.t. to make noble: to elevate, distinguish: to raise to nobility.—n. Ennō′blement, the act of making noble: that which ennobles. [Fr. ennoblir—Fr. en (=L. in), and noble.]

Ennui, äng-nwē′, n. a feeling of weariness or disgust from satiety, &c.: the occasion of ennui.—v.t. to weary: to bore.—adj. Ennuyé (äng-nwē-yā′), bored. [Fr.,—O. Fr. anoi—L. in odio, as in odio habeo, lit. 'I hold in hatred,' i.e. I am tired of. See Annoy.]

Enomoty, e-nom′ō-ti, n. a band of sworn soldiers, esp. the smallest Spartan subdivision. [Gr.]

Enormous, e-nor′mus, adj. excessive: immense: atrocious—(obs.) Enorm′.—n. Enor′mity, state or quality of being enormous: that which is enormous: a great crime: great wickedness.—adv. Enor′mously.—n. Enor′mousness. [L. enormis—e, out of, norma, rule.]

Enorthotrope, en-or′thō-trōp, n. a toy consisting of a card on which confused objects are transformed into various pictures, by causing it to revolve rapidly. [Gr. en, in, orthos, upright, tropos, turning.]

Enough, e-nuf′, adj. sufficient: giving content: satisfying want.—adv. sufficiently.—n. sufficiency: as much as satisfies desire or want. [A.S. ge-nóh, ge-nóg; Goth. ga-nóhs; Ger. ge-nug; Ice. g-nóg-r.]

Enounce, e-nowns′, v.t. to enunciate: to proclaim: to utter or articulate. [Fr. énoncer—L. enuntiāre.]

Enrage, en-rāj′, v.t. to make angry.—p.adj. Enraged′, angered: furious.—n. Enrage′ment, act of enraging, state of being enraged, excitement. [O. Fr. enrager—en (=L. in), and rage, rage.]

Enrapture, en-rap′tūr, v.t. to put in rapture: to transport with pleasure or delight.—p.adjs. Enrap′tured, Enrapt′, delighted: transported.

Enrich, en-rich′, v.t. to make rich: to fertilise: to adorn: to enhance.—n. Enrich′ment, act of enriching; that which enriches.

Enrol, Enroll, en-rōl′, v.t. to insert in a roll or register: to enlist: to record: to leave in writing:—pr.p. enrōl′ling; pa.p. enrōlled′.—ns. Enrol′ler; Enrol′ment, act of enrolling: that in which anything is enrolled: a register. [O. Fr. enroller (Fr. enrôler)—en, and rolle, roll.]

Enroot, en-rōōt′, v.t. to fix by the root: to implant firmly: (Shak.) to join firmly, as root by root.

Ens, enz, n. an entity, as opposed to an attribute. [A late pr.p. form, from L. esse, to be.]

Ensample, en-sam′pl, n. example.—v.t. to give an example of. [O. Fr. essample. See Example.]

Ensanguine, en-sang′gwin, v.t. to stain or cover with blood.—p.adj. Ensan′guined, bloody.

Ensconce, en-skons′, v.t. to cover or protect as with a sconce or earth-work: to hide safely.

Enseam, en-sēm′, v.t. (Spens.) to contain. [Der. obscure; cf. Ice. semja, to put together.]

Ensemble, äng-sangb′l, n. all the parts of a thing taken together.—Tout ensemble, general appearance or effect. [Fr. ensemble, together—L. in, in, simul, at the same time.]

Enshield, en-shēld′, v.t. to shield or protect.—adj. (Shak.) shielded or protected.

Enshrine, en-shrīn′, v.t. to enclose in or as in a shrine: to preserve with affection.

Ensiform, en′si-form, adj. having the shape of a sword. [L. ensis, a sword, and forma, form.]

Ensign, en′sīn, n. a sign or mark: the sign or flag distinguishing a nation or a regiment: one who carries the colours: until 1871, the title given to officers of the lowest commissioned rank in the British infantry.—ns. En′sign-bear′er; En′signcy, En′signship, the rank or commission of an ensign in the army. [O. Fr. enseigne—L. insignia, pl. of insigne, a distinctive mark—in, and signum, a mark.]

Ensilage, en′sil-āj, n. the storing of green fodder, &c., in pits.—v.t. En′sile, to store by ensilage. [Fr.,—Sp. en, and silo—L.,—Gr. siros, pit for corn.]

Enslave, en-slāv′, v.t. to make a slave of: to subject to the influence of.—p.adj. Enslaved′.—ns. Enslave′ment, act of enslaving: state of being enslaved: slavery: bondage; Enslav′er.

Ensnare, en-snār′, Insnare, in-, v.t. to catch in a snare: to entrap: to entangle.

Ensorcell, en-sōr′sel, v.t. to bewitch. [O. Fr. ensorceler—en, and sorcier, a sorceror.]

Ensoul, en-sōl′, Insoul, in-, v.t. to join with the soul: to animate as a soul.

Ensphere, en-sfēr′, Insphere, in-, v.t. to enclose in a sphere: to give a spherical form.

Ensue, en-sū′, v.i. to follow, to come after: to result (with from).—v.t. (B., arch.) to follow after:—pr.p. ensū′ing; pa.p. ensūed′. [O. Fr. ensuir (Fr. ensuivre)—L. in, after, sequi, to follow.]

Enswathe, en-swāth′, Inswathe, in-, v.t. to wrap in a swathe.—n. Enswathe′ment.

Entablature, en-tab′lat-ūr, n. that part of a design in classic architecture which surmounts the columns and rests upon the capitals. [Prob. through Fr. from It. intavolatura—in, in, tavola, a table.]

Entail, en-tāl′, v.t. (Spens.) to carve. [O. Fr. entailler—Low L. en, into, taleāre, to cut.]

Entail, en-tāl′, v.t. to settle an estate on a series of heirs, so that the immediate possessor may not dispose of it: to bring on as an inevitable consequence:—pr.p. entail′ing; pa.p. entailed′.—n. an estate entailed: the rule of descent of an estate.—ns. Entail′er; Entail′ment, act of entailing: state of being entailed. [O. Fr. entailler, to cut into—en, in, into, tailler, to cut—L. talea, a twig.]

Entangle, en-tang′gl, v.t. to twist into a tangle, or so as not to be easily separated: to involve in complications: to perplex: to ensnare.—n. Entang′lement, a confused state: perplexity.

Entasis, en′ta-sis, n. (archit.) the swelling outline of the shaft of a column—also Entā′sia: constrictive or tonic spasm.—adj. Entas′tic. [Gr.,—en, in, teinein, to stretch.]

Entelechy, en-tel′ek-i, n. (phil.) actuality: distinctness of realised existence. [Gr. entelecheia—en, in, telos, perfection, echein, to have.]

Enter, en′tėr, v.i. to go or come in: to penetrate: to engage in: to form a part of.—v.t. to come or go into: to join or engage in: to begin: to put into: to enrol or record: to cause to be inscribed, as a boy's name at school, a horse for a race, &c.—n. (Shak.) ingoing.—adj. En′terable.—ns. En′terclose, a passage between two rooms; En′terer; En′tering.—Enter a protest, to write it in the books: thence simply, to protest; Enter into, to become a party to: to be interested in: to be part of; Enter on, to begin: to engage in. [Fr. entrer—L. intrare, to go into, related to inter, between.]

Enteric, en-ter′ik, adj. of or pertaining to the intestines.—ns. Enteradenog′raphy, description of the intestinal glands; Enteradenol′ogy, the branch of anatomy relating to the intestinal glands; Enteral′gia, intestinal neuralgia; Enterī′tis, inflammation of the intestines; En′terocele, a hernial tumour containing part of the intestines; Enterogastrī′tis, inflammation of the stomach and bowels; En′terolite, En′terolith, an intestinal concretion or calculus; Enterol′ogy, a treatise on the internal parts of the body; En′teron, the entire intestine or alimentary canal:—pl. En′tera; Enterop′athy, disease of the intestines; Enteropneust′a, a class of worm-like animals, having the paired respiratory pouches opening from the front part of the alimentary canal; Enterot′omy, dissection or incision of the intestines. [Gr. enterikos—enteron, intestine.]

Enterprise, en′tėr-prīz, n. that which is attempted: a bold or dangerous undertaking: an adventure: daring.—v.t. to undertake.—n. En′terpriser, an adventurer.—p.adj. En′terprising, forward in undertaking: adventurous.—adv. En′terprisingly. [O. Fr. entreprise, pa.p. of entreprendre—entre, in, prendre—L. prehendĕre, to seize.]

Entertain, en-tėr-tān′, v.t. to receive and treat hospitably: to hold the attention of and amuse by conversation: to amuse: to receive and take into consideration: to keep or hold in the mind: to harbour.—n. Entertain′er.—p.adj. Entertain′ing, affording entertainment: amusing.—adv. Entertain′ingly.—n. Entertain′ment, act of entertaining: hospitality at table: that which entertains: the provisions of the table: a banquet: amusement: a performance which delights. [Fr. entretenir—L. inter, among, tenēre, to hold.]

Entheasm, en′thē-azm, n. divine inspiration, ecstasy.—adj. Entheas′tic.—adv. Entheas′tically.

Enthelmintha, en-thel-min′tha, n.pl. a general name of intestinal worms.

Enthral, en-thrawl′, Inthral, in-, v.t. to bring into thraldom or bondage: to enslave: to shackle.—ns. Enthral′dom, condition of being enthralled; Enthral′ment, act of enthralling: slavery.

Enthrone, en-thrōn′, v.t. to place on a throne: to exalt to the seat of royalty: to install as a bishop: to exalt.—ns. Enthrone′ment, Enthronisā′tion, the act of enthroning or of being enthroned.—v.t. Enthrō′nise, to enthrone, as a bishop: to exalt.

Enthusiasm, en-thū′zi-azm, n. intense interest: intensity of feeling: passionate zeal.—n. Enthū′siast, one inspired by enthusiasm: one who admires or loves intensely.—adjs. Enthusias′tic, -al, filled with enthusiasm; zealous: ardent.—adv. Enthusias′tically. [Through L., from Gr. enthusiasmos, a god-inspired zeal—enthousiazein, to be inspired by a god—en, in, theos, a god.]

Enthymeme, en′thi-mēm, n. (rhet.) an argument consisting of only two propositions, an antecedent and a consequent: a syllogism in which the major proposition is suppressed.—adj. Enthymemat′ical. [From L. from Gr. enthymēma, a consideration—enthymeesthai, to consider—en, in, thymos, the mind.]

Entice, en-tīs′, v.t. to induce by exciting hope or desire: to tempt: to lead astray.—adj. Entice′able.—ns. Entice′ment, act of enticing: that which entices or tempts: allurement; Entic′er.—p.adj. Entic′ing.—adv. Entic′ingly. [O. Fr. enticier, provoke; prob. related to L. titio, a firebrand.]

Entire, en-tīr′, adj. whole: complete: unmingled: not castrated, specially of a horse.—n. the whole: completeness: a stallion: porter or stout as delivered from the brewery.—adv. Entire′ly.—ns. Entire′ness, Entire′ty, completeness: the whole.—In its entirety, in its completeness. [O. Fr. entier—L. integer, whole, from in, not, tangĕre, to touch.]

Entitle, en-tī′tl, v.t. to give a title to: to style: to give a claim to. [O. Fr. entiteler—Low L. intitulāre—in, in, titulus, title.]

Entity, en′ti-ti, n. being: existence: a real substance. [Low L. entitat-em—ens (q.v.).]

Entomb, en-tōōm′, v.t. to place in a tomb: to bury.—n. Entomb′ment, burial. [O. Fr. entoumber—en, in, tombe, a tomb.]

Entomology, en-to-mol′o-ji, n. the science which treats of insects.—adjs. Entom′ic, -al, relating to insects.—n. Entomog′raphy, descriptive entomology.—adj. En′tomoid, insect-like.—n. Entom′olite, a fossil insect.—adj. Entomolog′ical.—adv. Entomolog′ically.—v.t. Entomol′ogise.—ns. Entomol′ogist, one learned in entomology.—n.pl. Entomoph′aga, a sub-section of Hymenoptera terebrantia, or boring hymenopterous insects.—adjs. Entomoph′agan, Entomoph′agous, insectivorous; Entomoph′ilous, insect-loving—of such flowers as are specially adapted for fertilisation by the agency of insects.—ns. En′tomotaxy, preparation of insects for preservation; Entomot′omist; Entomot′omy, dissection of insects. [Gr. entoma, insects, logia, a discourse, phagein, to eat, philein, to love, taxis, arrangement, temnein, to cut.]

Entomostomata, en-to-mo-stom′a-ta, n.pl. a family of mollusca. [Gr. entomos, cut into—en, in, temnein, to cut, stoma, a mouth.]

Entomostraca, en-to-mos′tra-ka, n.pl. a general name for the lower orders of crustacea—Phyllopods, Ostracods, Copepods, and Cirripedes:—sing. Entomos′tracan.—adj. Entomos′tracous. [Gr. entomos, cut in—en, in, temnein, to cut, ostrakon, a shell.]

Entoperipheral, en-tō-pe-rif′e-ral, adj. situated or originated within the periphery or external surface of the body.

Entophyte, en′to-fīt, n. a parasitic plant which grows in a living animal.—adj. Entophyt′ic.—adv. Entophyt′ically.—adj. En′tophytous. [Gr. enton, within, and phyton, a plant.]

Entourage, äng-tōō-razh′, n. surroundings: followers. [Fr.,—entourer, to surround—en, in, tour, a circuit.]

Entozoa, en-to-zō′a, n.pl. animals that live inside of other animals: internal parasites such as Tapeworms (q.v.):—sing. Entozō′on.—adjs. Entozō′al, Entozō′ic.—ns. Entozool′ogist; Entozool′ogy.—adj. Entozoot′ic. [Gr. entos, within, zōon, an animal.]

Entr′acte, äng-trakt′, n. the time between two acts in a play: (mus.) an instrumental piece performed between acts. [Fr., entre, between, acte, an act.]

Entrail, en-trāl′, v.t. (Spens.) to interlace, entwine.—n. (Spens.) twisting, entanglement. [O. Fr. entreillier—en, and treille, trellis-work.]

Entrails, en′trālz, n.pl. the internal parts of an animal's body, the bowels: the inside of anything: (obs.) the seat of the emotions. [O. Fr. entraille—Low L. intralia—inter, within.]

Entrain, en-trān′, v.t. to put into a railway train, esp. used of troops.

Entrance, en′trans, n. act of entering: power or right to enter: the place for entering, the door: the beginning.—n. En′trant, one who, or that which, enters. [Fr. entrer—L. intrāre, to enter.]

Entrance, en-trans′, v.t. to put into a trance: to fill with rapturous delight.—n. Entrance′ment, state of trance or of excessive joy.—p.adj. Entranc′ing, charming, transporting.

Entrap, en-trap′, v.t. to catch, as in a trap: to ensnare: to entangle.—ns. Entrap′ment, act of entrapping: the state of being entrapped: Entrap′per. [O. Fr. entraper—en, in, trappe, a trap.]

Entreat, en-trēt′, v.t. to ask earnestly: to beseech: to pray for: (orig.) to treat, to deal with—so in B.—v.i. to pray.—adjs. Entreat′able; Entreat′ful (Spens.); Entreat′ing, that entreats.—adv. Entreat′ingly, in an entreating manner: with solicitation.—adj. Entreat′ive, pleading.—ns. Entreat′ment, act of entreating: (Shak.) discourse; Entreat′y, act of entreating; earnest prayer. [O. Fr. entraiter—en, and traiter, to treat.]

Entrée, äng-trā′, n. entry, freedom of access, admittance: a made dish served at dinner between the chief courses: (mus.) an introduction or prelude: the act of entering, a formal entrance. [Fr.]

Entremets, äng-tr′mā′, n. any dainty served at table between the chief courses—formerly Entremes, Entremesse. [O. Fr. entremes—entre, between, mes (mod. mets), a dish.]

Entrench, en-trensh′, Intrench, in-, v.t. to dig a trench around: to fortify with a ditch and parapet.—v.i. to encroach.—n. Entrench′ment, an earthen parapet thrown up to give cover against an enemy's fire and the ditch or trench from which the earth is obtained: any protection: an encroachment.—Entrench upon, to encroach upon.

Entrepas, äng′tr'pä, n. a gait between a walk and a trot, an amble. [Fr.]

Entrepôt, äng′tr'pō, n. a storehouse: a bonded warehouse: a seaport through which exports and imports pass. [Fr.]

Entresol, en′ter-sol, or äng′tr'sol, n. a low story between two main stories of a building, generally above the first story; in London, usually between the ground-floor and the first story. [Fr.,—entre, between, sol, the ground.]

Entrochite, en′trō-kīt, n. a wheel-like joint of an encrinite or fossil crinoid—also En′trochus.—adj. En′trochal. [Gr. en, in, trochos, a wheel.]

Entropion, -um, en-trō′pi-on, -um, n. inversion of the edge of the eyelid. [Gr. entropē.]

Entropy, en′trop-i, n. a term in physics signifying 'the available energy.'

Entrust, en-trust′, Intrust, in-, v.t. to give in trust: to commission: to commit to another, trusting his fidelity.—n. Entrust′ment.

Entry, en′tri, n. act of entering: a passage into a short lane leading into a court: act of committing to writing: the thing written: (law) the taking possession of.—n. En′try-mon′ey, the money paid on entering a society, club, &c.—Port of entry (see Port).

Enubilate, ē-nū′bi-lāt, v.t. to clear from clouds.—adj. Enū′bilous.

Enucleate, en-ū′kle-āt, v.t. to lay bare, explain: to extract.—n. Enucleā′tion. [L. enucleāre—e, out, nucleus, a kernel.]

Enumerate, e-nū′mer-āt, v.t. to count the number of: to name over.—n. Enumerā′tion, act of numbering: a detailed account: a summing up.—adj. Enū′merative.—n. Enū′merator, one who enumerates. [L. e, out, numerāre, -ātum, to number.]

Enunciate, e-nun′shi-āt, v.t. to state formally: to pronounce distinctly.—adj. Enun′ciable, capable of being enunciated.—n. Enunciā′tion, act of enunciating: manner of uttering or pronouncing: a distinct statement or declaration: the words in which a proposition is expressed.—adjs. Enun′ciātive, Enun′ciātory, containing enunciation or utterance: declarative.—n. Enun′ciātor, one who enunciates. [L. enuntiāre, -ātum—e, out, nuntiāre, to tell—nuntius, a messenger.]

Enure, e-nūr′, v.t. (Spens.) to practise.—v.i. to belong. [En-, and ure—O. Fr. œuvre—work.]

Envelop, en-vel′up, v.t. to cover by wrapping: to surround entirely: to hide.—n. Envelope (en′vel-ōp, sometimes, but quite unnecessarily, äng′vel-ōp), that which envelops, wraps, or covers, esp. the cover of a letter.—adj. Envel′oped (her.), entwined, as with serpents, laurels, &c.—n. Envel′opment, a wrapping or covering on all sides. [O. Fr. enveloper; origin obscure. Skeat refers it to the assumed Teut. root of M. E. wlappen, Eng. lap.]

Envenom, en-ven′um, v.t. to put venom into: to poison: to taint with bitterness or malice. [O. Fr. envenimer—en, and venim, venom.]

Envermeil, en-vėr′mil, v.t. (Milt.) to dye red, to give a red colour to. [O. Fr. envermeiller—en, in, vermeil, red, vermilion.]

Environ, en-vī′run, v.t. to surround: to encircle: to invest:—pr.p. envī′roning; pa.p. envī′roned.—n. Envī′ronment, a surrounding: conditions influencing development or growth.—n.pl. Environs (en-vī′runz, or en′vi-), the places that environ: the outskirts of a city: neighbourhood. [Fr. environner—environ, around—virer, to turn round; cf. veer.]

Envisage, en-viz′āj, v.t. to face: to consider.—n. Envis′agement. [Fr. envisager—en, and visage, the visage.]

Envoy, en′voi, n. a messenger, esp. one sent to transact business with a foreign government: a diplomatic minister of the second order.—n. En′voyship. [For Fr. envoyé—envoyer, to send.]

Envoy, Envoi, en′voi, n. the concluding part of a poem or a book: the author's final words, esp. now the short stanza concluding a poem written in certain archaic metrical forms. [O. Fr. envoye—envoiier, to send—en voie, on the way—L. in, on, via, a way.]

Envy, en′vi, v.t. to look upon with a grudging eye: to hate on account of prosperity:—pr.p. en′vying; pa.p. en′vied.—n. grief at the sight of another's success: a wicked desire to supplant one: a desire for the advantages enjoyed by another: (B.) ill-will.—adj. En′viable, that is to be envied.—n. En′viableness, the state or quality of being enviable.—adv. En′viably.—n. En′vier, one who envies.—adj. En′vious, feeling envy: directed by envy: (Spens.) enviable.—adv. En′viously.—ns. En′viousness; En′vying (B.), jealousy, ill-will. [Fr. envie—L. invidia—in, on, vidēre, to look.]

Enwomb, en-wōōm′, v.t. (Spens.) to make pregnant: (Shak.) to conceive in the womb: to contain.

Enwrap, en-rap′, Inwrap, in-, v.t. to cover by wrapping: to perplex: to engross.—n. Enwrap′ment.—p.adj. Enwrap′ping.

Enwreathe, en-rēth′, Inwreathe, in-, v.t. to wreathe: to encircle as with a wreath.

Enzootic, en-zō-ot′ik, adj. endemic among animals in a particular district.—n. a disease of this character.

Enzym, Enzyme, en′zim, n. any of the unorganised ferments: leavened bread—opp. to Azym (q.v.).—adj. Enzymot′ic. [Gr. en, in, zymē, leaven.]

Eoan, ē-ō′an, adj. of or pertaining to dawn. [L.,—Gr. ēōs, dawn.]

Eocene, ē′ō-sēn, adj. (geol.) first in time of the three subdivisions of the Tertiary formation. [Gr. ēōs, daybreak, kainos, new.]

Eolian, Eolic, Eolipile. Same as Æolian, Æolic, Æolipile.

Eothen, ē-ō′then, adv. from the east—the name given by Kinglake to his book of travel in the East (1844). [Gr., lit. 'from morn,' 'at earliest dawn.']

Eozoön, ē-ō-zō′on, n. an assumed organism whose remains constitute reefs of rocks in the Archæan system in Canada.—adj. Eozō′ic. [Gr. ēōs, dawn, zōon, an animal.]

Epacrid, ep′a-krid, n. a plant of order Epacridaceæ, a small order of heath-like shrubs or small trees. [Gr. epi, upon, akris, a summit.]

Epact, ē′pakt, n. the moon's age at the beginning of the year: the excess of the solar month or year above the lunar: (pl.) a set of nineteen numbers used for fixing the date of Easter and other church festivals, by indicating the age of the moon at the beginning of each civil year in the lunar cycle. [Fr.,—Gr. epaktos, brought on—epi, on, agein, to bring.]

Epanadiplosis, ep-a-na-di-plō′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure by which a sentence begins and ends with the same word, as in Phil. iv. 4. [Gr.]

Epanalepsis, ep-a-na-lep′sis, n. (rhet.) repetition or resumption, as in 1 Cor. xi. 18 and 20. [Gr.]

Epanodos, e-pan′ō-dos, n. recapitulation of the chief points in a discourse. [Gr.]

Epanorthosis, ep-an-or-thō′sis, n. (rhet.) the retracting of a statement in order to correct or intensify it, as 'For Britain's guid! for her destruction!' [Gr.]

Epanthous, ep-an′thus, adj. growing upon flowers. [Gr. epi, upon, anthos, a flower.]

Eparch, ep′ärk, n. the governor of a Greek province.—n. Ep′archy, the province or territory ruled over by an eparch. [Gr. eparchos—epi, upon, archē, dominion.]

Epaulement, e-pawl′ment, n. a side-work of a battery or earthwork to protect it from a flanking fire.—n. Epaule′, the shoulder of a bastion. [Fr.,—épauler, to protect—épaule, shoulder.]

Epaulet, Epaulette, ep′ol-et, n. a shoulder-piece: a badge of a military or naval officer (now disused in the British army): an ornament on the shoulder of a lady's dress. [Fr. épaulette—épaule, the shoulder.]

Epeira, ep-īr′a, n. a genus of spiders, the type of the Epeiridæ, including the common garden spider. [Gr. epi, on, eiros, wool.]

Epencephalon, ep-en-sef′a-lon, n. the hindmost of the divisions of the brain.—adj. Epencephal′ic.

Epenthesis, e-pen′the-sis, n. the insertion of a letter or syllable within a word.—adj. Epenthet′ic. [Gr.]

Epeolatry, ep-e-ol′a-tri, n. worship of words. [Gr. epos, word, latreia, worship.]

Epergne, e-pėrn′, n. an ornamental stand for a large dish for the centre of a table. [Perh. from Fr. épargne, saving—épargner, to save.]

Epexegesis, ep-eks-e-jē′sis, n. the addition of words to make the sentence more clear.—adjs. Epexeget′ic, -al.—adv. Epexeget′ically. [Gr. epi, in addition, exēgeisthai, to explain.]

Epha, Ephah, ē′fa, n. a Hebrew measure for dry goods. [Heb.; prob. of Egyptian origin.]

Ephebe, ef-ēb′, n. (Greek antiquities) a young citizen from 18 to 20 years of age. [L. ephēbus—Gr. ephēbos—epi, upon, hēbē, early manhood.]

Ephemera, ef-em′er-a, n. the Mayfly, a genus of short-lived insects: that which lasts a short time.—adj. Ephem′eral, existing only for a day: daily: short-lived.—n. anything lasting a short time.—ns. Ephemeral′ity; Ephem′erid, an insect belonging to the group Ephemeridæ.—adj. Ephemerid′ian.—ns. Ephem′eris, an account of daily transactions: a journal: an astronomical almanac:—pl. Ephemerides (ef-e-mer′i-dēz); Ephem′erist, one who studies the daily motions of the planets; Ephem′eron, an insect that lives but a day.—adj. Ephem′erous. [Through L.,—Gr. ephēmeros, living a day—epi, for, hēmera, a day.]

Ephesian, ef-ē′zi-an, adj. of or pertaining to Ephesus.—n. an inhabitant of Ephesus: (Shak.) 'a jolly companion.'

Ephod, ef′od, n. a kind of linen surplice worn by the Jewish priests: a surplice, generally. [Heb. aphad, to put on.]

Ephor, ef′or, n. a class of magistrates whose office apparently originated at Sparta, being peculiar to the Doric states.—n. Eph′oralty. [Gr. epi, upon, and root of horaein, to see.]

Epic, ep′ik, adj. applied to a poem which recounts a great event in an elevated style: lofty: grand.—n. an epic or heroic poem: a story comparable to those in epic poems.—ns. Ep′icism; Ep′icist.—Epic dialect, the Greek in which the books of Homer are written. [L. epicus—Gr. epikos—epos, a word.]

Epicalyx, ep-i-kā′liks, n. an external or accessory calyx outside of the true calyx, as in Potentilla.

Epicarp, ep′i-kärp, n. (bot.) the outermost layer of the pericarp or fruit. [Gr. epi, upon, karpos, fruit.]

Epicedium, ep-i-sē′di-um, n. a funeral ode.—adjs. Epicē′dial, Epicē′dian, elegiac. [L.,—Gr. epikēdeion—epi, upon, kēdos, care.]

Epicene, ep′i-sēn, adj. and n. common to both sexes: (gram.) of either gender. [Through L.,—Gr. epikoinos—epi, upon, koinos, common.]

Epicheirema, ep-i-kī-rē′ma, n. a syllogism confirmed in its major or minor premise, or in both, by an incidental proposition. [Gr. epicheirēma, attempt—epi, upon, cheir, the hand.]

Epiclinal, ep-i-klī′nal, adj. (bot.) placed on the torus or receptacle of a flower.

Epicure, ep′i-kūr, n. a follower of Epicurus (341-270 B.C.), a Greek philosopher, who taught that pleasure was the chief good: one given to sensual enjoyment: one devoted to the luxuries of the table.—adj. Epicurē′an, pertaining to Epicurus: given to luxury.—n. a follower of Epicurus: one given to the luxuries of the table.—n. Epicurē′anism, the doctrine of Epicurus: attachment to these doctrines.—v.i. Ep′icurise, to play the epicure, to feast, riot: to profess the philosophy of Epicurus.—n. Ep′icurism, the doctrines of Epicurus: luxury: sensual enjoyment.

Epicycle, ep′i-sī-kl, n. a circle having its centre on the circumference of a greater circle on which it moves.—adj. Epicy′clic.—n. Epicy′cloid, a curve described by every point in the plane of a circle moving on the convex circumference of another circle.—adj. Epicycloi′dal. [Gr. epi, upon, kyklos, a circle.]

Epideictic, -al, ep-i-dīk′tik, -al, adj. done for show or display. [Gr. epi, upon, deiknynai, to show.]

Epidemic, -al, ep-i-dem′ik, -al, adj. affecting a community at a certain time: general.—n. Epidem′ic, a disease falling on great numbers in one place, simultaneously or in succession.—adv. Epidem′ically.—n. Epidemiol′ogy, the science of epidemics. [Gr. epidēmos, general—epi, among, dēmos, the people.]

Epidermis, ep-i-dėr′mis, n. scarf-skin or cuticle, forming an external covering of a protective nature for the true skin or corium.—adjs. Epider′matoid; Epider′mic, Epider′mal, Epider′midal. [Gr. epidermis—epi, upon, derma, the skin.]

Epigastrium, ep-i-gas′tri-um, n. the part of the abdomen which chiefly corresponds to the situation of the stomach, extending from the sternum towards the navel.—adj. Epigas′tric. [Gr. epi, upon, gastēr, the stomach.]

Epigene, ep′i-jēn, adj. applied to the geological agents of change which affect chiefly the superficial position of the earth's crust, as the atmosphere, water, &c.—adjs. Epig′enous, growing on the surface of a part; Epigē′ous, growing on the earth—also Epigē′al. [Gr. epi, upon, gennaein, to produce.]

Epigenesis, ep-i-jen′e-sis, n. the development of the organism by the growth and differentiation of a single germ—i.e. by the division or segmentation of a fertilised egg-cell.—n. Epigen′esist.—adj. Epigenet′ic. [Gr. epi, upon, genesis, genesis.]

Epiglottis, ep-i-glot′is, n. the cartilage at the root of the tongue that partly closes the aperture of the larynx.—adj. Epiglott′ic. [Gr. epi, upon, glōtta (glōssa), the tongue.]

Epigram, ep′i-gram, n. any concise and pointed or sarcastic saying: a short poem on one subject ending with an ingenious thought.—adjs. Epigrammat′ic, -al, relating to or dealing in epigrams: like an epigram: concise and pointed.—adv. Epigrammat′ically.—v.t. Epigram′matise, to make an epigram on.—n. Epigram′matist, one who writes epigrams. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. epigramma—epi, upon, gramma, a writing—graphein, to write.]

Epigraph, ep′i-graf, n. an inscription, esp. on a building: a citation or motto at the commencement of a book or its parts.—v.t. to provide with an epigraph.—ns. Epig′rapher, Epig′raphist.—adj. Epigraph′ic.—n. Epig′raphy. [Gr. epi-graphē—epi, upon, graphein, to write.]

Epigynous, e-pij′i-nus, adj. (bot.) growing upon the top of the ovary.

Epilepsy, ep′i-lep-si, n. a chronic functional disease of the nervous system, manifested by recurring attacks of sudden insensibility or impairment of consciousness, commonly accompanied by peculiar convulsive seizures.—n. Epilep′tic, an epileptic patient.—adjs. Epilep′tic, -al; Epilep′toid. [Gr. epilepsia—epi, upon, lambanein, lēpsesthai, to seize.]

Epilogue, ep′i-log, n. the conclusion of a book: a speech or short poem at the end of a play.—adjs. Epilog′ic (-loj′ik), Epilogis′tic.—v.i. Epil′ogise (′o-jīz), to write an epilogue. [Fr.—L.—Gr. epilogos, conclusion—epi, upon, legein, to speak.]

Epinasty, ep′i-nas-ti, n. (bot.) curvature of an organ, caused by a more active growth on its upper side.—adj. Epinas′tic.—adv. Epinas′tically.

Epiperipheral, ep-i-pe-rif′e-ral, adj. situated on the periphery or outer surface of the body.

Epipetalous, ep-i-pet′a-lus, adj. (bot.) inserted or growing on a petal.

Epiphany, e-pif′an-i, n. a church festival celebrated on Jan. 6, in commemoration of the manifestation of Christ to the wise men of the East: the manifestation of a god. [Gr. epiphaneia, appearance—epi, to, phainein, to show.]

Epiphlœum, ep-i-flē′um, n. (bot.) the corky envelope of the bark next the epidermis.

Epiphragm, ep′i-fram, n. (bot.) the dilated apex of the columella in urn-mosses: the disc with which certain molluscs close the aperture of their shell.

Epiphyllospermous, ep-i-fil-ō-sper′mus, adj. (bot.) bearing fruit on the back of the fronds, as ferns.

Epiphyllous, ep-i-fil′us, adj. (bot.) growing upon a leaf, esp. on its upper surface.

Epiphysis, ep-if′i-sis, n. any portion of a bone having its own centre of ossification: the pineal gland: a small upper piece of each half of an alveolus of a sea-urchin:—pl. Epiph′yses. [Gr.]

Epiphyte, ep′i-fīt, n. one of a species of plants attached to trees, and deriving their nourishment from the decaying portions of the bark, and perhaps also from the air.—adjs. Epiphy′tal, Epiphyt′ic. [Gr. epi, upon, and phyton, a plant.]

Epiplastron, ep-i-plas′tron, n. the anterior lateral one of the nine pieces of which the plastron of a turtle may consist.

Epiploon, e-pip′lō-on, n. the great omentum.—adj. Epiplō′ic. [Gr.]

Epipolism, e-pip′ō-lizm, n. fluorescence.—adj. Epipol′ic. [Gr.]

Episcopacy, e-pis′ko-pas-i, n. the government of the church by bishops: the office of a bishop: the period of office: the bishops, as a class.—adj. Epis′copal, governed by bishops: belonging to or vested in bishops.—adj. Episcopā′lian, belonging to bishops, or government by bishops.—n. one who belongs to the Episcopal Church.—n. Episcopā′lianism, episcopalian government and doctrine.—adv. Epis′copally.—ns. Epis′copant (Milt.); Epis′copate, a bishopric: the office of a bishop: the order of bishops.—v.i. (Milt.) to act as a bishop.—v.t. Epis′copīse.—n. Epis′copy (Milt.), survey, superintendence. [L. episcopatus—Gr. episkopos, an overseer.]

Episemon, ep-i-sē′mon, n. the characteristic device of a city, &c.: one of three obsolete Greek letters used as numerals—

, vau;

, koppa; and

, san, sampi.

Episode, ep′i-sōd, n. a story introduced into a narrative or poem to give variety: an interesting incident.—adjs. Ep′isōdal, Episō′dial, Episōd′ic, Episōd′ical, pertaining to or contained in an episode: brought in as a digression.—adv. Episōd′ically, by way of episode: incidentally. [Gr. epeisodion—epi, upon, eisodos, a coming in—eis, into, hodos, a way.]

Epispastic, ep-i-spas′tik, adj. producing a blister on the skin.—n. a blister.

Episperm, ep′i-spėrm, n. the outer integument of a seed. [Gr. epi, upon, and sperma, seed.]

Epistemology, ep-is-tē-mol′oj-i, n. the theory of knowledge.—adj. Epistemolog′ical. [Gr. epistēmē, knowledge, logia, discourse.]

Episternum, ep-i-ster′num, n. the interclavicle: the epiplastron: the presternum of mammals.—adj. Epister′nal.

Epistilbite, ep-i-stil′bīt, n. a whitish hydrous silicate of aluminium, calcium, and sodium.

Epistle, e-pis′l, n. a writing sent to one, a letter: esp. a letter to an individual or church from an apostle, as the Epistles of Paul: the extract from one of the apostolical epistles read as part of the communion service.—v.i. (Milt.) to preface.—ns. Epis′tler, Epis′toler, a letter-writer; Epis′tler, one who reads the liturgical epistle in the communion service.—adjs. Epis′tolary, Epis′tolatory, Epistol′ic, -al, pertaining to or consisting of epistles or letters: suitable to an epistle: contained in letters.—n. Epis′tolet, a short letter.—v.i. Epis′tolise, to write a letter.—ns. Epis′tolist, a writer of letters; Epistolog′raphy, letter-writing. [O. Fr.,—L. epistola—Gr. epistolē—epi, stellein, to send.]

Epistrophe, e-pis′trō-fē, n. (rhet.) a form of repetition in which successive clauses end with the same word, as in 2 Cor. xi. 22: a refrain in music.

Epistyle, ep′i-stīl, n. Same as Architrave. [Gr. epi, upon, stylos, a pillar.]

Epitaph, ep′i-taf, n. a commemorative inscription on a tombstone or monument.—v.t. to write an epitaph upon.—adjs. Epitaph′ian, Epitaph′ic.—n. Ep′itaphist, a writer of epitaphs. [Gr. epitaphion—epi, upon, taphos, a tomb.]

Epitasis, e-pit′a-sis, n. the main action of a Greek drama, leading to the catastrophe—opp. to Protasis.

Epithalamium, ep-i-tha-lā′mi-um, n. a song or poem in celebration of a marriage.—adj. Epithalam′ic. [Gr. epithalamion—epi, upon, thalamos, a bedchamber, marriage.]

Epithelium, ep-i-thē′li-um, n. the cell-tissue which invests the outer surface of the body and the mucous membranes connected with it, and also the closed cavities of the body.—adj. Epithē′lial.—n. Epitheliō′ma, carcinoma of the skin.—adj. Epitheliom′atous. [Gr.,—epi, upon, thēlē, nipple.]

Epithem, ep′i-them, n. (med.) a soft external application. [Gr. epithema—epi, upon, tithenai, to place.]

Epithet, ep′i-thet, n. an adjective expressing some real quality of the thing to which it is applied, or an attribute expressing some quality ascribed to it: (Shak.) term, expression.—v.t. to term.—adj. Epithet′ic, pertaining to an epithet: abounding with epithets.—n. Epith′eton (Shak.), epithet. [Gr. epithetos, added—epi, on, tithenai, to place.]

Epithymetic, ep-i-thim-et′ik, adj. pertaining to desire. [Gr.,—epi, upon, thymos, the soul.]

Epitome, e-pit′o-me, n. an abridgment or short summary of anything, as of a book.—adj. Epitom′ical, like an epitome.—v.t. Epit′omise, to make an epitome of: to shorten: to condense.—ns. Epit′omiser, Epit′omist, one who abridges.—In epitome, on a small scale. [Gr.,—epi, temnein, to cut.]

Epitonic, ep-i-ton′ik, adj. overstrained. [Gr.,—epi, upon, teinein, to stretch.]

Epitrite, ep′i-trīt, n. (pros.) a foot made up of three long syllables and one short. [L.,—Gr.,—epi, in addition, tritos, the third.]

Epizeuxis, ep-i-zūk′sis, n. (rhet.) the immediate repetition of a word for emphasis. [Gr.]

Epizoon, ep-i-zō′on, n. a parasitic animal that lives on the bodies of other animals and derives its nourishment from the skin—also Epizō′an:—pl. Epizō′a.—adj. Epizoot′ic, pertaining to epizoa: (geol.) containing fossil remains: epidemic, as applied to animals. [Gr. epi, upon, zōon, an animal.]

Epoch, ep′ok, or ē′-, n. a point of time fixed or made remarkable by some great event from which dates are reckoned: a period remarkable for important events: (astron.) the mean heliocentric longitude of a planet in its orbit at any given time.—adjs. Ep′ochal; Ep′och-mā′king.—Make, Mark, an epoch, to begin an important era. [Gr. epochē—epechein, to stop—epi, upon, echein, to hold.]

Epode, ep′ōd, n. a kind of lyric poem invented by Archilochus, in which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one: the last part of a lyric ode, sung after the strophe and antistrophe.—adj. Epod′ic. [Gr. epōdos—epi, on, ōdē, an ode.]

Eponym, ep′o-nim, n. a mythical personage created to account for the name of a tribe or people: a special title.—adj. Epon′ymous. [Gr. epi, upon, to, onoma, a name.]

Epopee, ep′o-pē, Epopœia, ep-o-pē′ya, n. epic poetry: an epic poem. [Formed from Gr. epopoiia—epos, a word, an epic poem, poiein, to make.]

Epopt, ep′opt, n. one initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries. [Gr. epi, upon, and root op-, to see.]

Epos, ep′os, n. the elementary stage of epic poetry: an epic poem: a series of events such as are treated in epic poetry. [L.,—Gr. epos, a word.]

Eprouvette, ep-roov-et′, n. a machine for testing the strength of gunpowder. [Fr.,—éprouver, to try.]

Epsom, ep′sum, n. a useful purgative medicine, acting as a refrigerant, and sometimes as a diuretic.—Also Ep′som-salt. [From Epsom, a town in Surrey.]

Epulotic, ep-ū-lot′ik, adj. cicatrising.—n. a cicatrising medicament.

Equable, ē′kwa-bl, or ek′wa-bl, adj. equal and uniform: smooth: not variable: of even temper.—ns. Equabil′ity, E′quableness, the state or condition of being equable.—adv. E′quably. [L. æquabilis—æquāre—æquus, equal.]

Equal, ē′kwal, adj. identical: of the same value: adequate: in just proportion: fit: equable: uniform: equitable: evenly balanced: just.—n. one of the same age, rank, &c.—v.t. to be, or to make, equal to:—pr.p. ē′qualling; pa.p. ē′qualled.—n. Equalisā′tion, the act of making equal: state of being equalised.—v.t. E′qualise, to make equal.—adj. and n. Equalitār′ian, of or pertaining to the equality of mankind.—n. Equal′ity, the condition of being equal: sameness: evenness.—adv. E′qually.—n. E′qualness, the state of being equal: evenness: uniformity.—v.t. Equāte′, to reduce to an average or to a common standard of comparison: to regard as equal:—pr.p. equāt′ing; pa.p. equāt′ed.—ns. Equā′tion, the act of making equal: (alg.) a statement of the equality of two quantities: reduction to a mean proportion; Equā′tor (geog.), a great circle passing round the middle of the globe and dividing it into two equal parts: (astron.) the equinoctial.—adj. Equatō′rial, of or pertaining to the equator.—n. an instrument for observing and following a celestial body in any part of its diurnal course.—adv. Equatō′rially, so as to have motion or direction parallel to the equator.—Equal to the occasion, fit or able for an emergency.—Equation of time, the reduction from mean solar time to apparent solar time.—An equal (Spens.), a state of equality.—Personal equation, any error common to all the observations of some one person, any tendency to error or prejudice due to the personal characteristics of some person for which allowance must be made. [L. æqualis—æquāre, to make equal—æquus, equal.]

Equanimity, ē-kwa-nim′i-ti, n. equality or evenness of mind or temper.—adj. Equan′imous.—adv. Equan′imously. [L. æquanimitas—æquus, equal, animus, the mind.]

Equerry, ek′we-ri, n. in the royal household, an official under the Master of the Horse, whose main duty is to accompany the sovereign when riding in state. [Fr. écurie—Low L. scuria, a stable—Old High Ger. scûr (Ger. scheuer), a shed.]

Equestrian, e-kwes′tri-an, adj. pertaining to horses or horsemanship: on horseback.—n. one who rides on horseback:—fem. Equestrienne′.—n. Eques′trianism, horsemanship. [L. equester, equestris—eques, a horseman—equus, a horse.]

Equi-, ē′kwi, a prefix meaning equal, from L. æquus.—adj. Equian′gular, consisting of or having equal angles.—n. Equibal′ance, equal weight.—adjs. Equidiff′erent, having equal differences; Equidis′tant, equally distant.—adv. Equidis′tantly.—adj. Equilat′eral, having all sides equal.—v.t. Equilī′brāte, to balance: to counterpoise.—ns. Equilibrā′tion; Equilib′rity, Equilib′rium, equal balancing: equality of weight or force: level position; Equimul′tiple, a number multiplied by the same number as another.—adj. Equipē′dal, equal-footed.—ns. Equipen′dency, act of hanging in equipoise; E′quipoise, equality of weight or force: the state of a balance when the two weights are equal.—v.t. to counterbalance.—n. Equisō′nance, the consonance which exists between octaves.—adj. E′quivalve, having valves equal in size or form.

Equine, ē′kwīn, Equinal, ē-kwīn′al, adj. pertaining to a horse or horses.—n. Equin′ia, horse-pox, glanders, farcy. [L. equinus—equus, a horse.]

Equinox, ē′kwi-noks, n. the time when the sun crosses the equator, making the night equal in length to the day, about 21st March and 23d Sept.—adj. Equinoc′tial, pertaining to the equinoxes, the time of the equinoxes, or to the regions about the equator.—n. a great circle in the heavens corresponding to the equator of the earth.—adv. Equinoc′tially, in the direction of the equinox.—Equinoctial gales, high gales popularly supposed to prevail about the times of the equinoxes—the belief is unsupported by observation. [L. æquus, equal, nox, noctis, night.]

Equip, e-kwip′, v.t. to fit out: to furnish with everything needed for any service or work:—pr.p. equip′ping; pa.p. equipped′.—n. E′quipāge, that with which one is equipped: furniture required for any service, as that of a soldier, &c.: a carriage and attendants, retinue.—v.t. (obs.) to furnish with an equipage.—n. Equip′ment, the act of equipping: the state of being equipped: things used in equipping or furnishing: outfit. [Fr. équiper, prob. Ice. skipa, to set in order, skip, a ship.]

Equipollent, e-kwi-pol′ent, adj. having equal power or force: equivalent.—n. an equivalent.—ns. Equipoll′ence, Equipoll′ency. [L. æquus, equal, pollens, pollentis, pr.p. of pollēre, to be able.]

Equiponderate, ē-kwi-pon′dėr-āt, v.i. to be equal in weight: to balance.—adj. equal in weight.—n. Equipon′derance.—adj. Equipon′derant. [L. æquus, equal, pondus, ponderis, weight.]

Equisetum, ek-wi-sē′tum, n. a genus of herbaceous plants having leafless articulated and whorled stems and branches—also Horse-tail.—adjs. Equisetā′ceous; Equiset′ic; Equiset′iform. [L.,—equus, a horse, seta, a bristle.]

Equitation, ek-wi-tā′shun, n. the art of riding on horseback.—adjs. Eq′uitant, riding: straddling, overlapping; Equiv′orous, eating horse-flesh. [L.,—equitāre—equus, a horse.]

Equity, ek′wi-ti, n. right as founded on the laws of nature: moral justice, of which laws are the imperfect expression: the spirit of justice which enables us to interpret laws rightly: fairness.—adj. Eq′uitable, possessing or showing equity: held or exercised in equity.—n. Eq′uitableness.—adv. Eq′uitably. [Fr. equité—L. æquitas—æquus, equal.]

Equivalent, e-kwiv′a-lent, adj. equal in value, power, meaning, &c.—n. a thing equivalent.—n. Equiv′alence.—adv. Equiv′alently. [Fr.,—L. æquus, equal, valens, valentis, pr.p. of valēre, to be worth.]

Equivocal, e-kwiv′ō-kal, adj. capable of meaning two or more things: of doubtful meaning: capable of a double explanation: suspicious: questionable.—adv. Equiv′ocally.—n. Equiv′ocalness.—v.i. Equiv′ocāte, to use equivocal or doubtful words in order to mislead.—ns. Equivocā′tion, act of equivocating or using ambiguous words to mislead; Equiv′ocātor.—adj. Equiv′ocātory, containing or characterised by equivocation.—ns. E′quivoke, E′quivoque, an equivocal expression: equivocation: a quibble. [L. æquus, equal, vox, vocis, the voice, a word.]

Era, ē′ra, n. a series of years reckoned from a particular point, or that point itself: an important date. [Late L. æra, a number, orig. 'counters,' pieces of copper used in counting, being the neut.pl. of æs, æris, copper.]

Eradiate, e-rā′di-āt, v.i. to shoot out like a ray of light:—pr.p. erā′diating; pa.p. erā′diated.—n. Eradiā′tion, the act of eradiating; emission of radiance. [L. e, out, radius, a ray.]

Eradicate, e-rad′i-kāt, v.t. to pull up by the roots: to destroy.—adj. Erad′icable, that may be eradicated.—p.adj. Erad′icāted, rooted up: (her.) said of a tree, or part of a tree, torn up by the roots.—n. Eradicā′tion, the act of eradicating: state of being eradicated.—adj. Erad′icātive, serving to eradicate or drive thoroughly away.—n. Erad′icātor. [L. eradicāre, to root out—e, out, radix, radicis, a root.]

Erase, e-rās′, v.t. to rub or scrape out: to efface: to destroy.—adj. Erā′sable.—p.adj. Erased′, rubbed out: effaced: (her.) torn off, so as to leave jagged edges.—ns. Erā′ser, one who, or that which, erases, as ink-eraser; Erā′sion, Erase′ment, Erā′sure, the act of erasing: a rubbing out: the place where something written has been rubbed out. [L. eradĕre—e, out, radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Erastian, e-rast′yan, n. a follower of Thomas Erastus (1524-83), a Swiss physician, who denied the church the right to inflict excommunication and disciplinary penalties: one who minimises the spiritual independence of the church, subordinating her jurisdiction to the state—a position not held by Erastus at all.—adj. relating to the Erastians or their doctrines.—n. Erast′ianism, control of church by state.

Erbium, er′bi-um, n. a rare metal, the compounds of which are present in the mineral gadolinite, found at Ytterby in Sweden. [From Ytterby.]

Ere, ār, adv. before, sooner.—prep. before.—conj. sooner than.—advs. Erelong′, before long: soon; Erenow′, before this time; Erewhile′, formerly: some time before. [A.S. ǽr; cf. Dut. eer.]

Erebus, er′e-bus, n. (myth.) the dark and gloomy cavern between earth and Hades: the lower world, hell. [L.,—Gr. Erebos.]

Erect, e-rekt′, v.t. to set upright: to raise: to build: to exalt: to establish.—adj. upright: directed upward.—adj. Erect′ed.—ns. Erect′er, Erect′or, one who, or that which, erects or raises: a muscle which assists in erecting a part or an organ: an attachment to a compound microscope for making the image erect instead of inverted.—adj. Erect′ile, that may be erected.—ns. Erectil′ity, quality of being erectile; Erec′tion, act of erecting: state of being erected: exaltation: anything erected: a building of any kind.—adj. Erect′ive, tending to erect.—adv. Erect′ly.—n. Erect′ness. [L. erectus, erigĕre, to set upright—e, out, regĕre, to direct.]

Eremacausis, er-e-ma-kaw′sis, n. (chem.) slow combustion or oxidation. [Gr. erema, slowly, kausis—kaiein, to burn.]

Eremite, er′e-mīt, n. a recluse who lives apart, from religious motives: a hermit.—adjs. Eremit′ic, -al.—n. Er′emitism, state of being an eremite. [Late L.,—Gr. erēmos, desert.]

Erethism, er′e-thizm, n. excitement or stimulation of any organ.—adjs. Erethis′mic, Erethis′tic, Erethit′ic. [Gr.]

Erg, erg, n. the unit of work in the centimetre-gramme-second system—that is, the quantity of work done by a force which, acting for one second upon a mass of one gramme, produces a velocity of one centimetre per second. [Gr. erg-on, work.]

Ergo, ėr′go, adv. (logic) therefore, used to mark the conclusion of a syllogism.—v.i. Er′gotise, to wrangle. [L. ergo, therefore.]

Ergot, ėr′got, n. a disease, consisting of a parasitical fungus, found on the seed of certain plants, esp. rye and some other grasses.—ns. Er′gotine, the active principle of ergot of rye; Er′gotism, poisoning caused by eating bread made of rye diseased with ergot; Ergotisā′tion.—v.t. Er′gotise. [Fr.]

Eric, er′ik, n. the blood-fine paid by a murderer to his victim's family in old Irish law.—Also Er′iach, Er′ick.

Erica, e-rī′ka, n. the scientific name for heath.—adj. Ericā′ceous, belonging to plants of the genus Erica. [L.,—Gr. ereikē, heath.]

Erinite, er′i-nīt, n. native arseniate of copper found in Cornwall and Ireland. [Erin, old name of Ireland.]

Erinys, e-rī′nis, n. one of the Furies:—pl. Erinyes (e-rin′i-ēz).

Eriometer, er-i-om′e-ter, n. an optical instrument for measuring small diameters of fibres, &c. [Gr. erion, wool, metron, a measure.]

Eristic, -al, er-is′tik, -al, adj. of or pertaining to controversy. [Gr. erizein, to strive—eris, strife.]

Erl-king, ėrl′-king, n. for German erl-könig, a mistranslation (meaning 'alder-king') of the Danish ellerkonge (i. e. elverkonge, king of the elves).

Ermine, ėr′min, n. a well-known carnivore belonging to the genus which includes polecat, weasel, ferret, &c.—its white fur often used as an emblem of purity: ermine fur used for the robes of judges and magistrates.—adj. Er′mined, adorned with ermine. [O. Fr. ermine (Fr. hermine), perh. from L. (mus) Armenius, lit. mouse of Armenia, whence it was brought to Rome; but acc. to Skeat from Old High Ger. harmin (Ger. hermelin), ermine-fur.]

Erode, e-rōd′, v.t. to eat away: to wear away.—n. Erō′dent, a caustic drug.—adj. Erōse′, gnawed.—n. Erō′sion, act or state of eating or being eaten away.—adj. Erō′sive, having the property of eating away. [L. e, out, rodĕre, rosum, to gnaw.]

Erotesis, er-ō-tē′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure consisting of an oratorical question.—adj. Erotet′ic. [Gr.]

Erotic, er-ot′ik, adj. pertaining to love: amatory.—n. an amatory poem.—ns. Erotomā′nia, morbid sexual passion; Erotomā′niac, one affected with this. [Gr. erōtikos—erōs, erōtos, love.]

Err, er, v.i. to wander from the right way: to go astray: to mistake: to sin.—adj. Err′able, capable of erring.—n. Errat′ic, a wanderer: an erratic boulder.—adjs. Errat′ic, -al, wandering: having no certain course: not stationary: irregular.—adv. Errat′ically.—n. Errā′tum, an error in writing or printing, esp. one noted in a list at the end of a book:—pl. Errā′ta.—adj. Errō′neous, erring: full of error: wrong: mistaken: (obs.) wandering.—adv. Errō′neously.—ns. Errō′neousness; Err′or, a deviation from truth, right, &c.: a blunder or mistake: a fault: sin; Err′orist. [Fr. errer—L. errāre, to stray; cog. with Ger. irren, and irre, astray.]

Errand, er′and, n. a message: a commission to say or do something.—A fool's errand, a useless undertaking; Go an errand, to go with messages; Make an errand, to invent a reason for going. [A.S. ǽrende; Ice. eyrindi; prob. conn. with Goth. áirus, Ice. árr, a messenger.]

Errant, er′ant, adj. wandering: roving: wild: (obs.) thorough (cf. Arrant).—n. a knight-errant.—adv. Err′antly.—n. Err′antry, an errant or wandering state: a rambling about like a knight-errant. [Fr.,—L. errans, errantis, pr.p. of errāre.]

Errhine, er′in, adj. affecting the nose.—n. a sternutatory. [Gr., en, in, rhis, rhinos, the nose.]

Erse, ėrs, n. the name given by the Lowland Scotch to the language of the people of the West Highlands, as being of Irish origin—now sometimes used for Irish, as opposed to Scotch, Gaelic. [Irish.]

Erst, ėrst, adv. at first: formerly.—adv. Erst′while, formerly. [A.S. ǽrest, superl. of ǽr. See Ere.]

Erubescent, er-ōō-bes′ent, adj. growing red: blushing.—ns. Erubes′cence, Erubes′cency. [L. erubescens, -entis, pr.p. of erubescĕre, to grow red—e, out, and rubescĕre—rubēre, to be red. See Ruby.]

Eructate, e-ruk′tāt, v.t. to belch out, as wind from the stomach.—n. Eructā′tion, the act of belching: a violent ejection of wind or other matter from the earth, as a volcano, &c. [L. eructāre, -ātum—e, out, ructāre, to belch forth.]

Erudite, er′ōō-dīt, adj. learned.—n. a learned person.—adv. Er′uditely.—n. Erudi′tion, state of being erudite or learned: knowledge gained by study: learning, esp. in literature. [L. erudīre, erudītum, to free from rudeness—e, from, rudis, rude.]

Erupt, e-rupt′, v.i. to break out or through, as a volcano.—n. Erup′tion, a breaking or bursting forth: that which bursts forth: a breaking out of spots on the skin.—adjs. Erup′tional; Erupt′ive, breaking forth: attended by or producing eruption: produced by eruption.—n. Erupt′iveness. [L. erumpĕre, eruptum.—e, out, rumpĕre, to break.]

Eryngo, e-ring′go, n. a genus of evergreen plants resembling thistles, the young leaves of E. maritimum (sea-holly) being sometimes eaten as a salad. [L. eryngion—Gr. ēryngos.]

Erysimum, er-is′i-mum, n. a genus of Cruciferæ, allied to Hedge-mustard and Dame's Violet. [Formed through L. from Gr. erysimon.]

Erysipelas, er-i-sip′e-las, n. an inflammatory disease, generally in the face, marked by a bright redness of the skin.—adj. Erysipel′atous. [Gr.; prob. from the root of erythros, red, pella, skin.]

Erythema, er-i-thē′ma, n. a name applied to certain skin diseases, but scarcely used by any two writers in exactly the same sense.—adjs. Erythemat′ic, Erythem′atous. [Gr.,—erythainein, to redden—erythros, red.]

Erythrite, e-rith′rīt, n. a reddish hydrous arseniate of cobalt.—adj. Erythrit′ic.

Escalade, es-ka-lād′, n. the scaling of the walls of a fortress by means of ladders.—v.t. to scale: to mount and enter by means of ladders—sometimes written Escalā′do. [Fr.,—Sp. escalada—escala, a ladder—L. scala.]

Escallop, es-kal′up, n. a variant of scallop.—adj. Escall′oped. (her.), covered with scallop-shells.

Escape, es-kāp′, v.t. to free from: to pass unobserved: to evade: to issue.—v.i. to flee and become safe from danger: to be passed without harm.—n. act of escaping: flight from danger or from prison.—adj. Escap′able.—ns. Escapāde′, an escape: a mischievous freak; Escāpe′ment, act of escaping: means of escape: part of a timepiece connecting the wheelwork with the pendulum or balance, and allowing a tooth to escape at each vibration; Escape′-valve, a valve on a boiler so as to let the steam escape when wanted. [O. Fr. escaper (Fr. échapper)—L. ex cappa, (lit.) 'out of one's cape or cloak.']

Escarp, es-kärp′, v.t. to make into a scarp or sudden slope.—n. a scarp or steep slope: (fort.) the side of the ditch next the rampart.—n. Escarp′ment, the precipitous side of any hill or rock: escarp. [Fr. escarper, to cut down steep, from root of scarp.]

Eschar, es′kär, n. a slough or portion of dead or disorganised tissue, gen. of artificial sloughs produced by the application of caustics.—adj. Escharot′ic, tending to form an eschar: caustic.—n. a caustic substance. [L.,—Gr. eschara, a hearth.]

Eschatology, es-ka-tol′o-ji, n. (theol.) the doctrine of the last or final things, as death, judgment, the state after death.—adjs. Eschatolog′ic, -al.—n. Eschatol′ogist. [Gr. eschatos, last, logia, a discourse.]

Escheat, es-chēt′, n. property which falls to the state for want of an heir, or by forfeiture: (Spens.) plunder.—v.t. to confiscate.—v.i. to fall to the lord of the manor or the state.—adj. Escheat′able.—ns. Escheat′age; Escheat′or. [O. Fr. eschete—escheoir (Fr. échoir)—Low L.,—L. ex, out, cadĕre, to fall.]

Eschew, es-chōō′, v.t. to shun: to flee from: to abstain from. [O. Fr. eschever; cog. with Ger. scheuen, to shun.]

Esclandre, e-sklang′dr, n. notoriety: any unpleasantness. [Fr.,—L. scandalum.]

Escort, es′kort, n. a body of men, or a single man, accompanying any one on a journey, for protection, guidance, or merely courtesy: attendance.—v.t. Escōrt′, to attend as guide or guard. [Fr. escorte—It. scorta—scorgere, to guide—L. ex, out, corrigĕre, to set right.]

Escot, es-kot′, v.t. (Shak.) to pay a reckoning for, to maintain. [O. Fr. escoter, escot=scot, a tax.]

Escritoire, es-kri-twor′, n. a writing-desk.—adj. Escritō′rial. [Fr. escritoire—Low L. scriptorium—L. scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Esculapian, es-kū-lā′pi-an, adj. pertaining to Esculapius, and hence to the art of healing.—Also Æsculā′pian. [Æsculapius, god of medicine.]

Esculent, es′kū-lent, adj. eatable: fit to be used for food by man.—n. something that is eatable. [L. esculentus, eatable—esca, food—edĕre, to eat.]

Escutcheon, es-kuch′un, n. a shield on which a coat of arms is represented: a family shield: the part of a vessel's stern bearing her name.—adj. Escutch′eoned ('und), having an escutcheon.—Escutcheon of pretence, an escutcheon placed with the arms of an heiress in the centre of her husband's coat.—A blot on the escutcheon, a stain on one's good name. [O. Fr. escuchon—L. scutum, a shield.]

Eskimo, es′ki-mō, n. and adj. one of a nation constituting the aboriginal inhabitants of the whole northern coast of America, and spread over the Arctic islands, Greenland, and the nearest Asiatic coast.—n. Eskimo dog, a half-tamed variety, widely distributed in the Arctic regions, and indispensable for drawing the sledges. [Said by Dr Rink to be from an Indian word=eaters of raw flesh.]

Esoteric, es-o-ter′ik, adj. inner: secret: mysterious: (phil.) taught to a select few—opp. to Exoteric.—adv. Esoter′ically.—ns. Esoter′icism, Esot′erism, the holding of esoteric opinions.—Esoteric Buddhism (see Theosophy). [Gr. esōterikos—esōterō, inner, a comp. form from esō, within.]

Espalier, es-pal′yėr, n. a lattice-work of wood on which to train fruit-trees: a fruit-tree trained on stakes: (obs.) a row of trees so trained.—v.t. to train as an espalier. [Fr.,—It. spalliera, a support for the shoulders—spalla, a shoulder. Cf. Epaulet.]

Esparto, es-par′tō, n. a strong kind of grass found in the south of Europe, esp. in Spain, used for making baskets, cordage, paper, &c. [Sp.,—L. spartum—Gr. sparton, a kind of rope.]

Especial, es-pesh′al, adj. special: particular: principal: distinguished.—adv. Espec′ially.—In especial, in particular. [O. Fr.,—L. specialis—species.]

Esperance, es′pėr-ans, n. (Shak.) hope. [Fr.,—L. sperans, pr.p. of sperāre, to hope.]

Espiègle, es-pi-ā′gl, adj. roguish, frolicsome.—n. Espièg′lerie, raillery: frolicsomeness. [Fr.]

Espionage, es′pi-on-āj, n. practice or employment of spies. [Fr.,—espionner—espion, a spy.]

Esplanade, es-pla-nād′, n. a level space between a citadel and the first houses of the town: any level space for walking or driving in. [Fr.,—Sp. esplanada—L. explanāre—ex, out, planus, flat.]

Espouse, es-powz′, v.t. to give in marriage: to take as spouse: to wed: to take with a view to maintain: to embrace, as a cause.—ns. Espous′al, the act of espousing or betrothing: the taking upon one's self, as a cause: (pl.) a contract or mutual promise of marriage; Espous′er. [O. Fr. espouser (Fr. épouser)—L. sponsāre—spondēre, sponsum, to promise.]

Esprit, es-prē′, n. spirit: liveliness.—Esprit de corps (es-prē′ d' kōr), regard for the character of that body to which one belongs; Esprit fort (es-prē′ fōr), a person of strong character. [Fr. esprit, spirit, corps, body, fort, strong.]

Espy, es-pī′, v.t. to watch: to see at a distance: to catch sight of: to observe: to discover unexpectedly.—n. Espī′al, the act of espying: observation. [O. Fr. espier, from root of spy.]

Esquimau, es′ki-mō (pl. Esquimaux, es′ki-mōz). Same as Eskimo.

Esquire, es-kwīr′, n. (orig.) a squire or shield-bearer: an attendant on a knight: a landed proprietor: a title of dignity next below a knight: a title given to younger sons of noblemen, &c.: a general title of respect in addressing letters. [O. Fr. esquier (Fr. écuyer)—L. scutarius—scutum, a shield.]

Essay, es′ā, n. a trial: an experiment: a written composition less elaborate than a treatise.—v.t. Essay′, to try: to attempt: to make experiment of:—pr.p. essay′ing; pa.p. essayed′.—ns. Essay′er, Es′sayist, one who essays: a writer of essays; Essayette′, Es′saykin, a little essay.—adjs. Es′sayish; Essayis′tic. [O. Fr. essai—L. exagium, weighing—exagĕre, to try, examine.]

Esse, es′i, n. used in phrase In esse, in existence, opposed to In posse, in potentiality. [L. esse, to be.]

Essence, es′ens, n. the inner distinctive nature of anything: the qualities which make any object what it is: a being: the extracted virtues of any drug: the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil: a perfume.—adj. Essen′tial, relating to or containing the essence: necessary to the existence of a thing: indispensable or important in the highest degree: highly rectified: pure.—n. something necessary: a leading principle.—n. Essential′ity, the quality of being essential: an essential part.—adv. Essen′tially.—n. Essen′tialness. [Fr.,—L. essentia—essens, -entis, assumed pr.p. of esse, to be.]

Essene, es-sēn′, n. one of a small religious fraternity among the ancient Jews leading retired ascetic lives and holding property in common.—n. Essen′ism. [Bishop Lightfoot prefers the der. from Heb. chāshā, to be silent, whence chashshāīm, 'the silent ones' who meditate on mysteries.]

Essoin, es-soin′, n. (law) excuse for not appearing in court: (Spens.) excuse.—n. Essoin′er. [O. Fr. essoine (Fr. exoine), es—L. ex, out, soin, care.]

Establish, es-tab′lish, v.t. to settle or fix: to confirm: to prove a point: to ordain: to found: to set up in business: to institute by law as the recognised state church, and to support officially and financially.—p.adj. Estab′lished, fixed: ratified: instituted by law and supported by the state.—ns. Estab′lisher; Estab′lishment, act of establishing: fixed state: that which is established: a permanent civil or military force: one's residence and style of living: the church established by law.—adj. Establishmentār′ian, maintaining the principle of the established church.—n. one who maintains this principle. [O. Fr. establir, pr.p. establissant—L. stabilīre—stabilis, firm—stāre, to stand.]

Estacade, es-ta-kād′, n. a dike of piles in a morass, river, &c., against an enemy. [Fr.,—Sp.]

Estafette, es-ta-fet′, n. a military courier or express. [Fr.,—It. staffetta—Old High Ger. stapho, a step.]

Estate, es-tāt′, n. condition or rank: position: property, esp. landed property: fortune: an order or class of men in the body-politic: (pl.) dominions: possessions.—v.t. to give an estate to: (arch.) to bestow upon.—n. Estates′man, statesman.—Man's estate, the state of manhood; The estates of the realm are three—Lords Spiritual, Lords Temporal, and Commons; but often misused for the legislature—king, lords, and commons.—The ancient parliament of Scotland consisted of the king and the Three Estates—viz.: (1) archbishops, bishops, abbots, and mitred priors; (2) the barons and the commissioners of shires and stewartries; (3) the commissioners from the royal burghs;—in France, the nobles, clergy, and Third Estate (tiers état) remained separate down to 1789; The fourth estate, often used humorously for the press. [O. Fr. estat (Fr. état)—L. status, a state.]

Esteem, es-tēm′, v.t. to set a high estimate or value on: to regard with respect or friendship: to consider or think.—n. high estimation or value: favourable regard.—p.adj. Esteemed′, respected.—adj. Es′timable, that can be estimated or valued: worthy of esteem: deserving our good opinion.—adv. Es′timably.—v.t. Es′timāte, to judge of the worth of a thing: to calculate.—n. reputation: a valuing in the mind: judgment or opinion of the worth or size of anything: a rough calculation: estimation.—n. Estimā′tion, act of estimating: a reckoning of value: esteem, honour: importance: conjecture.—adj. Es′timātive.—n. Es′timātor.—Hold in estimation, to esteem highly.—The estimates, accounts given before parliament showing the probable expenditure for the year. [Fr. estimer—L. æstimāre.]

Esthonian, es-thō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Esthonia, the most northerly of the Baltic provinces of Russia, or its population, language, or customs.—ns. Esth, an Esthonian of the original Finnish stock; Esth′lander, an Esthonian of the mixed race, in which the German element preponderates.

Estop, es-top′, v.t. to stop or bar: (law) to hinder, preclude:—pr.p. estop′ping; pa.p. estop′ped.—ns. Estop′pāge, the state of being estopped; Estop′pel, a conclusive admission, which cannot be denied by the party whom it affects. [O. Fr. estoper—estoupe—L. stuppa, tow. See Stop.]

Estovers, es-tō′vėrz, n.pl. (law) necessaries allowed by law, as wood to a tenant for necessary repairs, &c.—Common of estovers, the right of taking necessary wood from another's estate for household use and the making of implements of industry. [O. Fr. estovoir, necessaries.]

Estrange, es-trānj′, v.t. to treat as an alien: to alienate: to divert from its original use or possessor.—p.adj. Estranged′, alienated: disaffected.—ns. Estrang′edness; Estrange′ment; Estrang′er. [O. Fr. estranger (Fr. étranger)—L. extraneāre—extraneus. See Strange.]

Estray, e-strā′, n. a beast found within a manor or lordship, and not owned.—v.i. to stray. [See Astray.]

Estreat, e-strēt′, n. (law) a true extract, copy, or note of some original writing or record, esp. of fines and amercements to be levied by bailiffs or other officers.—v.t. to extract from the records of a court, as a forfeited recognisance: to levy fines under an estreat. [O. Fr. estraite—L. extrahĕre—ex, out, and trahĕre, to draw. See Extract.]

Estuary, es′tū-ar-i, n. the wide lower part of a river where it becomes tidal.—adjs. Estuā′rian, Es′tūarine. [L. æstuarium—æstus, tide.]

Esurient, es-ū′ri-ent, adj. hungry: penurious.—n. Esū′rience, hunger: neediness. [L. esuriens, -entis, pr.p. of esurīre, to be hungry—edĕre, to eat.]

Et cetera, et set′er-a, usually written etc. or &c., a phrase meaning 'and so on.'—n. something in addition, which can easily be understood. [L. et and, cetera, the rest.]

Etch, ech, v.t. or v.i. to make designs on metal, glass, &c. by eating out the lines with an acid.—ns. Etch′er, one who etches; Etch′ing, the act or art of etching or engraving: the impression from an etched plate; Etch′ing-ground, the coating of wax or varnish on a plate prepared for etching; Etch′ing-need′le, a fine-pointed steel instrument used in etching. [From Ger. ätzen, to corrode by acid; from same root as Ger. essen. See Eat.]

Eternal, ē-tėr′nal, adj. without beginning or end of existence: everlasting: ceaseless: unchangeable—(arch.) Eterne′.—v.t. Eter′nalise, Eter′nise, to make eternal: to immortalise.—n. Eter′nalist, one who thinks that matter has existed from eternity.—adv. Eter′nally.—n. Eter′nity, eternal duration: the state or time after death.—The Eternal, an appellation of God; The eternities, the eternal reality or truth. [Fr. éternel—L. æternus, æviternus—ævum—Gr. aion, a period of time, an age.]

Etesian, e-tē′zhan, adj. periodical: blowing at stated seasons, as certain winds. [L. etesius—Gr. etēsios, annual—etos, a year.]

Ether, ē′thėr, n. the clear, upper air: the subtile medium supposed to fill all space: a colourless, transparent, volatile liquid of great mobility and high refractive power, and possessing a fragrant odour and a fiery, passing to a cooling, taste.—adj. Ethē′real, consisting of ether: heavenly: airy: spirit-like.—n. Etherealisā′tion.—v.t. Ethē′realise, to convert into ether, or the fluid ether: to render spirit-like.—n. Ethereal′ity.—adv. Ethē′really.—adj. Ethē′reous (Milt.), ethereal.—n. Etherificā′tion.—adj. E′theriform.—n. Etherisā′tion.—v.t. E′therise, to convert into ether: to stupefy with ether.—n. E′therism, the condition induced by using ether. [L.,—Gr. aithēr, aithein, to light up.]

Ethic, eth′ik, adj. relating to morals: treating of morality or duty.—n. (more commonly in pl. Eth′ics) the science of morals, that branch of philosophy which is concerned with human character and conduct: a treatise on morals.—adj. Eth′ical, relating to the science of ethics.—adv. Eth′ically.—n. Eth′icist, one versed in ethics.—Ethical dative, the dative of a first or second personal pronoun implying an indirect interest in the fact stated, used colloquially to give a livelier tone to the sentence. [Gr. ēthikos—ēthos, custom.]

Ethiopian, ē-thi-ō′pi-an, adj. pertaining to Ethiopia, a name given to the countries south of Egypt inhabited by the negro races.—n. a native of Ethiopia: a blackamoor—(arch.) Ethiop.—adj. Ethiop′ic.—n.pl. Ē′thiops, a term applied by the ancient chemists to certain oxides and sulphides of the metals which possessed a dull, dingy, or black appearance. [Gr. Aithiops, sun-burnt, Ethiopian—aithein, to burn, ōps, the face.]

Ethmoid, -al, eth′moid, -al, adj. resembling a sieve.—Ethmoid bone, one of the eight somewhat cubical bones which collectively form the cranial box. [Gr. ēthmos, a sieve, and eidos, form.]

Ethnic, -al, eth′nik, -al, adj. concerning nations or races: pertaining to the heathen.—ns. Eth′nic, a heathen; Eth′nicism, heathenism; Ethnog′rapher.—adj. Ethnograph′ic.—n. Ethnog′raphy, the scientific description of the races of the earth.—adj. Ethnolog′ical.—adv. Ethnolog′ically.—ns. Ethnol′ogist; Ethnol′ogy, the science that treats of the varieties of the human race. [L.,—Gr. ethnos, a nation; Gr. graphē, writing, logia, discourse.]

Ethology, ē-thol′o-ji, n. a discourse on ethics: the science of character.—adjs. Etholog′ic, -al, relating to ethology: treating of morality.—ns. Ethol′ogist, one versed in ethology or ethics; Ē′thos, habitual character and disposition: the quality of a work of art which produces a high moral impression. [Gr. ēthos, custom, logia, a discourse.]

Ethyl, ē′thil, n. a colourless, inflammable gas, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol—supposed base of ether. [Gr. aithēr, ether, hylē, base.]

Etiolate, ē-ti-o-lāt′, v.t. (med., bot.) to cause to grow pale from want of light and fresh air.—v.i. to become pale from disease or absence of light.—n. Etiolā′tion. [Fr. étioler, to become pale, to grow into stubble, éteule, stubble—L. stipula, a stalk.]

Etiquette, et-i-ket′, n. forms of ceremony or decorum: ceremony: the unwritten laws of courtesy observed between members of the same profession, as 'medical etiquette.' [Fr. See Ticket.]

Etna, et′na, n. a vessel for heating water, &c., at table or in the sick-room, in a cup placed in a saucer is which alcohol is burned.—adj. Ætnē′an. [From the volcano, Mount Ætna.]

Etonian, et-ōn′i-an, n. and adj. one educated at Eton College.—Eton jacket, a boy's dress-coat, untailed.

Etrurian, et-rū′ri-an, adj. and n. of or belonging to Etruria.—adj. and n. Etrus′can, of or belonging to ancient Etruria or its people, language, art, &c.—sometimes jocularly put for Tuscan.

Ettle, et′l, v.t. (Scot.) to purpose, intend.—v.t. to guess.—n. purpose, intent. [Ice., ætla, to think, from root of Goth. aha, understanding.]

Étude, ā-tüd′, n. (mus.) a composition intended either to train or to test the player's technical skill. [Fr.]

Etymology, et-i-mol′o-ji, n. the investigation of the derivation and original signification of words: the science that treats of the origin and history of words: the part of grammar relating to inflection.—adjs. Etym′ic; Etymolog′ical.—adv. Etymolog′ically.—ns. Etymolog′icon, -cum, an etymological dictionary.—v.t. Etymol′ogise, to give, or search into, the etymology of a word.—ns. Etymol′ogist, one skilled in or who writes on etymology; Et′ymon, the origin of a word: an original root: the genuine or literal sense of a word. [O. Fr.,—L.,—Gr. etymos, true, logia, an account.]

Eucalyptus, ū-kal-ip′tus, n. the 'gum-tree,' a large Australian evergreen, beneficial in destroying the miasma of malarious districts.—ns. Eu′calypt, a eucalyptus; Eucalyp′tol, a volatile, colourless, limpid oil. [Coined from Gr. eu, well, kalyptos, covered—kalyptein, to cover.]

Eucharist, ū′ka-rist, n. the sacrament of the Lord's Supper: the elements of the sacrament, as 'to receive the Eucharist.'—adjs. Eucharist′ic, -al. [Gr. eucharistia, thanksgiving—eu, well, and charizesthai, to show favour—charis, grace, thanks.]

Euchlorine, ū-klō′rin, n. a very explosive green-coloured gas, prepared by the action of strong hydrochloric acid on chlorate of potash.—adj. Euchlō′ric. [Gr. eu, well, chloros, green.]

Euchologion, ū-ko-lō′ji-on, n. a formulary of prayers, primarily that of the Greek Church.—Also Euchol′ogy. [Gr. euchologion—euchē, a prayer, logia—legein, to speak.]

Euchre, ū′kėr, n. an American game at cards for two, three, or four persons, with the 32, 28, or 24 highest cards of the pack—if a player fails to make three tricks he is euchred, and his adversary scores against him.—v.t. to outwit. [Ety. uncertain; prob. Ger., like the term bower (q.v.), used in the game; some have suggested a Sp. yuca.]

Euclase, ū′klās, n. a silicate of aluminium and glucinum occurring in pale-green transparent crystals. [Fr.,—Gr. eu, well, klasis, breaking.]

Euclidean, ū-klid′e-an, or ū-kli-dē′an, adj. pertaining to Euclid, a mathematician of Alexandria about 300 B.C.

Eudemonism, Eudæmonism, ū-dē′mon-izm, n. the system of ethics that makes happiness the test of rectitude—whether Egoistic, as Hobbes, or Altruistic, as Mill.—ns. Eudē′monist, Eudæ′monist. [Gr. eudaimonia, happiness—eu, well, daimōn, a god.]

Eudiometer, ū-di-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the purity of, or the quantity of oxygen contained in, the air.—adjs. Eudiomet′ric, -al.—n. Eudiom′etry. [Gr. eudios, clear, metron, measure.]

Eugenic, ū-jen′ik, adj. pertaining to race culture.—n.pl. Eugen′ics, the science of such.—n. Eu′genism.

Eugenin, ū′je-nin, n. a substance procured from the distilled water of cloves.

Eugubine, ū′gū-bin, adj. pertaining to the ancient town of Eugubium or Iguvium (mod. Gubbio), or to its famous seven tablets of bronze, the chief monument of the ancient Umbrian tongue.

Euhemerism, ū-hē′me-rizm, n. the system which explains mythology as growing out of real history, its deities as merely magnified men.—v.t. and v.i. Euhē′merise.—n. and adj. Euhē′merist.—adj. Euhemeris′tic.—adv. Euhemeris′tically. [From Euhemerus, a 4th-cent. (B.C.) Sicilian philosopher.]

Eulogium, ū-lō′ji-um, Eulogy, ū′lo-ji, n. a speaking well of: a speech or writing in praise of.—adjs. Eulog′ic, -al, containing eulogy or praise.—adv. Eulog′ically.—v.t. Eu′logīse, to speak well of: to praise.—n. Eu′logist, one who praises or extols another.—adj. Eulogist′ic, full of praise.—adv. Eulogist′ically. [Late L. eulogium—Gr. eulogion (classical eulogia)—eu, well, logia, a speaking.]

Eumenides, ū-men′i-dēz, n.pl. the Erinyes or Furies—the euphemistic name for these. [Gr. eu, well, menos, mind.]

Eunuch, ū′nuk, n. a castrated man—often employed as chamberlain in the East.—v.t. Eu′nuchate.—n. Eu′nuchism, the state of being a eunuch. [Gr. eunouchos—eunē, a couch, echein, to have charge of.]

Eupatrid, ū-pat′rid, n. a member of the Athenian aristocracy. [Gr. eupatridēs—eu, well—patēr, father.]

Eupepsy, ū-pep′si, n. good digestion—opp. to Dyspepsia.—adj. Eupep′tic, having good digestion.—n. Eupeptic′ity. [Gr. eupepsia—eu, well, pepsis, digestion—peptein, to digest.]

Euphemism, ū′fem-izm, n. a figure of rhetoric by which an unpleasant or offensive thing is designated by an indirect and milder term.—v.t. or v.i. Eu′phemise, to express by a euphemism: to use euphemistic terms.—adj. Euphemist′ic.—adv. Euphemist′ically. [Gr. euphēmismos—euphēmos—eu, well, phēmē—phanaí, to speak.]

Euphony, ū′fo-ni, n. an agreeable sound: a pleasing, easy pronunciation—also Euphō′nia.—adjs. Euphon′ic, -al, Euphō′nious, pertaining to euphony: agreeable in sound.—adv. Euphō′niously.—v.t. Eu′phonīse, to make euphonious.—n. Euphō′nium, the bass instrument of the saxhorn family: a variation of the harmonica, invented by Chladni in 1790. [Gr. euphōnia—eu, well, phōnē, sound.]

Euphorbia, ū-for′bi-a, n. the Spurge genus.—n. Euphor′bium, a gum resin. [L.,—Euphorbus, a physician to Juba, king of Mauritania.]

Euphrasy, ū′fra-zi, n. (bot.) the plant eyebright, formerly regarded as beneficial in disorders of the eyes. [Gr. euphrasia, delight—euphrainein, to cheer—eu, well, phrēn, the heart.]

Euphrosyne, ū-fros′i-nē, n. one of the three Charities or Graces: merriment. [Gr. euphrōn, cheerful.]

Euphuism, ū′fū-izm, n. an affected and bombastic style of language: a high-flown expression.—v.i. Eu′phuise.—n. Eu′phuist.—adj. Euphuist′ic. [From Euphues, a popular book by John Lyly (1579-80).—Gr. euphyēs, graceful—eu, well, phyē, growth—phyesthai, to grow.]

Eurasian, ū-rā′zi-an, adj. descended from a European on the one side and an Asiatic on the other: of or pertaining to Europe and Asia taken as one continent. [From the combination of Europe and Asia.]

Eureka, ū-rē′ka, n. a brilliant discovery. [Gr. perf. indic. of euriskein, to find; the cry of Archimedes as he ran home naked from the bath, where a method of detecting the adulteration of Hiero's crown had suddenly occurred to him.]

Euripus, ū-rī′pus, n. an arm of the sea with strong currents: the water-channel between the arena and cavea of a Roman hippodrome. [Gr.]

Euroclydon, ū-rok′li-don, n. the tempestuous wind by which St Paul's ship was wrecked (Acts, xxvii. 14). [Gr., from euros, the east wind, klydōn, a wave—klyzein, to dash over.]

European, ū-ro-pē′an, adj. belonging to Europe.—n. a native or inhabitant of Europe.

Eusebian, ū-sē′bi-an, adj. pertaining to Eusebius of Cæsarea, father of ecclesiastical history (died 340), or to the Arian Eusebius of Nicomedia (died 342).

Euskarian, ūs-kā′ri-an, adj. Basque. [Basque Euskara, the Basque language.]

Eustachian, ū-stā′ki-an, adj. pertaining to the tube leading from the middle ear to the pharynx, or to the rudimentary valve at the entrance of the inferior vena cava in the heart. [Named from the Italian physician Bartolommeo Eustachio (died 1574).]

Euterpean, ū-tėr′pe-an, adj. relating to Euter′pe, the muse who presided over music—hence relating to music. [Gr. Euterpē—eu, well, terpein, to delight.]

Euthanasia, ū-than-ā′zi-a, n. an easy mode of death.—Also Euthan′asy. [Gr. euthanasia—eu, well, thanatos, death.]

Eutychian, ū-tik′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to the doctrine of Eutyches, a 5th-cent. archimandrite of Constantinople, who held that after the incarnation of Christ all that was human in Him became merged in the divine, and that Christ had but one nature.—n. a follower of Eutyches.

Evacuate, e-vak′ū-āt, v.t. to throw out the contents of: to discharge: to withdraw from.—adj. Evac′uant, purgative.—n. Evacuā′tion, act of emptying out: a withdrawing from: that which is discharged.—adj. Evac′uātive.—n. Evac′uātor, one who evacuates: (law) one who nullifies or makes void. [L. e, out, vacuāre, -ātum, to empty—vacuus, empty.]

Evade, e-vād′, v.t. to escape or avoid artfully: to baffle. [L. evadĕre—e, out, vadĕre, to go.]

Evagation, e-vag-ā′shun, n. wandering: a digression. [Fr.,—L. evagāri—e, out, vagāri, to wander.]

Evaginate, ē-vaj′i-nāt, v.t. to draw from a sheath.—n. Evaginā′tion.

Evaluate, e-val′ū-āt, v.t. to determine the value of.—n. Evaluā′tion.

Evanescent, ev-an-es′ent, adj. fleeting; imperceptible.—v.i. Evanesce′, to fade away.—n. Evanes′cence.—adv. Evanes′cently. [L. evanescens, -entis—e, vanescĕre, to vanish—vanus, empty.]

Evangel, e-van′jel, n. (poet.) good news, esp. the gospel: a salutary principle, esp. relating to morals, politics, &c.—adjs. Evangel′ic, -al, of or pertaining to the gospel: relating to the four gospels: according to the doctrine of the gospel: maintaining the truth taught in the gospel: Protestant: applied to the school which insists especially on the total depravity of unregenerate human nature, the justification of the sinner by faith alone, the free offer of the gospel to all, and the plenary inspiration and exclusive authority of the Bible.—n. Evangel′ical, one who belongs to the evangelical school.—adv. Evangel′ically.—ns. Evangel′icalness; Evangel′icism, Evangel′icalism, evangelical principles; Evangelisā′tion, act of proclaiming the gospel.—v.t. Evan′gelīse, to make known the good news: to make acquainted with the gospel.—v.i. to preach the gospel from place to place.—ns. Evan′gelism; Evan′gelist, one who evangelises: one of the four writers of the gospels: an assistant of the apostles: one authorised to preach, but without a fixed charge; Evangelis′tary, a book containing passages from the gospels to be read at divine service—also Evangelistā′rion, Evan′geliary.—adj. Evangelis′tic, tending or intended to evangelise.—n. Evan′gely (obs.), the gospel. [L. evangelicus—Gr. euangelikos—eu, well, angellein, to bring news.]

Evanish, e-van′ish, v.i. to vanish: to die away.—ns. Evan′ishment, Evani′tion. [See Evanesce.]

Evaporate, e-vap′or-āt, v.i. to fly off in vapour: to pass into an invisible state: to depart, vanish.—v.t. to convert into steam or gas.—adj. Evap′orable, able to be evaporated or converted into vapour.—n. Evaporā′tion, act of evaporating or passing off in steam or gas: the process by which a substance changes into the state of vapour.—adj. Evap′orātive.—ns. Evap′orator; Evaporom′eter. [L. e, off, vaporāre, -ātum—vapor, vapour.]

Evasion, e-vā-′zhun, n. act of evading or eluding: an attempt to escape the force of an argument or accusation: an excuse.—adjs. Evā′sible, capable of being evaded; Evā′sive, that evades or seeks to evade: not straightforward: shuffling.—adv. Evā′sively.—n. Evā′siveness.

Eve, ēv, Even, ēv′n, n. (poet.) evening: the night before a day of note: the time just preceding a great event. [A.S. ǽfen; Dut. avond; Ger. abend.]

Evection, e-vek′shun, n. (astron.) a lunar inequality resulting from the combined effect of the irregularity of the motion of the perigee, and alternate increase and decrease of the eccentricity of the moon's orbit. [L. evection-em—e, out, vehĕre, vectum, to carry.]

Even, ēv′n, adj. flat: level: uniform: (Shak.) straightforward: parallel: equal on both sides: not odd, able to be divided by 2 without a remainder.—v.t. to make even or smooth: to put on an equality: (Shak.) to act up to.—adv. exactly so: indeed: so much as: still.—n. Ev′en-Chris′tian (obs.), fellow-Christian.—adj. Ev′en-down, straight-down (of rain): downright, honest.—adv. thoroughly.—adj. Ev′en-hand′ed, with an equal, fair, or impartial hand: just.—adv. Ev′enly.—adj. Ev′en-mind′ed, having an even or calm mind: equable.—n. Ev′enness.—Be even with, to be revenged on: to be quits with. [A.S. efen; Dut. even, Ger. eben.]

Evening, ēv′ning, n. the close of the daytime: the decline or end of life: an evening party or gathering.—ns. Ev′enfall, early evening, twilight; Eve′ning-dress, the dress worn by ladies and gentlemen at evening parties; Eve′ning-prim′rose, a species of Œnothera, native of Virginia, but now naturalised in many parts of Europe on river-banks, in thickets, &c.—eaten after dinner it incites to wine-drinking; Eve′ning star, applied to Venus, when seen in the west setting soon after the sun; Ev′ensong, evening prayer, the Anglican form appointed to be said or sung at evening: the time proper for such; Ev′entide, the time of evening, evening. [A.S. ǽfnung, from ǽfen, even.]

Event, e-vent′, n. that which happens: the result: any incident or occurrence: an item in a programme or series of sports.—adjs. Event′ful, full of events: momentous; Event′ūal, happening as a consequence: final.—n. Eventūal′ity, a contingency: (phren.) the propensity to take notice of events, changes, or facts.—adv. Event′ūally, finally: at length. [L. eventus—evenĭre—e, out, venīre, to come.]

Eventration, e-ven-trā′shun, n. act of opening the belly; protrusion of an organ from the abdomen.

Ever, ev′ėr, adv. always: eternally: at any time: at all times: continually: in any degree.—n. Ev′erglade, a large shallow lake or marsh: chiefly in pl. such a marsh in southern Florida, enclosing thousands of islets covered with dense thickets.—adj. Ev′ergreen, always green.—n. a plant that remains green all the year.—adv. Evermore′, unceasingly: eternally.—Ever and anon, now and then.—Everglade State, Florida.—Ever so, to any extent; For ever, to all eternity; Seldom or ever, used for seldom if ever, or seldom or never. [A.S. ǽfre, always; der. uncertain; perh. cog. with Goth. aiws.]

Everlasting, ev-ėr-last′ing, adj. endless: eternal.—n. eternity.—adv. Everlast′ingly.—n. Everlast′ingness.—Everlasting flower, the popular name of certain plants, whose flowers may be kept for years without much diminution of beauty; From, or To, everlasting, from, or to, all eternity; The Everlasting, God.

Evert, e-vert′, v.t. to turn inside out.—n. Ever′sion. [L. evertĕre—e, out, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Every, ev′ėr-i, adj. each one of a number: all taken separately.—pron. Ev′erybody, every person.—adj. Ev′eryday, of or belonging to every day, daily: common, usual: pertaining to week-days, in opposition to Sunday.—pron. Ev′erything, all things: all.—advs. Ev′eryway, in every way or respect; Ev′erywhen, at all times; Ev′erywhere, in every place.—Every bit, the whole; Every now and then, or again, at intervals; Every other, every second—e.g. every other day, every alternate day. [A.S. ǽfre, ever, and ǽlc, each.]

Evict, e-vikt′, v.t. to dispossess by law: to expel from.—ns. Evic′tion, the act of evicting from house or lands: the dispossession of one person by another having a better title of property in land; Evic′tor. [L. evictus, pa.p. of evincĕre, to overcome.]

Evident, ev′i-dent, adj. that is visible or can be seen: clear to the mind: obvious.—n. Ev′idence, that which makes evident: means of proving an unknown or disputed fact: information in a law case, as 'to give evidence:' a witness.—v.t. to render evident: (obs.) to attest, prove.—adjs. Eviden′tial, Eviden′tiary, furnishing evidence: tending to prove.—advs. Eviden′tially; Ev′idently (N.T.), visibly.—In evidence, received by the court as competent evidence: plainly visible, conspicuous—a penny-a-liner's phrase adopted from the Fr. en evidence; Turn King's (Queen's) evidence (of an accomplice in a crime), to give evidence against his partners. [L. evidens, -entis—e, out, vidēre, to see.]

Evil, ē′vl, adj. wicked: mischievous: disagreeable: unfortunate.—adv. in an evil manner: badly.—n. that which produces unhappiness or calamity: harm: wickedness: depravity: sin.—ns. E′vil-do′er, one who does evil; E′vil-eye, a supposed power to cause evil or harm by the look of the eye.—adj. E′vil-fā′voured, having a repulsive appearance: ugly.—n. E′vil-fā′vouredness (B.), ugliness: deformity.—adv. E′villy, in an evil manner: not well.—adj. E′vil-mind′ed, inclined to evil: malicious: wicked.—ns. E′vilness, state of being evil: wickedness; E′vil-speak′ing, the speaking of evil: slander.—adj. E′vil-starred (Tenn.), born under the influence of an unpropitious star, unfortunate.—n. E′vil-work′er, one who works or does evil.—The Evil One, the devil.—Speak evil of, to slander. [A.S. yfel; Dut. euvel; Ger. übel. Ill is a doublet.]

Evince, e-vins′, v.t. to prove beyond doubt: to show clearly: to make evident.—n. Evince′ment.—adj. Evinc′ible, that may be evinced or made evident.—adv. Evinc′ibly.—adj. Evinc′ive, tending to evince, prove, or demonstrate. [L. evincĕre—e, inten., vincĕre, to overcome.]

Evirate, ē′vir-āt, v.t. to castrate: to render weak or unmanly. [L. evirāre—e, out, vir, a man.]

Eviscerate, e-vis′ėr-āt, v.t. to tear out the viscera or bowels: to gut.—n. Eviscerā′tion. [L. e, out, viscera, the bowels.]

Evite, e-vīt′, v.i. to avoid.—v.t. Ev′itate (Shak.) to avoid.—n. Evitā′tion, the act of shunning. [L. evitāre, -ātum—e, out, vitāre, to shun.]

Eviternal, ev-i-tėr′nal, adj. eternal.—adv. Eviter′nally.—n. Eviter′nity.

Evoke, e-vōk′, v.t. to call out: to draw out or bring forth.—v.t. Ev′ocate, to call up (spirits) from the dead.—n. Evocā′tion. [L. evocāre—e, out, and vocāre, to call.]

Evolution, ev-ol-ū′shun, n. the act of unrolling or unfolding: gradual working out or development: a series of things unfolded: the doctrine according to which higher forms of life have gradually arisen out of lower: (arith., alg.) the extraction of roots: (pl.) the orderly movements of a body of troops or of ships of war.—adjs. Evolū′tional, Evolū′tionary, of or pertaining to evolution.—ns. Evolū′tionism, the theory of evolution; Evolū′tionist, one skilled in evolutions or military movements: one who believes in evolution as a principle in science.—adj. Ev′olūtive. [L. evolutionem—evolvĕre.]

Evolve, e-volv′, v.t. to unroll: to disclose: to develop: to unravel.—v.i. to disclose itself: to result.—n. Ev′olūte (math.), an original curve from which another curve (the involute) is described by the end of a thread gradually unwound from the former.—adj. Evolv′able, that can be drawn out.—n. Evolve′ment.—adj. Evolv′ent. [L. evolvĕre—e, out, volvĕre, volūtum, to roll.]

Evulgate, e-vul′gāt, v.t. to divulge: to publish. [L. evulgāre, ātum—e, out, vulgus, the people.]

Evulsion, e-vul′shun, n. a plucking out by force. [L. e, out, vellĕre, vulsum, to pluck.]

Ewe, ū, n. a female sheep.—ns. Ewe′-cheese, cheese made from the milk of ewes; Ewe′-lamb, a female lamb: a poor man's one possession—used in reference to 2 Sam. xii.; Ewe′-neck, of horses, a thin hollow neck.—adj. Ewe′-necked. [A.S. eowu; cf. L. ovis, Gr. oïs, Sans, avi, a sheep.]

Ewer, ū′ėr, n. a large jug with a wide spout, placed on a washstand to hold water. [Through Fr. from L. aquarium—aqua, water, whence also Fr. eau.]

Ex, eks, used adjectively in words like ex-emperor, to signify late. See Prefixes in Appendix.

Exacerbate, egz-as′ėr-bāt, or eks-, v.t. to embitter: to provoke: to render more violent or severe, as a disease.—ns. Exacerbā′tion, Exacerbes′cence, increase of irritation or violence, esp. the increase of a fever or disease: embitterment. [L. exacerbāre, -ātum—ex, and acerbāre, from acerbus, bitter.]

Exact, egz-akt′, v.t. to force from: to compel full payment of: to make great demands, or to demand urgently: to extort: to inflict.—v.i. to practice extortion.—adj. precise: careful: punctual: true: certain or demonstrable.—p.adj. Exact′ing, compelling full payment of: unreasonable in making demands.—ns. Exac′tion, act of exacting or demanding strictly: an oppressive demand: that which is exacted, as excessive work or tribute; Exact′itude, exactness: correctness.—adv. Exact′ly.—ns. Exact′ment; Exact′ness, quality of being exact: accuracy; Exact′or, -er, one who exacts: an extortioner: one who claims rights, often too strictly:—fem. Exact′ress.—Exact sciences, the mathematical sciences, of which the results are demonstrable. [L. exigĕre, exactum—ex, out, agĕre, to drive.]

Exaggerate, egz-aj′ėr-āt, v.t. to magnify unduly: to represent too strongly: to intensify.—n. Exaggerā′tion, extravagant representation: a statement in excess of the truth.—adjs. Exagg′erative, Exagg′eratory, containing exaggeration or tending to exaggerate.—n. Exagg′erator. [L. exaggerāre, -ātum—ex, aggerāre, to heap up—agger, a heap.]

Exalbuminous, eks-al-bū′min-us, adj. (bot.) without albumen.—Also Exalbū′minose.

Exalgin, eks-al′jin, n. an anodyne obtained from coal-tar products. [Gr.,—ex, out, algos, pain.]

Exalt, egz-awlt′, v.t. to elevate to a higher position: to elate or fill with the joy of success: to extol: (chem.) to refine or subtilise.—n. Exaltā′tion, elevation in rank or dignity: high estate: elation: (astrol.) the position of a planet in the zodiac where it was supposed to wield the greatest influence.—p.adj. Exalt′ed, elevated: lofty: dignified.—n. Exalt′edness. [L. exaltāre—ex, altus, high.]

Examine, egz-am′in, v.t. to test: to inquire into: to question.—n. Exā′men, examination.—adj. Exam′inable.—ns. Exam′inant, an examiner; Exam′inate, one who is examined; Examinā′tion, careful search or inquiry: trial: testing of capacity of pupils, also contracted to Exam.; Examinēē′, one under examination; Exam′iner, Exam′inātor, one who examines.—p.adj. Exam′ining, that examines, or is appointed to examine. [Fr.,—L. examināre—examen (=exagmen), the tongue of a balance.]

Example, egz-am′pl, n. that which is taken as a specimen of the rest, or as an illustration of the rule, &c.: the person or thing to be imitated or avoided: a pattern: a warning: a former instance.—v.t. to exemplify: to instance.—n. Exam′plar, a pattern, model.—adj. Exam′plary, serving for an example. [O. Fr.,—L. exemplum—eximĕre, to take out—ex, out of, emĕre, emptum, to take.]

Exanimate, egz-an′i-māt, adj. lifeless: spiritless: depressed.—n. Exanimā′tion.—adj. Exan′imous [L. exanimātus—ex, neg., animus, spirit, life.]

Exanthema, eks-an-thē′ma, n. one of a class of febrile diseases with distinctive eruptions on the skin, appearing at a definite period and running a recognisable course:—pl. Exanthē′mata.—adjs. Exanthemat′ic, Exanthem′atous.—ns. Exanthematol′ogy; Exanthē′sis, the appearing of an exanthema. [Gr.,—ex, out, antheein, to blossom.]

Exarch, eks′ärk, n. name formerly given to the vicegerent of the Byzantine empire in Italy: a bishop: (Gr. Church) an ecclesiastical inspector.—n. Exarch′ate, the office of an exarch. [Gr. exarchos—ex, and archein, to lead.]

Exasperate, egz-as′pėr-āt, v.t. to make very angry: to irritate in a high degree.—p.adj. irritated.—adjs. Exas′perating, Exas′perative, provoking.—ns. Exasperā′tion, act of irritating; state of being exasperated: provocation: rage: aggravation; Exas′perator. [L. ex, inten., asperāre, to make rough—asper, rough.]

Excalibur, eks-kal′ib-ėr, n. the name of King Arthur's sword. [O. Fr. escalibor—caliburn; cf. Ir. caladbolg, a famous sword.]

Excambion, eks-kam′bi-on, n. legal term for the exchange of lands—also Excam′bium.—v.t. Excamb′, to exchange. [Low L. excambiāre.]

Excavate, eks′ka-vāt, v.t. to hollow or scoop out: to dig out.—ns. Excavā′tion, act of excavating: a hollow or cavity made by excavating; Ex′cavator, one who excavates: a machine used for excavating. [L. excavāre—ex, out, cavus, hollow.]

Exceed, ek-sēd′, v.t. to go beyond the limit or measure of: to surpass or excel.—v.i. to go beyond a given or proper limit.—p.adj. Exceed′ing, surpassing, excessive.—adv. Exceed′ingly, very much: greatly. [L. ex, beyond, cedĕre, cessum, to go.]

Excel, ek-sel′, v.t. to be superior to: to exceed: to surpass.—v.i. to have good qualities in a high degree: to perform very meritorious actions: to be superior:—pr.p. excel′ling; pa.p. excelled′.—ns. Ex′cellence, Ex′cellency, great merit: any excellent quality: worth: greatness: a title of honour given to persons high in rank or office.—adj. Ex′cellent, surpassing others in some good quality: of great virtue, worth, &c.: superior: valuable.—adv. Ex′cellently.—adj. Excel′sior (L. comp.), higher still. [L. excellĕre—ex, out, up, and a word from the root of celsus, high.]

Except, ek-sept′, v.t. to take or leave out: to exclude.—v.i. to object.—prep. leaving out: excluding: but.—adj. and n. Except′ant.—prep. Except′ing, with the exception of, except.—n. Excep′tion, the act of excepting: that which is excepted: exclusion: objection: offence.—adj. Excep′tionable, objectionable.—adv. Excep′tionably.—adj. Excep′tional, peculiar.—adv. Excep′tionally.—adjs. Excep′tious, disposed to take exception; Except′ive, including, making, or being an exception; Except′less (Shak.), making an exception, usual.—n. Except′or. [L. excipĕre, exceptum—ex, out, capĕre, to take.]

Excerpt, ek′sėrpt, or ek-sėrpt′, n. a passage selected from a book, an extract.—v.t. Excerpt′, to select: to extract.—ns. Excerpt′ing, Excerp′tion; Excerp′tor. [L. excerptum, pa.p. of excerpĕre—ex, out, carpĕre, to pick.]

Excess, ek-ses′, n. a going beyond what is usual or proper: intemperance: that which exceeds: the degree by which one thing exceeds another.—adj. Exces′sive, beyond what is right and proper: immoderate: violent.—adv. Exces′sively.—n. Exces′siveness.—Carry to excess, to do too much. [L. excessus—excedĕre, excessum, to go beyond.]

Exchange, eks-chānj′, v.t. to give or leave one place or thing for another: to give and take mutually: to barter.—n. the giving and taking one thing for another: barter: the thing exchanged: process by which accounts between distant parties are settled by bills instead of money: the difference between the value of money in different places: the building where merchants, &c., meet for business.—n. Exchangeabil′ity.—adj. Exchange′able, that may be exchanged.—n. Exchan′ger, one who exchanges or practises exchange: (B.) a money-changer, a banker. [O. Fr. eschangier (Fr. échanger)—Low L. excambiāre—L. ex, out, cambīre, to barter.]

Exchequer, eks-chek′ėr, n. a superior court which had formerly to do only with the revenue, but now also with common law, so named from the chequered cloth which formerly covered the table, and on which the accounts were reckoned.—v.t. to proceed against a person in the Court of Exchequer.—Exchequer bill, bill issued at the Exchequer, under the authority of acts of parliament, as security for money advanced to the government.—Chancellor of the Exchequer (see Chancellor); Court of Exchequer, originally a revenue court, became a division of the High Court of Justice in 1875, and is now merged in the Queen's Bench Division. [From root of check, checker.]

Excide, ek-sid′, v.t. to cut off. [L. excidĕre—ex, out, cædĕre, to cut.]

Excipient, ek-sip′i-ent, n. a substance mixed with a medicine to give it consistence, or used as a vehicle for its administration.

Excise, ek-sīz′, n. a tax on certain home commodities and on licenses for certain trades; the department in the civil administration which is concerned with this tax.—v.t. to subject to excise duty.—adj. Excis′able, liable to excise duty.—n. Excise′man, an officer charged with collecting the excise. [Old Dut. excijs—O. Fr. acceis, tax—Low L. accensāre, to tax—ad, to, census, tax.]

Excise, ek-sīz′, v.t. to cut off or out.—n. Exci′sion, a cutting out or off of any kind: extirpation. [L. excidĕre, to cut out—ex, out, cædĕre, to cut.]

Excite, ek-sīt′, v.t. to call into activity: to stir up: to rouse: to irritate.—ns. Excītabil′ity, Excīt′ableness.—adj. Excīt′able, capable of being excited, easily excited.—ns. Excitant (ek′sit-ant, or ek-sīt′ant), that which excites or rouses the vital activity of the body: a stimulant; Excitā′tion, act of exciting: means of excitement: state of excitement.—adjs. Excīt′ātive, Excīt′ātory, tending to excite.—p.adj. Excīt′ed, agitated.—ns. Excite′ment, agitation: that which excites; Excīt′er.—p.adj. Excīt′ing, tending to excite.—adj. Excī′to-mō′tor, exhibiting muscular contraction. [Fr.,—L. excitāre, -ātum—exciēre—ex, out, ciēre, to set in motion.]

Exclaim, eks-klām′, v.i. to cry out: to utter or speak vehemently.—n. an exclamation, outcry.—n. Exclamā′tion, vehement utterance: outcry: an uttered expression of surprise, and the like: the mark expressing this (!): an interjection.—adjs. Exclam′ative, Exclam′atory, containing or expressing exclamation. [Fr. exclamer—L. exclamāre, -ātum—ex, out, clamāre, to shout.]

Exclave, eks′klāv, n. a part of a country, province, &c. disjoined from the main part—opp. to Enclave.

Exclude, eks-klōōd′, v.t. to close or shut out: to thrust out: to hinder from entrance: to hinder from participation: to except.—ns. Exclu′sion, a shutting or putting out: ejection: exception; Exclu′sionism; Exclu′sionist, one who excludes, or would exclude, another from a privilege.—adj. Exclu′sive, able or tending to exclude: debarring from participation: sole: not taking into account.—n. one of a number who exclude others from their society.—adv. Exclu′sively.—ns. Exclu′siveness; Exclu′sivism.—adj. Exclu′sory, exclusive.—Exclusive dealing, the act of abstaining deliberately from any business or other transactions with persons of opposite political or other convictions to one's own—a euphemism for boycotting (q.v.). [L. excludĕre—ex, out, claudĕre, to shut.]

Excogitate, eks-koj′i-tāt, v.t. to discover by thinking: to think earnestly or laboriously.—n. Excogitā′tion, laborious thinking: invention: contrivance. [L. excogitāre, -ātum—ex, out, cogitāre, to think.]

Excommunicate, eks-kom-ūn′i-kāt, v.t. to put out of or expel from the communion of the church: to deprive of church privileges.—adj. Excommun′icable.—ns. Excommunicā′tion, act of expelling from the communion of a church—(Milt.) Excommun′ion.—adj. Excommun′icatory, of or pertaining to excommunication. [From Late L. excommunicāre—L. ex, out, communis, common.]

Excoriate, eks-kō′ri-āt, v.t. to strip the skin from.—n. Excoriā′tion, the act of excoriating: the state of being excoriated. [L. excoriāre, -ātum—ex, from, corium, the skin.]

Excorticate, eks-kor′ti-kāt, v.t. to strip the bark off.—n. Excorticā′tion.

Excrement, eks′kre-ment, n. useless matter discharged from the animal system: dung.—adjs. Excrement′al, Excrementi′tial, Excrementi′tious, pertaining to or containing excrement. [L. excrementum—excernĕre—ex, out, cernĕre, to sift.]

Excrescence, eks-kres′ens, n. that which grows out unnaturally from anything else: an outbreak: a wart or tumour: a superfluous part.—ns. Ex′crement, an outgrowth; Excres′cency, state of being excrescent: excrescence.—adjs. Excres′cent, growing out: superfluous; Excrescen′tial. [Fr.,—L.,—excrescĕre—ex, out, crescĕre, to grow.]

Excrete, eks-krēt′, v.t. to separate from: to eject.—ns.pl. Excrē′ta, Excrētes′, matters discharged from the animal body.—n. Excrē′tion, act of excreting matter from the animal system: that which is excreted.—adjs. Excrē′tive, able to excrete; Excrē′tory, having the quality of excreting.—n. a duct that helps to receive and excrete matter. [L. ex, from, cernĕre, cretum, to separate.]

Excruciate, eks-krōō′shi-āt, v.t. to torture: to rack: to pain, grieve.—p.adj. Excru′ciāting, extremely painful: racking: torturing: agonising.—adv. Excru′ciatingly.—n. Excruciā′tion, torture: vexation. [L. ex, out, cruciāre, -ātum, to crucify—crux, crucis, a cross.]

Exculpate, eks-kul′pāt, v.t. to clear from the charge of a fault or crime: to absolve: to vindicate.—n. Exculpā′tion.—adj. Excul′patory, tending to free from the charge of fault or crime. [L. ex, from, culpa, a fault.]

Excursion, eks-kur′shun, n. a going forth: an expedition: a trip for pleasure or health: a wandering from the main subject: a digression.—adj. Excur′rent (bot.), projecting beyond the edge or point.—vs.i. Excurse′, to digress; Excur′sionise, to go on an excursion.—n. Excur′sionist, one who goes on a pleasure-trip.—adj. Excur′sive, rambling: deviating.—adv. Excur′sively.—ns. Excur′siveness; Excur′sus, a dissertation on some particular point appended to a book or chapter.—Excursion train, a special train, usually with reduced fares, for persons making an excursion. [L. excursio—ex, out, currĕre, cursum, to run.]

Excuse, eks-kūz′, v.t. to free from blame or guilt: to forgive: to free from an obligation: to release, dispense with: to make an apology or ask pardon for.—n. (eks-kūs′) a plea offered in extenuation of a fault: indulgence.—adj. Excus′able, admitting of justification.—n. Excus′ableness.—adv. Excus′ably.—adj. Excus′atory, making or containing excuse: apologetic.—Excuse me, an expression used as an apology for any slight impropriety, or for controverting a statement that has been made. [L. excusāre—ex, from, causa, a cause, accusation.]

Exeat, eks′ē-at, n. formal leave, as for a student to be out of college for more than one night. [L., 'let him go out.']

Execrate, eks′e-krāt, v.t. to curse: to denounce evil against: to detest utterly.—adj. Ex′ecrable, deserving execration: detestable: accursed.—adv. Ex′ecrably.—n. Execrā′tion, act of execrating: a curse pronounced: that which is execrated.—adj. Ex′ecrātive, of or belonging to execration.—adv. Ex′ecrātively.—adj. Ex′ecrātory. [L. exsecrāri, -ātus, to curse—ex, from, sacer, sacred.]

Execute, eks′e-kūt, v.t. to perform: to give effect to: to carry into effect the sentence of the law: to put to death by law.—adj. Exec′utable, that can be executed.—ns. Exec′utant, one who executes or performs; Ex′ecuter; Execū′tion, act of executing or performing: accomplishment: completion: carrying into effect the sentence of a court of law: the warrant for so doing: the infliction of capital punishment; Execū′tioner, one who executes, esp. one who inflicts capital punishment.—adj. Exec′utive, designed or fitted to execute: active: qualifying for or pertaining to the execution of the law.—n. the power or authority in government that carries the laws into effect: the persons who administer the government.—adv. Exec′utively.—n. Exec′utor, one who executes or performs: the person appointed to see a will carried into effect:—fem. Exec′utress, Exec′utrix.—adj. Executō′rial.—n. Exec′utorship.—adj. Exec′utory, executing official duties: designed to be carried into effect. [Fr. exécuter—L. exsequi, exsecutus—ex, out, sequi, to follow.]

Exedra, eks′e-dra, n. a raised platform with steps, in the open air: an apse, recess, niche—also Ex′hedra:—pl. Ex′edræ. [L.]

Exegesis, eks-e-jē′sis, n. the science of interpretation, esp. of the Scriptures.—ns. Ex′egete, Exeget′ist, one who interprets the Scriptures.—adjs. Exeget′ic, -al, pertaining to exegesis: explanatory.—adv. Exeget′ically.—n.pl. Exeget′ics, the science of exegesis. [Gr. exēgesis—exēgeesthai, to explain—ex, out, hēgeesthai, to guide.]

Exeme, eks-ēm′, v.t. (Scot.) to release, exempt. [L. eximĕre—ex, out, emĕre, to take.]

Exemplar, egz-em′plar, n. a person or thing to be imitated: the ideal model of an artist: a type: an example.—adv. Ex′emplarily.—ns. Exem′plariness, the state or quality of being exemplary; Exemplar′ity, exemplariness: exemplary conduct.—adj. Exemplary (egz-em′plar-i, or egz′em-plar-i), worthy of imitation or notice. [O. Fr. exemplaire—Low L. exemplarium—exemplum, example.]

Exemplify, egz-em′pli-fī, v.t. to illustrate by example: to make an attested copy of: to prove by an attested copy:—pr.p. exem′plifying; pa.p. exem′plified.—adj. Exem′plifīable.—n. Exemplificā′tion, act of exemplifying: that which exemplifies: a copy or transcript. [L. exemplum, example, facĕre, to make.]

Exempt, egz-emt′, v.t. to free, or grant immunity (with from).—adj. taken out: not liable to: released: unaffected by.—n. Exemp′tion, act of exempting: state of being exempt: freedom from any service, duty, &c.: immunity. [Fr.,—L. eximĕre, exemptum—ex, out, emĕre, to buy.]

Exenterate, eks-en′tėr-āt, v.t. to disembowel.—p.adj. disembowelled.—n. Exenterā′tion. [L. exenterāre—Gr. ex, out, enteron, intestine.]

Exequatur, eks-e-kwā′tur, n. an official recognition of a consul or commercial agent given by the government of the country in which he is to be. [L. exequatur='let him execute'—the opening word.]

Exequy, eks′e-kwi (only in pl. Exequies, eks′e-kwiz), n. a funeral procession: funeral rites.—adj. Exē′quial. [L. exequiæ—ex, out, sequi, to follow.]

Exercise, eks′ėr-sīz, n. a putting in practice: exertion of the body for health or amusement: discipline: a lesson, task, academical disputation, &c.: (Shak.) skill: (pl.) military drill: an act of worship or devotion: a discourse, the discussion of a passage of Scripture, giving the coherence of text and context, &c.—the addition, giving the doctrinal propositions, &c.: the Presbytery itself.—v.t. to train by use: to improve by practice: to afflict: to put in practice: to use: to wield.—adj. Ex′ercisable. [O. Fr. exercice—L. exercitium—L. exercēre, -citum—ex, out, arcēre, to shut up.]

Exercitation, egz-er-sit-ā′shun, n. the putting into practice: employment: exercise: a discourse. [L. exercitāre—exercēre, to exercise.]

Exergue, eks′erg, or egz-erg′, n. the part on the reverse of a coin, below the main device, often filled up by the date, &c.—adj. Exer′gual. [Fr.,—Gr. ex, out, ergon, work.]

Exert, egz-ėrt′, v.t. to bring into active operation: to do or perform.—n. Exer′tion, a bringing into active operation: effort: attempt.—adj. Exert′ive, having the power or tendency to exert: using exertion. [L. exserĕre, exsertum—ex, out, serĕre, to put together.]

Exfoliate, eks-fō′li-āt, v.i. and v.t. to come off, or send off, in scales.—n. Exfoliā′tion.—adj. Exfō′liative. [L. exfoliāre, -ātum—ex, off, folium, a leaf.]

Exhale, egz-hāl′, v.t. to emit or send out as vapour: to evaporate.—v.i. to rise or be given off as vapour.—adjs. Exhal′able, that can be exhaled; Exhal′ant, having the quality of exhaling.—n. Exhalā′tion, act or process of exhaling: evaporation: that which is exhaled: vapour: steam. [Fr. exhaler—L. exhalāre—ex, out, halāre, -ātum, to breathe.]

Exhale, egz-hāl′, v.t. to draw out: (Shak.) to cause to flow. [Pfx. ex-, and hale, to draw.]

Exhaust, egz-awst′, v.t. to draw out the whole of: to use the whole strength of: to wear or tire out: to treat of or develop completely.—n. the exit of steam from the cylinder when it has done its work in propelling the piston—escaping by the exhaust-pipe and regulated by the exhaust-valve.—p.adj. Exhaust′ed, drawn out: emptied: consumed: tired out.—n. Exhaust′er, he who or that which exhausts.—adj. Exhaust′ible, that may be exhausted.—n. Exhaust′ion, act of exhausting or consuming: state of being exhausted: extreme fatigue.—adjs. Exhaust′ive, tending to exhaust; Exhaust′less, that cannot be exhausted. [L. exhaurīre, exhaustum—ex, out, haurīre, to draw.]

Exheredate, eks-her′i-dāt, v.t. (rare) to disinherit.—n. Exheredā′tion. [L. exheredāre—ex, out, heres, -edis, heir.]

Exhibit, egz-ib′it, v.t. to hold forth or present to view: to present formally or publicly.—n. (law) a document produced in court to be used as evidence: something exhibited: an article at an exhibition.—ns. Exhib′iter, Exhib′itor; Exhibi′tion, presentation to view: display: a public show, esp. of works of art, manufactures, &c.: that which is exhibited: an allowance or bounty to scholars in a university; Exhibi′tioner, one who enjoys an exhibition at a university; Exhibi′tionist.—adjs. Exhib′itive, serving for exhibition: representative; Exhib′itory, exhibiting.—Make an exhibition of one's self, to behave foolishly, exciting ridicule. [L. exhibēre, -itum—ex, out, habēre, -itum, to have.]

Exhilarate, egz-il′a-rāt, v.t. to make hilarious or merry: to enliven: to cheer.—adj. Exhil′arant, exhilarating: exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure.—n. an exhilarating medicine.—p.adj. Exhil′arāting, cheering: gladdening.—adv. Exhil′arātingly.—n. Exhilarā′tion, state of being exhilarated: joyousness.—adjs. Exhil′arātive, Exhil′arātory. [L. exhilarāre, -ātum—ex, inten., hilaris, cheerful.]

Exhort, egz-hort′, or egz-ōrt′, v.t. to urge strongly to good deeds, esp. by words or advice: to animate: to advise or warn.—n. Exhortā′tion, act of exhorting: language intended to exhort: counsel: a religious discourse.—adjs. Exhort′ative, Exhort′atory, tending to exhort or advise. [L. exhortāri, -ātus—ex, inten., hortāri, to urge.]

Exhume, eks-hūm′, v.t. to take out of the ground or place of burial: to disinter: to bring to light—also Ex′humate.—ns. Exhumā′tion, act of exhuming: disinterment; Exhum′er, one who exhumes. [L. ex, out of, humus, the ground.]

Exies, ek′siz, n.pl. (Scot.) ecstasy: hysterics. [Perh. from access, an attack, a fit.]

Exigent, eks′i-jent, adj. pressing: demanding immediate attention or action.—n. end, extremity: (Browning) a needed amount.—adj. Exigeant′, exacting.—n.fem. Exigeante′.—ns. Ex′igence, Ex′igency, pressing necessity: emergency: distress.—adj. Ex′igible, capable of being exacted.—ns. Exigū′ity, Exig′uousness.—adj. Exig′uous, small: slender. [L. exigens, -entis—exigĕre—ex, out, agĕre, to drive.]

Exile, eks′īl, or egz′īl, n. state of being sent out of one's native country: expulsion from home: banishment: one away from his native country.—v.t. to expel from one's native country, to banish.—n. Ex′īlement, banishment.—adj. Exil′ic, pertaining to exile, esp. that of the Jews in Babylon. [O. Fr. exil—L. exsilium, banishment—ex, out of, and root of salīre, to leap.]

Exility, eks-il′i-ti, n. slenderness, smallness: refinement. [L. exilis, slender, contraction for exigilis.]

Eximious, eg-zim′i-us, adj. excellent, distinguished. [L. eximius—eximĕre—ex, out, emĕre, to take.]

Exist, egz-ist′, v.i. to have an actual being: to live: to continue to be.—n. Exist′ence, state of existing or being: continued being: life: anything that exists: a being.—adjs. Exist′ent, having being: at present existing; Existen′tial. [L. existĕre, exsistĕre—ex, out, sistĕre, to make to stand.]

Exit, eks′it, n. a direction in playbooks to an actor to go off the stage: the departure of a player from the stage: any departure: a way of departure: a passage out: a quitting of the world's stage, or life: death:—pl. Ex′eunt.—v.i. to make an exit. [L. exit, he goes out, exeunt, they go out—exīre, to go out—ex, out, and īre, itum, to go.]

Exode, ek′sōd, n. the concluding part of a Greek drama: a farce or afterpiece. [Gr.]

Exodus, eks′o-dus, n. a going out or departure, esp. that of the Israelites from Egypt (1491 B.C., Usher): the second book of the Old Testament.—adj. Exod′ic.—n. Ex′odist, one who goes out: an emigrant. [L.,—Gr. exodos—ex, out, hodos, a way.]

Exogamy, eks-og′a-mi, n. the practice of marrying only outside of one's own tribe.—adj. Exog′amous. [Gr. exo, out, gamos, marriage.]

Exogen, eks′o-jen, n. a plant belonging to the great class that increases by layers growing on the outside of the wood.—adj. Exog′enous (-oj′), growing by successive additions to the outside. [L. exō, outside, and gen, root of gignesthai, to be produced.]

Exomis, eks-ō′mis, n. a sleeveless vest, worn by workmen and slaves—(Browning) Exō′mion. [Gr. exōmis—ex, out, ōmos, shoulder.]

Exon, eks′on, n. one of the four officers of the yeomen of the Royal Guard. [App. intended to express the pronunciation of Fr. exempt (Dr Murray).]

Exonerate, egz-on′ėr-āt, v.t. to free from the burden of blame or obligation: to acquit.—n. Exonerā′tion, act of exonerating or freeing from a charge or blame.—adj. Exon′erative, freeing from a burden or obligation. [L. exonerāre, -ātum—ex, from, onus, oneris, burden.]

Exophagy, eks-of′a-ji, n. the custom among cannibals of eating only the flesh of persons not of their own tribe.—adj. Exoph′agous. [Formed from Gr. exō, outside, phagein, to eat.]

Exorable, ek′sō-ra-bl, adj. capable of being moved by entreaty.—n. Exorā′tion, entreaty.

Exorbitant, egz-or′bi-tant, adj. going beyond the usual limits: excessive.—ns. Exor′bitance, Exor′bitancy, extravagance: enormity.—adv. Exor′bitantly.—v.i. Exor′bitāte, to stray. [L. exorbitans, -antis, pr.p. of exorbitāre—ex, out of, orbita, a track—orbis, a circle.]

Exorcise, eks′or-sīz, or eks-or′-, v.t. to adjure by some holy name: to call forth or drive away, as a spirit: to deliver from the influence of an evil spirit.—ns. Ex′orcism, act of exorcising or expelling evil spirits by certain ceremonies: a formula for exorcising; Ex′orcist, one who exorcises or pretends to expel evil spirits by adjurations: (R.C. Church) the third of the minor orders. [Through Late L., from Gr. exorkizein—ex, out, horkos, an oath.]

Exordium, egz-or′di-um, n. the introductory part of a discourse or composition.—adj. Exor′dial, pertaining to the exordium: introductory. [L. exordīri—ex, out, ordīri, to begin.]

Exoskeleton, ek-sō-skel′e-tun, n. any structure produced by the hardening of the integument, as the scales of fish, but esp. when bony, as the carapace of the turtle, &c.—adj. Exoskel′etal. [Gr. exō, outside, skeleton.]

Exosmose, eks′os-mōz, n. the passage outward of fluids, gases, &c. through porous media, esp. living animal membranes—also Exosmō′sis.—adj. Exosmot′ic. [L.,—Gr. ex, out, ōsmos, pushing.]

Exostome, eks′os-tōm, n. the small opening in the outer coating of the ovule of a plant. [Gr. exō, without, stoma, a mouth.]

Exostosis, eks-os-tō′sis, n. (anat.) morbid enlargement of a bone. [Gr. ex, out, osteon, a bone.]

Exoteric, -al, eks-o-ter′ik, -al, adj. external: fit to be communicated to the public or multitude—opp. to Esoteric.—n. Exoter′icism. [Gr. exōterikos—comp. formed from exō, outside.]

Exotic, egz-ot′ik, adj. introduced from a foreign country—the opposite of indigenous.—n. anything of foreign origin: something not native to a country, as a plant, a word, a custom.—ns. Exot′icism, Ex′otism. [L.,—Gr. exōtikos—exō, outside.]

Expand, eks-pand′, v.t. to spread out: to lay open: to enlarge in bulk or surface: to develop, or bring out in fuller detail.—v.i. to become opened: to enlarge.—ns. Expanse′, a wide extent of space: the firmament; Expansibil′ity.—adj. Expans′ible, capable of being expanded.—adv. Expans′ibly.—adj. Expans′ile, capable of expansion.—n. Expan′sion, act of expanding: state of being expanded: enlargement: that which is expanded: immensity: extension.—adj. Expans′ive, widely extended: diffusive.—adv. Expans′ively.—ns. Expans′iveness; Expansiv′ity. [L. expandĕre—ex, out, pandĕre, pansum, to spread.]

Ex parte, eks pär′ti, adj. on one side only: partial: prejudiced. [L. ex, out, pars, partis, part.]

Expatiate, eks-pā′shi-āt, v.i. to range at large: to enlarge in discourse, argument, or writing.—n. Expatiā′tion, act of expatiating or enlarging in discourse.—adjs. Expā′tiative, Expā′tiatory, expansive.—n. Expā′tiator. [L. exspatiāri, -ātus—ex, out of, spatiāri, to roam—spatium, space.]

Expatriate, eks-pā′tri-āt, v.t. to send out of one's native country: to banish, or exile.—n. Expatriā′tion, act of expatriating: exile, voluntary or compulsory. [Low L. expatriāre, -ātum—ex, out of, patria, fatherland.]

Expect, eks-pekt′, v.t. to wait for: to look forward to as something about to happen: to anticipate: to hope.—n. (Shak.) expectation.—ns. Expect′ance, Expect′ancy, act or state of expecting: that which is expected: hope.—adj. Expect′ant, looking or waiting for.—n. one who expects: one who is looking or waiting for some benefit or office.—adv. Expect′antly.—ns. Expectā′tion, act or state of expecting: prospect of future good: that which is expected: the ground or qualities for anticipating future benefits or excellence: promise: the value of something expected: (pl.) prospect of fortune or profit by a will; Expectā′tion-week, the period between Ascension Day and Whitsunday—during this time the Apostles continued praying in expectation of the Comforter.—adj. Expect′ative, giving rise to expectation: reversionary.—n. an expectancy.—n. Expect′er (Shak.), one who waits for a person or thing.—adv. Expect′ingly, in a state of expectation. [L. exspectāre, -ātum—ex, out, spectāre, to look, freq. of specĕre, to see.]

Expectorate, eks-pek′to-rāt, v.t. to expel from the breast or lungs by coughing, &c.: to spit forth.—v.i. to discharge or eject phlegm from the throat.—adj. Expec′torant, tending to promote expectoration.—n. a medicine which promotes expectoration.—n. Expectorā′tion, act of expectorating: that which is expectorated: spittle.—adj. Expec′torātive, having the quality of promoting expectoration. [L. expectorāre, -ātum—ex, out of, from, pectus, pectoris, the breast.]

Expedient, eks-pē′di-ent, adj. suitable: advisable: (Shak.) hasty.—n. that which serves to promote: means suitable to an end: contrivance.—ns. Expē′dience (Shak.), haste, despatch: expediency; Expē′diency, fitness: desirableness: self-interest.—adj. Expedien′tial.—adv. Expē′diently. [L. expediens, -entis, pr.p. of expedīre.]

Expedite, eks′pe-dīt, v.t. to free from impediments: to hasten: to send forth: to despatch.—adj. free from impediment: unencumbered: quick: prompt.—adv. Ex′peditely.—n. Expedi′tion, speed: promptness: any undertaking by a number of persons: a hostile march or voyage: those who form an expedition.—adjs. Expedi′tionary; Expedi′tious, characterised by expedition or rapidity: speedy: prompt.—adv. Expedi′tiously.—n. Expedi′tiousness, quickness.—adj. Exped′itive. [L. expedīre, -itum—ex, out, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Expel, eks-pel′, v.t. to drive out: eject: to discharge: to banish: (Shak.) to keep off:—pr.p. expel′ling; pa.p. expelled′. [L. expellĕre, expulsum—ex, out, pellĕre, to drive.]

Expend, eks-pend′, v.t. to lay out: to employ or consume in any way: to spend.—ns. Expend′iture, act of expending or laying out: that which is expended: the process of using up: money spent; Expense′ (Shak.), expenditure: outlay: cost: (pl.) the cost of a lawsuit (Scots law).—adj. Expens′ive, causing or requiring much expense: extravagant.—adv. Expens′ively.—n. Expens′iveness.—Be at the expense of, to pay the cost of. [L. expendĕre—ex, out, pendĕre, pensum, to weigh.]

Experience, eks-pē′ri-ens, n. thorough trial of: practical acquaintance with any matter gained by trial: repeated trial: long and varied observation, personal or general: wisdom derived from the changes and trials of life.—v.t. to make trial of, or practical acquaintance with: to prove or know by use: to suffer, undergo.—p.adj. Expē′rienced, taught by experience: skilful: wise.—adjs. Expē′rienceless, having no experience; Experien′tial, pertaining to or derived from experience.—ns. Experien′tialism; Experien′tialist.—Experience meeting, a religious meeting, where those present relate their religious experiences. [Fr.,—L. experientia, from experīri—ex, inten., and old verb perīri, to try.]

Experiment, eks-per′i-ment, n. a trial: something done to prove some theory, or to discover something unknown.—v.i. to make an experiment or trial: to search by trial.—adj. Experiment′al, founded or known by experiment: taught by experience: tentative.—v.i. Experiment′alise.—ns. Experiment′alist, Exper′imentist, one who makes experiments.—adv. Experiment′ally.—n. Experimentā′tion.—adj. Experiment′ative. [L. experimentum, from experīri, to try thoroughly.]

Expert, eks-pėrt′, adj. taught by practice: having a familiar knowledge: having a facility of performance: skilful, adroit.—n. Ex′pert, one who is expert or skilled in any art or science: a specialist: a scientific or professional witness.—adv. Expert′ly.—n. Expert′ness. [Fr.,—L. expertus—experīri, to try thoroughly.]

Expiate, eks′pi-āt, v.t. to make complete atonement for: to make satisfaction or reparation for.—p.adj. (Shak.) expired.—adj. Ex′piable, capable of being expiated, atoned for, or done away.—ns. Expiā′tion, act of expiating or atoning for: the means by which atonement is made: atonement; Ex′piātor, one who expiates.—adj. Ex′piātory, having the power to make expiation or atonement. [L. expiāre, -ātum—ex, inten., piāre, to appease, atone for.]

Expire, eks-pīr′, v.t. to breathe out: to emit or throw out from the lungs: to emit in minute particles.—v.i. to breathe out the breath of life: to die out (of fire): to die: to come to an end.—adj. Expī′rable, that may expire or come to an end.—ns. Expī′rant, one expiring; Expirā′tion, the act of breathing out: (obs.) death: end: that which is expired.—adj. Expī′ratory, pertaining to expiration, or the emission of the breath.—p.adj. Expī′ring, dying: pertaining to or uttered at the time of dying.—n. Expī′ry, the end or termination: expiration. [Fr. expirer—L. ex, out, spirāre, -ātum, to breathe.]

Expiscate, eks-pis′kāt, v.t. to find out by skilful means or by strict examination.—n. Expiscā′tion.—adj. Expis′catory. [L. expiscāri, expiscātus—ex, out, piscāri, to fish—piscis, a fish.]

Explain, eks-plān′, v.t. to make plain or intelligible: to unfold and illustrate the meaning of: to expound: to account for.—adj. Explain′able, that may be explained or cleared up.—ns. Explain′er, one who explains; Explanā′tion, act of explaining or clearing from obscurity: that which explains or clears up: the meaning or sense given to anything: a mutual clearing up of matters.—adv. Explan′atorily.—adj. Explan′atory, serving to explain or clear up: containing explanations.—Explain away, to modify the force of by explanation, generally in a bad sense. [O. Fr. explaner—L. explanāre—ex, out, planāre—planus, plain.]

Expletive, eks′ple-tiv, adj. filling out: added for ornament or merely to fill up.—n. a word or syllable inserted for ornament or to fill up a vacancy: an oath.—adj. Ex′pletory, serving to fill up: expletive. [L. expletivus—ex, out, plēre, to fill.]

Explicate, eks′pli-kāt, v.t. to unfold, develop: to lay open or explain the meaning of.—adj. Ex′plicable, capable of being explicated or explained.—n. Explicā′tion, act of explicating or explaining: explanation.—adjs. Ex′plicātive, Ex′plicātory, serving to explicate or explain. [L. explicāre, explicātum or explicitum—ex, out, plicāre, to fold.]

Explicit, eks-plis′it, adj. not implied merely, but distinctly stated: plain in language: outspoken: clear: unreserved.—adv. Explic′itly.—n. Explic′itness. [L. explicitus, from explicāre.]

Explicit, eks′plis-it, n. a term formerly put at the end of a book, indicating that it is finished. [Contr. from L. explicitus est liber, the book is unrolled.]

Explode, eks-plōd′, v.t. to cry down, as an actor: to bring into disrepute, and reject: to cause to blow up.—v.i. to burst with a loud report: to burst into laughter.—p.adj. Explō′ded, rejected, discarded.—n. Explō′sion, act of exploding: a sudden violent burst with a loud report: a breaking out of feelings, &c.—adj. Explō′sive, liable to or causing explosion: bursting out with violence and noise.—n. something that will explode.—adv. Explō′sively.—n. Explō′siveness. [L. explodĕre, explosum—ex, out, plaudĕre, to clap the hands.]

Exploit, eks-ploit′, n. a deed or achievement, esp. an heroic one: a feat.—v.t. to work up: to utilise for one's own ends.—adj. Exploit′able.—ns. Exploit′age, Exploitā′tion, the act of successfully applying industry to any object, as the working of mines, &c.: the act of using for selfish purposes. [O. Fr. exploit—L. explicitum, ended.]

Explore, eks-plōr′, v.t. to search for the purpose of discovery: to examine thoroughly.—n. Explorā′tion, act of searching thoroughly.—adjs. Explor′ative, Explor′atory, serving to explore: searching out.—n. Explor′er, one who explores.—p.adj. Explor′ing, employed in or intended for exploration. [Fr.,—L. explorāre, -ātum, to search out—prob. from ex, out, plorāre, to make to flow.]

Exponent, eks-pō′nent, n. he who, or that which, points out, or represents: (alg.) a figure which shows how often a quantity is to be multiplied by itself, as a³: an index: an example, illustration.—adj. Exponen′tial (alg.), pertaining to or involving exponents.—n. an exponential function.—Exponential curve, a curve expressed by an exponential equation; Exponential equation, one in which the x or y occurs in the exponent of one or more terms, as 5^x = 800; Exponential function, a quantity with a variable exponent; Exponential series, a series in which exponential quantities are developed; Exponential theorem gives a value of any number in terms of its natural logarithm, and from it can at once be derived a series determining the logarithm. [L. exponens—ex, out, ponĕre, to place.]

Exponible, eks-pō′ni-bl, adj. able to be, or requiring to be, explained.

Export, eks-pōrt′, v.t. to carry or send out of a country, as goods in commerce.—n. Ex′port, act of exporting: that which is exported: a commodity which is or may be sent from one country to another, in traffic.—adj. Export′able, that may be exported.—ns. Exportā′tion, act of exporting, or of conveying goods from one country to another; Export′er, the person who exports, or who ships goods to a foreign or distant country for sale—opp. to Importer. [L. exportāre, -ātum—ex, out of, portāre, to carry.]

Expose, eks-pōz′, v.t. to lay forth to view: to deprive of cover, protection, or shelter: to make bare: to abandon (an infant): to explain: to make liable to: to disclose: to show up.—ns. Exposé (eks-pō-zā′), an exposing: a shameful showing up: a formal recital or exposition; Expos′edness, the act of exposing: the state of being exposed; Expos′er; Exposi′tion, act of exposing: a setting out to public view: the abandonment of a child: a public exhibition: act of expounding, or laying open of the meaning of an author: explanation: commentary.—adj. Expos′itive, serving to expose or explain: explanatory: exegetical.—n. Expos′itor, one who, or that which, expounds: an interpreter:—fem. Expos′itress.—adj. Expos′itory, serving to explain: explanatory.—n. Expō′sure (Shak., Expos′ture), act of laying open or bare: act of showing up an evil: state of being laid bare: openness to danger: position with regard to the sun, influence of climate, &c. [Fr. exposer—L. exponĕre, to expose.]

Expostulate, eks-post′ū-lāt, v.i. to reason earnestly with a person on some impropriety of his conduct: to remonstrate: (Shak.) to discuss: (Milt.) to claim.—n. Expostulā′tion, act of expostulating, or reasoning earnestly with a person against his conduct: remonstrance.—adjs. Expost′ulative, Expost′ulatory, containing expostulation.—n. Expost′ulator. [L. expostulāre, -ātum—ex, inten., postulāre, to demand.]

Expound, eks-pownd′, v.t. to expose, or lay open the meaning of: to explain: to interpret: to explain in a certain way.—n. Expound′er, one who expounds: an interpreter. [O. Fr. espondre—L. exponĕre—ex, out, ponĕre, to place.]

Express, eks-pres′, v.t. to press or force out: to emit: to represent or make known by a likeness or by words: to declare, reveal: to out into words: to state plainly: to designate.—adj. pressed or clearly brought out: exactly representing: directly stated: explicit: clear: intended or sent for a particular purpose.—adv. with haste: specially: with an express train.—n. a messenger or conveyance sent on a special errand: a regular and quick conveyance: (U.S.) a system organised for the speedy and safe transmission of parcels or merchandise.—n. Express′age, the system of carrying by express.—adj. Express′ible.—ns. Expres′sion, act of expressing or forcing out by pressure: act of representing or giving utterance to: faithful and vivid representation by language, art, the features, &c.: that which is expressed: look: feature: the manner in which anything is expressed: tone of voice or sound in music.—adjs. Expres′sional, of or pertaining to expression; Expres′sionless.—n. Expres′sion-stop, a stop in a harmonium, by which the performer can regulate the air to produce expression.—adj. Expres′sive, serving to express or indicate: full of expression: vividly representing: emphatic: significant.—adv. Expres′sively.—n. Expres′siveness.—adv. Express′ly.—ns. Express′-rī′fle, a modern sporting rifle for large game at short range, with heavy charge of powder and light bullet; Express′-train, a railway-train at high speed and with few stops; Expres′sure, the act of expressing: (Shak.) expression. [O. Fr. expresser—L. ex, out, pressāre, freq. of premĕre, pressum, to press.]

Expromission, eks-prō-mish′un, n. the intervention of a new debtor, substituted for the former one, who is consequently discharged by the creditor.—n. Expromis′sor.

Expropriate, eks-prō′pri-āt, v.t. to dispossess.—n. Expropriā′tion. [L. expropriāre, -ātum—ex, out, proprium, property.]

Expugnable, eks-pug′na-bl, or eks-pū′-, adj. (rare) capable of being stormed.—v.t. Expūgn′, to overcome.—n. Expugnā′tion. [Fr.,—L. expugnāre.]

Expulsion, eks-pul′shun, n. the act of expelling: banishment.—v.t. Expulse′ (obs.), to expel forcibly, eject.—adj. Expul′sive, able or serving to expel. [L. expulsio. See Expel.]

Expunge, eks-punj′, v.t. to wipe out: to efface.—n. Expunc′tion. [L. expungĕre, to prick out, erase—ex, out, pungĕre, to prick.]

Expurgate, eks′pur-gāt, or eks-pur′-, v.t. to purge out or render pure: to purify from anything noxious or erroneous.—ns. Expurgā′tion, act of expurgating or purifying: the removal of anything hurtful or evil: exculpation; Expurgator (eks′pur-gā-tor, or eks-pur′ga-tor), one who expurgates or purifies.—adjs. Expurgatō′rial, Expur′gatory, tending to expurgate or purify.—v.t. Expurge′, to purify, expurgate. [L. expurgāre, -ātum—ex, out, purgāre, to purge.]

Exquisite, eks′kwi-zit, adj. of superior quality: excellent: of delicate perception or close discrimination: not easily satisfied: fastidious: exceeding, extreme, as pain or pleasure.—n. one exquisitely nice or refined in dress: a fop.—adv. Ex′quisitely.—n. Ex′quisiteness. [L. exquisitus—ex, out, quærĕre, quæsitum, to seek.]

Exsanguinous, eks-sang′gwin-us, adj. without blood: anæmic—also Exsang′uine, -d, Exsanguin′eous.—n. Exsanguin′ity. [L. ex, neg., sanguis, blood.]

Exsect, ek-sekt′, v.t. to cut out.—n. Exsec′tion. [L. ex, out, secāre, to cut.]

Exsert, eks-sert′, v.t. to protrude.—p.adj. Exsert′ed, projecting.—adj. Exser′tile.—n. Exser′tion.

Exsiccate, ek′si-kāt, or ek-sik′-, v.t. to dry up.—adj. Exsicc′ant.—n. Exsiccā′tion.—adj. Exsicc′ative.—n. Ex′siccātor. [L. exsiccāre—ex-, siccus, dry.]

Exsputory, ek-spū′tō-ri, adj. that is spit out or rejected. [L. expuĕre, exsputum, to spit out.]

Exsufflicate, eks-suf′fli-kāt, adj. (Shak.) puffed out, contemptible, abominable.—v.t. Exsuf′flāte, to exorcise. [Prob. from L. ex, out, and sufflāre, to blow out—sub, under, flāre, to blow.]

Extant, eks′tant, adj. standing out, or above the rest: still standing or existing. [L. extans, antis—ex, out, stāre, to stand.]

Extempore, eks-tem′po-re, adv. on the spur of the moment: without preparation: suddenly.—adj. sudden: rising at the moment: of a speech delivered without help of manuscript.—adjs. Extem′poral, Extemporā′neous, Extem′porary, done on the spur of the moment: hastily prepared: speaking extempore: done without preparation: off-hand.—advs. Extemporā′neously; Extem′porarily.—ns. Extem′poriness; Extemporisā′tion, the act of speaking extempore.—v.i. Extem′porise, to speak extempore or without previous preparation: to discourse without notes: to speak off-hand. [L. ex, out of, tempus, temporis, time.]

Extend, eks-tend′, v.t. to stretch out: to prolong in any direction: to enlarge, expand: to widen: to hold out: to bestow or impart: (law) to seize: to make a valuation of property by the oath of a jury.—v.i. to stretch: to be continued in length or breadth.—adj. Extend′ant (her.), displayed.—adv. Extend′edly.—adjs. Extend′ible; Extense′ (obs.), extensive.—n. Extensibil′ity.—adjs. Extens′ible, Extens′ile, that may be extended.—Exten′sion, a stretching out, prolongation, or enlargement: that property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space: (logic) a term, opposed to Intension, referring to the extent of the application of a term or the number of objects included under it (University extension, the enlargement of the aim of a university, in providing instruction for those unable to become regular students).—adj. Exten′sional.—ns. Exten′sionist; Exten′sity, sensation from which perception of extension is derived.—adj. Extens′ive, large: comprehensive.—adv. Extens′ively.—ns. Extens′iveness; Exten′sor, a muscle which extends or straightens any part of the body; Extent′, the space or degree to which a thing is extended: bulk: compass: scope: the valuation of property: (law) a writ directing the sheriff to seize the property of a debtor, for the recovery of debts of record due to the Crown: (Shak.) seizure, attack: (Shak.) maintenance: (Shak.) behaviour.—adj. stretched out. [L. extendĕre, extentum, or extensum—ex, out, tendĕre, to stretch.]

Extenuate, eks-ten′ū-āt, v.t. to lessen: to underrate: to weaken the force of: to palliate.—p.adj. Exten′uating, palliating.—adv. Exten′uatingly.—n. Extenuā′tion, act of representing anything as less wrong or criminal than it is: palliation: mitigation.—adjs. Exten′uative, Exten′uatory, tending to extenuate: palliative.—n. Exten′uator. [L. extenuāre, -ātum—ex, inten., tenuis, thin.]

Exterior, eks-tē′ri-or, adj. outer: outward, external: on or from the outside: foreign.—n. outward part or surface: outward form or deportment: appearance.—n. Exterior′ity.—adv. Extē′riorly, outwardly. [L. exterior, comp. of exter, outward—ex, out.]

Exterminate, eks-tėr′mi-nāt, v.t. to destroy utterly: to put an end to: to root out.—adj. Exter′minable, that can be exterminated: used in the sense of 'illimitable' by Shelley.—n. Exterminā′tion, complete destruction or extirpation.—adjs. Exter′minātive, Exter′minātory, serving or tending to exterminate.—n. Exter′minātor.—v.t. Exter′mine (Shak.), to exterminate. [L. extermināre, -ātum—ex, out of, terminus.]

External, eks-tėr′nal, adj. exterior: lying outside: outward: belonging to the world of outward things: that may be seen: not innate or intrinsic: accidental: foreign.—n. exterior: (pl.) the outward parts: outward or non-essential forms and ceremonies.—n. Extē′rior, an exterior thing, the outside.—adj. Extern′, external, outward.—n. a day-scholar.—n. Externalisā′tion.—v.t. Exter′nalise, to give form to.—ns. Exter′nalism, undue regard to mere externals or non-essential outward forms, esp. of religion; External′ity, external character: superficiality: undue regard to externals.—adv. Exter′nally.—n. Exter′nat, a day-school. [L. externus—exter.]

Exterraneous, eks-ter-rā′ne-us, adj. belonging to or coming from abroad, foreign.—adjs. Exterritō′rial, Extraterritō′rial, exempt from territorial jurisdiction. [L. exterraneus—ex, out of, terra, the earth.]

Extinct, eks-tingkt′, adj. put out: extinguished: no longer existing: dead.—adj. Extinct′ed, extinguished.—ns. Extincteur (eks-tang′tür, eks-tingk′tür—see Extinguisher); Extinc′tion, a quenching or destroying: destruction: suppression.—adj. Extinct′ive, tending to extinguish.—n. Extinct′ure (Shak.), extinction.

Extine, eks′tin, n. (bot.) the outer coat of the pollen-grain or of a spore.

Extinguish, eks-ting′gwish, v.t. to quench: to destroy, annihilate: to obscure by superior splendour.—v.i. to die out.—adj. Exting′uishable.—ns. Exting′uisher, one who, or that which, extinguishes: a small hollow conical instrument for putting out a candle—also in Fr. form Extincteur; Exting′uishment, the act of extinguishing: (law) putting an end to a right by consolidation or union. [L. extinguĕre, extinctum—ex, out, stinguĕre, to quench.]

Extirpate, eks′tėr-pāt, v.t. to root out: to destroy totally: to exterminate—(obs.) Extirp′.—adj. Extirp′able.—ns. Extirpā′tion, extermination: total destruction; Extirp′ator.—adj. Extirp′atory. [L. exstirpāre, -ātum—ex, out, and stirps, a root.]

Extol, eks-tol′, v.t. to magnify: to praise:—pr.p. extolling; pa.p. extolled′.—n. Extol′ment, the act of extolling: the state of being extolled. [L. extollĕre—ex, up, tollĕre, to lift or raise.]

Extort, eks-tort′, v.t. to gain or draw from by compulsion or violence.—p.adj. wrongfully obtained.—adj. Extors′ive, serving or tending to extort.—adv. Extors′ively.—n. Extor′tion, illegal or oppressive exaction: that which is extorted.—adjs. Extor′tionary, pertaining to or implying extortion; Extor′tionāte, oppressive.—ns. Extor′tioner, one who practises extortion; Extor′tionist.—adj. Extor′tionous. [L. extorquēre, extortum—ex, out, torquēre, to twist.]

Extra, eks′tra, adj. beyond or more than the usual or the necessary: extraordinary: additional.—adv. unusually.—n. what is extra or additional, as an item above and beyond the ordinary school curriculum: something over and above the usual course or charge in a bill, &c.: a special edition of a newspaper containing later news, &c.—adjs. Ex′tra-condensed′ (print.), extremely narrow in proportion to the height; Ex′tra-con′stellary, outside of the constellations; Extradō′tal, not forming part of the dowry; Ex′tra-foliā′ceous (bot.), situated outside of or away from the leaves; Ex′tra-forā′neous, outdoor; Ex′tra-judi′cial, out of the proper court, or beyond the usual course of legal proceeding.—adv. Ex′tra-judi′cially.—adjs. Ex′tra-lim′ital, not found within a given faunal area: lying outside a prescribed area—also Extralim′itary; Ex′tra-mun′dane, beyond the material world; Ex′tra-mū′ral, without or beyond the walls; Ex′tra-offi′cial, not being within official rights, &c.; Ex′tra-parō′chial, beyond the limits of a parish; Ex′tra-phys′ical, not subject to physical laws; Ex′tra-profes′sional, outside the usual limits of professional duty; Extr′a-pro′vincial, outside the limits of a particular province; Ex′tra-reg′ular, unlimited by rules; Ex′tra-sō′lar, beyond the solar system; Ex′tra-trop′ical, situated outside the tropics; Ex′tra-ū′terine, situated outside the uterus; Extravas′cular, situated outside of the vascular system. [Perh. a contraction for extraordinary.]

Extract, eks-trakt′, v.t. to draw out by force or otherwise: to choose out or select: to find out: to distil.—n. Ex′tract, anything drawn from a substance by heat, distillation, &c., as an essence: a passage taken from a book or writing.—adjs. Extract′able, Extract′ible; Extract′iform.—n. Extrac′tion, act of extracting: derivation from a stock or family: birth: lineage: that which is extracted.—adj. Extract′ive, tending or serving to extract.—n. an extract.—n. Extract′or, he who, or that which, extracts.—Extract the root of a quantity, to find its root by a mathematical process; Extractive matter, the soluble portions of any drug. [L. extrahĕre, extractum—ex, out, trahĕre, to draw.]

Extradition, eks-tra-dish′un, n. a delivering up by one government to another of fugitives from justice.—adj. Extradī′table.—v.t. Ex′tradite, to hand over to justice. [L. ex, from, traditio—tradĕre, traditum, to deliver up.]

Extraneous, eks-trān′yus, adj. external: foreign: not belonging to or dependent on a thing: not essential.—n. Extranē′ity.—adv. Extran′eously. [L. extraneus, external, ex, from, extra, outside.]

Extraordinary, eks-tror′di-nar-i, or eks-trä-or′-, adj. beyond ordinary: not usual or regular: wonderful: special or supernumerary, as 'physician extraordinary' in a royal household, and 'extraordinary professor' in a German university, both being inferior to the ordinary official.—n.pl. Extraor′dinaries, things that exceed the usual order, kind, or method.—adv. Extraor′dinarily.—n. Extraor′dinariness. [L. extra, outside, ordo—inis, order.]

Extravagant, eks-trav′a-gant, adj. wandering beyond bounds: irregular: unrestrained: excessive: profuse in expenses: wasteful.—ns. Extrav′agance, excess: lavish expenditure: (Milt.) digression; Extrav′agancy (Shak.), vagrancy: extravagance.—adv. Extrav′agantly.—v.i. Extrav′agāte, to wander: to exceed proper bounds. [L. extra, beyond, vagans, -antis, pr.p. of vagāri, to wander.]

Extravaganza, eks-trav-a-gan′za, n. an extravagant or eccentric piece of music or literary production: extravagant conduct or speech. [It.]

Extravasate, eks-trav′a-sāt, v.t. to let out of the proper vessels.—adj. let out of its proper vessel: extravasated.—n. Extravasā′tion, act of extravasating: the escape of any of the fluids of the living body from their proper vessels through a rupture in their walls. [L. extra, out of, vas, a vessel.]

Extreme, eks-trēm′, adj. outermost: most remote: last: highest in degree: greatest: excessive: most violent: most urgent: stringent.—n. the utmost point or verge: end: utmost or highest limit or degree: great necessity.—adv. Extrēme′ly.—ns. Extrē′mism; Extrē′mist.—adj. Extrem′ital.—n. Extrem′ity, the utmost limit: the highest degree: greatest necessity or distress: (pl.) the hands and feet.—Extreme unction (see Unction).—Go to extremes, to go too far: to use extreme measures.—In extremis (L.), at the point of death; In the extreme, in the last, highest degree: extremely; The last extremity, the utmost pitch of misfortune: death. [O. Fr. extreme—L. extremus, superl. of exter, on the outside.]

Extricate, eks′tri-kāt, v.t. to free from hinderances or perplexities: to disentangle: to set free.—adj. Ex′tricable.—n. Extricā′tion, disentanglement: act of setting free. [L. extricāre, -ātum—ex, out, tricæ, hinderances.]

Extrinsic, -al, eks-trin′sik, -al, adj. external: not contained in or belonging to a body: foreign: not essential—opp. to Intrinsic.—n. Extrinsical′ity.—adv. Extrin′sically. [Fr.,—L. extrinsecus—exter, outside, secus, beside.]

Extrorse, eks-trors′, adj. turned outward.—Also Extror′sal. [L. extra, outside, versus, turned.]

Extrude, eks-trōōd′, v.t. to force or urge out: to expel: to drive off.—n. Extru′sion, act of extruding, thrusting, or throwing out: expulsion.—adjs. Extru′sive, Extru′sory. [L. extrudĕre, extrusum—ex, out, trudĕre, to thrust.]

Exuberant, eks-ū′bėr-ant, adj. plenteous: overflowing: happy: lavish.—ns. Exū′berance, Exū′berancy, quality of being exuberant: an overflowing quantity: superfluousness: outburst.—adv. Exū′berantly.—v.i. Exū′berāte, to be exuberant. [L. exuberans, pr.p. of exuberāre—ex, inten., uber, rich.]

Exude, eks-ūd′, v.t. to discharge by sweating: to discharge through pores or incisions, as sweat, moisture, &c.—v.i. to flow out of a body through the pores.—n. Exudā′tion, act of exuding or discharging through pores: that which is exuded. [L. exudāre—ex, out, sudāre, to sweat.]

Exulcerate, egz-ul′ser-āt, v.t. to exasperate, afflict.—n. Exulcerā′tion, ulceration: exasperation. [L. exculcerāre, -ātum—ex, out, ulcerāre.]

Exult, egz-ult′, v.i. to rejoice exceedingly: to triumph.—ns. Exult′ance, Exult′ancy, exultation: triumph.—adj. Exult′ant, exulting: triumphant.—n. Exultā′tion, rapturous delight: transport.—adv. Exult′ingly. [L. exsultāre, -ātum, from exsilīre—ex, out or up, salīre, to leap.]

Exuviæ, eks-ū′vi-ē, n.pl. cast-off skins, shells, or other coverings of animals: (geol.) fossil shells and other remains of animals.—adj. Exū′vial.—v.i. Exū′viāte, to lay aside an old covering or condition for a new one.—n. Exuviā′tion, the act of exuviating. [L., from exuĕre, to draw off.]

Eyalet, ī′a-let, n. a division of the Turkish Empire—vilayet. [Turk.,—Ar. iyālahāl, to govern.]

Eyas, ī′as, n. an unfledged hawk.—adj. (Spens.) unfledged.—n. Ey′as-mus′ket, an unfledged male hawk: (Shak.) a child. [Eyas, a corr. of nyas—Fr. niais—L. nidus, nest.]

Eye, ī, n. (obs.) a brood. [For nye, neye; a neye=an eye. See Eyas.]

Eye, ī, n. the organ of sight or vision, more correctly the globe or movable part of it: the power of seeing: sight: regard: aim: keenness of perception: anything resembling an eye, as the hole of a needle, loop or ring for a hook, &c.: the seed-bud of a potato: (pl.) the foremost part of a ship's bows, the hawse-holes.—v.t. to look on: to observe narrowly.—v.i. (Shak.) to appear:—pr.p. ey′ing or eye′ing; pa.p. eyed (īd).—ns. Eye′-ball, the ball, globe, or apple of the eye; Eye′-beam, a glance of the eye; Eye′bright, a beautiful little plant of the genus Euphrasia, formerly used as a remedy for diseases of the eye (see Euphrasy); Eye′brow, the hairy arch above the eye.—v.t. to provide with artificial eyebrows.—adj. Eye′browless, without eyebrows.—p.adj. Eyed, having eyes: spotted as if with eyes.—ns. Eye′-drop (Shak.), a tear; Eye′-flap, a blinder on a horse's bridle; Eye′-glance, a quick look; Eye′glass, a glass to assist the sight, esp. such as stick on the nose by means of a spring: the eye-piece of a telescope and like instrument: (Shak.) the lens of the eye; Eye′lash, the line of hairs that edges the eyelid.—adj. Eye′less, without eyes or sight: deprived of eyes: blind.—ns. Eye′let, Eye′let-hole, a small eye or hole to receive a lace or cord, as in garments, sails, &c.: a small hole for seeing through: a little eye.—v.i. to make eyelets.—ns. Eye′liad, obsolete form of œillade; Eye′lid, the lid or cover of the eye: the portion of movable skin by means of which the eye is opened or closed at pleasure; Eye′-ō′pener, something that opens the eyes literally or figuratively, a startling story: a drink, esp. in the morning; Eye′-piece, the lens or combination of lenses at the eye-end of a telescope; Eye′-pit, the socket of the eye; Eye′-salve, salve or ointment for the eyes; Eye′-serv′ant, a servant who does his duty only when under the eye of his master; Eye′-serv′ice, service performed only under the eye or inspection of an employer: formal worship; Eye′-shot, the reach or range of sight of the eye: a glance; Eye′sight, power of seeing: view: observation; Eye′sore, anything that is offensive to the eye or otherwise; Eye′-splice, a kind of eye or loop formed by splicing the end of a rope into itself; Eye′-spot, a spot like an eye.—adj. Eye′-spot′ted (Spens.), marked with spots like eyes.—ns. Eye′-stone, a small calcareous body used for removing substances from under the eyelid; Eye′-string, the muscle which raises the eyelid; Eye′-tooth, one of the two canine teeth of the upper jaw, between the incisors and premolars; Eye′-wa′ter, water flowing from the eye: a lotion for the eyes; Eye′-wink (Shak.), a rapid lowering and raising of the eyelid: a glance: the time of a wink; Eye′-wit′ness, one who sees a thing done.—Eye for eye, lex talionis (Ex. xxi. 24); Eye of day, the sun.—All my eye (slang) unreal; Be all eyes, to give all attention; Be a sheet in the wind's eye, to be intoxicated; Clap, Lay, Set, eyes on (coll.), to see; Cry one's eyes out, to weep bitterly; Cut one's eye-tooth, to cease to be a child: to be shrewd; Give an eye to, to attend to; Green eye, jealousy; Have an eye to, to contemplate: to have regard to; In eye, in sight; In one's mind's eye, in contemplation; In the eyes of, in the estimation, opinion, of; In the wind's eye, against the wind; Keep one's eye on, to observe closely: to watch; Make a person open his eyes, to cause him astonishment; Make eyes at, to look at in an amorous way: to ogle; Mind your eye (slang), take care; My eye! a mild asseveration; Naked eye (see Naked); Open a person's eyes, to make him see: to show him something of which he is ignorant; Pipe, or Put the finger in, the eye, to weep; See eye to eye, from Is. lii. 8, but used in the sense of 'to think alike;' See with half an eye, to see without difficulty; Under the eye of, under the observation of; Up to the eyes, deeply engaged. [A.S. éage; cf. Goth. augo, Ger. auge, Dut. oog, Ice. auga.]

Eyre, ār, n. a journey or circuit: a court of itinerant justices.—Justices in eyre, itinerant judges who went on circuit. [O. Fr. eire, journey, from L. iter, a way, a journey—īre, itum, to go.]

the sixth letter in the English and Latin alphabets—its sound called a labio-dental fricative, and formed by bringing the lower lip into contact with the upper teeth: (mus.) the fourth note of the natural diatonic scale of C: as a medieval Roman numeral=40; F=40,000.—The three F's, fair rent, fixity of tenure, and free sale.

Fabian, fā′bi-an, adj. delaying, avoiding battle, cautious, practising the policy of delay.—n. a member of a small group of Socialists in England, called by this name. [From Q. Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator ('delayer'), from the masterly tactics with which he wore out the strength of Hannibal, whom he dared not meet in battle.]

Fable, fā′bl, n. a narrative in which things irrational, and sometimes inanimate, are, for the purpose of moral instruction, feigned to act and speak with human interests and passions: any tale in literary form, not necessarily probable in its incidents, intended to instruct or amuse: the plot or series of events in an epic or dramatic poem: a fiction or myth: a ridiculous story, as in 'old wives' fables,' a falsehood: subject of common talk.—v.i. to tell fictitious tales: (obs.) to tell falsehoods.—v.t. to feign: to invent.—p.adj. Fā′bled, mythical.—n. Fā′bler, a writer or narrator of fictions.—adj. Fab′ular.—v.i. Fab′ulīse, to write fables, or to speak in fables.—ns. Fab′ulist, one who invents fables; Fabulos′ity, Fab′ulousness.—adj. Fab′ulous, feigned, false: related in fable: immense, amazing.—adv. Fab′ulously. [Fr. fable—L. fabula, fāri, to speak.]

Fabliau, fab-li-ō′, n. one of a group of over a hundred metrical tales, usually satirical in quality, produced in France from about the middle of the 12th to the end of the 13th century:—pl. Fab′liaux. [Fr.]

Fabric, fab′rik, or fā′brik, n. workmanship: texture: anything framed by art and labour: building, esp. the construction and maintenance of a church, &c.: manufactured cloth: any system of connected parts.—v.t. (Milt.) to construct.—n. Fab′ricant, a manufacturer. [Fr. fabrique—L. fabrica—faber, a worker in hard materials.]

Fabricate, fab′ri-kāt, v.t. to put together by art and labour: to manufacture: to produce: to devise falsely.—n. Fabricā′tion, construction: manufacture: that which is fabricated or invented: a story: a falsehood.—adj. Fab′ricative.—n. Fab′ricator. [L. fabricāri, -ātus—fabrica, fabric.]

Façade, fa-sād′, n. the exterior front or face of a building. [Fr.,—face, after It. facciata, the front of a building—faccia, the face.]

Face, fās, n. the front part of the head, including forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and chin: the outside make or appearance: front or surface of anything: the edge of a cutting-tool, &c.: the part of a coal-seam actually being mined: cast of features, any special appearance or expression of the countenance: look, configuration: boldness, effrontery; presence: (B.) anger or favour.—v.t. to meet in the face or in front: to stand opposite to: to resist: to put an additional face or surface on; to cover in front.—v.i. to turn the face, as in military tactics—'right face,' &c.—ns. Face′-ache, neuralgia in the nerves of the face; Face′-card, a playing-card bearing a face (king, queen, or knave); Face′-cloth, a cloth laid over the face of a corpse.—adj. Faced, having the outer surface dressed, with the front, as of a dress, covered ornamentally with another material.—n. Face′-guard, a kind of mask to guard or protect the face.—adj. Face′less, without a face.—ns. Fac′er, one who puts on a false show: a bold-faced person: (slang) a severe blow on the face, anything that staggers one; Fac′ing, a covering in front for ornament or protection.—Face down, to abash by stern looks; Face out, to carry off by bold looks; Face the music (U.S. slang), to accept the situation at its worst; Face-to-face, in front of, in actual presence of.—Accept one's face, to show him favour or grant his request; Fly in the face of, to set one's self directly against; Have two faces, or Be two-faced, to be disingenuous; On the face of it, on its own showing: palpably plain; Pull a long face, to look dismal and unhappy; Put a good face on, to assume a bold or contented bearing as regards; Right face! Left face! Right about face! words of command, on which the soldiers individually turn to the side specified; Run one's face (U.S. slang), to obtain things on credit by sheer impudence; Set one's face against, to oppose strenuously; Show one's face, to appear, to come in view; Shut the door in his face, to shut the door before him, refusing him admittance; To his face, in his presence, openly. [Fr. face—L. ''facies'', form, face; perh. from facĕre, to make.]

Facet, fas′et, n. a small surface, as of a crystal.—v.t. to cut a facet upon, or cover with facets.—adj. Fac′eted, having or formed into facets. [Fr. facette, dim. of face.]

Facetious, fa-sē′shus, adj. witty, humorous, jocose: bawdy—(obs. or arch.) Facete′.—n.pl. Facetiæ (fa-sē′shi-ē), witty or humorous sayings or writings: a bookseller's term for improper books—of all degrees of indecency.—adv. Facē′tiously.—n. Facē′tiousness. [Fr., from L. facētia—facetus, merry, witty.]

Facial, fā′shal, adj. of or relating to the face.—adv. Fā′cially.—Facial angle, in craniometry, the angle formed by lines drawn to show to what extent the jaws are protruding and the forehead receding.

Facies, fā′shi-ēz, n. general aspect of anything: the face, features. [L.]

Facile, fas′il, adj. easily persuaded: affable: yielding: easy of access or accomplishment: courteous: easy.—n. Fac′ileness.—v.t. Facil′itāte, to make easy: to lessen difficulty.—ns. Facilitā′tion; Facil′ity, quality of being facile; dexterity: easiness to be persuaded: pliancy: easiness of access: affability: (Scots law) a condition of mental weakness short of idiocy, but such as makes a person easily persuaded to do deeds to his own prejudice:—pl. Facil′ities, means that render anything easily done. [Fr.,—L. facilis, easy—facĕre, to do.]

Facinorous, fa-sin′o-rus, adj. atrociously wicked.—n. Facin′orousness. [L. facinorosus—facinus, a crime—facĕre, to do.]

Fac-simile, fak-sim′i-lē, n. an exact copy, as of handwriting, a coin, &c.—adj. exactly corresponding.—v.t. to make a fac-simile of, to reproduce.—n. Fac-sim′ilist. [L. fac, imper. of facĕre, to make, simile, neut. of similis, like.]

Fact, fakt, n. a deed or anything done: anything that comes to pass: reality, or a real state of things, as distinguished from a mere statement or belief, a datum of experience: truth: the assertion of a thing done: an evil deed, a sense now surviving only in 'to confess the fact,' 'after' or 'before the fact.'—adj. Fact′ual, pertaining to facts: actual.—ns. Factual′ity; Fact′um, a thing done, a deed.—As a matter of fact, in reality.—The fact of the matter, the plain truth about the subject in question. [L. factum—facĕre, to make.]

Faction, fak′shun, n. a company of persons associated or acting together, mostly used in a bad sense: a contentious party in a state or society: dissension.—adj. Fac′tional.—ns. Fac′tionary, a member of a faction; Fac′tionist.—adj. Fac′tious, turbulent: disloyal.—adv. Fac′tiously.—n. Fac′tiousness. [L. factionem—facĕre, to do.]

Factitious, fak-tish′us, adj. made by art, in opposition to what is natural or spontaneous: conventional.—adv. Facti′tiously.—n. Facti′tiousness.—adjs. Fac′titive, causative; Fac′tive (obs.), making. [L. factitius—facĕre, to make.]

Factor, fak′tor, n. a doer or transactor of business for another: one who buys and sells goods for others, on commission: (Scot.) an agent managing heritable estates for another: (math.) one of two or more parts, which, when multiplied together, result in a given number—e.g. 6 and 4 are factors of 24: an element in the composition of anything, or in bringing about a certain result.—ns. Fac′torage, the fees or commission of a factor.—adj. Factō′rial, of or pertaining to a factor.—v.t. Fac′torise (U.S.), to warn not to pay or give up goods: to attach the effects of a debtor in the hands of a third person.—ns. Fac′torship; Fac′tory, a manufactory: a trading settlement in a distant country.—Judicial factor, a person appointed by the Court to manage the estate of a person under some incapacity. [L.,—facĕre.]

Factotum, fak-tō′tum, n. a person employed to do all kinds of work for another. [Low L.,—L. fac, imper. of facĕre, to do, totum, all.]

Facula, fak′ū-la, n. a spot brighter than the rest of the surface, sometimes seen on the sun's disc:—pl. Fac′ulæ. [L., 'a torch,' dim. of fax, torch.]

Faculty, fak′ul-ti, n. facility or power to act: any particular ability or aptitude: an original power of the mind: any physical capability or function: personal quality or endowment: right, authority, or privilege to act: license: a department of learning at a university, or the professors constituting it: the members of a profession: executive ability.—adj. Fac′ultātive, optional: of or pertaining to a faculty.—Court of Faculties, a court established by Henry VIII., whereby authority is given to the Archbishop of Canterbury to grant dispensations and faculties. [Fr.,—L. facultatem—facilis, easy.]

Fad, fad, n. a weak or transient hobby, crotchet, or craze: any unimportant belief or practice intemperately urged.—adjs. Fad′dish, given to fads—also Fad′dy.—ns. Fad′disnness; Fad′dism; Fad′dist, one who is a slave to some fad. [Ety. dub.]

Faddle, fad′l, v.i. (prov.) to trifle.—n. nonsense, trifling—usually in fiddle-faddle.

Fade, fād, v.i. to lose strength, freshness, or colour gradually: to vanish.—adj. insipid: weak.—adv. Fā′dedly.—adj. Fade′less.—adv. Fade′lessly.—n. Fā′ding (Shak.), the burden of a song.—adj. Fā′dy, wearing away. [O. Fr. fader—fade—L. vapidum, acc. to Gaston Paris.]

Fadge, faj, v.i. to agree: to succeed, turn out well. [Ety. dub.; not conn. with A.S. fégan, to join.]

Fæces, Feces, fē′sēz, n.pl. sediment after infusion or distillation: dregs: the solid excrements.—adj. Fæ′cal, of or pertaining to fæces. [L., pl. of fæx, fæcis, grounds.]

Faerie, Faery, fā′ėr-i, n. (arch.) the world of fairies, fairyland: (obs.) a fairy. [A variant of fairy.]

Fag, fag, v.i. to become weary or tired out: to work hard: to be a fag.—v.t. to weary: to use as a fag:—pr.p. fag′ging; pa.p. fagged.—n. at Eton, Winchester, &c., a schoolboy forced to do menial offices for one older, who in turn protects him: a tiresome piece of work: drudgery.—ns. Fag′gery, drudgery: fagging; Fag′ging, laborious drudgery: a usage in virtue of which senior boys are authorised to exact a variety of services from the junior boys.—To fag out, to field, as a fag, in cricket. [Ety. dub.; perh. a corr. of flag, to droop, which see.]

Fag-end, fag′-end, n. the end of a web of cloth that hangs loose: the untwisted end of a rope: the refuse or meaner part of a thing.

Faggot, Fagot, fag′ut, n. a bundle of sticks for fuel, fascines, &c.: a stick: anything like a faggot: a bundle of pieces of iron or steel cut off into suitable lengths for welding: a soldier numbered on the muster-roll, but not really existing: a voter who has obtained his vote expressly for party purposes, on a spurious or sham qualification.—adj. got up for a purpose, as in 'Faggot vote.'—v.t. to tie together.—ns. Fagg′oting, Fag′oting, a kind of embroidery in which some of the cross-threads are drawn together in the middle. [Fr. fagot, a bundle of sticks, perh. from L. fax, a torch.]

Fagotto, fag-ot′o, n. a bassoon.—n. Fagott′ist, one who plays on the bassoon. [It.]

Fahrenheit, fä′ren-hīt, or far′en-īt, n. the name applied to a thermometer, the freezing-point of which is marked at 32, and the boiling-point at 212 degrees (see Thermometer for the relations between the two scales). [Named from the inventor, Gabriel D. Fahrenheit (1686-1736).]

Faience, fā′yäns, n. a fine kind of pottery, glazed and painted. [Fr.; prob. from Faenza in Italy.]

Fail, fāl, n. a turf, sod.—n. Fail′-dike (Scot.), a turf-wall. [Perh. from Gael. fàl, a sod.]

Fail, fāl, v.i. to fall short or be wanting (with in): to fall away: to decay: to die: to prove deficient under trial, examination, pressure, &c.: to miss: to be disappointed or baffled: to be unable to pay one's debts.—v.t. to be wanting to: not to be sufficient for: to leave undone, omit: to disappoint or desert any one:—pr.p. fail′ing; pa.p. failed.—n. (Shak.) failure.—p.adj. Failed, decayed, worn out: bankrupt.—n. Fail′ing, a fault, weakness: a foible.—prep. in default of.—n. Fail′ure, a falling short, or cessation: omission: decay: bankruptcy.—Fail of, to come short of accomplishing any purpose; Without fail, infallibly. [O. Fr. faillir—L. fallĕre, to deceive; cf. Dut. feilen, Ger. fehlen, Ice. feila.]

Fain, fān, adj. glad or joyful: inclined (with to): content to accept, for want of better: compelled: (Spens.) wont.—v.i. (Spens.) to delight.—adv. gladly.—adv. Fain′ly, gladly.—n. Fain′ness, eagerness. [A.S. fægen, joyful: cf. Ice. feginn, glad.]

Fainéant, fā-nyang′, adj. and n. do-nothing, applied esp. to the later Merovingian kings of France, mere puppets, under whom the mayors of the Palace really governed the country.—ns. Fai′neance (Kingsley), Fai′neancy, Faineant′ise. [Fr., faire, to do, néant, nothing.]

Faint, fānt, adj. wanting in strength: fading: lacking distinctness: not bright or forcible: weak in spirit: lacking courage: depressed: done in a feeble way.—v.i. to become feeble or weak: to lose strength, colour, &c.: to swoon: to fade or decay: to vanish: to lose courage or spirit: to become depressed.—v.t. (rare) to render faint.—n. a swoon.—p.adj. Faint′ed (Milt.), exhausted.—adjs. Faint′-heart, Faint′-heart′ed, cowardly: timorous.—adv. Faint′-heart′edly.—ns. Faint′-heart′edness; Faint′ing.—adj. Faint′ish, slightly faint.—n. Faint′ishness.—adv. Faint′ly.—n. Faint′ness, want of strength: feebleness of colour, light, &c.: dejection.—adj. Faint′y, faintish. [O. Fr. feint (Fr. feindre), feigned—L. fingĕre, to feign.]

Fair, fār, adj. bright: clear: free from blemish: pure: pleasing to the eye: beautiful: free from a dark hue: of a light shade: free from clouds or rain: favourable: unobstructed: open: prosperous: frank: impartial: just: pleasing: plausible: hopeful: moderate: pretty good.—n. that which is fair: (arch.) a woman.—v.t. to make fair.—v.i. to clear up, as the weather from rain.—adv. kindly, honestly, clearly: straight: (Shak.) favourably.—adjs. Fair′-and-square, honest—also used adverbially; Fair′-bod′ing (Shak.), auspicious.—n. Fair′-cop′y, the state of a document copied after final correction.—adjs. Fair′-faced, with a light complexion: beautiful: specious; Fair′-haired, having fair or light-coloured hair; Fair′-hand, having a fair appearance; Fair′ish, somewhat fair: pretty well, pretty drunk.—adv. Fair′ly.—adj. Fair′-mind′ed, judging fairly.—ns. Fair′ness; Fair′-play, honest dealing: justice.—adjs. Fair′-seem′ing, appearing fair; Fair′-spok′en, bland and civil in language and address.—ns. Fair′-trade, free-trade: a euphemism for smuggling: a mild form of the protective system, in which the basis of economic policy is supposed to be reciprocity or free-trade only with such nations as grant similar privileges—also used adverbially; Fair′-way, the part of a river, roadstead, &c. by which vessels enter or leave.—adj. Fair′-weath′er, suitable only for fair weather or favourable circumstances.—Be in a fair way to, to be likely to succeed in; Keep fair with, to keep on amiable terms with; Stand fair with, to be in the good graces of.—The fair, The fair sex, the female sex. [A.S. fæger.]

Fair, fār, n. a great periodical market for one kind of merchandise, or for the general sales and purchases of a district: a collection of miscellaneous goods for sale on behoof of charity at a bazaar, &c.—n. Fair′ing, a present given at a fair, any complimentary gift.—A day after the fair, too late; Get one's fairing (Scot.), to get one's deserts. [O. Fr. feire—L. feria, holiday.]

Fairy, fār′i, n. an imaginary being, generally of diminutive and graceful human form, capable of kindly or unkindly acts towards man: fairy-folk collectively: an enchantress, or creature of overpowering charm.—adj. like a fairy, fanciful, whimsical, delicate.—adv. Fair′ily.—n.pl. Fair′y-beads, the separate joints of the stems of fossil crinoids found in carboniferous limestone.—ns. Fair′y-butt′er, a name applied in northern England to certain gelatinous fungi; Fair′ydom; Fair′yhood, Fair′yism; Fair′yland, the country of the fairies.—adj. Fair′y-like, like or acting like fairies.—n. Fair′y-mon′ey, money given by fairies, which quickly changes into withered leaves, &c.: money found.—ns.pl. Fair′y-rings, -cir′cles, spots or circles in pastures, either barer than the rest of the field, or greener—due to the outwardly spreading growth of various fungi.—ns. Fair′y-stone, a fossil echinite found abundantly in chalk-pits; Fair′y-tale, a story about fairies: an incredible tale. [O. Fr. faerie, enchantment—fae (mod. fée). See Fay.]

Faith, fāth, n. trust or confidence in any person: belief in the statement of another: belief in the truth of revealed religion: confidence and trust in God: the living reception by the heart of the truth as it is in Christ: that which is believed: any system of religious belief, esp. the religion one considers true—'the faith;' fidelity to promises: honesty: word or honour pledged.—adjs. Faithed (Shak.), credited; Faith′ful, full of faith, believing: firm in adherence to promises, duty, allegiance, &c.: loyal: conformable to truth: worthy of belief: true.—adv. Faith′fully, sincerely, truthfully, exactly.—ns. Faith′fulness; Faith′-heal′ing, a system of belief based on James, v. 14, that sickness may be treated without any medical advice or appliances, if the prayer of Christians be accompanied in the sufferer by true faith.—adj. Faith′less, without faith or belief: not believing, esp. in God or Christianity: not adhering to promises, allegiance, or duty: delusive.—adv. Faith′lessly.—ns. Faith′lessness; Faith′worthiness, trustworthiness.—adj. Faith′worthy, worthy of faith or belief.—Bad faith, treachery.—Father of the faithful, Abraham: the caliph.—In good faith, with sincerity.—The Faithful, believers. [M. E. feith, feyth—O. Fr. feid—L. fides—fidĕre, to trust.]

Faitor, fā′tor, n. an impostor: an evil-doer, a scoundrel.—Often Fai′tour. [O. Fr. faitor—L. factor.]

Fake, fāk, v.t. to steal: to make up an article so as to hide its defects.—n. Fake′ment, any swindling device. [Prof. Skeat thinks it merely the Mid. Dut. facken, to catch; Mr Bradley suggests the earlier feak, feague, Ger. fegen, to furbish up.]

Fakir, fa-kēr′, or fā′kėr, n. a member of a religious order of mendicants or penitents in India, &c.—n. Fakir′ism, religious mendicancy. [Ar. faqîr, a poor man, fakr, faqr, poverty.]

Falbala, fal′ba-la, n. a trimming for women's petticoats: a furbelow. [Ety. dub.; cf. furbelow.]

Falcade, fal′kād′, n. the motion of a horse when he throws himself on his haunches in a very quick curvet. [Fr.,—L. fulcatus, bent.]

Falcate, -d, fal′kāt, -ed, adj. (astron., bot.) bent like a sickle, as the crescent moon, and certain leaves.—ns. Falcā′tion; Fal′cula, a falcate or falciform claw.—adj. Fal′culate. [L. falx, a sickle.]

Falchion, fawl′shun, n. a short, broad sword, bent somewhat like a sickle.—adj. Fal′ciform, sickle-shaped. [O. Fr. fauchon, through Low L., from L. falx, a sickle.]

Falcon, fol′kon, or faw′kn, n. a bird of prey formerly trained to the pursuit of game: a kind of cannon.—ns. Fal′coner, one who sports with, or who breeds and trains, falcons or hawks for taking wild-fowl; Fal′conet, a small field-gun in use till the 16th century.—adj. Fal′con-eyed, keen-eyed.—ns. Fal′con-gen′til, -gen′tle, the female and young of the goshawk.—adj. Fal′conine.—n. Fal′conry, the art of training or hunting with falcons. [O. Fr. faucon—Low L. falcōn-em—L. falx, a hook or sickle.]

Faldage, fal′dāj, n. the right, often reserved by the lord of a manor, of folding his tenant's sheep in his own fields for the sake of the manure: a fee paid for exemption from the foregoing.

Falderal, fäl′der-al, n. a meaningless refrain in songs: any kind of flimsy trifle—also Fol′derol and Fal de rol.—Falderal it, to sing unmeaning sounds.

Faldstool, fawld′stōōl, n. a folding or camp stool: a kind of stool for the king at his coronation: a bishop's armless seat: a small desk in churches in England, at which the litany should be sung or said.—n. Fald′istory, a bishop's seat within the chancel. [Low L. faldistolium—Old High Ger. faldan (Ger. falten), to fold, stuol (Ger. stuhl), stool.]

Falernian, fa-ler′ni-an, adj. pertaining to a district (Falernus ager) in Campania, famous of old for its wine.—n. Faler′ne, a modern sweet white wine, produced near Naples.

Fall, fawl, v.i. to drop down: to descend by the force of gravity: to become prostrate: (of a river) to discharge itself: to slope down: to sink as if dead: to vanish: to die away: to lose strength, subside: to decline in power, wealth, value, or reputation: to be overthrown: to be compelled to yield: to become downcast: to sink into sin, to yield to temptation: to depart from the faith: to become dejected: to pass gently into any state, as 'to fall in love,' 'to fall asleep:' to befall: to issue, occur: to enter upon with haste or vehemence: to rush: to be dropped in birth: to be required or necessary: to fall away:—pr.p. fall′ing; pa.t. fell; pa.p. fallen (faw′ln).—n. the act of falling, in any of its senses: descent by gravity, a dropping down: that which falls—a trap-door, &c.: as much as comes down at one time, as 'a fall of snow,' &c.: overthrow: death: descent from a better to a worse position: slope or declivity: descent of water: a cascade: length of a fall: outlet of a river: decrease in value: a sinking of the voice: the time when the leaves fall, autumn: a bout at wrestling: the yielding of a city or stronghold to the enemy: that which falls: a lapse into sin, esp. that of Adam and Eve, called 'the Fall:' a kind of collar worn in the 17th century.—adj. Fall′en, in a degraded state, ruined.—ns. Fall′ing, that which falls; Fall′ing-band (see Band); Fall′ing-sick′ness, epilepsy; Fall′ing-star, a meteor; Fall′ing-stone, a portion of an exploded meteor; Fall′trank, a medicine compounded of certain aromatic and astringent Swiss plants, of repute for accidents; Fall′-trap, a trap which operates by falling.—Fall-a, to begin; Fall across, to meet by chance; Fall among, to come into the midst of; Fall away, to decline gradually, to languish: to grow lean: to revolt or apostatise; Fall back, to retreat, give way; Fall back, fall edge, no matter what may happen; Fall back upon, to have recourse to some expedient or resource in reserve; Fall behind, to slacken, to be outstripped; Fall flat, to fail completely, as a shopman in attracting attention or purchasers, a new book, &c.; Fall foul, to come in collision: to quarrel (with of); Fall in (with), to concur or agree: to comply: to place themselves in order, as soldiers; Fall off, to separate or be broken: to die away, to perish: to revolt or apostatise; Fall on, to begin eagerly: to make an attack: to meet; Fall on one's feet, to come well out of a difficulty, to gain any unexpected good fortune; Fall out, to quarrel: to happen or befall; Fall over (Shak.), to go over to the enemy; Fall short, to be deficient (with of); Fall through, to fail, come to nothing; Fall to, to begin hastily and eagerly: to apply one's self to; Fall upon, to attack: to attempt: to rush against.—Try a fall, to take a bout at wrestling. [A.S. feallan; Ger. fallen; prob. conn. with L. fallĕre, to deceive.]

Fall, fawl, n. the cry given when a whale is sighted, or harpooned: the chase of a whale.—Loose fall, the losing of a whale. [Prob. from the north-eastern Scotch pronunciation of whale.]

Fallacy, fal′a-si, n. something fallacious: deceptive appearance: an apparently genuine but really illogical argument: (obs.) deception.—adj. Fallā′cious, calculated to deceive or mislead: not well founded: causing disappointment: delusive.—adv. Fallā′ciously.—n. Fallā′ciousness. [O. Fr. fallace, deceit—L. fallacia, from fallax, deceptive—fallĕre, to deceive.]

Fallal, fal′lal′, or fal-lal′, n. a piece of ribbon worn as a streamer, any trifling ornament.—adj. foppish, trifling.—n. Fallal′ery.—adv. Fallal′ishly.

Fallible, fal′i-bl, adj. liable to error or mistake.—n. Fallibil′ity, liability to err.—adv. Fall′ibly. [Fr.,—Low L. fallibilis, from fallĕre, to deceive.]

Fallopian, fal-lō′pi-an, adj. denoting two tubes or ducts through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus in the human subject. [So called because supposed to have been discovered by the Italian anatomist Fallopius (1523-62).]

Fallow, fal′ō, adj. left untilled or unsowed for a time.—n. land that has lain a year or more untilled or unsown after having been ploughed.—v.t. to plough land without seeding it.—ns. Fall′owness, state of being fallow or untilled; Green fall′ow, fallow where land is cleaned by a green crop, as turnips. [Ety. dub.; prob. an assumed A.S. fealgian, that may be confounded with the following word, from the reddish colour of unsown land.]

Fallow, fal′ō, adj. of a brownish-yellow colour.—ns. Fall′ow-chat, Fall′ow-finch, the wheatear or stonechat; Fall′ow-deer, a yellowish-brown deer smaller than the red-deer, with broad flat antlers. [A.S. falu; cf. Ger. fahl, Ice. folr.]

False, fawls, adj. deceptive or deceiving: untruthful: unfaithful to obligations: untrue: not genuine or real, counterfeit: hypocritical: not well founded, or not according to rule: artificial, as opposed to natural, of teeth, &c.—adv. incorrectly: faithlessly.—n. (Shak.) falsehood: untruth.—v.t. (Shak.) to betray.—ns. False conception, a uterine growth consisting of some degenerate mass instead of a fœtus; False′face, a mask.—adjs. False′-faced (Shak.), hypocritical; False′-heart′ed, treacherous, deceitful.—n. False′hood, state or quality of being false: want of truth: want of honesty: deceitfulness: false appearance: an untrue statement: a lie.—adv. False′ly.—ns. False′ness; Fals′er (Spens.), a deceiver, a liar.—adjs. Falsid′ical, deceptive; Fals′ish, somewhat false.—ns. Fals′ism, a self-evident falsity; Fals′ity, quality of being false: a false assertion.—Play one false, to act falsely or treacherously to a person; Put in a false position, to bring any one into a position in which he must be misunderstood. [O. Fr. fals (mod. faux)—L. falsus, pa.p. of fallĕre, to deceive.]

Falsetto, fawl-set′o, n. a forced voice of a range or register above the natural, the head voice. [It. falsetto, dim. of falso, false.]

Falsify, fawls′i-fī, v.t. to forge or counterfeit: to prove untrustworthy: to break by falsehood:—pr.p. fals′ifying; pa.p. fals′ified.—adj. Fals′ifīable, capable of being falsified.—ns. Falsificā′tion, the act of making false: the giving to a thing the appearance of something which it is not; Fals′ifier, one who falsifies. [Fr.,—Low L. falsificăre—L. falsus, false, facĕre, to make.]

Falstaffian, fal′staf-i-an, adj. like Shakespeare's Falstaff—corpulent, jovial, humorous, and dissolute.

Falter, fawl′tėr, v.i. to stumble: to fail or stammer in speech: to tremble or totter: to be feeble or irresolute.—n. any unsteadiness.—n. Fal′tering, feebleness, deficiency.—adv. Fal′teringly, in a faltering or hesitating manner. [Prob. a freq. of falden, fold. The conn. with fault, in which the l is late, is untenable.]

Falx, falks, n. a sickle-shaped part or process, as of the dura mater of the skull: a chelicera: a poison-fang of a snake: a rotula of a sea-urchin:—pl. Falces (fal′sēz). [L., a sickle.]

Famble, fam′bl, n. (slang) the hand—also Fam.—v.t. to feel or handle. [Der. obscure; perh. from the obs. verb famble, in its probable original sense, 'to grope, fumble.']

Fame, fām, n. public report or rumour: renown or celebrity, chiefly in good sense.—v.t. to report: to make famous.—n. Fā′ma, report, rumour, fame.—adjs. Famed, renowned; Fame′less, without renown.—Fama clamosa (Scot.), any notorious rumour ascribing immoral conduct to a minister or office-bearer in a church.—House of ill fame, a brothel. [Fr.,—L. fama, from fāri, to speak; cog. with Gr. phēmē, from phanai, to say.]

Familiar, fa-mil′yar, adj. well acquainted or intimate: showing the manner of an intimate: free: unceremonious: having a thorough knowledge of: well known or understood: private, domestic: common, plain.—n. one well or long acquainted: a spirit or demon supposed to attend an individual at call: a member of a pope's or bishop's household: the officer of the Inquisition who arrested the suspected.—v.t. Famil′iarise, to make thoroughly acquainted: to accustom: to make easy by practice or study.—n. Familiar′ity, intimate acquaintanceship: freedom from constraint: any unusual or unwarrantable freedom in act or speech toward another, acts of license—usually in pl.—adv. Famil′iarly. [O. Fr. familier—L. familiaris, from familia, a family.]

Family, fam′i-li, n. the household, or all those who live in one house under one head, including parents, children, servants: the children of a person: the descendants of one common progenitor: race: honourable or noble descent: a group of animals, plants, languages, &c. more comprehensive than a genus.—ns. Fam′ilism, the family feeling; Fam′ilist, one of the 16th-cent. mystical sect known as the Family of Love, which based religion upon love independently of faith.—Family Bible, a large Bible for family worship, with a page for recording family events; Family coach, a large carriage able to carry a whole family; Family man, a man with a family: a domesticated man.—Be in the family way, to be pregnant; In a family way, in a domestic manner. [L. familia—famulus, a servant.]

Famine, fam′in, n. general scarcity of food: extreme scarcity of anything, as in 'famine prices,' &c.: hunger: starvation. [Fr., through an unrecorded Low L. famina, from L. fames, hunger.]

Famish, fam′ish, v.t. to starve.—v.i. to die or suffer extreme hunger or thirst.—n. Fam′ishment, starvation. [Obs. fame, to starve—L. fames, hunger.]

Famous, fā′mus, adj. renowned: noted.—v.t. to make famous.—adv. Fā′mously.—n. Fā′mousness. [O. Fr.,—L. famosus—fama.]

Famulus, fam′ū-lus, n. a private secretary or factotum: an attendant, esp. on a magician or scholar.—n. Fam′ulist, a collegian of inferior position (Dr Murray doubts the word). [L. famulus, a servant.]

Fan, fan, n. an instrument for winnowing grain: a broad, flat instrument used by ladies to cool themselves: a wing: a small sail to keep a windmill to the wind: the agitation of the air caused by a fan.—v.t. to cool with a fan: to winnow: to ventilate: to remove by waving a fan:—pr.p. fan′ning; pa.p. fanned.—ns. Fan′-blast, in ironworks the blast produced by a fan, as distinguished from that produced by a blowing-engine; Fan′-crick′et, the mole-cricket, fen-cricket, or churr-worm.—adj. Fan′-nerved, in entomology, having a fan-like arrangement of the nervures or veins of the wings.—ns. Fan′light, a window resembling in form an open fan; Fan′ner, a machine with revolving fans, used for winnowing grain, &c.; Fan′-palm, a species of palm 60 or 70 feet high, with fan-shaped leaves, used for umbrellas, tents, &c.; Fan′-tail, an artificial fan-tailed variety of the domestic pigeon; Fan′-trāc′ery (archit.), tracery rising from a capital or a corbel, and diverging like the folds of a fan over the surface of a vault; Fan′-wheel, a wheel with fans on its rim for producing a current of air. [A.S. fann, from L. vannus, a fan; cf. Fr. van.]

Fanal, fā′nal, n. (arch.) a lighthouse, a beacon. [Fr.,—Gr. phanos, a lantern, phainein, to show.]

Fanatic, fa-nat′ik, adj. extravagantly or unreasonably zealous, esp. in religion: excessively enthusiastic.—n. a person frantically or excessively enthusiastic, esp. on religious subjects.—adj. Fanat′ical, fanatic, (Shak.) extravagant.—adv. Fanat′ically.—v.t. Fanat′icise, to make fanatical.—v.i. to act as a fanatic.—n. Fanat′icism, wild and excessive religious enthusiasm. [Fr.,—L. fanaticus, belonging to a temple, inspired by a god, fanum, a temple.]

Fancy, fan′si, n. that faculty of the mind by which it recalls, represents, or makes to appear past images or impressions: an image or representation thus formed in the mind: an unreasonable or capricious opinion: a whim: capricious inclination or liking: taste: (Shak.) love.—adj. pleasing to, or guided by, fancy or caprice: elegant or ornamental.—v.t. to portray in the mind: to imagine: to have a fancy or liking for: to be pleased with: to breed animals:—pr.p. fan′cying; pa.p. fan′cied.—p.adj. Fan′cied, formed or conceived by the fancy: imagined.—n. Fan′cier, one who has a special liking for anything, or who keeps a special article for sale: one who is governed by fancy.—adj. Fan′ciful, guided or created by fancy: imaginative: whimsical: wild.—adv. Fan′cifully.—n. Fan′cifulness.—adj. Fan′ciless, destitute of fancy.—ns. Fan′cy-ball, a ball at which fancy-dresses in various characters are worn; Fan′cy-dress, dress arranged according to the wearer's fancy, to represent some character in history or fiction; Fan′cy-fair, a special sale of fancy articles for some charitable purpose.—adj. Fan′cy-free (Shak.), free from the power of love.—n.pl. Fan′cy-goods, fabrics of variegated rather than simple pattern, applied generally to articles of show and ornament.—n. Fan′cy-mong′er (Shak.), one who deals in tricks of imagination.—adj. Fan′cy-sick (Shak.), of distempered mind, love-sick.—ns. Fan′cy-stitch, a more intricate and decorative stitch than plain-stitch; Fan′cy-stroke (billiards), an unusual stroke, or one made to show off one's skill; Fan′cy-work, ornamental needlework.—The fancy, sporting characters generally, esp. pugilists: pugilism. [Contracted from fantasy.]

Fand, fand, Fond, fond, v.i. (Spens.) to try, attempt. [A.S. fandian.]

Fandango, fan-dan′go, n. an old Spanish dance for two, in ¾ time, with castanets, proceeding gradually from a slow and uniform to the liveliest motion: a gathering for dancing, a ball. [Sp.]

Fanfare, fan-fār′, n. a flourish of trumpets or bugles—also Fanfarade′.—ns. Fan′faron, one who uses bravado: a blusterer, braggart; Fan′faronade, vain boasting: bluster: ostentation.—v.i. to bluster. [Fr. fanfare, perh. from the sound.]

Fang, fang, n. the tooth of a ravenous beast: a claw or talon: the venom-tooth of a serpent: (Shak.) a grip, catch.—v.t. (obs.) to seize upon, catch.—adjs. Fanged, having fangs, clutches, or anything resembling them; Fang′less, having no fangs or tusks: toothless.—Lose the fang (of a pump), to be dry, to have no water (Scot.). [A.S. fang, from fón, to seize; Ger. fangen, to catch, Dut. vangen.]

Fangle, fang′gl, n. (Milt.) fancy.—adj. Fang′led (obs. save in newfangled, q.v.), newly made, new-fashioned: showy, gaudy.—n. Fang′leness.

Fanion, fan′yun, n. a small marking-flag used at a station in surveying. [O. Fr.,—Low L. fano.]

Fanon, fan′on, n. a cloth for handling the holy vessels or the offertory bread: a maniple or napkin used by the celebrant at mass: an orale: a fannel: one of the lappets of a mitre: (surg.) a fold of linen laid under a splint. [O. Fr.]

Fantasia, fan-tä′zi-a, n. a musical composition, not governed by the ordinary musical rules. [It., from Gr. phantasia. See Fancy.]

Fantasy, Phantasy, fan′ta-si, n. fancy: imagination: mental image: love: whim, caprice.—v.t. to fancy, conceive mentally.—adj. Fan′tasied, filled with fancies.—n. Fan′tasm (same as Phantasm).—adj. Fan′tasque, fantastic.—ns. Fan′tast, a person of fantastic ideas; Fantas′tic, one who is fantastical.—adjs. Fantas′tic, -al, fanciful: not real: capricious: whimsical: wild.—adv. Fantas′tically.—n. Fantas′ticalness.—v.t. and v.i. Fantas′ticate.—ns. Fantas′ticism; Fantas′tico (Shak.), a fantastic. [O. Fr.,—Low L. phantasticus—Gr. phantastikos, phantazein, to make visible. Fancy is a doublet.]

Fantoccini, fan-to-chē′nē, n.pl. puppets worked by machinery: dramatic performances by puppets. [It., pl. of fantoccino, dim. of fantoccio, a puppet—fante, a boy.]

Far, fär, adj. remote: more distant of two: remote from or contrary to purpose or design.—adv. to a great distance in time, space, or proportion: remotely: considerably or in great part: very much: to a great height: to a certain point, degree, or distance.—v.t. (prov.) to remove to a distance.—adjs. Far′-away′, distant: abstracted, absent-minded; Far′-fetched, fetched or brought from a remote place: forced, unnatural—(obs.) Far′fet.—advs. Far′-forth (Spens.), very far; Far′most, most distant or remote.—n. Far′ness, the state of being far: remoteness, distance.—adj. and adv. Far′-off, distant.—adjs. Far′-reach′ing, exerting influence to a great distance and for a long time; Far′-sight′ed, seeing to a great distance: having defective eyesight for near objects; Far′-sought, sought for at a distance; Far′-spent, far advanced.—Far and away, by a great deal; By far, in a very great degree; I'll see you far (or farther) first, I will not do it by any means; In so far as, to the extent that. [A.S. feor; Dut. ver; Ice. fiarre; Ger. fern.]

Farad, far′ad, n. the name of the practical unit of electrical capacity—the capacity of a conductor which when raised to a potential of one volt has a charge of one coulomb.—adj. Farad′ic.—n. Faradisā′tion.—v.t. Far′adise.—ns. Far′adism; Microfar′ad, the millionth part of a farad. [From Michael Faraday (1791-1867).]

Farand, Farrand, far′and, adj. (Scot.) having a certain favour or appearance, esp. in such compound forms as auld-farand, old-fashioned; ill-faured, ill-favoured, &c. [M. E. farand, comely. Origin obscure; most prob. the verb fare (q.v.).]

Farce, färs, n. a style of comedy marked by low humour and extravagant wit: ridiculous or empty show.—n. Far′ceur, a joker.—adj. Far′cical.—n. Farcical′ity, farcical quality.—adv. Far′cically.—v.t. Far′cify, to turn into a farce. [Fr. farce, stuffing, from L. farcīre, to stuff, applied, acc. to H. Bradley, to words put between Kyrie and Eleison in religious services, then to the interpolated gag in a religious play, next a buffoon performance.]

Farce, färs, v.t. to cram: to stuff, fill with stuffing: (Shak.) to swell out.—n. Far′cing, stuffing. [O. Fr. farsir—L. farcīre, to cram.]

Farcy, fär′si, n. a disease of horses like glanders—(obs.) Far′cin.—adj. Far′cied.—n. Far′cy-bud, a swollen lymphatic gland, as in farcy. [Fr. farcin—Low L. farciminum.]

Fard, färd, n. white paint for the face.—v.t. to paint with such, to embellish. [Fr., of Teut. origin, Old High Ger. farwjan, to colour.]

Fardage, fär′dāj, n. (naut.) loose wood or other material stowed among the cargo to keep it from shifting, or put under it to keep it above the bilge. [Fr.]

Fardel, fär′del, n. a pack: anything cumbersome or irksome.—adj. Far′del-bound, constipated, esp. of cattle and sheep, by the retention of food in the third stomach. [O. Fr. fardel (Fr. fardeau), dim. of farde, a burden—Ar. fardah, a package (Devic).]

Farding-bag, fär′ding-bag, n. the first stomach of a cow or other ruminant.

Fare, fār, v.i. to get on or succeed: to happen well or ill to: to be in any particular state, to be, to go on: to feed.—n. the price of passage—(orig.) a course or passage: those conveyed in a carriage: food or provisions for the table.—interj. Farewell′, may you fare well! a wish for safety or success.—n. well-wishing at parting: the act of departure.—adj. parting: final. [A.S. faran; Ger. fahren.]

Farina, fa-rī′na, or fa-rē′na, n. ground corn: meal: starch: pollen of plants.—adjs. Farinā′ceous, mealy; Farinose′, yielding farina. [L.,—far.]

Farl, färl, n. (Scot.) the quarter of a round cake of flour or oatmeal. [Fardel, a fourth part.]

Farm, färm, n. land let or rented for cultivation or pasturage, with the necessary buildings: (Spens.) habitation: (Shak.) a lease.—v.t. to let out as lands to a tenant: to take on lease: to grant certain rights in return for a portion of what they yield, as to farm the taxes: to cultivate, as land.—adj. Farm′able.—ns. Farm′-bai′liff; Farm′er, one who farms or cultivates land: the tenant of a farm: one who collects taxes, &c., for a certain rate per cent.:—fem. Farm′eress; Farm′ering, the business of a farmer.—n.pl. Farm′ers-gen′eral, the name given before the French Revolution to the members of a privileged association in France, who leased the public revenues of the nation.—ns. Farm′ery, the buildings of a farm; Farm′-house, a house attached to a farm in which the farmer lives; Farm′ing, the business of cultivating land; Farm′-lā′bourer.—n.pl. Farm′-off′ices, the offices or outbuildings on a farm.—ns. Farm′stead, a farm with the buildings belonging to it; Farm′-yard, the yard or enclosure surrounded by the farm buildings. [A.S. feorm, goods, entertainment, from Low L. firma—L. firmus, firm. The Low L. firma meant a fixed payment, also a signature (whence our 'firm' in business); from 'rent' farm passed to 'lease,' then to 'a tract of land held on lease.' Farm is therefore a doublet of firm.]

Faro, fār′o, n. a game of chance played by betting on the order in which certain cards will appear when taken singly from the top of the pack. [Perh. from King Pharaoh on one of the cards.]

Farrago, far-rā′gō, n. a confused mass.—adj. Farrā′ginous, miscellaneous, jumbled. [L., far, grain.]

Farrier, far′i-ėr, n. one who shoes horses: one who cures the diseases of horses.—n. Farr′iery, the art of curing the diseases of cattle. [O. Fr. ferrier, through Low L. ferrarius, from L. ferrum, iron.]

Farrow, far′ō, n. a litter of pigs.—v.i. or v.t. to bring forth pigs. [A.S. fearh, a pig; Ger. ferkel.]

Farrow, far′rō, adj. not producing young in a particular season, said of cows. [Ety. dub.; with farrow cow cf. Flem. verwekoe, varwekoe.]

Farse, färs, n. an explanation of the Latin epistle in the vernacular.—v.t. to extend by interpolation.

Fart, fart, v.i. to break wind.—n. a noisy expulsion of wind. [A.S. feortan; Ger. farzen.]

Farther, fär′thėr, adj. (comp. of Far) more far or distant: tending to a greater distance: longer: additional.—adv. at or to a greater distance; more remotely: beyond: moreover.—adjs. and advs. Far′thermore, furthermore; Far′thermost, furthermost.—adj. Farthest (superl. of Far), most far, distant, or remote.—adv. at or to the greatest distance. [A rather recent form, comp. of far, the euphonic th being inserted from the analogy of further.]

Farthing, fär′thing, n. the fourth of a penny: anything very small: (B.) the rendering for two names of coins, one the fourth part of the other—assarion, used as the Gr. equivalent of the L. as, and kodrantes (L. quadrans), a coin equivalent to two lepta.—n. Far′thingful. [A.S. féorthing, a fourth part—féortha, fourth, and dim. -ing, or -ling.]

Farthingale, fär′thing-gāl, n. a kind of crinoline of whalebone for distending women's dress. [O. Fr. verdugale—Sp. verdugado, hooped, verdugo, rod.]

Fasces, fas′ēz, n.pl. a bundle of rods with an axe in the middle, borne before the ancient Roman principal magistrates. [L. fascis, a bundle.]

Fascia, fash′i-a, n. (archit.) a flat space or band between mouldings: (anat.) a layer of condensed connective tissue between some muscle and any other tissue.—adjs. Fas′cial; Fas′ciated.—n. Fasciā′tion (bot.), a form of monstrosity by the flattening of a single stem, or the lateral union of several stems. [L.]

Fascicle, fas′i-kl, n. a little bundle: (bot.) a close cluster, the flowers crowded together, as in the sweet-william—also Fas′cicule.—adjs. Fas′cicled, Fascic′ular, Fascic′ulate, -d, united as in a bundle.—n. Fascic′ulus, a fascicle: a part of a book issued in parts. [L. fasciculus, dim. of fascis, a bundle.]

Fascinate, fas′i-nāt, v.t. to control by the glance: to charm: to captivate: to enchant, esp. by the evil eye.—adj. Fas′cinating, charming, delightful.—n. Fascinā′tion, the act of charming: power to harm by looks or spells: mysterious attractive power exerted by a man's words or manner: irresistible power of alluring: state of being fascinated. [L. fascināre, -ātum; perh. allied to Gr. baskainein, to bewitch.]

Fascine, fas-sēn′, n. (fort.) a brushwood faggot bound together with wire, yarn, or withes, used to fill ditches, &c. [Fr.,—L. fascina—fascis, a bundle.]

Fash, fash, v.t. (Scot.) to trouble, annoy.—v.i. to be vexed at, to take trouble or pains.—n. pains, trouble.—adj. Fash′ious, troublesome, vexatious.—ns. Fash′iousness, Fash′ery. [O. Fr. fascher (Fr. fâcher)—L. fastidium, fastidiosus, fastidious.]

Fashion, fash′un, n. the make or cut of a thing: form or pattern: prevailing mode or shape of dress: a prevailing custom: manner: genteel society: appearance.—v.t. to make: to mould according to a pattern: to suit or adapt.—adj. Fash′ionable, made according to prevailing fashion: prevailing or in use at any period: observant of the fashion in dress or living: moving in high society: patronised by people of fashion.—n. a person of fashion.—n. Fash′ionableness.—adv. Fash′ionably.—ns. Fash′ioner; Fash′ionist.—adjs. Fash′ionmongering, Fash′ionmonging (Shak.), behaving like a fop.—After, or In, a fashion, in a way: to a certain extent; In the fashion, in accordance with the prevailing style of dress, &c.—opp. to Out of fashion. [O. Fr. fachon—L. faction-em—facĕre, to make.]

Fast, fast, adj. firm: fixed: steadfast: fortified: (of sleep) sound (Shak.).—adv. firmly, unflinchingly: soundly or sound (asleep): quickly: close, near.—n. Fast-and-loose, the name of a cheating game practised at fairs—called also Prick-the-garter.—adj. Fast′-hand′ed, close-fisted.—adv. Fast′ly (Shak.), firmly.—n. Fast′ness, fixedness: a stronghold, fortress, castle.—Fast by, close to.—Play fast and loose (from the foregoing), to be unreliable, to say one thing and do another; Hard-and-fast (see Hard). [A.S. fæst; Ger. fest.]

Fast, fast, adj. quick: rapid: rash: dissipated.—adv. swiftly: in rapid succession: extravagantly.—adj. Fast′ish, somewhat fast. [A special use of fast, firm, derived from the Scand., in the sense of urgent.]

Fast, fast, v.i. to keep from food: to go hungry: to abstain from food in whole or part, as a religious duty.—n. abstinence from food: special abstinence enjoined by the church: the day or time of fasting.—ns. Fast′-day, a day of religious fasting: (Scot.) a day for humiliation and prayer, esp. before celebrations of the Lord's Supper; Fast′ens, short for Fastens-eve (Scot. Fasten-e'en and Fastern's-e'en), Fastens Tuesday, Shrove Tuesday; Fast′er, one who fasts: Fast′ing, religious abstinence. [A.S. fæstan, to fast; Ger. fasten, to keep: perh. allied with fast, firm, in the sense of making strict.]

Fasten, fas′n, v.t. to make fast or tight: to fix securely: to attach firmly one thing to another: to confirm.—v.i. to fix itself.—n. Fas′tening, that which fastens.

Fasti, fas′tī, n.pl. those days among the ancient Romans on which it was lawful to transact legal or public business—opp. to Nefasti: an enumeration of the days of the year, a calendar. [L.]

Fastidious, fas-tid′i-us, adj. affecting superior taste: over-nice: difficult to please.—adv. Fastid′iously.—n. Fastid′iousness. [L. fastidiosus—fastidium, loathing—fastus, pride, tædium, loathing.]

Fastigiate, fas-tij′i-āt, adj. pointed, sloping to a point or edge—also Fastig′iated.—n. Fastig′ium, the apex of a building: the pediment of a portico. [L. fastigāre, -ātum—fastigium, a gable-end, roof.]

Fat, fat, adj. plump, fleshy: fruitful, esp. profitable: gross: thick, full-bodied, esp. of printing-types.—n. an oily substance under the skin: solid animal oil: the richest part of anything.—v.t. to make fat.—v.i. to grow fat:—pr.p. fat′ting; pa.p. fat′ted.—adj. Fat′brained (Shak.), dull of apprehension.—ns. Fat′-hen (prov.), any one of various plants of thick succulent foliage, esp. pigweed, orach, and ground-ivy; Fat′ling, a young animal fattened for slaughter.—adj. small and fat.—n. Fat′-lute, a mixture of pipe-clay and linseed-oil, for filling joints, &c.—adv. Fat′ly, grossly: in a lumbering manner.—n. Fat′ness, quality or state of being fat: fullness of flesh: richness: fertility: that which makes fertile.—v.t. Fat′ten, to make fat or fleshy: to make fertile.—v.i. to grow fat.—ns. Fat′tener, he who, or that which, fattens; Fat′tening, the process of making fat: state of growing fat; Fat′tiness.—adjs. Fat′tish, somewhat fat; Fat′-witted, dull, stupid; Fat′ty, containing fat or having the qualities of fat.—Fat images, those in relief.—The fat is in the fire, things have gone to confusion. [A.S. fæt; Ger. fett.]

Fat, fat, n. a vessel for holding liquids: a vat: a dry measure of nine bushels. [See Vat.]

Fata Morgana, fä′tä mor-gä′nä, a striking kind of mirage seen most often in the Strait of Messina. [Supposed to be caused by the fairy (fata) Morgana of Arthurian romance.]

Fate, fāt, n. inevitable destiny or necessity: appointed lot: ill-fortune: doom: final issue: (pl.) the three goddesses of fate, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who determined the birth, life, and death of men—the Fatal Sisters.—adj. Fāt′al, belonging to or appointed by fate: causing ruin or death: mortal: calamitous.—ns. Fāt′alism, the doctrine that all events are subject to fate, and happen by unavoidable necessity; Fāt′alist, one who believes in fatalism.—adj. Fāt′alistic, belonging to or partaking of fatalism.—n. Fatal′ity, the state of being fatal or unavoidable: the decree of fate: fixed tendency to disaster or death: mortality: a fatal occurrence.—adv. Fāt′ally.—adjs. Fāt′ed, doomed: destined: (Shak.) invested with the power of destiny: (Dryden) enchanted; Fate′ful, charged with fate.—adv. Fate′fully.—n. Fate′fulness. [L. fatum, a prediction—fatus, spoken—fāri, to speak.]

Father, fä′thėr, n. a male parent: an ancestor or forefather: a fatherly protector: a contriver or originator: a title of respect applied to a venerable man, to confessors, monks, priests, &c.: a member of certain fraternities, as 'Fathers of the Oratory,' &c.: the oldest member of any profession or other body: one of a group of ecclesiastical writers of the early centuries, usually ending with Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine: the first person of the Trinity.—v.t. to adopt: to ascribe to one as his offspring or production.—ns. Fa′therhood, state of being a father: fatherly authority; Fa′ther-in-law, the father of one's husband or wife; Fa′therland, the land of one's fathers—from the Ger. Vaterland; Fa′ther-lash′er, a name applied to two bull-heads found on the British coasts, belonging to the Gurnard family.—adj. Fa′therless, destitute of a living father: without a known author.—ns. Fa′therlessness; Fa′therliness.—adj. Fa′therly, like a father in affection and care: paternal.—n. Fa′thership.—Holy Father, the Pope.—Be gathered to one's fathers (B.), to die and be buried. [A.S. fæder; Ger. vater, L. pater, Gr. patēr.]

Fathom, fath′um, n. a nautical measure=6 feet: depth: (Shak.) penetration.—v.t. to try the depth of: to comprehend or get to the bottom of.—adjs. Fath′omable; Fath′omless.—n. Fath′om-line, a sailor's line and lead for taking soundings. [A.S. faethm; Dut. vadem, Ger. faden.]

Fatidical, fa-tid′ik-al, adj. having power to foretell future events: prophetical.—adv. Fatid′ically. [L. fatidicus—fatum, fate, dicĕre, to tell.]

Fatigue, fa-tēg′, n. weariness from labour of body or of mind: toil: military work, distinct from the use of arms.—v.t. to reduce to weariness: to exhaust one's strength: to harass.—pr.p. fatigu′ing; pa.p. fatigued′.—adj. Fat′igate (Shak.), fatigued.—n. Fatigue′-dū′ty, the part of a soldier's work distinct from the use of arms—also in fatigue-dress, &c.—adv. Fatigu′ingly. [Fr.,—L. fatigāre, to weary.]

Fattrels, fat′relz, n.pl. (Scot.) ends of ribbon. [O. Fr. fatraille, trumpery.]

Fatuous, fat′ū-us, adj. silly: imbecile: without reality—also Fatū′itous.—n. Fatūity, unconscious stupidity: imbecility. [L. fatuus.]

Faubourg, fō′bōōrg, n. a suburb just beyond the walls, or a district recently included within a city. [O. Fr. forbourg, lit. 'out-town'—fors (Fr. hors)—L. foris, out of doors, and O. Fr. bourg, town.]

Fauces, faw′sēz, n.pl. the upper part of the throat, from the root of the tongue to the entrance of the gullet.—adj. Fau′cal, produced in the fauces, as certain Semitic guttural sounds. [L.]

Faucet, faw′set, n. a pipe inserted in a barrel to draw liquid. [Fr. fausset.]

Faugh, faw, interj. an exclamation of contempt or disgust. [Prob. from the sound.]

Fault, fawlt, n. a failing: error: blemish: imperfection: a slight offence: (geol., min.) a displacement of strata or veins: (tennis) a stroke in which the player fails to serve the ball into the proper place.—adj. Fault′ful (Shak.), full of faults or crimes.—adv. Fault′ily.—n. Fault′iness.—adj. Fault′less, without fault or defect.—adv. Fault′lessly.—n. Fault′lessness.—adj. Fault′y, imperfect, defective: guilty of a fault: blamable.—At fault, open to blame: (of dogs) unable to find the scent; Find fault (with), to censure for some defect. [O. Fr. faute, falte—L. fallĕre, to deceive.]

Fauna, fawn′a, n. animals collectively, or those of a particular country, or of a particular geological period:—pl. Faun′æ, Faun′as.—n. Faun, a Roman rural deity, protector of shepherds.—adj. Faun′al.—n. Faun′ist, one who studies a fauna. [L. faunus, from favēre, fautum, to favour.]

Fauteuil, fō-tey′, n. an arm-chair, esp. a president's chair, the seat of one of the forty members of the French Academy. [Fr.]

Fautor, faw′tor, n. a favourer or supporter. [O. Fr. fauteur—L. fautor—favēre, to favour.]

Favonian, fav-ō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to the west wind, favourable. [L. Favonius, the west wind.]

Favour, fā′vur, n. countenance: good-will: a kind deed: an act of grace or lenity: indulgence: partiality: advantage: a knot of ribbons worn at a wedding, or anything worn publicly as a pledge of a woman's favour: (arch.) countenance, appearance: a letter or written communication: (Shak.) an attraction or grace.—v.t. to regard with good-will: to be on the side of: to treat indulgently: to afford advantage to: (coll.) to resemble.—adj. Fā′vourable, friendly: propitious: conducive to: advantageous.—n. Fā′vourableness.—adv. Fā′vourably.—p.adj. Fā′voured, having a certain appearance, featured—as in ill-favoured, well-favoured.—ns. Fā′vouredness; Fā′vourer; Fā′vourite, a person or thing regarded with favour or preference: one unduly loved: a kind of curl of the hair, affected by ladies of the 18th century.—adj. esteemed, preferred.—n. Fā′vouritism, the practice of showing partiality.—adj. Fā′vourless, without favour: (Spens.) not favouring.—Favours to come, favours still expected; Curry favour (see Curry). [O. Fr.,—L. favor—favēre, to favour, befriend.]

Favus, fāv′us, n. a disease of the skin, chiefly of the hairy scalp. [L. 'a honeycomb.']

Fawn, fawn, n. a young deer.—adj. resembling a fawn in colour.—v.i. to bring forth a fawn. [O. Fr. faon, through Low L. from L. fœtus, offspring.]

Fawn, fawn, v.i. to cringe, to flatter in a servile way (with upon).—n. (rare) a servile cringe or bow: mean flattery.—ns. Fawn′er, one who flatters to gain favour; Fawn′ing, mean flattery: sycophancy.—adv. Fawn′ingly.—n. Fawn′ingness. [A variant of fain, to rejoice—A.S. fægen, glad.]

Fay, fā, n. a fairy. [O. Fr. fee—L. fata, a fairy—L. fatum, fate.]

Fay, fā, v.i. to fit, unite closely.—v.t. to fit together closely. [A.S. fégan; Ger. fügen.]

Feague, fēg, v.t. (obs.) to whip: to perplex. [Cog. with Dut. vegen, Ger. fegen.]

Fealty, fē′al-ti, or fēl′ti, n. the vassal's oath of fidelity to his feudal lord: loyalty. [O. Fr. fealte—L. fidelitat-em—fidelis, faithful—fidĕre, to trust.]

Fear, fēr, n. a painful emotion excited by danger: apprehension of danger or pain: alarm: the object of fear: aptness to cause fear: (B.) deep reverence: piety towards God.—v.t. to regard with fear: to expect with alarm: (B.) to stand in awe of: to venerate: (obs.) to terrify: to make afraid.—v.i. to be afraid: to be in doubt.—adj. Fear′ful, timorous: exciting intense fear: terrible.—adv. Fear′fully.—n. Fear′fulness.—adj. Fear′less, without fear: daring: brave.—adv. Fear′lessly.—ns. Fear′lessness; Fear′nought (same as Dreadnaught).—adj. Fear′some, causing fear, frightful.—adv. Fear′somely. [A.S. fǽr, fear, fǽran, to terrify; cf. Ger. gefahr, Ice. fár, harm, mischief.]

Feasible, fēz′i-bl, adj. practicable.—ns. Feas′ibleness, Feasibil′ity.—adv. Feas′ibly. [Fr. faisable, that can be done—faire, faisant—L. facĕre, to do.]

Feast, fēst, n. a day of unusual solemnity or joy: a festival in commemoration of some event—movable, such as occurs on a specific day of the week succeeding a certain day of the month, as Easter; immovable, at a fixed date, as Christmas: a rich and abundant repast: rich enjoyment for the mind or heart.—v.i. to hold a feast: to eat sumptuously: to receive intense delight.—v.t. to entertain sumptuously.—ns. Feast′-day; Feast′er.—adj. Feast′ful, festive, joyful, luxurious.—ns. Feast′ing; Feast′-rite, a rite or custom observed at feasts.—adj. Feast′-won (Shak.), won or bribed by feasting.—Feast of fools, Feast of asses, medieval festivals, held between Christmas and Epiphany, in which a burlesque bishop was enthroned in church, and a burlesque mass said by his orders, and an ass driven round in triumph.—Double feast (eccles.), one on which the antiphon is doubled. [O. Fr. feste (Fr. fête)—L. festum, a holiday, festus, solemn, festal.]

Feat, fēt, n. a deed manifesting extraordinary strength, skill, or courage.—v.t. (Shak.) to fashion.—adj. neat, deft.—adj. Feat′eous, dexterous, neat.—adv. Feat′ly, neatly, dexterously—(Spens.) Feat′eously. [Fr. fait—L. factum—L. facĕre, to do.]

Feather, feth′ėr, n. one of the growths which form the covering of a bird: a feather-like ornament: the feathered end of an arrow: nature, kind, as in 'birds of a feather:' birds collectively: anything light or trifling.—v.t. to furnish or adorn with feathers.—ns. Feath′er-bed, a mattress filled with feathers; Feath′er-board′ing (same as Weather-boarding, q.v.).—p.adj. Feath′ered, covered or fitted with feathers, or anything feather-like: like the flight of a feathered animal, swift: smoothed as with feathers.—ns. Feath′er-edge, an edge of a board or plank thinner than the other edge; Feath′er-grass, a perennial grass, so called from the feathery appearance of its awns; Feath′er-head, Feath′er-brain, a frivolous person; Feath′eriness; Feath′ering, plumage: the fitting of feathers to arrows: (archit.) an arrangement of small arcs or foils separated by projecting cusps, frequently forming the feather-like ornament on the inner mouldings of arches; Feath′er-star, a crinoid of feathery appearance and radiate structure; Feath′er-weight, the lightest weight that may be carried by a racing-horse: a boxer, wrestler, &c., of a class below the light-weights—hence one of small importance or ability.—adj. Feath′ery, pertaining to, resembling, or covered with feathers.—Feather an oar, to turn the blade of the oar horizontally as it comes out of the water, thus lessening the resistance of the air; Feather one's nest, to accumulate wealth for one's self while serving others in a position of trust.—A feather in one's cap, some striking mark of distinction; Be in high feather, to be greatly elated or in high spirits; Make the feathers fly, to throw into confusion by a sudden attack; Show the white feather, to show signs of cowardice—a white feather in a gamecock's tail being considered as a sign of degeneracy. [A.S. feðer; Ger. feder; L. penna, Gr. pteron.]

Feature, fēt′ūr, n. the marks by which anything is recognised: the prominent traits of anything: the cast of the face: (pl.) the countenance.—v.t. (coll.) to have features resembling.—adjs. Feat′ured, with features well marked; Feat′ureless, destitute of distinct features; Feat′urely, handsome. [O. Fr. faiture, from fut. part. of L. facĕre, to make.]

Febricule, feb′ri-kūl, n. a slight fever.—adj. Febri′culose.—n. Febriculos′ity. [L. febricula, dim. of febris, fever.]

Febrific, fe-brif′ik, adj. producing fever, feverish.—Also Febrifā′cient. [L. febris, fever, facĕre, to make.]

Febrifuge, feb′ri-fūj, n. a medicine for removing fever.—adj. Febrif′ugal (or feb′-). [L. febris, fever, fugāre, to put to flight.]

Febrile, fē′bril, or feb′ril, adj. pertaining to fever: feverish.—n. Febril′ity. [Fr.,—L. febris, fever.]

Febronianism, feb-rō′ni-an-izm, n. a system of doctrine antagonistic to the claims of the Pope and asserting the independence of national churches, propounded in 1763 by Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim under the pseudonym 'Justinus Febronius.'

February, feb′rōō-ar-i, n. the second month of the year. [L. Februarius (mensis), the month of expiation, februa, the feast of expiation.]

Feck, fek, n. (Scot.) strength, value, quantity, number: the bulk of anything.—adj. Feck′less, spiritless.—adv. Feck′ly, mostly. [Corr. of effect.]

Fecula, fek′ū-la, n. starch obtained as a sediment by breaking down certain plants or seeds in water. [L. fæcula, dim. of fæx, dregs.]

Feculent, fek′ū-lent, adj. containing fæces or sediment: muddy: foul.—ns. Fec′ulence, Fec′ulency.

Fecund, fek′und, adj. fruitful: fertile: prolific.—v.t. Fec′undāte, Fecund′āte, to make fruitful: to impregnate.—ns. Fecundā′tion, the act of impregnating: the state of being impregnated; Fecund′ity, fruitfulness: prolificness in female animals. [Fr.,—L. fecundus, fruitful.]

Federal, fed′ėr-al, adj. pertaining to or consisting of a treaty or covenant: confederated, founded upon mutual agreement: of a union or government in which several states, while independent in home affairs, combine for national or general purposes, as in the United States (in the American Civil War, Federal was the name applied to the states of the North which defended the Union against the Confederate separatists of the South).—n. a supporter of federation: a Unionist soldier in the American Civil War.—n. Fed′eracy.—v.t. Fed′eralise.—ns. Fed′eralism, the principles or cause maintained by federalists; Fed′eralist, a supporter of a federal constitution or union; Fed′erary (Shak.), a confederate.—adj. Fed′erāte, united by league: confederated.—n. Federā′tion, the act of uniting in league: a federal union.—adj. Fed′erātive, united in league.—Federal (or Covenant) theology, that first worked out by Cocceius (1603-69), based on the idea of two covenants between God and man—of Works and of Grace (see Covenant). [Fr. fédéral—L. fœdus, fœderis, a treaty, akin to fidĕre, to trust.]

Fee, fē, n. price paid for services, as to a lawyer or physician: recompense, wages: the sum exacted for any special privilege: a grant of land for feudal service: an unconditional inheritance—Fee′-sim′ple, possession: ownership.—v.t. to pay a fee to: to hire:—pr.p. fee′ing; pa.p. feed.—ns. Fee′-grief (Shak.), a private grief; Fee′ing-mar′ket (Scot.), a fair or market at which farm-servants are hired for the year or half-year following; Fee′-tail, an entailed estate, which on failure of heirs reverts to the donor.—Base fee, a qualified fee, a freehold estate of inheritance to which a qualification is annexed; Conditional fee, a fee granted on condition, or limited to particular heirs: the estate of a mortgagee of land, possession of which is conditional on payment; Great fee, the holding of a tenant of the Crown. [A.S. feoh, cattle, property: a special kind of property, property in land; Ger. vieh, Ice. fé; allied to L. pecus, cattle, pecunia, money.]

Feeble, fē′bl, adj. weak: wanting in strength of body, energy, or efficiency: showing weakness or incapacity: faint: dull.—adj. Fee′ble-mind′ed, weak-minded: irresolute.—n. Fee′bleness—(Spens.) Fe′blesse.—adv. Fee′bly. [O. Fr. foible, for floible—L. flebilis, lamentable, from flēre, to weep.]

Feed, fēd, v.t. to give food to: to nourish: to furnish with necessary material: to foster.—v.i. to take food: to nourish one's self by eating:—pr.p. feed′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. fed.—n. an allowance of provender, esp. to cattle: the motion forward of anything being fed to a machine: (Milt.) a meal: (Shak.) pasture land.—ns. Feed′er, he who feeds, or that which supplies: an eater: one who abets another: one who fattens cattle: (obs.) a parasite; Feed′-head, the cistern that supplies water to the boiler of a steam-engine; Feed′-heat′er, an apparatus for heating the water supplied to a steam-boiler; Feed′ing, act of eating: that which is eaten: pasture: the placing of the sheets of paper in position for a printing or ruling machine; Feed′ing-bott′le, a bottle for supplying liquid food to an infant; Feed′-pipe, a pipe for supplying a boiler or cistern with water; Feed′-pump, a force-pump for supplying a steam-engine boiler with water. [A.S. fédan, to feed.]

Fee-faw-fum, fē′-faw′-fum′, n. a nursery word for anything frightful.

Feel, fēl, v.t. to perceive by the touch: to handle or try by touch: to be conscious of: to be keenly sensible of: to have an inward persuasion of.—v.i. to know by the touch: to have the emotions excited: to produce a certain sensation when touched, as to feel hard or hot:—pr.p. feel′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. felt.—n. the sensation of touch.—ns. Feel′er, a remark cautiously dropped, or any indirect stratagem, to sound the opinions of others: (pl.) jointed fibres in the heads of insects, &c., possessed of a delicate sense of touch, termed antennæ; Feel′ing, the sense of touch: perception of objects by touch: consciousness of pleasure or pain: tenderness: emotion: sensibility, susceptibility, sentimentality: opinion as resulting from emotion: (pl.) the affections or passions.—adj. expressive of great sensibility or tenderness: easily affected.—adv. Feel′ingly.—Feel after (B.), to search for. [A.S. félan, to feel; Ger. fühlen; prob. akin to L. palpāre, to quiver.]

Feer, fēr, n. (Spens.) a companion, a spouse. [A.S. ge-féra, a companion—ge-féran, to travel.]

Feign, fān, v.t. to invent: to imagine: to make a show or pretence of, to counterfeit, simulate.—adj. Feigned, pretended: simulating.—adv. Feign′edly.—ns. Feign′edness; Feign′ing. [Fr. feindre, pr.p. feignant, to feign.—L. fingĕre, fictum, to form.]

Feint, fānt, n. a false appearance: a pretence: a mock-assault: a deceptive movement in fencing, boxing, &c.—v.i. to make a feint. [Fr., see above.]

Feldspar, feld′spär, n. (min.) a general term for the most important rock-forming group of minerals—all anhydrous silicates of alumina—divided into those in which the minerals crystallise in monoclinic and in triclinic forms—also Fel′spar, Feld′spath.—adjs. Feldspath′ic, Feld′spathose. [Ger. feldspath—feld, a field, spath, spar.]

Felicity, fe-lis′i-ti, n. happiness: delight: a blessing: a happy event.—v.t. Felic′itāte, to express joy or pleasure to: to congratulate.—n. Felicitā′tion, the act of congratulating.—adj. Felic′itous, happy: prosperous: delightful: appropriate.—adv. Felic′itously. [Fr.,—L. felicitat-em, from felix, -icis, happy.]

Feline, fē′līn, adj. pertaining to the cat or the cat kind: like a cat.—ns. Felin′ity; Fē′lis, the cats as a genus, the typical genus of family Fē′lidæ and subfamily Fēlī′næ. [L. felinus—felis, a cat.]

Fell, fel, v.t. to cause to fall: to bring to the ground: to cut down.—adj. Fell′able.—n. Fell′er, a cutter of wood. [A.S. fellan, causal form of feallan, to fall.]

Fell, fel, n. a skin.—n. Fell′monger, a dealer in skins. [A.S. fel; cf. L. pellis, Gr. pella, Ger. fell.]

Fell, fel, adj. cruel: fierce: bloody: deadly: keen, eager, spirited: (Scot.) very great, huge.—adj. Fell′-lurking (Shak.), lurking with treacherous purpose.—n. Fell′ness.—adv. Fell′y. [O. Fr. fel, cruel—L. fello. See Felon.]

Fellah, fel′ä, n. an Arabic name applied contemptuously by the Turks to the labouring or agricultural population of Egypt—descendants of the ancient Egyptian, intermingled with Syrians, Arabs, &c.:—pl. Fell′ahs, Fell′ahîn. [Ar., 'tiller of the soil.']

Fellic, fel′ik, adj. obtained from bile—also Fellin′ic.—adj. Fellif′luous, flowing with gall. [L. fel, gall.]

Fellonous, fel′lon-us, adj. (Spens.) fell.—adj. Fel′lonest, most fell.

Fellow, fel′ō, n. an associate: a companion and equal: one of a pair, a mate: a member of a university who enjoys a fellowship: a member of a scientific or other society: an individual, a person generally: a worthless person.—ns. Fell′ow-cit′izen, one belonging to the same city; Fell′ow-comm′oner, at Cambridge and elsewhere, a privileged class of undergraduates, dining at the Fellows' table; Fell′ow-crea′ture, one of the same race; Fell′ow-feel′ing, feeling between fellows or equals: sympathy; Fell′ow-heir, a joint-heir.—adv. Fell′owly (Shak.), companionable.—ns. Fell′ow-man, a man of the same common nature with one's self; Fell′ow-serv′ant, one who has the same master; Fell′owship, the state of being a fellow or partner: friendly intercourse: communion: an association: an endowment in a college for the support of graduates called Fellows: the position and income of a fellow: (arith.) the proportional division of profit and loss among partners.—Good fellowship, companionableness; Right hand of fellowship, the right hand given by one minister or elder to another at an ordination in some churches. [M. E. felawe—Ice. félagi, a partner in goods, from fé (Ger. vieh), cattle, property, and lag, a laying together, a law. Cf. Eng. Fee, and Law.]

Felly, fel′ī, Felloe, fel′ō, n. one of the curved pieces in the circumference of a wheel: the circular rim of the wheel. [A.S. felg; Ger. felge.]

Felon, fel′on, n. one guilty of felony: a convict: a wicked person: an inflamed sore.—adj. wicked or cruel.—adj. Felō′nious, wicked: depraved: done with the deliberate intention to commit crime.—adv. Felō′niously.—n. Felō′niousness, the quality of being felonious.—adj. Fel′onous (Spens.), felonious.—ns. Fel′onry, a body of felons; Fel′ony, (orig.) a crime punished by total forfeiture of lands, &c.: a grave crime, beyond a misdemeanour, as that punishable by penal servitude or death. [O. Fr.,—Low L. fellonem, fello, a traitor, prob. L. fel, gall.]

Felsite, fel′sīt, n. a fine-grained, compact rock, a variety of quartz-porphyry—also Fel′stone.—adj. Felsit′ic. [Fr.,—Ger. fels, rock.]

Felt, felt, n. a fabric formed without weaving, by means of the natural tendency of the fibres of wool and certain kinds of hair to interlace with and cling to each other.—v.t. to make into felt: to cover with felt.—v.t. Felt′er, to mat together like felt.—n. Felt′ing, the art or process of making felt: the felt itself. [A.S. felt; cf. Dut. vilt, Ger. filz.]

Felucca, fe-luk′a, n. a class of small merchant-vessels, used in the Mediterranean, with two masts, lateen sails, and often a rudder at each end. [It. feluca, which, like Fr. felouque, is from Ar. fulk, a ship.]

Female, fē′māl, adj. of the sex that produces young: pertaining to females: (bot.) having a pistil or fruit-bearing organ.—n. one of the female sex, a woman.—ns. Femal′ity, Feminal′ity, the female nature.—adj. Fem′inal.—n. Feminē′ity, the quality of being female.—adj. Fem′inine, pertaining to women: tender: womanly: (gram.) the gender denoting females.—adv. Fem′ininely.—ns. Fem′inineness; Feminin′ity, the nature of the female sex.—Female screw, a screw cut upon the inward surface of a cylindrical hole in wood or metal; Feminine rhyme, a rhyme between words that terminate each in an unaccented syllable. [Fr. femelle—L. femella, dim. of femina, a woman.]

Femerell, fem′er-el, n. a louvre or covering on the roof of a kitchen, &c., to allow the smoke to escape.

Femur, fē′mer, n. the thigh-bone.—adj. Fem′oral, belonging to the thigh.—Femoral artery, the main artery of the thigh. [L. femoralis—femur, thigh.]

Fen, fen, n. a kind of low marshy land often, or partially, covered with water: a morass or bog.—ns. Fen′-berr′y, the cranberry; Fen′-fire, the Will-o'-the-wisp.—adjs. Fen′ny, Fen′nish; Fen′-sucked (Shak.), drawn out of bogs. [A.S. fenn; Ice. fen.]

Fen, fen, v.t. an exclamatory phrase in boys' games, meaning 'Check!' 'Bar!' [Cf. Fend.]

Fence, fens, n. a wall or hedge for enclosing animals or for protecting land: the art of fencing: defence: a receiver of stolen goods, also a receiving-house.—v.t. to enclose with a fence: to fortify.—v.i. to practise fencing: to conceal the truth by equivocal answers.—adjs. Fenced, enclosed with a fence; Fence′less, without fence or enclosure, open.—n. Fenc′er, one who practises fencing with a sword.—adj. Fenc′ible, capable of being fenced or defended.—n.pl. Fenc′ibles, volunteer regiments raised for local defence during a special crisis: militia enlisted for home service.—p.adj. Fenc′ing, defending or guarding.—n. the act of erecting a fence: the art of attack and defence with a sword or other weapon.—n. Fenc′ing-mas′ter, one who teaches fencing.—Fence the tables, in the ancient usage of Scotland, to debar from partaking in communion those guilty of any known sin.—Sit on the fence, to be still hesitating as between two opinions; Sunk fence, a ditch or water-course. [Abbrev. of defence.]

Fend, fend, v.t. to ward off: to shut out: to defend.—v.i. to offer resistance: to make provision for.—n. self-support, the shift one makes for one's self.—adj. Fend′y, shifty. [Abbrev. of defend.]

Fender, fend′ėr, n. a metal guard before a fire to confine the ashes: a protection for a ship's side against piers, &c., consisting of a bundle of rope, &c.—ns. Fend′er-beam, a fender of wood, protecting a ship's side in dock: a permanent buffer at the end of a railway siding; Fend′er-board, a board protecting the steps of a carriage from the dust thrown up by the wheels. [Fend.]

Fenestella, fen-es-tel′a, n. a niche on the south side of an altar, containing the piscina, and sometimes the credence: a genus of Polyzoa, like the recent 'lace coral,' very common in Palæozoic rocks. [L., dim. of fenestra, a window.]

Fenestral, fe-nes′tral, adj. belonging to or like a window: with transparent spots—also Fenes′trāte.—n. Fenestrā′tion, the arrangement of windows in a building. [L. fenestralis—fenestra, window.]

Fenian, fē′ne-an, n. a member of an association of Irishmen founded in New York in 1857 for the overthrow of the English government in Ireland.—adj. belonging to the legendary Fenians, or to the modern conspirators.—n. Fē′nianism. [Old Ir. Féne, one of the names of the ancient population of Ireland, confused in modern times with fíann, the militia of Finn and other ancient Irish kings.]

Fennel, fen′el, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants, allied to Dill, but distinguished by the cylindrical, strongly-ribbed fruit, the flower yellow.—n. Fenn′el-flow′er, the Nigella Damascena, or ragged lady. [A.S. finul—L. fœniculum, fennel—fenum, hay.]

Fent, fent, n. (prov.) a slit, crack: a remnant or odd piece. [O. Fr. fente—L. findĕre, to cleave.]

Fenugreek, fen′ū-grēk, n. a genus of leguminous plants, allied to clover and melilot. [L. fenum-græcum, 'Greek hay.']

Feoff, fef, n. a fief.—v.t. to grant possession of a fief or property in land.—ns. Feoffee′, the person invested with the fief; Feoff′er, Feoff′or, he who grants the fief; Feoff′ment, the gift of a fief or feoff. [O. Fr. feoffer or fiefer—O. Fr. fief. See Fee.]

Feracious, fe-rā′shus, adj. fruitful.—n. Ferac′ity (rare). [L. ferax, -acis—ferre, to bear.]

Fer-de-lance, fār′de-längs′, n. the lance-headed or yellow viper of tropical America.

Fere, fēr, n. (Spens.) a mate, companion, equal. [A.S. geféra, a companion, ge-féran, to travel.]

Feretory, fer′e-tor-i, n. a shrine for relics carried in processions. [L. feretrum—ferre, to bear.]

Ferial, fē′ri-al, adj. pertaining to holidays (feriæ), belonging to any day of the week which is neither a fast nor a festival. [Fr.,—L. feria, a holiday.]

Ferine, fē′rin, adj. pertaining to, or like, a wild beast: savage.—n.pl. Feræ (fē′rē), wild animals.—adj. Fē′ral, wild, run wild.—n. Fer′ity, wildness.—Fēræ naturæ, those animals that are wild or not domesticated, including game animals—deer, hares, pheasants, &c. [L. ferinus—fera, a wild beast—ferus; akin to Gr. thēr, Ger. thier, a beast.]

Feringhee, fer-ing′gē, n. a Hindu name for an Englishman.—Also Farin′gee. [A corr. of Frank.]

Ferly, fer′li, adj. fearful: sudden: singular.—n. a wonder.—v.i. to wonder. [A.S. fǽrlic, sudden; cf. Ger. ge-fährlich, dangerous.]

Ferment, fėr′ment, n. what excites fermentation, as yeast, leaven: internal motion amongst the parts of a fluid: agitation: tumult.—v.t. Ferment′, to excite fermentation: to inflame.—v.i. to rise and swell by the action of fermentation: to work, used of wine, &c.: to be in excited action: to be stirred with anger.—n. Fermentabil′ity.—adj. Ferment′able, capable of fermentation.—n. Fermentā′tion, the act or process of fermenting: the change which takes place in liquids exposed to air: the kind of spontaneous decomposition which produces alcohol: restless action of the mind or feelings.—adj. Ferment′ative, causing or consisting in fermentation.—n. Ferment′ativeness.—adj. Fermentes′cible, capable of being fermented. [Fr.,—L. fermentum, for fervimentum—fervēre, to boil.]

Fermeture, fer′me-tūr, n. a mechanism for closing the chamber of a breech-loading gun. [Fr.,—L. firmāre, to make fast.]

Fern, fern, n. one of the beautiful class of higher or vascular cryptogamous plants—the natural order Filices.—ns. Fern′ery, a place for rearing ferns; Fern′-owl, the European goatsucker or night-jar; Fern′-seed, the spores of ferns, which, properly gathered, render the bearers invisible; Fern′shaw, a thicket of ferns; Fern′ticle, a freckle.—adjs. Fern′ticled; Fern′y. [A.S. fearn; Ger. farn.]

Ferocious, fe-rō′shus, adj. savage, fierce: cruel.—adv. Ferō′ciously.—ns. Ferō′ciousness; Feroc′ity, savage cruelty of disposition: untamed fierceness. [L. ferox, ferocis, wild—ferus, wild.]

Ferrandine, fer′an-din, n. a silk and wool or silk and hair cloth.—Also Farr′andine. [Fr.]

Ferrara, fer-ä′ra, n. a make of sword-blade highly esteemed in Scotland from about the close of the 16th century—often Andrea Ferrara—said to have been made at Belluno in Venetia by Cosmo, Andrea, and Gianantonio Ferrara. [Perh. a native of Ferrara, or prob. merely the It. ferrajo, a cutler—L. ferrarius, a smith.]

Ferreous, fer′e-us, adj. pertaining to, or made of, iron. [L. ferreus—ferrum, iron.]

Ferret, fer′et, n. ribbon woven from spun silk. [Corr. from It. fioretto—L. flos, floris, a flower.]

Ferret, fer′et, n. a half-tamed albino variety of the polecat, employed in unearthing rabbits.—v.t. to drive out of a hiding-place: to search out cunningly:—pr.p. ferr′eting; pa.p. ferr′eted.—n. Ferr′eter, one who uses a ferret to catch rabbits, &c.: one who searches minutely. [O. Fr. furet, a ferret—Low L. furon-em, robber—L. fur, a thief.]

Ferric, fer′ik, adj. pertaining to or obtained from iron: noting an acid compounded of iron and oxygen.—ns. Ferr′ate, a salt formed by the union of ferric acid with a base; Ferrocyanogen (fer-o-sī-an′ō-jen), a compound radical supposed by chemists to exist in ferrocyanic acid and the ferrocyanides, the chief of which is potassium ferrocyanide, yielding Prussian blue; Ferr′otype, a photographic process in which the negative was developed by a saturated solution of protosulphate of iron. [L. ferrum, iron.]

Ferriferous, fer-rif′ėr-us, adj. bearing or yielding iron. [L. ferrum, iron, ferre, to bear.]

Ferruginous, fer-rōō′jin-us, adj. of the colour of iron-rust impregnated with iron.—n. Ferru′go, a disease of plants, commonly called rust. [L. ferrugineus—ferrugo, -inem, iron-rust—ferrum, iron.]

Ferrule, fer′il, or fer′ōōl, n. a metal ring or cap on a staff, &c., to keep it from splitting.—Also Ferr′el. [O. Fr. virole—L. viriola, a bracelet.]

Ferry, fer′i, v.t. to carry or convey over a water in a boat:—pr.p. ferr′ying; pa.p. ferr′ied.—n. a place where one is carried by boat across a water: the right of conveying passengers: the ferry-boat.—ns. Ferr′iage, provision for ferrying: the fare paid for such; Ferr′y-boat; Ferr′y-man. [A.S. ferian, to convey, faran, to go; Ger. fähre, a ferry—fahren, to go, to carry.]

Fertile, fėr′til, adj. able to bear or produce abundantly: rich in resources: inventive: fertilising.—adv. Fer′tilely.—n. Fertilisā′tion, the act or process of fertilising.—v.t. Fer′tilise, to make fertile or fruitful: to enrich.—ns. Fer′tiliser, one who, or that which, fertilises; Fertil′ity, fruitfulness: richness: abundance. [Fr.,—L. fertilis—ferre, to bear.]

Ferule, fer′ōōl, n. a cane or rod used for striking children in punishment.—n. Fer′ula, a staff of command.—adj. Ferulā′ceous, pertaining to canes or reeds. [L. ferula, a cane—ferīre, to strike.]

Fervent, fėr′vent, adj. ardent: zealous: warm in feeling.—n. Fer′vency, eagerness: warmth of devotion.—adv. Fer′vently.—adjs. Ferves′cent, growing hot; Fer′vid, very hot: having burning desire or emotion: zealous.—n. Fervid′ity.—adv. Fer′vidly.—ns. Fer′vidness; Fer′vour, heat: heat of mind, zeal. [Fr.,—L. fervēre, to boil.]

Fescennine, fes′e-nin, adj. scurrilous.—Fescennine verses consisted of dialogues in rude extempore verses, generally in Saturnian measure, in which the parties rallied and ridiculed one another. The style, afterwards popular at Rome, originated in the Etruscan town Fescennium.

Fescue, fes′kū, n. a genus of grasses, very nearly allied to Brome-grass, and including many valuable pasture and fodder grasses: a small straw or wire used to point out letters to children when learning to read. [O. Fr. festu—L. festūca, a straw.]

Fesse, Fess, fes, n. (her.) one of the ordinaries—a band over the middle of an escutcheon, one-third its breadth. [Fr. fasce—L. fascia, a band.]

Festal, fes′tal, adj. pertaining to a feast or holiday: joyous: gay.—adv. Fes′tally.—n. Festil′ogy, a treatise on ecclesiastical festivals.

Fester, fes′tėr, v.i. to become corrupt or malignant: to suppurate.—v.t. to cause to fester or rankle.—n. a wound discharging corrupt matter. [O. Fr. festre—L. fistula, an ulcer.]

Festinate, fes′ti-nāt, v.t. to accelerate.—adj. (Shak.) hurried, hasty.—adv. Fes′tinately (Shak.), hastily.—n. Festinā′tion. [L. festinaāre, -ātum, to hurry.]

Festive, fes′tiv, adj. festal: mirthful.—n. Fes′tival, a joyful celebration: a feast.—adv. Fes′tively.—n. Festiv′ity, social mirth: joyfulness: gaiety.—adj. Fes′tivous, festive. [L. festivus—festus.]

Festoon, fes-tōōn′, n. a garland suspended between two points: (archit.) an ornament like a wreath of flowers, &c.—v.t. to adorn with festoons.—n. Festoon′-blind, a window-blind of cloth gathered into rows of festoons in its width. [Fr. feston—Low L. festo(n-), a garland—L. festum.]

Fetch, fech, v.t. to bring: to go and get: to obtain as its price: to accomplish in any way: to bring down, to cause to yield: to reach or attain.—v.i. to turn: (naut.) to arrive at.—n. the act of bringing: space carried over: a stratagem.—adj. Fetch′ing, fascinating.—Fetch and carry, to perform humble services for another; Fetch a pump, to pour water in so as to make it draw; Fetch out, to draw forth, develop; Fetch to, to revive, as from a swoon; Fetch up, to recover: to come to a sudden stop. [A.S. feccan, an altered form of fetian, to fetch; cf. Ger. fassen, to seize.]

Fetch, fech, n. the apparition, double, or wraith of a living person.—n. Fetch′-can′dle, a nocturnal light, supposed to portend a death. [Ety. unknown.]

Fête, fāt, n. a festival: a holiday.—v.t. to entertain at a feast.—n. Fête′-day, a birthday.—Fête champêtre, an outdoor entertainment. [Fr.]

Fetial, fē′shal, adj. pertaining to the Roman fetiales, heraldic, ambassadorial.—Also Fē′cial.

Fetich, Fetish, fē′tish, n. an object, either natural or artificial, capable of being appropriated by an individual whose possession of it procures the services of a spirit lodged within it.—ns. Fē′tichism, Fē′tishism, the worship of a fetich: a belief in charms.—adjs. Fetichist′ic, Fetishist′ic. [Fr. fétiche—Port. feitiço, magic: a name given by the Portuguese to the gods of West Africa—Port. feitiço, artificial—L. factitius—facĕre, to make.]

Fetid, fē′tid, or fet′id, adj. stinking: having a strong offensive odour.—ns. Fē′tidness, Fē′tor, Fœ′tor. [L. fœtidus—fœtēre, to stink.]

Fetlock, fet′lok, n. a tuft of hair that grows behind on horses' feet: the part where this hair grows.—adj. Fet′locked, tied by the fetlock. [History obscure; often explained as compounded of foot and lock (of hair); cf. Ger. fiszloch.]

Fetter, fet′ėr, n. a chain or shackle for the feet: anything that restrains—used chiefly in pl.—v.t. to put fetters on: to restrain.—adjs. Fett′ered, bound by fetters: (zool.) of feet bent backward and apparently unfit for walking; Fett′erless, without fetters, unrestrained.—n. Fett′erlock (her.) a shackle or lock. [A.S. feter—fét, feet, pl. of fót, foot.]

Fettle, fet′l, v.t. (prov.) to arrange, mend.—v.i. to potter fussily about.—n. preparedness, ready condition. [Prob. A.S. fetel, a belt.]

Feu, fū, n. (Scot.) a tenure where the vassal, in place of military services, makes a return in grain or in money: a right to the use of land, houses, &c., in perpetuity, for a stipulated annual payment (Feu′-dū′ty).—v.t. to vest in one who undertakes to pay the feu-duty—n. Feu′ar, one who holds real estate in consideration of a payment called feu-duty. [O. Fr. feu. See the variant Fee.]

Feud, fūd, n. a war waged by private individuals, families, or clans against one another on their own account: a bloody strife.—Right of feud, the right to protect one's self and one's kinsmen, and punish injuries. [O. Fr. faide, feide—Low L. faida—Old High Ger. fēhida. See Foe.]

Feud, fūd, n. a fief or land held on condition of service.—adj. Feud′al, pertaining to feuds or fiefs: belonging to feudalism.—n. Feudalisā′tion.—v.t. Feud′alise.—ns. Feud′alism, the system, during the Middle Ages, by which vassals held lands from lords-superior on condition of military service; Feud′alist; Feudal′ity, the state of being feudal: the feudal system.—adv. Feud′ally.—adjs. Feud′ary, Feud′atory, holding lands or power by a feudal tenure—also ns.—ns. Feud′ist, a writer on feuds: one versed in the laws of feudal tenure. [Low L. feudum, from root of fee.]

Feuilleton, fė′lye-tong, n. the portion of a newspaper set apart for intelligence of a non-political character—criticisms on art or letters, or a serial story—usually marked off by a line.—n. Feuil′letonism, superficial qualities in literature, &c. [Fr. dim. of feuillet, a leaf—L. folium, a leaf.]

Fever, fē′vėr, n. disease marked by great bodily heat and quickening of pulse: extreme excitement of the passions, agitation: a painful degree of anxiety.—v.t. to put into a fever.—v.i. to become fevered.—adj. Fē′vered, affected with fever, excited.—ns. Fē′ver-few, a composite perennial closely allied to camomile, so called from its supposed power as a febrifuge; Fē′ver-heat, the heat of fever: an excessive degree of excitement.—adj. Fē′verish, slightly fevered: indicating fever: fidgety: fickle: morbidly eager.—adv. Fē′verishly.—n. Fē′verishness.—adj. Fē′verous, feverish: marked by sudden changes. [A.S. féfor—L. febris.]

Few, fū, adj. small in number: not many.—n. Few′ness.—A few, used colloquially for 'a good bit;' A good few, a considerable number; In few=in a few (words), briefly; Some few, an inconsiderable number; The few, the minority. [A.S. féa, pl. féawe; Fr. peu; L. paucus, small.]

Fewter, fū′tėr, v.t. (Spens.) to set close, to fix in rest, as a spear. [O. Fr. feutre—feutre, felt.]

Fewtrils, fū′trilz, n.pl. (prov.) little things, trifles. [See Fattrels.]

Fey, Fay, fā, adj. doomed, fated soon to die, under the shadow of a sudden or violent death—often marked by extravagantly high spirits. [M. E. fay, fey—A.S. fǽge, doomed; cf. Dut. veeg, about to die.]

Fez, fez, n. a red brimless cap of wool or felt, fitting closely to the head, with a tassel of black or blue, worn in Turkey, Egypt, &c.—in Africa usually called tarbûsh. [From Fez in Morocco.]

Fiacre, fē-ä′kr, n. a hackney-coach. [Fr., from the Hôtel de St Fiacre in Paris, where first used.]

Fiancée, fē-ong-sā′, n. a woman betrothed:—masc. Fiancé. [Fr., fiancer, to betroth—L. fidentia, confidence, fidĕre, to trust.]

Fiars, fī′arz, n.pl. (Scot.) the prices of grain legally struck or fixed for the year at the Fiars Court, so as to regulate the payment of stipend, rent, and prices not expressly agreed upon. [Conn. with fiar, the holder of a fee (q.v.).]

Fiasco, fi-as′ko, n. a failure in a musical performance: a failure of any kind. [It. fiasco, bottle, perh. from L. vasculum, a little vessel, vas, a vessel.]

Fiat, fī′at, n. a formal or solemn command: a short order or warrant of a judge for making out or allowing processes, letters-patent, &c.—(Spens.) Fī′aun.—v.t. to sanction, [L. 'let it be done,' 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of fiĕri, passive of facĕre, to do.]

Fib, fib, n. something said falsely: a mild expression for a lie.—v.i. to tell a fib or lie: to speak falsely:—pr.p. fib′bing; pa.p. fibbed.—ns. Fib′ber, one who fibs; Fib′bery (rare), the habit of fibbing; Fib′ster, a fibber. [An abbrev. of fable.]

Fibre, fī′bėr, n. a conglomeration of thread-like tissue such as exists in animals or vegetables: any fine thread, or thread-like substance: material, substance.—adjs. Fī′bred, having fibres; Fī′breless, having no fibres; Fī′briform, fibrous in form or structure.—ns. Fī′bril, a small fibre; one of the extremely minute threads composing an animal fibre; Fibril′la, a fibril, filament.—n.pl. Fibril′læ.—n. Fibrillā′tion, the process of becoming fibrillated.—adj. Fī′brillous, formed of small fibres.—ns. Fī′brin, a proteid substance which appears in the blood after it is shed, and by its appearance gives rise to the process of coagulation or clotting; Fibrinā′tion, the process of adding fibrin to the blood.—adj. Fī′brinous, of or like fibrin.—n. Fibrocar′tilage, a firm elastic material like fibrous tissue and cartilage.—adj. Fī′broid, of a fibrous character.—ns. Fī′broin, the chief chemical constituent of silk, cobwebs, and the horny skeleton of sponges; Fibrō′ma, a tumour or growth consisting largely of fibrous matter; Fibrō′sis, a morbid growth of fibrous matter.—adj. Fī′brous, composed of fibres.—n. Fī′brousness. [Fr.,—L. fibra, a thread.]

Fibroline, fib′rō-lēn, n. a yarn manufactured from the waste in hemp, flax, and jute spinning works, for backs of carpets, &c.

Fibula, fib′ū-la, n. a clasp or buckle; the outer of the two bones from the knee to the ankle.—adjs. Fib′ular, Fib′ulate, Fib′ulous. [L.]

Fichu, fē-shü′, n. a three-cornered cape worn over the shoulders, the ends crossed upon the bosom: a triangular piece of muslin, &c., for the neck. [Fr.]

Fickle, fik′l, adj. inconstant: changeable.—n. Fick′leness. [A.S. ficol; gefic, fraud.]

Fico, fē′ko, n. (Shak.) a motion of contempt by placing the thumb between two fingers. [It.,—L.]

Fictile, fik′til, adj. used or fashioned by the potter, plastic. [L. fictilis—fingĕre, to form or fashion.]

Fiction, fik′shun, n. a feigned or false story: a falsehood: romance: the novel, story-telling as a branch of literature: a supposition of law that a thing is true, which is either certainly not true, or at least is as probably false as true.—adj. Fic′tional.—n. Fic′tionist, a writer of fiction.—adj. Ficti′tious, imaginary: not real: forged.—adv. Ficti′tiously.—adj. Fic′tive, fictitious, imaginative.—n. Fic′tor, one who makes images of clay, &c. [Fr.,—L. fiction-em—fictus, pa.p. of fingĕre.]

Fid, fid, n. a conical pin of hard wood, used by sailors to open the strands of a rope in splicing: a square bar of wood or iron, with a shoulder at one end, used to support the weight of the topmast or top-gallant-mast when swayed up into place.

Fiddle, fid′l, n. a stringed instrument of music, called also a Violin.—v.t. or v.i. to play on a fiddle: to be busy over trifles, to trifle:—pr.p. fidd′ling; pa.p. fidd′led.—ns. Fidd′le-block, a long block having two sheaves of different diameters in the same plane; Fidd′le-bow, a bow strung with horse-hair, with which the strings of the fiddle are set vibrating.—interjs. Fidd′le-de-dee, Fidd′lestick (often pl.), nonsense!—v.i. Fidd′le-fadd′le, to trifle, to dally.—n. trifling talk.—adj. fussy, trifling.—interj. nonsense!—n. Fidd′le-fadd′ler.—adj. Fidd′le-fadd′ling.—ns. Fidd′le-head, an ornament at a ship's bow, over the cut-water, consisting of a scroll turning aft or inward; Fidd′ler, one who fiddles: a small crab of genus Gelasimus; Fidd′le-string, a string for a fiddle; Fidd′le-wood, a tropical American tree yielding valuable hard wood.—adj. Fidd′ling, trifling, busy about trifles.—Fiddler's green, a sailor's name for a place of frolic on shore.—Play first, or second, fiddle, to take the part of the first, or second, violin-player in an orchestra: to take a leading, or a subordinate, part in anything; Scotch fiddle, the itch. [A.S. fiðele; Ger. fiedel. See Violin.]

Fidelity, fi-del′i-ti, n. faithful performance of duty: faithfulness to a husband or wife: honesty: firm adherence. [L. fidelitat-em—fidelis, faithful—fidĕre, to trust.]

Fidget, fij′et, v.i. to be unable to rest: to move uneasily:—pr.p. fidg′eting; pa.p. fidg′eted.—n. irregular motion: restlessness: (pl.) general nervous restlessness, with a desire of changing the position.—v.i. Fidge, to move about restlessly: to be eager.—n. Fidg′etiness.—adj. Fidg′ety, restless: uneasy. [Perh. related to fike (q.v.).]

Fiducial, fi-dū′shi-al, adj. showing confidence or reliance: of the nature of a trust.—adv. Fidū′cially.—adj. Fidū′ciary, confident: unwavering: held in trust.—n. one who holds anything in trust: (theol.) one who depends for salvation on faith without works, an Antinomian. [L. fiducia, confidence, from fidĕre, to trust.]

Fie, fī, interj. denoting disapprobation or disgust. [Scand., Ice. fý, fei, fie! cf. Ger. pfui.]

Fief, fēf, n. land held of a superior in fee or on condition of military service: a feud. [Fr.,—Low L. feudum.]

Field, fēld, n. country or open country in general: a piece of ground enclosed for tillage or pasture: the range of any series of actions or energies: the locality of a battle: the battle itself: room for action of any kind: a wide expanse: (her.) the surface of a shield: the background on which figures are drawn: the part of a coin left unoccupied by the main device: those taking part in a hunt: all the entries collectively against which a single contestant has to compete: all the parties not individually excepted, as 'to bet on the field' in a horse-race.—v.t. at cricket and base-ball, to catch or stop and return to the fixed place.—v.i. to stand in positions so as to catch the ball easily in cricket.—ns. Field′-allow′ance, a small extra payment to officers on active service; Field′-artill′ery, light ordnance suited for active operations in the field; Field′-bed, a camp or trestle bedstead; Field′-book, a book used in surveying fields.—n.pl. Field′-col′ours, small flags used for marking the position for companies and regiments, also any regimental headquarters' flags.—n. Field′-day, a day when troops are drawn out for instruction in field exercises: any day of unusual bustle.—adj. Field′ed (Shak.), encamped.—ns. Field′er, one who fields; Field′fare, a species of thrush, having a reddish-yellow throat and breast spotted with black; Field′-glass, a binocular telescope slung over the shoulder in a case; Field′-gun, a light cannon mounted on a carriage; Field′-hand, an outdoor farm labourer; Field′-hos′pital, a temporary hospital near the scene of battle; Field′-ice, ice formed in the polar seas in large surfaces, distinguished from icebergs; Field′ing, the acting in the field at cricket as distinguished from batting; Field′-mar′shal, an officer of the highest rank in the army; Field′-meet′ing, a conventicle; Field′-mouse, a species of mouse that lives in the fields; Field′-night, a night marked by some important gathering, discussion, &c.; Field′-off′icer, a military officer above the rank of captain, and below that of general; Field′piece, a cannon or piece of artillery used in the field of battle; Field′-preach′er, one who preaches in the open air; Field′-preach′ing; Fields′man, a fielder.—n.pl. Field′-sports, sports of the field, as hunting, racing, &c.—n. Field′-train, a department of the Royal Artillery responsible for the safety and supply of ammunition during war.—advs. Field′ward, -wards, toward the fields.—n.pl. Field′works, temporary works thrown up by troops in the field, either for protection or to cover an attack upon a stronghold.—Field of vision, the compass of visual power.—Keep the field, to keep the campaign open: to maintain one's ground. [A.S. feld; cf. Dut. veld, the open country, Ger. feld.]

Fiend, fēnd, n. the devil: one actuated by the most intense wickedness or hate.—adj. Fiend′ish, like a fiend; malicious.—n. Fiend′ishness.—adj. Fiend′like, like a fiend: fiendish. [A.S. feónd, pr.p. of feón, to hate; Ger. feind, Dut. vijand.]

Fierce, fērs, adj. ferocious: violent: angry.—adv. Fierce′ly.—n. Fierce′ness. [O. Fr. fers (Fr. fier)—L. ferus, wild, savage.]

Fiery, fīr′i, or fī′ėr-i, adj. ardent: impetuous: irritable.—adv. Fier′ily.—ns. Fier′iness; Fier′y-cross (see Cross).—adjs. Fier′y-foot′ed, swift in motion; Fier′y-hot, impetuous; Fier′y-new, hot from newness; Fier′y-short, short and passionate.

Fife, fīf, n. a smaller variety of the flute, usually with only one key.—v.i. to play on the fife.—ns. Fife′-mā′jor (obs.), the chief fifer in a regiment; Fif′er, one who plays on a fife; Fife′-rail, the rail round the mainmast for belaying-pins. [Fr. fifre, Ger. pfeife, both, acc. to Littré, from L. pipāre, to chirp.]

Fifteen, fif′tēn, adj. and n. five and ten.—adj. Fif′teenth, the fifth after the tenth: being one of fifteen equal parts.—n. a fifteenth part.—The Fifteen, the Jacobite rising of 1715. [A.S. fíftyne—fíf, five, týn, ten.]

Fifth, fifth, adj. next after the fourth.—n. one of five equal parts: (mus.) a tone five diatonic degrees above or below any given tone.—adv. Fifth′ly, in the fifth place.—ns. Fifth′-mon′archism; Fifth′-mon′archist.—Fifth-monarchy men, an extreme sect of the time of the Puritan revolution, who looked for the establishment of a new reign of Christ on earth, in succession to Daniel's four great monarchies of Antichrist. [A.S. fífta.]

Fifty, fif′ti, adj. and n. five tens or five times ten.—adj. Fif′tieth, the ordinal of fifty.—n. a fiftieth part. [A.S. fíftig—fíf, five, tig, ten.]

Fig, fig, n. the fig-tree (Ficus), or its fruit, growing in warm climates: a thing of little consequence.—v.t. (Shak.) to insult by a contemptuous motion of the fingers.—ns. Fig′-leaf, the leaf of the fig-tree: an imitation of such a leaf for veiling the private parts of a statue or picture: any scanty clothing (from Gen. iii. 7): a makeshift; Fig′-tree, the tree which produces figs. [Fr. figue—L. ficus, a fig.]

Fig, fig, n. (coll.) figure: dress.—v.t. to dress, get up.—n. Fig′gery, dressy ornament.

Figaro, fig′ar-o, n. a type of cunning and dexterity from the dramatic character, first barber and then valet-de-chambre, in the Barbier de Seville and the Mariage de Figaro, by Beaumarchais: the name adopted by a famous Paris newspaper founded 1854.

Fight, fīt, v.i. to strive with: to contend in war or in single combat.—v.t. to engage in conflict with: to gain by fight: to cause to fight:—pr.p. fight′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. fought (fawt).—n. a struggle: a combat: a battle or engagement.—n. Fight′er.—adj. Fight′ing, engaged in or fit for war.—n. the act of fighting or contending.—ns. Fight′ing-cock, a gamecock, a pugnacious fellow; Fight′ing-fish (Betta pugnax), a small Siamese fresh-water fish, kept for its extraordinary readiness for fighting, bets being laid on the issue.—Fight it out, to struggle on until the end; Fight shy of, to avoid from mistrust.—Live like fighting-cocks, to get the best of meat and drink. [A.S. feohtan; Ger. fechten.]

Figment, fig′ment, n. a fabrication or invention. [L. figmentum—fingĕre, to form.]

Figuline, fig′ū-lin, adj. such as is made by the potter, fictile.—n. an earthen vessel:—pl. pottery. [L.—figulinus—figulus, potter.]

Figure, fig′ūr, n. the form of anything in outline: the representation of anything in drawing, &c.: a drawing: a design: a statue: appearance: a character denoting a number: value or price: (rhet.) a deviation from the ordinary mode of expression, in which words are changed from their literal signification or usage: (logic) the form of a syllogism with respect to the position of the middle term: steps in a dance: a type or emblem.—v.t. to form or shape: to make an image of: to mark with figures or designs: to imagine: to symbolise: to foreshow: to note by figures.—v.i. to make figures: to appear as a distinguished person.—n. Figurabil′ity, the quality of being figurable.—adjs. Fig′urable; Fig′ural, represented by figure.—n. Fig′urante, a ballet dancer, one of those dancers who dance in troops, and form a background for the solo dancers:—masc. Fig′urant.—adj. Fig′urate, of a certain determinate form: (mus.) florid.—n. Figurā′tion, act of giving figure or form: (mus.) mixture of chords and discords.—adj. Fig′urative (rhet.), representing by, containing, or abounding in figures: metaphorical: flowery: typical.—adv. Fig′uratively.—ns. Fig′urativeness, state of being figurative; Fig′ure-cast′er, an astrologer; Fig′ure-cast′ing, the art of preparing casts of animal or other forms.—adj. Fig′ured, marked or adorned with figures.—ns. Fig′ure-dance, a dance consisting of elaborate figures; Fig′urehead, the figure or bust under the bowsprit of a ship; Fig′ure-weav′ing, the weaving of figured fancy fabrics; Fig′urine, a small carved or sculptured figure, often specially such as are adorned with painting and gilding; Fig′urist, one who uses or interprets figures.—Figurate numbers, any series of numbers beginning with unity, and so formed that if each be subtracted from the following, and the series so formed be treated in the same way, by a continuation of the process, equal differences will be obtained. [Fr.,—L. figura, fingĕre, to form.]

Fike, fīk, v.i. (Scot.) to fidget restlessly.—n. restlessness: any vexatious requirement or detail in work.—n. Fik′ery, fuss.—adj. Fik′y. [Prob. Ice. fíkja.]

Filaceous, fil-ā′shus, adj. composed of threads. [L. filum, a thread.]

Filacer, fil′ā-ser, n. an officer in the Court of Common Pleas who formerly filed original writs and made out processes on them.—Also Fil′azer. [O. Fr. filacier—filace, a file for papers—L. filum.]

Filament, fil′a-ment, n. a slender or thread-like object: a fibre: (bot.) the stalk of the stamen which supports the pollen-containing anther.—adjs. Filament′ary, Filament′ose; Filament′oid, like a filament; Filament′ous, thread-like. [Fr.,—L. filum, a thread.]

Filanders, fil-an′dėrz, n.pl. a disease in hawks caused by a small intestinal worm, the filander. [Fr. filandres—L. filum.]

Filature, fil′a-tūr, n. the reeling of silk, or the place where it is done.—n. Fil′atory, a machine for forming or spinning threads. [Fr.,—L. filum, a thread.]

Filbert, fil′bert, n. the nut of the cultivated hazel—(obs.) Fil′berd. [Prob. from St Philibert, whose day fell in the nutting season, Aug. 22 (O.S.).]

Filch, filch, v.t. to steal: to pilfer.—n. Filch′er, a thief.—adv. Filch′ingly. [Ety. unknown.]

File, fīl, n. a line or wire on which papers are placed in order: the papers so placed: a roll or list: a line of soldiers ranged behind one another: the number of men forming the depth of a battalion.—v.t. to put upon a file: to arrange in an orderly manner: to put among the records of a court: to bring before a court.—v.i. to march in a file.—n. File′-lead′er.—File off, to wheel off at right angles to the first direction; File with, to rank with, to be equal to.—Single file, Indian file, of men marching one behind another. [Fr. file—L. filum, a thread.]

File, fīl, n. a steel instrument with sharp-edged furrows for smoothing or rasping metals, &c.: any means adopted to polish a thing, as a literary style: a shrewd, cunning person, a deep fellow: a pickpocket.—v.t. to cut or smooth with, or as with, a file: to polish, improve.—n. File′-cut′ter, a maker of files.—adj. Filed, polished, smooth.—ns. File′-fish, a fish of genus Balistes, the skin granulated like a file; Fil′er, one who files; Fil′ing, a particle rubbed off with a file. [A.S. feól; Ger. feile; Dut. vijl.]

Filemot, fil′e-mot, adj. of a dead-leaf colour—also n. the colour itself. [Fr. feuillemorte, a dead leaf.]

Filial, fil′yal, adj. pertaining to or becoming a son or daughter: bearing the relation of a child.—adv. Fil′ially. [Fr.,—Low L. filialis—L. filius, a son.]

Filibuster, Fillibuster, fil′i-bus-tėr, n. a lawless military or piratical adventurer, as in the West Indies: a buccaneer.—v.i. to obstruct legislation wantonly by endless speeches, motions, &c.—n. Fil′ibusterism, the character or actions of a filibuster. [Sp. filibustero, through Fr. flibustier, fribustier, from Dut. vrijbueter, vrijbuiter (cf. Eng. freebooter, Ger. freibeuter), from vrij, free, buit, booty.]

Filices, fil′i-sez, n.pl. the ferns.—adjs. Fil′ical; Filic′iform; Fil′icoid.

Filiform, fil′i-form, adj. having the form of a filament: long and slender. [L. filum, thread, forma, form.]

Filigree, fil′i-grē, n. a kind of ornamental metallic lacework of gold and silver, twisted into convoluted forms, united and partly consolidated by soldering—earlier forms, Fil′igrain, Fil′igrane.—adj. Fil′igreed, ornamented with filigree. [Fr. filigrane—It. filigrana—L. filum, thread, granum, a grain.]

Filioque, fil-i-ō′kwe, n. the clause inserted into the Nicene Creed at Toledo in 589, which asserts that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Son, as well as from the Father—not accepted by the Eastern Church. [L., 'and from the son.']

Fill, fil, v.t. to make full: to put into until all the space is occupied: to supply abundantly: to satisfy: to glut: to perform the duties of: to supply a vacant office.—v.i. to become full: to become satiated.—n. as much as fills or satisfies: a full supply: a single charge of anything.—ns. Fill′er, he who, or that which, fills: a vessel for conveying a liquid into a bottle; Fill′ing, anything used to fill up, stop a hole, to complete, &c., as the woof, in weaving: supply. [A.S. fyllan, fullian—ful, full.]

Fill, fil, n. (Shak.) the thill or shaft of a cart or carriage. [See Thill.]

Fillet, fil′et, n. a little string or band, esp. to tie round the head: meat or fish boned and rolled, roasted or baked: a piece of meat composed of muscle, esp. the fleshy part of the thigh: (archit.) a small space or band used along with mouldings.—v.t. to bind or adorn with a fillet:—pr.p. fill′eting; pa.p. fill′eted. [Fr. filet, dim. of fil, from L. filum, a thread.]

Fillibeg, Philibeg, fil′i-beg, n. the kilt, the dress or petticoat reaching nearly to the knees, worn by the Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael. feileadhbeag—feileadh, plait, fold, beag, little.]

Fillip, fil′ip, v.t. to strike with the nail of the finger, forced from the ball of the thumb with a sudden jerk: to incite, drive:—pr.p. fill′iping; pa.p. fill′iped.—n. a jerk of the finger from the thumb: anything which excites. [A form of flip.]

Film, film, n. a thin skin or membrane: a very slender thread: the coating on a plate prepared to act as a medium for taking a picture.—v.t. to cover with a film, or thin skin.—n. Film′iness.—adj. Film′y, composed of film or membranes. [A.S. filmen, extended from fell, a skin.]

Filoplume, fī′lo-plōōm, n. a long slender feather. [Formed from L. filum, thread, pluma, a feather.]

Filose, fī′lōs, adj. ending in a thread-like process.—n. Filoselle′, ferret or floss silk. [L. filum, thread.]

Filter, fil′ter, n. a contrivance arranged for purifying a liquid of solid insoluble matter by passing it through some porous substance which does not allow the solid particles to pass through.—v.t. to purify liquor by a filter.—v.i. to pass through a filter: to percolate.—ns. Fil′ter-pā′per, porous paper for use in filtering; Fil′ter-pump, a contrivance devised by the chemist Bunsen for accelerating the filtering process. [O. Fr. filtre—Low L. filtrum, felt.]

Filth, filth, n. foul matter: anything that defiles, physically or morally.—adv. Filth′ily.—n. Filth′iness.—adj. Filth′y, foul: unclean: impure. [A.S. fýldh—fúl, foul.]

Filtrate, fil′trāt, v.t. to filter or percolate.—n. Filtrā′tion, act or process of filtering.

Fimble, fim′bl, n. the male plant of hemp, yielding a weaker and shorter fibre than the Carl hemp or female plant. [Dut. femel.]

Fimbriate, -d, fim′bri-āt, -ed, adj. fringed.—n. Fim′bria, a fringing filament.—v.t. Fim′briate, to fringe: to hem.—adj. Fim′bricate, fimbriate. [L. fimbriātus—fimbriæ, fibres.]

Fin, fin, n. the organ by which a fish balances itself and swims.—n. Fin′-back, a finner or fin-whale.—adjs. Fin′-foot′ed, having feet with toes connected by a membrane; Finned, having fins; Fin′ny, furnished with fins.—n. Fin′-ray, one of the rods or rays supporting a fish's fin.—adj. Fin′-toed, having feet with membranes connecting the toes, as aquatic birds. [A.S. finn; L. pinna, a fin.]

Final, fī′nal, adj. last: decisive, conclusive: respecting the end or motive: of a judgment ready for execution.—ns. Fī′nalism; Fī′nalist; Final′ity, state of being final: completeness or conclusiveness.—adv. Fī′nally.—Final cause (see Cause). [Fr.,—L. finalis—finis, an end.]

Finale, fi-nä′lā, n. the end: the last passage in a piece of music: the concluding piece in a concert. [It. finale, final—L. finis.]

Finance, fi-nans′, n. money affairs or revenue, esp. of a ruler or state: public money: the art of managing or administering the public money.—v.t. to manage financially, to furnish with sums of money.—adj. Finan′cial, pertaining to finance.—n. Finan′cialist, a financier.—adv. Finan′cially.—n. Financier′, one skilled in finance: an officer who administers the public revenue.—v.i. and v.t. to finance. [Fr.,—Low L. financia—Low L. fināre, to pay a fine—finis. See Fine (2).]

Finch, finsh, n. a name applied to many Passerine birds, esp. to those of the genus Fringilla or family Fringillidæ—bullfinch, chaffinch, goldfinch, &c.—adjs. Finch′-backed, Finched, striped or spotted on the back. [A.S. finc; Ger. fink.]

Find, fīnd, v.t. to come upon or meet with: to discover or arrive at: to perceive: to experience: to supply: to determine after judicial inquiry:—pr.p. fīnd′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. found.—ns. Find′er; Find′-fault (Shak.), one who finds fault with another; Find′ing, act of one who finds: that which is found: a judicial verdict: (pl.) the appliances which some workmen have to supply, esp. of shoemakers—everything save leather.—Find one in (something), to supply one with something; Find one's account (in anything), to find satisfactory profit or advantage in it; Find one's legs, to rise, or to recover the use of one's legs, as after being drunk, &c.; Find one's self, to feel, as regards health, happiness, &c.; Find out, to discover. [A.S. findan; Ger. finden.]

Fine, fīn, adj. excellent: beautiful: not coarse or heavy: subtle: thin: slender: exquisite: nice: delicate: overdone: showy: splendid: striking or remarkable (often ironically): pure, refined: consisting of small particles; sharp, keen.—v.t. to make fine: to refine: to purify: to change by imperceptible degrees.—adv. (Scot.) for finely, well.—v.t. Fine′-draw, to draw or sew up a rent so finely that it is not seen.—p.adj. Fine′-drawn, drawn out too finely.—adj. Fine′ish, somewhat fine.—adv. Fine′ly.—ns. Fine′ness; Fin′er (same as Refiner); Fin′ery, splendour, fine or showy things: a place where anything is fined or refined: a furnace for making iron malleable.—adjs. Fine′-spok′en, using fine phrases; Fine′-spun, finely spun out: artfully contrived.—Fine arts, as painting, sculpture, music, those chiefly concerned with the beautiful—opp. to the Useful or Industrial arts. [Fr.,—L. finitus, finished, from finīre, to finish, finis, an end.]

Fine, fīn, n. a composition: a sum of money imposed as a punishment.—v.t. to impose a fine on: to punish by fine: (Shak.) to pledge or pawn.—adj. Fine′less (Shak.), endless.—In fine, in conclusion. [Low L. finis, a fine—L. finis, an end.]

Fineer, fi-nēr′, v.i. to get goods on credit by fraudulent artifice. [Prob. Dut.; cog. with Finance.]

Finesse, fi-nes′, n. subtlety of contrivance: artifice: an endeavour by a player holding (say) queen and ace to take the trick with the lower card.—v.i. to use artifice.—ns. Fines′ser; Fines′sing. [Fr.]

Finger, fing′gėr, n. one of the five terminal parts of the hand: a finger-breadth: skill in the use of the hand or fingers: execution in music.—v.t. to handle or perform with the fingers: to pilfer: to toy or meddle with.—v.i. to use lightly with the fingers, as a musical instrument.—ns. Fing′er-al′phabet, a deaf and dumb alphabet; Fing′er-board, the board, or part of a musical instrument, on which the keys for the fingers are placed; Fing′er-bowl, -glass, a bowl for holding the water used to cleanse the fingers after a meal; Fing′er-breadth, the breadth of a finger, the fourth part of a palm, forming 1⁄16 of a foot.—adj. Fing′ered, having fingers, or anything like fingers.—ns. Fing′er-grass, grass of genus Digitaria; Fing′er-hole, a hole in the side of the tube of a flute, &c., capable of being closed by the player's finger to modify the pitch of tone; Fing′ering, act or manner of touching with the fingers, esp. a musical instrument: a thick woollen yarn for stockings; Fing′erling, a very diminutive being: the parr; Fing′er-mark, a mark, esp. a soil made by the finger; Fing′er-plate, a thin plate of metal or porcelain laid along the edge of a door at the handle, to prevent soiling by the hand; Fing′er-post, a post with a finger pointing, for directing passengers to the road; Fing′er-stall, a covering of leather for protecting the finger.—Finger-and-toe (see Anbury).—A finger in the pie, a share in the doing of anything, often of vexatious meddling; Have at one's finger-ends, to be perfect master of a subject; Have one's fingers all thumbs, to have awkward fingers. [A.S. finger; Ger. finger.]

Finial, fin′i-al, n. the bunch of foliage, &c., at the termination of the pinnacles, gables, spires, &c., in Gothic architecture. [From L. finīre—finis.]

Finical, fin′i-kal, adj. affectedly fine or precise in trifles: nice: foppish.—n. Finical′ity, state of being finical: something finical.—adv. Fin′ically.—ns. Fin′icalness, the quality of being finical: foppery; Fin′icking, fussiness and fastidiousness.—adjs. Fin′icking, Fin′ikin, particular about trifles.

Fining, fīn′ing, n. process of refining or purifying.—n. Fin′ing-pot, a pot or vessel used in refining.

Finish, fin′ish, v.t. to end or complete the making of anything: to perfect: to give the last touches to: to put an end to, to destroy.—n. that which finishes or completes: the end of a race, hunt, &c.: last touch, careful elaboration, polish: the last coat of plaster to a wall.—p.adj. Fin′ished, brought to an end or to completion: complete: perfect.—n. Fin′isher, one who finishes, completes, or perfects: in bookbinding, the one who puts the last touches to the book in the way of gilding and decoration. [Fr. finir, finissant—L. finīre—finis, an end.]

Finite, fī′nīt, adj. having an end or limit: subject to limitations or conditions, as time, space—opp. to Infinite (q.v.).—adj. Fī′nīteless, without end or limit.—adv. Fī′nītely.—ns. Fī′nīteness, Fin′itūde. [L. finītus, pa.p. of finīre.]

Finn, fin, n. a native of Finland in the north-west of Russia.—adjs. Fin′nic, Fin′nish, pertaining to the Finns in the widest sense.

Finnan-haddock, fin′an-had′uk, n. a kind of smoked haddock, esp. that prepared at Findon, near Aberdeen.—Also Fin′don-hadd′ock.

Fiord, Fjord, fyord, n. name given in Scandinavia to a long, narrow, rock-bound inlet. [Norw.]

Fiorite, fī-ō′rīt, n. a kind of siliceous incrustation found in the vicinity of volcanoes and hot springs. [From Santa Fiore in Tuscany.]

Fir, fėr, n. the name of several species of cone-bearing, resinous trees, valuable for their timber.—adj. Fir′ry, abounding in firs. [A.S. furh (wudu); cf. Ger. föhre.]

Fire, fīr, n. the heat and light caused by burning: flame: anything burning, as fuel in a grate, &c.: a conflagration: torture or death by burning: severe trial: anything inflaming or provoking: ardour of passion: vigour: brightness of fancy: enthusiasm: sexual passion.—v.t. to set on fire: to inflame: to irritate: to animate: to cause the explosion of: to discharge.—v.i. to take fire: to be or become irritated or inflamed: to discharge firearms.—n. Fire′-alarm′, an alarm of fire, an apparatus for giving such.—n.pl. Fire′arms, arms or weapons which are discharged by fire exploding gunpowder.—ns. Fire′-ar′row, a small iron dart or arrow furnished with a combustible for setting fire to ships; Fire′ball, a ball filled with combustibles to be thrown among enemies: a meteor; Fire′-balloon′, a balloon carrying a fire placed in the lower part for rarefying the air to make itself buoyant: a balloon sent up arranged to ignite at a certain height; Fire′-bas′ket, a portable grate for a bedroom; Fire′-blast, a blast or blight affecting plants, in which they appear as if scorched by the sun; Fire′-boat, a steamboat fitted up to extinguish fires in docks; Fire′box, the box or chamber (usually copper) of a steam-engine, in which the fire is placed; Fire′brand, a brand or piece of wood on fire: one who inflames the passions of others; Fire′brick, a brick so made as to resist the action of fire, used for lining furnaces, &c.; Fire′-brigade′, a brigade or company of men for extinguishing fires or conflagrations; Fire′-buck′et, a bucket for carrying water to extinguish a fire; Fire′clay, a kind of clay, capable of resisting fire, used in making firebricks; Fire′cock, a cock or spout to let out water for extinguishing fires; Fire′damp, a gas, carburetted hydrogen, in coal-mines, apt to take fire and explode when mixed with atmospheric air; Fire′-dog (same as Andiron); Fire′-drake, a fiery meteor, a kind of firework; Fire′-eat′er, a juggler who pretends to eat fire: one given to needless quarrelling, a professed duellist; Fire′-en′gine, an engine or forcing-pump used to extinguish fires with water; Fire′-escape′, a machine used to enable people to escape from fires.—adj. Fire′-eyed (Shak.), having fiery eyes.—ns. Fire′-flag (Coleridge), Fire′flaught (Swinburne), a flash of lightning; Fire′-fly, a name applied to many phosphorescent insects, all included with the Coleoptera or beetles, some giving forth a steady light, others flashing light intermittently (glow-worms, &c.); Fire′-guard, a framework of wire placed in front of a fireplace.—n.pl. Fire′-ī′rons, the irons—poker, tongs, and shovel—used for a fire.—ns. Fire′light′er, a composition of pitch and sawdust, or the like, for kindling fires; Fire′lock, a gun in which the fire is caused by a lock with steel and flint; Fire′man, a man whose business it is to assist in extinguishing fires: a man who tends the fires, as of a steam-engine; Fire′-mas′ter, the chief of a fire-brigade.—adj. Fire′-new, new from the fire: brand new: bright.—ns. Fire′-pan, a pan or metal vessel for holding fire; Fire′place, the place in a house appropriated to the fire: a hearth; Fire′plug, a plug placed in a pipe which supplies water in case of fire; Fire′-pol′icy, a written instrument of insurance against fire up to a certain amount; Fire′-pot, an earthen pot filled with combustibles, used in military operations.—adj. Fire′proof, proof against fire.—ns. Fire′-proofing, the act of rendering anything fireproof: the materials used; Fir′er, an incendiary; Fire′-rais′ing, the crime of arson.—adj. Fire′-robed (Shak.), robed in fire.—ns. Fire′-screen, a screen for intercepting the heat of the fire; Fire′-ship, a ship filled with combustibles, to set an enemy's vessels on fire; Fire′side, the side of the fireplace: the hearth: home.—adj. homely, intimate.—ns. Fire′-stick, the implement used by many primitive peoples for obtaining fire by friction; Fire′stone, a kind of sandstone that bears a high degree of heat; Fire′-wa′ter, ardent spirits; Fire′wood, wood for burning.—n.pl. Fire′works, artificial works or preparations of gunpowder, sulphur, &c., to be fired chiefly for display or amusement.—ns. Fire′-wor′ship, the worship of fire, chiefly by the Parsees in Persia and India; Fire′-wor′shipper; Fir′ing, a putting fire to: discharge of guns: firewood: fuel: cauterisation; Fir′ing-par′ty, a detachment told off to fire over the grave of one buried with military honours, or to shoot one sentenced to death; Fir′ing-point, the temperature at which an inflammable oil will take fire spontaneously.—Fire off, to discharge a shot; Fire out (Shak.), to expel; Fire up, to start a fire: to fly into a passion.—Set the Thames on fire, to do something striking; Take fire, to begin to burn: to become aroused about something. [A.S. fýr; Ger. feuer; Gr. pyr.]

Firkin, fėr′kin, n. a measure equal to the fourth part of a barrel: 9 gallons: 56 lb. of butter. [With dim. suff. -kin, from Old Dut. vierde, fourth.]

Firlot, fėr′lot, n. an old Scotch dry measure, the fourth part of a boll.

Firm, fėrm, adj. fixed: compact: strong: not easily moved or disturbed: unshaken: resolute: decided.—v.t. (obs.) to fix, establish, confirm.—adj. Firm′less, wavering.—adv. Firm′ly.—n. Firm′ness. [O. Fr. ferme—L. firmus.]

Firm, fėrm, n. the title under which a company transacts business: a business house or partnership. [It. firma, from L. firmus. See Farm.]

Firmament, fėr′ma-ment, n. the solid sphere in which the stars were thought to be fixed: the sky.—adj. Firmament′al, pertaining to the firmament: celestial. [Fr.,—L. firmamentum—firmus, firm.]

Firman, fėr′man, or fer-män′, n. any decree emanating from the Turkish government. [Pers. fermán; Sans. pramâna, command.]

Firn, firn, or fern, n. snow on high glaciers while still granular—the French névé. [Ger. firn, of last year; cf. obs. Eng. fern, former.]

First, fėrst, adj. foremost: preceding all others in place, time, or degree: most eminent: chief.—adv. before anything else, in time, space, rank, &c.—adjs. First′-begot′ten, begotten or born first: eldest; First′-born, born first.—n. the first in the order of birth: the eldest child.—adj. First′-class, of the first class, rank, or quality.—ns. First′-day, Sunday; First′-floor (see Floor); First′-foot (Scot.), the first person to enter a house after the beginning of the new year; First′-fruit, First′-fruits, the fruits first gathered in a season: the first profits or effects of anything, bishoprics, benefices, &c.—adj. First′-hand, obtained without the intervention of a second party.—n. First′ling, the first produce or offspring, esp. of animals.—adv. First′ly, in the first place.—adjs. First′-rate, of the first or highest rate or excellence: pre-eminent in quality, size, or estimation; First′-wa′ter, the first or highest quality, purest lustre—of diamonds and pearls. [A.S. fyrst; the superl. of fore by adding -st.]

Fisc, fisk, n. the state treasury: the public revenue: one's purse.—adj. Fisc′al, pertaining to the public treasury or revenue.—n. a treasurer: a public prosecutor, the chief law officer of the crown under the Holy Roman Empire: (Scot.) an officer who prosecutes in petty criminal cases—fully, Procurator-fiscal. [O. Fr.,—L. fiscus, a purse.]

Fish, fish, n. a vertebrate that lives in water, and breathes through gills: the flesh of fish: a piece of wood fixed alongside another for strengthening:—pl. Fish, or Fish′es.—v.t. to search for fish: to search by sweeping: to draw out or up: (naut.) to strengthen, as a weak spar: to hoist the flukes of: to seek to obtain by artifice.—ns. Fish′-ball, -cake, a ball of chopped fish and mashed potatoes, fried.—adj. Fish′-bell′ied, swelled out downward like the belly of a fish.—ns. Fish′-carv′er, a large flat implement for carving fish at table—also Fish′-knife, Fish′-slice, and Fish′-trow′el; Fish′-coop, a square box with a hole in its bottom, used in fishing through a hole in the ice; Fish′-creel, an angler's basket, a wicker-basket used for carrying fish; Fish′-day, a day on which fish is eaten instead of meat; Fish′er, one who fishes, or whose occupation is to catch fish: a North American carnivore—a kind of marten or sable, the pekan or wood-shock; Fish′erman, a fisher; Fish′ery, the business of catching fish: a place for catching fish; Fish′-fag, a woman who sells fish; Fish′-garth, an enclosure on a river for the preserving or taking of fish—also Fish′-weir; Fish′-god, a deity in form wholly or partly like a fish, like the Philistine Dagon; Fish′-hook, a barbed hook for catching fish.—v.t. Fish′ify (Shak.), to turn to fish.—n. Fish′iness.—adj. Fish′ing, used in fishery.—n. the art or practice of catching fish.—ns. Fish′ing-frog, the angler-fish; Fish′ing-rod, a long slender rod to which a line is fastened for angling; Fish′ing-tack′le, tackle—nets, lines, &c.—used in fishing; Fish′-joint, a joint or splice made with fish-plates; Fish′-kett′le, a long oval dish for boiling fish; Fish′-ladd′er, Fish′-way, an arrangement for enabling a fish to ascend a fall, &c.; Fish′-louse, a name widely applied to any of the Copepod crustaceans which occur as external parasites, both on fresh-water and marine fishes; Fish′-meal (Shak.), a meal of fish: abstemious diet; Fish′monger, a dealer in fish; Fish′-pack′ing, the process of packing or canning fish for the market; Fish′-plate, an iron plate fitted to the web of a rail, used in pairs, one on each side of the junction of two rails; Fish′-pond, a pond in which fish are kept; Fish′-sales′man, one who receives consignments of fish for sale by auction to retail dealers; Fish′-sauce, sauce proper to be eaten with fish, as anchovy, &c.; Fish′-scrap, fish or fish-skins from which oil or glue has been extracted; Fish′-spear, a spear or dart for striking fish; Fish′-strain′er, a metal colander for taking fish from a boiler.—adj. Fish′-tail, shaped like the tail of a fish.—ns. Fish′-torpē′do, a self-propelling torpedo; Fish′-wife, Fish′-wom′an, a woman who sells fish about the streets.—adj. Fish′y, consisting of fish: like a fish: abounding in fish: dubious, as a story: equivocal, unsafe.—ns. Bait′-fish, such fish as are used for bait, fish that may be caught with bait; Bott′om-fish, those that feed on the bottom, as halibut, &c.—Fish for, to seek to gain by cunning or indirect means; Fisherman's luck, getting wet and catching no fish; Fisherman's ring, a signet-ring with the device of St Peter fishing, used in signing papal briefs.—A queer fish, a person of odd habits; Be neither fish nor flesh, or Neither fish, flesh, nor fowl, to be neither one thing nor another, in principle, &c.; Have other fish to fry, to have something else to do, or to take up one's mind; Make fish of one and flesh (or fowl) of another, to make invidious distinctions, show undue partiality. [A.S. fisc; Ger. fisch; Ice. fiskr; L. piscis; Gr. ichthys; Gael. iasg.]

Fiskery, fisk′er-i, n. (Carlyle) friskiness.—v.i. Fisk (obs.), to jump about. [Prob. a freq. of A.S. fýsan, to hurry, or of fésian, to feeze; Sw. fjäska, to fidget.]

Fissile, fis′il, adj. that may be cleft or split in the direction of the grain.—adjs. Fissicos′tate, having the ribs divided; Fissiling′ual, having the tongue cleft.—ns. Fissil′ity, cleavableness; Fis′sion, a cleaving or breaking up into two parts.—adj. Fiss′ive. [L. fissilis, from findĕre, fissum, to cleave.]

Fissiparous, fis-sip′a-rus, adj. propagated by spontaneous fission or self-division.—ns. Fissip′arism, Fissipa′rity.—adv. Fissip′arously. [L. fissus, pa.p. of findĕre, to cleave, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Fissirostral, fis-i-ros′tral, adj. having a deeply cleft or gaping beak, as swallows, &c. [L. fissus, cleft, rostrum, a beak.]

Fissure, fish′ūr, n. a narrow opening or chasm: a cleft, slit, or furrow: any groove or sulcus, esp. one of the furrows on the surface of the brain, as the longitudinal fissure separating the hemispheres.—adj. Fiss′ūred, cleft, divided. [Fr.,—L. fissūra, from findĕre, fissum, to cleave.]

Fist, fist, n. the closed or clenched hand.—v.t. to strike or grip with the fist.—n. Fistiā′na, anecdotes about boxing and boxers.—adj. Fist′ic (Dickens), pugilistic.—ns. Fist′icuff, a blow with the fist: (pl.) boxing, blows; Fist′-law, the law of brute force.—adj. Fist′y. [A.S. fýst; Ger. faust.]

Fistula, fist′ū-la, n. a narrow passage or duct: the tube through which the wine of the eucharist was once sucked from the chalice—also Calamus.—adjs. Fist′ular, hollow like a pipe; Fist′ulate, -d, hollowed like a fistula.—v.i. Fist′ulate, to assume such a form.—adjs. Fist′uliform; Fist′ulose, Fist′ulous, of the form of a fistula. [L. fistula, a pipe.]

Fit, fit, adj. adapted to any particular end or standard, prepared for: qualified: convenient: proper: properly trained and ready, as for a race.—v.t. to make fit or suitable: to suit one thing to another: to be adapted to: to qualify.—v.i. to be suitable or becoming:—pr.p. fit′ting; pa.p. fit′ted.—advs. Fit′liest (Milt.), most fitly; Fit′ly.—ns. Fit′ment (Shak.), something fitted to an end; Fit′ness; Fit′ter, he who, or that which, makes fit.—adj. Fit′ting, fit: appropriate.—n. anything used in fitting up, esp. in pl.—adv. Fit′tingly.—ns. Fit′ting-out, a supply of things, fit and necessary; Fit′ting-shop, a shop in which pieces of machinery are fitted together.—Fit out, to furnish, supply with stores, as a ship; Fit up, to provide with things suitable.—Not fit to hold a candle to (see Candle). [First recorded about 1440; app. cog. with Fit, n.]

Fit, fit, n. a sudden attack by convulsions, as apoplexy, epilepsy, &c.: convulsion or paroxysm: a temporary attack of anything, as laughter, &c.: a sudden effort or motion: a passing humour.—v.t. (Shak.) to wrench, as by a fit.—adj. Fit′ful, marked by sudden impulses: spasmodic.—adv. Fit′fully.—n. Fit′fulness.—Fit of the face, a grimace; Fits and starts, spasmodic and irregular bursts of activity; By fits, irregularly. [A.S. fitt, a struggle—prob. orig. 'juncture,' 'meeting;' cf. Ice. fitja, to knit, Dut. vitten, to accommodate.]

Fit, fit, n. a song, or part of a song or ballad.—Also Fitt, Fitte, Fytte. [A.S. fitt, a song.]

Fitch, fich, n. now vetch: (B.) Isa. xxviii. 25, black cummin (Nigella sativa): in Ezek. iv. 9, a kind of bearded wheat, spelt. [See Vetch.]

Fitché, Fitchée, fich′ā, adj. (her.) cut to a point. [Fr. ficher, to fix.]

Fitchew, fich′ōō, n. a polecat.—Also Fitch′et. [O. Fr. fissel, from root of Dut. visse, nasty.]

Fitz, fits, n. (a prefix) son of: used in England, esp. of the illegitimate sons of kings and princes, as Fitzclarence, &c. [Norman Fr. fiz (Fr. fils)—L. filius.]

Five, fīv, adj. and n. four and one.—n. Five′-fing′er, a name for various plants (cinque-foil, oxlip, &c.): a species of starfish.—adj. Five′fold, five times folded, or repeated in fives.—ns. Fiv′er (coll.), a five-pound note; Five′-square (B.), having five corners or angles.—Five Articles, Five Points, statements of the distinctive doctrines of the Arminians and Calvinists respectively—the former promulgated in 1610, the latter sustained by the Synod of Dort in 1619 (see Calvinism).—Bunch of fives, the fist. [A.S. fíf; Ger. fünf; Goth. fimf; W. pump; L. quinque; Gr. pente, pempe; Sans. pancha.]

Fives, fīvz, n.pl. a game of handball played in a roomy court against a wall, chiefly at the great public schools of England.

Fix, fiks, v.t. to make firm or fast: to establish: to drive into: to settle: to put into permanent form: to establish as a fact: to direct steadily: to regulate: to deprive of volatility.—v.i. to settle or remain permanently: to become firm: to congeal.—n. (coll.) a difficulty: a dilemma.—adj. Fix′able, capable of being fixed.—ns. Fixā′tion, act of fixing, or state of being fixed: steadiness, firmness: state in which a body does not evaporate; Fix′ative, that which fixes or sets colours; Fix′ature, a gummy preparation for fixing the hair.—adj. Fixed, settled: not apt to evaporate: steadily directed towards: fast, lasting, permanent: substantively for fixed stars (Par. Lost, III. 481).—adv. Fix′edly.—ns. Fix′edness; Fix′er; Fixid′ity, Fix′ity, fixedness.—n.pl. Fix′ings, things needed for putting in order, arrangement.—adj. Fix′ive.—ns. Fix′ture, a movable that has become fastened to anything, as to land or to a house: a fixed article of furniture: a fixed or appointed time or event, as a horse-race; Fix′ure (Shak.), stability, position, firmness.—Fixed air, the name given by Dr Joseph Black in 1756 to what in 1784 was named by Lavoisier carbonic acid; Fixed bodies (chem.), a term applied to those substances which remain fixed, and are not volatilised at moderately high temperatures; Fixed oils, those which, on the application of heat, do not volatilise without decomposition; Fixed stars, stars which appear always to occupy the same position in the heavens—opp. to Planets. [L., fixus, figĕre, to fix, prob. through O. Fr. fix, or Low L. fixāre.]

Fizgig, fiz′gig, n. a giddy girl: a firework of damp powder: a gimcrack: a crotchet.—Also Fis′gig.

Fizz, fiz, v.i. to make a hissing or sputtering sound.—n. any frothy drink, as soda-water, or esp. champagne.—adj. Fiz′zenless (Scot.), pithless—also Fū′sionless.—v.i. Fiz′zle, to hiss or sputter: to come to a sudden stop, to fail disgracefully.—n. a state of agitation or worry: an abortive effort.—adj. Fiz′zy, given to fizz. [Formed from the sound.]

Flabbergast, flab′ėrgast, v.t. (coll.) to stun, confound. [Prob. conn. with flabby, and gast, to astonish.]

Flabby, flab′i, adj. easily moved: soft, yielding: hanging loose.—n. Flabb′iness. [From flap.]

Flabellate, flä-bel′āt, adj. fan-shaped—also Flabell′iform.—ns. Flabellā′tion, the action of fanning; Flab′ellum (eccles.), a fan, anciently used to drive away flies from the chalice during the celebration of the eucharist. [L., a fan.]

Flaccid, flak′sid, adj. flabby: lax: easily yielding to pressure: soft and weak.—adv. Flac′cidly.—ns. Flac′cidness, Flaccid′ity, want of firmness. [Fr.,—L. flaccidus—flaccus, flabby.]

Flack, flak, v.i. (prov.), to flap, flutter.—v.t. to flap or flick with something.

Flaff, flaf, v.i. (Scot.) to flap: to pant.—n. a flutter of the wings: a puff.—v.i. Flaf′fer, to flutter. [Imit.]

Flag, flag, v.i. to grow languid or spiritless.—pr.p. flag′ging; pa.p. flagged.—n. Flag′giness.—adj. Flag′gy, limp, flabby. [Perh. O. Fr. flac—L. flaccus; prob. influenced by imit. forms as flap.]

Flag, flag, n. a popular name for many plants with sword-shaped leaves, mostly growing in moist situations, sometimes specially the species of iris or flower-de-luce—esp. the yellow flag: the acorus or sweet flag: (B.) reed-grass.—ns. Flag′-bas′ket, a basket made of reeds for carrying tools; Flag′giness.—adj. Flag′gy, abounding in flags.—n. Flag′-worm, a worm or grub bred among flags or reeds. [Ety. obscure; cf. Dut. flag.]

Flag, flag, n. the ensign of a ship or of troops: a banner.—v.t. to decorate with flags: to inform by flag-signals.—ns. Flag′-cap′tain, in the navy, the captain of the ship which bears the admiral's flag; Flag′-lieuten′ant, an officer in a flag-ship, corresponding to an aide-de-camp in the army; Flag′-off′icer, a naval officer privileged to carry a flag denoting his rank—admiral, vice-admiral, rear-admiral, or commodore; Flag′-ship, the ship in which an admiral sails, and which carries his flag; Flag′staff, a staff or pole on which a flag is displayed.—Flag of distress, a flag displayed as a signal of distress—usually upside down or at half-mast; Flag of truce, a white flag displayed during war when some pacific communication is intended between the hostile parties; Black flag, a pirate's flag, pirates generally; Dip the flag, to lower the flag and then hoist it—a token of respect; Hang out the red flag, to give a challenge to battle; Strike, or Lower, the flag, to pull it down as a token of respect, submission, or surrender; White flag, an emblem of peace; Yellow flag, hoisted to show pestilence on board, also over ships, &c., in quarantine, and hospitals, &c., in time of war. [Prob. Scand.; Dan. flag; Dut. vlag, Ger. flagge.]

Flag, flag, n. a stone that separates in flakes or layers: a flat stone used for paving—also Flag′stone.—v.t. to pave with flagstones.—n. Flag′ging, flagstones: a pavement of flagstones. [A form of flake; Ice. flaga, a flag or slab.]

Flagellate, flaj′el-āt, v.t. to whip or scourge.—ns. Flagel′lantism; Flagellā′tion; Flag′ellātor, Flagel′lant (also flaj′-), one who scourges himself in religious discipline.—adjs. Flag′ellatory; Flagellif′erous; Flagel′liform.—n. Flagel′lum, a scourge: (bot.) a runner: (biol.) a large cilium or appendage to certain infusorians, &c. [L. flagellāre, -ātum—flagellum, dim. of flagrum, a whip.]

Flageolet, flaj′o-let, n. the modern form of the old flute-à-bec, or straight flute, the simplest kind of which is the tin whistle with six holes. [Fr., dim. of O. Fr. flageol, flajol, a pipe; not through a supposed Low L. flautīolus—from flauta, a flute.]

Flagitate, flaj′i-tāt, v.t. (Carlyle) to entreat, importune.—n. Flagitā′tion.

Flagitious, fla-jish′us, adj. grossly wicked: guilty of enormous crimes.—adv. Flagi′tiously.—n. Flagi′tiousness. [L. flagitiosus—flagitium, a disgraceful act—flagrāre, to burn.]

Flagon, flag′un, n. a vessel with a narrow neck for holding liquids. [Fr. flacon for flascon—Low L. flasco. See Flask.]

Flagrant, flā′grant, adj. glaring: notorious: enormous.—ns. Flā′grance, Flā′grancy.—adv. Flā′grantly. [L. flagrans, pr.p. of flagrāre, to burn.]

Flail, flāl, n. an implement for threshing corn, consisting of a wooden bar (the swingle) hinged or tied to a handle: a medieval weapon with spiked iron swingle.—v.t. to strike with, or as if with, a flail. [A.S. fligel, prob. from L. flagellum, a scourge.]

Flake, flāk, n. a small flat layer or film of anything: a very small loose mass, as of snow or wool.—v.t. to form into flakes.—ns. Flake′-white, the purest white-lead for painting, in the form of scales or plates; Flak′iness.—adj. Flak′y. [Prob. Scand.; Ice. flóke, flock of wool; Old High Ger. floccho.]

Flake, flāk, n. (Scot.) a movable hurdle for fencing; (naut.) a stage hung over a ship's side for caulking, &c. [Scand.; cf. Ice. flake; Dut. vlaak.]

Flam, flam, n. a whim: an idle fancy: a falsehood.—v.t. to impose upon with such. [Prob. from flim-flam or flamfew, a trifle, a corr. of Fr. fanfelue.]

Flambeau, flam′bō, n. a flaming torch:—pl. Flam′beaux (′bōz). [Fr., flambe—L. flamma.]

Flamboyant, flam-boi′ant, adj. of the latest style of Gothic architecture which prevailed in France in the 15th and 16th centuries, corresponding to the Perpendicular in England—from the flame-like forms of the tracery of the windows, &c.: of wavy form: gorgeously coloured. [Fr. flamboyer, to blaze.]

Flame, flām, n. gaseous matter undergoing combustion: the gleam or blaze of a fire: rage: ardour of temper: vigour of thought: warmth of affection: love: (coll.) the object of love.—v.i. to burn as flame: to break out in passion.—adjs. Flāme′-col′oured (Shak.), of the colour of flame, bright yellow; Flāme′less.—n. Flāme′let, a small flame.—adj. Flām′ing, red: gaudy: violent.—adv. Flām′ingly.—n. Flammabil′ity.—adjs. Flammif′erous, producing flame; Flammiv′omous, vomiting flames.—n. Flam′mule, the flames in pictures of Japanese deities.—adj. Flām′y, pertaining to, or like, flame. [O. Fr. flambe—L. flamma—flagrāre, to burn.]

Flamen, flā′men, n. a priest in ancient Rome devoted to one particular god.—adj. Flamin′ical. [L., from same root as fla-grāre, to burn.]

Flamingo, fla-ming′gō, n. a tropical bird of a flaming or bright-red colour, with long legs and neck. [Sp. flamenco—L. flamma, a flame.]

Flanch, flansh, n. a flange: (her.) an ordinary formed on each side of a shield by the segment of a circle.—adj. Flanched, charged with a pair of flanches. [Prob. related to flank.]

Flanconade, flang-ko-nād′, n. (fencing) a thrust in the flank or side. [Fr., from flanc, the side.]

Flâneur, flä-nür′, n. one who saunters about with gossip.—n. Flân′erie. [Fr. flâner, to lounge.]

Flange, flanj, n. a projecting or raised edge or flank, as of a wheel or of a rail.—adj. Flanged.—n. Flange′-rail, a rail having a flange on one side to prevent wheels running off. [Corr. of flank.]

Flank, flangk, n. the side of an animal from the ribs to the thigh: the side or wing of anything, esp. of an army or fleet: a body of soldiers on the right and left extremities.—v.t. to attack or pass round the side of: to protect the flanks of one's own army by detached bodies of troops, or field-works, or to threaten those of the enemy by directing troops against them.—v.i. to be posted on the side: to touch.—n. Flank′er, a fortification which commands the flank of an assailing force.—v.t. (obs.) to defend by flankers: to attack sideways.—Flank company, the company on the right or left when a battalion is in line; Flank files, the soldiers marching on the extreme right and left of a company, &c. [Fr. flanc, perh. L. flaccus, flabby.]

Flannel, flan′el, n. a soft woollen cloth of loose texture for undergarments, &c.: the garment itself: (pl.) the garb of cricketers, &c.—v.t. to wrap in or rub with flannel.—n. Flannelette′, a cotton fabric, made in imitation of flannel.—adjs. Flann′elled; Flann′elly. [Orig. flannen, acc. to Skeat, from W. gwlanen—gwlan, wool; acc. to Diez, the equivalent Fr. flanelle is from the O. Fr. flaine, a pillow-case.]

Flap, flap, n. the blow or motion of a broad loose object: anything broad and flexible hanging loose, as the tail of a coat: a portion of skin or flesh detached from the underlying part for covering and growing over the end of an amputated limb.—v.t. to beat or move with a flap.—v.i. to move, as wings: to hang like a flap:—pr.p. flap′ping; pa.p. flapped.—ns. Flap′doodle, the food of fools: transparent nonsense, gross flattery, &c.; Flap′-drag′on, a play in which small edibles, as raisins, are snatched from burning brandy, and swallowed.—v.t. (Shak.) to swallow or devour, as in flap-dragon.—adj. Flap′-eared (Shak.), having ears hanging like a flap.—n. Flap′-jack (Shak.), a kind of broad, flat pancake.—adj. Flap′-mouthed.—n. Flap′per. [Prob. imit.]

Flare, flār, v.i. to burn with a glaring, unsteady light: to glitter or flash: to display glaringly.—n. an unsteady light.—p.adj. Flā′ring, giving out an unsteady light: gaudy.—adv. Flā′ringly.—adj. Flā′ry. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Norw. flara, to blaze.]

Flash, flash, n. a momentary gleam of light: a sudden burst, as of merriment: a short transient state.—v.i. to break forth, as a sudden light: to break out into intellectual brilliancy: to burst out into violence.—v.t. to cause to flash: to expand, as blown glass, into a disc: to send by some startling or sudden means.—n. Flash′-house, a brothel.—adv. Flash′ily.—ns. Flash′iness; Flash′ing, the act of blazing: a sudden burst, as of water; Flash′-point, the temperature at which an inflammable liquid takes fire—in the case of petroleum, &c., ascertained by placing oil in a vessel called a tester (used open and closed), and heating it up to a point at which sufficient vapour is generated as to give off a small flash when a light is applied to it.—adj. Flash′y, dazzling for a moment: showy but empty: (Milt.) vapid: gay—also Flash, vulgarly showy, gay but tawdry: pertaining to thieves, vagabonds, &c., as the 'flash language'=thieves' cant or slang: 'flash notes'=counterfeit notes.—Flash in the pan (see Pan). [Prob. imit.; cf. Sw. prov. flasa, to blaze.]

Flask, flask, n. a narrow-necked vessel for holding liquids: a bottle: a pocket-bottle: a horn or metal vessel for carrying powder.—n. Flask′et, a vessel in which viands are served: (Spens.) a basket.—Florence flask, a narrow-necked globular glass bottle of thin glass, as those in which olive-oil is brought from Italy. [A.S. flasce; Ger. flasche; prob. not Teut. acc. to Diez, but from Low L. flasco—L. vasculum, a flask.]

Flat, flat, adj. smooth: level: wanting points of prominence and interest: monotonous: vapid, insipid: dejected: unqualified, positive: (mus.) opposite of sharp.—n. a level plain: a tract covered by shallow water: something broad: a story or floor of a house, esp. when fitted up as a separate residence for a family: a simpleton, a gull: (mus.) a character (♭) which lowers a note a semitone.—ns. Flat′boat, a large flat-bottomed boat for floating goods down the Mississippi, &c.; Flat′-fish, a name applied to marine bony fishes that have a flat body, such as the flounder, turbot, &c.—adj. Flat′-foot′ed, having flat feet: resolute.—adj. and n. Flat′-head, having an artificially flattened head, as some American Indians of the Chinooks—the name is officially but incorrectly applied to the Selish Indians in particular.—n. Flat′-ī′ron, an iron for smoothing cloth.—advs. Flat′ling, Flat′long (Spens., Shak.), with the flat side down: not edgewise; Flat′ly.—ns. Flat′ness; Flat′-race, a race over open or clear ground.—v.t. Flat′ten, to make flat.—v.i. to become flat.—n. Flat′ting, a mode of house-painting in which the paint is left without gloss.—adj. Flat′tish, somewhat flat.—adj. or adv. Flat′wise, flatways, or with the flat side downward.—n. Flat′-worm, a tapeworm. [From a Teut. root found in Ice. flatr, flat, Sw. flat, Dan. flad, Old High Ger. flaz.]

Flatter, flat′ėr, v.t. to soothe with praise and servile attentions: to please with false hopes or undue praise.—n. Flatt′erer.—adj. Flatt′ering, uttering false praise: pleasing to pride or vanity.—adv. Flatt′eringly.—n. Flatt′ery, false praise. [O. Fr. flater (Fr. flatter); Teut.; cf. Ice. fladhra.]

Flatulent, flat′ū-lent, adj. affected with air in the stomach: apt to generate such: empty: vain.—ns. Flat′ulence, Flat′ulency, distension of the stomach or bowels by gases formed during digestion: windiness, emptiness.—adv. Flat′ulently.—n. Flā′tus, a puff of wind: air generated in the stomach or intestines. [Fr.,—Low L. flatulentus—L. flāre, flatum, to blow.]

Flaught, flaht, n. (Scot.) a flight, a flapping.—n. Flaugh′ter, a fluttering motion.—v.i. to flutter, flicker. [See Flight.]

Flaunt, flawnt, v.i. to fly or wave in the wind: to move or display ostentatiously: to carry a gaudy or saucy appearance.—n. (Shak.) anything displayed for show.—n. Flaunt′er.—adj. Flaunt′ing.—adv. Flaunt′ingly, in a flaunting or showy manner.—adj. Flaunt′y, showy. [Prob. imit.; Skeat suggests Sw. prov. flanka, to waver.]

Flavescent, fla-ves′ent, adj. yellowish or turning yellow. [L. flavescens, -entis, pr.p. of flavescĕre, to become yellow—flavus, yellow.]

Flavian, flāv′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Flavian emperors of Rome—Flavius Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian (69-96 A.D.).

Flavine, flā′vin, n. a concentrated preparation of quercitron bark, till recently an important yellow dye. [L. flavus, yellow.]

Flavour, flā′vur, n. that quality of anything which affects the smell or the palate: a smack or relish.—v.t. to impart flavour to.—adj. Flā′vorous.—n. Flā′vouring, any substance used to give a flavour.—adj. Flā′vourless. [O. Fr. flaur; prob. related to L. fragrāre or to flāre.]

Flaw, flaw, n. a gust of wind: a sudden rush, uproar. [Cf. Dut. vlaag, Sw. flaga.]

Flaw, flaw, n. a break, a crack: a defect.—v.t. to crack or break.—adjs. Flaw′less; Flaw′y. [Ice. flaga, a slab.]

Flawn, flawn, n. a custard, pancake. [O. Fr. flaon—Low L. fladon-em—Old High Ger. flado.]

Flax, flax, n. the fibres of the plant Linum, which are woven into linen cloth: the flax-plant.—ns. Flax′-comb, a toothed instrument or heckle for cleaning the fibres of flax; Flax′-dress′er, one who prepares flax for the spinner by the successive processes of rippling, retting, grassing, breaking, and scutching.—adj. Flax′en, made of or resembling flax: fair, long, and flowing.—ns. Flax′-mill, a mill for working flax into linen; Flax′-seed, linseed; Flax′-wench, a female who spins flax.—adj. Flax′y, like flax: of a light colour.—New Zealand flax, a valuable fibre, quite different from common flax, obtained from the leaf of Phormium tenax, the flax lily or flax bush. [A.S. fleax; Ger. flachs.]

Flay, flā, v.t. to strip off the skin:—pr.p. flay′ing; pa.p. flayed.—ns. Flay′er; Flay′-flint, a skinflint. [A.S fléan; Ice. flá, to skin.]

Flea, flē, n. a well-known wingless insect of great agility, ectoparasitic on warm-blooded animals.—ns. Flea′-bane, a genus of plants which emit a strong smell said to have the power of driving away fleas; Flea′-bite, the bite of a flea: a small mark caused by the bite: (fig.) a trifle.—adj. Flea′-bit′ten, bitten by fleas: (fig.) mean: having small reddish spots on a lighter ground, of horses.—A flea in one's ear, a caution, rebuff, anything specially irritating. [A.S. fléah; cf. Ger. floh, Dut. vloo.]

Fleam, flēm, n. an instrument for bleeding cattle. [Fr. flamme—Gr. phlebotomon, a lancet—phleps, phlebos, a vein, and tem-nein, to cut.]

Flèche, flāsh, n. a spire generally: the slender spire rising from the intersection of the nave and transepts in some large churches: (fort.) a parapet with two faces forming a salient angle at the foot of a glacis. [Fr., 'an arrow.']

Fleck, flek, n. a spot or speckle: a little bit of a thing.—vs.t. Fleck, Fleck′er, to spot: to streak.—adjs. Flecked, spotted, dappled; Fleck′less, without spot. [Ice. flekkr, a spot; Ger. fleck, Dut. vlek.]

Fledge, flej, v.t. to furnish with feathers or wings.—v.i. to acquire feathers for flying.—n. Fledg′ling, a little bird just fledged.—adj. Fledg′y (Keats), feathery. [M. E. fligge, flegge—A.S. flycge, fledged (cf. Ger. flügge)—fléogan, to fly (Ger. fliegen).]

Flee, flē, v.i. to run away, as from danger: to disappear.—v.t. to keep at a distance from:—pr.p. flee′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. fled.—n. Flē′er. [A.S. fléon, akin to fléogan, to fly; Ger. fliehen, akin to fliegen, to fly.]

Fleece, flēs, n. the coat of wool shorn from a sheep at one time: anything like a fleece.—v.t. to clip wool from: to plunder: to cover, as with wool.—adjs. Fleeced, having a fleece; Fleece′less.—ns. Flee′cer, one who strips or plunders; Fleece′-wool, that shorn from the living animal.—adj. Fleec′y, woolly. [A.S. fléos; Dut. vlies, Ger. fliess.]

Fleech, flēch, v.t. (Scot.) to flatter, coax, beg.—ns. Fleech′ing, Fleech′ment.

Fleer, flēr, v.t. or v.i. to make wry faces in contempt, to mock.—n. mockery.—n. Fleer′ing.—adv. Fleer′ingly. [Cf. Norw. flira, Sw. flissa, to titter.]

Fleet, flēt, n. a number of ships in company, esp. ships of war: a division of the navy, commanded by an admiral. [A.S. fléot, a ship—fléotan, to float; conn. with Dut. vloot, Ger. flotte.]

Fleet, flēt, adj. swift: nimble: transient: (prov.) shallow.—adjs. Fleet′-foot (Shak.), fleet or swift of foot; Fleet′ing, passing quickly: temporary.—advs. Fleet′ingly; Fleet′ly.—n. Fleet′ness. [Prob. Ice. fliótr, swift; but ult. cog. with succeeding word.]

Fleet, flēt, v.i. to flit, pass swiftly.—v.t. (Shak.) to make to pass quickly:—pr.p. fleet′ing; pa.p. fleet′ed. [A.S. fléotan, to float.]

Fleet, flēt, n. a shallow creek or bay, as in Northfleet, Fleet-ditch, &c.—The Fleet, or Fleet Prison, a London gaol down to 1842, long a place of confinement for debtors—clandestine marriages were solemnised here down to 1754 by broken-down clergymen confined for debt. [A.S. fléot, an inlet.]

Flemish, flem′ish, adj. of or belonging to the Flemings or people of Flanders, or their language.—n. Flem′ing, a native of Flanders.—Flemish school, a school of painting formed by the brothers Van Eyck, reaching its height in Rubens, Vandyck, and Teniers; Flemish stitch, a stitch used in making certain kinds of point-lace. [Dut. Vlaamsch.]

Flench, flensh, v.t. to cut up the blubber of, as a whale.—Also Flense, Flinch. [Dan. flense.]

Flesh, flesh, n. the soft substance which covers the bones of animals: animal food: the bodies of beasts and birds, not fish: the body, not the soul: animals or animal nature: mankind: kindred: bodily appetites: the present life: the soft substance of fruit: the part of a fruit fit to be eaten: (B.) man's visible nature (as opposed to Pneuma or Spirit), his human or bodily nature, the seat of sin, but not originally or necessarily evil.—v.t. to train to an appetite for flesh, as dogs for hunting: to accustom: to glut: to use upon flesh, as a sword, esp. for the first time.—ns. Flesh′-broth, broth made by boiling flesh; Flesh′-brush, a brush used for rubbing the skin to excite circulation; Flesh′-col′our, pale red, like the normal colour of the cheek of a child.—adj. Fleshed (flesht), having flesh: fat.—ns. Flesh′er (Scot.), a butcher; Flesh′-fly, a fly that deposits its eggs in and feeds on flesh; Flesh′hood (Mrs Browning), the state of being in the flesh; Flesh′-hook, a hook for drawing flesh from a pot; Flesh′iness.—n.pl. Flesh′ings, thin flesh-coloured dress worn by dancers, actors, &c.—adj. Flesh′less, without flesh: lean.—ns. Flesh′liness; Flesh′ling (Spens.), one wholly devoted to sensuality.—adj. Flesh′ly, corporeal: carnal: not spiritual—also adv. Flesh′ly-mind′ed, given to sensual pleasures: carnally-minded.—ns. Flesh′-meat, flesh of animals used for food; Flesh′ment (Shak.), act of fleshing or initiating, excitement arising from success; Flesh′monger, one who deals in flesh: (Shak.) a procurer, a pimp; Flesh′-pot, a pot or vessel in which flesh is cooked: (fig.) abundance of flesh, high living; Flesh′-pottery, sumptuous living; Flesh′-tint, the tint or colour that best represents the human body; Flesh′-worm, a worm that feeds on flesh; Flesh′-wound, a wound not reaching beyond the flesh.—adj. Flesh′y, fat: pulpy: plump.—An arm of flesh, human strength or help; In the flesh, in life, alive: (B.) under control of the lower nature. [A.S. flǽsc; cog. forms in all Teut. languages; Ger. fleisch, &c.]

Fletch, flech, v.i. to feather.—n. Fletch′er, one who makes arrows. [Fr. flèche, an arrow.]

Fleur-de-lis, flōōr′-de-lē′, n. the flower of the lily: (her.) a bearing explained as representing three flowers of the white lily joined together, or the white iris—commonly called Flower-de-luce:—pl. Fleurs′-de-lis′—the arms of the Bourbons and of France.—ns. Fleur′et, an ornament like a small flower: a fencing-foil; Fleur′y (her.), decorated with a fleur-de-lis, or with the upper part only. [Fr., lis being for L. lilium, a lily.]

Flewed, flōōd, adj. (Shak.) having large chops (of dogs). [Ety. unknown.]

Flexible, fleks′i-bl, Flexile, fleks′il, adj. easily bent: pliant: docile.—v.t. Flex, to bend or make a flexure of.—adjs. Flexan′imous, influencing the mind; Flexed, bent.—ns. Flex′ibleness, Flexibil′ity, pliancy: easiness to be persuaded.—adv. Flex′ibly.—ns. Flex′ion, Flec′tion, a bend: a fold: the action of a flexor muscle; Flex′or, a muscle which bends a joint, as opposed to Extensor.—adjs. Flex′ūous, Flex′ūose, of windings and turnings: variable.—n. Flex′ūre, a bend or turning: (math.) the curving of a line or surface: the bending of loaded beams: (Shak.) obsequious bowing. [L. flexibilis, flexilis—flectĕre, flexum, to bend.]

Fley, Flay, flā, v.t. to cause to fly: to frighten.—v.i. to be frightened. [M. E. flayen—A.S. flégan, fléogan, to fly; Ice. fleyja, Goth. flaugjan.]

Flibbertigibbet, flib′er-ti-jib′et, n. a flighty person: an imp. [Most prob. jargon.]

Flicker, flik′ėr, v.i. to flutter and move the wings, as a bird: to burn unsteadily, as a flame.—n. an act of flickering, a flickering movement.—v.i. Flicht′er, (Scot.), to flutter, quiver.—adv. Flick′eringly. [A.S. flicorian; imit.]

Flier, Flyer, flī′ėr, n. one who flies or flees: a part of a machine with rapid motion.

Flight, flīt, n. a passing through the air: a soaring: excursion: a sally: a series of steps: a flock of birds flying together: the birds produced in the same season: a volley or shower: act of fleeing: hasty removal.—adj. Flight′ed (Milt.), flying.—adv. Flight′ily.—n. Flight′iness.—adj. Flight′y, fanciful: changeable: giddy. [A.S. flyht—fléogan.]

Flim-flam, flim′-flam, n. a trick. [Formed like skimble-skamble, whim-wham, &c.]

Flimp, flimp, v.t. (slang) to snatch a watch while a confederate prods the victim in the back.

Flimsy, flim′zi, adj. thin: without solidity, strength, or reason: weak.—n. transfer-paper: (slang) a bank-note: reporters' copy written on thin paper.—adv. Flim′sily, in a flimsy manner.—n. Flim′siness. [First in 18th century. Prob. an onomatopœic formation suggested by film.]

Flinch, flinsh, v.i. to shrink back: to fail.—ns. Flinch′er; Flinch′ing, the act of flinching or shrinking.—adv. Flinch′ingly. [M. E. flecchen—O. Fr. fléchir, prob. from L. flectĕre, to bend.]

Flinder, flin′der, n. a splinter or small fragment—usually in pl. [Norw. flindra, a splinter.]

Flindersia, flin-der′si-a, n. a genus of Australian and African trees, yielding African and Madeira mahogany, or Calcedra wood. [From the Australian explorer, Captain Matthew Flinders, 1774-1814.]

Fling, fling, v.t. to strike or throw from the hand: to dart: to send forth: to scatter: to throw (of a horse).—v.i. to act in a violent and irregular manner: to kick out with the legs: to upbraid: to sneer:—pr.p. fling′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. flung.—n. a cast or throw: a taunt: complete freedom, full enjoyment of pleasure: a lively Scotch country-dance.—Fling out, to speak or act recklessly.—Full fling, at the utmost speed, recklessly. [Ice. flengja; Sw. flänga.]

Flint, flint, n. a hard mineral, a variety of quartz, from which fire is readily struck with steel: anything proverbially hard.—adj. made of flint, hard.—n. Flint′-glass, a very fine and pure kind of glass, so called because originally made of calcined flints.—adjs. Flint′-heart, -ed (Shak.), having a hard heart.—v.t. Flint′ify, to turn to flint.—ns. Flint′iness; Flint′-lock, a gun-lock having a flint fixed in the hammer for striking fire and igniting the priming.—adj. Flint′y, consisting of or like flint: hard: cruel.—Flint implements, arrow, axe, and spear heads, &c. made by man before the use of metals, commonly found in prehistoric graves, &c. [A.S. flint; Dan. flint; Gr. plinthos, a brick.]

Flip, flip, v.t. to fillip, to touch lightly: to toss up with a motion of the thumb.—v.i. to flap.—n. a fillip, a snap.—adv. Flip′-flap, with a repeated flapping movement.—n. a coster's dance: a form of somersault: a cracker.—ns. Flip′-flop, the sound of a regular footfall; Flip′per, a fin: (slang) hand.—adj. Flip′perty-flop′perty, that goes flip-flap, loose, dangling. [Attenuated from flap.]

Flipe, flīp, v.t. to fold back, as a sleeve. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Dan. flip, a flap.]

Flippant, flip′ant, adj. quick and pert of speech: thoughtless.—ns. Flipp′ancy, Flipp′antness, pert fluency of speech: pertness.—adv. Flipp′antly. [Skeat explains as for flipp -and (Old Northumbrian pr.p. ending)—Ice. fleipa, to prattle.]

Flirt, flėrt, v.t. to move about quickly like a fan, to flick, rap.—v.i. to trifle with love: to play at courtship: to move briskly about.—n. a pert, giddy girl: one who coquets for amusement, usually of a woman.—n. Flirtā′tion the act of flirting.—adj. Flirtā′tious (coll.), giving to flirting.—ns. Flirt′-gill (Shak.), a pert or wanton woman; Flirt′ing.—adv. Flirt′ingly, in a flirting manner.—adj. Flirt′ish, betokening a flirt. [Onomatopœic, like flick, flip, flirk (a jerk), spurt, squirt.]

Flisk, flisk, v.i. (Scot.) to skip or caper about: to fret at the yoke.—n. a whim: a large-tooth comb.—adj. Flisk′y. [Onomatopœic.]

Flit, flit, v.i. to flutter on the wing: to fly quickly: to be unsteady or easily moved: (Scot.) to remove from place to place:—pr.p. flit′ting; pa.p. flit′ted.—n. Flit′ting, a removal from one house to another: a wandering. [Ice. flytja; Sw. flytta.]

Flitch, flich, n. the side of a hog salted and cured. [A.S. flicce; Ice. flikki.]

Float, flōt, v.i. to swim on a liquid: to be buoyed up: to move lightly and irregularly: to circulate, as a rumour: to drift about aimlessly.—v.t. to cause to swim: to cover with water: to set agoing.—n. anything swimming on water: a raft: the cork or quill on a fishing-line: a plasterer's trowel.—adj. Float′able.—ns. Float′age, Flot′age, the floating capacity of a thing: anything that floats; Float′-board, a board on the rim of an undershot water-wheel on which the water acts and moves the wheel; Float′er.—adj. Float′ing, swimming: not fixed: circulating.—n. action of the verb float: the spreading of plaster on the surface of walls.—ns. Float′ing-batt′ery, a vessel or hulk heavily armed, used in the defence of harbours or in attacks on marine fortresses; Float′ing-bridge, a bridge of rafts or beams of timber lying on the surface of the water; Float′ing-dock (see Dock); Float′ing-is′land, an aggregation of driftwood, roots, &c., capable of bearing soil, floated out from a river delta or the like; Float′ing-light, a ship, bearing a light, moored on sunken rocks, to warn seamen of danger.—adv. Float′ingly.—n. Float′-stone, a porous, sponge-like variety of quartz, so light as to float for a while on water.—adj. Float′y. [A.S. flotian, to float; Ice. flota.]

Flock, flok, n. a company of animals, as sheep, birds, &c.: a company generally: a Christian congregation.—v.i. to gather in flocks or in crowds.—n. Flock′-mas′ter, an owner or overseer of a flock. [A.S. flocc, a flock, a company; Ice. flokkr.]

Flock, flok, n. a lock of wool.—n. Floccillā′tion, a delirious picking of the bed-clothes by a patient.—adjs. Floc′cose, woolly; Floc′cūlar; Floc′cūlate.—n. Floc′cūlence.—adj. Floc′cūlent, woolly, flaky.—ns. Floc′cūlus, a small flock or tuft: a small lobe of the inferior surface of the cerebellum; Floc′cus, a flock or tuft of wool or wool-like hairs: the downy plumage of unfledged birds:—pl. Flocci (flok′si); Flock′-bed, a bed stuffed with flock or refuse wool; Flock′-pā′per, wall-paper covered with a rough surface formed of flock.—adj. Flock′y. [O. Fr. floc—L. floccus, a lock of wool.]

Floe, flō, n. a field of floating ice. [Prob. Norse flo, layer. The usual Danish word is flage.]

Flog, flog, v.t. to beat or strike: to lash: to chastise with blows:—pr.p. flog′ging; pa.p. flogged.—n. Flog′ging. [Late; prob. an abbrev. of flagellate.]

Flood, flud, n. a great flow of water: (B.) a river: an inundation: a deluge: the rise or flow of the tide: any great quantity.—v.t. to overflow: to inundate: to bleed profusely, as after parturition:—pr.p. flood′ing; pa.p. flood′ed.—ns. Flood′-gate, a gate for letting water flow through, or to prevent it: an opening or passage: an obstruction; Flood′ing, an extraordinary flow of blood from the uterus; Flood′mark, the mark or line to which the tide rises; Flood′-tide, the rising or inflowing tide.—The Flood, the deluge in the days of Noah. [A.S. flód; Dut. vloed, Ger. fluth. Cog. with flow.]

Floor, flōr, n. the part of a room on which we stand: a platform: the rooms in a house on the same level, a story: any levelled area.—v.t. to furnish with a floor: (coll.) to vanquish, stump.—ns. Floor′cloth, a covering for floors made of canvas oil-painted on both sides; Floor′er, a knock-down blow; a decisive retort, &c.: an examination question one cannot answer; Floor′ing, material for floors: a platform.—n.pl. Floor′-tim′bers, the timbers placed immediately across a ship's keel, on which her bottom is framed.—ns. First′-floor, the floor in a house above the ground-floor—in United States mostly identical with Ground-floor, the floor of a house on a level with the ground. [A.S. flór; Dut. vloer, a flat surface, Ger. flur, flat land; W. llawr.]

Flop, flop, v.t. to cause to hang down.—v.i. to plump down suddenly: to break down.—n. a fall plump on the ground.—adv. Flop′pily.—n. Flop′piness.—adj. Flop′py. [A form of flap.]

Flora, flō′ra, n. the collective plants or vegetable species of a region, country, or district: a work containing a descriptive enumeration of these.—adj. Flō′ral, pertaining to Flora or to flowers: (bot.) containing the flower.—adv. Flō′rally.—n. Floréal (flō-rā-al′), the 8th month of the French revolutionary calendar, April 20-May 20.—adj. Flō′reāted, decorated with floral ornament.—n. Flores′cence, a bursting into flower: (bot.) the time when plants flower.—adj. Flores′cent, bursting into flowers.—n. Flō′ret (bot.), the flowers of any small and closely crowded inflorescence which resembles at first sight a single flower—e.g. composites, teasels, grasses, &c.—adj. Flōricul′tural.—ns. Flō′riculture, the culture of flowers or plants; Flōricul′turist, a florist.—adj. Flor′id, bright in colour: flushed with red: containing flowers of rhetoric or lively figures: richly ornamental.—adv. Flor′idly.—n. Flor′idness.—adjs. Flōrif′erous, bearing or producing flowers; Flō′riform, flower-shaped.—ns. Flōrilē′gium, an anthology or collection of choice extracts; Flor′ist, a cultivator of flowers: one who writes an account of plants. [L. Flora, the goddess of flowers.]

Florentine, flor′en-tin, adj. pertaining to Florence in Tuscany.—n. a native or inhabitant thereof: a durable silk textile fabric—also Flor′ence: a pie with no crust beneath the meat.

Florin, flor′in, n. an English silver coin worth 2s., first minted in 1849: in Austria the unit of account, otherwise called gulden, with a value about 2s.: in Holland sometimes called guilder, and worth about 1s. 8d.: (orig.) a Florentine gold coin with a lily stamped on one side, first struck in the 11th century. [Fr., from It. fiorino—fiore, a lily—L. flos.]

Floruit, flō′rū-it, n. the period during which a person flourished. [L., 3d pers. sing. perf. of florēre, to flourish.]

Floscule, flos′kūl, n. a floret.—adjs. Flos′cular, Flos′culous, composed of many floscules or tubular florets. [L. flosculus, dim. of flos, a flower.]

Floss, flos, n. the loose downy or silky substance in the husks of certain plants, as the bean—also Flosh.—n. Floss′-silk, very fine silk fibre extremely soft and downy and with a high lustre, used chiefly for embroidery.—adj. Floss′y. [Prob. O. Fr. flosche, down: or from some Teut. word cog. with fleece—cf. Ice. flos, nap.]

Flota, flō′ta, n. a commercial fleet: formerly the fleet which annually conveyed the produce of America to Spain. [Sp., 'a fleet.']

Flotation, flo-tā′shun, n. the act of floating: the science of floating bodies: act of floating a company or commercial enterprise.—Plane, or Line, of flotation, the plane or line in which the horizontal surface of a fluid cuts a body floating in it.

Flotilla, flo-til′a, n. a fleet of small ships. [Sp., dim. of flota, a fleet.]

Flotsam, flot′sam, n. goods lost by shipwreck, and found floating on the sea (see Jetsam). [Anglo-Fr. floteson (Fr. flottaison)—O. Fr. floter, to float.]

Flounce, flowns, v.i. to move abruptly or impatiently—n. an impatient gesture. [Prob. cog. with Norw. flunsa, to hurry, Sw. prov. flunsa, to souse.]

Flounce, flowns, n. a plaited strip sewed to the skirt of a dress.—v.t. to furnish with flounces.—n. Floun′cing, material for flounces. [Earlier form frounce—O. Fr. fronce, fronche, prob. from L. frons, forehead; or Old High Ger. runza, a wrinkle, Ger. runze.]

Flounder, flown′dėr, v.i. to struggle with violent and awkward motion: to stumble helplessly in thinking or speaking. [Prob. an onomatopœic blending of the sound and sense of earlier words like founder, blunder. Skeat compares Dut. flodderen, to splash.]

Flounder, flown′dėr, n. a small flat-fish, generally found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. [Anglo-Fr., floundre, O. Fr. flondre, most prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Ice. flyðra, Sw. flundra.]

Flour, flowr, n. the finely-ground meal of wheat or other grain: the fine soft powder of any substance.—v.t. to reduce into or sprinkle with flour.—v.i. to break up into fine globules of mercury in the amalgamation process.—ns. Flour′-bolt, a machine for bolting flour; Flour′-mill, a mill for making flour.—adj. Flour′y, covered with flour. [Fr. fleur (de farine, of meal), fine flour—L. flos, floris, a flower.]

Flourish, flur′ish, v.i. to thrive luxuriantly: to be prosperous: to use copious and flowery language: to move in fantastic figures: to display ostentatiously: (mus.) to play ostentatious passages, or ostentatiously: to play a trumpet-call: to make ornamental strokes with the pen: to boast or brag.—v.t. to adorn with flourishes or ornaments: to swing about by way of show or triumph: (Shak.) to gloss over.—n. decoration: showy splendour: a figure made by a bold stroke of the pen: the waving of a weapon or other thing: a parade of words: a musical prelude: a trumpet-call.—adjs. Flour′ished, decorated with flourishes; Flour′ishing, thriving: prosperous: making a show.—adv. Flour′ishingly.—adj. Flour′ishy, abounding in flourishes.—Flourish of trumpets, a trumpet-call sounded on the approach of great persons; any ostentatious introduction. [O. Fr. florir, L. flos, flower.]

Flout, flowt, v.t. and v.i. to jeer, mock, or insult: to treat with contempt.—n. a mock: an insult.—adv. Flout′ingly, with flouting: insultingly.—n. Flout′ing-stock (Shak.), an object for flouting. [Prob. a specialised use of floute, M. E. form of flute, to play on the flute. So with Dut. fluiten.]

Flow, flō, v.i. to run, as water: to rise, as the tide: to move in a stream, as air: to glide smoothly: to circulate, as the blood: to abound: to hang loose and waving: (B.) to melt.—v.t. to cover with water.—n. a stream or current: the setting in of the tide: abundance: copiousness: free expression.—n. Flow′age, act of flowing: state of being flooded.—adj. Flow′ing, moving, as a fluid: fluent or smooth: falling in folds or in waves.—adv. Flow′ingly.—n. Flow′ingness. [A.S. flówan; Ger. fliessen.]

Flow, flow, n. a morass: (Scot.) a flat, moist tract of land. [Ice. floi, a marsh—flóa, to flood.]

Flower, flow′ėr, n. a growth comprising the reproductive organs of plants: the blossom of a plant: the best of anything: the prime of life: the person or thing most distinguished: a figure of speech: ornament of style: (pl.) menstrual discharge (B.).—v.t. to adorn with figures of flowers.—v.i. to blossom: to flourish.—ns. Flow′erage, a gathering of flowers; Flow′er-bell, a blossom shaped like a bell; Flow′er-bud, a bud with the unopened flower; Flow′er-clock, a collection of flowers so arranged that the time of day is indicated by their times of opening and closing; Flow′er-de-luce, the old name for the common species of iris (q.v.), or for the heraldic emblem conventionalised therefrom (see Fleur-de-lis); Flow′eret, a little flower: a floret; Flow′er-head, a compound flower in which all the florets are sessile on the receptacle; Flow′eriness; Flow′ering-rush, a monocotyledonous plant usually reckoned under the order Alismaceæ, with large linear three-edged leaves and an umbel of rose-coloured flowers.—adjs. Flow′er-kir′tled, Flow′ery-kir′tled (Milt.), dressed in robes or garlands of flowers; Flow′erless (bot.) having no flowers.—ns. Flow′er-pot, a utensil in culture whereby plants are rendered portable;, Flow′er-serv′ice, a church service where offerings of flowers are made, to be afterwards sent to hospitals; Flow′er-show, an exhibition of flowers; Flow′er-stalk, the stem that supports the flower.—adj. Flow′ery, full of, or adorned with, flowers: highly embellished, florid.—Flower of Jove, a caryophyllaceous plant, with heads of purple or scarlet flowers, and leaves silky-white with hairs. [O. Fr. flour (Fr. fleur)—L. flos, floris, a flower.]

Fluctuate, fluk′tū-āt, v.i. to float backward and forward: to roll hither and thither: to be irresolute.—v.t. to cause to move hither and thither.—adjs. Fluc′tuant; Fluc′tuāting.—ns. Fluctuā′tion, a rising and falling like a wave: motion hither and thither: agitation: unsteadiness; Fluctuos′ity.—adj. Fluc′tuous. [L. fluctuāre, -ātum—fluctus, a wave—fluĕre, to flow.]

Flue, flōō, n. a smoke-pipe or small chimney. [Prob. related to flue, to expand, splay out.]

Flue, flōō, n. light down: soft down or fur.—adj. Flu′ey. [Ety. unknown; conn. with fluff.]

Fluent, flōō′ent, adj. ready in the use of words: voluble: marked by copiousness.—n. the variable quantity in fluxions.—ns. Flu′ence (Milt.), Flu′ency, Flu′entness, readiness or rapidity of utterance: volubility.—adv. Flu′ently. [L. fluens, fluentis, pr.p. of fluĕre, to flow.]

Fluff, fluf, n. a soft down from cotton, &c.: anything downy.—n. Fluff′iness.—adj. Fluff′y. [Perh. conn. with flue, light down.]

Flugelman, flōō′gl-man′, n. Same as Fugleman.—n. Flü′gel-horn, a hunting-horn, a kind of keyed bugle.

Fluid, flōō′id, adj. that flows, as water: liquid or gaseous.—n. a substance in which the particles can move about with greater or less freedom from one part of the body to another.—adjs. Flu′idal; Fluid′ic; Fluid′iform.—vs.t. Fluid′ify, Flu′idise, to make fluid.—ns. Flu′idism; Fluid′ity, Flu′idness, a liquid or gaseous state.—adv. Flu′idly. [Fr.,—L. fluidus, fluid—fluĕre, to flow.]

Fluke, flōōk, n. a flounder: a parasitic trematoid worm which causes the liver-rot in sheep, so called because like a miniature flounder: a variety of kidney potato. [A.S. flóc, a plaice; cf. Ice. flóke.]

Fluke, flōōk, n. the part of an anchor which fastens in the ground.—adj. Fluk′y. [Prob. a transferred use of the foregoing.]

Fluke, flōōk, n. a successful shot made by chance, as at billiards: any unexpected advantage.

Flume, flōōm, n. an artificial channel for water to be applied to some industrial purpose: (U.S.) a narrow defile with upright walls, the bottom occupied by a torrent.—Be, or Go, up the flume, to come to grief, to be done for. [O. Fr. flum—L. flumen, a river—fluĕre, to flow.]

Flummery, flum′ėr-i, n. an acid jelly made from the husks of oats: the Scotch sowens: anything insipid: empty compliment. [W. llymru—llymrig, harsh, raw—llym, sharp, severe.]

Flump, flump, v.t. (coll.) to throw down violently.—v.i. to throw one's self down heavily.—n. the dull sound so produced. [Imit.]

Flunkey, flung′ki, n. a livery servant: a footman: a mean, cringing fellow.—n. Flun′keydom.—adj. Flun′keyish.—n. Flun′keyism. [Perh. orig. flanker, one who runs along by the side of.]

Fluor, flōō′or, n. a mineral often described as chemically fluate of lime, but really calcium fluoride, found abundantly in Derbyshire—also Flu′or-spar, Flu′orite.—ns. Fluores′cein, a coal-tar product, little used in dyeing, the colour not being fast; Fluores′cence, a peculiar blue appearance exhibited by certain substances exposed to sunlight, and especially observable in a dilute solution of sulphate of quinine.—adjs. Fluores′cent, having the property of fluorescence; Fluor′ic.—ns. Flu′oride, a binary compound of fluorine with another element; Flu′orine, an elementary substance allied to chlorine, obtained chiefly from fluor; Flu′orotype, a photographic process in which salts of fluoric acid were employed for the purpose of producing images in the camera; Fluosil′icate, a compound of fluosilicic acid with some base.—adj. Fluosilic′ic, composed of silicon and fluorine. [A name given by the alchemists to all mineral acids because of their fluidity, from L. fluĕre, to flow.]

Flurry, flur′i, n. a sudden blast or gust: agitation: bustle: the death-agony of the whale: a fluttering assemblage of things, as snowflakes.—v.t. to agitate, to confuse:—pr.p. flurr′ying; pa.p. flurr′ied.—v.t. Flurr, to scatter.—v.i. to fly up. [Prob. onomatopœic, suggested by flaw, hurry, &c.]

Flush, flush, n. a flow of blood to the face causing redness: sudden impulse: bloom, freshness, vigour: abundance.—v.i. to become red in the face: to flow swiftly.—v.t. to make red in the face: to cleanse by a copious flow of water: to elate, excite the spirits of: mostly in the pa.p. flushed (with victory).—adj. (of weather) hot and heavy: abounding: well supplied, as with money: (Shak.) in full bloom.—n. Flush′-box, a rectangular tank supplied with water for flushing the bowls of water-closets.—adj. Flushed, suffused with ruddy colour: excited.—ns. Flush′er, one who flushes sewers; Flush′ing, action of the verb flush: sudden reddening; Flush′ness, quality of being flush.—adj. Flush′y, reddish. [Prob. orig. identical with succeeding word, but meaning influenced by phonetic association with flash, the senses relating to colour by blush.]

Flush, flush, v.i. to start up like an alarmed bird.—v.t. to rouse and cause to start off.—n. the act of starting: (Spens.) a bird, or a flock of birds so started. [Prob. onomatopœic; suggested by fly, flutter, and rush.]

Flush, flush, v.t. to make even: to fill up to the level of a surface (often with up).—adj. having the surface level with the adjacent surface. [Prob. related to flush above.]

Flush, flush, n. in card-playing, a hand in which all the cards or a specified number are of the same suit.—adj. in poker, consisting of cards all of the same suit.—Straight, or Royal, flush, in poker, a sequence of five cards of the same suit. [Prob. Fr. flux—L. fluxus, flow.]

Fluster, flus′tėr, n. hurrying: confusion: heat.—v.t. to make hot and confused: to fuddle.—v.i. to bustle: to be agitated or fuddled.—v.t. Flus′terāte, to fluster.—n. Flusterā′tion.—adj. Flus′tered, fuddled: flurried.—n. Flus′terment.—adj. Flus′tery, confused. [Ice. flaustr, hurry.]

Flute, flōōt, n. a musical pipe with finger-holes and keys sounded by blowing: in organ-building, a stop with stopped wooden pipes, having a flute-like tone: one of a series of curved furrows, as on a pillar, called also Fluting: a tall and narrow wine-glass: a shuttle in tapestry-weaving, &c.—v.i. to play the flute.—v.t. to play or sing in soft flute-like tones: to form flutes or grooves in.—adj. Flut′ed, ornamented with flutes, channels, or grooves.—ns. Flut′er; Fluti′na (tē′-), a kind of accordion; Flut′ing-machine′, a machine for corrugating sheet-metal, also a wood-turning machine for forming twisted, spiral, and fluted balusters; Flut′ist.—adj. Flut′y, in tone like a flute. [O. Fr. fleüte; ety. dub.]

Flutter, flut′ėr, v.i. to move about with bustle: to vibrate: to be in agitation or in uncertainty: (obs.) to be frivolous.—v.t. to throw into disorder: to move in quick motions.—n. quick, irregular motion: agitation: confusion: a hasty game at cards, &c. [A.S. flotorian, to float about, from flot, the sea, stem of fléotan, to float.]

Fluvial, flōō′vi-al, adj. of or belonging to rivers.—n. Flu′vialist.—adjs. Fluviat′ic, Flu′viatile, belonging to or formed by rivers. [L. fluvialis—fluvius, a river, fluĕre, to flow.]

Flux, fluks, n. act of flowing: a flow of matter: quick succession: a discharge generally from a mucous membrane: matter discharged: excrement: the term given to the substances employed in the arts to assist the reduction of a metallic ore and the fusion of a metal.—v.t. to melt.—v.i. to flow.—ns. Flux′ātion, the act of flowing or passing away; Fluxibil′ity, Flux′ibleness.—adjs. Flux′ible, Flux′ide, that may be melted.—ns. Fluxil′ity; Flux′ion, a flowing or discharge: a difference or variation: (math.) the rate of change of a continuously varying quantity: (pl.) the name given after Newton to that branch of mathematics which with a different notation is known after Leibnitz as the differential and integral calculus.—adjs. Flux′ional, Flux′ionary, variable: inconstant.—n. Flux′ionist, one skilled in fluxions.—adj. Flux′ive (Shak.), flowing with tears. [O. Fr.,—L. fluxus—fluĕre, to flow.]

Fly, flī, v.i. to move through the air on wings: to move swiftly: to pass away: to flee: to burst quickly or suddenly: to flutter.—v.t. to avoid, flee from: to cause to fly, as a kite:—pr.p. fly′ing; pa.t. flew (flōō); pa.p. flown (flōn).—n. a popular name best restricted in its simplicity to the insects forming the order Diptera, but often so widely used with a prefix—e.g. butterfly, dragon-fly, May-fly—as to be virtually equivalent to insect: a fish-hook dressed with silk, &c., in imitation of a fly: a light double-seated carriage, a hackney-coach: (mech.) a flywheel: (pl.) the large space above the proscenium in a theatre, from which the scenes, &c., are controlled.—adj. wide-awake: (slang) knowing.—adjs. Fly′away, flighty; Fly′-bit′ten, marked by the bite of flies.—n. Fly′blow, the egg of a fly.—adj. Fly′blown, tainted with the eggs which produce maggots.—ns. Fly′boat, a long, narrow, swift boat used on canals; Fly′book, a case like a book for holding fishing-flies; Fly′-catch′er, a small bird, so called from its catching flies while on the wing; Fly′-fish′er, one who fishes with artificial flies as bait; Fly′-fish′ing, the art of so fishing; Fly′-flap′per, one who drives away flies with a fly-flap; Fly′ing-bridge, a kind of ferry-boat which is moved across a river by the action of the combined forces of the stream and the resistance of a long rope or chain made fast to a fixed buoy in the middle of the river; Fly′ing-butt′ress, an arch-formed prop which connects the walls of the upper and central portions of an aisled structure with the vertical buttresses of the outer walls; Fly′ing-camp, a body of troops for rapid motion from one place to another; Fly′ing-Dutch′man, a Dutch black spectral ship, whose captain is condemned for his impieties to sweep the seas around the Cape of Storms unceasingly, without ever being able to reach a haven; Fly′ing-fish, a fish which can leap from the water and sustain itself in the air for a short time, by its long pectoral fins, as if flying; Fly′ing-fox, a large frugivorous bat; Fly′ing-lē′mur, a galeopithecoid insectivore whose fore and hind limbs are connected by a fold of skin, enabling it to make flying leaps from tree to tree; Fly′ing-par′ty, a small body of soldiers, equipped for rapid movements, used to harass an enemy; Fly′ing-phalan′ger, a general popular name for the petaurists; Fly′ing-shot, a shot fired at something in motion; Fly′ing-squid, a squid having broad lateral fins by means of which it can spring high out of the water; Fly′ing-squirr′el, a name given to two genera of squirrels, which have a fold of skin between the fore and hind legs, by means of which they can take great leaps in the air; Fly′leaf, a blank leaf at the beginning and end of a book; Fly′-line, a line for angling with an artificial fly; Fly′-mak′er, one who ties artificial flies for angling; Fly′man, one who works the ropes in the flies of a theatre; Fly′pāper, a porous paper impregnated with poison for destroying flies; Fly′-pow′der, a poisonous powder used for killing flies; Fly′-rail, that part of a table which turns out to support the leaf.—adj. (Shak.) moving slow as a fly on its feet.—ns. Fly′-rod, a light flexible rod used in fly-fishing, usually in three pieces—butt, second-joint, and tip; Fly′-trap, a trap to catch flies: (bot.) the spreading dog-bane, also the Venus's fly-trap; Fly′wheel, a large wheel with a heavy rim applied to machinery to equalise the effect of the driving effort.—Fly at, to attack suddenly; Fly in the face of, to insult: to oppose; Fly open, to open suddenly or violently; Fly out, to break out in a rage; Fly the kite, to obtain money as by accommodation bills, the endorser himself having no money; Fly upon, to seize: to attack.—A fly in the ointment, some slight flaw which corrupts a thing of value (Eccles. x. i.); Break a fly on the wheel, to subject to a punishment out of all proportion to the gravity of the offence; Let fly, to attack: to throw or send off; Make the feathers fly (see Feathers). [A.S. fléogan, pa.t. fleáh; Ger. fliegen.]

Flyte, Flite, flīt, v.i. (Scot.) to scold, to brawl.—n. Flyte, Flyt′ing, a scolding, or heated dispute. [A.S. flítan, to strive; Ger. be-fleissen.]

Foal, fōl, n. the young of a mare or of a she-ass.—v.i. and v.t. to bring forth a foal.—ns. Foal′foot, colts-foot; Foal′ing, bringing forth of a foal or young. [A.S. fola; Ger. fohlen, Gr. pōlos; L. pullus.]

Foam, fōm, n. froth: the bubbles which rise on the surface of liquors: fury.—v.i. to gather foam: to be in a rage.—v.t. (B.) to throw out with rage or violence (with out).—adv. Foam′ingly.—adjs. Foam′less, without foam; Foam′y, frothy. [A.S. fám; Ger. feim, prob. akin to L. spuma.]

Fob, fob, n. a trick.—v.t. to cheat. [Prob. a corr. of O. Fr. forbe, a rogue; or Ger. foppen, to jeer.]

Fob, fob, n. a small pocket in the waistband of trousers for a watch: a chain with seals, &c., hanging from the fob. [If orig. a secret pocket, perh. connected with the above.]

Focus, fō′kus, n. (opt.) a point in which several rays meet and are collected after being reflected or refracted, while a virtual focus is a point from which rays tend after reflection or refraction—the principal focus is the focus of parallel rays after reflection or refraction: any central point:—pl. Fō′cuses, Foci (fō′sī).—v.t. to bring to a focus: to concentrate:—pa.p. fō′cussed.—adj. Fō′cal, of or belonging to a focus.—v.t. Fō′calise, to bring to a focus: to concentrate.—n. Focimeter (fō-sim′e-tėr), an instrument for assisting in focussing an object in or before a photographic camera—usually a lens of small magnifying power.—Focussing cloth, a cloth thrown over a photographic camera and the operator's head and shoulders to exclude all light save that coming through the lens.—Conjugate foci, two points so situated that if a light be placed at one, its rays will be reflected to the other; In focus, placed or adjusted so as to secure distinct vision, or a sharp, definite image. [L. focus, a hearth.]

Fodder, fod′ėr, n. food for cattle, as hay and straw.—v.t. to supply with fodder.—ns. Fodd′erer; Fodd′ering. [A.S. fódor; Ger. futter.]

Foe, fō, n. an enemy: one who, or that which, injures or hinders anything: an ill-wisher.—ns. Foe′man, an enemy in war:—pl. Foe′men; Fō′en (Spens.), pl. of foe. [M. E. foo—A.S. fáh, fá (adj.), allied to the compound n. gefá; cf. féogan, to hate.]

Fœtus, Fetus, fē′tus, n. the young of animals in the egg or in the womb, after its parts are distinctly formed, until its birth.—adjs. Fœ′tal, Fē′tal, pertaining to a fœtus; Fœ′ticidal.—ns. Fœ′ticide, Fē′ticide, destruction of the fœtus. [L., from obs. feuēre, to bring forth, whence femina, fecundus, &c.]

Fog, fog, n. a thick mist: watery vapour rising from either land or water.—v.t. to shroud in fog.—v.i. to become coated with a uniform coating.—ns. Fog′-bank, a dense mass of fog sometimes seen at sea appearing like a bank of land; Fog′-bell, a bell rung by the motion of the waves or wind to warn sailors from rocks, shoals, &c. in foggy weather.—adj. Fog′-bound, impeded by fog.—ns. Fog′-bow, a whitish arch like a rainbow, seen in fogs.—adv. Fog′gily.—n. Fog′giness.—adj. Fog′gy, misty: damp: clouded in mind: stupid.—n. Fog′-horn, a horn used as a warning signal by ships in foggy weather: a sounding instrument for warning ships off the shore during a fog: a siren.—adj. Fog′less, without fog, clear.—ns. Fog′-ring, a bank of fog in the form of a ring; Fog′-sig′nal, an audible signal used on board ship, &c., during a fog, when visible signals cease to be of use; Fog′-smoke, fog. [The origin of the word is hopelessly misty; Mr Bradley connects with succeeding word; Prof. Skeat connects with Dan. fog, as in snee-fog, thick falling snow; cf. Ice. fok, a snowdrift.]

Fog, fog, Foggage, fog′āj, n. grass which grows in autumn after the hay is cut: (Scot.) moss.—v.i. to become covered with fog. [Origin unknown; W. ffwg, dry grass, is borrowed.]

Fogy, Fogey, fō′gi, n. a dull old fellow; a person with antiquated notions.—adjs. Fō′gram, antiquated.—n. a fogy.—ns. Fō′gramite; Fogram′ity; Fōgydom.—adj. Fō′gyish.—n. Fō′gyism. [Prob. a substantive use of foggy in sense of 'fat,' 'bloated,' 'moss-grown.']

Foible, foi′bl, n. a weak point in one's character: a failing. [O. Fr. foible, weak.]

Foil, foil, v.t. to defeat: to puzzle: to disappoint: (Spens.) to beat down or trample with the feet:—pr.p. foil′ing; pa.p. foiled.—n. failure after success seemed certain: defeat: a blunt sword used in fencing, having a button on the point.—Put to the foil, to blemish. [O. Fr. fuler, to stamp or crush—Low L. fullare—fullo, a fuller of cloth.]

Foil, foil, n. a leaf or thin plate of metal, as tin-foil: a thin leaf of metal put under precious stones to increase their lustre or change their colour: anything that serves to set off something else: a small arc in the tracery of a window, &c. (trefoiled, cinquefoiled, multifoiled, &c.).—adj. Foiled.—n. Foil′ing. [O. Fr. foil (Fr. feuille)—L. folium, a leaf.]

Foin, foin, v.i. to thrust with a sword or spear.—n. a thrust with a sword or spear.—adv. Foin′ingly. [O. Fr. foine—L. fuscina, a trident.]

Foison, foi′zn, n. plenty: autumn.—adj. Foi′sonless, weak, feeble—(Scot.) Fizz′enless. [O. Fr.,—L. fusion-em—fundĕre, fusum, to pour forth.]

Foist, foist, v.t. to bring in by stealth: to insert wrongfully: to pass off as genuine (with in or into before the thing affected, and upon before the person).—n. Foist′er. [Prob. Dut. prov. vuisten, to take in the hand; vuist, fist.]

Fold, fōld, n. the doubling of any flexible substance: a part laid over on another: (pl.) complex arrangements, intricacy.—v.t. to lay one part over another: to enclose in a fold or folds, to wrap up: to embrace.—Fold, in composition with numerals=times, as in Ten′fold.—n. Fold′er, the person or thing that folds: a flat knife-like instrument used in folding paper.—adj. Fold′ing, that folds, or that can be folded, as folding-bed, -chair, -joint, -net, -table, &c.—ns. Fold′ing, a fold or plait; Fold′ing-door, a door consisting of two parts hung on opposite jambs, so that their edges come into contact when the door is closed; Fold′ing-machine′, a mechanism that automatically folds printed sheets. [A.S. fealdan, to fold; pa.t. feóld; Ger. falten.]

Fold, fōld, n. an enclosure for protecting domestic animals, esp. sheep: a flock of sheep: (fig.) a church: the Christian Church.—v.t. to confine in a fold.—n. Fold′ing. [A.S. fald, a fold, stall.]

Folderol, fol′de-rol, n. mere nonsense: silly trifle: (pl.) trivial ornaments. [Formed from meaningless syllables, the refrain of old songs.]

Foliaceous, fō-li-ā′shus, adj. pertaining to or consisting of leaves or laminæ. [L. foliaceus—folium, a leaf.]

Foliage, fō′lī-āj, n. leaves: a cluster of leaves: (archit.) a representation of leaves, flowers, and branches used for ornamentation.—adjs. Fō′liaged, worked like foliage; Fō′liar, pertaining to leaves: resembling leaves.—v.t. Fō′liāte (orig.), to beat into a leaf: to cover with leaf-metal.—adj. Fō′liāted, beaten into a thin leaf: decorated with leaf ornaments: (mus.) having notes added above or below, as in a plain-song melody.—ns. Fō′liātion, the leafing, esp. of plants: the act of beating a metal into a thin plate, or of spreading foil over a piece of glass to form a mirror: (geol.) the alternating and more or less parallel layers or folia of different mineralogical nature, of which the crystalline schists are composed: (archit.) decoration with cusps, lobes, or foliated tracery; Fō′liature, foliation. [O. Fr. fueillage—L. folium, a leaf.]

Folio, fō′li-ō, n. a sheet of paper once folded: a book of such sheets: the size of such a book: one of several sizes of paper adapted for folding once into well-proportioned leaves: (book-k.) a page in an account-book, or two opposite pages numbered as one: (law) a certain number of words taken as a basis for computing the length of a document: a wrapper for loose papers.—adj. pertaining to or containing paper only once folded.—v.t. to number the pages of: to mark off the end of every folio in law copying.—In folio, in sheets folded but once: in the form of a folio. [Abl. of L. folium, the leaf of a tree, a leaf or sheet of paper.]

Foliole, fō′li-ōl, n. (bot.) a single leaflet of a compound leaf.—adj. Fō′liolate, of or pertaining to leaflets. [Fr., dim. of L. folium, a leaf.]

Folk, fōk, n. people, collectively or distributively: a nation or race (rarely in pl.): (arch.) the people, commons: (pl.) those of one's own family, relations (coll.):—generally used in pl. Folk or Folks (fōks).—ns. Folke′thing, the lower house of the Danish parliament or Rigsdag; Folk′land, among the Anglo-Saxons, public land as distinguished from boc-land (bookland)—i.e. land granted to private persons by a written charter; Folk′lore, a department of the study of antiquities or archæology, embracing everything relating to ancient observances and customs, to the notions, beliefs, traditions, superstitions, and prejudices of the common people—the science which treats of the survivals of archaic beliefs and customs in modern ages (the name Folklore was first suggested by W. J. Thoms—'Ambrose Merton'—in the Athenæum, August 22, 1846); Folk′lorist, one who studies folklore; Folk′mote, an assembly of the people among the Anglo-Saxons; Folk′-right, the common law or right of the people; Folk′-song, any song or ballad originating among the people and traditionally handed down by them: a song written in imitation of such; Folk′-speech, the dialect of the common people of a country, in which ancient idioms are embedded; Folk′-tale, a popular story handed down by oral tradition from a more or less remote antiquity. [A.S. folc; Ice. fólk; Ger. volk.]

Follicle, fol′i-kl, n. (anat.) a gland: (bot.) a seed-vessel.—adjs. Follic′ular, pertaining to or consisting of follicles; Follic′ulated; Follic′ulous. [Fr.,—L. folliculus, dim. of follis, a wind-bag.]

Follow, fol′ō, v.t. to go after or behind: to come after, succeed: to pursue: to attend: to imitate: to obey: to adopt, as an opinion: to keep the eye or mind fixed on: to pursue, as an object of desire: to result from, as an effect from a cause: (B.) to strive to obtain.—v.i. to come after another: to result.—n. (billiards) a stroke which causes the ball to follow the one which it has struck.—ns. Foll′ow-board, in moulding, the board on which the pattern is laid; Foll′ower, one who comes after: a copier: a disciple: a servant-girl's sweetheart; Foll′owing, the whole body of supporters.—adj. coming next after.—Follow home, to follow closely: to follow to the end; Follow on (B.), to continue endeavours; Follow suit, in card-playing, to play a card of the same suit as the one which was led: to do anything on the same lines as another; Follow up, to pursue an advantage closely. [A.S. folgian, fylgian, app. a compound, but obscure; Ger. folgen.]

Folly, fol′i, n. silliness or weakness of mind: a foolish act: criminal weakness: (B.) sin: a monument of folly, as a great structure left unfinished, having been begun without a reckoning of the cost.—v.i. to act with folly. [O. Fr. folie—fol, foolish.]

Foment, fo-ment′, v.t. to bathe with warm water: to encourage: to instigate (usually to evil).—ns. Fomentā′tion, a bathing or lotion with warm water: encouragement; Foment′er. [Fr.,—L. fomentāre—fomentum for fovimentum—fovēre, to warm.]

Fomes, fō′miz, n. any porous substance capable of absorbing and retaining contagious effluvia:—pl. Fomī′tes. [L., touchwood.]

Fon, fon, n. (Spens.) a fool, an idiot.—v.i. to be foolish, play the fool.—adv. Fon′ly, foolishly.

Fond, fond, adj. foolishly tender and loving: weakly indulgent: prizing highly (with of): very affectionate: kindly disposed: (obs.) foolish.—v.i. to dote.—v.t. Fond′le, to treat with fondness: to caress.—ns. Fond′ler; Fond′ling, the person or thing fondled.—adv. Fond′ly, in a fond manner, foolishly.—n. Fond′ness. [For fonned, pa.p. of M. E. fonnen, to act foolishly, fon, a fool; fondly conn. by some with Sw. fåne, fool, Ice. fáni, swaggerer.]

Font, font, n. the vessels used in churches as the repository of the baptismal water, usually a basin or cup hollowed out of a solid block of marble, &c.—adj. Font′al, pertaining to a font or origin.—ns. Font′let, a little font; Font′-stone, a baptismal font of stone. [L. font-em, fons, a fountain.]

Font, font, Fount, fownt, n. a complete assortment of types of one sort, with all that is necessary for printing in that kind of letter. [Fr. fonte—fondre—L. fundĕre, to cast.]

Fontanelle, fon-ta-nel′, n. a gap between the bones of the skull of a young animal: an opening for the discharge of pus.—Also Fontanel′. [Fr.]

Fontange, fong-tanzh′, n. a tall head-dress worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Fr., from Fontanges, the territorial title of one of Louis XIV.'s drabs.]

Fontarabian, fon-ta-rā′bi-an, adj. pertaining to Fontarabia or Fuenterrabia on the Pyrenees, where Roland was overpowered and slain by the Saracens.

Fonticulus, fon-tik′ū-lus, n. a small ulcer produced by caustics, &c.: the depression just over the top of the breast-bone. [L., dim. of fons.]

Fontinalis, fon-tin-ā′lis, n. a genus of aquatic mosses allied to Hypnum, almost without stalk. [Formed from L. fons.]

Food, fōōd, n. what one feeds on: that which, being digested, nourishes the body: whatever sustains or promotes growth.—adjs. Food′ful, able to supply food abundantly; Food′less, without food. [A.S. fóda; Goth. fódeins, Sw. föda.]

Fool, fōōl, n. one who acts stupidly: a person of weak mind: a jester: a tool or victim, as of untoward circumstances: (B.) a wicked person.—v.t. to deceive: to treat with contempt.—v.i. to play the fool: to trifle.—adjs. Fool′-begged (Shak.), taken for a fool, idiotical, absurd; Fool′-born (Shak.), foolish from one's birth, arising from folly.—n. Fool′ery, an act of folly: habitual folly.—adj. Fool′-happ′y, happy or lucky without contrivance or judgment.—n. Fool′-hard′iness—(Spens.) Fool′-hard′ise.—adjs. Fool′-hard′y, foolishly bold: rash or incautious; Fool′ish, weak in intellect: wanting discretion: ridiculous: marked with folly: deserving ridicule: (B.) sinful, disregarding God's laws.—adv. Fool′ishly.—ns. Fool′ishness, Fool′ing, foolery.—adj. Fool′ish-wit′ty (Shak.), wise in folly and foolish in wisdom.—ns. Fool's′-err′and, a silly or fruitless enterprise: search for what cannot be found; Fool's′-pars′ley, an umbelliferous plant in Britain, not to be mistaken for parsley, being poisonous.—Fool away, to spend to no purpose or profit; Fool's cap, a kind of head-dress worn by professional fools or jesters, usually having a cockscomb hood with bells; Fool's paradise, a state of happiness based on fictitious hopes or expectations; Fool with, to meddle with officiously; Make a fool of, to bring a person into ridicule: to disappoint; Play the fool, to behave as a fool: to sport. [O. Fr. fol (Fr. fou), It. folle—L. follis, a wind-bag.]

Fool, fōōl, n. crushed fruit scalded or stewed, mixed with cream and sugar, as 'gooseberry fool.' [Prob. a use of preceding suggested by trifle.]

Foolscap, fōōlz′kap, n. a long folio writing or printing paper, varying in size (17×13½ in., 16¾×13½ in., &c.), so called from having originally borne the water-mark of a fool's cap and bells.

Foot, foot, n. that part of its body on which an animal stands or walks (having in man 26 bones): the lower part or base: a measure=12 in., (orig.) the length of a man's foot: foot-soldiers: a division of a line of poetry:—pl. Feet.—v.i. to dance: to walk:—pr.p. foot′ing; pa.p. foot′ed.—ns. Foot′ball, a large ball for kicking about in sport: play with this ball; Foot′-bath, act of bathing the feet: a vessel for this purpose; Foot′-board, a support for the foot in a carriage or elsewhere: the foot-plate of a locomotive engine; Foot′boy, an attendant in livery; Foot′breadth, the breadth of a foot, an area of this size; Foot′bridge, a narrow bridge for foot-passengers; Foot′cloth (Shak.), a sumpter-cloth which reached to the feet of the horse.—p.adj. Foot′ed, provided with a foot or feet: (Shak.) having gained a foothold, established.—ns. Foot′fall, a setting the foot on the ground: a footstep; Foot′gear, shoes and stockings.—n.pl. Foot′guards, guards that serve on foot, the élite of the British infantry.—ns. Foot′hill, a minor elevation distinct from the higher part of a mountain and separating it from the valley (usually in pl.); Foot′hold, space on which to plant the feet: that which sustains the feet; Foot′ing, place for the foot to rest on: firm foundation: position: settlement: tread: dance: plain cotton lace.—adj. Foot′less, having no feet.—ns. Foot′-lick′er (Shak.), a fawning, slavish flatterer; Foot′light, one of a row of lights in front of and on a level with the stage in a theatre, &c.; Foot′man, a servant or attendant in livery: (B.) a soldier who serves on foot: a runner:—pl. Foot′men; Foot′mark, Foot′print, the mark or print of a foot: a track; Foot′note, a note of reference at the foot of a page; Foot′pad, a highwayman or robber on foot, who frequents public paths or roads; Foot′-pass′enger, one who travels on foot; Foot′path, a narrow way which will not admit carriages; Foot′-plate, the platform on which the driver and stoker of a locomotive engine stand; Foot′-post, a post or messenger that travels on foot; Foot′-pound, the force needed to raise one pound weight the height of one foot—the usual unit in measuring mechanical force; Foot′-race, a race on foot; Foot′-rope, a rope stretching along under a ship's yard for the men standing on when furling the sails: the rope to which the lower edge of a sail is attached; Foot′rot, a name applied to certain inflammatory affections about the feet of sheep; Foot′rule, a rule or measure a foot in length; Foot′-sol′dier, a soldier that serves on foot.—adj. Foot′-sore, having sore or tender feet, as by much walking.—ns. Foot′-stalk (bot.), the stalk or petiole of a leaf; Foot′-stall, a woman's stirrup; Foot′step, the step or impression of the foot: a track: trace of a course pursued.—n.pl. Foot′steps, course, example.—ns. Foot′stool, a stool for placing one's feet on when sitting: anything trodden upon; Foot′-warm′er, a contrivance for keeping the feet warm; Foot′way, a path for passengers on foot.—p.adj. Foot′worn, worn by many feet, as a stone: foot-sore.—Foot-and-mouth disease (see Murrain).—Foot it, to walk: to dance.—Cover the feet (B.), a euphemism for, to ease nature.—Put one's best foot foremost, to appear at greatest advantage; Put one's foot in it, to spoil anything by some indiscretion; Set on foot, to originate. [A.S. fót, pl. fét; Ger. fuss, L. pes, pedis, Gr. pous, podos, Sans. pād.]

Footy, foot′i, adj. (prov.) mean.—Also Fought′y. [Prob. an A.S. fúhtig; cog. with Dut. vochtig.]

Foozle, fōōz′l, n. (coll.) a tedious fellow: a bungled stroke at golf, &c.—v.i. to fool away one's time.—n. Fooz′ler.—p.adj. Fooz′ling. [Cf. Ger. prov. fuseln, to work slowly.]

Fop, fop, n. an affected dandy.—ns. Fop′ling, a vain affected person; Fop′pery, vanity in dress or manners: affectation: folly.—adj. Fop′pish, vain and showy in dress: affectedly refined in manners.—adv. Fop′pishly.—n. Fop′pishness. [Cf. Ger. foppen, to hoax.]

For, for, prep. in the place of: for the sake of: on account of: in the direction of: with respect to, by reason of: appropriate or adapted to, or in reference to: beneficial to: in quest of: notwithstanding, in spite of: in recompense of: during.—For all (N.T.), notwithstanding; For it, to be done for the case, usually preceded by a negative; For to (B.), in order to.—As for, as far as concerns. [A.S. for; Ger. für, vor, akin to L. and Gr. pro, Sans. pra, before in place or time.]

For, for, conj. the word by which a reason is introduced: because: on the account that.—For because and For that=because; For why=why.

Forage, for′aj, n. fodder, or food for horses and cattle: provisions: the act of foraging.—v.i. to go about and forcibly carry off food for horses and cattle, as soldiers.—v.t. to plunder.—ns. For′age-cap, the undress cap worn by infantry soldiers; For′ager. [Fr. fourrage, O. Fr. feurre, fodder, of Teut. origin.]

Foramen, fo-rā′men, n. a small opening:—pl. Foram′ina.—adjs. Foram′inated, Foram′inous, pierced with small holes: porous.—n.pl. Foraminif′era, an order of Rhizopoda, furnished with a shell or test, usually perforated by pores (foramina).—n. Foramin′ifer, one of such.—adjs. Foraminif′eral, Foraminif′erous.—Forāmen magnum, the great hole in the occipital bone for the passage of the medulla oblongata and its membranes. [L.,—forāre, to pierce.]

Foray, for′ā, n. a sudden incursion into an enemy's country.—v.t. to ravage.—n. For′ayer. [Ety. obscure, but ult. identical with forage (q.v.).]

Forbear, for-bār′, v.i. to keep one's self in check: to abstain.—v.t. to abstain from: to avoid voluntarily: to spare, to withhold.—n. Forbear′ance, exercise of patience: command of temper: clemency.—adjs. Forbear′ant, Forbear′ing, long-suffering: patient.—adv. Forbear′ingly. [A.S. forberan, pa.t. forbær, pa.p. forboren. See pfx. for- and bear.]

Forbid, for-bid′, v.t. to prohibit: to command not to do: (Shak.) to restrain.—n. Forbid′dance, prohibition: command or edict against a thing.—adj. Forbid′den, prohibited: unlawful.—adv. Forbid′denly (Shak.), in a forbidden or unlawful manner.—adj. Forbid′ding, repulsive: raising dislike: unpleasant.—adv. Forbid′dingly.—n. Forbid′dingness.—Forbidden, or Prohibited, degrees, degrees of consanguinity within which marriage is not allowed; Forbidden fruit, or Adam's apple, a name fancifully given to the fruit of various species of Citrus, esp. to one having tooth-marks on its rind. [A.S. forbéodan, pa.t. forbéad, pa.p. forboden. See pfx. for-, and bid; cf. Ger. verbieten.]

Forçat, for-sä′, n. in France, a convict condemned to hard labour. [Fr.]

Force, fōrs, n. strength, power, energy: efficacy: validity: influence: vehemence: violence: coercion or compulsion: military or naval strength (often in pl.): an armament: (mech.) any cause which changes the direction or speed of the motion of a portion of matter.—v.t. to draw or push by main strength: to compel: to constrain: to compel by strength of evidence: to take by violence: to ravish: (hort.) to cause to grow or ripen rapidly: to compel one's partner at whist to trump a trick by leading a card of a suit of which he has none: to make a player play so as to reveal the strength of his hand.—v.i. to strive: to hesitate.—p. and adj. Forced, accomplished by great effort, as a forced march: strained, excessive, unnatural.—n. Forc′edness, the state of being forced: distortion.—adj. Force′ful, full of force or might: driven or acting with power: impetuous.—adv. Force′fully.—adj. Force′less, weak.—ns. Force′-pump, Forc′ing-pump, a pump which delivers the water under pressure through a side-pipe; Forc′er, the person or thing that forces, esp. the piston of a force-pump.—adj. Forc′ible, active: impetuous: done by force: efficacious: impressive.—adj. and n. Forc′ible-fee′ble, striving to look strong while really weak.—n. Forc′ibleness.—adv. Forc′ibly.—ns. Forc′ing (hort.), the art of hastening the growth of plants; Forc′ing-house, a hothouse for forcing plants; Forc′ing-pit, a frame sunk in the ground over a hotbed for forcing plants.—Force and fear (Scot.), that amount of constraint or compulsion which is enough to annul an engagement or obligation entered into under its influence; Force the pace, to keep the speed up to a high pitch by emulation with one not competing for a place: to hasten unduly, or by any expedient; Forcible detainer, and entry, detaining property or forcing an entry into it by violence or intimidation. [Fr.,—Low L., fortia—L. fortis, strong.]

Force, fōrs, v.t. (cook.) to stuff, as a fowl.—n. Force′meat, meat chopped fine and highly seasoned, used as a stuffing or alone. [A corr. of farce.]

Forceps, for′seps, n. a pair of tongs, pincers, or pliers for holding anything difficult to be held with the hand.—adj. For′cipāted, formed and opening like a forceps.—n. Forcipā′tion, torture by pinching with forceps. [L., from formus, hot, and capĕre, to hold.]

Ford, fōrd, n. a place where water may be crossed on foot: a stream where it may be crossed.—v.t. to cross water on foot.—adj. Ford′able. [A.S. ford—faran, to go; Ger. furt—fahren, to go on foot; akin to Gr. poros, and to Eng. fare, ferry, and far.]

Fordo, for-dōō′, v.t. (arch.) to ruin: to overcome, to exhaust:—pr.p. fordo′ing; pa.t. fordid′; pa.p. fordone′. [A.S. fōrdón; Ger. verthun, to consume.]

Fore, fōr, adj. in front of: advanced in position: coming first.—adv. at the front: in the first part: previously: (golf) a warning cry to any person in the way of the ball to be played.—Fore and aft, lengthwise of a ship.—At the fore, displayed on the foremast (of a flag); To the fore, forthcoming: (Scot.) in being, alive. [A.S. fore, radically the same as for, prep.—to be distinguished from pfx. for- (Ger. ver- in vergessen, L. per).]

Forearm, fōr′ärm, n. the part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist.

Forebode, fōr-bōd′, v.t. to feel a secret sense of something future, esp. of evil.—ns. Forebode′ment, feeling of coming evil; Forebod′er; Forebod′ing, a boding or perception beforehand; apprehension of coming evil.—adv. Forebod′ingly.

Fore-brace, fōr′-brās, n. a rope attached to the fore yard-arm, for changing the position of the foresail.

Forecast, fōr-kast′, v.t. to contrive or reckon beforehand: to foresee: to predict.—v.i. to form schemes beforehand.—ns. Fore′cast, a previous contrivance: foresight: a prediction; Forecast′er.

Forecastle, fōr′kas-l, Fo'c'sle, fōk′sl, n. a short raised deck at the fore-end of a vessel: the forepart of the ship under the maindeck, the quarters of the crew.

Foreclose, fōr-klōz′, v.t. to preclude: to prevent: to stop.—n. Foreclos′ure, a foreclosing: (law) the process by which a mortgager, failing to repay the money lent on the security of an estate, is compelled to forfeit his right to redeem the estate. [O. Fr. forclos, pa.p. of forclore, to exclude—L. foris, outside, and claudĕre, clausum, to shut.]

Forefeel, fōr-fēl′, v.t. to feel beforehand.—adv. Forefeel′ingly.—adj. Forefelt′.

Forego, fōr-gō′, v.t. to go before, precede: chiefly used in its pr.p. foregō′ing and pa.p. foregone′.—ns. Foregō′er; Foregō′ing.—p.adj. Foregone′.—n. Foregone′ness.—Foregone conclusion, a conclusion come to before examination of the evidence.

Forego, fōr-gō′, v.t. to give up: to forbear the use of.—Better Forgō′.

Foreground, fōr′grownd, n. the part of a picture nearest the observer's eye, as opposed to the background or distance.

Forehand, fōr′hand, n. the part of a horse which is in front of its rider.—adj. done beforehand.—adj. Fore′handed, forehand, as of payment for goods before delivery, or for services before rendered: seasonable: (U.S.) well off: formed in the foreparts.

Forehead, fōr′hed, n. the forepart of the head above the eyes, the brow: confidence, audacity.

Foreign, for′in, adj. belonging to another country: from abroad: alien: not belonging to, unconnected: not appropriate.—adj. For′eign-built, built in a foreign country.—ns. For′eigner, a native of another country; For′eignness, the quality of being foreign: want of relation to something: remoteness. [O. Fr. forain—Low L. foraneus—L. foras, out of doors.]

Forejudge, fōr-juj′, v.t. to judge before hearing the facts and proof.—n. Forejudg′ment.

Foreknow, fōr-nō′, v.t. to know beforehand: to foresee.—adj. Foreknow′ing.—adv. Foreknow′ingly.—n. Foreknowl′edge, knowledge of a thing before it happens.—adj. Foreknown′.

Forel, for′el, n. a kind of parchment for covering books. [O. Fr. forrel, a sheath, forre, fuerre.]

Foreland, fōr′land, n. a point of land running forward into the sea, a headland.

Forelay, fōr-lā′, v.t. to contrive antecedently: to lay wait for in ambush.

Forelock, fōr′lok, n. the lock of hair on the forehead.—Take time by the forelock, to seize the occasion promptly, so as to anticipate opposition.

Foreman, fōr′man, n. the first or chief man, one appointed to preside over, or act as spokesman for, others: an overseer:—pl. Fore′men.

Foremast, fōr′mast, n. the mast that is forward, or next the bow of a ship.—n. Fore′mastman, any sailor below the rank of petty officer.

Foremean, fōr-mēn′, v.t. to intend beforehand.—pa.p. Fore′meant.

Fore-mentioned, fōr-men′shund, adj. mentioned before in a writing or discourse.

Foremost, fōr′mōst, adj. first in place: most advanced: first in rank or dignity. [A.S. forma, first, superl. of fore, and superl. suffix -st. It is therefore a double superl.; the old and correct form was formest, which was wrongly divided for-mest instead of form-est, and the final -mest was mistaken for -most.]

Forenight, fōr′nīt, n. (Scot.) the early part of the night before bedtime, the evening.

Forenoon, fōr′nōōn, n. the part of the day before noon or midday.—adj. pertaining to this part of the day.

Forensic, fo-ren′sik, adj. belonging to courts of law, held by the Romans in the forum: used in law pleading: appropriate to, or adapted to, argument.—Forensic medicine, medical jurisprudence, the application of medical knowledge to the elucidation of doubtful questions in a court of justice. [L. forensis—forum, market-place, akin to fores.]

Fore-ordain, fōr-or-dān′, v.t. to arrange beforehand: to predestinate.—n. Fore-ordinā′tion.

Forepart, fōr′pärt, n. the part before the rest: the front: the beginning: (B.) the bow of a ship.

Forepeak, fōr′pēk, n. the contracted part of a ship's hold, close to the bow.

Fore-quoted, fōr-kwōt′ed, p.adj. quoted or cited before in the same writing.

Fore-rank, fōr′-rangk, n. the rank which is before all the others: the front.

Forereach, fōr′rēch, v.i. (naut.) to glide ahead, esp. when going in stays (with on).—v.t. to sail beyond.

Fore-read, fōr′-rēd, v.t. (Spens.) to signify by tokens: to foretell:—pa.p. fore-read′.—n. Fore′-read′ing.

Fore-recited, fōr′-re-sīt′ed, p.adj. (Shak.) recited or named before.

Fore-rent, fōr′-rent, n. (Scot.) rent due before the first crop is reaped.

Forerun, fōr-run′, v.t. to run or come before: to precede.—n. Forerun′ner, a runner or messenger sent before: a sign that something is to follow.

Foresail, fōr′sāl, n. a sail attached to the foreyard on the foremast. See Ship.

Fore-say, fōr-sā′, v.t. to predict or foretell: (Shak.) to prognosticate.

Foresee, fōr-sē′, v.t. or v.i. to see or know beforehand.—p.adj. Foresee′ing.—adv. Foresee′ingly.

Foreshadow, fōr-shad′ō, v.t. to shadow or typify beforehand.—n. Foreshad′owing.

Foreshore, fōr′shōr, n. the part immediately before the shore: the sloping part of a shore included between the high and low water marks.

Foreshortening, fōr-short′n-ing, n. a term in drawing signifying that a figure or portion of a figure projecting towards the spectator is so represented as to truly give the idea of such projection.—v.t. Foreshort′en.

Foreshow, fōr-shō′, v.t. to show or represent beforehand: to predict.—Also Foreshew′.

Foresight, fōr′sīt, n. act of foreseeing: wise forethought, prudence: the sight on the muzzle of a gun: a forward reading of a levelling staff.—adjs. Fore′sighted, Fore′sightful; Fore′sightless.

Foresignify, fōr-sig′ni-fī, v.t. to betoken beforehand: to foreshow: to typify.

Foreskin, fōr′skin, n. the skin that covers the glans penis: the prepuce.

Foreslow, fōr-slō′, v.i. (Shak.) to delay.—v.t. (Spens.) to hinder.—Better Forslow′.

Forespeak, fōr-spēk′, v.t. to predict: (Shak.) to gainsay: (Scot.) to engage beforehand.

Forest, for′est, n. a large uncultivated tract of land covered with trees and underwood: woody ground and rude pasture: a preserve for large game, as a deer forest: a royal preserve for hunting, governed by a special code called the Forest Law.—adj. pertaining to a forest: silvan: rustic.—v.t. to cover with trees.—n. For′estage, an ancient service paid by foresters to the king: the right of foresters.—adjs. For′estal; For′est-born (Shak.), born in a wild.—ns. For′ester, one who has charge of a forest: an inhabitant of a forest; For′est-fly, a dipterous insect sometimes called Horse-fly, from the annoyance it causes horses.—adj. For′estine.—ns. For′est-mar′ble, a fissile limestone belonging to the middle division of the Jurassic System, so called because the typical beds are found in Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire; For′est-oak, the timber of the Australian beefwood trees; For′estry, the art of cultivating forests; For′est-tree, a timber-tree. [O. Fr. forest (Fr. forêt)—Low L. forestis (silva), the outside wood, as opposed to the parcus (park) or walled-in wood—L. foris, out of doors.]

Forestall, fōr-stawl′, v.t. to buy up the whole stock of goods before they are brought to market, so as to sell again at higher prices: to anticipate.—ns. Forestall′er, one who forestalls; Forestall′ing, the act of buying provisions before they come to the market, in order to raise the price: anticipation: prevention.

Forestay, fōr′stā, n. a rope reaching from the foremast-head to the bowsprit end to support the mast.

Foretaste, fōr-tāst′, v.t. to taste before possession: to anticipate: to taste before another.—n. Fore′taste, a taste beforehand: anticipation.

Foretell, fōr-tel′, v.t. to tell before: to prophesy.—v.i. to utter prophecy.—n. Foretell′er.

Forethink, fōr-thingk′, v.t. to anticipate in the mind: to have prescience of.—n. Fore′thought, thought or care for the future: provident care.

Foretoken, fōr′tō-kn, n. a token or sign beforehand.—v.t. Foretō′ken, to signify beforehand.

Foretooth, fōr′tōōth, n. a tooth in the forepart of the mouth:—pl. Fore′teeth.

Foretop, fōr′top, n. (naut.) the platform at the head of the foremast: a lock of natural hair or in a wig, lying on the forehead, or brushed up straight.—n. Foretop′mast, in a ship, the mast erected at the head of the foremast, at the top of which is the Fore′top-gall′ant-mast.

Forever, for-ev′ėr, adv. for ever, for all time to come: to eternity.—adv. Forev′ermore, for ever hereafter.

Forewarn, fōr-wawrn′, v.t. to warn beforehand: to give previous notice.—n. Forewarn′ing, warning beforehand.

Forewoman, fōr′woom-an, n. a woman who oversees the employees in any shop or factory, a head-woman:—pl. Fore′women.

Forfeit, for′fit, v.t. to lose the right to by some fault or crime:—pr.p. for′feiting; pa.p. for′feited.—n. that which is forfeited: a penalty for a crime, or breach of some condition: a fine: something deposited and redeemable by a sportive fine or penalty, esp. in pl., a game of this kind.—adj. forfeited.—adj. For′feitable.—ns. For′feiter (Shak.), one who incurs punishment by forfeiting his bond; For′feiture, act of forfeiting: state of being forfeited: the thing forfeited. [O. Fr. forfait—Low L. forisfactum—L. forisfacĕre, to transgress.]

Forgather, for-gath′er, v.i. (Scot.) to meet, to take up company with.

Forge, fōrj, n. the workshop of a workman in iron, &c.: a furnace, esp. one in which iron is heated: a smithy: a place where anything is shaped or made.—v.t. to form by heating and hammering: to form: to make falsely: to fabricate: to counterfeit or imitate for purposes of fraud.—v.i. to commit forgery.—ns. Forge′man; Forg′er, one who forges or makes one guilty of forgery; Forg′ery, fraudulently making or altering any writing: that which is forged or counterfeited.—adj. Forg′etive (Shak.), that may forge or produce.—n. Forg′ing, a piece of metal shaped by hammering: act of one who forges: a form of overreaching in which the horse strikes the fore shoe with the toe of the hind one, clicking. [O. Fr. forge—L. fabrica—faber, a workman.]

Forget, for-get′, v.t. to lose or put away from the memory: to neglect:—pr.p. forget′ting; pa.t. forgot′; pa.p. forgot′, forgot′ten.—adjs. Forget′able, Forget′table; Forget′ful, apt to forget: inattentive.—adv. Forget′fully.—ns. Forget′fulness; Forget′-me-not, a small herb (Myosotis palustris) with beautiful blue flowers, regarded as the emblem of friendship: a keepsake [a word adapted by Coleridge from the German Vergissmeinnicht]; Forget′ter, one who fails to bear in mind: a heedless person.—adv. Forget′tingly.—Forget one's self, to lose one's self-control or dignity, to descend to words and deeds unworthy of one's self. [A.S. forgietan—pfx. for-, away, gitan, to get.]

Forgive, for-giv′, v.t. to pardon: to overlook an offence or debt: (Spens.) to give up.—v.i. to be merciful or forgiving.—adj. Forgiv′able, capable of being forgiven.—n. Forgive′ness, pardon: remission: disposition to pardon.—adj. Forgiv′ing, ready to pardon: merciful: compassionate. [A.S. forgiefan—pfx. for-, away, giefan, to give; cf. Ger. ver-geben.]

Forhow, for-how′, v.t. (Scot.) to desert or abandon. [A.S. forhogian, pfx. for-, away, hogian, to care.]

Forisfamiliate, fō-ris-fa-mil′i-āt, v.t. to put a son in possession of land which he accepts as his whole portion of his father's property, said of a father.—v.i. to renounce one's title to a further share of the paternal estate, said of a son:—pr.p. fōrisfamil′iāting; pa.p. fōrisfamil′iāted.—n. Fōrisfamiliā′tion. [Low L. forisfamiliāre, -ātum—L. foris, out of doors, familia, a family.]

Fork, fork, n. an instrument with two or more prongs at the end: one of the points or divisions of anything fork-like: the bottom of a sump into which the water of a mine drains—also Forcque: (pl.) the branches into which a road or river divides, also the point of separation.—v.i. to divide into two branches: to shoot into blades, as corn.—v.t. to form as a fork: to pitch with a fork: to bale a shaft dry.—n. Fork′-chuck, a forked lathe-centre used in wood-turning.—adjs. Forked, Fork′y, shaped like a fork.—adv. Fork′edly.—ns. Fork′edness, Fork′iness; Fork′er; Fork′head, the forked end of a rod in a knuckle-joint or the like; Fork′-tail, a fish with forked tail: the kite.—Fork out, over (slang), to hand or pay over. [A.S. forca—L. furca.]

Forlorn, for-lorn′, adj. quite lost: forsaken; wretched.—v.t. Forlore′ (Spens.).—adv. Forlorn′ly.—n. Forlorn′ness. [A.S. forloren, pa.p. of forléòsan, to lose—pfx. for-, away, and léòsan, to lose; Ger. verloren, pa.p. of verlieren, to lose.]

Forlorn-hope, for-lorn′-hōp, n. a body of soldiers selected for some service of uncommon danger. [From the Dut. verloren hoop, the lost troop.]

Form, form, n. shape of a body: the boundary-line of an object: a model: a mould: mode of being: mode of arrangement: order: regularity: system, as of government: beauty or elegance: established practice: ceremony: fitness or efficiency for any undertaking: a blank schedule to be filled in with details: a specimen document to be copied or imitated: (phil.) the inherent nature of an object, that which the mind itself contributes as the condition of knowing, that in which the essence of a thing consists: (print.) the type from which an impression is to be taken arranged and secured in a chase—often Forme:—(in the fol. senses pron. fōrm), a long seat, a bench: the pupils on a form, a class: the bed of a hare, which takes its shape from the animal's body.—v.t. to give form or shape to: to make: to contrive: to settle, as an opinion: to combine: to go to make up: to establish: (gram.) to make by derivation.—v.i. to assume a form.—adj. Form′al, according to form or established mode: ceremonious, punctilious, methodical: having the form only: (Shak.) embodied in a form: having the power of making a thing what it is: essential: proper.—v.t. and v.i. Form′alise.—ns. Form′alism, excessive observance of form or conventional usage, esp. in religion: stiffness of manner; Form′alist, one having exaggerated regard to rules or established usages; Formal′ity, the precise observance of forms or ceremonies: established order: sacrifice of substance to form.—adv. Form′ally.—n. Formā′tion, a making or producing: structure: (geol.) a group of strata of one period.—adj. Form′ative, giving form, determining, moulding: (gram.) inflectional, serving to form, not radical.—n. a derivative.—p.adj. Formed, trained, mature.—n. Form′er.—adj. Form′less, shapeless.—Formal logic (see Logic).—Good, or Bad, form, according to good social usage, or the opposite; Take form, to assume a definite appearance. [O. Fr. forme—L. forma, shape.]

Formalin, for′ma-lin, n. a formic aldehyde used as an antiseptic, germicide, or preservative in foods.

Format, for′ma, n. of books, &c., the size, form, shape in which they are issued. [Fr.]

Formate, form′āt, n. a salt composed of formic acid and a base.—Also For′miate.

Former, form′ėr, adj. (comp. of fore) before in time or order: past: first mentioned.—adv. Form′erly, in former times: heretofore. [Formed late on analogy of M. E. formest by adding comp. suff. -er to base of A.S. forma, first, itself a superlative form.]

Formic, for′mik, adj. pertaining to ants, as formic acid, originally obtained from ants.—adj. For′micant, crawling like an ant: very small and unequal, of a pulse.—n. For′micary, an ant-hill.—adj. For′micate, resembling an ant.—n. Formicā′tion, a sensation like that of ants creeping on the skin. [L. formicāre, -ātum, to creep like an ant—formica.]

Formidable, for′mi-da-bl, adj. causing fear: adapted to excite fear.—ns. Formidabil′ity; For′midableness.—adv. For′midably. [Fr.,—L. formidabilis—formido, fear.]

Formula, form′ū-la, n. a prescribed form: a formal statement of doctrines: (math.) a general expression for solving problems: (chem.) a set of symbols expressing the components of a body:—pl. Formulæ (form′ū-lē), Form′ulas.—adjs. Form′ular, Formularis′tic.—ns. Formularisā′tion, Formulā′tion; Form′ulary, a formula: a book of formulæ or precedents.—adj. prescribed: ritual.—vs.t. Form′ulāte, Form′ulise, to reduce to or express in a formula: to state or express in a clear or definite form. [L., dim. of forma.]

Fornicate, for′ni-kāt, adj. arched: (bot.) arching over.—n. Fornicā′tion. [L. fornicatus—fornix, an arch.]

Fornicate, for′ni-kāt, v.i. to commit lewdness: to have unlawful sexual intercourse.—ns. Fornicā′tion, sexual intercourse between two unmarried persons, or an unmarried and married person: (B.) adultery, and applied frequently by a figure to idolatry; For′nicator, an unmarried person guilty of lewdness:—fem. For′nicatress. [L. fornix, an arch, brothel.]

Fornix, for′niks, n. something resembling an arch: an arched formation of the brain. [L.]

Forpit, for′pit, n. (Scot.) the fourth part of some other measure, now of a peck.—Also For′pet.

Forsake, for-sāk′, v.t. to desert: to abandon:—pr.p. forsāk′ing; pa.t. forsook′; pa.p. forsāk′en.—adj. Forsāk′en.—adv. Forsāk′enly.—ns. Forsāk′enness; Forsāk′ing, abandonment. [A.S. forsacan—for-, away, sacan, to strive.]

Forsay, for-sā′, v.t. (Spens.) to forbid, to renounce. [A.S. forsecgan—for, against, secgan, to say.]

Forspeak, for-spēk′, v.t. (Shak.) to forbid, to prohibit: (Scot.) to bewitch.

Forspend, for-spend′, v.t. to spend completely:—pa.t. and pa.p. forspent′.

Forswat, for-swat′, adj. (Spens.) exhausted with heat. [Pfx. for-, inten., and swat, old pa.t. of sweat.]

Forswear, for-swār′, v.t. to deny upon oath:—pa.t. forswore′; pa.p. forsworn′.—n. Forsworn′ness.—Forswear one's self, to swear falsely.

Forswink, for-swingk′, v.t. to exhaust by labour.—p.adj. Forswonk′ (Spens.), over-laboured. [Pfx. for-, inten., and obs. swink, labour.]

Fort, fōrt, n. a small fortress: an outlying trading-station, as in British North America.—adj. Fort′ed (Shak.), guarded by forts. [Fr.,—L. fortis, strong.]

Fortalice, fort′al-is, n. a small outwork of a fortification. [Low L. fortalitia—L. fortis.]

Forte, fōr′te, adj. (mus.) strongly, loud:—superl. Fortis′simo.—n. a loud passage in music. [It.]

Forth, fōrth, adv. before or forward in place or order: in advance: onward in time: (Shak.) completely, outright: abroad: (B.) out.—prep. (Shak.) out of, forth from.—v.i. Forth′come, to come forth.—adj. Forth′coming, just coming forth: about to appear.—ns. Forth′going, a going forth: a proceeding out; Forth′-iss′uing, coming forth; Forth′-put′ting, action of putting forth: (U.S.) forwardness.—adj. forward.—adv. Forth′right, straightforward.—n. (Shak.) a straight path.—adj. straightforward: honest.—adv. Forthwith′, immediately.—And so forth, and so on, and more besides. [A.S. forth—fore, before; Dut. voort, Ger. fort.]

Forthy, for′thi, adv. (Spens.) therefore. [A.S. forthý—for, and thý, instrumental case of thaet, that.]

Fortify, for′ti-fī, v.t. to strengthen against attack with forts, &c.: to invigorate: to confirm:—pa.p. for′tifīed.—adj. Fortifī′able.—ns. Fortificā′tion, the art of strengthening a military position by means of defensive works: the work so constructed: that which fortifies; For′tifier. [Fr. fortifier—Low L. fortificāre—fortis, strong, facĕre, to make.]

Fortition, for-tish′un, n. principle of trusting to chance. [L. fors, chance.]

Fortitude, for′ti-tūd, n. mental power of endurance: firmness in meeting danger: (obs.) strength, power of resistance or attack.—adj. Fortitū′dinous. [L. fortitudo—fortis.]

Fortnight, fort′nīt, n. two weeks or fourteen days.—adj. and adv. Fort′nightly, once a fortnight. [Contr. of A.S. féowertýne niht, fourteen nights.]

Fortress, for′tres, n. a fortified place: a defence.—v.t. (Shak.) to guard. [O. Fr. forteresse, another form of fortelesce (q.v. under Fortalice).]

Fortuitous, for-tū′i-tus, adj. happening by chance.—ns. Fortū′itism; Fortū′itist.—adv. Fortū′itously.—ns. Fortū′itousness, Fortū′ity. [L. fortuitus.]

Fortune, for′tūn, n. whatever comes by lot or chance: luck: the arbitrary ordering of events: the lot that falls to one in life: success: wealth.—v.i. to befall.—v.t. to determine.—adj. For′tunāte, happening by good fortune: lucky: auspicious: felicitous.—adv. For′tunātely.—ns. For′tunāteness; For′tune-book, a book helpful in telling fortunes.—adj. For′tuned, supplied by fortune.—n. For′tune-hunt′er, a man who hunts for marriage with a woman of fortune.—adj. For′tuneless, without a fortune: luckless.—v.i. For′tune-tell, to reveal futurity: to tell one his fortune.—ns. For′tune-tell′er, one who pretends to foretell one's fortune; For′tune-tell′ing.—v.t. For′tunīse (Spens.), to make fortunate or happy. [Fr.,—L. fortuna.]

Forty, for′ti, adj. and n. four times ten.—adj. For′tieth.—n. a fortieth part.—Forty winks, a short nap, esp. after dinner.—The Forty, the French Academy. [A.S. féowertig—feower, four, tig, ten.]

Forum, fō′rum, n. a market-place, esp. the market-place in Rome, where public business was transacted and justice dispensed: the courts of law as opposed to the Parliament. [L., akin to foras, out of doors.]

Forwander, for-won′dėr, v.i. and v.t. (Spens.) to wander till wearied, to weary with wandering.

Forward, for′ward, adj. near or at the forepart: in advance of something else: ready: too ready: presumptuous: officious: earnest: early ripe.—v.t. to help on, to quicken: to send on.—advs. For′ward, For′wards, towards what is before or in front: onward: progressively.—ns. For′warder; For′warding, the act of sending forward merchandise, &c., for others.—adv. For′wardly.—n. For′wardness. [A.S. foreweard—fore, and -weard, sig. direction. Forwards—M. E. forwardes—was orig. the gen. form (cf. Ger. vorwärts).]

Foss, Fosse, fos, n. (fort.) a ditch or moat, either with or without water, the excavation of which has contributed material for the walls of the fort it protects: an abyss.—adj. Fossed.—n. Foss′way, an ancient Roman road having a ditch on either side. [Fr. fosse—L. fossa—fodĕre, fossum, to dig.]

Fossa, fos′a, n. (anat.) a pit or depression in a body, esp. that in an animal integument forming a point of attachment for an organ.—n. Fossette′, a dimple or small depression. [L., a ditch.]

Fosset-seller, fos′et-sel′ėr, n. (Shak.) one who sells faucets. [Fosset, obs. form of faucet.]

Fossick, fos′ik, v.i. to be troublesome: to undermine another's diggings, or work over waste-heaps for gold: to search about for any kind of profit.—ns. Foss′icker, a mining gleaner who works over old diggings, and scratches about in the beds of creeks; Foss′icking. [Ety. dub.]

Fossil, fos′il, n. the petrified remains of an animal or vegetable found embedded in the strata of the earth's crust: anything antiquated.—adj. dug out of the earth: in the condition of a fossil: antiquated.—adj. Fossilif′erous, bearing or containing fossils.—n. Fossilificā′tion, the act of becoming fossil.—vs.t. Fossil′ify, Foss′ilīse, to convert into a fossil.—v.i. to be changed into a stony or fossil state.—ns. Fossilisā′tion, a changing into a fossil; Foss′ilism, the science of fossils; Foss′ilist, one skilled in fossils; Fossilol′ogy, Fossil′ogy, paleontology. [Fr. fossile—L. fossilis—fodĕre, to dig.]

Fossorial, fo-sō′ri-al, adj. digging, burrowing.—n. Foss′or, a grave-digger. [L. fossor—fodĕre, to dig.]

Fossulate, fos′ū-lāt, adj. (anat.) having one or more long narrow grooves or depressions.

Foster, fos′tėr, v.t. to bring up or nurse: to encourage.—ns. Fos′terāge, the act of fostering or nursing; Fos′ter-broth′er, a male child, fostered or brought up with another of different parents; Fos′ter-child, a child nursed or brought up by one who is not its parent; Fos′ter-daugh′ter; Fos′terer; Fos′ter-fa′ther, one who brings up a child in place of its father; Fos′terling, a foster-child; Fos′ter-moth′er, one who suckles a child not her own; Fos′ter-nurse (Shak.), a nurse; Fos′ter-par′ent, one who rears a child in the place of its parent; Fos′ter-sis′ter, one brought up as a sister by the same parents, but not a sister by birth; Fos′ter-son, one brought up as a son, though not a son by birth. [A.S. fóstrian, to nourish, fóstor, food.]

Fother, foth′ėr, v.t. to stop or lessen a leak in a ship's bottom whilst afloat by means of a heavy sail closely thrummed with yarn and oakum. [Perh. from Dut. voederen (mod. voeren) or Low Ger. fodern, to line.]

Fother, foth′ėr, n. a load, quantity: a definite weight—of lead, 19½ cwt. [A.S. fóðer; Ger. fuder.]

Foud, fowd, n. a bailiff or magistrate in Orkney and Shetland.—n. Foud′rie, his jurisdiction. [Ice. fógeti; Ger. vogt; from L. vocatus—vocāre, to call.]

Foudroyant, fōō-droi′ant, adj. quick like lightning. [Fr. foudroyer—foudre, lightning.]

Fougade, foo-gäd′, n. (mil.) a small mine from six to twelve feet under ground, charged either with powder or loaded shells, and sometimes loaded with stones.—Also Fougasse′. [Fr.]

Fought, fawt, pa.t. and pa.p.—Foughten (fawt′n), old pa.p. of fight.

Foul, fowl, adj. filthy: loathsome: obscene: impure: stormy: unfair: running against: distressing, pernicious: choked up, entangled: (Shak.) homely, ugly.—v.t. to make foul: to soil: to effect a collision.—v.i. to come into collision:—pr.p. foul′ing; pa.p. fouled.—n. act of fouling: any breach of the rules in games or contests.—adj. Foul′-faced (Shak.), having a hatefully ugly face.—n. Foul′-fish, fish during the spawning season.—adv. Foul′ly.—adjs. Foul′-mouthed, Foul′-spok′en, addicted to the use of foul or profane language.—ns. Foul-mouthed′ness; Foul′ness; Foul′-play, unfair action in any game or contest, dishonest dealing generally.—Claim a foul, to assert that the recognised rules have been broken, and that a victory is therefore invalid; Fall foul of, to come against: to assault; Make foul water, used of a ship, to come into such shallow water that the keel raises the mud. [A.S. fúl; Ger. faul, Goth. fûls.]

Foulard, fōōl′ard, n. a soft untwilled silk fabric: a silk handkerchief. [Fr.]

Foulder, fowl′dėr, v.i. (Spens.) to flame, to gleam. [O. Fr. fouldre—L. fulgur, lightning.]

Foulé, fōō-lā′, n. a light woollen dress material with a glossy surface. [Fr.]

Foumart, fōō′märt, n. an old name for the polecat, from its offensive smell. [M. E. fulmard—A.S. fúl, foul, mearð, a marten.]

Found, pa.t. and pa.p. of find.—n. Found′ling, a little child found deserted.—Foundling hospital, an institution where such are brought up.

Found, fownd, v.t. to lay the bottom or foundation of: to establish on a basis: to originate: to endow.—v.i. to rely.—ns. Foundā′tion, the act of founding: the base of a building: the groundwork or basis: a permanent fund for a benevolent purpose or for some special object; Foundā′tioner, one supported from the funds or foundation of an institution; Foundā′tion-mus′lin, -net, gummed fabrics used for stiffening dresses and bonnets; Foundātion-stone, one of the stones forming the foundation of a building, esp. a stone laid with public ceremony; Found′er, one who founds, establishes, or originates: an endower:—fem. Found′ress. [Fr. fonder—L. fundāre, -ātum, to found—fundus, the bottom.]

Found, fownd, v.t. to form by melting and pouring into a mould: to cast.—ns. Found′er, one who melts and casts metal, as a brassfounder; Found′ing, metal-casting; Found′ry, Found′ery, the art of founding or casting: the house where founding is carried on. [Fr. fondre—L. fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Founder, fownd′ėr, v.i. to go to the bottom: to fill with water and sink.—v.t. to cause to sink: to disable by injuring the feet (of a horse).—adj. Found′erous, causing to founder. [O. Fr. fondrer, to fall in, fond, bottom—L. fundus, bottom.]

Fountain, fownt′ān, n. a spring of water, natural or artificial: the structure for a jet of water: the source of anything: a reservoir for holding oil, &c., in a lamp.—ns. Fount, a spring of water: a source; Fount′ain-head, the head or source of a fountain: the beginning.—adj. Fount′ainless, wanting fountains or springs of water.—n. Fount′ain-pen, a pen having a reservoir for holding ink.—adj. Fount′ful, full of springs. [Fr. fontaine—Low L. fontāna—L. fons, fontis, a spring—-fundĕre, to pour.]

Four, fōr, adj. and n. two and two, a cardinal number.—adjs. Four′fold, folded four times: multiplied four times; Four′-foot′ed, having four feet; Four′-hand′ed, having four hands: of a game, played by four people; Four′-inched (Shak.), four inches broad.—ns. Four′-in-hand, a vehicle drawn by four horses, driven by one person: a team of four horses drawing a carriage—also adj.; Four′penny, a small silver coin worth fourpence formerly coined in England.—adj. worth fourpence.—n. Four′-post′er, a large bed with four posts on which to hang curtains.—adjs. Four′score, four times a score—80; Four′some, by fours: anything in which four act together—also n.; Four′square, having four equal sides and angles: square.—adjs. and ns. Four′teen, four and ten; Four′teenth, four or the fourth after the tenth.—adj. Fourth, next after the third.—n. one of four equal parts.—adv. Fourth′ly.—adj. Fourth′-rate, of the fourth class or order.—n. Four′-wheel′er, a carriage or cab with four wheels.—Go on all fours, to go on hands and knees. [A.S. féower; Ger. vier, L. quatuor, Gr. tessares.]

Fourchette, fōōr-shet′, n. a small forked instrument used for supporting the tongue in the operation of cutting the frenum: a forked piece between glove fingers, uniting the front and back parts. [Fr.]

Fourcroya, fōōr-krō′ya, n. a neotropical genus of Amaryllidaceæ, nearly allied to Agave (q.v.), and yielding a similar fibre. [Named from A. F. de Fourcroy, a French chemist (1755-1809).]

Fourierism, fōō′ri-ėr-izm, n. the socialistic system of F. M. Charles Fourier (1772-1837), based on the harmony educed by the free-play of his twelve radical passions.

Foutre, fōō′tėr, n. (Shak.) a gross term of contempt, used interjectionally.—Also Fou′ter. [O. Fr. foutre—L. futuere, to lecher.]

Fovea, fō′vē-a, n. (anat.) a depression or pit.—adjs. Fō′veal; Fō′veate, pitted.—n. Fovē′ola, a small depression—also Fovē′ole. [L.]

Fowl, fowl, n. a bird: a bird of the barn-door or poultry kind, a cock or hen: the flesh of fowl:—pl. Fowls, Fowl.—v.i. to kill fowls by shooting or snaring.—ns. Fowl′er, a sportsman who takes wild-fowl; Fowl′ing; Fowl′ing-net, a net for catching birds; Fowl′ing-piece, a light gun for small-shot, used in fowling. [A.S. fugol; Ger. vogel.]

Fox, foks, n. an animal of the family Canidæ, genus Vulpes, of proverbial cunning:—fem. Vix′en: any one notorious for cunning.—ns. Fox′-bat, a flying-fox, a fruit-bat; Fox′-brush, the tail of a fox; Fox′-earth, a fox's burrow.—adj. Foxed, discoloured, spotted.—ns. Fox′-ē′vil, alopecia; Fox′glove, a plant with glove-like flowers, whose leaves are used as a soothing medicine; Fox′hound, a hound used for chasing foxes; Fox′-hunt; Fox′-hunt′er; Fox′-hunt′ing; Fox′iness, decay: having a harsh, sour taste: state of being spotted, as books; Fox′-shark, a large shark of over 12 feet, occasionally seen off British coasts; Fox′ship (Shak.), the character of a fox, craftiness; Fox′-tail, a genus of grasses, generally characterised by a bushy head; Fox′-terr′ier, a kind of terrier trained to unearth foxes; Fox′-trap, a trap for catching foxes; Fox′-trot, a pace with short steps, as in changing from trotting to walking.—adj. Fox′y, of foxes: cunning, suspicious, causing suspicion: (paint.) having too much of the reddish-brown or fox-colour.—Fox and geese, a game played with pieces on a board, where the object is for certain pieces called the geese to surround or corner one called the fox. [A.S. fox; Ger. fuchs.]

Foyer, fwo-yā′, n. in theatres, a public room opening on the lobby. [Fr.,—L. focus, hearth.]

Fozy, fōz′i, adj. (Scot.) spongy.—n. Foz′iness, softness, want of spirit. [Cf. Dut. voos, spongy.]

Fracas, fra-kä′, n. uproar: a noisy quarrel. [Fr.,—It. fracasso—fracassare, to make an uproar.]

Fraction, frak′shun, n. a fragment or very small piece: (arith.) any part of a unit: a technical term to indicate the breaking of the bread in the sacrifice of the Eucharist.—v.t. Fract (Shak.), to break, to violate.—adjs. Fract′ed (her.), having a part displaced, as if broken; Frac′tional, belonging to or containing a fraction or fractions; Frac′tionary, fractional: unimportant.—v.t. Frac′tionate, to separate the elements of a mixture by distillation or otherwise.—n. Fractionā′tion.—v.t. Frac′tionise, to break up into fractions.—n. Frac′tionlet, a small fraction.—adj. Frac′tious, ready to quarrel: cross.—adv. Frac′tiously.—ns. Frac′tiousness; Frac′ture, the breaking of any hard body: the breach or part broken: the breaking of a bone.—v.t. to break through.—Compound, Comminuted, Complicated fracture (see the respective adjectives); Greenstick fracture, a fracture where the bone is partly broken, partly bent, occurring in the limbs of children; Simple fracture, a fracture when the bone only is divided. [O. Fr. fraccion—L. fraction-em—frangĕre, fractum, to break.]

Fragaria, frā-gā′ri-a, n. a genus of perennial plants with creeping stolons, the fruit the strawberry. [L. fragum, the strawberry.]

Fragile, fraj′il, adj. easily broken: frail: delicate.—n. Fragil′ity, the state of being fragile. [Fr.,—L. fragilis, frangĕre, to break.]

Fragment, frag′ment, n. a piece broken off: an unfinished portion.—adj. Frag′mental (also -ment′).—adv. Frag′mentarily.—n. Frag′mentariness.—adjs. Frag′mentary, Frag′mented, consisting of fragments or pieces: broken. [Fr.,—L. fragmentum, frangĕre, to break.]

Fragrant, frā′grant, adj. sweet-scented.—ns. Frā′grance, Frā′grancy, pleasantness of smell or perfume: sweet or grateful influence.—adv. Frā′grantly.—n. Frā′grantness. [Fr.,—L. fragrans, -antis, pr.p. of fragrāre, to smell.]

Frail, frāl, adj. wanting in strength or firmness: weak: unchaste.—adj. Frail′ish, somewhat frail.—adv. Frail′ly.—ns. Frail′ness, Frail′ty, weakness: infirmity. [O. Fr. fraile—L. fragilis, fragile.]

Frail, frāl, n. a rush: a basket made of rushes. [O. Fr. frayel; of dubious origin.]

Fraise, frāz, n. (fort.) a palisade of pointed stakes planted in the rampart horizontally or in an inclined position: a tool used for enlarging a drill-hole: a 16th-cent. ruff.—v.t. to fence with a fraise. [Fr.]

Frambœsia, fram-bē′zi-a, n. the yaws (q.v.). [Fr. framboise, a raspberry.]

Frame, frām, v.t. to form: to shape: to construct by fitting the parts to each other: to plan, adjust, or adapt to an end: to contrive or devise: to constitute: to put a frame or border round, as a picture: to put into a frame: (Spens.) to support.—v.i. (dial.) to move: (B.) to contrive.—n. the form: a putting together of parts: a case made to enclose or support anything: the skeleton of anything: state of mind: in gardening, a movable structure used for the cultivation or the sheltering of plants, as a 'forcing-frame,' 'cucumber-frame,' &c.: (Shak.) the act of devising.—ns. Frame′-bridge, a bridge constructed of pieces of timber framed together; Frame′-house, a house consisting of a skeleton of timber, with boards or shingles laid on; Frame′-mak′er, a maker of frames for pictures; Fram′er, he who forms or constructs: one who makes frames for pictures, &c.; Frame′-saw, a thin saw stretched in a frame for greater rigidity; Frame′work, the work that forms the frame: the skeleton or outline of anything; Fram′ing, the act of constructing: a frame or setting. [A.S. framian, to be helpful, fram, forward.]

Frampold, fram′pōld, adj. (Shak.) peevish, cross-grained: quarrelsome.—Also Fram′pel. [Prob. fram, from, poll, head.]

Franc, frangk, n. a French silver coin, forming since 1795 the unit of the French monetary system, and now also used in Belgium, Switzerland, equal to fully 9½d. sterling, the equivalent of the Italian lira, the Greek drachma. [O. Fr. franc, from the legend Francorum rex on the first coins.]

Franchise, fran′chiz, or -chīz, n. liberty: a privilege or exemption belonging to a subject by prescription or conferred by grant: the right of voting for a member of Parliament.—v.t. to enfranchise: to give one the franchise.—ns. Fran′chisement (Spens.), freedom, release; Fran′chiser, one who has the franchise. [O. Fr., from franc, free.]

Franciscan, fran-sis′kan, adj. belonging to the order of mendicant friars in the R.C. Church founded by St Francis of Assisi (1182-1226).—n. a monk of this order. [L. Franciscus, Francis.]

Franco-, frangk′ō, French, in combinations as Franco-German, Franco-Russian, &c.

Francolin, frang′kō-lin, n. a genus of birds of the grouse family, closely allied to partridges. [Fr.]

Franc-tireur, frang-tē-rėr′, n. a French sharp-shooter, one of an armed band of French peasants and others prominent in the later stages of the Franco-Prussian war. [Fr. franc, free, tireur, a shooter.]

Frangible, fran′ji-bl, adj. easily broken.—n. Frangibil′ity. [See Fraction.]

Frangipane, fran′ji-pān, n. a kind of pastry-cake, filled with cream, almonds, and sugar: a perfume from the flower of the red jasmine, or in imitation of it.—Also Fran′gipani. [Fr., from a personal name.]

Franion, fran′yun, n. (Spens.) a paramour: a boon-companion. [Origin uncertain.]

Frank, frangk, adj. free, open: (obs.) liberal: open or candid in expression: (Spens.) unrestrained.—v.t. to send free of expense, as a letter.—n. the signature of a person who had the right to frank a letter.—n. Frank′-fee, a species of tenure in fee-simple, the opposite of copyhold.—adv. Frank′ly, candidly: (obs.) gratuitously.—ns. Frank′ness; Frank′-pledge, a system of mutual suretyship by which the members of a tithing were made responsible for one another; Frank′-ten′ement, freehold. [O. Fr. franc—Low L. francus—Old High Ger. Franko, one of the tribe called Franks, a free man.]

Frank, frangk, n. one of the German tribes from Franconia who conquered Gaul in the 5th century, and founded France: the name given in the East to a native of Western Europe.—adj. Frank′ish.

Frank, frangk, n. (Shak.) a pig-sty.—v.t. (Shak.) to shut up in a sty, to cram, to fatten. [O. Fr. franc.]

Frankalmoign, frangk′al-moin, n. (Eng. law) a form of land-tenure in which no obligations were enforced except religious ones, as praying, &c. [O. Fr. franc, free, almoigne, alms.]

Frankenstein, frangk′en-stīn, n. any creation which brings anxiety or disaster to its author—from the Frankenstein in Mrs Shelley's romance so named, who by his skill forms an animate creature like a man, only to his own torment.

Frankincense, frangk′in-sens, n. a sweet-smelling vegetable resin from Arabia, used in sacrifices. [O. Fr. franc encens, pure incense.]

Franklin, frangk′lin, n. an old English freeholder, free from feudal servitude to a subject-superior. [Low L. francus, frank.]

Frantic, fran′tik, adj. mad, furious: wild.—advs. Fran′tically, Fran′ticly (Shak.).—adj. Fran′tic-mad, raving mad.—n. Fran′ticness, the state of being frantic. [O. Fr. frenetique—L. phreneticus—Gr. phrenētikos, mad, phrenītis, inflammation of the brain—phrēn, the mind; see Frenzy.]

Frap, frap, v.t. to strike: (naut.) to secure by many turns of a lashing. [Fr. frapper, to strike.]

Fratch, frach, n. (prov.) a quarrel or brawl.—adjs. Fratch′ety, Fratch′y; Fratch′ing. [Imit.]

Frater, frā′ter, n. the refectory of a monastery. [O. Fr. fraitur for refreitor.—Low L. refectōrium.]

Fraternal, fra-tėr′nal, adj. belonging to a brother or brethren: becoming brothers.—ns. Frate (frä′te), a friar:—pl. Frä′ti; Frā′ter, a friar: comrade; Frater′cula, a genus of marine diving-birds, the puffins or masked auks.—adv. Frater′nally.—n. Fraternisā′tion, the associating as brethren.—v.i. Frat′ernise, to associate as brothers: to seek brotherly fellowship.—ns. Frat′erniser; Frater′nity, the state of being brethren: a society formed on a principle of brotherhood; Frat′ry, the common-room of a monastic establishment, the chapter-house—also Frat′ery: a fraternity: a convent of friars. [Fr.,—Low L. fraternalis—frater, a brother, Eng. brother, Gr. phratēr, a clansman, Sans. bhrāta.]

Fratricide, frat′ri-sīd, n. one who kills his brother: the murder of a brother.—adj. Frat′ricidal. [Fr.,—L. frater, fratris, cædĕre, to kill.]

Frau, frow, n. a married woman, a wife.—n. Fräu′lein, a young lady, miss—often in England for a German governess. [Ger.]

Fraud, frawd, n. deceit: imposture: (Milt.) a snare: a deceptive trick: (coll.) a cheat: a fraudulent production.—adj. Fraud′ful, deceptive.—adv. Fraud′fully.—ns. Fraud′ulence, Fraud′ulency.—adj. Fraud′ulent, using fraud: dishonest.—adv. Fraud′ulently.—Fraudulent bankruptcy, a bankruptcy in which the insolvent is accessory, by concealment or otherwise, to the diminution of the funds divisible among his creditors.—Pious fraud, a deception practised with a good end in view: (coll.) a religious humbug. [O. Fr.,—L. fraus, fraudis, fraud.]

Fraught, frawt, n. a load, cargo: the freight of a ship.—v.t. to fill, store.—v.i. (Shak.) to form the freight of a vessel.—p.adj. freighted, laden: filled.—n. Fraught′age (Shak.), loading, cargo. [Prob. Old Dut. vracht. Cf. Freight.]

Fraxinella, frak-si-nel′a, n. a common name for cultivated species of dittany.—n. Frax′inus, the genus of Oleaceæ containing the common ash.

Fray, frā, n. an affray, a brawl.—v.t. (B.) to frighten. [Abbrev. of affray.]

Fray, frā, v.t. to wear off by rubbing: to ravel out the edge of a stuff.—v.i. to become frayed.—n. Fray′ing, the action of the verb fray: ravellings. [Fr. frayer—L. fricāre, to rub.]

Frazil, fräz′il, n. anchor-ice. [Canadian Fr.; prob. Fr. fraisil, cinders.]

Frazzle, fraz′l, v.t. (U.S.) to fray, wear out.—n. state of being worn out.

Freak, frēk, n. a sudden caprice or fancy: sport: an abnormal production of nature, a monstrosity.—ns. Freak′iness, Freak′ishness.—adjs. Freak′ish, Freak′ful, apt to change the mind suddenly: capricious.—adv. Freak′ishly. [A late word; cf. A.S. frícian, to dance.]

Freak, frēk, v.t. to spot or streak: to variegate.—n. a streak of colour.

Freckle, frek′l, v.t. to spot: to colour with spots.—n. a yellowish or brownish-yellow spot on the skin, esp. of fair-haired persons: any small spot.—n. Freck′ling, a little spot.—adjs. Freck′ly, Freck′led, full of freckles. [Ice. freknur (pl.), Dan. fregne.]

Free, frē, adj. not bound: at liberty: not under arbitrary government: unimpeded: set at liberty: guiltless: frank: lavish: not attached: exempt (with from): having a franchise (with of): gratuitous: bold, indecent: idiomatic, as a translation.—v.t. to set at liberty: to deliver from what confines: to rid (with from, of):—pr.p. free′ing; pa.p. freed.—ns. Free′-ag′ency, state or power of acting freely, or without necessity or constraint upon the will; Free′-ag′ent; Free′-and-eas′y, a kind of public-house club where good fellows gather to smoke and sing; Free′-bench, a widow's right to dower out of her husband's lands, so long as unmarried and chaste; Free′-board, the space between a vessel's line of flotation and the upper side of the deck; Free′booter (Dut. vrijbuiter), one who roves about freely in search of booty: a plunderer; Free′bootery.—adj. Free′booting, acting the part of a freebooter: robbing.—n. the practice of a freebooter: robbery, pillage.—n. Free′booty.—adj. Free′born, born of free parents.—ns. Free′-cit′y, a city having independent government; Free′-cost, freedom from charges; Freed′man, a man who has been a slave, and has been freed or set free; Free′dom, liberty: frankness: separation: privileges connected with a city: improper familiarity: license; Free′-fish′er, one who has a right to take fish in certain waters.—adjs. Free-foot′ed (Shak.) not restrained in movement; Free′-hand, applied to drawing by the unguided hand; Free′-hand′ed, open-handed: liberal; Free′-heart′ed, open-hearted: liberal.—ns. Free′-heart′edness, liberality: frankness; Free′hold, a property held free of duty except to the king; Free′holder, one who possesses a freehold; Free′-lā′bour, voluntary, not slave, labour; Free′-lance, one of certain roving companies of knights and men-at-arms, who after the Crusades wandered about Europe, selling their services to any one; Free′-liv′er, one who freely indulges his appetite for eating and drinking: a glutton; Free′-love, the claim to freedom in sexual relations, unshackled by marriage or obligation to aliment.—adv. Free′ly.—ns. Free′man, a man who is free or enjoys liberty: one who holds a particular franchise or privilege:—pl. Free′men; Free′māson, one of a secret society of so-called speculative masons, united in lodges for social enjoyment and mutual assistance, and laying dubious claim to a connection with the medieval organisations of free operative masons.—adj. Freemason′ic.—n. Freemā′sonry, the institutions, practices, &c. of Freemasons.—adj. Free′-mind′ed, with a mind free or unperplexed: without a load of care.—ns. Free′ness; Free′-port, a port where no duties are levied on articles of commerce; Free′-school, a school where no tuition fees are exacted; Free′-shot (Ger. Freischütz), the name given to a legendary hunter and marksman who gets a number of bullets (Freikugeln) from the devil, six of which always hit the mark, while the seventh is at the disposal of the devil himself.—adjs. Free′-soil, in favour of free territory, opposed to slavery; Free′-spōk′en, accustomed to speak without reserve.—ns. Free′-spōk′enness; Free′stone, an easily quarried stone composed of sand or grit.—adj. having a stone from which the pulp easily separates, as a peach—opp. to Clingstone.—adj. Free′-swim′ming, swimming freely, as an aquatic animal.—ns. Free′thinker, one who professes to be free from conventional authority in religion: a rationalist; Free′thinking, Free′-thought, the habit of mind of a freethinker.—adj. Free′-tongued, free-spoken.—ns. Free′-trade, free or unrestricted trade: free interchange of commodities without protective duties; Free′-trad′er, one who practises or advocates this; Free′-will, freedom of the will from restraint: liberty of choice: power of self-determination.—adj. spontaneous.—Free-cell formation, the formation of several cells from and in the protoplasm of the mother-cell; Free Church, that branch of the Presbyterians in Scotland which left the Established Church in the Disruption of 1843, finding spiritual independence impossible within it: a church whose sittings are open to all: (pl.) a term often applied to the Nonconformist churches generally; Free list, the list of persons admitted without payment to a theatre, &c., or of those to whom a book, &c., is sent; Free on board (F.O.B.), a phrase meaning that goods are to be delivered on the vessel or other conveyance without charge.—Free States, in America, before the Civil War of 1861-65, those of the United States in which slavery did not exist, as opposed to Slave States.—Make free with, to take undue liberties with. [A.S. freo; Ger. frei, Ice. frí.]

Freemartin, frē′mar-tin, n. a cow-calf born as a twin with a bull-calf, usually barren.

Freeze, frēz, v.i. to become ice or like a solid body.—v.t. to harden into ice: to cause to shiver, as with terror:—pr.p. freez′ing; pa.t. frōze; pa.p. froz′en.—adj. Freez′able.—ns. Freez′ing-mix′ture, a mixture, as of pounded ice and salt, producing cold sufficient to freeze a liquid by the rapid absorption of heat; Freez′ing-point, the temperature at which water freezes, marked 32° on the Fahrenheit thermometer, and 0° on the centigrade. [A.S. fréosan, pa.p. froren; Dut. vreizen, Ger. frieren, to freeze.]

Freight, frāt, n. the lading or cargo, esp. of a ship; the charge for transporting goods by water.—v.t. to load a ship.—ns. Freight′age, money paid for freight; Freight′er, one who freights a vessel. [Prob. Old Dut. vrecht, a form of vracht.]

Freit, frēt, n. (Scot.) any superstitious belief in things as good or bad omens—also Freet.—adj. Freit′y, Freet′y, superstitious. [Scand.; Ice. frétt, news.]

Fremd, fremd, adj. and n. (Scot.) strange, a stranger—Spenser has Frenne, a stranger.—The fremd, the world of strangers. [M. E. fremd, fremed—A.S. fremde; cf. Dut. vreemd, Ger. fremd.]

Fremescent, frem-es′ent, adj. raging, riotous.—n. Fremes′cence. [L. fremĕre, to roar.]

Fremitus, frem′i-tus, n. a palpable vibration, as of the walls of the chest. [L.]

French, frensh, adj. belonging to France or its people.—n. the people or language of France.—ns. French′-bean, the common kidney bean, eaten, pods and all, as a table vegetable; French′-berr′y, a small berry, the fruit of certain species of buckthorn, used in dyeing yellow; French′-chalk, an indurated clay, extremely dense, and of a smooth glossy surface and white colour; French′ery, French fashions collectively; French′-horn, a musical wind-instrument somewhat resembling a bugle; Frenchificā′tion.—v.t. French′ify, to make French or Frenchlike: to infect with the manner of the French.—ns. French′iness; French′man, a native or naturalised inhabitant of France:—fem. French′woman; French′-pol′ish, a varnish for furniture, consisting chiefly of shellac dissolved in some spirit; French′-pol′isher; French′-pol′ishing, the method of coating furniture with French-polish.—adj. French′y, with an exaggerated French manner.—French merino, a fine twilled cloth of merino wool; French pox (obs.), syphilis; French roof, a modified mansard-roof—really American; French white, finely pulverised talc; French window, a long window opening like a folding-door, and serving for exit and entrance.—Take French leave, to depart without notice or permission, to disappear suspiciously.

Frenetic, -al, fre-net′ik, -al, adj. frenzied: mad: distracted.—Also Phrenet′ic, -al. [See Frantic.]

Frenum, frē′num, n. a ligament restraining the motion of a part.—Also Fræ′num. [L., a bridle.]

Frenzy, fren′zi, n. a violent excitement: mania.—v.t. to render frenzied.—adjs. Fren′zied, Fren′zical, partaking of frenzy. [Through O. Fr. and L.,—from Late Gr. phrenēsis=Gr. phrenitis, inflammation of the brain—phrēn, the mind.]

Frequent, frē′kwent, adj. coming or occurring often.—ns. Frē′quence (Milt.), a crowd, an assembly; Frē′quency, repeated occurrence of anything.—v.t. Frequent′, to visit often.—ns. Frē′quentage, habit of frequenting; Frequentā′tion, the act of visiting often.—adj. Frequent′ative (gram.), denoting the frequent repetition of an action.—n. (gram.) a verb expressing this repetition.—n. Frequent′er.—adv. Frē′quently.—n. Frē′quentness. [L. frequens, frequentis; cog. with farcīre, to stuff.]

Fresco, fres′kō, n. a painting executed with colours, consisting chiefly of natural earths, upon walls covered with damp freshly-laid plaster.—v.t. to paint in fresco:—pr.p. fres′cōing; pa.p. fres′cōed.—adj. Fres′coed.—ns. Fres′coer; Fres′coing; Fres′coist. [It. fresco, fresh.]

Fresh, fresh, adj. in a state of activity and health: new and strong, not stale or faded: recently produced or obtained: untried: having renewed vigour: healthy, refreshing, invigorating: brisk: (slang) tipsy: not salt.—n. (Shak.) a small stream of fresh water: (Scot.) a thaw, open weather.—adj. Fresh′-blown, newly blown, as a flower.—v.t. Fresh′en, to make fresh: to take the saltness from.—v.i. to grow fresh: to grow brisk or strong.—ns. Fresh′ener; Fresh′et, a pool or stream of fresh water: the sudden overflow of a river from rain or melted snow.—adj. Fresh′ish.—adv. Fresh′ly.—ns. Fresh′man, one in the rudiments of knowledge, esp. a university student in his first year—also Fresh′er; Fresh′manship, Fresh′erdom.—adj. Fresh′-new (Shak.), unpractised, wholly unacquainted; Fresh′wa′ter, of or pertaining to water not salt: accustomed to sail only on fresh water—hence unskilled, raw. [A.S. fersc; cf. Dut. versch, Ger. frisch.]

Fret, fret, v.t. to wear away by rubbing, to rub, chafe, ripple, disturb: to eat into: to vex, to irritate.—v.i. to wear away: to vex one's self: to be peevish:—pr.p. fret′ting; pa.p. fret′ted, (B.) fret.—n. agitation of the surface of a liquid: irritation: the worn side of the banks of a river.—adj. Fret′ful, peevish.—adv. Fret′fully.—n. Fret′fulness.—p.adj. Fret′ting, vexing.—n. peevishness. [A.S. fretan, to gnaw—pfx. for-, inten., and etan, to eat; Ger. fressen.]

Fret, fret, v.t. to ornament with raised work: to variegate:—pr.p. fret′ting; pa.p. fret′ted. [O. Fr. freter.]

Fret, fret, n. a piece of interlaced ornamental work: (archit.) an ornament consisting of small fillets intersecting each other at right angles: (her.) bars crossed and interlaced.—ns. Fret′-saw, a saw with a narrow blade and fine teeth, used for fret-work, scroll-work, &c.; Frette, a hoop for strengthening a cannon shrunk on its breach.—adjs. Fret′ted, Fret′ty, ornamented with frets.—n. Fret′-work, ornamental work consisting of a combination of frets, perforated work. [O. Fr. frete, trellis-work.]

Fret, fret, n. a short wire on the finger-board of a guitar or other instrument.—v.t. to furnish with frets. [Prob. same as the above.]

Friable, frī′a-bl, adj. apt to crumble: easily reduced to powder.—ns. Frī′ableness, Friabil′ity. [Fr.,—L. friabilis—friāre, friātum, to crumble.]

Friar, frī′ar, n. a member of one of the mendicant monastic orders in the R.C. Church—the Franciscans (Friars Minor or Gray Friars), Dominicans (Friars Major, Friars Preachers, or Black Friars), Carmelites (White Friars), and Augustinians (Austin Friars).—adj. Frī′arly, like a friar.—n. Frī′ary, a monastery.—Friars' balsam (see Benzoin); Friar's cap, the wolf's-bane; Friar's cowl, the wake-robin; Friar's lantern, the ignis-fatuus or Will-o'-the-wisp. [O. Fr. frere—L. frater, a brother.]

Fribble, frib′l, v.i. to trifle.—n. a trifler.—ns. Fribb′ledom; Fribb′leism; Fribb′ler.—adj. Fribb′lish, trifling. [Onomatopœic; prob. influenced by frivol.]

Fricandeau, frik-an-dō′, n. a thick slice of veal, &c., larded. [Fr., perh. from friand, dainty, nice, and perh. ult. conn. with fricassee.]

Fricassee, frik-as-sē′, n. a dish made of fowl, rabbit, &c. cut into pieces and cooked in sauce.—v.t. to dress as a fricassee:—pr.p. fricassee′ing; pa.p. fricasseed′. [Fr. fricassée; origin unknown.]

Friction, frik′shun, n. the act of rubbing: (statics) a force acting in the tangent plane of two bodies, when one slides or rolls upon another, and always in a direction opposite to that in which the moving body tends: difficulty, unpleasantness.—adjs. Fric′ative, produced by friction, used of those consonants which are produced by the breath being forced through a narrow opening; Fric′tional, relating to, moved by, or produced by friction.—n. Fric′tion-gear′ing, a method of imparting the motion of one wheel or pulley to another by mere contact.—adj. Fric′tionless, having no friction.—n.pl. Fric′tion-wheels, wheels that lessen friction. [Fr.,—L. frictionem—fricāre, frictum, to rub.]

Friday, frī′dā, n. the sixth day of the week.—Black Friday, Good Friday, from the black vestments of the clergy and altar in the Western Church: any Friday marked by a great calamity; Good Friday, the Friday before Easter, kept in commemoration of the Crucifixion; Holy Friday, Friday in an ember-week—also Golden Friday, sometimes put for Good Friday itself. [A.S. Frígedæg, day of (the goddess) Fríg—Latinised Frigga—wife of Odin.]

Friend, frend, n. one loving or attached to another: an intimate acquaintance: a favourer: one of a society so called: (Scot.) a relative.—v.t. (obs.) to befriend.—adj. Friend′ed, supplied with friends.—n. Friend′ing (Shak.), friendliness.—adj. Friend′less, without friends: destitute.—n. Friend′lessness.—adv. Friend′lily.—n. Friend′liness.—adj. Friend′ly, like a friend: having the disposition of a friend: favourable: pertaining to the Friends or Quakers.—n. Friend′ship, attachment from mutual esteem: friendly assistance.—Friendly societies, or Benefit societies, associations, chiefly among mechanics, &c., for relief during sickness, old age, widowhood, by provident insurance.—Be friends with, to be on intimate or friendly relations with; Have a friend at court, to have a friend in a position where his influence is likely to prove useful; Society of Friends, the designation proper of a sect of Christians better known as Quakers. [A.S. fréond, pr.p. of fréon, to love; Ger. freund.]

Frieze, frēz, n. a coarse woollen cloth with a nap on one side.—adj. Friezed, napped. [Fr. frise.]

Frieze, frēz, n. (archit.) the part of the entablature between the architrave and cornice, often ornamented with figures.—v.t. to put a frieze on. [O. Fr. frize; It. fregio; perh. L. Phrygium, Phrygian.]

Frigate, frig′āt, n. in the Royal Navy, formerly a vessel in the class next to ships of the line, carrying 28 to 60 guns on the maindeck and a raised quarter-deck and forecastle—not now denoting a distinct class of vessels.—ns. Frig′ate-bird, a large tropical sea-bird, with very long wings; Frigatoon′, a small Venetian vessel with square stern and two masts. [O. Fr. fregate—It. fregata; ety. dub.]

Fright, frīt, n. sudden fear: terror: anything inspiring terror or alarm, a figure of grotesque or ridiculous appearance.—vs.t. Fright, Fright′en, to make afraid: to alarm.—adjs. Fright′able, Fright′enable, timid; Fright′ful, terrible: shocking.—adv. Fright′fully.—n. Fright′fulness.—adj. Fright′some, frightful: feeling fright. [A.S. fyrhto; cf. Ger. furcht, fear.]

Frigid, frij′id, adj. frozen or stiffened with cold: cold: without spirit or feeling: unanimated.—n. Frigid′ity, coldness: coldness of affection: want of animation.—adv. Frig′idly.—n. Frig′idness.—adj. Frigorif′ic, causing cold.—Frigid zones, the parts of the earth's surface within the circle drawn with the poles as centre, and a radius of 23½ degrees. [L. frigidus—frigēre, to be cold—frigus, cold.]

Frill, fril, v.i. to ruffle, as a hawk its feathers, when shivering.—v.t. to furnish with a frill.—n. a ruffle: a ruffled or crimped edging of linen.—ns. Frilled′-liz′ard, a lizard with an extraordinary frilled membrane attached to the hinder part of the head, neck, and chest, and covering its shoulders; Frill′ing, frilled edging. [Usually conn. with O. Fr. friller, to shiver; but prob. related to furl.]

Frimaire, frē-mār′, n. the third month of the French revolutionary calendar, Nov. 21-Dec. 20. [Fr. frimas, frost.]

Fringe, frinj, n. loose threads forming an ornamental border: anything like a fringe, even a girl's hair cut in front and falling over the brow: the extremity.—v.t. to adorn with fringe: to border.—adjs. Fringed; Fringe′less; Fring′ent, fringing.—n. Fringe′-tree, in the United States, a large shrub with very numerous snow-white flowers in panicled racemes.—adj. Fring′y, ornamented with fringes. [O. Fr. frenge—L. fimbria, threads, fibres, akin to fibra, a fibre.]

Fringillaceous, frin-ji-lā′shi-us, adj. pertaining to the finches or Fringillidæ.—Also Fringil′liform, Fringil′line. [L. fringilla.]

Frippery, frip′ėr-i, n. worn-out clothes: the place where old clothes are sold: useless trifles.—adj. useless: trifling.—n. Fripp′er, one who deals in old clothes. [O. Fr. freperie, frepe, a rag.]

Friseur, fris-ėr′, n. a hair-dresser.—n. Fris′ure, mode of curling the hair. [Fr. friser, to curl.]

Frisian, friz′i-an, adj. and n. pertaining to the people of Friesland, or to their language.—Also Fries′ian, Fries′ic, Fries′ish.

Frisk, frisk, v.i. to gambol: to leap playfully.—n. a frolic.—n. Frisk′er.—adj. Frisk′ful, brisk, lively.—adv. Frisk′ily.—n. Frisk′iness.—adj. Frisk′ing.—adv. Frisk′ingly.—adj. Frisk′y, lively: jumping with gaiety: frolicsome. [O. Fr. frisque; acc. to Skeat, from Ice. frískr, Sw. and Dan. frisk.]

Frisket, frisk′ėt, n. (print.) the light frame between the tympan and the form, to hold in place the sheet to be printed. [Fr. frisquette.]

Frit, frit, n. the mixed materials of which glass is made, after being heated until they fuse partially without melting.—v.t. to fuse partially without melting:—pr.p. frit′ting; pa.p. frit′ted. [Fr. fritte—It. fritta.—L. frigĕre, frictum, to roast.]

Frith, frith, Firth, fėrth, n. a narrow inlet of the sea, esp. at a river-mouth. [Ice. fiörðr; Norw. fiord.]

Frith, frith, n. peace.—ns. Frith′borg (A.S. law), one of the tithings or groups of ten men into which the hundred was divided, the members of each being accountable for a fellow-member's misdeeds; Frith′gild, a union of neighbours pledged to one another for the preservation of peace; Frith′soken, the jurisdiction to punish for breaches of the peace; Frith′stool, a chair of sanctuary, placed near the altar in a church—as at Hexham and Beverley. [A.S. frith, peace; Ger. friede.]

Fritillary, frit′il-lar-i, n. a genus of plants of the order Liliaceæ, with drooping purple flowers: a species of butterfly. [L. fritillus, a dice-box.]

Fritter, frit′ėr, n. a piece of meat fried: a kind of pancake, a slice of some fruit sweetened, fried, and served hot: a fragment.—v.t. to break into fragments.—n. Fritt′erer, one who wastes time. [O. Fr. friture—L. frigĕre, frictum, to fry.]

Frivolous, friv′ol-us, adj. trifling: silly.—n. Frivol′ity, act or habit of trifling: levity.—adv. Friv′olously.—n. Friv′olousness. [Fr. frivole—L. frivolus.]

Frizz, Friz, friz, v.t. to curl: to render rough and tangled.—n. a curl, a wig.—adjs. Frizzed, having the hair curled or crisped into frizzes; Frizz′y. [O. Fr. friser, to curl; perh. conn. with frieze, cloth.]

Frizzle, friz′l, v.t. to form in small short curls.—v.i. to go into curls.—n. a curl.—ns. Frizette′, Frisette′, a cluster of small curls worn over the forehead.—adj. Frizz′ly. [Related to frizz and frieze.]

Fro, frō, adv. from: back or backward.—prep. (obs.) from. [A shortened form of from; but perh. directly derived from Ice. frá, from.]

Frock, frok, n. a wide-sleeved garment worn by monks: a loose upper garment worn by men: a sailor's jersey: a gown worn by females: an undress regimental coat.—v.t. to furnish with a frock: to invest with priestly office.—n. Frock′-coat, a double-breasted full-skirted coat for men.—adj. Frocked, clothed in a frock.—n. Frock′ing, cloth suitable for frocks, coarse jean.—adj. Frock′less, wanting a frock. [O. Fr. froc, a monk's frock—Low L. frocus—L. floccus, a flock of wool; or more prob. (acc. to Brachet and Littré) from Low L. hrocus—Old High Ger. hroch (Ger. rock), a coat.]

Frog, frog, n. a genus of tailless amphibians, with webbed feet, remarkable for its rapid swimming and leaping: a soft, horny substance in the middle of the sole of a horse's foot, forking towards the heel: a section of a rail or rails at a point where two lines cross, or of a switch from one line to another.—ns. Frog′-bit, a small aquatic plant, allied to the water-soldier, but with floating leaves; Frog′-eat′er, one who eats frogs, a Frenchman; Frog′-fish, a name for various fishes, esp. the angler; Frog′gery, frogs collectively: a place where frogs abound.—adj. Frog′gy, having or abounding in frogs.—ns. Frog′-hop′per, Frog′-spit (see Froth-fly); Frog′ling, a little frog.—Frog march, a method of carrying a refractory or drunken prisoner face downwards between four men, each holding a limb. [A.S. frogga, frox; cog. with Ice. froskr; Ger. frosch.]

Frog, frog, n. an ornamental fastening or tasselled button for a frock or cloak.—adj. Frogged, in uniforms, of ornamental stripes or workings of braid or lace, mostly on the breast of a coat.

Froise, froiz, n. a kind of pancake or omelette, often with slices of bacon.—Also Fraise. [Fr.]

Frolic, frol′ik, adj. merry: pranky.—n. gaiety: a wild prank: a merry-making.—v.i. to play wild pranks or merry tricks: to gambol:—pr.p. frol′icking; pa.p. frol′icked.—adj. Frol′icsome, gay: sportive.—adv. Frol′icsomely.—n. Frol′icsomeness. [Dut. vrolijk, merry; cf. Ger. fröhlich, joyful, gay.]

From, from, prep. forth: out of, as from a source: away: at a distance: springing out of: by reason of. [A.S. fram, from; akin to Goth. fram, Ice. frá.]

Frond, frond, n. (bot.) a leaf-like expansion in many cryptogamous plants, organs in which the functions of stem and leaf are combined.—adjs. Frond′ed, having fronds; Frond′ent, leafy.—n. Frondes′cence, act of putting forth leaves: the season for putting forth leaves.—adjs. Frondes′cent, springing into leaf; Frondif′erous, bearing or producing fronds; Frondose′, covered with fronds. [L. frons, frondis, a leaf.]

Fronde, frond, n. the name given to certain factions in France during the minority of Louis XIV., hostile to the court and the minister Mazarin.—n. Frond′eur, a member of the Fronde: an irreconcilable. [Fr., a sling—L. funda.]

Front, frunt, n. the forehead: the whole face: the forepart of anything: a kind of wig worn by ladies: the most conspicuous part: boldness: impudence.—adj. of, relating to, or in the front.—v.t. to stand in front of or opposite: to oppose face to face.—v.i. to stand in front or foremost: to turn the front or face in any direction.—n. Front′age, the front part of a building.—adj. Front′al, of or belonging to the front or forehead.—n. a front-piece: something worn on the forehead or face: (archit.) a pediment over a door or window: a hanging of silk, satin, &c., embroidered for an altar—now usually covering only the top, the superfrontal—formerly covering the whole of the front, corresponding to the antependium.—adjs. Front′ate, -d (bot.), growing broader and broader: (zool.) having a prominent frons or forehead; Front′ed, formed with a front; Front′less, void of shame or modesty.—adv. Front′lessly.—n. Front′let, a band worn on the forehead.—advs. Front′ward, -s, towards the front.—Come to the front, to become conspicuous: to attain an important position; In front of, before. [O. Fr.,—L. frons, frontis, the forehead.]

Frontier, front′ēr, n. the boundary of a territory: (Shak.) an outwork.—adj. lying on the frontier: bordering.—v.t. (Spens.) to place on the frontier.—n. Front′iersman, one settled on the borders of a country. [O. Fr. frontier—L. frons.]

Frontispiece, front′i-spēs, n. (archit.) the principal face of a building: a figure or engraving in front of a book.—v.t. to put as a frontispiece, to furnish with such. [Fr.,—Low L. frontispicium—frons, forehead, specĕre, to see; not conn. with piece.]

Fronton, fron′ton, n. (archit.) a pediment.—Also Fron′toon. [Fr.]

Frore, frōr, Froren, frō′ren, adj. frozen, frosty.—adj. Frō′ry (Spens.), frozen. [A.S. froren, pa.p. of fréosan, to freeze.]

Frost, frost, n. the state of the atmosphere in which water freezes: state of being frozen: frozen dew, also called hoar-frost: (slang) a disappointment, a cheat.—v.t. to cover with hoar-frost or with anything resembling hoar-frost: to sharpen (the points of a horse's shoe) that it may not slip on ice.—n. Frost′-bite, the freezing or depression of vitality in a part of the body by exposure to cold.—v.t. to affect with frost.—adjs. Frost′-bit′ten, bitten or affected by frost; Frost′-bound, bound or confined by frost; Frost′ed, covered by frost or any fine powder: injured by frost.—adv. Frost′ily.—ns. Frost′iness; Frost′ing, the composition, resembling hoar-frost, used to cover cake, &c.—adj. Frost′less, free from frost.—n. Frost′-nail, a projecting nail in a horse-shoe serving as an ice-calk.—v.t. to put in such nails.—ns. Frost′-smoke, vapour frozen in the atmosphere, and having a smoke-like appearance; Frost′-work, work resembling hoar-frost on shrubs, &c.—adj. Frost′y, producing or containing frost: chill in affection: frost-like. [A.S. frost, forst—fréosan; cf. Ger. frost.]

Froth, froth, n. the foam on liquids caused by boiling, or any agitation: (fig.) an empty show in speech: any light matter.—v.t. to cause froth on.—v.i. to throw up froth.—ns. Froth′ery, mere froth; Froth′-fly, also Froth′-hop′per, Frog′-hop′per, Frog′-spit, common names for numerous insects parasitic on plants, on which the larvæ and pupæ are found surrounded by a frothy spittle.—adv. Froth′ily.—n. Froth′iness.—adjs. Froth′less, free from froth; Froth′y, full of froth or foam: empty: unsubstantial. [Scand., as in Ice. froða, Dan. fraade.]

Frounce, frowns, v.t. to plait: to curl: to wrinkle up: to frown.—n. a plait or curl.—v.i. (obs.) to frown or wrinkle the brow. [O. Fr. froncier. See Flounce (2), of which it is an older form.]

Froward, frō′ward, adj. (Spens.) turned from: self-willed: perverse: unreasonable—opp. to Toward.—adv. Frō′wardly.—n. Frō′wardness. [A.S. fra, away, with affix -ward.]

Frown, frown, v.i. to wrinkle the brow as in anger: to look angry.—v.t. to repel by a frown.—n. a wrinkling or contraction of the brow in displeasure, &c.: a stern look.—adj. Frown′ing, gloomy.—adv. Frown′ingly. [From O. Fr. froignier (mod. refrogner), to knit the brow; origin unknown.]

Frowzy, frow′zi, adj. rough and tangled.—Also Frow′sy. [Perh. conn. with frounce.]

Fructidor, fruk-ti-dōr′, n. the twelfth month in the French revolutionary calendar, Aug. 18-Sept. 16. [Fr.,—L. fructus, fruit; Gr. dōron, a gift.]

Fructify, fruk′ti-fī, v.t. to make fruitful: to fertilise.—v.i. to bear fruit.—adj. Fruct′ed (her.), bearing fruit.—n. Fructes′cence, the time for the ripening of fruit.—adj. Fructif′erous, bearing fruit.—ns. Fructificā′tion, act of fructifying, or producing fruit: (bot.) a term denoting sometimes the whole reproductive system, sometimes the 'fruit' itself; Fruc′tose, fruit sugar or levulose; Fruc′tuary, one enjoying the fruits of anything.—adj. Fruc′tuous, full of fruit. [Fr.,—L.,—fructus, fruit.]

Frugal, frōō′gal, adj. economical in the use of means: thrifty.—ns. Fru′galist, one who is frugal; Frugal′ity, economy: thrift.—adv. Fru′gally. [L. frugalis—frugi, fit for food—frux, frugis, fruit.]

Frugiferous, frōō-jif′ėr-us, adj. fruit-bearing.—adj. Frugiv′orous, feeding on fruits or seeds. [L. frux, frugis—ferre, to carry, vorāre, to eat.]

Fruit, frōōt, n. the produce of the earth, which supplies the wants of men and animals: the part of a plant which contains the seed: the offspring of animals: product, consequence, effect, advantage—(Spens.) Fruict.—v.i. to produce fruit.—ns. Fruit′age, fruit collectively: fruits; Fruit′-bud, a bud that produces fruit; Fruit′-cake, a cake containing raisins, &c.; Fruit′erer, one who deals in fruit:—fem. Fruit′eress; Fruit′ery, a place for storing fruit: fruitage.—adj. Fruit′ful, producing fruit abundantly: productive.—adv. Fruit′fully.—ns. Fruit′fulness; Fruit′ing, process of bearing fruit; Fruit′-knife, a knife with a blade of silver, &c., for cutting fruit.—adj. Fruit′less, barren: without profit: useless.—adv. Fruit′lessly.—ns. Fruit′lessness; Fruit′-tree, a tree yielding edible fruit.—adj. Fruit′y, like, or tasting like, fruit.—Small fruits, strawberries, currants, &c. [O. Fr. fruit, fruict—L. fructus—frui, fructus, to enjoy.]

Fruition, frōō-ish′un, n. enjoyment: use or possession of anything, esp. accompanied with pleasure.—adj. Fru′itive, of or pertaining to fruition. [O. Fr. fruition—L. frui, to enjoy.]

Frumentation, frōō-men-tā′shun, n. a largess of grain bestowed on the starving or turbulent people in ancient Rome.—adjs. Frumentā′ceous, made of or resembling wheat or other grain; Frumentā′rious, pertaining to corn. [L. frumentation-em—frumentāri, to provide with corn—frumentum, corn.]

Frumenty, frōō′men-ti, n. food made of hulled wheat boiled in milk.—Also Fur′mety. [O. Fr. frumentee, wheat boiled—frument—L. frumentum.]

Frump, frump, n. a dowdy and cross-grained woman: (obs.) a flout or snub.—v.t. (obs.) to snub.—adjs. Frump′ish, Frump′y, sour-tempered: ill-dressed.

Frush, frush, v.t. (Shak.) to break, bruise, or crush.—adj. broken or crushed: brittle.—n. an onset, attack. [O. Fr. froissier, to bruise—L. frustum, fragment.]

Frush, frush, n. (prov.) the frog of a horse's foot: a disease in that part of a horse's foot.

Frustrate, frus′trāt, v.t. to make vain or of no effect: to bring to nothing: to defeat.—p.adj. vain, ineffectual, defeated.—adj. Frus′trable, capable of being frustrated.—n. Frustrā′tion, disappointment: defeat.—adjs. Frus′trative, tending to frustrate; Frus′tratory, disappointing. [L. frustrāri, frustrātus—frustra, in vain.]

Frustule, frus′tūl, n. the siliceous two-valved shell of a diatom, with its contents.

Frustum, frus′tum, n. a slice of a solid body: the part of a cone which remains when the top is cut off by a plane parallel to the base. [L. frustum, a bit.]

Frutescent, frōō-tes′ent, adj. becoming shrubby; Fru′tex, a shrub.—adjs. Fru′ticose, Fru′ticous, shrub-like: shrubby; Frutic′ulose, like a small shrub. [L. frutescĕre—frutex, fruticis, a shrub.]

Fry, frī, v.t. to dress food with oil or fat in a pan over the fire: to vex.—v.i. to undergo the action of heat in a frying-pan: to simmer: (Spens.) to boil:—pr.p. fry′ing; pa.p. fried.—n. a dish of anything fried.—n. Fry′ing-pan, a flat iron vessel or pan for frying with.—Out of the frying-pan into the fire, out of one evil or danger merely to fall into a greater. [Fr. frire—L. frigĕre; cf. Gr. phrygein.]

Fry, frī, n. a swarm of fishes just spawned: a number of small things.—Small fry, small things collectively, persons or things of little importance. [M. E. fri—Ice. frió; Dan. and Sw. frö.]

Fub, fub, v.t. (Shak.) to put off, to cheat: to steal.—n. Fub′bery (obs.), deception.—Fub off, to put off or evade by a trick or a lie. [See Fob.]

Fuchsia, fū′shi-a, a plant with long pendulous flowers, native to South America. [Named after Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist, 1501-66.]

Fucus, fū′kus, n. a genus of seaweed containing the wrack and other species: a dye: a disguise.—adj. Fuciv′orous, eating seaweed.—n. Fū′coid, fossil seaweed.—adj. containing fucoids.—adj. Fū′cused, painted. [L. fucus, seaweed.]

Fuddle, fud′l, v.t. to stupefy with drink.—v.i. to drink to excess or habitually:—pr.p. fudd′ling; pa.p. fudd′led.—n. intoxicating drink.—ns. Fudd′le-cap, a hard drinker; Fudd′ler, a drunkard.—adj. Fudd′ling, tippling. [Cf. Dut. vod, soft, Ger. prov. fuddeln, to swindle.]

Fudge, fuj, n. stuff: nonsense: an exclamation of contempt.—v.i. and v.t. to botch or bungle anything.—adj. Fud′gy, irritable: awkward.

Fuel, fū′el, n. anything that feeds a fire, supplies energy, &c.—v.t. (arch.) to furnish with fuel.—adj. Fū′elled, furnished with fuel.—n. Fū′eller, one who, or that which, supplies fuel for fires. [O. Fr. fowaille—L. focale—L. focus, a fireplace.]

Fuero, fwā′rō, n. the constitution of certain practically autonomous states and communities in northern Spain and south-western France—the Basque provinces, Navarre, Bearn, &c.: modes and tenures of property, &c., nearly equivalent to the French customary law. [Sp.,—L. forum.]

Fuff, fuf, n. (Scot.) a puff: the spitting of a cat: a burst of anger.—v.t. and v.i. to puff.—adj. Fuff′y, light and soft.

Fugacious, fū-gā′shus, adj. apt to flee away: fleeting.—ns. Fugā′ciousness, Fugac′ity. [L. fugax, fugacis, from fugĕre, to flee.]

Fugitive, fūj′i-tiv, adj. apt to flee away: uncertain: volatile: perishable: temporary: occasional, written for some passing occasion.—n. one who flees or has fled from his station or country: one hard to be caught.—ns. Fū′gie (Scot.), a cock that will not fight, a runaway; Fū′gie-warr′ant, a warrant to apprehend a debtor about to abscond, prob. from the phrase in meditatione fugæ; Fugitā′tion (Scots law), absconding from justice: outlawry.—adv. Fug′itively.—n. Fug′itiveness. [Fr.,—L. fugitivus, fugĕre, to flee.]

Fugleman, fū′gl-man, n. a soldier who stands before a company at drill as an example: a ringleader, mouthpiece of others.—v.i. Fū′gle (Carlyle), to act like a fugleman. [Ger. flügelmann, the leader of a file—flügel, a wing, mann, man.]

Fugue, fūg, n. (mus.) a form of composition in which the subject is given out by one part and immediately taken up by a second, its answer, during which the first part supplies an accompaniment or counter-subject, and so on.—n. Fug′uist, one who writes or plays fugues. [Fr.,—It. fuga—L. fuga, flight.]

Fulcrum, ful′krum, n. (mech.) the prop or fixed point on which a lever moves: a prop:—pl. Ful′crums, Ful′cra.—adj. Ful′crate, supported with fulcrums. [L. fulcrum, a prop, fulcīre, to prop.]

Fulfil, fool-fil′, v.t. to complete: to accomplish: to carry into effect:—pr.p. fulfil′ling; pa.p. fulfilled′.—ns. Fulfil′ler; Fulfil′ling, Fulfil′ment, full performance: completion: accomplishment. [A.S. fullfyllan—full, full, fyllan, to fill.]

Fulgent, ful′jent, adj. shining: bright.—n. Ful′gency.—adv. Ful′gently.—adj. Ful′gid, flashing.—ns. Ful′gor, Ful′gour, splendour.—adj. Ful′gorous, flashing. [L. fulgent, pr.p. of fulgēre, to shine.]

Fulgurate, ful′gū-rāt, v.i. to flash as lightning.—adjs. Ful′gural, pertaining to lightning; Ful′gurant, flashing like lightning.—ns. Fulgurā′tion, in assaying, the sudden and final brightening of the fused globule; Ful′gurīte, a tube of vitrified sand frequent in loose sandhills—prob. due to lightning—adj. Ful′gurous, resembling lightning.

Fulham, ful′am, n. a die loaded at the corner.—Also Full′am, Full′an. [Prob. the place-name Fulham.]

Fuliginous, fū-lij′i-nus, adj. sooty: smoky.—n. Fuliginos′ity.—adv. Fulig′inously. [L., fuligo, soot.]

Full, fool, adj. having all it can contain: having no empty space: abundantly supplied or furnished: abounding: containing the whole matter: complete: perfect: strong: clear: (coll.) drunk: at poker, consisting of three of a kind and a pair.—n. completest extent, as of the moon: highest degree: the whole: time of full-moon.—v.t. to draw up or pucker the cloth on one side more than on the other.—adv. quite: to the same degree: with the whole effect: completely.—adjs. Full′-ā′corned (Shak.), full-fed with acorns; Full′-aged, having reached one's majority.—n. Full′-blood, an individual of pure blood.—adjs. Full′-blood′ed; Full′-bloomed, in perfect bloom; Full′-blown, blown or fully expanded, as a flower; Full′-bott′omed, having a full or large bottom, as a wig.—n. Full′-dress, the dress worn on occasions of state or ceremony.—adjs. Full′-eyed, with large prominent eyes; Full′-faced, having a full or broad face; Full′-fed, fed to plumpness; Full′-fraught (Shak.), full-stored; Full′-grown, grown to maturity; Full′-hand′ed, bearing something valuable, as a gift; Full′-heart′ed, full of heart or courage: elated; Full′-hot (Shak.), heated to the utmost; Full′-length, extending the whole length (n. a portrait showing such); Full-manned (Shak.), having a full crew.—ns. Full′-moon, the moon with its whole disc illuminated, when opposite the sun; Full′ness, Ful′ness, the state of being filled so as to have no part vacant: the state of abounding in anything: completeness: satiety: largeness: force and volume, as of sound: (Shak.) plenty, wealth.—adjs. Full′-orbed, having the orb or disc fully illuminated, as the full-moon: round; Full′-sailed, unbounded, absolute: moving onwards under full sail; Full-split (slang), with all one's might or speed; Full′-summed, complete in all its parts.—n. Full′-swing, the full extent or utmost limit.—adj. Full′-winged (Shak.), having perfect or strong wings.—adv. Full′y, completely: entirely.—Full back (football), see Back.—At the full, at the height, as of one's good fortune, &c.; In full, without reduction; In the fullness of time, at the proper or destined time.—To the full, in full measure, completely. [A.S. full; Goth. fulls, Ice. fullr, Ger. voll.]

Full, fool, v.t. to press or pound cloth in a mill: to scour and thicken in a mill.—ns. Full′age, the charge for fulling cloth; Full′er, a bleacher or cleanser of cloth; Fuller's-earth, a soft earth or clay, capable of absorbing grease, used in fulling or bleaching cloth; Fuller's-thistle, -weed, the teasel; Full′ery, the place or works where fulling of cloth is carried on; Full′ing-mill, a mill in which woollen cloth is fulled. [O. Fr. fuler—Low L. fullāre—L. fullo, a cloth-fuller.]

Fulmar, ful′mar, n. a species of petrel inhabiting the Shetland Isles, &c., valuable for its down, feathers, and oil. [Perh. Norse fúll, foul.]

Fulminate, ful′min-āt, v.i. to thunder or make a loud noise: to issue decrees with violence, or with menaces of grave censure.—v.t. to cause to explode: to send forth, as a denunciation—(Milt.) Ful′mine.—n. a compound of fulminic acid with mercury, &c.—adj. Ful′minant, fulminating: (path.) developing suddenly.—n. a thunderbolt, explosive.—adj. Ful′minating, crackling, exploding, detonating.—n. Fulminā′tion, act of fulminating, thundering, or issuing forth: a chemical explosion: a denunciation.—adjs. Ful′minatory; Fulmin′eous, Ful′minous, pertaining to thunder and lightning; Fulmin′ic, pertaining to an acid used in preparing explosive compounds. [L. fulmināre, -ātum—fulmen (for fulgimen), lightning—fulgēre, to shine.]

Fulsome, fool′sum, adj. cloying or causing surfeit: nauseous: offensive: gross: disgustingly fawning.—adj. Ful′somely.—n. Ful′someness. [A.S. full, full, and affix -some.]

Fulvous, ful′vus, adj. deep or dull yellow: tawny.—Also Ful′vid. [L. fulvus, tawny.]

Fum, fum, n. a fabulous Chinese bird, one of the symbols of imperial dignity.—Also Fung.

Fumado, fū-mā′do, n. a smoked fish, esp. a pilchard. [Sp.,—L. fumāre, to smoke.]

Fumarole, fūm′a-rōl, n. a smoke-hole in a volcano or sulphur-mine. [Fr. fumerole—L. fumus, smoke.]

Fumble, fum′bl, v.i. to grope about awkwardly: to handle awkwardly: to stammer in speech: to find by groping.—v.t. to manage awkwardly.—n. Fum′bler.—adv. Fum′blingly. [Dut. fommelen, to fumble; cf. Dan. famle, Ice. fâlma, to grope about.]

Fume, fūm, n. smoke or vapour: any volatile matter: heat of mind, rage, a passionate person: anything unsubstantial, vain conceit.—v.i. to smoke: to throw off vapour: to be in a rage: to offer incense to.—n. Fum′atory, a place for smoking or fumigation.—adjs. Fū′mid, smoky; Fumif′erous, producing fumes.—n. Fumos′ity, quality of being fumous: (pl.) the fumes arising from over eating or drinking.—adjs. Fum′ous, Fumose′, Fum′y, producing fumes. [O. Fr. fum—L. fumus, smoke.]

Fumet, fū′met, n. the dung of deer, hares, &c. [O. Fr. fumets, fumer—L. fimāre, to dung.]

Fumette, fū-met′, n. the scent of game when high.—Also Fumet′. [Fr.]

Fumigate, fūm′i-gāt, v.t. to expose to smoke or gas, to expose to fumes, as of sulphur, for purposes of disinfecting: to perfume.—ns. Fumigā′tion, act of fumigating or of applying purifying smoke, &c., to; Fum′igator, a brazier for burning disinfectants, &c.—adj. Fum′igatory. [L. fumigāre, -ātum.]

Fumitory, fūm′i-to-ri, n. a plant of a disagreeable smell.—n. Fum′iter (Shak.). [O. Fr. fume-terre, earth-smoke—L. fumus, smoke, terra, earth.]

Fun, fun, n. merriment: sport.—Be great fun, to be very amusing; In fun, in joke, not seriously; Like fun (coll.), in a rapid manner; Not to see the fun of, not to take as a joke. [Prob. a form of obs. fon, to befool. Skeat refers to Ir. fonn, delight.]

Funambulate, fū-nam′bū-lāt, v.i. to walk on a rope.—ns. Funambulā′tion; Funam′bulator, Funam′bulus, Funam′bulist, a rope-walker.—adj. Funam′bulatory. [L. funis, a rope, ambulāre, to walk.]

Function, fungk′shun, n. the doing of a thing: duty peculiar to any office: faculty, exercise of faculty: the peculiar office of any part of the body or mind: power: a solemn service: (math.) a quantity so connected with another that any change in the one produces a corresponding change in the other: the technical term in physiology for the vital activity of organ, tissue, or cell.—adj. Func′tional, pertaining to or performed by functions—opp. to Organic or Structural.—vs.t. Func′tionalise, Func′tionate.—adv. Func′tionally.—n. Func′tionary, one who discharges any duty: one who holds an office.—adj. Func′tionless, having no function. [O. Fr.,—L. function-em—fungi, functus, to perform.]

Fund, fund, n. a sum of money on which some enterprise is founded or expense supported: a supply or source of money: a store laid up: supply: (pl.) permanent debts due by a government and paying interest.—v.t. to form a debt into a stock charged with interest: to place money in a fund.—adj. Fund′able, capable of being converted into a fund or into bonds.—p.adj. Fund′ed, invested in public funds: existing in the form of bonds.—n. Fund′hold′er, one who has money in the public funds.—adj. Fund′less, destitute of supplies or money. [Fr. fond—L. fundus, the bottom.]

Fundamental, fun-da-ment′al, adj. essential, basal, primary: important.—n. that which serves as a groundwork: an essential.—ns. Fund′ament, the lower part or seat of the body; Fundamental′ity.—adv. Fundament′ally. [Fr.,—L. fundamentum, fundāre, to found.]

Fundus, fun′dus, n. the bottom of anything: (anat.) the rounded base of a hollow organ. [L.]

Funeral, fū′nėr-al, n. burial: the ceremony, &c., connected with burial.—adj. pertaining to or used at a burial.—adjs. Funēb′rial, Funēb′ral, Funēb′rious; Fū′nerary, Funēr′eal, pertaining to or suiting a funeral: dismal: mournful. [O. Fr.,—Low L. funeralis—L. funus, funĕris, a funeral procession.]

Funest, fū-nest′, adj. causing or portending death, lamentable. [Fr.,—L. funestus, destructive.]

Fungibles, fun′ji-blz, n.pl. (law) movable effects which perish by being used, and which are estimated by weight, number, and measure. [Low L. fungibilis—L. fungi, to perform. See Function.]

Fungus, fung′gus, n. one of the lowest of the great groups of cellular cryptogams, including mushrooms, toadstools, mould, &c.: proud-flesh formed on wounds:—pl. Fungi (fun′jī), or Funguses (fung′gus-ez).—adjs. Fung′al, Fungā′ceous, like a fungus; Fun′gic (′jik), Fun′giform, having the form of a fungus; Fungiv′orous, feeding on mushrooms; Fung′oid, resembling a mushroom.—ns. Fungol′ogist, a student of fungi; Fungol′ogy, the science of fungi; Fungos′ity, quality of being fungous.—adj. Fung′ous, of or like fungus: soft: spongy: growing suddenly: ephemeral. [L. fungus, a mushroom—Gr. sphonggos, sponggos, a sponge.]

Funicle, fū′ni-kl, n. a small cord or ligature: a fibre.—adj. Fūnic′ūlar.—n. Fūnic′ūlus, the umbilical cord.—Funicular railway, a cable-railway, esp. one ascending a hill. [L. funiculus, dim. of funis, a cord.]

Funk, fungk, n. (coll.) abject terror or fright.—v.i. and v.t. to shrink through fear: to shirk.—adj. Funk′y.

Funkia, funk′i-a, n. a genus of Liliaceæ allied to the day lilies, native to China. [From the German botanist, H. C. Funck, 1771-1839.]

Funnel, fun′el, n. a tube or passage for the escape of smoke, &c.: an instrument (smaller at one end than the other) for pouring fluids into bottles, &c.—adj. Funn′elled, provided with a funnel.—n. Funn′el-net, a net shaped like a funnel. [Prob. through Fr. from L. infundibulum—fundĕre, to pour.]

Funnel, fun′el, n. (prov.) the offspring of a stallion and a she-ass.—Also Fumm′el.

Funny, fun′i, adj. full of fun: droll: perplexing, odd.—adv. Funn′ily.—ns. Funn′iness, Funn′iment.—Funny bone, a popular name given to what is really the comparatively unprotected ulnar nerve, which, when struck by a blow, shoots a singular tingling sensation down the forearm to the fingers; Funny man, the clown in a circus.

Funny, fun′i, n. a light clinker-built pleasure-boat, with a pair of sculls.

Fur, fur, n. the short, fine hair of certain animals: their skins with the fur prepared for garments: rabbits, hares, as opposed to partridges, pheasants (feathers): (Milt.) kind or class, from the idea of particular furs being worn by way of distinction: a fur-like coating on the tongue, the interior of boilers, &c.—v.t. to line with fur: to cover with morbid fur-like matter:—pr.p. fur′ring; pa.p. furred.—adj. Furred, made of fur, provided with fur.—ns. Fur′rier, a dealer in furs and fur goods; Fur′riery, furs in general: trade in furs; Fur′ring, fur trimmings: a coating on the tongue: strips of wood fastened on joists, &c., to make a level surface or provide an air-space: strips of wood nailed on a wall to carry lath.—adj. Fur′ry, consisting of, covered with, or dressed in fur. [O. Fr. forre, fuerre, sheath.]

Furacious, fū-rā′shus, adj. thievish.—ns. Furā′ciousness, Furac′ity.

Furbelow, fur′be-lō, n. the plaited border of a gown or petticoat, a flounce. [Fr., It., and Sp. falbala; of unknown origin. The word simulates an English form—fur-below.]

Furbish, fur′bish, v.t. to purify or polish: to rub up until bright: to renovate. [O. Fr. fourbiss-, fourbir, from Old High Ger. furban, to purify.]

Furcate, fur′kāt, adj. forked: branching like the prongs of a fork—also Fur′cated.—ns. Furcā′tion, a forking or branching out; Fur′cifer, a genus of South American deer with furcate antlers.—adjs. Furcif′erous, of insects bearing a forked appendage; Fur′ciform, fork-shaped.—n. Fur′cūla, the united pair of clavicles of a bird, forming a single forked bone—the merry-thought.—adj. Fur′cular, furcate: shaped like a fork. [L., from furca, a fork.]

Furfur, fur′fur, n. dandruff, scurf—also Fur′fair.—adj. Furfūrā′ceous, branny: scaly—also Fur′fūrous.—n. Furfūrā′tion, the falling of scurf. [L.]

Furfurol, fur′fur-ol, n. a volatile oil obtained when wheat-bran, sugar, or starch is acted on by dilute sulphuric acid. [L. furfur, bran.]

Furious, fū′ri-us, adj. full of fury: violent.—adj. Fū′ribund, raging.—ns. Furios′ity, madness; Furiō′so, a furious person.—adv. Fū′riously.—n. Fū′riousness. [O. Fr. furieus—L. furiōsus—furia, rage.]

Furl, furl, v.t. to draw or roll up, as a sail. [Contr. of obs. furdle, from fardel.]

Furlong, fur′long, n. 40 poles: one-eighth of a mile. [A.S. furlang—furh, furrow, lang, long.]

Furlough, fur′lō, n. leave of absence.—v.t. to grant leave of absence. [Dut. verlof; cf. Ger. verlaub.]

Furnace, fur′nās, n. an oven or enclosed fireplace for melting ores and other purposes: a time or place of grievous affliction or torment.—v.t. to exhale like a furnace: to subject to the heat of a furnace. [O. Fr. fornais—L. fornax—fornus, an oven.]

Furnish, fur′nish, v.t. to fit up or supply completely, or with what is necessary: to equip (with).—adj. Fur′nished, stocked with furniture.—n. Fur′nisher.—n.pl. Fur′nishings, fittings of any kind, esp. articles of furniture, &c., within a house: (Shak.) any incidental part.—n. Fur′nishment. [O. Fr. furniss-, furnir—Old High Ger. frummjan, to do.]

Furniture, fur′ni-tūr, n. movables, either for use or ornament, with which a house is equipped: equipage, the trappings of a horse, &c.: decorations: the necessary appendages in some arts, &c.: (print.) the pieces of wood or metal put round pages of type to make proper margins and fill the spaces between the pages and the chase. [Fr. fourniture.]

Furor, fū′ror, n. fury: excitement, enthusiasm.—Also Furō′re. [L.]

Furrow, fur′ō, n. the trench made by a plough: any groove: a wrinkle on the face.—v.t. to form furrows in: to groove: to wrinkle.—n. Furr′ow-weed (Shak.), a weed on ploughed land.—-adj. Furr′owy. [A.S. furh; cf. Ger. furche, L. porca.]

Further, fur′thėr, adv. to a greater distance or degree: in addition.—adj. more distant: additional.—adv. Fur′thermore, in addition to what has been said, moreover, besides.—adjs. Fur′thermost, most remote; Fur′thersome, tending to further or promote.—adv. Fur′thest, at the greatest distance.—adj. most distant.—Wish one further, to wish one somewhere else than here and now. [A.S. furðor, a comp. of fore, with comp. suff.]

Further, fur′thėr, v.t. to help forward, promote.—ns. Fur′therance, a helping forward; Fur′therer, a promoter, advancer.—adj. Fur′thersome, helpful. [A.S. fyrðran.]

Furtive, fur′tiv, adj. stealthy: secret.—adv. Fur′tively. [Fr.,—L. furtivus—fur, a thief.]

Furuncle, fū′rung-kl, n. an inflammatory tumour.—adjs. Furun′cular, Furun′culous. [L. furunculus.]

Fury, fū′ri, n. rage: violent passion: madness: (myth.) one of the three goddesses of fate and vengeance, the Erinyes, or euphemistically Eumenides—Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megæra—hence a passionate, violent woman. [Fr. furie—L. furia—furĕre, to be angry.]

Furze, furz, n. the whin or gorse, a prickly evergreen bush with beautiful yellow flowers.—adjs. Furz′y, Furz′en, overgrown with furze. [A.S. fyrs.]

Fusarole, fū′sa-rōl, n. (archit.) an astragal.—Also Fū′sarol. [Fr.,—L. fusus, spindle.]

Fuscous, fus′kus, adj. brown: dingy—(Charles Lamb) Fusc. [L. fuscus, akin to furvus.]

Fuse, fūz, v.t. to melt: to liquefy by heat.—v.i. to be melted: to be reduced to a liquid.—n. Fusibil′ity.—adjs. Fū′sible, that may be fused or melted—(Milt.) Fū′sile, Fū′sil.—ns. Fū′sing-point, the temperature at which any solid substance becomes liquid; Fū′sion, act of melting: the state of fluidity from heat: a close union of things, as if melted together.—Aqueous fusion, the melting of certain crystals by heat in their own water of crystallisation; Dry fusion, the liquefaction produced in salts by heat after the water of crystallisation has been expelled; Igneous fusion, the melting of anhydrous salts by heat without decomposition. [L. fundĕre, fusum, to melt.]

Fuse, fūz, n. a tube filled with combustible matter for firing mines, discharging shells, &c. [It. fuso—L. fusus, a spindle.]

Fusee, Fuzee, fū-zē′, n. the spindle in a watch or clock on which the chain is wound: a match used for lighting a pipe or cigar in the open air: a fuse: a fusil.—adj. Fū′siform, spindle-shaped: tapering at each end. [O. Fr. fusée, a spindleful—Low L. fusata—L. fusus, a spindle.]

Fusel-oil, fū′zel-oil, n. a nauseous oil in spirits distilled from potatoes, barley, &c. [Ger. fusel, bad spirits.]

Fusil, fū′zil, n. a flint-lock musket. [O. Fr. fuisil, a flint-musket, same as It. focile—Low L. focile, steel (to strike fire with), dim. of L. focus, a fireplace.]

Fusil, fū′zil, n. (her.) an elongated rhomboidal figure. [O. Fr. fusel—L. fusus, a spindle.]

Fusilier, Fusileer, fū-zil-ēr′, n. formerly a soldier armed with a fusil, now simply a historical title borne by a few regiments of the British army (Northumberland, Royal Scots, &c.).

Fusillade, fūz′il-ād, n. a simultaneous or continuous discharge of firearms.—v.t. to shoot down by a simultaneous discharge of firearms.—n. Fusillā′tion, death by shooting. [Fr.,—fusil, a musket.]

Fuss, fus, n. a bustle or tumult: haste, flurry.—v.i. to be in a bustle.—adv. Fuss′ily.—n. Fuss′iness, a needless state of bustle.—adj. Fuss′y. [Imit.]

Fust, fust, n. the shaft of a column. [O. Fr. fust (Fr. fût)—L. fustis, a stick.]

Fustanelle, fus-ta-nel′, n. a white kilt worn by Greek men. [Mod. Gr. phoustani, Albanian fustan—It. fustagno, fustian.]

Fustet, fus′tet, n. the smoke-tree or Venetian sumach, or its wood. [Fr.,—L. fustis, a stick.]

Fustian, fust′yan, n. a kind of coarse, twilled cotton fabric, including moleskin, velveteen, corduroy, &c.: a pompous and unnatural style of writing or speaking: bombast: a liquor made of white wine with yolk of eggs, lemon, spices, &c.—adj. made of fustian: bombastic.—v.i. Fust′ianise (Holmes), to write bombastically.—n. Fust′ianist, one who writes bombast. [O. Fr. fustaigne (Fr. futaine)—It. fustagno—Low L. fustaneum, from Ar. Fostat (a suburb of Cairo) in Egypt, where first made.]

Fustic, fus′tik, n. the wood of a West Indian tree, formerly much used as a dye.—Also Fus′toc. [Fr. fustoc, yellow—Sp. fustoc—L. fustis.]

Fustigation, fus-ti-gā′shun, n. a beating with a stick.—v.t. Fus′tigate, to thrash with a stick. [L. fustigāre, -ātum, to beat with a stick—fustis, a stick.]

Fustilarian, fus-ti-lā′ri-an, n. (Shak.) a low fellow, a scoundrel.—n. Fus′tilugs (prov.), a frowzy woman.

Fusty, fust′i, adj. smelling of the wood of the cask, as wine: ill-smelling.—v.i. Fust (Shak.) to grow or smell mouldy.—adj. Fust′ed, mouldy.—n. Fust′iness. [O. Fr. fust, wood of a cask—L. fustis.]

Fusus, fū′sus, n. a genus of Gasteropods, usually referred to the Murex family. [L.]

Futchel, fuch′el, n. a piece of timber lengthwise of a carriage, supporting the splinter-bar and the pole.

Futhorc, fū′thork, n. the Runic alphabet. [From the first six letters, f, u, þ, o or a, r, k.]

Futile, fū′tīl, adj. useless: unavailing: trifling.—adv. Fū′tilely.—ns. Futilitā′rian, one who gives himself to profitless pursuits; Futil′ity, uselessness. [Fr.,—L. futilis—fundĕre, to pour.]

Futtock, fut′uk, n. one of the separate pieces of timber composing the frame of a ship.—ns. pl. Futt′ock-plates, iron plates with dead-eyes, crossing the sides of the top-rim perpendicularly; Futt′ock-shrouds, short pieces of rope or chain which secure the lower dead-eyes and futtock-plates of topmast rigging to a band round a lower mast. [Perh. corrupted from foot-hooks.]

Future, fūt′ūr, adj. about to be: that is to come: (gram.) expressing what will be.—n. time to come.—n. Fut′ure-per′fect (gram.), a tense expressing action viewed as past in reference to an assumed future time (L. amavero=I shall have loved).—v.i. Fut′urise, to form the future tense.—ns. Fut′urist, one whose chief interests are in what is to come; Futurition (-ish′un), future existence: accomplishment; Futur′ity, time to come: an event or state of being yet to come. [Fr.,—L. futurus, fut.p. of esse, to be.]

Fuzz, fuz, v.i. to fly off in minute particles with a fizzing sound like water from hot iron.—n. fine light particles, as dust, down, &c.—n. Fuzz′ball, a kind of fungus, whose head is full of a fine dust. [Ety. dub.]

Fuzzy, fuz′i, adj. covered with fuzz, fluffy.—adv. Fuzz′ily.—n. Fuzz′iness.

Fylfot, Filfot, fil′fot, n. an ancient symbol in the form of a Greek cross, with each arm continued at right angles, called also Gammadion, Gammation, and Svastika. [Prob. fill-foot, meaning a device for filling the foot of a painted window.]

Fyrd, fird, n. the military force of the whole nation, all males capable of bearing arms, in Anglo-Saxon times. [A.S. fyrd, army.]

the seventh letter of our alphabet, and in the Roman not originally differentiated from C, but substituted there for the disused Z: (mus.) the fifth note of the diatonic scale of C minor—also sol, the scale or key having that note for its tonic: (nat. phil.) a symbol for acceleration of gravity, which is about 32 feet per second: in the medieval system of Roman numerals=400, or G=400,000.

Gab, gab, v.i. (coll.) to chatter, prate.—n. idle talk, prattling: a jest, a witticism: (Scot.) the mouth.—n. Gab′ber, jabber.—adj. Gab′by, garrulous.—Gift of the gab, a talent for talking.

Gabbart, gab′ärt, n. a flat river vessel with a long hatchway.—Also Gabb′ard. [Fr. gabare—Prov. and It. gabarra.]

Gabbatha, gab′a-thä, n. the place where Pilate sat at the trial of Jesus, a tessellated pavement outside the prætorium. [Heb., 'platform.']

Gabble, gab′l, v.i. to talk inarticulately: to chatter: to cackle like geese.—ns. Gabb′le; Gabb′ler; Gabb′ling, Gabb′lement. [Freq. of gab.]

Gabbro, gab′ro, n. a rock composed of feldspar and diallage—also Euphotide.—n. Gabb′ronite, a compact variety of scapolite, resembling gabbro. [It.]

Gabelle, gab-el′, n. a tax, impost duty, formerly in France, esp. the tax on salt.—n. Gā′beler. [Fr. gabelle—Low L. gabella, gablum—Teut.]

Gaberdine, gab-er-dēn′, n. a loose upper garment, formerly worn by Jews. [O. Fr. gauvardine; per. Mid. High Ger. wallevart, pilgrimage, whence also Sp. gabardina, &c.]

Gaberlunzie, gab-er-lun′zi, -yi, n. (Scot.) a pouch carried by Scottish beggars: a strolling beggar.

Gabion, gā′bi-un, n. (fort.) a bottomless basket of wicker-work filled with earth, used for shelter from the enemy's fire while digging trenches, or in forming the foundation of a jetty.—ns. Gā′bionade, a work formed of gabions; Gā′bionage, gabions collectively.—adj. Gā′bioned, furnished with gabions. [Fr.,—It. gabbione, a large cage—gabbia—L. cavea, a cage.]

Gable, gā′bl, n. (archit.) the triangular part of an exterior wall of a building between the top of the side-walls and the slopes on the roof—(Scot.) Gā′vel.—adj. Gā′bled.—ns. Gā′ble-end, the end-wall of a building on the side where there is a gable; Gā′blet (dim.), a small gable, as an ornament on buttresses, &c.; Gā′ble-win′dow, a window in the gable-end of a building, or a window with its upper part shaped like a gable. [The northern form gavel is prob. Ice. gafl; Sw. gafvel, Dan. gavl. The southern form gable is prob. through O. Fr. gable, jable from Ice. gafl.]

Gad, gad, n. a pointed bar of steel: a tool used in mining: a graver: a rod or stick, a goad: the bar across a Scotch condemned cell, on which the iron ring ran which fastened the shackles—also Gade, Gaid.—n. Gad′ling, one of the spikes on the knuckles of a gauntlet.—Upon the gad (Shak.), upon the spur of the moment. [Ice. gadd-r, a spike.]

Gad, gad, interj. a minced form of God.—interjs. Gad′so, an exclamation of surprise; Gad′zooks, an obsolete minced oath.

Gad, gad, v.i. to rove about restlessly: to wander or ramble in speech, &c., to straggle in growth:—pr.p. gad′ding; pa.p. gad′ded.—ns. Gad, Gad′about, one who walks idly about; Gad′der.—adv. Gad′dingly—n. Gad′dishness. [Prob. conn. with gad in gadfly; or obsolete gadling, vagabond.]

Gadfly, gad′flī, n. a fly which pierces the skin of cattle in order to deposit its eggs: a mischievous gadabout. [From gad, n., fly.]

Gadhelic, gad-el′ik, adj. of or belonging to that branch of the Celtic race which comprises the Erse of Ireland, the Gaels of Scotland, and the Manx of the Isle of Man, as distinguished from the Cymric. [Ir. Gaedheal (pl. Gaedhil), a Gael.]

Gadoid, gā′doid, adj. pertaining to the Gadidæ, or cod-fishes.—n. a fish of this family.—n. Gā′dean, a fish of this family.—adj. Gā′dine.—n. Gā′dus, the typical genus of the same. [Gr. gados.]

Gadolinite, gad′ō-lin-īt, n. a silicate of the yttrium and cerium metals, containing also beryllium and iron. [From the Finnish chemist Gadolin (1760-1852).]

Gadroon, gad-rōōn′, n. one of a set of convex curves or arcs joined at their extremities to form a decorative pattern—in plate, &c.—adj. Gadrooned′.—n. Gadroon′ing. [Fr. godron.]

Gadsman, gadz′man, n. (Scot.) one who drives horses at the plough. [Gad and man.]

Gael, gāl, n. a Scotch Highlander.—adj. Gaelic (gāl′ik), pertaining to the Gaels.—n. the Scottish-Highland dialect.—v.t. Gael′icise.—n. Gael′icism. [Gael. Gaidheal.]

Gaff, gaf, n. a hook used esp. for landing large fish after they have been hooked on the line and spent by the skill of the angler: (naut.) the spar to which the head of a fore-and-aft sail is bent.—v.t. to hook or bind by means of a gaff.—n. Gaff′-top-sail, a small sail, the head of which is extended on a small gaff which hoists on the top-mast, and the foot on the lower gaff. [Fr. gaffe.]

Gaff, gaf, v.i. (slang) to gamble.—ns. Gaff′er; Gaff′ing.

Gaffer, gaf′ėr, n. originally a word of respect applied to an old man, now familiar: the foreman of a squad of workmen. [Corr. of godfather, as gammer of godmother.]

Gag, gag, v.t. to forcibly stop the mouth: to silence: to choke up: to introduce gag into a piece:—pr.p. gag′ging; pa.p. gagged.—n. something thrust into the mouth or put over it to enforce silence, or distend the jaws during an operation: the closure applied in a debate: a mouthful which produces nausea, the fat of fresh beef boiled: (slang) an actor's interpolation: a joke or hoax.—n. Gag′ger, one who gags. [Prob. imitative of sound made in choking.]

Gag, gag, v.t. (slang) to deceive.—v.i. to practise imposture.—n. a made-up story, lie: (U.S.) a laughing-stock.

Gage, gāj, n. a pledge: something thrown down as a challenge, as a glove.—v.t. to bind by pledge or security: offer as a guarantee: to stake, wager. [O. Fr. guage, from Teut. See Wed.]

Gage, gāj, n. name applied to several varieties of plum. [See Greengage.]

Gaggle, gag′l, n. a flock of geese, or of women.—v.i. to cackle.—n. Gagg′ling, cackling.—adj. garrulous.

Gag-tooth, gag′-tōōth, n. a projecting tooth.—adj. Gag′-toothed.

Gaikwar, gīk′war, n. name of the ruler of Baroda in India. [Marathi gāe—Sans. go, a cow, bull.]

Gain, gān, v.t. to obtain by effort: to earn: to be successful in: to draw to one's own party, bribe: to reach: to make advance: (N. T.) to escape.—n. that which is gained: profit.—adj. Gain′able.—n. Gain′er.—adj. Gain′ful.—adv. Gain′fully.—n. Gain′fulness.—n.pl. Gain′ings.—adj. Gain′less.—n. Gain′lessness.—Gain ground (see Ground); Gain upon, to overtake by degrees. [O. Fr. gain, gaain, gaigner, gaaignier, from Teut., as in weidenen, to graze, to seek forage, weida, pasture.]

Gainsay, gān′sā, v.t. to contradict: to deny: to dispute.—ns. Gain′sayer (B.), an opposer; Gain′saying.—v.t. Gain′strive (Spens.), to strive against. [A.S. gegn, against, and say.]

Gait, gāt, n. way or manner of walking, step, pace.—adj. Gait′ed, having a particular gait. [A special use of gate.]

Gaiter, gāt′ėr, n. a covering of cloth, &c., for the ankle, fitting down upon the shoe. [Fr. guêtre, guietre.]

Gala, gā′la, n. festivity.—n. Gā′la-dress, gay costume for a gala-day. [Fr. gala, show—It. gala, finery.]

Galactic, ga-lak′tik, adj. pertaining to or obtained from milk: (astron.) pertaining to the Milky-Way.—ns. Galac′tagogue, a medicine which promotes the secretion of milk; Galac′tia, a morbid flow or deficiency of milk; Galac′tin, lactose; Galactom′eter, an instrument for finding the quality of milk by indicating its specific gravity; Galactoph′agist, one who lives on milk.—adjs. Galactoph′agous, living on milk; Galactoph′orous, milk-carrying; Galactopoiet′ic, milk-producing.—n. Galactorrhœ′a, a too abundant flow of milk. [Gr. gala, galaktos, milk.]

Galago, ga-lā′go, n. a genus of large-eared, long-tailed African lemurs, arboreal and nocturnal in habit, living on fruit and insects.

Galantine, gal′an-tīn, n. a dish of poultry or veal, boned, tied up tight, cooked, and served cold. [Fr.,—Low L. galatina for gelatina, jelly. See Gelatine.]

Galanty show, gal-an′ti shō, n. a shadow pantomime produced by throwing shadows of miniature figures on a wall or screen. [Prob. It. galanti, pl. of galante. See Gallant.]

Galatian, ga-lā′shi-an, adj. pertaining to Galatia in Asia Minor—colonised by Gauls in the 3d century B.C.—n. a native of Galatia.

Galaxy, gal′ak-si, n. the Milky-Way, or the luminous band of stars stretching across the heavens: any splendid assemblage. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. galaxias—gala, milk.]

Galbanum, gal′ban-um, n. a resinous juice obtained from an Eastern plant, used in medicine and in the arts, and by the Jews in the preparation of the sacred incense.—Also Gal′ban. [L.,—Gr. chalbanē, prob. an Eastern word.]

Gale, gāl, n. a strong wind between a stiff breeze and a hurricane: (coll.) a state of noisy excitement. [Prob. elliptical for gale (or gall) wind. Mr Bradley disfavours the Scand. ety., which connects with Dan. gal, mad, Norw. galen, raging.]

Gale, gāl, n. a shrub growing in marshy spots, usually called Sweet-gale. [Prob. A.S. gagel; cf. Ger. gagel, a myrtle-bush.]

Galeate, -d, gā′le-āt, -ed, adj. (bot., ornith., and anat.) helmeted. [L. galeātus—galea, a helmet.]

Galena, gā-lē′na, n. a mineral which is essentially a sulphide of lead—also Galē′nite.—adjs. Galē′nic, -al, Galē′noid. [L. galena, lead-ore.]

Galenic, -al, gā-len′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to Galen, the 2d-cent. Greek physician, or to his methods and theories.—ns. Gā′lenism; Gā′lenist.

Galeopithecus, gā-li-o-pi-thē′kus, n. a flying lemur.—adjs. Galeopithē′cine, Galeopithē′coid.

Galilean, gal-i-lē′an, adj. of or pertaining to Galileo, a great Italian mathematician (1564-1642).—Galilean law, the law of the uniform acceleration of falling bodies; Galilean telescope, a telescope with a concave lens for its eye-piece.

Galilean, gal-i-lē′an, adj. of or pertaining to Galilee, one of the Roman divisions of Palestine.—n. a native of Galilee: a Christian.

Galilee, gal′i-lē, n. (archit.) a porch or chapel at the west end of some abbey churches, in which penitents were placed, and where ecclesiastics met women who had business with them.—Galilee porch, a galilee which has direct communication with the exterior. [Prob. suggested from Mark, xvi. 7, 'He goeth before you into Galilee.']

Galimatias, gal-i-mā′shi-as, n. nonsense, gibberish: any confused mixture of unlike things. [Fr.]

Galingale, gal′in-gāl, n. the aromatic root of certain E. Indian plants of genera Alpinia and Kæmpferia, formerly much used in medicine and cookery: the tuber of Cyperus longus, of ancient medicinal repute: also the whole plant.—Also Galan′gal. [O. Fr. galingal—Ar. khalanjān—Chin. ko-liang-kiang—Ko, a Chinese province, liang, mild, and kiang, ginger.]

Galiongee, gal-yon-jē′, n. a Turkish sailor. [Turk. qālyūnjī, deriv. of qālyūn—It. galeone, galleon.]

Galipot, gal′i-pot, n. the white resin which exudes from pine, yielding, when refined, white, yellow, or Burgundy pitch. [Fr.]

Gall, gawl, n. the greenish-yellow fluid secreted from the liver, called bile: bitterness: malignity.—ns. Gall-bladd′er, a pear-shaped bag lying on the under side of the liver, a reservoir for the bile; Gall′-stone, a hard concretion in the gall-bladder or biliary ducts.—Gall and wormwood, anything extremely disagreeable and annoying.—In the gall of bitterness, in a state of extreme hostility to God (Acts, viii. 23). [A.S. gealla, gall; cf. Ger. galle, Gr. cholē, L. fel.]

Gall, gawl, n. a light nut-like ball which certain insects produce on the oak-tree, used in dyeing—also Gall′-nut.—v.t. to fret or hurt the skin by rubbing: to annoy: to enrage.—v.i. (Shak.) to act in a galling manner.—ns. Gall′ate, a salt of gallic acid; Gall′fly, an insect which occasions gall on plants by puncturing.—adj. Gall′ing, irritating.—adv. Gall′ingly.—Gallic acid, a crystalline substance obtained from gall-nuts, and used in making ink. [Fr. galle—L. galla, oak-apple.]

Gallant, gal′ant, adj. brave: noble: (rare) gay, splendid, magnificent: courteous or attentive to ladies: amorous, erotic (sometimes gal-ant′).—n. a gay, dashing person: a man of fashion: suitor, seducer.—adv. Gall′antly.—ns. Gall′antness; Gall′antry, bravery: intrepidity: attention or devotion to ladies, often in a bad sense, amorous intrigue: (Shak.) gallants collectively. [Fr. galant—O. Fr. gale, a merrymaking; prob. Teut.]

Galleass, gal′e-as, n. (Shak.) a vessel of the same construction as a galley, but larger and heavier.—Also Gall′iass. [O. Fr. galeace—It. galeaza, augmented from, galea, galley.]

Galleon, gal′i-un, n. a large Spanish vessel with lofty stem and stern, mostly used formerly for carrying treasure. [Sp. galeon. Cf. Galley.]

Gallery, gal′ėr-i, n. a balcony surrounded by rails: a long passage: the upper floor of seats in a church or theatre: the persons occupying the gallery at a theatre: a room for the exhibition of works of art: (fort.) a covered passage cut through the earth or masonry: a level or drive in a mine.—adj. Gall′eried, furnished with, or arranged like, a gallery.—Play to the gallery, to play so as to win the applause of the least intelligent amongst the spectators. [O. Fr. galerie (It. galleria).]

Galley, gal′i, n. a long, low-built ship with one deck, propelled by oars: a state barge: the captain's boat on a war-ship: the place where the cooking is done on board ship: a kind of boat attached to a ship-of-war: (print.) a flat oblong tray in which the compositor places the type he has set up.—ns. Gall′ey-proof, an impression taken from type on a galley; Gall′ey-slave, one condemned for crime to work like a slave at the oar of a galley. [O. Fr. galie—Low L. galea.]

Galliambic, gal-i-am′bik, adj. constituting a galliambus, a verse consisting of four Ionics a minore (

), with variations and substitutions. [Used by the Galli, priests of the Phrygian goddess Cybele.]

Galliard, gal′yard, adj. (arch.) brisk, lively.—n. a spirited dance for two, common in the 16th and 17th centuries: a gay fellow.—n. Gall′iardise, gaiety: a merry trick. [O. Fr. gaillard; cf. Sp. gallardo.]

Gallic, gal′ik, adj. pertaining to Gaul or France.—adj. Gall′ican, of or pertaining to France: esp. pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church in France.—n. one holding Gallican doctrines.—n. Gall′icanism, the spirit of nationalism within the French Church—as opposed to Ultramontanism, or the absolute subjection of everything to the personal authority of the pope.—adv. Gallice (gal′i-sē), in French.—n. Gall′icism, the use in English or any other language of a word or idiom peculiar to the French.—vs.t. Gall′icīze, Gall′icīse, to make French in opinions, habits, &c. [L. Gallicus—Gallia, Gaul.]

Galligaskins, gal-i-gas′kinz, n.pl. large open hose or trousers: leggings worn by sportsmen. [A corr. of O. Fr. garguesque—It. Grechesco, Greekish—L. Græcus, Greek.]

Gallimaufry, gal-i-maw′fri, n. (Shak.) any inconsistent or absurd medley: a medley of persons. [O. Fr. galimafrée, a ragout, hash.]

Gallinaceous, gal-in-ā′shus, adj. pertaining to the order of birds to which the domestic fowl, pheasant, &c. belong. [L. gallina, a hen—gallus, a cock.]

Gallinule, gal′i-nūl, n. a genus of aquatic birds closely allied to the coots, of which the common water-hen is a species. [L. gallinula, dim. of gallina, a hen.]

Gallio, gal′i-o, n. a careless, easy-going man who keeps himself free from trouble and responsibility. [From the proconsul of Achaia in 53 A.D., Junius Annæus Gallio, who refused to listen to the Jewish clamour against Paul (Acts, xviii. 12-17).]

Galliot, Galiot, gal′i-ot, n. a small galley: an old Dutch cargo-boat, also a bomb-ketch. [Fr. galiote—Low L. galea, galley.]

Gallipot, gal′i-pot, n. a small glazed pot for containing medicine. [Prob. pottery such as was brought in galleys; not likely to be the Old Dut. gleipot, a glazed pot.]

Gallium, gal′i-um, n. a rare malleable metal, grayish-white, brilliant in lustre.

Gallivant, gal-i-vant′, v.i. to spend time frivolously, esp. in flirting. [Perh. a variation of gallant.]

Gallize, gal′īz, v.t. to treat unfermented grape-juice with water and sugar, so as to increase the quantity of wine produced. [From Dr L. Gall of Treves.]

Galloglass, gal′lo-glas, n. a soldier or armed retainer of a chief in ancient Ireland and other Celtic countries.—Also Gal′lowglass. [Ir. gallóglách—Ir. gall, foreign, óglách, youth.]

Gallon, gal′un, n. the standard measure of capacity=4 quarts. [O. Fr. galun, galon, jalon; app. cog. with Fr. jale, a bowl.]

Galloon, ga-lōōn′, n. a kind of lace: a narrow ribbon made of silk or worsted, or of both.—adj. Gallooned′, adorned with galloon. [Fr. galon, galonner; prob. cog. with gallant.]

Gallop, gal′up, v.i. to move by leaps, as a horse: to ride a galloping horse: to move very fast.—v.t. to cause to gallop.—n. the pace at which a horse runs when the forefeet are lifted together and the hindfeet together: a ride at a gallop.—n. Gall′oper, one who, or that which, gallops.—part. and adj. Gall′oping, proceeding at a gallop: (fig.) advancing rapidly, as in the phrase, 'a galloping consumption.'—Canterbury gallop, a moderate gallop of a horse (see Canter). [O. Fr. galop, galoper; prob. Teut., related to leap. There is a Flemish and a Middle High Ger. walop (n.). The root is seen in Old Fries. walla, to boil; cf. Well (1).]

Gallopade, gal-up-ād′, n. a quick kind of dance—then, the music appropriate to it: a sidewise gallop.—v.i. to move briskly: to perform a gallopade. [Fr.]

Gallovidian, gal-o-vid′yan, adj. belonging to Galloway.—n. a native thereof.

Gallow, gal′lō, v.t. (Shak.) to frighten or terrify. [A.S. a-gǽlwian, to astonish.]

Galloway, gal′o-wā, n. a small strong horse, 13-15 hands high, originally from Galloway in Scotland: a breed of large black hornless cattle.

Gallows, gal′us, n. a wooden frame on which criminals are executed by hanging—a pl. used as a sing., and having (Shak.) the double pl. 'gallowses' (used also coll. originally for a pair of braces for supporting the trousers): (Shak.) a wretch who deserves the gallows: any contrivance with posts and cross-beam for suspending objects: a rest for the tympan of a hand printing-press: the main frame of a beam-engine.—ns. Gall′ows-bird, a person who deserves hanging; Gall′ows-bitts, a frame fixed in a ship's deck to support spare spars.—adj. Gall′ows-free, free from danger of hanging.—n. Gall′owsness (slang), recklessness.—adj. Gall′ows-ripe, ready for the gallows.—n. Gall′ows-tree, a tree used as a gallows.—Cheat the gallows, to escape hanging though deserving it. [M. E. galwes (pl.)—A.S. galga; Ger. galgen.]

Gally, gal′i, v.i. (prov.) to scare, daze.—ns. Gall′y-beg′gar, Gall′icrow, Gall′ycrow, a scarecrow.

Galop, gal′op, n. a lively round dance of German origin: music for such a dance. [Fr.; cf. Gallop.]

Galopin, gal′o-pin, n. (Scot.) a kitchen boy. [O. Fr.,—galoper, to gallop.]

Galore, ga-lōr′, adv. in abundance, plentifully.—n. abundance. [Ir. go leór, sufficiently—go, an adverbialising particle, leór, sufficient.]

Galosh, ga-losh′, n. a shoe or slipper worn over another in wet weather—also Galoche′, Golosh′. [Fr. galoche—Gr. kalopodion, dim. of kalopous, a shoemaker's last—kālon, wood, pous, the foot.]

Galumph, gal-umf′, v.i. to march along boundingly and exultingly. [A coinage of Lewis Carroll.]

Galvanism, gal′van-izm, n. a branch of the science of electricity which treats of electric currents produced by chemical agents.—adj. Galvan′ic, belonging to or exhibiting galvanism.—n. Galvanisā′tion.—v.t. Gal′vanīse, to subject to the action of a galvanic current: to confer a false vitality upon.—ns. Gal′vanist, Gal′vanīser; Galvan′ograph, a printing-surface resembling an engraved copper-plate, produced by an electrotype process from a drawing made with viscid ink on a silvered plate: an impression taken from such a plate; Galvanog′raphy; Galvanol′ogist, a student of galvanology; Galvanol′ogy, the science of galvanic phenomena; Galvanom′eter, an instrument for measuring the strength of galvanic currents; Galvanom′etry.—adj. Galvanoplas′tic.—ns. Galvanoplas′ty, electrotypy; Galvan′oscope, an instrument for detecting the existence and direction of an electric current.—Galvanic battery, a series of zinc or copper plates susceptible of galvanic action; Galvanised iron, the name given to iron coated with zinc to prevent rusting. [From Luigi Galvani, of Bologna, the discoverer (1737-98).]

Galwegian, gal-wē′ji-an, adj. belonging to Galloway.—n. a native thereof.—Also Gallowē′gian.

Gam, gam, v.t. and v.i. to make a call on, to exchange courtesies with: to gather in a flock, as whales.—n. a school or herd of whales. [Prob. a corr. of jam.]

Gama-grass, gä′ma-gräs, n. a grass with very large culms, 4 to 7 feet high, grown in Mexico.

Gamb, gamb, n. a leg or shank: (her.) a beast's whole foreleg=Gamb′a (anat.), the metacarpus or metatarsus of ruminants, &c.: short for viol da gamba. [Low L. gamba, a leg. See Gambol.]

Gambado, gam-bā′do, n. a leather covering for the legs to defend them from mud in riding: boots affixed to the saddle in place of stirrups. [It. gamba, the leg.]

Gambado, gam-bā′do, n. a bound or spring of a horse: a fantastic movement, a caper. [Sp. gambada; cf. Gambol.]

Gambeson, gam′be-son, n. an ancient coat for defence, worn under the habergeon, of leather, or of cloth stuffed and quilted.—Also Gam′bison. [O. Fr.—Low L. gambesōn-em; prob. Teut., as in wambâ, the belly.]

Gambier, gam′bēr, n. an astringent substance prepared from the leaves of a shrub of the East Indies, and largely used in tanning and dyeing.—Also Gam′bir. [Malayan.]

Gambit, gam′bit, n. a mode of opening a game of chess by sacrificing a pawn early in the game for the purpose of making a powerful attack. [It. gambetto, a tripping up—gamba, leg.]

Gamble, gam′bl, v.i. to play for money in games of chance or skill: to engage in wild financial speculations.—v.t. to squander away.—n. a gambling transaction.—ns. Gam′bler, one who gambles, esp. who makes it his business; Gam′bling-house, a house kept for the accommodation of people who play at games of hazard for money. [For gamm-le or gam-le, a freq. which has ousted M. E. gamenen—A.S. gamenian, to play at games—gamen, a game.]

Gamboge, gam-bōj′, or gam-bōōj′, n. a yellow gum-resin used as a pigment and in medicine.—adjs. Gambog′ian, Gambog′ic. [From Cambodia, in Asia, whence brought about 1600.]

Gambol, gam′bol, v.i. to leap, skip: to frisk in sport:—pr.p. gam′bolling; pa.p. gam′bolled.—n. a skipping: playfulness. [Formerly gambold—O. Fr. gambade—It. gambata, a kick—Low L. gamba, leg.]

Gambrel, gam′brel, n. the hock of a horse: a crooked stick used by butchers for suspending a carcass while dressing it.—Gambrel roof, a curved or hipped roof. [O. Fr. gamberel; cf. Fr. gambier, a hooked stick; prob. Celt. cam, crooked.]

Gambroon, gam-brōōn′, n. a twilled cloth of worsted and cotton, or linen. [Prob. Gambroon in Persia.]

Game, gām, n. sport of any kind: an exercise or contest for recreation or amusement, esp. athletic contests: the stake in a game: the manner of playing a game: the requisite number of points to be gained to win a game: jest, sport, trick, artifice: any object of pursuit or desire: (Shak.) gallantry: the spoil of the chase: wild animals protected by law and hunted by sportsmen, the flesh of such—hares, pheasants, partridges, grouse, blackcock.—adj. of or belonging to such animals as are hunted as game: plucky, courageous: (slang) having the spirit to do something.—v.i. to gamble.—ns. Game′-bag, a bag for holding a sportsman's game, also the whole amount of game taken at one time; Game′cock, a cock trained to fight; Game′keeper, one who has the care of game.—n.pl. Game′-laws, laws relating to the protection of certain animals called game.—adv. Gamely.—ns. Game′ness; Game′-preserv′er, one who preserves game on his property for his own sport or profit.—adj. Game′some, playful.—ns. Game′someness, sportiveness: merriment; Game′ster, one viciously addicted to gambling: a gambler; Game′-ten′ant, one who rents the privilege of shooting or fishing over a particular estate or district; Gam′ing, gambling; Gam′ing-house, a gambling-house, a hell; Gam′ing-tā′ble, a table used for gambling.—adj. Gam′y, having the flavour of dead game kept till tainted: (coll.) spirited, plucky.—Big game, the larger animals hunted; Die game, to keep up courage to the last; Make a game of, to play with real energy or skill; Make game of, to make sport of, to ridicule; Red game, the Scotch ptarmigan; Round game, a game, as at cards, in which the number of players is not fixed; The game is not worth the candle (see Candle); The game is up, the game is started: the scheme has failed. [A.S. gamen, play; Ice. gaman, Dan. gammen.]

Game, gām, adj. (slang) crooked, lame. [Most prob. not the Celt. cam, crooked.]

Gamic, gam′ik, adj. having a sexual character, of an ovum—opp. to Agamic.—ns. Gamete (gam-ēt′), a sexual protoplasmic body; Gamogen′esis, sexual reproduction.—adjs. Gamopet′alous (bot.), having the petals united at the base; Gamophyl′lous, having cohering perianth leaves; Gamosep′alous, having the sepals united. [Gr. gamos, marriage.]

Gamin, gam′in, n. a street Arab, a precocious and mischievous imp of the pavement. [Fr.]

Gamma, gam′a, n. the third letter of the Greek alphabet.—ns. Gammād′ion, Gammā′tion (see Fylfot).

Gammerstang, gam′er-stang, n. (prov.) a tall, awkward person, esp. a woman: a wanton girl.

Gammon, gam′un, n. (mostly coll.) a hoax: nonsense, humbug.—v.t. to hoax, impose upon.—ns. Gamm′oner; Gamm′oning. [A.S. gamen, a game.]

Gammon, gam′un, n. the preserved thigh of a hog. [O. Fr. gambon—gambe, a leg.]

Gammon, gam′un, n. (naut.) the lashing of the bowsprit.—v.t. to lash the bowsprit with ropes.

Gamp, gamp, n. (slang) a large, clumsy, or untidily tied up umbrella.—adj. Gamp′ish, bulging. [So called from Mrs Sarah Gamp, a tippling monthly nurse in Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit.]

Gamut, gam′ut, n. the musical scale: the whole extent of a thing. [So called from the Gr. gamma, which marked the last of the series of notes in the musical notation of Guido Aretinus, and L. ut, the beginning of an old hymn to St John ('Ut queant laxis') used in singing the scale.]

Ganch, ganch, v.t. to impale.—Also Gaunch. [O. Fr. gancher—It. gancio, a hook.]

Gander, gan′dėr, n. the male of the goose: a simpleton: (U.S.) a man living apart from his wife.—ns. Gan′dercleugh, the place of abode of the hypothetical Jedediah Cleishbotham, editor of the Tales of my Landlord; Gan′derism; Gan′der-par′ty, a social gathering of men only. [A.S. gandra, from ganra, with inserted d; Dut. and Low Ger. gander.]

Ganesa, ga-nē′sa, n. the elephant-headed Hindu god of foresight and prudence.

Gang, gang, n. a number of persons or animals associated for a certain purpose, usually in a bad sense: a number of labourers working together during the same hours: the range of pasture allowed to cattle: a set of tools, &c., used together for any kind of work.—ns. Gang′er, Gangs′man, the foreman of a squad, as of plate-layers. [A.S. gang (Dan. gang, Ger. gang, a going), gangan, to go.]

Gang, gang, v.i. (Scot.) to go.—n.pl. Gang′-days, the three days preceding Ascension Day or Holy Thursday.—n. Gang′er, a walker: a fast-going horse. [A.S. gangan, to go.]

Ganglion, gang′gli-on, n. a tumour in the sheath of a tendon: an enlargement in the course of a nerve: any special centre of nervous action:—pl. Gang′lia, Gang′lions.—adjs. Gang′liac, Gang′lial, Ganglion′ic, pertaining to a ganglion; Gang′liate, -d, provided with a ganglion or ganglia; Gang′liform, Gang′lioform, having the form of a ganglion; Gang′lionary, composed of ganglia.—n. Gang′lion-cell (anat.), a nerve-cell with nucleus and nucleones.—Basal ganglia, ganglia situated at the bottom of the cerebrum. [Gr.]

Gangrel, gang′rel, n. and adj. a vagrant. [From gang—A.S. gangan, to go, walk.]

Gangrene, gang′grēn, n. loss of vitality in some part of the body: the first stage in mortification.—v.t. to mortify.—v.i. to become putrid.—v.i. Gang′renate, to become mortified.—adjs. Gangrenes′cent, becoming mortified; Gang′renous, mortified. [L. gangræna—Gr. gangraina, grainein, to gnaw.]

Gangue, Gang, gang, n. in mining, the stony matrix in which metallic ores occur. [Fr.,—Ger. gang, a vein.]

Gangway, gang′wā, n. a passage or way by which to go into or out of any place, esp. a ship: a way between rows of seats, esp. the cross-passage in the House of Commons, about half-way down the House, giving access to the rear-benches. The members 'above the gangway' are the ministers and ex-ministers, with their more immediate supporters. [A.S. gangweg; cf. gang and way.]

Ganister, Gannister, gan′is-ter, n. a hard, close-grained siliceous stone, which often forms the stratum that underlies a coal-seam.

Gannet, gan′et, n. a web-footed fowl found in the northern seas, the best-known of which is the solan goose. [A.S. ganot, a sea-fowl; Dut. gent.]

Ganoid, gän′oid, adj. belonging to an order of fishes once very large, but now decadent, including only seven genera (sturgeons, &c.).—adj. Ganoi′dian. [Gr. ganos, brightness, eidos, appearance.]

Gantlet, gant′let, Gantlope, gant′lōp, n. a punishment consisting of driving a criminal through a lane formed by two files of men, who each strike him as he passes.—Run the gantlet, to undergo the punishment of the gantlet: to be exposed to unpleasant remarks or treatment. [Confused with gauntlet, but from Sw. gatlopp—gata (Eng. gate), a street, line of soldiers, lopp (Eng. leap), course.]

Gantry, gan′tri, n. a stand for barrels: a platform for a travelling-crane, &c.—Also Gaun′try.

Ganymede, gan′i-mēd, n. a cup-bearer, pot-boy, from the beautiful youth who succeeded Hebe as cup-bearer to Zeus, being carried off to Olympus by the eagle of Zeus: a catamite.

Gap, gap, n. an opening made by rupture or parting: a cleft: a passage: a deep ravine in a mountain-ridge: any breach of continuity.—v.t. to notch: to make a gap in.—adjs. Gap′py, full of gaps; Gap-toothed, lacking some of the teeth.—Stand in the gap, to stand forward in active defence of something; Stop a gap, to repair a defect, close a breach. [M. E. gappe—Ice. gap, an opening.]

Gape, gāp, v.i. to open the mouth wide: to yawn: to stare with open mouth: to be open, like a gap.—n. act of gaping: width of the mouth when opened.—ns. Gap′er; Gapes, a disease of birds, owing to the presence of trematode worms in the windpipe, shown by their uneasy gaping.—adj. Gap′ing, with mouth open in admiration.—adv. Gap′ingly. [Ice. gapa, to open the mouth; Ger. gaffen, to stare.]

Gar, gär, Garfish, gär′fish, n. a long slender fish of the pike family, with a pointed head. [A.S. gár, a dart.]

Gar, gär, v.t. (Scot.) to cause, to compel. [Norse ger(v)a, to make (A.S. gierwan, giarwian), Sw. göra, Dan. gjöre; cf. Yare.]

Garancine, gar′an-sin, n. a manufactured product of madder, used as a dye. [Fr.,—garance, madder.]

Garb, gärb, n. fashion of dress: external appearance.—v.t. to clothe, array. [O. Fr. garbe—It. garbo, grace; of Teut. origin.]

Garb, gärb, n. a sheaf of grain, frequently used in heraldry. [O. Fr. garbe—Teut., as in Old High Ger. garba, a handful (Ger. garbe, Dut. garf).]

Garbage, gär′bāj, n. refuse, as the bowels of an animal: any worthless matter. [Of doubtful origin; prob. O. Fr. garbe, a sheaf; not conn. with garble.]

Garble, gär′bl, v.t. to select what may serve our own purpose, in a bad sense: to mutilate, corrupt, or falsify.—n. Gar′bler, one who selects. [Most prob. It. garbellare—Ar. ghirbál, a sieve.]

Garboard-strake, gär′bōrd-strāk, n. the first range of planks laid on a ship's bottom next the keel. [Dut. gaarboord.]

Garboil, gär′boil, n. (Shak.) disorder, uproar. [O. Fr. garbouil—It. garbuglio, conn. with L. bullīre, to boil.]

Gardant, gärd′ant, adj. (her.) said of an animal represented as full-faced and looking forward. [Fr., pr.p. of garder, to look.]

Garden, gär′dn, n. a piece of ground on which flowers, &c., are cultivated: a pleasant spot.—ns. Gar′dener; Gar′den-glass, a bell-glass for covering plants; Gar′dening, the act of laying out and cultivating gardens; Gar′den-par′ty, a party held on the lawn or in the garden of a private house.—Garden of Eden (see Eden); Hanging garden, a garden formed in terraces rising one above another—e.g. those of Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon; Market gardener, a gardener who raises vegetables, fruits, &c. for sale; Philosophers of the garden, followers of Epicurus who taught in a garden. [O. Fr. gardin (Fr. jardin); from Teut.]

Gardenia, gär-dē′ni-a, n. a genus of Cinchonaceæ, tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, with beautiful and fragrant flowers. [Named from the American botanist, Dr Alex. Garden (died 1791).]

Gardyloo, gär′di-lōō, n. the old warning cry of housewives in Edinburgh before throwing their slops out of the window into the street. [Pseudo-Fr. gare de l'eau—should be gare l'eau, 'beware of the water.']

Garefowl, gār′fowl, n. the great auk, razor-billed auk. [Ice. geir-fugl.]

Gargantuan, gär-gan′tū-an, adj. like Gargantua—i.e. enormous, prodigious.—ns. Gargan′tuism; Gargan′tuist. [From Gargantua, the hero of Rabelais, described as a giant of vast appetite.]

Garget, gar′get, n. a swelling in the throat of cattle and pigs: inflammation of a cow's udder.—Also Gar′gil.

Gargle, gär′gl, v.t. to wash the throat, preventing the liquid from going down by expelling air against it.—n. a preparation for washing the throat. [O. Fr. gargouiller—gargouille, the throat.]

Gargoyle, gär′goil, n. a projecting spout, conveying the water from the roof-gutters of buildings, often representing human or other figures. [O. Fr. gargouille—L. gurgulio, throat.]

Garibaldi, gar-i-bal′di, n. a woman's loose blouse, an imitation of the red shirts worn by the followers of the Italian patriot Garibaldi (1807-1882).

Garish, Gairish, gār′ish, adj. showy: gaudy.—adv. Gar′ishly.—n. Gar′ishness. [Earlier gaurish, gawrish—gaure, to stare, perh. a freq. of gaw, to stare, cf. Ice. gá, to heed.]

Garland, gär′land, n. a wreath of flowers or leaves: a name for a book of extracts in prose or poetry: (Shak.) the thing most prized.—v.t. to deck with a garland.—n. Gar′landāge, a decoration of garlands.—adj. Gar′landless.—n. Gar′landry, garlands collectively.--Civic garland, a crown of oak-leaves bestowed on a Roman soldier who saved a fellow-citizen's life in battle. [O. Fr. garlande; prob. Old High Ger. wiara, fine ornament.]

Garlick, gär′lik, n. a bulbous-rooted plant of genus Allium, having a pungent taste and very strong smell.—adj. Gar′licky, like garlick. [A.S. gárléac—gár, a spear, léac, a leek.]

Garment, gär′ment, n. any article of clothing, as a coat or gown.—v.t. to clothe with a garment.—adjs. Gar′mented; Gar′mentless.—n. Gar′menture, clothing. [O. Fr. garniment—garnir, to furnish.]

Garner, gär′nėr, n. a granary or place where grain is stored up: a store of anything—e.g. experience.—v.t. to store as in a garner.—v.i. (rare) to accumulate.—n. Gar′nerage, a storehouse. [O. Fr. gernier (Fr. grenier)—L. granarium, -ia, a granary.]

Garnet, gär′net, n. a precious stone belonging to a group of minerals crystallising in the cubical system. [O. Fr. grenat—Low L. granatum, pomegranate; or Low L. granum, grain, cochineal, red dye.]

Garnish, gär′nish, v.t. to adorn: to furnish: to surround with ornaments, as a dish.—n. entrance-money: something placed round a principal dish at table, whether for embellishment or relish: a gift of money, esp. that formerly paid by a prisoner to his fellow-prisoners on his first admission.—ns. Gar′nishee, a person warned not to pay money owed to another, because the latter is indebted to the garnisher who gives the warning (v.t. to attach a debtor's money in this way); Garnishee′ment; Gar′nisher, one who garnishes; Gar′nishing, Gar′nishment, Gar′niture, that which garnishes or embellishes: ornament: apparel: trimming; Gar′nishry, adornment. [O. Fr. garniss-, stem of garnir, to furnish, old form warnir, from a Teut. root seen in A.S. warnian, Ger. warnen, Eng. warn.]

Garret, gar′et, n. (Shak.) a watch-tower: a room next the roof of a house.—p.adj. Garr′eted, provided with garrets: lodged in a garret.—ns. Garreteer′, one who lives in a garret: a poor author; Garr′et-mas′ter, a cabinet-maker, locksmith, &c., working on his own account for the dealers. [O. Fr. garite, a place of safety, guarir, warir, to preserve (Fr. guérir)—Teut., Old High Ger. warjan, to defend.]

Garrison, gar′i-sn, n. a supply of soldiers for guarding a fortress: a fortified place.—v.t. to furnish a fortress with troops: to defend by fortresses manned with troops.—Garrison town, a town in which a garrison is stationed. [O. Fr. garison—garir, guerir, to furnish—Teut., Old High Ger. warjan, to defend.]

Garrotte, Garotte, gar-rot′, n. a Spanish mode of strangling criminals.—v.t. to strangle by a brass collar tightened by a screw, whose point enters the spinal marrow: to suddenly render insensible by semi-strangulation, and then to rob:—pr.p. garrott′ing, garott′ing; pa.p. garrott′ed, garott′ed.—ns. Garrott′er, Garott′er, one who garrottes; Garrott′ing, Garott′ing. [Sp. garrote; cf. Fr. garrot, a stick.]

Garrulous, gar′ū-lus, adj. talkative.—ns. Garrul′ity, Garr′ulousness, talkativeness: loquacity.—adv. Garr′ulously. [L. garrulus—garrīre, to chatter.]

Garter, gär′tėr, n. a band used to tie the stocking to the leg: the badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter.—v.t. to bind with a garter.—Garter king-of-arms, the chief herald of the Order of the Garter. [O. Fr. gartier (Fr. jarretière)—O. Fr. garet (Fr. jarret), the ham of the leg, prob. Celt. as Bret. gar, the shank of the leg.]

Garth, gärth, n. an enclosure or yard: a garden: a weir in a river for catching fish. [Ice. garðr, a court; cf. A.S. geard; Ger. garten, yard.]

Garuda, gär′ōō-da, n. a Hindu demigod, with the body and legs of a man, the head and wings of a bird, emblem of strength and speed. [Sans.]

Garvie, gär′vi, n. (Scot.) a sprat.—Also Gar′vock. [Gael. garbhag.]

Gas, gas, n. a vaporous substance not condensed into a liquid at ordinary terrestrial temperatures and pressures—esp. that obtained from coal, used in lighting houses: (coll.) frothy talk:—pl. Gas′es.—v.t. to supply with gas: (U.S.) to impose on by talking gas.—v.i. to vapour, talk boastfully.—ns. Gasalier′, Gaselier′, a hanging frame with branches for gas-jets, formed on false analogy from chandelier; Gas′-bag, a bag for holding gas: a boastful, talkative person; Gas′-brack′et, a pipe, mostly curved, projecting from the wall of a room, used for illuminating purposes; Gas′-burn′er, a piece of metal fitted to the end of a gas-pipe, with one or more small holes so arranged as to spread out the flame; Gas′-coal, any coal suitable for making illuminating gas; Gas′-condens′er, an apparatus for freeing coal-gas from tar; Gasē′ity, Gā′seousness.—adj. Gaseous (gā′se-us).—ns. Gas′-en′gine, an engine in which motion is communicated to the piston by the alternate admission and condensation of gas in a closed cylinder; Gas′-fit′ter, one who fits up the pipes and brackets for gas-lighting; Gas′-fix′ture, a bracket or chandelier for gas; Gas′-fur′nace, a furnace of which the fuel is gas; Gas′holder, a large vessel for storing gas; Gasificā′tion, the process of converting into gas.—v.t. Gas′ify, to convert into gas.—ns. Gas′-jet, a gas-burner; Gas′-lamp, a lamp lighted by gas; Gas′-main, one of the principal underground pipes conveying gas from the works to the places where it is consumed; Gas′-man, a man employed in the manufacture of gas: the man who controls the lights of the stage; Gas′-mē′ter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of gas consumed at a particular place in a given time; Gas′ogene (same as Gazogene); Gas′olene, rectified petroleum; Gasom′eter, an instrument for measuring gas: a place for holding gas.—adjs. Gasomet′ric, -al.—ns. Gas′-pipe, a pipe for conveying gas; Gas′sing, idle talking; Gas′-stove, an apparatus in which coal-gas is used for heating and cooking purposes.—adj. Gas′sy, full of gas, gaseous: (slang) given to vain and boastful talk.—ns. Gas′-tank, a reservoir for coal-gas; Gas′-tar, coal-tar.—adj. Gas′-tight, sufficiently close to prevent the escape of gas.—ns. Gas′-wa′ter, water through which coal-gas has been passed; Gas′-works, an establishment where illuminating gas is manufactured. [A word invented by the Dutch chemist J. B. Van Helmont (1577-1644)—the form suggested by Gr. chaos.]

Gasconade, gas-ko-nād′, n. boasting talk.—ns. Gas′con, a native of Gascony; Gas′conism. [Fr.,—Gascon, from their proverbial boastfulness.]

Gash, gash, v.t. to make a deep cut into anything, esp. into flesh.—n. a deep, open wound. [Formerly garse—O. Fr. garser, pierce with a lancet—Low L. garsa. Perh. corrupted from Gr. charassein, to cut.]

Gash, gash, adj. (Scot.) shrewd: talkative: trim.—v.i. to tattle. [Prob. a corr. of sagacious.]

Gash, gash, adj. (Scot.) ghastly, hideous—also Gash′ful, Gash′ly.—n. Gash′liness.—adv. Gash′ly. [From ghastful, through association with gash.]

Gasket, gas′ket, n. (naut.) a canvas band used to bind the sails to the yards when furled: a strip of tow, &c., for packing a piston, &c.—Also Gas′kin. [Cf. Fr. garcette, It. gaschetta; ety. dub.]

Gasp, gasp, v.i. to gape in order to catch breath: to desire eagerly.—n. the act of opening the mouth to catch the breath.—pr.p. and adj. Gasp′ing, convulsive, spasmodic.—adv. Gasp′ingly.—The last gasp, the utmost extremity. [Ice. geispa, to yawn, by metathesis from geipsa, cf. geip, idle talk.]

Gast, gast, v.t. (Shak.) to make aghast, to frighten or terrify. [A.S. gǽstan; cf. Aghast.]

Gasteropod, gas′ter-o-pod, n. one of a class of molluscs, embracing whelks, limpets, snails, &c., having in general a muscular disc under the belly, which serves them as feet—also Gas′tropod:—pl. Gasterop′oda.—adj. Gasterop′odous. [Formed from Gr. gastēr, the stomach, pous, podos, a foot.]

Gastræa, gas-trē′a, n. (biol.) a hypothetic animal form assumed by Hæckel as the ancestor of all metazoic animals:—pl. Gastræ′æ.—n. Gas′trula, that embryonic form of metazoic animals which consists of a two-layered sac enclosing a central cavity and having an opening at one end:—pl. Gras′trulæ.—adj. Gas′trular.

Gastralgia, gas-tral′ji-a, n. pain in the stomach or bowels. [Gr. gastēr, the stomach, algos, pain.]

Gastric, gas′trik, adj. belonging to the stomach—also Gas′tral.—ns. Gastrī′tis, inflammation of the stomach; Gastrol′oger.—adj. Gastrolog′ical.—n. Gastrol′ogy, cookery, good eating.—Gastric fever, a bilious remittent fever; Gastric juice, the digestive liquid secreted by the glands of the stomach. [Gr. gastēr, the belly.]

Gastrocnemius, gas-trok-nē′mi-us, n. a superficial muscle of the posterior tibial region helping to extend the foot. [Gr. gastēr, stomach, knēmē, the leg.]

Gastromancy, gas′tro-man-si, n. a means of divination by ventriloquism: divination by large-bellied glasses. [Gr. gastēr, belly, manteia, soothsaying.]

Gastronome, gas′tro-nōm, n. one who pays great attention to his diet, an epicure—also Gastron′omer, Gastron′omist.—adjs. Gastronom′ic, -al, pertaining to gastronomy.—ns. Gastron′omy, the art or science of good eating; Gas′trophile, Gas′trophilist, Gas′trophilite; Gas′trophilism, love of good eating; Gas′trosoph, one skilled in matters of eating; Gastros′opher; Gastros′ophy. [Gr. gastēr, belly, nomos, law—nemein, to distribute.]

Gastrostomy, gas-tros′to-mi, n. an operation performed in a case of stricture of the gullet, to introduce food into the stomach through an external opening. [Gr. gastēr, belly, stoma, mouth.]

Gastrotomy, gas-trot′o-mi, n. the operation of cutting open the belly. [Gr. gastēr, belly, tomē, a cutting—temnein, to cut.]

Gastro-vascular, gas-trō-vas′kū-lar, adj. common to the functions of digestion and circulation.

Gate, gāt, n. a passage into a city, enclosure, or any large building: a narrow opening or defile: a frame in the entrance into any enclosure: an entrance.—v.t. to supply with a gate: at Oxford and Cambridge, to punish by requiring the offender to be within the college gates by a certain hour.—adj. Gā′ted, punished with such restriction.—ns. Gate′-fine, the fine imposed for disobedience to such orders; Gate′-house (archit.), a building over or near the gate giving entrance to a city, abbey, college, &c.; Gate′-keep′er, Gate′man, one who watches over the opening and shutting of a gate.—adj. Gate′less, not having a gate.—ns. Gate′-mon′ey, the money taken for entrance to an athletic or other exhibition, sometimes simply 'gate;' Gate′-tow′er, a tower built beside or over a gate; Gate′-vein, the great abdominal vein; Gate′way, the way through a gate: the gate itself: any entrance.—Gate of justice, a gate as of a city, temple, &c., where a sovereign or judge sat to dispense justice; Gates of death, a phrase expressing the near approach of death.—Break gates, at Oxford and Cambridge, to enter college after the prescribed hour; Ivory gate, in poetical imagery, the semi-transparent gate of the house of sleep, through which dreams appear distorted into pleasant and delusive shapes; Stand in the gate (B.), to occupy a position of defence. [A.S. geat, a way; Dut. gat, Ice. gat; not in Goth. and High Ger.; prob. related to get or gate.]

Gate, gāt, n. (Scot.) a way, path: manner of doing, esp. in adverbial phrases like 'this gate,' 'any gate,' 'some gate.' [Ice. gata; Da. gade, Ger. gasse.]

Gâteau, gat-ō′, n. cake.—Veal gateau, minced veal made up like a pudding, and boiled in a shape or mould. [Fr.]

Gather, gath′ėr, v.t. to collect: to acquire: in sewing, to plait: to learn by inference.—v.i. to assemble or muster: to increase: to suppurate.—n. a plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread through (pl. that part of the dress which is gathered or drawn in).—ns. Gath′erer, one who collects: a gleaner: in glass manufacturing, a workman who collects molten glass on the end of a rod preparatory to blowing; Gath′ering, a crowd or assembly: a tumour or collection of matter; Gath′ering-coal, -peat, a coal, peat, put into a fire at night, with the hot embers gathered about it, to keep the fire alive till morning; Gath′ering-cry, a summons to assemble for war.—Gather breath, to recover wind; Gather ground, to gain ground; Gather one's self together, to collect all one's powers, like one about to leap; Gather to a head, to ripen: to come into a state of preparation for action or effect; Gather way, to get headway by sail or steam so as to answer the helm. [A.S. gaderian, gæderian, (tó)gædere, together; cf. geador, together, gǽd, company.]

Gauche, gōsh, adj. left-handed: clumsy.—n. Gauche′rie (-rē), clumsiness: awkwardness. [Fr.]

Gaucho, gow′chō, n. a native of the La Plata pampas of Spanish descent, noted for marvellous horsemanship.—Less correctly Gua′cho.

Gaucie, Gaucy, Gawcy, Gawsy, gä′si, adj. (Scot.) portly, jolly.

Gaud, gawd, n. an ornament: a piece of finery:—pl. showy ceremonies, gaieties.—v.i. (Shak.) make merry.—v.t. (Shak.) to adorn with gauds: to paint, as the cheeks.—ns. Gaudeā′mus, a rejoicing, students' merrymaking; Gaud′ery, finery.—adv. Gaud′ily.—ns. Gaud′iness, showiness; Gaud′y, an English university feast or festival.—adj. showy: gay.—n. Gaud′y-day. [L. gaudium, delight—gaudēre, to rejoice.]

Gauge, Gage, gāj, n. a measuring-rod: a standard of measure: estimate.—v.t. to measure the contents of any vessel: to estimate ability.—adj. Gauge′able, capable of being gauged.—ns. Gaug′er, an excise officer whose business is to gauge or measure the contents of casks; Gaug′ing, the art of measuring casks containing excisable liquors; Gaug′ing-rod, an instrument for measuring the contents of casks; Broad′-, Narr′ow-gauge, in railroad construction, a distance between the rails greater or less than 56½ inches, called standard gauge. [O. Fr. gauge (Fr. jauge), gauger; prob. related to jale, bowl, to galon, gallon, or to jalon, measuring stake.]

Gaul, gawl, n. a name of ancient France: an inhabitant of Gaul.—adj. Gaul′ish. [Fr.,—L. Gallus; perh. conn. with A.S. wealh, foreign.]

Gault, gawlt, n. a series of beds of clay and marl, between the Upper and the Lower Greensand: brick earth—also Galt.—n. Gault′er, one who digs gault.

Gaultheria, gal-tē′ri-a, n. a genus of evergreen aromatic plants—one species, the U.S. winter-green, yielding a valued volatile oil. [From the Canadian botanist M. Gaultier.]

Gaum, gawm, v.t. to smear: (obs.) to handle clumsily.—adj. Gaum′y, dauby.

Gaunt, gänt, adj. thin: of a pinched appearance: causing emaciation.—adv. Gaunt′ly.—n. Gaunt′ness. [Skeat compares Norw. gand, pointed stick, and Sw. prov. gank, a lean horse.]

Gauntlet, gänt′let, n. the iron glove of armour, formerly thrown down in challenge: a long glove covering the wrist.—p.adj. Gaunt′leted, wearing a gauntlet or gauntlets.—n. Gaunt′let-guard, a guard of a sword or dagger, protecting the hand very thoroughly.—Run the gauntlet (see Gantlet).—Throw down, Take up, the gauntlet, to give, to accept a challenge. [Fr. gantelet, double dim. of gant, a glove, of Scand. origin; cf. Old Sw. vante, a glove, Ice. vöttr, a glove, Dan. vante.]

Gaup, Gawp, gawp, v.i. (prov.) to gape in astonishment.—ns. Gaup′us, Gawp′us, a silly person.

Gaur, gowr, n. a species of ox inhabiting some of the mountain jungles of India. [Hindustani.]

Gauze, gawz, n. a thin, transparent fabric, originally of silk, now of any fine hard-spun fibre: material slight and open like gauze.—adj. Gauze′-winged, having gauzy wings.—n. Gauz′iness.—adj. Gauz′y.—n. Wire′-gauze (see Wire). [Fr. gaze, dubiously referred to Gaza in Palestine.]

Gavage, ga-väzh′, n. a process of fattening poultry by forcing them to swallow food at fixed intervals: (med.) a similar method of forced feeding. [Fr. gaver—gave, the crop of a bird.]

Gavel, gav′el, n. an old Saxon and Welsh form of tenure by which an estate passed, on the holder's death, to all the sons equally.—v.t. to divide or distribute in this way.—ns. Gav′elkind, a tenure now peculiar to Kent by which the tenant at fifteen can sell the estate or devise it by will, the estate cannot escheat, and on an intestacy the lands descend from the father to all sons in equal portions; Gav′elman, a tenant holding land in gavelkind. [A.S. gafol, tribute; cog. with giefan, to give.]

Gavial, gā′vi-al, n. the East Indian species of crocodile, with very long slender muzzle. [Adapted from Hindustani ghariyāl, a crocodile.]

Gavotte, ga-vot′, n. a lively kind of dance, somewhat like a country-dance, originally a dance of the Gavotes, the people of Gap, in the Upper Alps: the music for such a dance.

Gawk, gawk, adj. left, as in gawk-handed.—ns. Gawk′ihood, Gawk′iness, quality of being gawky.—adj. Gawk′y, awkward, stupid, ungainly.—n. a lout. [Prob. a contr. of gaulick-, galloc-, gallish-(handed); most prob. not related to Fr. gauche.]

Gay, gā, adj. lively: bright: sportive, merry: wanton, dissipated, of loose life: showy: (prov.) spotted.—adv. (Scot.) fairly, considerably.—ns. Gai′ety, Gay′ety, Gay′ness.—advs. Gai′ly, Gay′ly; Gay′some, gladsome.—Gay science, a rendering of gai saber, the Provençal name for the art of poetry. [O. Fr. gai—Old High Ger. wâhi, pretty, not gâhi, swift (Diez).]

Gayal, Gyal, gī′al, n. a kind of East Indian ox, long domesticated, dark brown in colour, with short curved horns. [Hindi.]

Gay-you, gī′-ū, n. a narrow, flat-bottomed fishing-boat, of two or three masts, used in Annam.

Gaze, gāz, v.i, to look fixedly.—n. a fixed look: the object gazed at—(Spens.) Gaze′ment.—adj. Gaze′ful (Spens.), looking intently.—ns. Gaze′-hound, a hound that pursues by sight rather than scent; Gaz′er, one who gazes; Gaz′ing-stock, a person exposed to public view, generally in a bad sense.—At gaze, in the attitude of gazing. [Prob. cog. with obs. gaw, to stare, Ice. gá, to heed. Some compare the Sw. gasa, to stare.]

Gazebo, gā-zē′bō, n. a summer-house with a wide prospect. [Humorously formed from gaze.]

Gazelle, Gazel, ga-zel′, n. a small species of antelope with beautiful dark eyes, found in Arabia and North Africa. [Fr.,—Ar. ghazāl, a wild-goat.]

Gazette, ga-zet′, n. a newspaper: one of the three official newspapers of the United Kingdom, published in Edinburgh, London, and Dublin, with record of every appointment in the public service.—v.t. to publish in a gazette:—pr.p. gazett′ing; pa.p. gazett′ed.—n. Gazetteer′, a geographical dictionary: (orig.) a writer for a gazette, official journalist.—v.t. to describe in gazetteers.—adj. Gazettee′rish, like a gazetteer in style.—Appear, Have one's name, in the Gazette, to be mentioned in one of the three official newspapers, esp. of bankrupts. [Fr.,—It. gazzetta, a small coin; or from It. gazzetta, in the sense of a magpie=a chatterer.]

Gazogene, gaz′o-jēn, n. an instrument for manufacturing aerated waters, usually for domestic use, by the action of an acid on an alkali carbonate. [Fr., gaz, gas, Gr. genēs—gignesthai, to become.]

Gazon, ga-zon′, n. a sod or piece of turf, used in fortification.—n. Gazoon′, used erroneously by Hogg for a compact body of men. [Fr., grass.]

Geal, jē′al, adj. pertaining to the earth regarded as a planet. [Gr. gē, earth.]

Gear, gēr, n. a state of preparation: dress: harness: tackle: (mech.) connection by means of toothed wheels: (obs.) a matter, affair.—v.t. to put in gear, as machinery.—p.adj. Geared, connected with the motor by gearing.—ns. Gear′ing, harness: working implements: (mech.) a train of toothed wheels and pinions; Gear′-wheel, a wheel with teeth or cogs which impart or transmit motion by acting on those of another wheel; Driv′ing-gear, those parts in a machine most nearly concerned in imparting motion.—Multiplying gearing, a combination of cog-wheels for imparting motion from wheels of larger to wheels of smaller diameter, by which the rate of revolution is increased; Out of gear, out of running order, unprepared; Straight gearing, the name given when the planes of motion are parallel—opposed to Bevelled gearing, when the direction is changed (see Bevel). [M. E. gere, prob. Ice. gervi; cf. A.S. gearwe, Old High Ger. garawi, Eng. yare and gar, v.]

Geason, gē′zn, adj. (Spens.) rare: wonderful. [A.S. gǽsne, gésne, wanting, barren.]

Geat, jēt, n. the hole in a mould through which the metal is poured in casting.

Geck, gek, n. a dupe: scorn, object of scorn.—v.t. to mock.—v.i. to scoff at. [Prob. Low Ger. geck; Dut. gek, Ger. geck.]

Gecko, gek′ō, n. one of a family of small dull-coloured lizards called Geckotidæ. [Malay gēkoq.]

Gee, gē, n. (prov.) a fit of ill-temper, usually in phrase 'to take the gee.'

Gee, jē, v.i. of horses, to move to the offside—the right, the driver standing on the left.—v.t. to cause so to move.—v.i. to go, to suit, get on well.—n. Gee-gee, a horse.—Gee up, to proceed faster.

Geëz, gē-ez′, Giz, gēz, n. the ancient language of Ethiopia, a Semitic tongue closely related to Arabic.

Gegg, geg, n. (Scot.) a hoax, trick.—v.t. to hoax.—n. Geg′gery, trickery.

Gehenna, ge-hen′a, n. the valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, in which the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, and to which, at a later time, the refuse of the city was conveyed to be slowly burned—hence (N.T.) hell. [L.,—Heb. Ge, valley of, and Hinnom.]

Gelatine, Gelatin, jel′a-tin, n. an animal substance which dissolves in hot water and forms a jelly when cold.—adj. Gelatig′enous, producing gelatine.—vs.t. Gelat′ināte, Gelat′inīse, to make into gelatine or jelly.—vs.i. to be converted into gelatine or jelly.—ns. Gelatinā′tion, Gelatinisā′tion.—adjs. Gelatin′iform, having the form of gelatine; Gela′tinoid, like gelatine; Gelat′inous, resembling or formed into jelly.—n. Gelā′tion, solidification by cold.—Explosive gelatine, a powerful explosive made by gently heating nitro-glycerine in a water-bath, then dissolving gun-cotton in it. [Fr.,—It. gelatina, gelata, jelly.]

Geld, geld, n. a historical term meaning money: tribute. [A.S. geld, gyld, payment; Ice. giald, money.]

Geld, geld, v.t. to emasculate, castrate: to spay: to deprive of anything essential, to enfeeble: to deprive of anything objectionable.—ns. Geld′er; Geld′ing, act of castrating: a castrated animal, esp. a horse. [Ice. gelda; Dan. gilde.]

Gelid, jel′id, adj. icy cold: cold.—adv. Gel′idly.—ns. Gel′idness, Gelid′ity. [L. gelidus—gelu, frost.]

Gelotometer, jel-ot-om′e-ter, n. (Landor) a gauge for measuring laughter.

Gelsemium, jel-sē′mi-um, n. the yellow or Cardina jasmine, a climbing plant of the Atlantic Southern United States, having large fragrant blossoms and perennial dark-green leaves. [It. gelsomino, jasmine.]

Gem, jem, n. any precious stone, esp. when cut: anything extremely valuable or attractive, a treasure.—v.t. (obs.) to bud: to adorn with gems: to bespangle:—pr.p. gem′ming; pa.p. gemmed.—ns. Gem′-cut′ting, the art of cutting and polishing precious stones; Gem′-engrav′ing, the art of engraving figures on gems.—adj. Gem′meous, pertaining to gems.—n. Gem′mery, gems generally.—adj. Gem′my, full of gems, brilliant. [A.S. gim; Old High Ger. gimma—L. gemma, a bud.]

Gemara, ge-mär′a, n. the second part of the Talmud, consisting of commentary and complement to the first part, the Mishna. [Aramaic, 'completion.']

Gematria, ge-mā′tri-a, n. a cabbalistic method of interpreting the Hebrew Scriptures by interchanging words whose letters have the same numerical value when added. [Rabbinical Heb.,—Gr. geōmetria, geometry.]

Gemel-ring, jem′el-ring, n. a ring with two or more links.—n. Gem′el, a twin.—adj. Gemellip′arous, producing twins. [O. Fr. gemel (Fr. jumeau)—L. gemellus, dim. of geminus, twin, and ring.]

Geminate, jem′in-āt, adj. (bot.) in pairs.—v.t. (rare) to double.—n. Geminā′tion, a doubling: repetition of a word to add emphasis: (philol.) the doubling of a consonant originally single. [L. gemināre, ātum—geminus, twin.]

Gemini, jem′i-nī, n.pl. the twins, a constellation containing the two bright stars Castor and Pollux.—adj. Gem′inous (bot.), double, in pairs.—n. Gem′iny (Shak.), twins, a pair: used as a mild oath or interjection, from the common Latin oath O Gemini, or simply Gemini—spelt also geminy, gemony, jiminy. [L., pl. of geminus, twin-born.]

Gemmation, jem-mā′shun, n. (bot.) act or time of budding: arrangement of buds on the stalk.—n. Gem′ma, a bud:—pl. Gem′mæ.—adjs. Gemmā′ceous, pertaining to leaf-buds; Gem′māte, having buds; Gem′mative; Gemmif′erous, producing buds.—n. Gemmipar′ity.—adj. Gemmip′arous (zool.), reproducing by buds growing on the body.—n. Gem′mūle, a little gem or leaf-bud.—adj. Gemmulif′erous, bearing gemmules. [Fr.,—L. gemmāre, -ātum.]

Gemot, Gemote, ge-mōt′, n. a meeting or assembly. [A.S. gemót. Cf. Moot.]

Gemsbok, jemz′bok, n. a species of antelope, found in South Africa, about the size of a stag, with long straight horns. [Dut.]

Genappe, je-nap′, n. a smooth worsted yarn used with silk in fringes, braid, &c. [Genappe in Belgium.]

Gendarme, jang-darm′, n. originally a mounted lancer, but since the Revolution one of a corps of military police, divided into legions and companies:—pl. Gendarmes′, Gensdarmes′.—n. Gendar′merie, the armed police of France. [Fr. gendarme, sing. from pl. gens d'armes, men-at-arms—gens, people, de, of, armes, arms.]

Gender, jen′dėr, v.t. to beget.—v.i. (B.) to copulate. [An abbrev. of engender.]

Gender, jen′dėr, n. kind, esp. with regard to sex: (gram.) the distinction of nouns according to sex. [Fr. genre—L. genus, generis, a kind, kin.]

Genealogy, jen-e-al′o-ji, n. history of the descent of families: the pedigree of a particular person or family.—adj. Genealog′ical.—adv. Genealog′ically.—v.i. Geneal′ogise, to investigate or treat of genealogy.—n. Geneal′ogist, one who studies or traces genealogies or descents.—Genealogical tree, the lineage of a family or person under the form of a tree with roots, branches, &c. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. genealogia—genea, birth, legein, to speak of.]

General, jen′ėr-al, adj. relating to a genus or whole class: including many species: not special: not restricted: common: prevalent: public: loose: vague.—n. a class embracing many species: an officer who is head over a whole department: a military officer who commands a body of men not less than a brigade (often general officer): the chief commander of an army in service: (R.C. Church) the head of a religious order, responsible only to the Pope: (Shak.) the public, the vulgar.—n. General′ē, esp. in pl. Generalia, general principles.—adj. Generalī′sable.—n. Generalisā′tion.—v.t. Generalīse′, to include under a general term: to infer (the nature of a class) from one or a few instances.—v.i. to reason inductively.—n. General′ity.—advs. Gen′erally, Gen′eral (obs.), in a general or collective manner or sense: in most cases: upon the whole.—n. Gen′eralship, the position of a military commander: military tactics.—General Assembly (see Assembly); General Epistle, one addressed to the whole Church (same as Catholic Epistle); General practitioner, a physician who devotes himself to general practice rather than to special diseases; General principle, a principle to which there are no exceptions within its range of application; General servant, a servant whose duties are not special, but embrace domestic work of every kind.—In general, mostly, as a general rule. [O. Fr.,—L. generalis—genus.]

Generalissimo, jen-ėr-al-is′i-mo, n. the chief general or commander of an army of two or more divisions, or of separate armies. [It.]

Generate, jen′ėr-āt, v.t. to produce: to bring into life: to originate.—adj. Gen′erable, that may be generated or produced.—ns. Gen′erant (math.), a line, point, or figure that produces another figure by its motion; Generā′tion, a producing or originating: a single stage in natural descent: the people of the same age or period: offspring, progeny, race: (pl.) genealogy, history (B.); Generā′tionism, traducianism.—adj. Gen′erātive, having the power of generating or producing.—ns. Gen′erātor, begetter or producer: the principal sound in music; Gen′erātrix (geom.), the point, line, or surface which, by its motion, generates another magnitude.—adjs. Genet′ic, -al, pertaining to genesis or production.—adv. Genet′ically.—ns. Gen′etrix, Gen′itrix, a female parent; Gen′itor, a progenitor; Gen′iture, birth.—Alternation of generations, a complication in the life-history of plants, when the organism produces offspring unlike itself, but giving rise in turn to forms like the original parents; Spontaneous generation, the origination of living from non-living matter: abiogenesis. [L. generāre, -ātum—genus, a kind.]

Generous, jen′ėr-us, adj. of a noble nature: courageous: liberal: bountiful: invigorating in its nature, as wine: (obs.) nobly born.—adv. Gen′erously.—ns. Gen′erousness, Generos′ity, nobleness or liberality of nature: (arch.) nobility of birth. [Fr. généreux—L. generosus, of noble birth—genus, birth.]

Genesis, jen′e-sis, n. generation, creation, or production: the first book of the Bible, so called from its containing an account of the Creation:—pl. Gen′esēs.—adjs. Genes′iac, -al, Genesit′ic, pertaining to Genesis. [L.,—Gr.,—gignesthai, to beget.]

Genet, jen′et, n. a carnivorous animal, allied to the civet, of a gray colour, marked with black or brown, a native of Africa, Asia, and Southern Europe: its fur, made into muffs and tippets.—Also Gen′ette. [Fr. genette—Sp. gineta—Ar. jarnait, a genet.]

Genethliac, -al, jē-neth′li-ak, -al, adj. pertaining to a birthday or nativity.—n. a birthday poem.—n. Genethlī′acon, a birthday ode.—adjs. Genethlialog′ic, -al.—n. Genethlial′ogy, the art of casting nativities.

Geneva, je-nē′va, n. a spirit distilled from grain and flavoured with juniper-berries, also called Hollands.—n. Genevette′, a wine made from wild fruits flavoured with juniper-berries. [Dut. genever, jenever, O. Fr. genevre (Fr. genièvre)—L. juniperus, the juniper; corrupted to Geneva by confusion with the town of that name. See Gin.]

Genevan, jē-nē′van, adj. pertaining to Geneva.—n. an inhabitant of Geneva: an adherent of Genevan or Calvinistic theology.—adjs. and ns. Genē′van, Genevēse′.—n. Genē′vanism, Calvinism.—Geneva Bible, a version of the Bible with racy notes produced by English exiles at Geneva in 1560; Geneva Convention, an international agreement of 1865 providing for the neutrality of hospitals, and the security of sanitary officers, naval and military chaplains; Geneva Cross, a red cross on a white ground displayed for protection in war of persons serving in hospitals, &c.; Geneva gown, the dark, loose preaching gown affected by the early Geneva reformers, and still the common form of pulpit-gown among Presbyterians; Genevan theology, so called from Calvin's residence in Geneva and the establishment of his doctrines there.

Genial, jē′ni-al, adj. pertaining to generation, producing: cheering: kindly: sympathetic: healthful.—v.t. Gē′nialise, to impart geniality to.—ns. Genial′ity, Gē′nialness.—adv. Gē′nially. [Fr.—L. genialis, from genius, the spirit of social enjoyment.]

Genial, jen′i-al, adj. of or pertaining to the chin. [Gr. geneion—genys, the jaw.]

Geniculate, -d, je-nik′ū-lāt, -ed, adj. (bot.) bent abruptly like the knee: jointed: knotted.—v.t. Genic′ulate, to form joints in.—n. Geniculā′tion. [L. geniculāre, -ātum—geniculum, a little knee—genu, the knee.]

Genipap, jen′i-pap, n. a large West Indian tree with excellent fruit. [Native.]

Genista, jē-nis′ta, n. a large genus of shrubby, leguminous plants, with simple leaves and yellow flowers. [L. genista, broom.]

Genital, jen′i-tal, adj. belonging to generation or the act of producing.—n.pl. Gen′itals (also Genitā′lia), the exterior organs of generation. [L. genitalis—gignĕre, genitum, to beget.]

Genitive, jen′i-tiv, adj. (gram.) applied to a case properly denoting the class or kind to which a thing belongs, represented in modern English by the possessive case.—adj. Genitī′val. [L. genitivus (gignĕre, genitum, to beget), as if indicating origin, a mistranslation of Gr. genikos—genos, a class.]

Genius, jēn′yus, or jē′ni-us, n. the special inborn faculty of any individual: special taste or disposition qualifying for a particular employment: a man having such power of mind: a good or evil spirit, supposed by the ancients to preside over every person, place, and thing, and esp. to preside over a man's destiny from his birth: prevailing spirit or tendency: type or generic exemplification—(obs.) Gēn′io:—pl. Geniuses (jēn′yus-ez).—Genius loci (L.), the presiding divinity of a place:—pl. Genii (jē′ni-ī). [L. genius—gignĕre, genitum, to beget.]

Genoese, je-nō-ēz′, adj. relating to Genoa—also Genovese′.—n. an inhabitant of Genoa.

Genre, zhangr, n. kind, style: a style of painting scenes from familiar or rustic life. [Fr. genre, kind—L. genus.]

Gens, jenz, n. in ancient Rome, a clan including several families descended from a common ancestor: a tribe:—pl. Gen′tes. [L.]

Genteel, jen-tēl′, adj. well-bred: graceful in manners or in form: fashionable.—adj. Genteel′ish, somewhat genteel.—adv. Genteel′ly.—n. Genteel′ness (same as Gentility).—The genteel, the manners and usages of genteel or well-bred society. [Fr. gentil—L. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or clan—later, well-bred.]

Gentian, jen′shan, n. a plant the root of which is used in medicine, said by Pliny to have been brought into use by Gentius, king of Illyria, conquered by the Romans in 167 B.C.—ns. Gentianel′la, a name for several species of gentian, esp. Gentiana acaulis, with deep-blue flowers; Gen′tianine, a yellow crystalline bitter compound obtained from the yellow gentian.

Gentile, jen′tīl, n. (B.) any one not a Jew: any one not a Christian.—adj. of or belonging to a gens or clan: belonging to any nation but the Jews: (gram.) denoting a race or country.—adjs. Gentil′ic, tribal; Gen′tilish, heathenish.—n. Gen′tilism, paganism.—adjs. Gentili′tial, Gentili′tian, Gentili′tious, pertaining to a gens. [L. gentilis—gens, a nation.]

Gentle, jen′tl, adj. well-born: mild and refined in manners: mild in disposition: amiable: soothing: moderate: gradual.—v.t. (Shak.) to make gentle.—n. (obs.) a person of good family: (Shak.) a trained falcon: the larva of the flesh-fly, used as a bait in angling.—n. Gentilesse′, the quality of being gentle, courtesy.—v.t. Gen′tilise, to raise to the class of gentleman.—n. Gentil′ity, good birth or extraction: good breeding: politeness of manners: genteel people: marks of gentility.—n.pl. Gen′tlefolk, people of good family.—adj. Gen′tle-heart′ed, having a gentle or kind disposition.—n. Gen′tlehood, position or character attaching to gentle birth.—n. Gen′tleness.—adv. Gent′ly.—n. Gen′trice, gentle birth, courtesy.—Gentle reader, courteous reader, an old-fashioned phrase common in the prefaces of books.—The gentle craft, a phrase used to specify shoe-making, also angling; The gentle (or gentler) sex, women in general as opposed to the stern or sterner sex. [Fr.,—L. gentilis. See Genteel.]

Gentleman, jen′tl-man, n. a man of good birth: one who without a title wears a coat of arms: more generally every man above the rank of yeoman, including the nobility: one above the trading classes: a man of refined manners: a polite term used for man in general: (Shak.) a body-servant:—pl. Gen′tlemen—also a word of address:—fem. Gen′tlewoman.—ns. Gen′tleman-at-arms, a member of the royal bodyguard, instituted in 1509, and now composed of military officers of service and distinction only; Gen′tleman-comm′oner, a member of the higher class of commoners at Oxford University; Gen′tlemanhood, Gen′tlemanship, the condition or character of a gentleman.—adjs. Gen′tlemanlike, Gen′tlemanly, well-bred, refined, generous; Gen′tlemanliness.—adj. Gen′tlewomanly, like a refined and well-bred woman.—n. Gen′tlewomanliness.—Gentleman farmer, a landowner who resides on his estate and superintends the cultivation of his own soil; Gentleman of the Chapel-royal, a lay-singer who assists the priests in the choral service of the royal chapel; Gentleman's gentleman, a valet, or gentleman's body-servant; Gentleman usher, a gentleman who serves as an usher at court, or as an attendant on a person of rank.

Gentry, jen′tri, n. the class of people below the rank of nobility: (coll.) people of a particular, esp. an inferior, stamp: (Shak.) noble birth. [Apparently an altered form of gentrice, from O. Fr. genterise, gentelise, formed from adj. gentil, gentle.]

Genuflect, jen-ū-flekt′, v.i. to bend the knee in worship or respect.—ns. Genuflec′tion, Genuflex′ion. [L. genu, the knee, flectĕre, to bend.]

Genuine, jen′ū-in, adj. natural, not spurious or adulterated: real: pure: (zool.) conformable to type.—adv. Gen′uinely.—n. Gen′uineness. [L. genuinus—gignĕre, to beget.]

Genus, jē′nus, n. (zool.) a group consisting of a number of species closely connected by common characters or natural affinity: (log.) a class of objects comprehending several subordinate species:—pl. Genera (jen′ėra).—adjs. Gener′ic, -al, pertaining to a genus: relating to gender: of a general nature, not special: distinctly characteristic.—adv. Gener′ically. [L. genus, generis, birth; cog. with Gr. genos—gignesthai.]

Geocentric, -al, jē-o-sen′trik, -al, adj. having the earth for its centre: (astron.) as seen or measured from the earth.—adv. Geocen′trically.—n. Geocen′tricism. [Gr. gē, the earth, kentron, a centre.]

Geocyclic, jē-ō-sik′lik, adj. pertaining to the revolutions of the earth.

Geode, jē′ōd, n. (min.) a rounded nodule of stone with a hollow interior.—adj. Geodif′erous, bearing or producing geodes. [Fr.,—Gr. geōdēs, earth-like, earthen—gē, earth, eidos, form.]

Geodesy, je-od′e-si, n. a science whose object is to measure the earth and its parts on a large scale.—ns. Geodē′sian, Geod′esist, one skilled in geodesy.—adjs. Geodes′ic, -al, Geodet′ic, -al, pertaining to or determined by geodesy. [Fr. géodésie—Gr. geōdaisia—gē, the earth, daiein, to divide.]

Geognosy, je-og′no-si, n. the study of the materials of the earth's substance, now frequently called Petrography—also Geognō′sis.—n. Gē′ognost.—adjs. Geognost′ic, -al.—adv. Geognost′ically. [Fr. géognosie—Gr. gē, the earth, gnōsis, knowledge.]

Geogony, je-og′o-ni, n. the doctrine of the production or formation of the earth—also Geog′eny.—adj. Geogon′ic. [Gr., gē, the earth, gonē, generation.]

Geography, je-og′ra-fi, n. the science which describes the surface of the earth and its inhabitants: a book containing a description of the earth.—n. Geog′rapher.—adjs. Geograph′ic, -al, relating to geography.—adv. Geograph′ically.—Geographical distribution (see Distribution).—Descriptive geography, that part of geography which consists in a statement of facts; Historical geography, that part of geography which investigates the changes which have occurred in the governmental control of territory; Physical geography (see Physical); Political geography, geography that gives an account of the different communities of mankind. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. geōgraphia—gē, the earth, graphē, a description—graphein, to write.]

Geolatry, jē-ol′a-tri, n. earth-worship. [Gr. gē, the earth, latreia, worship.]

Geology, je-ol′o-ji, n. the science relating to the history and development of the earth's crust, together with the several floras and faunas which have successively clothed and peopled its surface.—ns. Geolo′gian, Geol′ogist.—adjs. Geolog′ic, -al, pertaining to geology.—adv. Geolog′ically.—v.i. Geol′ogise.—Dynamical geology, the study of natural operations based on the belief that the effects of Nature's agents in the present will further interpret the records of such actions in the past; Structural geology, that geology which treats of the mode in which rocks are built up in the earth's crust. [Fr. géologie—Gr. gē, the earth, logia, a discourse.]

Geomancy, jē′o-man-si, n. divination by figures or lines drawn on the earth.—n. Gē′omancer.—adj. Ge′omantic, pertaining to geomancy. [Fr. géomancie—Gr. gē, the earth, manteia, divination.]

Geometry, je-om′e-tri, n. that branch of mathematics which treats of magnitude and its relations: a text-book of geometry.—ns. Geom′eter, Geometri′cian, one skilled in geometry.—adjs. Geomet′ric, -al.—adv. Geomet′rically.—v.i. Geom′etrise, to study geometry.—n. Geom′etrist. [Fr. géométrie—L., Gr. geometria—gē, the earth, metron, a measure.]

Geomys, jē′ō-mis, n. the typical genus of Geomyidæ, the pouched rats or pocket-gophers. [Gr. gē, the earth, mys, mouse.]

Geonomy, jē-on′o-mi, n. the science of the physical laws relating to the earth.—adj. Geonom′ic. [Gr. gē, earth, nomos, law.]

Geophagy, jē-of′a-ji, n. the act or practice of eating earth—also Geoph′agism.—n. Geoph′agist.—adj. Geoph′agous. [Gr. gē, the earth, phagein, to eat.]

Geoponic, -al, jē-o-pon′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to tilling the earth or to agriculture.—n.pl. Geopon′ics, the science of agriculture. [Fr. géoponique—Gr. geōponikos—gē, the earth, ponos, labour.]

Georama, jē-o-rä′ma, n. an apparatus for exhibiting the seas, lakes, rivers, and mountains on the earth's surface. [Gr. gē, the earth, horama, a view—horaein, to see.]

Geordie, jōr′di, n. a guinea, from the figure of St George upon the back: a safety-lamp for miners invented by George Stephenson: a coal-pitman, a collier-boat.

George, jorj, n. a jewelled figure of St George slaying the dragon, worn by Knights of the Garter.

Georgian, jorj′i-an, adj. relating to the reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great Britain: belonging to Georgia in the Caucasus, its people, language, &c.: pertaining to the American State of Georgia.—Also n.

Georgic, jorj′ik, adj. relating to agriculture or rustic affairs.—n. a poem on husbandry. [L. georgicus—Gr. geōrgikos—geōrgia, agriculture—gē, the earth, ergon, a work.]

Geoscopy, jē-os′kō-pi, n. knowledge of the earth or its soil gained from observation. [Gr. gē, the earth, skopein, to view.]

Geoselenic, jē-o-se-len′ik, adj. relating to the earth and the moon in their mutual relations. [Gr. gē, the earth, selēnē, the moon.]

Geostatic, jē-o-stat′ik, adj. capable of sustaining the pressure of earth from all sides.—n.pl. Geostat′ics, the statics of rigid bodies. [Gr. gē, the earth, statikos, causing to stand.]

Geotectonic, jē-o-tek-ton′ik, adj. relating to the structure of the earth. [Gr. gē, the earth, tektōn, a builder.]

Geothermic, jē-o-ther′mik, adj. pertaining to the internal heat of the earth.—n. Geothermom′eter, an instrument for measuring subterranean temperatures. [Gr. gē, the earth, thermos, heat.]

Geotropism, jē-ot′ro-pizm, n. (bot.) tendency to growth downward.—adj. Geotrop′ic. [Gr. gē, the earth, tropos, a turning.]

Gerah, gē′ra, n. (B.) the smallest Hebrew weight and coin, 1⁄20th of a shekel, worth about 1½d. [Heb. gērāh.]

Geranium, je-rā′ni-um, n. a genus of plants with seed-vessels like a crane's bill. [L.,—Gr. geranion—geranos, a crane.]

Geratology, jer-at-ol′o-ji, n. the science of the phenomena of decadence. [Gr. gēras, old age, logia, discourse.]

Gerbe, jerb, n. something resembling a sheaf of wheat: a kind of firework. [Fr.]

Gerfalcon, Gyrfalcon, jėr′fawl-kon, -fawk'n, n. a large falcon, found in the northern regions of both the Old and New Worlds. [O. Fr. gerfaucon—Low L. gyrofalco, most prob. Old High Ger. gîr, a vulture (Ger. geier). See Falcon.]

Germ, jėrm, n. a rudimentary form of a living thing, whether a plant or animal: (bot.) the seed-bud of a plant: a shoot: that from which anything springs, the origin: a first principle.—v.i. to put forth buds, sprout.—n. Germ′icide, that which destroys germs. [Fr. germe—L. germen, a bud.]

German, jėr′man, adj. of the first degree, as cousins german: closely allied.—n. one from the same stock or closely allied.—adj. Germane′, nearly related: relevant, appropriate. [O. Fr. germain—L. germanus, prob. for germinanus—germen, -inis, origin.]

German, jėr′man, n. a native of Germany; the German language:—pl. Ger′mans.—adj. of or from Germany.—adjs. Germanesque′, marked by German characteristics; German′ic, pertaining to Germany.—adv. German′ically.—v.i. Ger′manise, to show German qualities.—adj. Ger′manish, somewhat German in qualities.—ns. Ger′manism, an idiom of the German language; Ger′manist.—adj. Germanis′tic, pertaining to the study of German.—n. Ger′man-sil′ver, an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc, white like silver, and first made in Germany.—High German, the variety of Teutonic speech, originally confined to 'High' or Southern Germany, but now accepted as the literary language throughout the whole of Germany; Low German, properly Plattdeutsch, the general name for the dialects of Germany which are not High German, but also applied by philologists to all the West Germanic dialects except High German (including English, Dutch, Frisian), and formerly in a still wider sense including also Gothic and Scandinavian. [L. Germani, 'shouters,' from Celt. gairm, a loud cry; or 'neighbours'—i.e. to the Gauls, from Celt. (Old Ir.) gair, a neighbour.]

Germander, jėr′man-dėr, n. a large genus of labiate herbs with aromatic, bitter, and stomachic properties. [Low L. germandra—Gr. chamandrya, chamaidrys—chamai, on the ground, drys, oak.]

Germanium, jėr-mā′ni-um, n. an element discovered in 1885 in argyrodite.

Germen, jėrm′en, n. a disused botanical synonym for Ovary (q.v.)—(Shak.) Germ′in.—adj. Germ′inal, pertaining to a germ. [See Germ.]

Germinal, zhār-mē-nal′, n. the seventh month of the French revolutionary calendar, March 21-April 19.

Germinate, jėrm′in-āt, v.i. to spring from a germ: to begin to grow.—v.t. to produce.—adj. Germ′inant, sprouting: sending forth germs or buds.—n. Germinā′tion.—adj. Germ′inative. [L. germināre, -ātum—germen, a bud.]

Gerontocracy, jer-on-tok′ra-si, n. government by old men. [Gr. gerōn, an old man, kratos, power.]

Geropigia, jer-o-pij′i-a, n. a mixture of grape-juice, brandy, &c., used to sophisticate port-wine. [Port.]

Gerrymander, jer-i-man′der, v.t. (Amer.) to rearrange the voting districts in the interests of a particular party or candidate: to manipulate facts, arguments, &c. so as to reach undue conclusions.—n. an arrangement of the above nature. [Formed from the name of Governor Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814) and Salamander, from the likeness to that animal of the gerrymandered map of Massachusetts in 1811.]

Gerund, jer′und, n. a part of the Latin verb which has the value of a verbal noun—e.g. amandum, loving.—ns. Ger′und-grind′er, a teacher, tutor; Ger′und-grind′ing.—adj. Gerund′ial.—n. Gerund′ive, the future passive participle of a Latin verb. [L. gerundium—gerĕre, to bear.]

Gervao, ger-vä′o n. a small medicinal verbenaceous shrub of the West Indies, &c. [Braz.]

Gesso, jes′ō, n. a plaster surface, prepared as a ground for painting. [It.]

Gest, jest, n. an exploit: demeanour, bearing: a tale of adventure, a romance.—Gesta Romanorum ('deeds of the Romans'), the title of a collection of short stories and legends in Latin, with moralisations appended, which probably took its present form in England about the beginning of the 14th century. [L. gesta, things done—gerĕre, gestum, to bear.]

Gestation, jes-tā′shun, n. the act of carrying the young in the womb, pregnancy.—adjs. Ges′tant, laden; Ges′tatory, pertaining to gestation. [Fr.,—L. gestation-em—gestāre, -ātum, to carry—gerĕre, to bear.]

Gesticulate, jes-tik′ū-lāt, v.i. to make gestures when speaking: to play antic tricks.—adj. Ges′tic, pertaining to motion, esp. dancing.—ns. Gesticulā′tion, act of making gestures in speaking: a gesture; Gestic′ulātor, one who makes gestures.—adj. Gestic′ulātory, representing or abounding in gesticulations. [L. gesticulāri, -ātus—gesticulus, dim. of gestus, gesture—gerĕre, to carry.]

Gesture, jes′tūr, n. a posture, or movement of the body: an action expressive of sentiment or passion: (Shak.) behaviour.—adj. Ges′tural. [Low L. gestura—L. gestus, from L. gerĕre, to carry.]

Get, get, v.t. to obtain: to seize: to procure or cause to be: to beget offspring: to learn: to persuade: (B.) to betake, to carry.—v.i. to arrive or put one's self in any place, state, or condition: to become:—pr.p. get′ting; pa.t. got; pa.p. got, (obs.) got′ten.—ns. Get′ter, one who gets or obtains: one who begets; Get′ting, a gaining: anything gained: procreation; Get′-up, equipment: general appearance.—Get ahead, along, to make progress, advance; Get at, to reach, attain; Get off, to escape; Get on, to proceed, advance; Get out, to produce: to go away; Get over, to surmount; Get round, to circumvent: to persuade, talk over; Get through, to finish; Get up, to arise, to ascend: to arrange, prepare. [A.S. gitan, to get.]

Geum, jē′um, n. a genus of perennial herbs, of order Rosaceæ, contains the avens or herb-bennet, &c. [L.]

Gewgaw, gū′gaw, n. a toy: a bauble.—adj. showy without value. [Acc. to Skeat, a reduplicated form of A.S. gifan, to give; preserved also in Northern Eng., as giff-gaff, interchange of intercourse.]

Geyser, gīsėr, n. a hot spring, as in Iceland, which spouts water into the air. [Ice., geysa, to gush.]

Ghast, gast, v.t. (Shak.) to strike aghast: to affright.—adj. Ghast′ful (Spens.), dreary, dismal.—adv. Ghast′fully, frightfully.—ns. Ghast′liness, Ghast′ness (Shak.).—adj. Ghast′ly, death-like: hideous. [A.S. gǽstlic, terrible. See Aghast.]

Ghat, Ghaut, gawt, n. in India, a mountain-pass: a chain of mountains: landing-stairs for bathers on the sides of a river or tank. [Hind. ghāt.]

Ghazal, gaz′al, n. a form of Persian verse in which the first two lines rhyme, and for this rhyme a new one must be found in the second line of each succeeding couplet: a piece of music in which a simple theme is constantly recurring.—Also Gaz′el, Ghaz′el. [Pers. arghazel, a love-poem.]

Ghazi, gä′zē, n. a veteran Mohammedan soldier, one who has fought for the faith. [Ar., 'a warrior.']

Ghee, gē, n. an Indian clarified butter, generally prepared from buffaloes' milk. [Hind. ghī.]

Gherkin, gėr′kin, n. a small cucumber used for pickling. [Dut. agurkje, a gherkin; a word of Eastern origin, as in Pers. khiyár, a cucumber, Byzantine angourion, a water-melon.]

Ghetto, get′ō, n. the Jews' quarter in Italian cities, to which they used to be strictly confined. [It.]

Ghibelline, gib′e-lin, n. one of a party in Italy in the Middle Ages which supported the imperial authority, as opposed to the Guelfs. [See Guelf.]

Ghost, gōst, n. the soul of man: a spirit appearing after death: (Shak.) a dead body: (slang) one who writes a statesman's speeches for him, &c.—v.i. to appear to.—adj. Ghost′-like.—n. Ghost′liness.—adj. Ghost′ly, spiritual, religious: pertaining to apparitions.—ns. Ghost′-moth, a species of moth very common in Britain, its caterpillar destructive to hop-gardens; Ghost′-stō′ry, a story in which ghosts figure; Ghost′-word, a fictitious word that has originated in the blunder of a scribe or printer—common in dictionaries.—Give up the ghost (B.), to die.—Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit, the third person in the Trinity. [A.S. gást; Ger. geist.]

Ghoul, gōōl, n. an Eastern demon which devours the dead.—adj. Ghoul′ish. [Pers.]

Giambeaux, zham′bō, n.pl. (Spens.) armour for the legs. [Fr.,—jambe, leg.]

Giant, jī′ant, n. an individual whose stature and bulk exceed those of his species or race generally: a person of extraordinary powers:—fem. Gī′antess.—adj. gigantic.—ns. Gī′antism, Gī′antship, the quality or character of a giant.—adj. Gī′antly, giant-like.—n. Gī′ant-pow′der, a kind of dynamite.—adj. Gī′ant-rude (Shak.), enormously rude or uncivil.—n. Gī′antry, giants collectively. [O. Fr. geant (Fr. géant)—L.,—Gr. gigas, gigantos.]

Giaour, jowr, n. infidel, a term applied by the Turks to all who are not of their own religion. [Turk. jawr—Ar. káfir, an infidel.]

Gib, jib, n. the projecting arm of a crane: a wedge-shaped piece of metal holding another in place, &c.—v.t. to fasten with such.

Gib, jib, n. a cat—Also Gib′-cat (Shak.). [A corr. of Gilbert, as 'Tom-cat,' hardly for glib=lib.]

Gibberish, gib′ėr-ish, n. rapid, gabbling talk: unmeaning words.—adj. unmeaning.—v.i. Gibb′er, to speak senselessly or inarticulately.—n. Gibb′le-gabble, gabble. [See Gabble.]

Gibbet, jib′et, n. a gallows on which criminals were suspended after execution: the projecting beam of a crane.—v.t. to expose on a gibbet. [O. Fr. gibet, a stick; origin unknown.]

Gibbon, gib′un, n. a genus of tailless anthropoid apes, with very long arms, natives of the East Indies.

Gibbous, gib′us, adj. hump-backed: swelling, convex, as the moon when nearly full—also Gibb′ose.—ns. Gibbos′ity, Gibb′ousness.—adv. Gibb′ously. [L. gibbosus=gibberosus—gibber, a hump.]

Gibe, Jibe, jīb, v.t. to sneer at: to taunt.—n. a taunt: contempt.—n. Gib′er, one who gibes.—adv. Gib′ingly. [Ice. geipa, to talk nonsense.]

Giblets, jib′lets, n.pl. the internal eatable parts of fowl, taken out before cooking it.—adj. Gib′let, made of giblets. [O. Fr. gibelet; origin unknown; not a dim. of gibier, game.]

Giddy, gid′i, adj. unsteady, dizzy: that causes giddiness: whirling: inconstant: thoughtless.—adv. Gidd′ily.—n. Gidd′iness.—adjs. Gidd′y-head′ed, thoughtless, wanting reflection; Gidd′y-paced (Shak.), moving irregularly. [From A.S. giddian, to sing, be merry, gid, a song.]

Gier-eagle, jēr′-ē′gl, n. (B.) a species of eagle. [See Gyrfalcon.]

Gift, gift, n. a thing given: a bribe: a quality bestowed by nature: the act of giving.—v.t. to endow with any power or faculty.—adj. Gift′ed, endowed by nature: intellectual.—ns. Gift′-horse, a horse given as a gift; Gift′ling, a little gift.—Look a gift horse in the mouth, to criticise a gift. [Give.]

Gig, gig, n. a light, two-wheeled carriage: a long, light boat: (U.S.) sport, fun.—v.t. and v.i. Gig′git (U.S.), to convey or move rapidly.—ns. Gig′man, one who drives or keeps a gig—a favourite term of Carlyle's for a narrow philistinism based on the possession of a little more money than others, whence Gig′maness, Gigman′ity, Gig′mānia. [M. E. gigge, a whirling thing (cf. Whirligig); prob. related to Ice. geiga, to turn in a wrong direction. Cf. Jig.]

Gigantic, jī-gan′tik, adj. suitable to a giant: enormous—also Gigantē′an.—adj. Gigantesque′, befitting a giant.—adv. Gigan′tically.—ns. Gigan′ticide, the act of killing a giant; Gigantol′ogy, description of giants; Gigantom′achy, a war of giants. [L. gigas, gigantis, a giant, cædĕre, to kill.]

Giggle, gig′l, v.i. to laugh with short catches of the breath, or in a silly manner.—n. a laugh of this kind.—ns. Gigg′ler; Gigg′ling. [M. E. gagelen, to cackle; cf. Ice. gagl, a goose.]

Giglet, gig′let, n. a giddy girl: a wanton—also Gig′lot.—adj. (Shak.) inconstant. [Prob. Ice. gikkr, a pert person; perh. related to gig. See Jig.]

Gigot, jig′ut, n. a leg of mutton. [Fr.,—O. Fr. gigue, a leg: a fiddle; a word of unknown origin.]

Gild, gild, v.t. to cover or overlay with gold: to cover with any gold-like substance: to gloss over: to adorn with lustre:—pr.p. gild′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. gild′ed or gilt.—ns. Gild′er, one who coats articles with gold; Gild′ing, act or trade of a gilder: gold laid on any surface for ornament.—Gilded Chamber, the House of Lords; Gild the pill, to do something to make a disagreeable thing seem less so. [A.S. gyldan—gold. See Gold.]

Gill, gil, n. one of the breathing organs in fishes and certain other aquatic animals: the flap below the bill of a fowl. [Cf. Dan. giælle, a gill; Ice. gjölnar (pl.), gills; Sw. gäl.]

Gill, jil, n. a measure=¼ pint.—n. Gill′-house, a dram-shop. [O. Fr. gelle; cf. Low L. gillo, a flask; allied to Fr. jale, a large bowl, Eng. gallon.]

Gill, jil, n. a girl, because of the commonness of the name Gillian, cf. 'Jack and Jill:' ground-ivy: beer flavoured with ground-ivy.—n. Gill′-flirt, a wanton girl. [From Gillian or Juliana (from Julius), a female name, contracted Gill, Jill.]

Gillie, Gilly, gil′i, n. a youth, a man-servant, esp. to one hunting. [Gael. gille, a lad, Ir. giolla.]

Gillyflower, jil′i-flow-ėr, n. popular English name for stock, wallflower, &c., from its clove-like smell. [O. Fr. giroflée—Gr. karyophyllon, the clove-tree—karyon, a nut, phyllon, a leaf.]

Gilravage, gil-rav′āj, n. (Scot.) a noisy frolic, disorder.—v.i. to plunder, spoil.

Gilt, gilt, pa.t. and pa.p of gild.—n. that which is used for gilding.—adjs. Gild′ed; Gilt′-edged, having the edges gilt: of the highest quality, as 'gilt-edged securities'=those stocks whose interest is considered perfectly safe.—n. Gilt′-head, a popular name for several fishes, esp. a sparoid fish with a half-moon-shaped gold spot between the eyes.

Gimbal, gim′bal, n. a contrivance for suspending the mariner's compass, so as to keep it always horizontal. [Through Fr. from L. gemelli, twins.]

Gimcrack, jim′krak, n. a toy: a gewgaw: a trivial mechanism—also Jim′crack.—n. Gim′crackery. [Prov. gim or jim, neat, and crack, a lively boy.]

Gimlet, gim′let, n. a small tool for boring holes by turning it with the hand.—v.t. to pierce with a gimlet: (naut.) to turn round (an anchor) as if turning a gimlet.—adj. Gim′let-eyed, very sharp-sighted. [O. Fr. gimbelet, from Teut.; cf. Eng. wimble.]

Gimmal, gim′al, n. a gimbal: (Shak.) anything consisting of parts moving within each other or interlocked—a quaint piece of mechanism—also Gimm′er.—adj. (Shak.) made or consisting of double rings.

Gimmer, gim′ėr, n. a two-year-old ewe. [Ice. gymbr; cf. Sw. gimmer, Dan. gimmer.]

Gimp, gimp, n. a kind of trimming, &c., of silk, woollen, or cotton twist.—v.t. to make or furnish with gimp. [Fr. guimpe, from Old High Ger. wimpal, a light robe; Eng. wimple.]

Gin, jin, n. Same as Geneva, of which it is a contraction.—ns. Gin′-fizz, a drink of gin, lemon-juice, effervescing water, &c.; Gin-pal′ace, Gin′-shop, a shop where gin is sold; Gin′-sling, a cold beverage of gin and water, sweetened and flavoured.

Gin, jin, n. the name of a variety of machines, esp. one with pulleys for raising weights, &c.: a pump worked by rotary sails: (B.) a trap or snare.—v.t. to trap or snare: to clear cotton of its seeds by a machine:—pr.p. gin′ning; pa.p. ginned.—ns. Gin′-horse, a mill-horse; Gin′-house, a place where cotton is ginned. [Contr. from engine.]

Ging, ging, n. a gang or company. [A.S. genge, a troop, gangan, to go. See Gang.]

Ginger, jin′jėr, n. the root of a plant in the East and West Indies, with a hot and spicy taste, useful as a condiment or stomachic.—ns. Gingerade′, an aerated drink flavoured with ginger; Gin′gerbeer, an effervescent drink flavoured with ginger; Gin′gerbread, sweet bread flavoured with ginger; Gin′ger-cor′dial, a cordial made of ginger, lemon-peel, raisins, water, and sometimes spirits; Gin′gernut, a small cake flavoured with ginger and sweetened with molasses.—adj. Gin′gerous, like ginger.—ns. Gin′gerpop, weak gingerbeer; Gin′gersnap, a thin brittle cake spiced with ginger; Gin′ger-wine, a liquor made by the fermentation of sugar and water, and flavoured with various spices, chiefly ginger.—Gingerbread ware, or work, cheap and tawdry ornamental work.—Take the gilt off the gingerbread, to destroy the illusion. [M. E. gingivere—O. Fr. gengibre—L. zingiber—Gr. zingiberis—Sans. çriñga-vera—çriñga, horn, vera, shape.]

Gingerly, jin′jėr-li, adv. with soft steps: cautiously. [From a Scand. root, seen in Sw. gingla, to totter.]

Gingham, ging′ham, n. a kind of cotton cloth, woven from coloured yarns into stripes or checks, manufactured chiefly for dresses. [Fr. guingan, acc. to Littré, a corr. of Guingamp, in Brittany.]

Gingival, jin-jī′val, adj. pertaining to the gums.—n. Gingivī′tis, inflammation of the gums. [L. gingivæ.]

Gingko, ging′kō, n. a Chinese tree, allied to the yew, with edible fruit—the Maiden-hair-tree. [Jap. gingkō—Chin. yin-hing—yin, silver, hing, apricot.]

Ginglymus, jing′gli-mus (or ging′-), n. a joint that permits flexion and extension in a single plane, as at the elbow and ankle:—pl. Ging′lymī. [Gr.]

Ginny-carriage, jin′i-kar′āj, n. a small strong carriage used for conveying materials on a railway.

Ginseng, jin′seng, n. a plant of genus Aralia, and its root, a Chinese panacea for exhaustion of body or mind. [Chin. jin-tsan.]

Gipsy, Gypsey, Gypsy, jip′si, n. one of a wandering race, originally from India, now scattered over Europe: one with a dark complexion: a sly, roguish woman.—adj. unconventional, outdoor.—ns. Gip′sydom; Gip′syism.—Gipsy hat, a hat for women, with large flaps at the sides; Gipsy table, a form of light fancy table; Gipsy wagon, a wagon or van like a dwelling on wheels, used by gipsies and travelling photographers. [Egyptian, because once supposed to come from Egypt.]

Giraffe, ji-raf′, n. the camelopard, an African quadruped with remarkably long neck and legs. [Fr.,—Sp. girafa—Ar. zarāf.]

Girandole, jir′an-dōl, n. a branched chandelier, generally projecting from a wall, and used as a stand for candles or lamps, or for flowers: a rotating firework. [Fr.,—It. girandola—girare—L. gyrāre, to turn round—gyrus—Gr. gyros, a circle.]

Girasol, jir′a-sol, n. a bluish-white translucent opal with reddish reflections. [It.,—girare, and sole—L. sol, the sun.]

Gird, gėrd, v.i. to gibe, jeer (with at).—v.t. (obs.) to taunt.—n. (obs.) a sneer. [A.S. gyrd, gierd, rod.]

Gird, gėrd, v.t. to bind round: to make fast by binding: to surround: to clothe, furnish:—pa.t. and pa.p. gird′ed or girt.—n. Gird′er, one of the principal pieces of timber in a floor binding the others together: in engineering, any simple or compound beam of wood, iron, or steel used to support joisting, walls, arches, &c., in various kinds of bridges.—Gird one's self, to tuck up loose garments under the girdle: to brace the mind for any trial or effort. [A.S. gyrdan; cf. Ger. gürten, garden, Eng. yard.]

Girdle, gėrd′l, n. that which encircles, esp. a band or belt for the waist: an enclosure, compass, limit: in jewellery, a horizontal line surrounding a stone.—v.t. to bind, as with a girdle: to enclose: to make a circular incision, as through the bark of a tree to kill it.—n. Gird′le-belt, a belt for girding the waist.—p.adj. Gird′led (Shak.), surrounded with, or as with, a girdle.—n. Gird′ler, one who girdles: a maker of girdles. [A.S. gyrdel—gyrdan, to gird.]

Girl, gėrl, n. a female child: a young unmarried woman: a maid-servant.—n. Girl′hood, the state or time of being a girl.—adj. Girl′ish, of or like a girl.—adv. Girl′ishly—n. Girl′ishness. [Prob. from Old Low Ger. gör, a child, with dim. suffix -l.]

Girnel, gėr′nel, n. (Scot.) a granary, meal-chest. [Variant of garner.]

Girondist, ji-rond′ist, n. a member of the moderate republican party during the French Revolution, so called because its earliest leaders, Vergniaud, Guadet, &c., were sent up to the Legislative Assembly (Oct. 1791) by the Gironde department.—Also Giron′din.

Girt, gėrt, v.t. to gird.—pa.p. of a ship moored so taut by her cables to two oppositely placed anchors as to be prevented from swinging to the wind or tide.

Girth, gėrth, n. belly-band of a saddle: measure round the waist.—Also Girt.

Gist, jist, n. the main point or pith of a matter. [From an old French proverb, 'I know where the hare lies'—i.e. I know the main point—O. Fr. gist (Fr. gît)—O. Fr. gesir (Fr. gésir), to lie—L. jacēre.]

Gittern, git′ern, n. a kind of guitar, a cithern.—v.i. to play on the gittern. [Most prob. Old Dut. ghiterne—L. cithara—Gr. kithara. See Guitar.]

Giusto, jūs′tō, adj. (mus.) suitable, regular. [It.,—L. justus, just.]

Give, giv, v.t. to bestow: to impart: to yield: to grant: to permit: to afford: to furnish: to pay or render, as thanks: to pronounce, as a decision: to show, as a result: to apply, as one's self: to allow or admit.—v.i. to yield to pressure: to begin to melt: to grow soft: to open, or give an opening or view, to lead (with upon, on, into):—pr.p. giv′ing; pa.t. gāve; pa.p. given (giv′n).—p.adj. Giv′en, bestowed: specified: addicted, disposed to: admitted, supposed.—ns. Giv′er, one who gives or bestows; Giv′ing, the act of bestowing: (Shak.) an alleging of what is not real.—Give and take, to give and get fairly, fair measure on both sides; Give birth to, to bring forth: to originate; Give chase, to pursue; Give ear, to listen; Give forth, to emit, to publish; Give ground, place, to give way, to yield; Give in to, to yield assent or obedience to; Give it to one (coll.), to scold or beat anybody severely; Give line, head, rein, &c., to give more liberty or scope—the metaphor from angling and driving; Give one's self away, to betray one's secret by a slip of the tongue, &c.; Give out, to report, to emit; Give over, to cease; Give the lie to, to charge openly with falsehood; Give tongue, to bark; Give up, to abandon; Give way, to fall back, to yield, to withdraw: to begin rowing—usually as a command to a crew. [A.S. giefan; Goth. giban, Ger. geben.]

Gizzard, giz′ard, n. the muscular stomach of a bird. [M. E. giser—O. Fr. gezier—L. gigerium, only in pl. gigeria, cooked entrails of poultry.]

Gizzen, giz′n, v.i. (Scot.) to shrink from dryness so as to leak: to wither.—adj. leaky.

Glabrous, glā′brus, adj. smooth: having no hairs or any unevenness.—adj. Glā′brāte, smooth, glabrous. [L. glaber, smooth.]

Glacé, gla-sā′, adj. iced: glossy, lustrous, esp. of a thin silk material. [Fr.]

Glacial, glā′shi-al, adj. icy: frozen: pertaining to ice or its action, esp. to glaciers.—ns. Glā′cialist, one who attributes the phenomena of the drift in geology to the action of glaciers; Glāciā′tion, the act of freezing: ice: the process of becoming covered with glaciers. [Fr.,—L. glacialis—glacies, ice.]

Glacier, glā′shēr, or glas′i-ėr, n. a field or, more properly, a slowly moving river of ice, such as is found in the hollows and on the slopes of lofty mountains. [Fr.,—glace, ice—L. glacies, ice.]

Glacis, glā′sis, or gla-sē′, n. a gentle slope: (fort.) a smooth sloping bank. [Fr.,—O. Fr. glacer, to freeze—glace, ice.]

Glad, glad, adj. pleased: cheerful: bright: giving pleasure.—v.t. to make glad:—pr.p. glad′ding; pa.p. glad′ded.—v.t. Glad′den, to make glad: to cheer: to animate.—adj. Glad′ful (Spens.).—n. Glad′fulness.—adv. Glad′ly.—n. Glad′ness.—adj. Glad′some, glad: joyous: gay.—adv. Glad′somely.—n. Glad′someness. [A.S. glæd; Ger. glatt, smooth, Ice. glaðr, bright, Dan. glad.]

Glade, glād, n. an open space in a wood.—adj. Glā′dy, having glades. [Scand.; Ice. glaðr, bright, Norw. glette, a clear spot among clouds.]

Gladiator, glad′i-ā-tor, n. in ancient Rome, a professional combatant with men or beasts in the arena.—adjs. Glad′iāte, sword-shaped; Gladiatō′rial, Gladiā′tory, Gladiatō′rian.—ns. Glad′iatorship; Glā′dius, the cuttle-bone or pen of a cuttle-fish. [L., a swordsman—gladius, a sword.]

Gladiole, glad′i-ōl, Gladiolus, gla-dī′o-lus, glad-i-ō′lus, n. the plant sword-lily:—pl. Gladī′olī. [L. gladiolus, dim. of gladius.]

Gladstone, glad′ston, n. a four-wheeled two-seated carriage with driver's seat and dickey: a kind of light travelling-bag, opening wide. [From the great statesman, W. E. Gladstone (1809-98).]

Glagolitic, glag-o-lit′ik, adj. of or pertaining to Glagol, an ancient Slavonic alphabet, apparently derived from the cursive Greek of the 9th century, only used in the liturgical books of the Dalmatian Slavs. [Old Bulgarian glagolu, a word.]

Glaikit, glāk′it, adj. (Scot.) giddy, foolish.—ns. Glaik, a deception, a quick glance; Glaik′itness, levity.—Fling the glaiks in folk's een (Scot.), to throw dust in people's eyes. [See Gleek.]

Glair, glār, n. the clear part of an egg used as varnish: any viscous, transparent substance: mud.—v.t. to varnish with white of eggs.—adjs. Glair′y, Glair′eous, Glār′eous. [Fr. glaire—Low L. clara ovi, white of egg—L. clarus, clear.]

Glaive, glāv, n. a weapon like a halberd, fixed on a long shaft, its edge on the outer curve.—Also Glave. [O. Fr. glaive—L. gladius, a sword.]

Glamour, glam′ėr, n. the supposed influence of a charm on the eyes, making them see things as fairer than they are: fascination: enchantment. [Merely a corruption of gramarye or grammar, meaning grammar, then magic.]

Glance, glans, n. a sudden shoot of light: a darting of the eye: a momentary view: a term applied to minerals exhibiting a pseudo-metallic lustre.—v.i. to dart a ray of light or splendour: to snatch a momentary view: to fly off obliquely: to make a passing allusion.—v.t. to dart suddenly or obliquely: to hint.—n. Glance′-coal, any hard coal, like anthracite, so called from its metallic lustre.—adv. Glanc′ingly. [From a Teut. root seen in Sw. glans, Dut. glans, Ger. glanz, lustre, and allied to Eng. glint.]

Gland, gland, n. a secreting structure, which in various ways alters the material brought to it by the blood, extracting and excreting waste products as in the kidneys, or manufacturing valuable by-products, such as the glycogen and bile of the liver: (bot.) a small cellular spot which secretes oil or aroma.—adjs. Glandif′erous, bearing acorns or nuts; Gland′iform, resembling a gland: nut-shaped; Gland′ūlar, Gland′ūlous, containing, consisting of, or pertaining to glands.—n. Gland′ūle, a small gland.—adj. Glandūlif′erous. [F. glande—L. glans, glandis, an acorn.]

Glanders, gland′ėrz, n. a malignant, contagious, and fatal disease of the horse or ass, showing itself esp. on the mucous membrane of the nose, upon the lungs, and on the lymphatic system.—adj. Gland′ered, affected with glanders.

Glare, glār, n. a clear, dazzling light: overpowering lustre: a piercing look.—v.i. to shine with a clear, dazzling light: to be ostentatiously splendid: to look with piercing eyes.—adj. Glar′ing, bright and dazzling: barefaced: notorious.—adv. Glar′ingly.—n. Glar′ingness. [Perh. from A.S. glær, a pellucid substance, amber.]

Glass, glas, n. a combination of silica with some alkali or alkaline earth, such as lime, &c., used for window panes, mirrors, lenses, &c.: anything made of glass, esp. a drinking-vessel, a mirror, &c.: the quantity of liquid a glass holds: any fused substance like glass, with a vitreous fracture: (pl.) spectacles.—adj. made of glass.—v.t. to case in glass.—ns. Glass′-blow′er, one who blows and fashions glass; Glass′-blow′ing, the process of making glass, by taking a mass of glass reduced by heat to a viscid state, and inflating it; Glass′-coach, a coach for hire having glazed windows; Glass′-crab, the larval form of rock lobsters, &c., but formerly regarded as adults, and made into a genus or even family; Glass′-cut′ter; Glass′-cut′ting, the act or process of cutting, shaping, and ornamenting the surface of glass.—adj. Glass′-faced (Shak.), reflecting the sentiments of another, as in a mirror.—n. Glass′ful, the contents of a glass.—adj. Glass′-gaz′ing (Shak.), addicted to viewing one's self in a mirror.—ns. Glass′-grind′ing, the ornamenting of glass by rubbing with sand, emery, &c.; Glass′-house, a glass manufactory: a house made of glass.—adv. Glass′ily.—n. Glass′iness.—adj. Glass′-like.—ns. Glass′-paint′ing, the art of producing pictures on glass by means of staining it chemically; Glass′-pā′per, paper coated with finely pounded glass, and used like sand-paper; Glass′-soap, an oxide of manganese and other substances used by glass-blowers to remove colouring from glass; Glass′ware, articles made of glass; Glass′-work, articles made of glass; Glass′wort, a plant so called from its yielding soda, used in making glass.—adjs. Glass′y, made of or like glass; Glass′y-head′ed (Tenn.), having a bald, shining head.—ns. Cut′-glass, flint-glass shaped or ornamented by cutting or grinding on a wheel; Ground′-glass, any glass that has been depolished by a sand-blast, grinding, or etching with acids, so as to destroy its transparency; Plate′-glass, glass cast in large thick plates.—Live in a glass house=to be open to attack or retort.—Musical glasses (see Harmonica).—Water, or Soluble, glass, the soluble silicate of soda or of potash formed when silica is fused with an excess of alkali, used for hardening artificial stone, as a cement, and for rendering calico, &c., uninflammable. [A.S. glæs; Dut., Ger., and Sw. glas; cog. with glow, gleam, glance, glare.]

Glassite, glas′īt, n. one of a religious sect founded by John Glas (1695-1773), a minister of the Church of Scotland, who was deposed in 1730 for maintaining that a congregation with its eldership is, in its discipline, subject to no jurisdiction but that of Jesus Christ. The sect is now better known as the Sandemanians, from the name of Glas's son-in-law.

Glaswegian, glas-wēj′i-an, n. and adj. a native or citizen of Glasgow.

Glauberite, glaw′ber-īt, n. a grayish-white mineral, a compound of the sulphates of sodium and calcium, found chiefly in rock-salt. [From the German Johann Rudolf Glauber, 1604-68.]

Glaucoma, glawk-ō′ma, n. an insidious disease of the eye, marked by increased tension within the eyeball, growing dimness of vision, and an excavation of the papilla of the optic nerve—also Glaucō′sis.—adj. Glaucom′atous. [See Glaucous.]

Glauconite, glaw′kō-nīt, n. the mineral, a silicate of iron, which gives a green colour to some of the beds of the greensand strata, whence their name.—adj. Glauconit′ic. [Fr.,—Gr. glaukos, bluish-green.]

Glaucous, glaw′kus, adj. sea-green: grayish-blue: (bot.) covered with a fine green bloom.—n. Glauces′cence.—adj. Glauces′cent, somewhat glaucous. [L. glaucus, bluish—Gr. glaukos, blue or gray.]

Glaucus, glaw′kus, n. a genus of Gasteropods, in the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. [Gr. glaukos, a fish—glaukos, bluish-green.]

Glaux, gläks, n. a genus of Primulaceæ, called also Sea milkwort and Black saltwort, common along sea-coasts of northern Europe—formerly used in soda-making. [L.,—Gr. glaux, milk-vetch.]

Glaze, glāz, v.t. to furnish or set with glass: to cover with a thin surface of glass or something glassy: to give a glassy surface to.—n. the glassy coating put upon pottery: any shining exterior.—ns. Glāz′er, a workman who glazes pottery, paper, &c.; Glā′zier, one who sets glass in window-frames, &c. (for glazer; like law-y-er for law-er); Glāz′ing, the act or art of setting glass: the art of covering with a vitreous substance: (paint.) semi-transparent colours put thinly over others to modify the effect. [M. E. glasen—glas, glass.]

Gleam, glēm, v.i. to glow or shine: to flash.—n. a small stream of light: a beam: brightness.—n. Gleam′ing, a sudden shoot of light.—adj. Gleam′y, casting beams or rays of light. [A.S. glǽm, gleam, brightness (see Glimmer); akin to glass, glow.]

Glean, glēn, v.t. to gather in handfuls after the reapers: to collect (what is thinly scattered).—v.i. to gather the corn left by a reaper.—n. that which is gleaned: the act of gleaning.—ns. Glean′er; Glean′ing. [O. Fr. glener (Fr. glaner), through Low L. glenāre, glena, from Teut.]

Glebe, glēb, n. the land belonging to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice: (mining) a piece of earth containing ore: (arch.) turf.—adjs. Gleb′ous, Gleb′y, cloddy, turfy. [Fr.,—L. gleba, a clod.]

Glede, glēd, n. (B.) the common kite, a rapacious bird. [A.S. glida, from, glídan, to glide.]

Gledge, glej, v.i. to squint: to look cunningly.—n. a knowing look. [See Gley.]

Glee, glē, n. joy: mirth and gaiety: (mus.) a song or catch in parts.—adj. Glee′ful, merry.—ns. Glee′maid′en, a female minstrel; Glee′man, a minstrel.—adj. Glee′some, merry. [A.S. gleó, mirth; Ice. glý.]

Gleed, glēd, n. a hot coal or burning ember. [A.S. gléd; cf. Dut. gloed, Ger. glut, Sw. glöd.]

Gleek, glēk, n. (Shak.) a jest or scoff, a trick: an old game at cards for three, each having twelve, and eight being left for the stock.—v.i. (Shak.) to gibe or sneer, to spend time in sport or fun. [Prob. cog. with A.S. gelác, play, Ice. leik.]

Gleet, glēt, n. a glairy discharge from a mucous surface.—adj. Gleet′y. [O. Fr. glete, glecte, a flux.]

Gleg, gleg, adj. clever: apt: (Scot.) sharp. [Ice. glöggr, clever; cf. A.S. gleáw, wise, Ger. glau, clear.]

Glen, glen, n. a narrow valley worn by a river: a depression between hills. [Celt., as in Gael. and Ir. gleann, W. glyn.]

Glene, glē′nē, n. the pupil, eyeball: a socket.—adjs. Glē′noid, -al, slightly cupped. [Gr.]

Glengarry, glen-gar′i, n. a cap of thick-milled woollen, generally rising to a point in front, with ribbons hanging down behind—worn by the Highlanders of Scotland. [Glengarry, a glen in West Inverness-shire.]

Glenlivet, glen-lēv′et, n. a good Scotch whisky. [Glenlivet, a valley in Banffshire.]

Gley, glī, glē, v.i. to squint.—p.adj. Gleyed (Scot.), squint-eyed. [Ice. gljá, to glitter; Dan. glo.]

Glib, glib, adj. moving easily: voluble.—v.i. to move freely.—adv. Glib′ly.—n. Glib′ness. [A contr. of Dut. glibberig, slippery.]

Glib, glib, n. (Spens.) a bush of hair hanging over the eyes. [Gael., a lock of hair.]

Glib, glib, v.t. (Shak.) to emasculate, to castrate. [Perh. an error for lib, to castrate.]

Glide, glīd, v.i. to slide smoothly and easily: to flow gently: to pass rapidly.—n. act of gliding: the joining of two sounds without a break: a smooth and sliding kind of waltz-step.—adj. Glid′dery, slippery.—n. Glīd′er, one who, or that which, glides.—adv. Glīd′ingly. [A.S. glídan, to slip; Ger. gleiten.]

Gliff, glif, n. a fright, a scare: (Scot.) a moment.—Also Glift. [M. E. gliffen, to be terrified.]

Glim, glim, n. (coll.) a light: (slang) an eye. [A.S. gleomu; cf. Ger. glimm, a spark.]

Glimmer, glim′ėr, v.i. to burn or appear faintly.—n. a faint light: feeble rays of light: (min.) mica.—ns. Glimm′er-gowk (Tenn.), an owl; Glimm′ering, a glimmer: an inkling.—adv. Glimm′eringly. [M. E. glimeren; most prob. directly Scand.; Dan. glimre, to glimmer, Sw. prov. glim, a glance.]

Glimpse, glimps, n. a short gleam: a weak light: transient lustre: a hurried view: fleeting enjoyment: the exhibition of a faint resemblance.—v.i. to appear by glimpses.—v.t. to get a glimpse of. [M. E. glimsen, to glimpse, a variant of glimmer.]

Glint, glint, v.i. to shine, gleam: (Burns) to move quickly.—v.t. to reflect.—n. a gleam. [From Scand.; Old Dan. glinte, to shine.]

Glisk, glisk, n. (Scot.) a glimpse. [M. E. glissen—A.S. glisian, to glance.]

Glissade, glis-ād′, v.i. to slide or glide down.—n. act of sliding down a slope.

Glist, glist, n. a dark ferruginous mineral found in lodes, micaceous iron ore.

Glisten, glis′n, v.i. to glitter or sparkle with light: to shine.—n. glitter. [M. E. glis-ien, to shine—A.S. glisnian, to shine; cf. Dut. glinsteren.]

Glister, glis′tėr, v.i. to sparkle, glitter.—adj. Glis′tering (Shak.), glittering. [M. E. glistren; see above.]

Glitter, glit′ėr, v.i. to glisten, to sparkle with light: to be splendid: to be showy.—n. lustre: brilliancy.—adjs. Glitt′erand (Spens.), sparkling, glittering; Glitt′ering, shining: splendid: brilliant.—adv. Glitt′eringly. [M. E. gliteren; cf. Ice. glitra, Mid. High Ger. glitzern.]

Gloaming, glōm′ing, n. twilight, dusk—(Scot.) Gloamin. [A.S. glómung; akin to gloom.]

Gloat, glōt, v.i. to look eagerly, in a bad sense: to view with a wicked joy. [Ice. glotta, to grin.]

Globate, -d, glōb′āt, -ed, adj. like a globe: circular. [L. globāre, -ātum, to form into a ball—globus.]

Globe, glōb, n. a ball: a round body, a sphere: the earth: a sphere representing the earth (terrestrial globe) or the heavens (celestial globe): (obs.) a group.—v.t. to form in a circle.—ns. Globe′-fish, one of a genus of fishes found in warm seas, remarkable for its power of swelling out its body to a globular form; Globe′-flow′er, a small palæarctic genus of plants of the order Ranunculaceæ, with a globe of large showy sepals enclosing the small inconspicuous linear petals; Globe′-trot′ter, one who travels for pleasure around the world; Globe′-trot′ting; Glō′bin, a proteid constituent of red blood corpuscles.—adjs. Glōbose′, Glōb′ous, resembling a globe.—n. (Milt.) a globe.—n. Glōbos′ity.—adjs. Glob′ūlar, Glob′ūlous, Glob′ūlose, like a globe: spherical.—n. Globūlar′ity.—adv. Glob′ūlarly.—ns. Glob′ūle, a little globe or round particle—also Glob′ūlet; Glob′ūlin, Glob′ūline, a substance closely allied to albumen, which forms the main ingredient of the blood globules, and also occurs in the crystalline lens of the eye; Glob′ūlite, the name given by Vogelsang to minute crystallites of spherical, drop-like form.—adj. Glōb′y (Milt.), round. [O. Fr.,—L. globus; gleba, a clod.]

Globigerina, glob-i-je-rī′na, n. a genus typical of Globigerinidæ, a pelagic family of foraminifers.

Glome, glōm, n. (bot.) a globular head of flowers.—adj. Glom′erous. [L. glomus=globus.]

Glomerate, glom′ėr-āt, v.t. to gather into a ball: to collect into a spherical mass.—adj. growing in rounded or massive forms: conglomerate.—n. Glomerā′tion, act of gathering into a ball: a body formed into a ball. [L. glomerāre, -ātum—glomus, glomeris, a clew of yarn.]

Gloom, glōōm, n. partial darkness: cloudiness: heaviness of mind, sadness: hopelessness: sullenness.—v.i. to be sullen or dejected: to be cloudy or obscure.—v.t. to fill with gloom.—adv. Gloom′ily.—n. Gloom′iness.—p.adj. Gloom′ing (Shak.), shining obscurely.—n. twilight: gloaming.—adj. Gloom′y, dim or obscure: dimly lighted: sad, melancholy. [A.S. glóm, gloom; prov. Ger. glumm, gloomy.]

Gloria, glō′ri-a, n. a doxology.—Gloria in excelsis, the 'Greater Doxology'—'Glory be to God on high;' Gloria Patri, the 'Lesser Doxology'—'Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, as it was,' &c. [L. gloria, glory.]

Glorify, glō′ri-fī, v.t. to make glorious: to honour: to exalt to glory or happiness: to ascribe honour to, to worship:—pa.p. glō′rified.—n. Glorificā′tion. [L. gloria, glory, facĕre, to make.]

Glory, glō′ri, n. renown: honour: the occasion of praise: an object of pride: excellency: splendour: brightness: in religious symbolism, a combination of the nimbus and the aureola, but often erroneously used for the nimbus: a burst of sunlight: a luminous glow of reflected light upon clouds: vain-glory: (B.) the presence of God: the manifestation of God to the blessed in heaven: heaven.—v.i. to boast: to be proud of anything: to exult:—pa.p. glō′ried.—adj. Glō′ried (Milt.), illustrious, honourable.—ns. Glō′riole, a halo or glory; Gloriō′sa, a genus of Liliaceæ, of which the best-known species, a native of India, is a herbaceous perennial, with beautiful red and yellow flowers.—adj. Glō′rious, noble, splendid: conferring renown: (coll.) elated, tipsy.—adv. Glō′riously.—ns. Glō′riousness; Glō′ry-hole, an opening through which to see the inside of a furnace: a place for concealing articles of value; Glō′rying, boasting; Glō′ry-pea, a leguminous Australian plant with red flowers. [O. Fr. glorie—L. gloria (for cloria), akin to clarus, from root of L. cluēre, Gr. klu-ein, to be famed; Eng. loud.]

Gloss, glos, n. brightness or lustre, as from a polished surface: external show.—v.t. to give a superficial lustre to: to render plausible: to palliate. [Ice. glossi, brightness, glóa, to glow. See Glass.]

Gloss, glos, n. a remark to explain a subject: a comment.—v.i. to comment or make explanatory remarks.—adj. Glossā′rial, relating to a glossary: containing explanation.—ns. Gloss′arist, a writer of a glossary; Gloss′ary, a vocabulary of words requiring special explanation: a dictionary; Glossā′tor, Gloss′er, a writer of glosses or comments, a commentator; Gloss′ic, a phonetic alphabet devised by Mr A. J. Ellis (1814-90) for the scientific expression of speech-sounds—to be used concurrently with the Nomic or existing English orthography; Glossī′tis, inflammation of the tongue; Gloss′ocele, swelled tongue; Glossog′rapher.—adj. Glossograph′ical.—n. Glossog′raphy, the writing of glossaries or comments.—adj. Glossolog′ical.—ns. Glossol′ogist; Glossol′ogy, the science of language, comparative philology: the knowledge of the definition of technical terms—also Glottol′ogy; Glossot′omy, dissection of the tongue. [L. glossa, a word requiring explanation—Gr. glōssa, the tongue.]

Glossy, glos′i, adj. smooth and shining: highly polished.—adv. Gloss′ily.—n. Gloss′iness.

Glottis, glot′is, n. the opening of the larynx or entrance to the windpipe.—adj. Glott′al; Glott′ic, pertaining to the tongue or to glottology. [Gr. glōttis—glōtta, the tongue.]

Glout, glowt, v.i. to be sulky.—n. a sulky look, the sulks. [See Gloat.]

Glove, gluv, n. a covering for the hand, with a sheath for each finger: a boxing-glove.—v.t. to cover with, or as with, a glove.—adj. Gloved, covered with a glove.—ns. Glove′-fight, a boxing-match in which the hands are gloved; Glove′-mon′ey, a gratuity given to servants, officers of a court, &c.; Glov′er, one who makes or sells gloves; Glove′-shield, a shield worn by a knight on the left-hand gauntlet to parry blows; Glove′-stretch′er, a scissors-shaped instrument for inserting into the fingers of gloves to stretch them.—Handle without gloves, to treat with vigour or with scant ceremony; Throw down, Take up, the glove, to offer, or to accept, a challenge. [A.S. glóf; cf. Scot. loof, Ice. lôfi, palm.]

Glow, glō, v.i. to shine with an intense heat: to feel great heat of body: to be flushed: to feel the heat of passion: to be ardent.—n. shining or white heat: unusual warmth: brightness of colour: vehemence of passion.—p.adj. Glow′ing, shining with intense light, white with heat: ardent, fervent, fiery.—adv. Glow′ingly.—ns. Glow′-lamp, an incandescent lamp, usually electric; Glow′-worm, a name given to many beetles in the sub-family Lampyrides, having phosphorescent structures on the abdomen. [A.S. glówan, to glow; Ger. glühen, Ice. glóa, to glow.]

Glower, glow′ėr, v.i. to stare frowningly: to scowl.—n. a fierce or threatening stare.

Gloxinia, glok-sin′i-a, n. a genus of plants of the order Gesneraceæ, almost stemless, with bright bell-shaped flowers. [From Gloxin, a German botanist.]

Gloze, glōz, v.i. to give a false meaning to: to flatter: to wheedle: (obs.) to comment.—v.t. to palliate by specious explanation.—n. (obs.) an explanation.—n. Glō′zing, flattery, deceit. [See Gloss (2).]

Glucinum, glōō-sī′num, n. a white metal prepared from beryl—its oxide, Glucī′na, white, tasteless, insoluble in water.—adj. Glū′cic, pertaining to sugar.—ns. Glucide′—Saccharin (q.v.); Glucohæ′mia, the presence of an excessive quantity of glucose in the blood; Glucōse′, the peculiar kind of sugar in the juice of fruits: the sugar-syrup obtained by the conversion of starch into sugar by sulphuric acid—grape-sugar, &c.; Glu′coside, any of those vegetable products which, on treatment with acids or alkalies, yield a sugar or some closely allied carbohydrate; Glucosūr′ia, the presence of glucose in the urine. [Gr. glykys, sweet.]

Glue, glōō, n. an adhesive substance obtained by boiling the skins, hoofs, &c. of animals.—v.t. to join with glue:—pr.p. glu′ing; pa.p. glued.—ns. Glue′-pot, a vessel for melting glue; Glu′er, one who cements with glue.—adj. Glu′ey, containing glue: sticky: viscous.—n. Glu′eyness.—adj. Glu′ish, having the nature of glue.—n. Marine′-glue, not a glue, but a cementing composition, used in shipbuilding, for paying seams in ships' decks after being caulked. [Fr. glu—Low L. glus, glutis—gluĕre, to draw together.]

Glum, glum, adj. frowning: sullen: gloomy.—adv. Glum′ly.—n. Glum′ness.—adj. Glump′ish, glum.—n.pl. Glumps, the sulks.—adj. Glump′y, sulky. [M. E. glomben, glommen, to frown: prob. related to Sw. glomma, Low Ger. glummen.]

Glume, glōōm, n. a term applied to certain bracts in grasses and sedges.—adjs. Glumā′ceous, Glu′mal, Glumif′erous, Glu′mose, Glu′mous. [L. gluma, husk—glubĕre, to peel off bark.]

Glut, glut, v.t. to swallow greedily: to feast to satiety: to supply in excess:—pr.p. glut′ting; pa.p. glut′ted.—n. an over-supply: anything that obstructs the passage. [L. glutīre, to swallow.]

Glutæus, Gluteus, glōō-tē′us, n. one of the natal or buttock muscles.—adjs. Glutē′al, Glutē′an. [Gr. gloutos, the rump.]

Gluten, glōō′ten, n. the nitrogenous part of the flour of wheat and other grains, insoluble in water.—ns. Glu′tin, Glī′adin, the separable viscid constituent of wheat-gluten, soluble in alcohol. [L. gluten, the same as glus. See Glue.]

Glutinate, glōō′tin-āt, v.t. to unite, as with glue.—n. Glutinā′tion.—adj. Glu′tinative, having the quality of cementing: tenacious.—ns. Glutinos′ity, Glu′tinousness.—adj. Glu′tinous, gluey: tenacious: (bot.) covered, as a leaf, with slimy moisture. [L. glutināre, -ātum.]

Glutton, glut′n, n. one who eats to excess: a popular name of the wolverine, a carnivorous quadruped of the weasel family.—v.i. Glutt′onise, to eat to excess, like a glutton.—adjs. Glutt′onous, Glutt′onish, given to, or consisting in, gluttony.—adv. Glutt′onously.—n. Glutt′ony, excess in eating. [Fr. glouton—L. gluton-em—gluttīre, to devour.]

Glycerine, glis′ėr-in, n. a colourless, viscid, neutral, inodorous fluid, of a sweet taste, soluble in water and alcohol. [Fr.,—Gr. glykeros—glykys, sweet.]

Glycocoll, glī′kō-kol, n. amido-acetic acid, a crystalline solid of sweetish taste, very soluble in water, a product of various processes of decomposition of animal matters.—Also Gly′cin. [Formed from Gr. glykys, sweet, kolla, glue.]

Glycogen, glī′kō-jen, n. animal starch, a substance first discovered by Claude Bernard in the human liver—when pure, a white, amorphous, tasteless powder, insoluble in alcohol. [Formed from Gr. glykys, sweet, genēs, producing.]

Glycol, glī′kol, n. the type of a class of artificial compounds forming chemically a link between alcohol and glycerine. [Formed from glyc(erine) and (alcoh)ol.]

Glyconic, glī-kon′ik, adj. and n. of or pertaining to the ancient Greek poet Glycon, or the verse attributed to him, consisting of four feet—one a dactyl, the others trochees.

Glyph, glif, n. (archit.) an ornamental channel or fluting, usually vertical.—adjs. Glyph′ic; Glyphograph′ic.—ns. Glyphog′raphy, a process of taking a raised copy of a drawing by electrotype; Glyph′ograph, a plate formed by this process.—adj. Glyp′tic, pertaining to carving on stone, &c.: (min.) figured.—n.pl. Glyp′tics, the art of engraving, esp. on precious stones.—adj. Glyptograph′ic.—ns. Glyptog′raphy, the art of engraving on precious stones; Glyptothē′ca, a place for keeping sculpture. [Gr. glyphē—glyphein, to carve.]

Glyptodon, glip′to-don, n. a gigantic fossil armadillo of South America with fluted teeth. [Gr. glyptos, carved, odous, odontos, tooth.]

Gmelina, mel′i-na, n. a genus of verbenaceous trees. [From Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744-74).]

Gnaphalium, na-fā′li-um, n. a genus of composite herbs of the aster family, the cudweed or everlasting. [L.,—Gr. gnaphalion, a downy plant.]

Gnar, när, v.i. to snarl or growl.—Also Gnarr, Knar, Gnarl. [From a Teut. root found in Ger. knurren, Dan. knurre, to growl; formed from the sound.]

Gnarl, närl, n. a twisted knot in wood.—adj. Gnarled, knotty, twisted. [From a Teut. root, as in Ger. knurren, Dan. knort, a knot, gnarl, and prob. akin to gnarl in the sense of pressing close together.]

Gnash, nash, v.t. to strike the teeth together in rage or pain.—v.i. to grind the teeth.—n. a sudden snap.—adv. Gnash′ingly. [M. E. gnasten—Sw. knastra, to crash; cf. Ger. knastern, Dan. knaske.]

Gnat, nat, n. a genus of dipterous insects of numerous species, esp. abundant in marshy districts—the female lives on the blood of animals.—n. Gnat′ling. [A.S. gnæt; Ice. gnata, to clash.]

Gnathic, nath′ik, adj. of the jaws—also Gnā′thal.—ns. Gnath′ism, the classification of mankind based on measurements of the jaw; Gnathī′tis, inflammation of the cheek or upper jaw; Gnathoplast′y, the formation of a cheek by plastic surgery; Gnathop′oda, the xiphosura: the arthropoda. [Gr. gnathos, the jaw.]

Gnathonic, -al, nä-thon′ik, -al, adj. flattering. [From Gnatho, a character in Terence's Eunuchus—Gr. gnathos, the jaw.]

Gnaw, naw, v.t. to bite so as to make a noise with the teeth: to bite off by degrees: to corrode or wear away: to bite in agony or rage: (fig.) to torment.—v.i. to use the teeth in biting.—n. Gnaw′er, a rodent. [A.S. gnagan; cf. Dut. knagen, Ice. naga, prov. Eng. nag, to tease.]

Gneiss, nīs, n. (geol.) a species of stratified rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica.—adjs. Gneiss′oid, having some of the characters of gneiss; Gneiss′ose, having the structure of gneiss. [Ger. gneiss, a miners' word of unknown origin.]

Gnome, nōm, n. a pithy and sententious saying, generally in verse, embodying some moral sentiment or precept.—Gnomic poets, a class of writers of this form in Greek literature. [Gr. gnōmē, an opinion—gnōnai, gignōskein, to know.]

Gnome, nōm, n. a sprite guarding the inner parts of the earth and its treasures: a dwarf or goblin. [Fr.,—a word traced by Littré to Paracelsus, and perh. formed from Gr. gnōmē, intelligence.]

Gnomon, nō′mon, n. the pin of a dial, whose shadow points to the hour: the index of the hour-circle of a globe: (geom.) the name given to the sum of any three of the parts of a rectangle when divided into four parts by cross-lines parallel to its sides: interpreter, as in Bengel's Gnomon Novi Testamenti.—adjs. Gnomon′ic, -al, pertaining to the art of dialling.—adv. Gnomon′ically.—ns. Gnomon′ics, the art of dialling; Gnomonol′ogy, a treatise on dialling. [Gr. gnōmōn, an interpreter—gnōnai, to know.]

Gnostic, nos′tik, n. (theol.) one of a sect in the beginning of the Christian era which maintained that knowledge (gnōsis) and not faith (pistis) was the way of salvation, allegorised away the great facts of Christ's person and work, and represented individual life as the result of a process of emanation from the original essence.—adj. having knowledge: knowing, cunning: pertaining to the Gnostics.—ns. Gnō′sis, knowledge: mystical knowledge; Gnos′ticism, the eclectic doctrines of the Gnostics. [Gr. gnōstikos, good at knowing—gignōskein, to know.]

Gnu, nū, n. a genus of antelopes native to South Africa, of which the best-known species has characters of the ox, buffalo, and horse. [Hottentot.]

Go, gō, v.i. to pass from one place to another: to be in motion: to proceed: to walk: to depart from: to lead in any direction: to extend: to tend: to be about to do: to pass in report: to pass, as in payment: to be accounted in value: to happen in a particular way: to turn out: to fare: to give way:—pr.p. gō′ing; pa.t. went; pa.p. gone (gon).—n. affair, matter, as in 'a pretty go:' fashion, as in 'all the go:' energy, activity.—adj. Go′-ahead′, dashing, energetic.—ns. Go′-between′, Gō′er-between′ (Shak.), one who is agent between two parties; Go′-by, escape by artifice: evasion: any intentional disregard: in coursing, the act of passing by or ahead in motion.—adj. Go-to-meet′ing (coll.), used of clothes, good and fit for public use.—Go about (B.), to set one's self about: to seek: to endeavour; Go about one's business, to attend to one's duties: to be off; Go abroad, to go to a foreign country: to leave one's house; Go against, to invade: to be repugnant to; Go aside, to err: to withdraw, retire; Go at, to attack; Go beyond (B.), to overreach; Go down, to sink, decline: to be believed or accepted; Go far, to last long; Go for, to pass for: to attack: to take up a line of policy; Go for nothing, to have no value; Go hard with, to be in real difficulty or danger; Go in and out, to come and go freely; Go in for, to be in favour of: to aim after; Go in unto, to have sexual intercourse with; Go it, to act in a striking or dashing manner—often in imperative by way of encouragement; Go off, to leave: to die: to explode: to fade; Go on, to proceed; Go one better, to take a bet and add another more to it: to excel another in fitness for some purpose; Go one's way, to depart; Go out, to become extinct or expire; Go over, to study, to examine; Go the whole hog, to go to the fullest extent; Go through, to perform thoroughly, to accomplish; Go through fire and water, to undertake any trouble or risks for one's end (from the usage in ancient ordeals); Go to, come now (a kind of interjection, like the L. agedum, the Gr. ἄγε νυν); Go to pieces, to break up entirely, to be dismembered; Go to the wall, to be pushed aside, passed by; Go under, to be called by some title or character: to be overwhelmed or ruined, to die; Go well, to prosper; Go with, to accompany: to agree, accord; Go without saying, to be plainly self-evident (Fr. Cela va sans dire).—Great go, a degree examination, compared with Little go, a preliminary examination in the university of Cambridge; Let go, to release, to quit hold of; No go, not possible: of no use. [A.S. gán, contr. for gangan, to go; cf. Ger. gehen, Dut. gaan.]

Goad, gōd, n. a sharp-pointed stick, often shod with iron, for driving oxen: a stimulus.—v.t. to drive with a goad: to urge forward. [A.S. gád, a goad; cf. Ice. gaddr, a goad.]

Goal, gōl, n. a mark set up to bound a race: the winning-post—also the starting-post: the end aimed at: the two upright posts between which the ball is kicked in the game of football: the act of sending the ball between or over the goal-posts: an end or aim. [Fr. gaule, a pole; prob. of Teut. origin, as Old Fris. walu, a staff, Goth. walus; but acc. to Littré from L. vallus, a stake.]

Goat, gōt, n. the well-known quadruped, allied to the sheep.—ns. Goat′chāfer, the dor or dung-beetle; Goatēē′, a beard left on the chin, while the rest of the face is shaven; Goat′-herd, one who tends goats.—adj. Goat′ish, resembling a goat, esp. in smell: lustful: wanton.—ns. Goat′ishness; Goat′-moth, a large moth common throughout Europe and Asia, having a thick heavy body, and measuring three inches or more across the wings; Goat's′-beard, Goat's′-rue, Goat's′-thorn, names of plants; Goat′skin, the skin of the goat, leather made from it; Goat′sucker, a kind of swallow erroneously thought to suck goats. [A.S. gát; Ger. geiss, Dut. geit.]

Gob, gob, n. the mouth: a mouthful, lump: refuse coal.—v.i. to pack away such as a support to the walls.—ns. Gob′bing, Gob′bin, coal refuse.

Go-bang, gō-bang′, n. a game played on a checker-board of 256 squares, with fifty coloured counters, the object being to get five counters in a row. [Jap. goban.]

Gobbet, gob′et, n. a mouthful: (obs.) a little lump.—Gobe mouche, a silly credulous fellow. [O. Fr. gobet, from Celt.; Gael. gob, the mouth.]

Gobble, gob′l, v.t. to swallow in lumps: to swallow hastily.—v.i. to make a noise in the throat, as a turkey.—n. (golf) a rapid straight putt so strongly played that if the ball had not gone into the hole, it would have gone a long way past.—n. Gobb′ler, a turkey-cock. [O. Fr. gober, to devour; Celt.]

Gobelin, gob′e-lin, n. a rich French tapestry. [From the Gobelins, a famous family of French dyers settled in Paris as early as the 15th century.]

Goblet, gob′let, n. a large drinking-cup without a handle. [O. Fr. gobelet, dim. of gobel—Low L. cupellus, a dim. of L. cupa, a cask. See Cup.]

Goblin, gob′lin, n. a frightful phantom: a fairy: a mischievous sprite. [O. Fr. gobelin—Low L. gobelinus—Gr. kobalos, a mischievous spirit.]

Goby, gō′bi, n. a genus of small carnivorous sea-fishes, with nests of seaweed. [L. gobius—Gr. kōbios.]

Go-cart, gō′-kärt, n. a wheeled apparatus for teaching children to walk.

God, god, n. the Supreme Being: the Creator and Preserver of the world: an object of worship, an idol: (B.) a ruler:—fem. God′dess: (pl.) the occupants of the gallery of a theatre.—v.t. (Shak.) to deify.—interj. God′-a-mer′cy (Shak.), probably a corruption of 'God have mercy!'—ns. God′child; God′daughter; God′dess-ship (Byron), state or quality of a goddess; God′father, God′mother, the persons who, at baptism, guarantee a child's religious education.—adjs. God′-forsak′en, miserable, as if forsaken by God; God′-fear′ing, reverencing God.—n. God′head, state of being a god: deity: divine nature—also rarely God′hood.—adj. God′less, living without God: impious: atheistical.—adv. God′lessly.—n. God′lessness.—adj. God′like, like God: divine.—ns. Godli′ness; God′ling (Dryden), a little god.—adj. God′ly, like God in character: pious: according to God's law.—advs. God′ly, God′lily.—ns. God′ly-head (Spens.), goodness; God′send, an unexpected piece of good fortune; God′ship, the rank or character of a god: a divinity; God′-smith (Dryden), a maker of idols; God′son; God′speed, a wish for good speed or success.—adv. God′ward, toward God.—God's acre, a burial-ground (imitated from Ger. Gottesacker); God's truth, an absolute truth—an emphatic asseveration.—Household gods, among the Romans, the special gods presiding over the family: anything bound up with home interests. [A.S. god; Ger. gott, Goth. guth, Dut. god; all from a Teut. root gutha, God, and quite distinct from good.]

Godroon, go-drōōn′, n. (archit.) an inverted fluting or beading. [Fr. godron, a plait.]

Godwit, god′wit, n. a genus of birds of the snipe family, with long bill and long slender legs, with a great part of the tibia bare. [Perh. from A.S. gód, good, wiht, creature.]

Goël, gō′āl, n. the avenger of blood among the Hebrews, the nearest relative whose duty it was to hunt down the murderer. [Heb.]

Goer, gō′ėr, n. one who, or that which, goes: a horse, considered in reference to his gait.

Goety, gō′ē-ti, n. black magic.—adj. Goet′ic. [Gr., goēs, a sorcerer.]

Goffer, gof′ėr, v.t. to plait or crimp.—n. Goff′ering, plaits or ruffles, or the process of making them; indented tooling on the edge of a book. [O. Fr. gauffrer—goffre, a wafer.]

Goggle, gog′l, v.i. to strain or roll the eyes.—adj. rolling: staring: prominent.—n. a stare or affected rolling of the eye: (pl.) spectacles with projecting eye-tubes: blinds for shying horses.—adj. Gogg′le-eyed, having prominent, distorted, or rolling eyes. [Prob. related to Ir. and Gael. gog, to nod.]

Going, gō′ing, n. the act of moving: departure: (B.) course of life.—Going forth (B.), an outlet; Goings, or Goings out (B.), utmost extremity: departures or journeys; Goings on, behaviour.

Goitre, Goiter, goi′tėr, n. a tumour on the forepart of the throat, being an enlargement of one of the glands (see Cretinism).—adjs. Goi′tred, Goi′tered, affected with goitre; Goi′trous, pertaining to goitre. [Fr. goître—L. guttur, the throat.]

Gold, gōld, n. one of the precious metals much used for coin: money: riches: anything very precious: yellow, gold colour.—adj. made of or like gold.—ns. Gold′-beat′er, one whose trade is to beat gold into gold-leaf; Gold′-beat′ers′-skin, the outer coat of the cæcum of the ox; Gold′-beat′ing.—adj. Gold′-bound (Shak.), encompassed with gold.—ns. Gold′-cloth, cloth woven with threads of gold; Gold′-crest, a golden-crested bird of genus Regulus; Gold′-dig′ger, one who digs for or mines gold, esp. a placer-miner; Gold′-dust, gold in dust or very fine particles, as it is sometimes found in rivers.—adj. Gold′en, made of gold: of the colour of gold: bright: most valuable: happy: highly favourable.—v.t. to become golden.—ns. Gold′en-age, an early period in history, a time of innocence and happiness; Gold′en-eye, a species of oceanic ducks which breed in the Arctic regions, and are winter visitants of Britain.—adj. Gold′en-hilt′ed (Tenn.), having a hilt made of, or mounted with, gold.—adv. Gold′enly (Tenn.), splendidly, delightfully.—ns. Gold′en-rod, any herb of the genus Solidago, of the aster family; Gold′-fē′ver, a mania for seeking gold; Gold′-field, a region where gold is found; Gold′finch, the most beautiful of English finches, with very handsome plumage, in which black, crimson-red, yellow, and white are, in the adult male, exquisitely mingled; Gold′fish, a Chinese and Japanese fresh-water fish, nearly allied to the carp—in its native waters it is brownish, but when domesticated becomes golden-yellow; Gold′-foil, gold beaten into thin sheets, used by dentists; Gold′ilocks, Gold′ylocks, a common name for Ranunculus (q.v.); Gold′-lace, lace made of gold-thread; Gold′-leaf, gold beaten extremely thin, or into leaves; Gold′-lil′y, the yellow lily; Gold′-mine, a mine from which gold is dug; Gold′-plate, vessels and utensils of gold collectively; Gold′smith, a worker in gold and silver; Gold′spink (Scot.), the goldfinch; Gold′stick, the colonel of a regiment of life-guards who attends the sovereign on state occasions—he receives a gold rod with his commission; Gold′-thread, a ranunculaceous plant found from Denmark to Siberia, with evergreen leaves, resembling those of the strawberry: a thread formed of a strip of gold-leaf laid over a thread of silk; Gold′-wash′er, one who obtains gold by washing it from sand and gravel: a cradle or other implement for washing gold from auriferous dirt; Gold′-wire, wire made of or covered with gold.—Golden beetle, the name popularly given to many members of the Chrysomela genus of coleopterous insects, marked by their metallic splendour of colour; Golden bull (L. bulla aurea), an edict issued by the Emperor Charles IV. in 1356, mainly for the purpose of settling the law of imperial elections; Golden fleece, in Greek mythology, the fleece of the ram Chrysomallus, the recovery of which was the object of the famous expedition of the Argonauts—it gave its name to a celebrated order of knighthood in Austria and Spain, founded in 1429; Golden horde, the Kipchaks, a Turkic people, whose empire was founded in central and southern Russia by Batu in the 13th century; Golden legend (L. aurea legenda), a celebrated medieval collection of lives of the greater saints, the work of Jacobus de Voragine (1230-98); Golden number for any year, the number of that year in the Metonic Cycle, and as this cycle embraces nineteen years, the golden numbers range from one to nineteen; Golden rose, a rose formed of wrought gold, and blessed by the Pope in person on the fourth Sunday in Lent, usually presented to some Catholic prince. [A.S. gold; Ice. gull, Ger. gold, Goth. gulth, Russ. zlato, Gr. chrysos.]

Golf, golf, n. a game played with a club and ball, in which he who drives the ball into a series of small holes in the ground with fewest strokes is the winner.—ns. Golf′er; Golf′ing. [Dut. kolf, a club; cf. Ger. kolbe, Ice. kólfr.]

Golgotha, gol′go-tha, n. the scene of our Lord's crucifixion, near Jerusalem: a charnel-house. [Heb.]

Goliard, gol′yard, n. a medieval monk who amused his superiors at table by merry jests.—n. Gol′iardery.—adj. Goliar′dic.—n. Gol′ias, the title assumed by the authors of several medieval satirical poems—Walter Map makes 'Bishop Golias' the type of the ribald priest. [O. Fr.]

Goliath, gō-lī′ath, n. a giant.—v.i. to exaggerate extravagantly.—n. Golī′ath-bee′tle, a genus of tropical beetles of very large size, the male sometimes measuring about four inches. [From Goliath, the Philistine giant in 1 Sam. xvii.]

Golomynka, gō-lō-ming′ka, n. a fish found only in Lake Baikal, resembling the gobies.

Gomarist, gō′mar-ist, n. a follower of Francis Gomarus (1563-1641), a vehement opponent of the Arminians, who mainly through his influence were expelled from the Reformed Church at the Synod of Dort in 1618.

Gombeenism, gom-bēn′izm, n. the practice of depending on money-lenders.—n. Gombeen′man, a grasping and usurious money-lender in Ireland.

Gomphiasis, gom-fī′a-sis, n. looseness of the teeth, esp. the molars.—n. Gomphō′sis, a kind of synarthrosis or immovable articulation, as of the teeth in the jaw. [Gr., gomphios, a tooth.]

Gomuti, gō-mōō′ti, n. the sago-palm: the black fibre it yields.—Also Gomu′to. [Malay.]

Gonagra, gon′a-gra, n. gout in the knee.—ns. Gonal′gia, any painful affection of the knee; Gonarthrī′tis, inflammation of the knee-joint. [Gr. gony, knee, agra, a taking, algos, pain.]

Gondola, gon′do-la, n. a long, narrow boat (averaging 30 feet by 4) used chiefly on the canals of Venice—(Spens.) Gon′delay.—n. Gondolier (gon′dol-ēr), one who rows a gondola. [It., a dim. of gonda—Gr. kondy—a drinking-vessel, said to be a Pers. word.]

Gone, gon, pa.p. of go, lost, passed beyond help: weak, faint, feeling a sinking sensation: wide of the mark, of an arrow: (slang) entirely given up to (with on).—ns. Gone′ness, a sinking sensation; Gon′er (slang), one ruined beyond recovery.

Gonfalon, gon′fa-lon, n. an ensign or standard with streamers—also Gon′fanon.—n. Gonfalonier′, one who bears a gonfalon: the chief magistrate in many Italian cities because of his bearing this flag. [O. Fr. gonfanon—Mid. High Ger. gundfano—gund, battle, fano (Ger. fahne), a flag.]

Gong, gong, n. a Chinese instrument of percussion, made of a mixture of metals, and shaped into a basin-like form, flat and large, with a rim a few inches deep. [Malay.]

Gongorism, gong′gor-izm, n. a florid, inverted, and pedantic style of writing, introduced by the Spanish poet Luis de Góngora y Argote (1561-1627), some of whose distinctive features reappeared in Euphuism.

Gongylus, gon′ji-lus, n. a round deciduous body connected with the reproduction of certain seaweeds. [Gr., 'round.']

Goniatites, gō-ni-a-tī′tēz, n. a genus of fossil cephalopodous mollusca, kindred to the Ammonites. [Gr. gonia, an angle, lithos, a stone.]

Gonidia, gō-nid′i-a, n.pl. an old term in lichenology for the green cells (algal constituents) of the thallus:—sing. Gonid′ium, a naked or membranous-coated propagative cell produced asexually. [Formed from Gr. gonē, generation, seed.]

Goniometer, gō-ni-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring solid angles, indispensable to the crystallographer. [Gōnia, an angle, metron, measure.]

Gonophore, gon′o-fōr, n. the ultimate generative zooid of a hydrozoan, originating directly the generative elements. [Gr. gonos, seed, pherein, to bear.]

Gonorrhea, gon-or-rē′a, n. a specific contagious inflammatory discharge of mucus from the membrane of the urethra or vagina. [Gr. gonorrhoia—gonos, seed, rheein, to flow.]

Good, good, adj. having qualities, whether physical or moral, desirable or suitable to the end proposed: promoting success, welfare, or happiness: virtuous: pious: kind: benevolent: proper: fit: competent: satisfactory: sufficient: valid: sound: serviceable: beneficial: real: serious, as in 'good earnest:' not small, considerable, as in 'good deal:' full, complete, as in 'good measure:' unblemished, honourable, as in 'good name:'—comp. bett′er; superl. best.—n. that which promotes happiness, success, &c.—opp. to Evil: prosperity: welfare: advantage, temporal or spiritual: moral qualities: virtue: (B.) possessions: (pl.) household furniture: movable property: merchandise (in composition, the equivalent of U.S. freight).—interj. well! right!—adv. well.—ns. Good′-breed′ing, polite manners formed by a good breeding or education; Good′-broth′er (Scot.), a brother-in-law.—n. or interj. Good′-bye, contracted from 'God be with you:' farewell, a form of address at parting.—adj. Good′-condi′tioned, being in a good state.—ns. or interjs. Good′-day, a common salutation, a contraction of 'I wish you a good day;' Good′-den, a corruption of good-e'en; Good′-e'en, Good′-ēv′en, Good′-ēve′ning, a salutation on meeting or parting in the evening.—adj. Good′-faced (Shak.), having a handsome face.—ns. Good′-fell′ow, a jolly or boon companion: a reveller; Good′-fell′owship, merry or pleasant company: conviviality.—n.pl. Good′-folk, a euphemism for the fairies, of whom it is best to speak respectfully.—adj. Good′-for-noth′ing, worthless, useless.—n. an idle person.—ns. Good′-Frī′day, a fast in memory of our Lord's crucifixion, held on the Friday of Passion-week; Good′-hū′mour, a cheerful temper, from the old idea that temper depended on the humours of the body.—adj. Good′-hū′moured.—adv. Good′-hū′mouredly.—n. Good′iness, weak, priggish, or canting goodness.—adj. Good′ish, pretty good, of fair quality or quantity.—interj. Good′-lack, an expression of surprise or pity—a variation of 'Good Lord,' under the influence of alack.—n. Good′liness.—adv. Good′ly (Spens.), excellently, kindly.—adj. good-like: good-looking: fine: excellent:—comp. Good′lier; superl. Good′liest.—ns. Good′lyhead (Spens.), goodness; Good′lyhood, grace; Goodman′ (B.), the man or master of the house—the correlative to it is Goodwife′.—ns. and interjs. Good′-morn′ing, Good′-morr′ow, a salutation at meeting in the morning.—n. Good′-nā′ture, natural goodness and mildness of disposition.—adj. Good′-nā′tured.—adv. Good′-nā′turedly.—n. Good′ness, virtue: excellence: benevolence: a term of emphasis, as in 'For goodness' sake;' 'Oh, goodness!'—n. and interj. Good′-night, a common salutation, a contraction of 'I wish you a good night.'—interj. Good′-now, an exclamation of wonder, surprise, or entreaty.—ns. Goods′-en′gine, an engine used for drawing goods-trains; Good′-sense, sound judgment; Good′-speed, a contraction of 'I wish you good speed;' Goods′-train, a train of goods wagons.—adj. Good′-tem′pered, possessing a good temper.—ns. Good′-wife, the mistress of a family; Good′-will, benevolence; well-wishing: the established custom or popularity of any business or trade—often appearing as one of its assets, with a marketable money value; Good′y, good-wife: good-woman: probably formed from good-wife.—adj. Good′y, mawkishly good: weakly benevolent or pious—also Good′y-good′y.—n. a sweetmeat.—Good for anything, ready for any kind of work; Goodman's croft, a strip of ground, or corner of a field, once left untilled in Scotland, to avert the malice of the devil from the crop.—Good Templar, a member of a temperance society founded in the United States in 1852, and introduced into England in 1868, its organisation modelled on that of the Freemasons, with lodges, passwords and grips, and insignia.—As good as, the same as, no less than; Be as good as one's word, to be depended on; For good, For good and all, finally, in conclusion, to end the whole matter; Make good, to fulfil, perform; Stand good, to be lastingly good: to remain; Think good, to be disposed, to be willing. [A.S. gód; closely akin to Dut. goed, Ger. gut, Ice. góðr, Goth. gods.]

Goorkha, gōōr′kä, n. one of the dominant race in Nepal, descended from Hindu immigrants, and claiming a Rajput origin, short, thick-set men, making excellent soldiers.

Goosander, gōōs-an′dėr, n. a web-footed bird in the duck family, in the same genus as the Mergansers, a native of the Arctic regions. [Formed from goose and gander.]

Goose, gōōs, n. (pl. Geese) a web-footed animal like a duck, but larger and stronger: a tailor's smoothing-iron, from the likeness of the handle to the neck of a goose: a stupid, silly person: a game of chance once common in England, in which the players moved counters forward from one compartment on a board to another, the right to a double move being secured when the card bearing the picture of a goose was reached.—v.t. (slang) to hiss off the stage.—ns. Goose′-cap, a silly person; Goose′-corn, a coarse rush; Goose′-egg, a zero, denoting a miss or failure to score at an athletic or other contest; Goose′-fish, a common name in America for the angler-fish (see Angler); Goose′-flesh, a puckered condition of the skin, like that of a plucked goose, through cold, fear, &c.; Goose′-foot, pigweed; Goose′-grass, a species of Bedstraw (q.v.), a common weed in hedges and bushy places in Britain, Europe, and America; Goose′-neck, an iron swivel forming the fastening between a boom and a mast: a bent pipe or tube with a swivel-joint; Goose′-quill, one of the quills or large wing-feathers of a goose, used as pens; Goos′ery, a place for keeping geese: stupidity; Goose′-skin, a kind of thin soft leather; Goose′-step (mil.), the marking of time by raising the feet alternately without making progress; Goose′-wing, one of the clews or lower corners of a ship's mainsail or foresail when the middle part is furled or tied up to the yard.—adj. Goose′-winged, having only one clew set: in fore-and-aft rigged vessels, having the mainsail on one side and the foresail on the other, so as to sail wing-and-wing.—n. Goos′ey, a goose: a blockhead. [A.S. gós; Ice. gás, Ger. gans, L. anser, Gr. chēn, Sans. hamsa.]

Gooseberry, gōōz′ber-i, n. the berry or fruit of a shrub of the same name.—Play gooseberry, to accompany lovers, &c., for propriety. [Prof. Skeat says goose- is for grose- or groise-, which appears in O. Fr. groisele, grosele, gooseberry, Scot. grossart, from the Mid. High Ger. krus (Ger. kraus), crisp, curled.]

Gopher, gō′fėr, n. a name in America applied to the prairie dog, the pouched rat, and to the land tortoise of the southern states.—v.i. to burrow, to mine in a small way. [Fr. gaufre.]

Gopher, gō′fėr, n. (B.) a kind of wood, generally supposed identical with cypress. [Heb.]

Gopura, gō′pōō-ra, n. in Southern India, a pyramidal tower over the gateway of a temple.

Goramy, gō′ra-mi, n. a fish found in the Eastern Archipelago, highly esteemed for the table, and used in Mauritius, the West Indies, &c.—Also Gou′rami.

Gor-bellied, gor′-bel-id, adj. (Shak.) big-bellied, gluttonous. [Obs. gore—A.S. gor, filth, and belly.]

Gorcock, gor′kok, n. the moorcock or red grouse:—fem. Gor′hen. [Gor-, from gorse, furze; or imit.]

Gorcrow, gor′krō, n. the carrion-crow. [A.S. gor, filth, carrion, and crow.]

Gordian, gord′yan, adj. intricate: difficult.—v.t. (Keats) to tie up, knot.—Cut the Gordian knot, to overcome a difficulty by violent measures—Alexander, unable to untie the fateful knot tied by Gordius, king of Phrygia, having cut it through with his sword.

Gordius, gor′di-us, n. a genus typical of Gordiidæ, a family of nematode worms with a hair-like body.

Gore, gōr, n. clotted blood: blood.—adv. Gor′ily (Tenn.), in a gory or bloody manner or state.—adj. Gor′y, covered with gore: bloody.—Gory dew, a dark-red slimy film sometimes seen on damp walls and in shady places. [A.S. gor, blood, dung; Sw. gorr, Ice. gor, gore.]

Gore, gōr, n. a triangular piece let into a garment to widen it: a triangular piece of land.—v.t. to shape like or furnish with gores: to pierce with anything pointed, as a spear or horns.—n. Gor′ing, a piece of cloth cut diagonally to increase its apparent width.—adj. cut gradually sloping, so as to be broader at the clew than at the earing—of a sail. [A.S. gára, a pointed triangular piece of land—gár, a spear with triangular blade.]

Gorge, gorj, n. the throat: a narrow pass among hills: (fort.) the entrance to an outwork.—v.t. to swallow greedily: to glut.—v.i. to feed.—adj. Gorged, having a gorge or throat: glutted: (her.) having a crown or coronet about the neck.—n. Gorg′et, a piece of armour for the throat: a military ornament round the neck (see Armour).—Have one's gorge rise, to be disgusted or irritated; Heave the gorge, to retch. [O. Fr.,—L. gurges, a whirlpool.]

Gorgeous, gor′jus, adj. showy: splendid: magnificent.—adv. Gor′geously.—n. Gor′geousness. [O. Fr. gorgias, gaudy—gorgias, a ruff—gorge, the throat.]

Gorgon, gor′gun, n. one of three fabled female monsters (Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa), of horrible aspect, winged, with hissing serpents for hair—every one who looked on Medusa was turned to stone: anything very ugly.—adjs. Gor′gon, Gorgō′nean, Gorgonesque′, Gorgō′nian, like a gorgon: very ugly or terrific.—n. Gorgonei′on, a mask of the gorgon.—v.t. Gor′gonise (Tenn.), to turn to stone. [L. gorgon—Gr. gorgō—gorgos, grim.]

Gorilla, gor-il′a, n. a great African ape, the largest known anthropoid, generally referred to the same genus with the chimpanzee. [African.]

Gormand, older form of gourmand.—v.i. Gor′mandīse, to eat hastily or voraciously.—ns. Gor′mandīser; Gor′mandīsing, the act or habit of eating voraciously; Gor′mandism, gluttony.

Gorse, gors, n. a prickly shrub growing on waste places, the furze or whin.—adj. Gors′y. [A.S. gorst.]

Goshawk, gos′hawk, n. a short-winged hawk, once used for hunting wild-geese and other fowl, not having a toothed bill, like the falcons proper. [A.S. góshafoc—gós, goose, hafoc, hawk.]

Gosling, goz′ling, n. a young goose. [A.S. gós, goose, double dim. -l-ing.]

Gospel, gos′pel, n. the Christian revelation: the narrative of the life of Christ, as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John: the stated portion of these read at service: the teaching of Christ: a system of religious truth: absolute truth.—v.t. (Shak.) to instruct in the gospel.—n. Gos′peller, a preacher: an evangelist.—v.t. Gos′pellise, to square with the gospel. [A.S. godspell; commonly derived from A.S. gód, good, and spell, story, and so a translation of Gr. eu-anggelion, good news; but more prob. from god, God, and spell, a narrative, God-story; so also the Ice. is guðspjall, God-story, and not góðspjall, good-story; and the Old High Ger. was gotspell, got (God) -spel, not guot (good) -spel.]

Gossamer, gos′a-mėr, n. very fine spider-threads which float in the air or form webs on bushes in fine weather: any thin material.—adj. light, flimsy.—adj. Goss′amery, like gossamer: flimsy. [M. E. gossomer; Prof Skeat thinks it is a corr. of 'goose-summer' or 'summer-goose,' from the downy appearance of the film. Ger. sommer-fäden, summer-threads, also mädchen-sommer, maiden-summer.]

Gossan, gos′an, n. (prov.) decomposed rock, usually ferruginous, forming the upper part of a metallic vein.—Also Gozz′an.

Gossip, gos′ip, n. one who runs about telling and hearing news: idle talk: a familiar acquaintance: a boon-companion.—v.i. to run about telling idle tales: to talk much: to chat: (Shak.) to stand godfather to.—n. Goss′iping, the act or practice of one who gossips or tattles.—p.adj. having the character of one who gossips: tattling.—n. Goss′ipry.—adj. Goss′ipy. [Orig. a sponsor in baptism, or one related in the service of God; M. E. gossib (earlier form, godsib)—God, and sib, related; cf. Ger. sippe, Ice. sif, affinity, Scot. sib, related.]

Gossoon, go-sōōn′, n. a boy-servant in Ireland. [From Fr. garçon, a boy.]

Gossypium, go-sip′i-um, n. a malvaceous genus of herbs and shrubs, native to the tropics, yielding the cotton of commerce. [L. gossypion.]

Goth, goth, n. one of an ancient Teutonic nation, originally settled on the southern coasts of the Baltic, which migrated to Dacia in the 3d century, and later founded kingdoms in Italy, southern France, and Spain: a rude or uncivilised person, a barbarian.—adj. Goth′ic, belonging to the Goths or their language: barbarous: romantic: denoting a style of architecture with high-pointed arches, clustered columns, &c. (applied in reproach at the time of the Renaissance).—v.t. Goth′icise, to make Gothic: to bring back to barbarism.—n. Goth′icism, a Gothic idiom or style of building: rudeness of manners. [The native names Gutans (sing. Guta) and Gutôs (sing. Guts), Gutthiuda, 'people of the Goths;' Latinised as Gothi, Gotthi.]

Gothamite, goth′a-mīt, Gothamist, goth′a-mist, n. a simpleton: a wiseacre. [From Gotham, a village of Nottinghamshire, with which name are connected many of the simpleton stories of immemorial antiquity. So of Gordon in Scotland, Kampan in Holland, the Schildburgers in Germany, &c.]

Gouache, gwash, n. a method of water-colour painting with opaque colours, mixed with water, honey, and gum, presenting a dead surface: work painted according to this method. [Fr.]

Gouge, gowj, or gōōj, n. a chisel, with a hollow blade, for cutting grooves or holes.—v.t. to scoop out, as with a gouge: to force out, as the eye with the thumb. [O. Fr.,—Low L. guvia, a kind of chisel.]

Goujeers, gōō′jērz, n. (Shak.) venereal disease.—Goujere, often Good year, used as a slight imprecation, as pox; cf. 2 Henry IV., II. iv. 64. [Perh. Fr. gouge, a prostitute, goujat, a blackguard.]

Goura, gow′ra, n. a genus of beautifully crested, ground-loving pigeons, native to New Guinea.

Gourd, gōrd, or gōōrd, n. a large fleshy fruit: rind of a gourd used as a drinking-cup: the gourd plant: (pl.) hollow dice used by cheating gamblers.—ns. Gourd′iness; Gourd′-worm, a fluke or trematode worm, esp. the liver-fluke.—adj. Gourd′y, having the legs swollen—of a horse. [O. Fr. gourde, contr. from cougourde—L. cucurbita, a gourd.]

Gourmand, gōōr′mand, n. one who eats greedily: a glutton.—adj. voracious: gluttonous—also Gor′mand.—n. Gourmet (goor-mā′, or -met′), an epicure, originally one with a delicate taste in wines. [Fr. gourmand, a glutton; origin unknown.]

Gousty, gows′ti, adj. dreary.—adj. Gous′trous, stormy: (Scot.) rude. [Same as Gusty.]

Gout, gowt, n. an acute inflammation of the smaller joints, and esp. of the great toe, in persons of luxurious habits and past middle life: (obs.) a drop.—adv. Gout′ily.—ns. Gout′iness; Gout′wort, Gout′weed, an umbelliferous European plant, long supposed to be good for gout.—adj. Gout′y, relating to gout: diseased with or subject to gout. [O. Fr. goutte—L. gutta, a drop, the disease supposed to be caused by a defluxion of humours.]

Govern, guv′ėrn, v.t. to direct: to control: to rule with authority: (gram.) to determine the mood, tense, or case of.—v.i. to exercise authority: to administer the laws.—adj. Gov′ernable.—ns. Gov′ernall (Spens.), government; Gov′ernance, government: control: direction: behaviour; Governante (guv-ėr-nant′, or guv′-), a governess (obs.); Gov′erness, a lady who has charge of the instruction of young ladies: a tutoress (Daily-governess, one who goes every day to her pupils' house; Nursery-, having charge of young children only, tending as well as teaching them; Resident-, living in the family of her pupils).—v.i. to act as governess.—n. Gov′erness-cart, a light two-wheeled vehicle with two face-to-face seats at the sides only.—adj. Gov′erning, having control.—n. Gov′ernment, a ruling or managing: control: system of governing: the body of persons authorised to administer the laws, or to govern a state: the territory over which sovereign power extends: (gram.) the power of one word in determining the form of another: (Shak.) conduct.—adj. of or pursued by government.—adj. Government′al, pertaining to or sanctioned by government.—ns. Gov′ernor, a ruler: one invested with supreme authority: a tutor: (slang) a father or master: (mach.) a regulator, or contrivance for maintaining uniform velocity with a varying resistance: (B.) a pilot; Gov′ernor-gen′eral, the supreme governor in a country: a viceroy; Gov′ernorship.—Governmental theory (see Grotian). [O. Fr. governer—L. gubernāre—Gr. kybernan.]

Gowan, gow′an, n. (Scot.) the wild daisy. [Ir. and Gael. gugan, bud, daisy.]

Gowl, gowl, v.i. (Scot.) to cry or howl. [M. E. goulen—Scand., Ice. gaula, to bellow.]

Gown, gown, n. a woman's upper garment: a long loose robe worn officially by clergymen, lawyers, college lecturers, &c.—v.t. to invest with the gown.—adj. Gowned, dressed in a gown.—ns. Gown′man, Gowns′man, one whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer, and esp. a member of an English university. [M. E. goune—W. gwn, akin to gwnio, to stitch; Ir. gunn, Gael. gun.]

Gowpen, gowp′en, n. (Scot.) the hollow of the hand or of the two hands held together: a handful. [Scand.; Ice. gaupn, Sw. göpen, Dan. gövn; Low Ger. göpse, göpsch, Ger. dial. gauf, gaufel.]

Graafian, grä′fi-an, adj. pertaining to the follicle or little sac in the ovary in which an ovum matures—in mammals. [Named from the discoverer of these, Regnier de Graaf, 1641-73.]

Grab, grab, v.t. (coll.) to seize or grasp suddenly: to lay hands on:—pr.p. grab′bing; pa.p. grabbed.—n. a sudden grasp or catch, acquisition by violent or unjust means: that which is seized: a simple card game.—ns. Grab′-bag, a bag containing a variety of articles to be obtained by putting in the hand and seizing one, as at charity bazaars, &c.: any dishonest means of seizing such profit or spoil as comes handiest; Grab′ber. [Scand.; Sw. grabba, to grasp; Ger. greifen, to seize.]

Grace, grās, n. easy elegance in form or manner: what adorns and commends to favour: embellishment: favour: pardon: the undeserved mercy of God: divine influence: eternal life or salvation: a short prayer at meat: an act or decree of the governing body of an English university: a ceremonious title in addressing a duke or an archbishop: (pl.) favour, friendship (with good): (myth.) the three sister goddesses in whom beauty was deified (the Greek Charites), Euphrosyne, Aglaia, Thalia.—v.t. to mark with favour: to adorn.—n. Grace′-cup, a cup or health drunk at the last of the feast.—adjs. Graced (Shak.), virtuous, chaste; Grace′ful, elegant and easy: marked by propriety or fitness, becoming.—adv. Grace′fully.—n. Grace′fulness.—adjs. Grace′less, wanting grace or excellence: depraved: wicked.—adv. Grace′lessly.—n. Grace′lessness.—ns. Grace′-note (mus.), a note introduced as an embellishment, not being essential to the harmony or melody; Grace′-stroke, a finishing stroke, coup de grâce; Graciō′so, a clown in Spanish comedy, a favourite.—adj. Grā′cious, abounding in grace or kindness: benevolent: proceeding from divine favour: acceptable.—adv. Grā′ciously.—ns. Grā′ciousness, state or quality of being gracious, affability; Grācious′ity, the same, but usually in a bad sense, as implying duplicity.—Days of grace, three days allowed for the payment of a note or bill of exchange, after being due according to its date; Fall from grace, to backslide, to lapse from the state of grace and salvation—an impossibility according to Calvinists.—Good gracious, an exclamation of surprise.—In the good graces of, in the friendship of; Saving grace, divine grace so bestowed as to lead to salvation; Take heart of grace, to take courage from favour shown. [Fr.,—L. gratia, favour—gratus, agreeable; Gr. charis, grace.]

Gracile, gras′il, adj. slender, gracefully slight in form.—n. Gracil′ity. [L. gracilis, slender.]

Grackle, grak′l, n. the common name of many birds of the starling family, all tropical or subtropical.—Also Grak′le. [L. graculus, a jackdaw.]

Grade, grād, n. a degree or step in rank or dignity: the degree of slope on a road as compared with the horizontal: a class of animals produced by crossing a common breed with one purer—also adj.: a group of animals branching off from a common stem.—v.t. Grā′date, to cause to blend gradually from one tint of colour to another.—v.i. to effect gradation.—adv. Gradā′tim, gradually.—n. Gradā′tion, a rising step by step: progress from one degree or state to another: position attained: state of being arranged in ranks: (mus.) a diatonic succession of chords: (paint.) the gradual blending of tints.—adjs. Gradā′tional; Gradā′tioned, formed by gradations or stages; Grad′atory, proceeding step by step, adapted for walking or forward movement; Grā′dient, gradually rising: rising with a regular slope.—n. the degree of slope on a road or railway: the difference in the height of the barometer between one place and another place at some distance: an incline.—ns. Grād′ienter, a surveyor's instrument for determining grades; Grād′in, Gradine′, one of a series of rising seats, as in an amphitheatre: a raised step or ledge behind an altar; Gradin′o, a decoration for the gradin.—adj. Grad′ūal, advancing by grades or degrees: regular and slow.—n. in the Roman Church, the portion of the mass between the epistle and the gospel, formerly always sung from the steps of the altar: the book containing such anthems—also Grail.—ns. Grad′ūalism, Gradūal′ity.—adv. Grad′ūally.—v.t. Grad′ūāte, to divide into regular intervals: to mark with degrees: to proportion.—v.i. to pass by grades or degrees: to pass through a university course and receive a degree.—n. one admitted to a degree in a college, university, or society.—p.adj. Grad′ūāted, marked with degrees, as a thermometer.—ns. Grad′uateship; Gradūā′tion; Grad′ūātor, a mathematical instrument for graduating or dividing lines into regular intervals; Graduc′tion (astron.), the division of circular arcs into degrees, minutes, &c.; Grā′dus, a dictionary of Greek or Latin prosody—contraction of gradus ad Parnassum, a step or stair to Parnassus, the abode of the Muses.—Down, and Up, grade, a descending or ascending part, as of a road. [Fr.,—L. gradus, a step—gradi, to step.]

Gradely, grād′li, adv. (prov.) readily, speedily.—Also Graith′ly.

Gradgrind, gräd′grīnd, n. one who regulates all human things by rule and compass and the mechanical application of statistics, allowing nothing for sentiment, emotion, and individuality. [From Thomas Gradgrind in Dickens's Hard Times.]

Graf, gräf, n. a German title of dignity equivalent to Count:—fem. Gräfin.

Graffito, graf-fē′to, n. the name given to certain classes of mural inscriptions, such as the scribblings of schoolboys and idlers, found at Pompeii, Rome, and other ancient cities:—pl. Graffiti (-fē′tē). [It.—graffiare, to scratch—Low L. graphium, a style.]

Graft, graft, v.t. to make an incision in a tree or plant, and insert in it a small branch of another, so as to make a union of the two: to insert in something anything not belonging to it: to incorporate one thing with another: to transplant, as a piece of tissue, from one part to another.—v.i. to insert cuttings into a tree.—n. a small branch used in grafting.—ns. Graft′er; Graft′ing. [O. Fr. graffe (Fr. greffe)—L. graphium—a style or pencil (which the inserted slip resembled)—Gr. graphein, to write.]

Grail, grāl, n. (Spens.) small particles of any kind, as sand. [O. Fr. graile (Fr. grêle), hail—L. gracilis, slender.]

Grail, grāl, n. in medieval legend, the Holy Cup used by Christ at the Last Supper. [Orig. the San Greal, 'Holy Dish' (not Sang Real, 'Holy Blood'), in which it is said Joseph of Arimathea collected our Lord's blood; from O. Fr. graal or greal, a flat dish—Low L. gradale, a flat dish, app. a corr. of Low L. cratella, a dim. of crater, a bowl. Diez suggests as the origin a lost cratalis, from cratus, Low L. form of crater.]

Grain, grān, n. a single small hard seed: (coll.) the seeds of certain plants which form the chief food of man: corn, in general: a minute particle: a very small quantity: the smallest British weight, supposed to be the average weight of a seed or well-ripened ear of corn: the arrangement of the particles or fibres of anything, as stone or wood: texture, as of leather: the crimson dye made from cochineal insects, which, in the prepared state, resemble grains of seed—hence to dye in grain is to dye deeply, also to dye in the wool: innate quality or character of anything.—v.t. to form into grains, cause to granulate: to paint in imitation of wood, marble, &c.: in tanning, to take the hair off.—n. Grain′age, duties on grain.—adj. Grained, rough: furrowed.—ns. Grain′er, one who paints in imitation of the grain of wood; Grain′ing, painting so as to imitate the grain of wood: a process in tanning in which the grain of the leather is raised.—adj. Grain′y, having grains or kernels.—Grains of Paradise, an aromatic and pungent seed imported from Guinea.—Against the grain, against the fibre of the wood—hence against the natural temper or inclination; With a grain of salt, with reservation, as of a story that cannot be admitted (L. cum grano salis). [Fr.,—L. granum, seed, akin to corn.]

Graining, grān′ing, n. a kind of dace found in the Mersey and in Swiss lakes: a small fish of the same genus, resembling the dace.

Graip, grāp, n. (Scot.) a three or four pronged fork used for lifting dung or digging potatoes. [A form of grope. Cf. Sw. grepe, Dan. greb.]

Graith, grāth, n. apparatus for work, travelling, &c., equipment.—v.t. (Scot.) to make ready, to dress.—adjs. Graith, Grāde, ready, free.—Lift one's graith, to collect one's tools and leave the mine. [Ice. greidhr, ready; cf. A.S. gerǽde, ready.]

Grallæ, gral′ē, Grallatores, gral-a-tō′rēz, n.pl. an old order of wading and running birds, including rails, snipes and curlews, cranes, herons and bitterns, storks, and numerous other families.—adjs. Grallatō′rial, Grall′atory, Grall′ic, Grall′ine. [L. grallator—grallæ, stilts, contr. of gradulæ, dim. of gradus, a step—gradi, to step.]

Gram, gram, n. (Rossetti) misery.—Also Grame. [A.S. grama, anger.]

Gram, gram, n. a word used in commerce for chick peas exported from British India. [Anglo-Ind., perh. from Port, grão—L. granum, a grain.]

Gram, Gramme, gram, n. the unit of mass in the metric system, equal to 15.432 troy grains. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. gramma, a letter, a small weight.]

Gramary, gram′a-ri, n. magic: enchantment.—Also Gram′arye. [M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, hence magic—O. Fr. gramaire, grammar.]

Gramercy, gra-mėr′si, interj. great thanks—an obsolete expression of obligation, with surprise. [O. Fr. grammerci, grantmerci, great thanks.]

Gramineæ, grā-min′ē-ē, n.pl. the order of grasses.—adjs. Graminā′ceous, Gramin′eal, Graminē′ous, like or pertaining to grass: grassy; Graminifō′lious, bearing leaves; Graminiv′orous, feeding or subsisting on grass and herbs. [L. gramen, graminis, grass, folium, a leaf, vorāre, to eat greedily.]

Grammar, gram′ar, n. the science of the right use of language: a book which teaches grammar: any elementary work.—ns. Grammā′rian, one versed in, or who teaches, grammar; Gramm′ar-school, a school in which grammar, esp. Latin grammar, is taught: a higher school, in which Latin and Greek are taught.—adjs. Grammat′ic, -al, belonging to, or according to, the rules of grammar.—adv. Grammat′ically.—n. Grammat′icaster, a piddling grammarian.—v.t. Grammat′icīse, to make grammatical.—v.i. to act the grammarian.—ns. Grammat′icism, a point of grammar; Gramm′atist, a grammarian. [O. Fr. gramaire; from Low L. gramma, a letter, with the termination -arius—Gr. gramma, a letter—graphein, to write.]

Gramophone, gram′o-fōn, n. an instrument of the phonograph type for recording and reproducing articulate speech—invented by E. Berliner. [Gr. gramma, a letter, phōnē, sound.]

Grampus, gram′pus, n. a large voracious fish of the dolphin family, common in almost all seas. [A sailor's corr. of It. gran pesce, or Sp. gran pez, great fish—L. grandis piscis, great fish.]

Granadilla, gran-a-dil′a, n. the edible fruit of a species of passion-flower. [Sp.]

Granary, gran′ar-i, n. a storehouse for grain or threshed corn. [L. granaria—granum.]

Grand, grand, adj. of great size, extent, power, or dignity: splendid: illustrious: noble: sublime: chief: covering the whole field, or including all details: (mus.) containing all the parts proper to a given form of composition: of the second degree of parentage or descent, as Grand′father, a father or mother's father; Grand′child, a son or daughter's child; so Grand′mother, Grand′son, Grand′daughter, &c.—ns. Gran′dam, an old dame or woman: a grandmother; Grand′-duke, a title of sovereignty over a grand-duchy, first created by the Pope in 1569 for the rulers of Florence and Tuscany, assumed by certain German reigning princes and by the princes of the imperial family of Russia; Grandee′, since the 13th century the most highly privileged class of nobility in the kingdom of Castile, in which the members of the royal family were included: a man of high rank or station; Grandee′ship; Grandeur (grand′ūr), vastness: splendour of appearance: loftiness of thought or deportment; Grandil′oquence.—adj. Grandil′oquent, speaking grandly or bombastically: pompous—(rare) Grandil′oquous.—adv. Grandil′oquently.—adj. Gran′diose, grand or imposing: bombastic.—adv. Gran′diosely.—ns. Grandios′ity; Grand′-ju′ror, member of a Grand′-ju′ry, a special jury which decides whether there is sufficient evidence to put an accused person on trial.—adv. Grand′ly.—ns. Grand′mamma, Grand′ma, a grandmother; Grand′-mas′ter, title of the head of the religious orders of knighthood (Hospitallers, Templars, and Teutonic Knights): the head, for the time being, of the Freemasons, &c.—adj. Grand′motherly, like a grandmother, over-anxious to direct the whole life of another.—ns. Grand′-neph′ew, the grandson of a brother or sister; Grand′ness; Grand′-niece, the granddaughter of a brother or sister; Grand′papa, Grand′pa, a grandfather; Grand′-par′ent, a grandfather or grandmother; Grand′-piä′no, a large kind of piano, of great compass and power; Grand′sire, a grandfather: any ancestor; Grand′stand, an elevated erection on a race-course, &c., affording a good view; Grand′-un′cle, the brother of a grandfather or grandmother—also Great′-un′cle.—Grand Seignior (see Seignior); Grand vizir (see Vizir). [Fr. grand—L. grandis, great.]

Grandisonian, gran-di-sō′ni-an, adj. like the novelist Richardson's hero, Sir Charles Grandison, polite and chivalrous to an extreme and tedious degree.

Grange, grānj, n. a farm-house with its stables and other buildings: (Milt.) a granary: (U.S.) a lodge of the order of 'Patrons of Husbandry.'—n. Gran′ger, a member of a farmer's grange.—adj. pertaining to such. [O. Fr. grange, barn—Low L. granea—L. granum, grain.]

Grangerism, grān′jer-izm, n. the practice of cutting plates and title-pages out of many books to illustrate one book.—v.t. Gran′gerise, to practise grangerism. [From James Granger (1716-76), whose Biographical History of England (1769) gave an impetus to this.]

Graniferous, gran-if′ėr-us, adj. bearing seeds like grain.—adjs. Gran′iform, formed or shaped like a grain or seed; Graniv′orous, eating grain: feeding on seeds. [L. granum, grain, ferre, to carry, forma, form, vorāre, to devour.]

Granite, gran′it, n. an igneous crystalline rock, composed of grains of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and of a whitish, grayish, or reddish colour.—adj. Granit′ic, pertaining to, consisting of, or like granite.—n. Granitificā′tion.—adjs. Granit′iform, Gran′itoid, of the form of or resembling granite; Granolith′ic, composed of cement formed of pounded granite. [It. granito, granite, lit. grained—L. granum, grain.]

Granny, gran′i, n. a grandmother: an old woman—also Grand′am.—n. Grann′y-knot, a knot like a reef-knot, but having the second tie across, difficult to untie when jammed.

Grant, grant, v.t. to bestow or give over: to give possession of: to admit as true what is not yet proved: to concede.—v.i. (Shak.) to consent.—n. a bestowing: something bestowed, an allowance: a gift: (Eng. law) conveyance of property by deed.—adj. Grant′able.—ns. Grantēē′ (law), the person to whom a grant, gift, or conveyance is made; Grant′er, Grant′or (law), the person by whom a grant or conveyance is made.—Take for granted, to presuppose as certainly true. [O. Fr. graanter, craanter, creanter, to promise, as if from a Low L. credentāre—L. credĕre, to believe.]

Granule, gran′ūl, n. a little grain: a fine particle.—adjs. Gran′ūlar, Gran′ūlary, Gran′ūlose, Gran′ūlous, consisting of or like grains or granules.—adv. Gran′ūlarly.—v.t. Gran′ūlāte, to form or break into grains or small masses: to make rough on the surface.—v.i. to be formed into grains.—adj. granular: having the surface covered with small elevations.—n. Granūlā′tion, act of forming into grains, esp. of metals by pouring them through a sieve into water while hot: (pl.) the materials of new texture as first formed in a wound or on an ulcerated surface.—adjs. Granūlif′erous; Gran′ūliform.—n. Gran′ūlīte, a schistose but sometimes massive aggregate of quartz and orthoclase with garnets. [L. granulum, dim. of granum, grain.]

Grape, grāp, n. the fruit of the grape-vine, or of any of the many species of the genus Vitis: a mangy tumour on the legs of horses: grapeshot.—n. Grape′-hy′acinth, a genus of bulbous-rooted plants, nearly allied to the hyacinths.—adj. Grape′less, without the flavour of the grape, said of wine.—ns. Grap′ery, a place where grapes are grown; Grape′shot, shot or small iron balls clustered or piled on circular plates round an iron pin, which scatter on being fired; Grape′-stone, the stone or seed of the grape; Grape′-su′gar, dextrose; Grape′-vine, the vine that bears grapes.—adj. Grap′y, made of or like grapes.—Sour grapes, things despised because they cannot be attained (from Æsop's fable of the fox and the grapes). [O. Fr. grappe, a cluster of grapes; from Old High Ger. chrapho, a hook. It properly meant a hook, then clustered fruit, hooked on, attached to, a stem (Brachet).]

Graph, graf, n. a representation by means of lines, exhibiting the nature of the law according to which some phenomena vary: -graph is used as a terminal in many Greek compounds to denote an agent which writes, &c., as telegraph, seismograph, or the thing written, as in autograph, &c.—adjs. Graph′ic, -al, pertaining to writing, describing, or delineating: picturesquely described: vivid.—adv. Graph′ically.—ns. Graph′icness; Graphiol′ogy, the science or art of writing or delineating, or a treatise thereon; Graph′is, a genus of lichens, remarkable for the resemblance which the fructification assumes to the forms of the letters of Oriental alphabets; Graph′īte, a mineral, commonly called blacklead or plumbago (though containing no lead), largely used in making pencils.—adj. Graphit′ic.—ns. Graph′ium, a stylus; Graphol′ogy, the science of estimating character, &c., from handwriting.—Graphic arts, painting, drawing, engraving, as opposed to music, sculpture, &c.; Graphic granite, a variety of granite with markings like Hebrew characters. [Gr. graphē, a writing—graphein, to write.]

Grapholite, graf′o-līt, n. a kind of slate for writing on.—n. Graphom′eter, an instrument used by surveyors for measuring angles.—adjs. Graphomet′ric, -al, pertaining to or determined by a graphometer.—ns. Graph′ophone, an instrument for recording sounds, based on the principle of the phonograph; Graph′otype, a process intended to supersede wood-engraving, but superseded by zincotype. [Gr. graphein, to write, lithos, a stone, metron, a measure, phonē, a sound, typos, an impression.]

Grapnel, grap′nel, n. a small anchor with several claws or arms: a grappling-iron. [Fr. grappin—grappe, a hook, with dim. suff. -el.]

Grapple, grap′l, v.t. to seize: to lay fast hold of.—v.i. to contend in close fight.—ns. Grapp′lement (Spens.), a grappling, close fight; Grapp′ling-ī′ron, a large grapnel for seizing hostile ships in naval engagements. [O. Fr. grappil—grappe, a hook.]

Graptolite, grap′to-līt, n. one of a group of fossil hydrozoa, having simple or branched polyparies, usually strengthened by a horny-like rod—the 'solid axis.' [Gr. graptos—graphein, to write, lithos, a stone.]

Grasp, grasp, v.t. to seize and hold by clasping with the fingers or arms: to catch at: to comprehend.—v.i. to endeavour to seize: to catch (with at).—n. gripe of the hand: reach of the arms: power of seizing: mental power of apprehension.—adj. Grasp′able.—n. Grasp′er.—p.adj. Grasp′ing, seizing: avaricious: encroaching.—adv. Grasp′ingly.—n. Grasp′ingness.—adj. Grasp′less, feeble, relaxed. [M. E. graspen—grapsen, as clasp—M. E. claspen; allied to grope, grapple.]

Grass, gras, n. common herbage: an order of plants (Gramineæ), the most important in the whole vegetable kingdom, with long, narrow leaves and tubular stem, including wheat, rye, oats, rice, millet, and all those which supply food for nearly all graminivorous animals: short for asparagus—sparrow-grass: time of grass, spring or summer: the surface of a mine.—v.t. to cover with grass: to feed with grass: to bring to the grass or ground, as a bird or a fish—(various perennial fodder grasses are timothy, fox-tail, cock's-foot, and the fescue grasses, Italian rye-grass, &c.).—ns. Grass′-Cloth, a name applied to different kinds of coarse cloth, the fibre of which is rarely that of a grass, esp. to the Chinese summer-cloth made from Bœhmeria nivea, which is really a nettle; Grass′-cut′ter, one of the attendants on an Indian army, whose work is to provide provender for the baggage-cattle; Grass′er, an extra or temporary worker in a printing-office.—adjs. Grass′-green, green with grass: green as grass; Grass′-grown, grown over with grass.—ns. Grass′hopper, a saltatorial, orthopterous insect, nearly allied to locusts and crickets, keeping quiet during the day among vegetation, but noisy at night; Grass′iness; Grass′ing, the exposing of linen in fields to air and light for bleaching purposes; Grass′-land, permanent pasture; Grass′-oil, a name under which several volatile oils derived from widely different plants are grouped; Grass′-plot, a plot of grassy ground; Grass′-tree, a genus of Australian plants, with shrubby stems, tufts of long wiry foliage at the summit, and a tall flower-stalk, with a dense cylindrical spike of small flowers; Grass′-wid′ow, a wife temporarily separated from her husband, often also a divorced woman, or one deserted by her husband; Grass′-wrack, the eel-grass growing abundantly on the sea-coast.—adj. Grass′y, covered with or resembling grass, green.—Go to grass, to be turned out to pasture, esp. of a horse too old to work: to go into retirement, to rusticate: to fall violently (of a pugilist); Let the grass grow under one's feet, to loiter, linger.—Spanish grass (see Esparto). [A.S. gærs, græs; Ice., Ger., Dut., and Goth. gras; prob. allied to green and grow.]

Grassum, gräs′um, n. (Scots law) a lump sum paid by persons who take a lease of landed property—in England, 'premium' and 'fine.'

Grate, grāt, n. a framework composed of bars with interstices, esp. one of iron bars for holding coals while burning.—adj. Grat′ed, having a grating.—ns. Graticulā′tion, the division of a design into squares for convenience in making an enlarged or diminished copy; Grat′ing, the bars of a grate: a partition or frame of bars. [Low L. grata, a grate—L. crates, a hurdle. See Crate.]

Grate, grāt, v.t. to rub hard or wear away with anything rough: to make a harsh sound: to irritate or offend.—n. Grat′er, an instrument with a rough surface for grating down a body.—adj. Grat′ing, rubbing hard on the feelings: harsh: irritating.—adv. Grat′ingly. [O. Fr. grater, through Low L., from Old High Ger. chrazōn (Ger. kratzen), to scratch, akin to Sw. kratta.]

Grateful, grāt′fōōl, adj. causing pleasure: acceptable: delightful: thankful: having a due sense of benefits.—adv. Grate′fully.—ns. Grate′fulness; Gratificā′tion, a pleasing or indulging: that which gratifies: delight; Grat′ifier.—v.t. Grat′ify, to do what is agreeable to: to please: to soothe; to indulge:—pa.p. grat′ified.—p.adj. Grat′ifying. [O. Fr. grat—L. gratus, pleasing, thankful, and suff. -ful.]

Gratis, grā′tis, adv. for nothing: without payment or recompense. [L., contr. of gratiis, abl. pl. of gratia, favour—gratus.]

Gratitude, grat′i-tūd, n. warm and friendly feeling towards a benefactor: thankfulness. [Fr.,—Low L. gratitudo—-L. gratus.]

Gratuity, gra-tū′i-ti, n. a present: an acknowledgment of service, generally pecuniary.—adj. Gratū′itous, done or given for nothing: voluntary: without reason, ground, or proof.—adv. Gratū′itously. [Fr.,—Low L. gratuitatem—L. gratus.]

Gratulatory, grat′ū-la-tor-i, adj. congratulatory.—adj. Grat′ulant, congratulatory.—v.t. Grat′ulāte, to congratulate.—n. Gratulā′tion, congratulation.

Gravamen, grav-ā′men, n. grievance: the substantial or chief ground of complaint or accusation: the name for the statement of abuses, grievances, &c. sent by the Lower to the Upper House of Convocation. [L.,—gravis, heavy.]

Grave, grāv, v.t. to carve or cut on a hard substance: to engrave.—v.i. to engrave:—pa.p. graved or grāv′en.—n. a pit graved or dug out, esp. one in which to bury the dead: any place of burial: the abode of the dead: (fig.) death: destruction.—n.pl. Grave′-clothes, the clothes in which the dead are buried.—n. Grave′-dig′ger, one who digs graves.—adj. Grave′less (Shak.), without a grave, unburied.—ns. Grave′-mak′er (Shak.), a grave-digger; Grave′-stone, a stone laid over, or placed at the head of, a grave as a memorial; Grave′yard, a yard or enclosure used as a burial-ground.—With one foot in the grave, on the very borders of death. [A.S. grafan; Dut. graven, Ger. graben; Gr. graphein, to scratch, L. scribĕre, to write.]

Grave, grāv, v.t. to smear with graves or greaves, a mixture of tallow, rosin, &c. boiled together.—ns.pl. Graves, Greaves, tallow-drippings. [See Greaves.]

Grave, grāv, adj. of importance: serious: not gay or showy: sober: solemn; weighty: (mus.) not acute: low.—n. the grave accent, or its sign (`).—adv. Grave′ly.—n. Grave′ness. [Fr.,—L. gravis.]

Grave, grāv, n. a count, prefect, a person holding office, as in landgrave, margrave, burgrave, &c. [Dut. graaf, Ger. graf.]

Gravel, grav′el, n. small stones often intermixed with sand: small collections of gravelly matter in the kidneys or bladder.—v.t. to cover with gravel: to puzzle, perplex:—pr.p. grav′elling; pa.p. grav′elled.—adj. Grav′elly.—ns. Grav′el-pit, a pit from which gravel is dug; Grav′el-walk, a footpath covered with gravel. [O. Fr. gravele (Fr. gravier); prob. Celt., as in Bret. grouan, sand, W. gro, pebbles.]

Graveolent, grav′ē-o-lent, adj. giving forth an offensive smell.—n. Grav′eolence.

Graver, grāv′ėr, n. an engraver: a tool for engraving on hard substances, a burin.

Gravid, grav′id, adj. heavy, esp. as being with child: pregnant. [L. gravidus—gravis, heavy.]

Gravigrade, grav′i-grād, adj. walking heavily.—n. an animal like the megatherium, &c.

Graving, grāv′ing, n. an act of graving or cutting out on hard substances: that which is graved or cut out: carved-work: act of cleaning a ship's bottom.—n. Grav′ing-dock, a dock into which ships are taken to have their bottoms cleaned.

Gravity, grav′i-ti, n. weightiness: that attraction between bodies, or acceleration of one toward another, of which the fall of a body to the ground is an example: state of being grave or sober: relative importance: (mus.) lowness of a note.—n. Gravim′eter, an instrument for determining specific gravities.—v.i. Grav′itāte, to be acted on by gravity: to tend towards the earth: to be strongly attracted towards anything.—n. Gravitā′tion, act of gravitating: the tendency of all bodies to attract each other.—adj. Grav′itātive.—Specific gravity (see Specific). [Fr. gravité—L. gravitat-em—gravis, heavy.]

Gravy, grāv′i, n. the juices from meat while cooking.—n. Grav′y-boat, a vessel for gravy or sauce. [Earlier greavy; prob. originally an adj. formed greaves, the dregs of tallow.]

Gray, Grey, grā, adj. of a white colour mixed with black: ash-coloured: (fig.) aged, gray-haired, mature.—n. a gray colour: an animal of a grayish colour, as a horse, &c.—v.t. to cause to become gray: to give a soft effect to a photograph by covering the negative while printing with a ground-glass plate: to depolish.—v.i. to grow or become gray.—n. Gray′beard, one with a gray beard—hence an old man: a coarse earthenware vessel for holding liquors, a bellarmine.—adjs. Gray′-coat′ed (Shak.), having a gray coat; Gray′-eyed (Shak.), having gray eyes.—n. Gray′-fly (Milt.), the trumpet or gad fly.—adjs. Gray′-haired, Gray′-head′ed, having gray hair.—n. Gray′hound (same as Greyhound).—adj. Gray′ish, somewhat gray.—ns. Gray′-lag, the common gray or wild goose; Gray′ling, a silvery gray fish of the salmon family, but with a smaller mouth and teeth, and larger scales.—adv. Gray′ly.—ns. Gray′ness; Gray′-owl, the common tawny owl; Gray′stone, a grayish or greenish volcanic rock allied to basalt; Grayweth′er (see Greywether).—Gray mare (see Mare). [A.S. grǽg; allied to Ger. grau, and L. ravus, tawny.]

Graywacke, Greywacke, grä′wak-e, n. a kind of sandstone, consisting of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together. [Ger. grauwacke—grau, gray, wacke, a flint.]

Graze, grāz, v.t. to eat or feed on grass: to feed or supply with grass: (obs.) to tend while grazing.—v.i. to eat grass: to supply grass.—ns. Graz′er, an animal which grazes; Grazier (grā′zhėr), one who grazes or pastures cattle and rears them for the market; Graz′ing, the act of feeding on grass: the feeding or raising of cattle. [From grass.]

Graze, grāz, v.t. to pass lightly along the surface. [Ety. dub.; perh. only a special use of graze above; perh. coined from rase (Fr. raser), the initial g due to the analogy of grate.]

Grease, grēs, n. soft thick animal fat: oily matter of any kind: an inflammation in the heels of a horse, marked by swelling, &c.—v.t. (sometimes pron. grēz) to smear with grease, to lubricate—also used figuratively, to cause to go easily: (obs.) to bribe—as in to 'grease the palm.'—adv. Greas′ily.—n. Greas′iness.—adj. Greas′y, of or like grease or oil: smeared with grease: smooth: fat. [O. Fr. gresse, fatness, gras, fat—L. crassus, gross.]

Great, grāt, adj. large: long continued: superior: distinguished: highly gifted: noble: mighty: sublime: of high rank: chief: proud, arrogant: weighty: difficult: important: pregnant, teeming: indicating one degree more remote in the direct line of descent, as Great′-grand′father, Great′-grand′son.—adj. Great′-bel′lied (Shak.), pregnant.—n. Great′coat, an overcoat.—v.t. Great′en (Browning), to make great.—v.i. to become great.—ns. Great′-grand′child, the child of a grandchild; Great′-grand′mother, the mother of a grand-parent.—adj. Great′-heart′ed, having a great or noble heart: high-spirited: noble.—adv. Great′ly.—ns. Great′ness; Great′-prim′er (see Primer); Greats, the final examination in the Honours Schools at Oxford, &c.; Great′-un′cle, usually grand-uncle, a grandfather's or grandmother's brother.—Great Dane, one of a breed of large close-haired dogs from Denmark, a boar-hound; Great Powers, the chief countries of Europe—France, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Austro-Hungary; Great schism, the division between the Latin and Greek Churches, begun in the 9th century, and culminating in 1054; Great Sea, the Mediterranean; Great unwashed, an absurd term sometimes applied to the working classes generally.—Greater Britain, the whole colonial empire of Great Britain.—The great, people of rank. [A.S. greát; Dut. groot, Ger. gross; perh. allied to grand, gross, grow.]

Greaves, grēvz, n.pl. the sediment of melted tallow pressed into cakes for dogs' food.—Also Graves. [Prov. Sw. grevar, tallow-leavings; cf. Ger. griebe.]

Greaves, grēvz, n.pl. ancient armour for the legs, of leather, &c. [O. Fr. greves—greve, shin-bone.]

Grebe, grēb, n. an aquatic bird, having a long conical beak, short wings, and no tail. [Fr. grèbe; from Celt., as in Bret. krib, a comb, W. crib, crest.]

Grecian, grē′shan, adj. pertaining to Greece.—n. a native of Greece: one well versed in the Greek language and literature: (B.) a Hellenising Jew, or Jew who spoke Greek: one of the senior boys of Christ's Hospital: (slang) an Irish labourer newly over.—v.t. Grē′cise, to make Grecian: to translate into Greek.—v.i. to speak Greek.—n. Grē′cism, an idiom of the Greek language.—adj. Grē′co-Rō′man, of or pertaining to both Greece and Rome, esp. to the art cultivated by Greeks under Roman domination (see also Wrestling).—Grecian bend, a foolish mode of walking with a slight bend forward, at one time affected by a few women who fondly thought to imitate the pose of a figure like the Venus of Milo. [Fr. Grec—L. Græcus—Gr. Graikos.]

Grecque, grek, n. a vessel with a perforated bottom for making coffee without grounds: a Greek fret.

Gree, grē, n. (Spens.) good-will, favour: the prize of the day.—v.i. (Shak.) to agree. [O. Fr. gre—L. gratus, pleasing. See Agree.]

Gree, grē, n. degree, rank: a step:—pl. Grees, Grece, Grese, steps—in turn used as a sing. and spelt Greece, Greese, Griece, Grize, a flight of steps, a staircase, a degree (Grees′ing, Gres′sing, and even Grē′cian are obs. forms).—adj. Grieced, having steps. [O. Fr. gre—L. gradus. See Grade.]

Greedy, grēd′i, adj. having a voracious appetite: covetous: eagerly desirous.—n. Greed, an eager desire or longing: covetousness.—adv. Greed′ily.—n. Greed′iness. [A.S. grǽdig; Dut. gretig.]

Greek, grēk, adj. Grecian.—n. a Grecian: the language of Greece: (B.) a Greek by race, or more frequently a Gentile as opposed to a Jew, a Hellenising Jew, a Jew naturalised in foreign countries: a cunning rogue, a merry fellow: any language of which one is ignorant, jargon, anything unintelligible.—adj. Greek′ish.—Greek architecture, the orders developed in ancient Greece (Corinthian, Doric, Ionic); Greek Church, the church of those Christians who follow the ancient rite of the East and accept the first seven councils, rejecting all later innovations and papal supremacy—it is called Orthodox by reason of its vindications of dogma, and Eastern from its geographical distribution; Greek cross (see Cross); Greek fire, a composition, burning either in or under water, supposed to have been made of asphalt, nitre, and sulphur, long kept secret by the Greeks of the Byzantine empire for their exclusive use in war; Greek gift, a treacherous gift (from Virgil's Æneid, ii. 49).—At the Greek calends, never, the Greeks having no calends.

Green, grēn, adj. of the colour of growing plants: growing: vigorous: new: unripe: inexperienced, simple, raw, easily imposed on: young.—n. the colour of growing plants: a small green or grassy plat, esp. that common to a village or town for public or merely ornamental purposes: the plot of grass belonging to a house or group of houses, usually at the back: (golf) the whole links on which the game is played, the putting-ground round the individual holes, generally counted as 20 yards from the hole all round: (pl.) fresh leaves: wreaths: the leaves and stems of green vegetables for food, esp. plants of the cabbage kind, spinach, &c.: a political party at Constantinople, under Justinian, opposed to the Blues.—ns. Green′back, popular name for the paper money first issued by the United States in 1862; Green′-cloth, a gaming-table: a department of the royal household, chiefly concerned with the commissariat—from the green cloth on the table round which its officials sat; Green′-crop, a crop of green vegetables, as grasses, turnips, &c.; Green′-earth, a mineral of a green colour and earthy character, used as a pigment by painters in water-colours; Green′ery, green plants: verdure.—adj. Green′-eyed, having green eyes: (fig.) jealous—Green-eyed monster, jealousy.—ns. Green′finch, Green linnet, a native bird of the finch family, of a green colour, slightly mixed with gray and brown; Green′grocer, a grocer or dealer who retails greens, or fresh vegetables and fruits; Green′-hand, an inferior sailor; Green′-heart, or Bebeeru, a very hard variety of wood found in the West Indies and South America; Green′horn, a raw, inexperienced youth; Green′house, a building, chiefly covered with glass and artificially heated, for the protection of exotic plants, or to quicken the cultivation of other plants or fruit; Green′ing (Keats), a becoming green: a kind of apple green when ripe.—adj. Green′ish, somewhat green.—n. Green′ishness.—adv. Green′ly, immaturely, unskilfully.—ns. Green′ness; Green′room, the retiring-room of actors in a theatre, which originally had the walls coloured green; Green′sand, a sandstone in which green specks of iron occur; Green′shank, a bird of the snipe family, in the same genus as the redshank and some of the sandpipers; Green′-sick′ness, chlorosis (see under Chlorine); Green′-snake, a harmless colubrine snake common in the southern United States; Green′stone, a rock term, now disused, for any dark-green basic crystalline (trap-rock); Green′sward, sward or turf green with grass; Green′-tea (see Tea); Greenth, greenness, verdure; Green′-tur′tle (see Turtle); Green′-vit′riol (see Vit′riol); Green′-weed, a name given to certain half-shrubby species of genista; Green′wood, a wood or collection of trees covered with leaves: wood newly cut—also used as an adj., as in 'the greenwood shade.'—adj. Green′y.—Green in my eye, in a colloquial question=Do I look credulous or easily imposed on?—Green, or Emerald, Isle, Ireland.—Greenstick fracture (see Fracture). [A.S. gréne; Ger. grün, Dut. groen, green, Ice. grænn, allied to grow.]

Greengage, grēn′gāj, n. a green and very sweet variety of plum. [Said to be named from Sir W. Gage of Hengrave Hall, near Bury, before 1725.]

Greet, grēt, v.t. to salute or address with kind wishes: to send kind wishes to: to congratulate.—v.i. to meet and salute:—pr.p. greet′ing; pa.p. greet′ed.—n. Greet′ing, expression of kindness or joy: salutation. [A.S. grétan, to go to meet; Dut. groeten, Ger. grüssen, to salute.]

Greet, grēt, v.i. (Spens.) to cry, weep.—adj. Greet′ing, mournful.—n. weeping. [A.S. grǽtan; Goth. gretan.]

Greeve, grēv, n. (Scot.) a reeve, a steward.—Also Greave, Grieve. [Not like reeve from A.S. geréfa; but from Ice. greifi; cf. Ger. graf.]

Gregarious, gre-gā′ri-us, adj. associating or living in flocks and herds.—adj. Gregā′rian.—n. Gregā-rianism.—adv. Gregā′riously.—n. Gregā′riousness. [L. gregarius—grex, gregis, a flock.]

Gregorian, gre-gō′ri-an, adj. belonging to or established by Pope Gregory; as the Gregorian chant or tones, introduced by Gregory I. (6th century), and the calendar, reformed by Gregory XIII. (1582): one of an 18th-century English brotherhood.

Gremial, grē′mi-al, n. a piece of cloth laid on a bishop's knees to keep his vestments clean from oil at ordinations. [Fr.,—L. gremium, the lap.]

Grenade, gre-nād′, n. a small shell of iron or annealed glass, filled with powder and bits of iron, and thrown from the hand, or with a shovel over a parapet. [Fr.,—Sp. granada—L. granatus, full of seeds—granum, a grain, seed.]

Grenadier, gren-a-dēr′, n. (orig.) a soldier who threw grenades: then, a member of the first company of every battalion of foot: now only used as the title of the first three battalions of the foot-guards.

Grenadine, gren-a-dēn′, n. a thin kind of silk used for ladies' dresses, shawls, &c. [Fr.]

Gressorial, gres-ō′ri-al, adj. adapted for walking, belonging to the Gressoria, a sub-order of orthopterous insects with slender bodies and long legs. [L. gressus, pa.p. of gradi, to walk.]

Gretna, gret′na.—Gretna-green marriage, a runaway marriage across the Border to Gretna in Dumfriesshire.

Greves, grēvz, n.pl. (Milt.) armour for the legs—a form of greaves.

Grey, grā. Same as Gray.—Grey Friars (see Friar); Grey hen, a stone bottle for holding liquor; Greys=Scots Greys (see Scot).

Greyhound, grā′hownd, n. a tall and slender dog, kept for the chase, with great powers of speed and great keenness of sight. [M. E. greihund; Ice. greyhundr—Ice. grey, a dog, hundr, a hound.]

Greywether, grā-weth′er, n. a large block of hard sandstone found sporadically over south and south-east England.—Also Grayweth′er, but not Grayweather. [Gray and wether—i.e. 'gray ram.']

Griddle, grid′l, n. a flat iron plate for baking cakes. [O. Fr. gredil, grëil—Low L. craticulum, dim. of cratis, a hurdle.]

Gride, grīd, v.t. to cut with a grating sound, to pierce harshly: to grate, jar upon:—pr.p. grīd′ing; pa.p. grīd′ed.—n. a harsh grating sound. [Gird.]

Gridelin, grid′e-lin, n. a kind of violet-gray colour. [Fr. gris de lin, gray of flax.]

Gridiron, grid′ī-urn, n. a frame of iron bars for broiling flesh or fish over the fire: a frame of wood or iron cross-beams to support a ship during repairs.—v.t. to cover with parallel bars or lines.—n. Grid, a grating of parallel bars: a gridiron: (elect.) a battery-plate somewhat like a grating, esp. a zinc plate in a primary battery, or a lead plate in a secondary or storage battery. [M. E. gredire, a griddle. From the same source as griddle; but the term. -ire became confused with M. E. ire, iron.]

Grief, grēf, n. heaviness of heart: sorrow: regret: mourning: cause of sorrow: affliction: (B.) bodily as well as mental pain.—adjs. Grief′ful (Spens.), full of grief; Grief′less, sorrowless; Grief′shot (Shak.), pierced with grief. [Fr.,—L. gravis, heavy.]

Grieve, grēv, v.t. to cause grief or pain of mind to: to make sorrowful: to vex: (B.) also to inflict bodily pain.—v.i. to feel grief: to mourn.—n. Griev′ance, cause of grief: burden: hardship: injury: grief.—adv. Griev′ingly (Shak.), in sorrow, sorrowfully.—adj. Griev′ous, causing grief: burdensome: painful: atrocious: hurtful.—adv. Griev′ously, in a grievous manner: (B.) severely.—n. Griev′ousness. [O. Fr. grever—L. gravāre, gravis, heavy.]

Griffin, grif′in, Griffon, grif′un, n. an imaginary animal, with the body and legs of a lion, and the crooked beak and wings of an eagle: a new-comer in India, a novice: a watchful guardian, esp. over a young woman: a duenna.—adj. Griff′inish.—n. Griff′inism. [Fr. griffon—L. gryphus—Gr. gryps—grypos, hook-nosed.]

Grig, grig, n. a cricket, grasshopper: a small lively eel, the sand-eel. [Prob. a form of crick, in cricket.]

Grill, gril, v.t. to broil on a gridiron: to torment.—v.i. to undergo torment, to be in a broil.—n. a grated appliance for broiling meat, &c., a gridiron.—ns. Grill′āde, anything grilled or broiled on a gridiron; Grill′āge, a construction of cross-beams supporting an erection on marshy grounds.—adj. Grilled, embossed with small rectangular indentations.—n. Grill′-room, a restaurant, where beefsteaks, &c., are grilled to one's order. [Fr. griller—gril, a gridiron—L. craticula, dim. of cratis, a grate.]

Grille, gril, n. a lattice, or grating, or screen, or open-work of metal, generally used to enclose or protect a window, shrine, &c.: a grating in a convent or jail door. [Fr. See Grill.]

Grilse, grils, n. a young salmon on its first return from salt water. [Skeat suggests a corr. of Dan. graalax, Sw. grålax, 'gray salmon,' from Dan. graa, Sw. grå, gray; and Dan., Sw., Ice. lax, Ger. lachs, a salmon. Others suggest Ir. greal sach.]

Grim, grim, adj. of forbidding aspect: ferocious: ghastly: sullen: stern, unyielding.—adv. Grim′ly.—n. Grim′ness. [A.S. grim; Ger. grimmig—grimm, fury, Dut. grimmig, Ice. grimmr.]

Grimace, gri-mās′, n. a distortion of the face, in jest, &c.: a smirk.—v.i. to make grimaces.—adj. Grimaced′, with a grimace: distorted. [Fr.; of uncertain origin, perh. from Ice. gríma, a mask.]

Grimalkin, gri-mal′kin, n. an old cat, a cat generally. [Gray, and malkin, a dim. of Moll=Mary.]

Grime, grīm, n. ingrained dirt.—v.t. to soil deeply.—adv. Grim′ily.—n. Grim′iness.—adjs. Grim′-looked (Shak.), having a grim or dismal aspect; Grim′y, foul, dirty. [From a Teut. root seen in Dan. grim, soot, Fris. grime, a dark spot on the face.]

Grin, grin, v.i. to set the teeth together and withdraw the lips: to smile with some accompanying distortion of the features, expressive of derision, stupid admiration, &c.—v.t. to express by grinning:—pr.p. grin′ning; pa.p. grinned.—n. act of grinning: a forced or sardonic smile.—p.adj. Grin′ning, making grins. [A.S. grennian; Ice. grenja, Ger. greinen, Dut. grijnen, to grumble, Scot. girn; allied to Eng. groan, Fr. grogner.]

Grind, grīnd, v.t. to reduce to powder by friction: to wear down or sharpen by rubbing: to rub together: to oppress or harass: to set in motion by a crank.—v.i. to be moved or rubbed together: to drudge at any tedious task: to read hard:—pr.p. grīnd′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. ground.—n. hard or distasteful work: laborious study for a special examination, &c.—ns. Grind′er, he who, or that which, grinds: a double or jaw tooth that grinds food: a coach or crammer of students for examination: a hard student; Grind′ery, a place where knives, &c., are ground, or where they are sold: shoemakers' materials; Grind′ing, act or process of reducing to powder.—p.adj. harassing.—n. Grind′stone, a circular revolving stone for grinding or sharpening tools.—Keep one's nose to the grindstone, to subject one to severe continuous toil or punishment.—Take a grinder (Dickens), to put the left thumb to the nose, and to work a visionary coffee-mill round it with the right—a gesture of contempt. [A.S. grindan.]

Gringo, gring′gō, n. an Englishman or American among Spanish-speaking Americans. [Sp. 'gibberish,' prob. Griego, Greek.]

Grip, grip, n. a small ditch or trench, a drain.—Also Gripe. [M. E. grip, grippe; cf. Low Ger. gruppe.]

Grip, grip, n. grasp or firm hold with the hand, &c.: the handle or part by which anything is grasped: a mode of grasping, a particular mode of grasping hands for mutual recognition, as by Freemasons: a clutching device connecting a car with a moving traction-cable: oppression: pinching distress.—v.t. to take fast hold of, to grasp or gripe:—pr.p. grip′ping; pa.p. gripped, gript.—v.t. Grīpe, to grasp with the hand: to seize and hold fast: to squeeze: to give pain to the bowels.—n. fast hold, grasp: forcible retention: a griffin: a usurer: (pl.) severe spasmodic pain in the intestines.—n. Grīp′er.—p.adj. Grīp′ing, avaricious: of a pain that catches or seizes acutely.—adv. Grīp′ingly, in a griping or oppressive manner.—ns. Grippe, influenza or epidemic catarrh; Grip′per, one who, or that which, grips.—adj. Grip′ple (Spens.), griping, grasping: greedy.—n. a gripe.—n. Grip′-sack, a hand-satchel.—Lose one's grip, to lose hold or control. [A.S. grípan, grap, gripen; Ice. grípa, Ger. grei′fen, Dut. grijpen; allied to grab.]

Griqua, grek′wa, n. one of a mixed race in South Africa, descended from Boer fathers and Hottentot or Bush women.

Grisaille, grē-zāl′, n. a style of decorative painting in grayish tints in imitation of bas-reliefs: a stained-glass window in this style. [Fr.,—gris, gray.]

Griselda, gris-el′da, n. a woman of exemplary gentleness and patience, from the name of the heroine of a tale retold by Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Chaucer (Clerkes Tale).

Grisette, gri-zet′, n. a gay young Frenchwoman of the lower class. [Fr. grisette, a gray gown, which used to be worn by that class—gris, gray.]

Griskin, gris′kin, n. (prov.) the spine of a hog. [Obs. gris, grice, a pig—Ice. griss, a young pig.]

Grisly, griz′li, adj. frightful: hideous.—n. Gris′liness. [A.S. gryslíc, ágrísan, to dread; Ger. grässlich.]

Grist, grist, n. corn for grinding at one time: supply: profit.—n. Grist′-mill, a mill for grinding grain.—Bring grist to the mill, to be a source of profit. [A.S. grist, gerst, a grinding; from root of grind.]

Gristle, gris′l, n. a soft elastic substance in animal bodies—also called Cartilage.—n. Grist′liness.—adj. Grist′ly. [A.S. gristle—grist, grinding.]

Grit, grit, n. the coarse part of meal: gravel: a kind of hard sandstone: firmness of character, spirit: (pl.) oats coarsely ground, groats.—ns. Grit′stone; Grit′tiness.—adj. Grit′ty, having hard particles: sandy: determined, plucky. [A.S. greót; Dut. grut, groats, Ger. gries, gravel.]

Grizzle, griz′l, n. a gray colour.—adjs. Grizz′led, gray, or mixed with gray; Grizz′ly, of a gray colour.—n. the grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) of the Rocky Mountains. [M. E. grisel—Fr. gris, gray—Mid. High Ger. grís, gray, Ger. greis.]

Groan, grōn, v.i. to utter a moaning sound in distress: (fig.) to be afflicted: to express disapprobation of a speaker by means of audible groans or similar sounds.—n. a deep moaning sound as of distress: a sound of disapprobation.—adj. Groan′ful (Spens.), sad, agonising.—n. Groan′ing, a deep moan as of pain: any low rumbling sound. [A.S. gránian.]

Groat, grawt, or grōt, n. an English silver coin, worth fourpence—only coined after 1662 as Maundy money—the silver fourpenny-piece, coined from 1836-56, was not called a groat: a very small sum, proverbially. [Old Low Ger. grote, a coin of Bremen—orig. grote sware, 'great pennies,' as compared with the smaller copper coins, five to the groat.]

Groats, grōts, n.pl. the grain of oats deprived of the husks. [M. E. grotes, prob. Ice. grautr, barley; cog. with A.S. grút, coarse meal.]

Grobian, grō′bi-an, n. a boorish rude fellow. [Ger. grob, coarse; cf. gruff—Dut. grof.]

Grocer, grōs′ėr, n. a dealer in tea, sugar, &c.—n. Groc′ery (generally used in pl.), articles sold by grocers. [Earlier grosser or engrosser, a wholesale dealer; O. Fr. grossier—gros, great.]

Grog, grog, n. a mixture of spirits and cold water, without sugar.—ns. Grog′-bloss′om, a redness of the nose due to drinking; Grog′gery (U.S.), a low public-house; Grog′giness, state of being groggy; Grog′ging, extracting the spirit from the wood of empty spirit-casks with water.—adj. Grog′gy, affected by grog, partially intoxicated: (boxing) weak and staggering from blows: applied to a horse that bears wholly on his heels in trotting.—n. Grog′-shop, a dram-shop. [From 'Old Grog,' the nickname of Admiral Vernon, who introduced it about 1745—from his grogram breeches.]

Grogram, grog′ram, n. a kind of coarse cloth of silk and mohair. [O. Fr. grosgrain.]

Groin, groin, n. the part of the body on either side of the belly where the thigh joins the trunk: (archit.) the angular curve formed by the crossing of two arches.—v.t. to form into groins, to build in groins.—n. Groin′-cen′tring, the centring of timber during construction.—adj. Groined, having angular curves made by the intersection of two arches.—n. Groin′ing.—Underpitch groining, a kind of vaulting used when the main vault of a groined roof is higher than the transverse intersecting vault, as in St George's Chapel, Windsor—sometimes called Welsh groining. [Ice. grein, division, branch—greina, to divide; Sw. gren, branch, space between the legs; Scot. graine, grane, the branch of a tree or river.]

Groin, groin, v.i. (obs.) to grunt, to growl. [O. Fr. grogner—L. grunnīre, to grunt.]

Grolier, grō′lye, n. a book or a binding from the library of the French bibliophile, Jean Grolier (1479-1565).—adj. Grolieresque′, after the style of Grolier's bindings, with geometrical or arabesque figures and leaf-sprays in gold lines.

Grommet, grom′et, n. a ring formed of a single strand of rope, laid in three times round, fastening the upper edge of a sail to its stay: a ship-boy. [O. Fr.]

Gromwell, grom′wel, n. a herb of the borage family. [O. Fr. grumel—L. grumulus, a hillock.]

Groom, grōōm, n. one who has the charge of horses: a title of several officers of the royal household: a bridegroom.—v.t. to tend, as a horse.—n. Grooms′man, the attendant on a bridegroom at his marriage. [Prob. from A.S. guma (in bridegroom), a man, Goth. guma, Ice. gumi, L. homo.]

Groove, grōōv, n. a furrow, or long hollow, such as is cut with a tool.—v.t. to grave or cut a groove or furrow in. [Prob. Dut. groef, groeve, a furrow; cog. with Ger. grube, a pit, Ice. gróf, Eng. grave.]

Grope, grōp, v.i. to search for something, as if blind or in the dark.—v.t. to search by feeling.—adv. Grop′ingly, in a groping manner. [A.S. grápian, to seize; allied to grab, gripe.]

Grosbeak, grōs′bēk, n. a name applied to not a few highly specialised finches (Fringillidæ), with thick, heavy, seed-crushing bills—also to many other birds, as the cardinal grosbeaks and the rose-breasted grosbeak. [Gross and beak.]

Groschen, grō′shen, n. a small silver coin till 1873-76 current in the north of Germany, in value 1⁄30th of a thaler. [Ger.,—L. grossus, thick.]

Groser, grō′ser, n. (prov.) a gooseberry—(Scot.) Gros′sart.—adj. Grossulā′ceous, pertaining to the gooseberry. [See Gooseberry.]

Gross, grōs, adj. coarse: rough: dense: palpable, glaring, shameful: whole: coarse in mind: stupid: sensual: obscene.—n. the main bulk: the whole taken together: a great hundred—i.e. twelve dozen.—adv. Gross′ly.—n. Gross′ness.—In gross, in bulk, wholesale. [Fr. gros—L. grossus, thick.]

Grotesque, grō-tesk′, adj. extravagantly formed: ludicrous.—n. (art) extravagant ornament, containing animals, plants, &c. not really existing.—adv. Grotesque′ly.—ns. Grotesque′ness; Grotesqu′ery. [Fr. grotesque—It. grotesca—grotta, a grotto.]

Grotian, grō′shi-an, adj. of or pertaining to Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), the Latinised form of Huig van Groot, founder of the science of international law.—Grotian theory, the theory that man is essentially a social being, and that the principles of justice are of perpetual obligation and in harmony with his nature; Grotian, or Governmental, theory of the Atonement, a divine acquittal for Christ's sake, rather than a real satisfaction on the part of Christ.

Grotto, grot′ō, n. a cave: a place of shade, for pleasure—also Grot:—pl. Grott′os—n. Grott′o-work, a grotto-like structure. [It. grotta (Fr. grotte)—L. crypta—Gr. kryptē, a crypt.]

Ground, grownd, n. the surface of the earth: a portion of the earth's surface: land, field, soil: the floor, &c.: position: field or place of action: (lit. or fig.) that on which something is raised: foundation: sufficient reason: (art) the surface on which the figures are represented.—v.t. to fix on a foundation or principle: to instruct in first principles: to cover with a layer of plaster, &c., as a basis for painting: to coat with a composition, as a surface to be etched.—v.i. to strike the bottom and remain fixed.—ns. Ground′age, the tax paid by a ship for the space occupied while in port; Ground′-ang′ling, fishing without a float, with a weight placed a few inches from the hook—called also Bottom-fishing; Ground′-ash, a sapling of ash; Ground′-bait, bait dropped to the bottom of the water.—adv. Ground′edly (Browning), on good grounds.—ns. Ground′er, at baseball, &c., a ball thrown low rather than rising into the air; Ground′-floor, the floor of a house on a level with the street or exterior ground; Ground′-game, hares, rabbits, as distinguished from winged game; Ground′-hog, the American marmot, or woodchuck: the aardvark of Africa; Ground′-hold (Spens.), ground-tackle; Ground-ice, the ice formed at the bottom of a water first—also An′chor-ice; Ground′ing, the background of embroidery, &c.; Ground′-ī′vy, a common British creeping-plant whose leaves were once used for flavouring ale (gill-ale or gell-ale).—adj. Ground′less, without ground, foundation, or reason.—adv. Ground′lessly.—ns. Ground′lessness; Ground′ling, a fish which keeps near the bottom of the water, esp. the spinous loach: a spectator in the pit of a theatre—-hence one of the common herd: (pl.) the vulgar.—adj. (Lamb) base.—ns. Ground′-nut, ground-bean, or pea-nut, the fruit of the annual leguminous plant Arachis hypogæa; Ground′-oak, a sapling of oak; Ground′-plan, plan of the horizontal section of the lowest or ground story of a building: Ground′-plot, the plot of ground on which a building stands; Ground′-rent, rent paid to a landlord for the use of the ground for a specified term, usually in England ninety-nine years.—n.pl. Grounds, dregs of drink: sediment at the bottom of liquors (explained by Skeat as Celtic—Gael. grunndas, lees, grunnd, bottom, Ir. gruntas, grunnt, bottom).—ns. Ground′sell, Ground′sill, the timber of a building which lies next to the ground; Ground-squirr′el, the chipmuck or hackee; Ground′-swell, a broad, deep undulation of the ocean, proceeding from a distant storm; Ground′-tack′le, the tackle necessary for securing a vessel at anchor; Ground′work, that which forms the ground or foundation of anything: the basis: the essential part: the first principle.—Ground annual, in the law of Scotland, an annual payment, sometimes called a rent-charge, made for land—a substitute for feu-duty.—Be on one's own ground, to be dealing with a matter in which one is specially versed; Break ground, to take the first step in any project; Fall to the ground, to come to nothing; Gain ground, to advance, to obtain an advantage; Give ground, to yield advantage; Lose ground, to retire, to lose advantage; Slippery ground, an insecure footing; Stand, or Hold, one's ground, to stand firm. [A.S. grund; most prob. grund-en, pa.p. of grindan, and orig. meaning 'earth ground small;' cog. with Ger. grund, Ice. grunnr.]

Groundsel, grownd′sel, n. an annual plant, about a foot high, with small yellow flowers. [A.S. grundeswelge—grund, ground, swelgan, to swallow.]

Group, grōōp, n. a number of persons or things together: a number of individual things related, in some definite way differentiating them from others: (art) a combination of figures forming a harmonious whole.—v.t. to form into a group or groups.—v.i. to fall into harmonious combination.—n. Group′ing (art), the act of disposing and arranging figures or objects in a group. [Fr. groupe—It. groppo, a bunch, knot—Teut.; cf. Ger. kropf, protuberance.]

Grouse, grows, n. the heathcock or moorfowl, a plump bird with a short curved bill, short legs, and feathered feet, which frequents Scotch moors and hills—the Scotch ptarmigan, red-grouse: any bird of the family Tetraonidæ, and sub-family Tetraoninæ. [Prob. from the older grice (on the analogy of mouse, mice)—O. Fr. griesche, gray.]

Grout, growt, n. coarse meal: the sediment of liquor: lees: a thin coarse mortar: a fine plaster for finishing ceilings.—n. Grout′ing, the filling up or finishing with grout: the stuff so used.—adj. Grout′y, thick, muddy: sulky. [A.S. grút, coarse meal; cog. with Dut. grut, Ice. grautr, porridge, Ger. grütze, groats.]

Grove, grōv, n. a wood of small size, generally of a pleasant or ornamental character: an avenue of trees: (B.) an erroneous translation of Asherah, the wooden upright image of the lewdly worshipped goddess Ashtoreth; also of Heb. eshel in Gen. xxi. 33.—Groves of Academe, the shady walks of the Academy at Athens, any place of learned pursuits. [A.S. gráf, a grove—grafan, pa.t. gróf, to dig.]

Grovel, grov′el, v.i. to crawl on the earth, esp. in abject fear, &c.: to be base or mean:—pr.p. grov′elling; pa.p. grov′elled.—n. Grov′eller.—adj. Grov′elling, mean. [Explained by Skeat as due to M. E. groveling, flat on the ground, properly an adv., also grofling—Ice. grûfa.]

Grow, grō, v.i. to become enlarged by a natural process: to advance towards maturity: to increase in size: to develop: to become greater in any way: to extend: to improve: to pass from one state to another: to become.—v.t. to cause to grow: to cultivate:—pa.t. grew (grōō); pa.p. grown.—ns. Grow′er; Grow′ing; Growth, a growing: gradual increase: progress: development: that which has grown: product.—Grow on, to gain in the estimation of; Grow out of, to issue from, result from: to pass beyond in development, to give up; Grow to, to advance to; Grow together, to become united by growth; Grow up, to advance in growth, become full-grown; to take root, spring up. [A.S. grówan; Ice. gróa; conn. with green.]

Growl, growl, v.i. to utter a deep, murmuring sound like a dog: to grumble surlily.—v.t. to express by growling.—n. a murmuring, snarling sound, as of an angry dog.—ns. Growl′er, one who growls: a fish of the Perch family, abundant in North American rivers, so named from the sound it emits: (slang) a four-wheeled cab: (Amer.) a jug or pitcher used for carrying beer; Growl′ing, grumbling, snarling: a rumbling sound.—adv. Growl′ingly. [Dut. grollen, to grumble; allied to Gr. gryllizein, to grunt.]

Grub, grub, v.i. to dig in the dirt: to be occupied meanly: (slang) to eat.—v.t. to dig or root out of the ground (generally followed by up): (slang) to supply with victuals:—pr.p. grub′bing; pa.p. grubbed.—n. the larva of the beetle, moth, &c.: (slang) something to eat.—n. Grub′ber, he who, or that which, grubs: an agricultural implement for grubbing out weeds, &c., or for clearing and stirring up the soil, with obliquely placed tines or teeth set in a frame and moved forward on wheels.—v.i. and v.t. Grub′ble, to grope.—n. Grub′-street, a street in London inhabited by booksellers' hacks and shabby writers generally.—adj. applied to any mean literary production. [Prob. A.S. grápian, to grope.]

Grudge, gruj, v.t. to murmur at: to look upon with envy: to give or take unwillingly.—v.i. to show discontent.—n. secret enmity or envy: an old cause of quarrel.—adjs. Grudge′ful (Spens.), full of grudge, envious; Grudg′ing, given to grudge.—adv. Grudg′ingly, unwillingly. [M. E. grochen, grucchen—O. Fr. grocer, groucer, from an imitative root seen in Gr. gry, the grunt of a pig; also in growl, grunt.]

Gruel, grōō′el, n. a thin food made by boiling oatmeal in water. [O. Fr. gruel (Fr. gruau), groats—Low L. grutellum, dim. of grutum, meal—Old Low Ger. grut, groats, A.S. grút.]

Gruesome, grōō′sum, adj. horrible: fearful: dismal, depressing.—vs.i. Grue, Grew, to shudder: to feel horror or repulsiveness. [Scand.; Dan. gru, horror, with suff. -som; cf. Dut. gruwzaam, Ger. grausam.]

Gruff, gruf, adj. rough, stern, or abrupt in manner: churlish.—adv. Gruff′ly.—n. Gruff′ness. [Dut. grof; cog. with Sw. grof, Ger. grob, coarse.]

Grum, grum, adj. morose: surly: deep in the throat, as a sound.—adv. Grum′ly.—n. Grum′ness. [A.S. grom; cf. Dan. grum.]

Grumble, grum′bl, v.i. to murmur with discontent: to growl: to rumble.—n. the act of grumbling.—ns. Grum′bler; Grumbletō′nian, one of the country party as opposed to the court party, after 1689.—adv. Grum′blingly. [Old Dut. grommelen, freq. of grommen to mutter.]

Grume, grōōm, n. a thick consistence of fluid: a clot, as of blood.—adjs. Grum′ous, Grum′ose, thick: clotted. [O. Fr. grume, a bunch (Fr. grumeau, a clot)—L. grumus, a little heap.]

Grumph, grumf, n. (Scot.) a grunt.—v.i. to grunt.—n. Grumph′ie, a sow.

Grumpy, grum′pi, adj. surly: dissatisfied: melancholic.—adv. Grum′pily. [Grumble.]

Grundy, grund′i, Mrs, the invisible censor morum who is frequently appealed to in the phrase, 'But what will Mrs Grundy say?' in Thomas Morton's play, Speed the Plough (1800).

Grunt, grunt, v.i. to make a sound like a pig: to utter guttural sounds.—n. a short, guttural sound, as of a hog.—ns. Grunt′er; Grunt′ing.—adv. Grunt′ingly. [M. E. grunten—A.S. grunian; cf. Ger. grunzen, L. grunnīre; all imit.]

Gruyère, grōō-yār′, n. a famous whole-milk cheese, made at Gruyère and many other places in the canton of Freiburg, Switzerland.

Gryfon, Gryphon, grif′on, n. obsolete forms of griffin.—Also Grype.

Guacharo, gwä′chä-rō, n. the oil-bird, a South American nocturnal frugivorous goatsucker. [Sp.]

Guacho, gwä′kō, n. a tropical American climbing composite: the medicinal substance in the leaves.

Guaiacum, gwā′ya-kum, n. a genus of trees in the West Indies, that yield a greenish resin used in medicine. [Sp. guayaco, from a Haytian word.]

Guan, gwän, n. the yacou, a South American genus of large arboreal game-birds, giving loud cries.

Guanaco, gwä-nä′ko, n. a cameloid ruminant widely spread in South America.

Guano, gwä′nō, n. the long-accumulated excrement of certain sea-fowl, found on certain coasts and islands, esp. about South America, much used for manure.—adj. Guanif′erous.—n. Guä′nin, a yellowish-white, amorphous substance, a constituent of guano, also of the liver and pancreas of mammals. [Sp. guano, or huano, from Peruv. huanu, dung.]

Guarana, gwä-rä′na, n. a paste prepared from the pounded seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, a climbing Brazilian shrub, made in round or oblong cakes—Guarana Bread.

Guarantee, gar-an-tē′, Guaranty, gar′an-ti, n. a warrant or surety: a contract to see performed what another has undertaken: the person who makes such a contract, one responsible for the performance of some action, the truth of some statement, &c.—v.t. to undertake that another shall perform certain engagements: to make sure:—pr.p. guarantee′ing; pa.p. guaranteed′.—n. Guar′antor, one who makes a guaranty.—Guarantee associations, joint-stock companies on the insurance principle, which become security for the integrity of cashiers, &c. [O. Fr. garantie, pa.p. of garantir, to warrant—garant, warrant. See Warrant.]

Guard, gärd, v.t. to ward, watch, or take care of: to protect from danger or attack: to protect the edge of, as by an ornamental border.—v.i. to watch: to be wary.—n. that which guards from danger: a man or body of men stationed to protect: one who has charge of a coach or railway-train: state of caution: posture of defence: part of the hilt of a sword: a watch-chain: (pl.) troops attached to the person of a sovereign: (cricket) the pads which protect the legs from swift balls.—adj. Guard′able.—n. Guard′age (Shak.), wardship.—adjs. Guard′ant (her.), having the face turned towards the beholder; Guard′ed, wary: cautious: uttered with caution.—adv. Guard′edly.—ns. Guard′edness; Guard′house, Guard′room, a house or room for the accommodation of a guard of soldiers, where defaulters are confined; Guard′ian, one who guards or takes care of: (law) one who has the care of an orphan minor.—adj. protecting.—n. Guard′ianship.—adj. Guard′less, without a guard: defenceless.—ns. Guard′ship, a ship of war that superintends marine affairs in a harbour and protects it: (Swift) guardianship; Guards′man, a soldier of the guards.—Guardian angel, an angel supposed to watch over a particular person: a person specially devoted to the interests of another.—Mount guard, to go on guard-duty; On, or Off, one's guard, on the watch, or the opposite; Run the guard, to get past a guard or sentinel without detection. [O. Fr. garder—Old High Ger. warten; A.S. weardian, Eng. ward.]

Guarish, gār′ish, v.t. (Spens.) to heal. [O. Fr. guarir (Fr. guérir), to heal.]

Guava, gwä′va, n. a genus of trees and shrubs of tropical America, with yellow, pear-shaped fruit made into jelly. [Sp. guayaba—Braz.]

Gubbins, gub′ins, n.pl. a half-savage race in Devonshire, described by the pastoral poet William Browne and by Fuller in his Worthies.

Gubernation, gū-bėr-nā′shun, n. government, rule.—adj. Gubernatō′rial. [L. gubernāre, govern.]

Guddle, gud′l v.t. (Scot.) to catch fish with the hands by groping under the stones or banks of a stream.

Gudgeon, guj′un, n. a genus of small, carp-like fishes common in the fresh waters of Europe—easily caught: a person easily cheated.—adj. foolish.—v.t. to impose on, cheat. [O. Fr. goujon—L. gobion-em—Gr. kōbios. See Goby.]

Gudgeon, guj′un, n. the bearing of a shaft, esp. when made of a separate piece: a metallic journal-piece let into the end of a wooden shaft: a pin. [O. Fr. goujon, the pin of a pulley.]

Guebre, Gueber, gē′bėr, n. a follower of the ancient Persian religion as reformed by Zoroaster. [Pers. gabr; see Giaour; cf. Ar. kafir, unbeliever.]

Guelder-rose, gel′dėr-rōz, n. a species of Viburnum with large white ball-shaped flowers—also called Snowball-tree. [From Gueldres in Holland.]

Guelf, Guelph, gwelf, n. one of a papal and popular party in Italy in the Middle Ages which was opposed to the emperors.—adj. Guelf′ic, belonging to the Guelfs, in modern times the royal family of Hanover and England. [The party names Guelf and Ghibelline are from Welf and Waiblingen, two families which in the 12th century were at the head of two rival parties in the German Empire.]

Guerdon, gėr′dun, n. a reward or recompense.—v.t. to reward. [O. Fr. guerdon, guerredon (It. guidardone)—Low L. widerdonum, corr. from Old High Ger. widarlón (A.S. wiðerleán)—wider (A.S. wiðer), against, and lón (A.S. leán), reward; or more prob. the latter part of the word is from L. donum, a gift.]

Guereza, ger′e-za, n. a large, long-haired, black-and-white African monkey, with a bushy tail.

Guerilla, Guerrilla, gėr-ril′a, n. a mode of harassing an army by small bands adopted by the Spaniards against the French in the Peninsular war: a member of such a band.—adj. conducted by or conducting petty warfare. [Sp. guerrilla, dim. of guerra (Fr. guerre)—Old High Ger. werra.]

Guernsey, gėrn′zi, n. a sailor's closely-fitting knitted woollen shirt: one of a breed of dairy cattle from the island: the red-legged partridge. [From Guernsey in the Channel Islands.]

Guess, ges, v.t. to form an opinion on uncertain knowledge: to conjecture, to think.—v.i. to judge on uncertain knowledge: to conjecture rightly.—n. judgment or opinion without sufficient evidence or grounds.—adj. Guess′able, that may be guessed.—n. Guess′er, one who guesses or conjectures.—adv. Guess′ingly, by way of conjecture.—n. Guess′work, work done by guess: random action. [M. E. gessen; cog. with Dut. gissen; Dan. gisse, Ice. giska, for gitska—geta, to get, think, A.S. gitan, whence Eng. get. See Forget.]

Guest, gest, n. a visitor received and entertained.—n. Guest′-cham′ber (B.), a chamber or room for the accommodation of guests.—v.i. Guest′en (Scot.), to stay as a guest.—adv. Guest′wise, in the manner or capacity of a guest. [A.S. gest, gæst; allied to Dut. and Ger. gast, L. hostis, stranger, enemy.]

Gueux, gū, n.pl. the name assumed by the confederation (1565) of nobles and others to resist the introduction of the Inquisition into the Low Countries by Philip II. of Spain. [Fr., 'beggars.']

Guffaw, guf-faw′, v.i. to laugh loudly.—n. a loud laugh. [From the sound.]

Guggle, gug′l, v.i. to make a noise with the mouth or throat, to gurgle. [Formed from gurgle.]

Guide, gīd, v.t. to lead or direct: to regulate: to influence.—n. he who, or that which, guides: one who directs another in his course of life: a soldier or other person employed to obtain information for an army: a guide-book: anything calculated to maintain in a certain direction or position.—adj. Guid′able.—ns. Guid′age, guidance; Guid′ance, direction: government; Guide′-book, a book of information for tourists.—adj. Guide′less, having no guide.—ns. Guide′post, a post erected at a roadside to guide the traveller; Guid′er, one who guides, a director; Guid′on, a forked guide-flag carried by a cavalry company or mounted battery, also the officer bearing it. [O. Fr. guider; prob. from a Teut. root, as in A.S. witan, to know, wís, wise, Ger. weisen, to show, conn. with wit, wise.]

Guild, Gild, gild, n. an association of men for mutual aid: a corporation: (orig.) an association in a town where payment was made for mutual support and protection.—ns. Guild′-broth′er, a fellow-member of a guild; Guild′hall, the hall of a guild, esp. in London; Guild′ry (Scot.), a guild, the members of such. [A.S. gild, money—gildan, to pay.]

Guilder, Gilder, gild′ėr, n. an old Dutch and German gold coin: now a silver coin=1s. 8d.: (Shak.) money generally. [Dut. gulden—Ger. gulden, gold.]

Guile, gīl, n. wile, jugglery: cunning: deceit.—v.t. (Spens.) to beguile.—p.adj. Guiled, armed with deceit: treacherous.—adj. Guile′ful, crafty: deceitful.—adv. Guile′fully.—n. Guile′fulness.—adj. Guile′less, without deceit: artless.—adv. Guile′lessly.—ns. Guile′lessness; Guil′er (Spens.), a deceiver. [O. Fr. guile, deceit; from a Teut. root, as in A.S. wíl, Ice. vel, a trick.]

Guillemot, gil′e-mot, n. a genus of diving birds of the Auk family, with long, straight, feathered bill and very short tail. [Fr., prob. Celt.; Bret. gwelan, gull, and O. Fr. moette, a sea-mew, from Teut.]

Guilloche, gil-losh′, n. an ornament formed of two or more bands intertwining in a continued series.—v.t. to decorate with intersecting curved lines. [Fr.; said to be from the name of its inventor, Guillot.]

Guillotine, gil′ō-tēn, n. an instrument for beheading—consisting of an upright frame down which a sharp heavy axe descends on the neck of the victim—adopted during the French Revolution, and named after Joseph Ignace Guillotin (1738-1814), a physician, who first proposed its adoption: a machine for cutting paper, straw, &c.: a surgical instrument for cutting the tonsils.—v.t. to behead with the guillotine.—n. Guill′otinement, death by the guillotine.

Guilt, gilt, n. punishable conduct: the state of having broken a law: crime: wickedness.—adv. Guilt′ily.—n. Guilt′iness.—adj. Guilt′less, free from crime: innocent.—adv. Guilt′lessly.—n. Guilt′lessness.—adj. Guilt′y, justly chargeable with a crime: wicked: pertaining to guilt.—adv. Guilt′y-like (Shak.), guiltily.—Guilty of (sometimes in B.), deserving. [Orig. a payment or fine for an offence; A.S. gylt, guilt—gildan, to pay, to atone.]

Guinea, gin′i, n. an English gold coin, no longer used=21s., so called because first made of gold brought from Guinea, in Africa.—ns. Guin′ea-corn, a cereal extensively cultivated in Central Africa and India—also Indian millet; Guin′ea-fowl, a genus of African birds in the pheasant family, having dark-gray plumage with round spots of white, generally larger on the back and under surface; Guin′ea-grass, a grass of the same genus with millet, a native of Guinea and Senegal; Guin′ea-hen (Shak.), a courtesan; Guin′ea-pepp′er (see Pepper); Guin′ea-pig, a small South American rodent, somewhat resembling a small pig, the cavy: (slang) a professional company director, without time or real qualifications for the duties; Guin′ea-worm, a very slender thread-like nematode worm common in tropical Africa.

Guipure, gē-pōōr′, n. a kind of lace having no ground or mesh, the pattern fixed by interlacing threads: a species of gimp. [Fr. guipure—O. Fr. guiper, prob. Teut.; cf. Goth. veipan, to weave.]

Guise, gīz, n. manner, behaviour: external appearance: dress.—v.t. (arch.) to dress.—v.i. to act as a guiser.—ns. Guis′er (Scot.), Guis′ard, a person in disguise: a Christmas mummer. [O. Fr. guise; from Old High Ger. wísa (Ger. weise), a way, guise, which is cog. with A.S. wíse, way, wís, wise.]

Guitar, gi-tär′, n. a six-stringed musical instrument, somewhat like the lute, well adapted for accompanying the voice. [Fr. guitare—L. cithara—Gr. kithara, a lyre or lute. See Cithern.]

Gula, gū′la, n. a piece in some insects, esp. in the beetles, &c., forming the lower surface of the head, behind the mentum, bounded laterally by the genæ or cheeks: the upper part of a bird's throat, between mentum and jugulum.—adj. Gū′lar. [L., 'throat.']

Gulch, gulch, n. (U.S.) a ravine or narrow rocky valley, a gully.—v.t. (prov.) to swallow greedily. [Prob. the n. and v. are connected.]

Gulden, gōōl′den, n. a certain gold or silver coin in Germany in the Middle Ages: the unit of account in Austria, having the value of about 2s. [Ger.]

Gules, gūlz, n. (her.) a red colour, marked in engraved figures by perpendicular lines.—adj. Gū′ly. [O. Fr. gueules; acc. to Brachet, from Pers. ghul, a rose; acc. to others, from L. gula, the throat.]

Gulf, gulf, n. a hollow or indentation in the sea-coast: a deep place in the earth: an abyss: a whirlpool: anything insatiable: in Oxford and Cambridge examinations, the place of those next to the pass, but not bad enough to fail.—v.t. to engulf.—n. Gulf′-weed, a large olive-brown sea-weed with stalked air-bladders.—adj. Gulf′y, full of gulfs or whirlpools.—Gulf Stream, a great current of warm water flowing out of the Gulf of Mexico through the Strait of Florida, along the eastern coast of the United States of America, then deflected near the banks of Newfoundland diagonally across the Atlantic. [O. Fr. golfe—Late Gr. kolphos—Gr. kolpos, the bosom.]

Gull, gul, n. a web-footed sea-fowl belonging to the family Laridæ. [Celt.; Corn. gullan, W. gwylan, Bret. gwelan—gwela, to weep, to cry.]

Gull, gul, v.t. to beguile: to deceive.—n. a trick: one easily cheated: (Shak.) a nestling.—ns. Gull′-catch′er (Shak.), a cheat; Gull′er; Gull′ery, imposture; Gullibil′ity.—adj. Gull′ible, easily deceived.—n. Gullos′ity. [Same word as gull, a seafowl, the bird being thought stupid.]

Gullet, gul′et, n. the throat: the passage in the neck by which food is taken into the stomach.—n. Gulos′ity, gluttony. [O. Fr. goulet, dim. of O. Fr. goule (Fr. gueule)—L. gula, the throat.]

Gully, gul′i, n. a channel worn by running water: a ditch: a ravine.—v.t. to wear a gully or channel in.—p.adj. Gull′ied.—ns. Gull′y-hole, a manhole into a drain, &c.; Gull′y-hunt′er, one who picks up things from gutters. [Prob. gullet.]

Gulp, gulp, v.t. to swallow eagerly or in large draughts.—n. a swallow: as much as is swallowed at once. [Dut. gulpen—gulp, a great draught.]

Gum, gum, n. the firm fleshy tissue which surrounds the teeth: (slang) insolence.—n. Gum′boil, a boil or small abscess on the gum. [A.S. góma, jaws; Ice. gómr, Ger. gaumen, palate.]

Gum, gum, n. a substance which exudes from certain trees and plants, and hardens on the surface, including those containing arabin, bassorin, and gum-resins.—v.t. to smear or unite with gum:—pr.p. gum′ming; pa.p. gummed.—ns. Gum′-ar′abic, a gum obtained from various species of acacia; Gum′-drag′on, tragacanth; Gum′-elas′tic, india-rubber or caoutchouc; Gum′-ju′niper, sandarac.—adj. Gummif′erous, producing gum.—ns. Gum′miness; Gum′ming, act of fastening with gum, esp. the application of gum-water to a lithographic stone: a disease, marked by a discharge of gum, affecting stone-fruit; Gummos′ity, gumminess.—adjs. Gum′mous, Gum′my, consisting of or resembling gum: producing or covered with gum.—ns. Gum′-rash, red-gum; Gum′-res′in, a vegetable secretion formed of resin mixed with more or less gum or mucilage; Gum′-tree, a name applied to various American and Australian trees; Chew′ing-gum (see Chew). [O. Fr. gomme—L. gummi—Gr. kommi; prob. Coptic komē, gum.]

Gumbo, gum′bō, n. the okra or its mucilaginous pods: a soup of which okra is an ingredient, also a dish of okra-pods seasoned: Creole patois in Louisiana.

Gumption, gump′shun, n. sense: shrewdness: common-sense.—adj. Gump′tious. [Doubtless conn. with A.S. gýman, to observe; cf. Goth. gaumjan.]

Gun, gun, n. a firearm or weapon, from which balls or other projectiles are discharged, usually by means of gunpowder—now generally applied to cannon: one who carries a gun, a member of a shooting-party.—v.i. (Amer.) to shoot with a gun.—ns. Gun′-barr′el, the barrel or tube of a gun; Gun′boat, a boat or small vessel of light draught, fitted to carry one or more guns; Gun′-carr′iage, a carriage on which a gun or cannon is supported; Gun′-cott′on, an explosive prepared by saturating cotton with nitric acid; Gun′-fire (mil.), the hour at which the morning or evening gun is fired; Gun′-flint, a piece of flint fitted to the hammer of a flint-lock musket; Gun′-met′al, an alloy of copper and tin in the proportion of 9 to 1, used in making guns; Gun′nage, the number of guns carried by a ship of war; Gun′ner, one who works a gun or cannon: (naut.) a petty officer who has charge of the ordnance on board ship; Gun′nery, the art of managing guns, or the science of artillery; Gun′ning, shooting game; Gun′-port, a port-hole; Gun′powder, an explosive powder used for guns and firearms; Gun′-room, the apartment on board ship occupied by the gunner, or by the lieutenants as a mess-room; Gun′shot, the distance to which shot can be thrown from a gun.—adj. caused by the shot of a gun.—adj. Gun′-shy, frightened by guns (of a sporting dog).—ns. Gun′smith, a smith or workman who makes or repairs guns or small-arms; Gun′stick, a ramrod; Gun′stock, the stock or piece of wood on which the barrel of a gun is fixed; Gun′stone (Shak.), a stone, formerly used as shot for a gun; Gun′-tack′le (naut.), the tackle used on board ship by which the guns are run to and from the port-holes; Gun′-wad, a wad for a gun; Gat′ling-gun, a revolving battery-gun, invented by R. J. Gatling about 1861, usually having ten parallel barrels, capable of firing 1200 shots a minute; Machine′-gun (see Machine).—As sure as a gun, quite sure, certainly; Blow great guns, to blow tempestuously—of wind; Great gun, a cannon: (coll.) a person of great importance; Son of a gun, a rogue, rascal. [M. E. gonne, from W. gwn, a bowl, a gun, acc. to Skeat.]

Gunny, gun′i, n. a strong coarse cloth manufactured in India from jute, and used as sacking. [Hind. gon, goní, sacking—Sans. goní, a sack.]

Gunwale, Gunnel, gun′el, n. the wale or upper edge of a ship's side next to the bulwarks, so called because the upper guns are pointed from it.

Gurgle, gur′gl, v.i. to flow in an irregular noisy current: to make a bubbling sound. [Through an It. gorgogliare, from gorgo—L. gurges.]

Gurnard, gur′nard, n. a genus of fishes having the body rounded, tapering, and covered with small scales, an angular head, the eyes near the summit, and the teeth small and very numerous—(obs.) Gur′net. [From O. Fr. grongnard—grogner, to grunt—L. grunnīre, to grunt.]

Guru, gōō′rōō, n. a spiritual teacher, any venerable person.—Also Goo′roo. [Hind.—Sans.]

Gush, gush, v.i. to flow out with violence or copiously: to be effusive, or highly sentimental.—n. that which flows out: a violent issue of a fluid.—n. Gush′er, an oil-well not needing to be pumped.—adj. Gush′ing, rushing forth with violence, as a liquid: flowing copiously: effusive.—adv. Gush′ingly.—adj. Gush′y, effusively sentimental. [Scand.; Ice. gusa, gjósa; Dut. gudsen. See Geyser.]

Gusset, gus′et, n. the piece of cloth in a shirt which covers the armpit: an angular piece of cloth inserted in a garment to strengthen some part of it.—v.t. to make with a gusset: to insert a gusset into. [O. Fr. gousset—gousse—It. guscio, a pod, husk.]

Gust, gust, n. a sudden blast of wind: a violent burst of passion.—adjs. Gust′ful, Gust′y, stormy: irritable.—n. Gust′iness. [Ice. gustr, blast.]

Gust, gust, n. sense of pleasure of tasting: relish: gratification.—n. Gustā′tion, the act of tasting: the sense of taste.—adjs. Gust′ātive, Gus′tātory, of or pertaining to gustation.—n. Gust′o, taste: zest. [L. gustus, taste; cf. Gr. geuein, to make to taste.]

Gut, gut, n. the alimentary canal: intestines prepared for violin-strings, &c. (gut for angling, see Silkworm-gut): (pl.) the bowels.—v.t. to take out the bowels of: to plunder:—pr.p. gut′ting; pa.p. gut′ted.—n. Gut′-scrap′er, a fiddler.—v.t. and v.i. Gut′tle, to eat greedily. [A.S. gut, geótan, to pour; prov. Eng. gut, Ger. gosse, a drain.]

Gutta, gut′a, n. a drop: one of the small drop-like ornaments on the under side of the mutules and regulæ of the Doric entablature: a small round colour-spot:—pl. Gutt′æ.—adjs. Gutt′ate, -d, containing drops: spotted. [L.]

Gutta-percha, gut′a-pėrch′a, n. the solidified juice of various trees in the Malayan Islands. [Malay gatah, guttah, gum, percha, the tree producing it.]

Gutter, gut′ėr, n. a channel at the eaves of a roof for conveying away water: a channel for water: (print.) one of a number of pieces of wood or metal, grooved in the centre, used to separate the pages of type in a form: (pl.) mud, dirt (Scot.).—v.t. to cut or form into small hollows.—v.i. to become hollowed: to run down in drops, as a candle.—ns. Gutt′er-blood, a low-born person; Gutt′er-snipe, a neglected child, a street Arab.—adj. Guttif′erous, exuding gum or resin. [O. Fr. goutiere—goute—L. gutta, a drop.]

Guttural, gut′ur-al, adj. pertaining to the throat: formed in the throat: harsh or rasping in sound.—n. (gram.) a letter pronounced in the throat or the back part of the mouth (k, c hard, q, g, ng).—v.t. Gutt′uralise, Gutt′urise, to form (a sound) in the throat.—adv. Gutt′urally.—n. Gutt′uralness. [Fr.,—L. guttur, the throat.]

Guy, gī, n. (naut.) a rope to steady any suspended weight.—v.t. to keep in position by a guy. [Sp. guia, a guide.]

Guy, gī, n. an effigy of Guy Fawkes, dressed up grotesquely on the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot (5th Nov.): an odd figure.

Guzzle, guz′l, v.i. to eat and drink with haste and greediness.—v.t. to swallow with exceeding relish.—n. Guzz′ler. [O. Fr. (des-) gouziller, to swallow down; gosier, the throat.]

Gwiniad, gwin′i-ad, n. a fresh-water fish of about 10 or 12 inches in length, found in some of the lakes of Wales and Cumberland—the Fresh-water Herring. [W.,—gwyn, white.]

Gygis, jī′jis, n. a genus of small terns, white, with black bill, long-pointed wings, and a slightly forked tail. [Gr. gygēs, a water-bird.]

Gymkhana, jim-kä′na, n. a place of public resort for athletic games, &c., also a meeting for such sports. [A factitious word, according to Yule-Burnell, prob. based on gend-khāna ('ball-house'), the usual Hind. name for an English racket-court.]

Gymnasium, jim-nā′zi-um, n. a school for gymnastics: a school for the higher branches of literature and science: (orig.) a public place or building where the Greek youths exercised themselves, with running and wrestling grounds, baths, and halls for conversation:—pl. Gymnā′sia.—adj. Gymnā′sial.—n. Gymnā′siast.—adj. Gymnā′sic.—n. Gym′nast, one who teaches or practises gymnastics.—adjs. Gymnas′tic, -al, pertaining to athletic exercises: athletic, vigorous.—adv. Gymnas′tically.—n.pl. used as sing. Gymnas′tics, athletic exercises, devised to strengthen the muscles and bones, esp. those of the upper half of the body: the art of performing athletic exercises.—adj. Gym′nic (Milt.). [L.,—Gr. gymnasion—gymnazein, gymnos, naked.]

Gymnocarpous, jim-no-kär′pus, adj. (bot.) having the fruit naked, or not invested with a receptacle. [Gr. gymnos, naked, karpos, fruit.]

Gymnocitta, jim-no-sit′a, n. a genus of crow-like American jays with naked nostrils. [Gr. gymnos, naked, kitta, kissa, a jay.]

Gymnocladus, jim-nok′lad-us, n. a genus of North American trees, the pods slightly aperient. [Gr. gymnos, naked, klados, a branch.]

Gymnogynous, jim-noj′i-nus, adj. (bot.) having a naked ovary. [Gr. gymnos, naked, gynē, female.]

Gymnorhinal, jim-nō-rī′nal, adj. having the nostrils bare or unfeathered, as certain jays and auks. [Gr. gymnos, naked, hris, hrin-os, the nose.]

Gymnosophist, jim-nos′of-ist, n. the name given by the Greeks to those ancient Hindu philosophers who wore little or no clothing, and lived solitarily in mystical contemplation.—n. Gymnos′ophy. [Gr. gymnos, naked, sophos, wise.]

Gymnosperm, jim′nō-spėrm, n. one of the lower or more primitive group of seed plants—also Gym′nogen.—adj. Gymnosper′mous (bot.), having the seeds unenclosed in a capsule.—n. Gym′nospore, a naked spore. [Gr. gymnos, naked, sperma, seed.]

Gymnotus, jim-nō′tus, n. the most powerful of the electric fishes, occurring in the fresh waters of Brazil and Guiana.—Also Electric eel. [Formed from Gr. gymnos, naked, nōtos, the back.]

Gynæceum, Gynecium, jin-ē-sē′um, n. an apartment in a large house exclusively appropriated to women. [Gr. gynē, a woman, oikos, a house.]

Gynandria, ji-nan′dri-a, n. a Linnæan class of plants, in which the stamens are united with the pistil.—n. Gynan′der, a plant of the gynandria: a masculine woman.—adjs. Gynan′drian, Gynan′drous. [Gr. gynē, a female, anēr, andros, a man.]

Gynarchy, jin′är-ki, n. government by a female. [Gr. gynē, a woman, archē, rule.]

Gynecian, Gynæcian, ji-nē′shi-an, adj. relating to women.—adjs. Gynē′cic, Gynæ′cic, pertaining to women's diseases.—n. Gynœ′cium, the collective pistils of a flower.

Gynecocracy, jin-ē-kok′ra-si, n. government by women—also Gynoc′racy.—adj. Gynecrat′ic. [Gr. gynē, a woman, kratein, to rule.]

Gynecology, Gynæcology, jin-ē-kol′-o-ji, n. that branch of medicine which treats of the diseases and affections peculiar to woman and her physical organism.—adj. Gynecolog′ical.—n. Gynecol′ogist. [Gr. gynē, a woman, legein, to speak.]

Gyneolatry, jīnē-ol′at-ri, n. excessive worship of woman. [Gr. gynē, a woman, latreia, worship.]

Gynophore, jin′o-fōr, n. (bot.) an elongation or internode of the receptacle of a flower.

Gyp, jip, n. a male servant who attends to college rooms at Cambridge. [Perh. a contr. from gypsy; hardly from Gr. gyps, a vulture.]

Gypsum, jip′sum, n. a valuable mineral of a comparatively soft kind, burned in kilns, and afterwards ground to a fine powder, called plaster of Paris.—adjs. Gyp′seous, of or resembling gypsum; Gypsif′erous, producing or containing gypsum. [L.,—Gr. gypsos, chalk.]

Gyrate, jī′rāt, v.i. to whirl round a central point: to move round.—adj. (bot.) winding round.—n. Gyrā′tion, act of whirling round a central point: a spiral motion.—adjs. Gy′ratory, Gyrā′tional, moving in a circle. [L. gyrāre, -ātum, to move in a circle.]

Gyre, jīr, n. a circular motion.—n. Gy′ra, the richly embroidered border of a robe:—pl. Gy′ræ.—adjs. Gy′ral, whirling, rotating; Gyroid′al, spiral in arrangement or movement. [L. gyrus—Gr. gyros, a ring, round.]

Gyre-carlin, gīr-kar′lin, n. (Scot.) a witch. [Ice. gýgr, a witch, karlinna, a carline.]

Gyromancy, jī′ro-man-si, n. divination by walking in a circle till dizziness caused a fall towards one direction or another. [Gr. gyros, a circle, manteia, divination.]

Gyron, Giron, jī′ron, n. (her.) a bearing consisting of two straight lines drawn from any given part of the field and meeting in an acute angle in the fesse-point.—adjs. Gyronnet′ty, Gyron′ny, Giron′ny. [Fr., acc. to Skeat, from the Old High Ger. gérun, accus. of géro, a spear, gér; cf. A.S. gár, a spear.]

Gyroscope, jī′ro-skōp, n. an instrument for the exhibition of various properties of rotation, and the composition of rotations.—adj. Gyroscop′ic. [Gr. gyros, a circle, skopein, to see.]

Gyrostat, jī′rō-stat, n. an instrument contrived for illustrating the dynamics of rotating rigid bodies.—adj. Gyrostat′ic. [Gr. gyros, round, statikos, static.]

Gyrus, jī′rus, n. one of the rounded edges into which the surface of the cerebral hemisphere is divided by the fissures or sulci. [Gr. gyros, a circle.]

Gyte, gīt, n. (Scot.) a child: a first year's boy at Edinburgh High School. [Prob. a corr. of get, offspring.]

Gyve, jīv, v.t. to fetter.—n.pl. Gyves, shackles, fetters. [M. E. gives, gyves. Of Celt. origin; cf. W. gefyn, Ir. geimheal.]

the eighth letter in our alphabet, its sound that of a strongly-marked continuous guttural, produced at the back of the palate, not existing in English, but heard in the Scotch loch and the German lachen. In Old English h was a guttural, or throat sound, but it gradually softened down to a spirant, and has now become almost a vowel: (chem.) a symbol denoting hydrogen: in medieval Roman notation=200, H=200,000.

Ha, hä, interj. denoting surprise, joy, or grief; and, when repeated, laughter: in continued speech, often an involuntary sound expressive of hesitation. [Imit.]

Haaf, häf, n. a deep-sea fishing-ground off the coast of Shetland.—n. Haaf′-fish′ing, deep-sea fishing, as for cod. [Ice. haf, sea.]

Habble, häb′l, v.t. (Scot.) to perplex.—v.i. to stutter or stammer.—n. a perplexity, a squabble. [Hobble.]

Habeas-corpus (ad subjiciendum), hā′be-as-kor′pus, n. a writ to a jailer to produce the body of one detained in prison, and to state the reasons of such detention.—n. Haben′dum, the clause in a deed beginning 'habendum et tenendum' ('to have and to hold'), which determines the interest or estate granted by the deed. [L., lit. 'have the body,' from L. habēre, to have, and corpus, the body.]

Habenaria, hab-ē-nā′ri-a, n. a genus of tuberous orchidaceous plants. [L. habena, a thong.]

Haberdasher, hab′ėr-dash-ėr, n. a seller of small-wares, as ribbons, tape, &c.—n. Hab′erdashery, goods sold by a haberdasher. [O. Fr. hapertas; ety. dub.; not Ice.]

Haberdine, ha-ber-dīn′, n. (obs.) dried salt cod. [Old Dut. abberdaan, also labberdaen; prob. from Le Labourd, or Lapurdum (Bayonne).]

Habergeon, ha-bėr′je-un, n. a piece of armour to defend the neck and breast. [Fr. haubergeon, dim. of O. Fr. hauberc.]

Habile, hab′il, adj. (obs.) able, capable. [Fr.,—L. habilis. See Able.]

Habiliment, ha-bil′i-ment, n. a garment: (pl.) clothing, dress.—adjs. Hab′ilable (Carlyle), capable of being clothed; Habil′atory, having reference to dressing. [Fr. habillement—habiller, to dress—L. habilis, fit, ready—habēre.]

Habilitation, ha-bil-i-tā′shun, n. (Bacon) qualification: (U.S.) the act of supplying money to work a mine.—n. Habilitā′tor, one who does so.—v.i. Habil′itate, to acquire certain necessary qualifications, esp. for the office of teacher in a German university (Ger. habilitiren). [Low L. habilitation -em—L. habilis, able.]

Habit, hab′it, n. ordinary course of conduct: tendency to perform certain actions: general condition or tendency, as of the body: practice: custom: outward appearance: dress, esp. any official or customary costume: a garment, esp. a tight-fitting dress, with a skirt, worn by ladies on horseback.—v.t. to dress:—pr.p. hab′iting; pa.p. hab′ited.—adj. Hab′ited, clothed, dressed.—ns. Hab′it-mak′er, one who makes women's riding-habits; Hab′it-shirt, a thin muslin or lace under-garment worn by women on the neck and shoulders, under the dress.—adj. Habit′ūal, formed or acquired by frequent use: customary.—adv. Habit′ūally.—v.t. Habit′ūāte, to cause to acquire a habit: to accustom.—ns. Habitūā′tion; Hab′itūde, tendency from acquiring a habit: usual manner; Habitué (hab-it′ū-ā), a habitual frequenter of any place of entertainment, &c.—Habit and repute, a phrase in Scotch law to denote something so notorious that it affords strong and generally conclusive evidence of the facts to which it refers; Habit of body, the general condition of the body as outwardly apparent: any constitutional tendency or weakness. [Fr.,—L. habitus, state, dress—habēre, to have.]

Habitable, hab′it-a-bl, adj. that may be dwelt in.—ns. Habitabil′ity, Hab′itableness.—adv. Hab′itably.—ns. Hab′itant, an inhabitant; Hab′itat, the natural abode or locality of an animal or plant: place of abode generally; Habitā′tion, act of inhabiting: a dwelling or residence: a group, lodge, company, as of the so-called 'Primrose League.' [Fr.,—L. habitabilis—habitāre, -ātum, to inhabit, freq. of habēre, to have.]

Hacienda, as-i-en′da, n. an estate or establishment. [Sp.,—L. facienda, things to be done, facĕre, to do.]

Hack, hak, v.t. to cut: to chop or mangle: to notch: to kick (another) at football.—n. a cut made by hacking: a kick on the shin.—n. Hack′ing, the operation of picking a worn grindstone, &c., with a hack-hammer.—adj. short and interrupted, as a broken, troublesome cough.—n. Hack′-log, a chopping-block. [A.S. haccian, in composition tó-haccian; cf. Dut. hakken, Ger. hacken.]

Hack, hak, n. a horse kept for hire, esp. a poor one: any person overworked on hire: a literary drudge.—adj. hired, mercenary: used up.—v.t. to offer for hire: to use roughly.—n. Hack′-work, literary drudgery for which a person is hired by a publisher, as making dictionaries, &c. [Contr. of hackney.]

Hack, hak, n. a grated frame, as a rack for feeding cattle, a place for drying bricks, &c. [Hatch.]

Hackberry, hak′ber-i, n. an American tree, allied to the elm. [See Hagberry.]

Hackbut, hak′but, n. an arquebuse—also Hag′but.—n. Hackbuteer′. [O. Fr. haquebute, from Dut. haakbus. See Arquebuse.]

Hackle, hak′l, n. an instrument with iron teeth for sorting hemp or flax: any flimsy substance unspun: a feather in a cock's neck: part of the dressing of a fly-hook used by anglers.—v.t. to dress with a hackle, as flax: to tear rudely asunder.—n. Hack′ler, a flax-dresser, heckler.—adj. Hack′ly, rough and broken, as if hacked or chopped: (min.) covered with sharp points. [Cf. Dut. hekel, Ger. hechel.]

Hacklet, hak′let, n. a kind of sea-bird, prob. the shear-water—also Hag′let.—The Hagden is the Greater Shear-water (Puffinus major).

Hackney, hak′ni, n. a horse for general use, esp. for hire: (obs.) a person hired for any mean work.—v.t. to carry in a hackney-coach: to use much: to make commonplace.—adjs. Hack′ney, Hack′neyed, let out for hire: devoted to common use: much used.—ns. Hack′ney-coach, a coach let out for hire; Hack′ney-coach′man; Hack′neyman, one who keeps hackney horses. [O. Fr. haquenee, an ambling nag; further history unknown.]

Had, pa.t. and pa.p. of have: (B.) held.—ns. Had′ding, Had′din (Scot.), a holding, residence.

Haddock, had′uk, n. a sea-fish of the cod family—(Scot.) Hadd′ie. [M. E. haddoke; ety. unknown.]

Hade, hād, n. (min.) the dip or underlie of a lode or fault.—v.i. to underlay or incline from the vertical.

Hades, hā′dēz, n. the unseen world: the abode of the dead indefinitely, hell. [Gr. haidēs, hadēs, dubiously derived from a, neg., and idein, to see.]

Hadith, had′ith, n. the body of traditions about Mohammed, supplementary to the Koran. [Ar.]

Hadj, Hajj, haj, n. a Mohammedan pilgrimage to Mecca or Medina.—ns. Hadji, Hajji (haj′i), one who has performed a Hadj. [Ar., 'a pilgrimage.']

Hadrosaurus, had-rō-sä′rus, n. a very large Dinosaurian of the Cretaceous epoch—abundant in New Jersey. [Gr. hadros, thick, sauros, a lizard.]

Hæcceity, hek-sē′i-ti, hēk-, n. Duns Scotus's word for that element of existence on which individuality depends, hereness-and-nowness. [Lit. 'thisness,' L. hæc.]

Hæmacyte, Hem-, hē′ma-sīt, n. a blood-corpuscle.—n. Hæmacytom′eter, an instrument for determining the number of such in a given quantity of blood.

Hæmadynamics, Hem-, hē-ma-di-nam′iks, n. the dynamics or theory of the circulation of the blood.

Hæmal, Hemal, hē′mal, adj. relating to the blood or blood-vessels: ventral, the opposite of Neural.—n. Hæ′machrome, the colouring matter of the blood.—adj. Hæ′matoid, resembling blood.—Hæmal arch, the position of a vertebra enclosing and protecting the heart and other viscera; Hæmal cavity, the thoracic-abdominal cavity, containing the heart, &c. [Gr. haima, blood.]

Hæmanthus, hē-man′thus, n. a genus of bulbous plants native to Africa, including the Cape tulip. [Gr. haima, blood, anthos, a flower.]

Hæmastatic, Hem-, -al, hē-ma-stat′ik, -al, adj. serving to stop the flow of blood.—n.pl. Hæmastat′ics, the statics of the blood and blood-vessels. [Gr. haima, blood, statikos, static.]

Hæmatein, Hem-, hē-ma-tē′in, n. an organic principle derived from the colouring matter of logwood.

Hæmatemesis, hē-ma-tem′e-sis, n. a vomiting of blood from the stomach. [Gr. haima, haimat-os, blood, emein, to vomit.]

Hæmatin, Hem-, hē′ma-tin, hem′a-tin, n. a brown substance associated with hemoglobin in the blood.—adjs. Hæmat′ic, Hæ′mic—n.pl. Hæmat′ics, that branch of medical science concerned with the blood.

Hæmatite, Hem-, hem′a-tīt, hē′ma-tīt, n. (min.) a valuable ore of iron, consisting chiefly of peroxide of iron—its two chief varieties, Red Hæmatite and Brown Hæmatite.—adj. Hæmatit′ic.

Hæmatoblast, hē′ma-to-blast, hem′-, n. one of the minute colourless discs, smaller than either the red or white corpuscles, found in the blood. [Gr. haima, haimat-os, blood, blastos, a germ.]

Hæmatocele, Hem-, hē′ma-to-sēl, n. a tumour containing blood. [Gr. haima, blood, kēlē, a tumour.]

Hæmatology, hē-ma-tol′o-ji, n. the branch of biology which relates to the blood.

Hæmatosis, hē-ma-tō′sis, n. the formation of blood, the conversion of venous into arterial blood.—n. Hæmatō′sin, hæmatin.

Hæmatoxylin, Hem-, hē-ma-tok′si-lin, n. a dye obtained from the logwood-tree. [Gr. haima, blood, xylon, wood.]

Hæmatozoa, hē-ma-to-zō′a, n. parasites occurring in the blood. [Gr. haima, haimat-os, blood, zōon, an animal.]

Hæmaturia, hē-ma-tū′ri-a, n. the discharge of blood with the urine, usually from disease of the kidneys or bladder. [Gr. haima, blood, ouron, urine.]

Hæmoglobin, Hem-, hē-mo-glō′bin, n. the red substance in the red blood-corpuscles. [Gr. haima, blood, L. globus, a ball.]

Hæmony, hē′mo-ni, n. a plant with sovereign properties against magic, &c., in Milton's Comus. [Prob. formed from Gr. haimōnios, blood-red.]

Hæmophilia, hē-mo-fil′i-a, hem-o-, n. a constitutional tendency to excessive bleeding when any blood-vessel is even slightly injured.

Hæmophthalmia, hē-mof-thal′mi-a, n. effusion of blood into the eye. [Gr. haima, blood, ophthalmos, the eye.]

Hæmoptysis, hē-mop′ti-sis, n. expectoration of blood. [Gr. haima, blood, ptysis, a spitting.]

Hæmorrhage, Hem-, hem′or-āj, n. a discharge of blood from the blood-vessels.—adj. Hæmorrhag′ic. [Gr. haimorrhagia—haima, blood, rhēgnynai, to burst.]

Hæmorrhoids, Hem-, hem′or-oidz, n.pl. dilated veins liable to discharge blood, esp. piles.—adj. Hæmorrhoid′al. [Gr. haimorrhoides—haima, blood, rhein, to flow.]

Hæmostasia, hē-mo-stā′si-a, n. stagnation of blood in any part: any operation for arresting the flow of blood, as the ligation of an artery.—adj. Hæmostat′ic, stopping or preventing hæmorrhage, styptic. [Gr. haima, blood, stasis, a standing.]

Haffet, haf′et, n. (Scot.) the side of the head, the temples. [Prob. half-head—A.S. healf-héafod.]

Haft, haft, n. a handle.—v.t. to set in a haft: to establish firmly. [A.S. hæft; Ger. heft.]

Hag, hag, n. an ugly old woman, originally a witch: one of the Round Mouths, allied to the lamprey.—adj. Hag′gish, hag-like.—adv. Hag′gishly.—adj. Hag′-rid′den, ridden by witches, as a horse: troubled by nightmare.—ns. Hag′-seed, a witch's offspring; Hag′ship, the personality of a hag; Hag′weed, the common broom, a broomstick being usually bestridden by a witch in her flight through the air. [A.S. hægtesse, a witch; Ger. hexe.]

Hag, hag, n. (Scot.) any broken ground in a moss or bog: brushwood to be cut down.

Hagberry, hag′ber-i, n. the bird-cherry—sometimes Hack′berry. [Prob. Scand.; Ice. heggr.]

Haggada, ha-gä′da, n. a free Rabbinical homiletical commentary on the whole Old Testament, forming, together with the Halacha, the Midrash, but from its especial popularity often itself styled the Midrash—also Haggä′dah, Agä′dah.—adjs. Haggad′ic, Haggadist′ic, pertaining to the Haggada, said of free interpretation, opposed to Halachic or legal.—n. Hagg′adist. [Heb.]

Haggard, hag′ard, adj. lean: hollow-eyed: wild, applied to an untrained hawk—(arch.) Hagg′ed.—n. Hagg′ard, a hawk.—adv. Hagg′ardly. [O. Fr. hagard, prob. related to haie, hedge.]

Haggis, hag′is, n. a Scotch dish made of the heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep, calf, &c., chopped up with suet, onions, oatmeal, &c., seasoned and boiled in a sheep's stomach-bag. [Ety. unknown; not Fr. hachis, hash, assimilated with hag, hack.]

Haggle, hag′l, v.t. to cut unskilfully: to mangle.—v.i. to be slow and hard in making a bargain: to stick at trifles, to cavil.—n. Hagg′ler. [A variant of hackle, itself a freq. of hack, to cut.]

Hagiarchy, hā′ji-ar-ki, n. government by priests.—Also Hagioc′racy. [Gr. hagios, sacred, archē, rule.]

Hagiographa, hag-i-og′ra-fa, n.pl. the last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, comprehending the books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Ruth, Esther, Chronicles, Canticles, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes.—adj. Hagiog′raphal.—n. Hagiog′rapher, one of the writers of the Hagiographa: a sacred writer.—adjs. Hagiograph′ic, -al, pertaining to the Hagiographa. [Gr. hagiographa (biblia)—hagios, holy, graphein, to write.]

Hagiology, hag-i-ol′o-ji, n. history of saints.—n. Hagiog′rapher, a writer of saints' lives.—adjs. Hagiograph′ic, -al, pertaining to the writing of saints' lives.—ns. Hagiog′raphy, the lives of saints as a branch of literature; Hagiol′ater, one who worships saints; Hagiol′atry, the worship of saints.—adjs. Hagiolog′ic, -al.—n. Hagiol′ogist, one versed in the legends of saints. [Gr. hagios, holy, logia, discourse.]

Hagioscope, hag′-, or hā′ji-o-skōp, n. an oblique opening in the screen or chancel wall of a church to afford a view of the chief altar to those in a side chapel or aisle, a squint.—adj. Hagioscop′ic. [Gr. hagios, holy, skopein, to look.]

Ha-ha, Hawhaw, haw-haw′, n. a sunk fence, or a ditch not seen till close upon it.

Hahnemannian, hä-ne-man′i-an, adj. of or relating to C. F. S. Hahnemann (1755-1843), founder of the homeopathic method of treatment.

Haiduk, hī′duk, n. one of those, from the forests of eastern Hungary, who in the 16th century maintained a guerilla warfare against the Turks. [Hung. hajduk, pl. of hajdu, a cowherd.]

Haik, haik, n. an oblong piece of cloth which Arabs wrap round the head and body.—Also Haick, Haique, Hyke.

Haikh, haih, n. a branch of the Iranic group of Aryan languages, including Armenian and Ossetian: the native name of Armenia.—adj. Armenian.

Hail, hāl, v.t. to greet: to call to, at a distance: to address one passing.—n. a call: greeting.—interj. or imper. (lit.) may you be in health.—n. Hail′-fell′ow, a familiar friend.—adj. on hearty and intimate terms—'Hail, fellow! well met,' often used as a kind of descriptive adjective.—Hail from, to come from. [Ice. heill, health.]

Hail, hāl, n. frozen rain or particles of ice falling from the clouds.—v.i. to rain hail.—v.t. to pour down in rapid succession.—ns. Hail′shot, small shot which scatters like hail; Hail′stone, a single stone or ball of hail; Hail′-storm, a storm accompanied with hail.—adj. Hail′y. [A.S. hagol; Ger. hagel.]

Hain, hān, v.t. (Scot.) to save, preserve: to spare.—adj. Hained, saved, kept carefully.—n. Hain′ing, an enclosure. [Ice. hegna, to protect; cf. Sw. hägna; Dan. hegne.]

Hair, hār, n. a filament growing from the skin of an animal: the whole mass of hairs which forms a covering for the head or the whole body: (bot.) minute hair-like processes on the cuticle of plants: anything very small and fine: particular course, quality, or character: (mech.) a locking spring or other safety contrivance in the lock of a rifle, &c., capable of being released by a slight pressure on a hair-trigger.—ns. Hair′breadth, Hair's′-breadth, the breadth of a hair (Hairbreadth 'scape, a very narrow escape): a very small distance; Hair′-brush, a brush for the hair; Hair′cloth, cloth made partly or entirely of hair; Hair′dresser, one who dresses or cuts hair: a barber.—adj. Haired, having hair—as black-haired, fair-haired, &c.—ns. Hair′-grass, a kind of grass found generally on poor soil, the bracts of whose florets are generally awned near the base; Hair′iness.—adj. Hair′less, without hair.—ns. Hair′-line, a line made of hair, used in fishing: a slender line made in writing or drawing: (print.) a very thin line on a type; Hair′-oil, perfumed oil used in dressing the hair; Hair′-pen′cil, an artist's brush made of a few fine hairs; Hair′-pin, a pin used in hairdressing; Hair′-pow′der, a white powder for dusting the hair; Hair′-shirt, a penitent's shirt of haircloth; Hair′-space, the thinnest metal space used by compositors; Hair′-split′ter, one who makes too nice distinctions; Hair′-split′ting, the art of making minute and over-nice distinctions; Hair′spring, a very fine hair-like spring coiled up within the balance-wheel of a watch; Hair′-stroke, in writing, a fine stroke with the pen: a hair-line; Hair′-trigg′er, a trigger which discharges a gun or pistol by a hair-like spring; Hair′-work, work done or something made with hair, esp. human; Hair′worm, a worm, like a horse-hair, which lives in the bodies of certain insects.—adj. Hair′y, of or resembling hair: covered with hair.—Against the hair, against the grain: contrary to what is natural; A hair of the dog that bit him, a smaller dose of that which caused the trouble, esp. used of the morning glass after a night's debauch—a homeopathic dose; Comb a person's hair the wrong way, to irritate or provoke him; Keep one's hair on (slang) to keep cool; Make the hair stand on end, to give the greatest astonishment or fright to another; Not to turn a hair, not to be ruffled or disturbed; Put up the hair, to dress the hair up on the head instead of wearing it hanging; Split hairs, to make superfine distinctions; To a hair, To the turn of a hair, exactly, with perfect nicety. [A.S. hǽr, Ger., Dut., and Dan. haar, &c.]

Hake, hāk, n. a gadoid fish resembling the cod—varieties are the Silver Hake, the Merluccio, the Squirrel-hake, &c.—ns. Hā′ked, Hac′ot (prov.), the pike (A.S. hacod; Ger. hecht). [Prob. Scand.; cf. Norw. hake-fisk, lit. 'hook-fish.']

Hake, hāk, n. (prov.) a hook, esp. a pot-hook: a pike. [Prob. Ice. haki; cf. Dut. haak.]

Halachah, Halakah, Halacha, ha-lak′ä, n. an amplification of points not explicitly set forth in the Mosaic law, deduced from it by analogy, and arranged in the collection of legal precepts designated Halachoth.—adj. Halach′ic, pertaining to halachoth, legal as opposed to homiletic or haggadic. [Heb.,—hālak, to walk.]

Halation, ha-lā′shun, n. a halo-like appearance in a photograph, caused by reflection of light.

Halberd, hal′bėrd, n. a weapon consisting of a wooden shaft some six feet long, surmounted by an axe-like instrument balanced on the opposite side by a hook or pick.—n. Halberdier′, one armed with a halberd. [O. Fr. halebard—Mid. High Ger. helmbarde (Ger. hellebarde)—halm, handle, or helm, helmet; Old High Ger. barta (Ger. barte), an axe.]

Halcyon, hal′si-un, n. the kingfisher, once believed to make a floating nest on the sea, which remained calm while it was hatching.—adj. calm: peaceful: happy—hence Halcyon-days, a time of peace and happiness. [L.,—Gr., alkyōn; as if hals, the sea, kyein, to conceive.]

Hale, hāl, adj. healthy: robust: sound of body.—n. (Spens.) welfare.—n. Hale′ness. [Northern A.S. hál; the S. forms hôl, hool, produce whole. There is a parallel N. form from Norse heill.]

Half, häf, n. one of two equal parts: a contraction of half-year, as in a school session:—pl. Halves (hävz).—adj. having or consisting of one of two equal parts: being in part: incomplete, as measures.—adv. in an equal part or degree: in part: imperfectly.—v.i. to divide into two equal parts.—ns. Half′-and-half, a mixture of beer or porter and ale; Half′-back, in football, a position on the right or left side of the field, between the quarter-back and full-back, or directly behind the forwards: a player occupying this position.—adj. Half′-baked, underdone: incomplete: half-witted.—v.t. Half′-baptise′, to baptise privately and hastily.—ns. Half′-bind′ing, a style of bookbinding in which the backs and corners are of leather, and the sides of paper or cloth; Half′-blood, relation between those who are of the same father or mother, but not of both.—adj. Half′-blood′ed.—ns. Half′-board (naut.), a manœuvre by which a sailing-ship gains distance to windward by luffing up into the wind; Half′-boot, a boot reaching half-way to the knee.—adj. Half′-bound, bound only partly in leather, as a book.—n. Half′-breed, one that is half-blooded.—adj. Half′-bred, half or not well bred or trained: wanting in refinement.—ns. Half′-broth′er, Half′-sis′ter, a brother or sister by one parent only; Half′-cap (Shak.), a cap only partly taken off: a slight salute; Half′-caste, a person one of whose parents belongs to a Hindu caste, and the other is a European: any half-breed; Half′-cheek (Shak.), a face in profile; Half′-cock, the position of the cock of a gun when retained by the first notch (see Cock); Half′-crown, a silver coin in England, of the value of two shillings and sixpence.—adj. Half′-dead, almost dead, nearly exhausted.—n. Half′-doll′ar, a silver coin of the United States, worth 50 cents.—adj. Half′-done, not fully cooked, roasted, &c.—n. Half′-doz′en, six.—adjs. Half′-ed′ucated, imperfectly educated; Half′en (Spens.), half.—adv. Half′endeal (Spens.), half.—adjs. Half′-faced (Shak.), showing only part of the face: wretched-looking; Half′-heart′ed, cold, ungenerous: lukewarm: indifferent.—adv. Half′-heart′edly.—ns. Half′-heart′edness; Half′-holiday, half of a working day for recreation; Half′-kir′tle, a kind of jacket worn by women in the 16th and 17th centuries; Half′-length, a portrait or photograph showing the upper part of the body.—adj. of half-length.—ns. Half′ling, a half-grown person, between a boy and a man; Half′-mast, the position of a flag lowered half-way down, in respect for the dead or in signal of distress; Half′-meas′ure, any means inadequate for the end proposed; Half′-moon, the moon at the quarters when but half of it is illuminated: anything semicircular; Half′-mourn′ing, a mourning costume less than deep or full mournings.—adj. Half′-nā′ked, as nearly naked as clothed.—ns. Half′-note (mus.), a minim, being one-half of a semibreve or whole note; Half′-one (golf), a handicap of one stroke every second hole; Half′-pay, reduced pay, as of naval or military officers when not in active service.—adj. receiving half-pay.—ns. Halfpenny (hā′pen-i), a copper coin worth half a penny: the value of half a penny: (Shak.) anything very small:—pl. Halfpence (hā′pens); Half′pennyworth, the worth or value of a halfpenny; Half′-pike, a pike with a shaft only half the length of the ordinary; Half′-price, a reduced charge of admission, &c.—adj. at half the usual prices.—adj. Half′-round (Milt.), semicircular.—ns. Half′-roy′al, a special kind of millboard or pasteboard; Half′-shell, one-half of a bivalve, as in oysters 'on the half-shell.'—adj. Half′-sight′ed, short-sighted.—n. Half′-sov′ereign, an English gold coin, worth ten shillings.—adj. Half′-starved, having insufficient food.—ns. Half′-suit, the body armour of the 17th century; Half′-sword (Shak.), fight within half a sword's length: close fight; Half′-tide, the tide half-way between flood and ebb.—adj. left dry at half-tide.—ns. Half′-tim′er, one who works only half the usual time, esp. a pupil in an elementary school allowed to be absent half the school-day at some employment; Half′-tint, an intermediate tint; Half′-tī′tle, a short title of a book at the head of the first page of the text, or a title of any subdivision of a book when printed in a full page; Half′-truth, a statement conveying only part of the truth.—adv. Half′-way, at half the way or distance: imperfectly.—adj. equally distant from two points.—adjs. Half′-wit′ted, weak in intellect; Half′-year′ly, occurring at every half-year or twice in a year.—adv. twice in a year.—n. Bett′er-half, a wife.—Half-seas-over, half-drunk.—Not half, to a very slight extent: (slang) not at all.—Cry halves, to claim a half-share; Go halves, to share equally with a person. [A.S. healf (Ger. halb, Dan. halv); original meaning 'side.']

Halibut, hal′i-but, n. the largest kind of flat-fishes, in form more elongated than the flounder or the turbot.—Also Hol′ibut. [M. E. hali, holy, and butte, a flounder, plaice, the fish being much eaten on fast or holy days; cf. Dut. heilbot, Ger. heilbutt.]

Halidom, hal′i-dom, n. (Spens.) holiness—used chiefly as an oath. [A.S. hálig, holy, and affix -dom.]

Halieutics, hal-i-ū′tiks, n. a treatise on fishes or fishing. [L.,—Gr.,—hals, the sea.]

Haliotis, hal-i-ō′tis, n. a genus of univalve shells, the ear-shells, supplying mother-of-pearl.—adj. Hal′iotoid. [Gr. hals, sea, ous, ōtis, ear.]

Hall, hawl, n. a large room or passage at the entrance of a house: a large chamber for public business—for meetings, or for the sale of particular goods: an edifice in which courts of justice are held: a manor-house: the main building of a college, and in some cases, as at Oxford and Cambridge, the specific name of a college itself: an unendowed college: a licensed residence for students: the great room in which the students dine together—hence also the dinner itself: a place for special professional education, or for conferring professional degrees or licenses, as a Divinity Hall, Apothecaries' Hall.—ns. Hall′age, toll paid for goods sold in a hall; Hall′-door, the front door of a house.—A hall! a hall! a cry at a mask or the like for room for the dance, &c.; Bachelor's hall, a place free from the restraining presence of a wife; Liberty hall, a place where every one can do as he pleases. [A.S. heall; Dut. hal, Ice. holl, &c.]

Hallan, hal′an, n. (Scot.) a partition to keep out the cold between the door of a cottage and the fireplace.—n. Hallanshāk′er, a sturdy beggar.

Hallelujah, Halleluiah, hal-e-lōō′ya, n. the exclamation 'Praise (ye) the Lord' (Jah or Jehovah), which occurs in many songs and anthems: a song of praise to God, a musical composition based on the word, as the Hallelujah (chorus) in Handel's Messiah.—n. Hallel (hal-el′, hal′el), the hymn of praise chanted during the Passover supper, consisting of Psalms cxiii.-cxviii. inclusive. [Heb., 'Praise ye Jehovah,' halelu, praise ye, and Jāh, Jehovah.]

Hallion, hal′yon, n. a lazy rascal.—Also Hall′ian, Hall′yon.

Hall-mark, hawl′-märk, n. the authorised impression of certain symbols made on articles of gold and silver at the various assay offices in the United Kingdom to indicate their true value and the fineness of the metal: any mark of genuineness or good quality.—v.t. to assay and mark authoritatively.

Halloo, hal-lōō′, n. a hunting cry: a cry to draw attention.—v.i. to cry after dogs: to raise an outcry.—v.t. to encourage or chase with shouts.—interjs. Hallo′! Halloa′! used to call attention.—Halloo before one is out of the wood, to count on safety before one is out of danger. [Imit., A.S. éalá.]

Hallow, hal′ō, v.t. to make holy: to set apart for religious use: to reverence.—n. a saint.—ns. Hall′owe'en, the evening before All-Hallows or All-Saints' Day; Hall′owmas, the Feast of All-Saints, 1st November. [A.S. hálgian—hálig, holy.]

Hallucination, hal-lū-sin-ā′shun, n. error: delusion: the perception of things that do not externally exist.—v.i. Hallū′cinate, to suffer illusion.—adjs. Hallū′cinative, Hallū′cinatory, partaking of or tending to produce hallucination. [L. hallucinationem—alucināri, -ātus, to wander in mind.]

Hallux, hal′uks, n. the first or innermost digit of the foot, the great toe. [L. allex.]

Halm, Haulm, hawm, n. the stalk of any kind of grain. [A.S. healm; Ger. halm.]

Halma, hal′ma, n. a game played on a checkered board of 256 squares, by two or four persons, with thirteen to nineteen men each—also Hoppity: in the Greek pentathlon the long jump with weights in the hands. [Gr.,—hallesthai, to leap.]

Halo, hā′lō, n. a luminous circle round the sun or moon, due to the presence of ice-crystals in the air: (paint.) the bright ring round the heads of saints, hence any ideal or sentimental glory attaching to a thing:—pl. Halos (hā′lōz).—v.t. to surround with a halo.—n. Hal′oscope, an instrument exhibiting the phenomena connected with halos, parhelia, &c. [L. halos—Gr. halōs, threshing-floor.]

Halogen, hal′o-jen, n. a substance which by combination with a metal forms a saline compound.—adjs. Halog′enous; Ha′loid, like sea-salt.—ns. Hal′omancy, divination by means of salt; Hal′ophyte, the salt-wort, found in salt-marshes, &c. [Gr. hals, salt, genēs, producing.]

Halse, hawls, v.t. (Spens.) to clasp round the neck, to embrace.—n. (obs.) the neck, throat—(Scot.) Hawse. [A.S. heals, neck; Ger. hals.]

Halt, hawlt, v.i. to stop from going on: (mil.) to stop in a march.—v.t. to stop.—n. (mil.) a stop in marching. [Orig. a Ger. military term, halt, stoppage.]

Halt, hawlt, n. a halting or limping.—adj. lame, crippled, limping.—v.i. to be lame, to limp: to walk unsteadily: to vacillate: to proceed lamely or imperfectly, to be at fault, as in logic, rhythm, &c.—ns. Halt′ing; Halt′ing-place. [A.S. halt, healt; Dan. and Sw. halt.]

Halter, hawlt′ėr, n. a head-rope for holding and leading a horse: a rope for hanging criminals: a strong strap or cord.—v.t. to catch or bind with a rope. [A.S. hælftre; Ger. halfter.]

Halve, häv, v.t. to divide into halves or two equal parts: to join two pieces of timber by notching or lapping.—adj. Halved, divided into halves: (bot.) appearing as if one side were cut away.—n.pl. Halves (see Half).

Halyard, Halliard, hal′yard, n. (naut.) a rope or purchase for hoisting or lowering a sail, yard, or flag, named from their use or position, as 'peak-halyards,' 'signal-halyards,' &c. [Skeat explains it as hale and yard; more prob. merely hale-ier.]

Ham, ham, n. the back of the thigh: the thigh of an animal, esp. of a hog salted and dried. [A.S. hamm; cf. dial. Ger. hamme.]

Hamadryad, ham′a-drī-ad, n. (myth.) a wood-nymph who lived and died with the tree in which she dwelt:—pl. Ham′adryads, Hamadry′ades (-ēz). [Gr. hamadryas—hama, together, drys, a tree.]

Hamarthritis, ham-ar-thrī′tis, n. gout in all the joints. [Gr. hama, together, arthritis, gout.]

Hamartialogy, ham-ar-ti-al′o-ji, n. that section of theology which treats of the nature and effects of sin. [Gr. hamartia, sin, logia, discourse.]

Hamate, hā′māt, adj. hooked, uncinate.—adj. Ham′iform, hamate.

Hamble, ham′bl, v.t. to mutilate, to cut out the balls of a dog's feet, making him useless for hunting.—v.i. to walk lame, to limp. [A.S. hamelian.]

Hamburg, ham′burg, n. a black variety of grape—often Black Hamburg: a small-sized variety of the domestic fowl, with blue legs, including the Black, Gold- and Silver-pencilled, and Gold- and Silver-spangled Hamburgs.

Hame, hām, n. one of the two curved bars to which the traces are attached in the harness of a draught-horse. [Cf. Dut. haam, Low Ger. ham.]

Hamesucken, hām′suk-n, n. (Scots law) the assaulting of a man in his own house. [A.S. hám-sócn, lit. 'home seeking,' an attack upon a house, also the fine exacted for such; cf. Ger. heimsuchung.]

Hamiltonian, ham-il-tō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to James Hamilton (1769-1831), or his method of teaching languages without grammar, by a literal interlinear word-for-word translation: pertaining to the philosophy of Sir W. Hamilton (1788-1856).

Hamitic, ham-it′ik, adj. pertaining to Ham, a son of Noah, or the races that used to be called his descendants, or their languages.—n.pl. Ham′ites, a physical and linguistic group, stretching across the north of Africa—the African branch of the Caucasic family—comprising Berbers, the Fellahin, &c.

Hamlet, ham′let, n. a cluster of houses in the country: a small village.—adj. Ham′leted, located in a hamlet. [O. Fr. hamel (Fr. hameau), and dim. affix -et—from Teut., Old Fris. ham, a home, Ger. heim, A.S. hám, a dwelling.]

Hammam, ham′am, n. an Oriental bathing establishment, a Turkish bath.—Also Hum′maum, Hum′mum. [Ar.]

Hammer, ham′ėr, n. a tool for beating metal or driving nails: a striking-piece in the mechanism of a clock or piano: that part of the lock of a firearm which falls with a sharp blow and causes the discharge of the piece: the baton of an auctioneer, a knock from which signifies that an article is sold: a small bone of the ear, the malleus.—v.t. to drive, shape, or fashion with a hammer: to contrive by intellectual labour, to excogitate (with out): to declare (a person) a defaulter on the Stock Exchange: to beat down the price of (a stock), to depress (a market).—ns. Hamm′er-beam, a horizontal piece of timber in place of a tie-beam at or near the feet of a pair of rafters; Hamm′erhead, Hamm′er-fish, a rapacious fish of the shark family—from the shape of its head.—adj. Hamm′erheaded, with a head shaped like a hammer: dull in intellect, stupid.—n. Hamm′ering, a dented, appearance on silverware effected by successive blows of a hammer.—adj. Hamm′erless, without a hammer—of a gun.—n. Hamm′erman, a man who hammers, as a blacksmith, goldsmith, &c.—Hammer-and-tongs, with great noise and vigour, violently.—Bring to the hammer, to sell, or cause to sell, by auction; Up to the hammer, first-rate. [A.S. hamor; Ger. hammer, Ice. hamarr.]

Hammercloth, ham′ėr-kloth, n. the cloth which covers a coach-box. [Skeat thinks it an adaptation of Dut. hemal, heaven, a covering, with the addition of cloth, by way of giving a sort of sense.]

Hammochrysos, ham-o-krī′sos, n. a sparkling stone of the ancients, perhaps yellow micaceous schist. [Gr., hammos, sand, chrysos, gold.]

Hammock, ham′uk, n. a piece of strong cloth or netting suspended by the corners, and used as a bed by sailors. [Sp. hamaca, of Carib origin.]

Hamose, hā′mos, adj. hooked—also Hā′mous.—adjs. Ham′ular, like a small hook; Ham′ulate, having a small hook at the tip.—n. Ham′ulus, a small hook or hook-like process. [L. hamus, hook.]

Hamper, ham′pėr, v.t. to impede or perplex: to shackle.—n. a chain or fetter.—p.adj. Ham′pered, fettered, impeded.—adv. Ham′peredly.—n. Ham′peredness. [First about 1350, in Northern writers, prob. rel. to Ice. hemja (pt.t. hamdi), to restrain; Ger. hemmen.]

Hamper, ham′pėr, n. a large basket for conveying goods.—v.t. to put in a hamper.—ns. Han′ap, a large drinking-cup; Han′aper, an old name for a receptacle for treasure, paper, &c., long the name of an office in the Court of Chancery. [For hanaper—O. Fr. hanapier—hanap, a drinking-cup—Old High Ger. hnapf; A.S. hnæp, a bowl.]

Hamshackle, ham′shak-l, v.t. to shackle a cow or horse by a rope joined to the head and fore-leg: to fetter, restrain. [Hamper and shackle.]

Hamster, ham′stėr, n. a genus of rodent mammals of the family Muridæ, having cheek-pouches reaching back almost to the shoulders. [Ger.]

Hamstring, ham′string, n. the great tendon at the back of the knee or hock of the hind-leg of a quadruped.—v.t. to lame by cutting the hamstring.

Hance, hans, n. (naut.) a curved rise from a lower to a higher part—sometimes Hanch, Haunch: (archit.) the arc of smaller radius at the springing of an elliptical or many-centred arch—also Haunch. [O. Fr. hauce, haulce, rise.]

Hand, hand, n. the extremity of the arm below the wrist: that which does the duty of a hand by pointing, as the hand of a clock: the fore-foot of a horse: a measure of four inches: an agent or workman: (pl.) work-people in a factory: performance, agency, co-operation: power or manner of performing: skill: possession: style of handwriting, sign-manual: side: direction: the set of cards held by a single player at whist, &c.: a single round at a game.—v.t. to give with the hand: to lead or conduct: (naut.) to furl, as sails.—ns. Hand′-bag, a bag for small articles, carried in the hand; Hand′-ball, the sport of throwing and catching a ball; Hand′-barr′ow, a barrow without a wheel, carried by men: Hand′-bas′ket, a small portable basket; Hand′-bell, a small bell held by the hand when rung, a table-bell; Hand′bill, a pruning-hook used in the hand: a bill or loose sheet with some announcement; Hand′book, a manual or book of reference: a guide-book for travellers; Hand′breadth, the breadth of a hand: a palm; Hand′-cart, a small cart drawn by hand.—adj. Hand′ed (Milt.), with hands joined: (Shak.) having a hand of a certain sort.—ns. Hand′er; Hand′fast, a firm grip, handle: a contract, esp. a betrothal.—adj. bound, espoused: tight-fisted.—adj. Hand′fasted, betrothed.—n. Hand′fasting, betrothal: a private or even probationary form of marriage.—adj. Hand′-foot′ed, having feet like hands, chiropod.—ns. Hand′ful, as much as fills the hand: a small number or quantity:—pl. Hand′fuls; Hand′-gall′op, an easy gallop, in which the speed of the horse is restrained by the bridle-hand; Hand′-glass, a glass or small glazed frame used to protect plants: a small mirror; Hand′-grenade′, a grenade to be thrown by the hand; Hand′grip, grasp, grip, close struggle; Hand′icuffs, Hand′ycuffs, fighting hand to hand.—adj. Hand′less, awkward.—ns. Hand-line, a fishing-line worked by hand without a rod; Hand′-list, a list for easy reference; Hand′-loom, a weaver's loom worked by hand, as distinguished from a power-loom.—adj. Hand′-made, manufactured by hand, not by a machine.—ns. Hand′maid, Hand′maiden, a female servant; Hand′-mill, a mill worked by hand for coffee, pepper, &c., a quern; Hand′-or′gan, a portable organ, played by means of a crank turned by the hand; Hand′-pā′per, a particular make of paper, early in use at the Record Office, with the water-mark of a hand pointing; Hand′-post, a finger-post, guide; Hand′-prom′ise, a form of betrothal amongst the Irish peasantry; Hand′rail, a rail supported by balusters, as in staircases, to hold by.—adv. phrase, Hand′-run′ning, straight on, continuously.—ns. Hand′-saw, a saw manageable by the hand—also the same as Hern′shaw, in the proverb, 'not to know a hawk from a handsaw;' Hand′-screen, a small screen used to protect the face from the heat of the fire or sun; Hand′-screw, an appliance for raising heavy weights, a jack; Hand′spike, a bar used with the hand as a lever.—n.pl. Hand′staves (B.), probably javelins.—ns. Hands′-turn, a helping hand, aid; Hand′work, work done by hand, as distinguished from machinery; Hand′writing, the style of writing peculiar to each person: writing.—adj. Hand′-wrought, made with the hands, not by machinery.—Hand and [in] glove (with), on very intimate terms; Hand down, to transmit in succession; Hand in hand, in union, conjointly; Hand of God, a term used for unforeseen unpreventable accidents, as lightning, tempest, &c.; Hand over hand, by passing the hands alternately one before or above the other; Hand over head, rashly; Hands down, with ease; Hands off! keep off! refrain from blows! Hands up, a bushranger's call to surrender; Hand to hand, at close quarters; Hand to mouth, without thought for the future, precariously.—A bird in the hand, any advantage at present held; A cool hand, a person not easily abashed; At any hand, In any hand (Shak.), at any rate, in any case; At first hand, from the producer or seller, or from the first source direct; At hand, near in place or time; At second hand, from an intermediate purchaser or source; Bear a hand, make haste to help; Bear in hand (Shak.), to keep in expectation; Be hand and glove, to be very intimate and familiar; Believed on all hands, generally believed; Bloody, or Red, hand, granted to baronets of Great Britain and Ireland in 1611; By the strong hand, by force; Cap in hand, humbly; Change hands, to pass from one owner to another; Come to one's hand, to be easy to do; Dead man's hand, Hand-of-glory, a charm to discover hidden treasure, &c., made from a mandrake root, or the hand of a man who has been executed, holding a candle; For one's own hand, on one's own account; From good hands, from a reliable source; Gain the upper hand, to obtain the mastery; Get one's hand in, to become familiar with.—Handwriting on the wall, any sign foreshadowing disaster (from Dan. v. 5).—Have a hand in, to be concerned in; Have clean hands, to be honest and incorruptible; Have full hands, to be fully occupied; Hold hand (Shak.), to compete successfully; Hold in hand, to restrain; In hand, as present payment: in preparation: under control; Kiss the hand, in token of submission; Lay hands on, to seize; Laying on of hands, the laying on of the hands of a bishop or presbyters in ordination; Lend a hand, to give assistance; Off-hand, Out of hand, at once, immediately, without premeditation; Off one's hands, no longer under one's responsible charge; Old hand, one experienced, as opposed to Young hand; On all hands, on all sides; On hand, ready, available: in one's possession; On one's hands, under one's care or responsibility; Poor hand, an unskilful one; Second-hand, inferior, not new; Set the hand to, to engage in, undertake; Show one's hand, to expose one's purpose to any one; Stand one's hand (slang), to pay for a drink to another; Strike hands, to make a contract; Take in hand, to undertake; Take off one's hands, to relieve of something troublesome; To one's hand, in readiness; Under one's hand, with one's proper signature attached; Wash one's hands (of), to disclaim the responsibility for anything (Matt. xxvii. 24); With a heavy hand, oppressively; With a high hand, without taking other people into consideration, audaciously. [A.S. hand; in all Teut. tongues, perh. rel. to Goth. hinthan, to seize.]

Handcuff, hand′kuf, n. esp. in pl. Hand′cuffs, shackles for the hand locked upon the wrists of a prisoner.—v.t. to put handcuffs on:—pr.p. hand′cuffing; pa.p. hand′cuffed (-kuft). [Hand and cuff.]

Handicap, hand′i-kap, v.t. to impose special disadvantages or impediments upon in order to offset advantages, and make a better contest—in a horse-race the superior horse carries a heavier weight, while foot-runners are placed at different distances, or start at different times: (fig.) to place at a disadvantage by some burden or disability.—n. any contest so adjusted, or the condition imposed.—n. Hand′icapper, one who handicaps. [Hand in the cap, from the usage in an ancient kind of sport and method of settling a bargain by arbitration.]

Handicraft, hand′i-kraft, n. a manual craft or trade.—n. Hand′icraftsman, a man skilled in a manual art:—fem. Hand′icraftswoman.

Handiwork, Handywork, hand′i-wurk, n. work done by the hands, performance generally: work of skill or wisdom: creation.

Handkerchief, hang′kėr-chif, n. a piece of linen, silk, or cotton cloth for wiping the nose, &c.: a neckerchief.—Throw the handkerchief, to call upon next—from the usage in a common game.

Handle, hand′l, v.t. to touch, hold, or use with the hand: to make familiar by frequent touching: to manage: to discuss: to practise: to trade or do business in.—v.i. to use the hands.—n. that part of anything held in the hand: (fig.) that of which use is made: a tool: occasion, opportunity, pretext.—ns. Hand′ler, a person skilful in any special kind of manipulation; Hand′ling, the touching or managing with the hand: action: manner of touch.--A handle to the name, an adjunct of honour, as 'Dr,' 'Col.,' &c.; Give a handle, to furnish an occasion to. [A.S. handlian—hand, a hand.]

Handsel, Hansel, hand′sel, han′sel, n. the first sale or using of anything: earnest-money or part-payment by way of binding a bargain: (Scot.) a gift made on the first Monday of the year to a child or servant: a New-year's gift.—v.t. to give a handsel: to use or do anything the first time. [A.S. handselen, a giving into the hands of another; or Ice. handsal.]

Handsome, han′sum, adj. good-looking, well-proportioned, graceful: with dignity: liberal or noble: generous: ample.—adv. Hand′somely.—n. Hand′someness. [Hand and -some; cf. Dut. handzaam.]

Handy, han′di, adj. dexterous: ready to the hand: convenient: near.—adv. Hand′ily.—ns. Handi′ness; Hand′y-man, a man for doing odd jobs.

Handy-dandy, hand′i-dand′i, n. (Shak.) an old game among children, in which something is rapidly changed from one hand into the other, while another guesses in which hand it is. [A jingle on hand.]

Hang, hang, v.t. to hook or fix to some high point: to suspend: to decorate with pictures, &c., as a wall: to put to death by suspending and choking.—v.i. to be hanging, so as to allow of free motion: to lean, or rest for support: to drag: to hover or impend: to be in suspense: to linger:—pr.p. hang′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. hanged or hung.—n. action of hanging, bending down, &c.: a declivity: mode in which anything hangs: a slackening of motion: a hanging mass (Not a hang, not a bit, not in the least).—n. Hangabil′ity.—adj. Hang′able, liable to be hanged: punishable by hanging.—n. Hang′-dog, a low fellow.—adj. like such a fellow, esp. in his sneaking look.—ns. Hang′er, that on which anything is hung: a short sword, curved near the point; Hang′er-on, one who hangs on or sticks to a person or place: an importunate acquaintance: a dependent.—adj. Hang′ing, deserving death by hanging.—n. death by the halter: that which is hung, as drapery, &c.:—used chiefly in pl.—ns. Hang′ing-butt′ress, a buttress not standing solid on a foundation, but hanging or supported on a corbel; Hang′man, a public executioner; Hang′nail (see Agnail).—n.pl. Hang′-nests, a family of finch-like perching birds peculiar to America—often called American orioles, many weaving curious purse-like nests.—Hang back, to hesitate; Hang by a thread, to be in a very precarious position—from the sword of Damocles; Hang, draw, and quarter, to execute by hanging, cutting down while still alive, disembowelling, and cutting the body in pieces for exposure at different places; Hang fire, to be long in exploding or discharging, as a gun: to hesitate; Hang in doubt, to remain in a state of uncertainty; Hang in the balance, to be in doubt or suspense; Hang off, to let go, to hold off; Hang on, to cling to, to regard with admiration: to depend upon: to weigh down or oppress: to be importunate; Hang out (slang), to lodge or reside; Hang over, to project over; Hang together, to keep united; Hang up one's hat, to make one's self completely at home in a house. [A.S. hangian, causal form of hón, pa.t. heng, pa.p. hangen; Dut. and Ger. hangen, Goth. hahan.]

Hank, hangk, n. two or more skeins of thread tied together: a string, clasp, or other means of fastening. [Ice. hanki, a hasp.]

Hanker, hangk′ėr, v.i. to long for with eagerness: to linger about (with after, for).—n. Hank′ering, a lingering craving for something. [A freq. of hang, in sense to hang on; cf. Dut. hunkeren.]

Hanky-panky, hangk′i-pangk′i, n. jugglery, trickery. [A meaningless jingle, like hocus-pocus, &c.]

Hanoverian, han-o-vē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Hanover, as of the brown rat, and the dynasty that came to the throne of England in 1714.—n. a supporter of the house of Hanover, as opposed to a Jacobite.

Hansard, han′sard, n. a name applied to the printed reports of the debates in parliament, from Luke Hansard (1752-1828), whose descendants continued to print these down to the beginning of 1889.—v.t. Han′sardise, to confront a member with his former opinions as recorded in his speeches in Hansard.

Hanse, hans, n. a league.—adjs. Hanse, Hanseat′ic, applied to certain commercial cities in Germany whose famous league for mutual defence and commercial association began in a compact between Hamburg and Lübeck in 1241.—ns. Han′aster, Han′ster, the ancient Oxford name for persons paying the entrance-fee of the guild-merchant, and admitted as freemen of the city. [O. Fr. hanse—Old High Ger. hansa, a band of men (Ger. hanse).]

Hansom-cab, han′sum-kab, n. a light two-wheeled cab or hackney-carriage with the driver's seat raised behind. [From the name of the inventor, Joseph Aloysius Hansom, 1803-82.]

Hantle, han′tl, n. (Scot.) a considerable number. [Cf. Dan. antal, Dut. aantal, Ger. anzahl. Some explain as hand and tale, number.]

Hap, hap, n. chance: fortune: accident.—v.i. to befall.—n. Hap-haz′ard, that which happens by hazard: chance, accident.—adj. chance, accidental.—adv. at random.—adv. Hap-haz′ardly.—n. Hap-haz′ardness.—adj. Hap′less, unlucky: unhappy.—adv. Hap′lessly.—n. Hap′lessness.—adv. Hap′ly, by hap, chance, or accident: perhaps: it may be.—v.i. Happ′en, to fall out: to take place: to chance to be.—n. Happ′ening. [Ice. happ, good luck.]

Hap, hap, v.t. (Scot.) to wrap up from the cold or rain.—n. a cloak or other covering.

Haplodon, hap′lō-don, n. a peculiar terrestrial rodent regarded as a connecting-link between beavers and squirrels, its single species (H. rufus) popularly known as the Sewellel, Boomer, and Mountain Beaver. [Gr. haploos, single, odous, odontos, tooth.]

Haplography, hap-log′raf-i, n. the inadvertent writing of a letter or word, or series of letters or words, once, when it should be written twice. [Gr. haploos, single, graphia, graphein, to write.]

Happy, hap′i, adj. lucky, successful: possessing or enjoying pleasure or good: secure of good: furnishing enjoyment: dexterous, apt, felicitous.—v.t. (Shak.) to make happy.—v.t. Happ′ify, to make happy.—adv. Happ′ily.—n. Happ′iness.—adj. Happ′y-go-luck′y, easy-going: taking things as they come.—adv. in any way one pleases.—Happy despatch, a euphemism for the Hara-kiri (q.v.). [Hap.]

Haqueton, hak′ton, n. a stuffed jacket worn under the mail—same as Acton (q.v.).

Hara-kiri, har′a-kir′e, n. involuntary suicide by disembowelment, formerly practised in Japan by daimios and members of the military class, unable to outlive disgrace, or in order to anticipate execution. [Japanese hara, belly, kiri, cut.]

Harangue, ha-rang′, n. a loud speech addressed to a multitude: a popular, pompous address.—v.i. to deliver a harangue.—v.t. to address by a harangue:—pr.p. haranguing (-rang′ing); pa.p. harangued (-rangd′).—n. Harang′uer. [O. Fr. arenge, harangue, from Old High Ger. hring (Ger. ring), a ring of auditors.]

Harass, har′as, v.t. to fatigue: to annoy or torment.—p.adj. Har′assed.—adv. Har′assedly.—n. Har′asser.—p.adj. Har′assing.—adv. Har′assingly.—n. Har′assment. [O. Fr. harasser; prob. from harer, to incite a dog.]

Harbinger, här′bin-jėr, n. a forerunner, pioneer, originally one who goes forward to provide lodging.—v.t. to precede, as a harbinger. [M. E. herbergeour. See Harbour.]

Harbour, här′bur, n. any refuge or shelter: a port for ships—obs. form Har′borough.—v.t. to lodge or entertain: to protect: to possess or indulge, as thoughts.—v.i. to take shelter.—n. Har′bourage, place of shelter: entertainment.—n.pl. Har′bour-dues, charges for the use of a harbour.—n. Har′bourer, one who harbours or entertains.—adj. Har′bourless.—n. Har′bour-mas′ter, the public officer who has charge of a harbour.—Harbour of refuge, a harbour constructed to give shelter to ships on some exposed coast: any protection for one in distress. [M. E. herberwe—an assumed A.S. herebeorg—here, army, beorg, protection; cf. Ger. herberge, Ice. herbergi.]

Hard, härd, adj. not easily penetrated, firm, solid: difficult to understand or accomplish: violent, vehement: rigorous: close, earnest, industrious: coarse, scanty: stingy, niggardly: difficult to bear, painful: unjust: difficult to please: unfeeling: severe: stiff: constrained: intractable, resistant in some use, as water, &c.: strong, spirituous: (of silk) without having the natural gum boiled off: surd or breathed, as opposed to sonant or voiced.—n. a firm beach or foreshore: hard labour.—adv. with urgency, vigour, &c.: earnestly, forcibly: with difficulty: close, near, as in Hard by.—adv. Hard-a-lee, close to the lee-side, &c.—adj. Hard′-and-fast′, rigidly laid down and adhered to.—adv. Hard aport! a command instructing the helmsman to turn the tiller to the left or port side of the ship, thus causing the ship to swerve to the right or starboard.—ns. Hard′-bake, a sweetmeat made of boiled sugar and almonds; Hard′beam, the hornbeam.—adjs. Hard′-billed, having a hard bill or beak—of birds; Hard′-bitt′en, given to hard biting, tough in fight; Hard′-cured, cured thoroughly, as fish, by drying in the sun.—n. Hard′-drink′er, a constant drunkard.—adj. Hard′-earned, earned with toil or difficulty.—v.t. Hard′en, to make hard or harder: to make firm: to strengthen: to confirm in wickedness: to make insensible.—v.i. to become hard or harder, either lit. or fig.—adj. Hard′ened, made hard, unfeeling.—n. Hard′ener.—adj. Hard′-fav′oured, having coarse features.—n. Hard′-fav′ouredness.—adj. Hard′-feat′ured, of hard, coarse, or forbidding features.—n. Hard′-feat′uredness.—adjs. Hard′-fist′ed, having hard or strong fists or hands: close-fisted: niggardly; Hard′-fought, sorely contested; Hard′-gott′en, obtained with difficulty; Hard′-grained, having a close firm grain: uninviting.—n. Hard′-hack, the steeple-bush, an erect shrub of the rose family, with rose-coloured or white flowers.—adjs. Hard′-hand′ed, having hard hands: rough: severe; Hard′-head′ed, shrewd, intelligent; Hard′-heart′ed, having a hard or unfeeling heart: cruel.—adv. Hard′-heart′edly.—n. Hard′-heart′edness.—adj. Hard′ish, somewhat hard.—n. Hard′-lā′bour, labour imposed on certain classes of criminals during their imprisonment.—adv. Hard′ly, with difficulty: scarcely, not quite: severely, harshly.—adj. Hard′-mouthed, having a mouth hard or insensible to the bit: not easily managed.—n. Hard′-pan, the hard detritus often underlying the superficial soil: the lowest level.—adjs. Hard′-ruled (Shak.), ruled with difficulty; Hard′-run, greatly pressed; Hard′-set, beset by difficulty: rigid; Hard′-shell, having a hard shell: rigidly orthodox.—ns. Hard′ship, a hard state, or that which is hard to bear, as toil, injury, &c.; Hard′-tack, ship-biscuit.—adj. Hard′-vis′aged, of a hard, coarse, or forbidding visage.—ns. Hard′ware, trade name for all sorts of articles made of the baser metals, such as iron or copper; Hard′wareman.—adj. Hard′-won, won with toil and difficulty.—n.pl. Hard′wood-trees, forest trees of comparatively slow growth, producing compact hard timber, as oak, ash, elm, walnut, beech, birch, &c.—Hard hit, seriously hurt, as by a loss of money: deeply smitten with love; Hard lines, a hard lot; Hard metal, an alloy of two parts of copper with one of tin for gun metal; Hard money, money emphatically, prop. coin; Hard of hearing, pretty deaf; Hard swearing, swearing (as a witness) persistently to what is false, perjury; Hard up, short of money.—Be hard put to it, to be in great straits or difficulty; Die hard, to die only after a desperate struggle for life. [A.S. heard; Dut. hard, Ger. hart, Goth. hardus; allied to Gr. kratys, strong.]

Hards, härdz, n.pl. also Hurds, coarse or refuse flax or hemp from which is made the coarse fabric Hard′en, Herd′en, Hurd′en.

Hardy, härd′i, adj. daring, brave, resolute: confident: impudent: able to bear cold, exposure, or fatigue.—ns. Hard′ihood, Hard′iness, Hard′iment (arch.).—adv. Hard′ily. [O. Fr. hardi—Old High Ger. hartjan, to make hard.]

Hare, hār, n. a common and very timid animal, with a divided upper lip and long hind-legs, which runs swiftly by leaps.—ns. Hare-and-hounds, a boys' game in which some set off on a long run across country, dropping pieces of paper (the scent) as they go, and others try to overtake, following their trail; Hare′bell, a plant with blue bell-shaped flowers.—adjs. Hare′-brained, giddy: heedless; Hare′-foot, swift of foot like a hare; Har′ish, somewhat like a hare.—n. Hare′-lip, a fissure in the upper human lip like that of a hare.—adj. Hare′-lipped.—n. Hare's′-ear, a genus of umbelliferous plants having yellow flowers.—First catch your hare, make sure you have a thing first before you think what to do with it—from a direction in Mrs Glasse's cookery-book, where catch, however, was a misprint for 'case'=skin; Hold with the hare and run with the hounds, to play a double and deceitful game, to be with both sides at once; Jugged hare, hare cut into pieces and stewed with wine and other seasoning; Mad as a March hare, from the gambols of the hare during the breeding season. [A.S. hara; Dut. haas, Dan. hare, Ger. hase.]

Hareld, har′eld, n. a genus of northern sea-ducks. [Norw. havella—hav, sea.]

Harem, hā′rem, n. the portion of a Mohammedan house allotted to females: the collection of wives and concubines belonging to one Mussulman. [Ar. haram, anything forbidden—harama, to forbid.]

Haricot, har′i-ko, -kot, n. a kind of ragout or stew of mutton and beans or other vegetables: the kidney-bean or French bean. [Fr. haricot.]

Hark, härk, interj. or imper. listen.—n. a whisper.—n. Hark′-back, a backward move.—Hark back, to revert to the original point. [Hearken.]

Harl, härl, v.t. (Scot.) to drag along the ground: to rough-cast a wall with lime.—v.i. to drag one's self: to troll for fish.—n. act of dragging: a small quantity, a scraping of anything.

Harleian, har-lē′an, här′li-an, adj. pertaining to Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford (1661-1724), and his son, Edward Harley, esp. in reference to the library of books and MSS. collected by them—the latter in the British Museum since 1753.

Harlequin, här′le-kwin, or -kin, n. the leading character in a pantomime, the lover of Columbine, in a tight spangled dress, with a wand, by means of which he is supposed to be invisible and to play tricks: a buffoon.—v.i. to play the harlequin.—n. Harlequināde′, the portion of a pantomime in which the harlequin plays a chief part.—Harlequin duck, a species of northern sea-duck, so called from its variegated markings. [Fr. harlequin, arlequin (It. arlecchino), prob. the same as O. Fr. Hellequin, a devil in medieval legend, perh. of Teut. origin.]

Harlock, här′lok, n. (Shak.) a flower not identified, not charlock=wild mustard, or hardock=burdock.

Harlot, här′lot, n. a woman who prostitutes her body for hire, a whore.—adj. wanton: lewd.—n. Har′lotry, prostitution, unchastity: (obs.) a woman given to such: meretriciousness. [O. Fr. herlot, arlot, a base fellow; origin dub., perh. from Old High Ger. karl (A.S. ceorl).]

Harm, härm, n. injury: moral wrong.—v.t. to injure.—adj. Harm′ful, hurtful.—adv. Harm′fully.—n. Harm′fulness.—adj. Harm′less, not injurious, innocent: unharmed.—adv. Harm′lessly.—n. Harm′lessness. [A.S. hearm; Ger. harm.]

Harmala, här′ma-la, n. wild rue—also Har′mel.—ns. Har′maline, a white crystalline alkaloid obtained from the seeds of wild rue; Har′malol, Har′mine, other alkaloids from the same source. [Gr., from Semitic; cf. Ar. harmil.]

Harman, här′man, n. (slang) a policeman—also Har′man-beck: (pl.) the stocks.

Harmattan, har-mat′an, n. a hot, dry, noxious wind which blows periodically from the interior of Africa to the Atlantic along the Guinea coast during December, January, and February. [Fanti.]

Harmonic, -al, har-mon′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to harmony: musical: concordant: recurring periodically.—n. a secondary tone, overtone; a note on a stringed instrument produced by lightly stopping a string: (math.) one of a class of functions that enter into the development of the potential of a nearly spherical mass due to its attraction.—adv. Harmon′ically.—n.pl. Harmon′ics, used as sing. the science of harmony or of musical sounds—as pl. consonances, the component sounds included in what appears to the ear to be a single sound.—adj. Harmō′nious, having harmony: symmetrical, congruous: concordant.—adv. Harmō′niously.—ns. Harmō′niousness; Harmonisā′tion.—v.i. Har′monīse, to be in harmony: to agree.—v.t. to make in harmony: to cause to agree: (mus.) to provide parts to.—ns. Harmonīs′er; Har′monist, one skilled in harmony: a musical composer.—Harmonic engine, an invention of Edison's, in which the energy of an electric current is used, by means of two small electro-magnets, to keep up the vibrations of a large and heavily-weighted tuning-fork whose arms are connected with two pistons working a miniature pump; Harmonic progression, a series of numbers the reciprocals of which are in arithmetical progression; Harmonic proportion, the relation of three quantities in harmonic progression—the 2d a harmonic mean between the 1st and 3d, as in the three numbers 2, 3, and 6; Harmonic triad, the common chord.

Harmonium, har-mō′ni-um, n. a reed-organ, esp. one in which the air is compressed in the bellows and driven thence through the reeds.—ns. Harmon′ica, the musical glasses—an instrument invented by Franklin, the sounds of which were produced from bell-shaped glasses placed on a framework that revolved on its centre, while the rims were touched by the moistened finger: a musical instrument consisting of a series of glass or metal plates played by striking with a small mallet: a mouth-organ or harmonicon; Harmon′icon, a mouth-organ: an acoustic apparatus by which a musical note is evolved when a long dry tube, open at both ends, is held over a jet of burning hydrogen; Harmon′iphone, a musical instrument played with a keyboard, in which the sounds are produced by reeds set in a tube, and vibrating under pressure from the breath; Harmō′niumist, one who plays the harmonium; Harmon′ograph, an instrument for tracing curves representing sonorous vibrations; Harmonom′eter, one for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds.

Harmony, här′mo-ni, n. a fitting together of parts so as to form a connected whole, agreement in relation: in art, a normal state of completeness and order in the relations of things to each other: (mus.) a simultaneous combination of accordant sounds: the whole chordal structure of a piece, as distinguished from its melody or its rhythm: concord, music in general: a collation of parallel passages regarding the same event arranged to demonstrate the substantial unity—as of the Gospels.—Harmony, or Music, of the spheres, a harmony formed by the regular movements of the heavenly bodies throughout space, determined by the relation to each other of the intervals of separation; Pre-established harmony, the designation of Leibnitz for his theory of the divinely established relation between body and mind—the movements of monads and the succession of ideas, as it were a constant agreement between two clocks. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. harmonia—harmos, a fitting—arein, to fit.]

Harmost, här′most, n. a Spartan governor of a subject city or province.—n. Har′mosty; the office of such.

Harmotome, här′mō-tōm, n. a hydrous silicate of aluminium and barium.—Also Cross-stone.

Harness, här′nes, n. the equipments of a horse: formerly, the armour of a man or horse: equipment for any kind of labour.—v.t. to equip with armour: to put the harness on a horse.—n. Har′ness-cask, a tub, a cask with rimmed cover on a ship's deck holding the salt meat for daily use.—Die in harness, to die at one's work. [O. Fr. harneis, armour; dubiously referred to Celt., as in Bret. harnez, old iron, also armour.]

Harns, härnz, n.pl. (Scot.) the brains. [A.S. hærnes, most prob. Norse hjarne; cf. Ger. hirn.]

Haro, hä′ro, n. an old term for a form of appeal in the Channel Islands, a demand for protection against harm, or for assistance to arrest an adversary.—Also Ha′row, Har′row (Spens.), a mere exclamation of distress. [O. Fr. haro, harou, of unknown origin; not ha Rou! an appeal to Rolf, Rollo, or Rou, the first Duke of Normandy.]

Harp, härp, n. a musical stringed instrument much esteemed by the ancients.—v.i. to play on the harp: to dwell tediously upon anything.—v.t. to give voice to.—ns. Harp′er, Harp′ist, a player on the harp.—n.pl. Harp′ings (naut.), the fore-parts of the wales surrounding the bow extensions of the rib-bands.—n. Harp′-shell, a genus of gasteropodous molluscs with inflated shell.—Harp on one string, to dwell constantly on one topic. [A.S. hearpe; Ger. harfe.]

Harpoon, här-pōōn′, n. a dart for striking and killing whales.—v.t. to strike with the harpoon.—ns. Harpoon′er, Harpooneer′, one who uses a harpoon; Harpoon′-gun, a gun from which a harpoon or toggle-iron may be discharged. [Fr. harpon—harpe, a clamp—L. harpa, Gr. harpē, sickle.]

Harpsichord, härp′si-kord, n. an old-fashioned keyed musical instrument, where the sound is produced by the twitching of the strings by a piece of crow-quill or hard leather. [O. Fr. harpechorde.]

Harpy, här′pi, n. (myth.) a rapacious and filthy monster, with the body of a woman and the wings, feet, and claws of a bird of prey, considered as a minister of the vengeance of the gods: (her.) a vulture with the head and breast of a woman: a South American eagle, larger than the golden eagle, and of great strength and rapacity: a rapacious person. [L. harpyia—Gr., pl. harpyiai, 'snatchers,' symbols of the storm-wind—harpazein, to seize.]

Harquebus, Harquebuse, Harquebuss, här′kwi-bus, n. Same as Arquebuse.

Harridan, har′i-dan, n. a vixenish old woman. [Prob. O. Fr. haridelle, a lean horse, a jade.]

Harrier, har′i-ėr, n. a small kind of dog with a keen smell, for hunting hares: (pl.) a name taken by some clubs of cross-country runners (see Hare-and-hounds). [Formed from hare, like graz-i-er.]

Harrovian, har-ō′vi-an, adj. pertaining to Harrow.—n. one educated at the public school there.

Harrow, har′ō, n. a frame of wood or iron toothed with spikes for smoothing and pulverising ploughed land, and for covering seeds sown.—v.t. to draw a harrow over: to harass: to tear.—adj. Harr′owing, acutely distressing to the mind.—adv. Harr′owingly.—n. Chain′-harr′ow, a harrow composed of rings for breaking clods of earth.—Under the harrow, in distress or anxiety. [A.S. hearge; cf. Ice. herfi, Dan. harv.]

Harry, har′i, v.t. to plunder: to ravage: to destroy: to harass:—pr.p. harr′ying; pa.p. harr′ied.—n. Harr′ier, one who, or that which, harries: a kind of hawk so named from its harrying or destroying small animals.—Harrying, or Harrowing, of hell, the spoiling of hell, the delivery by Christ, upon His descent into hell after the crucifixion, of the souls of patriarchs and prophets there held in bondage by Satan (1 Pet. iii. 19)—a favourite subject of Christian art, and of our own medieval writers of Mysteries. [A.S. hergian, from A.S. here, gen. herg-es, an army; Ger. heer.]

Harsh, härsh, adj. rough: bitter: jarring: abusive: severe: unkind.—v.t. Harsh′en, to render harsh.—adv. Harsh′ly.—n. Harsh′ness. [M. E. harsk, a northern word; cf. Sw. härsk and Dan. harsk, rancid, Ger. harsch, hard.]

Hart, härt, n. the stag or male deer from the age of six years, when the crown or sur-royal antler begins to appear:—fem. Hind.—ns. Hart′ebeest, Hart′beest, a South African antelope; Harts′horn, the antlers of the red deer: a solution of ammonia, orig. a decoction of the shavings of a hart's horn; Harts′tongue, a genus of widely distributed ferns, one species native to Britain, common in moist woods.—Hart of grease, a hart of the season when fat. [A.S. heort; Dut. hert, Ger. hirsch.]

Harum-scarum, hā′rum-skā′rum, adj. flighty: rash.—n. a giddy, rash person. [Prob. compounded of hare, from the sense of haste and fright, and scare.]

Haruspex, ha-rus′peks, n. (pl. Harus′pices) a soothsayer or diviner among the Etruscans, and from them adopted by the Romans, who foretold future events from the inspection of the entrails of animals offered in sacrifice—also Harus′pice.—ns. Haruspicā′tion, Harus′picy, divination as by a haruspex. [L., from an assumed haru, cog. with Sans. hirâ, entrails, and L. specĕre, to view.]

Harvest, här′vest, n. the time of gathering in the ripened crops: the crops gathered in: fruits: the product of any labour: consequences.—v.t. to reap and gather in.—ns. Har′vest-bug, -louse, -tick, a mite or tick of minute size, abundant late in summer, and very troublesome to people with delicate skins; Har′vester, a reaper in harvests; Har′vest-feast, the feast made at the ingathering of harvest; Har′vest-field, a field where a harvest is or has been; Har′vest-fly, in U.S. the popular name for a species of cicada; Har′vest-home, the bringing home of the harvest: the feast held at the bringing home of the harvest; Har′vest-lord, the head-reaper at the harvest; Har′vest-man (B.), a labourer in harvest; Har′vest-moon, the full moon nearest the autumnal equinox, rising nearly at the same hour for several days; Har′vest-mouse, a very small species of mouse, building its nest in the stalks of growing corn; Har′vest-queen, an image of Ceres, the queen or goddess of fruits, in ancient times carried about on the last day of harvest. [A.S. hærfest; Ger. herbst, Dut. herfst.]

Hash, hash, v.t. to hack: to mince: to chop small.—n. that which is hashed: a mixed dish of meat and vegetables in small pieces: a mixture and preparation of old matter: (Scot.) a stupid fellow.—adj. Hash′y.—Make a hash of, to spoil or ruin completely; Settle a person's hash (slang), to silence him: to make an end of him. [O. Fr.,—Fr. hacher—hache, hatchet.]

Hashish, hash′ish, -ēsh, n. name given to the leaves of the Indian hemp, from which an intoxicating preparation is made. See Bhang and Assassin. [Ar.]

Hask, hask, n. (Spens.) a fish-basket made of rushes. [Prob. from root of hassock.]

Haslet, has′let, n. the edible entrails of an animal, esp. the hog.—Also Hars′let. [O. Fr. hastelet, haste, a spit—L. hasta, a spear.]

Hasp, hasp, n. a clasp: the clasp of a padlock: a spindle: a skein of yarn.—v.t. to fasten with a hasp. [A.S. hæpse; Dan. and Ger. haspe.]

Hassock, has′uk, n. a thick cushion used as a footstool or for kneeling on in church: Kentish rag-stone. [A.S. hassuc; prob. W. hesg, sedge.]

Hastate, -d, hast′āt, -ed, adj. (bot.) spear-shaped.—Also Hast′iform. [L. hastātus—hasta, spear.]

Haste, hāst, n. speed, quickness, a hurry: rashness: vehemence.—vs.t. Haste, Hasten (hās′n), to put to speed: to hurry on: to drive forward.—vs.i. to move with speed: to be in a hurry:—pr.p. hāst′ing, hastening (hās′ning); pa.p. hāst′ed, hastened (hās′nd).—n. Hast′ener.—adv. Hast′ily.—n. Hast′iness, hurry: rashness: irritability.—adj. Hast′y, speedy: quick: rash: eager: passionate.—n. Hast′y-pudd′ing, flour, milk, or oatmeal and water porridge.—adj. Hast′y-wit′ted, rash.—Make haste, to hasten. [O. Fr. haste (Fr. hâte), from Teut.; cf. A.S. hǽst, Dut. haast, Ger. hast.]

Hat, hat, n. a covering for the head, generally with crown and brim: the dignity of a cardinal, so named from his red hat.—v.t. to provide with, or cover with, a hat.—ns. Hat′band, the ribbon round a hat, often a mourning-band; Hat′-box, a box in which a hat is carried; Hat′-peg, -rack, -rail, -stand, &c., a contrivance on which hats are hung.—adj. Hat′ted, covered with a hat.—ns. Hat′ter, one who makes or sells hats: a miner who works by himself; Hat′ting, giving a hat; Hat′-trick, any conjurer's trick with a hat: a House of Commons mode of securing a seat by placing one's hat on it: in cricket, the feat of a bowler who takes three wickets by three successive balls—deserving a new hat.—Chimney-pot, Cocked, and Crushed hat (see Chimney, Cock, Crush).—Hang up one's hat (see Hang); Mad as a hatter, completely insane: very angry; Pass round the hat, to beg for contributions, to take up a collection. [A.S. hæt, Dan. hat.]

Hatch, hach, n. a door with an opening over it, a wicket or door made of cross-bars; the covering of a hatchway.—v.t. to close as with a hatch.—ns. Hatch′-boat, a kind of half-decked fishing-boat; Hatch′way, the opening in a ship's deck into the hold, or from one deck to another.—Under hatches, below deck, off duty, under arrest. [A.S. hæc, a gate; Dut. hek, a gate.]

Hatch, hach, v.t. to produce, especially from eggs, by incubation: to originate: to plot.—v.i. to produce young: to be advancing towards maturity.—n. act of hatching: brood hatched.—ns. Hatch′er, one who, or that which, hatches; Hatch′ery, a place for hatching eggs, esp. those of fish, by artificial means.—Count the chickens before they are hatched, to depend too securely on some future and uncertain event. [Early M. E. hacchen, from an assumed A.S. hæccean; cf. Mid. High Ger. hecken, Sw. häcka.]

Hatch, hach, v.t. to shade by minute lines crossing each other in drawing and engraving.—n. Hatch′ing, the mode of so shading. [O. Fr. hacher, to chop.]

Hatchet, hach′et, n. a small axe used by one hand.—adjs. Hatch′et-faced, having a thin, sharp-featured face; Hatch′ety, like a hatchet.—Bury the hatchet, to put an end to war, from the habit of the North American Indians. [Fr. hachette, hacher, to chop.]

Hatchment, hach′ment, n. the arms of a deceased person within a black lozenge-shaped frame, meant to be placed on the front of his house. [Corrupted from achievement.]

Hate, hāt, v.t. to dislike intensely: to dislike: to despise relatively to something else.—n. extreme dislike: hatred.—adjs. Hate′able, deserving to be hated; Hate′ful, exciting hate: odious: detestable: feeling or manifesting hate.—adv. Hate′fully.—ns. Hate′fulness; Hat′er; Hat′red, extreme dislike: enmity: malignity. [A.S. hete, hate, hatian, to hate; Ger. hasz.]

Hathor, hath′or, n. name of an Egyptian goddess, ranked among the second class of deities, who was the daughter of Ra, the sun.

Hatti, hat′i, n. a Turkish decree of the highest authority, differing from a firman in being signed by the Sultan himself—in full, Hatti-sherif (sher-ēf′).

Hauberk, haw′bėrk, n. a tunic, worn by the Norman soldiers, covered with rings or mascles, reaching to the knees, slit at the sides or in the front and back for convenience in riding, though sometimes ending in short trousers, originally a piece of armour for the neck. [O. Fr. hauberc—Old High Ger. halsberg—hals, neck, bergan, to protect.]

Haugh, häh, n. (Scot.) a level plain, generally near a river. [A.S. healh, halh, a corner.]

Haughty, haw′ti, adj. proud: arrogant: contemptuous: (arch.) bold: (Spens.) high—Shakespeare has Haught.—adv. Haught′ily.—n. Haught′iness. [O. Fr. halt, haut, high—L. altus, high.]

Haul, hawl, v.t. to drag: to pull with violence.—v.i. to tug, to try to draw something: to alter a ship's course, to sail generally.—n. a pulling: a draught, as of fishes: a source of interest or profit.—ns. Haul′age, act of hauling: charge for hauling or pulling a ship or boat; Haul′er, Haul′ier.—Haul over the coals (see Coal); Haul off, or round, to turn a ship's course away from an object; Haul up, to come or bring to rest after hauling. [Hale.]

Hauld, häld, a Scotch form of hold, as in the prov. phrase, 'out of house and hauld'=homeless and completely destitute.

Haunch, hawnsh, n. the fleshy part of the hip and buttock: (Shak.) the hip, the hind-part, the rear: (archit.) the middle part between the vertex or crown and the springing of an arch.—adjs. Haunch′less; Haunch′y. [O. Fr. hanche; prob. Ger., Old High Ger. anchâ, leg.]

Haunch, hawnsh, v.t. (prov.) to throw with an underhand movement.—n. a jerked underhand throw.

Haunt, hawnt, v.t. to frequent: to follow importunately: to intrude upon continually: to inhabit or visit as a ghost.—v.i. to be much about: to appear or visit frequently.—n. a place much resorted to: (Shak.) habit of frequenting.—p.adj Haunt′ed, frequented, infested, esp. by ghosts or apparitions.—n. Haunt′er.—adv. Haunt′ingly. [O. Fr. hanter; acc. to Littré, a corr. of L. habitāre.]

Haustellum, haws-tel′um, n. the sucking organ or proboscis of an insect or a crustacean:—pl. Haustella.—adj. Haus′tellate, provided with such.

Haussmannize, hows′man-īz, v.t. to open out, widen, and straighten streets, and generally rebuild, as Baron Haussmann did to Paris when prefect of the Seine (1853-70).—n. Haussmannizā′tion.

Haustorium, haws-tō′ri-um, n. a small sucker of a parasitic plant, penetrating the tissues of the host:—pl. Haustō′ria.

Hautboy, hō′boi, n. an older form of Oboe (q.v.): a large kind of strawberry. [Fr. hautbois—haut, high, bois, wood.]

Hauteur, hō-tār′, n. haughtiness: arrogance.—adj. Haut (Milt.), haughty.—ns. Haut-goût, flavour, spice, a taint: a highly seasoned dish; Haut-pas, a dais; Haut′-relief′, high relief.—Haut ton, high fashion, people of high fashion. [Fr.]

Haüyne, hä′win, n. a rock-forming mineral, a silicate of alumina and soda or lime, with sodium and calcium sulphate. [Named from René Just Haüy, a French mineralogist (1743-1822).]

Havana, ha-van′a, n. a fine quality of cigar, named from Havana, the capital of Cuba, fondly supposed to be made there.—Also Havann′a(h).

Have, hav, v.t. to own or possess: to hold, contain: to hold control of: to grasp the meaning of: to allow to be done, to cause: to regard, hold in opinion, esteem: to obtain: to enjoy: to bear or beget: to effect: to be affected by: to get the better of, outwit, to have hold upon:—pr.p. hav′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. had.—ns. Hav′er, one who has or possesses, a holder: (Scots law) a term to denote the person in whose custody a document is; Hav′ing, act of possessing: possession, estate: behaviour: (Scot. esp. in pl.) good manners.—adj. greedy.—Have as good, lief, to be as willing; Have at, attack, thrust; Have done (with), to come to the end of one's dealings; Have it out, to have something finally settled; Have on, to wear; Have rather, to prefer; Have up, to call to account before a court of justice, &c. [A.S. habban, pa.t. hæfde, pa.p. gehæfd; Ger. haben, Dan. have.]

Havelock, hav′lok, n. a white cover for a military cap, with a long rear flap as a protection from the sun. [From Gen. Henry Havelock, 1795-1857.]

Haven, hā′vn, an inlet of the sea, or mouth of a river, where ships can get good and safe anchorage: any place of safety: an asylum.—v.t. to shelter.—p.adj. Hā′vened, sheltered, as in a haven. [A.S. hæfen; Dut. haven, Ger. hafen.]

Haver, hāv′ėr, v.i. (Scot.) to talk nonsense, or foolishly.—n. Hav′erel, a foolish person.—n.pl. Hav′ers, foolish talk.

Haversack, hav′ėr-sak, n. a bag of strong linen for a soldier carrying his rations in.—n. Hav′er (prov.), oats. [Fr. havresac—Ger. habersack, oat-sack—haber, hafer, oats.]

Haversian, hav-er′si-an, adj. pertaining to or named after Clopton Havers, a 17th-cent. English anatomist who investigated the blood-vascular system of bone.

Havildar, hav′il-dar, n. the highest rank of non-commissioned officer among native troops in India and Ceylon. [Pers.]

Havoc, hav′ok, n. general waste or destruction: devastation.—v.t. to lay waste.—interj. an ancient hunting or war cry. [O. Fr. havot, plunder, of Teut. origin.]

Haw, haw, n. a hedge or enclosure: a field: the berry of the hawthorn.—ns. Haw′-buck, a clown; Haw′finch, the common grosbeak; Haw′thorn, a shrub or small tree, much planted both for hedges and for ornament: the white flower of the hawthorn. [A.S. haga, a yard or enclosure; Dut. haag, a hedge, Ger. hag, a hedge, Ice. hagi, a field.]

Haw, haw, v.i. to speak with hesitation or a drawling manner, real or affected—hence adj. Haw-haw, in an affected tone of voice.—n. a hesitation in speech: loud vulgar laughter.—v.i. to guffaw, to laugh boisterously. [Imit.]

Haw, haw, n. the nictitating membrane or third eyelid, as of a horse; also a disease of this membrane.

Hawk, hawk, n. the name of several birds of prey allied to the falcons: a rapacious person.—v.i. to hunt birds with hawks trained for the purpose: to attack on the wing.—ns. Hawk′-bell, a small bell attached to a hawk's leg; Hawk′bit, a genus of plants of order Compositæ, closely related to the dandelion; Hawk′er.—adj. Hawk′-eyed.—n. Hawk′ing.—adj. Hawk′ish.—n. Hawk′-moth, a very large kind of moth, so called from its hovering motion.—adj. Hawk′-nosed, having a nose like a hawk's beak.—ns. Hawks′beard, a genus of annual and biennial plants of order Compositæ, closely related to hawkweed; Hawk′weed, a genus of perennial plants of order Compositæ.—Know a hawk from a handsaw (prob. for hernshaw), to be able to judge between things pretty well. [A.S. hafoc; Dut. havik, Ger. habicht, Ice. haukr.]

Hawk, hawk, v.i. to force up matter from the throat.—n. the effort to do this. [Imit.]

Hawked, hawkt, adj. (Scot.) spotted, streaked.—ns. Haw′key, Haw′kie, a dark cow with white-striped face.

Hawker, hawk′ėr, n. one who carries about goods for sale on his back, a pedlar.—v.t. Hawk, to carry about for sale: to cry for sale. [Cf. Low Ger. and Ger. höker, Dut. heuker.]

Hawse, hawz, n. the part of a vessel's bow in which the hawse-holes are cut.—n.pl. Hawse′-holes, the holes in a ship's bow through which the cables pass.—ns. Hawse′-pipe, an iron pipe fitted into a hawse-hole, to save the wood; Hawse′-tim′ber, one of the upright timbers in the bow in which the hawse-holes are cut. [Ice. háls, the neck.]

Hawser, häz′ėr, n. a small cable, a large rope used in warping.—adj. Haws′er-laid, made of three small ropes laid up into one. [O. Fr. haucier, haulser, to raise—Low L. altiare—L. altus, high.]

Hay, hā, n. grass cut down and dried for fodder.—ns. Hay′cock, a conical pile of hay in the field; Hay′-fē′ver, an ailment mostly met with in early summer, marked by excessive irritation of the nose, throat, &c., and accompanied with violent sneezing and intense headache—also called Hay′-asth′ma; Hay′field, a field where hay is made; Hay′-fork, a long-handled fork used in turning over hay to dry, or in lifting it; Hay′-knife, a broad knife, with a handle set cross-wise at one end, used for cutting hay from a stack; Hay′-loft, a loft in which hay is kept; Hay′-mak′er, one employed in cutting and drying grass for hay: (pl.) a kind of country-dance; Hay′-mak′ing; Hay′-mow, a rick of hay: a mass of hay stored in a barn; Hay′-rick, a pile of hay; Hay′-stack, a stack of hay; Hay′-ted′der, a machine for scattering hay and exposing it to the sun and air.—Look for a needle in a hay-stack, to look for something where it is barely possible to be found; Make hay, to throw things into confusion; Make hay while the sun shines, to seize a favourable opportunity. [A.S. híeg, híg, hég; Ger. heu, Dut. hooï, Ice. hey.]

Hay, hā, n. a hedge, fence.—n. Hay′-ward, one who herded the common cattle of a town. [A.S. hege—haga, a hedge.]

Hay, hā, n. (Shak.) a home-thrust in fencing. [It. hai, avere—L. habēre, to have.]

Hazard, haz′ard, n. a game played with a dice-box and two dice by any number of players: chance: accident: risk: (billiards) the pocketing of the object ball (winning hazard), of the player's own ball after contact (losing hazard): (tennis) the side of the court into which the ball is served: (golf) a general term for all difficulties on a golf-links—bunkers, long grass, roads, water, whins, &c.—v.t. to expose to chance: to risk: to venture.—v.i. to run a risk.—adj. Haz′ardable.—n. Haz′ardise (Spens.), hazard.—adj. Haz′ardous, dangerous: perilous: uncertain.—adv. Haz′ardously.—ns. Haz′ardousness; Haz′ardry (Spens.), playing at games of hazard or chance: rashness; Chick′en-haz′ard, a game of chance with very small stakes. [O. Fr. hasard; prob. through the Sp. from Arab. al zār, the die; but Littré favours William of Tyre's derivation from Hasart, a castle in Syria, where the game was discovered during the Crusades.]

Haze, hāz, n. vapour which renders the air thick: obscurity.—v.i. to form a haze.—adv. Haz′ily.—n. Haz′iness.—adj. Haz′y, thick with haze: obscure: confused (of the mind). [App. not the A.S. hasu, haswe, gray; prob. Ice. höss, gray.]

Haze, hāz, v.t. to vex with needless tasks: to play tricks upon, to bully.—ns. Haz′er, a player of boorish pranks and practical jokes; Haz′ing, brutal horse-play. [O. Fr. haser, to annoy.]

Hazel, hā′zl, n. a bush or small tree of genus Corylus, of the oak family (Cupuliferæ), yielding an ovoid bony nut enclosed in a leafy involucre.—adj. pertaining to the hazel: of a light-brown colour, like a hazel-nut.—n. Hā′zeline, an alcoholic distillate from the Witch Hazel.—adj. Hā′zelly, light brown like the hazel-nut.—n. Hā′zel-nut, the nut of the hazel-tree. [A.S. hæsel; Ger. hasel, Ice. hasl, L. corulus.]

He, hē, pron. of the third person: the male person named before: a male person or animal.—adj. male. [A.S. hé; Dut. hij, Ice. hann.]

Head, hed, n. the uppermost or foremost part of an animal's body: the brain: the understanding: a chief or leader: the place of honour or command: the front or top of anything: an individual animal or person: a topic or chief point of a discourse: a title, heading: the source or spring: height of the source of water: highest point of anything: culmination: a cape: strength: a froth on beer, porter, &c., when poured into a glass.—v.t. to act as a head to, to lead or govern: to go in front of: to commence: to check: (naut.) to be contrary: (obs.) to behead.—v.i. to grow to a head: to originate: to go head foremost.—n. Head′ache, an internal pain in the head.—adj. Head′achy, afflicted with headaches.—ns. Head′band, a band or fillet for the head: the band at each end of a book: a thin slip of iron on the tympan of a printing-press; Head′-block, in a sawmill carriage, a cross-block on which the head of the log rests: a piece of wood in a carriage, connected with the spring and the perches, and joining the fore-gear and the hind-gear; Head′-board, a board placed at the head of anything, esp. a bedstead; Head′-boom, a jib-boom or a flying jib-boom; Head′bor′ough, an old term for the head of a borough, the chief of a frank pledge, tithing, or decennary; Head′-boy, the senior boy in a public school; Head′chair, a high-backed chair with a rest for the head; Head′-cheese, pork-cheese, brawn; Head′-chute, a canvas tube used to convey refuse matter from a ship's bows down to the water; Head′-cloth, a piece of cloth covering the head, wound round a turban, &c.; Head′-dress, an ornamental dress or covering for the head, worn by women.—p.adj. Head′ed, having a head: (Shak.) come to a head.—ns. Head′er, one who puts a head on something: a dive, head foremost, into water: a brick laid lengthwise along the thickness of a wall, serving as a bond: a heavy stone extending through the thickness of a wall; Head′-fast, a rope at the bows of a ship used to fasten it to a wharf, &c.; Head′-frame, the structure over a mine-shaft supporting the head-gear or winding machinery; Head′-gear, gear, covering, or ornament of the head; Head′-hunt′ing, the practice among the Dyaks of Borneo, &c., of making raids to procure human heads for trophies, &c.—adv. Head′ily.—ns. Head′iness; Head′ing, the act of furnishing with a head; that which stands at the head: material forming a head; Head′land, a point of land running out into the sea: a cape.—adj. Head′less, without a head.—ns. Head′-light, a light carried in front of a vessel, locomotive, or vehicle, as a signal, or for light; Head′-line, the line at the head or top of a page containing the folio or number of the page: (pl.) the sails and ropes next the yards (naut.).—adv. Head′long, with the head foremost or first: without thought, rashly: precipitately.—adj. rash: precipitous, steep.—adj. Head′-lugged (Shak.), lugged or dragged along by the head.—ns. Head′-man, a chief, a leader; Head′mark, a characteristic peculiar to a certain class; Head′-mas′ter, the principal master of a school; Head′-mold, the skull proper: (archit.) a moulding round or over the head of a door, &c.; Head′-money, a tax counted per head: a reward by the head for persons captured at sea, &c.: a reward for a proscribed outlaw's head.—adj. Head′most, most advanced, or forward.—ns. Head′-note, a note placed at the head of a chapter or page, esp. a condensed statement of points of law involved introductory to the report of a legal decision; Head′piece, a helmet: a hat: head, intelligence: (print.) a decorative engraving placed at the top of the first page of a volume, and at the beginning of books, chapters, &c.; Head′-pump, a small pump at a ship's bows to pump up sea-water for washing decks.—n.pl. Head′quarters, the quarters or residence of a commander-in-chief or general.—ns. Head′-race, the race which brings the water to a water-wheel; Head′-reach, the distance to windward made by a vessel while tacking.—v.i. to shoot ahead, in tacking.—ns. Head′-rest, a support for the head, esp. the adjustable apparatus of the barber's chair, and that used by the photographer to steady the sitter's head; Head′-ring, a palm-leaf ornament worn by Kaffir men in their hair after marriage; Head′-shake, a significant shake or motion of the head; Head′-ship, the office of a head or chief authority: dignity; Heads′man, a man who cuts off heads: an executioner; Head′stall, the part of a bridle round the head; Head′-stā′tion, the dwelling-house, &c., on an Australian sheep or cattle station; Head′-stick (print.), a straight piece of furniture placed at the head of a form, between the chase and the type; Head′stone, the principal stone of a building: the corner-stone: the stone at the head of a grave; Head′-stream, the highest of the streams which combine to form a river.—adj. Head′strong, self-willed: obstinate.—ns. Head′-tire, a head-dress; Head′-wa′ter, the highest part of a stream, before receiving affluents; Head′way, motion ahead, esp. of a ship; Head′-wind, a wind blowing right against a ship's head; Head′-word, a title word or heading usually in distinctive type; Head′-work, intellectual labour.—adj. Head′y, affecting the head or the brain: intoxicating: inflamed: rash: violent.—Head and ears, with the whole person: completely; Head and shoulders, very much, as if taller by a head and shoulders: violently; Head foremost, with the head first, esp. of falling from a height; Head or tail, the side of a coin with the sovereign's head, or the reverse: a phrase used in tossing up a coin to decide a point ('to make neither head nor tail of anything'—to be unable to understand it); Head over heels, in a somersault.—Come to a head, to reach a climax; Eat one's head off, to be consumed with mortification; Go by the head, to sink head foremost; Have a head on one's shoulders, to have brains or ability; Head off, to prevent by some counteraction; Lose one's head, to become very much excited: to lose presence of mind; Make head against, to resist successfully: to advance; Off one's head, demented, crazy; Out of one's own head, spontaneously; Over head and ears, deeply engrossed; Turn a person's head (see Turn). [A.S. héafod, Dut. hoofd, Ger. haupt.]

Heal, hēl, v.t. to make whole and healthy: to cure: to remove or subdue what is evil: to restore to soundness, to remedy, repair.—v.i. to grow sound:—pr.p. heal′ing; pa.p. healed.—adj. Heal′able.—ns. Heal′er; Heal′ing, the act or process by which anything is healed or cured: the power to heal.—adj. tending to cure, mild.—adv. Heal′ingly.—adj. Heal′some (Scot.), wholesome. [A.S. hǽlan, hál, whole; cf. Ger. heil, Dut. heel, Ice. heill; also Eng. hail, hale, whole.]

Health, helth, n. wholeness or soundness of body: general state of the body, as in 'ill health,' 'good health,' soundness and vigour of mind: a toast, as 'to drink one's health'—to drink to the health of: (B.) salvation, or divine favour.—adj. Health′ful, full of or enjoying health: indicating health: wholesome: salutary.—adv. Health′fully.—n. Health′fulness.—adv. Health′ily.—n. Health′iness.—adj. Health′less, sickly, ailing.—ns. Health′lessness; Health′-resort′, a place to which people go for the good of their health.—adjs. Health′some (Shak.), healthy, wholesome; Health′y, in a state of good health: conducive to health: sound in body or mind: vigorous. [A.S. hælth—hál, whole.]

Heap, hēp, n. a pile or mass heaved or thrown together: a great number of things, a great deal, a collection: (B.) a ruin.—v.t. to throw in a heap or pile: to amass: to pile above the top:—pr.p. heap′ing; pa.p. heaped.—adj. Heap′y, full of heaps.—A heap, a good many; Knock all of a heap, to confound utterly. [A.S. héap: Ice. hópr, Ger. haufe, Dut. hoop.]

Hear, hēr, v.t. to perceive by the ear: to comprehend: to listen to: to grant or obey: to answer favourably: to attend to: to try judicially: to be a hearer of: (Milt.) to be called.—v.i. to have the sense of hearing: to listen: to be told:—pr.p. hear′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. heard (hėrd).—ns. Hear′er; Hear′ing, act of perceiving by the ear: the sense of perceiving sound: opportunity to be heard: audience: judicial investigation and hearing of arguments, esp. of trial without a jury: reach of the ear: (coll.) a scolding; Hear′say, common talk: rumour: report.—adj. of or pertaining to a report given by others.—v.i. to repeat rumours.—Hear, hear! an exclamation of approval, uttered by the hearers of a speech; Hearsay evidence, evidence at second hand; Hear tell of, to hear some one speak of; I will not hear of, I will not listen to the notion or proposal. [A.S. hýran; Dut. hooren, Ice. heyra, Ger. hören, Goth. hausjan.]

Hearken, härk′n, v.i. to hear attentively: to listen. [A.S. hýrcnian, from hýran, to hear; Ger. horchen.]

Hearse, hėrs, n. a carriage in which the dead are conveyed to the grave: (orig.) a triangular framework for holding candles at a church service, and esp. at a funeral service.—v.t. to put on or in a hearse.—n. Hearse′-cloth, a pall for a corpse laid on a bier.—adj. Hearse′-like, suitable to a funeral, mournful. [O. Fr. herse (It. erpice)—L. hirpicem, accus. of hirpex, a harrow.]

Heart, härt, n. the organ in animal systems that circulates the blood: the vital, inner, or chief part of anything: the seat of the affections, &c., esp. love: the affections: courage: vigour: secret meaning or design: that which resembles a heart: a person, esp. as implying courage or affectionateness—a term of endearment or encouragement: anything heart-shaped, esp. that one of the four suits in a pack of cards bearing a heart in red.—v.t. to encourage, hearten.—v.i. to form a compact head, as a plant.—ns. Heart′ache, sorrow: anguish; Heart′-beat, a pulsation of the heart: a throb of emotion, a thought; Heart′-blood, blood of the heart: life, essence; Heart′-bond, in masonry, a bond in which one header overlaps two others; Heart′-break, a sorrow or grief.—v.t. to break the heart of.—n. Heart′-break′er, a flirt: a curl, love-lock.—adjs. Heart′-break′ing, crushing with grief or sorrow; Heart′-brok′en, intensely afflicted or grieved.—ns. Heart′burn, a burning, acrid feeling, said to be due to the irritation of the upper end of the stomach by the fumes of its acrid contents: cardialgia: Heart′burning, discontent: secret enmity.—adj. Heart′-dear (Shak.), dear to the heart, sincerely beloved.—n. Heart′-disease′, any morbid condition of the heart, whether of the various tissues composing it, or of the nervous arrangements governing it.—adjs. Heart′-eas′ing, giving peace to the mind; Heart′ed, having a heart of a specified kind (hard-hearted, &c.): seated or fixed in the heart, laid up in the heart.—v.t. Heart′en, to encourage, stimulate: to add strength to.—adjs. Heart′-felt, felt deeply: sincere; Heart′free, having the affections free or disengaged.—ns. Heart′-grief, grief or affliction of the heart; Heart′-heav′iness, depression of spirits.—adv. Heart′ily, in a hearty manner: cordially: eagerly.—n. Heart′iness, the state or quality of being hearty.—adj. Heart′less, without heart, courage, or feeling.—adv. Heart′lessly.—ns. Heart′lessness; Heart′let, a little heart.—interj. Heart′ling (Shak.), little heart, used in a minced oath.—n. Heart′-quake, trembling, fear.—adjs. Heart′-rend′ing, deeply afflictive: agonising; Heart′-rob′bing (Spens.), stealing the affections: blissful.—ns. Heart′-rot, a disease producing decay in the hearts of trees, caused by the mycelia of various fungi; Heart's′-ease, a common name for the pansy, a species of violet, an infusion of which was once thought to ease the love-sick heart; Heart′-seed, a general name of plants of genus Cardiospermum, esp. the U.S. balloon-vine; Heart′-serv′ice, sincere devotion, as opposed to Eye-service.—adjs. Heart′-shaped, shaped like the human heart; Heart′-sick, pained in mind: depressed.—n. Heart′-sick′ness.—adjs. Heart′some, exhilarating: merry; Heart′-sore, caused by pain at the heart.—n. (Spens.) grief.—n. Heart′-spoon, the depression in the breastbone: the breastbone.—adj. Heart′-stir′ring, arousing the heart, exhilarating.—n. Heart′-string, a nerve or tendon supposed to brace and sustain the heart: (pl.) affections.—adjs. Heart′-struck (Shak.), driven to the heart, deeply fixed in the mind: (Milt.) shocked, dismayed; Heart′-swell′ing (Spens.), rankling in the heart or mind.—ns. Heart′-wheel, Heart′-cam, a form of cam-wheel used for converting uniform rotary motion into uniform reciprocating motion.—adj. Heart′-whole, whole at heart: unmoved in the affections or spirits.—n. Heart′-wood, the hard inner wood of a tree—also called Duramen.—adjs. Heart′y, full of, or proceeding from, the heart: warm: genuine: strong: healthy; Heart′y-hale (Spens.), wholesome or good for the heart.—Heart-and-hand, Heart-and-soul, with complete heartiness, with complete devotion to a cause; Heart of hearts, the inmost heart: deepest affections; Heart of oak, a brave, resolute heart.—After my own heart, to my own liking; At heart, in real character: substantially; Break the heart, to die of grief or disappointment: to cause deep grief to any one; By heart, by rote: in the memory; Eat one's heart (see Eat); Find in one's heart, to be willing or ready to do something; For one's heart, for one's life; Get, Have, by heart, to commit to memory, or to hold in one's memory; Have at heart, to wish earnestly for: to hold in dear esteem; Have one's heart in one's boots, mouth, to be in a state of terror; Lay, Take, to heart, to set one's mind strongly upon: to be deeply moved by something; Out of heart, in low spirits; Set the heart at rest, to become easy in mind; Set the heart upon, to desire earnestly; Speak to the heart (B.), to comfort, encourage; Take heart, to be encouraged; Take heart of grace (see Grace); Take to heart, to be deeply pained at anything; Wear the heart upon the sleeve, to show the feelings, &c., openly; With all my heart, most willingly. [A.S. heorte; Dut. hart, Ger. herz; cog. with L. cor, cordis, Gr. kardia.]

Hearth, härth, n. the part of the floor on which the fire is made: the fireside: the house itself: the home-circle: the lowest part of a blast-furnace: a brazier, chafing-dish, or fire-box.—ns. Hearth′-mon′ey, Hearth′-penn′y, Hearth′-tax, a tax in England, formerly laid upon hearths; Hearth′-rug, a rug used for covering the hearth-stone; Hearth′-stone, a stone forming a hearth, the fireside: a soft stone used for whitening hearths, doorsteps, &c. [A.S. heorð; Dut. haard, Ger. herd.]

Heat, hēt, n. that which excites the sensation of warmth: sensation of warmth: a heating: exposure to intense heat: a warm temperature: the warmest period, as the heat of the day: indication of warmth, flush, redness: vehemence, passion; sexual excitement, or its period, esp. of the female, corresponding to rut in the male: a single course in a race: animation.—v.t. to make hot: to agitate.—v.i. to become hot:—pr.p. heat′ing; pa.p. heat′ed.—n. Heat′-ap′oplexy, sunstroke.—p.adj. Heat′ed.—ns. Heat′-en′gine, an engine which transforms heat into mechanical work; Heat′er, one who, or that which, heats: a piece of cast-iron heated and then placed in a hollow flat-iron, &c.—adjs. Heat′er-shaped, triangular, like the common heater; Heat′ing, causing or imparting heat.—ns. Heat′-spot, a spot on the surface of the body where a sensation of heat is felt; Heat′-ū′nit, amount of heat required to raise a pound of water one degree.—Latent heat, the quantity of heat absorbed when bodies pass from the solid into the liquid, or from the liquid into the gaseous, state; Mechanical equivalent of heat, the relation between heat and work—viz. the amount of molecular energy required to produce one heat-unit; Specific heat, the number of heat-units necessary to raise the unit of mass of a given substance one degree in temperature. [A.S. hǽto, heat, hát, hot; Ger. hitze.]

Heath, hēth, n. a barren open country: any shrub of genus Erica, or its congener Calluna, of the heath family (Ericaceæ), a hardy evergreen under-shrub.—ns. Heath′-bell, same as Heather-bell; Heath′-cock, a large bird which frequents heaths: the black grouse:—fem. Heath′-hen; Heath′-poult, the heath-bird, esp. the female or young.—adj. Heath′y, abounding with heath. [A.S. hǽð; Ger. heide, Goth. haithi, a waste.]

Heathen, hē′thn, n. an inhabitant of an unchristian country, one neither Christian, Jewish, nor Mohammedan: (B.) the Gentiles: a pagan: an irreligious person.—adj. pagan, irreligious.—n. Hea′thendom, the condition of a heathen: those regions of the world where heathenism prevails.—v.t. Hea′thenise, to make heathen or heathenish.—adj. Hea′thenish, relating to the heathen: rude: uncivilised: cruel.—adv. Hea′thenishly.—ns. Hea′thenishness; Hea′thenism, the religious system of the heathens: paganism: barbarism; Hea′thenry, heathenism: heathendom. [A.S. hǽðen, a heathen; Dut. heiden.]

Heather, heth′ėr, n. the Scotch name for the native species of the Linnæan genus Erica, called in the north of England Ling, esp. Erica (now Calluna) vulgaris, Common Heather, and Erica cinerea, Fine-leaved Heath or Lesser Bell-heather.—adj. of the colour of heather.—ns. Heath′er-ale, a famous liquor traditionally brewed in Scotland from the bells of heather; Heath′er-bell, a name given to Erica tetralix (or specially to its blossom), and sometimes also to Erica cinerea.—adj. Heath′ery, of or pertaining to heather.—Set the heather on fire, to create a disturbance; Take to the heather, to become an outlaw. [Usually derived from heath.]

Heave, hēv, v.t. to lift up: to throw upward: to draw in any direction, as by a windlass: to cause to swell: to force from the breast: (geol.) to move away or displace (a vein or stratum).—v.i. to be raised: to rise and fall: to try to vomit:—pr.p. heav′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. heaved or (naut.) hōve.—n. an effort upward: a throw: a swelling: an effort to vomit: broken wind in horses.—ns. Heave′-off′ering, a voluntary Jewish offering lifted up before the Lord by the priest; Heav′er, one who, or that which, heaves; Heaves, a disease in horses; Heave′-shoul′der, the shoulder of an animal elevated in sacrifice; Heav′ing, a rising: swell: (Shak.) panting.—Heave ho! an exclamation used by sailors in putting forth exertion, as in heaving the anchor; Heave in sight, to come into view; Heave to, to bring a vessel to a stand-still, to make her lie to. [A.S. hebban, pa.t. hóf, pa.p. hafen; Ger. heben.]

Heaven, hev′n, n. the arch of sky overhanging the earth: the air: a zone or region: a very great and indefinite height: the dwelling-place of the Deity and the blessed: the Deity as inhabiting heaven: supreme happiness.—adjs. Heav′en-born, descended from heaven; Heav′en-bred (Shak.), bred or produced in heaven; Heav′en-direct′ed, pointing to the sky: divinely guided; Heav′en-fall′en (Milt.), fallen from heaven, having rebelled against God; Heav′en-gift′ed, granted by heaven; Heav′en-kiss′ing (Shak.), kissing or touching, as it were, the sky.—n. Heav′enliness.—adj. Heav′enly, of or inhabiting heaven: celestial: pure: supremely blessed: very excellent.—adv. in a manner like that of heaven: by the influence of heaven.—adj. Heav′enly-mind′ed, having the mind placed upon heavenly things: pure.—n. Heav′enly-mind′edness.—advs. Heav′enward, Heav′enwards, toward or in the direction of heaven.—Heaven of heavens (B.), the highest of the heavens, the abode and seat of God; In the seventh heaven, in a state of the most exalted happiness—from the system of the Cabbalists, who divided the heavens into seven in an ascending scale of happiness up to the abode of God. [A.S. heofon; not to be conn. with heave.]

Heavy, hev′i, adj. weighty: not easy to bear: oppressive: afflicted: inactive: dull, lacking brightness and interest: inclined to slumber: violent: loud: not easily digested, as food: miry, as soil: having strength, as liquor: dark with clouds: gloomy: expensive: (B.) sad: (theat.) pertaining to the representation of grave or serious parts.—adv. Heav′ily.—n. Heav′iness.—adjs. Heav′y-armed, bearing heavy armour or arms; Heav′y-hand′ed, clumsy, awkward: oppressive; Heav′y-head′ed, having a heavy or large head: dull, stupid, drowsy; Heav′y-heart′ed, weighed down with grief; Heav′y-lād′en, laden with a heavy burden.—n. Heav′y-spar, native sulphate of barium, barytes.—Heavy marching order, the condition of troops fully equipped for field service; Heavy metal, guns or shot of large size: great influence or power; Heavy-weight, one beyond the average weight, esp. in sporting phrase, one placed highest in the ascending scale, feather-weight, light-weight, middle-weight, heavy-weight; Heavy wet, a drink of strong ale or ale and porter mixed.—The heavies (mil.), the heavy cavalry: those who play heavy parts. [A.S. hefig—hebban, to heave; Old High Ger. hebîg.]

Hebdomadal, heb-dom′a-dal, adj. occurring every seven days: weekly—also Hebdom′adary.—n. Heb′domad, the number seven, a group of seven things, a week: in some Gnostic systems, a group of superhuman beings, angels, or divine emanations, the sphere of the Demiurge lower than the ogdoad—from the idea of the seven planets.—adv. Hebdom′adally, from week to week.—n. Hebdom′adary, a member of a chapter or convent who officiates in the choir, &c., on a certain week.—Hebdomadal Council, a board which practically manages the business of the university of Oxford, usually meeting weekly. [L. hebdomadalis—Gr. hebdomas, a period of seven days—hepta, seven.]

Hebe, hē′bē, n. a personification of youth and spring, from the name of the daughter of Zeus and Hera, who was cup-bearer of Olympus.

Hebenon, heb′e-non, n. (Shak.) a poisonous juice. [Perh. ebony, or a corr. of henbane.]

Hebetate, heb′e-tāt, v.t. to make dull or blunt.—adj. Heb′etant, making dull.—ns. Hebetā′tion, Heb′etūde; Hebetudinos′ity.—adj. Hebetū′dinous. [L. hebetāre, -ātum—hebes, blunt.]

Hebrew, hē′brōō, n. one of the descendants of Abraham, who emigrated from beyond the Euphrates into Palestine: an Israelite, a Jew: the language of the Hebrews (fem. Hē′brewess, B.): (coll.) unintelligible speech.—adj. relating to the Hebrews.—adjs. Hebrā′ic, -al, relating to the Hebrews or to their language.—adv. Hebrā′ically, after the manner of the Hebrew language: from right to left.—n. Hebrā′icism.—v.t. Hē′braise, to express as in Hebrew: to conform or incline to Hebrew ideals.—ns. Hē′braiser; Hē′braism, a Hebrew idiom; Hē′braist, one skilled in Hebrew.—adjs. Hebraist′ic, -al, of or like Hebrew.—adv. Hebraist′ically.—n. Hē′brewism. [O. Fr. Ebreu—L. Hebræus—Gr. Hebraios—Heb. ‛ibrî, lit. 'one from the other side (of the river).']

Hebridean, hē-brid′ē-an, -i-an, adj. pertaining to the Hebrides—also Hebrid′ian.—n. a native thereof.

Hecate, hek′a-tē, n. a mysterious goddess, in Hesiod having power over earth, heaven, and sea—afterwards identified with many other goddesses, her power above all displayed in the matter of ghosts and bogies. [L.,—Gr. Hekatē—hekas, far.]

Hecatomb, hek′a-tom, n. among the Greeks and Romans, a sacrifice of a hundred oxen: a great public sacrifice: any large number of victims. [Gr. hekatombē—hekaton, a hundred, bous, an ox.]

Hecatontome, hek′a-ton-tōm, n. (Milt.) a very large number of books. [Gr. hekaton, a hundred, tomos, a volume.]

Heck, hek, n. (Scot.) a rack in a stable for hay, &c.: a grated contrivance for catching fish: a contrivance in a spinning-wheel, and also in a warping-mill, by which the yarn or thread is guided to the reels.—Live at heck and manger, to be in very comfortable quarters. [A.S. hec, hæc; Dut. hek.]

Heckle, hek′l, v.i. to comb: to put a parliamentary candidate, or the like, through a series of embarrassing questions.—n. the same as Hack′le, Hatch′el.—ns. Heck′le, the long shining feathers on a cock's neck, a feather ornament in the full-dress bonnets of Highland regiments; Heck′ler, one who torments a candidate with catching questions.

Hectare, hek′tär, n. a superficial measure=100 ares, 10,000 sq. metres, or nearly 2½ acres (2.471). [Fr.,—Gr. hekaton, 100, L. area, area.]

Hectic, -al, hek′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to the constitution or habit of body: affected with hectic fever.—n. Hec′tic, a habitual or remittent fever, usually associated with consumption.—adj. Hec′toid, of a hectic appearance.—Hectic fever, the name given to the fever which occurs in connection with certain wasting diseases of long duration. [Fr.,—Gr. hektikos, habitual—hexis, habit.]

Hectogramme, hek′to-gram, n. a weight of 100 grammes, or nearly ¼ lb. (3.527 ounces). [Fr.,—Gr. hekaton, 100, and gramme.]

Hectograph, hek′to-graf, n. a gelatine pad for receiving a copy and therefrom multiplying a writing or drawing.—v.t. to reproduce by means of this.—adj. Hectograph′ic. [Gr. hekaton, a hundred, graph—graphein, to write.]

Hectolitre, hek′to-lit′r, n. a unit of capacity of 100 litres, 22.01 imperial gallons.

Hectometre, hek′to-mēt-ėr, n. a unit of length equal to 100 metres, or about 1⁄16th (.0621) of a mile.

Hector, hek′tor, n. a bully, a street brawler: one who annoys.—v.t. to treat insolently: to annoy.—v.i. to play the bully.—ns. Hec′torer; Hec′torism.—adv. Hec′torly.—n. Hec′torship. [Hector, the Trojan.]

Hectostere, hek′to-stēr, n. a measure of solidity of 100 cubic metres, 3531.56 Eng. cubic feet.

Heddle, hed′l, n. a series of vertical cords or wires, each having in the middle a loop (Hedd′le-eye) to receive a warp-thread, and passing round and between parallel bars.—v.t. to draw warp-threads through heddle-eyes. [An assumed A.S. hefedl, earlier form of hefeld.]

Hedeoma, hē-dē-ō′ma, n. a genus of herbaceous aromatic plants, the best-known species being the American Pennyroyal. [Gr. hēdys, sweet.]

Hedera, hed′er-a, n. a genus of climbing plants, best represented by the common ivy.—adjs. Hederā′ceous; Hed′eral; Hed′erated; Heder′ic; Hederif′erous. [L.]

Hedge, hej, n. a thicket of bushes: a fence round a field, &c.: any means of protection.—v.t. to enclose with a hedge: to obstruct: to surround: to guard: to protect one's self from loss by betting on both sides.—v.i. to shuffle: to be shifty: to skulk.—ns. Hedge′bill, Hedg′ing-bill, a bill or hatchet for dressing hedges.—adj. Hedge′-born, of low birth, as if born under a hedge or in the woods: low: obscure.—ns. Hedge′bote, an old word for the right of a tenant to cut wood on the farm or land for repairing the hedges or fences; Hedge′-creep′er, a sneaking rogue; Hedge′hog, a small prickly-backed quadruped, so called from living in hedges and bushes, and its resemblance to a hog or pig; Hedge′hog-plant, a species of medick, having the pods spirally twisted and rolled up into a ball beset with spines; Hedge′hog-this′tle, hedgehog-cactus; Hedge′-hyss′op, a European perennial plant of the figwort family, with emetic and purgative qualities; Hedge′-knife, an instrument for trimming hedges; Hedge′-mar′riage, a clandestine marriage; Hedge′-mus′tard, a genus of plants of order Cruciferæ, annual or rarely perennial, with small yellow or white flowers; Hedge′-note, a valueless literary attempt; Hedge′-par′son, a mean parson, generally illiterate; Hedge′pig (Shak.), a young hedgehog; Hedge′-priest, an ignorant itinerant priest; Hedg′er, one who dresses hedges; Hedge′row, a row of trees or shrubs for hedging fields; Hedge′-school, an open-air school kept by the side of a hedge in Ireland; Hedge′-shrew, the field-mouse; Hedge′-sparr′ow, Hedge′-war′bler, a little singing bird, like a sparrow, which frequents hedges; Hedge′-writ′er, a Grub-street author; Hedg′ing, the work of a hedger.—adj. Hedg′y. [A.S. hecg, hegg; Dut. hegge, Ger. hecke.]

Hedonism, hēd′ō-nizm, n. in ethics, the doctrine that happiness is the highest good.—adjs. Hedon′ic, Hedonist′ic.—n.pl. Hedon′ics, the doctrine of pleasure.—n. Hē′donist, one who advocates hedonism. [Gr. hēdonē, pleasure.]

Hedyphane, hed′i-fān, n. a colourless mimetite, containing calcium: a variety of green lead ore. [Gr. hēdys, sweet, -phanēs, appearing.]

Heed, hēd, v.t. to observe: to look after: to attend to.—n. notice: caution: attention.—adj. Heed′ful, attentive, cautious.—adv. Heed′fully.—ns. Heed′fulness; Heed′iness (Spens.).—adj. Heed′less, inattentive: careless.—n. Heed′lesshood (Spens.).—adv. Heed′lessly.—n. Heed′lessness.—adj. Heed′y (Spens.), heedful, careful. [A.S. hédan; Dut. hoeden, Ger. hüten.]

Heel, hēl, n. the part of the foot projecting behind: the whole foot (esp. of beasts): the covering of the heel, as on a boot: a spur: the hinder part of anything.—v.t. to use the heel: to furnish with heels: to arm with a steel spur, as a fighting cock: to seize by the heels: (U.S.) to supply with money.—v.i. to follow well (of a dog).—n. Heel′-ball, a black waxy composition for blacking the heels and soles of boots, for taking impressions of coins, &c., by rubbing: a shoemaker's last.—p.adj. Heeled, provided with a heel, shod: (U.S.) comfortably supplied with money.—n. Heel′er (U.S.), an unscrupulous hanger-on of a political party; Heel′piece, a piece or cover for the heel; Heel′-tap, a small quantity of beer or spirits left in the glass after drinking.—Heel and toe, with proper walking, as opposed to running; Heels o'er gowdy (Scot.), heels over head; Heels over head, upside down.—At, On, Upon, a person's heels, close behind; Down at heel, having the heels of one's shoes trodden down: slovenly: in poor circumstances; Kick one's heels, to be kept waiting for some time; Lay, Set, Clap, by the heels, to fetter: to put in confinement; Out at heels, having the stockings or shoes worn out at the heels; Show a clean pair of heels, Take to one's heels, to run off with haste: to flee; Trip up (one's) heels, to trip up or overthrow him; Turn on (upon) one's heel, to turn sharply round, to turn back or away. [A.S. héla; Dut. hiel.]

Heel, hēl, v.i. to incline: to lean on one side, as a ship.—v.t. to tilt. [Earlier heeld, A.S. hieldan, to slope; cf. Dut. hellen.]

Heft, heft, n. heaving: (Shak.) retching: (U.S.) weight: the bulk of.—v.t. to try the weight of.—adj. Heft′y, rather heavy: easy to lift. [Heave.]

Heft, heft, v.t. to accustom to a thing or place: (Scot.) to attach. [Cf. Ice. hefdha, Sw. häfda, Dan. hævde.]

Hegelianism, hē-gē′li-an-izm, n. the philosophical principles of Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831).—adj. Hēgē′lian, of or pertaining to Hegel.—n. a follower of Hegel.

Hegemony, hē′jem-o-ni, n. leadership: control, esp. of one state over others.—adjs. Hegemon′ic, -al.—ns. Hegū′men, Hegū′menos, the head of a monastery:—fem. Hegū′mene, Hegū′meness. [Gr. hēgemonia—hēgemōn, leader—hēgeisthai, to go before.]

Hegira, Hejira, hej′i-ra, n. the flight of Mohammed from Mecca, 15th July 622 A.D., from which is dated the Mohammedan era: any flight. [Ar. hijrah, flight, hajara, to leave.]

Heifer, hef′ėr, n. a young cow. [A.S. héahfore, héahfru, -fre; prob. 'high-goer,' faran, to go.]

Heigh, hī, interj. a cry of encouragement or exultation—also Hey, Ha.—interj. Heigh′-ho, an exclamation expressive of weariness. [Imit.]

Height, hīt, n. the condition of being high: distance upwards: that which is elevated: a hill: elevation in rank or excellence: utmost degree.—v.t. Height′en, to make higher, to advance or improve: to make brighter or more prominent. [Corr. of highth—A.S. híehtho, héahthu—héah, high.]

Heinous, hā′nus, adj. wicked in a high degree, enormous: atrocious.—adv. Hei′nously.—n. Hei′nousness. [O. Fr. haïnos (Fr. haineux)—haïr, to hate.]

Heir, ār, n. one who inherits anything after the death of the owner: one entitled to anything after the present possessor: a child, offspring:—fem. Heiress (ār′es).—v.t. Heir, to inherit.—ns. Heir′-appā′rent, the one by law acknowledged to be heir; Heir′-at-law, an heir by legal right; Heir′dom, Heir′ship.—adj. Heir′less, without an heir.—ns. Heir′loom, any piece of furniture or personal property which descends to the heir-at-law by special custom; Heir′-presump′tive, one who will be heir if no nearer relative should be born.—Heir by custom, one whose right as heir is determined by customary modes of descent, as gavelkind, &c. [O. Fr. heir—L. hēres, an heir.]

Hel, hel, n. in Northern mythology, the goddess of the dead, the sister of the wolf Fenrir, and daughter of the evil-hearted Loki.

Helcoid, hel′koid, adj. ulcerous.—ns. Helcol′ogy, the branch of pathology concerned with ulcers; Hel′coplasty, the operation of grafting on an ulcer a piece of healthy skin; Helcō′sis, ulceration.—adj. Helcot′ic. [Gr. helkos, an ulcer.]

Hele, hēl, v.t. (Spens.) to hide, conceal. [A.S. helian, helan, to hide; Ger. hehlen.]

Heliac, hē′li-ak, Heliacal, he-lī′ak-al, adj. (astron.) emerging from the light of the sun or passing into it.—adv. Helī′acally. [Gr. hēliakos—hēlios, the sun.]

Helianthus, hē-li-an′thus, n. a genus of order Compositae, including the common sunflower. [Gr. hēlios, the sun, anthos, a flower.]

Heliconian, hel-i-kō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Helicon, a mountain-range in Bœotia, in ancient Greece, the favourite seat of the Muses.

Heliocentric, -al, hē-li-o-sen′trik, -al, adj. (astron.) referred to the sun as centre.—adv. Heliocen′trically. [Gr. hēlios, the sun, kentron, the centre.]

Heliochromy, hē′li-ok-rō-mi, n. the art of producing photographs in the natural colours.—ns. Hē′liochrome, Heliochrō′motype, a photograph in the natural colours.—adj. Heliochrō′mic.

Heliograph, hē′li-o-graf, n. an apparatus for signalling by means of the sun's rays: an engraving obtained by a process in which a specially prepared plate is acted on chemically by exposure to light: an apparatus for taking photographs of the sun.—v.t. to signal to by means of the sun's rays.—n. Heliog′rapher.—adjs. Heliograph′ic, -al.—adv. Heliograph′ically.—ns. Heliog′raphy, a method of communicating swiftly between distant points by means of the sun's rays reflected from mirrors: photography; Heliogrā′vure (or hā-li-ō-gra-vür′), photo-engraving, or a print obtained by this process. [Gr. hēlios, the sun, graphē, a painting—graphein, to write.]

Heliolatry, hē-li-ol′a-tri, n. worship of the sun.—n. Heliol′ater, a worshipper of the sun.—adj. Heliol′atrous. [Gr. hēlios, the sun, latreia, worship.]

Heliometer, hē-li-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument by which the diameters of the heavenly bodies can be measured with great accuracy.—adjs. Heliomet′ric, -al. [Gr. hēlios, sun, metron, a measure.]

Heliophilous, hē-li-of′i-lus, adj. fond of the sun—opp. to Heliophō′bic, fearing or shunning sunlight.

Helioscope, hē′li-o-skōp, n. a telescope for viewing the sun without injury to the eyes, by means of blackened glass or mirrors that reflect only a part of the light.—adj. Helioscop′ic. [Fr. hélioscope—Gr. hēlios, the sun, skopein, to look, to spy.]

Heliostat, hē′li-o-stat, n. an instrument by means of which a beam of sunlight is reflected in an invariable direction. [Gr. hēlios, sun, statos, fixed—histanai, to stand.]

Heliotrope, hē′li-o-trōp, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Boraginaceæ, many species with fragrant flowers, esp. the Peruvian heliotrope, with small lilac-blue flowers and a fragrance resembling vanilla or cherry-pie: (min.) a bloodstone, a variety of chalcedony of a dark-green colour variegated with red: a mirror placed at a distant station and adjusted by clockwork, so that at a particular hour of the day (arranged beforehand) the light of the sun shall be reflected from the mirror directly to the surveyor's station.—adjs. Heliotrop′ic, -al.—adv. Heliotrop′ically.—ns. Heliot′ropism, Heliot′ropy, the tendency that the stem and leaves of a seedling plant have to bend towards, and the roots from, the light when placed in a transparent vessel of water within reach of the light of a window. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. hēliotropion—hēlios, the sun, tropos, a turn.]

Heliotypy, hē′li-ō-tī-pi, n. a photo-mechanical process in which the gelatine relief is itself used to print from in some form of printing-press, instead of being covered with tinfoil as in the stannotype process.—n. Hē′liotype, a photograph.—v.t. to produce a heliotype picture of.—v.i. to practise heliotypy.—adj. Heliotyp′ic. [Gr. hēlios, sun, typos, impression.]

Heliozoa, hē′li-ō-zō′a, n. a class of Protozoa of the Rhizopod type, with protruding processes of living matter. [Gr. hēlios, the sun, zōon, an animal.]

Helium, hē′li-um, n. a substance discovered by Lockyer in the sun's atmosphere, found by Ramsay in the rare Norwegian mineral cleveite.

Helix, hē′liks, n. a spiral, as of wire in a coil: (zool.) a genus of molluscs including the land-snails: the external part of the ear: a small volute or twist in the capital of a Corinthian column:—pl. Helices (hel′i-sēz).—adj. Hel′ical, spiral.—adv. Hel′ically.—n.pl. Helic′idæ, a large family of terrestrial, air-breathing gasteropods, of which snails are familiar examples.—n. Hel′icograph, a drawing instrument for describing a spiral line.—adjs. Hel′icoid, -al, like a helix, screw-shaped; Helispher′ic, -al, spiral. [L.,—Gr. helix, helissein, to turn round.]

Hell, hel, n. the place or state of punishment of the wicked after death: the place of the dead indefinitely: the abode of evil spirits: the powers of hell: any place of vice or misery: a gambling-house.—adjs. Hell′-black (Shak.), black as hell; Hell′-born, born in hell: of hellish origin; Hell′-bred.—ns. Hell′-broth (Shak.), a composition boiled up for malignant purposes; Hell′-cat, a malignant hag; Hell′-fire, the fire of hell: punishment in hell; Hell′-gate, the entrance into hell.—adj. Hell′-hat′ed (Shak.), hated or abhorred as hell.—n. Hell′hound, a hound of hell: an agent of hell.—adj. Hell′ish, pertaining to or like hell: very wicked.—adv. Hell′ishly.—ns. Hell′ishness; Hell′-kite (Shak.), a kite of infernal breed.—adv. Hell′ward, towards hell. [A.S. hel; Ice. hel, Ger. hölle.]

Hellebore, hel′e-bōr, n. a plant of the genus Helleborus (Ranunculaceæ), whose root possesses drastic purgative properties, anciently used as a cure for insanity—varieties are the Black Hellebore or Christmas Rose, the Stinking and the Green Hellebore; similar plants of other genera are the Winter Hellebore and the American False or White Hellebore, known also as Indian Poke or Itch Weed. [Fr. hellébore—L. helleborus—Gr. helleboros.]

Hellenic, hel-len′ik, or hel-lē′nik, Hellenian, hel-lē′ni-an, adj. pertaining to the Hellenes or Greeks: Grecian, in art, esp. of the period from the primitive epoch to the Roman supremacy in Greece (beginning 146 B.C.), sometimes only from the time of Alexander the Great (c. 330 B.C.)—the term Hellenistic applying to later times.—n. Hell′ēne, an ancient Greek: a subject of the modern kingdom of Greece or Hellas:—pl. Hellē′nes, the name of the modern Greeks for themselves.—v.i. Hell′enise, to conform, or show a tendency to conform, to Greek usages.—ns. Hell′enism, a Greek idiom: the spirit of the Greek race; Hell′enist, one skilled in the Greek language: a Jew who used the Greek language and adopted Greek usages, in opposition to the Hebrews properly so called, whether of Palestine or of the Dispersion, and to the Hellenes or Greeks proper—they are called Grecians in the Authorised, Grecian Jews in the Revised Version.—adjs. Hellenist′ic, -al, pertaining to the Hellenists: pertaining to Greek with foreign, esp. Aramaic and Hebrew, idioms—a popular dialect which grew up at Alexandria and perpetuated itself in the Septuagint, and to a less marked degree in the New Testament.—adv. Hellenist′ically. [Gr. Hellēnios, Helēnikos—Hellēnes, a name ultimately given to all the Greeks—Hellēn, the son of Deucalion, the Greek Noah.]

Hellicat, hel′i-kat, adj. giddy-headed: flighty.—n. (Scot.) a wicked creature.

Helm, helm, n. the instrument by which a ship is steered: the station of management or government.—v.t. to direct.—n. Helm′age, guidance.—adj. Helm′less, of a ship, without a helm.—n. Helms′man, the one who steers. [A.S. helma; Ice. hjálm, a rudder, Gr. helm, a handle.]

Helm, helm, Helmet, hel′met, n. a covering of armour for the head: (bot.) the hooded upper lip of certain flowers.—adjs. Helmed, Hel′meted, furnished with a helmet.—n. Hel′met-shell, a genus of gasteropods having thick heavy shells with bold ridges: a cameo-shell. [A.S. helm—helan, to cover; Ger. helm.]

Helminth, hel′minth, n. a worm.—n. Helminth′agogue, a remedy against worms.—adj. Helmin′thic, pertaining to worms: (med.) expelling worms.—n. a medicine for expelling worms.—n. Helmin′thite, a long sinuous mark common on the surfaces of sandstone, and supposed to be the tracks of worms.—adjs. Helmin′thoid, worm-shaped; Helmintholog′ic, -al.—ns. Helminthol′ogist; Helminthol′ogy, that branch of natural history which treats of worms, or more particularly of the parasitic forms.—adj. Helminth′ous. [Gr. helmins, -inthos, a worm.]

Helot, hē′lot, or hel′ot, n. one of a class of slaves among the ancient Spartans.—ns. Hē′lotage, the state of a Helot; Hē′lotism, the condition of the Helots in ancient Sparta: slavery; Hē′lotry, the whole body of the Helots: any class of slaves. [Gr.; said to be derived from Helos, a town in Greece, reduced to slavery by the Spartans.]

Help, help, v.t. to support: to assist: to mitigate: to give means for doing anything: to provide or supply with: to remedy: to prevent, to keep from.—v.i. to give assistance: to contribute:—pa.p. helped, (B.) hōlp′en.—n. means or strength given to another for a purpose: assistance: relief: one who assists: (Amer.) a hired servant, esp. a domestic.—n. Help′er, one who helps: an assistant.—adj. Help′ful, giving help: useful.—n. Help′fulness.—adj. Help′less, without help or power in one's self: wanting assistance.—adv. Help′lessly.—ns. Help′lessness; Help′mate, an assistant: a partner: a wife—also written Help′meet, from Gen. ii. 18.—Help forward, to assist in making progress; Help off, to aid in disposing or getting rid of; Help on, to forward, to lift up; Help out, to aid in finishing a task, eking out a supply, &c.; Help over, to enable to surmount; Help to, to aid in obtaining for some one; Help up, to raise.—God help him, a phrase implying extreme pity or commiseration.—So help me God, a very strong asseveration, implying the willingness of the speaker to let his chance of salvation depend upon his truthfulness. [A.S. helpan, pa.t. healp, pa.p. holpen; Ice. hjálpa, Ger. helfen, to aid.]

Helter-skelter, hel′ter-skel′ter, adv. in a confused hurry: tumultuously.—n. a confused medley: disorderly motion.—adj. confused.—n. Hel′ter-skel′teriness. [Imit.]

Helve, helv, n. the handle of an axe or hatchet: the handle of a forehammer.—v.t. to furnish with a handle, as an axe.—n. Helve′-hamm′er, a trip-hammer. [A.S. hielfe, helfe, a handle.]

Helvetic, hel-vet′ik, adj. pertaining to Switzerland—also Helvē′tian.—Helvetic Confessions, two confessions of faith drawn up by the Swiss theologians in 1536 and 1566, in substance Protestant, Evangelical, moderately Calvinistic, and Zwinglian. [L.,—Helvetia, Latin name of Switzerland.]

Hem, hem, n. the border of a garment doubled down and sewed.—v.t. to form a hem on: to edge:—pr.p. hem′ming; pa.p. hemmed.—n. Hem′-stitch, the ornamental finishing of the inner side of a hem, made by pulling out several threads adjoining it and drawing together in groups the cross-threads by successive stitches.—v.t. to embroider with such.—Hem in, to surround. [A.S. hemm, a border; Ger. hamm, a fence.]

Hem, hem, n. and interj. a sort of half-cough to draw attention.—v.i. to utter the sound hem!—pr.p. hem′ming; pa.p. hemmed. [Imit.]

Hemeralopia, hem′e-ra-lō′pi-a, n. day-blindness, a defect of vision except in artificial or dim light; also applied to night-blindness. [Gr. hēmera, a day, alaos, blind, ōps, the eye.]

Hemianopsia, hem′i-an-op′si-a, n. complete or partial blindness as to half the field of vision—also Hemianōp′ia, Hemiō′pia, Hemiop′sia, Hem′opsy.—adjs. Hemianop′tic, Hemiop′ic. [Gr. hēmi-, half, an-, neg., opsis, sight.]

Hemicrania, hem-i-krā′ni-a, n. headache confined to one side of the head.—adj. Hemicran′ic.

Hemicycle, hem′i-sī-kl, n. a semicircle, a room with seats so arranged. [Fr.,—Gr.]

Hemihedrism, hem-i-hē′drizm, n. a property of crystals of being Hemihē′dral, or having half the number of symmetrically arranged planes occurring on a holohedron.—n. Hemihē′dron. [Gr. hēmi-, half, hedra, a seat.]

Hemiolic, hem-i-ol′ik, adj. constituting the proportion of 1½ to 1, or of 3 to 2. [Gr. hēmi-, half, holos, whole.]

Hemionus, hē-mī′o-nus, Hemione, hem′i-ōn, n. the half-ass, or dziggetai. [Gr. hēmi-, half, onos, an ass.]

Hemiplegia, hem-i-plē′ji-a, n. paralysis of one side of the face or body—also Hem′iplegy.—adj. Hemipleg′ic. [Gr. hēmi-, half, plēgē, a blow.]

Hemiptera, hem-ip′tėr-a, n. an order of Insecta, in the classification of Linnæus: in later systems, the same as Rhyncota, including aphides, coccus insects, cicadas, bugs, water-scorpions, lice (Ametabola).—n. Hemip′ter.—adjs. Hemip′teral, Hemip′teran, Hemip′terous. [Gr. hēmi-, half, pteron, a wing.]

Hemisphere, hem′i-sfēr, n. a half-sphere: half of the globe or a map of it.—adjs. Hemispher′ic, -al.—n. Hemisphē′roid, the half of a spheroid.—adj. Hemispheroi′dal.—Eastern and Western hemispheres, the eastern and western halves of the terrestrial globe, the former including Europe, Asia, and Africa; the latter, the Americas. [Gr. hēmisphairion—hēmi-, half, sphaira, a sphere.]

Hemistich, hem′i-stik, n. one of the two parts of a line of poetry as divided by the cesura: half a line, an incomplete or unfinished line: an epodic line or refrain.—adj. Hem′istichal. [L. hemistichium—Gr. hēmistichion—hēmi-, half, stichos, a line.]

Hemitrope, hem′i-trōp, n. a form in which one part of a crystal is in reverse position with reference to the other part, a twin-crystal.—adjs. Hem′itrope, Hemit′ropal, Hemitrop′ic, Hemit′ropous.

Hemlock, hem′lok, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants, the most common species being the poisonous spotted hemlock, used in medicine. [A.S. hemlic, the second syllable a weakened form of leác, a plant. Cf. Charlock, Garlic.]

Hemp, hemp, n. a plant with a fibrous bark used for cordage, coarse cloth, &c.: the fibrous rind prepared for spinning.—adj. Hemp′en, made of hemp.—ns. Hemp′-nett′le, a coarse bristly annual weed of the labiate family; Hemp′-palm, a palm of China and Japan, the fibre of the leaves of which is much employed for making cordage—hats, cloaks, and other garments are also made from it; Hemp′-seed, Mrs Quickly's word for homicide (Shak., 2 Henry IV., II. i. 64).—adj. Hemp′y, like hemp: roguish: romping.—n. (Scot.) a rogue.—Hempen collar, and caudle (Shak.), the hangman's noose; Hempen widow, the widow of a man who has been hanged. [A.S. henep, hænep—L. cannabis—Gr. kannabis.]

Hen, hen, n. the female of any bird, esp. of the domestic fowl.—ns. Hen′bane, a coarse annual or biennial herb of the nightshade family, poisonous, esp. to domestic fowls; Hen′coop, a coop or large cage for domestic fowls; Hen′-driv′er, Hen′-harr′ier, a species of falcon, the common harrier.—adj. Hen′-heart′ed, timid as a hen: cowardly.—ns. Hen′-house, a house, coop, or shelter for fowls; Hen′-huss′y, a man who meddles with women's affairs; Hen′-mould, a black, spongy soil; Hen′nery, a place where fowls are kept.—adj. Hen′ny, like a hen, feathered.—v.t. Hen′peck, of a wife, to domineer over her husband.—n. the subjection of a husband to his wife.—adj. Hen′pecked, weakly subject to his wife.—ns. Henpeck′ery, the state of being henpecked; Hen′-roost, a place where poultry roost at night; Hen′wife, Hen′-wom′an, a woman who has the charge of poultry. [A.S. henn—hana, a cock; Ger. hahn, fem. henne.]

Hence, hens, adv. from this place or time: in the future: from this cause or reason: from this origin.—interj. away! begone!—advs. Hence′forth, Hencefor′ward, from this time forth or forward. [M. E. hennes, henne—A.S. heonan, from the base of he; Ger. hinnen,hin, hence; so L. hinc, hence—hic, this.]

Henchman, hensh′man, n. a servant: a page. [Not from haunch-man, but from A.S. hengest, a horse (Ger. hengst), and man.]

Hendecagon, hen-dek′a-gon, n. a plane figure of eleven angles and eleven sides.—adj. Hendecag′onal. [Gr. hendeka, eleven, gōnia, an angle.]

Hendecasyllable, hen′dek-a-sil-a-bl, n. a metrical line of eleven syllables.—adj. Hendecasyllab′ic. [Gr. hendeka, eleven, syllabē, a syllable.]

Hendiadys, hen-dī′a-dis, n. a rhetorical figure in which one and the same notion is presented in two expressions, as 'with might and main'=by main strength. [Gr. hen dia dyoin, lit. 'one by two.']

Henequen, hen′ē-ken, n. a fibre known as sisal-hemp, used for ships' cables, obtained chiefly from Agave Ixtli of Yucatan, also the plant itself.—Also Hen′equin, Hen′iquin. [Sp. jeniquen.]

Henna, hen′a, n. a small Oriental shrub of the loosestrife family, with fragrant white flowers: a pigment made from the shrub for dyeing the nails and hair. [Ar. henna.]

Henotheism, hen′ō-thē-izm, n. the ascribing of supreme power to some one of several gods in turn: the belief in a special supreme god over a particular people—a national or relative monotheism.—adj. Henotheist′ic. [Gr. heis (hen-), one, theos, god, and suff. -ism.]

Henotic, hen-ot′ik, adj. tending to unify or reconcile. [Gr. henōtikos—heis, one.]

Henry, hen′ri, n. (electr.) the practical unit of self-induction—from Joseph Henry, American physicist (1797-1878).

Hep, hep, interj. a cry said to come down from the Crusaders' time, often the cry of the mob in an outrage on the Jews—more probably an abbreviation of Hebrew than formed from the initials of Hierosolyma est perdita=Jerusalem is destroyed.

Hepar, hē′par, n. the name given by the older chemists to various compounds of sulphur, from their brown, liver-like colour.—adj. Hepat′ic, belonging to the liver.—ns.pl. Hepat′ica, medicines which affect the liver and its appendages; Hepat′icæ, the liver-worts, a sub-class of bryophytic or moss-like plants.—n. Hepatisā′tion, consolidation of tissue, as of the lungs in pneumonia, resulting in a liver-like solidification.—v.t. Hep′atise, to convert into a substance resembling liver.—ns. Hep′atīte, a variety of barium sulphate or barite, with a characteristic stink; Hepatī′tis, inflammation of the liver; Hep′atocele, hernia of the liver; Hepatol′ogist, a specialist in diseases of the liver; Hepatol′ogy, the science of, or a treatise on, the liver; Hepatorrhœ′a, a morbid flow of bile; Hepatos′copy, divination by inspection of the livers of animals. [Gr. hēpar, hēpătos, the liver.]

Heptachord, hep′ta-kord, n. in Greek music, a diatonic series of seven tones, containing five whole steps and one half-step: an instrument with seven strings.

Heptade, hep′tad, n. the sum or number of seven: (chem.) an atom, radical, or element having a combining power of seven. [Fr.,—Gr. heptas, heptados—hepta, seven.]

Heptaglot, hep′ta-glot, adj. in seven languages.—n. a book in seven languages. [Gr. heptaglōttos—hepta, seven, glōtta, glōssa, tongue.]

Heptagon, hep′ta-gon, n. a plane figure with seven angles and seven sides.—adj. Heptag′onal. [Gr. heptagōnos, seven-cornered—hepta, seven, gōnia, an angle.]

Heptagynia, hept-a-jin′i-a, n. an order of plants having seven styles.—adj. Heptag′ynous. [Gr. hepta, seven, gynē, a woman.]

Heptahedron, hep-ta-hē′dron, n. a solid figure with seven faces or sides.—adjs. Heptahē′dral, Heptahed′rical; Heptahexahē′dral, having seven ranges of faces one above another, each range containing six faces. [Gr. hepta, seven, hedrā, a seat, a base.]

Heptameride, hep-tam′e-rid, n. anything consisting of seven parts.—adj. Heptam′erous (bot.), consisting of seven members or parts.

Heptameron, hep′tam-e-ron, n. a book containing the transactions of seven days, esp. the 72 stories supposed to be told in seven days, bearing the name of Queen Margaret of Navarre (1492-1549). [Gr. hepta, seven, hēmera, a day.]

Heptameter, hep′tam-e-tėr, n. a verse of seven measures. [Gr. hepta, seven, metron, measure.]

Heptandria, hept-an′dri-a, n. a class of plants having seven stamens.—adj. Heptan′drous. [Gr. hepta, seven, anēr, andros, a man.]

Heptangular, hept-ang′gū-lar, adj. having seven angles. [Gr. hepta, seven, and angular.]

Heptapody, hep-tap′o-di, n. a verse of seven feet.—adj. Heptapod′ic.

Heptarchy, hep′tär-ki, n. a government by seven persons: the country governed by seven: a period in the Saxon history of England—a misleading term in any other meaning than merely this, that the chief kingdoms at various periods from the 5th to the 9th century were seven—Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria.—ns. Hep′tarch, Hep′tarchist.—adj. Heptar′chic. [Gr. hepta, seven, archē, sovereignty.]

Heptasyllabic, hep-ta-si-lab′ik, adj. seven-syllabled, like the second half of the elegiac pentameter.

Heptateuch, hep′ta-tūk, n. a word sometimes used for the first seven books of the Old Testament—formed on the analogy of Pentateuch and Hexateuch. [Gr. hepta, seven, teuchos, an instrument, a volume.]

Her, hėr, pron. objective and possessive case of she.—adj. belonging to a female. [M. E. here—A.S. hire, gen. and dat. sing. of heó, she.]

Heraclean, Heracleian, her-a-klē′an, adj. pertaining to Hercules.—adj. Heraclī′dan, Heraclei′dan, pertaining to the Heracleidæ or descendants of Heracles (Hercules), the aristocracy of Sparta.—n. Heraclid′, one claiming such descent.

Herald, her′ald, n. in ancient times, an officer who made public proclamations and arranged ceremonies: in medieval times, an officer who had charge of all the etiquette of chivalry, keeping a register of the genealogies and armorial bearings of the nobles: an officer whose duty is to read proclamations, to blazon the arms of the nobility, &c.: a proclaimer: a forerunner: the red-breasted merganser, usually Her′ald-duck.—v.t. to introduce, as by a herald: to proclaim.—adj. Heral′dic, of or relating to heralds or heraldry.—adv. Heral′dically.—ns. Her′aldry, the art or office of a herald: the science of recording genealogies and blazoning coats of arms; Her′aldship.—Heralds' College (see College). [O. Fr. herault; of Teut. origin, Old High Ger. hari (A.S. here, Ger. heer), an army, and wald=walt, strength, sway.]

Herb, hėrb, n. a plant the stem of which dies every year, as distinguished from a tree or shrub which has a permanent stem.—adj. Herbā′ceous, pertaining to, or of the nature of, herbs: (bot.) having a soft stem that dies to the root annually.—n. Herbage (hėrb′āj, or ėrb′āj), green food for cattle: pasture: herbs collectively.—adjs. Herb′aged, covered with grass; Herb′al, pertaining to herbs.—n. a book containing descriptions of plants with medicinal properties, orig. of all plants.—ns. Herb′alist, one who makes collections of herbs or plants: one skilled in plants; Herb′ar (Spens.), an herb; Herbā′rian, a herbalist; Herbā′rium, a classified collection of preserved herbs or plants:—pl. Herbā′riums, Herbā′ria; Herb′ary, a garden of herbs; Herb′-benn′et (see Avens).—adjs. Herbes′cent, growing into herbs, becoming herbaceous; Herbif′erous, bearing herbs.—n. Herb′ist, a herbalist.—n.pl. Herbiv′ora, a name loosely applied to hoofed quadrupeds.—n.sing. Herb′ivore.—adjs. Herbiv′orous, eating or living on herbaceous plants; Herb′less.—ns. Herb′let (Shak.), a small herb; Herb′-of-grace′, or -repent′ance, the common rue, the vervain; Herborisā′tion, the seeking for plants: (min.) the figure of plants.—v.i. Herb′orise, to search for plants: to botanise.—v.t. to form plant-like figures in, as in minerals.—n. Herb′orist, a herbalist.—adjs. Herb′ous, Herb′ose, abounding with herbs.—ns. Herb′-Par′is, Paris quadrifolia, related to wake-robin; Herb′-Pē′ter, the cowslip or primrose; Herb′-Rob′ert, a common kind of geranium; Herb′-trin′ity, the pansy.—adj. Herb′y, of or pertaining to herbs. [Fr. herbe—L. herba, akin to Gr. phorbē, pasture—pherbein, to feed.]

Herculanean, her-kū-lā′nē-an, adj. of or pertaining to Herculaneum, the ancient Roman city buried with Pompeii by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D.

Herculean, hėr-kū′lē-an, adj. of or pertaining to Hercules: extremely difficult or dangerous, as the twelve labours of the Greek hero Hercules: of extraordinary strength and size.—Hercules beetle, a gigantic Brazilian lamellicorn beetle, 6 in. long, with a long horn on the head of the male and a smaller one on the thorax; Hercules' choice, toil and duty chosen in preference to ease and pleasure—from a famous story in Xenophon's Memorabilia; Hercules club, a stick of great size and weight; Pillars of Hercules, the name given by the ancients to two rocks flanking the entrance to the Mediterranean at the Strait of Gibraltar.

Hercynian, her-sin′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to the forest-covered mountain region of northern Germany—apart the Harz Mountains.

Herd, hėrd, n. a number of beasts feeding together, and watched or tended: any collection of beasts, as distinguished from a flock: a company of people, the rabble.—v.i. to run in herds.—v.t. to tend, as a herdsman.—ns. Herd, one who tends a herd; Herd′groom (Spens.), a shepherd-lad; Herds′-grass, timothy-grass; Herds′man, a man employed to herd or tend cattle—(B.) Herd′man. [A.S. hirde, hierde; Ger. heerde, Sw. hjord.]

Herdic, her′dik, n. a low-hung two or four wheeled carriage with back entrance and side seats. [From the inventor, Peter Herdic of Pennsylvania.]

Here, hēr, adv. in this place: in the present life or state.—advs. Here′about, also -abouts, about this place; Hereaf′ter, after this, in some future time or state.—n. a future state.—advs. Here′at, at or by reason of this; Here′away (coll.), hereabout; Hereby′, not far off: by this; Herein′, in this: in regard to this; Hereinaf′ter, afterward in this (document, &c.):—opp. to Hereinbefore′; Hereof′, of this: as a result of this; Hereon′, on or upon this; Hereto′, till this time: for this object; Heretofore′, before this time: formerly; Hereunto′ (also -un′-), to this point or time; Hereupon′, on this: in consequence of this; Herewith′, with this.—Here and there, in this place, and then in that: thinly: irregularly; Here goes! an exclamation indicating that the speaker is about to do something; Here you are (coll.), this is what you want; Neither here nor there, of no special importance. [A.S. hér, from base of hé, he; Dut. and Ger. hier, Sw. här.]

Heredity, he-red′i-ti, n. the organic relation between generations, esp. between parents and offspring: the transmission of qualities from the parents or ancestors to their offspring.—adj. Hered′itable, that may be inherited.—ns. Heredit′ament, all property of whatever kind that may pass to an heir.—adv. Hered′itarily.—n. Hered′itariness, the quality of being hereditary.—adj. Hered′itary, descending by inheritance: transmitted from parents to their offspring. [L. hereditas, the state of an heir—heres, herēdis, an heir.]

Heresy, her′e-si, n. the adoption and maintaining opinions contrary to the authorised teaching of the religious community to which one naturally belongs: an opinion adopted for one's self in opposition to the usual belief: heterodoxy.—ns. Heresiarch (her′e-si-ärk, or he-rē′zi-ärk), a leader in heresy, a chief among heretics; Heresiog′rapher, one who writes about heresies; Heresiog′raphy, a treatise on heresies; Heresiol′ogist, a student of, or writer on, heresies; Heresiol′ogy, the study or the history of heresies; Her′etic, the upholder of a heresy.—adj. Heret′ical.—adv. Heret′ically.—v.t. Heret′icate, to denounce as heretical. [O. Fr. heresie—L. hæresis—Gr. hairesis—hairein, to take.]

Heriot, her′i-ot, n. (Eng. law) a kind of fine due to the lord of a manor on the death of a person holding land of the manor, and consisting of the best beast, jewel, or chattel that belonged to the deceased.—adj. Her′iotable. [A.S. heregeatu, a military preparation—here, an army, geatwe, apparatus.]

Herisson, her′i-son, n. a beam turning on a pivot and supplied with sharp spikes, for the defence of a gate, &c.: (her.) a hedgehog.—adj. Hérissé, bristled. [A doublet of urchin.]

Heritable, her′i-ta-bl, adj. that may be inherited.—n. Heritabil′ity.—adv. Her′itably.—n. Her′itor, in Scotland, a landholder in a parish.—Heritable property (Scots law), real property, as opposed to movable property or chattels; Heritable security, same as English mortgage. [O. Fr. heritable, hereditable—-Low L. hereditabilis—L. hereditas.]

Heritage, her′it-āj, n. that which is inherited: inherited lot, condition of one's birth: (B.) the children (of God). [O. Fr. heritage, heriter—Late L. hereditāre, to inherit.]

Hermandad, ėr-man-dad′, n. a confederation of the entire burgher class of Spain for police and judicial purposes, formed in 1282, and formally legalised in 1485. [Sp., 'brotherhood,' hermano—L. germanus, kindred.]

Hermaphrodite, hėr-maf′rod-īt, n. an animal or a plant in which the two sexual characteristics are united: an abnormal individual in whom are united the properties of both sexes.—adj. uniting the distinctions of both sexes.—ns. Hermaph′rodism, Hermaph′roditism, the union of the two sexes in one body.—adjs. Hermaphrodit′ic, -al, pertaining to a hermaphrodite: partaking of both sexes.—Hermaphrodite brig, a brig square-rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. [L.,—Gr. Hermaphrodītos, the son of Hermēs and Aphroditē, who, when bathing, grew together with the nymph Salmacis into one person.]

Hermeneutic, -al, hėr-me-nū′tik, -al, adj. interpreting: explanatory: exigetical.—adv. Hermeneu′tically.—n.sing. Hermeneu′tics, the science of interpretation or exegesis, esp. of the Scriptures.—n. Hermeneu′tist, one versed in hermeneutics. [Gr. hermēneu′tikos—hermēneus, an interpreter, from Hermēs, Mercury, the god of art and eloquence.]

Hermes, hėr′mēz, n. the herald and messenger of the gods of Greek mythology, patron of herdsmen, arts, and thieves: a head or bust on a square base, often double-faced:—pl. Hermæ (her′mē): the Egyptian Thoth, identified with the Greek Hermes.

Hermetic, -al, hėr-met′ik, -al, adj. belonging in any way to the the beliefs current in the Middle Ages under the name of Hermes, the Thrice Great: belonging to magic or alchemy, magical: perfectly close.—adv. Hermet′ically.—n.pl. Hermet′ics, the philosophy wrapped up in the Hermetic books, esoteric science: alchemy.—Hermetically sealed, closed completely, said of a glass vessel, the opening of which is closed by melting the glass. [From Hermēs Trismegistos, Hermes 'the thrice-greatest,' the Greek name for the Egyptian god Thoth, who was god of science, esp. alchemy.]

Hermit, hėr′mit, n. one who retires from society and lives in solitude or in the desert for purposes of devotion: one of certain animals of solitary habit.—ns. Her′mitāge, Her′mitary, the dwelling of a hermit: a retired abode: a wine produced near Valence, in Drôme; Her′mit-crab, the name of a family of crustaceans notable for their habit of sheltering themselves in gasteropod shells.—adj. Hermit′ical, relating to a hermit. [M. E. eremite, through Fr. and L. from Gr. erēmitēs—erēmos, solitary.]

Hernia, hėr′ni-a, n. a protrusion, through an abnormal or accidental opening, of the abdominal viscera, the condition popularly called rupture.—adjs. Her′nial; Her′niated; Her′nioid.—ns. Herniol′ogy, the branch of surgery which treats of ruptures; Herniot′omy, the operation of cutting for hernia. [L.]

Hero, hē′rō, n. a man of distinguished bravery: any illustrious person: the principal figure in any history or work of fiction: (orig.) a demigod:—fem. Heroine (her′ō-in).—adj. Herō′ic, becoming a hero: courageous: illustrious: daring, rash.—n. a heroic verse: (pl.) extravagant phrases, bombast.—adj. Herō′ical.—adv. Herō′ically—(Milt.) Herō′icly.—ns. Herō′icalness, Herō′icness.—adjs. Herō′icomic, -al, consisting of a mixture of heroic and comic: designating the high burlesque.—ns. Her′oism, the qualities of a hero: courage: boldness; Hē′roship, the state of being a hero; Hē′ro-wor′ship, the worship of heroes: excessive admiration of great men.—Heroic age, the semi-mythical period of Greek history, when the heroes or demigods were represented to have lived among men; Heroic medicines, such as either kill or cure; Heroic size, in sculpture, larger than life, but less than colossal; Heroic verse, the style of verse in which the exploits of heroes are celebrated (in classical poetry, the hexameter; in English and German, the iambic of ten syllables; in French, the alexandrine). [Through O. Fr. and L. from Gr. hērōs; akin to L. vir, A.S. wer, a man, Sans. víra, a hero.]

Herodians, he-rō′di-ans, n.pl. a political rather than religious party among the Jews of the apostolic age, adherents of the family of Herod. Herod was represented as a swaggering tyrant in the old dramatic performances—hence 'to out-herod Herod' (Shak.)—to exceed in bombast and passionate grandiloquence.

Heron, her′un, n. a large screaming water-fowl, with long legs and neck.—n. Her′onry, a place where herons breed. [O. Fr. hairon—Old High Ger. heigir.]

Heronshaw, her′un-shaw, n. a young heron. [Properly heronswewe (O. Fr. herounçel), which was confounded with the old form hernshaw, a heronry, from heron, and shaw, a wood.]

Herpes, hėr′pēz, n. the name of a group of diseases of the skin, characterised by the presence of clusters of vesicles on an inflamed base—Catarrhal herpes and Herpes zoster or Shingles.—adj. Herpet′ic, relating to or resembling herpes: creeping. [Gr. herpēs—herpein, to creep.]

Herpestes, her-pes′tez, n. the typical genus of ichneumons or mongooses of the sub-family Herpestinæ, viverroid carnivores, having straight toes, claws not retractile. [Gr.]

Herpetology, her-pet-ol′oj-i, n. the branch of natural history which treats of reptiles.—adjs. Her′petoid, serpent-like; Herpetolog′ic, -al, pertaining to herpetology.—adv. Herpetolog′ically.—n. Herpetol′ogist, one versed in herpetology.

Herr, her, n. lord, master, the German term of address equivalent to Mr. [Ger.]

Herring, her′ing, n. a common small sea-fish of great commercial value, found moving in great shoals or multitudes.—adj. Herr′ing-bone, like the spine of a herring, applied to a kind of masonry in which the stones slope in different directions in alternate rows.—ns. Herr′inger, one whose employment is to catch herring; Herr′ing-fish′ery; Herr′ing-pond, the ocean, esp. the Atlantic or the English Channel.—Herring-bone stitch, a kind of cross-stitch used in embroidery, in mending sails, &c.—Kippered herring, herring smoked and preserved; Red herring, herring cured and dried, and having as the result a red appearance. [A.S. hǽring, héring; cf. Ger. häring, heer.]

Herrnhuter, hern′hut-ėr, n. one of the Moravians or United Brethren, so called from their settlement in 1722 at Herrnhut in Saxony.

Herse, hėrs, n. (fort.) a portcullis: a species of cheval-de-frise.—adj. Hersed, arranged in harrow form. [Hearse.]

Herself, hėr-self′, pron. the emphatic form of she in the nominative or objective case: in her real character: having the command of her facilities, sane.

Hership, hėr′ship, n. the carrying off of cattle: (Scot.) foray. [Here, army, or stem of A.S. herjan, to harry; cf. Ice. herskapr, warfare—herr, army, and -skapr, -ship.]

Hery, hē′ri, v.t. (Spens.) to praise, to regard as holy. [A.S. herian, to praise.]

Hesitate, hez′i-tāt, v.i. to stop in making a decision: to be in doubt: to stammer.—v.t. (rare) to express with hesitation.—ns. Hes′itancy, Hesitā′tion, wavering: doubt: stammering.—adj. Hes′itan't, hesitating.—adv. Hes′itātingly.—adj. Hes′itātive, showing hesitation.—n. Hes′itātor, one who hesitates.—adj. Hes′itātory, hesitating. [L. hæsitāre, -ātum, freq. of hærēre, hæsum, to stick.]

Hesper, hes′pėr, Hesperus, hes′pėr-us, n. the Greek name for Venus as the evening-star.—adj. Hespē′rian, of Hesperus or the west. [L.,—Gr. hesperos, evening.]

Hesperides, hes-per′ī-dēz, n.pl. the name of the three sisters who guarded in their delightful gardens the golden apples which Hera, on her marriage with Zeus, had received from Gæa.

Hesperornis, hes-per-ōr′nis, n. an extinct form of bird, the remains of which have been met with in the American cretaceous deposits. [Gr. hesperos, western, ornis, a bird.]

Hessian, hesh′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to Hesse.—n. a native of Hesse: (pl.) short for Hessian boots, a kind of long boots first worn by Hessian troops.—Hessian fly, a dipterous insect, in its larval state attacking stems of barley, wheat, and rye. [From Hesse, a grand-duchy of the German Empire.]

Hest, hest, n. (Shak.) behest, command. [A.S. hǽs, a command—hátan, to command.]

Hesvan, hes′van, n. the second month of the Jewish civil year.—Also Hesh′van. [Heb.]

Hesychast, hes′i-kast, n. one of a mystic and contemplative sect of the Greek Church in the 14th century, whose members may be described as the Quietists of the East.—n. Hes′ychasm, their doctrines and practice. [Gr. hēsychastēs—hēsychos, quiet.]

Hetæra, he-tē′ra, Hetaira, he-tī′ra, n. in Greece, a woman employed in public or private entertainment, as flute-playing, dancing, &c.: a paramour or courtesan.—ns. Hetæ′rism, Hetairism (-tī′), concubinage, open commerce between the sexes; Hetæroc′racy, the rule of courtesans.—n. Hetai′rist, one who practises hetærism.—adj. Hetairist′ic. [Gr. hetaira, fem. of hetairos, a companion.]

Heterauxesis, het-e-rawk-sē′sis, n. (bot.) irregular or unsymmetrical growth.

Heteroblastic, het-er-o-blas′tik, adj. derived from different cells:—opposed to Homoblastic. [Gr. heteros, other, blastos, bud, germ.]

Heterocarpous, het-e-ro-kar′pus, adj. (bot.) bearing fruit of two sorts.

Heterocercal, het-er-o-sėr′kal, adj. having the upper fork of the tail different from or longer than the lower, as the shark:—opposed to Homocercal.—n. Het′erocercy. [Gr. heteros, different from, kerkos, the tail.]

Heterochromous, het-e-ro-krō′mus, adj. (bot.) having different members unlike in colour.

Heterochrony, het-e-rok′ro-ni, n. (biol.) a divergence in ontogenetic sequence affecting the time of formation of parts or organs—also Heterochrō′nia.—adj. Heterochron′ic.—n. Heteroch′ronism.—adjs. Heterochronist′ic; Heteroch′ronous.

Heteroclite, het′er-o-klīt, adj. irregularly inflected: irregular—also Heteroclit′ic, -al.—n. Het′eroclīte, a word irregularly inflected: anything irregular.—adj. Heteroc′litous. [Gr. heteroklitos—heteros, other, klitos, inflected—klinein, to inflect.]

Heterodactyl, het-e-ro-dak′til, adj. having the digits irregular or peculiar in size, form, or position.—Also Heterodac′tylous.

Heterodont, het′er-o-dont, adj. having different kinds of teeth:—opposed to Homodont.—n.pl. Heterodont′a, an order of bivalves with hinge-teeth (cardinal and lateral) fitting into corresponding cavities in the opposite valve. [Gr. heteros, other, odous, odont-, a tooth.]

Heterodox, het′er-o-doks, adj. holding an opinion other or different from the one generally received, esp. in theology: heretical.—n. Het′erodoxy, heresy. [Gr. heterodoxos—heteros, other, doxa, an opinion—dokein, to think.]

Heterœcism, het-e-rē′sizm, n. the development, as of some parasitic fungi, of different stages of existence on different host-plants.—adjs. Heterœ′cious, Heterœcis′mal. [Gr. heteros, other, oikos, a house.]

Heterogamous, het-e-rog′a-mus, adj. (bot.) bearing two kinds of flowers which differ sexually, as in most Compositæ, &c.—n. Heterog′amy. [Gr. heteros, other, gamos, marriage.]

Heterogeneous, het-er-o-jē′ne-us, adj. of another race or kind: dissimilar: composed of different kinds or parts—also Heterogēn′eal (rare):—opposed to Homogeneous.—ns. Heterogenē′ity, Heterogēn′eousness.—adv. Heterogēn′eously. [Gr. heterogenēs—heteros, other, genos, a kind.]

Heterogenesis, het-er-ō-gen′e-sis, n. (biol.) spontaneous generation, abiogenesis: generation in which the offspring differs in structure and habit from the parent animal or plant, the ancestral characteristics, however, ultimately reappearing—Xenogenesis and Alternate generation are other names—also Heterog′eny.—adj. Heterogenet′ic. [Gr. heteros, other, genesis, generation.]

Heterogonous, het-e-rog′ō-nus, adj. (bot.) having flowers dimorphous or trimorphous as to the relative length of stamens and styles, an adaptation for cross-fertilisation. [Gr. heteros, other, gonos, generation.]

Heterography, het-e-rog′ra-fi, n. heterogeneous spelling.—adj. Heterograph′ic.

Heterology, het-er-ol′oj-i, n. abnormality, want of true morphological affinity.—adj. Heterol′ogous. [Gr. heteros, other, logia, relation.]

Heteromerous, het-e-rom′e-rus, adj. diversiform. [Gr. heteros, other, meros, a part.]

Heteromorphic, het-e-ro-mor′fik, adj. deviating in form from a given type—also Heteromor′phous.—ns. Heteromor′phism; Heteromor′phy. [Gr. heteros, other, morphē, form.]

Heteronomous, het-er-on′o-mus, adj. differentiated from a common type: subject to the rule of another.—n. Heteron′omy, subordination to law imposed by another:—opposed to Autonomy. [Gr. heteros, other, nomos, law.]

Heteronym, het′er-o-nim, n. a word spelled like another, but with a different sound and meaning, as lead, to guide; lead, the metal.—adj. Heteron′ymous.—n. Heteron′ymy. [Gr. heteros, other, onoma, a name.]

Heterophemy, het-e-ro-fē′mi, n. the saying of one thing when another is meant.—v.i. Heterophē′mise.—ns. Heterophē′mism; Heterophē′mist.—adj. Heterophemis′tic. [Gr. heteros, other, phēmē, a saying.]

Heterophyllous, het′er-o-fil′us, adj. (bot.) having two different kinds of leaves on the same stem. [Gr. heteros, other, phyllon, a leaf.]

Heteroplasia, het-e-ro-plā′si-a, n. the development of abnormal tissue by diseased action.—adj. Heteroplas′tic.—n. Heteroplas′ty. [Gr. heteros, other, plasis, a forming.]

Heteropoda, het-er-op′o-da, n.pl. pelagic gasteropods in which the 'foot' has become a swimming organ.—n. Het′eropod, one of the Heteropoda. [Gr. heteros, other, pous, podos, a foot.]

Heteroptera, het-e-rop′te-ra, n.pl. a sub-order of Hemiptera.—adj. Heterop′terous. [Gr. heteros, other, pteron, a wing.]

Heteroptics, het-e-rop′tiks, n. perverted vision. [Gr. heteros, other, optikos, optic]

Heteroscian, het-e-rosh′i-an, adj. and n. pertaining to a person living on one side of the equator, as contrasted with one living on the other side. [Gr. heteros, other, skia, a shadow.]

Heterosomata, het-e-ro-sō′ma-ta, n.pl. the flat-fishes.—adj. Heterosō′matous. [Gr. heteros, different, sōma, pl. sōmata, a body.]

Heterosporous, het-e-ro-spō′rus, adj. having more than one kind of asexually produced spores. [Gr. heteros, other, sporos, seed.]

Heterostrophic, het-e-rō-strof′ik, adj. reversed in direction.—n. Heteros′trophy. [Gr. heteros, other, strophē, a turning.]

Heterostyled, het′e-rō-stīld, adj. same as Heterogonous (q.v.).—n. Heterostyl′ism. [Gr. heteros, other, stylos, a pillar.]

Heterotaxis, het-er-o-tak′sis, n. anomalous arrangement of organs.—adj. Heterotax′ic. [Gr. heteros, other, taxis, arrangement.]

Heterotomous, het-er-ot′o-mus, adj. (min.) having a cleavage different from the common variety. [Gr. heteros, other, tomē, a cutting.]

Heterotopy, het-e-rot′o-pi, n. misplacement.—adj. Heterot′opous. [Gr. heteros, other, topos, place.]

Heterotrophy, het-e-rot′rof-i, n. (bot.) an abnormal mode of obtaining nutrition. [Gr. heteros, other, trophē, food.]

Heterousian, het′e-rōō-zi-an, n. and adj. one who believes the Father and Son to be unlike in substance or essence:—opposed to Homoöusian: an Arian.—Also Heteroöu′sian. [Gr. heteros, other, ousia, substance, einai, to be.]

Hetman, het′man, n. the title of the head or general of the Cossacks. [Russ.]

Heugh, Heuch, hūh, n. (Scot.) a crag, a glen with steep sides. [See How, a hill.]

Heulandite, hū′lan-dīt, n. a mineral of the zeolite group—from H. Heuland, an English mineralogist.

Heuristic, hū-ris′tik, adj. serving to find out.—n. the art of discovery in logic: the method in education by which the pupil is set to find out things for himself. [From the root of Gr. heuriskein, to find; also spelt euriskein. See Eureka.]

Hew, hū, v.t. to cut with any sharp instrument: to cut in pieces: to shape.—v.i. to deal blows with a cutting instrument:—pa.p. hewed, or hewn.—n. (Spens.) hacking.—n. Hew′er, one who hews. [A.S. héawan; Ger. hauen.]

Hexachord, hek′sa-kord, n. a diatonic series of six notes, having a semitone between the third and fourth. [Gr. hex, six, chordē, a string.]

Hexad, hek′sad, n. a series of six numbers: (chem.) an element or radical with the combining power of six units—i.e. of six atoms of hydrogen.

Hexadactylous, hek-sa-dak′ti-lus, adj. having six fingers or toes.—n. Hexadac′tylism.

Hexaëmeron, hek-sa-ē′me-ron, n. a period of six days, esp. that of the creation, according to Genesis: a history of the six days of creation. [Late Gr. hexaēmeros—hex, six, hēmera, a day.]

Hexagon, heks′a-gon, n. a figure with six sides and six angles.—adj. Hexag′onal.—adv. Hexag′onally.—v.t. Hex′agonise. [Gr. hexagōnon—hex, six, gōnia, an angle.]

Hexagynia, hek-sa-jin′i-a, n. in the Linnæan system an order of plants having six styles.—adjs. Hexagyn′ian, Hexag′ynous.

Hexahedron, heks-a-hē′dron, n. a cube, a regular solid with six sides or faces, each of these being a square.—adj. Hexahē′dral. [Gr. hex, six, hedra, a base.]

Hexameter, hek-sam′et-ėr, n. a verse of six measures or feet, the first four dactyls or spondees, the fifth a dactyl (sometimes a spondee), the sixth a spondee or trochee.—adj. having six metrical feet.—adjs. Hexamet′ric, -al.—n. Hexam′etrist, a writer of hexameters. [L.,—Gr. hex, six, metron, a measure.]

Hexandria, heks-an′dri-a, n. a Linnæan class of plants having six stamens.—adj. Hexan′drian. [Gr. hex, six, anēr, andros, a man, male.]

Hexaphyllous, hek-sa-fil′us, adj. having six leaves or leaflets. [Gr. hex, six, phyllon, a leaf.]

Hexapla, heks′a-pla, n. an edition of the Bible in six versions, as that made by Origen of the Old Testament.—adj. Hex′aplar. [Gr. hexapla, pl. neut. of hexaplous, sixfold.]

Hexapod, heks′a-pod, n. an animal with six feet.—n. Hexap′ody, a line or verse of six feet. [Gr. hexapous, -podos—hex, six, pous, a foot.]

Hexastich, heks′a-stik, n. a poem or stanza of six lines. [Gr. hexastichos—hex, six, stichos, a line.]

Hexastyle, heks′a-stīl, adj. having six columns, of a portico or temple having six columns in front. [Gr. hexastylos—hex, six, stylos, a pillar.]

Hexateuch, heks′a-tūk, n. the first six books of the Old Testament.—adj. Hex′ateuchal. [From Gr. hex, six, and teuchos, a book.]

Hey, hā, interj. expressive of joy or interrogation.—interj. Hey′day, expressive of frolic, exultation, or wonder.—n. exaltation of the spirits: the wild gaiety of youth: period of fullest vigour.—n. Hey′deguy (Spens.), a country dance or round.—interjs. Hey′-go-mad, expressing a high degree of excitement; Hey′-pass (Milt.), an expression used by jugglers during their performance. [Imit.]

Hiatus, hī-ā′tus, n. a gap: an opening: a chasm: a break in continuity, a defect: (gram.) a concurrence of vowel sounds in two successive syllables. [L.,—hiāre, hiātum, to gape.]

Hibernate, hī′bėr-nāt, v.i. to winter: to pass the winter in torpor: to live in seclusion.—ns. Hiber′nacle, a winter covering; Hibernac′ulum, any part of a plant protecting an embryonic organ during the winter.—adj. Hiber′nal, belonging to winter: wintry.—n. Hibernā′tion, the state of torpor in which many animals pass the winter. [L. hibernāre, -ātum—hibernus, wintry—hiems, winter.]

Hibernian, hī-bėr′ni-an, adj. relating to Hibernia or Ireland.—n. an Irishman.—ns. Hiber′nianism, Hiber′nicism, an Irish idiom or peculiarity.—adv. Hiber′nically.—v.t. Hiber′nicīse, to render Irish.—n. Hibernisā′tion, a making Irish. [L. Hibernia, Ireland.]

Hibiscus, hī-bis′kus, n. a genus of malvaceous plants, mostly tropical. [L.,—Gr. hibiscos, mallow.]

Hic, hik, interj. a syllable expressing the sound made by one affected with a drunken hiccup.

Hiccatee, Hicatee, hik-a-tē′, n. a fresh-water tortoise of Central America.

Hiccup, hik′up, n. the involuntary contraction of the diaphragm, while the glottis is spasmodically closed: the sound caused by this—also, but erroneously, Hic′cough.—v.i. to be affected with hiccup.—v.t. to say with a hiccup:—pr.p. hicc′upping; pa.p. hicc′upped.—adj. Hicc′upy, marked by hiccups. [Imit.; cf. Dut. hik, Dan. hikke, Bret. hik. The spelling hiccough is due to a confusion with cough.]

Hickory, hik′or-i, n. a genus (Carva) of North American nut-bearing trees, with heavy strong tenacious wood, used for shafts of carriages, handles of axes, &c. [Pohickery; of Indian origin.]

Hidalgo, hi-dal′gō, n. a Spanish nobleman of the lowest class.—adj. Hidal′goish.—n. Hidal′goism. [Sp., hijo de algo, 'the son of something.']

Hide, hīd, v.t. to conceal: to keep in safety.—v.i. to lie concealed:—pa.t. hid; pa.p. hid′den, hid.—adj. Hid′den, concealed: unknown.—adv. Hid′denly, in a hidden or secret manner: privily—(Scot.) Hid′lins.—adj. Hid′denmost, most hidden.—n. Hid′denness.—ns. Hide′-and-seek′, a children's game, where one seeks the others who have hid themselves; Hide′away, a fugitive.—adj. that hides away.—n. Hid′ing, a place of concealment [A.S. hýdan, to hide; cf. Low Ger. hûden, Gr. keuthein.]

Hide, hīd, n. the skin of an animal, esp. the larger animals, sometimes used derogatorily for human skin.—v.t. to flog or whip.—adj. Hide′-bound, having the hide closely bound to the body, as in animals: in trees, having the bark so close that it impedes the growth: stubborn, bigoted, obstinate.—n. Hid′ing, a thrashing. [A.S. hýd; Ger. haut, L. cutis.]

Hide, hīd, n. in old English law, a certain area of land, from 60 to 100 acres.—n. Hid′age, a tax once assessed on every hide of land. [A.S. híd, contracted from hígid—híw-, híg-, household.]

Hideous, hid′e-us, adj. frightful: horrible: ghastly.—ns. Hideos′ity, Hid′eousness.—adv. Hid′eously. [O. Fr. hideus, hisdos—hide, hisde, dread, prob.—L. hispidus, rough, rude.]

Hie, hī, v.i. to hasten.—v.t. to urge on: pass quickly over:—pr.p. hie′ing; pa.p. hied. [A.S. hígian.]

Hie, High, hī, n. (prov.) the call to a horse to turn to the left:—opposite of Hup.

Hielaman, hī′la-man, n. the native Australian narrow shield of bark or wood.

Hiems, hī′emz, n. (Shak.) winter.—adj. Hī′emal.—v.t. Hī′emate.—n. Hiemā′tion, hibernation. [L.]

Hiera-picra, hī′e-ra-pik′ra, n. a purgative drug from aloes and canella bark.—Also Hickery-pickery, Higry-pigry. [Gr. hiera, fem. of hieros, sacred, pikra, fem. of pikros, bitter.]

Hierarch, hī′ėr-ärk, n. a ruler in sacred matters.—adjs. Hi′erarchal, Hierarch′ical.—adv. Hierarch′ically.—ns. Hī′erarchism; Hī′erarchy, rule in sacred matters: persons that so rule: the body of the clergy: a government by priests: a series of successive terms of different rank; Hieroc′racy, government by priests.—Celestial hierarchy, the collective body of angels, grouped in three divisions and nine orders of different power and glory: (1) seraphim, cherubim, thrones; (2) dominations or dominions, virtues, powers; (3) principalities, archangels, angels. [Gr. hierarchēs—hieros, sacred, archein, to rule.]

Hieratic, hī-ėr-at′ik, adj. sacred: relating to priests, applying to a certain kind of ancient Egyptian writing, which consisted of abridged forms of hieroglyphics; also to certain styles in art. [L. hieraticus—Gr. hieratikos—hieros, sacred.]

Hieroglyphic, hī-ėr-o-glif′ik, also Hī′eroglyph, n. the sacred characters of the ancient Egyptian language: picture-writing, or writing in which figures of objects are employed instead of conventional signs, like the alphabet—hieroglyphics are either phonetic or ideographic, the former comprising signs which represent sounds, the latter those which represent ideas: any symbolical or enigmatical figure.—v.t. Hī′eroglyph, to represent by hieroglyphs.—adjs. Hieroglyph′ic, -al.—adv. Hieroglyph′ically.—n. Hierog′lyphist, one skilled in hieroglyphics. [Gr. hieroglyphikon—hieros, sacred, glyphein, to carve.]

Hierogram, hī′er-o-gram, n. a hieroglyphic symbol.—adjs. Hierogrammat′ic, -al.—ns. Hierogram′matist, Hierogram′mate, a writer of sacred records; Hī′erograph, a sacred symbol; Hierog′rapher, a sacred scribe.—adjs. Hierograph′ic, -al, pertaining to sacred writing.—n. Hierog′raphy, a description of sacred things. [Gr. hieros, sacred, gramma, a writing.]

Hierology, hī-ėr-ol′o-ji, n. the science of sacred matters, esp. ancient writing and Egyptian inscriptions.—adj. Hierolog′ic.—n. Hierol′ogist. [Gr. hierologia—hieros, sacred, legein, to speak.]

Hieromancy, hī-er-o-man′si, n. divination by observing the objects offered in sacrifice.

Hieronymic, hī-e-rō-nim′ik, adj. of or pertaining to St Jerome—also Hieronym′ian.—n. Hieron′ymite, one of the many hermit orders established in the course of the 13th and 14th centuries. [L. Hieronymus, Jerome.]

Hierophant, hī′ėr-o-fant, n. one who shows or reveals sacred things: a priest.—adj. Hierophant′ic, belonging to or relating to hierophants. [Gr. hierophantēs—hieros, sacred, phainein, to show.]

Hierosolymitan, hī-e-rō-sol′i-mī-tan, adj. of or pertaining to Jerusalem. [L. Hierosolyma, Jerusalem.]

Hierurgy, hī′er-ur′ji, n. a sacred performance.—adj. Hierur′gical.

Higgle, hig′l, v.i. to make difficulty in bargaining: to chaffer.—v.i. Higg′le-hagg′le, a reduplicated variant of higgle.—ns. Higg′ler; Higg′ling. [Prob. a form of haggle.]

Higgledy-piggledy, hig′l-di-pig′l-di, adv. and adj. topsy-turvy: (coll.) upside down. [A word coined to express a meaningless jumble.]

High, hī, adj. elevated: lofty: tall: elevated relatively to something, as upward from a base, in position from the mouth of a river, &c.: eminent in anything: exalted in rank: dignified: chief: noble: ostentatious: arrogant: proud: strong, intensified: extreme in opinion: powerful: angry: loud: violent: tempestuous: shrill: excellent: far advanced: difficult: dear: remote in time: slightly tainted (of game, &c.).—adv. aloft: eminently: powerfully: profoundly: of flesh, on the point of beginning to decay.—ns. High′-ad′miral, a high or chief admiral of a fleet; High′-al′tar, the principal altar in a church; High′-bail′iff, an officer who serves writs, &c., in certain franchises, exempt from the ordinary supervision of the sheriff; High′-bind′er (U.S.), a rowdy, ruffian, blackmailer.—adjs. High′-blest (Milt.), supremely blest or happy; High′-blood′ed, of noble lineage; High′-blown, swelled with wind: (Shak.) inflated, as with pride; High′-born, of high or noble birth; High′-bred, of high or noble breed, training, or family.—ns. High′-church, applied to a party within the Church of England, which exalts the authority of the Episcopate and the priesthood, the saving grace of sacraments, &c. (also adj.); High′-church′ism; High′-church′man.—adj. High′-col′oured, having a strong or glaring colour.—ns. High′-court, a supreme court; High′-cross, a market cross; High′-day, a holiday or festival: (B.) broad daylight.—adj. befitting a festival.—v.t. High′er, to raise higher: to lift.—v.i. to ascend.—n. High′-falū′tin, bombastic discourse.—adj. bombastic: pompous.—adj. High′-fed, fed highly or luxuriously: pampered.—ns. High′-feed′ing; High′-flier, a bird that flies high: one who runs into extravagance of opinion or action.—adjs. High′-flown, extravagant: elevated: turgid; High′-fly′ing, extravagant in conduct or opinion; High′-grown (Shak.), covered with a high growth; High′-hand′ed, overbearing: violent: arbitrary.—n. High′-hand′edness.—adjs. High′-heart′ed, with the heart full of courage; High′-heeled, wearing high heels—of shoes.—n. High′-jinks, boisterous play or jollity: an old Scotch pastime in which persons played various parts under penalty of a forfeit.—adj. High′-kilt′ed, wearing the kilt or petticoat high: indecorous.—n. and adj. High′land, a mountainous district, esp. in pl. that portion of Scotland lying north and west of a line drawn diagonally from Nairn to Dumbarton.—ns. High′lander, High′landman, an inhabitant of a mountainous region; High′-low, a high shoe fastened with a leather thong in front.—adv. High′ly.—n. High′-mass (see Mass).—adjs. High′-mett′led, high-spirited, courageous; High′-mind′ed, having a high, proud, or arrogant mind: having honourable pride: magnanimous.—n. High′-mind′edness.—adjs. High′most, highest; High′-necked, of a dress, cut so as to cover the shoulders and neck.—n. High′ness, the state of being high: dignity of rank: a title of honour given to princes.—adj. High′-pitched, high-strung: haughty.—n. High′-place (B.), an eminence on which idolatrous rites were performed by the Jews—hence the idols, &c., themselves.—adjs. High′-press′ure, applied to a steam-engine in which the steam is raised to a high temperature, so that the pressure may exceed that of the atmosphere; High′-priced, costly.—ns. High′-priest (see Priest); High′-priest′ess; High′-priest′hood.—adjs. High′-prin′cipled, of high, noble, or strict principle; High′-proof, proved to contain much alcohol: highly rectified; High′-raised, raised aloft: elevated; High′-reach′ing, reaching upwards: ambitious.—n. High′-road, one of the public or chief roads: a road for general traffic.—adjs. High′-sea′soned, made rich or piquant with spices or other seasoning; High′-sight′ed (Shak.), always looking upwards; High′-souled, having a high or lofty soul or spirit; High′-sound′ing, pompous: ostentatious; High′-spir′ited, having a high spirit or natural fire: bold: daring: irascible.—n. High′-step′per, a horse that lifts its feet high from the ground.—adjs. High′-step′ping, having a proud or conceited carriage or walk; High′-stom′ached (Shak.), proud-spirited, lofty, obstinate; High′-strung, high-spirited: sensitive.—n. Hight (Milt.), obsolete form of height.—adj. High′-tast′ed, having a strong, piquant taste or relish.—n. High′-tide (rare), a great festival.—adj. High′-toned, high in pitch: dignified.—ns. High′-top (Shak.), a mast-head; High′-trea′son, treason against the sovereign or state.—adj. High′-viced (Shak.), enormously wicked.—ns. High′-wa′ter, the time at which the tide is highest: the greatest elevation of the tide; High′-wa′ter-mark, the highest line so reached; High′way, a public road on which all have right to go: the main or usual way or course; High′wayman, a robber who attacks people on the public way.—adj. High′-wrought, wrought with exquisite skill: highly finished: agitated.—High and dry, of a ship, up out of the water: disabled; High and low, rich and poor, people of every condition; High and mighty, exalted: arrogant; High celebration (see Celebration); High life, the life of fashionable society: the people of this society; High living, over-indulgence in the pleasures of the table; High seas, the open sea, including the whole extent of sea so far as it is not the exclusive property of any particular country; High table, the table in the dining-hall of a college where the dons sit; High tea, a tea with hot meat, &c., as opposed to a plain tea.—A high hand, or arm, might: power: audacity; A high time, A high old time (coll.), a time of special jollity or enthusiasm; Be high time, to be fully time something was done that should have been done well before; Be on one's high horse, to assume an attitude of fancied superiority: to be arrogant.—Highland costume, the fillibeg or kilt, shoulder-plaid, sporran, &c.; Highland regiments, a number of regiments in the British army, wearing the Highland dress and feather-bonnet, or tartan trews and shakos.—In high feather, in high spirits: happy; On high, in or to a height; On the high ropes (coll.), in an elated or highly excited mood; With a high hand, arrogantly. [A.S. héah; Goth. hauhs, Ice. hár, Ger. hoch.]

Hight, hīt, v.t. to command: (Spens.) to call, name.—v.i. (orig. pass.) to be called or named, to have as a name; therefore third pers. sing., Hight=he was or is called. [M. E. highte—A.S. hátte, I was called, pa.t. of hátan, to call, to be called. Cf. Ger. ich heisse, I am named, from heissen, to call.]

Highty-tighty, hī′ti-tī′ti, adj. the same as Hoity-toity (q.v.).

Hilarious, hi-lā′ri-us, adj. gay: very merry.—adv. Hilā′riously.—n. Hilar′ity, gaiety: pleasurable excitement. [L. hilaris—Gr. hilaros, cheerful.]

Hilary, hil′ar-i, adj. a term or session of the High Court of Justice in England; also one of the university terms at Oxford and Dublin—from St Hilary of Poitiers (died 367), festival, Jan. 13.

Hildebrandism, hil′de-brand-izm, n. the spirit and policy of Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII., 1073-85), unbending assertion of the power of the Church, &c.—adj. Hildebrand′ic.

Hilding, hild′ing, n. a mean, cowardly person, a dastard.—adj. cowardly, spiritless. [Prob. hield, to bend down.]

Hill, hil, n. a high mass of land, less than a mountain.—n. Hill′-dig′ger, one who digs into barrows, &c., for buried treasure.—adj. Hilled, having hills.—ns.pl. Hill′-folk, Hill′men, people living or hiding among the hills: the Scotch sect of Cameronians, the Covenanters generally.—ns. Hill′-fort, a prehistoric stronghold; Hill′iness; Hill′ock, a small hill.—adj. Hill′ocky.—ns. Hill′-side, the slope of a hill; Hill′-top, the summit of a hill.—adj. Hill′y, full of hills.—Up hill and down dale, vigorously and persistently. [A.S. hyll; cf. L. collis, a hill, celsus, high.]

Hilt, hilt, n. the handle, esp. of a sword.—adj. Hilt′ed, having a hilt.—Up to the hilt, completely, thoroughly, to the full. [A.S. hilt; Dut. hilte, Old High Ger. helza; not conn. with hold.]

Hilum, hī′lum, n. the scar on a seed at the point of union with the placenta: (anat.) the depression at the place where ducts, vessels, and nerves enter an organ.—adj. Hī′lar. [L.]

Him, him, pron. the objective case of he.—pron. Him′self, the emphatic and reflective form of he and him: the proper character of a person. [A.S. him, dat. sing. masc. and neut. of he, it.]

Himation, hi-mat′i-on, n. the ancient Greek outer garment, oblong, thrown over the left shoulder, and fastened either over or under the right. [Gr.]

Himyaritic, him-ya-rit′ik, adj. a name formerly applied to the language of the ancient Sabæan inscriptions in the south-west of Arabia. [Himyar, a traditional king of Yemen.]

Hin, hin, n. a Hebrew liquid measure containing about six English quarts. [Heb.]

Hind, hīnd, n. the female of the stag or red-deer.—n. Hind′berry, the raspberry. [A.S. hind; Dut. and Ger. hinde.]

Hind, hīnd, n. a farm-servant, esp. one having charge of a pair of horses, with cottage on the farm, formerly bound to supply a female field-worker (bondager). [A.S. hína=híwna, gen. pl. of híwan, domestics.]

Hind, hīnd, adj. placed in the rear: pertaining to the part behind: backward:—opp. to Fore.—adj. Hind′er, the older form of hind, but used in the same significations.—n. Hind′er-end, the latter end: (Scot.) buttocks.—n.pl. Hind′erlins (Scot.), the buttocks.—adjs. Hind′ermost, Hind′most, superlative of hind, farthest behind; Hind′-fore′most, the back part in the front place. [A.S. hindan (adv.), back, hinder, backwards; Goth. hindar, Ger. hinter, behind.]

Hinder, hin′dėr, v.t. to put or keep behind: to stop, or prevent progress: to embarrass.—v.i. to be an obstacle.—ns. Hin′derance, Hin′drance, act of hindering: that which hinders: obstacle. [A.S. hindrian; Ger. hindern.]

Hindi, hin′dē, n. and adj. one of the languages of Aryan stock now spoken in Northern India.—Also Hin′dee. [Urdū, Hind, 'India.']

Hindu, Hindoo, hin′dōō, n. a native of Hindustan: now more properly applied to native Indian believers in Brahmanism, as opposed to Mohammedans, &c.—ns. Hin′duism, Hin′dooism, the religion and customs of the Hindus. [Sindhu, Sans. for Indus.]

Hindustani, Hindoostanee, hin-dōō-stan′ē, n. a dialect of Hindi, also called Urdū, the chief official and commercial language of India.—Also adj.

Hinge, hinj, n. the hook or joint on which a door or lid hangs: that on which anything depends or turns.—v.t. to furnish with hinges: to bend.—v.i. to hang or turn as on a hinge: to depend on:—pr.p. hing′ing; pa.p. hinged.—n. Hinge′-joint (anat.), a joint in which the bones move.—Off the hinges, in a state of confusion. [Related to hang.]

Hinny, hin′i, n. the offspring of a stallion and she-ass. [L. hinnus—Gr. ginnos, later hinnos, a mule.]

Hint, hint, n. a distant or indirect allusion: slight mention: insinuation.—v.t. to bring to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion: to allude to.—v.i. to make an indirect or remote allusion: to allude.—adv. Hint′ingly.—Hint at, to allude to obscurely. [A.S. hentan, to seize.]

Hinterland, hint′ėr-land, n. the district behind that lying along the coast, or along a river. [Ger.]

Hip, hip, n. the haunch or fleshy part of the thigh: (archit.) the external angle formed by the sides of a roof when the end slopes backward instead of terminating in a gable.—v.t. to sprain the hip:—pr.p. hip′ping; pa.p. hipped, hipt.—ns. Hip′-bath, a bath to sit in—also Sitz-bath; Hip′-gir′dle, -belt, the 14th-century sword-belt, passing diagonally from waist to hip; Hip′-gout, sciatica; Hip′-joint, the articulation of the head of the thigh-bone with the ilium; Hip′-knob, an ornament placed on the apex of the hips of a roof or on a gable; Hip′-lock, a trick in wrestling by which one throws a leg and hip before the other to throw him; Hip′ping, a napkin wrapped about an infant's hips.—adj. Hip′-shot, having the hip out of joint.—Hip-and-thigh, in phrase, 'smitten hip-and-thigh'=smitten both before and behind, completely overpowered.—Have, Catch, on the hip, to get an advantage over some one—a metaphor from the wrestling-ring. [A.S. hype; Goth. hups, Ger. hüfte.]

Hip, hip, Hep, hep, n. the fruit of the wild brier or dog-rose. [A.S. héope, a hip.]

Hip, Hyp, hip, n. hypochondria.—v.t. to render melancholy.—adjs. Hipped, rendered melancholy; Hip′pish, somewhat hypochondriac. [A corr. of hypochondria.]

Hip, hip, interj. an exclamation to invoke a united cheer—Hip′-hip′-hurr′ah.

Hipparion, hi-pā′ri-on, n. a fossil genus of Equidæ. [Gr. hipparion, dim. of hippos, a horse.]

Hippety-hoppety, hip′e-ti-hop′e-ti, adv. hopping and skipping.—n. Hipp′ety-hop.

Hippiatric, hip-i-at′rik, adj. relating to the treatment of the diseases of horses.—n.pl. Hippiat′rics.—ns. Hippiat′rist; Hippiat′ry.—adj. Hipp′ic, relating to horses.

Hippocampus, hip′o-kam-pus, n. a genus of small fishes with head and neck somewhat like those of a horse, the sea-horse: (anat.) a raised curved trace on the floor of the lateral ventricle of the brain. [Gr. hippokampos—hippos, a horse, kampos, a sea-monster.]

Hippocentaur, hip-o-sent′awr, n. Same as Centaur. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and centaur.]

Hippocras, hip′o-kras, n. an aromatic medicated wine, formerly much used as a cordial.—adj. Hippocrat′ic, pertaining to the Greek physician Hippocrates (born 460 B.C.).—v.t. Hippoc′ratise.—n. Hippoc′ratism.

Hippocrene, hip′o-krēn, n. a fountain on the northern slopes of Mount Helicon, in Greece, sacred to the Muses and Apollo. [L.,—Gr. hippokrēnē—hippos, a horse, krēnē, a fountain.]

Hippocrepian, hip-o-krē′pi-an, adj. horse-shoe shaped. [Gr. hippos, a horse, krēpis, a shoe.]

Hippodame, hip′o-dām, n. (Spens.) the sea-horse.—n. Hippod′amist, a horse-tamer.—adj. Hippod′amous, horse-taming.

Hippodrome, hip′o-drōm, n. the Greek name for a racecourse for horses and chariots: an equestrian circus: (U.S.) a fraudulent athletic game or contest in which the result is prearranged.—v.t. to conduct races in such a way.—adj. Hippodrom′ic.—n. Hippod′romist, a circus trainer or rider. [Fr.,—Gr. hippodromos—hippos, a horse, dromos, a course.]

Hippogriff, Hippogryph, hip′o-grif, n. a fabulous animal represented as a winged horse with the head of a griffin. [Fr. hippogriffe—Gr. hippos, a horse, gryps, a griffin.]

Hippology, hip-ol′o-ji, n. the study of horses.—adj. Hippolog′ical.—n. Hippol′ogist.

Hippomanes, hip-om′an-ēz, n. an ancient love-philtre obtained from a mare or foal.—n. Hipp′omane, a genus of plants of the natural order Euphorbiaceæ, the manchineel-tree. [Gr.]

Hippopathology, hip-o-pa-thol′o-ji, n. the pathology of the horse: the science of veterinary medicine. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and pathology.]

Hippophagy, hip-pof′a-ji, n. the act or practice of feeding on horse-flesh.—n.pl. Hippoph′agi, eaters of horse-flesh.—n. Hippoph′agist, an eater of horseflesh.—adj. Hippoph′agous, horse-eating. [Gr. hippos, a horse, phagein, to eat.]

Hippopotamus, hip-o-pot′a-mus, n. the river-horse—an African quadruped, of aquatic habits, having a very thick skin, short legs, and a large head and muzzle.—adj. Hippopotam′ic (also -pot′-), like a hippopotamus, clumsy. [L.,—Gr. hippopotamos—hippos, a horse, potamos, a river.]

Hippotomy, hip-ot′o-mi, n. the dissection of the horse.—adj. Hippotom′ical.—n. Hippot′omist.

Hippuric, hip-ū′rik, adj. denoting an acid first obtained from the urine of horses. [Gr. hippos, a horse, ouron, urine.]

Hippurid, hi-pū′rid, n. a plant of natural order Hippurideæ or Haloragaceæ, the typical genus the common mare's tail.

Hippurite, hip′ū-rīt, n. a fossil bivalve mollusc peculiar to the cretaceous strata.—adj. Hippurit′ic. [Gr. hippos, a horse, oura, a tail.]

Hircine, hėr′sīn, adj. goat-like: having a strong goatish smell.—ns. Hircocer′vus, a fabulous creature, half-goat, half-stag; Hircos′ity, goatishness. [Fr.,—L. hircinus—hircus, a he-goat.]

Hire, hīr, n. wages for service: the price paid for the use of anything.—v.t. to procure the use or service of, at a price: to engage for wages: to grant temporary use of for compensation: to bribe.—adj. Hire′able.—ns. Hire′ling, a hired servant: a mercenary: a prostitute (also adj.); Hir′er; Hire′-sys′tem, a system by which a hired article becomes the property of the hirer after a stipulated number of payments; Hir′ing, the contract of hiring—bailment for hire (in Scotland, location): a fair or market where servants are engaged.—On hire, for hiring. [A.S. hýr, wages, hýrian, to hire; Ger. heuer, Dut. huur.]

Hirmos, hir′mos, n. in the usage of the Greek Church, a standard troparion, forming the first stanza of a canon of odes, and serving as a model for the other stanzas:—pl. Hir′moi.—n. Hirmolō′gion, an office-book containing the hirmoi. [Gr. eirmos, a series.]

Hirple, hėr′pl, v.i. (Scot.) to walk or run as if lame.—n. a limping gait.

Hirsel, hir′sel, n. (Scot.) a multitude, a throng, a flock of sheep.—v.t. to put in different groups.

Hirsle, hir′sl, v.i. (Scot.) to slide or move, resting on the hams: to move forward with a rustling sound.

Hirsute, hir-sūt′, adj. hairy: rough: shaggy: (bot.) having long, stiffish hairs. [L. hirsutus—hirsus, hirtus, shaggy.]

Hirundine, hi-run′din, adj. of or pertaining to the swallow. [L. hirundo, a swallow.]

His, hiz, pron. possessive form of he: (B.) used for its.—Hisn, a contracted form of his own. [A.S. his, possessive of he, and originally of it.]

Hispanic, his-pan′ik, adj. Spanish.—adv. Hispan′ically.—vs.t. Hispan′icise, Hispan′iolise, to render Spanish.—n. Hispan′icism, a Spanish phrase. [L. Hispania, Spain.]

Hispid, his′pid, adj. (bot.) rough with or having strong hairs or bristles.—n. Hispid′ity. [L. hispidus.]

Hiss, his, v.i. to make a sibilant sound like that of the letter s, as the goose, serpent, &c.: to express contempt, &c., by hissing.—v.t. to condemn by hissing.—n. the sound of the letter s, an expression of disapprobation, contempt, &c.—n. Hiss′ing, the noise of a hiss: object of hissing: object or occasion of contempt. [Imit.]

Hist, hist, interj. demanding silence and attention: hush! silence!—v.t. to urge (a dog, &c.) by making the sound of this word. [Imit.]

Histioid, his′ti-oid, adj. resembling tissue.—adj. Histogenet′ic.—adv. Histogenet′ically.—ns. Histog′eny, the formation and development of tissues—also Histogen′esis; Histog′raphy, a description of the tissues.—adjs. Histolog′ic, -al, pertaining to histology.—ns. Histol′ogist, one skilled in histology; Histol′ogy, the science which classifies and describes the structural or morphological elements which exist in the solids and fluids of organised bodies; Histol′ysis, degeneration and decay of organic tissue.—adj. Histolyt′ic. [Gr. histos, web.]

History, his′to-ri, n. an account of an event: a systematic account of the origin and progress of a nation: the knowledge of facts, events, &c.: an eventful life, a past of more than common interest, as a 'woman with a history:' a drama representing historical events.—v.t. (rare) to record.—n. His′tōrian, a writer of history.—adjs. Histō′riāted, adorned with figures, esp. of men or animals, as the medieval illuminated manuscripts, capital letters, initials &c.; Histor′ic, -al, pertaining to history: containing history: derived from history: famous in history: authentic.—adv. Histor′ically.—v.t. and v.i. Histor′icise, to make, or represent as, historic.—ns. Historic′ity, historical character; Historiette′, a short history or story.—v.t. Histor′ify, to record in history.—n. Historiog′rapher, a writer of history: a professed or official historian.—adjs. Historiograph′ic, -al, pertaining to the writing of history.—adv. Historiograph′ically.—ns. Historiog′raphy, the art or employment of writing history; Historiol′ogy, the knowledge or study of history.—Historical method, the study of a subject in its historical development; Historical painting, the painting of historic scenes, or scenes in which historic figures are introduced; Historical present, the present tense used for the past, to add life and reality to the narrative, as in 'cometh' in Mark, v. 22.—Ancient history, the history of the world down to the fall of Rome, 476 A.D.; Medieval history, the history of the period between the fall of Rome and the beginning of the 16th century; Modern history, history since the beginning of the 16th century; Natural history, originally an expression including all the concrete sciences, now the science of living things: (in frequent use) zoology, esp. in so far as that is concerned with the life and habits of animals; Profane, Secular, history, the history of secular affairs as opposed to Sacred history, which deals with the events in the Bible narrative. [L.,—Gr. historia—histōr, knowing; cf. eidenai, to know, L. vidēre, Sans. vid, Eng. wit.]

Histrionic, -al, his-tri-on′ik, -al, adj. relating to the stage or stage-players: befitting a theatre: feigned.—ns. His′trio, His′trion, a stage-player.—adv. Histrion′ically.—ns. Histrion′icism, His′trionism, the acts or practice of stage-playing or of pantomime.—n.pl. Histrion′ics, play-acting.—v.i. His′trionise, to act, play a part. [L. histrionicus—histrio, an actor, primary form hister, a player.]

Hit, hit, v.t. to touch or strike: to reach: to suit: fit: conform to.—v.i. to come in contact: to chance luckily: to succeed:—pr.p. hit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. hit.—n. a lucky chance, a surprising success: a stroke: a happy turn of thought or expression: at backgammon, a move that throws one of the opponent's men back to the entering point, a game won after one or two men are removed from the board.—n. Hit′ter.—adj. Hit′ty-miss′y, random, hap-hazard.—Hit below the belt, to deal a blow disallowable in the rules of the ring: to do an injury to another unfairly; Hit it off(with), to agree with some one; Hit off, to imitate, to describe; Hit-or-miss, reckless, hap-hazard; Hit out, to strike out with the fist; Hit the nail on the head (see Nail); Hit upon, to come upon, discover.—Hard hit, one gravely affected by some trouble, or by love. [A.S. hyttan, app. Ice. hitta, to light on, to find; Sw. hitta, to find, Dan. hitte, to hit upon.]

Hitch, hich, v.i. to move by jerks, as if caught by a hook: to be caught by a hook: to be caught or fall into.—v.t. to hook: to catch: to fasten, tether, esp. to make fast a rope.—n. a jerk: a catch or anything that holds: an obstacle: a sudden halt: (naut.) a species of knot by which one rope is connected with another, or to some object—various knots are the Clove-hitch, Timber-hitch, Blackwall-hitch, &c.—n. Hitch′er.—adv. Hitch′ily.—adj. Hitch′y.—Hitch up, to harness a horse to a vehicle. [Ety. dub.; prob. the same as itch.]

Hither, hith′ėr, adv. to this place.—adj. toward the speaker: nearer.—v.i. to come—chiefly in phrase, 'to hither and thither'=to go to and fro.—adj. Hith′ermost, nearest on this side.—n. and adj. Hith′erside, the nearer side.—advs. Hith′erto, to this place or time: as yet; Hith′erward, towards this place.—Hither and thither, back and forward: to and from. [A.S. hider; Goth. hidrê, Ice. hêðra.]

Hitopadesa, hit-ō-pa-dē′sa, n. a famous collection of fables and stories in Sanskrit literature, a popular summary in four books of the Panchatantra.

Hittite, hit′īt, adj. pertaining to the Hittites, a powerful and civilised people, probably not Semitic, of northern Syria. [Heb. Khittīm.]

Hive, hīv, n. a place where bees live and store up honey, whether artificial or natural: a swarm of bees in a box or basket: any busy company.—v.t. to collect into a hive: to lay up in store.—v.i. to take shelter together: to reside in a body.—ns. Hive′-bee, the common honey-bee; Hiv′er; Hive′-nest, a large nest built and occupied by several pairs of birds in common. [A.S. hýf.]

Hives, hīvz, n. a popular term for nettle-rash and other similar skin diseases: laryngitis.

Ho, Hoa, hō, interj. a call to excite attention: hold! stop!—repeated it expresses derision.

Hoar, hōr, adj. white or grayish-white, esp. with age or frost: mouldy.—n. hoariness: age.—v.i. (Shak.) to become mouldy.—n. Hoar′-frost, white frost: the white particles formed by the freezing of dew.—adjs. Hoar′-head′ed, Hoar′y, white or gray with age: (bot.) covered with short, dense, whitish hairs.—adv. Hoar′ily.—ns. Hoar′iness; Hoar′-stone, an ancient boundary stone. [A.S. hár, hoary, gray; Ice. hárr.]

Hoard, hōrd, n. a store: a hidden stock: a treasure: a place for hiding anything.—v.t. to store: to amass and deposit in secret.—v.i. to store up: to collect and form a hoard.—n. Hoard′er. [A.S. hord; Ice. hodd, Ger. hort.]

Hoard, hōrd, Hoarding, hōrd′ing, n. a hurdle or fence enclosing a house and materials while builders are at work: any boarding on which bills are posted. [From O. Fr. hurdis—hurt, hourt, hourd, a palisade.]

Hoarhound, Horehound, hōr′hownd, n. a plant of a whitish or downy appearance, used as a tonic. [M. E. horehune—A.S. hárhúne, from hár, hoar or white, and húne (acc. to Skeat, meaning 'strong-scented'); cf. L. cunila, Gr. konilē, wild marjoram.]

Hoarse, hōrs, adj. having a harsh, grating voice, as from a cold: harsh: discordant.—adv. Hoarse′ly.—n. Hoarse′ness. [A.S. hás; Ice. háss, this prob. for hárs, throwing light on the M. E. hôrs, hoors, Scot. hairsh, &c.]

Hoast, hōst, n. (prov.) a cough.—v.i. to cough. [Ice. hóste; Dut. hoest.]

Hoastman, hōst′man, n. a member of an old merchant guild in Newcastle, with charge of coal-shipping, &c. [Host, stranger, guest.]

Hoatzin, hō-at′sin, n. a remarkable South American bird, the same as the Touraco (q.v.).—Also Hoact′zin, Hoa′zin. [S. Amer.]

Hoax, hōks, n. a deceptive trick: a practical joke.—v.t. to deceive: to play a trick upon for sport, or without malice.—ns. Hoaxee′; Hoax′er; Hoax′ing. [Corr. of hocus. See Hocus-pocus.]

Hob, hob, n. the projecting nave of a wheel: a projection on the side of a fireplace, on which anything may be laid to keep hot: a game in which coins are placed on the end of a short stick at which stones are thrown, those that fall head up going to the thrower—also the round stick used in this game: a hardened threaded steel mandrel used in forming the cutting ends of screw-chasing tools, &c.—n. Hob′nail, a nail with a thick, strong head, used in horse-shoes, &c.: a clownish fellow.—v.t. to furnish with hobnails: to trample upon with hobnailed shoes.—adj. Hob′nailed. [Cf. Hub.]

Hob, hob, n. a clownish fellow: a rustic: a fairy.—n. Hob′binoll, a rustic.—adj. Hob′bish, clownish.—n. Hobgob′lin, a mischievous fairy: a frightful apparition.—Play hob, to make confusion. [A corr. of Rob for Robin, Robert.]

Hobbism, hob′izm, n. the doctrine of Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), that morality is an institution of society.—n. Hobb′ist, a follower of Hobbes.

Hobble, hob′l, v.i. to walk with a limp: to walk awkwardly: to move irregularly.—v.t. to fasten loosely the legs of: to hamper: to perplex.—n. an awkward limping gait: a difficulty, a scrape: anything used to hamper the feet of an animal, a clog or fetter.—ns. Hobb′ler, one who hobbles: an unlicensed pilot, casual labourer in docks, &c.: a man who tows a canal-boat with a rope; Hobb′ling.—adv. Hobb′lingly. [Cf. Dut. hobbelen, hobben, to toss.]

Hobbledehoy, hob′l-de-hoi′, n. an awkward youth, a stripling, neither man nor boy.—adj. Hobbledehoy′ish.—n. Hobbledehoy′ism. [Prob. conn. with hobble, referring to awkward gait.]

Hobbler, hob′lėr, n. a horseman employed for light work, as reconnoitring, &c.: a horse. [O. Fr. hobeler—hobin, a small horse.]

Hobby, hob′i, n. a strong, active horse: a pacing horse: a subject on which one is constantly setting off, as in 'to ride' or 'to mount a hobby:' a favourite pursuit.—n. Hobb′y-horse, a stick or figure of a horse on which boys ride: one of the chief parts played in the ancient morris-dance: (Shak.) a term of contempt for a loose and frivolous person, male or female.—adj. Hobb′y-hor′sical, having a hobby: eccentric.—ns. Hobb′yism; Hobb′yist, one who rides a hobby.—adj. Hobb′yless. [M. E. hobyn, hoby, prob. Hob, a by-form of Rob. Hence also O. Fr. hobin, hobi (Fr. aubin).]

Hobby, hob′i, n. a small species of falcon. [O. Fr. hobé, hobet—Low L. hobetus; prob. O. Fr. hober, to move.]

Hobgoblin. See Hob (2).—ns. Hobgob′linism; Hobgob′linry.

Hobjob, hob′job, n. (prov.) an odd job.—v.i. to work at such.—ns. Hob′jobber; Hob′jobbing.

Hobnob, hob′nob, adv. have or not have, a familiar invitation to drink.—v.i. to associate or drink together familiarly.—pr.p. Hobnob′bing.—adj. Hob′nobby. [Hab, nab.]

Hobson-jobson, hob′son-job′son, n. a native festal excitement, esp. the Moharram ceremonies. [A corr. of the wailing 'Yā Hasan! Yā Hosain!' a typical phrase of Anglo-Indian argot, hence adopted as a concise alternative title for Yule and Burnell's admirable Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases (Lond. 1886).]

Hock, hok, n. properly, the wine made at Hochheim, Germany; now applied to all white Rhine wines.

Hock-day, hok′-dā, n. an old English festival held on the second Monday and Tuesday after Easter Sunday, one of the chief customs being the seizing and binding of passengers until they gave money for their liberty, Monday the men by the women, Tuesday the women by the men.—Also Hock′-tide.

Hockey, hok′i, n. a game at ball played with a club or stick curved at one end, shinty.—Also Hook′ey. [Prob. O. Fr. hoquet, a crook.]

Hockey, hok′i, n. (prov.) harvest-home, the harvest-supper.—Also Hawk′ey, Hork′ey.

Hocus-pocus, hō′kus-pō′kus, n. a juggler: a juggler's trick.—v.t. Hō′cus, to cheat: to stupefy with drink: to drug:—pr.p. hō′cussing; pa.p. hō′cussed. [The meaningless gibberish of a juggler—no reference to 'hoc est corpus.']

Hod, hod, n. a kind of trough borne on the shoulder, for carrying bricks and mortar: a coal-scuttle: a pewterer's blowpipe.—n. Hod′man, a man who carries a hod: a mason's labourer. [A variant of prov. hot; cf. Fr. hotte, a basket.]

Hoddengray, hod′n-grā, n. coarse cloth made of undyed wool.—adj. Hodd′en, wearing hoddengray: rustic.—n. hoddengray. [Prob. a form of holden, kept, reserved, and gray.]

Hodgepodge, hoj′poj, n. (see Hotchpotch).—n. Hodge′-pudd′ing (Shak.), a pudding made of a mass of ingredients mixed together.

Hodiernal, hō-di-ėrn′al, adj. of or pertaining to the present day. [L. hodiernus—hodie, to-day—hoc die, on this day.]

Hodograph, hod′o-graf, n. a curve the radius vector of which represents in direction and magnitude the velocity of a moving particle—a term suggested by Sir W. R. Hamilton. [Gr. hodos, a way, graphein, to write.]

Hodometer, ho-dom′e-tėr, n. an instrument attached to the axle of a vehicle to register the revolutions of the wheels. [Gr. hodos, a way, metron, a measure.]

Hoe, hō, n. an instrument for hewing or digging up weeds and loosening the earth.—v.t. to cut or clean with a hoe: to weed.—v.i. to use a hoe:—pr.p. hoe′ing; pa.p. hoed.—ns. Hoe′-cake (U.S.), a thin cake of Indian meal; Hō′er.—A hard, or long, row to hoe, a hard or wearisome task to perform. [O. Fr. houe—Old High Ger. houwa (Ger. haue), a hoe.]

Hog, hog, n. a general name for swine: a castrated boar: a pig: formerly slang for a shilling: a low filthy fellow.—v.t. to cut short the hair of:—pr.p. hog′ging; pa.p. hogged.—ns. Hog′-back, Hog's′-back, a back rising in the middle: a ridge of a hill of such shape—also Horseback; Hog′gery, hoggishness of character: coarseness; Hog′get, a boar of the second year: a sheep or colt after it has passed its first year.—adj. Hog′gish, resembling a hog: brutish: filthy: selfish.—adv. Hog′gishly.—ns. Hog′gishness; Hog′hood, the nature of a hog; Hog′-mane, a horse's mane clipped short; Hog′-pen, a pig-sty; Hog′-plum, a West Indian tree of the cashew family, the fruit given to hogs; Hog′-reeve, -con′stable, an officer charged with the care of stray swine; Hog′-ring′er, one who puts rings into the snouts of hogs; Hog's′-bean, the henbane.—v.t. Hog′-shou′ther (Scot.), to jostle with the shoulder.—ns. Hog′-skin, leather made of the skin of swine; Hog's′-lard, the melted fat of the hog; Hog′-wash, the refuse of a kitchen, brewery, &c.—Bring one's hogs to a fine market, to make a complete mess of something; Go the whole hog, to do a thing thoroughly or completely, to commit one's self to anything unreservedly. [M. E. hogge, a gelded hog, prob. from hack, to cut; others derive from W. hwch, a sow, Bret. houch, hoch.]

Hog, hog, v.i. to droop at both ends.—n. Hog′-frame, a fore-and-aft frame serving to resist vertical flexure in a ship.—adj. Hogged, of a ship, having a droop at the ends.

Hog, hog, n. in curling, a stone which does not pass the hog-score.—v.t. to play such a shot with a curling-stone.—n. Hog′-score, a line drawn across the rink at a certain distance from the tees—to be cleared, else the shot does not count. [Prob. conn. with hog, a swine.]

Hog, Hogg, hog, n. a young sheep of the second year.—Also Hog′gerel.

Hogan, hog′an, n. a kind of strong liquor. [Corr. of hogen-mogen—Dut. hoog en mogend, high and mighty.]

Hogger, hog′er, n. (prov.) a coal-miner's footless stocking.—n. Hogg′er-pipe, the terminal section of the discharge-pipe of a mining-pump.

Hogmanay, hog-ma-nā′, n. (Scot.) the old name for the last day of the year. [Prob. a corr., through Norman French forms, of O. Fr. aguilanneuf=au-gui-l'an-neuf, 'to the mistletoe! the New Year!' Fr. gui, mistletoe, is from L. viscum.]

Hogshead, hogz′hed, n. (Shak.) a large cask: a measure of capacity=52½ imperial gallons, or 63 old wine gallons; of beer=54 gallons; of claret=46 gallons; of tobacco (U.S.), varying from 750 to 1200 lb. [Corr. of Old Dut. okshoofd, ox-head; from the brand on the cask.]

Hoist, hoist, v.t. to lift: to raise with tackle: to heave.—n. act of lifting: the height of a sail: an apparatus for lifting heavy bodies to the upper stories of a building.—Hoist with one's own petard, beaten with one's own weapons, caught in one's own trap. [Formerly hoise, or hoyse—Old Dut. hyssen, Dut. hijsschen, to hoist.]

Hoity-toity, hoi′ti-toi′ti, interj. an exclamation of surprise or disapprobation.—adj. giddy, gay, noisy.

Hoky-poky, hō′ki-pō′ki, n. a kind of ice-cream sold on the streets. [From hocus-pocus.]

Hold, hōld, v.t. to keep possession of or authority over: to sustain: to defend: to maintain, support: to occupy: to derive title to: to bind: to confine: to restrain: to stop, as in 'to cry hold:' to continue: to persist in: to contain: to celebrate: to esteem: (Shak.) to endure: (arch.) to bet.—v.i. to remain fixed: to be true or unfailing: to continue unbroken or unsubdued: to adhere: to derive right:—pr.p. hōld′ing; pa.t. held; pa.p. held (obs. hōld′en).—n. act or manner of holding: seizure: power of seizing: something for support: a place of confinement: custody: a fortified place: (mus.) a mark over a rest or note, indicating that it is to be prolonged.—ns. Hold′-all, a general receptacle, esp. a big carpet-bag; Hold′-back, a check: a strap joining the breeching to the shaft of a vehicle; Hold′-beam, one of the beams crossing a ship's hold and strengthening the framework.—Hold′en (B.), old pa.p. of hold.—ns. Hold′er; Hold′-fast, that which holds fast: a long nail: a catch; Hold′ing, anything held: a farm held of a superior: hold: influence: (Scots law) tenure.—Hold forth, to put forward: show: to speak in public, to declaim; Hold hard! stop! Hold in, to restrain, check: to restrain one's self; Hold of (Pr. Bk.), to regard; Hold off, to keep at a distance; Hold on, to persist in something: to continue: to cling; Hold one in hand, to amuse in order to gain some advantage; Hold one's own, to maintain one's position; Hold one's peace, Hold one's tongue, to keep silence; Hold out, to endure, last; Hold over, to postpone, to keep possession of land or a house beyond the term of agreement; Hold the market (see Market); Hold together, to remain united: to cohere; Hold up, to raise: to continue to go at the same rate; Hold water, to be sound and firm, to endure trial; Hold with, to take sides with. [A.S. healdan; Old High Ger. haltan, Goth. haldan.]

Hold, hōld, n. the interior cavity of a ship between the floor and the lower deck, used for the cargo. [Dut. hol, a cavity or hole, with excrescent d.]

Hole, hōl, n. a hollow place: a cavity: an opening in a solid body: a pit: a subterfuge: a means of escape: a difficult situation: a scrape: a place of hiding, a mean lodging, a secret room for some disreputable business: (golf) one of the holes, 4 in. in diameter, into which the ball is played, also the distance between any two holes.—v.t. to form holes in: to drive into a hole.—v.i. to go into a hole.—adj. Hole′-and-cor′ner, secret: underhand.—ns. Hōling-axe, a narrow axe for cutting holes in posts; Hōling-pick, a pick used in under-cutting coal.—A hole in one's coat, a stain on a person's reputation; Put a person in a hole, to put him in a position from which he cannot easily extricate himself; Toad in the hole, meat baked in batter, &c. [A.S. hol, a hole, cavern; Dut. hol, Dan. hul, Ger. hohl, hollow; conn. with Gr. koilos, hollow.]

Holiday, hol′i-dā, n. a consecrated day: a religious festival: a day for the commemoration of some event: a day of idleness and amusement.—adj. befitting a holiday: cheerful.—Holiday speeches, fine but empty phrases. [Formerly holy day.]

Holla, hol′a, Hollo, Holloa, hol′ō, or hol-lō′, interj. ho, there! attend! (naut.) the usual response to 'Ahoy!'—n. a loud shout.—v.i. to cry loudly to one at a distance. [Fr. holà—ho and là—L. illac, there; the other forms are due to confusion with halloo.]

Holland, hol′and, n. a coarse linen fabric, unbleached or dyed brown, which is used for covering furniture, &c.: (orig.) a fine kind of linen first made in Holland.

Hollander, hol′and-ėr, n. a native of Holland.—adj. Holl′andish.—n. Holl′ands, gin made in Holland.

Hollow, hol′ō, adj. vacant: not solid: containing an empty space: sunken: unsound: insincere.—n. a hole: a cavity: any depression in a body: any vacuity: a groove: a channel.—v.t. to make a hole in: to make hollow by digging: to excavate.—adv. completely: clean.—adjs. Holl′ow-eyed, having sunken eyes; Holl′ow-heart′ed, having a hollow or untrue heart: faithless: treacherous.—adv. Holl′owly (Shak.), in a hollow or insincere manner.—ns. Holl′owness, the state of being hollow: cavity: insincerity: treachery; Holl′ow-ware, trade name for hollow articles of iron, as pots and kettles.—Beat hollow, to beat wholly. [A.S. holh, a hollow place—hol. See Hole.]

Holly, hol′i, n. an evergreen shrub having leathery, shining, and spinous leaves and scarlet or yellow berries, much used for Christmas decorations. [A.S. holegn; cf. W. celyn, Ir. cuileann.]

Hollyhock, hol′i-hok, n. a kind of mallow, brought into Europe from the Holy Land—(Bacon) Holl′y-oak. [M. E. holihoc—holi, holy, and A.S. hoc, mallows—Celtic, cf. W. hocys.]

Holm, hōlm, or hōm, n. a river-islet: rich flat land beside a river. [A.S. holm, orig. a mound; Ger. holm, &c.]

Holm, hōlm, or hōm, n. (Spens.) holly.—n. Holm′-oak, the ilex or evergreen oak, so called from some resemblance to the holly. [Holm- is a corr. of holin, the M. E. form of holly, which see.]

Holoblastic, hol-o-blas′tik, adj. undergoing segmentation throughout the entire mass, as the ova of mammals.

Holocaust, hol′o-kawst, n. a burnt sacrifice, in which the whole of the victim was consumed. [L.,—Gr. holokauston—holos, whole, kaustos, burnt.]

Holocryptic, hol-o-krip′tik, adj. concealing completely, undecipherable.

Holograph, hol′o-graf, n. a document wholly written by the person from whom it proceeds (also used as adj.).—adj. Holograph′ic. [Gr. holos, whole, graphein, to write.]

Holohedrism, hol-o-hē′drizm, n. (math.) the property of having the full number of symmetrically arranged planes crystallographically possible.—adj. Holohē′dral.—n. Holohē′dron, a form possessing this property. [Gr. holos, whole, hedra, base.]

Holometabolic, hol-o-met-a-bol′ik, adj. undergoing complete metamorphosis, as an insect—opp. of Ametabolic.

Holometer, hol-om′et-ėr, n. an instrument for taking all kinds of measures. [Gr. holos, whole, metron, measure.]

Holomorphic, hol-o-mor′fik, adj. (math.) having the properties of an entire function, being finite, continuous, and one-valued for all finite values of the variable: showing holohedral symmetry. [Gr. holos, whole, morphē, form.]

Holophote, hol′o-fōt, n. an improved optical apparatus now used in lighthouses, by which all the light from the lamp is thrown in the required direction, in the catoptric holophote by reflectors, in the dioptric by refracting lenses, in the catadioptric by both combined.—adj. Holophōt′al. [Gr. holos, whole, phōs, phōtos, light.]

Holophrastic, hol-o-fras′tik, adj. bearing the force of a whole phrase, expressive of a sentence or an idea.—n. Holophrā′sis. [Gr. holos, whole, phrastikos, phrazein, to indicate.]

Holorhinal, hol-o-rī′nal, adj. having the nasal bones slightly cleft or not at all. [Gr. holos, whole, hris, hrinos, the nose.]

Holothurian, hol-o-thōō′ri-an, n. a sea-cucumber or similar echinoderm. [L.,—Gr. holothourion, from holos, whole, and perh. thouros, impetuous.]

Holster, hōl′stėr, n. the leathern case carried by a horseman at the forepart of the saddle for covering a pistol.—adj. Hol′stered. [Acc. to Skeat, from Dut. holster, a pistol-case—hullen, to cover, which is cog. with A.S. helan, to cover.]

Holt, hōlt, n. a wood or woody hill: an orchard. [A.S. holt, a wood; Ice. holt, a copse, Ger. holz.]

Holus-bolus, hōl′us-bōl′us, adv. all at a gulp: altogether.—n. the whole. [A vulgarism, formed from whole, most likely on the analogy of hocus-pocus; hardly conn. with bolus, a pill.]

Holy, hō′li, adj. perfect in a moral sense: pure in heart: religious: set apart to a sacred use.—adv. Hō′lily, in a holy manner: piously.—n. Hō′liness, state of being holy: religious goodness: sanctity: a title of the pope.—adj. Hō′ly-cru′el (Shak.), cruel through excess of holiness.—ns. Hō′ly-day, a formal spelling of holiday (q.v.); Hō′ly-off′ice, the Inquisition; Hō′ly-rood, the holy cross in R.C. churches over the entrance to the chancel; Hō′lystone, a sandstone used by seamen for cleansing the decks, said to be named from cleaning the decks for Sunday.—v.t. to scrub with a holystone.—ns. Hō′ly-Thurs′day, the day on which the ascension of our Saviour is commemorated, ten days before Whitsuntide; Hō′ly-wa′ter, water blessed by the priest or bishop for certain religious uses; Hō′ly-week, the week before Easter, kept holy to commemorate our Lord's passion; Hō′ly-writ, the holy writings: the Scriptures.—Holy Alliance, a league formed after the fall of Napoleon (1815) by the sovereigns of Austria Russia, and Prussia, professedly to regulate all national and international relations in accordance with the principles of Christian charity; Holy city, Jerusalem: also specially applied to Rome, Mecca, Benares, Allahabad, &c.; Holy coat, the seamless coat of Jesus, claimed to be kept at Trèves; Holy communion (see Communion); Holy Family, the infant Saviour with Joseph, Mary, &c.; Holy Ghost, Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, proceeding from the Father and the Son; Holy grail (see Grail); Holy grass, a sweet-smelling grass about a foot high, with a brownish glossy lax panicle—sometimes strewed on the floors of churches on festival days, whence its name; Holy land, Palestine; Holy of holies, The most holy place, the inner chamber of the Jewish tabernacle, which the high-priest alone might enter, and but once a year; Holy One, God: Christ: the one who is holy, by way of emphasis: one separated to the service of God; Holy orders, ordination to the rank of minister in holy things: the Christian ministry; Holy places, scenes of the Saviour's life, the sepulchre, &c.; Holy quest, the search for the Holy grail; Holy Roman Empire, the official denomination of the German Empire from 962 down to 1806, when Francis II. of Hapsburg resigned the imperial title; Holy war, a name impiously given to a war for the extirpation of heresy, as that against the Albigenses, &c.: one of the Crusades. [A.S. hálig, lit. whole, perfect, healthy—hál, sound, whole; conn. with hail, heal, whole.]

Holywell, hol′i-wel, in phrase, 'Holywell Street literature,' i.e. such books as used to be much sold in Holywell Street, London—viz. filthy books.

Homage, hom′āj, n. the service due from a knight or vassal to his lord in feudal times, the vassal preferring to become his lord's man: the act of fealty: respect paid by external action: reverence directed to the Supreme Being: devout affection.—n. Hom′ager, one who does homage. [O. Fr. homage—Low L. homaticum—L. homo, a man.]

Home, hōm, n. one's house or country: place of constant residence: the residence of a family: the seat, as of war: a charitable institution where domestic comforts are given to the destitute.—adj. pertaining to one's dwelling or country: domestic: close: severe.—adv. pertaining to one's habitation or country: close: closely: to the point: effectively.—adjs. Home′-born, native, not foreign; Home′bound, homeward-bound; Home′-bred, bred at home: native: domestic: plain: unpolished; Home′-brewed, brewed at home or for home use.—n. Home′-farm, the farm near the home or mansion of a gentleman.—adjs. Home′felt, felt in one's own breast: inward: private; Home′-grown, produced in one's own country, not imported; Home′-keep′ing, staying at home; Home′less, without a home.—n. Home′lessness,—adv. Home′lily.—n. Home′liness.—adjs. Home′ly, pertaining to home: familiar: plain; Home′-made, made at home: made in one's own country: plain.—n. Hom′er, a pigeon trained to fly home from a distance.—adj. Home′sick, sick or grieved at separation from home.—n. Home′sickness.—adj. Home′spun, spun or wrought at home: not made in foreign countries: plain: inelegant.—n. cloth made at home.—ns. Home′stall, Home′stead, the place of a mansion-house: the enclosures immediately connected with it: original station.—advs. Home′ward, Home′wards, towards home: towards one's habitation or country.—adj. in the direction of home.—adj. Home′ward-bound, bound homeward or to one's native land.—adjs. Hom′ing, having a tendency to return home; Hom′y, home-like.—Home circuit, the south-eastern circuit of Assize, including the home counties (except Middlesex), also Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk; Home counties, the counties over and into which London has extended—Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Surrey; Home Department, that part of government which is concerned with the maintenance of the internal peace of the United Kingdom—its headquarters the Home Office, its official head the Home Secretary; Home rule, a form of self-government claimed by Ireland, with a separate parliament for the management of internal affairs.—At home, in one's own house: at ease: familiar: a phrase signifying that a family will be at home at a fixed date, and ready to receive visitors—as a n.—a reception; Bring home to, to prove to, in such a way that there is no way of escaping the conclusion: to impress upon; Eat out of house and home, to live at the expense of another so as to ruin him; Long home, the grave; Make one's self at home, to be as free and unrestrained as when in one's own house; Pay home, to strike to the quick: to retaliate. [A.S. hám; Dut. and Ger. heim, Goth. haims.]

Homelyn, hom′el-in, n. a species of ray, found on the south coast of England.

Homeopathy, hō-me-op′a-thi, n. the system of curing diseases by small quantities of those drugs which excite symptoms similar to those of the disease.—ns. Hō′meopath, Homeop′athist, one who believes in or practises homeopathy.—adj. Homeopath′ic, of or pertaining to homeopathy.—adv. Homeopath′ically. [Gr. homoiopatheia—homoios, like, pathos, feeling.]

Homeoplasy, hō-mē-ō-plās′i, n. the taking on by one tissue of the form of another under plastic conditions, as in skin-grafting.—adj. Homeoplast′ic [Gr. homoios, like, plastos—plassein, to form.]

Homer, hō′mėr, n. a Hebrew measure of capacity, amounting to about 10 bushels and 3 gallons. [Heb. khōmer, a heap—khāmar, to swell up.]

Homeric, hō-mer′ik, adj. pertaining to Homer, the great poet of Greece (c. 850 B.C.): pertaining to or resembling the poetry of Homer.—Homeric verse, hexameter verse, the metre of the Iliad and Odyssey.

Homicide, hom′i-sīd, n. manslaughter: one who kills another.—adj. Hom′icidal, pertaining to homicide: murderous: bloody. [Fr.,—L. homicidium—homo, a man, cædĕre, to kill.]

Homily, hom′i-li, n. a plain expository sermon, interpreting a passage of Scripture rather than working out a doctrine in detail: a hortatory discourse, essentially simple, practical, and scriptural.—adjs. Homilet′ic, -al.—n. Homilet′ics, the science which treats of homilies, and the best mode of preparing and delivering them.—n. Hom′ilist, one who exhorts a congregation, or who composes homilies. [Gr. homilia, an assembly, a sermon—homos, the same, ilē, a crowd.]

Hominy, hom′i-ni, n. maize hulled, or hulled and crushed, boiled with water: a kind of Indian-corn porridge. [American Indian auhuminea.]

Hommock, hom′uk, n. a hillock or small conical eminence.—Also Humm′ock. [A dim. of hump, like hillock from hill.]

Homobaric, hō-mō-bar′ik, adj. of uniform weight. [Gr. homos, the same, baros, weight.]

Homoblastic, hō-mō-blas′tik, adj. of the same germinal origin:—opp. of Heteroblastic. [Gr. homos, the same, blastos, a germ.]

Homocentric, hō-mō-sen′trik, adj. having the same centre. [Fr. homocentrique—Gr. homokentros—homos, the same, kentron, centre.]

Homocercal, hō-mō-sėr′kal, adj. having the upper fork of the tail similar to the lower one, as the herring:—opposed to Heterocercal. [Gr. homos, the same, kerkos, tail.]

Homodermic, hō-mō-derm′ik, adj. homological in respect of derivation from one of the three primary blastoderms (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). [Gr. homos, the same, derma, skin.]

Homodont, hō-mō-dont, adj. having teeth all alike:—opp. of Heterodont.

Homodromous, hō-mod′rō-mus, adj. (bot.) following the same direction, as the leaf-spirals on certain branches: (obs.) having the power and the weight on the same side of the fulcrum, of a lever. [Gr. homos, the same, dromos, a course.]

Homœomorphous, hō-mē-ō-mor′fus, adj. having a like crystalline form, but not necessarily analogous composition.—n. Homœomor′phism. [Gr. homoios, like, morphē, form.]

Homœozoic, hō-mē-ō-zō′ik, adj. containing similar forms of life. [Gr. homos, the same, zōē, life.]

Homogamous, ho-mog′a-mus, adj. (bot.) having all the florets hermaphrodite.—n. Homog′amy. [Gr. homos, the same, gamos, marriage.]

Homogeneal, hō-mō-jē′ni-al, Homogeneous, hō-mōjē′ni-us, adj. of the same kind or nature: having the constituent elements all similar.—ns. Homoge′neousness, Homogenē′ity, Homō′geny, sameness of nature or kind. [Gr. homogenēs—homos, one, same, genos, kind.]

Homogenesis, hō-mō-jen′e-sis, n. (biol.) a mode of reproduction in which the offspring is like the parent, and passes through the same cycle of existence.—adj. Homogenet′ic. [Gr. homos, the same, genesis, birth.]

Homograph, hom′ō-graf, n. a word of the same form as another, but different meaning and origin.—Also Homonym.

Homoiousian, hō-moi-ōō′si-an, adj. similar in essence (as distinct from the Nicene homo-ousion and the strictly Arian hetero-ousion), the semi-Arian position in the great Christological controversy of the 4th century (see Arian). [Gr. homoios, like, ousia, being—einai, to be.]

Homologate, hō-mol′o-gāt, v.t. to say the same: to agree: to approve: to allow.—n. Homologā′tion. [Low L. homologāre, -ātum—Gr. homologein—homos, the same, legein, to say.]

Homologous, hō-mol′o-gus, adj. agreeing: corresponding in relative position, proportion, value, or structure.—adj. Homolog′ical.—v.t. and v.i. Homol′ogise.—ns. Hom′ologue, that which is homologous to something else, as the same organ in different animals under its various forms and functions; Homol′ogy, the quality of being homologous: affinity of structure, and not of form or use. [Gr. homologos—homos, the same, legein, to say.]

Homologumena, hō-mō-lō-gōō′me-na, n.pl. the books of the New Testament, whose authenticity was universally acknowledged in the early Church—opp. of Antilegumena. [Gr.,—homologein, to agree.]

Homomorphous, hō-mō-mor′fus, adj. analogous, not homologous, superficially alike—also Homomor′phic.—n. Homomor′phism. [Gr. homos, the same, morphē, form.]

Homonym, hom′o-nim, n. a word having the same sound as another, but a different meaning.—adj. Homon′ymous, having the same name: having different significations: ambiguous: equivocal.—adv. Homon′ymously.—n. Homon′ymy, sameness of name, with difference of meaning: ambiguity: equivocation. [Fr. homonyme—Gr. homōnymos—homos, the same, onoma, name.]

Homoousian, hō-mō-ōō′si-an, adj. of or belonging to identity or sameness of substance—the co-equality of the Son with the Father—the orthodox position which triumphed in the great Christological controversy of the 4th century (see Arian). [Gr. homos, same, ousia, being—einai, to be.]

Homophone, hom′o-fōn, n. a letter or character having the same sound as another.—adj. Homoph′onous, having the same sound.—n. Homoph′ony. [Gr. homos, the same, phōnē, sound.]

Homoplastic, hō-mō-plas′tik, adj. analogical or adaptive, and not homological in structure.—ns. Hom′ōplasmy, Hom′ōplasy. [Gr. homos, the same, plastos, plassein, to form.]

Homoptera, hom-op′tėr-a, n. an order of insects having two pair of wings uniform throughout.—adj. Homop′terous. [Gr. homos, the same, pteron, a wing.]

Homotaxis, hom′o-tak′sis; n. (geol.) similarity of order in organic succession, a term suggested by Huxley as a substitute for contemporaneity (q.v.).—adjs. Homotax′ial, Homotax′ic.—adv. Homotax′ically. [Gr. homos, the same, taxis, arrangement.]

Homotonous, hō-mot′ō-nus, adj. of the same tenor or tone.—n. Homot′ony.

Homotropous, hō-mot′rō-pus, adj. turned or directed in the same way as something else: (bot.) curved or turned in one direction.—Also Homot′ropal. [Gr. homos, the same, tropos, a turn.]

Homotype, hom′o-tīp, n. that which has the same fundamental type of structure with something else.—n. Hom′otypy. [Gr. homos, the same, typos, type.]

Homunculus, hō-mung′kū-lus, n. a tiny man capable of being produced artificially, according to Paracelsus, endowed with magical insight and power: a dwarf, mannikin. [L., dim. of homo.]

Hone, hōn, n. a stone of a fine grit for sharpening instruments.—v.t. to sharpen as on a hone. [A.S. hán; Ice. hein; allied to Gr. kōnos, a cone.]

Honest, on′est, adj. full of honour: just: the opposite of thievish, free from fraud: frank, fair-seeming, openly shown: chaste: (B.) honourable.—adv. Hon′estly.—n. Hon′esty, the state of being honest: integrity: candour: a small flowering plant, so called from its transparent seed-pouch: (B.) becoming deportment: (Shak.) chastity.—Make an honest woman of, to marry, where the woman has been dishonoured first. [Fr.,—L. honestus—honor.]

Honey, hun′i, n. a sweet, thick fluid collected by bees from the flowers of plants: anything sweet like honey.—v.t. to sweeten: to make agreeable:—pr.p. hon′eying; pa.p. hon′eyed (-′id).—adj. (Shak.) sweet.—ns. Hon′ey-bag, an enlargement of the alimentary canal of the bee in which it carries its load of honey; Hon′eybear, a South American carnivorous mammal about the size of a cat, with a long protrusive tongue, which it uses to rob the nests of wild bees; Hon′ey-bee, the hive-bee; Hon′ey-buzz′ard, a genus of buzzards or falcons, so called from their feeding on bees, wasps, &c.; Hon′eycomb, a comb or mass of waxy cells formed by bees, in which they store their honey: anything like a honeycomb.—v.t. to fill with cells: to perforate.—adj. Hon′eycombed (-kōmd), formed like a honeycomb.—ns. Hon′ey-crock (Spens.), a crock or pot of honey; Hon′eydew, a sugary secretion from the leaves of plants in hot weather: a fine sort of tobacco moistened with molasses.—adjs. Hon′eyed, Hon′ied, covered with honey: sweet: flattering; Hon′eyless, destitute of honey.—ns. Hon′ey-guide, -indicator, a genus of African birds supposed to guide men to honey by hopping from tree to tree with a peculiar cry; Hon′ey-lō′cust, an ornamental North American tree; Hon′eymoon, Hon′eymonth, the first month after marriage, commonly spent in travelling, before settling down to the business of life.—v.i. to keep one's honeymoon.—adj. Hon′ey-mouthed, having a honeyed mouth or speech: soft or smooth in speech.—ns. Hon′ey-stalk, prob. the flower of the clover; Hon′ey-suck′er, a large family of Australian birds; Hon′eysuckle, a climbing shrub with beautiful cream-coloured flowers, so named because honey is readily sucked from the flower.—adjs. Hon′ey-sweet, sweet as honey; Hon′ey-tongued, having a honeyed tongue or speech: soft or pleasing in speech.—Virgin honey, honey that flows of itself from the comb; Wild honey, honey made by wild bees. [A.S. hunig; Ger. honig, Ice. hunang.]

Hong, hong, n. a Chinese warehouse: a foreign mercantile establishment in China. [Chin.]

Honk, hongk, n. the cry of the wild goose.—v.t. to give the cry of the wild goose. [Imit.]

Honorarium, hon′or-ā′ri-um, n. a voluntary fee paid, esp. to a professional man for his services. [L. honorarium (donum), honorary (gift).]

Honorary, on′or-ar-i, adj. conferring honour: holding a title or office without performing services or receiving a reward.—n. a fee. [L. honorarius—honor.]

Honour, on′or, n. the esteem due or paid to worth: respect: high estimation: veneration, said of God: that which rightfully attracts esteem: exalted rank: distinction: excellence of character: nobleness of mind: any special virtue much esteemed: any mark of esteem: a title of respect: (pl.) privileges of rank or birth: civilities paid: at whist, one of the four highest trump cards (if one pair of partners hold four honours they score four points; if three, two points; if only two, none—'Honours easy'): (golf) the right to play first from the tee: academic prizes or distinctions.—v.t. to hold in high esteem: to respect: to adore: to exalt: to accept and pay when due.—adj. Hon′ourable, worthy of honour: illustrious: actuated by principles of honour: conferring honour: becoming men of exalted station: a title of distinction.—n. Hon′ourableness, eminence: conformity to the principles of honour: fairness.—adv. Hon′ourably.—adjs. Hon′oured; Hon′ourless.—n. Hon′our-point (her.), the point just above the fesse-point.—Honour bright! a kind of interjectional minor oath or appeal to honour; Honours of war, the privileges granted to a capitulating force to march out with their arms, flags, &c.—Affair of honour, a duel; Debt of honour (see Debt); Last honours, funeral rites: obsequies; Laws of honour, the conventional rules of honourable conduct, esp. in the causes and conduct of duels; Maid of honour, a lady in the service of a queen or princess; Point of honour, any scruple caused by a sense of duty: the obligation to demand and to receive satisfaction for an insult, esp. in the duel; Upon my honour, an appeal to one's honour or reputation in support of a certain statement; Word of honour, a verbal promise which cannot be broken without disgrace. [Fr.,—L. honor.]

Hood, hood, n. a covering for the head: anything resembling such: a folding roof for a carriage: an ornamental fold at the back of an academic gown, and worn over it.—v.t. to cover with a hood: to blind.—adj. Hood′ed.—n. Hood′ie-crow, the hooded crow (Corvus cornix).—adj. Hood′less, having no hood.—ns. Hood′man, the person blindfolded in blindman's buff; Hood′man-blind (Shak.), blindman's buff. [A.S. hód; Dut. hoed, Ger. hut.]

Hoodwink, hood′wingk, v.t. to blindfold: (Shak.) to cover: to deceive, impose on. [Hood, wink.]

Hoof, hōōf, n. the horny substance on the feet of certain animals, as horses, &c.: a hoofed animal:—pl. Hoofs, Hooves.—v.i. (of a hoofed animal) to walk.—adjs. Hoof′-bound, having a contraction of the hoof causing lameness; Hoofed; Hoof′less, without hoofs,—n. Hoof-mark, the mark of an animal's hoof on the ground, &c.—adj. Hoof′-shaped.—Cloven hoof (see Cloven). [A.S. hóf; Ger. huf, Ice. hófr.]

Hook, hook, n. a piece of metal bent into a curve, so as to catch or hold anything: a snare: an advantageous hold: a curved instrument for cutting grain: a spit of land projecting into the sea, ending in a hook-shaped form.—v.t. to catch or hold with a hook: to draw as with a hook: to ensnare: (golf) to drive a ball widely to the left—also Draw.—v.i. to bend: to be curved.—adj. Hooked.—ns. Hook′edness, the state of being bent like a hook; Hook′er, he who, or that which, hooks.—adj. Hook′-nosed, having a hooked or curved nose.—n. Hook′-pin, an iron pin with hooked head used for pinning the frame of a floor or roof together.—adj. Hook′y, full of, or pertaining to, hooks.—Hook and eye, a contrivance for fastening dresses by means of a hook made to fasten on a ring or eye on another part of the dress; Hook it (slang), to decamp, make off.—By hook or by crook, one way or the other; Off the hooks, out of gear: superseded: dead; On one's own hook, on one's own responsibility. [A.S. hóc; Dut. haak, Ger. haken.]

Hookah, Hooka, hōō′ka, n. the water tobacco-pipe of Arabs, Turks, &c. [Ar. huqqa.]

Hooker, hook′ėr, n. a two-masted Dutch vessel, a small fishing-smack. [Dut. hoeker.]

Hooligan, hoo′li-gan, n. one of a gang of street roughs, addicted to crimes of violence—Hoo′liganism. [From the name of a leader of such a gang.]

Hoop, hōōp, n. a pliant strip of wood or metal formed into a ring or band, for holding together the staves of casks, &c.: something resembling such: a large ring of wood or metal for a child to trundle: a ring: (pl.) elastic materials used to expand the skirt of a lady's dress.—v.t. to bind with hoops: to encircle.—ns. Hoop′-ash, a kind of ash much used for making hoops (same as Nettle-tree); Hooped′-pot, a drinking-pot with hoops to mark the amount each man should drink; Hoop′er, one who hoops casks: a cooper. [A.S. hóp; Dut. hoep.]

Hoop, hōōp, v.i. to call out.—n. Hoop′er, the wild swan. [Whoop.]

Hoopoe, hōōp′ō, Hoopoo, hōōp′ōō, n. a genus of crested birds allied to the hornbills. [L. upupa; Gr. epops.]

Hoot, hōōt, v.i. to shout in contempt: to cry like an owl.—v.t. to drive with cries of contempt.—n. a scornful cry: the owl's cry. [Imit.; cf. Sw. hut, begone; W. hwt.]

Hoove, hōōv, n. a disease of cattle and sheep, marked by distention of the abdomen by gas—also Wind-dropsy, Drum-belly.—adjs. Hoov′en, Hō′ven.

Hop, hop, v.i. to leap on one leg: to spring: to walk lame: to limp:—pr.p. hop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. hopped.—n. a leap on one leg: a jump: a spring: a dance, dancing-party.—ns. Hop′-o'-my-thumb, the diminutive hero of one of Madame D'Aulnoy's famous nursery tales—'le petit pouce,' not to be confounded with the English Tom Thumb; Hop′per, one who hops: a shaking or conveying receiver, funnel, or trough in which something is placed to be passed or fed, as to a mill: a boat having a movable part in its bottom for emptying a dredging-machine: a vessel in which seed-corn is carried for sowing; Hop′ping, the act of one who hops or leaps on one leg; Hop′-scotch, a game in which children hop over lines scotched or traced on the ground.—Hop, skip, and jump, a leap on one leg, a skip, and a jump with both legs; Hop the twig (slang), to escape one's creditors: to die. [A.S. hoppian, to dance; Ger. hüpfen.]

Hop, hop, n. a plant with a long twining stalk, the bitter cones of which are much used in brewing and in medicine.—v.t. to mix with hops.—v.i. to gather hops:—pr.p. hop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. hopped.—ns. Hop′bind (corrupted into Hopbine), the stalk of the hop; Hop′-flea, a small coleopterous insect, very destructive to hop plantations in spring; Hop′-fly, a species of Aphis, or plant-louse, injurious to hop plantations; Hop′-oast, a kiln for drying hops.—adj. Hopped, impregnated with hops.—ns. Hop′per, Hop′-pick′er, one who picks hops; a mechanical contrivance for stripping hops from the vines; Hop′ping, the act of gathering hops: the time of the hop harvest; Hop′-pock′et, a coarse sack for hops—as a measure, about 1½ cwt. of hops; Hop′-pole, a slender pole supporting a hop-vine.—adj. Hop′py, tasting of hops.—ns. Hop′-tree, an American shrub, with bitter fruit, a poor substitute for hops; Hop′-vine, the stock or stem of the hop; Hop′-yard, a field where hops are grown. [Dut. hop; Ger. hopfen.]

Hope, hōp, v.i. to cherish a desire of good with expectation of obtaining it: to have confidence.—v.t. to desire with expectation or with belief in the prospect of obtaining.—n. a desire of some good, with expectation of obtaining it: confidence: anticipation: he who, or that which, furnishes ground of expectation: that which is hoped for.—adj. Hope′ful, full of hope: having qualities which excite hope: promising good or success.—adv. Hope′fully.—n. Hope′fulness.—adj. Hope′less, without hope: giving no ground to expect good or success: desperate.—adv. Hope′lessly.—n. Hope′lessness.—adv. Hōp′ingly.—Hope against hope, to continue to hope when there is no sufficient reason. [A.S. hopian—hopa, hope; Dut. hopen, Ger. hoffen.]

Hope, hōp, n. a hollow, a mound: the upper end of a narrow mountain-valley: a comb—common in north country place-names.

Hoplite, hop′līt, n. a heavy-armed Greek foot-soldier. [Gr. hoplitēs.]

Hopple, hop′l, v.t. to tie the feet close together to prevent hopping or running.—n. (chiefly in pl.) a fetter for horses, &c., when left to graze. [A parallel form to hobble, a freq. of hop.]

Horal, hōr′al, adj. relating to an hour.—adj. Hor′ary, pertaining to an hour: noting the hours: hourly: continuing an hour. [L. hora, an hour.]

Horatian, hō-rā′shan, adj. pertaining to Horace, the Latin poet (65-8 B.C.), or to his style.

Horde, hōrd, n. a migratory or wandering tribe or clan.—v.i. to live together as a horde.—Golden horde (see Golden). [Fr.,—Turk. ordū, camp—Pers. ōrdū, court, camp, horde of Tatars.]

Hordeum, hor′dē-um, n. a genus of plants of order Gramineæ, with twelve species.—adj. Hordeā′ceous, barley-like.—n. Hordē′olum, a sty on the edge of the eyelid. [L., barley.]

Horizon, ho-rī′zun, n. the circular line formed by the apparent meeting of the earth and sky—in astronomical phrase, the sensible, apparent, or visible horizon, as opposed to the astronomical, true, or rational horizon, the circle formed by a plane passing through the centre of the earth, parallel to the sensible horizon, and produced to meet the heavens: (geol.) a stratum marked by the presence of a particular fossil not found in the overlying or underlying beds: any level line or surface: the limit of one's experience or apprehension.—adj. Horizon′tal, pertaining to the horizon: parallel to the horizon: level: near the horizon: measured in a plane of the horizon.—n. Horizontal′ity.—adv. Horizon′tally.—Artificial horizon, a small trough containing quicksilver, the surface of which affords a reflection of the celestial bodies. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. horizōn (kyklos), bounding (circle), horizein, to bound—horos, a limit.]

Horn, horn, n. the hard substance projecting from the heads of certain animals, as oxen, &c.: something made of or like a horn, as a powder-horn, a drinking-horn: a symbol of strength: (mus.) a hunting-horn: an orchestral wind-instrument of the trumpet class, with a slender twisted brass tube and bell mouth—also distinctively French horn.—v.t. to furnish with horns.—adj. Horned.—ns. Horn′beak, the garfish; Horn′beam, a tree of Europe and America, the hard white wood of which is used by joiners, &c.; Horn′bill, a bird about the size of the turkey, having a horny excrescence on its bill; Horn′book, a first book for children, which formerly consisted of a single leaf set in a frame, with a thin plate of transparent horn in front to preserve it; Horn′-bug, a common North American beetle; Horned′-horse, the gnu; Horned′-owl, Horn′owl, a species of owl, so called from two tufts of feathers on its head, like horns; Horn′er, one who works or deals in horns: a trumpeter.—adj. Horn′-foot′ed, having a hoof or horn on the foot.—ns. Horn′-gate, one of the two gates of Dreams, through which pass those visions that come true, while out of the ivory-gate pass the unreal; Horn′ie, the devil, usually represented with horns; Horn′ing, appearance of the moon when in its crescent form: (U.S.) a mock serenade with tin horns and any discordant instruments by way of showing public disapproval.—adjs. Horn′ish, like horn: hard; Horn′less, without horns.—n. Horn′let, a little horn.—adj. Horn′-mad, mad with rage, as the cuckold at the moment of discovery.—ns. Hornmad′ness (Browning); Horn′-mak′er (Shak.), a cuckold-maker; Horn′-mer′cury, mercurous chloride or calomel; Horn′-sil′ver, silver chloride; Horn′stone, a stone much like flint, but more brittle [horn and stone]; Horn′work (fort.), an outwork having angular points or horns, and composed of two demi-bastions joined by a curtain; Horn′wrack, the sea-mat or lemon-weed.—adjs. Horn′y, like horn: hard: callous; Horn′y-hand′ed, with hands hardened by toil.—Horn of plenty, the symbol of plenty, carried by Ceres in her left arm, filled to overflowing with fruits and flowers (see Cornucopia); Horns of a dilemma (see Dilemma); Horns of the altar, the projections at the four corners of the Hebrew altar, to which the victim was bound when about to be sacrificed.—Letters of horning (Scots law), letters running in the sovereign's name, and passing the signet, instructing messengers-at-arms to charge the debtor to pay, on his failure a caption or warrant for his apprehension being granted; Pull, or Draw, in one's horns, to restrain one's ardour or one's pretensions; Put to the horn (old Scots law), to outlaw by three blasts of the horn at the Cross of Edinburgh; Wear horns, to be a cuckold. [A.S. horn; Scand. and Ger. horn, Gael. and W. corn, L. cornu, Gr. keras.]

Hornblende, horn′blend, n. a mineral of various colours, found in granite and other igneous rocks that contain quartz. [Ger. horn, horn, and -blende—blenden, to dazzle.]

Hornet, horn′et, n. a species of wasp, so called from its antennæ or horns: a person who pesters with petty but ceaseless attacks.—Bring a hornet's nest about one's ears, to stir up enemies and enmities against one's self. [A.S. hyrnet, dim. of horn.]

Hornito, hor-nē′tō, n. a low oven-shaped fumarole, common in South American volcanic regions. [Sp., dim. of horno, an oven.]

Hornpipe, horn′pīp, n. an old Welsh musical instrument resembling the clarinet: a lively air: a lively English dance, usually by one person, popular amongst sailors.

Horography, hor-og′ra-fi, n. the art of constructing dials or instruments for indicating the hours.—n. Horog′rapher. [Gr. hōra, an hour, graphein, to describe.]

Horologe, hor′o-lōj, n. any instrument for telling the hours.—ns. Horol′oger, Horologiog′rapher, Horol′ogist, a maker of clocks, &c.—adjs. Horolog′ic, -al.—ns. Horologiog′raphy, the art of constructing timepieces; Horol′ogy, the science which treats of the construction of machines for telling the hours: the office-book of the Greek Church for the canonical hours. [O. Fr. horologe (Fr. horloge)—L. horologium—Gr. hōrologion—hōra, an hour, legein, to tell.]

Horometry, hor-om′et-ri, n. the art or practice of measuring time.—adj. Horomet′rical. [Gr. hōra, an hour, metron, a measure.]

Horoscope, hor′o-skōp, n. an observation of the heavens at the hour of a person's birth, by which the astrologer predicted the events of his life: a representation of the heavens for this purpose.—adj. Horoscop′ic.—ns. Horos′copist, an astrologer; Horos′copy, the art of predicting the events of a person's life from his horoscope: aspect of the stars at the time of birth. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. hōroskopos—hōra, an hour, skopein, to observe.]

Horrent, hor′ent, adj. standing on end, as bristles. [L. horrens, -entis, pr.p. of horrēre, to bristle.]

Horrible, hor′i-bl, adj. causing or tending to cause horror: dreadful: awful: terrific.—n. Horr′ibleness.—adv. Horr′ibly. [L. horribilis—horrēre.]

Horrid, hor′id, adj. fitted to produce horror: shocking: offensive.—adv. Horr′idly.—n. Horr′idness. [L. horridus—horrēre, to bristle.]

Horrify, hor′-i-fī, v.t. to strike with horror:—pa.p. horr′ified.—adj. Horrif′ic, exciting horror: frightful. [L. horrificus—horror, horror, facĕre, to make.]

Horripilation, hor-i-pi-lā′shun, n. a contraction of the cutaneous muscles causing the erection of the hairs and the condition known as goose-flesh.—v.t. Horrip′ilate.

Horrisonous, hor-is′ō-nus, adj. sounding dreadfully.—Also Horris′onant.

Horror, hor′ur, n. a shuddering: excessive fear: that which excites horror.—adjs. Horr′or-strick′en, -struck, struck with horror.—The horrors, extreme depression: delirium tremens. [L.—horrēre, to bristle.]

Hors-d'œuvre, or-düvr′, a preliminary snack that does not form part of the regular menu.

Horse, hors, n. a well-known quadruped: (collectively) cavalry: that by which something is supported, as 'clothes-horse,' &c.: a wooden frame on which soldiers were formerly made to ride as a punishment—also Timber-mare: a boy's crib, a translation.—v.t. to mount on a horse: to provide with a horse: to sit astride: to carry on the back: to urge at work tyrannically: to construe by means of a crib.—v.i. to get on horseback: to charge for work before it is done.—ns. Horse′-artill′ery, field artillery with comparatively light guns and the gunners mounted; Horse′back, the back of a horse; Horse′-bean, a large bean given to horses; Horse′-block, a block or stage by which to mount or dismount from a horse; Horse′-boat, a boat for carrying horses, or one towed by a horse; Horse′-box, a railway car for transporting horses in, or a stall on shipboard; Horse′-boy, a stable-boy; Horse′-break′er, Horse′-tam′er, one whose business is to break or tame horses, or to teach them to draw or carry (Pretty horse-breaker, a woman with little virtue to lose); Horse′-car, a car drawn by horses; Horse′-chest′nut, a large variety of chestnut, prob. so called from its coarseness contrasted with the edible chestnut: the tree that produces it (see Chestnut); Horse′-cloth, a cloth for covering a horse; Horse′-coup′er (Scot.), a horse-dealer; Horse′-deal′er, one who deals in horses; Horse′-doc′tor, a veterinary surgeon; Horse′-drench, a dose of physic for a horse.—adj. Horse′-faced, having a long face.—ns. Horse′-flesh, the flesh of a horse: horses collectively: a Bahama mahogany.—adj. of reddish-bronze colour.—ns. Horse′-fly, a large fly that stings horses; Horse′-foot, the colt's foot; Horse′-god′mother, a fat clumsy woman.—n.pl. Horse′-guards, horse-soldiers employed as guards: the 3d heavy cavalry regiment of the British army, forming part of the household troops: the War Office, or public office in Whitehall, London, appropriated to the departments of the commander-in-chief of the British army.—ns. Horse′-hair, the hair of horses: haircloth; Horse′-hoe, a hoe drawn by horses; Horse′-knack′er, one who buys worn-out horses for slaughtering; Horse′-lat′itudes, a part of the North Atlantic Ocean noted for long calms, so called from the frequent necessity of throwing part of a cargo of horses overboard from want of water when becalmed; Horse′-laugh, a harsh, boisterous laugh; Horse′-leech, a large species of leech, so named from its fastening on horses when wading in the water: a bloodsucker (Prov. xxx. 15); Horse′-litt′er, a litter or bed borne between two horses; Horse′-mack′erel, one of various fishes—the scad (q.v.), &c.; Horse′man, a rider on horseback: a mounted soldier; Horse′manship, the art of riding, and of training and managing horses; Horse′-ma′rine, a person quite out of his element: an imaginary being for whom wild flights of imagination had best be reserved ('Tell it to the horse-marines'); Horse-mill, a mill turned by horses; Horse′-mill′iner, one who provides the trappings for horses; Horse′-mint, a common European wild-mint: the American Monarda punctata—Sweet horse-mint, the common dittany; Horse′-nail, a nail for fastening a horse-shoe to the hoof; Horse′-pis′tol, a large pistol carried in a holster; Horse′-play, rough, boisterous play; Horse′-pond, a pond for watering horses at; Horse′-pow′er, the power a horse can exert, or its equivalent=that required to raise 33,000 lb. avoirdupois one foot per minute: a standard for estimating the power of steam-engines; Horse′-race, a race by horses; Horse′-rac′ing, the practice of racing or running horses in matches; Horse′-rad′ish, a plant with a pungent root, used in medicine and as a condiment; Horse′-rake, a rake drawn by horses; Horse′-rid′ing, a circus; Horse′-sense, plain robust sense; Horse′-shoe, a shoe for horses, consisting of a curved piece of iron.—adj. shaped like a horse-shoe.—ns. Horse′-sol′dier, a cavalry soldier; Horse′-tail, a genus of leafless plants with hollow rush-like stems, so called from their likeness to a horse's tail; Horse′-train′er, one who trains horses for racing, &c.; Horse′-way, a road by which a horse may pass; Horse′-whip, a whip for driving horses.—v.t. to strike with a horse-whip: to lash.—ns. Horse′woman, a woman who rides on horseback; Hors′iness; Hors′ing, birching a schoolboy mounted on another's back.—adj. Hors′y, of or pertaining to horses: devoted to horse racing or breeding.—A dark horse (see Dark); Flog a dead horse, to try to work up excitement about a threadbare subject; Get on, Mount, the high horse, to assume consequential airs; Put the cart before the horse (see Cart); Ride the wooden horse (see above); Take horse, to mount on horseback. [A.S. hors; Ice. horss, Old High Ger. hros (Ger. ross).]

Hortative, hort′a-tiv, adj. inciting: encouraging: giving advice—also Hort′atory.—n. Hortā′tion. [L. hortāri, -ātus, to incite.]

Horticulture, hor′ti-kul-tūr, n. the art of cultivating gardens.—adj. Horticul′tural, pertaining to the culture of gardens.—n. Horticul′turist, one versed in the art of cultivating gardens.—Hortus siccus, a collection of dried plants arranged in a book. [L. hortus, a garden, cultura—colĕre, to cultivate.]

Hosannna, hō-zan′a, n. an exclamation of praise to God, or a prayer for blessings. [Gr. hōsanna—Heb. hōshī‛āh nnā, hōshīā‛, save, nā, I pray.]

Hose, hōz, n. a covering for the legs or feet: stockings: socks: a flexible pipe for conveying water, so called from its shape:—pl. Hose; (B.) Hos′en.—ns. Hose′man, one who directs the stream of water from the hose of a fire-engine; Hose′pipe; Hose′-reel, a large revolving drum or reel for carrying hose for fire-engines, &c.; Hō′sier, one who deals in hose, or stockings and socks, &c.; Hō′siery, hose in general. [A.S. hosa, pl. hosan; Dut. hoos, Ger. hose.]

Hospice, hos′pēs, n. a house of entertainment for strangers, esp. such kept by monks on some Alpine passes for travelers.—Also Hospit′ium. [Fr.,—L. hospitium—hospes, a stranger treated as a guest.]

Hospitable, hos′pit-a-bl, adj. entertaining strangers and guests kindly and without reward: showing kindness: generous: bountiful.—n. Hos′pitableness.—adv. Hos′pitably.—n. Hospital′ity, the practice of one who is hospitable; friendly welcome and entertainment of guests—(Spens.) Hos′pitāge.

Hospital, hos-′pit-al, n. a building for the reception and treatment of the old, the sick, and hurt, &c., or for the support and education of the young.—n. Hos′pitaller, one of a charitable brotherhood for the care of the sick in hospitals: one of an order of knights, commonly called Knights of St John (otherwise called Knights of Rhodes, and afterwards of Malta), who about 1048 built a hospital for the care and cure of pilgrims at Jerusalem.—Hospital Saturday, or Sunday, days set apart for the collection of funds on behalf of hospitals.—Convalescent hospital, one intermediate between the ordinary hospital and the patient's own home; Cottage hospital, a small establishment where hospital treatment is carried on at little expense and with simple arrangements; Lock hospital, one for the treatment of venereal diseases; Magdalen hospital, an institution for the reclamation of fallen women; Marine, or Naval, hospital, a special hospital for sick sailors, or for men in the naval service; Maternity hospital, one for women in labour. [O. Fr. hospital—Low L. hospitale—hospes, a guest.]

Hospodar, hos′po-där, n. formerly the title of the princes of Moldavia and Wallachia. [Slav.]

Host, hōst, n. one who entertains a stranger or guest at his house without reward: an innkeeper: an organism on which another lives as a parasite:—fem. Host′ess.—n. Host′ess-ship (Shak.), the character or office of a hostess.—adj. Host′less (Spens.), destitute of a host, inhospitable.—Reckon, or Count, without one's host, to misjudge, the original idea being that of totting up one's bill without reference to the landlord. [O. Fr. hoste—L. hospes, hospitis.]

Host, hōst, n. an army, a large multitude.—n. Host′ing, (Milt.) an encounter of hosts, a battle: (Spens.) an assemblage of hosts, a muster.—A host in himself, one of great strength, skill, or resources, within himself; Heavenly host, the angels and archangels; Lord of hosts, a favourite Hebrew term for Jehovah, considered as head of the hosts of angels, the hosts of stars, &c. [O. Fr. host—L. hostis, an enemy.]

Host, hōst, n. in the R.C. Church, the consecrated bread of the Eucharist—a thin circular wafer of unleavened bread. [L. hostia, a victim.]

Hostage, hos′tāj, n. one remaining with the enemy as a pledge for the fulfilment of the conditions of a treaty.—Hostages to fortune, a man's wife, children, &c. [O. Fr. hostage (Fr. ôtage)—Low L. obsidaticus—L. obses, obsidis, a hostage.]

Hostel, hos′tel, Hostelry, hos′tel-ri, n. an inn: in some universities an extra-collegiate hall for students.—ns. Hos′teler, Hos′teller, one living in a hostel. [O. Fr. hostel, hostellerie.]

Hostile, hos′til, adj. belonging to an enemy: showing enmity: warlike: adverse.—adv. Hos′tilely.—n. Hostil′ity, enmity:—pl. Hostil′ities, acts of warfare. [L. hostilis—hostis.]

Hostler, Ostler, hos′lėr, or os′-, n. he who has the care of horses at an inn. [Hostler=hosteleer.]

Hot, hot, adj. having heat: very warm: fiery: pungent: animated: ardent in temper: fervent: vehement: violent: passionate: lustful.—adj. Hot′-and-hot′, of food cooked and served up at once in hot dishes.—ns. Hot′bed, a glass-covered bed heated for bringing forward plants rapidly: any place favourable to rapid growth or development, as 'a hotbed of vice,' &c.; Hot′blast, a blast of heated air blown into a furnace to raise the heat.—adjs. Hot′-blood′ed, having hot blood: high-spirited: irritable; Hot′-brained, hot-headed, rash and violent.—n. Hot′-cock′les, an old game in which a person is blindfolded, and being struck, guesses who strikes him; Hot′-flue, a drying-room.—adj. Hot′-head′ed, hot in the head: having warm passions: violent: impetuous.—n. Hot′-house, a house kept hot for the rearing of tender plants: any heated chamber or drying-room, esp. that where pottery is placed before going into the kiln: (Shak.) a brothel.—adv. Hot′ly.—adj. Hot′-mouthed, headstrong.—n. Hot′ness; Hot′-pot, a dish of chopped mutton seasoned and stewed with sliced potatoes.—v.t. Hot′press, to press paper, &c., between hot plates to produce a glossy surface.—adjs. Hot′-short, brittle when heated; Hot′-spir′ited, having a fiery spirit.—n., one pressing his steed with spurs as in hot haste: a violent, rash man.—adj. Hot′-tem′pered, having a quick temper.—ns. Hot′-trod, the hot pursuit in old Border forays; Hot′-wall, a wall enclosing passages for hot air, affording warmth to fruit-trees trained against it, when needed; Hot′-well, in a condensing engine, a reservoir for the warm water drawn off from the condenser.—Hot coppers (see Copper); Hot cross-buns (see Cross); Hot foot, with speed, fast; In hot water, in a state of trouble or anxiety; Make a place too hot to hold a person, to make it impossible for him to stay there. [A.S. hát; Ger. heiss, Sw. het.]

Hot, hot, Hote, hōt (Spens.) named, called. [Pa.t. and pa.p. of hight.]

Hotchpotch, hoch′poch, Hotchpot, hoch′pot, Hodgepodge, hoj′poj, n. a confused mass of ingredients shaken or mixed together in the same pot: a kind of mutton-broth in which green peas take the place of barley or rice.—Hotchpot, a commixture of property in order to secure an equable division amongst children. [Fr. hochepot—hocher, to shake, and pot, a pot—Old Dut. hutsen, to shake, Dut. pot, a pot.]

Hotel, hō-tel′, n. a superior house for the accommodation of strangers: an inn: in France, also a public office, a private town-house, a palace.—ns. Hôtel′-de-ville (Fr.), a town-hall; Hôtel′-dieu, a hospital. [M. E. hostel—O. Fr. hostel (Fr. hôtel)—L. hospitalia, guest-chambers—hospes.]

Hottentot, hot′n-tot, n. a native of the Cape of Good Hope: a brutish individual. [Dut., because the language of the South Africans seemed to the first Dutch settlers to sound like a repetition of the syllables hot and tot; Dut. en—and.]

Houdan, hōō′dang, n. a valued breed of domestic fowls, orig. from Houdan in Seine-et-Oise.

Hough, hok, Hock, hok, n. the joint on the hind-leg of a quadruped, between the knee and fetlock, corresponding to the ankle-joint in man: in man, the back part of the knee-joint: the ham.—v.t. to hamstring:—pr.p. hough′ing; pa.p. houghed (hokt). [A.S. hóh, the heel.]

Hound, hownd, n. a dog used in hunting: a cur: a caitiff.—v.t. to set on in chase: to hunt: to urge, pursue, harass (with on).—ns. Hound′fish, same as Dogfish; Hounds′-berr′y, the common dogwood; Hound's′-tongue, a plant, so called from the shape of its leaves.—Gabriel hounds, a popular name for the noise made by distant curlews, ascribed to damned souls whipped on by the angel Gabriel; Master of hounds, the master of a pack of hounds. [A.S. hund; Gr. kyōn, kynos, L. canis, Sans. çvan.]

Hour, owr, n. 60 min., or the 24th part of a day: the time indicated by a clock, &c.: an hour's journey, or three miles: a time or occasion; (pl., myth.) the goddesses of the seasons and the hours: set times of prayer, the canonical hours, the offices or services prescribed for these, or a book containing them.—ns. Hour′-cir′cle, a circle passing through the celestial poles and fixed relatively to the earth: the circle of an equatorial which shows the hour-angle of the point to which the telescope is directed; Hour′-glass, an instrument for measuring the hours by the running of sand from one glass vessel into another; Hour′-hand, the hand which shows the hour on a clock, &c.—adj. Hour′ly, happening or done every hour: frequent.—adv. every hour: frequently.—n. Hour′plate, the plate of a timepiece on which the hours are marked: the dial.—At the eleventh hour, at the last moment possible (Matt. xx. 6, 9); In a good, or evil, hour, acting under a fortunate, or an unfortunate, impulse—from the old belief in astrological influences; Keep good hours, to go to bed and to rise early: to lead a quiet and regular life; The hour is come, the destined day of fate has come (John, xiii. 1); The small hours, the early hours of the morning; Three hours service, a service held continuously on Good Friday, from noon to 3 P.M., in commemoration of the time of Christ's agony on the cross. [O. Fr. hore (Fr. heure)—L. hora—Gr. hōra.]

Houri, how′ri, hōō′ri, n. a nymph of the Mohammedan paradise. [Pers. huri—Ar. hūriya, a black-eyed girl.]

House, hows, n. a building for dwelling in: a dwelling-place: an inn: household affairs: a family: kindred: a trading establishment: one of the twelve divisions of the heavens in astrology: one of the estates of the legislature (House of Lords or Upper House, House of Commons or Lower House; also Upper and Lower Houses of Convocation, House of Representatives, &c.): at Oxford, 'The House,' Christ Church College: the audience at a place of entertainment, a theatre, &c. (a full house, a thin house): (coll.) the workhouse:—pl. Houses (howz′ez).—v.t. House (howz), to protect by covering: to shelter: to store: to provide houses for.—v.i. to take shelter: to reside.—ns. House′-ā′gent, one who has the letting of houses; House′-boat, a barge with a deck-cabin that may serve as a dwelling-place; House′-bote, wood that a tenant may take to repair his house, or for fuel; House′-break′er, one who breaks open and enters a house by day for the purpose of stealing; House′-break′ing; House′-carl, a member of a king or noble's bodyguard, in Danish and early English history; House′-dū′ty, -tax, a tax laid on inhabited houses; House′-fac′tor (Scot.), a house-agent; House′-fa′ther, the male head of a household or community; House′-flag, the distinguishing flag of a shipowner or company of such; House′-fly, the common fly universally distributed; House′hold, those who are held together in the same house, and compose a family.—adj. pertaining to the house and family.—ns. House′holder, the holder or tenant of a house; House′keeper, a female servant who keeps or has the chief care of the house: one who stays much at home; House′keeping, the keeping or management of a house or of domestic affairs: hospitality.—adj. domestic.—n. House′-leek, a plant with red star-like flowers and succulent leaves that grows on the roofs of houses.—adj. House′less, without a house or home: having no shelter.—ns. House′-line (naut.), a small line of three strands, for seizings, &c.; House′maid, a maid employed to keep a house clean, &c.; House′-mate, one sharing a house with another; House′-moth′er, the mother of a family, the female head of a family; House′-room, room or place in a house; House′-stew′ard, a steward who manages the household affairs of a great family; House′-sur′geon, the surgeon or medical officer in a hospital who resides in the house—so also House′-physi′cian; House′-warm′ing, an entertainment given when a family enters a new house, as if to warm it; Housewife (hows′wīf, huz′wif, or huz′if), the mistress of a house: a female domestic manager: a small case for articles of female work.—adj. House′wifely.—n. House′wifery—(Scot.) House′wifeskep.—House of call, a house where the journeymen of a particular trade call when out of work; House of correction, a jail; House of God, prayer, or worship, a place of worship; House of ill fame, a bawdy-house.—A household word, a familiar saying; Bring down the house, to evoke very loud applause in a place of entertainment; Cry from the house-top, to announce in the most public manner possible; Household gods, one's favourite domestic things—a playful use of the Roman penates (q.v.); Household suffrage, or franchise, the right of householders to vote for members of parliament; Household troops, six regiments whose peculiar duty is to attend the sovereign and defend the metropolis; Housemaid's knee, an inflammation of the sac between the knee-pan and the skin, to which housemaids are specially liable through kneeling on damp floors.—Inner House, the higher branch of the Scotch Court of Session, its jurisdiction chiefly appellate; Outer House, the lower branch of the Court of Session.—Keep a good house, to keep up a plentifully supplied table; Keep house, to maintain or manage an establishment; Keep open house, to give entertainments to all comers; Keep the house, to be confined to the house; Like a house afire, with astonishing rapidity; The Household, the royal domestic establishment. [A.S. hús; Goth. hus, Ger. haus.]

Housel, howz′el, n. the Eucharist: the act of taking the same.—n. Hous′eling-cloth, a linen cloth held or stretched beneath the communicants.—adj. Hous′ling (Spens.), sacramental. [A.S. húsel, sacrifice.]

Housing, howz′ing, n. an ornamental covering for a horse: a saddle-cloth: (pl.) the trappings of a horse. [O. Fr. housse, a mantle, of Teut. origin.]

Houyhnhnm, whin′im, n. one of the noble rational horse race in Gulliver's Travels. [From whinny.]

Hova, hō′va, n. one of the dominant race in Madagascar:—pl. Hō′vas.

Hovel, hov′el, n. a small or mean dwelling: a shed.—v.t. to put in a hovel: to shelter: to construct a chimney so as to prevent smoking, by making two of the more exposed walls higher than the others, or making an opening on one side near the top:—pr.p. hov′elling; pa.p. hov′elled.—n. Hov′eller, a boatman acting as a non-certificated pilot or doing any kind of occasional work on the coast: a small coasting-vessel. [Dim. of A.S. hof, a dwelling.]

Hover, hov′ėr, v.i. to remain aloft flapping the wings: to wait in suspense: to move about near.—adv. Hov′eringly, in a hovering manner. [Formed from A.S. hof, house.]

How, how, adv. in what manner: to what extent: for what reason: by what means: from what cause: in what condition: (N.T.) sometimes=that.—The how and the why, the manner and the cause. [A.S. hú is prob. a form of hwí, in what way, why, the instrumental case of hwá, who.]

How, Howe, how, n. (Scot.) a hollow, glen, dell, or narrow plain. [Prob. related to hole.]

Howbeit, how-bē′it, conj. be it how it may: notwithstanding: yet: however—(Spens.) How′be.

Howdah, Houdah, how′da, n. a seat fixed on an elephant's back. [Ar. hawdaj.]

Howdie, Howdy, how′di, n. (Scot.) a midwife. [Webster ingeniously at least suggests a derivation in 'How d'ye?' the midwife's first question.]

Howdy, how′di, interj. a colloquial form of the common greeting, 'How do you [do]?'—n. How′dy-do, a troublesome state of matters.

However, how-ev′ėr, adv. and conj. in whatever manner or degree: nevertheless: at all events.

Howff, Houff, howf, n. (Scot.) a haunt, resort.—v.i. to resort to a place. [A.S. hof, a house.]

Howitzer, how′its-ėr, n. a short, light cannon, used for throwing shells. [Ger. haubitze, orig. hauffnitz—Bohem. haufnice, a sling.]

Howl, howl, v.i. to yell or cry, as a wolf or dog: to utter a long, loud, whining sound: to wail: to roar.—v.t. to utter with outcry:—pr.p. howl′ing; pa.p. howled.—n. a loud, prolonged cry of distress: a mournful cry.—n. Howl′er, a South American monkey, with prodigious power of voice: (slang) a glaring or very stupid error.—adj. Howl′ing, filled with howlings, as of the wind, or of wild beasts: (slang) tremendous.—n. a howl. [O. Fr. huller—L. ululāre, to shriek or howl—ulula, an owl; cf. Ger. heulen, Eng. owl.]

Howsoever, how-so-ev′ėr, adv. in what way soever: although: however.—Provincial forms are Howsomev′er and Howsomdev′er.

Hoy, hoi, n. a large one-decked boat, commonly rigged as a sloop. [Dut. heu, Flem. hui.]

Hoyden, Hoiden, hoi′den, n. a tomboy, a romp. [Old Dut. heyden, a heathen, a gipsy, heyde, heath.]

Hub, hub, n. the projecting nave of a wheel; a projection on a wheel for the insertion of a pin: the hilt of a weapon: a mark at which quoits, &c., are cast.—Hub (i.e. centre) of the universe, Boston, U.S. [A form of hob.]

Hubble, hub′l, n. (Scot.) an uproar: a heap, as of work: (U.S.) a lump.—adj. Hub′bly.

Hubble-bubble, hub′l-bub′l, n. an East Indian tobacco-pipe, in which the smoke is drawn through water with a bubbling sound. [Reduplic. from bubble.]

Hubbub, hub′ub, n. a confused sound of many voices: riot: uproar. [Prob. a repetition of hoop, whoop.]

Huckaback, huk′a-bak, n. a coarse variety of linen for towels, &c., having raised figures on it. [Skeat suggests as the original meaning 'pedlar's ware,' Low Ger. hukkebak; cf. hawker.]

Huckle, huk′l, n. a hunch: the hip—also Huck.—adjs. Huck′le-backed, -shoul′dered, having the back or shoulders round.—n. Huck′le-bone, the hip-bone, or ankle-bone. [Dim. of huck, a prov. form of hook.]

Huckleberry, huk′l-ber′ri, n. a North American shrub (Gaylussacia) with blue berries. [Prob. a corr. of hurtleberry.]

Huckster, huk′stėr, n. a retailer of smallwares, a hawker or pedlar: a mean, trickish fellow:—fem. Huck′stress.—v.i. to deal in small articles, to higgle meanly.—n. Huck′sterage, business of a huckster. [With fem. suff. -ster, from Dut. heuker, a retailer, Old Dut. hucken, to stoop or bow; cf. Ice. húka, to sit on one's hams, and Eng. hawker.]

Huddle, hud′l, v.i. to put up things confusedly: to hurry in disorder: to crowd.—v.t. to throw or crowd together in confusion: to put on hastily.—n. a crowd: tumult: confusion. [M. E. hodren; prob. a freq. of M. E. huden, to hide.]

Hudibrastic, hū-di-bras′tik, adj. similar in style to Hudibras, a metrical burlesque on the Puritans by Samuel Butler (1612-80): doggerel.

Hue, hū, n. appearance: colour: tint: dye.—-adjs. Hued, having a hue; Hue′less. [A.S. hiw, heow; Sw. hy, complexion.]

Hue, hū, n. a shouting.—Hue and cry, a loud clamour about something: name of a police gazette, established in 1710. [Fr. huer, imit.]

Huff, huf, n. sudden anger or arrogance: a fit of disappointment or anger: a boaster.—v.t. to swell: to bully: to remove a 'man' from the board for not capturing pieces open to him, as in draughts.—v.i. to swell: to bluster.—adjs. Huff′ish, Huff′y, given to huff: insolent: arrogant.—adv. Huff′ishly.—ns. Huff′ishness, Huff′iness. [Imit., like puff; cf. Ger. hauchen, to breathe.]

Hug, hug, v.t. to embrace closely and fondly: to cherish: to congratulate (one's self): (naut.) to keep close to.—v.i. to crowd together:—pr.p. hug′ging; pa.p. hugged.—n. a close and fond embrace: a particular grip in wrestling.—Hug one's self, to congratulate one's self. [Scand., Ice. húka, to sit on one's hams. See Huckster.]

Huge, hūj, adj. having great dimensions, especially height: enormous: monstrous: (B.) large in number.—adv. Huge′ly.—n. Huge′ness. [M. E. huge; formed by dropping a from O. Fr. ahuge, of Teut. origin, cog. with Ger. hoch.]

Hugger-mugger, hug′ėr-mug′ėr, n. secrecy: confusion. [Perh. a rhyming extension of hug.]

Huguenot, hū′ge-not, or -nō, n. the name formerly given in France to an adherent of the Reformation. [Prob. a dim. of the personal name Hugo, Hugon, Hugues, Hugh, name of some French Calvinist, later a general nickname. Not the Swiss eidguenot, Ger. eidgenossen, confederates.]

Hulk, hulk, n. the body of a ship: an old ship unfit for service: a big lubberly fellow: anything unwieldy—often confounded in meaning with hull, the body of a ship:—pl. The hulks, old ships formerly used as prisons.—adjs. Hulk′ing, Hulk′y, clumsy. [Low L. hulka—Gr. holkas—helkein, to draw.]

Hull, hul, n. the husk or outer covering of anything.—v.t. to strip off the hull: to husk. [A.S. hulu, a husk, as of corn—helan, to cover; Ger. hülle, a covering, hehlen, to cover.]

Hull, hul, n. the frame or body of a ship.—v.t. to pierce the hull (as with a cannon-ball).—v.i. to float or drive on the water, as a mere hull. [Same word as above, perh. modified in meaning by confusion with Dut. hol, a ship's hold, or with hulk.]

Hulsean, hul′sē-an, adj. of or pertaining to John Hulse (1708-89), founder of the Hulsean divinity lectures at Cambridge.

Hum, hum, v.i. to make a buzzing sound like bees: to utter a low, droning sound: to supply an interval in speaking by an audible sound.—v.t. to sing in a low tone: to applaud anything by humming:—pr.p. hum′ming; pa.p. hummed.—n. the noise of bees and some other insects: any low, dull noise.—interj. a sound with a pause implying doubt.—n. Hum′mer, something that hums.—Hum and haw, to hesitate in giving a direct answer; Humming ale, ale that froths up well, or that makes the head hum; Make things hum, to set things agoing briskly. [Imit.; cf. Ger. hummen, humsen.]

Human, hū′man, adj. belonging or pertaining to man or mankind: having the qualities of a man.—n. (coll.) a human being.—n. Hū′mankind, the human species.—adv. Hū′manly. [Fr.,—L. humanus—homo, a human being.]

Humane, hū-mān′, adj. having the feelings proper to man: kind: tender: merciful.—adv. Humane′ly.—n. Humane′ness, kindness: tenderness.

Humanise, hū′man-īz, v.t. to render human or humane: to soften.—v.i. to become humane or civilised.—n. Humanisā′tion.

Humanist, hū′man-ist, n. a student of polite literature: at the Renaissance, a student of Greek and Roman literature: a student of human nature.—n. Hū′manism, polite learning, literary culture: any system which puts human interests paramount.—adj. Humanist′ic.

Humanitarian, hū-man′i-tā′ri-an, n. one who denies Christ's divinity, and holds Him to be a mere man: a philanthropist.—adj. of or belonging to humanity, benevolent.—n. Humanitā′rianism.

Humanity, hū-man′it-i, n. the nature peculiar to a human being: the kind feelings of man: benevolence: tenderness: mankind collectively:—pl. Human′ities, in Scotland, grammar, rhetoric, Latin, Greek, and poetry, so called from their humanising effects.—Professor of Humanity, in Scotch universities, the professor of Latin. [Fr.,—L. humanitas—humanus—homo, a man.]

Humble, hum′bl, or um′bl, adj. low: meek: modest.—v.t. to bring down to the ground: to lower: to abase: to mortify: to degrade.—adj. Hum′ble-mouthed, humble in speech.—n. Hum′bleness—(Spens.) Hum′bless.—adj. Hum′bling, making humble.—n. a humiliation.—advs. Hum′blingly, in a humiliating manner; Hum′bly. [Fr.,—L. humilis, low—humus, the ground.]

Humble-bee, hum′bl-bē, n. the humming-bee: a genus of social bees which construct their hives under ground. [Humble is a freq. of hum.]

Humble-pie, hum′bl-pī, n. a pie made of the umbles or numbles (liver, heart, &c.) of a deer.—Eat humble-pie, to humiliate one's self, eat one's own words.

Humbug, hum′bug, n. an imposition under fair pretences: hollowness, pretence: one who so imposes: a kind of candy.—v.t. to deceive: to hoax:—pr.p. hum′bugging; pa.p. hum′bugged.—adj. Humbug′able, capable of being humbugged.—ns. Hum′bugger, one who humbugs; Hum′buggery, the practice of humbugging. [Orig. 'a false alarm,' 'a bugbear,' from hum and bug, a frightful object.]

Humdrum, hum′drum, adj. dull: droning: monotonous: commonplace.—n. a stupid fellow: monotony, tedious talk. [Hum and drum.]

Humectant, hū-mek′tant, adj. pertaining to remedies supposed to increase the fluidity of the blood.—vs.t. Humect′, Humec′tate, to moisten.—n. Humectā′tion.—adj. Humec′tive, having the power to moisten.—v.t. Hū′mefy, to make moist. [L. humectans—humēre, to be moist.]

Humeral, hū′mėr-al, adj. belonging to the shoulder.—n. an oblong scarf worn round the priest's shoulders at certain parts of the Mass and of Benediction.—n. Hū′merus, the arm from the shoulder to the elbow: the bone of the upper arm:—pl. Hū′meri (-rī).—adjs. Hū′mero-cū′bital; Hū′mero-dig′ital; Hū′mero-dor′sal; Hū′mero-metacar′pal; Hū′mero-rā′dial. [Fr.,—L. humerus, the shoulder.]

Humet, Humette, hū-met′, n. (her.) a fesse or bar cut off short at each end.—adj. Humeté.

Humian, hūm′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to David Hume (1711-76), or his philosophy.

Humhum, hum′hum, n. a kind of plain, coarse cotton cloth used in the East Indies.

Humic, hū′mik, adj. denoting an acid formed by the action of alkalies on humus or mould.

Humid, hū′mid, adj. moist: damp: rather wet.—adv. Hū′midly.—ns. Hū′midness, Humid′ity, moisture: a moderate degree of wetness. [L. humidus—humēre, to be moist.]

Humiliate, hū-mil′i-āt, v.t. to make humble: to depress: to lower in condition.—adjs. Humil′iant, humiliating; Humil′iāting, humbling, mortifying.—n. Humiliā′tion, the act of humiliating: abasement: mortification. [L. humiliāre, -ātum.]

Humility, hū-mil′i-ti, n. the state or quality of being humble: lowliness of mind: modesty. [O. Fr. humilite—L. humilitat-em—humilis, low.]

Hummel, hum′el, adj.—hornless.—n. Humm′eller, a machine for separating awns of barley from seed.

Humming, hum′ing, n. a low, murmuring sound, like that made by bees.—ns. Humm′ing-bird, a tropical bird, of brilliant plumage and rapid flight, from the humming sound of its wings; Humm′ing-top, a top which when spun gives a humming sound. [Hum.]

Hummock, hum′uk, n. a hillock: pile or ridge (of ice): (Scot.) a fistful.—n. Humm′ie, a small protuberance.—adjs. Humm′ocked, Humm′ocky. [Dim. of hump.]

Humour, hū′mur, or ū′mur, n. the moisture or fluids of animal bodies: an animal fluid in an unhealthy state: state of mind (because once thought to depend on the humours of the body), as 'good' and 'ill humour:' disposition: caprice: a mental quality which delights in ludicrous and mirthful ideas: playful fancy.—v.t. to go in with the humour of: to gratify by compliance.—adj. Hū′moral, pertaining to or proceeding from the humours.—ns. Hū′moralism, the state of being humoral: the doctrine that diseases have their seat in the humours; Hū′moralist, one who favours the doctrine of humoralism; Humoresque′, a musical caprice; Hū′morist, one whose conduct and conversation are regulated by humour or caprice: one who studies or portrays the humours of people: one possessed of humour: a writer of comic stories.—adjs. Humoris′tic, humorous; Hū′morless, without humour; Hū′morous, governed by humour: capricious: irregular: full of humour: exciting laughter.—adv. Hū′morously.—n. Hū′morousness.—adj. Hū′moursome, capricious, petulant.—n. Hū′moursomeness.—Out of humour, out of temper, displeased; The new humour, a so-called modern literary product in which there is even less humour than novelty. [O. Fr. humor (Fr. humeur)—L. humor—humēre, to be moist.]

Hump, hump, n. a lump or hunch upon the back.—v.t. to bend in a hump: (U.S. slang) to prepare for a great exertion: (slang) to vex or annoy.—v.i. to put forth effort.—n. Hump′back, a back with a hump or hunch: a person with a humpback.—adjs. Hump′backed, having a humpback; Humped, having a hump on the back; Hump′y, full of humps or protuberances. [Prob. a nasalised form of heap.]

Humph, humf, interj. an exclamation expressive of dissatisfaction or incredulity.

Humpty-dumpty, hum′ti-dum′ti, n. a short, squat, egg-like being of nursery folklore: a gipsy drink, ale boiled with brandy.—adj. short and broad.

Humus, hūm′us, Humine, hūm′in, n. a brown or black powder in rich soils, formed by the action of air on animal or vegetable matter.—adj. Hū′mous. [L., 'the ground,' akin to Gr. chamai, on the ground.]

Hun, hun, n. one of a powerful, squat, swarthy, and savage nomad race of Asia, probably of Mongolian or Tartar stock, who began to move westwards in Europe about 372 A.D., pushing the Goths before them across the Danube, and under Attila (433-453) overrunning Europe: a shortened form of Hungarian.—adjs. Hun′nic, Hun′nish.

Hunch, hunsh, n. a hump, esp. on the back: a lump.—n. Hunch′back, one with a hunch or lump on his back.—adj. Hunch′backed, having a humpback. [The nasalised form of hook; cog. with Ger. hucke, the bent back; cf. Scot. to hunker down, to sit on one's heels with the knees bent up towards the chin.]

Hundred, hun′dred, n. the number of ten times ten: a division of a county in England, orig. supposed to contain a hundred families.—adjs. Hun′dredfold, folded a hundred times, multiplied by a hundred; Hun′dredth, coming last or forming one of a hundred.—n. one of a hundred.—n. Hun′dredweight, a weight the twentieth part of a ton, or 112 lb. avoirdupois; orig. a hundred lb., abbreviated cwt. (c. standing for L. centum, wt. for weight).—Hundred days, the period between Napoleon's return from Elba and his final downfall after Waterloo (the reign lasted exactly 95 days, March 20-June 22, 1815); Hundred years' war, the struggle between England and France, from 1337 down to 1453; Chiltern Hundreds, a district of Bucks, whose stewardship is a nominal office under the Crown, the temporary acceptance of which by a member of parliament enables him technically to vacate his seat; Great, or Long, hundred, six score; Not a hundred miles off, an indirect phrase for 'here,' 'in this very place;' Old Hundred, or Hundredth, a well-known long-metre setting of the hundredth psalm, 'All people that on earth do dwell.' [A.S. hundred—old form hund, a hundred, with the superfluous addition of réd or rǽd (Eng. rate), a reckoning.]

Hung, pa.t. and pa.p. of hang.—n. Hung′-beef, beef cured and dried.

Hungarian, hung-gā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Hungary or its inhabitants.—n. a native of Hungary: the Magyar or Hungarian language.

Hunger, hung′gėr, n. desire for food: strong desire for anything.—v.i. to crave food: to long for.—adjs. Hung′er-bit′ten, bitten, pained, or weakened by hunger; Hung′erful, hungry; Hung′erly (Shak.), hungry.—adv. (Shak.) hungrily.—adv. Hung′rily.—adj. Hung′ry, having eager desire: greedy: lean: poor. [A.S. hungor (n.), hyngran (v.); cf. Ger. hunger, Dut. honger, &c.]

Hunk, hungk, n. (U.S.) goal or base in boys' games.—n. Hunk′er, a conservative.—adj. Hunk′y, in good position. [Dut. honk.]

Hunker, hungk′er, v.i. (Scot.) to squat down.—n.pl. Hunk′ers, the hams. [See Hunch.]

Hunt, hunt, v.t. to chase wild animals for prey or sport: to chase such over a country: to search for: to pursue.—v.i. to go out in pursuit of game: to search.—n. a chase of wild animals: search: a pack of hunting hounds: an association of huntsmen.—ns. Hunt′-count′er, a dog that runs back or counter on the scent, a worthless dog—hence (Shak.), a blunderer, and v.t. to retrace one's steps; Hunt′er (fem. Hunt′ress), one who hunts: a horse used in the chase: a watch whose face is protected, like the reverse, with a metal case; Half′-hunt′er, such a watch where that metal case has a small circle of glass let in, so that one can see the time without opening it; Hunt′ing, the pursuit of wild game, the chase; Hunt′ing-box, Hunt′ing-lodge, Hunt′ing-seat, a temporary residence for hunting; Hunt′ing-cap, a form of cap much worn in the hunting-field; Hunt′ing-cog, an extra cog in one of two geared wheels, by means of which the order of contact of cogs is changed at every revolution; Hunt′ing-crop, -whip, a short whip with a crooked handle and a loop of leather at the end, used in the hunting-field; Hunt′ing-ground, a place or region for hunting; Hunting-horn, a horn used in hunting, a bugle; Hunt′ing-knife, -sword, a knife or short sword used to despatch the game when caught, or to skin and cut it up; Hunt′ing-song, a song about hunting; Hunt′ing-tide, the season of hunting; Hunts′man, one who hunts: a servant who manages the hounds during the chase; Hunts′manship, the qualifications of a huntsman; Hunt's-up (Shak.), a tune or song intended to arouse huntsmen in the morning—hence, anything calculated to arouse.—Hunt down, to destroy by persecution or violence; Hunt out, up, after, to search for, seek; Hunt-the-gowk, to make an April fool (see April); Hunt-the-slipper, an old-fashioned game in which one in the middle of a ring tries to catch a shoe which those forming the ring upon the ground shove about under their hams from one to another.—Happy hunting-grounds, the paradise of the Red Indian; Mrs Leo Hunter, of 'The Den, Eatanswill,' a social lion-hunter in the Pickwick Papers whose husband hunts up all the newest celebrities to grace her breakfast parties. [A.S. huntian; A.S. hentan, to seize.]

Hunterian, hun-tē′ri-an, adj. of or pertaining to the great surgeon John Hunter (1728-93), to his collection of anatomical specimens and preparations, the nucleus of the great Hunterian Museum in London, or to the Hunterian Oration delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons on the anniversary of his birth, 14th February: of or pertaining to his elder brother, William Hunter (1718-83), or his museum at Glasgow.

Huntingdonian, hun-ting-dō′ni-an, n. a member of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connection, a denomination of Calvinistic Methodists founded by Whitefield in conjunction with Selina, Countess of Huntingdon (1707-91).

Huon-pine, hū′on-pīn′, n. a Tasmanian yew, with light-yellow wood, used in boat-building.

Hurdle, hur′dl, n. a frame of twigs or sticks interlaced: (agri.) a movable frame of timber or iron for gates, &c.: a rude sledge on which criminals were drawn to the gallows.—v.t. to enclose with hurdles.—n. Hur′dle-race, a race where the runners, whether men or horses, have to clear a succession of hurdles. [A.S. hyrdel; Ger. hürde.]

Hurdy-gurdy, hur′di-gur′di, n. a musical stringed instrument, like a rude violin, whose strings are sounded by the turning of a wheel: a hand-organ: an impact-wheel. [Imit.]

Hurl, hurl, v.i. to make a noise by throwing: to move rapidly: to dash with force: to whirl: (Scot.) to convey in a wheeled vehicle.—v.t. to throw with violence: to utter with vehemence.—n. act of hurling, tumult, confusion: (Scot.) conveyance in a wheeled vehicle.—ns. Hurl′er; Hurl′ey, the game of hockey, or the stick used in playing it; Hurl′ing, a game in which a ball is forced through the opponent's goal, hockey; Hurl′y (Scot.), a wheelbarrow; Hurl′y-hack′et, an ill-hung carriage. [Hurtle.]

Hurly-burly, hur′li-bur′li, n. tumult: confusion.—n. Hur′ly (Shak.). [Hurly is from O. Fr. hurler, to yell, orig. huller, whence Eng. howl. Burly is simply a rhyming addition.]

Hurrah, Hurra, hoor-rä′, interj. an exclamation of excitement or joy.—Also n. and v.i. [Ger. hurra; Dan. and Sw. hurra.]

Hurricane, hur′ri-kān, n. a storm with extreme violence and sudden changes of the wind: a social party, a rout—(Shak.) Hur′ricano.—Hurricane deck, a cross-deck about amidships, a bridge-deck or bridge: the upper light deck of a passenger-steamer. [Sp. huracan, from Caribbean.]

Hurry, hur′i, v.t. to urge forward: to hasten.—v.i to move or act with haste:—pa.p. hurr′ied.—n. a driving forward: haste: tumult: a tremolando passage for violins, &c., in connection with an exciting situation.—adj. Hurr′ied.—adv. Hurr′iedly.—n. Hurr′iedness.—adv. Hurr′yingly.—n. Hurr′y-skurr′y, confusion and bustle.—adv. confusedly. [Imit. Cf. Old Sw. hurra, to whirl round.]

Hurt, hurt, v.t. to cause bodily pain to: to damage: to wound, as the feelings.—v.i. to give pain, &c.:—pa.t. and pa.p. hurt.—n. a wound: injury.—n. Hurt′er, that which hurts: a beam at the lower end of a gun-platform to save the parapet: a piece of iron or wood fixed to the top-rails of a gun-carriage to check its motion: the shoulder of an axle against which the hub strikes.—adj. Hurt′ful, causing hurt or loss: mischievous.—adv. Hurt′fully.—n. Hurt′fulness.—adj. Hurt′less, without hurt or injury, harmless.—adv. Hurt′lessly.—n. Hurt′lessness. [O. Fr. hurter (Fr. heurter), to knock, to run against; prob. from the Celtic, as in W. hwrdd, a thrust, the butt of a ram, Corn. hordh, a ram.]

Hurtle, hurt′l, v.t. to dash against: to move violently: to clash: to rattle.—v.i. to move rapidly with a whirring sound. [Freq. of hurt in its original sense.]

Husband, huz′band, n. a married man: (B.) a man to whom a woman is betrothed: one who manages affairs with prudence: (naut.) the owner of a ship who manages its concerns in person.—v.t. to supply with a husband: to manage with economy.—n. Hus′bandage, allowance or commission of a ship's husband.—adjs. Hus′bandless (Shak.), without a husband; Hus′bandly, frugal, thrifty.—ns. Hus′bandman, a working farmer: one who labours in tillage; Hus′bandry, the business of a farmer: tillage: economical management: thrift. [M. E. husbonde—A.S. húsbonda, Ice. húsbóndi—hús, a house, búandi, inhabiting, pr.p. of Ice. búa, to dwell. Cf. Ger. bauen, to till.]

Hush, hush, interj. or imper. silence! be still!—adj. silent: quiet.—v.t. to make quiet: (min.) to clear off soil, &c., overlying the bed-rock.—ns. Hush′aby, a lullaby used to soothe babies to sleep; Hush′-mon′ey, money given as a bribe to hush or make one keep silent.—Hush up, to stifle, suppress: to be silent. [Imit. Cf. hist and whist.]

Husk, husk, n. the dry, thin covering of certain fruits and seeds: (pl.) refuse, waste.—v.t. to remove the husk or outer integument from.—adj. Husked, covered with a husk: stripped of husks.—ns. Husk′er, one who husks Indian corn, esp. at a husking-bee; Husk′ing, the stripping of husks: a festive gathering to assist in husking Indian corn (maize)—also Husk′ing-bee. [M. E. huske, orig. with l, as in cog. Ger. hülse, Dut. hulse, &c.]

Husky, husk′i, adj. hoarse, as the voice: rough in sound.—adv. Husk′ily.—n. Husk′iness. [A corr. of husty, from M. E. host (Scot. hoast, host, a cough)—A.S. hwósta, a cough; cf. Ger. husten.]

Hussar, hooz-zär′, n. a light-armed cavalry soldier: (orig.) a soldier of the national cavalry of Hungary. [Not Hung. huszar—husz, twenty, because at one time in Hungary one cavalry soldier used to be levied from every twenty families; but Slav. hussar, gooseherd, the sobriquet of the raiding horse of Matthias Corvinus (1443-90).]

Hussite, hus′sīt, n. a follower of the Bohemian reformer, John Hus, martyred in 1415.

Hustings, hus′tingz, n.sing. the principal court of the city of London: formerly the booths where the votes were taken at an election of an M.P., or the platform from which the candidates gave their addresses. [A.S. hústing, a council, but a Scand. word, and used in speaking of the Danes—Ice. hústhing—hús, a house, thing, an assembly.]

Hustle, hus′l, v.t. to shake or push together: to crowd with violence.—n. Hus′tler, an energetic fellow. [Old Dut. hutsen, hutselen, to shake to and fro; cf. hotchpotch.]

Hut, hut, n. a small or mean house: (mil.) a small temporary dwelling.—v.t. (mil.) to place in huts, as quarters:—pr.p. hut′ting; pa.p. hut′ted. [Fr. hutte—Old High Ger. hutta (Ger. hütte).]

Hutch, huch, n. a box, a chest: a coop for rabbits: a baker's kneading-trough: a trough used with some ore-dressing machines: a low wagon in which coal is drawn up out of the pit.—v.i. (Milt.) to hoard up. [Fr. huche, a chest—Low L. hutica, a box; prob. Teut.]

Hutchinsonian, huch-in-sōn′i-an, n. a follower of John Hutchinson (1674-1737), who held that the Hebrew Scriptures contain typically the elements of all rational philosophy, natural history, and true religion.

Huttonian, hut-ō′ni-an, adj. relating to the views of James Hutton (1726-97), who emphasised natural agencies in the formation of the earth's crust.

Huzza, hooz-zä′, interj. and n. hurrah! a shout of joy or approbation.—v.t. to attend with shouts of joy.—v.i. to utter shouts of joy or acclamation:—pr.p. huzza′ing; pa.p. huzzaed (-zäd′). [Ger. hussa; the same as hurrah.]

Hyacinth, hī′a-sinth, n. a bulbous-rooted flower of a great variety of colours: (myth.) a flower which sprang from the blood of Hyacinthus, a youth killed by Apollo with a quoit: a precious stone, the jacinth.—adj. Hyacin′thine, consisting of or resembling hyacinth: very beautiful, like Hyacinthus: curling like the hyacinth. [Doublet of jacinth.]

Hyades, hī′a-dēz, Hyads, hī′adz, n. a cluster of five stars in the constellation of the Bull, supposed by the ancients to bring rain when they rose with the sun. [Gr. hyades, explained by the ancients as from hyein, to rain; more prob.=little pigs, hys, a pig.]

Hyæna, Hyena, hī-ē′na, n. a bristly-maned quadruped of the dog kind, so named from its likeness to the sow.—Laughing hyæna, the tiger-wolf or spotted hyæna of South Africa, emitting at times a sound somewhat like hysterical laughter. [L.,—Gr. hyaina—hys, a sow.]

Hyaline, hī′a-lin, adj. glassy: consisting of or like glass.—n. a glassy transparent surface.—n. Hyales′cence, the process of becoming glassy.—adj. Hyales′cent.—ns. Hy′alite, a variety of opal like colourless gum; Hyalīt′is, inflammation of the vitreous humour; Hyalog′raphy, the art of engraving on glass.—adj. Hy′aloid, hyaline, transparent. [Gr. hyalinos—hyalos, glass, prob. Egyptian.]

Hyblæan, hi-blē′an, adj. pertaining to ancient Hybla in Sicily, noted for its honey.

Hybrid, hī′brid, or hib′-, n. an animal or plant produced from two different species: a mongrel: a mule: a word formed of elements from different languages.—adjs. Hy′brid, Hyb′ridous, produced from different species: mongrel.—adj. Hy′bridisable.—n. Hybridisā′tion.—v.t. and v.i. Hy′bridise, to cause to interbreed, and to interbreed.—-ns. Hybridis′er; Hy′bridism, Hybrid′ity, state of being hybrid. [Fr.,—L. hibrida, a mongrel.]

Hydatid, hī′dā-tid, n. a watery cyst or vesicle sometimes found in animal bodies.—n. Hy′datism, the sound caused by the fluctuation of pus in an abscess.—adj. Hyd′atoid, watery, aqueous. [Gr. hydatis, a watery vesicle—hydōr, hydatos, water.]

Hydra, hī′dra, n. (myth.) a water-serpent with many heads, which when cut off were succeeded by others: any manifold evil: a genus of fresh-water polyps remarkable for their power of multiplication by being cut or divided.—adjs. Hy′dra-head′ed, difficulty to root out, springing up vigorously again and again; Hy′droid, like the hydra. [L.,—Gr. hydra—hydōr, water, akin to Sans. udras, an otter.]

Hydragogue, hī′dra-gōg, n. a very active purgative, such as jalap. [Gr. hydōr, water, agōgos, leading, agein, to lead.]

Hydrangea, hī-dran′je-a, n. a genus of shrubby plants with large heads of showy flowers, natives of China and Japan. [Gr. hydōr, water, anggeion, vessel.]

Hydrant, hī′drant, n. a machine for discharging water: a water-plug. [Gr. hydōr, water.]

Hydrate, hī′drāt, n. a compound formed by the union of water with an oxide.—n. Hydrā′tion. [Gr. hydōr, water.]

Hydraulic, -al, hī-drawl′ik, -al, adj. relating to hydraulics: conveying water: worked by water.—adv. Hydraul′ically.—n.pl. Hydraul′ics, used as sing., the science of hydrodynamics in its practical application to water-pipes, &c.—Hydraulic belt, an arrangement for lifting water, consisting of an endless belt fitted with buckets which discharge as they turn over an upper wheel; Hydraulic cement, lime, a cement that sets or hardens under water; Hydraulic jack, a jack or lifting apparatus, by means of oil, &c., pressed by a force-pump against a piston or plunger; Hydraulic mining, a method of mining by which the auriferous detritus is washed down by a powerful jet of water into a sluice where the gold is easily separated; Hydraulic press, a press operated by the differential pressure of water on pistons of different dimensions; Hydraulic ram, an automatic pump worked by the pressure of a column of water in a pipe, and the force acquired by intermittent motion of the column. [From Gr. hydōr, water, aulos, a pipe.]

Hydria, hī′dri-a, n. a large Greek water-vase.—n. Hy′driad, a water-nymph.

Hydrid, hī′drid, n. (chem.) a substance consisting of hydrogen combined with an element or some compound radical.—n. Hy′driodate, a salt of hydriodic acid.—adj. Hydriod′ic, produced by the combination of hydrogen and iodine.

Hydrobarometer, hī-dro-ba-rom′e-ter, n. an instrument for determining the depth of the sea by the pressure of the superincumbent water.

Hydrobromic, hī-dro-brō′mik, adj. compounded of bromine and hydrogen.—n. Hydrobrō′mate, a salt of hydrobromic acid—same as bromide; also Bromhydrate.

Hydrocarbon, hī-dro-kär′bon, n. a compound of hydrogen and carbon.—Hydrocarbon furnace, a furnace in which liquid fuel, as petroleum, is used.

Hydrocele, hī′dro-sēl, n. (med.) a swelling consisting of a collection of serous fluid in the scrotum or in some of the coverings of the testicle or spermatic cord. [Gr. hydōr, water, kēlē, a swelling.]

Hydrocephalus, hī-dro-sef′a-lus, n. an accumulation of serous fluid within the cranial cavity, either in the sub-dural space or the ventricles: water in the head: dropsy of the brain.—adjs. Hydrocephal′ic, Hydroceph′aloid, Hydroceph′alous. [Gr. hydōr, water, kephalē, the head.]

Hydrochloric, hī-dro-klō′rik, adj. compounded of hydrogen and chlorine.—n. Hydrochlō′rate, a salt of hydrochloric acid.

Hydrocyanic, hī-dro-sī-an′ik, adj. noting an acid formed by the combination of hydrogen and cyanogen—also Prussic acid.—ns. Hydrocy′anide, Hydrocy′anite.

Hydrodynamics, hī-dro-di-nam′iks, n.pl. used as sing., the science that treats of the motions and equilibrium of a material system partly or wholly fluid, called Hydrostatics when the system is in equilibrium, Hydrokinetics when it is not.—adjs. Hydrodynam′ic, -al.—n. Hydrodynamom′eter, an instrument for measuring the velocity of fluid in motion by its pressure.—adj. Hydroelec′tric, pertaining to electricity generated by the escape of steam under high pressure.—n. Hy′dro-extract′or, an apparatus for removing moisture from yarns, cloths, &c., in process of manufacture. [Gr. hydōr, water, and dynamics.]

Hydrofluoric, hī-dro-flōō-or′ik, adj. consisting of fluorine and hydrogen.

Hydrogen, hī′dro-jen, n. a gas which in combination with oxygen produces water, an elementary gaseous substance, the lightest of all known substances, and very inflammable.—adjs. Hy′dric, containing hydrogen; Hydrog′enous, containing hydrogen: produced by the action of water, as applied to rocks in opposition to those that are pyrogenous, formed by the action of fire. [A word coined by Cavendish (1766) from Gr. hydōr, water, and genēs, producing.]

Hydrography, hī-drog′ra-fi, n. the art of measuring and describing the size and position of waters or seas: the art of making sea-charts.—n. Hydrog′rapher, a maker of sea-charts.—adjs. Hydrograph′ic, -al.—adv. Hydrograph′ically. [Gr. hydōr, water, graphein, to write.]

Hydrokinetics, hī-dro-ki-net′iks, n.pl. used as sing., a branch of Hydrodynamics (q.v.).

Hydrology, hī-drol′o-ji, n. the science which treats of water.—adjs. Hydrolog′ic, -al.—n. Hydrol′ogist. [Gr. hydōr, water, logia, a discourse.]

Hydrolysis, hī-drol′i-sis, n. a kind of chemical decomposition by which a compound is resolved into other compounds by taking up the elements of water.—adj. Hydrolyt′ic. [Gr. hydōr, water, lysis—lyein, to loose.]

Hydromancy, hī′dro-man-si, n. divination by water.—adj. Hydromant′ic. [Gr. hydōr, water, manteia, divination.]

Hydromania, hī-dro-mā′ni-a, n. an insatiable craving for water, as in diabetes: a morbid propensity to suicide by drowning.

Hydromel, hī′dro-mel, n. a beverage made of honey and water. [Gr. hydōr, water, meli, honey.]

Hydrometamorphism, hī-dro-met-a-mor′fizm, n. a kind of metamorphism of igneous rocks brought about by water, in opposition to Pyrometamorphism, that brought about by means of heat.

Hydrometeorology, hī-dro-mē-te-or-ol′o-ji, n. the branch of meteorology which treats of water in the atmosphere, as rain, clouds, snow, &c.—n. Hydromē′teor, any one of the aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere. [Gr. hydōr, water, meteōron, a meteor.]

Hydrometer, hī-drom′et-ėr, n. an instrument for measuring the density or specific gravity of solids and liquids by flotation, consisting of a weighted glass bulb or hollow metal cylinder with a long stem: a current-gauge.—adjs. Hydromet′ric, -al.—n. Hydrom′etry. [Gr. hydōr, water, metron, a measure.]

Hydromotor, hī-dro-mō′tor, n. a form of motor for propelling vessels by means of jets of water ejected from the sides or stern.

Hydromys, hī′dro-mis, n. an Australasian genus of rodents, known as water-rats and beaver-rats. [Gr. hydōr, water, mys, mouse.]

Hydropathy, hī-drop′a-thi, n. the treatment of disease by cold water.—adjs. Hydropath′ic, -al.—adv. Hydropath′ically.—n. Hydrop′athist, one who practises hydropathy.—Hydropathic establishment or (coll.) simply Hydropath′ic, a temperance hotel where the guests can have hydropathic treatment if desired. [Gr. hydōr, water, pathos, suffering, pathein, to suffer.]

Hydrophane, hī′dro-fān, n. a partly translucent variety of opal which becomes transparent when wetted.—adj. Hydroph′anous. [Gr. hydōr, water, phainein, to shine.]

Hydrophidæ, hī-drof′i-dē, n.pl. a family of venomous sea-snakes. [Gr. hydōr, water, ophis, snake.]

Hydrophobia, hī-dro-fō′bi-a, n. an unnatural dread of water, a symptom of a disease known as Rabies, usually resulting from the bite of a mad dog—hence the disease itself.—adj. Hydrophob′ic. [Gr. hydōr, water, phobos, fear.]

Hydrophone, hī′dro-fōn, n. a marine electric apparatus for detecting the approach of a torpedo-boat, &c.

Hydrophore, hī′dro-fōr, n. an apparatus for obtaining specimens of water from any required depth.

Hydrophthalmia, hī-drof-thal′mi-a, n. an increase in quantity of the aqueous or the vitreous humour.

Hydrophyte, hī′dro-fīt, n. a plant living in water.—n. Hydrophytog′raphy, the branch of botany which describes such—also Hydrophytol′ogy. [Gr. hydōr, water, phyton, a plant, logia, discourse.]

Hydropsy, hī′drop-si, n. dropsy.—adjs. Hydrop′ic, Hydrop′tic, dropsical: thirsty.

Hydrosaurus, hī-dro-saw′rus, n. a genus of monitor-lizards, of aquatic habit, found in the Malay Peninsula, &c. [Gr. hydōr, water, sauros, a lizard.]

Hydroscope, hī′dro-skōp, n. a kind of water-clock, consisting of a cylindrical graduated tube, from which the water escaped through a hole in the bottom. [Gr. hydōr, water, skopein, to view.]

Hydrosoma, hī-dro-sō′ma, n. the entire organism of any hydrozoon:—pl. Hydrosō′mata.—adjs. Hydrosō′mal, Hydrosō′matous.

Hydrostatics, hī-dro-stat′iks, n.pl. used as sing., a branch of Hydrodynamics (which see).—n. Hy′drostat, an electrical contrivance for detecting a leakage or overflow of water: an apparatus devised to guard against the explosion of steam boilers.—adjs. Hydrostat′ic, -al.—adv. Hydrostat′ically.—Hydrostatic balance, a balance for weighing bodies in water to determine their specific gravity; Hydrostatic bellows, a device for illustrating the law that fluid pressure is proportional to area; Hydrostatic paradox, the principle that (disregarding molecular forces) any quantity of fluid, however small, may balance any weight, however great, as in the hydrostatic bellows; Hydrostatic press, the same as Hydraulic Press.

Hydrosulphuric, hī-dro-sul-fū′rik, adj. formed by a combination of hydrogen and sulphur.

Hydrotelluric, hī-dro-tel-lū′rik, adj. pertaining to hydrogen and tellurium.

Hydro-therapeutics, hī-dro-ther-a-pū′tiks, n.pl. remedial treatment of disease by water in various modes and forms—also Hydrother′apy.—adj. Hydrotherapeu′tic.

Hydrothermal, hī-dro-ther′mal, adj. pertaining to, or produced by, action of heated or super-heated water, esp. in dissolving, transporting, and redepositing mineral matter.

Hydrothorax, hī-dro-thō′raks, n. a term applied to dropsical collections in the pleura. [Gr. hydōr, water, thōrax, chest.]

Hydrotropism, hī-dro-trop′izm, n. the habit induced in a growing organ by the influence of moisture, of turning toward, or away from, the moisture.—adj. Hydrotrop′ic. [Gr. hydōr, water, tropos, a turn.]

Hydroxide, hī-droks′īd, n. a metallic or basic radical combined with one or more hydroxyl groups.—n. Hydrox′yl, a compound radical not yet isolated, but found in many chemical compounds.

Hydrozoa, hī-dro-zō′a, n.pl. (sing. Hydrozō′on) one of the main divisions of the sub-kingdom Cœlenterata, the other two being Ctenophora and Anthozoa or Actinozoa; they are chiefly marine organisms, soft and gelatinous, free or fixed, existing everywhere, endlessly varied in form and complexity of structure, including such great groups as hydroids, acalephs, medusans, jelly-fish, sea-blubbers, &c.—adjs. Hydrozō′an, Hydrozō′ic. [Gr. hydōr, water, zōon, an animal.]

Hyetal, hī′e-tal, adj. rainy.—n. Hy′etograph, a chart showing the average rainfall of the earth or any of its divisions.—adjs. Hyetograph′ic, -al.—ns. Hyetog′raphy; Hyetol′ogy; Hyetom′eter; Hyetomet′rograph. [Gr. hyetos, rain.]

Hygeian, hī-jē′an, adj. relating to health and its preservation.—ns. Hygeia (hī-jē′a), goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius; Hy′giēne, Hygien′ics, Hy′gienism, the science which treats of the preservation of health.—adj. Hygien′ic.—adv. Hygien′ically.—n. Hy′gienist, one skilled in hygiene; Hygiol′ogy, art of the preservation of health. [Gr. hygieia—hygiēs, healthy.]

Hygrodeik, hī′gro-dīk, n. a form of hygrometer in which the atmospheric humidity is indicated by an index controlled by the heights of a wet-bulb and a dry-bulb thermometer, supported on each side of a frame on which is described a scale. [Gr. hygros, wet, deik-nynai, to show.]

Hygrometer, hī-grom′et-ėr, n. an instrument for measuring the moisture in the atmosphere, or its relative humidity.—n. Hygrom′etry, the art of measuring the moisture in the atmosphere, and of bodies generally.—adjs. Hygromet′ric, -al. [Gr. hygros, wet, metron, a measure.]

Hygroscope, hī′gro-skōp, n. an instrument for indicating the humidity of the atmosphere.—adjs. Hygroscop′ic, -al.—ns. Hygroscopic′ity; Hygrostat′ics, the art of measuring degrees of moisture. [Gr. hygros, wet, skopein, to view.]

Hyksos, hik′sos, n. the shepherd kings, apparently a Tartar race who overthrew the reigning dynasty of Lower Egypt about 2000 B.C., and reigned until overturned by the Egyptian rulers of Upper Egypt about 1700 B.C.

Hyleg, hī′leg, n. the planet which rules at the hour of one's birth, in that sign of the zodiac immediately above the eastern horizon. [Ar.]

Hylism, hī′lizm, n. materialism—also Hy′licism.—ns. Hy′licist; Hylogen′esis, the origin of matter; Hy′lotheism, the doctrine that there is no God but matter and the universe.—adjs. Hylozō′ical, Hylozois′tic.—ns. Hylozō′ism, the doctrine that all matter is endowed with life; Hylozō′ist.

Hylopathism, hī-lop′a-thizm, n. the doctrine that matter is sentient.—n. Hylop′athist, one who maintains this. [Gr. hylē, matter, pathos, suffering.]

Hymen, hī′men, n. (myth.) the god of marriage: marriage: a thin membrane partially closing the virginal vagina.—adjs. Hymenē′al, Hymenē′an.—n. Hymē′nium, the fructifying surface in fungi. [L.,—Gr. hymēn; cf. Gr. hymnos, a festive song.]

Hymenopteral, hī-men-op′tėr-al, adj. pertaining to the Hymenop′tera, an order of insects having four membranous wings.—Also Hymenop′terous. [Gr. hymēn, a membrane, pteron, a wing.]

Hymn, him, n. a song of praise, a metrical formula of public worship.—v.t. to celebrate in song: to worship by hymns.—v.i. to sing in adoration.—ns. Hym′nal, Hym′nary, a hymn-book.—adj. Hym′nic, relating to hymns.—ns. Hym′nody, hymns collectively: hymnology; Hymnog′rapher; Hymnog′raphy, the art of writing hymns; Hymnol′ogist; Hymnol′ogy, the study or composition of hymns. [Gr. hymnos.]

Hyoid, hī′oid, adj. having the form of the Greek letter upsilon (υ), applied to a bone at the base of the tongue. [Gr. hyoeidēs—the letter υ, and eidos, form.]

Hyoscyamine, hī-ō-skī′a-mīn, n. a very poisonous alkaloid found in the seeds of Hyoscyamus niger, or henbane. [Gr. hyoskyamos, henbane.]

Hypæthral, hip-ē′thral, adj. roofless, open to the sky.—n. Hypæ′thron, an open court. [Gr. hypo, beneath, aithēr, air.]

Hypalgesia, hip-al-jē′si-a, n. diminished susceptibility to painful impressions—also Hyperal′gia.—adj. Hyperalgē′sic. [Gr. hypo, under, algos, pain.]

Hypallage, hi-pal′a-jē, n. (rhet.) a figure in which the relations of things in a sentence are mutually interchanged, but without obscuring the sense. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. hypallassein, to interchange—hypo, under, alassein, to change.]

Hyperacute, hī-per-a-kūt′, adj. excessively acute.—n. Hyperacute′ness.

Hyperæsthesia, hī-per-es-thē′si-a, n. (path.) excessive sensibility.—adj. Hyperæsthet′ic.

Hyperbaton, hī-per′ba-ton, n. (rhet.) a figure by which words are transposed from their natural order.—adj. Hyperbat′ic.—adv. Hyperbat′ically. [Gr.,—hyperbainein—hyper, beyond, bainein, to go.]

Hyperbola, hī-per′bo-la, n. (geom.) one of the conic sections or curves formed when the intersecting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes.—adjs. Hyperbol′ic, -al.—adv. Hyperbol′ically.—adjs. Hyperbol′iform; Hyper′boloid. [L.,—Gr. hyperbolē, from hyperballein—hyper, beyond, ballein, to throw.]

Hyperbole, hī-per′bo-le, n. a rhetorical figure which produces a vivid impression by representing things as much greater or less than they really are—not expecting to be taken literally: an obvious exaggeration.—adjs. Hyperbol′ic, -al.—adv. Hyperbol′ically.—v.t. Hyper′bolise, to represent hyperbolically.—v.i. to speak hyperbolically or with exaggeration.—n. Hyper′bolism. [A doublet of the above.]

Hyperborean, hī-per-bō′rē-an, adj. belonging to the extreme north.—n. an inhabitant of the extreme north. [Gr. hyperboreos—hyper, beyond, Boreas, the north wind.]

Hypercatalectic, hī-per-kat-a-lek′tik, adj. (pros.) having an additional syllable or half-foot after the last complete dipody.—n. Hypercatalex′is.

Hypercritic, hī-per-krit′ik, n. one who is over-critical.—adjs. Hypercrit′ic, -al, over-critical.—adv. Hypercrit′ically.—v.t. Hypercrit′icise, to criticise with too much nicety.—n. Hypercrit′icism.

Hyperdulia, hī-per-dū-lī′a, n. the special kind of worship paid by Roman Catholics to the Virgin Mary, being higher than that paid to other saints (dulia), and distinct from that paid to God alone (latria). [Gr. hyper, beyond, douleia, service.]

Hyperemesis, hī-per-em′e-sis, n. excessive vomiting.—adj. Hyperemet′ic. [Gr. hyper, over, emesis, vomiting.]

Hyperemia, Hyperæmia, hī-per-ē′mi-a, n. an excessive accumulation of blood in any part of the body.—adjs. Hyperem′ic, Hyperæ′mic. [Gr. hyper, over, haima, blood.]

Hyperesthetic, hī-per-es-thet′ik, adj. morbidly sensitive.—Also Hyperesthē′sic.

Hypericum, hī-per′i-kum, n. a large genus of plants, of which St John's wort is a typical species. [Gr. hypo, under, ereikē, heath.]

Hyperinosis, hī-per-i-nō′sis, n. excess of fibrin in the blood:—opp. to Hypinosis.—adj. Hyperinot′ic.

Hyperion, hī-pēr′i-on, n. a Titan, son of Uranus and Ge, and father of Helios, Selene, and Eos: Helios himself, the incarnation of light and beauty.

Hypermetrical, hī-per-met′rik-al, adj. beyond or exceeding the ordinary metre of a line: having a syllable too much.—n. Hyper′meter.

Hypermetropia, hī-per-me-trō′pi-a, n. long-sightedness, the opposite of Myopia—-also Hyperop′ia.—adj. Hypermetrop′ic. [Gr. hyper, beyond, metron, measure, ōps, eye.]

Hyperorthodox, hī-per-or′thō-doks, adj. extremely orthodox—n. Hyperor′thodoxy.

Hyperphasia, hī-per-fā′zi-a, n. (path.) lack of control of the organs of speech.—adj. Hyperphā′sic.

Hyperphysical, hī-per-fiz′ik-al, adj. beyond physical laws: supernatural.

Hyperplasia, hī-per-plā′si-a, n. (path.) overgrowth of a part due to excessive multiplication of its cells.—adjs. Hyperplas′ic, Hyperplas′tic. [Gr. hyper, over, plasis, a forming—plassein, to form.]

Hypersarcosis, hī-per-sar-kō′sis, n. (path.) proud or fungous flesh.—Also Hypersarcō′ma.

Hypersensitive, hī-per-sen′si-tiv, adj. excessively sensitive.—n. Hypersen′sitiveness.

Hypersthene, hī-per-sthēn′, n. a rock-forming mineral which crystallises in orthorhombic forms, an anhydrous magnesian silicate, generally dark green or raven-black in colour.—adj. Hypersthē′nic.—n. Hypersthē′nite, a more or less coarsely crystalline igneous rock, allied to gabbro—an aggregate of labradorite (feldspar) and hypersthene, of plutonic origin. [Gr. hyper; above, sthenos, strength.]

Hypersthenia, hī-per-sthē′ni-a, n. (path.) a morbid condition marked by excessive excitement of all the vital phenomena.—adj. Hypersthē′nic. [Gr. hyper, above, sthenos, strength.]

Hyperthesis, hī-per′the-sis, n. a transfer of a letter from its own to the syllable immediately before or after.—adj. Hyperthet′ic. [Gr. hyper, over, thesis—tithenai, to put.]

Hypertrophy, hī-per′tro-fi, n. over-nourishment: the state of an organ or part of the body when it grows too large from over-nourishment.—adjs. Hypertroph′ic, -al, Hyper′trophied, Hyper′trophous. [Gr. hyper, above, trophē, nourishment.]

Hyphen, hī′fen, n. a short stroke (-) joining two syllables or words.—adj. Hyphen′ic. [Gr. hypo, under, hen, one.]

Hypnotism, hip′no-tizm, n. a sleep-like condition induced by artificial means: a nervous sleep like the condition under mesmerism.—n. Hypnogen′esis, production of hypnotism—also Hypnog′eny.—adj. Hypnogenet′ic.—adv. Hypnogenet′ically.—adjs. Hypnogen′ic, Hypnot′ic, having the property of producing sleep; Hypnog′enous.—ns. Hypnol′ogy, the sum of knowledge about sleep; Hypnō′sis, the production of sleep: the hypnotic state; Hypnot′ic, a medicine that induces sleep; Hypnotisabil′ity.—adj. Hyp′notisable.—n. Hypnotisā′tion.—v.t. Hyp′notīse, to subject to hypnotism, to produce hypnotic sleep in any one.—n. Hyp′notīser.—adjs. Hypnotis′tic; Hyp′notoid, like hypnotism. [Coined in 1843 from Gr. hypnos, sleep.]

Hypnum, hip′num, n. the largest genus of mosses, order Bryineæ, having archegonia and capsules borne on special lateral branches.

Hypobole, hip-pob′o-lē, n. (rhet.) the mention in argument of things apparently damaging to one's side, with the successive refutation of each. [Gr.]

Hypocaust, hip′o-kawst, n. among the ancients, a vaulted chamber from which the heat of stoves was distributed to baths or rooms above: now applied to the fireplace of a stove or hothouse. [Gr. hypokauston—hypo, under, kaiein, to burn.]

Hypochondria, hip-o-kon′dri-a, n. a nervous malady, often arising from indigestion, and tormenting the patient with imaginary fears—more correctly, Hypochondrī′asis—also Hypochonrī′acism, Hypochondrī′asis, Hypochon′driasm.—n. Hypochon′driac, one suffering from hypochondria—also Hypochon′driast.—adjs. Hypochon′driac, -al, relating to or affected with hypochondria: melancholy.—n. Hypochon′drium (anat.), that region of the abdomen situated on either side, under the costal cartilages and short ribs. [L.,—Gr., from hypo, under, chrondos, a cartilage.]

Hypocist, hī′po-sist, n. an inspissated juice from a parasitic plant of the cytinus family.

Hypocrisy, hi-pok′ri-si, n. a feigning to be what one is not: concealment of true character. [Gr. hypokrisis—hypokrinesthai, to play on the stage, from hypo, under, krinein, to decide.]

Hypocrite, hip′o-krit, n. one who practises hypocrisy.—adj. Hypocrit′ical, practising hypocrisy.—adv. Hypocrit′ically. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. hypokritēs.]

Hypocycloid, hī-po-sī′kloid, n. a curve generated by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls on the inside of another circle.—adj. Hypocyoloid′al.

Hypodermic, hī-po-der′mik, adj. relating to the parts under the skin, subcutaneous, esp. of a method of injecting a drug in solution under the skin by means of a fine hollow needle to which a small syringe is attached—also Hypoder′mal.—n. Hypoder′ma, the layer of colourless cells immediately beneath the epidermis of a leaf. [Gr. hypo, under, derma, the skin.]

Hypogastric, hip-o-gas′trik, adj. belonging to the lower part of the abdomen.—ns. Hypogas′trium, the lower part of the belly; Hypogas′trocele, a hernia through the walls of the lower belly. [Gr. hypo, under, gastēr, the belly.]

Hypogene, hī′po-jēn, adj. (geol.) of or pertaining to rocks which have assumed their present structure under the surface, plutonic:—opp. to Epigene.—adj. Hypog′enous (bot.), produced below the surface, of fungi growing on the under side of leaves:—opp. to Epigenous and Epiphyllous. [Gr. hypo, under, genēs, produced.]

Hypogeum, hī-po-jē′um, n. the part of a building below the ground, any underground chamber.—adjs. Hypogē′al, Hypogæ′an, Hypogē′an, subterranean. [Gr. hypo, under, gē, the ground.]

Hypoglossal, hī-po-glos′al, adj. situated under the tongue. [Gr. hypo, under, glōssa, the tongue.]

Hypognathous, hī-pog′nā-thus, adj. (ornith.) having the under mandible longer than the upper, as the black skimmer.—n. Hypog′nathism.

Hypogynous, hī-poj′i-nus, adj. (bot.) growing from beneath the ovary, said of certain parts of plants. [Gr. hypo, under, gynē, a woman.]

Hyponasty, hī′po-nas-ti, n. (bot.) increased growth along the lower surface of an organ or part of a plant, causing the part to bend upward:—opp. to Epinasty.

Hypophosphite, hī-po-fos′fīt, n. (chem.) a salt obtained by the union of hypophosphorous acid with a salifiable base—also Hypophos′phate.—adjs. Hypophosphor′ic, Hypophos′phorous, containing less oxygen than phosphorous acid contains.

Hypophysis, hī-pof′i-sis, n. the pituitary body of the brain: (bot.) an inflated part of the pedicel under the capsule, in mosses; in flowering plants, a cell of the embryo producing the primary root and root-cap. [Gr. hypo, under, phyein, to grow.]

Hypostasis, hī-pos′ta-sis, n. a substance: the essence or real personal subsistence or substance of each of the three divisions of the Godhead.—adjs. Hypostat′ic, -al.—adv. Hypostat′ically.—v.t. Hypos′tatīse. [L.,—Gr. hypostasis—hyphistēmi—hypo, under, histēmi, I make to stand.]

Hypostrophe, hī-pos′tro-fe, n. return of a disease, relapse: (rhet.) use of insertion or parenthesis.

Hypostyle, hī′po-stīl, adj. (archit.) having the roof supported by pillars. [Gr. hypo, under, stylos, a pillar.]

Hyposulphurous, hī-po-sul′fer-us, adj. next in a series below sulphurous.—Also Hyposulphū′ric.

Hypotaxis, hī-po-tak′sis, n. (gram.) dependent construction—opp. to Parataxis.—adj. Hypotac′tic.

Hypotenuse, hī-pot′en-ūs, or hip-, Hypothenuse, hī-poth′en-ūs, n. the side of a right-angled triangle opposite to the right angle. [Fr.,—Gr. hypoteinousa (grammē), lit. (a line) 'which stretches under'—hypo, under, teinein, to stretch.]

Hypothec, hī-poth′ek, n. in Scotch law, a lien or security over goods in respect of a debt due by the owner of the goods.—adj. Hypoth′ecary, pertaining to hypothecation or mortgage.—v.t. Hypoth′ecāte, to place or assign anything as security under an arrangement: to mortgage.—ns. Hypothecā′tion; Hypoth′ecator. [Fr.,—L. hypotheca—Gr. hypothēkē, a pledge.]

Hypothesis, hī-poth′e-sis, n. a supposition: a proposition assumed for the sake of argument: a theory to be proved or disproved by reference to facts: a provisional explanation of anything.—v.i. Hypoth′esize, to form hypotheses.—adjs. Hypothet′ic, -al, belonging to a hypothesis: conditional.—adv. Hypothet′ically. [Gr., hypo, under, tithenai, to place.]

Hypotyposis, hī-po-ti-pō′sis, n. (rhet.) vivid description of a scene.

Hypozoic, hī-po-zō′ik, adj. (geol.) below the limit of life: belonging to the Hypozō′a.—adj. and n. Hypozō′an.

Hypsometry, hip-som′e-tri, n. the art of measuring the heights of places on the earth's surface by means of the Hypsom′eter.—adj. Hypsomet′ric. [Gr. hypsi, on high, metron, a measure.]

Hyrax, hī′raks, n. a genus of mammals of obscure affinities, like rabbits in size and marmots in appearance, living among rocks in Africa and Syria—the Cape Daman, Klippdass, or Rock-badger; the Shaphan (Hyrax syriacus) mistranslated 'cony' of Scripture; and the Abyssinian Ashtok.

Hyson, hī′son, n. a very fine sort of green tea.—n. Hy′son-skin, the refuse of hyson tea. [Chinese.]

Hyssop, his′up, n. an aromatic plant. [Fr.,—L. hyssopum—Gr. hyssōpos—Heb. ēzōph.]

Hysteranthous, his-ter-an′thus, adj. (bot.) having the leaves appearing after the flowers.

Hysteresis, his-te-rē′sis, n. magnetic friction in dynamos, by which every reversal of magnetism in the iron causes dissipation of energy. [Gr. hysterēsis, a deficiency—hysteros, later.]

Hysteric, -al, his-ter′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with hysterics or hysteria: like hysterics, fitfully and violently emotional.—adv. Hyster′ically.—ns. Hyster′ics, Hystēr′ia, a nervous affection occurring typically in paroxysms of laughing and crying alternately, with a choking sensation in the throat, but often as a counterfeit of some organic disease.—adjs. Hys′teroid, -al, like hysteria.—ns. Hysteromān′ia, hysterical mania, often marked by erotic delusions and an excessive desire to attract attention; Hysterot′omy, the operation of cutting into the uterus. [L. hystericus—Gr. hysterikos—hystera, the womb.]

Hysteron-proteron, his′ter-on-prot′er-on, n. a figure of speech in which what should follow comes first: an inversion. [Gr., lit. 'the last first.']

the ninth letter in the alphabet of western Europe, called iota by the Greeks, from its Semitic name yod, in most European languages the sound that of the Latin long i, which we have in the words machine and marine. The normal sound of i in English is that heard in bit, dip, sit, which is the short Latin i.

I, ī, pron. the nominative case singular of the first personal pronoun: the word used by a speaker or writer in mentioning himself: the object of self-consciousness, the ego. [M. E. ich—A.S. ic; Ger. ich, Ice. ek, L. ego, Gr. egō, Sans. aham.]

Iambus, ī-am′bus, n. a metrical foot of two syllables, the first short and the second long, as in L. fĭdēs; or the first unaccented and the second accented, as in deduce—also Iamb′.—adj. Iam′bic, consisting of iambics.—n. iambus.—adv. Iam′bically, in the manner of an iambic.—v.i. Iam′bise, to satirise in iambic verse.—n. Iambog′rapher, a writer of iambics. [L.,—Gr. iambos, from iaptein, to assail, this metre being first used by writers of satire.]

Ianthina, ī-an-thī′na, n. a genus of gregarious, pelagic gasteropods, having a snail-like shell, but delicate, translucent, and blue in colour. [Gr. ianthinos—ion, a violet, anthos, a flower.]

Iatric, -al, ī-at′rik, -al, adj. relating to medicine or physicians.—adj. Iatrochem′ical, pertaining to Iatrochem′istry, a system of applying chemistry to medicine introduced by Francis de la Boë of Leyden (1614-72).—n. Iatrol′ogy, a treatise on medicine.

Iberian, ī-bē′ri-an, adj. Spanish.—n. one of the primitive inhabitants of Spain, of whom some think the Basques a remnant. [L. Iberia, Spain.]

Ibex, ī′beks, n. a genus of goats, inhabiting the Alps and other mountainous regions. [L.]

Ibis, ī′bis, n. a genus of wading birds related to the stork, one species of which was worshipped by the ancient Egyptians. [L.,—Gr.; an Egyptian word.]

Icarian, ī-kā′ri-an, adj. belonging to, or like, Icarus. [L. Icarius—Gr. Ikarios—Ikaros, who fell into the sea on his flight from Crete, his waxen wings being melted by the sun.]

Ice, īs, n. water congealed by freezing: concreted sugar, a frozen confection of sweetened cream or the juice of various fruits.—v.t. to cover with ice: to freeze: to cover with concreted sugar:—pr.p. ic′ing; pa.p. iced.—ns. Ice′-age (geol.), the glacial epoch, its records included in the Pleistocene system, the chief relics morainic materials, boulder-clay or till, believed to have been formed under glacial ice; Ice′-an′chor, an anchor with one arm for securing a vessel to an ice-floe; Ice′-bird, the little auk or sea-dove; Ice′blink, the peculiar appearance in the air reflected from distant masses of ice; Ice′boat, a boat used for forcing a passage through or being dragged over ice.—adj. Ice′-bound, bound, surrounded, or fixed in with ice.—ns. Ice′-brook, a frozen brook; Ice′-cream, Iced′-cream, cream sweetened or flavoured, and artificially frozen.—adj. Iced, covered with ice: encrusted with sugar.—n. Ice′-fall, a glacier.—n.pl. Ice′-feath′ers, peculiar feather-like forms assumed by ice at the summits of mountains.—ns. Ice′-fern, the fern-like encrustation which is found on windows during frost; Ice′field, a large field or sheet of ice; Ice′float, Ice′floe, a large mass of floating ice; Ice′foot, a belt of ice forming round the shores in Arctic regions—also Ice′-belt, Ice′-ledge, Ice′-wall; Ice′house, a house for preserving ice; Ice′-ī′sland, an island of floating ice; Ice′man, a man skilled in travelling upon ice: a dealer in ice: a man in attendance at any frozen pond where skating, &c., are going on; Ice′pack, drifting ice packed together; Ice′-pail, a pail filled with ice for cooling bottles of wine; Ice′-plant, a plant whose leaves glisten in the sun as if covered with ice; Ice′-plough, an instrument for cutting grooves in ice to facilitate its removal; Ice′-saw, a large saw for cutting through ice to free ships, &c.; Ice′-spar, a variety of feldspar remarkable for its transparent ice-like crystals; Ice′-wa′ter, water from melted ice: iced water.—adv. Ic′ily.—ns. Ic′iness; Ic′ing, a covering of ice or concreted sugar.—adjs. Ic′y, composed of, abounding in, or like ice: frosty: cold: chilling: without warmth of affection; Ic′y-pearled (Milt.), studded with pearls or spangles of ice.—Break the ice (see Break). [A.S. is; Ger. eis, Ice., Dan. is.]

Iceberg, īs′bėrg, n. a mountain or huge mass of floating ice. [From Scand., Norw., and Sw. isberg. See ice and berg=mountain.]

Icelander, īs′land-ėr, n. a native of Iceland.—n. Ice′land-dog, a shaggy white dog, sharp-eared, imported from Iceland.—adj. Iceland′ic, relating to Iceland.—n. the language of the Icelanders.—ns. Ice′land-moss, a lichen found in Iceland, Norway, &c., valuable as a medicine and for food; Ice′land-spar, a transparent variety of calcite or calcium carbonate.

Ichneumon, ik-nū′mun, n. a small carnivorous animal in Egypt, destroying crocodiles' eggs: an insect which lays its eggs on the larva of other insects. [L.,—Gr., ichneuein, to hunt after—ichnos, a track.]

Ichnography, ik-nog′raf-i, n. a tracing out: (archit.) a ground-plan of a work or building.—adjs. Ichnograph′ic, -al.—adv. Ichnograph′ically. [Gr. ichnographia—ichnos, a track, graphein, to grave.]

Ichnolite, ik′no-līt, n. a stone retaining the impression of an extinct animal's footprint. [Gr. ichnos, a footprint, lithos, a stone.]

Ichnology, ik-nol′o-ji, n. footprint lore: the science of fossil footprints.—Also Ichnolithol′ogy. [Gr. ichnos, a track, a footprint, logia, discourse.]

Ichor, ī′kor, n. (myth.) the ethereal juice in the veins of the gods: a watery humour: colourless matter from an ulcer.—adj. I′chorous. [Gr. ichōr.]

Ichthine, ik′thin, n. an albuminous substance found in fishes' eggs. [Gr. ichthys, a fish.]

Ichthyodorulite, ik′thi-ō-dor′ōō-līt, n. the name given to fossil fish-spines in stratified rocks. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, doru, a spear, lithos, a stone.]

Ichthyography, ik-thi-og′ra-fi, n. a description of fishes. [Gr. ickthys, a fish, graphein, to write.]

Ichthyoid, -al, ik′thi-oid, -al, adj. having the form or characteristics of a fish—also Ich′thyic.—n. Ichthyocol′la, fish-glue, isinglass. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, eidos, form.]

Ichthyolatry, ik-thi-ol′a-tri, n. fish-worship.—adj. Ichthyol′atrous.

Ichthyolite, ik′thi-ō-līt, n. a fossil fish. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, lithos, a stone.]

Ichthyology, ik-thi-ol′o-ji, n. the branch of natural history that treats of fishes.—adj. Ichthyolog′ical.—n. Ichthyol′ogist, one skilled in ichthyology. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, logia, discourse.]

Ichthyophagy, ik-thi-of′a-ji, n. the practice of eating fish.—n. Ichthyoph′agist.—adj. Ichthyoph′agous. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, phagein, to eat.]

Ichthyopsida, ik-thi-op′si-da, n.pl. one of three primary groups of vertebrates in Huxley's classification (the other two, Sauropsida and Mammalia), comprising the amphibians or batrachians and the fish and fish-like vertebrates. [Gr. ichthys, fish, opsis, appearance.]

Ichthyornis, ik-thi-or′nis, n. a fossil bird with vertebræ like those of fishes, and with teeth set in sockets. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, ornis, a bird.]

Ichthyosauria, ik-thi-o-sawr′i-a, n. an order of gigantic extinct marine reptiles, uniting some of the characteristics of the Saurians with those of fishes.—adj. Ichthyosaur′ian.—n. Ich′thyosaurus. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, sauros, a lizard.]

Ichthyosis, ik-thi-ō′sis, n. a disease in which the skin becomes hardened, thickened, rough, and almost horny in severe cases.—adj. Ichthyot′ic. [Gr. ichthys, a fish.]

Icthyotomy, ik-thi-ot′o-mi, n. the anatomy of fishes.—n. Ichthyot′omist.

Ichthys, ik′this, n. an emblem or motto (ΙΧΘΥΣ) supposed to have a mystical connection with Jesus Christ, being the first letters of the Greek words meaning 'Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour.'

Icicle, īs′i-kl, n. a hanging point of ice formed by the freezing of dropping water. [A.S. ísgicel, for isesgicel; ises being the gen. of ís, ice, and gicel, an icicle; cf. Ice. jökull.]

Icon, ī′kon, n. a figure, esp. in the Greek Church, representing Christ, or a saint, in painting, mosaic, &c.—adj. Icon′ic.—n. Iconog′raphy, the art of illustration.—adj. Iconomat′ic, expressing ideas by means of pictured objects.—ns. Iconomat′icism; Iconoph′ilism, a taste for pictures, &c.; Iconoph′ilist, a connoisseur of pictures, &c.; Iconos′tasis, a wooden wall which in Byzantine churches separates the choir from the nave—the icons are placed on it. [L.,—Gr. eikōn, an image.]

Iconoclasm, ī-kon′o-klazm, n. act of breaking images.—n. Icon′oclast, a breaker of images, one opposed to idol-worship, esp. those at the commencement in the Eastern Church, who from the 8th century downwards opposed the use of sacred images, or at least the paying of religious honour to such: any hot antagonist of the beliefs of others.—adj. Iconoclast′ic, pertaining to iconoclasm. [Gr. eikōn, an image, klastēs, a breaker—klan, to break.]

Iconology, ī-kon-ol′o-ji, n. the doctrine of images, especially with reference to worship.—ns. Iconol′ater, an image-worshipper; Iconol′atry, the worship of images; Iconol′ogist; Iconom′achist, one opposed to the cultus of icons; Iconom′achy, opposition to the same. [Gr. eikōn, an image, logia, discourse.]

Icosahedron, ī-kos-a-hē′dron, n. (geom.) a solid having twenty equal sides or faces.—adj. Icosahē′dral. [Gr. eikosi, twenty, hedra, base.]

Icosandria, ī-ko-san′dri-a, n. a class of plants having not less than twenty stamens in the calyx.—adjs. Icosan′drian, Icosan′drous. [Gr. eikosi, twenty, anēr, andros, a male.]

Icterus, ik′te-rus, n. the jaundice: a yellowish appearance in plants.—adjs. Icter′ic, -al, affected with jaundice; Ic′terine, yellow, or marked with yellow, as a bird; Icterit′ious, yellow. [Gr. ikteros, jaundice.]

Ictus, ik′tus, n. a stroke: rhythmical or metrical stress.—adj. Ic′tic, abrupt. [L., 'a blow.']

Idalian, ī-dā′li-an, adj. pertaining to Idalia, in Cyprus, or to Venus, to whom it was sacred.

Idea, ī-dē′a, n. an image of an external object formed by the mind: a notion, thought, any product of intellectual action—of memory and imagination: an archetype of the manifold varieties of existence in the universe, belonging to the supersensible world, where reality is found and where God is (Platonic); one of the three products of the reason (the Soul, the Universe, and God) transcending the conceptions of the understanding—transcendental ideas, in the functions of mind concerned with the unification of existence (Kantian); the ideal realised, the absolute truth of which everything that exists is the expression (Hegelian).—adjs. Idē′aed, Idē′a'd, provided with an idea or ideas; Idē′al, existing in idea: mental: existing in imagination only: the highest and best conceivable, the perfect, as opposed to the real, the imperfect.—n. the highest conception of anything.—adj. Idē′aless.—n. Idealisā′tion, act of forming an idea, or of raising to the highest conception.—v.t. Idē′alise, to form an idea: to raise to the highest conception.—v.i. to form ideas.—ns. Idē′alīser; Idē′alism, the doctrine that in external perceptions the objects immediately known are ideas, that all reality is in its nature psychical: any system that considers thought or the idea as the ground either of knowledge or existence: tendency towards the highest conceivable perfection, love for or search after the best and highest: the imaginative treatment of subjects; Idē′alist, one who holds the doctrine of idealism, one who strives after the ideal: an unpractical person.—adj. Idealist′ic, pertaining to idealists or to idealism.—n. Ideal′ity, ideal state: ability and disposition to form ideals of beauty and perfection.—adv. Idē′ally, in an ideal manner: mentally.—n. Idē′alogue, one given to ideas: a theorist.—v.i. Idē′ate, to form ideas.—adj. produced by an idea.—n. the correlative or object of an idea.—n. Ideā′tion, the power of the mind for forming ideas: the exercise of such power.—adjs. Ideā′tional, Idē′ative. [L.,—Gr. idea—idein, to see.]

Identify, ī-den′ti-fī, v.t. to make to be the same: to ascertain or prove to be the same:—pa.p. iden′tified.—adj. Iden′tifiable.—n. Identificā′tion.—Identify one's self with, to take an active part in the promotion of. [Fr. identifier—L., as if identicus—idem, the same, facĕre, to make.]

Identity, ī-den′ti-ti, n. state of being the same: sameness.—adj. Iden′tical, the very same: not different.—adv. Iden′tically.—n. Iden′ticalness, identity. [Fr.,—Low L. identitat-em—L. idem, the same.]

Ideography, ī-de-og′ra-fi, n. the representation of things by pictures, and not by sound-symbols or letters.—ns. I′deograph, such a character or symbol as represents an idea without expressing its name—also I′deogram.—adjs. Ideograph′ic, -al, representing ideas by pictures, or directly instead of words.—adv. Ideograph′ically, in an ideographic manner. [Gr. idea, idea, graphein, to write.]

Ideology, ī-de-ol′o-ji, n. the science of ideas, metaphysics.—adjs. Ideolog′ic, -al.—n. Ideol′ogist, one occupied with ideas having no significance: a mere theorist—also Idē′ologue. [Gr. idea, idea, logia, discourse.]

Ideopraxist, ī-de-ō-prak′sist, n. one who is impelled to carry out an idea. [Gr. idea, idea, praxis, doing.]

Ides, īdz, n.sing. in ancient Rome, the 15th day of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months. [Fr.,—L. idus, prob. Etruscan.]

Idiocrasy, id-i-ok′ra-si, n. same as Idiosyncrasy.—adj. Idiocrat′ic.

Idioelectric, id-i-o-e-lek′trik, adj. electric by virtue of its own peculiar properties.

Idiograph, id′i-o-graf, n. a private mark or trademark.—adj. Idiograph′ic.

Idiom, id′i-um, n. a mode of expression peculiar to a language, a peculiar variation of any language, a dialect.—n. Id′iasm, a peculiarity.—adjs. Idiomat′ic, -al, conformed or pertaining to the idioms of a language.—adv. Idiomat′ically.—n. Idiot′icon, a vocabulary of a particular dialect or district. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. idiōma, peculiarity—idios, one's own.]

Idiomorphic, id-i-o-mor′fik, adj. having a peculiar or distinctive form.

Idiopathy, id-i-op′a-thi, n. a peculiar affection or state: (med.) a primary disease, one not occasioned by another.—adj. Idiopath′ic (med.), primary, not depending on or preceded by another disease.—adv. Idiopath′ically. [Gr. idios, peculiar, pathos, suffering—pathein to suffer.]

Idiosyncrasy, id-i-o-sin′kra-si, n. peculiarity of temperament or constitution; crotchet or peculiar view, any characteristic of a person.—adj. Idiosyncrat′ic. [Gr. idios, one's own, syncrasis, a mixing together—syn, together, krasis, a mixing.]

Idiot, id′i-ut, n. one deficient in intellect: a foolish or unwise person.—adj. afflicted with idiocy: idiotic.—v.t. to make idiotic—ns. Id′iocy, Id′iotcy, state of being an idiot: imbecility: folly.—adjs. Idiot′ic, -al, pertaining to or like an idiot: foolish.—adv. Idiot′ically.—adj. Idiot′ish, idiotic.—n. Id′iotism, the state of being an idiot. [Fr.,—L. idiota—idiōtēs, orig. a 'private man,' then a rude person—idios, one's own.]

Idle, ī′dl, adj. vain: trifling: unemployed: averse to labour: not occupied: useless: unimportant: unedifying.—v.t. to spend in idleness.—v.i. to be idle or unoccupied.—adj. I′dle-head′ed, foolish.—ns. I′dlehood, I′dleness; I′dler; Id′lesse, idleness; I′dle-wheel, a wheel placed between two others simply for transferring the motion from one to the other without changing the direction.—n.pl. I′dle-worms, once jocularly supposed to be bred in the fingers of lazy maid-servants.—adv. I′dly. [A.S. idel; Dut. ijdel, Ger. eitel.]

Idocrase, id′o-krāz, n. the mineral vesuvianite. [Gr. eidos, form, krasis, mixture.]

Idol, ī′dul, n. a figure: an image of some object of worship: a person or thing too much loved or honoured: any phantom of the brain, or any false appearance by which men are led into error or prejudice which prevents impartial observation, a fallacy—also Idō′lon, Idō′lum:—pl. Idō′la—Bacon (Novum Organum, i. § 38) makes these four in number—Idols of the nation or tribe; Idols of the den or cave (fallacies due to personal causes); Idols of the forum (those due to the influence of words or phrases); Idols of the theatre (those due to misconceptions of philosophic system or demonstration).—v.t. I′dolīse, to make an idol of, for worship: to love to excess.—ns. Idolīs′er; I′dolism (Milt.), idolatrous worship; I′dolist (Milt.), an idolater; Idol′oclast, a breaker of images.—adj. Idolograph′ical, treating of idols. [O. Fr. idole—L. idolum—Gr. eidōlon—eidos, what is seen—idein, to see.]

Idolater, ī-dol′a-tėr, n. a worshipper of idols: a great admirer:—fem. Idol′atress.—v.t. Idol′atrīse, to worship as an idol: to adore.—adj. Idol′atrous, pertaining to idolatry.—adv. Idol′atrously.—n. Idol′atry, the worship of an image held to be the abode of a superhuman personality: excessive love. [Fr. idolâtre, corr. of L.,—Gr. eidōlolatrēs—eidōlon, idol, latreuein, to worship.]

Idolon, ī-dō′lon, n. same as Idol, an image: a mistaken notion. [Gr. eidōlon, an image.]

Idris, ī′dris, n. a mythical figure in Welsh tradition, giant, prince, and astronomer.

Idyl, Idyll, ī′dil, n. a short pictorial poem, chiefly on pastoral subjects: a narrative poem.—n. Idyl′ist, a writer of idyls.—adj. Idyll′ic, of or belonging to idyls: pastoral. [L. idyllium—Gr. idyllion, dim. of eidos, image.]

If, if, conj. an expression of doubt; whether: in case that: supposing that.—As if, as it would be if. [A.S. gif; Dut. of, Ice. ef, if, efa, to doubt.]

Ignaro, ig-nā′rō, n. (Spens.) an ignorant person. [It.,—L. ignarus. See Ignore.]

Ignatian, ig-nā′shan, adj. of or pertaining to St Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, martyred at Rome under Trajan about 110 A.D.—The famous Ignatian Epistles exist in 3 different forms or recensions—the Short (3 only, in Syriac); the Middle (7, the Greek text first published in 1646—considered by Zahn and Lightfoot to be the original form); the Long (these 7, together with 6 others).

Igneous, ig′ne-us, adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like fire: (geol.) produced by the action of fire.—adjs. Ignesc′ent, emitting sparks of fire; Ignif′erous, bearing fire; Ignig′enous, engendered in fire.—Igneous rocks, those which have been erupted from the heated interior of the earth—hence also termed Eruptive rocks. [L. igneus—ignis, fire.]

Ignipotent, ig-nip′o-tent, adj. (Pope) presiding over fire. [L. ignis, fire, potens, -entis, powerful.]

Ignis-fatuus, ig′nis-fat′ū-us, n. a light which misleads travellers, often seen over marshy places, also called 'Will-o'-the-Wisp:'—pl. Ignes-fatui (ig′nēz-fat′ū-ī). [L. ignis, fire, fatuus, foolish.]

Ignite, ig-nīt′, v.t. to set on fire, to kindle: to render luminous with heat.—v.i. to take fire: to burn.—n. Ignitibil′ity.—adj. Ignīt′ible, that may be ignited.—n. Igni′tion, act of setting on fire: state of being kindled, and esp. of being made red hot. [L. ignīre, ignītum, to set on fire—ignis, fire.]

Ignoble, ig-nō′bl, adj. of low birth: mean or worthless: dishonourable.—v.i. to degrade.—ns. Ignobil′ity, Ignō′bleness.—adv. Ignō′bly. [Fr.,—L. ignobilis—in, not, gnobilis, nobilis, noble.]

Ignominy, ig′nō-min-i, n. the loss of one's good name: public disgrace: infamy—formerly also Ig′nomy.—adj. Ignomin′ious, dishonourable: marked with ignominy: contemptible: mean.—adv. Ignomin′iously.—n. Ignomin′iousness. [Fr.,—L. ignominia—in, not, gnomen, nomen, name.]

Ignoramus, ig-nō-rā′mus, n. the word formerly written by a grand-jury on the back of an indictment, meaning that they rejected it: an ignorant person, esp. one making a pretence to knowledge:—pl. Ignorā′muses. [L., 'We are ignorant,' 1st pers. pl. pres. indic. of ignorāre.]

Ignorant, ig′nō-rant, adj. without knowledge: uninstructed: unacquainted with: resulting from want of knowledge: (Shak.) unconscious: (Shak.) undiscovered.—n. Ig′norance, state of being ignorant: want of knowledge—in R.C. theol. vincible or wilful ignorance is such as one might be fairly expected to overcome, hence it can never be an excuse for sin, whether of omission or of commission; while invincible ignorance, which a man could not help or abate, altogether excuses from guilt: (pl.) in Litany, sins committed through ignorance.—adv. Ig′norantly.—n. Ignorā′tion. [Fr.,—L. ignorans, -antis, pr.p. of ignorāre. See Ignore.]

Ignorantines, ig-nō-ran′tīnz, n.pl. (R.C.) name of a religious congregation of men devoted to the instruction of poor children—now better known as the Brothers of Christian Schools.

Ignore, ig-nōr′, v.t. wilfully to disregard: to set aside. [Fr.,—L. ignorāre, not to know—in, not, and gno-, root of (g)noscĕre, to know.]

Iguana, i-gwä′na, n. a genus of thick-tongued arboreal lizards in tropical America. [Sp., prob. Haytian.]

Iguanodon, i-gwä′no-don, n. a large extinct herbivorous reptile, with teeth like those of the iguana. [Iguana, and Gr. odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Ilex, ī′leks, n. the scientific name for Holly (which see): the evergreen or holm oak. [L.]

Iliac, il′i-ak, adj. pertaining to the lower intestines.—ns. Il′eum, the lower part of the smaller intestine in man; Il′ium, the upper part of the hip-bone:—pl. Il′ia.—Ileus, Ileac, or Iliac passion, a severe colic with vomiting, &c. [Fr., through a Low L. iliacus—ilia, the flanks, the groin.]

Iliad, il′i-ad, n. an epic poem by Homer, giving an account of the destruction of Ilium or ancient Troy. [L. Ilias, Iliadis—Gr. Ilias, Iliados, a poem relating to Ilium, the city of Ilos, its founder.]

Ilk, ilk, adj. the same.—Of that ilk, of that same, used in connection with a man whose name is the same as that of his ancestral estate—often used erroneously for 'of that kind.' [A.S. ilc, ylc, from y- or i- (base of he), and líc=like.]

Ill, il, adj. (comp. worse; superl. worst) evil, bad: contrary to good: wicked: producing evil: unfortunate: unfavourable: sick: diseased: improper: incorrect: cross, as temper.—adv. not well: not rightly: with difficulty—(rare) Ill′y.—n. evil: wickedness: misfortune.—Ill, when compounded with other words, expresses badness of quality or condition, as 'ill-advised,' 'ill-affected,' 'ill-disposed,' &c.—adj. Ill′-beseem′ing (Shak.), unbecoming.—n. Ill′-blood, ill-feeling: resentment.—adjs. Ill′-bod′ing, inauspicious; Ill′-bred, badly bred or educated: uncivil.—n. Ill′-breed′ing.—adjs. Ill′-condit′ioned, in bad condition: churlish; Ill′-fat′ed, bringing ill-fortune; Ill′-faurd (Scot.), Ill′-fā′voured, ill-looking: deformed: ugly.—n. Ill′-fā′vouredness, state of being ill-favoured: deformity.—adjs. Ill′-got, -ten, procured by bad means; Ill′-haired (Scot.) cross-grained; Ill′-judged, not well judged; Ill′-look′ing, having a bad look; Ill′-manned′, insufficiently provided with men; Ill′-nā′tured, of an ill nature or temper: cross: peevish.—adv. Ill′-nā′turedly.—ns. Ill′-nā′turedness, the quality of being ill-natured; Ill′ness, sickness: disease.—adjs. Ill′-off, in bad circumstances; Ill′-ō′mened, having bad omens: unfortunate; Ill′-starred, born under the influence of an unlucky star: unlucky; Ill′-tem′pered, having a bad temper: morose: fretful: (Shak.) disordered; Ill′-timed, said or done at an unsuitable time.—v.t. Ill′-treat, to treat ill: to abuse.—n. Ill′-turn, an act of unkindness or enmity.—adj. Ill′-used, badly used or treated.—ns. Ill′-will, unkind feeling: enmity; Ill′-wish′er, one who wishes harm to another.—adj. Ill′-wrest′ing, misinterpreting to disadvantage.—Go ill with, to result in danger or misfortune; Take it ill, to be offended. [From Ice. illr, a contraction of the word which appears in A.S. yfel, evil.]

Illapse, il-laps′, n. a sliding in: the entrance of one thing into another.—v.i. to glide. [L. illapsus—illabi—in, into, labi, to slip, to slide.]

Illaqueate, i-lak′wē-āt, v.t. to ensnare.—adj. Illaq′ueable.—n. Illaqueā′tion.

Illation, il-lā′shun, n. act of inferring from premises or reasons: inference: conclusion.—adj. Il′lative, denoting an inference: that may be inferred.—adv. Il′latively. [Fr.,—L. illation-em—inferre, illātum—in, in, into, ferre, to bear.]

Illaudable, il-law′da-bl, adj. not laudable or praiseworthy.—adv. Illau′dably.

Illegal, il-lē′gal, adj. contrary to law.—v.t. Illē′galīse, to render unlawful.—n. Illegal′ity, the quality or condition of being illegal.—adv. Illē′gally.

Illegible, il-lej′i-bl, adj. that cannot be read: indistinct.—ns. Illeg′ibleness, Illegibil′ity.—adv. Illeg′ibly.

Illegitimate, il-le-jit′i-māt, adj. not according to law: not born in wedlock: not properly inferred or reasoned: not genuine.—n. Illegit′imacy.—adv. Illegit′imātely.—n. Illegitimā′tion, the act of rendering, or state of being, illegitimate.

Illiberal, il-lib′ėr-al, adj. niggardly: mean, narrow in opinion.—v.t. Illib′eralise.—n. Illiberal′ity.—adv. Illib′erally.

Illicit, il-lis′it, adj. not allowable: unlawful: unlicensed.—adv. Illic′itly.—n. Illic′itness. [L. illicitus—in, not, licitus, pa.p. of licēre, to be allowable.]

Illimitable, il-lim′it-a-bl, adj. that cannot be bounded: infinite.—n. Illim′itableness.—adv. Illim′itably.—n. Illimitā′tion.—adj. Illim′ited.

Illiquation, il-li-kwā′shun, n. the melting of one thing into another. [L. in, into, liquāre, -ātum, to melt.]

Illision, il-lizh′un, n. the act of striking against. [L. illision-em—illidĕre—in, in, lædĕre, to strike.]

Illiterate, il-lit′ėr-āt, adj. not learned: uninstructed: ignorant.—n.pl. a term used to designate those persons who are unable to read or write or both.—adv. Illit′erately.—ns. Illit′erateness, Illit′eracy, state of being illiterate: want of learning.

Illogical, il-loj′i-kal, adj. contrary to the rules of logic.—adv. Illog′ically.—n. Illog′icalness.

Illude, il-lūd′, v.t. to play upon by artifice: to deceive. [O. Fr.,—L. illudĕre—in, upon, ludĕre, to play.]

Illuminate, il-lū′min-āt, v.t. to light up: to enlighten: to illustrate: to adorn with ornamental lettering or illustrations.—adj. enlightened.—adj. Illū′minable, that may be illuminated.—adj. and n. Illū′minant.—n.pl. Illuminā′tī, the enlightened, a name given to various sects, and especially to a society of German Freethinkers at the end of the 18th century.—n. Illuminā′tion, act of giving light: that which gives light: splendour: brightness: a display of lights: adorning of books with coloured lettering or illustrations: (B.) enlightening influence, inspiration.—adj. Illū′minative, tending to give light: illustrative or explanatory.—n. Illū′minator, one who illuminates, esp. one who is employed in adorning books with coloured letters and illustrations.—vs.t. Illū′mine, Illū′me, to make luminous or bright: to enlighten: to adorn.—ns. Illū′miner, an illuminator; Illū′minism.—adj. Illum′inous, bright. [L. illumināre, -ātum—in, in, upon, lumināre, to cast light—lumen (=lucimen)—lucēre, to shine, light.]

Illusion, il-lū′zhun, n. a playing upon: a mocking: deceptive appearance: false show: error.—n. Illū′sionist, one who is subject to illusions: one who produces illusions, as sleight-of-hand tricks, for entertainment.—adjs. Illū′sive, Illū′sory, deceiving by false appearances: false.—adv. Illū′sively.—n. Illū′siveness. [See Illude.]

Illustrate, il-lus′trāt, or il′us-trāt, v.t. to make distinguished: to make clear to the mind: to explain: to explain and adorn by pictures.—adj. (Shak.) renowned.—n. Illustrā′tion, act of making lustrous or clear: act of explaining: that which illustrates: a picture or diagram.—adjs. Illus′trative, Illus′tratory, having the quality of making clear or explaining.—adv. Illus′tratively.—n. Illus′trator.—adj. Illus′trious, morally bright, distinguished: noble: conspicuous: conferring honour.—adv. Illus′triously.—n. Illus′triousness. [L. illustrāre, -ātum, to light up—illustris, prob. in, in, lux, lucis, light.]

Image, im′āj, n. likeness: a statue: an idol: a representation in the mind, an idea: a picture in the imagination: (optics) the figure of any object formed by rays of light.—v.t. to form an image of: to form a likeness of in the mind.—adj. Im′ageless, having no image.—ns. Imagery (im′āj-ri, or im′āj-er-i), the work of the imagination: mental pictures: figures of speech: (orig.) images in general; Im′age-wor′ship, honour paid in worship to graven or painted representations of sacred persons or things. [O. Fr.,—L. imago, image; cf. imitāri, to imitate.]

Imagine, im-aj′in, v.t. to form an image of in the mind: to conceive: to think: (B.) to contrive or devise.—v.i. to form mental images: to conceive.—adj. Imag′inable, that may be imagined.—n. Imag′inableness.—adv. Imag′inably.—adj. Imag′inary, existing only in the imagination: not real: (alg.) impossible.—n. Imaginā′tion, act of imagining: the faculty of forming images in the mind: that which is imagined: contrivance.—adj. Imag′inātive, full of imagination: proceeding from the imagination.—ns. Imag′inātiveness; Imag′iner; Imag′ining, that which is imagined. [O. Fr. imaginer—L. imagināri—imago, an image.]

Imago, i-mā′gō, n. the last or perfect state of insect life: an image or optical counterpart of a thing. [L.]

Imâm, i-mam′, Imaum, i-mawm′, n. the officer who in Mohammedan mosques recites the prayers and leads the devotions of the faithful—in Turkey also superintending circumcisions, marriages, and funerals. [Ar. imām, chief.]

Imbecile, im′be-sēl, adj. without strength either of body or mind: feeble: fatuous.—n. one destitute of strength, either of mind or body.—n. Imbecil′ity, state of being imbecile: weakness of body or mind. [O. Fr. imbecile—L. imbecillis; origin unknown.]

Imbibe, im-bīb′, v.t. to drink in: to absorb: to receive into the mind.—v.i. to drink, absorb.—ns. Imbib′er; Imbibi′tion. [L. imbibĕre—in, in, into, bibĕre, to drink.]

Imbricate, im′bri-kāt, v.t. to lay one over another, as tiles on a roof.—adj. bent like a gutter-tile: (bot.) overlapping each other.—n. Imbricā′tion, a concave indenture, as of a tile: an overlapping of the edges: ornamental masonry. [L. imbricāre, -ātum—imbrex, a gutter-tile—imber; a shower.]

Imbroglio, im-brōl′yō, n. an intricate plot in a romance or drama: a perplexing state of matters: a complicated misunderstanding. [It., 'confusion'—imbrogliare, to confuse, embroil.]

Imbrue, im-brōō′, v.t. to wet or moisten: to soak: to drench.—n. Imbrue′ment. [O. Fr. embruer—bevre (Fr. boire)—L. bibĕre, to drink.]

Imbrute, im-brōōt′, v.t. and v.i. to reduce, or sink, to the state of a brute:—pr.p. imbrut′ing; pa.p. imbrut′ed.

Imbue, im-bū′, v.t. to moisten: to tinge deeply: to cause to imbibe, as the mind. [O. Fr. imbuer—L. imbuĕre—in, and root of bibĕre, to drink.]

Imitate, im′i-tāt, v.t. to copy, to strive to be the same as: to produce a likeness of.—n. Imitabil′ity.—adj. Im′itable, that may be imitated or copied: worthy of imitation.—n. Im′itancy, the tendency to imitate.—adj. Im′itant.—n. Imitā′tion, act of imitating: that which is produced as a copy, a likeness: (mus.) the repeating of the same passage, or the following of a passage with a similar one in one or more of the other parts or voices.—adj. Im′itātive, inclined to imitate: formed after a model.—adv. Im′itātively.—ns. Im′itātiveness, the quality of being imitative; Im′itātor, one who imitates or copies. [L. imitāri, imitātus, ety. unknown.]

Immaculate, im-mak′ū-lāt, adj. spotless: unstained: pure.—adv. Immac′ulately.—n. Immac′ulateness.—Immaculate Conception, the R.C. dogma that the Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin—first proclaimed in 1854. [L. immaculātus—in, not, maculāre, to stain—macula, a spot.]

Immanacle, im-man′a-kl, v.t. (Milt.) to put in manacles, to fetter or confine.

Immanation, im-ā-nā′shun, n. an easy flow.—v.t. Imm′anate, to flow or issue in. [L. in, in, manāre, -ātum, to flow.]

Immane, i-mān′, adj. huge: cruel, savage.—adv. Immane′ly.—n. Imman′ity (Shak.), inhumanity, cruelty. [L. immanis, huge.]

Immanent, im′ā-nent, adj. remaining within: inherent.—ns. Imm′ānence, Imm′ānency, the notion that the intelligent and creative principle of the universe pervades the universe itself, a fundamental conception of Pantheism. [L. immanens, -entis, pr.p. of immanēre—in, in, manēre, to remain.]

Immanuel, Emmanuel, i-man′ū-el, e-, n. a name given to Jesus (Matt. i. 23) as the son of a virgin (Is. vii. 14). [Heb., lit. 'God-with-us.']

Immaterial, im-a-tē′ri-al, adj. not consisting of matter: incorporeal: unimportant.—v.t. Immatē′rialise, to separate from matter.—ns. Immate′rialism, the doctrine that there is no material substance; Immatē′rialist, one who believes in this; Immaterial′ity, the quality of being immaterial or of not consisting of matter.—adv. Immatē′rially.

Immature, im-a-tūr′, Immatured, im-a-tūrd′, adj. not ripe: not perfect: come before the natural time.—adv. Immature′ly.—ns. Immature′ness, Immatur′ity.

Immeasurable, im-mezh′ūr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be measured: very great.—n. Immeas′urableness.—adv. Immeas′urably.—adj. Immeas′ured (Spens.), beyond the common measure, immeasurable.

Immediate, im-mē′di-āt, adj. with nothing between two objects: not acting by second causes: direct: present: without delay.—n. Immē′diacy (Shak.), immediate or independent power.—adv. Immē′diātely.—ns. Immē′diāteness; Immē′diatism.

Immemorial, im-me-mōr′i-al, adj. beyond the reach of memory.—adj. Immem′orable.—adv. Immemō′rially.

Immense, im-mens′, adj. that cannot be measured: vast in extent: very large.—adv. Immense′ly.—ns. Immense′ness; Immens′ity, an extent not to be measured: infinity: greatness. [Fr.,—L. immensus—in, not, mensus, pa.p,. of metīri, to measure.]

Immensurable, im-mens′ūr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be measured.—n. Immensurabil′ity.

Immerge, im-mėrj′, v.t. to plunge into. [L. in, into, mergĕre, mersum, to plunge.]

Immeritous, im-mer′it-us, adj. (Milt.) undeserving. [L. immeritus—in, not, meritus, deserving.]

Immerse, im-mėrs′, v.t. to plunge into: to dip: to baptise by dipping the whole body: to engage deeply: to overwhelm.—adjs. Immers′able, Immers′ible.—ns. Immer′sion, act of immersing or plunging into: state of being dipped into: state of being deeply engaged; Immer′sionist. [See Immerge.]

Immethodical, im-me-thod′ik-al, adj. without method or order: irregular.—adv. Immethod′ically.

Immigrate, im′i-grāt, v.i. to migrate or remove into a country.—ns. Imm′igrant, one who immigrates; Immigrā′tion, act of immigrating. [L. immigrāre—in, into, migrare, -ātum, to remove.]

Imminent, im′i-nent, adj. near at hand: threatening: impending.—n. Imm′inence.—adv. Imm′inently. [L. imminens, -entis—in, upon, minēre, to project.]

Immit, im-mit′, v.t. to send into: to inject:—pr.p. immit′ting; pa.p. immit′ted.—n. Immiss′ion, act of immitting: injection. [L. immitĕre—in, into, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Immitigable, im-it′i-ga-bl, adj. incapable of being mitigated.—adv. Immit′igably.

Immix, im-miks′, v.t. (Milt.) to mix.—adj. Immix′able, incapable of being mixed.

Immobility, im-mo-bil′i-ti, n. the character of being immovable.—adj. Immob′ile.

Immoderate, im-mod′ėr-āt, adj. exceeding proper bounds: extravagant.—ns. Immod′eracy, Immod′erateness, the quality of being immoderate: extravagance.—adv. Immod′erately.—n. Immoderā′tion, want of moderation: excess.

Immodest, im-mod′est, adj. wanting restraint: impudent: forward: wanting shame or delicacy.—adv. Immod′estly.—n. Immod′esty, want of modesty.

Immolate, im′ō-lāt, v.t. to offer in sacrifice.—ns. Immolā′tion, act of immolating: a sacrifice; Imm′olator, one who immolates or offers sacrifice. [L. immolāre, -ātum, to sprinkle meal on a victim, hence to sacrifice—in, upon, mola, meal.]

Immoral, im-mor′al, adj. inconsistent with what is right: wicked: licentious.—n. Immoral′ity, quality of being immoral: an immoral act or practice.—adv. Immor′ally.

Immortal, im-mor′tal, adj. exempt from death: imperishable: never to be forgotten (as a name, poem, &c.).—n. one who will never cease to exist: one of the forty members of the French Academy.—n. Immortalisā′tion.—v.t. Immor′talise, to make immortal.—n. Immortal′ity, condition or quality of being immortal: exemption from death or oblivion.—adv. Immor′tally.

Immortelle, im-mor-tel′, n. any one of the flowers commonly called everlasting. [Fr. (fleur) immortelle, immortal (flower).]

Immovable, im-mōōv′a-bl, adj. steadfast: unalterable: that cannot be impressed or made to fall: (pl.) fixtures, &c., not movable by a tenant.—ns. Immov′ableness, Immovabil′ity.—adv. Immov′ably.

Immune, im-mūn′, adj. free from obligation: not liable to infection.—n. Immun′ity, state of being immune: exemption: privilege. [Fr.,—L. in, not, munis, serving, obliging.]

Immure, im-mūr′, v.t. to wall in: to shut up: to imprison.—n. (Shak.) a wall.—n. Immure′ment, imprisonment. [Fr.,—L. in, in, murus, a wall.]

Immutable, im-mūt′a-bl, adj. unchangeable.—ns. Immutabil′ity, Immūt′ableness, unchangeableness.—adv. Immūt′ably.

Imp, imp, n. a little devil or wicked spirit: a son, offspring, a pert child.—v.t. (falconry) to mend a broken or defective wing by inserting a feather: to qualify for flight.—adj. Imp′ish, like an imp: fiendish. [A.S. impe—Low L. impotus, a graft—Gr. emphytos, engrafted.]

Impacable, im-pāk′a-bl, adj. (Spens.) not to be quieted or appeased. [L. in, not, pacāre, to quiet.]

Impact, im-pakt′, v.t. to press firmly together: to drive close.—n. Im′pact, a striking against: collision: the blow of a body in motion impinging on another body: the impulse resulting from collision.—Impacted fracture (surg.), when one part of the bone is forcibly driven into the other. [O. Fr. impacter—L. impactus, pa.p. of impingēre. See Impinge.]

Impair, im-pār′, v.t. to diminish in quantity, value, or strength: to injure: to weaken.—v.i. (obs.) to become worse.—n. Impair′ment. [O. Fr. empeirer (Fr. empirer), from L. im (=in), inten., and L. pejorāre, to make worse—L. pejor, worse.]

Impair, im-pār′, adj. (Shak.) unsuitable. [Fr.,—L. impar—in, not, par, equal.]

Impale, im-pāl′, v.t. to fence in with stakes: to shut in: to put to death by spitting on a stake.—n. Impale′ment, an enclosed space: (her.) the marshalling side by side of two escutcheons combined in one. [Fr. empaler—L. in, in, palus, a stake.]

Impalpable, im-pal′pa-bl, adj. not perceivable by touch: not coarse: not easily understood.—n. Impalpabil′ity.—adv. Impal′pably.

Impanation, im-pā-nā′shun, n. a term used to express the local union of the body of Christ with the consecrated bread in the Eucharist; but later specially used of Luther's doctrine of Consubstantiation (q.v.).—adj. Impā′nate, embodied in bread. [From Low L. impanāre, -ātum—in, in, panis, bread.]

Imparadise, im-par′a-dīs, v.t. (Milt.) to put in a paradise or state of extreme felicity, to make perfectly happy:—pr.p. impar′adīsing; pa.p. impar′adīsed.

Imparity, im-par′i-ti, n. want of parity or equality: indivisibility into equal parts.—adjs. Imparidig′itate, having an uneven number of digits; Imparipin′nate, unequally pinnate; Imparisyllab′ic, not consisting of an equal number of syllables. [L. impar—in, not, par, equal.]

Imparlance, im-pärl′ans, n. (Spens.) parley.—v.i. Imparl′, to hold a consultation. [O. Fr. emparlance—emparler, to talk.]

Impart, im-pärt′, v.t. to bestow a part of: to give: to communicate: to make known.—v.i. to give a part.—ns. Impartā′tion, the act of imparting; Impart′ment (Shak.), the act of imparting: that which is imparted, disclosure. [O. Fr. empartir—L. impartīre—in, on, pars, partis, a part.]

Impartial, im-pär′shal, adj. not favouring one more than another: just: (Shak.) partial.—ns. Impartial′ity, Impar′tialness, quality of being impartial: freedom from bias.—adv. Impar′tially.

Impartible, im-pärt′i-bl, adj. capable of being imparted.—n. Impartibil′ity.

Impartible, im-pärt′i-bl, adj. not partible: indivisible.—n. Impartibil′ity.

Impassable, im-pas′a-bl, adj. not capable of being passed.—ns. Impassabil′ity, Impass′ableness.—adv. Impass′ably.

Impassible, im-pas′i-bl, adj. incapable of passion or feeling.—ns. Impassibil′ity, Impass′ibleness, quality of being impassible. [Fr.,—L. impassibilis,—in, not, pati, passus, to suffer.]

Impassion, im-pash′un, v.t. to move with passion.—adjs. Impass′ionable, Impass′ionāte, Impass′ioned, moved by strong passion or feeling: animated: excited; Impass′ive, not susceptible of pain or feeling.—adv. Impass′ively.—ns. Impass′iveness, Impassiv′ity. [Through Low L.—L. in, in, passion-em, passion.]

Impaste, im-pāst′, v.t. (Shak.) to knead into a paste: to lay colours on thick.—ns. Impastā′tion, act of impasting: that which is made into paste; Impas′to, in painting, the thick laying on of pigments. [Low L. impastāre—in, into, pasta, paste.]

Impatient, im-pā′shent, adj. not able to endure or to wait: fretful: restless.—n. Impā′tience, want of patience.—adv. Impā′tiently.

Impavid, im-pav′id, adj. fearless.—adv. Impav′idly, fearlessly: dauntlessly. [L. impavidus—in, not, pavidus, fearing.]

Impeach, im-pēch′, v.t to charge with a crime: to cite before a court for official misconduct: to call in question: (Spens.) to impede.—adj. Impeach′able, liable to impeachment: chargeable with a crime.—ns. Impeach′er, one who impeaches; Impeach′ment, an exceptional form of process whereby the House of Commons may obtain redress for any high crimes and misdemeanours committed by peers and ministers of the Crown: (Shak.) hinderance, obstruction. [O. Fr. empescher, to hinder (Fr. empêcher, It. impacciare); either from L. impingĕre, to strike against, or impedicāre, to fetter—thus cognate either with impinge or impede.]

Impearl, im-pėrl′, v.t. to adorn with or as with pearls: to make like pearls.

Impeccable, im-pek′a-bl, adj. not liable to error or to sin.—ns. Impeccabil′ity, Impecc′ancy.—adj. Impecc′ant, doing no sin.

Impecunious, im-pe-kūni-us, adj. having no money: poor.—n. Impecunios′ity.

Impede, im-pēd′, v.t. to hinder or obstruct.—n. Impē′dance, hinderance, esp. in electricity an apparent increase of resistance due to induction in a circuit.—adj. Imped′ible, capable of being impeded.—n. Imped′iment, that which impedes: hinderance: a defect preventing fluent speech.—n.pl. Impediment′a, military baggage, baggage generally.—adjs. Impedimen′tal, Imped′itive, causing hinderance. [L. impedīre—in, in, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Impel, im-pel′, v.t. to urge forward: to excite to action: to instigate:—pr.p. impel′ling; pa.p. impelled′.—adj. Impel′lent, impelling or driving on.—n. a power that impels.—n. Impel′ler. [L. impellĕre, impulsum—in, on, pellĕre, to drive.]

Impend, im-pend′, v.i. to threaten: to be about to happen.—ns. Impend′ence, Impend′ency, the state of impending: near approach.—adj. Impend′ent, imminent: ready to act or happen. [L. impendēre—in, on, pendēre, to hang.]

Impenetrable, im-pen′e-tra-bl, adj. incapable of being pierced: preventing another body from occupying the same space at the same time: not to be impressed in mind or heart.—n. Impenetrabil′ity, one of the essential properties of matter, implying that no two bodies can at the same time occupy the same space.—adv. Impen′etrably.

Impenitent, im-pen′i-tent, adj. not repenting of sin.—n. one who does not repent: a hardened sinner.—n. Impen′itence.—adv. Impen′itently.

Impennate, im-pen′āt, Impennous, im-pen′us, adj. wingless: having very short wings useless for flight. [L. in, not, penna, a wing.]

Imperative, im-per′a-tiv, adj. expressive of command: authoritative: peremptory: obligatory.—adv. Imper′atively.—Imperative mood, the form of a verb expressing command or advice; Categorical imperative (see under Category). [L. imperativus—imperāre, to command—in, in, parāre, to prepare.]

Imperator, im′pē-rā-tor, n. a commander: a ruler: an emperor.—adj. Imperatō′rial. [L.,—imperāre, to command.]

Imperceptible, im-pėr-sep′ti-bl, adj. not discernible: insensible: minute.—ns. Impercep′tibleness, Imperceptibil′ity.—adv. Impercep′tibly.—adjs. Impercep′tive, not perceiving; Impercip′ient, having no power to perceive.

Imperfect, im-pėr′fekt, adj. incomplete: defective: not fulfilling its design: liable to err.—adv. Imper′fectly.—ns. Imper′fectness, Imperfec′tion.

Imperforate, -d, im-pėr′fo-rāt, -ed, adj. not pierced through: having no opening.—adj. Imper′forable, that cannot be perforated or bored through.—n. Imperforā′tion.

Imperial, im-pē′ri-al, adj. pertaining to an empire or to an emperor: sovereign, supreme: commanding, of superior size or excellence.—n. a tuft of hair on the lower lip (from its use by Napoleon III.): a kind of dome, as in Moorish buildings: an outside seat on a diligence: a size of writing-paper, 22 × 30 in.; also of printing-paper, 22 × 32 in.—v.t. Impē′rialise, to make imperial.—ns. Impē′rialism, the power or authority of an emperor: the spirit of empire; Impē′rialist, one who belongs to an emperor: a soldier or partisan of an emperor; Imperial′ity, imperial power, right, or privilege.—adv. Impē′rially.—n. Impē′rium, a military chief command: empire.—Imperial city, Rome: one of those cities in the German Empire which owed allegiance to none but the emperor, which exercised suzerain rights within their own territories, and had the right of sitting and voting in the imperial diet; Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the Colonies, and India, an institution designed to commemorate the Jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887). [Fr.,—L. imperialis—imperium, sovereignty.]

Imperil, im-per′il, v.t. to put in peril: to endanger.—n. Imper′ilment.

Imperious, im-pē′ri-us, adj. assuming command: haughty: tyrannical: authoritative: (obs.) imperial.—adv. Impē′riously.—n. Impē′riousness. [L. imperiosus.]

Imperishable, im-per′ish-a-bl, adj. indestructible: everlasting.—ns. Imper′ishableness, Imperishabil′ity.—adv. Imper′ishably.

Impermanence, im-per′man-ens, n. want of permanence.—adj. Imper′manent.

Impermeable, im-pėr′mē-a-bl, adj. not permitting passage: impenetrable.—ns. Impermeabil′ity, Imper′meableness.—adv. Imper′meably.—n. Imper′meātor, a device in a steam-engine for forcing lubricating oil uniformly into the cylinder.

Impersonal, im-pėr′sun-al, adj. not having personality: (gram.) not varied according to the persons.—n. Impersonal′ity.—adv. Imper′sonally.—v.t. Imper′sonāte, to invest with personality or the bodily substance of a person: to ascribe the qualities of a person to: to personify: to assume the person or character of, esp. on the stage.—adj. personified.—ns. Impersonā′tion; Imper′sonātor.

Impertinent, im-pėr′ti-nent, adj. not pertaining to the matter in hand: trifling: intrusive: saucy: impudent.—n. Imper′tinence, that which is impertinent: intrusion: impudence, over-forwardness: (law) matter introduced into an affidavit, &c., not pertinent to the matter.—adv. Imper′tinently.

Imperturbable, im-pėr-tur′ba-bl, adj. that cannot be disturbed or agitated: permanently quiet.—n. Imperturbabil′ity.—adv. Impertur′bably.—n. Imperturbā′tion. [L. imperturbabilis—in, not, perturbare, to disturb.]

Imperviable, im-pėr′vi-a-bl, Impervious, im-pėr′vi-us, adj. not to be penetrated.—ns. Imper′viableness, Imperviabil′ity, Imper′viousness.—adv. Imper′viously.

Impeticos, im-pet′i-kos, (Shak.) a word coined by the fool in Twelfth Night, perhaps meaning impocket.

Impetigo, im-pe-tī′go, n. a skin disease characterised by thickly-set clusters of pustules.—adj. Impetig′inous. [L.—impetĕre, to rush upon, attack.]

Impetrate, im′pē-trāt, v.t. to obtain by entreaty or petition.—n. Impetrā′tion.—adjs. Im′petrative, Im′petrātory.

Impetuous, im-pet′ū-us, adj. rushing upon with impetus or violence: vehement in feeling: passionate.—adv. Impet′uously.—ns. Impet′uousness, Impetuos′ity.

Impetus, im′pe-tus, n. an attack: force or quantity of motion: violent tendency to any point. [L.,—in, in, petĕre, to fall upon.]

Impierceable, im-pērs′a-bl, adj. (Spens.) incapable of being pierced.

Impignorate, im-pig′nō-rāt, v.t. to pledge or pawn.—n. Impignorā′tion.

Impinge, im-pinj′, v.i (with on, upon, against) to strike or fall against: to touch upon.—n. Impinge′ment.—adj. Imping′ent, striking against. [L. impingĕre—in, against, pingĕre, to strike.]

Impious, im′pi-us, adj. irreverent; wanting in veneration for God: profane.—adv. Im′piously.—ns. Im′piousness, Impī′ety.

Implacable, im-plāk′a-bl, adj. not to be appeased: inexorable: irreconcilable.—ns. Implac′ableness, Implacabil′ity.—adv. Implac′ably.

Implacental, im-pla-sen′tal, adj. having no placenta, as certain marsupial animals.

Implant, im-plant′, v.t. to fix into: to insert: to infuse.—n. Implantā′tion, the act of infixing.

Implausible, im-plawz′i-bl, adj. not plausible, incredible.—n. Implausibil′ity.

Implead, im-plēd′, v.t. to prosecute a suit at law.—n. Implead′er.

Implement, im′ple-ment, n. a tool or instrument of labour.—v.t. to give effect to: to fulfil or perform.—adj. Implemen′tal, acting as an implement.—n. Implē′tion, a filling: the state of being full. [Low L. implementum—L. im-plēre, to fill.]

Implex, im′pleks, adj. not simple: complicated.—n. Implex′ion.—adj. Implex′uous. [L. implexus—in, into, plectĕre, to twine.]

Implicate, im′pli-kāt, v.t. (with by, in, with) to enfold: to involve: to entangle.—ns. Im′plicate, the thing implied; Implicā′tion, the act of implicating: entanglement: that which is implied.—adj. Im′plicative, tending to implicate.—adv. Im′plicatively.—adj. Implic′it, implied: relying entirely, unquestioning: (rare) entangled, involved.—adv. Implic′itly.—n. Implic′itness. [L. implicāre, -ātum—in, in, plicāre, to fold.]

Implore, im-plōr′, v.t. to ask earnestly: to beg.—ns. Implorā′tion; Implor′ātor (Shak.), one who implores or entreats.—adj. Implor′atory.—n. Implor′er (Spens.), one who implores.—adv. Implor′ingly, in an imploring manner. [Fr.,—L. implorāre—in, in, plorāre, to weep aloud.]

Impluvium, im-plōō′vi-um, n. in ancient Roman houses, the square basin in the atrium or hall into which the rain-water was received. [L.,—impluĕre—in, in, pluĕre, to rain.]

Imply, im-plī′, v.t. (Spens.) to enfold: to include in reality, to express indirectly: to mean: to signify:—pr.p. imply′ing; pa.p. implied′.—adv. Implī′edly. [O. Fr. empleier—L. implicāre.]

Impolite, im-po-līt′, adj. of unpolished manners: uncivil.—adv. Impolite′ly.—n. Impolite′ness.

Impolitic, im-pol′i-tik, adj. imprudent: unwise: inexpedient.—n. Impol′icy.—adv. Impol′iticly.

Imponderable, im-pon′dėr-a-bl, adj. not able to be weighed: without sensible weight.—ns. Impon′derableness, Imponderabil′ity.—n.pl. Impon′derables, fluids without sensible weight, as heat, light, electricity, and magnetism, considered as material—still used of ether.

Impone, im-pōn′, v.t. (Shak.) to place or put on, to stake, as a wager.—adj. Impon′ent, competent to impose an obligation.—n. one who imposes. [L. imponĕre—in, on, ponĕre, to place.]

Import, im-pōrt′, v.t. to carry into: to bring from abroad: to convey, as a word: to signify: to be of consequence to: to interest.—n. Im′port, that which is brought from abroad: meaning: importance: tendency.—adj. Import′able, that may be imported or brought into a country.—ns. Import′ance; Import′ancy (Shak.).—adj. Import′ant, of great import or consequence: momentous: pompous.—adv. Import′antly.—ns. Importā′tion, the act of importing: the commodities imported; Import′er, one who brings in goods from abroad.—adj. Import′less (Shak.), without consequence. [Fr.,—L. importāre, -ātum—in, in, portāre, to carry.]

Importune, im-pōr-tūn′, v.t. to urge with troublesome application: to press urgently: (Spens.) to import, signify (a false use): to molest, as a beggar, prostitute, &c.—ns. Impor′tunacy, Import′unāteness.—adj. Import′unāte, troublesomely urgent.—adv. Import′unātely.—adj. Import′une, untimely: importunate.—adv. Importune′ly.—ns. Importun′er; Importun′ity. [Fr.,—L. importunus—in, not, portus, a harbour.]

Impose, im-pōz′, v.t. to place upon: to lay on: to enjoin or command: to put over by authority or force: to obtrude unfairly: to pass off: (print.) to arrange or place in a chase, as pages of type.—v.i. (with upon) to mislead or deceive: act with constraining effect.—n. (Shak.) command, injunction.—adjs. Impos′able, capable of being imposed or laid on; Impos′ing, commanding: adapted to impress forcibly.—adv. Impos′ingly.—ns. Impos′ingness; Imposi′tion, a laying on: laying on of hands in ordination: a tax, a burden: a deception. [Fr. imposer—L. in, on, ponĕre, to place.]

Impossible, im-pos′i-bl, adj. that which cannot be done: that cannot exist: absurd, or excessively odd.—n. Impossibil′ity.

Impost, im′pōst, n. a tax, esp. on imports: (archit.) that part of a pillar in vaults and arches on which the weight of the building is laid. [O. Fr. impost (Fr. impôt)—L. imponĕre, to lay on.]

Imposthume, impos′tūm, n. an abscess.—v.i. Impos′thumāte, to form an imposthume or abscess.—v.t. to affect with an imposthume.—adj. affected with such.—n. one swelled or bloated.—n. Imposthumā′tion, the act of forming an abscess: an abscess. [A corr. of apostume, itself a corr. of aposteme—Gr. apostēma, a separation of corrupt matter—apo, away, and the root of histēmi, I set up.]

Impostor, im-pos′tur, n. one who practises imposition or fraud.—n. Impos′tūre.—adj. Impos′tūrous.

Impotent, im′po-tent, adj. powerless: without sexual power: wanting the power of self-restraint.—ns. Im′potence, Im′potency.—adv. Im′potently.

Impound, im-pownd′, v.t. to confine, as in a pound: to restrain within limits: to take possession of.—n. Impound′age, the act of impounding cattle.

Impoverish, im-pov′ėr-ish, v.t. to make poor: to exhaust the resources (as of a nation), or fertility (as of the soil).—n. Impov′erishment. [From O. Fr. empovrir (Fr. appauvrir)—L. in, in, pauper, poor.]

Impracticable, im-prak′tik-a-bl, adj. not able to be done: unmanageable: stubborn.—ns. Imprac′ticability, Imprac′ticableness.—adv. Imprac′ticably.

Imprecate, im′pre-kāt, v.t. to pray for good or evil upon: to curse.—n. Imprecā′tion, the act of imprecating: a curse.—adj. Im′precatory. [L. imprecāri—in, upon, precāri, -ātus, to pray.]

Impregnable, im-preg′na-bl, adj. that cannot be seized: that cannot be moved.—n. Impregnabil′ity.—adv. Impreg′nably. [Fr. imprenable—L. in, not, prendĕre, prehendĕre, to take.]

Impregnate, im-preg′nāt, v.t. to make pregnant: to impart the particles or qualities of one thing to another: saturate.—n. Impregnā′tion, the act of impregnating: that with which anything is impregnated. [Low L. imprægnāre, -ātum—in, in, prægnans, pregnant.]

Impresario, im-pre-sä′ri-ō, n. a manager or conductor of a troupe of concert or operatic singers. [It.,—impresa, enterprise.]

Imprescriptible, im-pre-skrip′ti-bl, adj. not founded on external authority.—n. Imprescriptibil′ity.

Imprese, im-prēs′, Impress, im-pres′, n. (Milt.) a device worn by a noble or his retainers. [O. Fr.]

Impress, im-pres′, v.t. to press upon: to mark by pressure: to produce by pressure: to stamp: to fix deeply in the mind.—ns. Im′press, that which is made by pressure: stamp: likeness; Impressibil′ity.—adj. Impress′ible, susceptible.—n. Impress′ibleness.—adv. Impress′ibly.—ns. Impress′ion, the act or result of impressing: a single edition of a book: the effect of any object on the mind: idea: slight remembrance; Impressionabil′ity.—adj. Impress′ionable, able to receive an impression.—ns. Impress′ionism, a modern movement in art and literature, originating in France, its aim being to cast off the trammels of artistic tradition, and to look at nature in a fresh and original manner—it employs general effects, vigorous touches, and deals in masses of form and colour; Impress′ionist.—adv. Impressionis′tic.—adj. Impress′ive, capable of making an impression on the mind: solemn.—adv. Impress′ively—ns. Impress′iveness; Impress′ure (Shak.), impression.

Impress, im-pres′, v.t. to force into service, esp. the public service.—n. Im′press. [An altered spelling of imprest.]

Impressment, im-pres′ment, n. the act of impressing or seizing for service, esp. in the navy. [A word coined from press, in pressgang.]

Imprest, im′prest, n. earnest-money: money advanced.—v.t. Imprest′, to advance on loan.

Imprimatur, im-pri-mā′tur, n. a license to print a book, &c. [Lit. 'let it be printed;' from L. imprimĕre—in, on, premĕre, to press.]

Imprimis, im-prī′mis, adv. in the first place. [L., in, in, primus, first.]

Imprint, im-print′, v.t. to print: to stamp: to impress: to fix in the mind.—n. Im′print, that which is imprinted: the name of the publisher, time and place of publication of a book, &c., printed on the title-page: also the printer's name on the back of the title-page and at the end of the book.

Imprison, im-priz′n, v.t. to put in prison: to shut up: to confine or restrain.—n. Impris′onment, the act of imprisoning or state of being imprisoned: confinement or restraint.

Improbable, im-prob′a-bl, adj. unlikely.—n. Improbabil′ity.—adv. Improb′ably.

Improbation, im-pro-bā′shun, n. in Scots law, an action for the purpose of declaring some instrument false or forged.—adj. Improb′ative, disapproving—also Improb′atory.

Impromptu, im-promp′tū, adj. prompt, ready: off-hand.—adv. readily.—n. a short witty saying expressed at the moment: any composition produced at the moment. [L., 'in readiness'—in, in, promptus, readiness.]

Improper, im-prop′ėr, adj. not suitable: unfit: unbecoming: incorrect: wrong.—adv. Improp′erly.—n. Improprī′ety.

Impropriate, im-prō′pri-āt, v.t. to appropriate to private use: to place ecclesiastical property in the hands of a layman.—adj. Imprō′priate, devolved into the hands of a layman.—ns. Impropriā′tion, act of appropriating: property impropriated; Imprō′priator, a layman who holds possession of the lands of the Church or an ecclesiastical living. [Low L. impropriātus—L. in, in, proprius, one's own.]

Improve, im-prōōv′, v.t. to make better: to advance in value or excellence: to correct: to employ to good purpose.—v.i. to grow better: to make progress: to increase: to rise (as prices).—ns. Improvabil′ity, Improv′ableness.—adj. Improv′able, able to be improved.—adv. Improv′ably.—ns. Improve′ment, the act of improving: advancement or progress: increase, addition; Improv′er, one who improves: a pad worn by women to make the dress hang properly.—pr.p. and adj. Improv′ing, tending to cause improvement.—adv. Improv′ingly.—Improve on, or upon, to bring to a better state by addition or amendment; Improve the occasion, to point out a moral from some event that has just occurred. [A variant of approve.]

Improvident, im-prov′i-dent, adj. not provident or prudent: wanting foresight: thoughtless.—adj. Improvide′ (Spens.), not provided against.—n. Improv′idence.—adv. Improv′idently.

Improvisate, im-prov′i-sāt, Improvise, im-pro-vīz′, v.t. to compose and recite, esp. in verse, without preparation: to bring about on a sudden: to do anything off-hand.—ns. Improvisā′tion, act of improvising: that which is improvised; Improvisā′tor, Improvisatō′re (-rā), sometimes fem. Improvisā′trix, Improvisatri′ce, one who improvises: one who composes and recites verses without preparation:—pl. Improvisatō′ri (-rē).—adjs. Improvisatō′rial, Improvis′atory.—n. Improvīs′er.—adj. Improvī′so, not studied beforehand. [Fr. improviser—L. in, not, provisus, foreseen.]

Imprudent, im-prōō′dent, adj. wanting foresight or discretion: incautious: inconsiderate.—n. Impru′dence.—adv. Impru′dently.

Impudent, im′pū-dent, adj. wanting shame or modesty: brazen-faced: bold: rude: insolent.—n. Im′pudence.—adv. Im′pudently.—n. Impudic′ity. [L. in, not, pudens, -entis—pudēre, to be ashamed.]

Impugn, im-pūn′, v.t. to oppose: to attack by words or arguments: to call in question.—adj. Impugn′able.—ns. Impugn′er; Impugn′ment. [L. impugnāre—in, against, pugnāre, to fight.]

Impulse, im′puls, n. the act of impelling: effect of an impelling force: force suddenly communicated: influence on the mind.—n. Impul′sion, impelling force: instigation.—adj. Impuls′ive, having the power of impelling: actuated by mental impulse: (mech.) acting by impulse: not continuous.—adv. Impuls′ively.—n. Impuls′iveness. [L. impulsus, pressure—impellĕre.]

Impunity, im-pūn′i-ti, n. freedom or safety from punishment: exemption from injury or loss. [Fr.,—L. impunitat-em—in, not, pœna, punishment.]

Impure, im-pūr′, adj. mixed with other substances: defiled by sin: unholy: unchaste: unclean.—adv. Impure′ly.—ns. Impur′ity, Impure′ness, quality of being impure.

Impute, im-pūt′, v.t. to reckon as belonging to (in a bad sense): to charge: (theol.) to attribute vicariously: (rare) to take account of.—adj. Imput′able, capable of being imputed or charged: attributable.—ns. Imput′ableness, Imputabil′ity.—adv. Imput′ably.—n. Imputā′tion, act of imputing or charging: censure: reproach: the reckoning as belonging to.—adjs. Imput′ative, imputed; Imput′atively.—n. Imput′er. [Fr. imputer—L. imputāre, -ātum—in, in, putāre, to reckon.]

In, in, prep. denotes presence or situation in place, time, or circumstances—within, during: consisting of: because of: by or through.—adv. within: not out: in addition to, thrown in.—n. in politics, a member of the party in office: a corner.—adj. In′-and-in′, from animals of the same parentage: with constant and close interaction.—n. a game with four dice.—In as far as, to the extent that; In as much as, Inasmuch as, considering that; In itself, intrinsically, apart from relations; In that, for the reason that.—Ins and outs, nooks and corners: the whole details of any matter.—Be in for a thing, to be destined to receive a thing; Be in it (slang), to be getting on successfully, esp. in a game; Be in with, to have intimacy or familiarity with. [A.S. in; Dut., Ger. in, Ice. í; W. yn, L. in, Gr. en. A.S. also had innan, within; cf. Old High Ger. innana, Sw. innan. In A.S. the prep. in was often interchangeable with the related on.]

Inaccessible, in-ak-ses′i-bl, adj. not to be reached, obtained, or approached.—ns. Inaccess′ibility, Inaccess′ibleness.—adv. Inaccess′ibly.

Inaccurate, in-ak′kūr-āt, adj. not exact or correct: erroneous.—n. Inac′curacy, want of exactness: mistake.—adv. Inac′curately.

Inactive, in-akt′iv, adj. having no power to move: idle: lazy: (chem.) not showing any action.—n. Inac′tion, idleness: rest.—adv. Inact′ively.—n. Inactiv′ity, idleness.

Inadaptable, in-a-dap′ta-bl, adj. that cannot be adapted.—n. Inadaptā′tion.—adj. Inadap′tive.

Inadequate, in-ad′e-kwāt, adj. insufficient.—ns. Inad′equacy, Inad′equateness, insufficiency.—adv. Inad′equately.

Inadmissible, in-ad-mis′i-bl, adj. not allowable.—n. Inadmissibil′ity.—adv. Inadmiss′ibly.

Inadvertent, in-ad-vėrt′ent, adj. inattentive.—ns. Inadvert′ence, Inadvert′ency, negligence: oversight.—adv. Inadvert′ently.

Inalienable, in-āl′yen-a-bl, adj. not capable of being transferred.—ns. Inalienabil′ity, Inal′ienableness.—adv. Inal′ienably.

Inalterable, in-awl′ter-a-bl, adj. unalterable.—n. Inalterabil′ity.

Inamorata, in-am-o-rä′ta, n.fem. a woman with whom one is in love:—masc. Inamora′to. [It. innamorata—Low L. inamorāre, to cause to love—L. in, in, amor, love.]

Inane, in-ān′, adj. empty, void: void of intelligence: useless.—ns. Inani′tion, exhaustion from want of food; Inan′ity, senselessness: worthlessness: any kind of vain frivolity. [L. inanis.]

Inanimate, -d, in-an′im-āt, -ed, adj. without animation or life: dead: spiritless: dull.—ns. Inan′imateness, Inanimā′tion.

Inapplicable, in-ap′plik-a-bl, adj. not applicable or suitable.—ns. Inapplicabil′ity, Inap′plicableness.

Inapposite, in-ap′poz-it, adj. not apposite, suitable, or pertinent.—adv. Inap′positely.

Inappreciable, in-ap-prē′shi-a-bl, adj. not appreciable or able to be valued.—adj. Inapprē′ciātive, not valuing justly or at all.

Inapprehensible, in-ap-pre-hen′si-bl, adj. not apprehensible or intelligible.—n. Inapprehen′sion.—adj. Inapprehen′sive.

Inapproachable, in-ap-prōch′a-bl, adj. inaccessible.—adv. Inapproach′ably.

Inappropriate, in-ap-prō′pri-āt, adj. not suitable.—adv. Inapprō′priately.—n. Inapprō′priateness.

Inapt, in-apt′, adj. not apt: unfit, or unqualified.—ns. Inapt′itude, Inapt′ness, unfitness, awkwardness.—adv. Inapt′ly.

Inarching, in-ärch′ing, n. a method of grafting by uniting, without separating from the original stem.—Also Enarch′ing.

Inarticulate, in-är-tik′ūl-āt, adj. not distinct, incapable of speaking distinctly: (zool.) not jointed.—adv. Inartic′ulately.—ns. Inartic′ulateness, Inarticulā′tion, indistinctness of sounds in speaking.

Inartificial, in-ärt-i-fish′yal, adj. not done by art: simple.—adv. Inartific′ially.

Inartistic, -al, in-ar-tis′tik, -al, adj. not artistic: deficient in appreciation of works of art.—adv. Inartis′tically.

Inattentive, in-at-tent′iv, adj. careless, not fixing the mind to attention.—ns. Inatten′tion, Inattent′iveness.—adv. Inattent′ively.

Inaudible, in-awd′i-bl, adj. not able to be heard.—ns. Inaudibil′ity, Inaud′ibleness.—adv. Inaud′ibly.

Inaugurate, in-aw′gūr-āt, v.t. to induct formally into an office: to cause to begin: to make a public exhibition of for the first time.—adjs. Inau′gural, Inau′gurātory, pertaining to, or done at, an inauguration.—ns. Inaugurā′tion, act of inaugurating; Inau′gurātor, one who inaugurates.—adj. Inau′guratory. [L. inaugurāre, -ātum.]

Inauspicious, in-aw-spish′us, adj. not auspicious: ill-omened: unlucky.—adv. Inauspic′iously.—n. Inauspic′iousness.

Inboard, in′bōrd, adv. within the hull or interior of a ship: toward or nearer to the centre.

Inbond, in′bond, adj. laid with its length across the thickness of a wall:—opp. to Outbond, where the brick or stone is laid with its length parallel to the face of the wall.

Inbreed, in-brēd′, v.t. to breed or generate within: to breed in-and-in.—pa.p. In′bred, bred within, inherent, intrinsic.

Inby, Inbye, in-bī′, adv. (Scot.) toward the interior, as of a house from the door, or a mine from the shaft. [In and by.]

Inca, ing′ka, n. the name of the ancient kings and princes of Peru:—pl. Incas (ing′kaz). [Sp. inca—Peruvian inca.]

Incalculable, in-kal′kū-la-bl, adj. not calculable or able to be reckoned.—ns. Incalculabil′ity, Incal′culableness.—adv. Incal′culably.

Incalescent, in-kal-es′ent, adj. growing warm.—n. Incalesc′ence. [L. incalescens, -entis, pr.p. of incalescĕre—in, in, calescĕre, inceptive of calēre, to be warm.]

Incameration, in-kam-ėr-ā′shun, n. the act of making over to a government a fund as a source of revenue, esp. an annexation to the papal exchequer. [L. in, in, camera, a chamber.]

Incandescent, in-kan-des′ent, adj. white or glowing with heat: rendered luminous by heat.—v.i. and v.t. to glow with heat, to cause to glow.—n. Incandesc′ence, a white heat.—Incandescent light, a brilliant white light produced by a resisting conductor under an electric current, or by coal-gas burnt under a mantle or hood of the oxide of didymium and others of the alkaline earths. [L.,—in, in, candescĕre—candēre, to glow.]

Incantation, in-kan-tā′shun, n. a formula of words said or sung in connection with certain ceremonies for purposes of enchantment.—n. In′cantātor.—adj. Incan′tatory. [L. incantation-em—incantāre, to sing a magical formula over.]

Incapable, in-kāp′a-bl, adj. not capable: insufficient, unable: lacking mental capacity: unconscious of: helplessly drunk: disqualified.—n. one lacking capacity.—n. Incapabil′ity.—adv. Incap′ably.

Incapacious, in-kap-ā′shus, adj. not large, narrow.—n. Incapā′ciousness.

Incapacitate, in-kap-as′i-tāt, v.t. to deprive of capacity: to make incapable: to disqualify.—ns. Incapacitā′tion, the act of disqualifying; Incapac′ity, want of capacity or power of mind: inability: legal disqualification.

Incarcerate, in-kär′sėr-āt, v.t. to imprison: to confine.—n. Incarcerā′tion, imprisonment: (surg.) obstinate constriction or strangulation. [L. in, in, carcer, a prison.]

Incardinate, in-kar′di-nāt, v.t. to attach as a cardinal part, as a priest to his church.—adj. a perversion of incarnate.

Incarnadine, in-kär′na-din, v.t. to dye of a red colour.—adj. carnation-coloured.

Incarnate, in-kär′nāt, v.t. to embody in flesh.—v.i. to form flesh, heal.—adj. invested with flesh.—n. Incarnā′tion, act of embodying in flesh: (theol.) the union of the divine nature with the human in the divine person of Christ: an incarnate form: manifestation, visible embodiment: (surg.) the process of healing, or forming new flesh. [Low. L. incarnāre, -ātum—L. in, in, caro, carnis, flesh.]

Incast, in′käst, n. something thrown in in addition by way of giving good measure.

Incatenation, in-ka-te-nā′shun, n. the act of chaining and linking together.

Incautious, in-kaw′shus, adj. not cautious or careful.—ns. Incau′tion, Incau′tiousness, want of caution.—adv. Incau′tiously.

Incavo, in-kä′vō, n. the incised part in an intaglio. [It.,—L. in, in, cavus, hollow.]

Incedingly, in-sēd′ing-li, adv. (rare) triumphantly. [L. incedĕre, to march along.]

Incendiary, in-sen′di-ar-i, n. one that sets fire to a building, &c., maliciously: one who promotes quarrels:—pl. Incen′diaries.—adj. wilfully setting fire to: relating to incendiarism: tending to excite quarrels.—n. Incen′diarism.—adj. Incend′ious (obs.), promoting faction. [L. incendiarius—incendium—incendĕre, incensum, to kindle.]

Incense, in-sens′, v.t. to inflame with anger: to incite, urge: to perfume with incense.—n. In′cense, odour of spices burned in religious rites: the materials so burned: pleasing perfume: (fig.) homage, adulation.—adj. In′cense-breath′ing, exhaling incense or fragrance.—ns. Incense′ment (Shak.), state of being inflamed with anger; Incens′or (obs.), a censer.

Incentive, in-sent′iv, adj. inciting, encouraging: (Milt.) igniting.—n. that which incites to action or moves the mind: motive. [L. incentivus, striking up a tune—incinĕre—in, in, canĕre, to sing.]

Inception, in-sep′shun, n. a beginning.—v.i. Incept′, to commence, esp. the period of candidature for the degree of master of arts, or a period of licensed teaching.—adj. Incep′tive, beginning or marking the beginning.—adv. Incep′tively, in a manner denoting beginning.—n. Incep′tor. [L. inceptionem—incipĕre, inceptum, to begin—in, on, capĕre, to take.]

Incertain, in-ser′tān, adj. uncertain.—ns. Incer′tainty, Incer′titude, want of certainty.

Incessant, in-ses′ant, adj. uninterrupted: continual.—adv. Incess′antly, unceasingly: (obs.) immediately. [L. incessans, -antis—in, not, cessāre, to cease.]

Incest, in′sest, n. sexual intercourse within the prohibited degrees of kindred.—adj. Incest′ūous, guilty of incest.—adv. Incest′uously.—n. Incest′uousness. [Fr.,—L. incestus—in, not, castus, chaste.]

Inch, insh, n. the twelfth part of a foot: proverbially, a small distance or degree: (Shak.) a critical moment.—v.i. to move by slow degrees.—adj. Inched, containing inches: marked with inches.—adv. Inch′meal, by inches or small degrees: gradually.—Inch by inch, By inches, by small degrees; Every inch, entirely, thoroughly. [A.S. ynce, an inch—L. uncia, the twelfth part of anything, an inch, also an ounce (twelfth of a pound).]

Inchoate, in′kō-āt, adj. only begun: unfinished, rudimentary: not established.—v.t. (Browning) to begin.—adv. In′choately.—n. Inchoā′tion, beginning: rudimentary state.—adj. Inchō′ative, incipient. [L. inchoāre, -ātum, to begin.]

Incident, in′si-dent, adj. falling upon: liable to occur: naturally belonging to anything, or following therefrom.—n. that which happens: an event: a subordinate action: an episode.—n. In′cidence, the manner of falling: bearing or onus, as of a tax that falls unequally: the falling of a ray of heat, light, &c. on a body: (geom.) the falling of a point on a line, or a line on a plane.—adj. Incident′al, occurring as a result, concomitant: occasional, casual.—adv. Incident′ally.—n. Incident′alness.—Angle of incidence, the angle at which a ray of light or radiant heat falls upon a surface. [Fr.,—L. incĭdens—in, on, cadĕre, to fall.]

Incineration, in-sin-ėr-ā′shun, n. the act of reducing to ashes by combustion.—v.t. Incin′erate, to burn to ashes.—n. Incin′erator, a furnace for consuming anything. [L. incinerāre, -ātum—in, in, cinis, cineris, ashes.]

Incipient, in-sip′i-ent, adj. beginning.—ns. Incip′ience, Incip′iency.—adv. Incip′iently. [Pr.p. of L. incipĕre.]

Incise, in-siz′, v.t. to cut into: to cut or gash: to engrave.—adj. Incis′iform, shaped like an incisor-tooth.—n. Incis′ion, the act of cutting into a substance: a cut: a gash.—adj. Incī′sive, having the quality of cutting into: trenchant: acute: sarcastic.—adv. Incī′sively.—ns. Incī′siveness; Incī′sor, a cutting or fore tooth.—adjs. Incisō′rial, Incī′sory.—n. Incis′ure, a cut, incision. [Fr. inciser—L. incīdĕre, incisum—in, into, cædĕre, to cut.]

Incite, in-sīt′, v.t. to rouse: to move the mind to action: to encourage: to goad.—ns. Incit′ant, that which incites: a stimulant; Incitā′tion, the act of inciting or rousing: an incentive.—adj. and n. Incit′ative.—ns. Incite′ment; Incit′er.—adv. Incit′ingly. [Fr.,—L. incitāre—in, in, citāre, to rouse—ciēre, to put in motion.]

Incivil, in-siv′il, adj. (Shak.) uncivil.—n. Incivil′ity, want of civility or courtesy: impoliteness: an act of discourtesy (in this sense has a pl., Incivil′ities).

Incivism, in′si-vizm, n. neglect of one's duty as a citizen, conduct unbecoming a good citizen. [Fr.]

Inclave, in-klāv′, adj. (her.) shaped, or cut at the edge, like a series of dovetails, as the border of an ordinary.—adj. Inclavāt′ed, made fast, nailed. [L. in, in, clavus, a nail.]

Inclearing, in′klēr-ing, n. the total amount in cheques and bills of exchange chargeable to a bank by the Clearing-house:—opp. to Outclearing.

Inclement, in-klem′ent, adj. unmerciful: stormy: very cold: harsh: unpropitious.—n. Inclem′ency.—adv. Inclem′ently.

Incline, in-klīn′, v.i. to lean towards: to deviate from a line towards an object: to be disposed: to have some desire.—v.t. to cause to bend towards: to give a leaning to: to dispose: to bend.—n. an inclined plane: a regular ascent or descent.—adj. Inclin′able, leaning: tending: somewhat disposed.—ns. Inclin′ableness; Inclinā′tion, the act of bending towards: tendency, disposition of mind: natural aptness: favourable disposition, preference, affection: act of bowing: angle between two lines or planes: the angle a line or plane makes with the horizon.—p.adj. Inclined′, bent.—pr.p. and n. Inclin′ing, inclination: (Shak.) side, party.—n. Inclinom′eter, an instrument for measuring the vertical element of the magnetic force.—Inclined plane, one of the so-called mechanical powers, a slope or plane up which may be rolled a weight one could not lift. [Fr.,—L. inclināre—in, towards, clināre, to lean.]

Include, in-klōōd′, v.t. to close or shut in: to embrace within limits: to contain: to comprise: (Shak.) to conclude.—adj. Includ′ible.—n. Inclū′sion, act of including: that which is included: restriction, limitation.—adj. Inclu′sive, shutting in: enclosing: (with of) comprehending the stated limit or extremes.—adv. Inclu′sively. [L. includĕre, inclusum—in, in, claudĕre, to shut.]

Incoercible, in-ko-ėrs′i-bl, adj. that cannot be liquefied by pressure, said of certain gases.

Incogitable, in-koj′i-ta-bl, adj. unthinkable.—ns. Incogitabil′ity, Incog′itancy.—adjs. Incog′itant, Incog′itātive. [L. in, not, cogitāre, to think.]

Incognisable, Incognizable, in-kog′niz-a-bl, or in-kon′iz-a-bl, adj. that cannot be known or distinguished.—adjs. Incog′nisant, Incog′nizant, not cognisant.—n. Incog′nizance, failure to recognise.—n. Incognoscibil′ity.—adj. Incognos′cible.

Incognito, in-kog′ni-tō, adj. unknown: disguised: under an assumed title.—n. a man unknown (fem. Incog′nita): concealment. [It.,—L. incognitus—in, not, cognitus, known—cognoscĕre, to know.]

Incoherent, in-kō-hēr′ent, adj. not connected: loose: incongruous.—n. Incoher′ence, want of coherence or connection: incongruity.—adv. Incoher′ently.—n. Incohē′sion.

Incombustible, in-kom-bust′i-bl, adj. incapable of being consumed by fire.—ns. Incombustibil′ity, Incombust′ibleness.—adv. Incombust′ibly.

Income, in′kum, n. the gain, profit, or interest resulting from anything: revenue: (Shak.) arrival: (Scot.) a disease coming without known cause.—n.pl. In′come-bonds, a term applied to a bastard kind of security which has no mortgage rights, and is really only a sort of preference share.—ns. In′comer, one who comes in: one who takes possession of a farm, house, &c., or who comes to live in a place, not having been born there; In′come-tax, a tax directly levied on all persons having incomes above a certain amount.—adj. In′coming, coming in, as an occupant: accruing: (Scot.) ensuing, next to follow.—n. the act of coming in: revenue. [Eng. in and come.]

Incommensurable, in-kom-en′sū-ra-bl, adj. having no common measure.—ns. Incommensurabil′ity, Incommen′surableness.—adv. Incommen′surably.—adj. Incommen′surāte, not admitting of a common measure: not adequate: unequal.—adv. Incommen′surātely.—n. Incommen′surāteness, the state of being incommensurate.

Incommiscible, in-kom-is′i-bl, adj. that cannot be mixed together. [L. in, not, commiscēre, to mix.]

Incommode, in-kom-ōd′, v.t. to cause trouble or inconvenience to: to annoy: to molest.—adj. Incommō′dious, inconvenient: annoying.—adv. Incommō′diously.—ns. Incommō′diousness, the quality of being incommodious; Incommod′ity, anything which causes inconvenience. [Fr.,—L. incommodāre—incommodus, inconvenient—in, not, commodus, commodious.]

Incommunicable, in-kom-ūn′i-ka-bl, adj. that cannot be communicated or imparted to others.—ns. Incommunicabil′ity, Incommun′icableness.—adv. Incommun′icably.—adj. Incommun′icative, not disposed to hold communion with, or to give information: unsocial.—adv. Incommun′icatively.—n. Incommun′icativeness.

Incommutable, in-kom-ūt′a-bl, adj. that cannot be commuted or exchanged.—ns. Incommutabil′ity, Incommut′ableness.—adv. Incommut′ably.

Incomparable, in-kom′par-a-bl, adj. matchless.—ns. Incomparabil′ity, Incom′parableness.—adv. Incom′parably.—adj. Incompared′ (Spens.), peerless.

Incompatible, in-kom-pat′i-bl, adj. not consistent: contradictory: incapable of existing together in harmony: (pl.) things which cannot coexist.—ns. Incompatibil′ity, Incompat′ibleness.—adv. Incompat′ibly.

Incompetent, in-kom′pe-tent, adj. wanting adequate powers: wanting the proper legal qualifications: insufficient.—ns. Incom′petence, Incom′petency.—adv. Incom′petently.

Incomplete, in-kom-plēt′, adj. imperfect.—adv. Incomplete′ly.—ns. Incomplete′ness, Incomplē′tion.

Incompliance, in-kom-plī′ans, n. refusal to comply: an unaccommodating disposition.—adj. Incomplī′ant.

Incomposite, in-kom′poz-it, adj. simple.—Incomposite numbers, same as prime numbers (see Prime).

Incompossible, in-kom-pos′i-bl, adj. incapable of coexisting.—n. Incompossibil′ity.

Incomprehensible, in-kom-pre-hen′si-bl, adj. not capable of being understood: not to be contained within limits.—ns. Incomprehensibil′ity, Incomprehen′sibleness, Incomprehen′sion.—adv. Incomprehen′sibly.—adj. Incomprehen′sive, limited.—n. Incomprehen′siveness.

Incompressible, in-kom-pres′i-bl, adj. not to be compressed into smaller bulk.—ns. Incompressibil′ity, Incompress′ibleness.

Incomputable, in-kom-pūt′a-bl, adj. that cannot be computed or reckoned.

Inconceivable, in-kon-sēv′a-bl, adj. that cannot be conceived by the mind: incomprehensible: involving a contradiction in terms: physically impossible.—ns. Inconceivabil′ity, Inconceiv′ableness.—adv. Inconceiv′ably.

Inconcinnity, in-kon-sin′i-ti, n. want of congruousness or proportion.—adj. Inconcinn′ous. [L.]

Inconclusive, in-kon-klōōs′iv, adj. not settling a point in debate, indeterminate, indecisive.—adv. Inconclus′ively.—ns. Inconclus′iveness, Inconclu′sion.

Incondite, in-kon′dīt, adj. not well put together, irregular, unfinished. [L. inconditus—in, not, condĕre, conditum, to build.]

Incongruous, in-kong′grōō-us, adj. inconsistent: not fitting well together, disjointed: unsuitable—also Incon′gruent.—ns. Incongru′ity, Incon′gruousness.—adv. Incon′gruously.

Inconscient, in-kon′shi-ent, adj. unconscious.—adj. Incon′scious, unconscious.

Inconsecutive, in-kon-sek′ū-tiv, adj. not succeeding in regular order.—n. Inconsec′utiveness.

Inconsequent, in-kon′se-kwent, adj. not following from the premises: illogical: irrelevant: unreasonable, inconsistent.—n. Incon′sequence.—adj. Inconsequen′tial, not following from the premises: of no consequence or value.—advs. Inconsequen′tially, Incon′sequently.

Inconsiderable, in-kon-sid′ėr-a-bl, adj. not worthy of notice: unimportant.—n. Inconsid′erableness.—adv. Inconsid′erably.

Inconsiderate, in-kon-sid′ėr-āt, adj. not considerate: thoughtless: inattentive.—adv. Inconsid′erately.—ns. Inconsid′erateness, Inconsiderā′tion.

Inconsistent, in-kon-sist′ent, adj. not consistent: not suitable or agreeing with: intrinsically incompatible: self-contradictory: changeable, fickle.—ns. Inconsist′ence, Inconsist′ency.—adv. Inconsist′ently.

Inconsolable, in-kon-sōl′a-bl, adj. not to be comforted.—n. Inconsol′ableness.—adv. Inconsol′ably.

Inconsonant, in-kon′sō-nant, adj. not consonant.—n. Incon′sonance.—adv. Incon′sonantly.

Inconspicuous, in-kon-spik′ū-us, adj. not conspicuous: scarcely discernible.—adv. Inconspic′uously.—n. Inconspic′uousness.

Inconstant, in-kon′stant, adj. subject to change: fickle.—n. Incon′stancy.—adv. Incon′stantly.

Inconsumable, in-kon-sūm′a-bl, adj. that cannot be consumed or wasted.—adv. Inconsum′ably.

Incontestable, in-kon-test′a-bl, adj. too clear to be called in question: undeniable.—n. Incontestabil′ity.—adv. Incontest′ably.

Incontiguous, in-kon-tig′ū-us, adj. not adjoining or touching.—adv. Incontig′uously.—n. Incontig′uousness.

Incontinent, in-kon′ti-nent, adj. not restraining the passions or appetites: unchaste: (med.) unable to restrain natural discharges or evacuations: (coll.) immediate, off-hand.—adv. without delay: at once.—ns. Incon′tinence, Incon′tinency.—adv. Incon′tinently, without restraint: forthwith, immediately.

Incontrollable, in-kon-trō′la-bl, adj. uncontrollable.—adv. Incontrol′lably.

Incontrovertible, in-kon-tro-vėrt′i-bl, adj. too clear to be called in question.—n. Incontrovertibil′ity.—adv. Incontrovert′ibly.

Inconvenient, in-kon-vēn′yent, adj. unsuitable: causing trouble or uneasiness: increasing difficulty: incommodious.—v.t. Inconven′ience, to trouble or incommode.—ns. Inconven′ience, Inconven′iency.—adv. Inconven′iently.

Inconversable, in-kon-vers′a-bl, adj. indisposed to conversation, unsocial.

Inconvertible, in-kon-vėrt′i-bl, adj. that cannot be changed or exchanged.—n. Inconvertibil′ity.—adv. Inconvert′ibly.

Incony, in′kon-i, adj. (Shak.) fine, delicate, pretty. [Prob. from Fr. inconnu, unknown—L. incognitus (see Incog). Cf. unco, in the sense of strange, rare, fine, abbreviated from uncouth.]

Inco-ordinate, in-ko-or′di-nāt, adj. not in co-ordinate relation.—n. Inco-ordinā′tion.

Incorporate, in-kor′po-rāt, v.t. to form into a body: to combine into one mass, or embody: to unite: to form into a corporation.—v.i. to unite into one mass: to become part of another body.—adj. united in one body: (rare) not having a material body.—n. Incorporā′tion, act of incorporating: state of being incorporated: formation of a legal or political body: an association: (gram.) polysynthesis.—adjs. Incor′porative, characterised by grammatical incorporation—also Polysynthetic; Incorpō′real, Incor′poral (Shak.), not having a body: spiritual: intangible.—ns. Incorpō′realism, Incorporē′ity, Incorporeal′ity.—adv. Incorpō′really.

Incorrect, in-kor-ekt, adj. containing faults: not accurate: not correct in manner or character: (Shak.) not regulated.—adv. Incorrect′ly.—n. Incorrect′ness.

Incorrigible, in-kor′i-ji-bl, adj. and n. bad beyond correction or reform.—ns. Incorr′igibleness, Incorrigibil′ity.—adv. Incorr′igibly.

Incorrupt, in-kor-upt′, adj. sound: pure: not depraved: not to be tempted by bribes.—adj. Incorrupt′ible, not capable of decay: that cannot be bribed: inflexibly just.—ns. Incorrupt′ibleness, Incorruptibil′ity.—adv. Incorrupt′ibly.—ns. Incorrup′tion, Incorrupt′ness.—adj. Incorrupt′ive.—adv. Incorrupt′ly.

Incrassate, in-kras′āt, v.t. to make thick.—v.i. (med.) to become thicker.—adj. made thick or fat: (bot.) becoming thick by degrees.—n. Incrassā′tion.—adj. Incrass′ative. [Low L. incrassāre, -ātum—L. in, in, crassāre, to make thick.]

Increase, in-krēs′, v.i. to grow in size: to become greater: to advance.—v.t. to make greater: to advance: to extend: to aggravate.—adj. Increas′able.—ns. Increas′ableness; In′crease, growth: addition to the original stock: profit: produce: progeny.—adj. Increase′ful (Shak.), abundant of produce.—adv. Increas′ingly, in the way of increase. [M. E. incresen—en (L. in), and O. Fr. creisser, croistre—L. crescĕre, to grow.]

Incredible, in-kred′i-bl, adj. surpassing belief.—ns. Incredibil′ity, quality of being incredible, an incredible thing; Incred′ibleness, incredibility.—adv. Incred′ibly.

Incredulous, in-kred′ū-lus, adj. hard of belief.—ns. Incredū′lity, Incred′ulousness.—adv. Incred′ulously.

Incremation, in-kre-mā′shun, n. the act of burning a dead body.—v.t. Incrē′mate, to burn. [L. in, in, cremāre, -ātum, to burn.]

Increment, in′kre-ment, n. act of increasing or becoming greater: growth: that by which anything is increased: (math.) the finite increase of a variable quantity: (rhet.) an adding of particulars without climax (see 2 Peter, i. 5-7): (gram.) a syllable in excess of the number of the nominative singular or the second pers. sing. present indicative.—adj. Increment′al.—Unearned increment, any exceptional increase in the value of land, houses, &c., not due to the owner's labour or outlay. [L. incrementum—increscĕre, to increase.]

Incriminate, in-krim′in-āt, v.t. to charge with a crime or fault, to criminate: to characterise as criminal or as accessory to crime.—adj. Incrim′inātory.

Incubate, in′kū-bāt, v.i. to sit on eggs to hatch them.—v.t. to produce by hatching: (fig.) to turn over in the mind, ponder over.—n. Incubā′tion, the act of sitting on eggs to hatch them: (fig.) meditation on schemes: (med.) the period between the implanting of a disease and its development.—adjs. In′cubātive, Incubā′tory.—n. In′cubātor, a machine for hatching eggs by artificial heat. [L. incubāre, -ātum—in, upon, cubāre, to lie.]

Incubus, in′kū-bus, n. the nightmare: a male demon formerly supposed to consort with women in their sleep: any oppressive or stupefying influence:—pl. In′cubuses, Incubi (in′kū-bī). [L. incubāre—in, upon, cubāre, to lie.]

Inculcate, in-kul′kāt, v.t. to enforce by frequent admonitions or repetitions.—ns. Inculcā′tion; Incul′cātor. [L. inculcāre, -ātum—in, into, calcāre, to tread—calx, the heel.]

Inculpable, in-kul′pa-bl, adj. blameless.—adv. Incul′pably.—v.t. Incul′pate, to bring into blame: to censure.—n. Inculpā′tion.—adj. Incul′patory. [Low L. inculpāre, -ātum—L. in, in, culpa, a fault.]

Incumbent, in-kum′bent, adj. lying or resting on: lying on as a duty.—n. one who holds an ecclesiastical benefice.—n. Incum′bency, a lying or resting on: the holding of an office: an ecclesiastical benefice.—adv. Incum′bently. [L. incumbens, -entis, pr.p. of incumbĕre, to lie upon.]

Incunabula, in-kū-nab′ū-la, n.pl. books printed in the early period of the art, before the year 1500: the cradle, birthplace, origin of a thing. [L. in, in, cunabula, a cradle, dim. of cunæ, a cradle.]

Incur, in-kur′, v.t. to become liable to: to bring on:—pr.p. incur′ring; pa.p. incurred′. [L. incurrĕre, incursum—in, into, currĕre, to run.]

Incurable, in-kūr′a-bl, adj. not admitting of cure or correction.—n. one beyond cure.—ns. Incur′ableness, Incurabil′ity.—adv. Incur′ably.

Incurious, in-kū′ri-us, adj. not curious or inquisitive: inattentive: deficient in interest.—adv. Incū′riously.—ns. Incū′riousness, Incurios′ity.

Incursion, in-kur′shun, n. a hostile inroad.—adj. Incur′sive, making an incursion or inroad. [Fr.,—L. incursion-em—incurrĕre.]

Incurve, in-kurv′, v.t. to cause to curve inward.—v.i. to curve inward.—v.t. Incur′vāte, to turn from a straight course.—adj. curved inward or upward.—ns. Incurvā′tion, act of bending, bowing, kneeling, &c.: the growing inward of the nails; Incur′vature, any curving.—adj. Incurved′ (bot.), curving toward the axis of growth.—n. Incur′vity, the state of being bent inward.

Incus, in′kus, n. one of the bones in the tympanum or middle ear, so called from its fancied resemblance to an anvil:—pl. In′cūdes. [L., an anvil.]

Incuse, in-kūz′, v.t. to impress by stamping, as a coin.—adj. hammered.—n. an impression, a stamp. [L. incusus, pa.p. of incudĕre—in, on, cudĕre, to strike.]

Incut, in′kut, adj. set in by, or as if by, cutting, esp. in printing, inserted in spaces left in the text.

Indagate, in′da-gāt, v.t. to search out.—n. Indagā′tion.—adj. In′dagātive.—n. In′dagātor.—adj. In′dagātory. [L. indagāre, -ātum, to trace.]

Indebted, in-det′ed, adj. being in debt: obliged by something received.—ns. Indebt′edness, Indebt′ment.

Indecent, in-dē′sent, adj. offensive to common modesty: unbecoming: gross, obscene.—n. Indē′cency, quality of being indecent: anything violating modesty or seemliness.—adv. Indē′cently.

Indeciduous, in-de-sid′ū-us, adj. not deciduous, as leaves.—Also Indecid′uate.

Indecision, in-de-sizh′un, n. want of decision or resolution: hesitation.—adj. Indecī′sive, unsettled: inconclusive.—adv. Indecī′sively.—n. Indecī′siveness.

Indeclinable, in-de-klīn′a-bl, adj. (gram.) not varied by inflection.—adv. Indeclin′ably.

Indecorous, in-de-kō′rus (sometimes in-dek′ō-rus), adj. not becoming; violating good manners.—adv. Indecō′rously.—ns. Indecō′rousness, Indecō′rum, want of propriety of conduct: a breach of decorum.

Indeed, in-dēd′, adv. in fact: in truth: in reality. It emphasises an affirmation, marks a qualifying word or clause, a concession or admission, or, used as an interj., it expresses surprise or interrogation.

Indefatigable, in-de-fat′i-ga-bl, adj. that cannot be fatigued or wearied out: unremitting in effort.—n. Indefat′igableness.—adv. Indefat′igably. [Fr.,—L. indefatigabilis—in, not, de, fatigāre, to tire.]

Indefeasible, in-de-fēz′i-bl, adj. not to be defeated or made void.—n. Indefeasibil′ity.—adv. Indefeas′ibly.

Indefensible, in-de-fens′i-bl, adj. untenable, that cannot be maintained or justified.—adv. Indefens′ibly.

Indefinable, in-de-fīn′a-bl, adj. that cannot be defined.—adv. Indefin′ably.

Indefinite, in-def′i-nit, adj. not limited: not precise or certain: (logic) indeterminate in logical quantity.—adv. Indef′initely.—n. Indef′initeness.

Indelible, in-del′i-bl, adj. that cannot be blotted out or effaced.—ns. Indelibil′ity, Indel′ibleness.—adv. Indel′ibly. [Fr.,—L. in, not, delebilis—delēre, to destroy.]

Indelicate, in-del′i-kāt, adj. offensive to good manners or purity of mind: coarse.--n. Indel′icacy.—adv. Indel′icately.

Indemnify, in-dem′ni-fī, v.t. (with against) to secure against loss: to make good for damage done: to give security against:—pa.p. indem′nified.—ns. Indemnificā′tion, act of indemnifying: that which indemnifies; Indem′nitor, one who indemnifies; Indem′nity, security from damage, loss, or punishment: compensation for loss or injury.—Act of Indemnity, an act or decree for the protection of public officers from any technical or legal penalties or liabilities they may have been compelled to incur. [Fr.,—L. indemnis, unharmed—in, not, damnum, loss, facĕre, to make.]

Indemonstrable, in-de-mon′stra-bl, adj. that cannot be demonstrated or proved.—n. Indemonstrabil′ity.

Indent, in-dent′, v.t. to cut into points like teeth: to notch: to indenture, apprentice: (print.) to begin farther in from the margin than the rest of a paragraph.—v.i. (Shak.) to move in a zigzag course: to bargain: to make a compact.—n. a cut or notch in the margin: a recess like a notch.—n. Indentā′tion, a hollow or depression: act of indenting or notching: notch: recess.—pa.p. and adj. Indent′ed, having indentations: serrated: zigzag.—ns. Inden′tion (print.), any space left before the beginning of lines, as in poetry; Indent′ure, the act of indenting, indentation: (law) a deed under seal, with mutual covenants, where the edge is indented for future identification: a written agreement between two or more parties: a contract.—v.t. to bind by indentures: to indent. [Low L. indentāre—L. in, in, dens, dentis, a tooth.]

Independent, in-de-pend′ent, adj. (with of) not dependent or relying on others: not subordinate: not subject to bias: affording a comfortable livelihood: belonging to the Independents: (gram.) of some parts of speech (noun, pronoun, verb), capable of forming sentences without the others.—n. one who in ecclesiastical affairs holds that every congregation should be independent of every other and subject to no superior authority—a Congregationalist: (math.) not depending on another for its value, said of a quantity or function.—ns. Independ′ence, Independ′ency.—adv. Independ′ently.—Declaration of Independence, the document embodying the reasons for the secession of the thirteen colonies of America from England, reported to the Continental Congress, July 4, 1776—observed in the United States as a legal holiday—Independence Day.

Indescribable, in-de-skrīb′a-bl, adj. that cannot be described: (pl.) applied facetiously to trousers.—adv. Indescrib′ably.

Indesignate, in-des′ig-nāt, adj. (logic) without any indication of quantity.

Indestructible, in-de-struk′ti-bl, adj. that cannot be destroyed.—ns. Indestructibil′ity, Indestruc′tibleness.—adv. Indestruc′tibly.

Indeterminable, in-de-tėr′min-a-bl, adj. not to be ascertained or fixed: (nat. hist.) not to be classified or fixed.—n. Indeter′minableness.—adv. Indeter′minably.—adj. Indeter′mināte, not determinate or fixed: uncertain: having no defined or fixed value.—adv. Indeter′minātely.—ns. Indeter′mināteness, Indeterminā′tion, want of determination: want of fixed direction.—adj. Indeter′mined, not determined: unsettled.

Index, in′deks, n. anything that indicates or points out: a hand that directs to anything, as the hour of the day, &c.: the forefinger: alphabetical list of subjects treated of in a book: (math.) the exponent of a power:—pl. Indexes (in′deks-ez), and in math., Indices (in′di-sēz).—v.t. to provide with or place in an index.—ns. In′dex-dig′it, In′dex-fing′er, the forefinger, or in other animals that digit representing the human index.—adjs. Index′ical; In′dexless, without an index.—Index Expurgatorius, in the R.C. Church, an authoritative list of books only to be read in expurgated editions; Index Librorum Expurgandorum, or Index Librorum Prohibitorum, an official list of books which the faithful are absolutely forbidden to read at all under pain of instant excommunication; Index rerum, an index of subjects; Index verborum, an index of words. [L. index, indicis—indicāre, to show.]

Indian, in′di-an, adj. belonging to the Indies, East or West, or to the aborigines of America.—n. a native of the Indies: a European who lives or has lived in India: an aboriginal of America.—ns. In′diaman, a large ship employed in trade, with India; In′dia-rub′ber, an elastic gummy substance, the inspissated juice of various tropical plants, extensively used in the arts: caoutchouc.—adj. In′dic, originating or existing in India, a term comprehensively applied to all the Aryan languages of India.—Indian berry, a climbing Indian shrub, its fruit Cocculus Indicus; Indian club, a bottle-shaped block of wood, swung in various motions by the arms with the view of developing the muscles of these and of the chest, &c.; Indian corn, maize, so called because brought from the West Indies; Indian cress, an ornamental garden shrub from Peru, with orange flowers; Indian file (see File); Indian fire, a pyrotechnic composition, used as a signal-light, consisting of sulphur, realgar, and nitre; Indian red (see Red); Indian summer, in America, a period of warm, dry, calm weather in late autumn, with hazy atmosphere.—India Docks, extensive docks in London for the accommodation of vessels engaged in the West and East India trade; India ink (see Ink); India Office, a government office in London, where are managed the affairs of the Indian government; India paper, a thin yellowish printing-paper made in China and Japan from vegetable fibre, and used in taking the finest proofs from engraved plates—hence called India proofs; India shawl, a Cashmere shawl.—East India Company, a great chartered company formed for trading with India and the East Indies, more especially applied to the English Company, incorporated in 1600 and abolished in 1858; East Indian, an inhabitant or a native of the East Indies; Red Indian, one of the aborigines of America, so called from the colour of the skin—(coll.) in U.S. Injen, Injun; West Indian, a native or an inhabitant of the West Indies. [L. India—Indus (Gr. Indos), the Indus (Pers. Hind. Hind; Zend Hindu)—Sans. sindhu, a river.]

Indicate, in′di-kāt, v.t. to point out: to show: to give as a ground for inferring.—adj. In′dicant, indicating.—n. that which indicates.—n. Indicā′tion, act of indicating: mark: token: symptom.—adj. Indic′ative, pointing out: giving intimation of: (gram.) applied to the mood of the verb which affirms or denies.—adv. Indic′atively.—n. In′dicātor, one who indicates: an instrument on a steam-engine to show the pressure.—adj. In′dicātory, showing. [L. indicāre, -ātum—in, in, dicāre, to proclaim.]

Indict, in-dīt′, v.t. to charge with a crime formally or in writing, esp. by a grand-jury.—adj. Indict′able.—ns. Indictee′, one who is indicted; Indict′ment, formal accusation: the written accusation against one who is to be tried by jury: (Scots law) the form under which a criminal is put to trial at the instance of the Lord Advocate.—Find an indictment, said of the grand-jury when they are satisfied of the truth of the accusation, and endorse the bill, A true bill. [L. indictāre, freq. of indicĕre, indictum, to declare—in, in, dicĕre, to say.]

Indiction, in-dik′shun, n. a proclamation: a cycle of fifteen years, instituted by Constantine the Great for fiscal purposes, and adopted by the popes as part of their chronological system: a year bearing a number showing its place in a fifteen years' cycle, dating from 313 A.D.

Indifferent, in-dif′ėr-ent, adj. without importance: uninteresting: of a middle quality: neutral: unconcerned.—n. one who is indifferent or apathetic: that which is indifferent.—ns. Indiff′erence, Indiff′erency, Indiff′erentism, indifference: (theol.) the doctrine that religious differences are of no moment: (metaph.) the doctrine of absolute identity—i.e. that to be in thought and to exist are one and the same thing; Indiff′erentist.—adv. Indiff′erently, in an indifferent manner: tolerably: passably: without distinction, impartially.

Indigenous, in-dij′en-us, adj. native born or originating in: produced naturally in a country.—adj. and n. In′digene.—adv. Indig′enously. [L. indigena, a native—indu, or in, and gen-, root of gignĕre, to produce.]

Indigent, in′di-jent, adj. in need of anything: destitute of means of subsistence: poor.—n. In′digence.—adv. In′digently. [Fr.,—L. indigens, -entis, pr.p. of indigĕre—indu, or in, in, egēre, to need.]

Indigest, in-di-jest′, adj. not digested, shapeless.—n. a crude mass, disordered state of affairs.—adj. Indigest′ed, not digested: unarranged: not methodised.—ns. Indigestibil′ity, Indigest′ion, want of digestion: painful digestion.—adj. Indigest′ible, not digestible: not easily digested: not to be received or patiently endured.—adv. Indigest′ibly.—adj. Indigest′ive, dyspeptic. [L. indigestus, unarranged—in, not, digerĕre, to arrange, digest.]

Indign, in-dīn′, adj. not worthy: disgraceful. [L. in, not, dignus, worthy.]

Indignant, in-dig′nant, adj. affected with anger and disdain.—n. Indig′nance (Spens.).—adv. Indig′nantly.—n. Indignā′tion, the feeling caused by what is unworthy or base: anger mixed with contempt: effect of indignant feeling.—v.t. Indig′nify (Spens.), to treat indignantly or disdainfully.—n. Indig′nity, unmerited contemptuous treatment: incivility with contempt or insult: (Spens.) unworthiness, base conduct. [L. indignans, -antis, pr.p. of indignāri, to consider as unworthy—in, not, dignus, worthy.]

Indigo, in′di-go, n. a blue dye obtained from the stalks of the indigo plant.—Indigo blue, the blue colouring matter of indigo, a crystalline solid, colourless and tasteless; Indigo plant, a plant of the genus Indigofera, from which indigo is obtained. [Sp. indico—L. indicum, from Indicus, Indian.]

Indirect, in-di-rekt′, adj. not direct or straight: not lineal or in direct succession: not related in the natural way, oblique: not straightforward or honest.—adv. Indirect′ly.—ns. Indirect′ness, Indirec′tion (Shak.), indirect course or means, dishonest practice.—Indirect evidence, or testimony, circumstantial or inferential evidence; Indirect object (gram.), a substantive word dependent on a verb less immediately than an accusative governed by it; Indirect syllogism (logic), a syllogism which can be made more cogent and useful by the process called reduction.

Indiscernible, in-diz-ėrn′i-bl, adj. not discernible.—adv. Indiscern′ibly.

Indiscipline, in-dis′i-plin, n. want of discipline, disorder.—adj. Indis′ciplinable.

Indiscreet, in-dis-krēt′, adj. not discreet: imprudent: injudicious.—adv. Indiscreet′ly.—ns. Indiscreet′ness, Indiscretion (-kresh′-), want of discretion: rashness: an indiscreet act.

Indiscriminate, in-dis-krim′i-nāt, adj. not distinguishing: promiscuous.—adv. Indiscrim′inately.—adjs. Indiscrim′inating, Indiscrim′inative, not discriminative.—n. Indiscriminā′tion.

Indispensable, in-dis-pens′a-bl, adj. that cannot be dispensed with: absolutely necessary.—ns. Indispensabil′ity, Indispens′ableness.—adv. Indispens′ably.

Indispose, in-dis-pōz′, v.t. to render indisposed, averse, or unfit.—pa.p. and adj. Indisposed′, averse: slightly disordered in health.—ns. Indispos′edness, Indisposi′tion, state of being indisposed: disinclination: slight illness.

Indisputable, in-dis′pū-ta-bl, adj. certainly true: certain.—n. Indis′putableness.—adv. Indis′putably.

Indissoluble, in-dis′ol-ū-bl, adj. that cannot be broken or violated: inseparable: binding for ever.—ns. Indiss′olubleness, Indissolubil′ity.—adv. Indiss′olubly.

Indistinct, in-dis-tingkt′, adj. not plainly marked: confused: not clear to the mind: dim, imperfect, as of the senses.—adj. Indistinct′ive, not capable of making distinctions.—n. Indistinct′iveness.—adv. Indistinct′ly.—ns. Indistinct′ness, Indistinc′tion, confusion: absence of distinction, sameness.

Indistinguishable, in-dis-ting′gwish-a-bl, adj. that cannot be distinguished.—n. Indistin′guishableness.—adv. Indistin′guishably.

Indite, in-dīt′, v.t. to compose or write: (B.) to arrange for utterance or writing: (Shak.) to invite.—v.i. to compose.—ns. Indite′ment; Indit′er. [O. Fr. enditer, a doublet of indict.]

Indivertible, in-di-vert′i-bl, adj. not capable of being turned aside out of a course.

Individual, in-di-vid′ū-al, adj. not divisible without loss of identity: subsisting as one: pertaining to one only, of a group where each constituent is different from the others: (Milt.) inseparable.—n. a single person, animal, plant, or thing.—n. Individualisā′tion.—v.t. Individ′ualīse, to stamp with individual character: to particularise.—ns. Individ′ualism, individual character: independent action as opposed to co-operation: that theory which opposes interference of the State in the affairs of individuals, opposed to Socialism or Collectivism: (logic) the doctrine that individual things alone are real: the doctrine that nothing exists but the individual self; Individ′ualist.—adj. Individualist′ic.—n. Individual′ity, separate and distinct existence: oneness: distinctive character.—adv. Individ′ually.—v.t. Individ′uāte, to individualise: to make single.—n. Individuā′tion, the question as to what it is that distinguishes one organised or living being, or one thinking being, from all others. [L. individuus—in, not, dividuus, divisible—dividĕre, to divide.]

Indivisible, in-di-viz′i-bl, adj. not divisible.—n. (math.) an indefinitely small quantity.—ns. Indivisibil′ity, Indivis′ibleness.—adv. Indivis′ibly.

Indo-Chinese, in′dō-chī-nēz′, adj. of or pertaining to Indo-China, the south-eastern peninsula of Asia.

Indocile, in-dō′sīl, or in-dos′il, adj. not docile: not disposed to be instructed—also Indō′cible.—n. Indocil′ity.

Indoctrinate, in-dok′trin-āt, v.t. to instruct in any doctrine: to imbue with any opinion.—ns. Indoctrinā′tion; Indoc′trinator.

Indo-European, in′dō-ū-rō-pē′an, adj. a term applied to the family of languages variously called Aryan, Japhetic, Sanscritic, Indo-Germanic, generally classified into seven great branches—viz. Indic, Iranian or Persic, Celtic, Greek, Italic, Slavo-Lettic, Teutonic.

Indolent, in′dō-lent, adj. indisposed to activity.—ns. In′dolence, In′dolency.—adv. In′dolently. [L. in, not, dolens, -entis, pr.p. of dolēre, to suffer pain.]

Indomitable, in-dom′it-a-bl, adj. that cannot be tamed: not to be subdued.—adv. Indom′itably.

Indoor, in′dōr, adj. performed indoors.—adv. In′doors, within doors.—Indoor relief, support given to paupers in public buildings, as opposed to Outdoor relief, or help given them at their own homes.

Indubitable, in-dū′bit-a-bl, adj. that cannot be doubted: certain.—n. Indū′bitableness.—adv. Indū′bitably.

Induce, in-dūs′, v.t. to prevail on: to cause or produce in any way: (obs.) to place upon: (physics) to cause, as an electric state, by mere proximity of surfaces.—ns. Induce′ment, that which induces or causes: incentive, motive: (law) a statement of facts introducing other important facts; Induc′er.—adj. Indū′cible.—Induced current (elect.), a current set in action by the influence of the surrounding magnetic field, or by the variation of an adjacent current. [L. inducĕre, inductum—in, into, ducĕre, to lead.]

Induct, in-dukt′, v.t. to introduce: to put in possession, as of a benefice.—adj. Induc′tile, that cannot be drawn out into wire or threads.—ns. Inductil′ity; Induc′tion, introduction to an office, especially of a clergyman: an introduction, a prelude independent of the main work, but giving some notion of its aim and meaning: the act or process of reasoning from particular cases to general conclusions: (physics) the production by one body of an opposite electric state in another by proximity.—adjs. Induc′tional, Induc′tive.—n. Induc′tion-coil, an electrical machine consisting of two coils of wire, in which every variation of the primary or inner current induces a current in the outer or secondary circuit.—adv. Induc′tively.—n. Induc′tor.—Induction by simple enumeration, logical induction by enumeration of all the cases singly; Inductive philosophy, Bacon's name for science founded on induction or observation; Inductive reasoning, opp. to Deductive reasoning (see Deductive); Inductive science, any special branch of science founded on positive and observable fact. [See Induce.]

Indulge, in-dulj′, v.t. to yield to the wishes of: not to restrain, as the will, &c.—v.i. (with in) to gratify one's appetites freely.—ns. Indul′gence, gratification: forbearance of present payment: in the R.C. Church, a remission, to a repentant sinner, of the temporal punishment which remains due after the sin and its eternal punishment have been remitted (Plenary indulgences, such as remit all; Partial, a portion of the temporal punishment due to sin; Temporal, those granted only for a time; Perpetual or Indefinite, those which last till revoked; Personal, those granted to a particular person or confraternity; Local, those gained only in a particular place): exemption of an individual from an ecclesiastical law.—adjs. Indul′gent, yielding to the wishes of others: compliant: not severe; Indulgen′tial.—adv. Indul′gently.—ns. Indul′ger; Indult′, a license granted by the Pope, authorising something to be done which the common law of the Church does not sanction.—Declaration of Indulgence, a proclamation of James II. in 1687, by which he promised to suspend all laws tending to force the conscience of his subjects. [L. indulgēre, to be kind to—in, in, and prob. L. dulcis, sweet.]

Induline, in′dū-lin, n. a name of various coal-tar colours used in dyeing cotton wool and silk dark-blue colours resembling indigo.

Indumentum, in-dū-men′tum, n. (bot.) any hairy covering: plumage, of birds. [L.]

Induplicate, in-dū′pli-kāt, adj. having the margins doubled inwards, said of the calyx or corolla in æstivation.—n. Induplicā′tion.

Indurate, in′dū-rāt, v.t. to harden, as the feelings.—v.i. to grow hard: to harden.—n. Indurā′tion.—adj. In′durative. [L. indurāre, -ātum—in, in, durāre, to harden.]

Indusium, in-dū′zi-um, n. (bot.) a sort of hairy cup enclosing the stigma of a flower: the scale covering the fruit-spot of ferns.—adj. Indū′sial (geol.), composed of Indū′sia, or the petrified larva-cases of insects. [L.,—induĕre, to put on.]

Industry, in′dus-tri, n. quality of being diligent: assiduity: steady application to labour: habitual diligence: manufacture: trade.—adj. Indus′trial, relating to or consisting in industry.—n. Indus′trialism, devotion to labour or industrial pursuits: that system or condition of society in which industrial labour is the chief and most characteristic feature, opposed to feudalism and the military spirit.—adv. Indus′trially.—adj. Indus′trious, diligent or active in one's labour: laborious: diligent in a particular pursuit.—adv. Indus′triously.—Industrial exhibition, museum, an exhibition, museum, of industrial products or manufactures; Industrial school, a school in which agricultural or some other industrial art is taught: a school where neglected children are taught mechanical arts. [Fr.,—L.; perh. from indo, old form of in, within, and struĕre, to build up.]

Induviæ, in-dū′vi-ē, n.pl. (bot.) the withered leaves which remain persistent on the stems of some plants.—adjs. Indū′vial; Indū′viate. [L.]

Indwell, in′dwel, v.i. to dwell or abide in.—n. In′dweller, an inhabitant.—adj. In′dwelling, dwelling within, abiding permanently in the mind or soul.—n. residence within, or in the heart or soul.

Inebriate, in-ē′bri-āt, v.t. to make drunk, to intoxicate: to exhilarate greatly.—adj. drunk: intoxicated.—n. a habitual drunkard.—adj. Inē′briant, intoxicating—also n.—ns. Inebriā′tion, Inebrī′ety, drunkenness: intoxication.—adj. Inē′brious, drunk: causing intoxication. [L. inebriāre, -ātum—in, inten., ebriāre, to make drunk—ebrius, drunk.]

Ineffable, in-ef′a-bl, adj. that cannot be described, inexpressible.—n. Ineff′ableness.—adv. Ineff′ably. [Fr.,—L. ineffabilis—in, not, effabilis, effable.]

Ineffaceable, in-ef-fās′a-bl, adj. that cannot be rubbed out.—adv. Inefface′ably.

Ineffective, in-ef-fek′tiv, adj. not effective: useless.—adv. Ineffec′tively.—adj. Ineffec′tual, fruitless.—ns. Ineffectual′ity, Ineffec′tualness.—adv. Ineffec′tually.—adj. Inefficā′cious, not having power to produce an effect.—adv. Inefficā′ciously.—n. Inef′ficacy, want of efficacy.—n. Ineffic′iency.—adj. Ineffic′ient, effecting, or capable of effecting, nothing.—adv. Ineffic′iently.

Inelastic, in-ē-las′tik, adj. not elastic: incompressible.—n. Inelastic′ity.

Inelegance, in-el′e-gans, n. want of elegance: want of beauty or polish—also Inel′egancy.—adj. Inel′egant, wanting in beauty, refinement, or ornament.—adv. Inel′egantly.

Ineligible, in-el′i-ji-bl, adj. not capable, or worthy, of being chosen: unsuitable.—n. Ineligibil′ity.—adv. Inel′igibly.

Ineloquent, in-el′o-kwent, adj. not fluent or persuasive.—n. Inel′oquence.

Inept, in-ept′, adj. not apt or fit: unsuitable: foolish: inexpert.—ns. Inept′itūde, Inept′ness.—adv. Inept′ly. [Fr.,—L. ineptus—in, not, aptus, apt.]

Inequality, in-e-kwol′i-ti, n. want of equality: difference: inadequacy: incompetency: unevenness: dissimilarity.

Inequitable, in-ek′wi-ta-bl, adj. unfair, unjust.—adv. Ineq′uitably.—n. Ineq′uity, lack of equity: an unjust action.

Ineradicable, in-e-rad′i-ka-bl, adj. not able to be eradicated or rooted out.—adv. Inerad′icably.

Inerrable, in-er′a-bl, adj. incapable of erring.—adv. Inerr′ably.—n. Inerr′ancy, freedom from error.—adj. Inerr′ant, unerring.

Inert, in-ėrt′, adj. dull: senseless: inactive: slow: without the power of moving itself, or of active resistance to motion: powerless.—n. Iner′tia, inertness: the inherent property of matter by which it tends to remain for ever at rest when still, and in motion when moving.—adv. Inert′ly.—n. Inert′ness. [Fr.,—L. iners—in, not, ars, art.]

Inescutcheon, in-es-kuch′un, n. (her.) a single shield borne as a charge.

Inessential, in-es-sen′shal, adj. not essential or necessary: immaterial.

Inestimable, in-es′tim-a-bl, adj. not able to be estimated or valued: priceless.—adv. Ines′timably.

Ineunt, in′ē-unt, n. (math.) a point of a curve. [Iniens, ineunt-is, pr.p. of inīre, to go in.]

Inevitable, in-ev′it-a-bl, adj. not able to be evaded or avoided: that cannot be escaped: irresistible.—n. Inev′itableness.—adv. Inev′itably.—The inevitable, that which is sure to happen. [Fr.,—L. inevitabilis—in, not, evitabilis, avoidable—evitāre, to avoid—e, out of, vitāre, to avoid.]

Inexact, in-egz-akt′, adj. not precisely correct or true.—ns. Inexact′itude, Inexact′ness.

Inexcusable, in-eks-kūz′a-bl, adj. not justifiable: unpardonable.—ns. Inexcusabil′ity, Inexcus′ableness.—adv. Inexcus′ably.

Inexecrable, in-ek′se-krä-bl, adj. prob. for inexorable in Shak., Merchant of Venice, IV. i. 128.

Inexecutable, in-ek-se-kūt′a-bl, adj. incapable of being executed.—n. Inexecū′tion.

Inexhausted, in-egz-hawst′ed, adj. not exhausted or spent.—n. Inexhaustibil′ity.—adj. Inexhaust′ible, not able to be exhausted or spent: unfailing.—adv. Inexhaust′ibly.—adj. Inexhaust′ive, not to be exhausted: unfailing: not exhaustive.

Inexistence, in-eg-zist′ens, n. non-existence.—adj. Inexist′ent.

Inexorable, in-egz′or-a-bl, adj. not to be moved by entreaty: unrelenting: unalterable.—ns. Inex′orableness, Inexorabil′ity.—adv. Inex′orably.—Inexorable logic of facts, Mazzini's phrase for the inexorable force of circumstances, whose conclusions are beyond the reach of argument. [L.,—in, not, exorabilis—exorāre—ex, out of, orāre, to entreat.]

Inexpedient, in-eks-pē′di-ent, adj. not tending to promote any end: unfit: inconvenient.—ns. Inexpē′dience, Inexpē′diency.—adv. Inexpē′diently.

Inexperience, in-eks-pē′ri-ens, n. want of experience.—adj. Inexpē′rienced, not having experience: unskilled or unpractised.

Inexpiable, in-eks′pi-a-bl, adj. not able to be expiated or atoned for, implacable.—n. Inex′piableness.—adv. Inex′piably.

Inexplicable, in-eks′pli-ka-bl, adj. that cannot be explained: unintelligible.—ns. Inexplicabil′ity, Inex′plicableness.—adv. Inex′plicably.

Inexplorable, in-eks-plōr′a-bl, adj. that cannot be explored or discovered.

Inexpressible, in-eks-pres′i-bl, adj. that cannot be expressed: unutterable: indescribable.—n.pl. (coll. and supposed to be humorous) trousers.—adv. Inexpress′ibly.—adj. Inexpress′ive, not expressive or significant.—n. Inexpress′iveness.

Inexpugnable, in-eks-pug′na-bl (or -pū′-), adj. not to be overcome by force.—adv. Inexpug′nably.

Inextended, in-eks-tend′ed, adj. not extended, without extension.—n. Inextensibil′ity.—adj. Inexten′sible.—n. Inexten′sion.

Inextinguishable, in-eks-ting′gwish-a-bl, adj. that cannot be extinguished, quenched, or destroyed.—adv. Inextin′guishably.

Inextricable, in-eks′tri-ka-bl, adj. not able to be extricated or disentangled.—adv. Inex′tricably.

Infallible, in-fal′i-bl, adj. incapable of error: trustworthy: certain.—ns. Infall′ibilism; Infall′ibilist; Infallibil′ity.—adv. Infall′ibly.—The doctrine of infallibility in the R.C. Church, since 1870, is that the Pope, when speaking ex cathedrâ, is kept from error in all that regards faith and morals.

Infamous, in′fa-mus, adj. having a reputation of the worst kind: publicly branded with guilt: notoriously vile: disgraceful.—vs.t. Infame′, to defame; In′famise, Infam′onise (Shak.), to defame, to brand with infamy.—adv. In′famously.—n. In′famy, ill fame or repute: public disgrace: extreme vileness: (law) a stigma attaching to the character of a person so as to disqualify him from being a witness. [Fr.,—L. in, not, fama, fame.]

Infant, in′fant, n. a babe: (Eng. law) a person under twenty-one years of age.—adj. belonging to infants or to infancy: tender: intended for infants.—v.t. (obs.) to have as an infant: to give rise to.—n. In′fancy, the state or time of being an infant: childhood: the beginning of anything: (Milt.) want of distinct utterance.—adjs. Infantile (in′fant-īl, or -il), Infantine (in′fant-īn, or -in), pertaining to infancy or to an infant. [L. infans, -antis—in, not, fans, pr.p. of fāri, to speak; Gr. phēmi.]

Infanta, in-fan′ta, n. a title given to any one of the legitimate daughters of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the heiress-apparent, or to any one married to an Infante.—n. Infante (in-fan′tā), a title given to any one of the legitimate sons of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the heir-apparent. [Sp. from root of infant.]

Infanticide, in-fant′i-sīd, n. child murder; the murderer of an infant.—adj. Infant′icidal. [Fr.,—L. infanticidium—infans, an infant, cædĕre, to kill.]

Infantry, in′fant-ri, n. foot-soldiers. [Fr. infanterie—It. infanteria—infante, fante, a child, a servant, a foot-soldier—L. infantem, infans.]

Infatuate, in-fat′ū-āt, v.t. to make foolish: to affect with folly: to deprive of judgment: to inspire with foolish passion: to stupefy.—adj. infatuated or foolish.—n. Infatuā′tion. [L. infatuāre, -ātum—in, in, fatuus, foolish.]

Infaust, in-fawst′, adj. unlucky: unfortunate. [L. infaustus—in, not, faustus, propitious.]

Infeasible, in-fēz′i-bl, adj. not feasible: that cannot be done or accomplished.—n. Infeasibil′ity, the state of being infeasible or impracticable.

Infect, in-fekt′, v.t. to taint, especially with disease: to corrupt: to poison.—adj. (Shak.) tainted.—n. Infec′tion, act of infecting: that which infects or taints.—adjs. Infec′tious, Infect′ive, having the quality of infecting: corrupting: apt to spread.—adv. Infec′tiously.—n. Infec′tiousness. [Fr.,—L. inficĕre, infectum—in, into facĕre, to make.]

Infecundity, in-fe-kun′di-ti, n. want of fecundity or fertility: unfruitfulness.—adj. Infec′und.

Infeftment, in-feft′ment, n. a Scotch law term, used to denote the symbolical giving possession of land, which was the completion of the title.—Infeff′=Enfeoff.

Infelicitous, in-fe-lis′i-tus, adj. not felicitous or happy: inappropriate, inapt.—n. Infelic′ity, want of felicity or happiness, misery, misfortune: unsuitableness: anything unsuitable or improper.

Infer, in-fėr′, v.t. to deduce, to derive, as a consequence: to prove or imply.—v.i. to conclude:—pr.p. infer′ring; pa.p. inferred′.—adjs. Infer′able, Infer′rible, that may be inferred or deduced.—n. In′ference, that which is inferred or deduced: the act of drawing a conclusion from premises, conclusion, consequence.—adj. Inferen′tial, deducible or deduced by inference.—adv. Inferen′tially. [Fr.,—L. inferre—in, into, ferre, to bring.]

Inferior, in-fē′ri-ur, adj. lower in any respect: subordinate: secondary.—n. one lower in rank or station: one younger than another.—n. Inferior′ity, the state of being inferior: a lower position in any respect.—adv. Infē′riorly, in an inferior manner. [L. inferior, comp. of inferus, low.]

Infernal, in-fėr′nal, adj. belonging to the lower regions: resembling or suitable to hell, devilish: outrageous.—n. Infernal′ity.—adv. Infer′nally.—n. Infer′no (It.), hell, the title and the subject of one of the divisions of Dante's great poem, La Divina Commedia.—Infernal machine, a contrivance made to resemble some ordinary harmless object, but charged with a dangerous explosive. [Fr.,—L. infernus—inferus.]

Infertile, in-fėr-til, adj. not productive: barren.—n. Infertil′ity.

Infest, in-fest′, v.t. to disturb: to harass.—adj. (Spens.) hostile: troublesome.—n. Infestā′tion (Milt.), molestation. [Fr.,—L. infestāre, from infestus, hostile, from in and an old verb fendere, to strike, found in of-fendĕre, de-fendĕre.]

Infeudation, in-fū-dā′shun, n. the putting of an estate in fee: the granting of tithes to laymen.

Infibulate, in-fib′ū-lāt, v.t. to clasp with a padlock.—n. Infibulā′tion, act of confining, esp. the sexual organs.

Infidel, in′fi-del, adj. unbelieving: sceptical: disbelieving Christianity.—n. one who rejects Christianity as a divine revelation, but the word is not used of heathens.—n. Infidel′ity, want of faith or belief: disbelief in Christianity: unfaithfulness, esp. to the marriage contract: treachery. [Fr.,—L. infidelis—in, not, fidelis, faithful—fides, faith.]

Infield, in′fēld, n. in base-ball, the space enclosed within the base-lines: (Scot.) land under tillage:—opp. to Outfield.—v.t. to enclose.

Infighting, in′fīt-ing, n. boxing at close quarters when blows from the shoulder cannot be given.

Infiltrate, in-fil′trāt, v.t. to enter a substance by filtration, or through its pores.—v.t. Infil′ter, to filter or sift in.—n. Infiltrā′tion, the process of infiltrating, or the substance infiltrated.

Infinite, in′fin-it, adj. without end or limit: without bounds: (math.) either greater or smaller than any quantity that can be assigned.—n. that which is not only without determinate bounds, but which cannot possibly admit of bound or limit: the Absolute, the Infinite Being or God.—adjs. Infin′itant, denoting merely negative attribution; Infin′itary, pertaining to infinity.—v.t. Infin′itāte, to make infinite.—adv. In′finitely.—n. In′finiteness, the state of being infinite: immensity.—adj. Infinites′imal, infinitely small.—n. an infinitely small quantity.—adv. Infinites′imally.—adj. Infini′to (mus.), perpetual.—ns. Infin′itūde, Infin′ity, boundlessness: immensity: countless or indefinite number.

Infinitive, in-fin′it-iv, adj. (lit.) unlimited, unrestricted: (gram.) the mood of the verb which expresses the idea without person or number.—adj. Infinitī′val.—adv. Infin′itively. [Fr.,—L. infinitivus.]

Infirm, in-fėrm′, adj. feeble: sickly: weak: not solid: irresolute: imbecile.—ns. Infirmā′rian, an officer in a monastery having charge of the quarters for the sick; Infirm′ary, a hospital or place for the treatment of the sick; Infirm′ity, disease: failing: defect: imbecility.—adv. Infirm′ly. [O. Fr.,—L. infirmus—in, not, firmus, strong.]

Infix, in-fiks′, v.t. to fix in: to drive or fasten in: to set in by piercing. [O. Fr.,—L. infixus—in, in, figĕre, fixum, to fix.]

Inflame, in-flām′, v.t. to cause to flame: to cause to burn: to excite: to increase: to exasperate.—v.i. to become hot, painful, or angry.—ns. Inflammabil′ity, Inflam′mableness, the quality of being inflammable.—adj. Inflam′mable, that may be burned: combustible: easily kindled or excited.—adv. Inflam′mably.—n. Inflammā′tion, state of being in flame: heat of a part of the body, with pain, redness, and swelling: violent excitement: heat.—adj. Inflam′matory, tending to inflame: inflaming: exciting. [O. Fr.,—L. inflammāre—in, into, flamma, a flame.]

Inflate, in-flāt′, v.t. to swell with air: to puff up, elate.—adj. Inflat′ed, swollen or blown out: turgid.—adv. Inflat′ingly.—ns. Inflā′tion, state of being puffed up; Inflā′tus, a breathing into: inspiration. [L. inflāre, -ātum—in, into, flāre, to blow.]

Inflect, in-flekt′, v.t. to bend in: to turn from a direct line or course: to modulate, as the voice: (gram.) to vary in the terminations.—ns. Inflec′tion, Inflex′ion, a bending or deviation: modulation of the voice: (gram.) the varying in termination to express the relations of case, number, gender, person, tense, &c.—adjs. Inflec′tional, Inflex′ional; Inflec′tionless, Inflex′ionless; Inflect′ive, subject to inflection; Inflexed′, bent inward: bent: turned.—ns. Inflexibil′ity, Inflex′ibleness.—adj. Inflex′ible, that cannot be bent: unyielding: unbending.—adv. Inflex′ibly.—n. Inflex′ure, a bend or fold. [L. inflectĕre—in, in, flectĕre, flexum, to bend.]

Inflict, in-flikt′, v.t. to lay on: to impose, as punishment.—n. Inflic′tion, act of inflicting or imposing: punishment applied.—adj. Inflict′ive, tending or able to inflict. [L. inflictus, infligĕre—in, against, fligĕre, to strike.]

Inflorescence, in-flor-es′ens, n. character or mode of flowering of a plant. [Fr.,—L. inflorescens—inflorescĕre, to begin to blossom.]

Influence, in′flōō-ens, n. power exerted on men or things: power in operation: authority.—v.t. to affect: to move: to direct.—adj. Influen′tial, having or exerting influence or power over.—adv. Influen′tially. [Orig. a term in astrology, the power or virtue supposed to flow from planets upon men and things; O. Fr.,—Low L. influentia—L. in, into, fluĕre, to flow.]

Influenza, in-flōō-en′za, n. a severe epidemic catarrh, accompanied with weakening fever. [It.,—L., a by-form of influence.]

Influx, in′fluks, n. a flowing in: infusion: abundant accession.—n. Influx′ion, infusion. [L. influxus—influĕre.]

Inform, in-form′, v.t. to give form to: to animate or give life to: to impart knowledge to: to tell: (Milt.) to direct.—v.i. (Shak.) to take shape or form: to give information (with against or on).—adj. Inform′al, not in proper form: irregular.—n. Informal′ity.—adv. Inform′ally.—ns. Inform′ant, one who informs or gives intelligence; Informā′tion, intelligence given: knowledge: an accusation given to a magistrate or court.—adjs. Inform′ative, having power to form: instructive; Inform′atory, instructive; Informed′ (Spens.), unformed: (astron.) of stars not included within the figures of any of the ancient constellations.—n. Inform′er, one who informs against another. [O. Fr.,—L. informāre—in, into, formāre, to form.]

Infraction, in-frak′shun, n. violation, esp. of law: breach.—v.t. Infract′, to break off.—n. Infrac′tor, one who infracts. [L.,—in, in, frangĕre, fractum, to break.]

Infralapsarianism, in-frä-lap-sā′ri-an-izm, n. (theol.) the common Augustinian and Calvinist doctrine, that God for His own glory determined to create the world, to permit the fall of men, to elect from the mass of fallen men an innumerable multitude as 'vessels of mercy,' to send His Son for their redemption, to leave the residue of mankind to suffer the just punishment of their sins—distinct both from the Supralapsarianism of the strictest Calvinists and the Sublapsarianism held by moderate Calvinists.—n. Infralapsā′rian, one who holds the foregoing. [L. infra, below, after, lapsus, the fall.]

Inframaxillary, in-fra-mak′si-la-ri, adj. situated under the jaw: belonging to the lower jaw.

Inframundane, in-fra-mun′dān, adj. lying or being beneath the world. [L. infra, beneath, mundus, the world.]

Infrangible, in-fran′ji-bl, adj. that cannot be broken: not to be violated.—ns. Infrangibil′ity, Infran′gibleness.

Infraorbital, in-fra-or′bi-tal, adj. situated below the orbit of the eye.

Infrequent, in-frē′kwent, adj. seldom occurring: rare: uncommon.—ns. Infrē′quence, Infrē′quency.—adv. Infrē′quently.

Infringe, in-frinj′, v.t. to violate, esp. law: to neglect to obey.—n. Infringe′ment, breach: violation: non-fulfilment. [L. infringĕre—in, in, frangĕre.]

Infructuous, in-fruk′tū-us, adj. not fruitful.—adv. Infruc′tuously.

Infula, in′fū-la, n. a white-and-red fillet or band of woollen stuff, worn upon the forehead, as a sign of religious consecration and of inviolability: a lappet in a mitre:—pl. In′fulæ (ē). [L.]

Infumation, in-fūm-ā′shun, n. the act of drying in smoke.—v.t. In′fumate. [L. infumāre, -ātum—in, in, fumāre, to smoke—fumus, smoke.]

Infundibular, in-fun-dib′ū-lar, adj. having the form of a funnel.—Also Infundib′ulate, Infundib′uliform. [L. in, in, fundĕre, to pour.]

Infuriate, in-fū′ri-āt, v.t. to enrage: to madden.—adj. enraged: mad. [L. in, in, furiāre, -ātum, to madden—furĕre, to rave.]

Infuse, in-fūz′, v.t. to pour into: to inspire with: to introduce: to steep in liquor without boiling: (Shak.) to shed, pour.—n. (Spens.) infusion.—adj. Infus′ible.—n. Infū′sion, the pouring of water over any substance, in order to extract its active qualities: a solution in water of an organic, esp. a vegetable, substance: the liquor so obtained: inspiration: instilling.—adj. Infus′ive, having the power of infusion, or of being infused. [L. infundĕre, infusum—in, into, fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Infusoria, in-fū-sō′ri-a, n.pl. a name given to several classes of active Protozoa, some of which appear in great numbers in stagnant infusions of animal or vegetable material.—adjs. Infusō′rial, Infū′sory, composed of or containing infusoria.—n. and adj. Infusō′rian.—Infusorial earth, a siliceous deposit formed chiefly of the frustates of Diatoms—used as Tripoli powder for polishing purposes. [L.]

Ingathering, in′gäth-ėr-ing, n. the collecting and securing of the fruits of the earth: harvest.—Feast of Ingathering (see Tabernacles, Feast of).

Ingeminate, in-jem′in-āt, v.t. to repeat.—n. Ingeminā′tion. [L. ingemināre, -ātum—in, in, geminus, twin.]

Ingener, in-jē′nėr, n. (Shak.) an ingenious person: a contriver: a designer.

Ingenerate, in-jen′ėr-āt, v.t. to generate or produce within.—adj. inborn: innate.

Ingenious, in-jē′ni-us, adj. of good natural abilities: skilful in inventing: witty.—adv. Ingē′niously.—ns. Ingē′niousness, Ingenū′ity, power of ready invention: facility in combining ideas: curiousness in design; Ingē′nium, bent of mind. [L. ingeniosus—ingenium, mother-wit, from in, and gen, root of gignĕre, to beget.]

Ingenuous, in-jen′ū-us, adj. frank: honourable: free from deception.—adv. Ingen′uously—n. Ingen′uousness. [L. ingenuus.]

Ingest, in-jest′, v.t. to throw into the stomach.—n.pl. Ingest′a, substances introduced into an organic body.—n. Ingest′ion:—opp. to Egestion.

Ingle, ing′gl, n. (Scot.) a fire: fireplace.—ns. Ing′le-cheek, Ing′leside (Scot.), a fireside. [Gael. aingeal; but prob. L.—igniculus, dim. of ignis, fire.]

Inglobe, in-glōb′, v.t. (Milt.) to encircle: involve.—adj. Inglob′āte, in the form of a globe or sphere.

Inglorious, in-glō′ri-us, adj. not glorious: without honour: shameful.—adv. Inglō′riously.—n. Inglō′riousness.

Ingluvies, in-glōō′vi-ēz, n. the crop or craw of birds.—adj. Inglu′vial. [L.]

Ingoing, in′-gō-ing, n. a going in: entrance.—adj. going in: entering as an occupant.

Ingot, in′got, n. a mass of unwrought metal, esp. gold or silver, cast in a mould. [A.S. in, in, and goten, pa.p. of geótan, to pour; Ger. giessen, Goth. giutan. The Ger. einguss is an exact parallel to ingot.]

Ingrain, in′grān′, v.t. the same as Engrain.—adj. dyed in the yarn or thread before manufacture.

Ingrate, in′grāt, n. (Milt.) one who is ungrateful.—adj. Ingrate′ful, unthankful.

Ingratiate, in-grā′shi-āt, v.t. to commend to grace or favour (used reflexively, and followed by with): to secure the good-will of another. [L. in, into, gratia, favour.]

Ingratitude, in-grat′i-tūd, n. unthankfulness: the return of evil for good. [Low L. ingratitudo—L. ingratus, unthankful.]

Ingredient, in-grē′di-ent, n. that which enters into compound: a component part of anything. [Fr.,—L. ingrediens, -entis, pr.p. of ingredi—in, into, gradi, to enter.]

Ingress, in′gres, n. entrance: power, right, or means of entrance.—n. Ingress′ion. [L. ingressus—ingredi.]

Inguinal, ing′gwin-al, adj. relating to the groin. [L. inguinalis—inguen, inguinus, the groin.]

Ingurgitate, in-gur′ji-tāt, v.t. to swallow up greedily, as in a gulf.—n. Ingurgitā′tion. [L. ingurgitāre, -ātum—in, into, gurges, a whirlpool.]

Inhabit, in-hab′it, v.t. to dwell in: to occupy.—v.i. (Shak.) to dwell.—adj. Inhab′itable, that may be inhabited.—ns. Inhab′itance, Inhab′itancy, the act of inhabiting: actual residence; Inhab′itant, one who inhabits: a resident.—adj. resident.—ns. Inhabitā′tion, the act of inhabiting: dwelling-place: (Milt.) population; Inhab′iter (B.), an inhabitant; Inhab′itiveness, love of locality and home; Inhab′itress, a female inhabitant. [Fr.,—L., from in, in, habitāre, to dwell.]

Inhale, in-hāl′, v.t. to draw in the breath, to draw into the lungs, as air.—adjs. Inhā′lant, Inhā′lent.—ns. Inhalā′tion, the drawing into the lungs, as air, or fumes; Inhal′er. [L. inhalāre, to breathe upon—in, upon, halāre, to breathe.]

Inharmonious, in-har-mō′ni-us, adj. discordant, unmusical.—adjs. Inharmon′ic, -al, wanting harmony: inharmonious.—adv. Inharmō′niously.—ns. Inharmō′niousness; Inhar′mony, want of harmony.

Inhaust, in′häst, v.t. (humorous) to drink in. [L. in, in, haurīre, haustum, to draw.]

Inhere, in-hēr′, v.i. to stick fast: to remain firm in.—ns. Inher′ence, Inher′ency, a sticking fast: existence in something else: a fixed state of being in another body or substance.—adj. Inher′ent, sticking fast: existing in and inseparable from something else: innate: natural.—adv. Inher′ently. [L. inhærēre—in, in, hærēre, to stick.]

Inherit, in-her′it, v.t. to take as heir or by descent from an ancestor: to possess.—v.i. to enjoy, as property.—adj. Inher′itable, same as Heritable.—ns. Inher′itance, that which is or may be inherited: an estate derived from an ancestor: hereditary descent: natural gift: possession; Inher′itor, one who inherits or may inherit: an heir:—fem. Inher′itress, Inher′itrix. [O. Fr. enhériter—Low L. hereditāre, to inherit—L. in, in, heres, an heir.]

Inhibit, in-hib′it, v.t. to hold in or back: to keep back: to check.—n. Inhibi′tion, the act of inhibiting or restraining: the state of being inhibited: prohibition: a writ from a higher court to an inferior judge to stay proceedings.—adj. Inhib′itory, prohibitory. [L. inhibēre, -hibitum—in, in, habēre, to have.]

Inhoop, in-hōōp′, v.t. (Shak.) to confine, as in a hoop or enclosure.

Inhospitable, in-hos′pit-a-bl, adj. affording no kindness to strangers.—ns. Inhos′pitableness, Inhospital′ity, want of hospitality or courtesy to strangers.—adv. Inhos′pitably.

Inhuman, in-hū′man, adj. barbarous: cruel: unfeeling.—n. Inhuman′ity, the state of being inhuman: barbarity: cruelty.—adv. Inhū′manly.

Inhume, in-hūm′, v.t. to inter.—n. Inhumā′tion, the act of depositing in the ground: burial. [L. inhumāre—in, in, humus, the ground.]

Inimical, in-im′i-kal, adj. like an enemy, not friendly: contrary: repugnant.—adv. Inim′ically. [L. inimicalis—inimicus—in, not, amicus, friendly.]

Inimitable, in-im′it-a-bl, adj. that cannot be imitated: surpassingly excellent.—ns. Inimitabil′ity, Inim′itableness, the quality of being inimitable.—adv. Inim′itably.

Inion, in′i-on, n. the external occipital protuberance:—pl. In′ia. [Gr.]

Iniquity, in-ik′wi-ti, n. want of equity or fairness: injustice: wickedness: a crime: one of the names of the Vice, the established buffoon of the old Moralities.—adj. Iniq′uitous, unjust: unreasonable: wicked.—adv. Iniq′uitously. [Fr.,—L. iniquitatem—iniquus, unequal—in, not, æquus, equal.]

Initial, in-ish′al, adj. commencing: placed at the beginning.—n. the letter beginning a word, esp. a name.—v.t. to put the initials of one's name to:—pr.p. init′ialing (-alling); pa.p. init′ialed (-alled).—v.t. Init′iāte, to make a beginning: to instruct in principles: to acquaint with: to introduce into a new state or society.—v.i. to perform the first act or rite.—n. one who is initiated.—adj. fresh: unpractised.—n. Initiā′tion, act or process of initiating: act of admitting to any society, by instructing in its rules and ceremonies.—adj. Init′iātive, serving to initiate: introductory.—n. an introductory step: the power or right of commencing.—adj. Init′iātory, tending to initiate: introductory.—n. introductory rite. [L. initialis—initium, a beginning, inīre, inītum—in, into, īre, ītum, to go.]

Inject, in-jekt′, v.t. to throw into: to cast on: to make to pass in or into.—ns. Injec′tion, act of injecting or throwing in or into: the act of filling the vessels of an animal body with any liquid: a liquid to be injected into any part of the body; Injec′tor, one who injects: something used for injecting, especially an apparatus by which a stream of water is forced into a steam-boiler. [L. injicĕre, injectum—in, into, jacĕre, to throw.]

Injudicious, in-jōō-dish′us, adj. void of or wanting in judgment: imprudent: inconsiderate.—adj. Injudic′ial, not according to law-forms.—adv. Injudic′iously.—n. Injudic′iousness.

Injunction, in-jungk′shun, n. act of enjoining or commanding: an order: a precept: exhortation: an introductory writ by which a superior court stops or prevents some inequitable or illegal act being done—called in Scotland an interdict: (Milt.) conjunction. [Low L. injunction-em—in, in, jungĕre, junctum, to join.]

Injure, in′jōōr, v.t. to wrong, harm: to damage: to annoy.—n. In′jurer, one who injures.—adj. Inju′rious, tending to injure: unjust: wrongful: mischievous: damaging reputation.—adv. Inju′riously.—ns. Inju′riousness; In′jury, that which injures: wrong: mischief: annoyance: (Pr. Bk.) insult, offence. [Fr. injurier—L. injuriāri—injuria, injury—in, not, jus, juris, law.]

Injustice, in-jus′tis, n. violation or withholding of another's rights or dues: wrong: iniquity.

Ink, ingk, n. a coloured fluid used in writing, printing, &c.—v.t. to daub with ink.—ns. Ink′-bag, -sac, a sac in some cuttle-fishes, containing a black viscid fluid; Ink′-bott′le, an inkstand: a bottle for holding ink placed in an inkstand; Ink′holder, Ink′stand, a vessel for holding ink; Ink′horn (obs.), an inkholder, formerly of horn: a portable case for ink, &c.; Ink′horn-mate (Shak.), a bookish man; Ink′iness; Ink′-pot, an inkholder.—adj. pedantic.—ns. Ink′ing-ta′ble, a table or flat surface used for supplying the inking-roller with ink during the process of printing; Ink′ing-roll′er, a roller covered with a composition for inking printing types; Ink′-stone, a kind of stone containing sulphate of iron, used in making ink.—adj. Ink′y, consisting of or resembling ink: blackened with ink.—n. Print′ing-ink (see Print).—China ink, Indian ink, a mechanical mixture of the purest and densest lampblack, with a solution of gum or gelatine; Invisible or Sympathetic ink, a kind of ink which remains invisible on the paper until it is heated.—Sling ink (slang), to write: to earn one's bread by writing. [O. Fr. enque (Fr. encre)—Low L. encaustum, the purple-red ink used by the later Roman emperors—Gr. engkauston—engkaiein, to burn in. See Encaustic.]

Inkle, ingk′l, n. (Shak.) a kind of broad linen tape. [M. E. liniolf, inniolf, allied to O. Fr. lignel, shoemakers' thread, ligne, thread—L. linea, linum, flax.]

Inkling, ingk′ling, n. a hint or whisper: intimation.—v.i. Ink′le, to have a hint of. [M. E. inclen, to hint at, which Skeat suspects to be corrupted from Dan. ymte, to mutter; cf. Ice. ym-ta, to mutter; ultimately imitative.]

Inland, in′land, n. the interior part of a country.—adj. remote from the sea: carried on or produced within a country: confined to a country: (Shak.) refined, polished.—n. In′lander, one who lives inland.—Inland navigation, passage of boats or vessels on rivers, lakes, or canals within a country; Inland revenue, internal revenue, derived from excise, stamps, income-tax, &c. [A.S. inland, a domain—in and land.]

Inlay, in-lā′, v.t. to ornament by laying in or inserting pieces of metal, ivory, &c.—pa.p. Inlaid′.—n. pieces of metal, ivory, &c. for inlaying.—ns. Inlay′er; Inlay′ing.

Inlet, in′let, n. a passage by which one is let in: place of ingress: a small bay.

Inmate, in′māt, n. one who lodges in the same house with another: a lodger: one received into a hospital, &c.—adj. dwelling in the same place.

Inn, in, n. a public house for the lodging and entertainment of travellers: a hotel, tavern: (obs.) a lodging, a place of abode.—ns. Inn′-hold′er (Bacon), one who keeps an inn; Inn′keeper, one who keeps an inn.—Inns of Court, the name given to the four voluntary societies which have the exclusive right of calling persons to the English bar (Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn). [A.S. in, inn, an inn, house—in, inn, within (adv.), from the prep. in, in.]

Innate, in′āt, or in-nāt′, adj. inborn: natural to the mind, instinctive, inherent.—adv. Inn′ately.—n. Inn′ateness.—adj. Innā′tive, native.—Innate ideas, a priori principles of knowledge and of action, the word 'innate' implying that the power of recognising such principles is provided for in the constitution of the mind. [L. innātus—innasci—in, in, nasci, to be born.]

Innavigable, in-nav′i-ga-bl, adj. impassable by ships.—adv. Innav′igably.

Inner, in′ėr, adj. (comp. of in) farther in: interior.—adjs. Inn′ermost, In′most (superl. of in), farthest in: most remote from the outward part.—adv. Inn′ermostly. [A.S. in, comp. innera, superl. innemest—inne-m-est—thus a double superlative.]

Innervate, in-ėrv′āt, v.t. to supply with force or nervous energy—also Innerve′.—n. Innervā′tion, special mode of activity inherent in the nervous structure: nervous activity.

Inning, in′ing, n. the ingathering of grain: turn for using the bat in cricket (in this sense used only in the plural): the time during which a person or party is in possession of anything: (pl.) lands recovered from the sea.—Good innings, or Long innings, good luck, or a long run of such. [A verbal noun from old verb to inn—i.e. to house corn, from noun inn.]

Innocent, in′o-sent, adj. not hurtful: inoffensive: blameless: pure: lawful: simple, imbecile.—n. one free from fault: an idiot.—ns. Inn′ocence, harmlessness: blamelessness: purity: artlessness: integrity: imbecility: absence of legal guilt; Inn′ocency, the quality of being innocent.—adv. Inn′ocently.—Innocents' Day (see Childermas). [O. Fr.,—L. innocens, -entis—in, not, nocēre, to hurt.]

Innocuous, in-nok′ū-us, adj. not hurtful: harmless in effects.—adv. Innoc′uously.—ns. Innoc′uousness, Innocū′ity, the state of being innocuous. [L. innocuus—in, not, nocuus, hurtful—nocēre, to hurt.]

Innominate, i-nom′i-nāt, adj. having no name.—adj. Innom′inable, unnamable.—n.pl. trousers.—Innominate artery, the first large branch given off from the arch of the Aorta (q.v.); Innominate bone (os innominatum), the haunch-bone, hip-bone. [L. in, not, nomināre, -ātum, to name.]

Innovate, in′o-vāt, v.t. to introduce something new.—v.i. to introduce novelties: to make changes.—ns. Innovā′tion; Innovā′tionist; Inn′ovator. [L. innovāre, -ātum—in, in, novus, new.]

Innoxious, in-nok′shus, adj. same as Innocuous.—adv. Innox′iously.—n. Innox′iousness, the quality of being innocuous.

Innuendo, in-ū-en′dō, n. a side-hint: an indirect reference or intimation: a part of a pleading in cases of libel and slander, pointing out what and who was meant by the libellous matter or description, [L., the ablative gerund of innuĕre—in, in, nuĕre, to nod.]

Innumerable, in-nū′mėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be numbered: countless.—ns. Innūmerabil′ity, the state or quality of being innumerable; Innū′merableness.—adv. Innū′merably.—adj. Innū′merous, without number: innumerable.

Innutrition, in-nū-trish′un, n. want of nutrition: failure of nourishment.—adj. Innutrit′ious, not nutritious: without nourishment.

Inobservant, in-ob-zėr′vant, adj. not observant: heedless.—adj. Inobser′vable, incapable of being observed.—ns. Inobser′vance, lack of observance; Inobservā′tion.

Inobtrusive, in-ob-trōō′siv, adj. unobtrusive.—adv. Inobtru′sively.—n. Inobtru′siveness.

Inoculate, in-ok′ū-lāt, v.t. to insert a bud for propagation: to engraft: to communicate disease by inserting matter in the skin.—v.i. to propagate by budding: to practise inoculation.—adj. Inoc′ulable.—n. Inoculā′tion, act or practice of inoculating: insertion of the buds of one plant into another: the communication of disease to a healthy subject by the introduction of a specific germ or animal poison into his system by puncture or otherwise.—adjs. Inoculā′tive, Inoculā′tory.—n. Inoc′ulator. [L. inoculāre, -ātum—in, into, oculus, an eye.]

Inoffensive, in-of-fen′siv, adj. giving no offence: harmless: not unpleasing.—adv. Inoffen′sively.—n. Inoffen′siveness.

Inofficial, in-of-fish′al, adj. not proceeding from the proper officer: without the usual forms of authority.—adv. Inoffic′ially.—adj. Inoffic′ious (rare), regardless of duty.

Inopportune, in-op-por-tūn′, adj. unseasonable in time.—adv. Inopportune′ly.—n. Inopportūn′ity.

Inordinate, in-or′di-nāt, adj. beyond usual bounds: irregular: immoderate.—ns. Inor′dinacy, Inor′dinateness.—adv. Inor′dinately.—n. Inordinā′tion, deviation from rule: irregularity. [L. inordinatus—in, not, ordināre, -ātum, to arrange.]

Inorganic, in-or-gan′ik, adj. without life or organisation, as minerals, &c.: of accidental origin, not normally developed.—adv. Inorgan′ically.—n. Inorganisā′tion, want of organisation.—adj. Inor′ganised, same as Inorganic.—Inorganic chemistry, a subdivision of chemistry made originally to designate the chemistry of purely mineral substances, and retained still mainly as a matter of convenience.

Inosculate, in-os′kū-lāt, v.t. and v.i. to unite by mouths or ducts, as two vessels in an animal body: to blend.—n. Inosculā′tion. [L. in, and osculāri, -ātus, to kiss.]

In-patient, in′pā-shent, n. a patient lodged and fed as well as treated in a hospital:—opp. to Out-patient.

Inquest, in′kwest, n. act of inquiring: search: judicial inquiry before a jury into any matter, esp. any case of violent or sudden death. [O. Fr. enqueste—L. inquisita (res)—inquirĕre, to inquire.]

Inquietude, in-kwī′et-ūd, n. disturbance or uneasiness of body or mind.—adj. Inquī′et, unquiet.—v.t. to disturb.

Inquiline, in′kwi-lin, adj. living in the abode of another, as a pea-crab in an oyster-shell.—n. an animal so living.—adj. Inquilī′nous. [L. inquilinus—incola, inhabitant—in, in, colĕre, to inhabit.]

Inquire, in-kwīr′, v.i. to ask a question: to make an investigation.—v.t. to ask about: to make an examination regarding: (Spens.) to call.—n. (Shak.) a seeking for information.—ns. Inquirā′tion (Dickens), inquiry; Inquiren′do (law), an authority to inquire; Inquir′er.—adj. Inquir′ing, given to inquiry.—adv. Inquir′ingly.—n. Inquir′y, act of inquiring: search for knowledge: investigation; a question.—Writ of inquiry, a writ appointing an inquest. [Fr.,—L. inquirĕre—in, in, quærĕre, quæsitum, to seek.]

Inquisition, in-kwi-zish′un, n. an inquiring or searching for: investigation: judicial inquiry: a tribunal in the R.C. Church, called also 'the Holy Office,' for the discovery, repression and punishment of heresy, unbelief, and other offences against religion.—v.t. (Milt.), to investigate.—adjs. Inquisit′ional, making inquiry: relating to the Inquisition: Inquis′itive, searching into: apt to ask questions: curious.—adv. Inquis′itively.—ns. Inquis′itiveness; Inquis′itor, one who inquires: an official inquirer: a member of the Court of Inquisition.—adj. Inquisitō′rial.—adv. Inquisitō′rially.—n. Inquis′itress, an inquisitive woman.—adj. Inquisitū′rient (Milt.), inquisitorial.—Grand Inquisitor, the chief in a Court of Inquisition. [L. inquisition-em. See Inquire.]

Inroad, in′rōd, n. an incursion into an enemy's country: a sudden invasion: attack: encroachment.

Insalivation, in-sal-i-vā′shun, n. the process of mixing the food with the saliva.

Insalubrious, in-sa-lū′bri-us, adj. not healthful; unwholesome.—n. Insalū′brity.

Insalutary, in-sal′ū-tar-i, adj. not salutary or favourable to health: unwholesome.

Insanable, in-san′a-bl, adj. incurable.—n. Insan′ableness.—adv. Insan′ably.

Insane, in-sān′, adj. not sane or of sound mind: crazy: mad: utterly unwise: senseless: causing insanity—(Shak.) 'insane root,' prob. hemlock or henbane.—adv. Insane′ly.—ns. Insane′ness, insanity: madness; Insa′nie (Shak.) insanity; Insan′ity, want of sanity: an alteration in all or any of the functions of the brain, unfitting a man for affairs, and rendering him dangerous to himself and others: madness.

Insanitary, in-san′i-ta-ri, adj. not sanitary.—n. Insanitā′tion, want of proper sanitary arrangements.

Insatiable, in-sā′shi-a-bl, Insatiate, in-sā′shi-āt, adj. that cannot be satiated or satisfied.—ns. Insā′tiableness, Insatiabil′ity, Insatī′ety.—adv. Insā′tiably.

Inscient, in′shi-ent, adj. not knowing, ignorant: knowing. [Fr.,—L. in, not, sciens, scīre, to know; in the sense of knowing, prefix in- is intens.]

Inscribe, in-skrīb′, v.t. to write upon: to engrave, as on a monument: to put (a person's name) in a book, by way of compliment: to imprint deeply: (geom.) to draw one figure within another.—adj. Inscrīb′able.—ns. Inscrīb′er; Inscrip′tion, a writing upon: that which is inscribed: title: dedication of a book to a person: the name given to records inscribed on stone, metal, clay, &c.—adjs. Inscrip′tional, Inscrip′tive, bearing an inscription: of the character of an inscription. [Fr.,—L. inscribĕre, inscriptum—in, upon, scribĕre, to write.]

Inscrutable, in-skrōōt′a-bl, adj. that cannot be scrutinised or searched into and understood: inexplicable.—ns. Inscrutabil′ity, Inscrut′ableness.—adv. Inscrut′ably. [L. inscrutabilis—in, not, scrutāri, to search into.]

Insculp, in-skulp′, v.t. (Shak.) to engrave, to cut or carve upon.—n. Insculp′ture (Shak.), anything engraved. [L. insculpĕre—in, in, sculpĕre, to carve.]

Insect, in′sekt, n. a word loosely used for a small creature, as a wasp or fly, with a body as if cut in the middle, or divided into sections: (zool.) an arthropod, usually winged in adult life, breathing air by means of tracheæ, and having frequently a metamorphosis in the life-history.—adj. like an insect: small: mean.—ns. Insectār′ium, a place where a collection of living insects is kept; Insec′ticide, act of killing insects.—adjs. Insec′tiform, Insec′tile, having the nature of an insect.—ns. Insec′tifuge, a substance which protects against insects; Insec′tion, an incision; In′sect-net, a light hand-net for catching insects; In′sect-pow′der, a dry powder used for stupefying and killing fleas and other insects, an insecticide or insectifuge. [Fr.,—L. insectum, pa.p. of insecāre—in, into, secāre, to cut.]

Insectivora, in-sek-tiv′or-a, n. an order of mammals, mostly terrestrial, nocturnal in habit, and small in size—shrews, moles, hedgehogs, &c.—adj. Insectiv′orous, living on insects. [L. insectum, an insect, vorāre, to devour.]

Insecure, in-se-kūr′, adj. apprehensive of danger or loss: exposed to danger or loss: uncertain.—adv. Insecure′ly.—n. Insecur′ity.

Insensate, in-sen′sāt, adj. void of sense: wanting sensibility: stupid.—n. Insen′sateness, the state of being insensate or destitute of sense: insensibility. [L. insensātus—in, not, sensatus—sensus, feeling.]

Insensible, in-sen′si-bl, adj. not having feeling: not susceptible of emotion: callous: dull: unconscious: imperceptible by the senses.—ns. Insensibil′ity, Insen′sibleness; Insen′siblist, an unfeeling person.—adv. Insen′sibly.—adj. Insen′suous, not sensuous: without the power of perception.

Inseparable, in-sep′ar-a-bl, adj. that cannot be separated.—ns. Insep′arableness, Inseparabil′ity.—adv. Insep′arably.—adj. Insep′arate (Shak.), not separate, united.

Insert, in-sėrt′, v.t. to introduce into: to put in or among.—n. (in′sėrt) something additional inserted into a proof, &c.; a circular, or the like, placed for posting within the folds of a paper or leaves of a book.—adj. Insert′ed (bot.), attached to or growing out of some part.—n. Inser′tion, act of inserting: condition of being inserted: that which is inserted. [L. in, in, serĕre, sertum, to join.]

Insessores, in-se-sō′rēz, n.pl. an order of birds called by Cuvier Passerine (sparrow-like)—the title is now replaced by that of Passeres (q.v.).—adj. Insessō′rial, having feet (as birds) formed for perching or climbing on trees. [L. insessor, from insidēre, insessum—in, on, sedēre, to sit.]

Inset, in′set, n. something set in, an insertion, esp. a leaf or leaves inserted in other leaves already folded.—v.t. to set in, to infix or implant.

Inshore, in-shōr′, adv. on or near the shore.—adj. situated near the shore, as fishings.

Insiccation, in-sik-kā′shun, n. act of drying in. [L. in, in, siccāre, -ātum, to dry.]

Inside, in′sīd, n. the side or part within: things within, as the entrails, personal feelings, &c.: a passenger in the interior part of a bus or carriage.—adj. being within: interior.—adv. and prep. within the sides of: in the interior of: (Amer.) within the limit of time or space (with of).—n. Insī′der, one who is inside: one within a certain organisation, &c.: one possessing some particular advantage.—Inside edge, a stroke in skating made on the inner edge of the skate, the right foot making a curve to the left, the left foot one to the right.—Have the inside track, to have the inner side in a race-course: to have the advantage in position.

Insidious, in-sid′i-us, adj. watching an opportunity to ensnare: intended to entrap: deceptive: advancing imperceptibly: treacherous.—adv. Insid′iously.—n. Insid′iousness. [L. insidiosus—insidiæ, an ambush—insidēre—in, sedēre, to sit.]

Insight, in′sīt, n. sight into: thorough knowledge or skill: power of acute observation.

Insignia, in-sig′ni-a, n.pl. signs or badges of office or honour: marks by which anything is known. [L., pl. of insigne—in, in, signum, a mark.]

Insignificant, in-sig-nif′i-kant, adj. destitute of meaning: without effect: unimportant: petty.—ns. Insignif′icance, Insignif′icancy.—adv. Insignif′icantly.—adj. Insignif′icātive, not significative or expressing by external signs.

Insincere, in-sin-sēr′, adj. deceitful: dissembling: not to be trusted: unsound.—adv. Insincere′ly.—n. Insincer′ity.

Insinuate, in-sin′ū-āt, v.t. to introduce gently or artfully: to hint, esp. a fault: to work into favour.—v.i. to creep or flow in: to enter gently: to obtain access by flattery or stealth.—adj. Insin′uating, tending to insinuate or enter gently: insensibly winning confidence.—adv. Insin′uatingly.—n. Insinuā′tion, act of insinuating: power of insinuating: that which is insinuated: a hint, esp. conveying an indirect imputation.—adj. Insin′uative, insinuating or stealing on the confidence: using insinuation.—n. Insin′uator.—adj. Insin′uatory. [L. insinuāre, -ātum—in, in, sinus, a curve.]

Insipid, in-sip′id, adj. tasteless: wanting spirit or animation: dull.—adv. Insip′idly.—ns. Insip′idness, Insipid′ity, want of taste. [Fr.,—Low L.,—L. in, not, sapidus, well-tasted—sapĕre, to taste.]

Insipience, in-sip′i-ens, adj. lack of wisdom.—adj. Insip′ient. [Fr.,—L.,—in, not, sapiens, wise]

Insist, in-sist′, v.i. to dwell on emphatically in discourse: to persist in pressing: (Milt.) to persevere.—n. Insist′ence, perseverance in pressing any claim, grievance, &c.: pertinacity.—adj. Insist′ent, urgent: prominent: upright on end.—adv. Insist′ently.—n. Insist′ure, persistence: (Shak.) constancy. [Fr.,—L. insistĕre, in, upon, sistĕre, to stand.]

Insociable, in-sō′sha-bl, adj. not sociable: that cannot be associated or joined.

Insolate, in′so-lāt, v.t. to expose to the sun's rays.—n. Insolā′tion, exposure to the sun's rays: an injury to plants caused by too much of the sun. [L. insolāre, -ātum—in, in, sol, the sun.]

Insole, in′sōl, n. the inner sole of a boot or shoe:—opp. to Outsole: a sole of some material placed inside a shoe for warmth or dryness.

Insolent, in′so-lent, adj. overbearing: insulting: rude.—n. In′solence.—adv. In′solently. [O. Fr.,—L. insolens—in, not, solens, pa.p. of solēre, to be wont.]

Insoluble, in-sol′ū-bl, adj. not capable of being dissolved: not to be solved or explained.—ns. Insolubil′ity, Insol′ubleness.

Insolvent, in-solv′ent, adj. not able to pay one's debts: bankrupt: pertaining to insolvent persons.—n. one unable to pay his debts.—n. Insolv′ency, bankruptcy.

Insomnia, in-som′ni-a, n. sleeplessness.—adj. Insom′nious.—n. Insom′nōlence. [L. insomnis, sleepless.]

Insouciant, in-sōō′si-ant, adj. indifferent: careless.—n. Insou′ciance. [Fr. in, not, souciant—souci, care.]

Inspan, in′span, v.t. to yoke (draught-oxen or horses) to a vehicle. [Dut. inspannen, to yoke—in, in, spannen, to tie.]

Inspect, in-spekt′, v.t. to look into: to examine: to look at narrowly: to superintend.—adv. Inspect′ingly.—n. Inspec′tion, the act of inspecting or looking into: careful or official examination.—adjs. Inspec′tional; Inspec′tive.—ns. Inspec′tor, one who looks into or oversees: an examining officer: a superintendent; Inspec′torāte, a district under charge of an inspector: a body of inspectors collectively.—adj. Inspectō′rial.—ns. Inspec′torship, the office of an inspector; Inspec′tress, a female inspector. [L. inspectāre, freq. of inspicĕre, inspectum—in, into, specĕre, to look.]

Inspire, in-spīr′, v.t. to breathe into: to draw or inhale into the lungs: to infuse by breathing, or as if by breathing: to infuse into the mind: to instruct by divine influence: to instruct or affect with a superior influence.—v.i. to draw in the breath.—adj. Inspir′able, able to be inhaled.—n. Inspirā′tion, the act of inspiring or breathing into: a breath: the divine influence by which the sacred writers of the Bible were instructed: superior elevating or exciting influence.—adjs. Inspirā′tional, Inspiratory (in-spir′a-tor-i, or in′spir-a-tor-i), belonging to or aiding inspiration or inhalation.—n. Inspirā′tionist, one who maintains the direct inspiration of the Scriptures.—adj. Inspired′, actuated or directed by divine influence: influenced by elevated feeling: prompted by superior, but not openly declared, knowledge or authority: actually authoritative.—n. Inspir′er.—adv. Inspir′ingly. [Fr.,—L. inspirāre—in, into, spirāre, to breathe.]

Inspissate, in-spis′āt, v.t. to thicken by the evaporation of moisture, as the juices of plants.—n. Inspissā′tion. [L. in, in, spissāre—spissus, thick.]

Instability, in-sta-bil′i-ti, n. want of steadiness or firmness: inconstancy, fickleness: mutability.—adj. Instā′ble, not stable: inconstant.

Install, Instal, in-stawl′, v.t. to place in a seat: to place in an office or order: to invest with any charge or office with the customary ceremonies.—ns. Installā′tion, the act of installing or placing in an office with ceremonies: a placing in position for use, also a general term for the complete mechanical apparatus for electric lighting, &c.; Instal′ment, the act of installing: one of the parts of a sum paid at various times: that which is produced at stated periods. [Fr.,—Low L. installare—in, in, stallum, a stall—Old High Ger. stal (Ger. stall), Eng. stall.]

Instance, in′stans, n. quality of being urgent: solicitation: occurrence: occasion: example: (Shak.) evidence, proof.—v.t. to mention as an example.—n. In′stancy, insistency.—adj. Instan′tial (rare).—At the instance of, at the motion or solicitation of; For instance, to take as an example. [O. Fr.,—L. instantia—instans.]

Instant, in′stant, adj. pressing, urgent: immediate: quick: without delay: present, current, as the passing month.—n. the present moment of time: any moment or point of time.—n. Instantanē′ity.—adj. Instantān′eous, done in an instant: momentary: occurring or acting at once: very quickly.—adv. Instantān′eously.—n. Instantān′eousness.—advs. Instan′ter, immediately; In′stantly, on the instant or moment: immediately: (Shak.) at the same time: (B.) importunately, zealously. [L. instans, -antis, pr.p. of instāre—in, upon, stāre, to stand.]

Instauration, in-stawr-ā′shun, n. restoration: renewal. [L. instaurāre, -ātum, to restore.]

Instead, in-sted′, adv. in the stead, place, or room of. [M. E. in stede—A.S. on stede, in the place.]

Instep, in′step, n. the prominent upper part of the human foot near its junction with the leg: in horses, the hind-leg from the ham to the pastern joint.

Instigate, in′sti-gāt, v.t. to urge on: to set on: to foment.—ns. Instigā′tion, the act of inciting: impulse, esp. to evil; In′stigator, an inciter, generally in a bad sense. [L. instigāre, -ātum.]

Instil, in-stil′, v.t. to drop into: to infuse slowly into the mind:—pr.p. instil′ling; pa.p. instilled′.—ns. Instillā′tion, Instil′ment, the act of instilling or pouring in by drops: the act of infusing slowly into the mind: that which is instilled or infused. [Fr.,—L. instillāre—in, in, stillāre, to drop.]

Instinct, in′stingkt, n. impulse: an involuntary prompting to action: intuition: the mental aspect of those actions which take rank between unconscious reflex activities and intelligent conduct: the natural impulse by which animals are guided apparently independent of reason or experience.—adj. (in-stingkt′) instigated or incited: moved: animated.—adj. Instinc′tive, prompted by instinct: involuntary: acting according to or determined by natural impulse.—adv. Instinc′tively.—n. Instinctiv′ity (rare). [L. instinctus—instinguĕre, to instigate.]

Institorial, in-sti-tō′ri-al, adj. (law) pertaining to an agent or factor. [L. institorius—institor, an agent, broker.]

Institute, in′sti-tūt, v.t. to set up in: to erect: to originate: to establish: to appoint: to commence: to educate.—n. anything instituted or formally established: established law: precept or principle: (pl.) a book of precepts, principles, or rules, esp. in jurisprudence: an institution: a literary and philosophical society or association, as the 'Institute of France' (embracing L'Académie Française, L'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, L'Académie des Sciences, L'Académie des Beaux Arts, and L'Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques).—n. Institū′tion, the act of instituting or establishing: that which is instituted or established: foundation: established order: enactment: a society established for some object: that which institutes or instructs: a system of principles or rules: the origination of the Eucharist and the formula of institution: the act by which a bishop commits a cure of souls to a priest.—adjs. Institū′tional, Institū′tionary, belonging to an institution: instituted by authority: elementary.—n. In′stitutist, a writer of institutes or elementary rules.—adj. In′stitutive, able or tending to establish: depending on an institution.—n. In′stitutor, one who institutes: an instructor. [L. instituĕre, -ūtum—in, in, statuĕre, to cause to stand—stāre, to stand.]

Instruct, in-strukt′, v.t. to prepare: to inform: to teach: to order or command.—adj. (Milt.) instructed.—adj. Instruct′ible, able to be instructed.—n. Instruc′tion, the act of instructing or teaching: information: command: (pl.) special directions, commands—in parliamentary sense, 'Instructions to the Committee' are supplementary and auxiliary to the Bill under consideration, but falling broadly within its general scope.—adjs. Instruc′tional, relating to instruction: educational; Instruc′tive, containing instruction or information: conveying knowledge.—adv. Instruc′tively.—ns. Instruc′tiveness; Instruc′tor:—fem. Instruc′tress. [L. instruĕre, instructum—in, in, struĕre, to pile up.]

Instrument, in′strōō-ment, n. a tool or utensil: a machine producing musical sounds: a writing containing a contract: one who, or that which, is made a means.—adj. Instrument′al, acting as an instrument or means: serving to promote an object: helpful: belonging to or produced by musical instruments: (gram.) serving to indicate the instrument or means—of a case in Sanskrit, involving the notion of by or with.—ns. Instrument′alist, one who plays on a musical instrument; Instrumental′ity, agency.—adv. Instrument′ally.—n. Instrumentā′tion (mus.), the arrangement of a composition for performance by different instruments: the playing upon musical instruments. [O. Fr.,—L. instrumentum—instruĕre, to instruct.]

Insubordinate, in-sub-or′din-āt, adj. not subordinate or submissive: disobedient.—n. Insubordinā′tion.

Insubstantial, in-sub-stan′shal, adj. (Shak.) not substantial: not real.—n. Insubstantial′ity.

Insucken, in′suk-n, adj. in Scots law, pertaining to a district astricted to a certain mill.

Insufferable, in-suf′ėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be endured: detestable.—adv. Insuff′erably.

Insufficient, in-suf-fish′ent, adj. not sufficient: deficient: unfit: incapable.—ns. Insuffic′iency, Insuffic′ience (rare).—adv. Insuffic′iently.

Insufflate, in-suf′lāt, v.t. to breathe on.—ns. Insufflā′tion, the art of breathing on anything, or of blowing air to induce respiration, as into the mouth of a newborn child, esp. as a symbol of the outpouring of the Holy Ghost; In′sufflātor, a form of injector for forcing air into a furnace. [Through Low L., from L. in, in, sufflāre, to blow.]

Insular, in′sū-lar, adj. belonging to an island: surrounded by water: standing or situated alone: narrow, prejudiced.—ns. In′sularism, Insular′ity, the state of being insular.—adv. In′sularly.—v.t. In′sulate, to place in a detached situation: to prevent connection or communication: (electricity) to separate, esp. from the earth, by a non-conductor.—ns. Insulā′tion; In′sulator, one who, or that which, insulates: a non-conductor of electricity. [Fr.,—L. insularis—insula, an island.]

Insulse, in-suls′, adj. stupid.—n. Insul′sity (Milt.), stupidity. [L. insulsus—in, not, salīre, to salt.]

Insult, in-sult′, v.t. to treat with indignity or contempt: to abuse: to affront.—n. (in′sult) abuse: affront: contumely.—adjs. Insult′able, capable of being insulted; Insult′ant (rare), insulting.—n. Insult′er (obs.), one who makes an attack.—adj. Insult′ing, conveying insult: insolent: contemptuous.—adv. Insult′ingly, in an insulting or insolent manner.—n. Insult′ment (Shak.), insult. [Fr.,—L. insultāre—insilīre, to spring at—in, upon, salīre, to leap.]

Insuperable, in-sū′pėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be passed over: unconquerable.—n. Insuperabil′ity.—adv. Insū′perably. [O. Fr.,—L.,—in, not, superabilis—superāre, to pass over—super, above.]

Insupportable, in-sup-pōrt′a-bl, adj. not supportable or able to be endured: unbearable: insufferable: (Spens.) irresistible.—n. Insupport′ableness.—adv. Insupport′ably.

Insuppressible, in-sup-pres′i-bl, adj. not to be suppressed or concealed.—adj. Insuppress′ive (Shak.), that cannot be suppressed or concealed.

Insure, in-shōōr′, v.t. to make sure or secure: to contract for a premium to make good a loss, as from fire, &c., or to pay a certain sum on a certain event, as death.—v.i. to practise making insurance.—adj. Insur′able, that may be insured.—ns. Insur′ance, the act of insuring, or a contract by which one party undertakes for a payment or premium to guarantee another against risk or loss—the written contract called the Insur′ance-pol′icy: the premium so paid; Insur′ancer (obs.); Insur′er, one who agrees to pay money to another party on the happening of a certain event. [O. Fr. enseurer—en, and seur, sure.]

Insurgent, in-sur′jent. adj. rising up or against: rising in opposition to authority: rebellious.—n. one who rises in opposition to established authority: a rebel.—n. Insur′gency, a rising up or against: insurrection: rebellion—also Insur′gence. [L. insurgens, -entis—in, upon, surgĕre, to rise.]

Insurmountable, in-sur-mownt′a-bl, adj. not surmountable: that cannot be overcome.—n. Insurmountabil′ity.—adv. Insurmount′ably.

Insurrection, in-sur-rek′shun, n. a rising up or against: open and active opposition to the execution of the law: a rebellion.—adjs. Insurrec′tional, Insurrec′tionary.—n. Insurrec′tionist, one who favours or takes part in an insurrection. [L. insurrection-em—insurgĕre. See Insurgent.]

Insusceptible, in-sus-sep′ti-bl, adj. not susceptible: not capable of feeling or of being affected—also Insuscep′tive.—n. Insusceptibil′ity.

Intact, in-takt′, adj. untouched, uninjured.—adj. Intact′able, not perceptible to touch.—n. Intact′ness. [L. intactus—in, not, tangĕre, tactum, to touch.]

Intaglio, in-tal′yō, n. a figure cut into any substance: a stone or gem in which the design is hollowed out, the opposite of a cameo.—adj. Intagl′iated, formed in intaglio: engraved. [It.,—intagliare—in, into, tagliare, to cut (twigs)—L. talea, a twig.]

Intake, in′tāk, n. that which is taken in: a tract of land enclosed: the point at which contraction begins: (prov.) any kind of cheat or imposition.

Intangible, in-tan′ji-bl, adj. not tangible or perceptible to touch.—ns. Intan′gibleness, Intangibil′ity.—adv. Intan′gibly. [See Intact.]

Integer, in′te-jėr, n. that which is left untouched or undiminished, a whole: (arith.) a whole number, as opposed to a fraction.—adj. In′tegral, entire or whole: not fractional: unimpaired: intrinsic, belonging as a part to the whole.—n. a whole: the whole as made up of its parts.—adv. In′tegrally.—adj. In′tegrant, making part of a whole: necessary to form an integer or an entire thing.—v.t. In′tegrāte, to make up as a whole: to make entire: to renew.—n. Integrā′tion.—Integral function (algebra), a function which does not include the operation of division in any of its terms (see Function). [L.,—in, not, root of tangĕre, to touch.]

Integrity, in-teg′ri-ti, n. entireness, wholeness: the unimpaired state of anything: uprightness: honesty: purity. [See Integer.]

Integument, in-teg′ū-ment, n. the external protective covering of a plant or animal.—adj. Integument′ary. [L.,—integĕre—in, upon, tegĕre, to cover.]

Intellect, in′tel-lekt, n. the mind, in reference to its rational powers: the thinking principle: (pl., coll.) senses.—adj. In′tellected (Cowper), endowed with intellect.—n. Intellec′tion, the act of understanding: (philos.) apprehension or perception.—adjs. Intellect′ive, able to understand: produced or perceived by the understanding; Intellect′ual, of or relating to the intellect: perceived or performed by the intellect: having the power of understanding.—n. mental power.—v.t. Intellect′ualise, to reason intellectually: to endow with intellect: to give an intellectual character to.—ns. Intellect′ualism, the doctrine which derives all knowledge from pure reason: the culture of the intellect; Intellect′ualist; Intellectual′ity, intellectual power.—adv. Intellect′ually. [Fr.,—L.,—intelligĕre, to understand—inter, between, legĕre, to choose.]

Intelligent, in-tel′-i-jent, adj. having intellect: endowed with the faculty of reason: well informed: bringing intelligence. (Shak.) communicative.—ns. Intell′igence, intellectual skill or knowledge: information communicated: news: a spiritual being; Intell′igencer, one going between parties: a spy.—adjs. Intelligen′tial, pertaining to the intelligence: consisting of spiritual being.—adv. Intell′igently.—adj. Intell′igible, that maybe understood: clear: (philos.) capable of being apprehended by the understanding only.—ns. Intell′igibleness, Intelligibil′ity.—adv. Intell′igibly. [L. intelligens, -entis, pr.p. of intelligĕre.]

Intemperance, in-tem′pėr-ans, n. want of due restraint: excess of any kind: habitual indulgence in intoxicating liquor.—n. Intem′perant, one who is intemperate.—adj. Intem′perate, indulging to excess any appetite or passion: given to an immoderate use of intoxicating liquors: passionate: exceeding the usual degree: immoderate.—adv. Intem′perately.—n. Intem′perateness.

Intend, in-tend′, v.t. to fix the mind upon: to design: to purpose: (Milt.) to extend: (Shak.) to direct.—v.i. to have a design: to purpose.—ns. Intend′ant, an officer who superintends some public business, a title of many public officers in France and other countries; Intend′ancy, his office.—adj. Intend′ed, purposed: betrothed.—n. an affianced lover.—adv. Intend′edly, with intention or design.—ns. Intend′iment (Spens.), attention, knowledge, intention; Intend′ment (Shak.), intention, design. [O. Fr. entendre—L. intendĕre, intentum and intensum—in, towards, tendĕre, to stretch.]

Intenerate, in-ten′e-rāt, v.t. to make tender.—n. Intenerā′tion.

Intense, in-tens′, adj. closely strained: extreme in degree: very severe: emotional.—v.t. Inten′sate (Carlyle), to intensify.—adv. Intense′ly.—ns. Intense′ness, Intens′ity; Intensificā′tion, the act of intensifying.—v.t. Inten′sify, to make more intense.—v.i. to become intense:—pa.p. intens′ified.—n. Inten′sion, a straining or bending: increase of intensity: (logic) the sum of the qualities implied by a general name.—adj. Inten′sive, stretched: admitting of increase of degree: unremitted: serving to intensify: (gram.) giving force or emphasis.—adv. Inten′sively.—n. Inten′siveness. [See Intend.]

Intent, in-tent′, adj. having the mind bent on: fixed with close attention: diligently applied.—n. the thing aimed at or intended: a design: meaning.—n. Inten′tion, a fixing of the mind on any object: fixed direction of mind: the object aimed at: design: purpose.—adjs. Inten′tional, Inten′tioned, with intention: intended: designed.—advs. Inten′tionally, with intention; Intent′ly, in an intent manner.—adj. Inten′tive (Bacon), attentive.—n. Intent′ness.—To all intents and purposes, in every respect.—Well- (or Ill-) intentioned, having good (or ill) designs. [See Intend.]

Inter, in-tėr′, v.t. to bury:—pr.p. inter′ring; pa.p. interred′.—n. Inter′ment. [Fr. enterrer—Low L. interrāre—L. in, into, terra, the earth.]

Interact, in-tėr-akt′, n. a short piece in a play acted between the principal pieces: the interval between the acts of a drama.—v.i. to act on one another.—n. Interac′tion, action between bodies, mutual action.—adj. Interac′tive.

Interbreed, in-tėr-brēd, v.t. and v.i. to breed by crossing one species of animals or plants with another.—n. Interbreed′ing.

Intercalate, in-tėr′kal-āt, v.t. to insert between, as a day in a calendar.—adjs. Inter′calary, Inter′calar, inserted between others.—n. Intercalā′tion.—adj. Inter′calative. [L. intercalāre, -ātum—inter, between, calāre, to call. See Calends.]

Intercede, in-tėr-sēd′, v.i. and v.t. to act as peacemaker between two: to plead for one.—adj. Interced′ent.—n. Interced′er. [Fr.,—L. intercedĕre, -cessum—inter, between, cedĕre, to go.]

Intercept, in-tėr-sept′, v.t. to stop and seize on its passage: to obstruct, check: to interrupt communication with: to cut off: (math.) to take or comprehend between.—ns. Intercep′ter, Intercep′tor; Intercep′tion.—adj. Intercep′tive. [Fr.,—L. intercipĕre, -ceptum—inter, between, capĕre, to seize.]

Intercerebral, in-tėr-ser′e-bral, adj. connecting two parts of the brain.

Intercession, in-tėr-sesh′un, n. act of interceding or pleading for another.—adj. Intercess′ional, containing intercession or pleading for others.—n. Intercess′or, one who goes between: one who reconciles two enemies: one who pleads for another: a bishop who acts during a vacancy in a see.—adjs. Intercessō′rial, Intercess′ory, interceding.—Intercession of saints, prayer offered in behalf of Christians on earth by saints. [See Intercede.]

Interchange, in-tėr-chānj′, v.t. to give and take mutually: to exchange.—v.i. to succeed alternately.—n. mutual exchange: alternate succession.—adj. Interchange′able, that may be interchanged: following each other in alternate succession.—ns. Interchange′ableness, Interchangeabil′ity.—adv. Interchange′ably.—ns. Interchange′ment (Shak.), exchange, mutual transfer; Interchang′er.

Intercipient, in-tėr-sip′i-ent, adj. intercepting.—n. the person or thing that intercepts. [L. intercipiens, -entis, pr.p. of intercipĕre.]

Interclavicular, in-tėr-klā-vik′ū-lar, adj. situated between clavicles.

Interclude, in-tėr-klōōd′, v.t. to shut out from anything by something coming between: to intercept: to cut off.—n. Interclu′sion. [L. intercludĕre—inter, between, claudĕre, to shut.]

Intercolonial, in-tėr-kol-ō′ni-al, adj. pertaining to the relation existing between colonies.—adv. Intercolō′nially.

Intercolumniation, in-tėr-ko-lum-ni-ā′shun, n. (archit.) the distance between columns, measured from the lower part of their shafts.—adj. Intercolum′nar, placed between columns.

Intercommune, in-tėr-kom-ūn′, v.i. to commune between or together: to hold intercourse.—adj. Intercommun′icable, that may be communicated between or mutually.—v.t. Intercommun′icāte, to communicate between or mutually.—ns. Intercommunicā′tion; Intercommun′ion, communion between, or mutual communion; Intercommun′ity, mutual communication: reciprocal intercourse.—Letters of intercommuning, an ancient writ issued by the Scotch Privy Council warning persons not to harbour or have any communication with persons therein denounced, under pain of being held accessory to their crimes—a special form of boycott.

Interconnect, in-tėr-ko-nekt′, v.t. to connect or enjoin mutually and intimately.—n. Interconnec′tion.

Intercontinental, in-tėr-kon-ti-nen′tal, adj. subsisting between different continents.

Intercourse, in′tėr-kōrs, n. connection by dealings: communication: commerce: communion: coition. [O. Fr. entrecours—L. intercursus, a running between—inter, between, currĕre, cursum, to run.]

Intercross, in-tėr-kros′, v.t. and v.i. to cross mutually: interbreed.

Intercurrent, in-tėr-kur′ent, adj. running between: intervening.—n. Intercurr′ence. [O. Fr.,—L. inter, between, currĕre, to run.]

Interdependence, in-tėr-de-pend-ens, n. mutual dependence: dependence of parts one on another.—adj. Interdepend′ent.

Interdict, in-tėr-dikt′, v.t. to. prohibit: to forbid: to forbid communion.—n. (in′tėr-dikt) prohibition: a prohibitory decree: a prohibition of the Pope restraining the clergy from performing divine service.—n. Interdic′tion.—adjs. Interdic′tive, Interdic′tory, containing interdiction: prohibitory. [L. interdicĕre, -dictum—inter, between, dicĕre, to say.]

Interdigital, in-tėr-dij′i-tal, adj. situated between digits.—v.t. Interdig′itate, to insert between the fingers.—v.i. to be interwoven, to interlock by finger-like processes.—n. Interdigitā′tion.

Interest, in′tėr-est, n. advantage: premium paid for the use of money (in Compound interest, the interest of each period is added to its principal, and the amount forms a new principal for the next period): any increase: concern: special attention: influence over others: share: participation.—n. (Spens.) In′teress, interest, concern.—v.t. to concern deeply.—Equitable interest, such interest as is protected by courts of equity, although it might not be at common law; Landed interest (see Landed); Vested interest, an interest thoroughly secure and inalienable, except for public use and upon compensation.—Make interest for, to secure interest on behalf of. [O. Fr. interest (Fr. intérêt)—L. interest, it is profitable, it concerns—inter, between, esse, to be.]

Interest, in′tėr-est, v.t. to engage the attention: to awaken concern in: to excite (in behalf of another).—adj. In′terested, having an interest or concern: affected or biassed by personal considerations, self-interest, &c.—adv. In′terestedly.—n. In′terestedness.—adj. In′teresting, engaging the attention or regard: exciting emotion or passion.—adv. In′terestingly.—n. In′terestingness.—In an interesting condition, in the family way. [From obs. interess—O. Fr. interesser, to concern—L. interesse.]

Interfacial, in-tėr-fā′shal, adj. (geom.) included between two plane faces or surfaces.—n. Interface′, a plane surface regarded as the common boundary of two bodies.

Interfemoral, in-tėr-fem′o-ral, adj. situated between the thighs, connecting the hind limbs.

Interfere, in-tėr-fēr′, v.i. to come in collision: to intermeddle: to interpose: to act reciprocally—said of waves, rays of light, &c.—ns. Interfer′ence; Interfer′er.—adv. Interfer′ingly. [Through O. Fr., from L. inter, between, ferīre, to strike.]

Interfluent, in-tėr′flōō-ent, adj. flowing between or together—also Inter′fluous. [L. interfluens—inter, between, fluĕre, to flow.]

Interfoliaceous, in-tėr-fō-li-ā′shus, adj. placed between leaves.—v.t. Interfō′liate, to interleave.

Interfrontal, in-tėr-fron′tal, adj. situated between the right and left frontal bones.

Interfused, in-tėr-fūzd′, adj. poured between: fused together: associated.—n. Interfū′sion.

Interglacial, in-tėr-glā′shi-al, adj. (geol.) occurring between two periods of glacial action.

Intergrade, in-tėr-grād′, v.i. to become alike gradually.—n. In′tergrade, an intermediate grade.

Interhemal, in-tėr-hē′mal, adj. between the hemal processes or spines.

Interim, in′tėr-im, n. time between or intervening: the meantime: in the history of the Reformation, the name given to certain edicts of the German emperor for the regulation of religious and ecclesiastical matters, till they could be decided by a general council—as the Augsburg Interim (1548), &c. [L.,—inter, between.]

Interior, in-tē′ri-ur, adj. inner: remote from the frontier or coast: inland.—n. the inside of anything: the inland part of a country.—n. Interior′ity.—adv. Intē′riorly. [L.,—comp. of interus, inward.]

Interjacent, in-tėr-jā′sent, adj. lying between: intervening.—n. Interjā′cency, a lying between: a space or region between others. [L. inter, between, jacēre, to lie.]

Interjaculate, in-tėr-jak′ū-lāt, v.i. to interrupt conversation with an ejaculation.

Interject, in-tėr-jekt′, v.t. to throw between: to insert.—v.i. to throw one's self between.—n. Interjec′tion, a throwing between: (gram.) a word thrown in to express emotion.—adjs. Interjec′tional, Interjec′tionary, Interjec′tural.—adv. Interjec′tionally. [L. inter, between, jacĕre, to throw.]

Interjoin, in-tėr-join′, v.t. (Shak.) to join mutually, to intermarry.

Interlace, in-tėr-lās′, v.t. to lace together: to unite: to insert one thing within another.—v.i. to intermix.—n. Interlace′ment.—Interlacing arches (archit.), an arcature in which the arches intersect.

Interlard, in-tėr-lärd′, v.t. to mix in, as fat with lean: to diversify by mixture.

Interleave, in-tėr-lēv′, v.t. to put a leaf between: to insert blank leaves in a book.

Interline, in-tėr-līn′, v.t. to write in alternate lines: to write between lines.—adj. Interlin′ear, written between lines.—ns. Interlineā′tion, Interlīn′ing, act of interlining: that which is interlined: correction or alteration made by writing between lines.

Interlock, in-tėr-lok′, v.t. to lock or clasp together.—v.i. to be locked together.

Interlocution, in-tėr-lo-kū′shun, n. conference: an intermediate decree before final decision.—n. Interloc′utor, one who speaks between or in dialogue (fem. Interloc′utress, Interloc′utrice): (Scots law) an intermediate decree before final decision.—adj. Interloc′utory. [Fr.,—L. interlocutio, from interloqui—inter, between, loqui, locutus, to speak.]

Interloper, in-tėr-lōp′ėr, n. one who trades without license: an intruder.—v.i. and v.t. Interlope′, to intrude into any matter in which one has no fair concern. [Dut. enterlooper, a smuggling vessel, as running in and out along the coast—L. inter, between, Dut. loopen, to run. See Leap.]

Interlude, in′tėr-lōōd, n. a short dramatic performance or play between the play and afterpiece, or between the acts of a play: a short piece of music played between the parts of a drama, opera, hymn, &c.—adj. Interlud′ed, inserted as an interlude: having interludes. [From L. inter, between, ludus, play.]

Interlunar, in-tėr-lōō′nar, adj. belonging to the moon's monthly period of invisibility.—Also Interlu′nary.

Intermarry, in-tėr-mar′i, v.i. to marry between or among: to marry reciprocally, or take one and give another in marriage.—n. Intermarr′iage.

Intermaxillary, in-tėr-maks′il-ar-i, adj. situated between the jawbones.

Intermeddle, in-tėr-med′l, v.i. to meddle with: to interfere improperly.—n. Intermedd′ler.

Intermediate, in-tėr-mē′di-āt, adj. in the middle between: intervening—also Intermē′diary, Intermē′dial.—ns. Intermē′diacy, state of being intermediate; Intermē′diary, an intermediate agent.—adv. Intermē′diately.—n. Intermediā′tion, act of intermediating; Intermē′dium, a medium between: an intervening agent or instrument.

Intermezzo, in-tėr-med′zō, n. a light dramatic entertainment between the acts of a tragedy, grand opera, &c.: a short musical burlesque, &c. [It.]

Interminable, in-tėr′min-a-bl, Interminate, in-tėr′min-āt, adj. without termination or limit: boundless: endless.—n. Inter′minableness.—adv. Inter′minably.—Interminate decimal, a decimal conceived as carried to an infinity of places.

Intermingle, in-tėr-ming′gl, v.t. and v.i. to mingle or mix together.

Intermit, in-tėr-mit′, v.t. to cause to cease for a time: to interrupt.—n. Intermiss′ion, act of intermitting: interval: pause.—adj. Intermiss′ive, coming at intervals.—ns. Intermit′tence, Intermit′tency, state of being intermittent.—adj. Intermit′tent, intermitting or ceasing at intervals, as a fever.—adv. Intermit′tingly.—Intermittent, or Intermitting, spring, a spring flowing for a time and then ceasing, beginning again, &c. [L. intermittĕre, -missum—inter, between, mittĕre, to cause to go.]

Intermix, in-tėr-miks′, v.t. and v.i. to mix among or together.—n. Intermix′ture, a mass formed by mixture: something intermixed.

Intermobility, in-tėr-mo-bil′i-ti, n. capacity of things to move among themselves.

Intern, in-tėrn′, adj. internal.—n. an inmate of a school, an assistant surgeon or physician in a hospital.—Also Interne′.

Intern, in-tėrn′, v.t. to send into the interior of a country: to immure in an interior locality without permission to leave the district.—n. Intern′ment, state of being confined in the interior of a country. [Fr. interner. See Internal.]

Internal, in-tėr′nal, adj. being in the interior: domestic, as opposed to foreign: intrinsic: pertaining to the heart:—opp. to External.—n. Internal′ity.—adv. Inter′nally.—Internal evidence, evidence with regard to a thing, subject, book, &c. afforded by its intrinsic qualities. [L. internus—-inter, within.]

International, in-tėr-nash′un-al, adj. pertaining to the relations between nations.—n. a short-lived association formed in London in 1864 to unite the working classes of all countries in efforts for their economic emancipation.—adv. Internat′ionally.

Internecine, in-tėr-nē′sīn, adj. mutually destructive: deadly.—Also Internē′cive. [L. internecāre—inter, between, necāre, to kill.]

Interneural, in-tėr-nū′ral, adj. (anat.) situated between the neural spines or spinous processes of successive vertebræ.

Internode, in′tėr-nōd, n. (bot.) the space between two nodes or points of the stem from which the leaves arise.—adj. Internō′dial. [L. internodium—inter, between, nodus, a knot.]

Internuncio, in-tėr-nun′shi-ō, n. a messenger between two parties: the Pope's representative at minor courts.—adj. Internun′cial. [Sp.,—L. internuntius—inter, between, nuntius, a messenger.]

Interorbital, in-tėr-or′bi-tal, adj. situated between the orbits of the eyes.

Interosculation, in-tėr-os′kū-lā-shun, n. interconnection by, or as if by, osculation.—adj. Interos′culant.—v.t. Interos′culāte.

Interosseous, in-tėr-os′e-us, adj. situated between bones.—Also Inteross′eal.

Interparietal, in-tėr-pa-rī′e-tal, adj. situated between the right and left parietal bones of the skull.

Interpellation, in-tėr-pel-ā′shun, n. a question raised during the course of a debate: interruption: intercession: a summons: an earnest address.—v.t. Inter′pellate, to question. [Fr.,—L.,—interpellāre, -ātum, to disturb by speaking—inter, between, pellĕre, to drive.]

Interpenetrate, in-tėr-pen′e-trāt, v.t. to penetrate between or within.—n. Interpenetrā′tion.

Interpetiolar, in-tėr-pet′i-ō-lar, adj. (bot.) between the petioles.

Interphalangeal, in-tėr-fa-lan′jē-al, adj. situated between any successive phalanges of a finger or toe: nodal, of a digit.

Interpilaster, in-tėr-pi-las′tėr, n. (archit.) space between two pilasters.

Interplay, in′tėr-plā, n. mutual action: interchange of action and reaction.

Interplead, in-tėr-plēd′, v.i. (law) to discuss adverse claims to property by bill of interpleader.—n. Interplead′er, one who interpleads: a form of process in the English courts, by a bill in equity, intended to protect a defendant who claims no interest in the subject-matter of a suit, while at the same time he has reason to know that the plaintiff's title is disputed by some other claimant.

Interpledge, in-tėr-plej′, v.t. to pledge mutually: to give and take a pledge.

Intrepleural, in-tėr-plōō′ral, adj. situated between the right and left pleural cavities.

Interpolar, in-tėr-pō′lar, adj. situated between or connecting the poles, as of a galvanic battery.

Interpolate, in-tėr′po-lāt, v.t. to insert unfairly, as a spurious word or passage in a book or manuscript, to foist in: to corrupt: (math.) to fill up the intermediate terms of a series.—adj. Inter′polable.—ns. Interpolā′tion; Inter′polator. [L. interpolāre, -ātum—inter, between, polīre, to polish.]

Interpose, in-tėr-pōz′, v.t. to place between: to thrust in: to offer, as aid or services.—v.i. to come between: to mediate: to put in by way of interruption: to interfere.—ns. Interpos′al, same as Interposition; Interpos′er; Interpos′it, a place of deposit between two cities or countries; Interposi′tion, act of interposing: intervention: anything interposed. [Fr.,—L. inter, between, Fr. poser, to place.]

Interpret, in-tėr′pret, v.t. to explain the meaning of, to elucidate, unfold, show the purport of: to translate into intelligible or familiar terms.—v.i. to practise interpretation.—adj. Inter′pretable, capable of being explained.—n. Interpretā′tion, act of interpreting: the sense given by an interpreter: the power of explaining: the representation of a dramatic part according to one's conception of it.—adj. Interpretā′tive, collected by or containing interpretation.—adv. Inter′pretātively.—n. Inter′preter, one who explains between two parties: an expounder: a translator. [Fr.,—L. interprerāri, -ātus—interpres, inter, between, -pres, prob. conn. with Gr. phrasis, speech.]

Interprovincial, in-tėr-prō-vin′shal, adj. existing between provinces.

Interpubic, in-tėr-pū′bik, adj. situated between the right and left pubic bones.

Interpunction, in-tėr-pungk′shun, n. the places of points or stops in writing, intermediate punctuation.—Also Interpunctuā′tion.

Interracial, in-tėr-rā′si-al, adj. existing or taking place between races.

Interrradial, in-tėr-rā′di-al, adj. situated between the radii or rays.—adv. Interrā′dially.—n. Interrā′dius, an interradial part, esp. of a hydrozoan.

Interramal, in-tėr-rā′mal, adj. situated between the rami or forks of the lower jaw.

Interregnum, in-tėr-reg′num, n. the time between two reigns: the time between the cessation of one and the establishment of another government: any breach of continuity in order, &c.—n. In′terreign (Bacon). [L. inter, between, regnum, rule.]

Interrelation, in-tėr-rē-lā′shun, n. reciprocal relation, interconnection.—-n. Interrelā′tionship.

Interrex, in′tėr-reks, n. one who rules during an interregnum: a regent. [L. inter, between, rex, a king.]

Interrogate, in-tėr′o-gāt, v.t. to question: to examine by asking questions.—v.i. to ask questions: to inquire.—n. Interrogā′tion, act of interrogating: a question put: the mark placed after a question (?).—adj. Interrog′ative, denoting a question: expressed as a question.—n. a word used in asking a question.—adv. Interrog′atively.—ns. Interr′ogator; Interrog′atory, a question or inquiry.—adj. expressing a question. [L. interrogāre, -ātum—inter, between, rogāre, to ask.]

Interrupt, in-tėr-rupt′, v.t. to break in between: to stop or hinder by breaking in upon: to divide: to break continuity.—adj. (Milt.) gaping apart.—adv. Interrup′tedly, with interruptions.—ns. Interrup′ter, Interrup′tor; Interrup′tion, act of interrupting: hinderance: cessation.—adj. Interrup′tive, tending to interrupt.—adv. Interrup′tively. [L. interrumpĕre—inter, between, rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Interscapular, in-tėr-ska′pū-lar, adj. (anat.) between the shoulder-blades.

Interscribe, in-tėr-skrīb′, v.t. to write between. [L. interscribĕre—inter, between, scribĕre, to write.]

Intersect, in-tėr-sekt′, v.t. to cut between or asunder: to cut or cross mutually: to divide into parts.—v.i. to cross each other.—n. Intersec′tion, intersecting: (geom.) the point or line in which two lines or two planes cut each other.—adj. Intersec′tional. [L. inter, between, secāre, sectum, to cut.]

Intersegmental, in-tėr-seg′men-tal, adj. pertaining to two or more segments, situated between segments.

Intersidereal, in-tėr-sī-dē′re-al, adj. situated between or among the stars.

Interspace, in′tėr-spās, n. a space between objects, an interval.—v.t. to occupy the space between.—adj. Interspā′tial.—adv. Interspā′tially.

Intersperse, in-tėr-spėrs′, v.t. to scatter or set here and there.—n. Intersper′sion. [L. interspergĕre, -spersum—inter, among, spargĕre, to scatter.]

Interspinous, in-tėr-spī′nus, adj. situated between spines.—Also Interspī′nal.

Interstate, in′tėr-stāt, adj. existing between different states or persons therein.

Interstellar, in-tėr-stel′ar, adj. situated beyond the solar system or among the stars: in the intervals between the stars.—Also Interstell′ary. [L. inter, between, stella, a star.]

Interstice, in′tėr-stis, or in-tėr′stis, n. a small space between things closely set, or between the parts which compose a body.—adj. Interstit′ial. [Fr.,—L.,—inter, between, sistĕre, stitum, to stand.]

Interstratification, in-tėr-strat-i-fi-kā′shun, n. the state of lying between other strata.—adj. Interstrat′ified, stratified between other bodies.—v.i. Interstrat′ify.

Intertentacular, in-tėr-ten-tak′ū-lar, adj. situated between tentacles.

Intertergal, in-tėr-tėr′gal, adj. situated between the terga or tergites of an arthropod.

Interterritorial, in-tėr-ter-ri-tō′ri-al, adj. between territories or their inhabitants.

Intertidal, in-tėr-tī′dal, adj. living between low-water and high-water mark.

Intertie, in′tėr-tī, n. (archit.) in roofing, &c., a short timber binding together upright posts.

Intertraffic, in-tėr-traf′ik, n. traffic between two or more persons or places.

Intertransverse, in-tėr-trans′vėrs, adj. between the transverse processes of successive vertebræ.

Intertribal, in-tėr-trī′bal, adj. existing or taking place between tribes.

Intertrigo, in-tėr-trī′gō, n. an inflammation of the skin from chafing or rubbing. [L. inter, between, terĕre, tritum, to rub.]

Intertwine, in-tėr-twīn′, v.t. to twine or twist together.—v.i. to be twisted together: to become mutually involved.—adv. Intertwīn′ingly.

Intertwist, in-tėr-twist′, v.t. to twist together.—adv. Intertwist′ingly.

Interval, in′tėr-val, n. time or space between: any dividing tract in space or time: (mus.) the difference of pitch between any two musical tones.—n. In′tervāle (U.S.), a level tract along a river.—adj. Interval′lic—n. Interval′lum, an interval. [Fr.,—L. intervallum—inter, between, vallum, a rampart.]

Intervene, in-tėr-vēn′, v.i. to come or be between: to occur between points of time: to happen so as to interrupt: to interpose.—v.t. (rare) to separate.—adj. Interven′ient, being or passing between: intervening.—ns. Interven′tion, intervening: interference: mediation: interposition; Interven′tionist, one who advocates interference with the course of disease rather than leaving it to nature; Interven′tor, a mediator in ecclesiastical controversies: (U.S.) a mine-inspector. [Fr.,—L. inter, between, venīre, to come.]

Interventricular, in-tėr-ven-trik′ū-lar, adj. situated between ventricles, as those of the heart or brain.

Intervertebral, in-tėr-vėr′te-bral, adj. situated between two successive vertebræ.

Interview, in′tėr-vū, n. a mutual view or sight: a meeting: a conference: a visit to a notable or notorious person with a view to publishing a report of his conversation—v.t. to visit with this purpose.—n. In′terviewer, one who visits another for this purpose. [O. Fr. entrevue—entre, between, voir, to see.]

Intervital, in-tėr-vī′tal, adj. between lives, between death and resurrection.

Intervolve, in-tėr-volv′, v.t. to involve or comprise one within another. [L. inter, within, volvĕre, to roll.]

Interwork, in-tėr-wurk′, v.i. to work together: to work intermediately.—p.adj. Interwrought′.

Intestate, in-tes′tāt, adj. dying without having made a valid will: not disposed of by will.—n. a person who dies without making a valid will.—adj. Intes′table, legally unqualified to make a will.—n. Intes′tacy, the state of one dying without having made a valid will. [L. intestātus—in, not, testāri, -atus, to make a will.]

Intestine, in-tes′tin, adj. internal: contained in the animal body: domestic: not foreign.—n.pl. a part of the digestive system, divided into the smaller intestine (comprising duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and the greater intestine.—adj. Intes′tinal, pertaining to the intestines of an animal body. [Fr.,—L. intestinus—intus, within.]

Intimate, in′ti-māt, adj. innermost: internal: close: closely acquainted: familiar.—n. a familiar friend: an associate.—v.t. to hint: to announce.—n. In′timacy, state of being intimate: close familiarity.—adv. In′timately.—n. Intimā′tion, obscure notice: hint: announcement. [L. intimāre, ātum—intimus, innermost—intus, within.]

Intimidate, in-tim′i-dāt, v.t. to make timid or fearful: to dispirit.—n. Intimidā′tion, act of intimidating: use of violence or threats to influence the conduct or compel the consent of another: state of being intimidated.—adj. Intim′idatory.

Intinction, in-tingk′shun, n. an Eastern mode of administering both elements of communion at once by dipping the bread into the wine, usually by the cochlear or eucharistic spoon. [Low L.,—L. intingĕre, intinctum, to dip in.]

Intitule, in-tit′ūl, same as Entitle.—Intituled, intit′ūld, same as Entitled.

Into, in′tōō, prep. noting passage inwards: noting the passage of a thing from one state to another: (B.) often used for unto.

Intolerable, in-tol′ėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be endured.—n. Intol′erableness.—adv. Intol′erably.—ns. Intol′erance, Intolerā′tion.—adj. Intol′erant, not able or willing to endure: not enduring difference of opinion: persecuting.—n. one opposed to toleration.—adv. Intol′erantly.

Intonate, in′ton-āt, v.i. to sound forth: to sound the notes of a musical scale: to modulate the voice.—n. Intonā′tion, act or manner of sounding musical notes: modulation of the voice: the opening phrase of any plain-song melody, sung usually either by the officiating priest alone, or by one or more selected choristers. [Low L. intonāre, -ātum—L. in tonum, according to tone.]

Intone, in-tōn′, v.i. to utter in tones: to give forth a low protracted sound.—v.t. to chant: to read (the church service) in a singing, recitative manner.—n. Intōn′ing, a modern popular term for the utterance in musical recitative of the versicles, responses, collects, &c. of the Anglican liturgy.

Intorsion, Intortion, in-tor′shun, n. a twisting, winding, or bending.—v.t. Intort′, to twist.

Intoxicate, in-toks′i-kāt, v.t. to make drunk: to excite to enthusiasm or madness.—n. Intox′icant, an intoxicating liquor.—p.adj. Intox′icāting, producing intoxication: inebriating.—n. Intoxic′ātion, state of being drunk: high excitement or elation. [Low L. intoxicāre, -ātum—toxicum—Gr. toxikon, a poison in which arrows were dipped—toxon, an arrow.]

Intra, in′tra, adv. prefix, within, as in In′tra-abdom′inal, situated within the cavity of the abdomen; In′tra-artē′rial, existing within an artery; In′tra-cap′sular, lying within a capsule; In′tra-car′diac, within the heart; In′tra-cell′ular, inside a cell; In′tra-pariē′tal, within walls, private: situated in the parietal lobe of the brain; In′tra-territō′rial, existing within a territory; In′tra-trop′ical, situated within the tropics; In′tra-ur′ban, within a city.

Intractable, in-trakt′a-bl, adj. unmanageable: obstinate.—ns. Intractabil′ity, Intract′ableness.—adv. Intract′ably.

Intrados, in-trā′dos, n. (archit.) the interior or lower line or surface of an arch or vault:—opp. to Extrados, the exterior or upper curve. [Fr.,—L. intra, within, dorsum, the back.]

Intransigent, in-tran′si-jent, adj. refusing to come to any understanding, irreconcilable.—ns. Intran′sigentism, the political practice or principles of such; Intran′sigentist, one who practises such a method of opposition, esp. a member of a revolutionary party in Spain about 1873, and of a socialistic party in France. [Fr. intransigeant—Sp. intransigente—L. in, not, transigens, pr.p. of transigĕre, to transact.]

Intransitive, in-tran′si-tiv, adj. not passing over or indicating passing over: (gram.) representing action confined to the agent.—adv. Intran′sitively.

Intransmutable, in-trans-mūt′a-bl, adj. that cannot be changed into another substance.—n. Intransmutabil′ity.

Intrant, in′trant, adj. entering: penetrating.—n. one who enters, esp. on some public duty. [L. intrans, -antis—intrāre, to enter.]

Intreat, in-trēt′, v.t. (Spens.) same as Entreat.—adj. Intreat′ful (Spens.), full of entreaty.

Intrenchant, in-trensh′ant, adj. (Shak.) not to be cut or wounded, indivisible.

Intrepid, in-trep′id, adj. without trepidation or fear: undaunted: brave.—n. Intrepid′ity, firm, unshaken courage.—adv. Intrep′idly. [L. intrepidus—in, not, trepidus, alarmed.]

Intricate, in′tri-kāt, adj. involved: entangled: perplexed.—ns. In′tricacy, In′tricateness.—adv. In′tricately. [L. intricātus—in, in, tricāre, to make difficulties—tricæ, hinderances.]

Intrigue, in-trēg′, n. a complex plot: a private or party scheme: the plot of a play or romance: secret illicit love.—v.i. to form a plot or scheme: to carry on illicit love:—pr.p. intrigu′ing; pa.p. intrigued′.—ns. In′trigant, Intrig′uer, one who intrigues, or pursues an object by secret artifices. [Fr. intriguer—intricāre. See Intricate.]

Intrinsic, -al, in-trin′sik, -al, p.adj. inward: genuine: inherent: essential, belonging to the point at issue: (anat.) applied to those muscles of the limbs entirely contained within the anatomical limits of the limb.—n. Intrinsical′ity.—adv. Intrin′sically.—n. Intrin′sicalness, the quality of being intrinsical: genuineness. [Fr.,—L. intrinsecus—intra, within, secus, following.]

Introcession, in-tro-sesh′un, n. (med.) a sinking of any part inwards: depression. [L. intro, inwardly, cedĕre, cessum, to go.]

Introduce, in-tro-dūs′, v.t. to lead or bring in: to conduct into a place: formally to make known or acquainted: to bring into notice or practice: to commence: to preface.—n. Introduc′tion, act of conducting into: act of making persons known to each other: act of bringing into notice or practice: preliminary matter to the main thoughts of a book: (mus.) a kind of preface or prelude to a following movement: a treatise introductory to a science or course of study.—adjs. Introduc′tory, Introduc′tive, serving to introduce: preliminary: prefatory.—adv. Introduc′torily. [L. introducĕre, -ductum—intro, within, ducĕre, to lead.]

Introit, in-trō′it, n. an anthem sung at the beginning of the mass, immediately after the Confiteor, and when the priest has ascended to the altar. [L. introitus—introīre—intro, within, īre, itum, to go.]

Intromit, in-tro-mit′, v.t. to send within: to admit: to permit to enter.—v.i. to interfere with the effects of another:—pr.p. intromit′ting; pa.p. intromit′ted.—ns. Intromiss′ion, sending within or into: (Scots law) the assumption of authority to deal with another's property—legal, where the party is expressly or impliedly authorised, either by judgment or deed, to interfere, as by drawing the rents or getting in debts—vicious, where an heir or next of kin, without any authority, interferes with a deceased person's estate; Intromit′ter, one who intromits. [L. intro, within, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Introrse, in-trors′, adj. turned or facing inward.—adv. Introrse′ly. [L. introrsus, toward the middle.]

Introspect, in-tro-spekt′, v.t. to look into anything.—v.i. to practise introspection.—ns. Introspec′tion, a sight of the inside or interior: the act of directly observing the processes of one's own mind, self-examination; Introspec′tionist.—adj. Introspec′tive. [L. intro, within, specĕre, to see.]

Introsusception, in-tro-su-sep′shun, n. the act of taking in, as nourishment. [L. intro, within, susception-em, suscipĕre.]

Introvert, in-tro-vėrt′, v.t. to turn inward.—n. anything introverted.—n. Introver′sion.—adj. Introver′sive. [L. intro, within, vertĕre, to turn.]

Intrude, in-trōōd′, v.i. to thrust one's self in: to enter uninvited or unwelcome.—v.t. to force in.—ns. Intrud′er; Intru′sion, act of intruding or of entering into a place without welcome or invitation: encroachment: a pushing in, an abnormal irruption, esp. in geology, of such rocks as have come up from below into another rock or series of beds; Intru′sionist, one who intrudes, esp. one of those who, before the Scotch Disruption of 1843, refused a parish the right of objecting to the settlement of an obnoxious minister by a patron:—opp. to Non-intrusionist.—adj. Intru′sive, tending or apt to intrude: entering without welcome or right.—adv. Intru′sively.—n. Intru′siveness. [L. in, in, trudĕre, trusum, to thrust.]

Intuition, in-tū-ish′un, n. the power of the mind by which it immediately perceives the truth of things without reasoning or analysis: a truth so perceived, immediate knowledge in contrast with mediate.—v.t. and v.i. In′tuit, to know intuitively.—adj. Intuit′ional.—ns. Intuit′ionalism, the doctrine that the perception of truth is by intuition; Intuit′ionalist.—adj. Intū′itive, perceived or perceiving by intuition: received or known by simple inspection.—adv. Intū′itively.—n. Intū′itivism. [L. in, into or upon, tuēri, tuitus, to look.]

Intumescence, in-tū-mes′ens, n. the action of swelling: a swelling: a tumid state.—v.i. Intumesce′, to swell up. [Fr.,—L. in, in, tumēre, to swell.]

Inturbidate, in-tur′bi-dāt, v.t. to render turbid. [L. in, in, turbidāre, -ātum, to trouble.]

Intuse, in′tūs, n. (Spens.) a bruise. [L. in, in, tundĕre, tusum, to bruise.]

Intussusception, in-tus-su-sep′shun, n. the partial displacement of the bowel in which one portion of it passes into the portion immediately adjacent to it—also called Invagination.—v.t. In′tussuscept, to take into the interior.—adjs. Intussuscep′ted; Intussuscep′tive. [L. intus, within, susception-em—suscipĕre, to take up.]

Inulin, in′ū-lin, n. a starch-like product used in medicine, obtained principally from the roots of the plant Inula or Elecampane. [Prob. Gr. helenion.]

Inumbrate, in-um′brāt, v.t. to cast a shadow upon: to shade. [L. inumbrāre, -ātum—in, in, umbrāre, to shade—umbra, a shadow.]

Inunction, in-ungk′shun, n. the act of anointing, the process of rubbing into the skin, as an ointment or liniment.—n. Inunctuos′ity, absence of oiliness.

Inundate, in-un′dāt, or in′-, v.t. to flow upon or over in waves (said of water): to flood: to fill with an overflowing abundance.—adj. Inun′dant, overflowing.—n. Inundā′tion, act of inundating: a flood: an overflowing. [L.,—inundāre, -ātum—in, in, undāre, to rise in waves—unda, a wave.]

Inurbane, in-ur-bān′, adj. not urbane, unpolished.—adv. Inurbane′ly.—n. Inurban′ity.

Inure, in-ūr′, v.t. to use or practise habitually: to accustom: to harden.—v.i. (law) to come into use or effect: to serve to the use or benefit of.—n. Inure′ment, act of inuring: practice. [From in and ure—O. Fr. eure (Fr. œuvre, work)—L. opera, work; the same word ure is found in manure (q.v.).]

Inutility, in-ū-til′i-ti, n. want of utility: uselessness: unprofitableness: something useless.

Invade, in-vād′, v.t. to enter a country as an enemy: to attack: to encroach upon: to violate: to seize or fall upon.—ns. Invad′er; Invā′sion, the act of invading: an attack: an incursion: an attack on the rights of another: an encroachment: a violation.—adj. Invā′sive, making invasion: aggressive: infringing another's rights. [Fr.,—L. invadĕre, invasum—in, in, vadĕre, to go.]

Invagination, in-vaj-i-nā′shun, n. intussusception. [L. in, not, vagina, a sheath.]

Invalid, in-val′id, adj. without value, weight, or cogency: having no effect: void: null.—adj. In′valid, deficient in health, sick, weak.—n. one who is weak: a sickly person: one disabled for active service, esp. a soldier or sailor.—v.t. to make invalid or affect with disease: to enrol on the list of invalids.—v.t. Inval′idāte, to render invalid: to weaken or destroy the force of.—ns. Invalidā′tion; In′validhood, In′validism; In′validing, the return home, or to a more healthy climate, of soldiers or sailors who have been rendered incapable of active duty by wounds or the severity of foreign service; Invalid′ity, Inval′idness, want of cogency: want of force.

Invaluable, in-val′ū-a-bl, adj. that cannot be valued: priceless.—adv. Inval′uably.

Invariable, in-vā′ri-a-bl, adj. not variable: without variation or change: unalterable: constantly in the same state.—ns. Invā′riableness, Invariabil′ity, the quality of being invariable or unchangeable.—adv. Invā′riably.

Invected, in-vek′ted, adj. (her.) having a border-line of small convex or outer curves:—opp. to Engrailed, of a line, or the edge of a bearing. [L. invectus, invehĕre, to enter.]

Invective, in-vek′tiv, n. a severe or reproachful accusation brought against any one: an attack with words: a violent utterance of censure: sarcasm, or satire.—adj. railing: abusive: satirical.—adv. Invec′tively, by invective: satirically: sarcastically. [See Inveigh.]

Inveigh, in-vā′, v.i. to attack with words: to rail against: to revile. [L. invehĕre, invectum—in, in, vehĕre, to carry.]

Inveigle, in-vē′gl, v.t. to entice: to seduce: to wheedle.—ns. Invei′glement, an enticing: an enticement—older forms Invea′gle, Envei′gle; Invei′gler. [Ety. dub.; prob. a corr. of O. Fr. enveogler (Fr. aveugle, blind)—L. ab, without, oculus, the eye.]

Invent, in-vent′, v.t. to devise or contrive: to make: to frame: to fabricate: to forge.—adj. Inven′tible.—n. Inven′tion, that which is invented: contrivance: a deceit: power or faculty of inventing: ability displayed by any invention or effort of the imagination.—adj. Inven′tive, able to invent: ready in contrivance.—adv. Inven′tively.—ns. Inven′tiveness; Inven′tor, Inven′ter, one who invents or finds out something new:—fem. Inven′tress.—Invention of the Cross, a festival observed on May 3, in commemoration of the alleged discovery of the true cross at Jerusalem in 326 by Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. [Fr.,—L. invenīre, inventum—in, upon, venīre, to come.]

Inventory, in′ven-tor-i, n. a list or schedule of articles comprised in an estate, describing each article separately and precisely so as to show of what the estate consists.—v.t. to make an inventory of.—adj. Inventō′rial.—adv. Inventō′rially. [Fr. inventaire—L. inventarium, a list of things found.]

Inverness-cape, in-vėr-nes′-kāp, n. a form of overcoat with cape or tippet—named from Inverness.

Inverse, in-vėrs′, adj. inverted: in the reverse or contrary order: opposite, inverted—opp. to Direct: (math.) opposite in effect, of one operation that annuls the effect of another, as subtraction to addition, &c.—n. an inverted state, a direct opposite.—adv. Inverse′ly.—n. Inver′sion, the act of inverting: the state of being inverted: a change of order or position.—adj. Inver′sive.

Invert, in-vėrt′, v.t. to turn in or about: to turn upside down: to reverse: to change the customary order or position.—n. (archit.) an inverted arch or vault, as the floor of a sewer, &c.—adj. Inver′ted, turned upside down: reversed: (geol.) denoting strata that appear to have been reversed or folded back by upheaval.—adv. Inver′tedly, in an inverted or contrary manner.—Inverted arch, an arch with its curve turned downwards, as in a sewer. [L. invertĕre, inversum—in, in, vertĕre, to turn.]

Invertebral, in-vėrt′e-bral, Invertebrate, in-vėrt′ebrāt, adj. without a vertebral column or backbone: weak, irresolute.—n.pl. Invertebrā′ta, a collective name for those animals which agree in not exhibiting the characteristics of vertebrates.—n. Inver′tebrate, an animal destitute of a skull and vertebral column.

Invest, in-vest′, v.t. to put vesture on, to dress: to confer or give: to place in office or authority: to adorn: to surround: to block up: to lay siege to: to place: as property in business: to lay out money on.—adj. Inves′titive.—ns. Inves′titure, in feudal and ecclesiastical history, the act of giving corporal possession of a manor, office, or benefice, accompanied by a certain ceremonial, such as the delivery of a branch, a banner, &c., to signify the authority which it is supposed to convey; Invest′ment, the act of investing: a blockade: the act of surrounding or besieging: laying out money on: any placing of money to secure income or profit: that in which anything is invested: (Shak.) clothing; Inves′tor, one who invests. [L. investīre, -ītum—in, on, vestīre, to clothe.]

Investigate, in-vest′i-gāt, v.t. to search into: to inquire into with care and accuracy.—adj. Invest′igable, able to be investigated.—n. Investigā′tion, act of examining into: research: study.—adjs. Invest′igātive, Invest′igātory, promoting or given to investigation.—n. Invest′igātor, one who investigates. [L. investigāre, -ātum—in, in, vestigāre, to track.]

Inveterate, in-vet′ėr-āt, adj. firmly established by long continuance: deep-rooted, confirmed in any habit: violent.—adv. Invet′erately.—ns. Invet′erateness, Invet′eracy, firmness produced by long use or continuance. [L. inveterāre, -ātum, to grow old—in, in, vetus, veteris, old.]

Invidious, in-vid′i-us, adj. likely to incur or provoke ill-will: likely to excite envy, enviable: offensively discriminating.—adv. Invid′iously.—n. Invid′iousness. [L. invidiosus—invidia, envy.]

Invigorate, in-vig′or-āt, v.t. to give vigour to: to strengthen: to animate.—ns. Invigorā′tion, the act or state of being invigorated; Invig′orator, something that invigorates.

Invincible, in-vin′si-bl, adj. that cannot be overcome: insuperable.—ns. Invin′cibleness, Invincibil′ity.—adv. Invin′cibly.—Invincible ignorance (see Ignorance).—The Invincible Doctor, William of Occam (c. 1280-1349).

Inviolable, in-vī′ōl-a-bl, adj. that cannot be profaned: that cannot be injured.—ns. Inviolabil′ity, Invī′olableness, the quality of being inviolable.—adv. Invī′olably.—adjs. Invī′olāte, -d, not violated: unprofaned: uninjured.—adv. Invī′olātely, without violation.—n. Invī′olāteness, the quality of being inviolate.

Invisible, in-viz′i-bl, adj. not visible or capable of being seen—(Shak.) Invised′.—ns. Invisibil′ity, Invis′ibleness.—adv. Invis′ibly.—Invisible Church (see Visible); Invisible green, a shade of green so dark as to be almost black; Invisible ink (see Ink).

Invite, in-vīt′, v.t. to ask: to summon: to allure: to attract.—v.i. to ask in invitation.—n. Invitā′tion, the act of inviting: an asking or solicitation, the written or verbal form with which a person is invited: the brief exhortation introducing the confession in the Anglican communion-office.—adj. Invit′ātory, using or containing invitation.—n. a form of invitation in worship, esp. the antiphon to the Venite or 95th Psalm.—ns. Invite′ment (Lamb), allurement, temptation; Invit′er.—p.adj. Invit′ing, alluring: attractive.—n. (Shak.) invitation.—adv. Invit′ingly, in an inviting manner.—n. Invit′ingness, attractiveness. [Fr.,—L. invitāre, -ātum.]

Invocate, in′vo-kāt, v.t. to invoke or call on solemnly or with prayer; to implore.—n. Invocā′tion, the act or the form of invocating or addressing in prayer or supplication: a call or summons, especially a judicial order: any formal invoking of the blessing of God, esp. an opening prayer in a public religious service, and the petitions in the Litany addressed to God in each person and in the Trinity.—adj. Invoc′atory, that invokes: making invocation. [See Invoke.]

Invoice, in′vois, n. a letter of advice of the despatch of goods, with particulars of their price and quantity.—v.t. to make an invoice of. [Prob. a corr. of envois, pl. of Fr. envoi.]

Invoke, in-vōk′, v.t. to call upon earnestly or solemnly: to implore assistance: to address in prayer. [Fr.,—L. invocāre, -ātum—in, on, vocāre, to call.]

Involucre, in-vol-ū′kėr, n. (bot.) a group of bracts in the form of a whorl around an expanded flower or umbel—also Involū′crum.—ns. Invol′ucel, Involucel′lum, a secondary involucre.—adjs. In′volucral, Involū′crate, having an involucre.—n. Involū′cret. [L. involucrum—involvĕre, to involve.]

Involuntary, in-vol′un-tar-i, adj. not voluntary: not having the power of will or choice: not done willingly: not chosen.—adv. Invol′untarily.—n. Invol′untariness.

Involute, in′vo-lūt, n. that which is involved or rolled inward: a curve traced by the end of a string unwinding itself from another curve.—adjs. In′volute, -d (bot.), rolled spirally inward: turned inward, of shells.—n. Involū′tion, the action of involving: state of being involved or entangled: complicated grammatical construction: (arith.) act or process of raising a quantity to any given power. [See Involve.]

Involve, in-volv′, v.t. to wrap up: to envelop: to implicate: to include: to complicate: to overwhelm: to catch: (arith.) to multiply a quantity into itself any given number of times.—n. Involve′ment, act of involving: state of being involved or entangled. [Fr.—L. involvĕre—in, upon, volvĕre, volūtum, to roll.]

Invulnerable, in-vul′nėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be wounded.—ns. Invulnerabil′ity, Invul′nerableness.—adv. Invul′nerably.

Invultuation, in-vul-tū-ā′shun, n. the act of piercing a wax or clay image of a person that he may suffer torture and die—one of the commonest methods of witchcraft. [Low L. invultuation-em—invultare, to stab the face of—L. in, in, vultus, the face.]

Inward, in′ward, adj. placed or being within: internal: seated in the mind or soul, not perceptible to the senses, as the 'inward part' of a sacrament: (B.) intimate.—n.pl. (B.) the intestines.—adv. toward the inside: toward the interior: into the mind or thoughts.—adv. In′wardly, in the parts within: in the heart: privately: toward the centre.—n. In′wardness, internal state: inner meaning or significance: (Shak.) intimacy, familiarity.—adv. In′wards, same as Inward. [A.S. inneweard (adv.).]

Inwick, in′wik, n. in curling, a stroke in which the stone rebounds from the inside edge of another stone, and then slides close to the tee.

Inwork, in-wurk′, v.t. and v.i. to work in or into.—n. In′working, energy exerted inwardly.—p.adj. In′wrought, wrought in or among other things: adorned with figures.

Iodal, ī′ō-dal, adj. n. an oily liquid compound with properties like chloral, obtained by treating iodine with alcohol and nitric acid.

Iodine, ī′o-din, n. one of the four non-metallic elements, so named from the violet colour of its vapour.—n. I′odāte, a combination of iodic acid with a salifiable base.—adj. Iod′ic, containing iodine.—n. I′odīde, a binary compound of iodine.—adj. Iodif′erous, yielding iodine.—n. I′odism, a morbid condition due to iodine.—v.t. I′odīze, to treat with iodine: to impregnate with iodine, as collodion.—n. Iod′oform, a lemon-yellow crystalline substance, having a saffron-like odour and an unpleasant iodine-like taste.—adj. Iodomet′ric (chem.), measured by iodine.—ns. I′odure, Iod′ūret, a compound of iodine with a simple base; Iod′yrite, a yellowish mineral composed of iodine and silver. [Gr. ioeidēs, violet-coloured—ion, a violet, eidos, form.]

Iolite, ī′o-līt, n. a transparent gem which presents a violet-blue colour when looked at in a certain direction. [Gr. ion, violet, lithos, stone.]

Ion, ī′on, n. one of the components into which an electrolyte is broken up on electrolysis—the Anion, the electro-negative component, chemically attacking the anode, and the Cation, the electro-positive component, the cathode. [Gr. iōn, pr.p. of ienai, to go.]

Ionic, ī-on′ik, adj. relating to Ionia in Greece: denoting an order in architecture distinguished by the ram's-horn volute of its capital—also Iō′nian.—vs.t. Ion′icize, I′onize.—ns. I′onism; I′onist.—Ionic dialect, the most important of the three main branches of the ancient Greek language (Ionic, Doric, Æolic), marked by greater softness and smoothness, the effect of its rich vowel system. Homer's Iliad is written in Old, the history of Herodotus in New Ionic: the Attic of Thucydides and Sophocles is its later form; Ionic mode (see Mode); Ionic school, a name given to the representative philosophers of the Ionian Greeks, such as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, who debated the question what was the primordial constitutive principle of the cosmical universe.

Iota, ī-ō′ta, n. a jot: a very small quantity or degree.—ns. Iot′acism, It′acism, the conversion of other vowel sounds into that of iota (Eng. ē), as in modern Gr. of η, υ, ει, η, οι, υι; It′acist. [Gr., the smallest letter in the alphabet, corresponding to the English i.]

I O U, ī′ō′ū′, n. a memorandum of debt given by a borrower to a lender, requiring no stamp, but to be holograph, dated, and addressed to some person.

Ipecacuanha, ip-e-kak-ū-an′a, n. the name both of a very valuable medicine and of the plant whose root produces it—used as an emetic. [Brazilian, 'smaller roadside sick-making plant.']

Ipomæa, ip-ō-mē′a, n. a genus of nat. ord. Convolvulaceæ. [Gr. ips, a worm, homoios, like.]

Iranian, ī-rān′i-an, adj. and n. of or pertaining to Iran, Persia: a branch of the Indo-European or Aryan tongues, including Persian, Zend, Pehlevi, and Parsi: an inhabitant of Iran.—Also Iran′ic.

Irascible, ī-ras′i-bl, adj. susceptible of ire or anger: easily provoked: irritable.—n. Irascibil′ity.—adv. Iras′cibly. [Fr.,—L. irascibilis—irasci, to be angry—ira, anger.]

Ire, īr, n. anger: rage: keen resentment.—adjs. Irate (ī-rāt′ or i-rāt′), enraged: angry; Ire′ful, full of ire or wrath: resentful.—adv. Ire′fully.—n. Ire′fulness. [L. ira, anger, irasci, irātus, to be angry.]

Irenic, ī-ren′ik, adj. tending to create peace: pacific—also Iren′ical.—n. Iren′icon, a proposition or scheme for peace: the deacon's litany at the beginning of the Greek liturgy—from its opening petitions for peace.—n.pl. Iren′ics, irenical theology:—opp. to Polemics. [See Eirenicon.]

Irideæ, ī-rid′e-ē, n.pl. a natural order of endogenous plants, with fleshy root-stocks and showy flowers.—Also Iridā′ceæ. [Gr. iris, a rainbow.]

Iridium, ī-rid′i-um, n. the most infusible, and one of the heaviest, of the metals, found associated with the ore of platinum, so called from the iridescence of some of its solutions.—n. Iridos′mium, a native compound of iridium and osmium, used for pointing gold pens. [Gr. iris, iridos, the rainbow.]

Iris, ī′ris, n. the rainbow: an appearance resembling the rainbow: the contractile curtain perforated by the pupil, and forming the coloured part of the eye (also I′rid): the fleur-de-lis, or flagflower:—pl. I′rises.—adjs. I′ridal, Irid′ian, exhibiting the colours of the iris or rainbow: prismatic.—ns. Irides′cence, Iridisā′tion.—adjs. Irides′cent, coloured like the iris or rainbow; I′ridine, iridescent.—v.t. Ir′idise.—adjs. I′risāted, rainbow-coloured; Ir′ised, showing colours like the rainbow.—ns. Irī′tis, Iridī′tis, inflammation of the iris of the eye. [L. iris, iridis—Gr. iris, iridos, the rainbow.]

Iriscope, ī′ri-skōp, n. an instrument for exhibiting the prismatic colours. [Gr. iris, the rainbow, skopein, to see.]

Irish, ī′rish, adj. relating to or produced in Ireland.—n. language of the Irish, a form of Celtic: (pl.) the natives or inhabitants of Ireland.—ns. I′ricism, I′rishism, a phrase or idiom peculiar to the Irish.—n.pl. I′rishry, the people of Ireland.—Irish moss, carrageen; Irish stew, a palatable dish of mutton, onions, and potatoes, seasoned, and stewed in water mixed with flour.

Irk, ėrk, v.t. to weary: to trouble: to distress (now used only impersonally).—adj. Irk′some, causing uneasiness: tedious: unpleasant.—adv. Irk′somely.—n. Irk′someness. [M. E. irken—Scand., Sw. yrka, to urge; prob. cog. with L. urgēre.]

Iron, ī′urn, n. the most common and useful of the metals: an instrument or utensil made of iron, as a hand-harpoon, &c.: a golf-club with an iron head, more set back than the cleek: strength: (pl.) fetters: chains.—adj. formed of iron: resembling iron: rude: stern: fast-binding: not to be broken: robust: dull of understanding.—v.t. to smooth with a smoothing-iron: to arm with iron: to fetter.—adjs. I′ron-bound, bound with iron: rugged, as a coast; I′ron-cased; I′ronclad, clad in iron: covered or protected with iron.—n. a vessel defended by iron plates.—ns. I′ron-clay, a yellowish clay containing a large quantity of iron ore; I′roner, one who irons; I′ron-flint, ferruginous quartz; I′ron-found′er, one who founds or makes castings in iron; I′ron-found′ry, a place where iron is founded or cast.—adj. I′ron-gray, of a gray colour, like that of iron freshly cut or broken.—n. this colour.—adjs. I′ron-hand′ed, having hands hard as iron; I′ron-heart′ed, having a heart hard as iron: cruel.—ns. I′ron-heat′er, the piece of metal heated in the fire for a laundress's box-iron; I′roning, the act of smoothing with hot irons; I′roning-board, a smooth board covered with cloth, on which clothes are laid for ironing; I′roning-machine′, a machine for hotpressing cloth, hats, &c.; I′ron-liq′uor, iron acetate, a dyers' mordant; I′ronmaster, a master or proprietor of ironworks; I′ronmonger, a dealer in articles made of iron; I′ronmongery, a general name for articles made of iron: hardware; I′ron-mould, the spot left on wet cloth after touching rusty iron; I′ron-sand, sand containing particles of iron ore: steel filings used in fireworks.—adj. I′ron-sick (naut.), having the iron bolts and spikes much corroded.—n. I′ronside, a man of iron resolution: (pl.) a name given to Cromwell's irresistible horse.—adj. I′ron-sid′ed, having a side of, or as hard as, iron: rough: hardy.—ns. I′ronsmith, a worker in iron; I′ron-stone, a term usually applied to any ore yielding iron; I′ronware, wares or goods of iron.—adj. I′ron-wit′ted (Shak.), unfeeling, insensible.—n. I′ronwood, applied to the timber of various trees on account of their hardness.—adj. I′ron-word′ed (Tenn.), in words as strong as iron.—n. I′ronwork, the parts of a building, &c., made of iron: anything of iron: a furnace where iron is smelted, or a foundry, &c., where it is made into heavy work.—adj. I′rony, made, consisting, or partaking of iron: like iron: hard.—ns. Cast′-ī′ron, a compound of iron and carbon, obtained directly from iron ore by smelting; Ital′ian-ī′ron, an instrument for fluting linen or lace.—Iron age, an archæological term indicating the condition as to civilisation and culture of a people using iron as the material for their cutting tools and weapons: a period of cruel tyranny; Iron bark tree, a name given in Australia to certain species of Eucalyptus (q.v.); Iron crown, the ancient crown of Lombardy, so named from a thin band of iron said to be made from one of the nails of the Cross; Iron entered into his soul, the bitterest pang of grief has touched his heart.—Bessemer iron, pig-iron suitable for making Bessemer steel.—Have too many irons in the fire, to be trying to do too many things at once; In irons, having fetters on; Rule with a rod of iron, to rule with stern severity. [A.S. iren; Ger. eisen.]

Irony, ī′run-i, n. a mode of speech which enables the speaker to convey his meaning with greater force by means of a contrast between the thought which he evidently designs to express and that which his words properly signify: satire.—adj. Iron′ical, meaning the opposite of what is expressed: satirical.—adv. Iron′ically.—The irony of fate, the perverse malignity of fate. [Fr.,—L. ironia, Gr. eirōneia, dissimulation—eirōn, a dissembler—eirein, to talk.]

Irradiate, ir-rā′di-āt, v.t. to dart rays of light upon or into: to adorn with lustre: to decorate with shining ornaments: to animate with light or heat: to illuminate the understanding.—v.i. to emit rays: to shine.—adj. adorned with rays of light or with lustre.—ns. Irrā′diance, Irrā′diancy, the throwing of rays of light on (any object): that which irradiates or is irradiated: beams of light emitted: splendour.—adj. Irrā′diant, irradiating or shedding beams of light.—n. Irradiā′tion, act of irradiating or emitting beams of light: that which is irradiated: brightness: intellectual light.—adj. Irrā′diātive.

Irrational, ir-rash′un-al, adj. void of reason or understanding: absurd.—n. Irrational′ity.—adv. Irra′tionally.—Irrational numbers, a term applied to those roots of numbers which cannot be accurately expressed by a finite number of figures—e.g. √2 is an irrational number.

Irreclaimable, ir-re-klām′a-bl, adj. that cannot be reclaimed or reformed: incorrigible.—n. Irreclaim′ableness.—adv. Irreclaim′ably.

Irrecognisable, ir-rek′og-nīz-a-bl, adj. that cannot be recognised.—n. Irrecogni′tion, lack of recognition.

Irreconcilable, ir-rek-on-sīl′a-bl, adj. incapable of being brought back to a state of friendship: inconsistent.—ns. Irreconcil′ableness, Irreconcilabil′ity, incapability of being reconciled.—adv. Irreconcil′ably.—adj. Irrec′onciled, not reconciled or brought into harmony.—n. Irrec′oncilement.

Irrecoverable, ir-re-kuv′ėr-a-bl, adj. irretrievable.—n. Irrecov′erableness.—adv. Irrecov′erably.

Irredeemable, ir-re-dēm′a-bl, adj. not redeemable: not subject to be paid at the nominal value.—ns. Irredeem′ableness, Irredeemabil′ity.—adv. Irredeem′ably.

Irredentist, ir-e-den′tist, n. one of an Italian party formed in 1878, its aim to incorporate into Italy all Italian people politically belonging to other countries, as in the Tyrol, Nice, &c.—n. Irreden′tism, the programme of the Irredentist party. [It. irredentista—irredenta (Italia), 'unredeemed'—L. in, not, redemptus, redimĕre, to redeem.]

Irreducible, ir-re-dūs′i-bl, adj. that cannot be reduced or brought from one degree, form, or state to another: not to be reduced by manipulation, as a hernia, &c.—n. Irreduc′ibleness.—adv. Irreduc′ibly.—ns. Irreductibil′ity, Irreduc′tion.

Irreflective, ir-re-flekt′iv, adj. not reflective.—n. Irreflec′tion.

Irreformable, ir-re-for′ma-bl, adj. not reformable, not subject to revision or improvement.

Irrefragable, ir-ref′ra-ga-bl, adj. that cannot be refuted: unanswerable.—ns. Irrefragabil′ity, Irref′ragableness.—adv. Irref′ragably.—n. Irrefrangibil′ity.—adj. Irrefrangible (ir-e-fran′-ji-bl), not to be broken.—adv. Irrefran′gibly.—The Irrefragable Doctor, Alexander Hales (died 1245). [Fr.,—L. in, not, re, backwards, frangĕre, to break.]

Irrefutable, ir-re-fūt′a-bl, or ir-ref′ū-ta-bl, adj. that cannot be refuted.—adv. Irrefūt′ably (also -ref′-).

Irregular, ir-reg′ū-lar, adj. not according to rule: unnatural: unsystematic: vicious: (gram.) departing from the ordinary rules in its inflection: variable: not symmetrical, without regular form—(Shak.) Irreg′ulous.—n. a soldier not in regular service.—n. Irregular′ity, state of being irregular: deviation from a straight line, or from rule: departure from method or order: vice.—adv. Irreg′ularly.

Irrelative, ir-rel′a-tiv, adj. not relative.—adj. Irrelāt′ed.—n. Irrelā′tion.—adv. Irrel′atively.

Irrelevant, ir-rel′e-vant, adj. not relevant.—n. Irrel′evancy.—adv. Irrel′evantly.

Irreligious, ir-re-lij′us, adj. destitute of religion: ungodly.—adv. Irrelig′iously.—ns. Irrelig′iousness, Irrelig′ion, want of religion.

Irremeable, ir-rē′me-a-bl, adj. (Pope) not admitting of return. [L. in, not, remeabilis, remeāre—re, back, meāre, to go, come.]

Irremediable, ir-re-mē′di-a-bl, adj. that cannot be remedied or redressed.—n. Irremē′diableness.—adv. Irremē′diably.

Irremissible, ir-re-mis′i-bl, adj. not to be remitted or forgiven.—ns. Irremiss′ibleness, Irremiss′ion.—adj. Irremiss′ive.

Irremovable, ir-re-mōōv′a-bl, adj. not removable: steadfast.—ns. Irremovabil′ity, Irremov′ableness.—adv. Irremov′ably.

Irreparable, ir-rep′ar-a-bl, adj. that cannot be repaired or rectified.—ns. Irreparabil′ity, Irrep′arableness.—adv. Irrep′arably.

Irrepealable, ir-re-pēl′a-bl, adj. that cannot be repealed or annulled.—adv. Irrepeal′ably.

Irreprehensible, ir-rep-re-hens′i-bl, adj. that cannot be blamed.—n. Irreprehens′ibleness.—adv. Irreprehens′ibly.

Irrepressible, ir-re-pres′i-bl, adj. not to be restrained.—adv. Irrepress′ibly.

Irreproachable, ir-re-prōch′a-bl, adj. free from blame: upright: innocent.—n. Irreproach′ableness, freedom from blame.—adv. Irreproach′ably.

Irreprovable, ir-re-prōōv′a-bl, adj. blameless.—n. Irreprov′ableness.—adv. Irreprov′ably.

Irresistance, ir-re-zist′ans, n. want of resistance: passive submission.—adj. Irresist′ible, not to be opposed with success.—ns. Irresist′ibleness, Irresistibil′ity.—adv. Irresist′ibly.

Irresoluble, ir-rez′ol-ū-bl, adj. that cannot be resolved into parts: indissoluble: that cannot be released.

Irresolute, ir-rez′o-lūt, adj. not firm in purpose.—adv. Irres′olutely.—ns. Irres′oluteness, Irresolū′tion, want of resolution.

Irresolvable, ir-re-zolv′-a-bl, adj. that cannot be resolved.—ns. Irresolvabil′ity, Irresolv′ableness.

Irrespective, ir-re-spek′tiv, adj. not having regard to (with of).—adv. Irrespec′tively.

Irresponsible, ir-re-spons′i-bl, adj. not responsible (with for).—n. Irresponsibil′ity.—adv. Irrespons′ibly.—adj. Irrespons′ive.—n. Irrespons′iveness.

Irresuscitable, ir-re-sus′i-ta-bl, adj. incapable of being resuscitated or revived.—adv. Irresus′citably.

Irretention, ir-re-ten′shun, n. absence of retention or power to retain.—adj. Irreten′tive.

Irretrievable, ir-re-trēv′a-bl, adj. not to be recovered.—n. Irretriev′ableness.—adv. Irretriev′ably.

Irreverent, ir-rev′ėr-ent, adj. not reverent: proceeding from irreverence.—n. Irrev′erence, want of reverence or veneration: want of due regard for the character and authority of the Supreme Being.—adj. Irreveren′tial.—adv. Irrev′erently.

Irreversible, ir-re-vėrs′i-bl, adj. not reversible: that cannot be recalled or annulled.—ns. Irreversibil′ity, Irrevers′ibleness.—adv. Irrevers′ibly.

Irrevocable, ir-rev′o-ka-bl, adj. that cannot be recalled.—n. Irrev′ocableness.—adv. Irrev′ocably.

Irrigate, ir′i-gāt, v.t. to water: to wet or moisten: to cause water to flow upon.—adj. Irr′igable, capable of being irrigated.—ns. Irrigā′tion, a method of producing or increasing fertility in soils by an artificial supply of water, or by inundating them at stated periods: act of watering, esp. of watering lands artificially; Irrigat′or, one who, or that which, irrigates: an appliance for washing a wound, &c.—adj. Irrig′uous, watered: wet. [L. irrigāre, -ātum—in, upon, rigāre, to wet; cf. Ger. regen, Eng. rain.]

Irrision, ir-rizh′un, n. act of laughing at another. [Fr.,—L. irrision-em—in, against, ridēre, risum, to laugh.]

Irritate, ir′i-tāt, v.t. to make angry: to provoke: to excite heat and redness in: (Scots law) to render null and void.—n. Irritabil′ity, the quality of being easily irritated: the peculiar susceptibility to stimuli possessed by the living tissues.—adj. Irr′itable, that may be irritated: easily provoked: (med.) susceptible of excitement or irritation.—n. Irr′itableness.—adv. Irr′itably.—n. Irr′itancy, the state of being irritant: a becoming null and void.—adj. Irr′itant, irritating.—n. that which causes irritation.—n. Irritā′tion, act of irritating or exciting: excitement: (med.) the term applied to any morbid excitement of the vital actions not amounting to inflammation, often, but not always, leading to that condition.—adjs. Irr′itātive, Irr′itātory, tending to irritate or excite: accompanied with or caused by irritation. [L. irritāre, -ātum, prob. freq. of irrīre, to snarl, as a dog.]

Irruption, ir-rup′shun, n. a breaking or bursting in: a sudden invasion or incursion.—adjs. Irrup′ted, broken through with violence; Irrup′tive, rushing suddenly in or upon.—adv. Irrup′tively. [Fr.,—L. irruption-em—in, in, rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Irvingite, ėr′ving-īt, n. a popular name for a member of the so-called Catholic Apostolic Church.—n. Ir′vingism, the doctrine and practice of the Irvingites. [From Edward Irving (1792-1834).]

Is, iz, third pers. sing. pres. of be. [A.S. is; Ger. ist, L. est, Gr. esti, Sans. asti—as, to be.]

Isabel, Isabelle, iz′a-bel, n. a yellowish-gray or drab colour. [From Isabella, daughter of Philip II., wife of the Archduke Albert, who did not change her linen for three years till Ostend was taken.]

Isagogics, ī-sa-goj′iks, n. that part of theological science introductory to exegesis or interpretation of the Scriptures.—adj. Isagog′ic. [Gr. eisagōgē, an introduction—eis, into, agein, to lead.]

Isandrous, ī-san′drus, adj. (bot.) having the stamens similar and equal in number to the divisions of the corolla.

Isapostolic, ī-sap-os-tol′ik, adj. equal to the apostles, as bishops of apostolic creation, the first preachers of Christ in a country, &c. [Gr. isos, equal, apostolikos, apostolic.]

Isatine, ī′sa-tin, n. a substance capable of being crystallised, obtained by oxidising indigo.—adj. Isat′ic.—n. I′sātis, a genus of Cruciferæ.—Isatis tinctoria, woad. [Gr. isatis, woad.]

Ischiadic, is-ki-ad′ik, adj. relating to the region of the hip—also Ischiat′ic and Is′chial.—ns. Ischiag′ra, gout in the hip; Ischial′gia, sciatica; Is′chium, the posterior part of the pelvic arch in vertebrates. [L.,—Gr., from is-chion, the hip-joint.]

Ischuria, is-kū′ri-a, n. a stoppage of urine.—adj. and n. Ischuret′ic. [Gr. ischein, to hold, ouron, urine.]

Isenergic, ī-se-nėr′jik, adj. in physics, denoting equal energy. [Gr. isos, equal, energy.]

Isengrim, ī′sen-grim, n. the name of the wolf in the famous beast-epic of Reynard the Fox.

Isentropic, ī-sen-trop′ik, adj. (phys.) of equal entropy. [Gr. isos, equal, entrope, a turning about—en, in, trepein, to turn.]

Ishmaelite, ish′mā-el-īt, n. a descendant of Ishmael: one like Ishmael (Gen. xvi. 12), at war with society.—adj. Ishmaelī′tish.

Isidium, ī-sid′i-um, n. (bot.) a wart-like excrescence on the thalli of some lichens:—pl. Isid′ia.

Isidorian, is-i-dō′ri-an, adj. of or pertaining to St Isidore of Seville (c. 560-636), or the collection of canons and decretals adopted by him; but esp. applying to the interpolated collection, now called the Pseudo-Isidorian or False Decretals, possibly fabricated in Western Gaul, but published in Spain about 845 by Isidore Mercator, and naturally fathered upon the great Isidore of Seville.

Isinglass, ī′zing-glas, n. a glutinous substance, chiefly prepared from the air-bladders of the sturgeon. [A corr. of Dut. huizenblas—huizen, a kind of sturgeon, blas, a bladder; Ger. hausenblase.]

Isis, ī′sis, n. an Egyptian goddess, wife and sister of Osiris.—adj. I′siac.

Islam, iz′lam, Islamism, iz′lam-izm, n. the proper name of the Mohammedan religion: the whole Mohammedan world.—adjs. Islam′ic, Islamit′ic.—n. Is′lamite.—v.t. Islamīze′, to conform to Mohammedanism. [Ar. islām—salama, to submit to God.]

Island, ī′land, n. the smaller masses of land surrounded with water: a large floating mass.—v.t. to cause to appear like an island: to dot as with islands.—n. Islander (ī′land-ėr), an inhabitant of an island. [M. E. iland—A.S. ígland—íg, an island, and land, land; Dut. and Ger. eiland, Ice. eyland, Sw. and Dan. öland. A.S. íg is from a root which appears in Angles-ea, Aldern-ey, &c., A.S. eá, L. aqua, water, so that it originally means water-land. The s in island is due to a confusion with isle, from L. insula.]

Isle, īl, n. an island.—ns. Isles′man, an islander, esp. an inhabitant of the Hebrides; Islet (ī′let), a little isle. [M. E. ile, yle—O. Fr. isle (Fr. île)—L. insula, considered to be so called because lying in salo, in the main sea, L. salum being akin to Gr. salos, the main sea.]

Ism, izm, n. any distinctive doctrine, theory, or practice—usually in disparagement.—adjs. Ismat′ic, -al, addicted to isms or faddish theories.—n. Ismat′icalness. [From the suffix -ism.]

Ismailian, is-mā-il′i-an, n. one of a sect of Shiite Mohammedans, who claim that Ismail (c. 770) was the seventh and last of the Imâms.—n. Is′mailism.—adj. Ismailit′ic.

Isobar, ī′so-bär, n. an imaginary line connecting places on the earth where the mean height of the barometer at sea-level is the same.—adj. Isobaromet′ric, applied to lines denoting equal barometric pressure. [Gr. isos, equal, baros, weight.]

Isobathytherm, ī-so-bath′i-therm, n. a line connecting points of the same temperature in a vertical section of any portion of the ocean.—adjs. Isobathyther′mal, Isobathyther′mic. [Gr. isos, equal, bathys, deep, thermē, heat.]

Isobilateral, ī-so-bī-lat′e-ral, adj. (bot.) having the flanks of the organ flattened surfaces. [Gr. isos, equal, bilateral.]

Isobrious, ī-sob′ri-us, adj. growing equally in both lobes, of a dicotyledonous embryo.—Also Isodyn′amous. [Gr. isos, equal, brian, to be strong.]

Isobront, ī′so-bront, n. a line on a map connecting points at which a peal of thunder is heard simultaneously. [Gr. isos, equal, brontē, thunder.]

Isochasmic, ī-so-kaz′mik, adj. denoting equality as regards frequency of auroral displays. [Gr. isos, equal, chasma, a gap.]

Isocheimal, ī-so-kī′mal, adj. having the same mean winter temperature—also Isochei′menal.—n. I′socheim, an imaginary line connecting together those places where the mean winter temperature is the same. [Gr. isos, equal, cheima, winter.]

Isochoric, ī-so-kor′ik, adj. pertaining to equal volume or density. [Gr. isos, equal, chōra, space.]

Isochromatic, ī-so-krō-mat′ik, adj. (optics) having the same colour. [Gr. isos, equal, chrōma, colour.]

Isochronal, ī-sok′ron-al, adj. of equal time: performed in equal times—also Isoch′ronous.—n. Isoch′ronism, the quality of being isochronous or done in equal times.—adv. Isoch′ronously. [Gr. isochronos—isos, equal, chronos, time.]

Isoclinal, ī-so-klī′nal (or Isoclin′ic), Isodynam′ic, and Isogon′ic lines, three systems of lines which being laid on maps represent the magnetism of the globe as exhibited at the earth's surface in three classes of phenomena, the varying dip or inclination of the needle, the varying intensity of the force, and its varying declination from the true meridian. [Gr. isos, equal, dynamis, force, klinein, to bend, gōnia, an angle.]

Isocryme, ī′sō-krīm, n. a line on maps connecting points of the same mean winter temperature.—Also I′socrymal. [Gr. isos, equal, krymos, cold.]

Isodia, ī-sō′di-a, n.pl. the feast of the presentation of Jesus in the Temple. [Gr. eisodos, entrance.]

Isodicon, ī-sod′i-kon, n. (Gr. Church) a troparion or short anthem sung while the Gospel is being carried through the church. [Gr. eisodos, an entrance.]

Isodimorphous, ī-so-dī-mor′fus, adj. in crystallography, having the quality of isodimorphism or isomorphism between the members of two dimorphous groups.

Isodomon, ī-sod′ō-mon, n. masonry having courses of uniform thickness and length, the vertical joints placed over the middle of the courses below—also Isod′omum:—pl. Isod′oma.—adj. Isod′omous. [Gr. isos, equal, demein, to build.]

Isodont, ī′so-dont, adj. having the teeth all alike, as in the Isodontia—cetacea, &c. [Gr. isos, equal, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Isoëtes, ī-sō′e-tēz, n. a widely distributed genus of vascular cryptogamous plants, the quillworts—Merlin's Grass, &c. [Gr. isos, equal, etos, a year.]

Isogamy, ī-sog′a-mi, n. (bot.) the conjugation of two protoplasmic masses not clearly differentiated into a male and female element.—adj. Isog′amous. [Gr. isos, equal, gamos, marriage.]

Isogeny, ī-soj′e-ni, n. likeness of origin, a general homology.—adj. Isog′enous. [Gr. isos, equal, genos, kind.]

Isogeothermal, ī-so-jē-o-thėr′mal, adj. of imaginary lines beneath the earth's surface through points having the same degree of heat. [Gr. isos, equal, gē, the earth, thermē, heat—thermos, hot.]

Isognathous, ī-sog′na-thus, adj. having the molar teeth alike in both jaws. [Gr. isos, equal, gnathos, the jaw.]

Isogon, ī′so-gon, n. a figure having equal angles. [Gr. isos, equal, gonia, an angle.]

Isogonic, ī-so-gon′ik, adj. exhibiting Isog′onism, or the production of like generative individuals from differing stocks, as in certain hydroids. [Gr. isos, equal, gonos, offspring.]

Isohyetal, ī-so-hī′e-tal, n. an imaginary line connecting places which have an equal annual rainfall. [Gr. isos, equal, hyetos, rain.]

Isolate, ī′so-lāt, or is′o-lāt, v.t. to place in a detached situation, like an island.—adj. Is′olable (chem.), capable of being separated from any other substance: capable of being obtained pure.—n. Isolā′tion. [It. isolare—isola—L. insula, an island.]

Isomerism, ī-som′er-izm, n. the relation between chemical compounds which are identical in their ultimate or percentage composition, but present difficulties in their chemical properties.—adjs. Isomer′ic, Isom′erous. [Gr. isos, equal, meros, part.]

Isometric, -al, ī-so-met′rik, -al, adj. having equality of measure. [Gr. isos, equal, metron, measure.]

Isomorphism, ī-so-morf′izm, n. a term applied by chemists to those substances which are not only similar in their crystalline form, but are also analogous in their chemical composition.—adj. Isomorph′ous. [Gr. isos, equal, morphē, form.]

Isonomy, ī-son′o-mi, n. equal law, rights, or privileges. [Gr. isonomia—isos, equal, nomos, law.]

Isonym, ī′so-nim, n. a paronym.—adj. Isonym′ic.—n. Ison′ymy.

Isopathy, ī-sop′a-thi, n. the cure of diseases by the same disease or by its virus. [Gr. isos, equal, pathos, disease.]

Isoperimetrical, ī-so-per-i-met′rik-al, adj. denoting figures having equal perimeters or circumferences.—n. Isoperim′etry. [Gr. isos, equal, perimetron, circumference.]

Isopod, ī′so-pod, n. a crustacean whose legs are all alike, any one of the Isop′oda, an order of higher Crustaceans in the division with unstalked eyes.—adjs. I′sopod, Isop′odous. [Gr. isos, equal, pous, podos, a foot.]

Isopolity, ī-so-pol′i-ti, n. equal rights of citizenship in different communities. [Gr. isos, equal, politēs, a citizen.]

Isopterous, ī-sop′te-rus, adj. having the wings equal. [Gr. isos, equal, pteron, a wing.]

Isorrhythmic, ī-sō-rith′mik, adj. in ancient prosody, equal in the number of times for thesis and arsis, as a dactyl and anapæst. [Gr. isos, equal, hrythmos, rhythm.]

Isosceles, ī-sos′e-lēz, adj. (geom.) having two equal sides, as a triangle. [Gr. isoskelēs—isos, equal, skelos, a leg.]

Isoseismal, ī-sō-sīs′mal, n. a curve or line connecting points at which an earthquake shock is felt with equal intensity.—adjs. Isoseis′mal, Isoseis′mic. [Gr. isos, equal, seismos, a shaking.]

Isostatic, ī-so-stat′ik, adj. in hydrostatic equilibrium from equality of pressure. [Gr. isos, equal, statikos, stable.]

Isotheral, ī′so-thēr-al, adj. having the same mean summer temperature.—n. I′sothēre, an imaginary line connecting places on the earth which have the same mean summer temperature. [Gr. isos, equal, theros, summer—therein, to be warm.]

Isothermal, ī-so-thėr′mal, adj. having an equal degree of heat.—n. I′sotherm, an imaginary line connecting places on the earth which have the same mean annual temperature. [Fr. isotherme—Gr. isos, equal, thermē, heat—thermos, hot.]

Isotonic, ī-so-ton′ik, adj. having equal tones. [Gr. isos, equal, tonos, tone.]

Isotropism, ī-sot′rop-izm, n. physical homogeneity or amorphism: identity of elastic forces of propagation of vibration (light, heat, sound), or identity of susceptibility to magnetisation, in all directions.—adjs. Isotrop′ic, Isot′ropous.

I-spy, ī′-spī′, n. a children's game of hide-and-seek, so called from the cry when one is found.

Israelite, iz′ra-el-īt, n. a descendant of Israel or Jacob: a Jew.—adjs. Israelit′ic, Israelīt′ish, pertaining to the Israelites or Jews. [Gr. Israēlitēs—Israēl, Heb. Israēl, contender, soldier of God—sara, to fight, El, God.]

Issue, ish′ū, v.i. to go, flow, or come out: to proceed, as from a source: to spring: to be produced: (law) to come to a point in fact or law: to terminate.—v.t. to send out: to put into circulation: to give out for use.—n. a going or flowing out: act of sending out: that which flows or passes out: fruit of the body, children: produce, profits: circulation, as of bank-notes: publication, as of a book: a giving out for use: ultimate result, consequence: (law) the point of fact in dispute which is submitted to a jury: (med.) an ulcer produced artificially.—adj. Iss′uable, capable of issuing, admitting of an issue.—n. Iss′uance, act of giving out, promulgation.—adjs. Iss′uant (her.), issuing or coming up from another, as a charge or bearing; Iss′ueless, without issue: childless.—n. Iss′uer, one who issues or emits.—At issue, in quarrel or controversy; Feigned issue (law), an issue made up for trial by agreement of the parties or by an order of court, instead of by the ordinary legal procedure; General issue, a simple denial of the whole charge, as 'Not guilty,' instead of a Special issue, an issue taken by denying a particular part of the allegations; Immaterial issue, an issue which is not decisive of any part of the litigation, as opp. to a Material issue, one which necessarily involves some part of the rights in controversy.—Join, or Take, issue, of the two parties taking up the affirmative and the negative on the point in debate. [O. Fr. issuë, issir, to go or flow out—L. exīre—ex, out, īre, to go.]

Isthmus, ist′mus, n. a narrow neck of land connecting two larger portions.—adj. Isth′mian, pertaining to an isthmus, esp. the Isthmus of Corinth.—The Isthmian games were celebrated in the Isthmian sanctuary on the north-east shore of the isthmus. [L.,—Gr. isthmos, a passage, an isthmus, allied to ithma, a step, from root of ienai, to go.]

Istle, is′tl, n. a valuable fibre obtained from a tropical American plant, also from several Mexican species of Agave.—Also Ix′tle.

It, it, pron. the thing spoken of. [M. E. and A.S. hit, neut. of he; Ice. hit, Dut. het, Goth. ita; akin to L. id, Sans. i, pronominal root=here. The t is an old neuter suffix, as in tha-t, wha-t, and cognate with d in L. illu-d, istu-d, quo-d.]

Itacolumite, it-a-kol′ūm-īt, n. a schistose quartzite, containing scales of mica, talc, and chlorite, often having a certain flexibility.

Italian, i-tal′yan, Italic, i-tal′ik, adj. of or relating to Italy or its people.—n. a native of Italy: the language of Italy.—vs.t. Ital′ianate, Ital′ianise, to make Italian.—vs.i. to play the Italian: to speak Italian.—n. Ital′ianism.—Italian architecture, the style practised by the Italian architects of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, which originated in a revival of the ancient architecture of Rome; Italian warehouseman, a dealer in the finer kinds of groceries, as macaroni, vermicelli, dried fruits, &c.—Italic version, or It′ala, a translation of the Bible into Latin, based on a still older version, called Old Latin, and made probably in the time of Augustine. [It. Italiano, Italico—L. Italia—Gr. italos, a bull.]

Italics, i-tal′iks, n.pl. a kind of types which slope to the right (as in the last four words), so called because first used by an Italian printer, Aldo Manuzio, about 1500, employed for emphasis and other distinctive purposes.—n. Italicisā′tion.—v.t. Ital′icīse, to print in Italics.

Itch, ich, n. an uneasy, irritating sensation in the skin: an eruptive disease in the skin, caused by a parasitic animal: a constant teasing desire.—v.i. to have an uneasy, irritating sensation in the skin: to have a constant, teasing desire.—ns. Itch′iness; Itch′-mite, a mite which burrows in the skin, causing itch or scabies.—adj. Itch′y, pertaining to or affected with itch.—Itching palm, a greed for gain. [A.S. giccan, to itch; Scot. youk, yuck, Ger. jucken, to itch.]

Item, ī′tem, adv. likewise: also.—n. a separate article or particular.—v.t. to make a note of.—v.t. I′temise, to give by items. [L.,—id, that.]

Iterate, it′ėr-āt, v.t. to do again: to repeat, in modern usage replaced by the verb reiterate.—ns. It′erance, Iterā′tion, repetition.—adjs. It′erant, It′erātive, repeating. [L. iterāre, -ātum—iterum, again.]

Ithyphallic, ith-i-fal′ik, adj. pertaining to certain rites: obscene.—n. Ithyphall′us, an erect phallus.

Itinerant, ī-tin′er-ant, adj. making journeys from place to place: travelling.—n. one who travels from place to place, esp. a Methodist preacher: a wanderer.—ns. Itin′eracy, Itin′erancy.—adv. Itin′erantly.—adj. Itin′erary, travelling: done on a journey.—n. a book of travels: a guide-book for travellers: a rough sketch and description of the country through which troops are to march.—v.i. Itin′erāte, to travel from place to place, esp. for the purpose of preaching or lecturing. [L. itinerans, -antis, part. of itinerāri-, -atus, to travel—L. iter, itineris, a journey—īre, ītum, to go.]

Its, its, poss. pron. the possessive of it. [The old form was his, its not being older than the end of the 16th century. Its does not occur in the English Bible of 1611, or in Spenser, rarely in Shakespeare, and is not common until the time of Dryden.]

Itself, it-self′, pron. the neuter reciprocal pronoun, applied to things.—By itself, alone, apart; In and by itself, separately considered.

Ittnerite, it′nėr-īt, n. a dark blue or gray mineral, consisting chiefly of silica, alumina, potash, and soda.

Ivory, ī′vo-ri, n. the hard, white substance composing the tusks of the elephant and of the sea-horse.—adj. made of, or resembling, ivory.—adj. I′voried, made like ivory: furnished with teeth.—ns. I′vory-black, a black powder, originally made from burnt ivory, but now from bone; I′vory-nut, the nut of a species of palm, containing a substance like ivory; I′vory-palm, the tree which bears the ivory-nut; I′vory-por′celain, a fine ware with an ivory-white glaze.—Show one's ivories, to show the teeth. [O. Fr. ivurie (Fr. ivoire)—L. ebur, eboris, ivory; Coptic ebu; Sans. ibhas, an elephant.]

Ivy, ī′vi, n. a creeping evergreen plant on trees and walls.—adjs. I′vied, I′vyed, I′vy-man′tled, overgrown or mantled with ivy.—n. I′vy-bush, a plant of ivy formerly hung over tavern-doors, the ivy being sacred to Bacchus. [A.S. ifig; Old High Ger. ebah; prob. conn. with L. apium, parsley.]

Iwis, Ywis, i-wis′, adv. certainly—sometimes ignorantly written I wis, as if 'I know.' [M. E. ywis, iwis—A.S. gewis, certain; Ger. gewiss (adv.).]

Ixion, ik-sī′on, n. (Gr. myth.) a king of the Lapithæ, bound, for an impious attempt on Hera, hand and foot to a fiery wheel which rolled for ever in the sky.

Ixolite, iks′o-līt, n. a fossil resin, found in bituminous coal, which becomes soft and sticky when heated. [Gr. ixos, birdlime, lithos, a stone.]

the tenth letter in our alphabet, developed from I, the initial form j being specialised to denote the consonantal sound, the medial i being retained for the vowel-sound—not universal in English books before the middle of the 17th century. As a numeral, a variant of I, used in medical prescriptions, as vj, six: representing the mechanical equivalent of heat—from Joule.

Jabber, jab′ėr, v.i. to gabble or talk rapidly and indistinctly: to chatter.—v.t. to utter indistinctly:—pr.p. jabb′ering; pa.p. jabb′ered.—n. rapid indistinct speaking.—n. Jabb′erer.—adv. Jabb′eringly. [From root of gabble.]

Jabble, jab′l, n. (Scot.) an agitation on the surface of water.—v.t. to splash. [Cf. jaup.]

Jaborandi, jab′o-ran′di, n. a Brazilian shrub with sialogogue and diaphoretic properties. [Brazilian.]

Jacamar, jak′a-mar, n. a South American bird something like a kingfisher. [Fr.,—Brazilian.]

Jacana, ja-kā′na, n. a tropical bird, allied to the rails, and frequenting swamps. [Brazilian.]

Jacaranda, jak-a-ran′da, n. a South American tree with hard, heavy, brown wood. [Brazilian.]

Jacinth, jā′sinth, n. (B.) a precious stone, a red variety of zircon, now called hyacinth: a reddish-orange colour. [Contr. of hyacinth.]

Jack, jak, n. used as a familiar name or diminutive of John: a saucy or paltry fellow: a sailor: any instrument serving to supply the place of a boy or helper, as a bootjack for taking off boots, a contrivance for turning a spit (smoke-jack, roasting-jack), a screw for raising heavy weights, a figure which strikes the bell in clocks: the male of some animals: a young pike: a support to saw wood on: a miner's wedge: a flag displayed from the bowsprit of a ship: a leather pitcher or bottle: a coat of mail: (coll.) a knave in cards: the small white ball that forms the aim in bowls.—ns. Jack′-a-dan′dy, a dandy or fop, esp. if diminutive; Jack′-a-Lan′tern, the ignis fatuus or Will-o'-the-Wisp; Jack′-a-Lent′ (Shak.), a boy (for Jack of Lent, a kind of puppet formerly thrown at in sport at Lent); Jack′-block, a block of pulleys used for raising and lowering topgallant-masts.—n.pl. Jack′boots, large boots reaching above the knee, to protect the leg, formerly worn by cavalry, and covered with plates of iron.—ns. Jack′-cross′-tree, the cross-tree at the head of a topgallant-mast; Jack′-flag, a flag which is hoisted at the spritsail topmast-head; Jack′-fool, an absolute ass; Jack′-in-off′ice, a conceited and impertinent official; Jack′-in-the-box′, a box with a figure in it that springs up when the lid is lifted; Jack′-in-the-green′, a May-day chimney-sweep almost covered up with green shrubs; Jack′-knife, a large clasp-knife; Jack′-man, a soldier armed with a jack or coat of mail: a retainer; Jack′-nas′ty, a sneak, a sloven; Jack′-of-all′-trades, one who can turn his hand to anything; Jack′-plane, a large, strong plane used by joiners; Jack′-pudd′ing, a merry-andrew, buffoon; Jack′-rabb′it, one of several species of prairie-hares, with very long ears and legs; Jack′-raft′er, a rafter, shorter than the rest, used in hip-roofs; Jack′-sauce (Shak.), a saucy fellow; Jack′-screw, a screw for raising heavy weights; Jack′-slave (Shak.), a low servant, a vulgar fellow; Jack′-smith, a smith who makes jacks for the kitchen; Jack′-snipe, a small species of snipe; Jack′-staff, the staff on which the jack is hoisted.—n.pl. Jack′-stays, ropes or strips of wood or iron stretched along the yards of a ship to bind the sails to.—ns. Jack′-straw, a straw effigy, a low servile fellow; Jack′-tar, a sailor; Jack′-towel, a long endless towel passing over a roller.—Jack Frost, frost personified as a mischievous fellow; Jack Ketch, a public hangman—from one so named under James II.; Jack Sprat, a diminutive fellow.—Cheap Jack (see Cheap); Every man Jack, one and all; Yellow Jack (slang), yellow fever. [Fr. Jacques, the most common name in France, hence used as a substitute for John, the most common name in England; but it is really=James or Jacob—L. Jacobus.]

Jack, Jak, jak, n. a tree of the East Indies of the same genus as the bread-fruit tree. [Port. jaka—Malay tsjaka.]

Jackal, jak′awl, n. a wild, gregarious animal closely allied to the dog—erroneously supposed to act as a lion's provider or hunting scout, hence a tool, a Parasite. [Pers. shaghāl.]

Jackanapes, jak′a-nāps, n. an impudent fellow: a coxcomb. [Jack o' apes, one who exhibited monkeys, with n inserted to avoid the hiatus.]

Jackass, jak′as, n. the male of the ass: a blockhead. [Jack—the male, and ass.]

Jacket, jak′et, n. a short coat.—adj. Jack′eted, wearing a jacket. [O. Fr. jaquette, a jacket, or sleeveless coat, a dim. of O. Fr. jaque, a coat of mail, prob. ultimately conn. with Jacques.]

Jacobean, jak-o-bē′an, adj. of the period of James I. of England (1603-25).

Jacobin, jak′o-bin, n. a French Dominican monk, so named from their original establishment being that of St Jacques, Paris: one of a society of revolutionists in France, so called from their meeting in the hall of the Jacobin convent: a demagogue: a hooded pigeon.—adjs. Jacobin′ic, -al.—v.t. Jac′obinise.—n. Jac′obinism, the principles of the Jacobins or French revolutionists. [Fr.,—L. Jacobus, James—Gr. Jacobos—Heb. Ya‛aqōb.]

Jacobite, jak′o-bīt, n. an adherent of James II. and his descendants: in Church history, a Syrian monophysite, named after the 6th-century monk, Jacobus Baradæus.—adjs. Jac′obite, Jacobit′ic, -al.—n. Jac′obitism.

Jacob's-ladder, jā′kobz-lad′ėr, n. (naut.) a ladder made of ropes with wooden steps: a garden plant with large blue flowers. [From the ladder which Jacob saw in his dream, Gen. xxviii. 12.]

Jacob's-Staff, jā′kobz-staf, n. a pilgrim's staff: a staff with a cross-head used in surveying: a sword-cane. [Prob. an allusion to the staff of the patriarch Jacob, Gen. xxxii. 10.]

Jaconet, jak′o-net, n. a cotton fabric, rather stouter than muslin. [Fr. jaconas.]

Jacqueminot, jak′mi-nō, n. a deep-red hybrid perpetual rose.—Also Jacque and Jack. [From General Jacqueminot of Paris.]

Jacquerie, zhak′e-rē, n. name given to the revolt of the French peasants in 1358. [From Jacques Bonhomme, Goodman Jack, a name applied in derision to the peasants.]

Jactation, jak-tā′shun, n. act of throwing: extreme restlessness in disease: agitation of the body: boasting.

Jactitation (of marriage), jak-ti-tā′shun, n. a false pretence of being married to another. [L. jactitāre, -ātum, to brag, freq. of jactāre, to throw.]

Jaculation, jak-ū-lā′shun, n. the act of throwing or hurling, as a dart.—v.t. Jac′ulate, to dart, throw.—n. Jac′ulātor.—adj. Jac′ulātory, darting or throwing out suddenly: ejaculatory. [L. jaculāri, -ātus, to throw as a dart—jaculum, a dart—jacĕre, to throw.]

Jade, jād, n. a mare, esp. an old and sorry one: a worthless nag: a woman—in contempt or irony.—v.t. to tire: to harass:—pr.p. jad′ing; pa.p. jad′ed.—adv. Jad′edly.—n. Jad′ery, the tricks of a jade.—adj. Jad′ish, worn out: vicious: unchaste—applied to a woman. [Scot. yad, yaud; Ice. jalda, a mare.]

Jade, jād, n. a dark-green stone used for ornamental purposes—applied both to jadeite and nephrite. [Fr.,—Sp. ijada, the flank—L. ilia. It was believed to cure pain of the side.]

Jag, jag, n. a notch: a ragged protuberance: (bot.) a cleft or division: (Scot.) a stab.—v.t. to cut into notches: to stab or pierce:—pr.p. jag′ging; pa.p. jagged.—adjs. Jag′ged, Jag′gy, notched, rough-edged, uneven.—adv. Jag′gedly.—ns. Jag′gedness; Jag′ger, a brass wheel with a notched edge for cutting cakes, &c., into ornamental forms—also Jag′ging-ī′ron. [Celt.; W., Gael., Ir. gag, a cleft.]

Jag, jag, n. a load: a saddle-bag: a quantity: (U.S.) as much liquor as one can carry.—n. Jag′ger, a peddler.

Jaggery, jag′ėr-i, n. a kind of coarse, dark-coloured sugar made in the East Indies from the sap of the coco-nut palm. [Hind. shakkar, Sans. çarkara.]

Jaghir, Jaghire, ja-gēr′, n. the government revenues of a tract of land assigned with power to administer.—n. Jaghir′dar, the holder of such. [Hind.]

Jaguar, jag′ū-är, or jag-wär′, n. a powerful beast of prey, allied to the leopard, found in South America. [Brazilian, jaguara.]

Jail, jāl, n. a prison.—ns. Jail′-bird, Gaol′-bird, a humorous name for one who is or has been confined in jail; Jail′er, Gaol′er, one who has charge of a jail or of prisoners, called also a turnkey; Jail′-fē′ver, Gaol′-fē′ver, typhus fever, so called because once common in jails.—Break jail, to force one's way out of prison; Commission of Jail Delivery, one of the commissions issued to judges of assize and judges of the Central Criminal Court in England. [O. Fr. gaole (Fr. geôle)—Low L. gabiola, a cage, dim. of Low L. gabia, a cage, a corr. of cavea, a cage—L. cavus, hollow.]

Jain, jān, n. an adherent of Jain′ism, or a member of a heterodox Hindu sect, allied to ancient Buddhism: a style of architecture developed about 450 A.D., with pseudo-arch and dome, built in horizontal courses and of pointed section. [Hind. jina, a deified saint.]

Jalap, jal′ap, n. the purgative root of a plant first brought from Jalapa or Xalapa, in Mexico.—adj. Jalap′ic—n. Jal′apin, a glucoside resin, one of the purgative principles of jalap.

Jalousie, zhal-oo-zē′, n. a Venetian blind. [Fr.,—jalousie, jealousy.]

Jam, jam, n. a conserve of fruit boiled with sugar. [Ety. dub.; perh. from jam, to squeeze.]

Jam, jam, v.t. to press or squeeze tight:—pr.p. jam′ming; pa.p. jammed.—n. a crush, squeeze. [Cf. champ.]

Jamb, jam, n. the sidepiece or post of a door, fireplace, &c. [Fr. jambe, perh. Celt. cam, bent.]

Jambe, jäm, n. armour for the leg.—ns.pl. Jam′beaus, leggings; Jambieres′, leg-pieces of leather, &c. [Fr. jambe, leg.]

Jambone, jam′bōn, n. a lone hand in euchre, played only by agreement, in which the player lays his cards on the table and must lead one chosen by his opponent, scoring 8 points if he takes all the tricks.

Jamboree, jam-bō-rē, n. in euchre, a lone hand of the 5 highest cards, by agreement scoring 16 points for the holder: (slang) a boisterous frolic, a spree.

Jamdani, jam-dä′ni, n. a variety of Dacca muslin woven in designs of flowers.

Jamewar, jam′e-war, n. a Cashmere shawl with coloured patterns: the goat's-hair cloth of Cashmere.

Jampan, jam′pan, n. a sedan-chair borne on bamboo poles by four bearers.—n. Jampanee′, its bearer.

Jamrach, jam′rak, n. a place where wild animals are kept for sale—from a London dealer's name.

Jane, jān, n. (Spens.) a small silver Genoese coin: jean. [Low L. Janua, L. Genua, Genoa.]

Jangle, jang′l, v.i. to sound discordantly as in wrangling: to wrangle or quarrel.—v.t. to cause to sound harshly.—n. discordant sound: contention.—ns. Jang′ler; Jang′ling. [O. Fr. jangler; imit., like jingle and chink.]

Janitor, jan′i-tor, n. a doorkeeper: a porter:—fem. Jan′itrix. [L., from janua, a door.]

Janizary, jan′i-zar-i, n. a soldier of the old Turkish foot-guards (c. 1330-1826), formed originally of renegade prisoners and of a tribute of children taken from Christian subjects—also Jan′issary, Jan′izar.—adj. Janizā′rian. [Fr. Janissaire—Turk, yeñi, new, ‛asker, army.]

Janker, jang′ker, n. (Scot.) a long pole on two wheels used for transporting logs.

Jansenism, jan′sen-izm, n. a system of evangelical doctrine deduced from Augustine by Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), Roman Catholic Bishop of Ypres, essentially a reaction against the ordinary Catholic dogma of the freedom of the will and that of merely sufficient grace, maintaining that interior grace is irresistible, and that Christ died for all.—n. Jan′senist, a believer in Jansenism.

January, jan′ū-ar-i, n. the first month of the year, dedicated by the Romans to Jan′us, the god of opening, with a double head that looked both ways.—adjs. Jan′uform, two-faced; Jan′us-faced, double-dealing: deceitful. [L. Januarius—Junus.]

Jap, jap, n. and adj. (coll.) for Japanese′, of or belonging to Japan: the language of Japan: a native of Japan.

Japan, ja-pan′, v.t. to varnish after the manner of the Japanese′, or people of Japan: to make black and glossy:—pr.p. japan′ning; pa.p. japanned′.—n. work japanned: the varnish or lacquer used in japanning.—ns. Japan′-earth, or Terra japonica, gambier; Japan′ner.—Japan lacquer, or Black japan, a hard jet-black lacquer, for sheet-metal, made of asphaltum, linseed-oil, and varnish; Japanned leather, same as patent leather (see Patent).

Jape, jāp, v.i. to jest, joke.—v.t. to mock.—n. a jest, joke, trick. [O. Fr. japer.]

Japhetic, ja-fet′ik, adj. a term formerly applied in ethnology to European peoples, the supposed descendants of Japhet, as opposed to Hamitic and Semitic.

Japonica, jap-on′i-ka, n. an abbreviation for Pyrus japonica, the Japanese quince.

Jar, jär, v.i. to make a harsh discordant sound: to dash: to quarrel: to be inconsistent.—v.t. to shake:—pr.p. jar′ring; pa.p. jarred.—n. a harsh rattling sound: clash of interests or opinions: discord.—adv. Jar′ringly. [Imit.; cf. jargon.]

Jar, jär, n. an earthen or glass bottle with a wide mouth: a measure. [O. Fr. jare—Pers. jarrah.]

Jar, jär, n. a turn, used only in the phrase, 'on the jar,' ajar. [See Ajar.]

Jardinière, zhar-dē-nyār′, n. a vessel for the display of flowers, growing or cut: a lappet forming part of an old head-dress. [Fr., 'a flower-stand,' jardinier, a gardener.]

Jargon, jär′gon, n. confused talk: slang.—n. Jar′gonist, one who uses jargon. [Fr. jargon, prob. conn. with L. garrīre, to prattle.]

Jargon, jär′gon, n. a variety of zircon found in Ceylon, transparent, colourless.—Also Jar′goon.

Jarkman, järk′man, n. (slang) a swindling beggar, a begging-letter writer.

Jasey, jā′zi, n. a kind of wig, originally made of worsted. [Corr. of Jersey.]

Jasher, jäsh′ėr, n. one of the lost books of the ancient Hebrews, quoted twice (Josh. x. 13; 2 Sam. i. 18), most probably a collection of heroic ballads.

Jasmine, jas′min, Jessamine, jes′a-min, n. a genus of plants, many species of which have very fragrant flowers. [Fr. jasmin—Ar.,—Pers. yāsmīn.]

Jasper, jas′pėr, n. a precious stone, being a hard siliceous mineral of various colours.—adjs. Jas′pé, having the surface ornamented with veins; Jas′perated, mixed with jasper; Jas′pery, like jasper; Jaspid′ean, Jaspid′eous, Jas′poid. [Fr. jaspe—L. and Gr. iaspis—Ar. yasb.]

Jataka, jä′ta-kä, n. a nativity, the birth-story of Buddha. [Sans.,—jāta, born.]

Jaunce, jäns, v.i. (Shak.) to jolt or shake: to ride hard.—n. a jaunt. [O. Fr. jancer, to stir.]

Jaundice, jän′dis, n. a disease, characterised by a yellowness of the eyes, skin, &c., caused by bile.—adj. Jaun′diced, affected with jaundice: prejudiced. [Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yellow—L. galbinus, yellowish, galbus, yellow.]

Jaunt, jänt, v.i. to go from place to place: to make an excursion.—n. an excursion: a ramble.—adj. Jaunt′ing, strolling: making an excursion.—n. Jaunt′ing-car, a low-set, two-wheeled, open vehicle used in Ireland, with side-seats back to back. [O. Fr. jancer, to stir (a horse); but more prob. Scand.]

Jaunty, Janty, jänt′i, adj. airy: showy: finical.—adv. Jaunt′ily.—n. Jaunt′iness. [Fr. gentil.]

Jaup, jäp, v.t. (Scot.) to spatter.—v.i. to make a sound like water shaken in a vessel.—n. water or mud splashed up.

Javelin, jav′lin, n. a spear meant to be hurled, anciently used by both infantry and cavalry. [O. Fr. javelin; prob. Celt.]

Jaw, jaw, n. the bones of the mouth in which the teeth are set: the mouth: anything like a jaw: (slang) talkativeness, scolding.—v.i. (slang) to scold.—ns. Jaw′bone, the bone of the jaw, in which the teeth are set; Jaw′-break′er (slang), a word hard to pronounce.—adj. Jawed, having jaws: denoting the appearance of the jaws, as lantern-jawed.—n. Jaw′fall, a falling of the jaw: (fig.) depression of spirits.—adj. Jaw′-fall′en, depressed in spirits: dejected.—ns. Jaw′-foot, a foot-jaw, maxilliped; Jaw′-lē′ver, an instrument for opening the mouth of a horse or cow to admit medicine; Jaw′-tooth, one of the double teeth, a grinder or molar.—Break-jaw word, a very long word, or one hard to pronounce; Hold one's jaw, to cease from talking or scolding. [Old spelling chaw, akin to chew.]

Jaw, jaw, v.t. (Scot.) to pour out, throw out: splash.—ns. Jaw′-box, Jaw′-hole, a sink.

Jay, jā, n. a bird of the crow family with gay plumage: a wanton woman: an indifferent actor, a stupid chattering fellow. [O. Fr. jay (mod. Fr. geai); from root of gay.]

Jealous, jel′us, adj. suspicious of or incensed at rivalry: anxious to defend the honour of.—adv. Jeal′ously.—ns. Jeal′ousy, Jeal′oushood (Shak.), Jeal′ousness. [O. Fr. jalous (mod. Fr. jaloux)—L. zelus—Gr. zēlos, emulation.]

Jean, jān, n. a twilled cotton cloth.—n. Jeanette′, coarse jean, for lining.—Satin jean, a smooth, glossy, hard-twilled cotton goods. [Jane.]

Jebusite, jeb′ū-zīt, n. one of a Canaanitish race who long defied the Israelites from their stronghold on Mount Zion.—adj. Jebusit′ic.

Jeddart, jed′dart, n. an old name for Jedburgh.—Jeddart axe, a stout steel-headed pole, four feet long; Jeddart, or Jedwood, justice, hanging first and trying afterwards.

Jeer, jēr, v.t. to make sport of: to treat with derision.—v.i. to scoff: to deride: to make a mock of.—n. a railing remark: biting jest: mockery.—n. Jeer′er, a scoffer or mocker.—adv. Jeer′ingly. [Acc. to Skeat, from the Dut. phrase den gek scheeren, lit. 'to shear the fool,' to mock, the words gek scheeren (now scheren) being corr. into jeer.]

Jeffersonite, jef′er-son-īt, n. a greenish-black variety of pyroxene. [Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826.]

Jehoiada-box, jē-hoi′a-da-boks, n. a child's savings-bank—from 2 Chron. xxiv. 6-11.

Jehovah, je-hō′va, n. the eternal or self-existent Being, the chief Hebrew name of the Deity.—n. Jehō′vist, one who holds that the vowel-points annexed to the word Jehovah in Hebrew are the proper vowels of the word, some maintaining that they are those of the word Adonai or of Elohim: the supposed writer of the passages in the Pentateuch, in which the name applied to God is Jehovah.—adj. Jehovist′ic. [Heb. Yahōwāh, hardly from hāwāh, to be.]

Jehu, jē′hū, n. (coll.) a driver, esp. a furious whip. [A reference to 2 Kings, ix. 20.]

Jejune, je-jōōn′, adj. empty: void of interest: barren.—adv. Jejune′ly.—ns. Jejune′ness; Jeju′num, the second division of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. [L. jejunus, hungry.]

Jelly, jel′i, n. anything gelatinous: the juice of fruit boiled with sugar.—v.i. Jell, to jelly.—adj. Jell′ied, in the state of jelly.—v.t. Jell′ify, to make into a jelly.—v.i. to become gelatinous.—ns. Jell′y-bag, a bag through which jelly is strained; Jell′y-fish, marine radiate animals like jelly. [Fr. gelée, from geler—L. gelāre, to freeze.]

Jellyby, jel′i-bi, n. a philanthropist who cares only for distant people—from Mrs Jellyby in Bleak House, who busies herself about Borrioboola Gha, while her own household is going to ruin.

Jemidar, jem′i-där, n. a native officer in the Indian army of the rank of lieutenant: an officer of police, customs, &c.—Also Jam′adar. [Hind.]

Jemmy, jem′i, n. a burglar's short crowbar: (slang) a baked sheep's head: a greatcoat.

Jemmy, jem′i, adj. neat, smart, handy—also Gemm′y.—n. Jemm′iness, neatness.

Jennet, jen′et, n. a small Spanish horse.—Also Genn′et, Gen′et. [O. Fr. genette—Sp. ginete; Moorish.]

Jenneting, jen′et-ing, n. a kind of early apple. [Prob. apple of St Jean or John; not from June-eating.]

Jenny, jen′i, n. a female bird, a wren—usually Jenn′y-wren: a female ass: a spinning-jenny. [From the name Jenny; prob. the last sense from gin.]

Jeofail, jef′āl, n. an error in pleadings, or the acknowledgment of a mistake. [O. Fr. je faille, I fail.]

Jeopardy, jep′ard-i, n. hazard, danger.—vs.t. Jeop′ard, Jeop′ardise, to put in jeopardy.—n. Jeop′arder.—adj. Jeop′ardous, exposed to danger or loss.—adv. Jeop′ardously. [Fr. jeu parti, a divided game—Low L. jocus partitus—L. jocus, a game, partitus, divided—partīri, to divide.]

Jerboa, jėr-bō′a, n. a genus of small rodent quadrupeds, remarkable for the length of their hind-legs and their power of jumping. [Ar. yarbū‛.]

Jereed, je-rēd′, n. a kind of blunt javelin used by the Turks in mock-fights. [Ar. jarīd.]

Jeremiad, jer-e-mī′ad, n. a lamentation: a tale of grief: a doleful story. [From Jeremiah the prophet, author of the book of Lamentations.]

Jericho, jer′i-kō, n. a remote place, to which one is humorously consigned—from Jericho in Palestine and the story in 2 Sam. x. 4, 5.

Jerk, jėrk, v.t. to throw with a quick effort: to give a sudden movement.—n. a short, sudden movement: a striking against with a sudden motion: an involuntary spasmodic contraction of a muscle.—ns. Jerk′er; Jerk′iness.—adj. Jerk′y, moving or coming by jerks or starts, spasmodic; capricious, impatient. [A variant of jert and gird, and conn. with yard, a rod.]

Jerk, jėrk, v.t. to search, as a vessel for concealed or smuggled goods—also Jerque.—ns. Jerk′er, Jerqu′er; Jerqu′ing.

Jerk, jėrk, n. meat cut into thin pieces and dried in the sun.—Also Jerk′y. [Chilian charqui.]

Jerkin, jėr′kin, n. a jacket, a short coat or close waistcoat.—n. Jer′kin-head (archit.) the combination of a truncated gable with a hipped roof. [Dut., dim. of jurk, a frock.]

Jeroboam, jer-o-bō′am, n. a large metal bowl: eight bottles. [Allusion to 1 Kings, xi. 28.]

Jerry-builder, jer′i-bild′ėr, n. one who builds flimsy houses cheaply and hastily, a speculative builder.—n. Jerr′y-build′ing.—adj. Jerr′y-built.—n. Jerr′y-shop, a low dram-shop. [Prob. the personal name.]

Jersey, jėr′zi, n. the finest part of wool: combed wool: a close-fitting woollen shirt, or kind of under-vest, worn in rowing, &c. [From the island Jersey.]

Jess, jes, n. a short strap round the legs of a hawk.—adj. Jessed, having jesses on. [O. Fr. ject—L. jactāre, to fling, freq. of jacĕre, to throw.]

Jessant, jes′ant, adj. (her.) rising from the bottom line of a field or an upper line of an ordinary. [Perhaps a corr. of issuant. Cf. issue.]

Jesse, jes′i, n. a large branched candlestick used in churches, formerly hung up in churches. [From its likeness to the genealogical tree of Christ's descent from Jesse (Is. xi. 1), the father of David, often in medieval churches carried out in stained glass (a jesse window), sculpture, mural decoration, &c.]

Jesserant, jes′e-rant, n. splint armour.—Also Jaz′erant. [O. Fr. gesseron, jazeran—Sp. jacerina.]

Jest, jest, n. something ludicrous: joke: fun: something uttered in sport: object of laughter.—v.i. to make a jest: to joust.—ns. Jest′-book, a collection of funny stories; Jest′er, one who jests: a buffoon: a court-fool.—adj. Jest′ful, given to jesting.—adv. Jest′ingly.—n. Jest′ing-stock, a butt for jests. [Orig. 'a deed, a story,' M. E. geste—O. Fr. geste—L. gesta—gerĕre, to do.]

Jesuit, jez′ū-it, n. a member of the famous religious order, the Society of Jesus, founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola: a crafty or insidious person, an intriguer.—v.t. to make a Jesuit of.—adjs. Jesuit′ic, -al.—adv. Jesuit′ically.—ns. Jes′uitism, Jesuitry: the principles and practices of the Jesuits: cunning: deceit; Jesuitoc′racy, government by Jesuits; Jes′uitry, Jesuitism.—Jesuits' bark, cinchona, because introduced to Rome by Jesuit missionaries.

Jesus, jē′zus, n. the Saviour of mankind.—n. Jésus, a size of paper, super-royal.—Company, or Society, of Jesus, the Jesuit order.—Grand jésus, imperial. [Gr. Iēsous—Heb. Yēshū‛a, contr. of Yehōshū‛a, help of Jehovah, the Saviour—yāsha‛, to save.]

Jet, jet, n. a rich black variety of mineral coal, very hard and compact, taking a brilliant polish, used for ornaments.—adj. Jet′-black.—n. Jet′tiness.—adj. Jet′ty, made of jet, or black as jet. [O. Fr. jaet—L.—Gr. gagatēs, from Gagas, a town and river in Lycia, in Asia Minor, where it was obtained.]

Jet, jet, n. a spouting stream: a spout at the end of a gas-pipe emitting the flame.—v.t. to throw out, shoot forth.—v.i. to strut, to encroach arrogantly upon.—n. Jettatu′ra, the Evil-eye. [O. Fr. jetter—L. jactāre, to fling, freq. of jacĕre, to throw.]

Jetsam, jet′sam, n. the throwing of goods overboard to lighten a vessel: the goods so thrown away which remain under water (see Flotsam)—also Jet′som, Jet′son, Jet′tison.—v.t. Jet′tison, to throw overboard, as goods, in time of danger. [Anglo-Fr. jetteson—L. jactation-em, a casting.]

Jetton, jet′on, n. a piece of stamped metal used as a counter in card-playing, &c.

Jetty, jet′i, n. a projection: a kind of pier. [O. Fr. jettée, thrown out. See Jet (2).]

Jew, jōō, n. an inhabitant of Judea: a Hebrew or Israelite: opprobriously used for a usurer, miser, &c.:—fem. Jew′ess.—v.t. and v.i. (coll.) to overreach: cheat.—n. Jew′-bait′ing, the persecuting of Jews.—adj. Jew′ish, belonging to the Jews.—adv. Jew′ishly.—ns. Jew′ishness; Jew's′-ear, a fungus that grows on the elder, and bears some resemblance to the human ear; Jew's' frank′incense, the balsam known as benzoin or gum storax, often used as an incense; Jew's′-harp, a small harp-shaped musical instrument played between the teeth by striking a spring with the finger; Jew's′-mall′ow, a plant much cultivated as a pot-herb by the Jews in Syria; Jew's′-myr′tle, the prickly-leaved plant Ruscus aculeatus; Jew's′-pitch, asphaltum; Jew's′-stone, the fossil spine of a large echinus or sea hedgehog.—Jew's eye, in proverb 'Worth a Jew's eye,' something of high value—from the custom of torturing Jews for money; Jews' houses, in Cornwall, the name given to prehistoric miners' dwellings.—Wandering Jew (see Wander). [O. Fr. Juis—L. Judæus—Gr. Ioudaios—Heb. Yehūdāh, Judah.]

Jewel, jōō′el, n. a precious stone: an ornament of precious stones, worn as a decoration: anything or any one highly valued.—v.t. to dress or adorn with jewels: to fit with a jewel:—pr.p. jew′elling; pa.p. jew′elled, in a watch, having pivot-holes of garnets or any other jewels.—ns. Jew′el-case, a casket for holding jewels; Jew′eller, one who makes or deals in jewels; Jew′ellery, Jew′elry, jewels in general. [O. Fr. jouel (Fr. joyau); either a dim. of Fr. joie, joy, from L. gaudium, joy—gaudēre, to rejoice—or derived through Low L. jocale, from L. jocāri, to jest.]

Jezebel, jez′e-bel, n. a bold and vicious woman, a virago. [From Ahab's wicked wife.]

Jib, jib, n. a triangular sail borne in front of the foremast in a ship, so called from its shifting of itself.—v.t. to shift a boom sail from one tack to the other.—v.i. to move restively.—ns. Jib′-boom, a boom or extension of the bowsprit, on which the jib is spread; Jib′-door, a door flush with the outside wall, intended to be concealed.—The cut of one's jib, appearance. [Dan. gibbe, to jib; cf. Dut. gijpen, to turn suddenly.]

Jig, jig, n. a quick, lively tune: a quick dance suited to the tune.—v.i. to dance a jig:—pr.p. jig′ging; pa.p. jigged.—adj. Jig′gish. [O. Fr. gige, gigue, a stringed instrument—Teut.; Ger. geige; cf. gig.]

Jigamaree, jig-a-ma-rē′, n. anything the name of which one forgets, a thingumbob.—Also Jig′gumbob.

Jigger, jig′gėr, n. anything that jigs: one of many kinds of subsidiary appliances, as an apparatus for separating ores by jolting in sieves in water, a simple potter's wheel or a template or profile used with it, a warehouse crane, the bridge or rest for the cue in billiards: an old-fashioned sloop-rigged boat: a one-horse street car: a machine for exhibiting on a dial at once the prices at which sales are made, controlled by electric mechanism with a key-board: (slang) a drink of whisky.—v.t. to jerk or shake.

Jiggered, jig′ėrd, p.adj. a meaningless and needless substitute for a profane oath.

Jigging, jig′ing, n. in mining, the process of separating ore by means of a wire-bottomed sieve moved up and down in water.

Jigjog, jig′jog, n. a jolting motion, a jog.—Also Jick′ajog, Jig′ajog. [Reduplicated form of jog.]

Jill, jil, n. a young woman, often associated with Jack. [Short for Gillian—i.e. Juliana.]

Jilt, jilt, n. a woman who encourages a lover and then rejects him.—v.t. to encourage and then discard a lover. [Formerly jillet, dim. of Jill.]

Jim Crow, jim krō, n. one of the earliest negro-minstrel songs: a kind of generic name for the negro.

Jim-crow, jim′-krō, n. a tool for bending or straightening iron rails or bars.

Jimp, jimp, adj. (Scot.) slender, elegant.—adv. Jimp, Jimp′ly, neatly, hardly.—adj. Jimp′y, neat.

Jingle, jing′l, n. a clinking sound: that which makes a rattling sound: a correspondence of sounds: a covered two-wheeled car.—v.i. to sound with a jingle.—ns. Jing′le-jang′le, a jingling sound; Jing′let, a ball serving as the clapper of a sleigh-bell; Jīng′ling, a game in which blindfolded players within a ring try to catch a player with a bell tied to him. [Imit.]

Jingo, jing′gō, n. a name used in the expletives, 'By Jingo!' 'By the living Jingo!' From its occurrence in a music-hall song of 1878 that conveyed a threat against Russia, Jingo has come to mean a British Chauvinist.—adjs. Jing′o, Jing′oish.—n. Jing′oism. [Often fearlessly derived from Basque Jinkoa, Jainko, God; no doubt conn. somehow with St Gengulphus (died May 11, 760).]

Jink, jingk, v.i. (Scot.) to move nimbly, to dodge.—v.t. to elude: to cheat.—n. a quick, illusory turn.

Jinn, jin, n.pl. (sing. Jin′nee) a class of spirits in Mohammedan mythology, formed of fire, living chiefly on the mountains of Káf which encircle the world, assuming various shapes, sometimes as men of enormous size and portentous hideousness.—Also Djinn, Ginn. The jinn are often called genii by a confusion. A plural Jinns is sometimes erroneously used. [Ar. jinn, pl. jinnīy.]

Jinrikisha, jin-rik′i-shä, n. a small, two-wheeled hooded carriage drawn by men. [Jap. jin, man, riki, power, sha, carriage.]

Job, job, n. a sudden stroke or stab with a pointed instrument like a beak.—v.t. to strike or stab suddenly:—pr.p. job′bing; pa.p. jobbed. [Gael. gob, W. gwp, a bird's beak; conn. with gobble, job.]

Job, job, n. any piece of work, esp. of a trifling or temporary nature: miscellaneous printing-work: any undertaking with a view to profit: a mean transaction, in which private gain is sought under pretence of public service.—adj. of a particular job or transaction, assigned to a special use: bought or sold lumped together.—v.i. to work at jobs: to buy and sell as a broker: to hire or let out by the week or month, esp. horses.—ns. Job′ber, one who jobs: one who buys and sells, as a broker or middleman: one who turns official actions to private advantage: one who engages in a mean lucrative affair; Job′bery, jobbing: unfair means employed to procure some private end; Job′-mas′ter, a livery-stable keeper who jobs out horses and carriages.—A bad job, an unfortunate affair; Odd jobs, occasional pieces of work. [Formerly gob—O. Fr. gob, a mouthful; from the same Celtic root as gobble.]

Job, jōb, n. a monument of patience—from Job in Scripture.—n. Jobā′tion, a tedious scolding.—Job's comforter, one who aggravates the distress of an unfortunate man he has come to comfort; Job's news, bad news; Job's post, the bearer of bad news.

Jockey, jok′i, n. a man (orig. a boy) who rides horses in a race: a horse-dealer: one who takes undue advantage in business.—v.t. to jostle by riding against: to cheat.—ns. Jock′eyism, Jock′eyship, the art or practice of a jockey.—Jockey Club, an association for the promotion and ordering of horse-racing. [Dim. of Jock, northern Eng. for Jack.]

Jockteleg, jok′te-leg, n. (Scot.) a large clasp-knife. [Cf. jack-knife.]

Jocose, jo-kōs′, adj. full of jokes: humorous: merry.—adv. Jocose′ly.—ns. Jocose′ness, Jocos′ity, the quality of being jocose.—adj. Joco-sē′rious, half in jest, half in earnest. [L. jocosus—jocus, a joke.]

Jocular, jok′ū-lar, adj. given to jokes: humorous: droll: laughable.—n. Jocular′ity.—adv. Joc′ularly.—n. Joculā′tor, a professional jester or minstrel.—adj. Joc′ulātory. [L. jocularis—jocus.]

Jocund, jok′und, adj. in a jocose humour: merry: cheerful: pleasant.—ns. Jocund′ity, Jocund′ness.—adv. Joc′undly. [Fr.,—L. jocundus—jocus.]

Jodel, jō′del, v.i. to sing with the falsetto voice in harmonic progressions.—Also n. [Swiss.]

Joe, jō, Joey, jō′i, n. (slang) a fourpenny-bit—from Joseph Hume, M.P., their author, 1836.—Joe Miller, an old or stale jest, a jest-book; Joe Millerism, the habit of retailing stale jests—from Joe Miller (1684-1738), a comedian but notoriously dull fellow, whose name was attached to a collection in 1739.

Jog, jog, v.t. to shake: to push with the elbow or hand, to stimulate, stir up, as the memory.—v.i. to move by jogs: to travel slowly:—pr.p. jog′ging; pa.p. jogged.—n. a slight shake: a push.—ns. Jog′ger (Dryden), one who moves slowly and heavily; Jog′trot, a slow jogging trot.—Be jogging, to move on, to depart. [A weakened form of shock.]

Joggle, jog′l, n. a notch in joints adapted in fitting stones or pieces of timber together to keep them from sliding. [Dim. of jog, to push.]

Joggle, jog′l, v.t. to jog or shake slightly: to jostle.—v.i. to shake:—pr.p. jogg′ling; pa.p. jogg′led. [Dim. of jog.]

Johannes, jō-han′ēz, n. an old Portuguese gold coin.—Also Joann′es.

Johannine, jō-an′nīn, adj. pertaining to St John.—Also Johan′nēan. [L. Joannes.]

Johannisberger, jō-hän′nis-bėr-gėr, n. a white Rhenish wine grown at Johannisberg ('St John's Mountain'), near Wiesbaden.

John, jon, n. a proper name, one of whose diminutives, John′ny, is sometimes used in slang for a simpleton or a fellow generally.—ns. John′-a-dreams′ (Shak.), a dreamy fellow; John′ian, a member of St John's College, Cambridge; John′ny-cake, a cake of Indian meal toasted; John′ny-raw, a beginner.—John Bull, a generic name for an Englishman from Arbuthnott's History of John Bull, 1712; John Bullism, the typical English character, or any act or word expressive of it; John Chinaman, a Chinaman, the Chinese collectively; John Company, an old colloquial name for the Honourable East India Company; John Dory (see Dory); John Thomas, a generic name for a flunkey.

Johnsonianism, jon-sō′ni-an-izm, n. a peculiarity of Dr Johnson, the lexicographer (1709-83)—also John′sonism.—n. John′sonese, the Johnsonian style, or an imitation of it—ponderous English, full of words of classical origin.

Join, join, v.t. to connect: to unite: to associate: to add or annex.—v.i. to be connected with: to grow together: to be in close contact: to unite (with).—ns. Joind′er, joining; Join′er, one who joins or unites: a carpenter; Join′ery, the art of the joiner; Join′-hand, running hand; Join′ing, the act of joining: a seam: a joint; Joint, a joining: the place where, or mode in which, two or more things join, as two rails, two pieces of timber connected by mortises and tenons, &c.: the flexible hinge of cloth or leather connecting the back of a book with its sides: (geol.) a crack intersecting a mass of rock: a knot: a hinge: a seam: a place of resort for tramps: (U.S.) an opium-den: the place where two bones are joined: (cook.) the part of the limb of an animal cut off at the joint.—adj. joined, united, or combined: shared among more than one.—v.t. to unite by joints: to fit closely: to provide with joints: to cut into joints, as an animal.—v.i. to fit like joints.—adj. Joint′ed, having joints.—ns. Joint′er, the largest kind of plane used by a joiner: a bent piece of iron for riveting two stones together; Joint′ing-rule, a long, straight-edged rule used by bricklayers for keeping their work even.—adv. Joint′ly, in a joint manner: unitedly or in combination: together.—ns. Joint′-oil, the synovia, a viscid secretion for lubricating the articular surfaces; Joint′-stock, stock held jointly or in company; Joint′-stool (Shak.), a stool made of parts inserted in each other; Joint′-ten′ancy, the ownership of land or goods along with one or more persons; Joint′-ten′ant, one who is owner of land or goods along with others; Joint′ure, property joined to or settled on a woman at marriage to be enjoyed after her husband's death.—v.t. to settle a jointure upon.—ns. Joint′ūress, Join′tress, a woman on whom a jointure is settled.—Join battle, to engage in battle.—Out of joint, dislocated, (fig.) disordered; Put one's nose out of joint, to supplant in another's love or confidence; Second joint, the middle piece of a fly fishing-rod: the thigh of a fowl—opp. to the leg or drumstick, the first joint; Universal joint, a contrivance by which one part of a machine is able to move freely in all directions, as in the ball-and-socket joint. [O. Fr. joindre—L. jungĕre, junctum.]

Joist, joist, n. the timbers to which the boards of a floor or the laths of a ceiling are nailed.—v.t. to fit with joists. [O. Fr. giste—gesir—L. jacēre, to lie.]

Joke, jōk, n. a jest: a witticism: something witty or sportive: anything said or done to excite a laugh.—v.t. to cast jokes at: to banter: to make merry with.—v.i. to jest: to be merry: to make sport.—n. Jok′er, one who jokes or jests: a card, generally the highest trump, at euchre.—adv. Jok′ingly, in a joking manner. [L. jocus.]

Jole, Joll, jōl, v.t. (Shak.) to beat against anything, to clash with violence.

Jolly, jol′i, adj. merry: expressing or exciting mirth, jovial: comely, robust.—n. Jollificā′tion, a making jolly: noisy festivity and merriment.—adv. Joll′ily.—ns. Joll′iment (Spens.), merriment; Joll′ity, Joll′iness.—adv. Joll′y (coll.), uncommonly. [O. Fr. jolif, joli—Ice. jol, Yule.]

Jollyboat, jol′i-bōt, n. a small boat belonging to a ship. [Dan. jolle, a boat, and Eng. boat.]

Jolt, jōlt, v.i. to shake with sudden jerks.—v.t. to shake with a sudden shock.—n. a sudden jerk.—ns. Jolt′er; Jolt′-head, Jolt′erhead, a blockhead.—adv. Jolt′ingly, in a jolting manner. [Old form joll, prob. conn. with jowl.]

Jonah, jō′nä, n. an unlucky passenger on shipboard or elsewhere—from the prophet Jonah.

Jonathan, jon′a-than, n. the people of the United States, collectively, or a typical specimen, Brother Jonathan. [Perh. from the sagacious Governor Jonathan Trumbull, 1710-85.]

Jongleur, zhong′gler, n. a minstrel: a mountebank. [O. Fr. jogleor—L. joculator; cf. Juggler.]

Jonquil, jon′kwil, n. a name given to certain species of narcissus with rush-like leaves.—Also Jon′quill. [Fr. jonquille—L. juncus, a rush.]

Jordan, jor′dan, n. (Shak.) a chamber-pot. [Jordan-bottle, a pilgrim's bottle containing Jordan water.]

Jorum, jō′rum, n. a drinking bowl or vessel, also its contents.—Also Jō′ram. [Ety. unknown.]

Joseph, jō′zef, n. one whose chastity is above temptation—from the story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife in Gen. xxxix.: a caped overcoat worn by women in the 18th century for riding—in allusion to Joseph's coat, Gen. xxxvii. 3.

Joss, jos, n. a Chinese idol.—ns. Joss′-house, a temple; Joss′-stick, a stick of gum burned as incense to their gods. [Pidgin-English corr. of the Port. deos, god.]

Jostle, jos′l, v.t. to joust or strike against: to drive against. [Freq. of joust.]

Jot, jot, n. the least quantity assignable.—v.t. to set down briefly: to make a memorandum of:—pr.p. jot′ting; pa.p. jot′ted.—ns. Jot′ter, one who jots: a book for memoranda; Jot′ting, a memorandum. [L.,—Gr. iōta—Heb. yōdh, the smallest letter in the alphabet, Eng. i.]

Jougs, joogz, n. an iron neck-ring that constituted the old Scottish pillory. [O. Fr. joug, a yoke—L. jugum.]

Jouisance, jōō′is-ans, n. (Spens.) joyousness. [Fr.,—jouir, to enjoy—L. gaudēre, to rejoice.]

Jouk, Jook, jōōk, v.i. (Scot.) to duck or dodge: to bow.—ns. Jouk′ery, Jook′ery, trickery; Jouk′ery-pawk′ery, low cunning, trickery.

Joule, jōōl, n. the practical unit of electrical energy. [After James Prescott Joule (1818-89).]

Journal, jur′nal, n. a daily register or diary: a book containing an account of each day's transactions: a newspaper published daily or otherwise: a magazine: the transactions of any society.—n. Journalese′, the language of journalism.—v.i. Jour′nalīse, to write articles for a journal.—v.t. to enter in a journal:—pr.p. jour′nalīsing; pa.p. jour′nalīsed.—ns. Jour′nalism, the keeping of a journal: the profession of conducting or writing for public journals; Jour′nalist, one who writes for or conducts a newspaper.—adj. Journalist′ic, pertaining to journalism. [Fr.,—L. diurnalis.]

Journal, jur′nal, n. (mech.) that part of a shaft or axle which rests in the bearings.—v.t. to insert, as a shaft, in a journal-bearing.

Journey, jur′ni, n. any travel: tour: excursion: the weight of finished coins delivered at one time to the Master of the Mint—also Jour′ney-weight.—v.i. Jour′ney, to travel:—pr.p. jour′neying; pa.p. jour′neyed (-nid).—adj. Jour′ney-bat′ed (Shak.), wayworn.—ns. Jour′neyman, one who works by the day: any hired workman: one whose apprenticeship is completed; Jour′ney-work, work done by a journeyman or for hire. [Fr. journée—jour, a day—L. diurnus.]

Joust, jōōst, Just, just, n. the encounter of two knights on horseback at a tournament.—v.i. to run in the tilt. [O. Fr. jouste, joste—L. juxta, nigh to.]

Jovial, jō′vi-al, adj. joyous: full of mirth and happiness.—ns. Jove, Jupiter; Jovial′ity, Jō′vialness, quality of being jovial.—adv. Jō′vially. [L.,—Jupiter, Jovis, Jupiter, an auspicious star.]

Jow, jow, v.t. and v.i. (Scot.) to ring, toll.—n. a stroke of a bell.

Jowl, jowl, n. the jaw or cheek.—n. Jowl′er, a heavy-jawed hound. [M. E. forms are chol, chaul, corr. from chavel, and this again from A.S. ceafl, the jaw.]

Jowter, jow′tėr, n. a fish-hawker.—Also Jow′der. [Prob. a form of jolter.]

Joy, joi, n. gladness: rapture, mirth: the cause of joy.—v.i. to rejoice: to be glad: to exult:—pr.p. joy′ing; pa.p. joyed.—v.t. Joy (Milt.), to enjoy.—n. Joy′ance (Spens.), gaiety, festivity.—adj. Joy′ful, full of joy: very glad, happy, or merry.—adv. Joy′fully.—n. Joy′fulness.—adj. Joy′less, without joy: not giving joy.—adv. Joy′lessly.—n. Joy′lessness.—adj. Joy′ous, full of joy, happiness, or merriment.—adv. Joy′ously.—n. Joy′ousness.—The Seven Joys of the Virgin:—the Annunciation, the Visitation, the Nativity, the Adoration of the three wise men, the Presentation in the Temple, the Discovery of the child in the Temple amidst the doctors, her Assumption and Coronation. [Fr. joie (It. gioja)—L. gaudium—gaudēre, to rejoice.]

Juba, jōō′ba, n. a negro breakdown or rustic dance, in which the spectators clap hands, slap their thighs, and sing verses with juba as a refrain.

Jubbah, jub′a, n. a long loose outer garment worn by Mohammedans in India, &c.

Jube, jōō′bē, n. the rood-loft or gallery over the entrance to the choir of a church. [L., imperat. of jubēre, to command.]

Jubilant, jōō′bi-lant, adj. shouting for joy: rejoicing: uttering songs of triumph.—n. Ju′bilance, exultation.—adv. Jubilantly.—v.i. Ju′bilate, to exult, rejoice.—ns. Jubilā′tē, the third Sunday after Easter, so called because the Church Service began on that day with the 66th Psalm, 'Jubilate Deo,' &c.: also the 100th Psalm, which in the English Prayer-Book is a canticle used as an alternative for the Benedictus; Jubilā′tion, a shouting for joy: the declaration of triumph. [L. jubilāre, to shout for joy. Not conn. with Jubilee.]

Jubilee, jōō′bi-lē, n. the year of release among the Jews every fiftieth year, proclaimed by the sound of a trumpet: the celebration of a fiftieth anniversary—e.g. of a king's accession, a bishop's consecration, &c.: in the R.C. Church, a year (every twenty-fifth—Ordinary jubilee) of indulgence for pilgrims and others, an Extraordinary jubilee being specially appointed by the Pope: any season of great public joy and festivity. [Fr. jubilé—L. jubilæus—Heb. yōbel, a trumpet, the blast of a trumpet.]

Jud, jud, n. a mass of coal holed or undercut so as to be thrown down by wedges.

Judaic, -al, jōō-dā′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to the Jews.—adv. Judā′ically.—n. Judaisā′tion.—v.t. Ju′daīse, to conform to or practise Judaism.—ns. Judaī′ser; Ju′daism, the doctrines and rites of the Jews: conformity to the Jewish rites; Ju′daist, one who holds the doctrines of Judaism.—adj. Judaist′ic, pertaining to Judaism.—adv. Judaist′ically. [L. Judaicus—Juda, Judah, a son of Israel.]

Judas, jōō′das, n. a traitor: an opening in a jail-door, &c.—adj. Ju′das-col′oured, red of hair—Judas traditionally being red-haired.—ns. Ju′das-hole, a small hole in a door for watching; Ju′das-kiss, any act of treachery under the guise of kindness (Matt. xxvi. 48, 49); Ju′das-tree, a tree with rose-coloured flowers that appear before the leaves—Judas having hanged himself on one.

Judean, jōō-dē′an, adj. belonging to Judea.—n. a native of Judea.

Judge, juj, v.i. to point out or declare what is just or law: to hear and decide: to pass sentence: to compare facts to determine the truth: to form or pass an opinion: to distinguish.—v.t. to hear and determine authoritatively: to sentence: to decide the merits of: to be censorious towards: to consider: (B.) to condemn.—n. one who judges: a civil officer who hears and settles any cause: an arbitrator: one who can decide upon the merit of anything: in Jewish history, a supreme magistrate having civil and military powers: (pl.) title of 7th book of the Old Testament.—ns. Judge′ship, the office of a judge; Judg′ment, act of judging: the comparing of ideas to elicit truth: faculty by which this is done, the reason: opinion formed: taste: sentence: condemnation: doom; Judg′ment-day, the day on which God will pronounce final judgment on mankind; Judg′ment-debt, a debt evidenced by legal record; Judg′ment-hall, a hall where a court of justice meets; Judg′ment-seat, seat or bench in a court from which judgment is pronounced. [Fr. juger—L. judicāre—jus, law, dicĕre, to declare.]

Judica, jōō′di-ka, n. Passion Sunday—from the opening words of the introit, 'Judica me, Deus' (43d Ps.).

Judicature, jōō′di-kā-tūr, n. power of dispensing justice by legal trial: jurisdiction: a tribunal.—adjs. Ju′dicable, that may be judged or tried; Ju′dicātive, having power to judge; Ju′dicātory, pertaining to a judge: distributing justice.—n. distribution of justice: a tribunal.

Judicial, jōō-dish′al, adj. pertaining to a judge or court of justice: established by statute.—adv. Judic′ially.—Judicial Committee, an offshoot of the Privy Council, forming a court of appeal; Judicial factor, in Scotland, an administrator appointed by the courts to manage the estate of some one under some imperfection; Judicial separation, the separation of two married persons by order of the Divorce Court. [L. judicialis—judicium.]

Judiciary, jōō-dish′i-ar-i, n. the judges taken collectively.—adj. pertaining to the courts of law: passing judgment. [L. judiciarius.]

Judicious, jōō-dish′us, adj. according to sound judgment: possessing sound judgment: discreet.—adv. Judic′iously.—n. Judic′iousness. [Fr. judicieux—Low L. judiciosus—L. judicium.]

Judy, jōō′di, n. Punch's wife in the puppet-show: a native Chinese strumpet. [Corr. of Judith.]

Jug, jug, n. a large vessel with a swelling body and narrow mouth for liquors.—v.t. to boil or stew as in a jug:—pr.p. jug′ging; pa.p. jugged.—Jugged hare (see Hare); Stone jug (slang), jail. [Prob. Judy, jocularly applied to a drinking-vessel; cf. Jack and Jill in a like sense.]

Jug, jug, v.i. to utter the sound jug, as certain birds, esp. the nightingale.—n. Jug-jug. [Imit.]

Jugal, jōō′gal, adj. malar: joining, uniting.—n. a bone of the zygomatic arch, malar bone.

Jugate, -d, jōō′gāt, -ed, adj. (bot.) having the leaflets in pairs: joined as jugata on a coin, &c.—n.pl. Ju′gata, heads shown side by side or overlapping.

Juggernaut, jug′er-nawt, n. an idol of the Hindu god Vishnu, beneath whose car devotees were supposed to immolate themselves; hence the 'car of Juggernaut' stands metaphorically for any Moloch of self-sacrifice. [Sans. Jagannātha, lord of the world.]

Juggle, jug′l, v.i. to joke or jest: to amuse by sleight-of-hand: to conjure: to practise artifice or imposture.—n. a trick by sleight-of-hand: an imposture.—ns. Jugg′ler, one who performs tricks by sleight-of-hand: a trickish fellow; Jugg′lery, art or tricks of a juggler: legerdemain: trickery.—adv. Jugg′lingly, in a deceptive manner. [O. Fr. jogler—L. joculāri, to jest—jocus, a jest.]

Jugular, jug′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to the collar-bone, which joins the neck and shoulders.—n. one of the large veins on each side of the neck. [L. jugulum, the collar-bone—jungĕre, to join.]

Juice, jōōs, n. the sap of vegetables: the fluid part of animal bodies.—adj. Juice′less.—n. Juic′iness.—adj. Juic′y. [Fr.,—L. jus, broth, lit. mixture.]

Jujube, jōō′jōōb, n. a genus of spiny shrubs or small trees, the fruit of which is dried as a sweetmeat: a lozenge made of sugar and gum. [Fr.,—L. zizyphum—Gr. zizyphon—Pers. zīzfun, the jujube-tree.]

Julep, jōō′lep, n. a pleasant liquid medicine in which other nauseous medicines are taken.—Also Ju′lap. [Fr.,—Sp. julepe—Ar. jūlāb—Pers. jūlāb.]

Julian, jōōl′yan, adj. pertaining to C. Julius Cæsar (B.C. 100-44).—Julian year (see Year).

Julienne, zhü-li-en′, n. a clear soup, with shredded herbs. [Julien, a French cook in Boston.]

July, jōō′lī, n. the seventh month of the year—from Caius Julius Cæsar, who was born in it.

Jumart, jōō′mart, n. the offspring of a bull and a mare, or horse and cow. [Fr.,—L. jumentum.]

Jumble, jum′bl, v.t. to mix confusedly: to throw together without order.—v.i. to be mixed together confusedly: to be agitated: to jump at, to accept eagerly.—n. a confused mixture.—n. Jum′ble-sale, a charity bazaar of cast-off clothing, rubbish, &c.—adv. Jum′blingly, in a jumbled or confused manner. [Prob. a freq. of jump.]

Jumbo, jum′bō, n. a colossus.—adj. huge, colossal. [Name of a huge elephant sold in 1882 from the London Zoological Gardens to P. T. Barnum.]

Jump, jump, v.i. to spring upward, or forward, or both: to bound: to pass to as by a leap: to agree, coincide (with).—v.t. to pass by a leap: to skip over: to cause to start, as game:—pr.p. jump′ing; pa.p. jumped.—n. act of jumping: a bound, a hazard.—adv. (Shak.) exactly.—ns. Jump′er, one who jumps: a long iron drill or borer used in quarries and mines: (pl.) a term applied to certain Welsh Methodists (c. 1760), who jumped about in worship: Jump′ing-deer, the black-tailed American deer; Jump′ing-hare, a South African rodent, akin to the jerboas; Jump′-seat, a carriage-seat which may be moved backwards or forwards, so as to be used as single or double: a carriage with a movable seat; Count′er-jump′er, a draper's shopman.—Jump a claim (U.S.), to take land to which another already holds a claim; Jump at, to embrace with eagerness; Jump one's bail, to abscond, forfeiting one's bail; Jump over, to disregard, omit; Jump over the broomstick, to make an irregular marriage. [From a Teut. root seen in Sw. dial. gumpa, Middle High Ger. gumpen, to jump.]

Jump, jump, Jumper, jump′er, n. a loose garment: overall. [More prob. a thing to be jumped or slipped on, than from Fr. jupe, a petticoat, skirt.]

Juncaceous, jun-kā′shus, adj. of or pertaining to the Juncaceæ, a natural order of plants, of which the Jun′cus, or rush, is the type.

Junction, jungk′shun, n. a joining, a union or combination: place or point of union. [Join.]

Juncture, jungk′tūr, n. a joining, a union: a critical or important point of time. [L. junctura.]

June, jōōn, n. the sixth month, originally of 26 days, but since Julius Cæsar's time of 30. [L. Junius, the sixth month, prob. from root of L. juvenis, junior.]

Jungermannia, joong-ger-man′i-ä, n. (bot.) a suborder of Hepaticæ. [From a German botanist, Jungermann (1572-1653).]

Jungle, jung′gl, n. land covered with thick brushwood, &c.—ns. Jungle-fē′ver, a severe malarial or remittent fever; Jung′le-fowl, a wild species of genus Gallus, the parent of our barn-door fowl.—adj. Jung′ly. [Sans. jañgala, desert.]

Junior, jōōn′yur, adj. younger: less advanced.—n. one younger or less advanced.—ns. Junior′ity, Jun′iorship; Jun′ior-right, borough-English (q.v.).—Junior optime, a third-class honours man at Cambridge, next to Wranglers and Senior Optimes; Junior soph, an undergraduate of the second year at Cambridge. [Contr. of L. juvenior, younger—juvenis, young.]

Juniper, jōō′ni-pėr, n. an evergreen shrub, the berries of which are used in making gin. [L. juniperus—juvenis, young, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Junk, jungk, n. a Chinese vessel, with high forecastle and poop, sometimes large and three-masted. [Port. junco—Chinese chw‛an, a boat.]

Junk, jungk, n. pieces of old cordage, used for making mats, &c., and when picked to pieces, forming oakum for the seams of ships: salt meat supplied to vessels for long voyages, so called because it becomes as hard as old rope.—ns. Junk′-deal′er, Junk′man, a dealer in junk; Junk′-ring, a metal ring confining a fibrous piston-packing; Junk′-shop, a place where junk is bought and sold. [L. juncus, a rush.]

Junk-bottle, junk′bot-l, n. a thick, strong bottle, of green or black glass.

Junker, yōōng′kėr, n. a young German noble or squire.—n. Junk′erism, the narrow political and social ideas of the aristocratic party in Prussia called Junkers.

Junket, jung′ket, n. any sweetmeat or delicacy: curds mixed with cream, sweetened and flavoured: a feast or merrymaking, a picnic, a spree.—v.i. to feast, banquet, take part in a convivial entertainment or spree.—v.t. to feast, regale, entertain:—pr.p. junketing; pa.p. jun′keted.—n. Junk′eting, a merry feast or entertainment, picnicking. [It. guincata—L. juncus, a rush.]

Juno, jōō′nō, n. in Roman mythology, the wife of Jupiter, parallel with the Greek Hera, regarded as the special protectress of marriage and the guardian of woman from birth to death: a queenly woman.—adj. Junō′nian.

Junta, jun′ta, n. a meeting, council: a Spanish grand council of state. [Sp.,—L. jungĕre, to join.]

Junto, jun′tō, n. a body of men joined or united for some secret intrigue: a confederacy: a cabal or faction:—pl. Jun′tos. [Sp. junta.]

Jupati-palm, jōō′pa-tē-päm, n. a South American palm yielding the raphia-fibre.

Jupiter, jōō′pi-tėr, n. the chief god among the Romans, the parallel of the Greek Zeus—also Jove: the largest and, next to Venus, the brightest of the planets.—Jupiter's beard, the house-leek. [L., Gr. Zeus patēr, Sans. Dyaus pitar, lit. 'Jove (Zeus) father.']

Jupon, jōō′-pon, n. a sleeveless jacket or close-fitting coat, extending down over the hips: a petticoat.—n. Jupette′, a jupon with very short skirt. [Fr. jupon, jupe, a petticoat.]

Jural, jōō′ral, adj. pertaining to natural or positive right.—adv. Ju′rally.

Jurassic, jōō-ras′sik, adj. (geol.) one of the three divisions of the Mesozoic rocks, including the Lias and Oolites, and so called from its well-developed strata in the Jura Mountains.

Jurat, jōō′rat, n. the official memorandum at the end of an affidavit, showing the time when and the person before whom it was sworn.

Jurant, jōō′rant, adj. taking an oath.—n. one who takes an oath.—adj. Ju′ratory, pertaining to an oath.

Juridical, jōō-rid′ik-al, adj. relating to the distribution of justice: pertaining to a judge: used in courts of law.—adv. Jurid′ically. [L. juridicus—jus, juris, law, dicere[typo: dicĕre], to declare.]

Jurisconsult, jōō-ris-kon′sult, n. one who is consulted on the law: a lawyer who gives opinions on cases put to him: a jurist. [L. jus, juris, law, consultus—consultere, to consult.]

Jurisdiction, jōō-ris-dik′shun, n. the distribution of justice: legal authority: extent of power: district over which any authority extends.—adjs. Jurisdic′tional, Jurisdic′tive. [Fr.,—L. jurisdictio.]

Jurisprudence, jōō-ris-prōō′dens, n. the science or knowledge of law.—adj. Jurispru′dent, learned in law.—n. one who is learned in law.—adj. Jurispruden′tial.—Medical jurisprudence, forensic medicine (see Forensic). [Fr.—L., jurisprudentia—jus, juris, law, prudentia, knowledge.]

Jurist, jōō′rist, n. one who is versed in the science of law, esp. Roman or civil law: a civilian.—adjs. Jurist′ic, -al.—adv. Jurist′ically. [Fr. juriste.]

Jury, jōō′ri, n. a body of not less than twelve men, selected and sworn, as prescribed by law, to declare the truth on evidence before them: a committee for deciding prizes at a public exhibition.—ns. Ju′ror, one who serves on a jury—also Ju′ryman; Ju′ry-box, the place in which the jury sit during a trial.—Jury of matrons, a jury of 'discreet' women impanelled to try a question of pregnancy, as where a widow alleges herself to be with child by her late husband, or a woman sentenced to death, to stay execution, pleads that she is with child. [Fr. juré, sworn—jurer—L. jurāre, to swear.]

Jurymast, jōō′ri-mäst, n. a temporary mast raised instead of one lost.—adj. Ju′ry-rigged, rigged in a temporary way.—n. Ju′ry-rudd′er, a temporary rudder for one lost. [Not injury-mast, but O. Fr. ajurie, aid—L. adjutāre, to aid.]

Jus, jus, n. law right.—Jus civile, the civil law; Jus divinum, the divine right of kings; Jus gentium, law of nations; Jus mariti, the right of a husband; Jus naturale, the law of nature, the common sense of justice; Jus primæ noctis, the alleged right of a feudal superior to deflower a young bride.

Jussive, jus′iv, adj. expressing command.—n. a grammatical form or construction expressing commands.

Just, just, adv. lawful: upright: exact: regular: true: righteous.—adv. precisely, almost exactly, very lately, (coll.) quite, barely.—adv. Just′ly, in a just manner: equitably: uprightly: accurately: by right.—n. Just′ness, equity: propriety: exactness. [Fr.,—L. justus—jus, law.]

Justice, jus′tis, n. quality of being just: integrity: impartiality: desert: retribution: a judge: a magistrate.—ns. Jus′ticeship, office or dignity of a justice or judge; Justic′iary, Justic′iar, an administrator of justice: a chief-justice.—Justice of the Peace (abb. J.P.), an inferior magistrate; Justices' justice, a term sarcastically applied to the kind of justice sometimes administered by the unpaid and amateur magistracy of England.—Lord Chief-justice, the chief judge of the King's (or Queen's) Bench Division of the High Court of Justice; Lord Justice-clerk, the Scottish judge ranking next to the Lord-Justice-general, presiding over the Outer House or Second Division of the Court of Session, vice-president of the High Court of Justiciary; Lord Justice-general, the highest judge in Scotland, called also the Lord President of the Court of Session.—High Court of Justiciary, the supreme criminal court of justice in Scotland. [Fr.,—L. justitia.]

Justify, jus′ti-fī, v.t. to make just: to prove or show to be just or right: to vindicate: to absolve:—pr.p. jus′tifying; pa.p. jus′tified.—adj. Justifī′able, that may be justified or defended.—n. Justifī′ableness.—adv. Justifī′ably.—n. Justificā′tion, vindication: absolution: a plea of sufficient reason for.—adjs. Jus′tificātive, Jus′tificātory, having power to justify.—n. Jus′tifier, one who defends, or vindicates: he who pardons and absolves from guilt and punishment.—Justification by faith, the doctrine that men are justified by faith in Christ. [Fr.,—L. justificāre—justus, just, facĕre, to make.]

Jut, jut, v.i. to project:—pr.p. jut′ting; pa.p. jut′ted.—adv. Jut′tingly, projectingly.—n. Jut′-win′dow, a projecting window. [A form of jet.]

Jute, jōōt, n. the fibre of an Indian plant resembling hemp, used in the manufacture of coarse bags, mats, &c. [Orissa jhot, Sans. jhat.]

Jutty, jut′i, n. a projecting part of a building: a pier, a jetty.—v.t. and v.i. (Shak.) to jut. [Jut.]

Juvenescent, jōō-ven-es′ent, adj. becoming young.—n. Juvenesc′ence. [L. juvenescĕre, to grow young.]

Juvenile, jōō′ve-nīl, or -nil, adj. young: pertaining or suited to youth: puerile.—n. a young person: a book written for such: an actor who plays youthful parts.—ns. Ju′venileness, Juvenil′ity. [Fr.,—L. juvenilis—juvenis, young.]

Juxtaposition, juks-ta-pō-zish′un, n. a placing or being placed near: contiguity.—v.t. Juxtapose′, to place side by side. [L. juxta, near, and position.]

the eleventh letter in our alphabet, its sound that of the sharp guttural mute, formed by raising the tongue to the back of the palate: (chem.) the symbol for potassium: (math.) generally a constant coefficient: also a unit vector perpendicular to i and j: as a medieval numeral, 250.

Kabyle, ka-bīl′, n. one of a branch of the great Berber race of North Africa: a dialect of Berber spoken by many of the Kabyles. [Fr.,—Ar. Qabāil, pl. of qabīla, a tribe.]

Kaddish, kad′ish, n. a Jewish form of thanksgiving and prayer, used at funerals, &c. [Heb.]

Kafir, kaf′ir, n. one of a native race of SE. Africa.—Kafir bread, the pith of a South African plant; Kafir corn, Indian millet. [Ar., unbeliever.]

Kago, kag′ō, n. a Japanese basket with palanquin slung from a pole and carried by men.

Kaimakam, kī-ma-kam′, n. a lieutenant-colonel in the Turkish army: the administrator of a subdivision of a vilayet.

Kain, kān, n. in old Scots law, rent paid in kind, e.g. in poultry, to a landlord.

Kainite, kī′nīt, n. a hydrated compound of the chlorides and sulphates of magnesium and potassium, used as a fertiliser. [Gr. kainos, new.]

Kaiser, kī′zėr, n. an emperor, esp. of Germany and Austria.—n. Kai′sership. [Ger.,—L. Cæsar.]

Kaka, kä′ka, n. a New Zealand parrot.—n. Ka′kapo, a nocturnal flightless New Zealand parrot.

Kakemono, kak-e-mō′nō, n. a Japanese wall-picture or decoration, painted on silk, gauze, or paper, and mounted on cylindrical rods.

Kakistocracy, kak-is-tok′rā-si, n. government by the worst men in the state. [Gr. kakistos, superl. of kakos, bad, kratia, rule.]

Kala, kä′la, n. time: destiny.—Kâla chakra, the wheel of time. [Sans.]

Kalamdan, kal′am-dan, n. a Persian writing-case, with compartments for ink, reed-pens, knife, &c.

Kalamkari, kal-am-kar′i, n. a method of colouring and decorating by several dyeings or printings, also a chintz so treated. [Pers.]

Kale, Kail, kāl, n. a cabbage with open curled leaves, cabbage generally: broth of which kale is a chief ingredient.—ns. Kail′yard, a kitchen-garden; Kale′-runt, a cabbage-stem.—Kailyard-school, a group of writers of stories of humble Scotch country life—S. R. Crockett, Ian Maclaren, &c. [Cole.]

Kaleidophone, ka-lī′do-fōn, n. an instrument consisting of a rod or thin plate with a knob at the end, for showing the curves corresponding with the musical notes produced by the vibrations. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, eidos, form, phōnē, sound.]

Kaleidoscope, ka-lī′do-skōp, n. an optical toy in which we see an endless variety of beautiful colours and forms.—adj. Kaleidoscop′ic. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, eidos, form, skopein, to see.]

Kalevala, kal-e-vä′lä, n. the great Finnish epic, written in eight-syllabled trochaic verse (from which Longfellow's Hiawatha is imitated), taken down from the lips of the peasantry and pieced together by Dr. Lönnrot of Helsingfors in 1835, in extended form (22,793 verses) in 1849. [Finnish, kaleva, a hero, -la, denoting place.]

Kali, kal′i, or kā′lī, n. the prickly saltwort or glasswort.—adj. Kalig′enous, producing alkalies.—n. Kā′lium, potassium.

Kali, kä′lē, n. a carpet with long nap, also the large carpet covering the centre of a Persian room.

Kali, kä′lē, n. a Hindu goddess, wife of Siva, the dark goddess of destruction—called also Durga.

Kaliyuga, kal-i-yōō′ga, n. in Hindu mythology, the present age of the world, the fourth, characterised by universal degeneracy.

Kalmia, kal′mi-ä, n. a genus of North American evergreen shrubs, including the American mountain laurel. [From Peter Kalm, pupil of Linnæus.]

Kalmuck, kal′muk, n. a member of a Mongolian race.—Also Cal′muck. [Russ.]

Kalology, kal-ol′o-ji, n. the science of beauty in itself considered. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, logia, discourse.]

Kalong, ka-long′, n. a general name of the large fruit-bats, flying foxes, &c.

Kalpa, kal′pa, n. a day of Brahma, a period of 4320 million years.—Also Cal′pa. [Sans., 'formation.']

Kama, kä′ma, n. the god of love in the Purânas: impure desire.—Also Cama, Ka′madeva.

Kames, kāmz, n.pl. (geol.) banks and ridges of gravel, sand, &c., associated with the glacial deposits of Scotland—the same as åsar (q.v.) and eskar.

Kami, kä′mi, n. a Japanese term for a lord, for any of the national gods, demi-gods, or deified heroes, or any of their supposed descendants, as the mikados and the imperial family. [Japanese, 'superior.']

Kamila, Kamela, ka-mē′la, n. an East Indian orange dye-stuff yielded by a common Madras tree of the spurge family.

Kamis, Kamees, ka-mēs′, n. the long loose sleeved shirt worn by men in Mohammedan countries.

Kamptulicon, kamp-tū′li-kon, n. a ground cork and caoutchouc floorcloth. [Gr. kamptein, to bend.]

Kana, kä′na, n. Japanese writing, as distinguished from Japanese written in Chinese characters.

Kanaka, ka-nak′a, n. a Hawaiian or Sandwich Islander: one of the native labourers brought from the Pacific islands, on engagement for a certain fixed number of years, to Australia, &c. [Hawaiian, 'a man.']

Kaneh, kä′ne, n. a Hebrew measure of 6 cubits length.—Also Cā′neh.

Kang, kang, n. a large Chinese water-jar: an oven-like brick structure in northern China, for sleeping on at night, a fire being lighted underneath.

Kangaroo, kang-gar-ōō′, n. a large marsupial mammal of Australia, with very long hind-legs and great power of leaping.—n. Kangaroo′-grass, a valuable Australian fodder grass.

Kanten, kan′ten, n. a gelatinous substance extracted from seaweeds, used for soups and for sizing. [Jap.]

Kantian, kan′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the doctrines of, or belonging to, the great German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).—ns. Kan′tianism, Kant′ism, the doctrines or philosophy of Kant; Kant′ist, a disciple or follower of Kant.

Kantikoy, Canticoy, kan′ti-koi, n. a religious dance among American Indians, a dancing-match.—v.i. to dance as an act of worship.

Kaolin, kä′o-lin, n. same as China clay. [From the mountain Kao-ling ('high ridge') in China.]

Kapellmeister, kä-pel′mīs-ter, n. the director of an orchestra or choir, esp. the band of a ruling prince in Germany. [Ger. kapelle, chapel, orchestra, meister, master.]

Kapnography, kap-nog′ra-fi, n. the art of producing decorative designs on a smoked surface with a fine point, shading by successive deposits of carbon from a flame, fixed by varnish.—adj. Kapnograph′ic. [Gr. kapnos, smoke, graphia—graphein, to write.]

Kapok, ka-pok′, n. a cottony or silky fibre covering the seeds of a species of silk-cotton tree, used for stuffing pillows, &c.

Karaite, kā′rä-īt, n. one of a stricter sect of Jews who cling to the literal interpretation of Scripture as against oral tradition. [Heb. karaīm, readers.]

Karma, kär′mä, n. the Buddhist conception of the quality of actions, including both merit and demerit, determining the future condition of all sentient beings by a sort of virtue inherent in the nature of things—by the blind and unconscious but inevitable concatenation of cause and effect: the theory of inevitable consequence generally: the result of the actions of a life.—adj. Kar′mic. [Sans. karma, work.]

Karmathian, kär-mā′thi-an, n. a member of a pantheistic socialistic Mohammedan sect which arose in Turkey about the close of the 9th century. [Karmat, its founder.]

Karroo, ka-rōō′, n. a generic name given to the high barren plains of Cape Colony.—Also Karoo′. [Hottentot, karusa, hard.]

Kassu, kas′ōō, n. a kind of catechu made from the fruit of the betel-nut palm.

Kat, kat, n. the chief ancient Egyptian unit of weight, 1⁄50 lb. avoirdupois.

Katabolism, kat-ab′ol-izm, n. (biol.) the discharging or disruptive process to which protoplasm is constantly subject—the opposite of Anabolism, the up-building, constructive process.—Also Catab′olism. [Gr. katabolē, kataballein, to throw down.]

Katakana, kat-a-kä′na, n. one of the two styles of writing the syllabary of 48 letters in use among the Japanese (the other being Hiragana), used chiefly for proper names and foreign words.

Katydid, kā-ti-did′, n. an American insect akin to the grasshopper. [Imit. of its note.]

Kauri-pine, kow′ri-pīn, n. a splendid forest-tree of New Zealand, yielding the well-known Kau′ri-gum, a resin used in making varnish.

Kava, kä′va, n. Piper methysticum, also the narcotic drink prepared from it.—Also A′va.

Kavass, ka-vas′, n. an armed man attendant on a person of distinction in Turkey.—Also Cavass′. [Turk. qawas.]

Kayak, ka′yak, n. a canoe used in Greenland, made of seal-skins stretched on a frame.

Keb, keb, v.i. (Scot.) to cast a lamb prematurely.—n. a ewe which has cast its lamb: a sheep louse or tick.

Kebbock, keb′uk. n. (Scot.) a cheese.—Also Kebb′uck. [Gael. cabag, a cheese.]

Keckle, kek′l, v.t. to preserve or protect by binding with old rope or chains, as a cable:—pr.p. keck′ling; pa.p. keck′led.—n. Keck′ling, rope, chains, &c. used to keckle cables or hawsers.

Kedge, kej, n. a small anchor for keeping a ship steady, and for warping the ship.—v.t. to move by means of a kedge, to warp.—n. Kedg′er, a kedge. [Scand.; cf. Sw. prov. keka, to drive slowly.]

Kedge, kej, adj. (prov.) brisk, lively: pot-bellied.—Also Kedg′y, Kidge.

Kedjeree, kej′e-rē, n. a mess of rice, cooked with butter and the dholl pea, flavoured with spice, shred onion, &c., common all over India, and often served at Anglo-Indian breakfast-tables. [Hind. khichrī.]

Keek, kēk, v.i. (Scot.) to peep.—n. a peep.—ns. Keek′er, an inspector of mining; Keek′ing-glass, a mirror. [M. E. kyken; cf. Dut. kijken, Ger. kucken.]

Keel, kēl, n. the part of a ship extending along the bottom from stem to stern, and supporting the whole frame: a low flat-bottomed boat: a Tyne coal-barge: a ship generally: (bot.) the lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower.—v.t. or v.i. to plough with a keel, to navigate: to turn keel upwards.—n. Keel′age, dues for a keel or ship in port.—adj. Keeled (bot.) keel-shaped: having a prominence on the back.—ns. Keel′er, Keel′man, one who works on a barge.—v.t. Keel′haul, to punish by hauling under the keel of a ship by ropes from the one side to the other: to treat a subordinate in a galling manner. [A.S. ceól, a ship; Ger. and Dut. kiel; prob. confused with Ice. kiölr, a keel.]

Keel, kēl, n. (Scot.) red chalk, ruddle.—v.t. to mark with ruddle. [Prob. Gael. cil, ruddle.]

Keelie, kē′li, n. (Scot.) the kestrel: a street Arab or young rough. [Imit.]

Keelivine, kē′li-vīn, n. (Scot.) a lead pencil.—Also Kee′lyvine. [See keel, ruddle; ety. dub.]

Keelson, Kelson, kel′sun, n. an inner keel placed right over the outer keel of a ship, and securely fastened thereto. [Sw. kölsvin, Norw. kjölsvill, the latter syllable=Ger. schwelle, Eng. sill.]

Keen, kēn, adj. eager: sharp, having a fine edge: piercing: acute of mind: penetrating: intense.—adv. Keen′ly.—n. Keen′ness. [A.S. céne; Ger. kühn, bold; Ice. kænn, wise. Cog. with ken and can.]

Keen, kēn, n. a lamentation over the dead.—v.i. to wail over the dead.—n. Keen′er, a professional mourner. [Ir. caoine.]

Keep, kēp, v.t. to have the care of: to guard: to maintain: to manage: to have in one's service: to hold for one's own use or enjoyment: to remain in: to adhere to: to practise: not to lose: to maintain hold upon: to restrain from departure: to preserve in a certain state: to maintain: to fulfill.—v.i. to remain in any position or state: to remain fresh: to last or endure: to continue: to adhere: to have rooms at college (Cambridge):—-pr.p. keep′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. kept.—n. that which keeps or protects: subsistence: food: the innermost and strongest part of a castle, the donjon: a stronghold.—ns. Keep′er, an attendant, manager, owner: a gamekeeper: socket, guard-ring; Keep′ership, office of a keeper; Keep′ing, care: custody: charge: (Shak.) maintenance, support: just proportion, harmony: (paint.) due proportion of light and shade; Keep′ing-room, a sitting-room, parlour; Keep′sake, something given to be kept for the sake of the giver—the name used often to be applied to the annuals or sumptuous gift-books so much in vogue about 1830.—Keep an act, to hold an academical disputation; Keep an eye on, Keep company, chapel, counsel, distance, hours, house, the peace, &c. (see the nouns); Keep a term (see Term); Keep at it, to persist in anything; Keep back, to withhold: keep down, to repress (see also Dark); Keep body and soul together, to maintain life; Keep down, to restrain; Keep from, to abstain from: to remain away from; Keep going in a thing, to keep one supplied with it; Keep in, to prevent from escaping: to confine a pupil in the schoolroom after school hours: to conceal: to restrain; Keep in with, to maintain the confidence or friendship of some one; Keep off, to hinder from approaching or making an attack; Keep one's countenance, to preserve a calm appearance, hiding one's emotions; Keep one's hand in, to retain one's skill by means of constant practice; Keep the breath to cool one's porridge, to confine attention to one's own affairs; Keep the powder dry, to keep one's energies ready for action; Keep to, to stick closely to: to confine one's self to; Keep under, to hold down in restraint; Keep up, to retain one's strength or spirit: to support, prevent from falling: to continue, to prevent from ceasing: to maintain in good condition. [A.S. cépan, orig. to traffic, hence to store up, keep—ceáp, price.]

Kelp, kelp, n. the calcined ashes of seaweed, once used in making glass.—Also Kilp. [Ety. unknown.]

Kelpie, Kelpy, kel′pi, n. (Scot.) a malignant water-sprite haunting fords in the form of a horse.

Kelt, kelt, n. (Scot.) cloth made of black and white wool mixed and not dyed.—adj. Kel′ter, made of such.

Keltie, Kelty, kel′ti, n. (Scot.) a bumper imposed as a penalty on one who does not drink fair.

Kemp, kemp, n. the coarse rough hairs of wool: (pl.) knotty hair which will not felt.

Kemp, kemp, n. (arch.) a champion: (Scot.) a contest in work, &c.—v.i. to strive for mastery.—ns. Kem′per, Kem′pery-man, a champion, a knight-errant. [A.S. cempa, a warrior. Cf. champion.]

Ken, ken, v.t. to know: (arch.) to see and recognise at a distance.—n. range of knowledge or sight.—n. Ken′ning (Bacon), range of vision: (Scot.) a small portion.—adj. Ken′speckle (Scot.), conspicuous—also Ken′speck. [Ice. kenna, orig. to cause to know. Cf. can and know.]

Ken, ken, n. (slang) a house. [Perh. Pers. khān, a caravansary; not conn. with kennel.]

Kendal-green, ken′dal-grēn, n. green cloth for foresters made at Kendal in Westmorland.

Kennel, ken′el, n. a house for dogs: a pack of hounds: the hole of a fox, &c.: a haunt.—v.t. to keep in a kennel.—v.i. to live in a kennel:—pr.p. kenn′elling; pa.p. kenn′elled. [Norm. Fr. kenil (Fr. chenil)—L. canīle—canis, a dog.]

Kennel, ken′el, n. the water-course of a street: a gutter. [A form of canal.]

Kenosis, ken-ō′sis, n. the self-limitation on the part of the Logos in the act of incarnation, his emptying of himself, or his laying aside not only his divine attributes, but even his divine self-consciousness, only to be fully recovered at the ascension.—adj. Kenot′ic.—n. Kenot′icist. [Gr., from the phrase in Phil. ii. 6, 7, 'who, being in the form of God ... emptied himself (ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσε), taking the form of a servant.']

Kent, kent, n. (Scot.) a pole, pike.—v.i. to propel a boat by a pole. [Prob. a variant of the verb cant.]

Kentish, kent′ish, adj. pertaining to Kent.—ns. Kent′ish-fire, rounds of noisy applause at political meetings—from the anti-Catholic demonstrations in Kent, 1828-29; Kent′ish-rag, a rough fossiliferous limestone found in Kent.

Kentledge, kent′lej, n. pig-iron laid in a ship's hold for ballast.—Also Kint′ledge.

Kepi, kep′i, n. a flat-topped forage-cap with a straight peak. [Fr. képi.]

Keplerian, kep-lē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the great German astronomer, Johann Kepler (1571-1630).—For Kepler's laws, see Law.

Kerasine, ker′a-sin, adj. like or made of horn.—ns. Keratī′asis, a morbid condition characterised by warty or horny growths; Ker′atin, a nitrogenous compound, the essential ingredient of horny tissue, as of horns, nails, &c. [Gr. keras, a horn.]

Keratitis, ker-a-tī′tis, n. inflammation of the cornea, either acute or chronic.—n. Keratal′gia, pain in the cornea.

Kerchief, kėr′chif, n. any loose cloth used in dress: (orig.) a square piece of cloth worn by women to cover the head.—v.t. to cover or dress with a kerchief.—adjs. Ker′chiefed, Ker′chieft. [M. E. couerchef—O. Fr. covrechef (Fr. couvrechef)—covrir, to cover, chef, the head.]

Kerf, kerf, n. the groove made by a saw: wool cut off at once by a wool-shearing machine: a single layer of hay, turf, &c., cut.

Kerion, kē′ri-on, n. a suppurative inflammation of the hair-follicles of the scalp. [Gr.]

Kerite, kē′rīt, n. a kind of artificial vulcanite of india-rubber and animal or vegetable oil. [Gr. kēros, wax.]

Kermes, kėr′mēz, n. a dye-stuff which consists of the bodies of the females of a species of coccus. [Pers.]

Kermess, kėr′mes, n. a wake or fair in the Low Countries. [Dut. kermis—kerk, church, mis, mass.]

Kern, kėrn n. (Scot.) the last sheaf of the harvest: a harvest-home—also Kirn.—n. Kern′-bā′by, an image decorated with blades of corn, &c., carried before reapers at their harvest-home. [A variant of corn.]

Kern, Kerne, kėrn, n. an Irish foot-soldier: a boor.—adj. Kern′ish, clownish. [Ir. ceatharnach.]

Kern, kėrn, n. (print.) that part of a type which overhangs the stem or shank.

Kernel, kėr′nel, n. anything in a husk or shell: the substance in the shell of a nut: the seed of a pulpy fruit: the important part of anything.—adj. Ker′nelly, full of, or resembling, kernels. [A.S. cyrnel—corn, grain, and dim. suffix -el; Ger. kern, a grain.]

Kerosene, ker′o-sēn, n. an oil obtained from bituminous coal, used for lamps, &c. [Gr. kēros, wax.]

Kersey, kėr′zi, n. a coarse woollen cloth. [Perh. from Kersey in Suffolk.]

Kerseymere, kėr′zi-mēr or kėr-zi-mėr′, n. twilled cloth of the finest wools. [A corr. of cassimere, cashmere.]

Kestrel, kes′trel, n. a small species of falcon. [O. Fr. quercerelle—L. querquedula.]

Ketch, kech, n. a small two-masted vessel, generally used as a yacht or a bomb-vessel. [Corr. from Turk. qaíq, a boat, whence Fr. caïque.]

Ketchup, kech′up, n. a sauce for flavouring soups, meats, &c., flavoured with mushrooms, tomatoes, &c.—Also Catch′up, Cat′sup. [East Ind. kitjap.]

Kettle, ket′l, n. a vessel of metal, for heating or boiling liquids: a cavity like a kettle in rock, sand, &c.: (Shak.) kettle-drum.—ns. Kett′le-drum, a musical instrument now used chiefly in orchestras and in cavalry bands, consisting of a hollow brass hemisphere with a parchment head, sounded by soft-headed elastic drumsticks: a tea-party; Kett′le-drum′mer; Kett′le-hold′er, a little mat, &c., for holding a kettle when hot.—n.pl. Kett′le-pins, skittle-pins.—A kettle of fish, or A pretty kettle of fish, a task of great difficulty, an awkward mess—most probably in this sense connected with kiddle. [A.S. cetel; Ger. kessel, Goth. katils; all perh. from L. catillus, dim. of catinus, a deep cooking-vessel.]

Kex, keks, n. the dry stalk of the hemlock or other umbelliferous plants.—Also Kecks, Keck′sy (prop. adj.), and Keck.

Key, kē, n. an instrument for shutting or opening a lock: that by which something is screwed or turned: the middle stone of an arch: a piece of wood let into another piece crosswise to prevent warping: (mus.) one of the small levers in musical instruments for producing notes: the fundamental note of a piece of music: that which explains a mystery: a book containing answers to exercises, &c.—ns. Key′board, the keys or levers in a piano or organ arranged along a flat board; Key′-bū′gle, a bugle with keys, having a compass of two octaves including semitones.—adjs. Key′-cold (Shak.), cold as a key, lifeless; Keyed, furnished with keys, as a musical instrument: set to a particular key, as a tune.—ns. Key′hole, the hole in which a key of a door, &c., is inserted; Key′note, the key or fundamental note of a piece of music; any central principle or controlling thought; Key′-pin, the pivot on which a pipe-key turns: a pin serving as fulcrum for a key of an organ, &c.; Key′-plate, the escutcheon around a keyhole; Key′ring, a ring for holding a bunch of keys; Key′-seat, a groove for receiving a key, to prevent one piece of machinery from turning on another; Key′stone, the stone at the apex of an arch: the chief element in any system.—Have the key of the street (coll.), to be locked out: to be homeless; Power of the keys, the power to loose and bind, to administer ecclesiastical discipline—a special authority conferred by Christ on Peter (Matt. xvi. 19), or Peter in conjunction with the other apostles, and claimed by the popes as the alleged successors to St Peter. Others explain it as belonging only to the apostles themselves, as descending to the bishops and clergy of the Christian Church, or as belonging to all Christ's disciples alike. [A.S. cæg, a key.]

Keys, kēz, n.pl. a contraction of House of Keys, a house of 24 representatives constituting the lower branch of the Legislature (Court of Tynwald) of the Isle of Man, self-elective down to 1866. [Manx kiare-as-feed, four-and-twenty.]

Khaki, kä′ki, adj. dust-coloured.—n. a light drab cloth used for some East Indian and other uniforms.

Khamsin, kam′sin, n. a hot south-west wind in Egypt, blowing for about fifty days from about the middle of March. [Ar.]

Khan, kan, n. an Eastern inn, a caravansary. [Turk.,—Pers. khāna, a house, a tent.]

Khan, kan, n. in North Asia, a prince or chief: in Persia, a governor.—n. Khan′ate, the dominion or jurisdiction of a khan. [Pers. khān, lord or prince, a Tartar word.]

Khedive, ked-ēv′, n. the title since 1867 of the viceroy or ruler of Egypt.—n. Khedi′viate, the office of the khedive, or his territory. [Fr.,—Pers. khadīw, prince.]

Khel, kel, n. in Afghanistan, a clan or family connection—a sociological group between the tribe and the family.

Khutbah, kut′ba, n. a Mohammedan prayer and sermon delivered in the mosques on Fridays.—Also Khot′bah.

Kibble, kib′l, n. the bucket of a draw-well.—n. Kibb′le-chain, the chain for drawing up a bucket.

Kibe, kīb, n. a chilblain. [W. cibwst, from cib, a cup, gwst, a disease.]

Kiblah, kib′la, n. the point toward which Mohammedans turn in prayer.—Also Keb′lah.

Kick, kik, v.t. to hit with the foot.—v.i. to thrust out the foot with violence: to show opposition or resistance: (of a gun) to recoil violently (see also Bullet): (print.) to work a press by impact of the foot on a treadle.—n. a blow with the foot: the turn of kicking the ball at football, the person who kicks or kicks off: the recoil of a gun: (slang) fashion.—adj. Kick′able.—ns. Kick′er, one who kicks, esp. a horse; Kick′-off, the first kick in a game of football; Kick′-up, a disturbance.—Kick over the traces, to throw off control; Kick, or Strike, the beam, to rise, as the lighter scale of a balance, so as to strike against the beam—hence to be of little weight or importance; Kick the bucket (see Bucket); Kick up a dust or row, to create a disturbance.—Drop kick, a kick made as the ball, dropped from the hand, rebounds from the ground; Place kick, a kick made when the ball is lying on the ground. [M. E. kiken—W. cicio, to kick, Gael. ceig.]

Kickshaws, kik′shawz, n. something uncommon or fantastical that has no name: (cook.) a fantastical dish. [Corr. of Fr. quelque chose, something.]

Kicksy-wicksy, kik′si-wik′si, adj. flickering, uncertain.—n. (Shak.) a wife.

Kid, kid, n. a young goat: (slang) a child, esp. a boy: (pl.) gloves of kid leather.—adj. made of kid leather or imitation kid leather.—v.t. and v.i. to bring forth a goat:—pr.p. kid′ding; pa.p. kid′ded.—ns. Kid′-fox (Shak.), a young fox; Kid′ling, a young kid. [Dan. kid; cf. Ice. kidh; Ger. kitze, a young goat.]

Kid, kid, v.t. and v.i. (slang) to hoax—also Kid′dy.—n. a deception. [Perh. conn. with kid, a child.]

Kidderminster, kid′ėr-min-stėr, n. a kind of carpet (two-ply or ingrain carpet), from the town.

Kiddle, kid′l, n. a stake-fence set in a stream for catching fish.—Also Kid′el, Kett′le. [O. Fr. quidel; prob. Bret. kidel.]

Kidnap, kid′nap, v.t. to steal, as a human being:—pr.p. kid′napping; pa.t. and pa.p. kid′napped.—n. Kid′napper. [Vulgar kid (old thieves' cant, kinchin—Ger. kindchen), a child, and vulgar nab, to steal.]

Kidney, kid′ni, n. one of two flattened glands, on each side of the loins, which secrete the urine: temperament, humour, disposition—hence, sort or kind, as in 'of the same kidney,' &c.—ns. Kid′ney-bean, a kind of bean shaped like a kidney; Kid′ney-potā′to, one of various kidney-shaped varieties of the common potato; Kid′ney-vetch, a genus of leguminous plants, the only British species being called Lady's Fingers; Kid′ney-wort, a plant of the genus Saxifrage. [M. E. kidnere—Ice. kviðr, the womb, the belly, Ice. nýra (Ger. niere, a kidney).]

Kieselguhr, kē′zl-gūr, n. the mineral remains of a species of algæ, used in the manufacture of dynamite. [Ger.,—kiesel, flint, guhr, fermentation.]

Kikumon, kik′ōō-mon, n. a badge or crest of the imperial family of Japan, consisting of an open chrysanthemum flower.

Kilderkin, kil′dėr-kin, n. a small barrel: a liquid measure of 18 gallons. [Old Dut. kindeken, kinneken (Scot. kinken), dim. of Dut. kind, a child.]

Kill, kil, v.t. to put to death, to slay: to nullify or neutralise, to weaken or dilute, to render inactive: to reject, discard: to fascinate, overcome.—n. the act of killing, as game.—ns. Kill′-court′esy (Shak.), a discourteous, boorish person; Kill′-crop, a changeling; Kill′er, one who kills, a slaughterer or butcher: a club for killing fish: a ferocious delphinid which sometimes attacks the whale.—p.adj. Kill′ing, depriving of life: destructive: deadly, irresistible: completely fascinating.—n. and adj. Kill′joy, a mar-sport, austere.—Kill by inches, by gradual means, as by torture; Kill off, to exterminate; Kill time, to consume spare time, as with amusements, &c.; Kill two birds with one stone, to effect one thing by the way, or by the same means with which another thing is done; Kill up (Shak.), to exterminate.—Killing times, the days of the persecution of the Covenanters.—Do a thing to kill, in an irresistible manner. [M. E. killen or cullen—Ice. kolla, to hit on the head—kollr, the head; not a doublet of quell.]

Killdee, kil′dē, n. the largest variety of North American ring-plover. [Imit.]

Killut, kil′ut, n. in India, a robe of honour given: any ceremonial present.—Also Kell′aut.

Kilmarnock, kil-mar′nok, n. a kind of closely woven broad bonnet, having a peak of the same material at the top, originally made at Kilmarnock.—Kilmarnock cowl, a kind of nightcap.

Kiln, kil, n. a large oven in which corn, bricks, hops, &c. are dried: bricks placed for burning.—v.t. Kiln′-dry, to dry in a kiln.—n. Kiln′-hole, the mouth of a kiln. [A.S. cyln (Ice. kylna, a drying-house for corn)—L. culina, a kitchen.]

Kilogramme, kil′o-gram, n. a French measure of weight, equal to 1000 grammes, or 21⁄5 lb. avoirdupois. [Gr. chilioi, 1000, gramma, a weight.]

Kilometre, kil′o-mē-tr, n. a French measure, being 1000 metres, or nearly ⅝ of a mile. [Fr.,—Gr. chilioi, 1000, metron, a measure.]

Kilt, kilt, n. a kind of short petticoat or plaited skirt, forming part of the Highland dress.—v.t. (Scot.) to truss up.—adj. Kilt′ed, dressed in a kilt.—n. Kilt′ie, one wearing a kilt, a soldier in a Highland regiment. [Northern Eng. kilt, to tuck up, from Dan. kilte, to tuck up: cf. Ice. kilting, a skirt.]

Kilter, kil′tėr, n. order, proper condition—in phrase, 'out of kilter.'—Also Kel′ter.

Kimono, ki-mō′nō, n. a loose robe, fastening with a sash, the principal outer garment in Japan.

Kin, kin, n. persons of the same family: relatives: relationship: affinity.—adj. related.—adj. Kin′less, without relations.—Next of kin, the relatives (lineal or collateral) of a deceased person, among whom his personal property is distributed if he dies intestate; Of kin, of the same kin. [A.S. cynn; Ice. kyn, Goth. kuni, family, race; cog. with L. genus, Gr. genos.]

Kinchin, kin′chin, n. a child in thieves' slang.—n. Kin′chin-mort, a child, generally a girl.—Kinchin lay, the robbing of children. [Cf. kidnap.]

Kind, kīnd, n. those of kin, a race: sort or species, a particular variety: nature: style, method of action, character: produce, as distinguished from money.—adj. having the feelings natural for those of the same family: disposed to do good to others: benevolent.—adj. Kind′-heart′ed.—n. Kind′-heart′edness.—adj. Kind′less (Shak.), destitute of kindness, unnatural.—n. Kind′ness.—adj. Kind′-spok′en, spoken kindly: given to speaking kindly.—Kind of (coll.), somewhat, to some extent—used adverbially with adjectives and even verbs.—Do one's kind (Shak.), to act according to one's nature; In a kind, in a way, to some extent; In kind, payment in goods instead of money. [A.S. cynde—cynn, kin.]

Kindergarten, kin′dėr-gär′tn, n. an infant school on Froebel's principle (1826), in which object-lessons and games figure largely.—n. Kindergart′ner, a teacher in a kindergarten. [Ger. kinder, children, garten, garden.]

Kindle, kin′dl, v.t. to set fire to: to light: to inflame, as the passions: to provoke: to excite to action.—v.i. to take fire: to begin to be excited: to be roused.—ns. Kin′dler; Kin′dling, the act of causing to burn: the materials for commencing a fire. [Ice. kyndyll, a torch—L. candela, candle.]

Kindle, kin′dl, v.t. (Shak.) to bring forth (young). [M. E. kindlen—kinde, kind.]

Kindly, kīnd′li, adj. natural: benevolent: (orig.) belonging to the kind or race.—n. Kind′liness.—adv. Kind′ly.—adj. Kind′ly-nā′tured.—Kindly tenant (Scot.), a tenant of the same stock as his landlord, or who held his lands in succession, from father to son, for several generations.

Kindred, kin′dred, n. relationship by blood, less properly, by marriage: relatives: (pl., B.) families.—adj. related: congenial. [M. E. kinrede—A.S. cynn, kin, and the suffix -ræden, expressing mode or state.]

Kine, kīn, n.pl. (B.) cows. [M. E. ky-en, a doubled plural of A.S. cú, a cow, the plural of which is cý; cf. Scotch kye.]

Kinematics, kin-e-mat′iks, n. the science which treats of motion without reference to force.—adjs. Kinemat′ic, -al. [Gr. kinēma, -atos, motion—kinein, to move.]

Kinematograph, kin-e-mat′o-graf, n. an arrangement by which a numerous series of photographs, taken at rapid intervals, and representing some moving scene, is shown on a screen at the same rapid rate at which they were taken, giving a moving representation of the original scene—less correct but more common form, Cinemat′ograph (sin-). [Gr. kinēma, kinēmatos, motion, graphein, to write.]

Kinesipathy, kin-ē-sip′a-thi, n. a mode of treating disease by muscular movements, movement-cure—-also Kinesither′apy.—adjs. Kinesiat′ric, Kinesipath′ic.—n. Kinesip′athist.

Kinetics, ki-net′iks, n. the science which treats of the action of force in producing or changing motion.—adjs. Kinet′ic, -al.—ns. Kinet′ograph, a device by which a series of photographs of a moving object can be thrown on a screen so as to imitate the motion of the original; Kinet′oscope, an instrument for illustrating the production of kinematic curves by the combination of circular movements of different radii. [Gr. kinētikos—kinein, to move.]

King, king, n. the chief ruler of a nation: a monarch: a playing-card having the picture of a king: the most important piece in chess: a crowned man in draughts: one who is pre-eminent among his fellows:—fem. Queen.—v.t. to play king.—ns. King′-at-arms, or King′-of-arms, a chief officer of the Heralds' Colleges, whose designations are, for England, Norroy, Clarencieux, and Garter; for Scotland, Lyon; and for Ireland, Ulster; King′-bird, an American tyrant fly-catcher; King′crab, the chief or largest of the crab genus, most common in the Molucca Islands; King′craft, the art of governing, mostly in a bad sense; King′cup, the buttercup or upright meadow crowfoot; King′dom, the state or attributes of a king: the territory of a king: government: a region: one of the three grand divisions of Natural History, as the animal, vegetable, or mineral.—adj. King′domed (Shak.), endowed with kingly power, proud.—ns. King′fisher, a bird with very brilliant plumage, feeding on fish, the halcyon; King′hood, kingship: kingliness.—adj. King′less.—ns. King′let, King′ling, a little or petty king: the golden-crested wren.—ns. King′lihood, King′liness.—adj. King′-like.—adj. King′ly, belonging or suitable to a king: royal: noble—also adv.—ns. King′-mak′er, one who has the creating of kings in his power; King′post, a perpendicular beam in the frame of a roof rising from the tie-beam to the ridge; King's′-cush′ion, a seat formed by two people's hands; King's′-ē′vil, a scrofulous disease or evil formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of the king; King′ship, the state, office, or dignity of a king; King's′-hood, the second stomach of a ruminant, sometimes humorously for the human stomach; King's′-spear, a plant of the genus Asphodel; King's′-yell′ow, arsenic trisulphide or orpiment; King′-vul′ture, a large tropical brilliantly-coloured American vulture; King′wood, a beautiful Brazilian wood—also Violet-wood.—King Charles spaniel (see Spaniel); King Log, a do-nothing king, as opp. to King Stork, one who devours his frog-subjects—from Æsop's fable; King Mob, the vulgar multitude; King of beasts, the lion; King of metals, gold; King of terrors, death; King of the forest, the oak; King's Bench, the bench or seat of the king: one of the high courts of law, so called because the king used to sit there, called Queen's Bench during a queen's reign; King's counsel an honorary rank of barristers; King's evidence, a criminal allowed to become a witness against an accomplice.—Kingdom come (slang), the state after death.—Three kings of Cologne, the three Wise Men of the East, Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthazar. [A.S. cyning—cyn, a tribe, with suffix -kin; cog. with kin.]

Kink, kingk, n. a twist in a string, rope, &c.—also Kink′le.—v.i. and v.t. to twist.—adj. Kink′y, full of kinks: woolly: crotchety. [Scand.; Sw. and Norw. kink.]

Kink, kingk, v.i. to cough loudly, gasp for breath.—n. a convulsive cough or gasp.—n. Kink′cough, whooping-cough, chincough (q.v.).

Kinkajou, kin′ka-jōō, n. a South American quadruped allied to the raccoon.

Kino, kē′no, n. an astringent vegetable exudation resembling catechu. [East Indian.]

Kinsfolk, kinz′fōk, n. folk or people kindred or related to one another.—ns. Kin′ship, relationship; Kins′man, a man of the same kin or race with another:—fem. Kins′woman.

Kiosk, ki-osk′, n. an Eastern garden pavilion: a small shop like a sentry-box for the sale of papers, &c. [Turk.,—Pers. kushk.]

Kip, kip, n. the skin of a young animal.—n. Kip′skin, leather made from the skin of young cattle, intermediate between calf-skin and cow-hide.

Kip, kip, n. a level or slight incline at the end of an underground way, on which the tubs of coal stand till hoisted up the shaft.

Kipper, kip′ėr, n. a male salmon after the spawning season: a salmon split open, seasoned, and dried.—v.t. to cure or preserve, as a salmon or haddock. [Dut. kippen, to seize; Norw. kippa.]

Kirimon, kē′ri-mon, n. one of the two imperial crests of Japan, bearing three leaves and three flowers of paulownia.

Kirk, kėrk, n. in Scotland, a church—sometimes 'the Kirk' means the Established Church specially.—ns. Kirk′in, the first attendance of a pair after marriage, of a magistrate after election; Kirk′-sess′ion, the lowest court in Presbyterian churches, being the governing body of a particular congregation; Kirk′ton (Scot.), the village in which the parish church stands; Kirk′yard, a graveyard.—Auld Kirk, the Established Church in Scotland—by association of ideas, (coll.) the whisky bottle, whisky. [A Northern Eng. form of church.]

Kirschwasser, kērsh′väs-ser, n. a liqueur made from the wild cherry. [Ger., 'cherry water.']

Kirtle, kėr′tl, n. a sort of gown or outer petticoat: a mantle.—adj. Kir′tled. [A.S. cyrtel; Dan. kiortel; Ice. kyrtill: perh. conn. with skirt and shirt.]

Kiss, kis, v.t. to press one's lips to in affection or reverence: to treat with fondness: to touch gently: to collide (of two billiard-balls).—v.i. to salute with the lips.—n. a salute with the lips.—ns. Kiss′-curl, a small curl at the side of the forehead; Kiss′er; Kiss′ing-com′fit, a perfumed comfit for sweetening the breath; Kiss′ing-crust, that part of the upper crust of the loaf which, while baking, overhangs the edge and touches another.—n.pl. Kiss′ing-strings, cap or bonnet strings tied under the chin.—n. Kiss′-me, the wild form of Viola tricolor, the pansy: a short veil: a small bonnet—also Kiss′-me-quick.—Kiss hands, to kiss the sovereign's hands on a minister's acceptance of office; Kiss of peace, a kiss of greeting exchanged between the members of the early Church, a shadow of which survives in the kissing of the pax at high mass; Kiss the book, to kiss a copy of the New Testament, in England, after taking a legal oath; Kiss the dust, to be felled to the ground, to be slain or vanquished; Kiss the gunner's daughter, to get a flogging, tied to the breech of a cannon; Kiss the rod, to submit to punishment. [A.S. cyssan, to kiss—coss, a kiss; Ger. küssen, Dan. kys; allied to choose and gust.]

Kist, kist, n. (Scot.) a chest.—Kist o' whistles, an organ. [A.S. cist.]

Kistvaen, kist′vā-en, n. a burial-chamber made of flat stones, and shaped like a chest. [W. cist, chest, maen, stone.]

Kit, kit, n. a small wooden tub: the outfit of necessaries of a soldier, sailor, or mechanic. [Old Dut. kitte, a hooped beer-can.]

Kit, kit, a small pocket violin. [Contracted from A.S. cytere—L. cythara, a guitar.]

Kit, kit, n. a contraction of kitten.—n. Kit′-cat, a game played with sticks and a small piece of wood called a cat.

Kitcat, kit′kat, n. the name of a Whig London literary club, which existed from 1700 to about 1720, meeting for some time in the house of a pastry-cook named Christopher Katt: a portrait 36 by 28 inches in size, so called from the portraits of the Kitcat Club painted by Sir G. Kneller.

Kitchen, kich′en, n. a room where food is cooked: a utensil with a stove for dressing food, &c.: anything eaten as a relish with bread, potatoes, &c.—v.t. (Shak.) to regale in the cook-room: to serve as relish to food, to make palatable, to use sparingly, as one would a relish—to make it last.—ns. Kitch′endom, the domain of the kitchen; Kitch′ener, a person employed in the kitchen: a cooking-stove; Kitch′en-fee, the fat which falls from meat in roasting; Kitch′en-gar′den, a garden where vegetables are cultivated for the kitchen; Kitch′en-knave, a scullion; Kitch′en-maid, a maid or servant whose work is in the kitchen; Kitch′en-mid′den (Dan. kjökkenmödding), a prehistoric rubbish-heap in Denmark, the north of Scotland, &c.; Kitch′en-phys′ic, substantial fare (Milt.); Kitch′en-range, a kitchen grate with oven, boiler, &c. attached, for cooking; Kitch′en-stuff, material used in kitchens: kitchen refuse, esp. fat from pots, &c.; Kitch′en-wench, a kitchen-maid. [A.S. cicen; Ger. küche, Fr. cuisine, all from L. coquina—coquĕre, to cook.]

Kite, kīt, n. a rapacious bird of the hawk kind: a rapacious person: a light frame covered with paper for flying in the air, attached to a long cord, by means of which it is steered: a light and lofty sail: an accommodation bill, esp. a mere paper credit.—n. Kite′-fly′ing, the dealing in fictitious accommodation paper to raise money. [A.S. cýta; cf. W. cud, Bret. kidel, a hawk.]

Kite, kīt, n. (Scot.) the belly.—Also Kyte. [A.S. cwith, the womb.]

Kith, kith, n. kindred, acquaintance, obsolete except in the phrase Kith and kin, acquaintances and relatives. [A.S. cúð—cunnan, to know.]

Kitten, kit′n, n. a young cat.—v.i. to bring forth young cats.—n. (Scot.) Kit′ling.—adj. Kitt′enish, frolicsome.—v.i. Kitt′le (Scot.), to bring forth kittens. [M. E. kitoun, dim. of cat.]

Kittiwake, kit′i-wāk, n. a species of gull with long wings and rudimentary hind-toe. [Imit.]

Kittle, kit′l, adj. (Scot.) ticklish, intractable.—v.t. (Scot.) to tickle.—adj. Kitt′ly, easily tickled, sensitive.—n. Kitt′ly-bend′ers (Amer.), running on thin bending ice.

Klang, klang, n. (mus.) a complex tone, composed of fundamental and harmonics, as opposed to a simple tone. [Ger.]

Klepht, kleft, n. a Greek or Albanian brigand. [Gr., from kleptein, to steal.]

Kleptomania, klep-to-mā′ni-a, n. a mania for stealing: a morbid impulse to secrete things.—n. Kleptomā′niac. [Gr. kleptein to steal, mania, madness.]

Knack, nak, n. a petty contrivance: a toy: a nice trick: dexterity, adroitness.—n. Knack′iness.—adjs. Knack′ish, Knack′y, cunning, crafty. [Orig. imit.; cf. Gael. cnac, Dut. knak, a crack, Ger. knacken, to crack.]

Knacker, nak′ėr, n. anything that knocks: (pl.) castanets or clappers, bones.

Knacker, nak′ėr, n. a dealer in old horses and dog's-meat: (prov.) a collier's horse. [From Ice. knakkr, a saddle.]

Knag, nag, n. a knot in wood: a peg.—n. Knag′giness, state of being knaggy.—adj. Knag′gy, knotty: rugged. [From a root found in Ir. and Gael. cnag, a knob; cf. Dan. knag, Ger. knagge.]

Knap, nap, v.t. to snap or break with a snapping noise: to break in pieces with blows, as stones: to bite off, nibble:—pr.p. knap′ping; pa.p. knapped.—ns. Knap′bottle, the bladder-campion; Knap′per, one who breaks stones, esp. one who breaks up flint-flakes for gun-flints; Knap′ping-hamm′er (Scot.), a hammer for breaking stones.—v.i. Knap′ple, to nibble. [Dut. knappen, to crack or crush.]

Knap, nap, n. (Bacon) a protuberance, a hillock.—n. Knap′weed, a general name for plants of the genus Centaurea of the composite family—star-thistle, bachelor's buttons. [Conn. with knob, knop.]

Knapsack, nap′sak, n. a provision-sack: a case for necessaries borne by soldiers and travellers. [Dut. knappen, to crack, eat, zak, a sack.]

Knar, när, n. a knot on a tree.—n. Knarl=Gnarl.—adj. Knarred, gnarled, knotty.

Knave, nāv, n. a false, deceitful fellow: a villain: a card bearing the picture of a servant or soldier: (Shak.) a boy.—ns. Knave′-bairn, a male child; Knav′ery, dishonesty; Knave′ship (Scot.), a certain quantity of grain, the due of the miller.—adj. Knav′ish, fraudulent: villainous.—adv. Knav′ishly.—n. Knav′ishness. [A.S. cnafa, cnapa, a boy, a youth; Ger. knabe, knappe.]

Knead, nēd, v.t. to work and press together into a mass, as flour into dough: to operate upon in massage: to mix.—ns. Knead′er; Knead′ing-trough, a trough for kneading. [A.S. cnedan; Ice. knoða, Ger. kneten, to knead.]

Knee, nē, n. the joint between the thigh and shin bones: a piece of timber or metal like a bent knee: (Shak.) a genuflection.—v.t. (Shak.) to kneel to, to go over on one's knees.—n.pl. Knee′-breech′es, breeches extending to just below the knee, as in court-dress.—n. Knee′-cap, the bone above the protuberance of the knee: a cap or strong covering for the knees, used chiefly for horses, to save their knees in case of a fall.—n.pl. Knee′-cords, knee-breeches of corduroy.—adjs. Knee′-crook′ing, obsequious: fawning; Kneed, having knees: (bot.) having angular joints like the knee; Knee′-deep, rising to the knees: sunk to the knees; Knee′-high, rising or reaching to the knees.—ns. Knee′-holl′y, butcher's broom: Knee′-joint, a joint with two pieces at an angle, so as to be very tight when pressed into a straight line; Knee′-pan, a flat, round bone on the front of the knee-joint; Knee′-piece, or -raft′er, an angular piece of timber strengthening a joint where two roof-timbers meet: any defensive appliance covering the knee; Knee′-stop, -swell, a lever worked by the performer's knee, for regulating the wind-supply of a reed-organ, &c.; Knee′-tim′ber, timber bent into a shape suitable for a knee in shipbuilding, &c.; Knee′-trib′ute (Milt.), the homage of kneeling.—Give, or Offer, a knee, to act as second or bottle-holder in a fight, the principal resting on the second's knee during the pauses between the rounds. [A.S. cneów, cneó; Ger. knie, L. genu, Gr. gonu.]

Kneel, nēl, v.i. to bend the knee: to rest or fall on the knee:—pa.t. and pa.p. kneeled, knelt.—n. Kneel′er, one who kneels. [Knee.]

Knell, nel, n. the stroke of a bell: the sound of a bell at a death or funeral.—v.i. to sound as a bell: toll.—v.t. to summon as by a tolling bell. [A.S. cnyllan, to beat noisily; Dut. and Ger. knallen.]

Knickerbockers, nik-ėr-bok′ėrz, n.pl. loose breeches gathered in at the knee.—Also Knick′ers. [From the wide-breeched Dutchmen in 'Knickerbocker's' (Washington Irving's) humorous History of New York, whence Knickerbocker has come to mean the descendant of one of the original Dutch settlers of New York.]

Knick-knack, nik′-nak, n. a trifle or toy.—n. Knick′-knack′ery, knick-knacks collectively. [A doubling of knack.]

Knife, nīf, n. an instrument for cutting: a sword or dagger:—pl. Knives (nīvz).—v.t. to stab with a knife: (Amer.) to try to destroy a political candidate's chances by a treacherous attack.—ns. Knife′-and-fork′, a trencherman; Knife′-board, a board on which knives are cleaned: (coll.) the seat running along the top of an omnibus; Knife′-boy, a boy employed in cleaning knives; Knife′-edge (mech.), a sharp piece of steel like a knife's edge serving as the axis of a balance, &c.; Knife′-grind′er, one who grinds or sharpens knives; Knife′-mon′ey, a knife-shaped bronze currency formerly used in China; Knife′-rest, a glass or metal utensil on which to rest a carving-knife or fork; Knife′-tray, a tray for holding knives.—War to the knife, mortal combat. [A.S. cníf: Ger. kneif, knife, kneifen, to nip.]

Knight, nīt, n. one of gentle birth and bred to arms, admitted in feudal times to a certain honourable military rank: (Shak.) an attendant: a champion: the rank, with the title 'Sir,' next below baronets: a piece used in the game of chess.—v.t. to create a knight.—ns. Knight′age, the collective body of knights; Knight′-bach′elor, one who has been knighted merely, not made a member of any titular order; Knight′-bann′eret, a knight who carried a banner, and who was superior in rank to the knight-bachelor; Knight′-err′ant, a knight who travelled in search of adventures; Knight′-err′antry; Knight′hood, the character or privilege of a knight: the order or fraternity of knights; Knight′hood-err′ant (Tenn.), the body of knights-errant.—adj. Knight′less (Spens.), unbecoming a knight.—n. Knight′liness, the bearing or duties of a knight.—adj. and adv. Knight′ly.—ns. Knight′-mar′shal, formerly an officer of the royal household; Knight′-serv′ice, tenure by a knight on condition of military service.—Knight of industry, a footpad, thief, or sharper; Knight of the carpet, a civil knight, as opposed to a military, so called because created kneeling on a carpet, not the field; Knight of the pestle, an apothecary; Knight of the post, one familiar with the whipping-post or pillory; Knight of the road, a highwayman; Knight of the shire, a member of parliament for a county; Knight's fee, the amount of land with which a knight was invested on his creation; Knights of Labour, in the United States, a national labour organisation; Knights of Malta (see Hospitaller); Knights of St Crispin, shoemakers; Knights of the rainbow, flunkeys from their liveries; Knights of the shears, tailors; Knights of the spigot, tapsters, publicans; Knights of the stick, compositors; Knights of the whip, coachmen; Knights Templars (see Templar). [A.S. cniht Ger. and Dut. knecht, Dan. knegt.]

Knit, nit, v.t. to form into a knot: to tie together: to unite into network by needles: to unite closely, to draw together: to contract.—v.i. to interweave with needles: to grow together:—pr.p. knit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. knit′ted or knit.—n. (Shak.) a style of knitting.—ns. Knit′ter; Knit′ting, the work of a knitter: union, junction: the network formed by knitting; Knit′ting-machine′, a machine for knitting; Knit′ting-need′le, a long needle or wire used for knitting thread into stockings, &c. [A.S. cnyttan—cnotta, a knot.]

Knittle, nit′l, n. (naut.) a small line made of two or three yarns twisted with the fingers: (pl.) the halves of two yarns in a rope, twisted for pointing.

Knob, nob, n. a hard protuberance: a hard swelling: a round ball.—adj. Knobbed, containing or set with knobs.—n. Knob′biness.—adj. Knob′by, full of knobs: knotty.—n. Knob′stick (slang), a synonym for a blackleg or scab in trades-union slang. [Knop.]

Knobkerrie, nob′ker-i, n. a round-headed stick used as a club and a missile by the Kafirs.

Knock, nok, v.i. to strike with something hard or heavy: to drive or be driven against: to strike for admittance: to rap.—v.t. to strike: to drive against.—n. a sudden stroke: a rap.—adj. Knock′-down, such as to overthrow.—ns. Knock′er, the hammer suspended to a door for making a knock: a goblin inhabiting a mine who points out the presence of ore by knocks; Knock′ing, a beating on a door: a rap.—adj. Knock′-kneed, having knees that knock or touch in walking.—Knock about (slang), to saunter, loaf about; Knock down, to fell with a blow: assign to a bidder with a tap of the auctioneer's hammer; Knock into a cocked hat (see Cock); Knock off, to desist, cease: to accomplish hastily; Knock on the head, to bring to a sudden stop; Knock out, to beat in a boxing match, to overcome generally: to lose the scent—of hounds in fox-hunting; Knock-out auction, an auction where the bidders are largely swindling confederates; Knock together, to get together or construct hastily; Knock under, to give in, yield; Knock up, to rouse by knocking: weary out, or be worn out: to construct hastily: (U.S.) to get with child. [A.S. cnucian, cnocian; imit. like knack; cf. Gael. cnac, cnag, &c.]

Knoll, nōl, n. a round hillock: the top of a hill. [A.S. cnol; Ger. knollen, a knob, lump.]

Knop, nop, n. (B.) a knob, a bud. [A.S. cnœp; Dut. knop, Ger. knopf.]

Knosp, nosp, n. the unopened bud of a flower: an architectural ornament resembling such. [Ger. knospe.]

Knot, not, n. a wading-bird much resembling a snipe, sometimes said, but without evidence, to be named from King Cnut or Canute.

Knot, not, n. a bunch of threads or the like entangled or twisted: an interlacement of parts of a cord, &c., by twisting the ends about each other, and then drawing tight the loops thus formed: a piece of ribbon, lace, &c., folded or tied upon itself in some particular form, as shoulder-knot, breast-knot, &c.: anything like a knot in form: a bond of union: a difficulty: the gist of a matter: a cluster: the part of a tree where a branch shoots out: an epaulet: (naut.) a division of the knot-marked log-line: a nautical mile.—v.t. to tie in a knot: to unite closely.—v.i. to form knots or joints: to knit knots for a fringe:—pr.p. knot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. knot′ted.—n. Knot′-grass, a common weed or grass, so called from the numerous joints or knots of its stem.—adjs. Knot′less, without knots; Knot′ted, full of, or having, knots: having intersecting lines or figures.—n. Knot′tiness.—adj. Knot′ty, containing knots: hard, rugged: difficult: intricate.—n. Knot′work, ornamental work made with knots.—Bowline knot (see Bow); Granny knot (see Granny); Porters' knot, a pad for supporting burdens on the head; Square knot, a knot used in tying reef-points so that the ends come out alongside the standing parts; Surgeons' knot, a square or reef knot used in tying a ligature round a cut artery; True lovers' knot, a kind of double knot with two bows and two ends, an emblem of interwoven affections.—Cut the knot, to solve a problem slap-dash (cf. Gordian). [A.S. cnotta; Ger. knoten, Dan. knude, L. nodus.]

Knout, nowt, n. a whip formerly used as an instrument of punishment in Russia: punishment inflicted by the knout. [Russ. knute.]

Know, nō, v.t. to be informed of: to be assured of: to be acquainted with: to recognise: (B.) to approve: to have sexual commerce with.—v.i. to possess knowledge:—pr.p. knōw′ing; pa.t. knew (nū); pa.p. known (nōn).—n. (Shak.) knowledge.—adj. Know′able, capable of being known, discovered, or understood.—ns. Know′ableness; Know′-all, one who thinks he knows everything; Know′er.—adj. Know′ing, intelligent: skilful: cunning.—adv. Know′ingly.—ns. Know′ingness, the quality of being knowing or intelligent: shrewdness; Know′-noth′ing, one who is quite ignorant: a member of the native American party (1854-56).—adj. completely ignorant.—Know a move or two, to be forearmed against trickery by a knowledge of the tricks; Know on which side one's bread is buttered, to be fully alive to one's own interest; Know the ropes, to understand the detail of any matter, as a sailor does his rigging; Know what's o′clock, Know what's what, to be thoroughly acquainted with something: to be wide awake. [A.S. cnáwan; Ice. kná, L. noscĕre for gnoscere, Gr. gignōskein.]

Knowledge, nol′ej, n. assured belief: that which is known: information, instruction: enlightenment, learning: practical skill.—adj. Knowl′edgeable (coll.), possessing knowledge: intelligent.—n. Knowl′edge-box (slang), the head.—To one's knowledge, so far as one knows. [M. E. knowleche, where -leche is the Northern form of the suffix in wed-lock, being A.S. lác, gift, sport.]

Knub, nub, n. a knob, a small lump: the waste or refuse of silk-cocoons.—Also Knubs.

Knuckle, nuk′l, n. projecting joint of the fingers; (cook.) the knee-joint of a calf or pig.—v.i. to bend the fingers: to touch the forehead as a mark of respect: to yield.—v.t. (rare) to touch with the knuckle.—ns. Knuck′le-bones, a game (called also Dibs); Knuck′le-bow, the curved part of a sword-guard that covers the fingers; Knuck′le-dust′er, a kind of modern cestus, devised as a protection against garrotters; Knuck′le-joint, a joint where the forked end of a connecting-rod is joined by a bolt to another piece of the machinery.—Knuckle down, to apply one's self with vigour to a task: to submit—in this sense, also Knuckle under. [M. E. knokil; cf. Dut. knokkel; prob. Celt., W. cnwc.]

Knurr, Knur, nur, n. a knot in wood: a wooden ball.—Knur and spell, a game played with a ball (knur), trap (spell), and tripstick, in vogue chiefly in the north of England. [Old Dut. knorre.]

Kobang, kō′bang, n. an oblong gold coin, rounded at the corners, once current in Japan.—Also Kō′ban.

Kobold, kō′bold, n. in German folklore, a spirit of the mines. [Akin to goblin.]

Kodak, kō′dak, n. a small portable photographic camera with a continuous roll of sensitised film, on which successive instantaneous negatives are made.—v.t. to take an instantaneous picture of. [The trademark name of the Eastman Kodak Company.]

Koftgar, koft′gär, n. one who inlays steel with gold.—n. Koft′gari, such work—sometimes Koft′work. [Hind.]

Koheleth, kō-hel′eth, n. the Preacher, supposed to be applied to Solomon in Eccles. i. 12.

Kohl, kōl, n. a fine powder of antimony used in the East for staining the eyes. [Ar.]

Kohlrabi, kōl′rā-bi, n. the turnip-cabbage. [Ger.,—It. cavolo rapa, cole-turnip.]

Kokra, kok′ra, n. an Indian wood used for making flutes, &c.—Also Cocus-wood.

Kola, kō′lä, n. an African tree whose nuts or seeds have stimulant properties: a name given to an aerated non-alcoholic beverage.

Koniscope, kon′i-skōp, n. an instrument for indicating the quantity of dust in the atmosphere. [Gr. konis, dust, skopein, to look.]

Konistra, kō-nis′tra, n. the orchestra or dancing-place in the ancient Greek theatre, a circular area between the stage and the auditorium.

Koorbash, kōōr′bash, n. a whip of hippopotamus or rhinoceros hide, used in Egypt and elsewhere.—Also Kourbash. [Ar. kurbāj.]

Koran, kō′rän, n. the Mohammedan Scriptures: Alcoran.—adj. Koran′ic. [Ar. qurān, reading.]

Kosher, kō′shėr, adj. pure, clean, according to the Jewish ordinances—as of meat killed and prepared by Jews. [Heb., from yāshar, to be right.]

Koto, kō′tō, n. a Japanese musical instrument consisting of an oblong box over which thirteen silk strings are stretched.

Kotow, kō-tow′, n. the Chinese ceremony of prostration.—v.i. to perform that ceremony, to abase one's self.—Also Kowtow′. [Chin.]

Kotyliskos, kot-i-lis′kos, n. a small Greek toilet-vase with a small foot.

Koumiss, kōō′mis, n. a Kalmuck intoxicating beverage made from the soured and fermented milk of mares—supposed to be good for pulmonary phthisis. [Russ.,—Tartar.]

Kraal, kräl, n. a Hottentot village or hut [Dut. kraal—Port. curral—L. currĕre.]

Krang, krang, n. the carcass of a whale after the blubber has been removed.—Also Kreng. [Dut.]

Krasis, krā′sis, n. the act of adding a little water to the wine used for the Eucharist.—Also called Mixture. [Gr.]

Kremlin, krem′lin, n. a citadel, specially that of Moscow. [Russ. kremli.]

Kreutzer, kroit′zėr, n. a small copper coin of Austria, 100 to the florin or gulden—formerly also in South Germany. [Ger. kreuzer—kreuz, a cross, because formerly stamped with a cross.]

K'ri, krē, n. a marginal reading in the Hebrew Bible, proposed in substitution for a k'thibh, or reading in the text. The word signifies read, and was originally a marginal direction. [Heb.]

Kriegspiel, krēg′spēl, n. the 'war-game' played with metal blocks on a map, to train officers in military manœuvres. [Ger. krieg, war, spiel, game.]

Krummhorn, krum′horn, n. a medieval clarinet-like instrument: a reed-stop in the organ. [Ger. krumm.]

Krupsis, krōōp′sis, n. (theol.) the doctrine that Christ, during His state of humiliation, continued to possess in a veiled way the divine attributes of omnipotence, omniscience, &c. [Gr., kryptein, to conceal.]

Kryometer, krī-om′e-tėr, n. a thermometer for measuring very low temperatures. [Gr. kryos, cold, metron, a measure.]

Kshatriya, kshat′ri-ya, n. the second or military caste among the Brahmanic Hindus.

K'thibh, kthēv, n. a textual reading in the Hebrew Scriptures:—opp. to K'ri. The word signifies written, and was originally a marginal note calling attention to the textual form in distinction from the k'ri. [Heb.]

Kuklux, kū′kluks, or Kuklux Klan, a secret organisation in several Southern states after the Civil War of 1861-65, to oppose Northern influence in the South, and to prevent the negroes from enjoying their rights as freemen—crushed by United States forces in 1869. [Gr. kuklos, a circle.]

Kümmel, küm′el, n. a liqueur flavoured with cumin and caraway seeds. [Ger.]

Kurd, kōōrd, n. an inhabitant of Kurdistan, a region on the east of the upper course of the Tigris.

Kursaal, kōōr′säl, n. the reception-room of a German spa. [Ger., lit. 'cure-saloon.']

Kyanise, kī′an-īz, v.t. to preserve from dry-rot by injecting corrosive sublimate into the pores of the wood. [From John H. Kyan (1774-1830).]

Kymograph, kī′mō-graf, n. an instrument for measuring the pressure of fluids, esp. of blood in a blood-vessel.—adj. Kymograph′ic. [Gr. kyma, a wave, graphein, to write.]

Kyrie, kir′i-ē, n. the Kyrie eleïson='Lord have mercy,' including both the words and the music to which they are sung: one of the responses to the commandments in the Anglican ante-communion service.—Kyrie eleïson, a form of prayer which occurs in all the ancient Greek liturgies, and retained in the R.C. mass, following immediately after the introit. [Voc. case of Gr. kyrios, lord.]

Kyriologic, -al, kir-i-o-loj′ik, -al, adj. denoting objects by alphabetical characters or conventional signs. [Gr. kyrios, literal, proper, logos, discourse.]

Kythe, kīth, v.t. (Scot.) to make known.—v.i. to show one's self, to appear. [A.S. cyðan, to make known. See Uncouth.]

the twelfth letter in our alphabet, usually termed a liquid, but more correctly designated as a front palatal: (chem.) the symbol for lithium: in Roman numerals, for 50, but L=50,000.

La, lä, interj. lo! see! behold! ah! indeed!—n. (mus.) in solmisation, the syllable used for the sixth tone of the scale. [A.S. lá.]

Laager, lä′gėr, n. in South African campaigning, a camp made by a ring of ox-wagons set close together, the spaces beneath being filled up with the baggage of the company.—v.t. to arrange in such a defensive enclosure. [Dut., a variant of leger, a camp.]

Labarum, lab′a-rum, n. a Roman military standard adopted as the imperial standard after Constantine's conversion. It bore the Greek letters XP (Chr), joined in a monogram, to signify the name of Christ: a similar ecclesiastical banner borne in processions: any moral standard or guide. [Late Gr. labaron, origin unknown. Some make bold to derive from Basque labaria, a standard.]

Labefaction, lab-e-fak′shun, n. a weakening decay—also Labefactā′tion.—v.t. Lab′efy, to impair. [L. labefacĕre, to shake.]

Label, lā′bel, n. a small slip of writing affixed to anything to denote its contents, ownership, &c.: (law) a paper annexed to a will, as a codicil: (her.) a fillet with pendants: (archit.) the dripstone over a Gothic window or doorway arch.—v.t. to affix a label to: to describe by or on a label:—pr.p. lā′belling; pa.t. and pa.p. lā′belled. [O. Fr. label (Fr. lambeau); perh. from Old High Ger. lappa (Ger. lappen).]

Labellum, la-bel′um, n. the lower petal of a flower, esp. an orchis. [L., dim. of labium, a lip.]

Labial, lā′bi-al, adj. pertaining to the lips: formed by the lips.—n. a sound formed by the lips: a letter representing a sound formed either by both the lips, or by the upper lip and under teeth—p, b, m, f, v.—v.t. Lā′bialise.—adv. Lā′bially.—n.pl. Labiā′tæ, a natural order of gamopetalous plants, the mint family having four-cornered stems and opposite branches.—adjs. Lā′biate, -d (bot.), having two unequal divisions, as in the monopetalous corolla of the mints.—adj. and n. Labioden′tal, of a sound pronounced both by the lips and teeth: a letter representing such (f, v.).—n. Lā′bium, a lip or lip-like part:—pl. Lā′bia. [Fr.,—L. labium, labrum, a lip.]

Labis, lā′bis, n. the cochlear or eucharistic spoon. [Late Gr. from lambanein, to take.]

Laboratory, lab′or-a-tor-i, n. a chemist's workroom: a place where scientific experiments are systematically carried on: a place for the manufacture of arms and war material: a place where anything is prepared for use. [L. laborāre—labor, work.]

Labour, lā′bur, n. toil or exertion, esp. when fatiguing: work: pains: duties: a task requiring hard work: the pangs of childbirth.—v.i. to undergo labour: to work: to take pains: to be oppressed: to move slowly: to be in travail: (naut.) to pitch and roll heavily.—adj. Labō′rious, full of labour: toilsome: wearisome: devoted to labour: industrious.—adv. Labō′riously.—n. Labō′riousness.—adj. Lā′boured, bearing marks of labour or effort in the execution.—ns. Lā′bourer, one who labours: one who does work requiring little skill; Lā′bourist, one who contends for the interests of workmen.—adjs. Lā′bour-sav′ing, intended to supersede or lessen the labour of men; Lā′boursome (Shak.), made with labour and diligence.—Labour Day, a legal holiday in some parts of the United States, as in New York (the first Monday in September); Labour market, the supply of unemployed labour in relation to the demand for it; Labour of love, work undertaken merely as an act of friendliness, and without hope of emolument; Labour with, to take pains to convince.—Hard labour, compulsory work imposed on certain criminals in addition to imprisonment. [O. Fr. labour, labeur—L. labor.]

Labradorite, lab′ra-dōr-īt, n. one of the group of the Feldspars, and a very important rock-forming mineral. [Labrador.]

Labret, lā′bret, n. a piece of bone, shell, &c. inserted into the lip by savages for ornament.—adj. Lā′brose, having thick lips.—n. Lā′brum, a lip or lip-like part:—pl. Lā′bra. [L. labrum, labium, a lip.]

Laburnum, la-bur′num, n. a small tree with large pendulous racemes of beautiful yellow flowers, a native of the Alps. [L.]

Labyrinth, lab′i-rinth, n. a place full of inextricable windings: (orig.) a building consisting of halls connected by intricate passages: an arrangement of tortuous passages in which it is difficult to find the way out: an inexplicable difficulty, a perplexity: (anat.) the cavities of the internal ear.—adjs. Labyrinth′al, Labyrinth′ian, Labyrinth′ine, pertaining to or like a labyrinth: winding: intricate: perplexing; Labyrinth′iform, having the form of a labyrinth: intricate.—n. Labyrinth′odon, a race of extinct gigantic amphibians found in the Permian, Carboniferous, and Triassic strata, so called from the mazy pattern exhibited on a transverse section of the teeth of some genera. [Fr. labyrinthe—L. labyrinthus—Gr. labyrinthos; akin to laura, a passage.]

Lac, lak, n. the term used in India for 100,000 rupees, the nominal value of which is £10,000.—Also Lakh. [Hind. lak—Sans. laksha, 100,000, a mark.]

Lac, lak, n. a dark-red transparent resin produced on the twigs of trees in the East by the lac insect, used in dyeing.—adj. Laccic (lak′sik).—ns. Laccine (lak′sin), a brittle, translucent, yellow substance, obtained from shell-lac; Lac′-dye, Lac′-lake, scarlet colouring matters obtained from Stick′-lac, the twigs, with attached resin, enclosed insects, and ova; Seed′-lac, the granular portion remaining after removing the resin, triturating with water, and drying; Shell′-lac, Shel′lac, thin plates of resin prepared by melting the seed-lac in cotton-cloth bags, straining, and allowing it to drop on to sticks or leaves. [Pers. lak—Sans. lákshá, the lac insect—rañj, to dye.]

Lace, lās, n. a plaited string for fastening: an ornamental fabric of linen, cotton, silk, or gold and silver threads, made by looping, knotting, plaiting, or twisting the thread into definite patterns, of contrasted open and close structure; three distinct varieties are made, two by handiwork, known respectively as Needle or Point lace and Pillow or Bobbin Lace, and one by machinery.—v.t. to fasten with a lace: to adorn with lace: to streak: to mark with the lash: to intermix, as coffee with brandy, &c.: to intertwine.—v.i. to be fastened with a lace.—ns. Lace′-bark tree, a lofty West Indies tree, the inner bark like coarse lace; Lace′-boot, a boot fastened by a lace.—p.adj. Laced, fastened or adorned with lace.—ns. Lace′-frame, a machine used in lace-making; Lace′-leaf (see Lattice-leaf); Lace′-man, one who deals in lace; Lace′-mend′er, one who repairs lace; Lace′-pā′per, paper stamped or cut by hand with an open-work pattern like lace; Lace′-pill′ow, a cushion on which many various kinds of lace are made, held on the knees.—adj. Lā′cy, like lace.—Alençon lace, a very fine point-lace, the most important made in France; Appliqué lace, lace having sprigs or flowers sewed on net; Balloon-net lace, a form of woven lace in which the freeing threads are peculiarly twisted about the warps; Brussels lace, an extremely fine lace with sprigs applied on a net ground; Duchesse lace, a Belgian pillow-lace having beautiful designs with cord outlines, often in relief; Guipure lace, any lace without a net ground, the pattern being held together by bars or brides; Honiton lace, a lace made at Honiton in Devonshire, remarkable for the beauty of its figures and sprigs; Imitation lace, any lace made by machinery; Mechlin lace, a lace with bobbin ground and designs outlined by thread or flat cord; Spanish lace, needle-point lace brought from Spanish convents since their dissolution—but probably of Flemish origin: cut and drawn work made in convents in Spain, of patterns usually confined to simple sprigs and flowers: a modern black-silk lace with large flower-patterns, mostly of Flemish make: a modern needle-point lace with large square designs; Tambour lace, a modern kind of lace made with needle-embroidery on machine-made net; Torchon lace, peasants' bobbin laces of loose texture and geometrical designs, much imitated by machinery; Valenciennes lace, a fine bobbin lace having the design made with the ground and of the same thread. [O. Fr. las, a noose—L. laqueus, a noose.]

Lacerate, las′ėr-āt, v.t. to tear: to rend: to wound: to afflict.—adjs. Lac′erable, that may be lacerated; Lac′erant, harrowing; Lac′erate, -d, rent, torn: (bot.) having the edges cut into irregular segments.—n. Lacerā′tion, act of lacerating: the rent made by tearing.—adj. Lac′erative, tearing: having power to tear. [L. lacerāre, -ātum, to tear—lacer, torn.]

Lacerta, la-sėr′ta, n. a genus of saurian reptiles, the name properly restricted to slender, active lizards.—n. and adj. Lacer′tian, an animal belonging to the genus Lacerta.—n. Lacertil′ia, an order of reptiles, including the lizards proper, &c.—adjs. Lacertil′ian; Lacertil′ioid; Lacer′tine. [L.]

Laches, läsh′ēz, n. (law) negligence or undue delay, such as to disentitle a person to a certain remedy, any negligence. [O. Fr. lachesse.]

Lachesis, lak′e-sis, n. the one of the three Fates who assigned to each mortal his destiny—she spun the thread of life from the distaff held by Clotho. [Gr.]

Lachrymal, Lacrymal, lak′ri-mal, adj. of or pertaining to tears, secreting tears, as in 'lachrymal duct,' the nasal duct, conveying tears from the eye to the nose.—n. one of the bones of the face, the os unguis, or nail-bone, in man.—adj. Lach′rymary, containing tears.—n. Lach′rymātory, a small slender glass vessel found in ancient sepulchres, apparently filled with the tears of mourners.—adj. Lach′rymose, Lac′rymose, shedding tears, or given to do so: lugubrious, mournful.—adv. Lach′rymosely.—Lachryma Christi, a wine of a sweet but piquant taste, produced from grapes grown on Mount Vesuvius, the best light red. [L. lacryma (properly lacrima), a tear; Gr. dakru, Eng. tear.]

Lacing, lās′ing, n. a fastening with a lace or cord through eyelet-holes: a cord used in fastening: in bookbinding, the cords by which the boards of a book are fastened to the back: in shipbuilding, the knee of the head, or lace-piece, a piece of compass or knee timber secured to the back of the figure-head: in mining, lagging, or cross-pieces of timber or iron placed to prevent ore from falling into a passage.

Lacinia, lā-sin′i-a, n. a long incision in a leaf, &c.—also a narrow lobe resulting from such: in entomology, the apex of the maxilla.—adjs. Lacin′iāte, -d, cut into narrow lobes, fringed; Lacin′iform, fringe-like; Lacin′iolāte, finely fringed. [L., a flap.]

Lack, lak, v.t. and v.i. to want: to be in want: to be destitute of: to miss.—n. want: destitution.—ns. Lack′-all, one who is destitute; Lack′-brain (Shak.), a fool.—adjs. Lack′-lin′en (Shak.), wanting linen; Lack′-lus′tre, wanting brightness.—n. a want of brightness. [From an old Low Ger. root found in Dut. lak, blemish; cf. Ice. lakr, defective.]

Lackadaisical, lak-a-dā′zi-kal, adj. affectedly pensive, sentimental.—interj. Lack′adaisy=Lack-a-day. [Alack-a-day. See Alack.]

Lackey, lak′i, n. a menial attendant: a footman or footboy.—v.t. and v.i. to pay servile attendance: to act as a footman. [O. Fr. laquay (Fr. laquais)—Sp. lacayo, a lackey; perh. Ar. luka‛, servile.]

Laconic, -al, la-kon′ik, -al, adj. expressing in few words after the manner of the Laconians, Lacedæmonians, or Spartans: concise: pithy.—adv. Lacon′ically.—ns. Lac′onism, Lacon′icism, a concise style: a short, pithy phrase. [L.,—Gr.]

Lacquer, Lacker, lak′ėr, n. a varnish made of lac and alcohol.—v.t. to cover with lacquer: to varnish.—ns. Lac′querer, one who varnishes or covers with lacquer; Lac′quering, the act of varnishing with lacquer: a coat of lacquer varnish. [Fr. lacre—Port. lacre, laca—Pers. lac, lac.]

Lacrosse, la-kros′, n. a Canadian game of ball, played by two sets of eleven, the ball driven through the opponents' goal by means of the Crosse, a bent stick, 5-6 ft. long, with a shallow net at one end. [Fr.]

Lacteal, lak′te-al, adj. pertaining to or resembling milk: conveying chyle.—n. one of the absorbent vessels of the intestines which convey the chyle to the thoracic ducts.—ns. Lac′tarene, Lac′tarine, a preparation of the caseine of milk, used by calico-printers; Lac′tāte, a salt of lactic acid, and a base; Lactā′tion, the act of giving milk: the period of suckling.—adj. Lac′teous, milky, milk-like.—n. Lactesc′ence.—adjs. Lactesc′ent, turning to milk: producing milk or white juice: milky; Lac′tic, pertaining to milk; Lactif′erous, Lactif′ic, producing milk or white juice.—ns. Lac′tifuge, a medicine which checks the flow of milk; Lac′tocrite, an apparatus for testing the quantity of fatty substance in a sample of milk; Lactom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quality of milk; Lac′toscope, an instrument for testing the purity or richness of milk by its degree of translucency; Lac′tose, a kind of sugar, only moderately sweet, obtained from milk by evaporating whey—also Lac′tine; Lactuca (lak-tū′ka), a genus of herbs of the aster family, with milky juice.—adj. Lactucic (lak-tū′sik).—Lactic acid, an acid obtained from milk. [L. lacteus, milky—lac, lactis, milk; Gr. gala, galaktos, milk.]

Lacuna, la-kū′na, n. a gap or hiatus:—pl. Lacū′næ.—n. Lacū′nar, a sunken panel or coffer in a ceiling or a soffit: a ceiling containing such.—adjs. Lacū′nose, furrowed: pitted; Lacū′nous. [L. lacuna, anything hollow—lacus, a lake.]

Lacustrine, la-kus′trin, adj. pertaining to lakes.—Also Lacus′tral, Lacus′trian. [From L. lacus, a lake.]

Lad, lad, n. a boy: a youth: (Scot.) a lover:—fem. Lass.—n. Lad′die, a little lad: a boy.—Lad's love, a provincial name of the southernwood. [M. E. ladde—Ir. lath, a youth, champion (W. llawd). Mr H. Bradley suggests that M. E. ladde, a servant, coincides with the adjectival form of the past participle of the verb to lead, the original meaning thus being 'one led in the train of a lord.']

Ladanum, lad′a-num, n. a resinous exudation from the leaves of a shrub growing round the Mediterranean.—Also Lab′danum. [L.,—Gr. lēdanon—Pers. lādan. See Laudanum.]

Ladder, lad′ėr, n. a frame made with steps placed between two upright pieces, by which one may ascend a building, &c.: anything by which one ascends: a gradual rise. [A.S. hlǽder; Ger. leiter.]

Lade, lād, v.t. to burden: to throw in or out, as a fluid, with a ladle or dipper.—n. (Scot.) a load: a water-course: the mouth of a river.—n. Lad′ing, the act of loading: that which is loaded: cargo: freight. [A.S. hladan, pt. hlód, hladen, to load, to draw out water; Dut. laden; Ger. be-laden.]

Ladin, la-dēn′, n. a Romance tongue spoken in the Engadine valley in Switzerland and the upper Inn valley in Tyrol. [L. Latinus, Latin.]

Ladino, la-dē′nō, n. the old Castilian tongue: the Spanish jargon of some Turkish Jews: a Central American of mixed white and Indian blood.

Ladle, lād′l, n. a large spoon for lifting out liquid from a vessel: the float-board of a mill-wheel: an instrument for drawing the charge from a cannon.—v.t. to lift with a ladle.—ns. Lad′leful, the quantity in a ladle:—pl. Lad′lefuls.—Ladle furnace, a small gas furnace heated by a Bunsen burner, for melting metals, &c. [A.S. hlædel—hladan, to lade.]

Lady, lā′di, n. the mistress of a house: a wife: a title of the wives of knights, and all degrees above them, and of the daughters of earls and all higher ranks: a title of complaisance to any woman of refined manners:—pl. Ladies (lā′diz).—ns. Lā′dybird, a genus of little beetles, usually brilliant red or yellow—also Lā′dybug, Lā′dycow; Lā′dy-chap′el, a chapel dedicated to 'Our Lady,' the Virgin Mary, usually behind the high altar, at the extremity of the apse; Lā′dyday, the 25th March, the day of the Annunciation of the Virgin; Lā′dyfern, one of the prettiest varieties of British ferns, common in moist woods, with bipinnate fronds sometimes two feet long; Lā′dy-fly (same as Ladybird); Lā′dyhood, condition, character of a lady.—adj. Lā′dyish, having the airs of a fine lady.—ns. Lā′dyism, affectation of the airs of a fine lady; Lā′dy-kill′er, a man who fancies his fascinations irresistible to women: a general lover.—adj. Lā′dy-like, like a lady in manners: refined: soft, delicate.—ns. Lādy-love, a lady or woman loved: a sweetheart; Lādy's-bed′straw, the plant Galium verum; Lā′dy's-bow′er, the only British species of clematis—also Traveller's joy; Lā′dy's-fing′er, a name for many plants: a piece of confectionery; Lā′dyship, the title of a lady; Lā′dy's-maid, a female attendant on a lady, esp. in matters relating to the toilet; Lādy's-man′tle, a genus of herbaceous plants having small, yellowish-green flowers; Lā′dy's-slipp′er, a genus of orchidaceous plants, remarkable for the large inflated lip of the corolla; Lā′dy's-smock, the Bitter Cress, a meadow-plant, with whitish, blush-coloured flowers.—Ladies' companion, a small bag used for carrying women's work; Ladies' man, one fond of women's society.—My ladyship, Your ladyship, a form of expression used in speaking to, or of, one who has the rank of a lady. [A.S. hláf-dige—hláf, a loaf, dǽgee, a kneader, or=hláfweardige (i.e. loaf-keeper, see ward), and thus a contr. fem. of Lord.]

Lætare, lē-tā′rē, n. the fourth Sunday in Lent, named from the first word in the service for the festival. [L. lætāre, to rejoice—lætus, joyful.]

Lag, lag, adj. slack: sluggish: coming behind.—n. he who, or that which, comes behind: the fag-end: (slang) an old convict.—v.i. to move or walk slowly: to loiter.—v.t. (slang) to commit to justice:—pr.p. lag′ging; pa.p. lagged.—adj. Lag′-bell′ied, having a drooping belly.—n. Lag′-end (Shak.), the last or long-delayed end.—adj. Lag′gard, lagging: slow: backward.—ns. Lag′gard, Lag′ger, one who lags behind: a loiterer: an idler.—adv. Lag′gingly, in a lagging manner. [Celt., as W. llag, loose, Gael. lag, feeble; cf. L. laxus, loose.]

Lagena, la-jē′na, n. a wine-vase, amphora: the terminal part of the cochlea in birds and reptiles:—pl. Lagē′næ. [L.]

Lager-beer, lä′ger-bēr, n. a kind of light beer very much used in Germany.—Also La′ger. [Ger. lagerbier—lager, a store-house, bier, beer.]

Laggen, lag′en, n. (Burns) the angle between the side and bottom of a wooden dish.

Lagomys, lā-gō′mis, n. a genus of rodents, much resembling hares or rabbits. [Gr. lagōs, a hare, mys, a mouse.]

Lagoon, Lagune, la-gōōn′, n. a shallow pond into which the sea flows. [It. laguna—L. lacuna.]

Lagophthalmia, lag-of-thal′mi-a, n. inability to close the eye.—adj. Lagophthal′mic.

Lagopus, la-gō′pus, n. a genus of grouse, the ptarmigans.—adj. Lagop′odous, having furry feet.—n. Lagos′toma, hare-lip.—adj. Lagō′tic, rabbit-eared.

Lagthing, läg′ting, n. the upper house of the Norwegian parliament. [Norw. lag, law, thing, parliament.]

Laid, lād, adj. put down, prostrate: pressed down.—Laid paper, such as shows in its fabric the marks of the close parallel wires on which the paper-pulp was laid in the process of its manufacture:—opp. to Wove-paper, that laid on woven flannels or on felts. [Pa.t. and pa.p. of Lay.]

Lair, lār, n. a lying-place, esp. the den or retreat of a wild beast: (Scot.) the ground for one grave in a burying-place. [A.S. leger, a couch—licgan, to lie down; Dut. leger, Ger. lager.]

Lair, lār, v.i. (Scot.) to sink in mud.—n. mire, a bog, a quagmire. [Ice. leir, mud.]

Laird, lārd, n. (Scot.) a landed proprietor, a landlord.—n. Laird′ship, an estate. [Lord.]

Laissez-faire, lās′ā-fār′, n. a letting alone, a general principle of non-interference with the free action of the individual: the let-alone principle in government, business, &c.—Also Laiss′er-faire′. [Fr. laisser—L. laxāre, to relax, faire—L. facĕre, to do.]

Laity, lā-′i-ti, n. the people as distinct from the clergy. [See Lay, adj.]

Lake, lāk, n. a pigment or colour formed by precipitating animal or vegetable colouring matters from their solutions, chiefly with alumina or oxide of tin. [Fr. laque. See Lac (2).]

Lake, lāk, n. a large body of water within land.—ns. Lake′-bā′sin, the whole area drained by a lake; Lake′-law′yer (U.S.), the bowfin: burbot; Lake′let, a little lake; Lā′ker, Lā′kist, one of the Lake school of poetry.—adj. Lā′ky, pertaining to a lake or lakes.—Lake District, the name applied to the picturesque and mountainous region within the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, and a small portion of Lancashire, containing as many as sixteen lakes or meres; Lake dwellings, settlements in prehistoric times, built on piles driven into a lake; Lake school of poetry, a name applied to the group of illustrious poets who made the Lake District—Wordsworthshire—their home about the beginning of the 19th century. [A.S. lac—L. lacus.]

Lakshmi, laksh′mē, n. in Hindu mythology, the name of the consort of the god Vishnu (q.v.), considered as his female or creative energy.

Lama, lä′ma, n. a Buddhist priest in Tibet.—ns. Lä′maism, the religion prevailing in Tibet and Mongolia, being Buddhism corrupted by Sivaism, and by Shamanism or spirit-worship; Lä′maist; Lä′masery, a Tibetan monastery. [Tib.]

Lamarckism, la-mär′kizm, n. the theory of the French naturalist, J. B. P. A. de Monet de Lamarck (1744-1829), that species have developed by the efforts of organisms to adapt themselves to new conditions—also Lamarck′ianism.—-adj. Lamarck′ian.

Lamb, lam, n. the young of a sheep: the flesh of the young sheep: one innocent and gentle as a lamb: the Saviour of the world.—v.i. to bring forth young, as sheep.—ns. Lamb′-ale, a feast at the time of lamb-shearing; Lamb′kin, Lamb′ling, Lamb′ie (Scot.), a little lamb.—adj. Lamb′-like, like a lamb: gentle.—ns. Lamb′skin, the skin of a lamb dressed with the wool on, for mats, &c.: the skin of a lamb dressed for gloves: a kind of woollen cloth resembling this; Lamb's′-lett′uce (same as Corn-salad); Lamb's′-wool, fine wool: a wholesome old English beverage composed of ale and the pulp of roasted apples, with sugar and spices.—The Lamb, Lamb of God, the Saviour, typified by the paschal lamb. [A.S. lamb; Ger. lamm, Dut. lam.]

Lambative, lam′ba-tiv, adj. to be taken by licking.—n. a medicine of such a kind.

Lambda, lam′da, n. the Greek letter corresponding to Roman l.—n. Lamb′dacism, a too frequent use of words containing l: a defective pronunciation of r, making it like l.—adjs. Lamb′doid, -al, shaped like the Greek capital Λ—applied in anatomy to the suture between the occipital and the two parietal bones of the skull. [Gr.,—Heb. lamedh.]

Lambent, lam′bent, adj. moving about as if touching lightly: gliding over: flickering.—n. Lam′bency, the quality of being lambent: that which is lambent. [L. lambens—lambĕre, to lick.]

Lamboys, lam′boiz, n.pl. kilted flexible steel-plates worn skirt-like from the waist. [O. Fr.]

Lambrequin, lam′bre-kin, n. a strip of cloth, leather, &c., hanging from a window, doorway, or mantelpiece, as a drapery: an ornamental covering, as of cloth, attached to a helmet. [Fr.]

Lame, lām, adj. disabled in the limbs: hobbling: unsatisfactory: imperfect.—v.t. to make lame: to cripple: to render imperfect.—n. Lame′-duck (slang), a bankrupt.—adv. Lame′ly.—n. Lame′ness.—adj. Lam′ish, a little lame: hobbling. [A.S. lama, lame; Dut. lam, Ger. lahm.]

Lamella, lä-mel′a, n. a thin plate or scale:—pl. Lamell′æ.—adjs. Lam′ellar, Lam′ellate.—n.pl. Lamellibranchiā′ta, a class of shell-fishes or molluscs in which the shell consists of two limy plates, lying one on each side of the body.—adjs. Lamellibranch′iate; Lamell′icorn.—n.pl. Lamellicor′nes, a very numerous family of beetles—the cockchafer, &c.—adjs. Lamellif′erous, producing lamellæ; Lamell′iform, lamellar in form; Lamelliros′tral, having a lamellose bill; Lam′ellose, full of lamellæ, lamellated in structure. [L.]

Lament, la-ment′, v.i. to utter grief in outcries: to wail: to mourn.—v.t. to mourn for: to deplore.—n. sorrow expressed in cries: an elegy or mournful ballad.—adj. Lam′entable, deserving or expressing sorrow: sad: pitiful, despicable.—adv. Lam′entably.—n. Lamentā′tion, act of lamenting: audible expression of grief: wailing: (pl., B.) a book of Jeremiah.—p.adj. Lament′ed, bewailed: mourned.—adv. Lament′ingly, with lamentation. [Fr. lamenter—L. lamentāri.]

Lamia, lā′mi-a, n. in Greek and Roman mythology, a female phantom, a serpent witch who charmed children and youths in order to suck their blood.

Lamina, lam′i-na, n. a thin plate: a thin layer or coat lying over another:—pl. Lam′inæ.—adjs. Lam′inable; Lam′inar, Lam′inary, in laminæ or thin plates: consisting of, or resembling, thin plates.—n. Laminā′ria, a genus of dark-spored seaweeds, with large expanded leathery-stalked fronds.—adjs. Lam′ināte, -d, in laminæ or thin plates: consisting of scales or layers, over one another.—ns. Laminā′tion, the arrangement of stratified rocks in thin laminæ or layers.—adjs. Laminif′erous, consisting of laminæ or layers; Lam′iniform, laminar.—n. Laminī′tis, inflammation of the laminæ of a horse's hoof. [L. lamina, a thin plate, a leaf.]

Lammas, lam′as, n. the feast of first-fruits on 1st August.—n. Lamm′as-tide, Lammas-day, 1st August. [A.S. hláf-mæsse and hlammæsse—hláf, loaf, mæsse, feast.]

Lammergeier, lam′mėr-gī-ėr, n. the great bearded vulture of the mountains of southern Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. [Ger. lämmergeier—lämmer, lambs, geier, vulture.]

Lammy, lam′i, n. a thick quilted outside jumper worn in cold weather by sailors.—Also Lamm′ie.

Lamp, lamp, n. a vessel for burning oil with a wick, and so giving light: a light of any kind.—v.i. (Spens.) to shine.—ns. Lamp′ad (rare), a lamp or candlestick, a torch; Lamp′adary, in the Greek Church, one who looks after the lamps and carries a lighted taper before the patriarch; Lampaded′romy, an ancient Greek torch-race in honour of Prometheus, &c.; Lamp′adist, one who ran in a torch-race; Lampad′omancy, the art of divining by the flame of a lamp or torch; Lamp′black, the black substance formed by the smoke of a lamp: the soot or amorphous carbon obtained by burning bodies rich in that element, such as resin, petroleum, and tar, or some of the cheap oily products obtained from it; Lamp′-burn′er, that part of a lamp in which the wick is held; Lamp′-chim′ney, Lamp′-glass, a glass funnel placed round the flame of a lamp; Lamp′-fly (Browning), a firefly.—adj. Lamp′ic, pertaining to, or derived from, a lamp or flame.—ns. Lamp′ion, a kind of small lamp; Lamp′-light, the light shed by a lamp or lamps; Lamp′-light′er, a person employed to light street-lamps: that by which a lamp is lighted, as a spill or torch; Lamp′-post, the pillar supporting a street-lamp; Lamp′-shell, a terebratuloid or related brachiopod having a shell like an antique lamp.—Smell of the lamp, to show signs of great elaboration or study. [Fr. lampe—Gr. lampas, -ados—lampein, to shine.]

Lampass, lam′pas, n. (Shak.) a swelling of the roof of the mouth in horses. [Fr. lampas.]

Lampoon, lam-pōōn′, n. a personal satire in writing: low censure.—v.t. to assail with personal satire: to satirise:—pr.p. lampōōn′ing; pa.p. lampōōned′.—ns. Lampoon′er, one who writes a lampoon; Lampoon′ry, practice of lampooning: written personal abuse or satire. [O. Fr. lampon, orig. a drinking-song, with the refrain lampons=let us drink—lamper (or lapper, to lap), to drink.]

Lamprey, lam′pre, n. a genus of cartilaginous fishes resembling the eel, so called from their attaching themselves to rocks or stones by their mouths. [O. Fr. lamproie—Low L. lampreda, lampetra—L. lambĕre, to lick, petra, rock.]

Lanate, -d, lā′nāt, -ed, adjs. woolly: (bot.) covered with a substance resembling wool.—n. Lā′nary, a wool-store. [L. lanatus—lana, wool.]

Lancasterian, lang-kas-tē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838), or the method of teaching younger pupils by those more advanced (monitors) in primary schools.

Lancastrian, lang-kas′tri-an, adj. pertaining to the dukes or the royal house of Lancaster.—n. an adherent of the house of Lancaster, as against the Yorkists, in the Wars of the Roses (1455-85).

Lance, lans, n. (Spens.) balance, poise. [L. lanx, lancis, a dish or scale.]

Lance, lans, n. a long shaft of wood, with a spear-head, and bearing a small flag: the bearer of a lance.—v.t. to pierce with a lance: to open with a lancet.—ns. Lance′-cor′poral, a private soldier doing the duties of a corporal; Lance′let (see Amphioxus); Lan′cer, a light cavalry soldier armed with a lance: (pl.) a popular set of quadrilles, first in England about 1820: the music for such; Lance′-wood, a wood valuable for its strength and elasticity, brought chiefly from Jamaica, Guiana, &c.—adjs. Lancif′erous, bearing a lance; Lan′ciform, lance-shaped. [Fr.,—L. lancea; Gr. longchē, a lance.]

Lancegay, lans′gā, n. (obs.) a kind of spear. [O. Fr.,—lance, a lance, zagaye, a pike. See Assagai.]

Lanceolate, -d, lan′se-o-lāt, -ed, adjs. (bot.) having the form of a lance-head: tapering toward both ends—also Lan′ceolar.—adv. Lan′ceolately. [L. lanceolatus—lanceola, dim. of lancea.]

Lancet, lan′set, n. a surgical instrument used for opening veins, abscesses, &c.: a high and narrow window, terminating in an arch acutely pointed, often double or triple, common in the first half of the 13th century. [O. Fr. lancette, dim. of lance.]

Lancinate, lan′sin-āt, v.t. to lacerate.—n. Lancinā′tion, sharp, shooting pain. [L. lancināre, -ātum, to tear.]

Land, land, n. earth, the solid portion of the surface of the globe: a country: a district: soil: real estate: a nation or people: (Scot.) a group of dwellings or tenements under one roof and having a common entry.—v.t. to set on land or on shore.—v.i. to come on land or on shore.—ns. Land′-ā′gent, a person employed by the owner of an estate to let farms, collect rents, &c.; Land′-breeze, a breeze setting from the land towards the sea; Land′-crab, a family of crabs which live much or chiefly on land.—v.t. Land′damn (Shak.), to banish from the land.—adj. Land′ed, possessing land or estates: consisting in land or real estate.—ns. Land′er, one who lands; Land′fall, a landslip: an approach to land after a voyage, also the land so approached; Land′-fish (Shak.), a fish on land, any one acting contrary to his usual character; Land′-flood, a flooding or overflowing of land by water: inundation; Land′force, a military force serving on land, as distinguished from a naval force; Land′-grab′ber, one who acquires land by harsh and grasping means: one who is eager to occupy land from which others have been evicted; Land′-grab′bing, the act of the land-grabber; Land′-herd, a herd of animals which feed on land; Land′-hold′er, a holder or proprietor of land; Land′-hung′er, greed for the acquisition of land; Land′ing, act of going on land from a vessel: a place for getting on shore: the level part of a staircase between the flights of steps.—adj. relating to the unloading of a vessel's cargo.—ns. Land′ing-net, a kind of scoop-net for landing a fish that has been caught; Land′ing-place, a place for landing, as from a vessel; Land′ing-stage, a platform for landing passengers or goods carried by water, often rising and falling with the tide; Land′-job′ber, a speculator in land; Land′-job′bing; Land′lady, a woman who has property in land or houses: the mistress of an inn or lodging-house.—adj. Land′less (Shak.), without land or property.—v.t. Land′lock, to enclose by land.—-adj. Land′-locked, almost shut in by land, protected by surrounding masses of land from the force of wind and waves.—ns. Land′lord, the owner of land or houses: the master of an inn or lodging-house; Land′lordism, the authority or united action of the landholding class; Land′-lubb′er, a landsman (a term used by sailors); Land′mark, anything serving to mark the boundaries of land: any object on land that serves as a guide to seamen: any distinguishing characteristic; Land′-meas′ure, a system of square measure used in the measurement of land; Land′-meas′uring, the art of estimating the superficial content of portions of land; Land′-own′er, one who owns land; Land′-own′ership.—adj. Land′-own′ing.—ns. Land′-pī′lot, (Milt.), a guide on land; Land′-pī′rate, a highway robber: a fellow who makes a practice of swindling sailors in port; Land′rail, the crake or corncrake, so named from its cry; Land′-rak′er (Shak.), a vagabond; Land′-reeve, the assistant to the land-steward of a great estate; Land′-roll, a clod-crusher; Land′-scrip (U.S.), negotiable government certificate entitling to possession of certain public land by individuals or corporate bodies; Land′-shark, a land-grabber: one who plunders sailors on shore; Land′skip (same as Landscape); Land′slide, Land′slip, a portion of land that falls down, generally from the side of a hill, usually due to the undermining effect of water; Lands′man, Land′man, one who lives or serves on land: one inexperienced in seafaring; Land′-spring, water lying near the surface, easily drawn upon by shallow wells; Land′-stew′ard, a person who manages a landed estate; Land′-survey′ing (see Surveying); Land′-tax, a tax upon land; Land′-turn, a land-breeze; Land′-wait′er, a custom-house officer who attends on the landing of goods from ships.—adv. Land′ward, toward the land.—adj. lying toward the land, away from the sea-coast: situated in or forming part of the country, as opposed to the town: rural.—n. Land′wind, a wind blowing off the land.—Land League, an association founded in Ireland by Michael Davitt in 1879, and organised by C. S. Parnell, to procure reduction and rearrangement of rents, and to promote the substitution of peasant-proprietors for landlords—condemned as an illegal conspiracy in 1881; Landed interest, the combined interest of the land-holding class in a community.—Make the land, to discover the land as the ship approaches it; Set the land, to observe by the compass how the shore bears from the ship. [A.S. land; Dut., Ger. land.]

Landamman, lan′dam-man, n. the president of the Swiss Diet: the head official in some Swiss cantons.

Landau, lan′daw, n. a coach or carriage with a top which may be opened and thrown back. [Ger. landauer, from Landau.]

Lande, land, n. an uncultivated healthy plain, esp. a sandy track along the sea-shore in south-western France. [Fr.]

Landgrave, land′grāv, n. a German graf, count, or earl:—fem. Landgravine (land′gra-vēn).—n. Landgrā′viāte, the territory of a landgrave. [Dut. landgraaf—land, land, graaf, count.]

Land-louper, land′-lowp′ėr, n. a vagabond or vagrant.—Also Land′-lop′er. [Dut. landloopen—land, land, loopen, to ramble; cf. Ger. landläufer.]

Landscape, land′-skāp, n. the appearance of that portion of land which the eye can at once view; the aspect of a country, or a picture representing it.—ns. Land′scape-gar′dening, the art of laying out grounds and so disposing water, buildings, trees, and other plants as to produce the effect of a picturesque landscape; Land′scape-paint′er, one who practises this form of art; Land′scape-paint′ing, the art of representing natural scenery by painting. [Dut. landschap, from land and -schap, a suffix=-ship.]

Landsthing, läns′ting, n. the upper house of the Danish Rigsdag or parliament. [Dan., land, land, thing, parliament.]

Landsturm, lant′stōōrm, n. in Germany and Switzerland, a general levy in time of national emergency—in the former including all males between seventeen and forty-five: the force so called out. [Ger., land, land, sturm, alarm.]

Landtag, lant′tahh, n. the legislative assembly of one of the states forming the modern German empire, as Saxony, Bavaria, &c.: the provincial assembly of Bohemia or Moravia. [Ger., land, country, tag, diet, day.]

Landwehr, länt′vār, n. a military force in Germany and Austria forming an army reserve. [Ger., land, land, wehr, defence.]

Lane, lān, n. an open space between corn-fields, hedges, &c.: a narrow passage or road: a narrow street: a fixed route kept by a line of vessels across the ocean.—A blind lane, a cul-de-sac. [A.S. lane; Scot, loan, lonnin.]

Lang, a Scotch form of long.—n. Lang′syne, time long past.—Think lang, to weary.

Langaha, lan-gä′hä, n. a Madagascar wood-snake, with a flexible scaly extension on the snout.

Language, lang′gwāj, n. that which is spoken by the tongue: human speech: speech peculiar to a nation: style or expression peculiar to an individual: diction: any manner of expressing thought.—v.t. to express in language.—adjs. Lang′uaged, skilled in language; Lang′uageless (Shak.), speechless, silent; Lang′ued (her.), furnished with a tongue.—Dead language, one no longer spoken, as opp. to Living language, one still spoken; Flash language (see Flash). [Fr. langage—langue—L. lingua (old form dingua), the tongue, akin to L. lingēre, Gr. leichein.]

Langue d'oc, long dok, n. collective name for the Romance dialects spoken in the Middle Ages from the Alps to the Pyrenees—the tongue of the troubadours, often used as synonymous with Provençal, one of its chief branches. The name itself survived in the province Languedoc, giving name to a class of wines.—Langue d'oui (long dwē), also Langue d'oil, the Romance dialect of northern France, the language of the trouvères, the dominant factor in the formation of modern French. [O. Fr. langue—L. lingua, tongue; de, of; Prov. oc, yes—L. hoc, this; O. Fr. oui, oïl, yes—L. hoc illud, this (is) that, yes.]

Languette, lang′get, n. a 16th-century hood worn by women: the tongue of a reed of a harmonium or reed-organ: a key of a wind-instrument. [Fr.]

Languid, lang′gwid, adj. slack or feeble: flagging: exhausted: sluggish: spiritless.—adj. Languesc′ent, growing languid.—adv. Lang′uidly.—n. Lang′uidness. [Fr.,—L. languidus—languēre, to be weak.]

Languish, lang′gwish, v.i. to become languid or enfeebled: to lose strength and animation: to pine: to become dull, as of trade.—n. (Shak.) languishment.—adjs. Lang′uished, sunken in languor; Lang′uishing, expressive of languor, or merely sentimental emotion.—adv. Lang′uishingly.—n. Lang′uishment, the act or state of languishing: tenderness of look. [Fr. languir, languiss-,—L. languescĕre—languēre, to be faint.]

Languor, lang′gwur, n. state of being languid or faint: dullness: listlessness: softness.—adj. Lang′uorous, full of languor: tedious: melancholy.—v.t. Lang′ure (Spens.), to languish.

Laniary, lā′ni-a-ri, n. a place of slaughter: shambles.—adj. fitted for lacerating or tearing. [L. laniarium—lanius, a butcher.]

Laniferous, lan-if′ėr-us, adj. wool-bearing.—Also Lanig′erous. [L. lanifer, laniger—lana, wool, ferre, gerĕre, to bear.]

Lank, langk, adj. languid or drooping: soft or loose: thin: shrunken: straight and flat.—v.i. (Shak.) to become lank.—adv. Lank′ly.—n. Lank′ness.—adj. Lank′y, lank and tall. [A.S. hlanc; Dut. slank, Ger. schlank, slender.]

Lanner, lan′ėr, n. a kind of falcon.—n. Lann′aret, the male bird. [Fr. lanier—L. laniarius.]

Lanolin, lan′ō-lin, n. an unctuous substance, a mixture of the ethers of cholesterin with fatty acids, used as a basis for ointments, extracted from wool. [L. lana, wool, oleum, oil.]

Lansquenet, lans′ke-net, n. a 16th-17th cent. mercenary pikeman: a game at cards. [Fr.,—Ger. landsknecht—land, country, knecht, a soldier.]

Lanterloo, lant′ėr-lōō, n. a game at cards, commonly Loo. [Dut. lanterlu.]

Lantern, lant′ėrn, n. a case for holding or carrying a light, the light chamber of a lighthouse: an ornamental structure surmounting a dome to give light and to crown the fabric: the upper square cage which illuminates a corridor or gallery—obs. form, Lant′horn, from the use of horn for the sides of lanterns.—v.t. to furnish with a lantern.—n. Lant′ern-fly, any insect of family Fulgoridæ, supposed to emit a strong light in the dark.—adj. Lant′ern-jawed, thin-faced.—n.pl. Lant′ern-jaws, thin long jaws.—Lantern of the dead, a tower having a small lighted chamber at the top, once common in French cemeteries; Lantern wheel, a kind of cog-wheel, in which a circle of bars or spindles between two heads engages with the cogs of a spur-wheel.—Chinese lantern, a collapsible paper lantern, generally decorated with flowers; Dark lantern, a lantern having an opaque slide, capable of being partly or wholly shut at pleasure; Magic lantern, an optical instrument by means of which magnified images of small pictures are thrown upon a wall or screen. [Fr. lanterne—L. lanterna—Gr. lamptēr—lampein, to give light.]

Lanthanum, lan′tha-num, n. a metal discovered in 1839 in cerite, a hydrated silicate of cerium.—Also Lan′thānium. [Gr. lanthanein, to conceal.]

Lanuginous, la-nū′jin-us, adj. downy: covered with fine soft hair.—n. Lanū′go. [Fr.,—L. lanuginosus—lanugo, down, lana, wool.]

Lanx, lanks, n. a platter or dish for serving meat at a Roman table:—pl. Lan′ces. [L.]

Lanyard, Laniard, lan′yard, n. a short rope used on board ship for fastening or stretching, or for convenience in handling articles. [Fr. lanière, perh. from L. lanarius, made of wool—lana, wool.]

Laocoön, lā-ok′-o-on, n. a famous antique group in marble in the Vatican, representing the Trojan priest Laocoön and his two sons being crushed in the folds of two enormous serpents.

Laodicean, lā-od-i-sē′an, adj. lukewarm in religion, like the Christians of Laodicea (Rev. iii. 14-16).—n. Laodicē′anism, lukewarmness in religion.

Lap, lap, v.t. to lick up with the tongue: to wash or flow against.—v.i. to drink by licking up a liquid: to make a sound of such a kind:—pr.p. lap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. lapped.—n. a motion or sound like lapping. [A.S. lapian; Low Ger. lappen; L. lambĕre, Gr. laptein.]

Lap, lap, n. the loose or overhanging flap of anything: the part of a substance extending over or partly over the rear of another, or the extent of such extension: the part of the clothes lying on the knees when a person sits down: the part of the body thus covered, esp. with reference to nursing, &c.: a fold: a course or round of the track, as in foot-racing, &c.: at euchre, &c., a carrying over to the next game of a surplus of points from the last: the space over which a steam-engine slide-valve travels after the closing of the steam-passage to or from the cylinder: a rotating disc of lead, copper, leather, &c., charged with an abrasive powder, used in cutting gems, &c.—v.t. to lay over or on.—v.i. to be spread on or over: to be turned over or upon.—ns. Lap′-board, a flat wide board resting on the lap, used by tailors and seamstresses; Lap′-dog, a small dog fondled in the lap: a pet dog; Lap′ful, as much as fills a lap.—adj. Lap′-joint′ed, having joints formed by overlapping edges.—ns. Lap′-stone, a stone which shoemakers hold in the lap to hammer leather on; Lap′-streak, a clinker-built boat—also adj.; Lap′work, work containing lap-joints. [A.S. læppa, a loosely hanging part; Ice. lapa, to hang loose, Ger. lappen, a rag.]

Lap, lap, v.t. to wrap, fold, involve.—ns. Lap′per, one who wraps or folds: in cotton manufacturing, a machine which compacts the scutched cotton into a fleece upon the surface of a roller called a lap-roller; Lap′ping, the process of forming a lap or fleece of fibrous material for the carding-machine: the rubbing or polishing of a metal surface: the process of rubbing away the lands, or metal between the grooves of a rifled gun, to increase the bore. [M. E. wlappen, being a form of wrap.]

Lapel, Lappel, Lapelle, la-pel′, n. the part of the breast of a coat which laps over and is folded back.—adj. Lapelled′. [Dim. of lap.]

Lapidary, lap′i-dar-i, adj. pertaining to stones and the cutting of stones: pertaining to inscriptions and monuments.—n. a cutter of stones, esp. precious stones: a dealer in precious stones—also Lapidā′rian, Lap′idarist, Lap′idist.—v.t. Lap′idate (rare), to pelt with stones.—n. Lapidā′tion, punishment by stoning.—adj. Lapid′eous, stony.—n. Lapidesc′ence.—adj. Lapidesc′ent, becoming stone: petrifying.—adj. Lapidif′ic.—n. Lapidificā′tion.—v.t. Lapid′ify, to make into stone.—v.i. to turn into stone:—pr.p. lapid′ifying; pa.p. lapid′ified.—adj. Lapil′liform, having the form of small stones.—ns. Lapil′lus, a fragment of lava ejected from a volcano:—pl. Lapil′li; Lā′pis, a kind of calico-printing with indigo, the resists acting as methods for other dyes, as madder or quercitron; Lā′pis-laz′uli, a mineral of beautiful ultramarine colour, used largely in ornamental and mosaic work, and for sumptuous altars and shrines.—Lapis-lazuli blue, a deep blue, sometimes veined with gold, used in decoration, and in the manufacture of Sèvres and Oriental porcelain; Lapis-lazuli ware, the name given by Josiah Wedgwood to a particular pebble ware veined with gold upon blue. [L. lapidarius—lapis, lapidis, a stone.]

Lapp, lap, n. a Laplander.—n. Lap′lander, a native or inhabitant of Lapland.—adjs. Lap′landish; Lapp′ish.—n. the language of the Lapps.

Lapper-milk, lap′ėr-milk, n. (Scot.) loppered or curdled milk. [Same word as lopper (obs.)—M. E. loper, curdled, prob. conn. with A.S. hléapan, to leap, run. Cf. rennet, runnet, from run.]

Lappet, lap′et, n. a little lap or flap.—adj. Lapp′eted.—n. Lapp′et-head, a head-dress made with lappets for lace pendants. [Dim. of lap.]

Lapse, laps, v.i. to slip or glide: to pass by degrees: to fall from the faith or from virtue: to fail in duty: to pass to another proprietor, &c., by the negligence of a patron, to become void: to lose certain privileges by neglect of the necessary conditions.—n. a slipping or falling: a failing in duty: a fault.—adj. Lap′sable.—The lapsed, the name applied in the early Christian Church to those who, overcome by heathen persecution, fell away from the faith. [L. labi, lapsus, to slip or fall, lapsus, a fall, akin to lap.]

Laputan, la-pū′tan, adj. pertaining to Laputa, a flying island described in Swift's Gulliver's Travels as inhabited by all sorts of ridiculous projectors: absurd: chimerical.

Lapwing, lap′wing, n. the name of a bird of the plover family, also called peewit, from its peculiar cry. [M. E. lappewinke—A.S. hleápewince—hleápan, to leap or run, and root of wink, to turn.]

Lar, lär, n. one of a class of local deities, originally Etruscan, but in Roman usage usually regarded as the tutelary deities of a house:—pl. Lares (lā′rēz). [L.]

Lar, lär, n. an Etruscan title, really peculiar to the eldest son, but often mistaken for an integral part of the name.—Also Lars. [L.,—Etruscan larth, lord.]

Larboard, lär′bōrd (by sailors, lab′erd), n. an obsolete naval term for the left side of a ship looking from the stern, now, by command of the Admiralty, replaced by the term port, to prevent the mistakes caused by its resemblance in sound to starboard.—adj. pertaining to the port or left side. [Perh. for a conjectural lade-bord, the lading-side—lade, a load, bord, board, side.]

Larceny, lär′sen-i, n. the legal term in England and Ireland for stealing: theft.—n. Lar′cenist, one who commits larceny: a thief.—adj. Lar′cenous.—adv. Lar′cenously.—Grand larceny, in England, larceny of property of the value of one shilling or more; Petty larceny, larceny of property less in value than one shilling; Simple larceny, as opposed to Compound larceny, is larceny uncombined with aggravating circumstances. [O. Fr. larrecin (Fr. larcin)—L. latrocinium—latro, a robber.]

Larch, lärch, n. a genus (Larix) of coniferous trees, distinct from firs (Abies), with perfectly erect and regularly tapering stem, small branches, numerous small leaves deciduous and clustered, growing rapidly, and yielding good timber. [L.,—Gr. larix.]

Lard, lärd, n. the melted fat of the hog.—v.t. to smear with lard: to stuff with bacon or pork: to fatten: to mix with anything.—adj. Lardā′ceous.—ns. Lard′-oil, a lubricating and illuminating oil expressed from lard; Lar′don, Lar′doon, a strip of bacon used for larding.—adj. Lar′dy. [O. Fr.,—L. laridum, lardum; cf. Gr. larinos, fat, laros, sweet.]

Larder, lärd′ėr, n. a room or place where meat, &c., is kept: stock of provisions.—n. Lard′erer, one who has charge of a larder. [O. Fr. lardier, a bacon-tub—L. lardum.]

Large, larj, adj. great in size: extensive: bulky: wide: long: abundant: liberal: diffuse: (Shak., of language) free, licentious.—adv. (naut.) before the wind.—adjs. Large′-ā′cred, possessing much land; Large′-hand′ed, having large hands: grasping, greedy: profuse; Large′-heart′ed, having a large heart or liberal disposition: generous.—adv. Large′ly.—adj. Large′-mind′ed, characterised by breadth of view.—ns. Large′ness; Lar′get, a length of iron cut from a bar and of proper size to roll into a sheet.—At large, without restraint or confinement: fully: as a whole, altogether. [Fr.,—L. largus.]

Largess, Largesse, lärj′es, n. a present or donation: (arch.) liberality.—n. Largit′ion, giving of largess. [Fr.,—L. largitio—largīri, to give freely—largus.]

Largo, lär′gō, adj. (mus.) slow in time.—n. a movement to be performed in such style.—adj. Larghet′to, somewhat slow: not so slow as largo.—n. a movement in somewhat slow time.—adj. Larghis′simo, extremely slow. [It.,—L. largus.]

Lariat, lär′i-at, n. a rope for picketing horses while grazing: a lasso. [Sp. la reata—la, the, reata, a rope for tying animals together.]

Lark, lärk, n. a well-known singing-bird.—v.i. to catch larks.—ns. Lark's′-heel, the Indian cress; Lark′spur, a plant with showy flowers, so called from the spur-shaped formation of calyx and petals. [M. E. laverock—A.S. láwerce; Ger. lerche.]

Lark, lärk, n. a game, frolic.—v.i. to frolic, make sport.—adj. Lar′ky (coll.), frolicsome, sportive. [A.S. lác, play—lácan, to swing, wave, play.]

Larmier, lar′mi-ėr, n. (archit.) another name for the corona (q.v.): a horizontal string-course for preventing rain from trickling down the wall: (zool.) a tear-bag. [Fr. larme, a tear—L. lacrima, a tear.]

Larrikin, lar′i-kin, adj. (Australian) rowdy, disorderly.—n. a rough or rowdy.—n. Larr′ikinism.

Larrup, lar′up, v.t. (coll.) to flog, thrash. [Prob. from Dut. larpen, thresh with flails.]

Larum, lar′um, n. alarm: a noise giving notice of danger.—v.t. (obs.) to alarm. [Alarm.]

Larva, lär′va, n. an insect in its first stage after issuing from the egg—i.e. in the caterpillar state: a ghost, spectre:—pl. Larvæ (lär′vē).—adjs. Lar′val; Lar′vate, -d, clothed as with a mask; Lar′viform; Larvip′arous, producing young in a larva-form. [L. larva, a spectre, a mask.]

Larynx, lār′ingks, n. the upper part of the windpipe: the throat:—pl. Lar′ynges, Lar′ynxes (rare).—adjs. Laryn′geal, Laryn′gean.—n. Laryngis′mus, spasm of the glottis.—adj. Laryngit′ic.—n. Laryngī′tis, inflammation of the larynx.—adj. Laryngolog′ical.—ns. Laryngol′ogist; Laryngol′ogy, the science of the larynx; Laryngoph′ony, the sound of the voice as heard through the stethoscope applied over the larynx; Laryng′oscope, a mirror for examining the larynx and trachea.—adj. Laryngoscop′ic.—ns. Laryngos′copist; Laryngos′copy; Laryngot′omy, the operation of cutting into the windpipe to remove obstructions and assist respiration; Laryngotracheot′omy, the operation of cutting into the windpipe through the cricoid cartilage, the cricothyroid membrane, and the upper rings of the trachea. [L.,—Gr. larynx, laryngos.]

Lascar, las′kar, n. a native East Indian sailor or camp-follower. [Hind.,—Pers. lashkari, a soldier.]

Lascivious, las-siv′i-us, adj. lustful: tending to produce lustful emotions.—adv. Lasciv′iously.—n. Lasciv′iousness. [L. lascivus; perh. from the same root as laxus, loose.]

Laser, lā′ser, n. a gum-resin from North Africa, esteemed by the ancients as a deobstruent and diuretic. [L. laser, juice of laserpitium.]

Laserpitium, las-er-pish′i-um, n. a genus of perennial herbs of the parsley family—Las′erwort or herb frankincense.—Also Silphium. [L. laserpicium, a plant yielding laser.]

Lash, lash, n. a thong or cord: the flexible part of a whip: a stroke with a whip or anything pliant: a stroke of satire, a sharp retort: a beating or dashing: an eyelash.—v.t. to strike with a lash: to dash against: to fasten or secure with a rope or cord: to censure severely: to scourge with sarcasm or satire.—v.i. to use the whip.—n. Lash′er, one who lashes or whips: a rope for binding one thing to another; Lash′ing, act of whipping: a rope for making things fast: a great plenty of anything—esp. in pl.—Lash out, to kick out, as a horse: to break out recklessly. [M. E. lasshe; Dut. lasch, Ger. lasche, a joint.]

Lash, lash, adj. (obs.) slow, slack: soft: insipid.—n. Lash′er, the slack water collected above a weir in a river. [M. E. lasche, slack—O. Fr. lasche (Fr. lâche, cowardly)—L. laxus, lax.]

Lasket, las′ket, n. a loop of line at the foot of a sail, to which to fasten an extra sail.

Lass, las, n. (fem. of Lad) a girl, esp. a country girl: a sweetheart: (Scot.) a maid-servant.—(Diminutives) Lass′ie, Lass′ock.—adj. Lass′lorn (Shak.), forsaken by one's mistress. [Prob. a contr. of laddess, formed from lad; or directly from W. llodes, fem. of llawd, a lad. Mr H. Bradley thinks the association with lad merely accidental, the word first appearing about 1300 in northern writings as lasce, evidently representing a Scand. laskw, the fem. of an adj. meaning unmarried; cf. Middle Sw. lösk kona, unmarried woman.]

Lassitude, las′i-tūd, n. faintness: weakness: weariness: languor. [Fr.,—L. lassitudo—lassus, faint.]

Lasso, las′ō, n. a long rope with a running noose for catching wild horses, &c.:—pl. Lass′os, Lass′oes.—v.t. to catch with the lasso:—pr.p. lass′ōing; pa.p. lass′ōed. [Port. laço, Sp. lazo—L. laqueus, a noose.]

Last, last, n. a wooden mould of the foot on which boots and shoes are made.—v.t. to fit with a last.—n. Last′er, one who fits the parts of shoes to lasts: a tool for doing so. [A.S. lást, a trace.]

Last, last, v.i. to continue, endure: to escape failure: remain fresh, unimpaired.—adj. Last′ing, permanent, durable.—n. endurance.—adv. Last′ingly.—n. Last′ingness. [A.S. lǽstan, to keep a track. See foregoing word.]

Last, last, n. a load, cargo, a weight generally estimated at 4000 lb., but varying in different articles.—n. Last′age, the lading of a ship: room for stowing goods in a ship: a duty formerly paid for the right of carrying goods, &c. [A.S. hlæst—hladan, to load; Ger. last, Ice. hlass.]

Last, last, adj. latest: coming after all the others: final: next before the present: utmost: meanest: most improbable or unlikely—also adv.—n. Last′-court, a court held by the jurats in the marshes of Kent to fix rates chargeable for the preservation of these—also Last.—adv. Last′ly.—Last day (Scot.), yesterday; Last heir (Eng. law), he to whom lands come by escheat for want of lawful heirs.—At last, in conclusion (this from A.S. on lást, therefore not from late at all, but from last (1), which is the A.S. lást, a trace); Breathe one's last, to die; Die in the last ditch, to fight to the bitter end; First and last, altogether; On one's last legs, on the verge of utter failure or exhaustion; Put the last hand to, to finish, put the finishing touch to; The last cast (see Cast); The last day, the Day of Judgment; The last days, times (B.), the period when the end of the world draws near; To the last, to the end: till death. [A contr. of latest.]

Latakia, lat-a-kē′a, n. a fine kind of tobacco produced at Latakia (Laodicea ad Mare) in Syria.

Latch, lach, n. a small piece of wood or iron to fasten a door.—v.t. to fasten with a latch: to hold, retain: (obs.) to seize.—ns. Latch′et, a strap or buckle for fastening a shoe; Latch′key, a key to raise the latch of a door.—On the latch, not locked, but opened by a latch. [A.S. læccan, to catch.]

Late, lāt, adj. (comp. Lat′er; superl. Lat′est) slow, tardy; behindhand: coming after the expected time: long delayed: far advanced towards the close: last in any place or character: deceased: departed: out of office: not long past—also adv.—adj. Lat′ed (Shak.), belated, being too late.—adv. Late′ly.—n. Late′ness, state of being late.—adv. Lat′er.—adj. Lat′ish, somewhat late. [A.S. læt, slow; Dut. laat, Ice. latr, Ger. lass, weary; L. lassus, tired.]

Latebra, lat′eb-ra, n. the cavity in the food-yolk of a meroblastic ovum.—adj. Lat′ebrous. [L.—latēre.]

Lateen, la-tēn′, adj. applied to a triangular sail, common in the Mediterranean, the Lake of Geneva, &c. [Fr.,—L. Latinus, Latin.]

Latent, lā′tent, adj. hid: concealed: not visible or apparent: dormant, undeveloped.—ns. Lā′tence, Lā′tency.—adv. Lā′tently.—Latent heat (see Heat); Latent life, a phrase describing the physiological condition of organisms in which the functions are for a time suspended without losing the power of future activity; Latent period of a disease, the time that elapses before symptoms show the presence of the disease. [L. latens, pr.p. of latēre, to lie hid; Gr. lanthanein, to be hidden.]

Lateral, lat′ėr-al, adj. belonging to the side: proceeding from or in the direction of the side: (anat. and zool.) situated on one of the sides of the median vertical longitudinal plane of the body: (physics) at right angles to a line of motion or strain.—n. Lateral′ity.—adv. Lat′erally.—adj. Laterifō′lious (bot.), growing by the side of a leaf at its base.—Lateral fin, one of the paired side fins of a fish:—opp. to Vertical fin. [L. lateralis—latus, latĕris, a side.]

Lateran, lat′ėr-an, adj. pertaining to the Church of St John Lateran at Rome, the Pope's cathedral church, on the site of the splendid palace or basilica of Plautius Lateranus (executed 66 A.D.).—Lateran Councils, five general councils of the Western Church, held in the Lateran basilica (1123, 1139, 1179, 1215, and 1512-17), regarded by Roman Catholics as œcumenical: also an important synod against the Monothelites in 649.

Latericeous, lat-ėr-ish′us, adj. of brick, or brick-coloured.—Also Laterit′ious. [L. latericius—later, lateris, a brick.]

Laterite, lat′ėr-īt, n. an argillaceous sandstone of a reddish or brick colour found in India, esp. in Ceylon. [L. later, lateris, a brick.]

Latescent, lā-tes′ent, adj. becoming hidden.—n. Latesc′ence. [L. latescĕre—latēre, to lie hid.]

Latex, lā′teks, n. (bot.) the sap of plants after it has been elaborated in the leaves.—adj. Laticif′erous, containing or conveying latex. [L.]

Lath, läth, n. a thin cleft slip of wood used in slating, plastering, &c.:—pl. Laths (läthz).—v.t. to cover with laths.—adj. Lath′en.—ns. Lath′ing, the act or process of covering with laths: a covering of laths; Lath′-split′ter, one who splits wood into laths.—adj. Lath′y, like a lath.—Dagger of lath, any insufficient means of attack or defence. [A.S. lættu; Dut. lat, Ger. latte, a lath.]

Lathe, lāth, n. a machine for turning and shaping articles of wood, metal, &c.: the movable swing-frame of a loom carrying the reed for separating the warp threads and beating up the weft. [Ice. löð.]

Lathe, läth, n. a part or division of a county, now existing only in Kent, and consisting of four or five hundreds. [A.S. lǽth, a district.]

Lather, lath′ėr, n. a foam or froth made with water and soap: froth from sweat.—v.t. to spread over with lather.—v.i. to form a lather: to become frothy. [A.S. leáðor, lather; Ice. lauðr, foam.]

Latibulum, lā-tib′ū-lum, n. a hiding-place, burrow:—pl. Latib′ula.—v.i. Latib′ulise, to hibernate. [L.]

Laticlave, lat′i-klāv, n. a broad vertical purple stripe running down the front of a Roman senator's tunic. [L. latus, broad, clavus, a stripe.]

Latifoliate, lat-i-fō′li-āt, adj. broad-leafed.—Also Latifō′lious.

Latin, lat′in, adj. pertaining to ancient Latium (esp. Rome) or its inhabitants, also to all races claiming affinity with the Latins by language, race, or civilisation: written or spoken in Latin.—n. an inhabitant of ancient Latium: a member of a modern race ethnically or linguistically related to the ancient Romans or Italians: the language of ancient Rome—the foundation of the modern Romance tongues: a member of the Latin or Roman Catholic Church.—adj. Lā′tian.—n. Lat′iner, one who knows Latin: (obs.) an interpreter.—v.t. Lat′inīse, to give Latin forms to: to render into Latin.—ns. Lat′inism, a Latin idiom; Lat′inist, one skilled in Latin; Latin′ity, the Latin tongue, style, or idiom.—Latin Church, the Western Church as distinguished from the Greek or Oriental Church, so named as having employed Latin as its official language: the Roman Catholic Church; Latin Empire, that portion of the Byzantine Empire seized in 1204 by the Crusaders, and overthrown by the Greeks in 1261; Latin kingdom, the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem ruled by French or Latin kings, and lasting from 1099 to 1187.—Classical Latin, the Latin of the writers who flourished from about 75 B.C. to 200 A.D.; Dog Latin, barbarous Latin; Late Latin, the Latin written by authors between 200 and (circ.) 600 A.D.; Middle, Medieval, or Low Latin, the Latin of the middle age between 600 and 1500 A.D.; New, Modern, Latin, Latin as written between 1500 and the present time, mostly used as a scientific medium; Thieves' Latin, thieves' cant. [L. Latinus, belonging to Latium, the district round Rome.]

Latirostral, lat-i-ros′tral, adj. broad-billed.—Also Latiros′trate.

Latissimus, lā-tis′i-mus, n. the broadest muscle which lies upon the back.

Latitude, lat′i-tūd, n. the distance of a place north or south from the equator, measured in degrees of the meridian: a place as indicated by latitude: the angular distance of a celestial body above the plane of the ecliptic (apparent when the point of view is on the earth's surface, geocentric when at the earth's centre, heliocentric when at the centre of the sun): (fig.) extent of signification: freedom from restraint: scope: (obs.) width.—adjs. Latitud′inal, pertaining to latitude: in the direction of latitude; Latitudinā′rian, broad or liberal, esp. in religious belief: lax.—n. a name applied by contemporaries to a member of a school of liberal and philosophical theologians within the English Church in the later half of the 17th century: one who affects to regard specific creeds, methods of church government, &c. with indifference.—n. Latitudinā′rianism.—adj. Latitud′inous, having latitude or large extent.—Latitude by account, in navigation, the latitude calculated from the course and distance sailed since last observation; Latitude by observation, the latitude determined from an observation of a heavenly body; Middle latitude, the latitude of the parallel midway between two places situated in the same hemisphere. [Fr.,—L. latitudo, -inis—latus, broad.]

Latria, lā-trī′a, n. the kind of supreme worship lawfully offered to God alone—opposed to Dulia, that given to saints and angels, and to Hyperdulia, that given to the Virgin. [Gr. latreuein, to serve.]

Latrine, lat′rin, n. a privy or water-closet in barracks, factories, hospitals, &c. [Fr.,—L. lavatrina, latrina—lavāre, to wash.]

Latrobe, la-trōb′, n. a form of stove set into a fireplace, heating the room by radiation, and the rooms above by hot air—from I. Latrobe of Baltimore.

Latrocinium, lat-rō-sin′i-um, n. the Robber-Council, that held at Ephesus in 449, in which the doctrines of the heretic Eutyches were upheld by means of intimidation—its acts revoked at the œcumenical council of Chalcedon in 451: larceny: right of adjudging and executing thieves. [L., robbery.]

Latten, lat′en, n. brass or bronze used for crosses: sheet tin, tinned iron-plate. [O. Fr. laton (Fr. laiton)—Ger. latte, a lath, thin plate.]

Latter, lat′ėr, adj. later: coming or existing after: mentioned the last of two: modern: recent: (Shak.) last.—adjs. Latt′er-born (Shak.), younger; Latt′er-day, belonging to recent times.—adv. Latt′erly, in latter time: of late.—Latter-day saints (see Mormon); Latter end (see End); Latter-mint, a late kind of mint.—The former and the latter rain (see Rain). [A variant of later.]

Lattice, lat′is, n. a network of crossed laths or bars, called also Latt′ice-work: anything of lattice-work, as a window: (her.) a bearing of vertical and horizontal bars crossing each other.—v.t. to form into open work: to furnish with a lattice.—ns. Latt′ice-bridge, a bridge with its sides consisting of cross-framing like lattice-work; Latt′ice-gird′er, a girder of which the web consists of diagonal pieces arranged like lattice-work; Latt′ice-leaf, an aquatic plant, native to Madagascar, so called from the singular resemblance of the leaves to open lattice-work—otherwise Lattice-plant, Lace-leaf, Water-yam, or Ouvirandrano.—Red lattice (Shak.), a frame of lattice-work painted red, formerly used to fill the windows of an ale-house. [Fr. lattis—latte, a lath.]

Laud, lawd, v.t. to praise in words or with singing: to celebrate.—n. commendation: praise in divine worship: (pl.) in the R.C. Church, the prayers immediately following matins, constituting with the latter the first of the seven canonical hours.—adj. Laud′able, worthy of being praised.—n. Laud′ableness.—adv. Laud′ably.—ns. Laudā′tion, praise: honour paid; Laud′ative, a panegyric, a eulogium.—adj. Laud′atory, containing praise: expressing praise.—n. that which contains praise.—n. Laud′er. [L. laudāre—laus, laudis, praise.]

Laudanum, lawd′a-num, n. a preparation of opium: tincture of opium. [Same word as ladanum, transferred to a different drug.]

Laugh, läf, v.i. to express mirth or joy by an explosive inarticulate sound of the voice and peculiar facial distortion: to be gay or lively: make merry (with at), to flout.—v.t. to express with a laugh: to affect in some way by laughter.—n. the sound caused by merriment.—adj. Laugh′able, ludicrous.—n. Laugh′ableness.—adv. Laugh′ably.—ns. Laugh′er; Laugh′ing-gas, a gas which excites laughter, called nitrous oxide, used as an anæsthetic in minor surgical operations, as in dentistry; Laugh′ing-jack′ass, the great kingfisher of Australia.—adv. Laugh′ingly, in a laughing manner.—ns. Laugh′ing-stock, an object of ridicule, like something stuck up to be laughed at; Laugh′ter, act or noise of laughing.—Laugh a thing off, to treat as if worthy only of a laugh; Laugh in one's sleeve, to laugh inwardly; Laugh one out of, to make a person abandon a habit, &c., by laughing at him for it; Laugh on the wrong side of the mouth, to be made feel disappointment or sorrow, esp. after boasting, &c.; Laugh to scorn, to deride or jeer at.—Have the laugh on one's side, to be able to laugh at another through getting the better of him by superior dexterity, &c. [A.S. hlihan; Ger. lachen, Goth. hlahjan; prob. imit.]

Launce, läns, n. (Spens.) a balance. [L. lanx, lancis, a plate, a scale of a balance.]

Launch, Lanch, länsh, v.t. to throw as a lance or spear: (Shak.) to pierce or cut with a lance: to send forth: to cause to slide into the water.—v.i. to go forth, as a ship into the water: to come into new relations, make a transition.—n. act of launching or moving a newly-built ship from the stocks into the water: the largest boat carried by a man-of-war: (Spens.) a lancing.—n.pl. Launch′ing-ways, the timbers on which a ship is launched.—n. Steam′-launch, a large passenger-boat propelled by steam-power, and used largely on rivers. [O. Fr. lanchier, lancier (Fr. lancer). See Lance.]

Laund, lawnd, n. (Shak.) a park. [O. Fr. lande; prob. Celt. See Lawn.]

Laundress, lawn′dres, n. a woman who washes and irons clothes.—n. Laun′der, a washerwoman or washerman: a trough for conveying water.—v.t. to wash and iron, as clothes: (Shak.) to wet, wash.—ns. Laun′dry, a place where clothes are washed and dressed; Laun′dry-man, -maid, a male, female, worker in a laundry. [M. E. lavander—O. Fr. lavandier—L., gerundive of lavāre to wash.]

Laura, law′ra, n. an early kind of monastic community, its cells separate structures, the inmates living in solitude, meeting only for common services in the chapel—found only in Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. [Most prob. Gr. laura, an alley, lane.]

Laureate, law′re-āt, adj. crowned with laurel.—n. one crowned with laurel: a poet-laureate.—v.t. to crown with laurel, in token of literary merit: to confer a degree upon.—ns. Lau′reateship, office of a laureate; Laureā′tion, act of laureating or conferring a degree; Pō′et-lau′reate, formerly one who received a degree in grammar (i.e. poetry and rhetoric) at the English universities: a poet bearing that honorary title, a salaried officer in the royal household, appointed to compose annually an ode for the king's birthday and other suitable occasions.

Laurel, law′rel, n. the bay-tree, used by the ancients for making honorary wreaths: a crown of laurel, honours gained (freq. in pl.): any species of the genus Laurus.—adjs. Lau′rel; Lau′relled, crowned with laurel.—n. Lau′rel-wa′ter, a sedative and narcotic water distilled from the leaves of the cherry-laurel.—adjs. Laurif′erous, producing laurel; Lau′riger, laurel-wearing.—n Laurustī′nus, an evergreen shrub. [Fr. laurier—L. laurus.]

Laurentian, law-ren′shi-an, adj. pertaining to Lorenzo or Laurentius dei Medici, or to the Laurentian library founded by him at Florence: of or pertaining to the river St Lawrence: applied to a series of rocks covering a large area in the region of the Upper Lakes of North America.

Lauwine, law′vin, n. (Byron) an avalanche. [Ger., from Low L. lavina, prob. L. labi, to fall.]

Lava, lä′va, n. the melted matter discharged from a burning mountain, that flows down its sides. [It. lava, a stream—L. lavāre, to wash.]

Lave, lāv, v.t. and v.i. to wash: to bathe.—ns. Lā′vabo, the ritual act of washing the celebrant's fingers after the offertory, before proceeding with the eucharistic service—from Lavabo manus meas in innocentia (Ps. xxvi. 6): a stone basin in monasteries for washing in before meals or religious exercises: a modern convenience or lavatory of similar kind; Lā′vage, a washing out; Lavā′tion, a washing or cleansing; Lav′atory, a place for washing: a medieval stone table in monasteries, &c., on which bodies were washed before burial: (med.) a lotion for a diseased part; Lā′ver, a large vessel for laving or washing. [Fr. laver—L. lavāre, -ātum; Gr. louein, to wash.]

Lave, lāv, n. (Scot.) what is left, the remainder. [A.S. láf; Ice. leif. See Leave.]

Lave, lāv, v.t. to lade or throw out (as water from a boat). [A.S. lafian, pour out water; Ger. laben, refresh. Conn. with L. lavāre, to wash, dub.]

Lavender, lav′en-dėr, n. an odoriferous plant, probably so called from its being laid with newly washed clothes: a pale-lilac colour, the colour of lavender blossoms.—v.t. to sprinkle with lavender.—n. Lav′ender-wa′ter, a perfume composed of spirits of wine, essential oil of lavender, and ambergris.—Lay in lavender, to lay by carefully, as clothes, with sprigs of lavender in them; Oil of lavender, an aromatic oil distilled from lavender flowers and stems, used as a stimulant and tonic. [M. E. lavendre—Fr. lavande—L. lavāre, to wash.]

Laver, lāv′ėr, n. the fronds of certain marine plants, sometimes used as food. [L. laver.]

Lavish, lav′ish, v.t. to expend profusely: to waste.—adj. bestowing profusely: prodigal: extravagant: unrestrained.—adv. Lav′ishly.—ns. Lav′ishment, Lav′ishness. [From Lave (3).]

Lavolt, la-volt′, Lavolta, la-vol′ta, n. (Shak.) an old dance in which there were much turning and high leaping. [It. la volta, the turn.]

Law, law, n. a rule of action established by authority: statute: the rules of a community or state: a rule or principle of science or art: the whole jurisprudence or the science of law: established usage: that which is lawful: the whole body of persons connected professionally with the law: litigation: a theoretical principle educed from practice or observation: a statement or formula expressing the constant order of certain phenomena: (theol.) the Mosaic code or the books containing it.—v.t. (coll.) to give law to, determine.—v.i. (obs.) to go to law.—adj. Law′-abid′ing, obedient to the law.—ns. Law-bind′ing; Law′-book, a book treating of law or law cases; Law′-break′er, one who violates a law; Law′-burr′ows (Scots law), a writ requiring a person to give security against doing violence to another; Law′-calf, a book-binding in smooth, pale-brown calf; Law′-day, a day of open court.—adj. Law′ful, allowed by law: rightful.—adv. Law′fully.—ns. Law′fulness; Law′giver, one who enacts laws: a legislator.—adj. Law′giving, legislating.—n. Law′ing, going to law: litigation: (obs.) the practice of cutting off the claws and balls of a dog's forefeet to hinder it from hunting: (Scot.) a reckoning at a public-house, a tavern bill.—adj. Law′less.—adv. Law′lessly.—ns. Law′lessness; Law′-list, an annual publication containing all information regarding the administration of law and the legal profession; Law′-lord, a peer in parliament who holds or has held high legal office: in Scotland, a judge of the Court of Session; Law′-mak′er, a lawgiver; Law′-man, one of a select body with magisterial powers in some of the Danish towns of early England; Law′-mer′chant, a term applied to the customs which have grown up among merchants in reference to mercantile documents and business; Law′-mong′er, a low pettifogging lawyer; Law′-stā′tioner, a stationer who sells parchment and other articles needed by lawyers; Law′suit, a suit or process in law; Law′-writ′er, a writer on law: a copier or engrosser of legal papers; Law′yer, a practitioner in the law: (N.T.) an interpreter of the Mosaic Law: the stem of a brier.—Law Latin, Latin as used in law and legal documents, being a mixture of Latin with Old French and Latinised English words; Law of nations, now international law, originally applied to those ethical principles regarded as obligatory on all communities; Law of nature (see Nature); Law of the land, the established law of a country; Laws of association (see Association); Laws of motion (see Motion); Lawful day, one on which business may be legally done—not a Sunday or a public holiday.—Boyle's (erroneously called Mariotte's) law (physics), in gases, the law that, for a given quantity at a given temperature, the pressure varies inversely as the volume—discovered by Robert Boyle in 1662, and treated in a book by Mariotte in 1679; Brehon law (see Brehon); Canon law (see Canon); Case law, law established by judicial decision in particular cases, in contradistinction to statute law; Common law (see Common); Criminal law, the law which relates to crimes and their punishment; Crown law, that part of the common law of England which is applicable to criminal matters; Customary law (see Consuetudinary); Empirical law, a law induced from observation or experiment, and though valid for the particular instances observed, not to be relied on beyond the conditions on which it rests; Federal law, law prescribed by the supreme power of the United States, as opposed to state law; Forest law, the code of law which was drawn up to preserve the forests, &c., forming the special property of the English kings; Gresham's law (polit. econ.), the law that of two forms of currency the inferior or more depreciated tends to drive the other from circulation, owing to the hoarding and exportation of the better form; Grimm's law (philol.), the law formulating certain changes or differences which the mute consonants exhibit in corresponding words in the Teutonic branches of the Aryan family of languages—stated by Jacob Grimm (1785-1863); International law (see International); Judiciary law, that part of the law which has its source in the decisions and adjudications of the courts; Kepler's laws, three laws of planetary motion discovered by Johann Kepler (1571-1630)—viz. (1) the orbits of the planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus; (2) the areas described by their radii vectores in equal times are equal; (3) the squares of their periodic times vary as the cubes of their mean distances from the sun; Lynch law (see Lynch); Maine law, a prohibitory liquor law passed by the legislature of Maine State, U.S.A., in 1851; Maritime, Martial, Mercantile, Military law (see the adjs.); May laws, several Prussian enactments (1873-74) directed to control the action of the Church, and limit its interference in civil matters, largely modified in 1887—often called Falk laws, from the introducer; Moral law, that portion of the Old Testament which relates to moral principles, especially the ten commandments; Mosaic, Municipal, Natural law (see the adjs.); Ohm's law, the basis of electrical measurements, established in 1827 by Ohm (1787-1854), that the resistance of a conductor is measured by the ratio of the electromotive force between its two ends to the current flowing through it; Poor-law, -laws, laws providing for the support of paupers at the public expense; Positive law, law owing its force to human sanction as opposed to divine law; Private law (see Private); Roman law, the system of law developed by the ancient Romans, and often termed the civil law (q.v.); Salic law (see Salian); Statute law (see Statute); Sumptuary law (see Sumptuary); Verner's law (philol.), a law stated by Karl Verner in 1875, showing the effect of the position of accent in the shifting of the original Aryan mute consonants, and s, into Low German, and explaining the most important anomalies in the application of Grimm's law; Written law, statute law as distinguished from the common law.—Have the law of (coll.), to enforce the law against; Lay down the law, to state authoritatively or dictatorially. [M. E. lawe—A.S. lagu, from licgan, to lie; Ice. lōg.]

Lawn, lawn, n. a sort of fine linen or cambric.—adj. made of lawn.—adj. Lawn′y.—Lawn sleeves, wide sleeves of lawn worn by Anglican bishops. [Prob. from Fr. Laon, a town near Rheims.]

Lawn, lawn, n. an open space between woods: a space of ground covered with grass, generally in front of or around a house or mansion.—ns. Lawn′-mow′er, a machine for cutting the grass on a lawn; Lawn′-sprink′ler, a machine for watering a lawn by sprinkling from a hose with perforated swivel-collar; Lawn′-tenn′is, a game played with a ball and rackets on an open lawn or other smooth surface by two, three, or four persons.—adj. Lawn′y. [A corr. of laund, lawnd.]

Lax, laks, adj. slack: loose: soft, flabby: not strict in discipline or morals: loose in the bowels.—adj. Lax′ative, having the power of loosening the bowels.—n. a purgative or aperient medicine.—ns. Lax′ativeness, Lax′ity, Lax′ness, state or quality of being lax; Laxā′tor, a muscle that relaxes an organ or part; Lax′ist, one holding loose notions of moral laws, or of their application.—adv. Lax′ly. [L. laxus, loose.]

Lay, lā, v.t. to cause to lie down: to place or set down: to beat down: to spread on a surface: to conjoin: to spread the proper thing on: to calm: to appease: to wager: to bring forth: to impose: to charge: to present.—v.i. to produce eggs: to wager, bet:—pr.p. lay′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. laid.—n. situation: (Shak.) a bet: a share of profit, esp. in whaling enterprises: (slang) a field or method of operations, esp. of thieves: a measure in thread manufacture, about 800 yards.—ns. Lay′er, that which lays—e.g. a hen, a bricklayer: a bed or stratum: a shoot laid for propagation; Lay′ering, the propagation of plants by layers; Lay′ing, the first coat of plaster: the act or time of laying eggs: the eggs laid; Lay′-out, that which is laid out, a spread, for dining, gaming, &c.; Lay′-stall, a place for laying dung, rubbish, &c.—Lay about one, to deal blows vigorously or on all sides; Lay aside, away, to discard: to put apart for future use; Lay at, to endeavour to strike; Lay bare, to make bare, disclose; Lay before, to submit to, as of plans; Lay by, to keep for future use, to dismiss, to put off; Lay by the heels (see Heel); Lay down, to give up: to deposit, as a pledge: to apply, as embroidery: to delineate, describe: to affirm, assert: (rare) to store for future use; Lay heads together, to consult together, to deliberate; Lay hold of, or on, to seize, apprehend; Lay in, to get in a supply of; Lay into, to chastise thoroughly; Lay it on, to charge exorbitantly, to do anything with profuseness; Lay off, to cast aside: to mark off; Lay on, to apply with force, to strike, to act with vigour; Lay one's self out to, to put forth one's best efforts for anything; Lay on load (Spens.), to belabour; Lay on the table (see Table); Lay open, to make bare, to show, expose; Lay out, to expand, to display: to expend, to plan, to exert: to dress in grave-clothes: to take measures, seek; Lay siege to, to besiege: to importune; Lay the land, to cause the land to disappear below the horizon by sailing away from it; Lay to, to apply with vigour: to bring a ship to rest; Lay to heart (see Heart); Lay under, to subject to; Lay up, to store up, preserve: to confine to one's bed or room for a time: to put a ship in dock after dismantling; Lay upon, to wager upon; Lay wait, to lie in wait, or in ambush; Lay waste, to devastate, to destroy.—Laying on of hands (see Hand).—Laid embroidery, gimped or raised embroidery.—On a lay, on shares, as when a crew is shipped 'on a lay' instead of receiving wages. [Lay is the causal to lie, from A.S. lecgan; Ice. leggja, Ger. legen.]

Lay, lā, n. a song: a lyric or narrative poem. [O. Fr. lai, from Celt.; cf. Gael. laoidh, a hymn.]

Lay, lā, Laic, -al, lā′ik, -al, adjs. pertaining to the people: not clerical: unprofessional: (cards) not trumps.—v.t. Lā′icise, to deprive of a clerical character.—ns. Lā′ity, the people as distinguished from any particular profession, esp. the clerical; Lay′-bap′tism, baptism administered by a layman; Lay′-broth′er, a layman: a man under vows of celibacy and obedience, who serves a monastery, but is exempt from the studies and religious services required of the monks; Lay′-commun′ion, the state of being in the communion of the church as a layman; Lay′-imprō′priator, an impropriator who is a layman (see Impropriator); Lay′-lord, a civil lord of the Admiralty; Lay′man, one of the laity: a non-professional man; Lay′-read′er, in the Anglican Church, a layman who receives authority to read the lessons or a part of the service, and who may in certain cases preach or read the sermons of others. [O. Fr. lai—L. laicus—Gr. laikos—laos, the people.]

Lay-day, lā′-dā, n. one of a number of days allowed a charter-party for shipping or unshipping cargo.

Layette, lā-yet′, n. a baby's complete outfit: a tray for carrying powder in powder-mills. [Fr.]

Lay-figure, lā′-fig′ūr, n. a jointed figure used by painters in imitation of the human body, as a model for drapery: a living person or a fictitious character wanting in individuality.—Also Lay′-man.

Lazar, lā′zar, n. one afflicted with a loathsome and pestilential disease like Lazarus, the beggar.—ns. Lā′zar-house, a lazaretto; Laz′arist, a member of a R.C. order, the Congregation of the Priests of the Mission, founded by St Vincent de Paul in 1624.—adj. Lā′zar-like, like a lazar: full of sores: leprous. [Fr. lazare—L.,—Gr. Lazaros, in the parable in Luke xvi.—Heb. El‛āzār, 'he whom God helps.']

Lazaretto, laz-a-ret′ō, n. a public hospital for diseased persons, esp. for such as have infectious disorders: a prison hospital: a place where persons are kept during quarantine.—Also Laz′aret. [It. lazzeretto.]

Lazulite, laz′ū-līt, n. a mineral of a light, indigo-blue colour, occurring in quartz and in clay-slate.

Lazy, lā′zi, adj. disinclined to exertion: averse to labour: sluggish: tedious.—v.i. Laze, to be lazy.—adv. Lā′zily.—ns. Lā′ziness, state or quality of being lazy; Lā′zy-bed, a bed for growing potatoes, the seed being laid on the surface and covered with earth dug out of trenches along both sides; Lā′zybones (coll.), a lazy person, an idler; Lā′zy-jack, a jack constructed of compound levers pivoted together; Lā′zy-pin′ion (see Idle-wheel).—n.pl. Lā′zy-tongs, tongs consisting of a series of diagonal levers pivoted together at the middle and ends, capable of being extended by a movement of the scissors-like handles so as to pick up objects at a distance. [M. E. lasche—O. Fr. lasche (Fr. lâche), slack, weak, base—L. laxus, loose.]

Lazzaroni, laz-a-rō′ni, n. name given to the lowest classes in Naples, idle beggars, with no fixed habitation or regular occupation:—sing. Lazzarone. [It.]

Lea, lē, n. a meadow: grass-land, pasturage.—Older forms, Lay, Lee, Ley. [A.S. leáh; cf. prov. Ger. lohe, loh, found also in place-names, as Waterloo.]

Leach, lēch, v.t. to wash or drain away by percolation of water, esp. to make lye by leaching ashes—also Letch.—ns. Leach′-trough, -tub, a trough or tub in which ashes are leached.—adj. Leach′y, liable to be leached, letting water percolate through. [A.S. leccan, to moisten.]

Lead, lēd, v.t. to show the way by going first: to guide by the hand: to direct: to precede: to transport or carry: to allure.—v.i. to go before and show the way: to have a tendency: to exercise dominion:—pr.p. lead′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. led.—n. first place: precedence: direction: (naut.) the course of a running rope from end to end: the right of playing the first card in a round or trick: a main conductor in electrical distribution.—ns. Lead′er, one who leads or goes first: a chief: the leading editorial article in a newspaper (also Leading article): principal wheel in any machinery; Leaderette′, a brief newspaper leader; Lead′ership, state or condition of a leader or conductor; Lead′ing-bus′iness, the acting of the principal parts or rôles in plays; Lead′ing-mō′tive (Ger. leit-motif), in dramatic music, a principal theme: a theme, usually of but few tones, by which any personage or particular emotion is indicated by suggestion as often as it occurs; Lead′ing-ques′tion, a legal term for a question so put to a witness as to suggest the answer that is wished or expected.—n.pl. Lead′ing-strings, strings used to lead children when beginning to walk: vexatious care or custody.—Lead apes in hell (see Ape); Lead astray, to draw into a wrong course, to seduce from right conduct; Lead by the nose, to make one follow submissively; Lead in prayer, to offer up prayer in an assembly, uniting the prayers of others; Lead off, to begin or take the start in anything; Lead on, to persuade to go on, to draw on; Lead one a dance (see Dance); Lead up to, to bring about by degrees, to prepare for anything by steps or stages. [A.S. lǽdan, to lead, lád, a way; Ger. leiten, to lead.]

Lead, led, n. a well-known metal of a bluish-white colour: the plummet for sounding at sea: a thin plate of lead separating lines of type: (pl.) sheets of lead for covering roofs, a flat roof so covered.—v.t. to cover or fit with lead: (print.) to separate lines with leads.—n. Lead′-arm′ing, tallow, &c., placed in the hollow of a sounding-lead, to ascertain the nature of the bottom.—adjs. Lead′ed, fitted with or set in lead: (print.) separated by leads, as the lines of a book, &c.; Lead′en, made of lead: heavy: dull; Lead′en-heart′ed, having an unfeeling heart; Lead′en-step′ping (Milt.), moving slowly.—ns. Lead′-glance, lead ore, galena; Lead′-mill, a mill for grinding white-lead: a leaden disc charged with emery for grinding gems; Lead′-pen′cil, a pencil or instrument for drawing, &c., made of blacklead; Lead′-poi′soning, or Plumbism, poisoning by the absorption and diffusion of lead in the system, its commonest form, Lead or Painter's Colic; Leads′man, a seaman who heaves the lead.—adj. Lead′y, like lead. [A.S. leád; Ger. loth.]

Leaf, lēf, n. one of the lateral organs developed from the stem or axis of the plant below its growing-point: anything beaten thin like a leaf: two pages of a book: one side of a window-shutter, &c.:—pl. Leaves (lēvz).—v.i. to shoot out or produce leaves:—pr.p. leaf′ing; pa.p. leafed.—ns. Leaf′age, leaves collectively: abundance of leaves: season of leaves or leafing; Leaf′-bridge, a form of drawbridge in which the rising leaf or leaves swing vertically on hinges; Leaf′-bud, a bud producing a stem with leaves only; Leaf′iness; Leaf′-in′sect, an orthopterous insect of family Phasmidæ, the wing-covers like leaves.—adj. Leaf′less, destitute of leaves.—ns. Leaf′let, a little leaf, a tract; Leaf′-met′al, metal, especially alloys imitating gold and silver, in very thin leaves, for decoration; Leaf′-mould, earth formed from decayed leaves, used as a soil for plants; Leaf′-stalk, the petiole supporting the leaf.—adj. Leaf′y, full of leaves.—Take a leaf out of one's book (see Book); Turn over a new leaf, to take up a new and better course of conduct. [A.S. leáf; Ger. laub, Dut. loof, a leaf.]

League, lēg, n. a nautical measure, 1⁄20th of a degree, 3 geographical miles, 3.456 statute miles: an old measure of length, varying from the Roman league, 1.376 mod. Eng. miles, to the French, 2.764 miles, and the Spanish, 4.214 miles. [O. Fr. legue (Fr. lieue)—L. leuca, a Gallic mile of 1500 Roman paces; from the Celt., as in Bret. leó.]

League, lēg, n. a bond or alliance: union for mutual advantage.—v.i. to form a league: to unite for mutual interest:—pr.p. leag′uing; pa.t. and pa.p. leagued.—n. Leag′uer, one connected with a league. [Fr. ligue—Low L. liga—L. ligāre, to bind.]

Leaguer, lēg′ėr, n. a camp, esp. of a besieging army: siege or besiegement. [Dut. leger, a lair.]

Leak, lēk, n. a crack or hole in a vessel through which liquid may pass: the oozing of any fluid through an opening.—v.i. to let any fluid into or out of a vessel through a leak.—ns. Leak′age, a leaking: that which enters or escapes by leaking: an allowance for leaking; Leak′iness.—adj. Leak′y, having leaks: letting any liquid in or out.—Leak out, to find vent, to get to the public ears; Spring a leak, to begin to let in water. [Ice. leka; Dut. lekken, to drip.]

Leal, lēl, adj. true-hearted, faithful.—Land o' the Leal, the home of the blessed after death—Paradise, not Scotland. [Norm. Fr. leal, same as loyal.]

Leam, lēm, n. (obs.) a gleam of light, a glow.—v.i. to shine. [A.S. leóma.]

Lean, lēn, v.i. to incline or bend: to turn from a straight line: to rest against: to incline towards:—pr.p. lean′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. leaned or leant (lent).—n. Lean′-to, a shed or penthouse whose supports lean upon another building or wall. [A.S. hlinian, and causal form hlǽnan; Dut. leunen.]

Lean, lēn, adj. thin, wanting flesh: not fat: unprofitable, taking extra time—a printer's phrase.—n. flesh without fat.—adj. Lean′-faced, having a thin face: (print.) slender and narrow, as letters.—adv. Lean′ly.—n. Lean′ness.—adj. Lean′-wit′ted, of little sense. [A.S. hlǽne; Low Ger. leen; according to Skeat, from hlǽnan, to lean (above).]

Leap, lēp, v.i. to move with bounds: to spring upward or forward: to jump: to rush with vehemence.—v.t. to bound over: to cause to take a leap: to cover or copulate (of some beasts):—pr.p. leap′ing; pa.t. leaped or leapt (lept); pa.p. leaped, rarely leapt.—n. act of leaping: bound: space passed by leaping: sudden transition.—ns. Leap′-frog, a play in which one boy places his hands on the back of another stooping in front of him, and vaults over his head; Leap′ing-house (Shak.), a brothel; Leap′ing-time (Shak.), youth; Leap′-year, every fourth year—of 366 days, adding one day in February.—Leap in the dark, an act of which we cannot foresee the consequences. [A.S. hleápan, pa.t. hleóp; Ger. laufen, to run.]

Lear, lēr, v.t. (Spens.) to learn.—n. that which is learned, a lesson: (Scot.) learning.

Learn, lėrn, v.t. to acquire knowledge of, to get to know: to gain power of performing: (prov.) to teach.—v.i. to gain knowledge: to improve by example.—adjs. Learn′able, that may be learned; Learn′ed, having learning: versed in literature, &c.: skilful.—adv. Learn′edly.—ns. Learn′edness; Learn′er, one who learns: one who is yet in the rudiments of any subject; Learn′ing, what is learned: knowledge: scholarship: skill in languages or science.—New learning, the awakening to classical learning in England in the 16th century, led by Colet, Erasmus, Warham, More, &c. [A.S. leornian; Ger. lernen; cf. A.S. lǽran (Ger. lehren), to teach.]

Lease, lēs, n. a contract letting a house, farm, &c. for a term of years: the duration or term of tenure: any tenure.—v.t. to let for a term of years:—pr.p. leas′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. leased.—adjs. Leas′able; Lease′hold, held by lease or contract.—n. a tenure held by lease.—ns. Lease′holder; Leas′er, one who leases. [Fr. laisser, to leave—L. laxāre, to loose, laxus, loose.]

Lease, lēz, v.i. (prov.) to glean.—n. Leas′ing, gleaning. [A.S. lesan, to gather.]

Lease, lēs, n. in weaving, the plane in which the warp-threads cross: this system of crossing.

Leash, lēsh, n. a lash or line by which a hawk or hound is held: a brace and a half, three.—v.t. to hold by a leash: to bind. [O. Fr. lesse (Fr. laisse), a thong to hold a dog by—L. laxus, loose.]

Leasing, lēz′ing, n. falsehood, lies: lying. [A.S. lásung—leás, false, loose; Goth. laus, Ice. los.]

Leasowe, lē′sō, n. a pasture.—v.t. to feed or pasture. [A.S. lǽs, a meadow.]

Least, lēst, adj. (serves as superl. of Little) little beyond all others: smallest.—adv. in the smallest or lowest degree.—advs. Least′ways, Least′wise, at least: however.—At least, or At the least, at the lowest estimate: at any rate. [A.S. læst, contr. from læsast, from læssa (adj.), less, læs (adv.).]

Leat, Leet, lēt, n. (prov.) a trench for bringing water to a mill-wheel.

Leather, leth′ėr, n. the prepared skin of an animal, tanned, tawed, or otherwise dressed.—adj. consisting of leather.—ns. Leath′er-cloth, a textile fabric coated on one face with certain mixtures of a flexible nature when dry, so as to resemble leather—called also American leather-cloth, or simply American cloth; Leath′er-coat (Shak.), an apple with a rough coat or rind, the golden russet; Leatherette′, cloth or paper made to look like leather; Leath′er-head, a blockhead: an Australian bird with a bare head—called also Monk and Friar: Leath′ering, a thrashing; Leath′er-jack′et, one of various fishes; Leath′er-knife, a knife of curved form for cutting leather.—adj. Leath′ern, made or consisting of leather.—p.adj. Leath′er-winged (Spens.), having wings like leather.—adj. Leath′ery, resembling leather: tough.—Fair leather, leather not artificially coloured; Morocco leather (see Morocco); Patent leather, leather with a finely varnished surface—also Japanned or Lacquered leather; Russia leather, a fine brownish-red leather with a characteristic odour; Split leather, leather split by a machine, for trunk-covers, &c.; White leather, tawed leather, having its natural colour. [A.S. leðer, leather; Dut. and Ger. leder.]

Leave, lēv, n. permission: liberty granted: formal parting of friends: farewell. [A.S. leáf, permission, cog. with leóf, dear. See Lief.]

Leave, lēv, v.t. to allow to remain: to abandon, resign: to quit or depart from: to have remaining at death: to bequeath: to refer for decision.—v.i. to desist: to cease: to depart:—pr.p. leav′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. left.—Leave alone, to let remain undisturbed; Leave in the dark, to conceal information from; Leave off, to desist, to terminate: to give up using; Leave out, to omit.—Get left (coll.), to be beaten or left behind; Take French leave (see French); Take leave, to assume permission: to part, say farewell. [A.S. lǽfan, to leave a heritage (láf), lifian, to be remaining.]

Leave, lēv, v.i. to put out leaves.—adj. Leaved, furnished with leaves: made with folds.

Leaven, lev′n, n. the ferment which makes dough rise in a spongy form: anything that makes a general change, whether good or bad.—v.t. to raise with leaven: to taint.—n. Leav′ening.—adj. Leav′enous, containing leaven. [Fr. levain—L. levamen—levāre, to raise—levis, light.]

Leavings, lēv′ingz, n.pl. things left: relics: refuse.—n. Leav′ing-shop, an unlicensed pawnshop.

Lecher, lech′ėr, n. a man addicted to lewdness.—v.i. to practise lewdness.—adj. Lech′erous, lustful: provoking lust.—adv. Lech′erously.—ns. Lech′erousness, Lech′ery. [O. Fr. lecheor—lecher, to lick; from Old High Ger. lechón, Ger. lecken, Eng. lick.]

Lectern, lek′tėrn, n. a reading-desk in churches from which the Scripture lessons are read.—ns. (obs.) Lec′turn, Let′tern. [Low L. lectrinum—Low L. lectrum, a pulpit—Gr. lektron, a couch.]

Lection, lek′shun, n. a reading: a variety in a manuscript or book: a portion of Scripture read in divine service.—ns. Lec′tionary, a book for use in worship, containing lessons for particular days; Lec′tor, a reader: a reader of Scripture in the ancient churches; Lec′tress, a female reader. [L. lection-em—legĕre, lectum, to read.]

Lecture, lek′tūr, n. a discourse on any subject, esp. a professional or tutorial discourse: an expository and discursive religious discourse, usually based on an extended passage of Scripture rather than a single text: an endowed lectureship, as the Bampton, Hulsean, &c.: a formal reproof.—v.t. to instruct by discourses: to instruct authoritatively: to reprove.—v.i. to give a lecture or lectures.—ns. Lec′turer, one who lectures: one of a class of preachers in the Church of England, chosen by the vestry and supported by voluntary contributions; Lec′tureship, the office of a lecturer. [See Lection.]

Led, led, pa.t. and pa.p. of lead, to show the way.—adj. under leading or control, esp. of a farm or place managed by a deputy instead of the owner or tenant in person.—Led captain, an obsequious attendant, a henchman; Led horse, a spare horse led by a servant, a sumpter-horse or pack-horse.

Leden, led′n, n. (Spens.) language, dialect, speech. [A.S. lǽden, Latin speech—L. Latinum, Latin.]

Ledge, lej, n. a shelf on which articles may be laid: that which resembles such a shelf: a ridge or shelf of rocks: a layer: a small moulding: a lode in mining.—adj. Ledg′y, abounding in ledges. [Skeat explains as Scand., allied to Sw. lagg, Ice. lögg, Norw. logg (pl. legger); cf. also Norw. lega, a couch; all from Ice. liggja; Sw. ligga, Dan. ligge, to lie.]

Ledger, lej′ėr, n. the principal book of accounts among merchants, in which the entries in all the other books are entered: (Shak.) a resident, esp. an ambassador: a bar, stone, &c., made to lie flat, a piece of timber used in making a scaffolding, a horizontal slab, as over a tomb.—adj. lying in a certain place, stationary. [Skeat explains ledger-book as one that lies always ready, from Dut. legger, one that lies down, leggen, to lie, a common corr. of liggen, to lie (like lay for lie in English).]

Lee, lē, n. the quarter toward which the wind blows.—adj. as in Lee′-side, the sheltered side of a ship.—ns. Lee′-board, a board lowered on the lee-side of a vessel, and acting like a keel or centre-board to prevent her from drifting to leeward; Lee′-gage, the sheltered or safe side:—opp. to Weather-gage; Lee′-shore, the shore opposite to the lee-side of a ship; Lee′-tide, a tide running in the same direction as the wind is blowing.—adj. Lee′ward, pertaining to, or in, the direction toward which the wind blows.—adv. toward the lee.—n. Lee′way, the distance a ship is driven to leeward of her true course: a falling behind.—Make up leeway, to make up for time lost; Under the lee, on the side sheltered from the wind, under shelter from the wind. [A.S. hleów, shelter; Ice. hlé, Low Ger. lee; prov. Eng. lew.]

Leech, lēch, n. the edge of a sail at the sides. [Ice. lík, a leech-line; Dan. lig; Sw. lik, a bolt-rope.]

Leech, lēch, n. a blood-sucking worm: a physician.—v.t. to apply leeches to.—ns. Leech′craft, Leech′dom. [A.S. lǽce, one who heals; cf. Goth. leikeis.]

Leefang, lē′fang, n. a rope through the clew of a jib, holding it amidships while lacing on the bonnet.

Leek, lēk, n. a well-known biennial species of the onion family, esteemed for cooking—national emblem of Wales.—Eat the leek, to be compelled to take back one's words or put up with insulting treatment—from the scene between Fluellen and Pistol in Henry V. [A.S. leác, a leek, a plant, present also in Char-lock, Gar-lic, Hem-lock.]

Leer, lēr, n. a sly, sidelong look: (Shak.) complexion, colour.—v.i. to look askance: to look archly or obliquely.—adv. Leer′ingly, with a leering look. [A.S. hleór, face, cheek; Ice. hlýr.]

Lees, lēz, n.pl. sediment or dregs that settle at the bottom of liquor. [Fr. lie—Low L. lia.]

Leet, lēt, n. (Scot.) a selected list of candidates for an office.—Short leet, a small list of selected candidates—for the final choice. [Ice. leiti, a share; cf. A.S. hlét, hlýt, forms of hlot, lot.]

Leet, lēt, n. an ancient English court, esp. the assembly of the men of a township: the district subject to such: the right to hold such a court.—n. Court′-leet (see Court). [A.S. lǽth.]

Leeze, lēz (Scot.), in phrase Leeze me, it is pleasing to me. [Prob. a corr. of Lief is me.]

Left, left, pa.t. and pa.p. of leave.—adj. Left′-off, laid aside.

Left, left, adj. being on the left side—also Left′-hand.—n. the side opposite to the right: the part of an assembly sitting on the president's left hand, generally the more liberal or democratic section.—adv. toward the left.—adj. Left′-hand′ed, having the left hand stronger and readier than the right: awkward: unlucky.—ns. Left′-hand′edness; Left′-hand′er, a blow with the left hand, a sudden and unexpected attack; Left′-hand′iness, awkwardness.—adv. Left′ward, towards the left: on the left side. [M. E. lift, left—A.S. left for lyft, weak; prob. allied to lop.]

Leg, leg, n. one of the limbs by which animals walk: a long, slender support of anything, as of a table: (fig.) something that supports: in cricket, that part of the field, or that fielder, to the left of and behind the batsman as he faces the bowler.—v.i. to pass on briskly, often with indef. it.—ns. Leg′-bail (see Bail); Leg′-bus′iness, ballet-dancing; Leg′-bye, in cricket, a run made when the ball touches any part of the batsman's person except his hand.—adj. Legged, having legs.—ns. Leg′ging, an outer and extra gaiter-like covering for the legs; Leg′gism, character of a blackleg.—adj. Leg′gy, having disproportionately long and lank legs.—n. Leg′-ī′ron, a fetter for the leg.—adj. Leg′less, without legs.—Change the leg (of a horse), to change the gait; Feel one's legs (of an infant), to begin to support one's self on the legs; Find one's legs, to become habituated to, to attain ease in; Give a leg to, to assist by supporting the leg; In high leg, in great excitement; Make a leg (Shak.), to make a bow; On one's last legs (see Last); On one's legs, standing, esp. to speak; Upon its legs, in an independent position. [Ice. leggr, a leg; Dan. læg, Sw. lägg.]

Legacy, leg′a-si, n. that which is left to one by will: a bequest of personal property.—ns. Leg′acy-hunt′er, one who hunts after legacies by courting those likely to leave them; Leg′atary, a legatee; Legatee′, one to whom a legacy is bequeathed.—Legacy duty, a duty levied on legacies, varying according to degree of relationship, and reaching its maximum where the legatee is not related to the testator.—Cumulative, or Substitutional, legacy, a second legacy given to the same person, either in addition to or in place of the first; Demonstrative legacy, a general legacy, but with a particular fund named from which it is to be satisfied; General legacy, a sum of money payable out of the assets generally; Residuary legatee, the person to whom the remainder of the property is left after all claims are discharged; Specific legacy, a legacy of a definite thing, as jewels, pictures, a sum of stock in the Funds, &c. [L. legatum—legāre, to leave by will.]

Legal, lē′gal, adj. pertaining to, or according to, law: lawful: created by law: (theol.) according to the Mosaic law or dispensation.—n. Lē′galisātion.—v.t. Lē′galise, to make legal or lawful: to authorise: to sanction.—ns. Lē′galism, strict adherence to law: (theol.) the doctrine that salvation depends on strict adherence to the law, as distinguished from the doctrine of salvation by grace: the tendency to observe the letter rather than the spirit of religious law; Lē′galist; Legal′ity.—adv. Lē′gally.—Legal tender, that which can be lawfully used in paying a debt. [Fr.,—L. legalis—lex, legis, law.]

Legate, leg′āt, n. an ambassador, esp. from the Pope: a delegate, deputy, esp. a foreign envoy chosen by the senate of ancient Rome, or a general or consul's lieutenant.—n. Leg′ateship.—adj. Leg′atīne, of or relating to a legate.—n. Legā′tion, the person or persons sent as legates or ambassadors: the official abode of a legation. [Fr. légat, It. legato—L. legatus—legāre, to send with a commission.]

Legato, lā-gä′to, adj. (mus.) in a smooth manner, the notes being played as if bound together.—n. a smooth manner of performance, or a tune so played.—adv. (sup.) Legatiss′imo. [It.,—L. ligāre, to tie.]

Legend, lej′end, or lē′-, n. a marvellous story from early times: the motto on a coat of arms, medal, or coin: an inscription of any kind: a musical composition set to a poetical story.—n. Leg′endary, a book of legends: one who relates legends: (pl.) a chronicle of the lives of saints.—adj. consisting of legends: romantic: fabulous.—n. Leg′endist, a writer of legends.—Golden legend (see Golden). [Fr.,—Low L. legenda, a book of chronicles of the saints read at matins—L. legendus—legĕre, to read.]

Leger, lej′ėr, adj. light: small.—ns. Leger′ity (Shak.), lightness; Leg′er′-line (mus.), one of the short lines added above or below the staff to extend its compass. [O. Fr.,—L. lĕvis, light.]

Legerdemain, lej-ėr-dē-mān′, n. sleight-of-hand: jugglery. [Fr. léger de main—L. as if leviarius—levis, light, Fr. de, of, main—L. manus, hand.]

Leghorn, leg′horn, n. fine plait for bonnets and hats made in Tuscany: a bonnet of this material: a small breed of the common domestic fowl. [Leghorn (It. Livorno), a seaport of Tuscany, Italy.]

Legible, lej′i-bl, adj. that may be read: that may be understood.—ns. Leg′ibleness, Legibil′ity.—adv. Leg′ibly. [L. legibilis—legĕre, to read.]

Legion, lē′jun, n. in ancient Rome, a body of soldiers of from three to six thousand: a military force: a great number: in French history, the name of several military bodies, more esp. one which distinguished itself in Algeria and in the Crimea.—v.t. to form into legions.—adj. Lē′gionary, relating to, or consisting of, a legion or legions: containing a great number.—n. a soldier of a legion.—Legion of Honour, an order of merit instituted in France in 1802 by Napoleon I.; Thundering Legion, the name in Christian tradition for a body of soldiers under Marcus Aurelius, whose prayers for rain once brought down a thunderstorm and destroyed the enemy. [Fr.,—L. legion-em—legĕre, to levy.]

Legislate, lej′is-lāt, v.i. to bring forward, propose, or make laws.—n. Legislā′tion.—adj. Leg′islative, giving or enacting laws: pertaining to legislation, or a legislature.—n. a body of persons, or a single person, with powers to enact laws.—adv. Leg′islatively.—n. Leg′islator, one who makes laws: a lawgiver:—fem. Leg′islatress.—adj. Legislatō′rial, of or pertaining to a legislature.—ns. Leg′islatorship; Leg′islature, the body of men in a state who have the power of making laws.—Legislative assembly (see Assembly); Legislative power, the power to make laws.—Class legislation, legislation affecting the interests of a particular class. [L. lex, legis, law, ferre, latum, to bear.]

Legitim, lej′i-tim, n. (Scots law) the legal provision which a child is entitled to out of the movable or personal estate of the deceased father.—Also Bairn's Part. [Fr.,—L. legitimus—lex, law.]

Legitimate, le-jit′i-māt, adj. lawful: lawfully begotten, born in wedlock: fairly deduced: following by natural sequence: authorised by usage.—v.t. to make lawful: to give the rights of a legitimate child to an illegitimate one.—n. Legit′imacy, state of being legitimate: lawfulness of birth: regular deduction: directness of descent as affecting the royal succession.—adv. Legit′imately.—ns. Legit′imateness, lawfulness; Legitimā′tion, act of rendering legitimate, esp. of conferring the privileges of lawful birth.—v.t. Legit′imise (same as Legitimate).—n. Legit′imist, one who supports legitimate authority: in France, a follower of the elder Bourbon line (descendants of Louis XIV.), as opposed to the Orleanists or supporters of the descendants of the Duke of Orleans, Louis XIV.'s brother.—Legitimate drama, a designation frequently applied to the representation of Shakespeare's plays—often employed as vaguely indicating approval of the drama of some former time. [Low L. legitimāre. -ātum—L. legitimus, lawful—lex, law.]

Legume, leg′ūm, n. a seed-vessel which splits into two valves, having the seeds attached to the ventral suture only: a pod, as of the pea, bean, &c.—also Legū′men:—pl. Legū′mens, Legū′mina.—adj. Legū′minar.—n. Legū′mine, a nitrogenous proteid substance in the seeds of most leguminous plants, corresponding with the casein of milk.—adj. Legū′minous, pertaining to pulse: bearing legumes. [Fr.,—L. legumen—legĕre, to gather.]

Leibnitzian, līb-nit′zi-an, adj. pertaining to the great German philosopher and mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716).—n. Leibnit′zianism, the philosophy of Leibnitz—the doctrine of primordial monads, pre-established harmony, fundamental optimism on the principle of sufficient reason.

Leiger, lej′ėr, n. (Shak.) a resident ambassador.—Also Leidg′er. [See Ledger.]

Leiotrichous, lī-ot′ri-kus, adj. of the smooth-haired races. [Gr. leios, smooth, thrix, trichos, hair.]

Leister, lēs′tėr, n. (Scot.) a salmon-spear. [Cf. Ice. ljóstr; Dan. lyster, a salmon-spear.]

Leisure, lē′zhōōr, or lezh′-, n. time free from employment: freedom from occupation, convenient opportunity, ease.—adj. unoccupied.—adj. Lei′sured, not occupied with business.—adj. and adv. Lei′surely, not hasty or hastily.—At leisure, At one's leisure, free from occupation, at one's ease or convenience. [O. Fr. leisir—L. licēre, to be permitted.]

Leman, lē′man, or lem′-, n. a sweetheart; paramour. [A.S. leóf, loved, mann, man.]

Lemma, lem′a, n. (math.) a preliminary proposition demonstrated for the purpose of being used in a subsequent proposition: sometimes in logic a premise taken for granted: a theme:—pl. Lemm′as, Lemm′ata. [L.,—Gr. lēmma—lambanein, to take.]

Lemming, lem′ing, n. a genus of rodents, nearly allied to voles, migrating southward in great numbers. [Norw. lemende, lemming—lemja, to beat. Perh. Lapp, loumek, a lemming.]

Lemnian, lem′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Lemnos in the Ægean Sea.—Lemnian earth, cimolite; Lemnian ruddle, a red chalk found in Lemnos.

Lemniscate, lem-nis′kāt, n. a curve in general form like the figure 8—also adj.—n. Lemnis′cus, a woollen fillet attached to the back of crowns, diadems, &c. [Gr. lēmniskos.]

Lemon, lem′un, n. an oval fruit resembling the orange, with an acid pulp: the tree that bears lemons.—n. Lemonade′, a drink made of lemon-juice, water, and sugar.—adj. Lem′on-col′oured, having the colour of a ripe lemon.—ns. Lem′on-grass, a fragrant perennial grass, in India, Arabia, &c., yielding an essential oil used in perfumery; Lem′on-squash, unfervescent lemonade; Lem′on-squeez′er, a small hand-press for extracting the juice of lemons; Lem′on-yell′ow, a clear, pale yellow colour. [Fr. limon—Ar. līmūn.]

Lemur, lē′mur, n. a genus of mammals appearing to stand between the Insectivora and the monkeys, forest dwellers, mainly nocturnal in habits, common in Madagascar. [L. lemur, a ghost.]

Lemures, lem′ū-rēz, n.pl. (Milt.) spirits of the departed: spectres. [L.]

Lend, lend, v.t. to give for a short time something to be returned: to afford, grant, or furnish, in general: to let for hire.—v.i. to make a loan:—pr.p lend′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. lent.—ns. Lend′er; Lend′ing, the act of giving in loan: (Shak.) that which is lent or supplied. [A.S. lǽnan—lǽn, lán, a loan.]

Length, length, n. quality of being long: extent from end to end: the longest measure of anything: long continuance: detail: (prosody) time occupied in uttering a vowel or syllable: the quality of a vowel as long or short: any definite portion of a known extent.—v.t. Length′en, to increase in length: to draw out.—v.i. to grow longer.—adv. Length′ily.—n. Length′iness.—adv. Length′wise, in the direction of the length.—adj. Length′y, of great length: rather long—(obs.) Length′ful.—Length of days, prolonged life.—At length, in the full extent: at last; Go great lengths, Go to all lengths, to use extreme efforts; Go to the length of, to proceed as far as. [A.S.,—lang, long.]

Lenient, lē′ni-ent, adj. softening: mild: merciful.—n. (med.) that which softens: an emollient.—ns. Lē′nience, Lē′niency.—adv. Lē′niently.—v.t. Lē′nify (rare), to assuage.—adj. Len′itive, mitigating: laxative.—n. any palliative: (med.) an application for easing pain: a mild purgative.—n. Len′ity, mildness: clemency. [L. leniens, -entis, pr.p. of lenīre, to soften—lenis, soft.]

Lenocinium, lē-nō-sin′i-um, n. (Scots law) a husband's connivance at his wife's adultery. [L.]

Lens, lenz, n. (optics) a piece of transparent substance with one or both sides convex or concave, the object to refract rays of light really or apparently radiating from a point, and make them deviate so as to pass, or travel on as if they had passed, through another point: the crystalline humour of the eye: a genus of leguminous plants:—pl. Lens′es. [L. lens, lentis, the lentil.]

Lent, lent, n. an annual fast of forty days in commemoration of the fast of our Saviour (Matt. iv. 2), from Ash-Wednesday to Easter.—adj. Lent′en, relating to, or used in, Lent: sparing.—n. Lent′-lil′y, the daffodil, as flowering in Lent. [A.S. lencten, the spring; Dut. lente, Ger. lenz.]

Lentamente, len-ta-men′te, adv. (mus.) slowly, in slow time.—advs. Lentan′do, becoming slower by degrees; Len′to, slow, slowly. [It.]

Lenticular, len-tik′ū-lar, adj. resembling a lens or lentil seed: double-convex—also Len′tiform.—n. Len′ticel (bot.), a loose, lens-shaped mass of cells belonging to the corky layer or periderm of plants.—adj. Lenticel′late.—n. Lentic′ula, a small lens: a lenticel: a freckle—also Len′ticule.—adv. Lentic′ularly.—adjs. Lentig′erous, having a crystalline lens; Len′toid, lens-shaped. [L. lenticularis—lenticula, dim. of lens, a lentil.]

Lentigo, len-tī′gō, n. a freckle.—adjs. Lentig′inose, Lentig′inous (bot.), covered with minute dots as if dusted. [L.]

Lentil, len′til, n. an annual plant, common near the Mediterranean, bearing pulse used for food. [O. Fr. lentille—L. lens, lentis, the lentil.]

Lentor, len′tor, n. tenacity, viscidity.—adj. Len′tous. [L. lentus, slow.]

Lenvoy, len-voi′, n. a kind of postscript appended to a literary composition: an envoy. [O. Fr. l'envoi.]

Leonine, lē′o-nīn, adj. a kind of Latin verse, generally alternate hexameter and pentameter, rhyming at the middle and end. [From Leoninus, a 12th-cent. canon in Paris; or from Pope Leo II.]

Leopard, lep′ard, n. an animal of the cat kind, with a spotted skin, now generally supposed to be identical with the panther:—fem. Leop′ardess: (her.) a lion passant gardant. [O. Fr.,—L.,—Gr. leopardos—leōn, lion, pardos, pard.]

Leper, lep′ėr, n. one affected with leprosy.—adjs. Lep′erous (Shak.), Lep′rous. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. lepra—lepros, scaly—lepos, a scale—lepein, to peel off.]

Lepidodendron, lep-i-do-den′dron, n. a common fossil plant of the Carboniferous strata, the stem covered with ovate leaf-scars arranged spirally. [Gr. lepis, -idos, a scale, dendron, a tree.]

Lepidoptera, lep-i-dop′tėr-a, n.pl. an order of insects, with four wings covered with fine scales—butterfly, moth, &c.—adjs. Lepidop′teral, Lepidop′terous. [Gr. lepis, -idos, a scale, pteron, a wing.]

Lepidosauria, lep-i-do-sawr′i-a, n. a sub-class or sub-order of Reptilia, with scales and plates—the ophidians and lacertilians, not crocodilians and chelonians. [Gr. lepis, a scale, sauros, a lizard.]

Lepidosiren, lep-i-do-sī′ren, n. one of the Amazon mud-fishes or Dipnoi. [Gr. lepis, a scale, Eng. siren.]

Lepidosteus, lep-i-dos′te-us, n. a genus of fishes with rhomboid scales hard like bone. [Gr. lepis, -idos, a scale, osteon, a bone.]

Leporine, lep′o-rīn, adj. pertaining to or resembling the hare. [L. leporinus—lepus, lepŏris, the hare.]

Leprechaun, Leprechawn, lep′rē-kawn, n. a small-sized brownie who helps Irish housewives, mends shoes, grinds meal, &c. [Ir. luchorpan, lu, small, corpan, corp, a body—L. corpus.]

Leprosy, lep′ro-si, n. a name applied to several different cutaneous diseases of contagious character, now confined to lepra cutanea, elephantiasis, Græcorum, or Leontiasis.—n. Lep′ra, leprosy: a scurfy, mealy substance on the surface of some plants.—adjs. Lep′rose, scale-like or scurf-like; Lep′rous, affected with leprosy.—adv. Lep′rously.—ns. Lep′rousness, Lepros′ity. [See Leper.]

Leptocardian, lep-to-kär′di-an, adj. pertaining to the Leptocardii, the lowest group of true vertebrates, the lancelets.—n. a lancelet, branchiostome, or amphioxus. [Gr. leptos, thin, kardia, heart.]

Leptocephalic, lep-to-se-fal′ik, adj. having a narrow skull, as in certain flat-fishes. [Gr. leptos, thin, kephalē, the head.]

Leptodactyl, lep-to-dak′til, adj. having small or slender toes. [Gr. leptos, thin, daktylos, a finger.]

Leptology, lep-tol′o-ji, n. minute description. [Gr. leptos, thin, logia—legein, to speak.]

Lepton, lep′ton, n. the smallest of modern Greek coins, 100 to the drachma. [Gr.,—leptos, small.]

Leptorrhine, lep′tō-rin, adj. with small nose or slender snout. [Gr. leptos, thin, hris, hrinos, nose.]

Leptospermum, lep-to-sper′mum, n. a genus of Australian trees and shrubs, evergreens, with leaves like those of myrtles—the tea-tree, &c. [Gr. leptos, thin, sperma, seed.]

Lere, lēr, n. (Spens.) learning a lesson.—v.t. to learn: to teach. [Learn.]

Lesbian, les′bi-an, adj. pertaining to the island of Lesbos in the Ægean Sea, and the adjoining part of the coast of Asia Minor, together forming Æolis, the home of a famous school of lyric poets, including Alcæus and Sappho: amatory, erotic.

Lese-majestie, lēz′-maj′es-ti, n. any crime committed against the sovereign power in a state, treason.—Also Leze′-maj′esty. [O. Fr.,—Low L. læsa majestas—L. læsa—lædĕre, to hurt, majestas, majesty.]

Lesion, lē′zhun, n. a hurt: (med.) an injury or wound. [Fr.,—L. læsion-em—lædĕre, læsum, to hurt.]

Less, les, adj. (serves as comp. of little) diminished: smaller.—adv. not so much: in a lower degree.—n. a smaller portion: (B.) the inferior or younger. [A.S. lǽssa, less, lǽs (adv.); comparative form from a root lasinn, feeble, found also in Goth. lasiws, weak, Ice. las, weakness, not conn. with little.]

Lessen, les′n, v.t. to make less, in any sense: to weaken: to degrade.—v.i. to become less, shrink.

Lesser, les′ėr, adj. (B.) less: smaller: inferior. [A double comp. formed from less.]

Lesson, les′n, n. a portion of Scripture appointed to be read in divine service: that which a pupil learns at a time: a precept or doctrine inculcated: instruction derived from experience: severe lecture.—v.t. to give a lesson to. [Fr. leçon—L. lection-em—legĕre, to read.]

Lest, lest, conj. that not: for fear that. [From the A.S. phrase ðý læs ðe (for the reason less that=L. quominus), the first word being dropped, while the others coalesced into lest.]

Let, let, v.t. to slacken or loose restraint upon: to give leave or power to: to allow, permit, suffer: to grant to a tenant or hirer: to cause (with infin. without to):—pr.p. let′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. let.—n. a letting for hire.—ns. Let′ter; Let′ting.—Let alone, to leave out, not to mention.—adj. passive, inactive—also n. (Shak.) forbearance.—Let blood, to open a vein and let the blood run out; Let down, to allow to fall: to bring down; Let go, to cease holding: to pass by or disregard; Let in, to allow to enter: to take in or swindle; Let into, to admit to the knowledge of; Let off, to allow to go free without punishment, to excuse from payment, &c.; Let on, to allow a thing to be believed, to pretend; Let one's self loose, to let go restraint on words or actions, to indulge in extravagant talk or conduct; Let out, to allow to get free, to let some secret become known; Let slip, to allow to escape: to lose sight of; Let well alone, to let things remain as they are from fear of making them worse. [A.S. lǽtan, to permit, pt.t. lét, leót, pp. læten; Ger. lassen, Fr. laisser, to permit.]

Let, let, v.t. (B.) to prevent.—n. (law) hinderance, obstruction: delay.—n. Let′ter. [A.S. lettan, to hinder—læt, slow.]

Lethal, lē′thal, adj. death-dealing: deadly: mortal.—n. Lethe (Shak.), death.—adj. Lethif′erous, carrying death. [L. lethalis—lethum, letum, death.]

Lethargy, leth′ar-ji, n. heavy unnatural slumber: dullness.—v.t. (Shak.) to make lethargic.—adjs. Lethar′gic, -al, pertaining to lethargy: unnaturally sleepy: dull.—adv. Lethar′gically.—n. Lethar′gicness, the state of being lethargic: morbid sleepiness.—v.t. Leth′argise. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. lēthargia, drowsy forgetfulness—lēthē, forgetfulness.]

Lethe, lē′thē, n. one of the rivers of hell causing forgetfulness of the past to all who drank of it: oblivion.—adj. Lethē′an, of Lethe: oblivious. [Gr.,—lēthō, old form of lanthanein, to forget.]

Letter, let′ėr, n. a conventional mark to express a sound: a written or printed message: literal meaning: a printing-type: (pl.) learning, literary culture.—v.t. to stamp letters upon.—ns. Lett′er-bal′ance, a balance for testing the weight of a letter for post; Lett′er-board (print.), board on which matter in type is placed for keeping or convenience in handling; Lett′er-book, a book in which letters or copies of letters are kept; Lett′er-box, a box in a post-office, at the door of a house, &c., for receiving letters; Lett′er-carr′ier, a postman; Lett′er-case, a portable writing-desk.—adj. Lett′ered, marked with letters: educated: versed in literature: belonging to learning (Lettered proof and Proof before letters; see Proof).—ns. Lett′erer; Lett′er-found′er, one who founds or casts letters or types; Lett′ering, the act of impressing letters: the letters impressed.—adj. Lett′erless, illiterate.—ns. Lett′er-miss′ive, an official letter on matters of common interest, sent to members of a church: a letter from the sovereign addressed to a dean and chapter, naming the person they are to elect bishop—also Royal letter; Lett′ern (same as Lectern); Lett′er-of-cred′it, a letter authorising credit or cash to a certain sum to be paid to the bearer; Lett′er-of-marque (märk), a commission given to a private ship by a government to make reprisals on the vessels of another state.—adj. Lett′er-per′fect, kept in the memory exactly (of an actor's part, &c.).—ns. Lett′erpress, letters impressed or matter printed from type, as distinguished from engraving: a copying-press; Lett′ers-pā′tent, a writing conferring a patent or authorising a person to enjoy some privilege, so called because written on open sheets of parchment; Lett′er-stamp, a post-office implement for defacing a postage-stamp: a stamp for imprinting dates, &c., on letters or papers; Lett′er-wood, the heart-wood of a tree found in British Guiana, dark brown, with darker spots somewhat resembling hieroglyphics; Lett′er-writ′er, one who writes letters, esp. for hire: a book containing forms for imitation in writing letters.—Letter of indication (see Circular); Letters of administration, a document issued by court appointing an administrator of an intestate estate; Letters requisitory, or rogatory, an instrument by which a court of one country asks that of another to take certain evidence on its behalf; Lettre de cachet (see Cachet). [Fr. lettre—L. littera.]

Lettic, let′ik, adj. of or pertaining to the Letts or Lithuanians, or to their language.—Also Lett′ish.

Letting, let′ing, n. the act of granting to a tenant: the act of giving to a contractor.

Lettuce, let′is, n. a plant containing a milky juice, its leaves used as a salad. [O. Fr. laictuce (Fr. laitue)—L. lactuca—lac, milk.]

Leucæmia, lū-sē′mi-a, n. a disease in which the number of white corpuscles in the blood is greatly increased, with changes in the lymphatic tissues, enlargement of the spleen, &c.—Also Leucocythæ′mia. [Gr. leukos, white, haima, blood.]

Leucine, lū′sin, n. a product of the decomposition of albuminous materials occurring in many of the juices of the animal body. [Gr. leukos, white.]

Leuciscus, lū-sis′kus, n. a genus of fresh-water fishes of the Cyprinoid family, including the roach, dace, chub, minnow, &c. [Gr. leukos, white.]

Leucite, lū′sīt, n. a whitish mineral occurring only in volcanic rocks.—adj. Leucit′ic. [Gr. leukos, white.]

Leucocyte, lū′kō-sīt, n. a white corpuscle of the blood or lymph (see Phagocyte).—adj. Leucocyt′ic.—ns. Leucocytog′enesis, the production of leucocytes; Leucocytō′sis, the presence of an excessive number of white corpuscles in the blood.

Leucol, lū′kol, n. an organic base obtained by the distillation of coal-tar. [Gr. leukos, white.]

Leucoma, lū-kō′ma, n. a white opacity of the cornea, the result of acute inflammation. [Gr. leukos, white.]

Leucomaine, lū′kō-mān, n. an alkaloid found in living animal tissue:—opp. to Ptomaine (q.v.).

Leucorrhœa, lū-kō-rē′a, n. an abnormal mucous or muco-purulent discharge from the vagina, the whites. [Gr. leukos, white, hroia—hrein, to flow.]

Leucosis, lū-kō′sis, n. whiteness of skin, pallor.—ns. Leucism (lū′sizm), whiteness resulting from lack of colour, albinism; Leucop′athy, albinism.—adj. Leu′cous, white, albinotic. [Gr. leukos, white.]

Levant, le-vant′, n. the point where the sun rises: the East: the coasts of the Mediterranean east of Italy.—adj. Lev′ant, or Lē′vant, eastern.—n. Levant′er, a strong easterly wind in the Levant.—adj. Levant′ine, belonging to the Levant. [Fr. levant—L. levāre, to raise.]

Levant, le-vant′, v.i. to decamp.—n. Levant′er, one who runs away dishonourably, who dodges paying his bets, &c. [Sp. levantar, to move—L. levāre, to raise.]

Levator, le-vā′tor, n. that which raises (of a muscle):—opp. to Depressor. [L. levāre, to raise.]

Levee, lev′ā, lev′ē, le-vē′, n. a morning assembly of visitors: an assembly received by a sovereign or other great personage.—v.t. to attend the levee of. [Fr. lever, to rise.]

Levee, le-vē′, n. an artificial bank, as that of the Lower Mississippi: a quay. [Fr.]

Level, lev′el, n. a horizontal line or surface: a surface without inequalities: proper position: usual elevation: state of equality: the line of direction: an instrument for showing the horizontal.—adj. horizontal: even, smooth: even with anything else: uniform: well-balanced, sound of judgment: in the same line or plane: equal in position or dignity.—v.t. to make horizontal: to make flat or smooth: to make equal: to take aim:—pr.p. lev′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. lev′elled.—ns. Lev′el-cross′ing, or Grade′-cross′ing, a place at which a common road crosses a railway at the same level; Lev′eller, one who levels or makes equal, esp. one of an ultra-republican and revolutionary sect or party which grew up in the parliamentary army in 1647, crushed by Cromwell in 1649; Lev′elling, the act of making uneven surfaces level: the process of finding the differences in level between different points on the surface of the earth by means of a Levelling instrument, consisting of a telescope carrying a parallel and sensitive spirit-level, adjustable by means of screws; Lev′elling-rod, -staff, an instrument used in levelling, in conjunction with a levelling instrument, or with a spirit-level and a telescope.—adv. Lev′elly, evenly.—n. Lev′elness, state of being level, even, or equal.—Level down or up, to lower or raise to the same level or status; Do one's level best (coll.) to do one's utmost. [O. Fr. livel, liveau (Fr. niveau)—L. libella, a plummet, dim. of libra, a balance.]

Lever, lē′vėr, n. a bar of metal or other substance turning on a support called the fulcrum or prop, for imparting pressure or motion from a source of power to a resistance—of three kinds, according to the relative positions of the power, weight, and fulcrum: (fig.) anything which exerts influence: any one of various tools on the principle defined above—in surgery, dentistry, &c.: a removable rod or bar inserted in a machine, to be operated by hand leverage.—ns. Lē′verage, the mechanical power gained by the use of the lever: advantage gained for any purpose; Lē′ver-watch, a watch having a vibrating lever in the mechanism of the escapement. [Fr. levier—lever—L. levāre, to raise.]

Leveret, lev′ėr-et, n. a hare in its first year. [O. Fr. levret (Fr. lièvre)—L. lepus, lepŏris, a hare.]

Leviathan, le-vī′a-than, n. (B.) a huge aquatic animal in Job xli., here a crocodile; in Isa. xxvii. 1, apparently the great python of Egyptian monuments: anything of huge size: any huge sea-monster, as in Ps. civ. 26. [Heb. livyāthān—lāvāh, to cleave.]

Levigate, lev′i-gāt, v.t. to make smooth: to grind to a fine, impalpable powder.—adj. made smooth, polished.—adj. Lev′igable, capable of being ground down to fine powder.—n. Levigā′tion. [L. lēvigāre, -ātum—lēvis, smooth; Gr. leios, akin to level.]

Levigate, lev′i-gāt, v.t. to lighten, belittle. [L. lĕvigāre, -ātum—lĕvis, light.]

Levirate, lev′i-rāt, n. marriage between a man and a childless brother's widow—an obligation amongst the ancient Hebrews.—adj. Levirat′ical.—n. Levirā′tion. [L. levir, a brother-in-law.]

Levitation, lev-i-tā′shun, n. act of rendering light: the floating in the air of heavy bodies believed in by spiritualists.—v.t. Lev′itate, to cause to float.

Levite, lē′vīt, n. a descendant of Levi: an inferior priest of the ancient Jewish Church.—adjs. Levit′ic, -al.—adv. Levit′ically.—n. Levit′icus, the third book of the Old Testament.—Levitical degrees, the degrees of kindred within which marriage was forbidden in Lev. xviii. 6-18.

Levity, lev′it-i, n. lightness of weight: lightness of temper or conduct: thoughtlessness: disposition to trifle: vanity. [L. levitat-em—lĕvis, light.]

Levogyrate (Læv-), lē-vō-jī′rāt, adj. causing to turn toward the left hand.—n. Levogyrā′tion.—adj. Levogy′rous.

Levulose, lev′ū-lōs, n. a sugar isomeric with dextrose, but turning the plane of polarisation to the left. [L. lævus, left.]

Levy, lev′i, v.t. to raise: to collect by authority, as an army or a tax:—pr.p. lev′ying; pa.t. and pa.p. lev′ied.—n. the act of collecting by authority: the troops so collected. [L. levāre, to raise.]

Lewd, lūd, or lōōd, adj. lustful: unchaste: debauched: ignorant, vicious, or bad, so in B.—adv. Lewd′ly.—ns. Lewd′ness; Lewd′ster, one addicted to lewdness. [A.S. lǽwede, ignorant, belonging to the laity, the pa.p. of the verb lǽwan, to weaken.]

Lewis, lū′is, n. a contrivance for securing a hold on a block of stone to allow of its being raised by a derrick.—Also Lew′isson. [Ety. dub.]

Lexicon, leks′i-kon, n. a word-book or dictionary.—adj. Lex′ical, belonging to a lexicon.—adv. Lex′ically.—n. Lexicog′rapher, one skilled in lexicography.—adjs. Lexicograph′ic, -al.—ns. Lexicog′raphist, Lexicol′ogist, one skilled in lexicology; Lexicog′raphy, the art of compiling a dictionary; Lexicol′ogy, that branch of philology which treats of the proper signification and use of words.—adjs. Lexigraph′ic, -al, pertaining to lexigraphy.—n. Lexig′raphy, the art of defining words. [Gr.,—lexis, a word, legein, to speak.]

Leyden jar, lī′den jär, n. a form of condenser for statical electricity, a glass jar coated inside and outside with tinfoil for two-thirds of its height, the inner coating connected with a metallic knob at the top of the jar, usually by means of a loose chain.

Lherzolite, ler′zō-līt, n. an igneous rock, consisting of a granular aggregate of olivine, pyroxene, enstatite, and picotite. [From Lake Lherz.]

Li, lē, n. a Chinese weight, equal to the one-thousandth of a liang or ounce, and nominally to the Japanese rin: a Chinese mile, equal to rather more than one-third of an English mile. [Chinese.]

Liable, lī′a-bl, adj. able to be bound or obliged: responsible: tending to: subject: (Shak.) exposed: suitable.—ns. Liabil′ity, state of being liable: that for which one is liable, an obligation, debt, &c.; Lī′ableness, state of being liable.—Employers' Liability Act, an enactment (1880) making employers answerable to their servants for the negligence of those to whom they have delegated their authority; Limited liability, a principle of modern statute law which attempts to limit the responsibilities of shareholders in a partnership, joint-stock company, &c., by the extent of their personal interest therein. [Fr. lier—L. ligāre, to bind.]

Liaison, lē-ā-zong′, n. union, or bond of union: connection, esp. if illicit between the sexes: in French, the linking in pronunciation of a final consonant to the succeeding word, when that begins with a vowel. [Fr.—L. ligation-em—ligāre, to bind.]

Liana, li-an′a, n. a general name for the woody, climbing, and twining plants in tropical forests. [Fr. liane—lier, to bind—L. ligāre, to bind.]

Liang, lyang, n. a Chinese ounce or tael, reckoned as one-third heavier than the ounce avoirdupois.

Liard, lī′ard, adj. gray, dapple-gray—(Scot.) Lī′art, Ly′art. [M. E. liard—O. Fr. liard, liart.]

Lias, lī′as, n. (geol.) a formation of argillaceous limestone, &c., underlying the oolitic system.—adj. Lias′sic, pertaining to the lias formation. [Fr., perh. Bret. liach, a stone, Gael. leac, a stone.]

Libation, lī-bā′shun, n. the pouring forth wine or other liquid in honour of a deity: the liquid poured.—adj. Lī′bant, sipping.—v.t. Lī′bate (rare), to make a libation to.—adj. Lī′batory, pertaining to libation. [L. libation-em—libāre, -ātum; Gr. leibein, to pour.]

Libel, lī′bel, n. a written accusation: any malicious defamatory publication or statement: (law) the statement of a plaintiff's grounds of complaint against a defendant.—v.t. to defame by a libel: to satirise unfairly: (law) to proceed against by producing a written complaint:—pr.p. lī′belling; pa.t. and pa.p. lī′belled.—ns. Lī′bellant, one who brings a libel; Lī′beller; Lī′belling, defaming.—adj. Lī′bellous, containing a libel: defamatory.—adv. Lī′bellously. [L. libellus, dim. of liber, a book.]

Liber, lī′ber, n. the bast or inner bark of exogenous plants: a book. [L.]

Liberal, lib′ėr-al, adj. becoming a gentleman: generous: noble-minded: candid: free: free from restraint: general, extensive.—n. one who advocates greater freedom in political institutions.—n. Liberalisā′tion, the process of making liberal.—v.t. Lib′eralise, to make liberal, or enlightened: to enlarge.—ns. Lib′eralism, the principles of a Liberal in politics or religion; Liberal′ity, the quality of being liberal: generosity: largeness or nobleness of mind: candour: impartiality.—adv. Lib′erally.—v.t. Lib′erāte, to set free: to release from restraint, confinement, or bondage.—ns. Liberā′tion; Liberā′tionist, one who is in favour of church disestablishment; Lib′erātor, one who liberates or frees.—adj. Lib′erātory, tending to liberate.—Liberal Party, the name adopted by the Whigs (1830) to denote the body formed by their union with the Radicals; Liberal Unionist, one of that section of the Liberal Party which joined the Conservatives from inability to accede to Mr Gladstone's policy of giving Home Rule to Ireland (1886); German Liberals, a party in German politics, formed by the amalgamation of the Progressist party and the Liberal union, and advocating moderate liberalism in opposition to the policy of Prince Bismarck; National Liberals, a party in German politics which before 1871 advocated the completion of governmental unity in Germany, as well as supported progressive measures of reform. [Fr.,—L. liberalis, befitting a freeman—liber, free, akin to libet, lubet, it pleases.]

Liberty, lib′ėr-ti, n. freedom to do as one pleases: the unrestrained enjoyment of natural rights: power of free choice: privilege: exemption: relaxation of restraint: the bounds within which certain privileges are enjoyed: freedom of speech or action beyond ordinary civility.—ns. Libertā′rian, one who believes in free-will as opposed to necessity; Libertā′rianism, the doctrine of the freedom of the will, as opposed to necessitarianism; Liber′ticide, a destroyer of liberty; Liber′tinage, debauchery; Lib′ertine, formerly one who professed free opinions, esp. in religion: one who leads a licentious life, a rake or debauchee.—adj. belonging to a freedman: unrestrained: licentious.—n. Lib′ertinism, licentiousness of opinion or practice: lewdness or debauchery.—Liberty of indifference, freedom of the will—because before action the will is undetermined as to acting or not acting; Liberty of the press, liberty to print and publish without previous permission from government.—Cap of liberty (see Bonnet rouge, under Bonnet); Religious liberty, the right of thinking about religion or of worshipping as one likes. [Fr.,—L. libertas.]

Libidinous, li-bid′in-us, adj. lustful, lascivious, lewd.—ns. Libid′inist, a lewd person; Libidinos′ity, Libid′inousness.—adv. Libid′inously. [Fr.,—L. libidinosus—libido, desire—libet, lubet, it pleases.]

Library, lī′brar-i, n. a building or room containing a collection of books: a collection of books.—ns. Librā′rian, the keeper of a library; Librā′rianship. [L. librarium—liber, a book.]

Librate, lī′brāt, v.t. to poise: to balance.—v.i. to move slightly: to be poised.—n. Librā′tion, balancing: a state of equipoise: a slight swinging motion.—adj. Lī′bratory.—Libration of the moon, an apparent irregularity in the moon's motion, whereby its globe seems to turn slightly round to each side alternately. [L. librāre, -ātum—libra, balance.]

Libretto, li-bret′ō, n. a book of the words of an opera or other musical composition: the text itself.—n. Librett′ist, a writer of librettos. [It., dim. of libro—L. liber, a book.]

Libyan, lib′yan, adj. of Libya, northern Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic.—n. a native thereof.

License, Licence, lī′sens, n. a being allowed: leave: grant of permission, as for manufacturing a patented article or for the sale of intoxicants: the document by which authority is conferred: excess or abuse of freedom: a departure from rules or standards in art or literature.—v.t. Lī′cense, to grant license to: to authorise or permit.—adj. Lī′censable.—ns. Licensee′, one to whom license is granted; Lī′censer, one who grants license or permission: one authorised to license; Lī′censure, act of licensing; Licen′tiate, among Presbyterians, a person authorised by a Presbytery to preach: on the Continent, an academical dignity, forming the step from the baccalaureate to the doctorate.—adj. Licen′tious, indulging in excessive freedom: given to the indulgence of the animal passions: dissolute.—adv. Licen′tiously.—n. Licen′tiousness.—High license, a mode of regulating the traffic in alcoholic drinks by exacting a comparatively large sum for the privilege of selling such; Special license, license given by the Archbishop of Canterbury permitting the marriage of two specified persons without banns, and at a place and time other than those prescribed by law. [Fr.,—L. licentia—licet.]

Lichen, lī′ken, lich′en, n. one of an order of cellular flowerless plants: an eruption on the skin.—adjs. Lī′chened, covered with lichens; Lichen′ic, pertaining to lichens; Lī′cheniform.—ns. Lī′chenine, a starch-like substance, found in Iceland moss and other lichens; Lī′chenist, Lichenog′rapher, one versed in Lichenog′raphy, the description of lichens.—adjs. Lichenograph′ic, -al.—n. Lichenol′ogy, the department of botany relating to lichens.—adj. Lī′chenous, abounding in, or pertaining to, lichens. [L.,—Gr. leichēn—leichein, to lick.]

Lichgate, lich′gāt, n. a churchyard gate with a porch to rest the bier under.—ns. Lich′wake, the wake or watch held over a dead body—also Likewake, Lykewake, and even Latewake; Lich′way, the path by which the dead are carried to the grave. [M. E. lich—A.S. líc (Ger. leiche), geat, a gate.]

Lick, lik, v.t. to pass the tongue over: to take in by the tongue: to lap: to beat by repeated blows: (coll.) to triumph over, overcome.—n. a passing the tongue over: a slight smear: (Scot.) a tiny amount: a blow: (coll.) an attempt, trial: (pl., Scot.) a thrashing.—ns. Lick′er; Lick′ing, a thrashing; Lick′penny (Scot.), a miserly person; Lick′-plat′ter, Lick′-trench′er, Lick′spittle, a mean, servile dependent.—Lick into shape, to give form and method to—from the notion that the she-bear gives form to her shapeless young by licking them; Lick the dust, to be slain: to be abjectly servile. [A.S. liccian; Ger. lecken, L. lingĕre, Gr. leichein.]

Lickerish, lik′ėr-ish, adj. dainty: eager to taste or enjoy: tempting.—adv. Lick′erishly.—n. Lick′erishness. [Formerly also liquorish; a corr. of obsolete lickerous, lecherous.]

Lictor, lik′tor, n. an officer who attended the Roman magistrates, bearing an axe and bundle of rods. [L.]

Lid, lid, n. a cover: that which shuts a vessel: the cover of the eye.—adjs. Lid′ded, having a lid or lids; Lid′less, without lid or lids. [A.S. hlid (Dut. lid)—hlídan, to cover.]

Lie, lī, n. anything meant to deceive: an intentional violation of truth: anything that misleads.—v.i. to utter falsehood with an intention to deceive: to make a false representation:—pr.p. ly′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. lied.—Lie in one's throat, to lie shamelessly; Lie out of whole cloth, to lie without any foundation whatever; Give the lie to, to charge with falsehood; White lie, a conventional phrase not strictly true: a well-meant falsehood. [A.S. leógan (lyge, a falsehood), prov. Eng. lig; Dut. liegen, Goth. liugan, Ger. lügen, to lie.]

Lie, lī, v.i. to rest in a reclining posture: to lean: to press upon: to be situated: to abide: to consist: (law) to be sustainable: (Shak.) to be imprisoned: to lodge, pass the night:—pr.p. ly′ing; pa.t. lay; pa.p. lain, (B.) lī′en.—n. manner of lying: relative position: an animal's lair: (golf) position of the ball for striking.—ns. Lī′er, Lie′-abed′, one who lies late—also adj.—Lie along, to be extended at full length; Lie at one's door, to be directly imputable to one; Lie at one's heart, to be an object of interest or affection to one; Lie by, to take rest from labour: (Shak.) to be under the charge of; Lie hard or heavy on, upon, (Shak.) to, to oppress, burden; Lie in, to be in childbed; Lie in one, to be in one's power; Lie in the way, to be ready, at hand: to be an obstacle; Lie in wait, to lie in ambush; Lie low, to conceal one's actions or intentions; Lie on, upon, to be incumbent on; Lie on the hands, to remain unused or unoccupied; Lie over, to be deferred to a future occasion; Lie to, to be checked in sailing; Lie under, to be subject to or oppressed by; Lie up, to abstain from work; Lie with, to lodge or sleep with: to have carnal knowledge of; Lying-in hospital, a hospital for those about to become mothers. [A.S. licgan; Ger. liegen; Goth. ligan.]

Liebig, lē′big, n. a nutritious extract of beef first prepared by the great German chemist, Baron von Liebig (1803-1873).

Lied, lēt, n. a German ballad, secular or sacred, fitted for singing and often set to music. [Ger.; cf. A.S. leóth, a song.]

Lief, lēf, adj. (arch.) loved, dear.—adv. willingly—now chiefly used in the phrases, 'I had as lief,' 'to have liefer.' [A.S. leóf; Ger. lieb, loved.]

Liege, lēj, adj. free, except as within the relations of vassal and feudal lord: under a feudal tenure.—n. one under a feudal tenure: a vassal: a lord or superior, or one who has lieges.—n. Liege′dom, allegiance.—adj. Liege′less, not subject to a superior.—n. Liege′man, a vassal: a subject. [O. Fr. lige, prob. from Old High Ger. ledic, free (Ger. ledig, free, unfettered), līdan, to depart.]

Lien, lī′en, or lē′en, n. (law) a right in one to retain the property of another to pay a claim. [Fr., tie, band—L. ligamen—ligāre, to bind.]

Lientery, lī′en-ter-i, n. a form of diarrhœa, with frequent liquid evacuations in which the food is discharged undigested.—adj. Lienter′ic. [Gr. leios, smooth, enteron, an intestine.]

Lierne, li-ern′, n. (archit.) a cross-rib or branch-rib in vaulting. [Fr.]

Lieu, lū, n. place, stead, chiefly in the phrase 'in lieu of.' [Fr.,—L. locus, place.]

Lieutenant, lef-ten′ant, n. one representing or performing the work of another: an officer holding the place of another in his absence: a commissioned officer in the army next below a captain, or in the navy next below a commander and ranking with captain in the army: one holding a place next in rank to a superior, as in the compounds Lieuten′ant-col′onel, Lieuten′ant-gen′eral.—ns. Lieuten′ancy, Lieuten′antship, office or commission of a lieutenant: the body of lieutenants; Lieuten′ant-gov′ernor, in India, the name of the chief official in the provinces of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa, the North-western Provinces, and Oudh, Punjab, and Delhi; Lieuten′ant-gov′ernorship; Lieuten′antry (Shak.), lieutenancy; Lord′-lieuten′ant, the title of the viceroy of Ireland: in the British Isles, a permanent governor of a county appointed by the sovereign, usually a peer or other large land-owner, at the head of the magistracy and the chief executive authority; Sub′-lieuten′ant, formerly mate or passed midshipman, now the intermediate rank in the navy between midshipman and lieutenant.—Field-marshal lieutenant (see Field-marshal). [Fr.; cf. Lieu and Tenant.]

Life, līf, n. state of living: animate existence: union of soul and body: the period between birth and death: present state of existence: manner of living: moral conduct: animation: a living being: system of animal nature: social state: human affairs: narrative of a life: eternal happiness, also He who bestows it: a quickening principle in a moral sense: the living form and expression, living semblance: (cricket) an escape, as by a missed or dropped catch:—pl. Lives (līvz).—interj. used as an oath, abbreviated from God's life.—adj. Life′-and-death′, critical: desperate.—ns. Life′-annū′ity, a sum paid to a person yearly during life; Life′-assur′ance, Life′-insur′ance (see Insurance); Life′-belt, a belt either inflated with air, or with cork attached, for sustaining a person in the water; Life′-blood, the blood of an animal in the body: that which gives strength or life; Life′boat, a boat for saving shipwrecked persons, having air-chambers or the like, by which it is rendered specially buoyant and sometimes self-righting; Life′-buoy, a buoy intended to support a person in the water till he can be rescued; Life′-estate′, an estate held during the life of the possessor.—adjs. Life′ful (Spens.), full of vital energy; Life′-giv′ing, imparting life: invigorating.—ns. Life′-guard, a guard of the life or person: a guard of a prince or other dignitary; Life′-his′tory, Life′-cy′cle, the series of vital phenomena exhibited by an organism in its passage from the ovum to full development; Life′hold, land held by lease for life; Life′-in′terest, an interest lasting during one's life.—adj. Life′less, dead: without vigour: insipid: sluggish.—adv. Life′lessly.—n. Life′lessness.—adj. Life′-like, like a living person.—n. Life′-line, a rope stretched anywhere on board a vessel for support of the sailors in difficult operations or during wild weather: a line attached to a life-buoy or lifeboat for an immersed person to seize hold of.—adj. Life′long, during the length of a life.—ns. Life′-mor′tar, a mortar for throwing a shot of some kind to carry a rope from the shore to a ship in distress; Life′-peer, a peer whose title is not hereditary; Life′-peer′age; Life′-preserv′er, an invention, as a buoyant belt or jacket, for the preservation of life in cases of shipwreck: a cane with a loaded head; Life′-raft, a raft-like structure for use in case of shipwreck; Life′-rate, rate of payment on a policy of life-insurance.—adj. Life′-ren′dering (Shak.), yielding up life.—ns. Life′rent, a rent that continues for life; Life′renter, one who enjoys a liferent:—fem. Life′rentrix; Life′-rock′et, a rocket for carrying a line from the shore to a ship in distress.—adjs. Life′-sav′ing, designed to save life, esp. from drowning.—n. Life′-school, a school where artists work from living models.—adjs. Life′-size, similar in size to the object represented; Life′some, full of life: gay, lively.—ns. Life′-tā′ble, a table of statistics as to the probability of life at different ages; Life′-ten′ant, the owner of a life-estate: one who holds lands, &c., for the term of his own or another's life; Life′-time, continuation or duration of life.—adj. Life′-wea′ry (Shak.), weary of life: wretched.—n. Life′-work, the work to which one's life is or is to be devoted.—Life-saving apparatus, all materials, appliances, &c. available for preserving life in cases of shipwreck or fire.—Bring to life, to restore to life one apparently dead; Come to life, to be reanimated; For life, for the whole period of one's existence: so as to save life: very fast or strenuously; High life, the manner of living of those in high or fashionable society: the upper classes of society; Line of life (see Line); To the life, very closely resembling the original: exactly drawn. [A.S. líf; Ice. líf, Sw. lif, Dut. lijf, body, life; Ger. leben, to live.]

Lift, lift, n. (Scot.) the air, heavens, sky. [A.S. lyft; Ger. luft, Ice. lopt, Goth. luftus, the air.]

Lift, lift, v.t. to bring to a higher position: to elevate or keep elevated: to elate: to take and carry away: (obs.) to bear, support: (slang) to arrest: to steal.—v.i. to rise: to try to rise.—n. act of lifting: that which is to be raised: that which assists to lift: a hoisting-machine: advancement.—adj. Lift′able.—ns. Lift′er, one who, or that which, lifts: (Shak.) a thief; Lift′ing-bridge, a drawbridge raised so as to allow ships to pass; Lift′-pump, any pump which is not a force-pump.—Lift the hand, to raise it in hostility; Lift up the eyes, to look, direct one's eyes, or thoughts, to; Lift up the face, to look upward, as in supplication; Lift up the hand, to make oath, swear: to pray; Lift up the head, to rejoice, exult; Lift up the voice, to cry loudly.—Dead lift (see Dead). [Ice. lypta—lopt, the air.]

Ligament, lig′a-ment, n. anything that binds: (anat.) the membrane connecting the movable bones: a bond of union.—adjs. Ligament′al, Ligament′ous, composing or resembling a ligament.—ns. Ligā′tion, act of binding: state of being bound; Lig′ature, anything that binds: a bandage: (mus.) a line connecting notes: (print.) a type of two letters: (med.) a cord for tying the blood-vessels, &c.: impotence produced by magic.—adj. Lig′atured, bound by a ligature. [Fr.,—L. ligamentum—ligāre, to bind.]

Ligan, lī′gan, n. goods sunk at sea, with a float attached for recovery. [L. ligamen, a band.]

Ligger, lig′ėr, n. the horizontal timber of a scaffolding: a nether millstone: a board-pathway over a ditch: a coverlet for a bed: a kelt or spent salmon: a night-line with float and bait for pike-fishing.

Light, līt, n. that which shines or is brilliant: the agent by which objects are rendered visible: the power of vision: day: dawn of day: that which gives light, as the sun, a candle: the illuminated part of a picture: means of communicating fire or light: a lighthouse: (fig.) mental or spiritual illumination: enlightenment: knowledge: public view: point of view: a conspicuous person: an aperture for admitting light: (B.) prosperity, favour.—adj. not dark: bright: whitish.—v.t. to give light to: to set fire to: to attend with a light.—v.i. to become light or bright:—pr.p. light′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. light′ed or lit.—adj. Light′able.—n. Light′-ball, a composition of saltpetre, sulphur, resin, and linseed-oil formed into a ball, and used by soldiers to give light during military operations.—n.pl. Light′-dues, tolls taken from ships in certain waters, for the maintenance of lighthouses.—ns. Light′er; Light′house, a tower-like construction exhibiting a light for indicating to vessels, when nearing a port or coasting along shore, the proximity of rocks, shoals, and other dangers; Light′house-man, Light′-keep′er, the keeper of a lighthouse.—adj. Light′less.—ns. Light′ness; Light′-room, in a man-of-war, a small room separated from the magazine by thick glass windows, and used to illuminate it: the room in a lighthouse containing the lighting apparatus; Light′-ship, a stationary ship carrying a light and serving the purpose of a lighthouse in very deep waters.—adj. Light′some, full of light.—n. Light′wave, a wave of the luminous ether.—Light of nature, intellectual perception or intuition: (theol.) man's capacity of discovering truth unaided by revelation.—Between the lights, in the twilight; Between two lights, under cover of darkness; Bring to light, to reveal; Children of light, Christians as under the illumination of the Divine light, that illumination which comes directly from God; Come to light, to be revealed; Fixed light, in lighthouses, a light which is maintained steadily without change, as opposed to a revolving light; Floating light, a light displayed at the mast-head of a lightship to show dangers to navigation; Foot, Ground, lights, a row of lights used on a stage to light up the base of a scene; Inner light, spiritual illumination, light divinely imparted; Northern lights, aurora borealis; See the light, to come into view; Stand in one's own light, to hinder one's own advantage. [A.S. leóht; Ger. licht.]

Light, līt, adj. not heavy: of short weight: easily suffered or performed: easily digested: not heavily armed: active: not heavily burdened: unimportant: not dense or copious or intense: gentle: gay, lively: amusing: unchaste: loose, sandy: giddy, delirious: idle, worthless.—vs.t. Light, Light′en, to make less heavy: to alleviate, cheer.—advs. Light, Light′ly (Shak.), commonly, usually.—adj. Light′-armed, armed in a manner suitable for active service.—ns. Light′er, a large open boat used in unloading and loading ships; Light′erage, price paid for unloading ships by lighters: the act of thus unloading; Light′erman.—adjs. Light′-fing′ered, light or active with one's fingers: thievish; Light′-foot, -ed, nimble, active; Light′ful (rare), cheery, happy; Light′-hand′ed, with light or dexterous touch: having little in the hand: empty-handed: insufficiently manned; Light′-head′ed, giddy in the head: delirious: thoughtless: unsteady.—n. Light′-head′edness.—adj. Light′-heart′ed, light or merry of heart: free from anxiety: cheerful.—adv. Light′-heart′edly.—n. Light′-heart′edness.—adj. Light′-heeled, swift of foot.—ns. Light′-horse, light-armed cavalry; Light′-horse′man; Light′-in′fantry, infantry lightly or not heavily armed.—adjs. Light′-legged, swift of foot; Light′-mind′ed, having a light or unsteady mind: not considerate.—ns. Light′-mind′edness; Light′ness (Shak.), light-headedness; Light′ning (Shak.), an exhilaration of the spirits; Light′-o'-love, a capricious and wanton woman: an old dance tune.—n.pl. Lights, the lungs.—adj. Light′some, light, gay, lively, cheering.—n. Light′someness.—adj. Light′-spir′ited, having a cheerful spirit.—n. Light′-weight, in sporting and especially boxing, a man or animal of a certain weight prescribed by the rules, intermediate between the middle-weight and the feather-weight: a person of little importance.—adj. Light′-winged, having light wings: volatile.—Make light of, to treat as of little consequence. [A.S. leóht; Ger. leicht, Ice. léttr; L. lĕvis.]

Light, līt, v.i. (with on, upon) to stoop from flight: to settle: to rest: to come by chance: (with down, from) to descend, to alight:—pr.p. light′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. light′ed or lit.—v.i. Light′en upon′ (Pr. Bk.), to alight or descend upon. [A.S. líhtan, to dismount, lit. 'make light,' relieve of a burden.]

Lighten, līt′n, v.t. to make light or clear: (fig.) to illuminate with knowledge.—v.i. to shine like lightning: to flash: to become less dark.—ns. Light′ning, the electric flash usually followed by thunder: (Shak.) a becoming bright; Light′ning-arrest′er, an apparatus used for protecting telegraph or telephone lines, &c., from lightning-discharges; Light′ning-bug, a sort of phosphorescent beetle or firefly; Light′ning-conduc′tor, Light′ning-rod, a metallic rod for protecting buildings from lightning.

Lign-aloes, līn-al′ōz, Lignaloes, lig-nal′ōz, n. (B.) aloes-wood. [L. lignum, wood, and aloes, aloes.]

Lignum, lig′num, n. wood as contrasted with soft tissues or with bark.—adjs. Lig′neous, wooden: woody: made of wood; Lignif′erous. producing wood.—n. Lignificā′tion.—adj. Lig′niform, resembling wood.—v.t. Lig′nify, to turn into wood.—v.i. to become wood or woody:—pr.p. lig′nifying; pa.p. lig′nifīed.—n. Lig′nīne, pure woody fibre.—adj. Ligniper′dous, destructive of wood.—n. Lig′nīte, brown coal, coal retaining the texture of wood.—adj. Lignit′ic.—ns. Lig′num-cru′cis, wood of the cross: a relic asserted to be a piece of the true cross; Lig′num-vī′tæ, popular name of a South American tree with very hard wood. [L. lignum, wood.]

Ligule, lig′ūl, n. (bot.) the flat part of the leaf of a grass: a strap-shaped petal in certain flowers.—n. Lig′ula, a tongue-like part or organ: in entomology, a fleshy membranaceous or horny anterior part of the labium.—adjs. Lig′ular, pertaining to a ligula; Lig′ulate (bot.), like a bandage or strap: composed of ligules. [L. ligula, dim. of lingua, a tongue.]

Ligure, lī′gūr, or lig′ūr, n. (B.) a precious stone.—n. Lig′urite, a variety of sphene or titanite. [Gr.]

Like, līk, adj. equal in quantity, quality, or degree: similar: likely, probable.—n. the like thing or person: an exact resemblance: a liking.—adv. in the same manner: probably.—conj. as, as if.—v.t. (Shak.) to compare, liken.—ns. Like′liness, Like′lihood.—adj. Like′ly, like the thing required: credible: probable: having reason to expect.—adv. probably.—adj. Like′-mind′ed, having a similar disposition or purpose.—v.t. Lik′en, to represent as like or similar: to compare.—n. Like′ness, resemblance: one who resembles another: that which resembles: a portrait or picture: effigy.—adv. Like′wise, in like wise or manner: also: moreover: too.—Feel like, to be disposed to do anything; Had like, was likely, came near to do something; Look like, to show a likelihood of: to appear similar to; Such like, of that kind. [A.S. líc, seen in ge-líc; Ice. líkr, Dut. ge-lijk, Ger. gleich (=ge-leich).]

Like, līk, v.t. to be pleased with: to approve: to enjoy: (obs.) to please.—n. a liking, chiefly in phrase 'likes and dislikes.'—adjs. Like′able, lovable: amiable; Like′ly, that may be liked: pleasing.—n. Lik′ing, state of being pleased with: inclination: satisfaction in: (B.) condition, plight.—adj. (B.) as in Good′-lik′ing, Well′-lik′ing, in good condition.—On liking, on approval. [Orig. the verb meant 'to be pleasing,' and was used impersonally, as it 'likes me'—i.e. it pleases me, A.S. lícian—líc, like.]

Lilac, lī′lak, n. a pretty flowering shrub, with a flower of a light-purple colour.—adj. having the colour of the lilac flower. [Sp.,—the Pers. lilaj.]

Lillibullero, lil-i-bu-lē′rō, n. the famous ballad in mockery of the Irish Catholics, which 'sung James II. out of three kingdoms.'—Also Lilliburlē′ro. [From the refrain.]

Lilliputian, lil-i-pū′shi-an, n. an inhabitant of the island of Lilliput, described by Swift in his Gulliver's Travels: a person of small size, a dwarf.—adj. of small size: dwarfish.

Lilt, lilt, v.i. to do anything cleverly or quickly, as to hop about: to sing, dance, or play merrily.—v.t. to sing a song easily or gaily.—n. a cheerful song or air. [M. E. lilten, lulten; ety. dub.]

Lily, lil′i, n. a bulbous plant, with showy and fragrant flowers.—adj. resembling a lily: pure.—adjs. Liliā′ceous, pertaining to lilies; Lil′ied, adorned with lilies: resembling lilies.—n. Lil′y-en′crinite, same as Stone-lily (see Encrinite).—adj. Lil′y-hand′ed, having hands white as the lily.—n. Lil′y-hy′acinth, a bulbous perennial plant with blue flowers.—adjs. Lil′y-liv′ered, white-livered: cowardly; Lil′y-white, white as the lily.—Lily of the valley, a very beautiful flower of the lily genus. [A.S. lilie—L. lilium—Gr. leirion, lily.]

Limaceous, lī-mā′shi-us, adj. like a slug.—adjs. Lim′acoid (also n.); Limac′iform.—n. Lī′max, a slug.

Limation, lī-mā′shun, n. the act of filing or polishing.—n. Lī′mature, act of filing: filings.

Limb, lim, n. a jointed part in animals, the leg: a projecting part: a branch of a tree: a part of something else, as 'a limb of the law:' an imp, scapegrace, as 'a limb of Satan.'—v.t. to supply with limbs: to tear off the limbs of.—adjs. Limbed, having limbs: formed in regard to limbs; Limb′meal (Shak.), limb from limb. [A.S. lim; Ice. limr, Sw. lem.]

Limb, lim, n. an edge or border, as of the sun, &c.: the edge of a sextant, &c.—adj. Lim′bate (bot.), bordered. [Fr. limbe—L. limbus.]

Limber, lim′bėr, n. the part of a gun-carriage consisting of two wheels and a shaft to which the horses are attached.—v.t. to attach to the limber, as a gun. [Prov. Eng. limbers, shafts—Ice. limar, boughs; cf. limb, a branch.]

Limber, lim′bėr, adj. pliant, flexible.—n. Lim′berness, flexibleness, pliancy. [See limp (adj.).]

Limbo, lim′bō, n. an indefinite region in the intermediate state, the abode of those who have had no opportunity to accept Christ, of the souls of the pious who died before the time of Christ, and of the souls of unbaptised infants: a place of confinement, or where things are thrown aside.—Also Lim′bus. [L. limbus, border.]

Lime, līm, n. any slimy or gluey material: bird-lime: the white caustic earth from limestone, and used for cement.—v.t. to cover with lime: to cement: to manure with lime: to ensnare.—ns. Lime′-burn′er, one who burns limestone to form lime; Lime′kiln, a kiln or furnace in which limestone is burned to lime; Lime′-light, or Calcium-light, light produced by a blowpipe-flame directed against a block of pure, compressed quicklime; Lime′stone, stone from which lime is procured by burning; Lime′twig, a twig smeared with bird-lime: a snare; Lime′wash, a coating given with a solution of lime; Lime′wa′ter, a saturated aqueous solution of lime.—adjs. Lim′ous, gluey: slimy: muddy; Lim′y, glutinous: sticky: containing, resembling, or having the qualities of lime. [A.S. lím; Ger. leim, glue, L. limus, slime.]

Lime, līm, n. a kind of citron or lemon tree and its fruit.—n. Lime′-juice, the acid juice of the lime, used at sea as a specific against scurvy. [Fr.]

Lime-tree, līm′-trē, n. the linden-tree. [Lime is a corr. of line, for lind=linden-tree.]

Limit, lim′it, n. boundary: utmost extent: restriction: (Shak.) a limb, as the limit of the body.—v.t. to confine within bounds: to restrain: to fix within limits.—adjs. Lim′itable, that may be limited, bounded, or restrained; Limitā′rian, tending to limit.—n. one who limits.—adjs. Lim′itary, placed at the boundary as a guard, &c.: confined within limits; Lim′itate (bot.), bounded by a distinct line.—n. Limitā′tion, the act of limiting, bounding, or restraining: the state of being limited, bounded, or restrained: restriction.—adjs. Limitā′tive, Lim′ited, within limits: narrow: restricted.—adv. Lim′itedly.—ns. Lim′itedness; Lim′iter, the person or thing that limits or confines: a friar who had a license to beg within certain bounds.—adj. Lim′itless, having no limits: boundless: immense: infinite.—Limited liability (see Liability); Limited monarchy, a monarchy in which the supreme power is shared with a body of nobles, a representative body, or both. [Fr.,—L. limes, limitis, a boundary.]

Limma, lim′a, n. in prosody, a monosemic empty time or pause: in Pythagorean music, the smaller half-step or semi-tone. [Gr. leimma, a remnant.]

Limmer, lim′ėr, n. a mongrel-hound: a base person, esp. a jade. [O. Fr. liemier—liem, a leash.]

Limn, lim, v.t. to draw or paint, esp. in water-colours: (orig.) to illuminate with ornamental letters, &c.—n. Lim′ner, one who limns or paints on paper or parchment: a portrait-painter. [Contr. of O. Fr. enluminer—L. illumināre.]

Limonite, lī′mō-nīt, n. an iron ore—also Brown hematite and Brown iron ore.—adj. Limonit′ic. [Gr. leimōn, a meadow.]

Limosis, lī-mō′sis, n. a morbidly ravenous appetite. [Gr. limos, hunger.]

Limp, limp, adj. wanting stiffness, flexible: weak, flaccid. [According to Skeat, a nasalised form of lip, a weakened form of lap, as seen in Eng. lap, a flap; cf. prov. Ger. lampen, to hang loosely down.]

Limp, limp, v.i. to halt: to walk lamely—fig. as 'limping verses.'—n. act of limping: a halt.—p.adj. Limp′ing, having the imperfect movement of one who limps.—adv. Limp′ingly. [Prob. conn. with preceding. There is an A.S. adj. lemp-healt, halting.]

Limpet, lim′pet, n. a small shellfish which clings to intertidal rocks. [A.S. lempedu, lamprede, lamprey.]

Limpid, lim′pid, adj. clear: shining: transparent: pure.—ns. Limpid′ity, Lim′pidness.—adv. Lim′pidly. [Fr.,—L. limpidus, liquidus, liquid.]

Lin, lin, v.i. (Spens.) to cease, to give over.—v.t. to cease from. [A.S. linnan, to cease.]

Linch, linsh, n. a ridge of land, a boundary, a cliff.—n. Linch′et, a terrace seen on the slopes of the chalk, oolitic, and liassic escarpments in Bedfordshire, Somerset, &c. [A.S. hlinc, a ridge of land.]

Linchpin, linsh′pin, n. a pin used to keep the wheel of a carriage on the axle-tree. [Properly linspin, 'axle-pin'—obs. linse, axle, and pin.]

Lincoln-green, lingk′un-grēn, n. the colour of cloth made formerly at Lincoln: the cloth itself.

Lincture, lingk′tūr, n. medicine to be sucked up.—Also Linc′tus. [L. lingĕre, linctum, to lick.]

Linden, lin′den, n. the lime-tree. [A.S. linden—lind; cf. Ice. lind, Ger. linde.]

Line, līn, v.t. to cover on the inside: to pad: to impregnate: (Shak.) to aid.—n. Lin′ing. [M. E. linen, to cover, perh. orig. with linen—obs. line, linen—A.S. lín—L. linum.]

Line, līn, n. a thread of linen or flax: a slender cord: (math.) that which has length without breadth or thickness: an extended stroke: a straight row: a cord extended to direct any operations: outline: a series or succession, as of progeny: a series of steamers, &c., plying continuously between places: a railroad: a telegraph wire between stations: an order given to an agent for goods, such goods received, the stock on hand of any particular goods: a mark or lineament, hence a characteristic: a rank: a verse: a short letter or note: a trench: limit: method: the equator: lineage: direction: occupation: the regular infantry of an army: the twelfth part of an inch: (pl.) marriage-lines, a marriage certificate: a certificate of church membership: military works of defence.—v.t. to mark out with lines: to cover with lines: to place along by the side of for guarding: to give out for public singing, as a hymn, line by line: (rare) to delineate, paint: to measure.—n. Lin′eāge, descendants in a line from a common progenitor: race: family.—adj. Lin′eal, of or belonging to a line: composed of lines: in the direction of a line: descended in a direct line from an ancestor.—n. Lineal′ity.—adv. Lin′eally.—n. Lin′eament, feature: distinguishing mark in the form, esp. of the face.—adj. Lin′ear, of or belonging to a line: consisting of, or having the form of, lines: straight.—adv. Lin′early.—adjs. Lin′eāte, -d, marked longitudinally with depressed lines.—ns. Line′ātion (same as Delineation); Line′-engrav′ing, the process of engraving in lines, steel or copperplate engraving.—n.pl. Line′-fish, those taken with the line, as cod, halibut, &c.—adj. Lin′eolate, marked with fine or obscure lines.—ns. Lin′er, a vessel belonging to a regular line or series of packets; Lines′man (mil.), a private in the line; Line′-storm, an equinoctial storm.—Linear perspective, that part of perspective which regards only the positions, magnitudes, and forms of the objects delineated.—Equinoctial line, the celestial equator: the terrestrial equator; Fraunhofer's lines, the dark lines observed crossing the sun's spectrum at right angles to its length—from the Bavarian optician, Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826); Give line, from angling, to allow a person apparent freedom, so as to gain him at last; Ship of the line (see Ship). [A.S. líne—L. linea—linum, flax.]

Linen, lin′en, n. cloth made of lint or flax: underclothing, particularly that made of linen: articles of linen, or of linen and cotton—table-linen, bed-linen, body-linen.—adj. made of flax: resembling linen cloth.—n. Lin′en-drap′er, a merchant who deals in linens. [Properly an adj. with suffix -en—A.S. lín—L. linum, flax; Gr. linon.]

Ling, ling, n. a fish resembling the cod, so called from its lengthened form. [A.S. lang, long.]

Lingam, ling′gam, n. the phallus in Hindu mythology, representative of Siva and the generative power of nature, its female counterpart the Yoni.—Also Ling′a. [Sans.]

Lingel, ling′l, n. a shoemaker's thread rubbed with beeswax. [M. E. lingel, through O. Fr.,—L. lineola, dim. of linea, a line.]

Linger, ling′gėr, v.i. to remain long in any state: to loiter.—v.t. (Shak.) to prolong, protract: (with out) to pass in a tedious manner.—n. Ling′erer.—adj. Ling′ering, protracted.—n. a remaining long.—advs. Ling′eringly; Ling′erly (rare). [A.S. lengan, to protract—lang, long.]

Lingerie, lang-zhe-rē′, n. linen goods, esp. women's underclothing. [Fr.,—linge, flax—L. linum.]

Lingism, ling′izm, n. the Swedish movement-cure, kinesitherapy. [From Peter Henrik Ling, 1776-1839.]

Lingo, ling′gō, n. language, speech: esp. applied to dialects. [Corrupted from L. lingua, language.]

Lingua franca, ling′gwa frank′a, n. a mixed jargon used by Frenchmen and other Western people in intercourse with Arabs, Moors, and other Eastern peoples: an international dialect.

Lingual, ling′gwal, adj. pertaining to the tongue or utterance.—n. a letter pronounced mainly by the tongue, as t, d (also called Dental).—adj. Linguaden′tal—Dentilingual.—adv. Ling′ually.—adj. Ling′uiform, tongue-shaped.—ns. Ling′uist, one skilled in tongues or languages; Ling′uister, a dabbler in philology.—adjs. Linguist′ic, -al, pertaining to languages and the affinities of languages.—adv. Linguist′ically.—n.pl. Linguist′ics, the general or comparative science, or study, of languages.—n. Ling′ula, a tongue-like part or process.—adjs. Ling′ular, Ling′ulate, tongue-shaped. [L. lingua (old form dingua), the tongue.]

Liniment, lin′i-ment, n. a kind of thin ointment. [L. linimentum—linĕre, to besmear.]

Lining, lī′ning, n. the cover of the inner surface of anything, contents.

Link, lingk, n. a ring of a chain: anything connecting: a single part of a series: the 1⁄100th part of the chain, a measure used in surveying, &c. (see Chain).—v.t. to connect as by a link: to join in confederacy.—v.i. to be connected.—n. Link′-mō′tion, a system of pieces pivoted together, describing definite curves in the same plane or in parallel planes.—Missing link, any point or fact needed to complete a series or a chain of argument: (zool.) a conjectural form of animal life, supposed necessary to complete the chain of evolution from some simian to the human animal: (coll.) an ape, monkey, or apish-looking man. [A.S. hlence; Ice. hlekkr, Ger. gelenk, a joint.]

Link, lingk, n. a light or torch of pitch and tow.—ns. Link′boy, Link′man, a boy or man who carries such to light travellers. [Prob. corr. from Dut. lont, a match; cf. Scot. lunt, Dan. lunte.]

Link, lingk, n. a crook or winding of a river.—n.pl. Links, a stretch of flat or gently undulating ground along a sea-shore, on which the game of golf is played. [A.S. hlinc, a ridge of land, a bank.]

Linnæan, Linnean, lin-nē′an, adj. pertaining to Linnæus, the Latinised form of the name of Linné, the celebrated Swedish botanist (1707-78), or to his artificial system of classification.

Linnet, lin′et, n. a small singing-bird—from feeding on flax-seed. [Fr. linot—lin, flax—L. linum.]

Linoleum, lin-ō′le-um, n. a preparation used as a floor-cloth, linseed-oil being greatly used in the making of it. [L. linum, flax, oleum, oil.]

Linotype, lin′ō-tīp, n. a machine for producing stereotyped lines or bars of words, &c., as a substitute for type-setting: a line of printing-type cast in one piece. [L. linea, a line, and type.]

Linseed, lin′sēd, n. lint or flax seed—also Lint′seed.—ns. Lin′seed-cake, the cake remaining when the oil is pressed out of lint or flax seed, used as a food for sheep and cattle; Lin′seed-meal, the meal of linseed, used for poultices and as a cattle-food; Lin′seed-oil, oil from flax-seed.

Linsey, lin′si, n. cloth made of linen and wool: a peculiar kind of clayey rock.—adj. Lin′sey-wool′sey, made of linen and wool mixed: mean: of unsuitable parts.—n. a thin coarse stuff of linen and wool mixed: inferior stuffs of doubtful composition: (Shak.) a mixture of nonsense, gibberish. [Obs. linsel, and wool.]

Linstock, lin′stok, n. a staff to hold a lighted match for firing cannon.—Also Lint′stock. [Dut. lontstok—lont, a match, stok, a stick.]

Lint, lint, n. linen scraped into a soft woolly substance for dressing wounds: raw cotton ready for baling. [L. linteus—linum, linen.]

Lintel, lin′tel, n. the piece of timber or stone over a doorway: the headpiece of a door or casement. [O. Fr. lintel (Fr. linteau)—Low L. lintellus for limitellus, dim. of L. limes, border.]

Lion, lī′un, n. a fierce quadruped of immense strength, the largest of all carnivorous animals, tawny-coloured, the male with a shaggy mane, springing on his prey with a terrific roar: a man of unusual courage: (astron.) Leo, a sign of the zodiac: any object of interest, esp. a famous or conspicuous person much sought after: an old Scotch coin, with a lion on the obverse, worth 74 shillings Scotch (James VI.): (her.) representation of a lion used as a bearing:—fem. Lī′oness.—ns. Lī′oncel, Lī′oncelle (her.), a small lion used as a bearing; Lī′onel, Lī′onet, a young lion; Lī′on-heart, one with great courage.—adj. Līon-heart′ed.—n. Lī′on-hunt′er, a hunter of lions: one who runs after celebrities with foolish adulation, or to get reflected glory from their company.—v.t. Lī′onise, to treat as a lion or object of interest.—n. Lī′onism.—adj. Lī′on-like.—Lion's provider, a popular name for the jackal, supposed to attend upon the lion: any humble friend or follower; Lion's share, the largest share.—A lion in the way, a danger to be met and overcome; British lion, the lion as the British national emblem; Put one's head into the lion's mouth, to get into a position of great danger. [O. Fr. lion—L. leon-em—Gr. leōn; Ger. löwe.]

Lip, lip, n. the muscular border in front of the teeth by which things are taken into the mouth; the edge of anything: (slang) impudent talk, insolence: (pl.) speech as passing through the lips.—v.t. to touch with the lips: to utter with the lips.—v.i. to apply the lips to the mouthpiece of an instrument.—adj. Lip′born, from the lips only: not genuine.—ns. Lip′-devō′tion, prayer of the lips without devotion in the heart; Lip′-hom′age, insincere homage; Lip′-lā′bour, empty speech; Lip′-lang′uage, oral or articulate language, communicated by motions of the lips, as opposed to the fingers, in teaching or conversing with the deaf and dumb; Lip′let, a little lip; Lip′-or′nament, an object inserted as an ornament in the lip, common among savage tribes.—adj. Lipped, having lips, or edges like lips, labiate.—ns. Lip′-read′ing, reading what a person says from the movement of the lips, in the instruction of the deaf and dumb; Lip′-serv′ice, service with the lips only: insincere devotion or worship; Lip′-wis′dom, wisdom in words only, not in deeds.—Bite the lip, to press the lips between the teeth to keep one's self from betraying vexation, anger, &c.; Curl of the lip, the causing the lip to curl as an indication of scorn; Hang the lip, to be sullen or sulky; Make a lip (Shak.), to pout in sullenness or contempt. [A.S. lippa; Dut. lip, Ger. lippe, L. labium, not conn. with L. lambĕre, Eng. lap.]

Lipogram, lī′pō-gram, n. the name given to a writing, esp. a poem from which all words are omitted which contain a particular letter.—adj. Lipogrammat′ic.—ns. Lipogram′matism; Lipogram′matist. [Gr. leipein, to leave, gramma, a letter.]

Lipoma, li-pō′ma, n. a tumour formed of fatty tissue—also Lip′arocele.—n. Lipomatō′sis, the excessive growth of fatty tissue.—adj. Lipom′atous.

Lippen, lip′n, v.i. (Scot.) to trust, rely, depend (with to, on).—adj. Lippe′ning, occasional, accidental.

Lippitude, lip′i-tūd, n. soreness of the eyes. [L.,—lippus, blear-eyed.]

Lippy, Lippie, lip′i, n. an old Scottish dry measure, the fourth of a peck. [Dim. from. A.S. leáp, a basket; Ice. laupr.]

Liquate, lik′wāt, v.t. to melt: to separate one metal from another which is less fusible, by applying sufficient heat.—adj. Liq′uable.—n. Liquā′tion. [L. liquāre, -ātum—liquēre, to be fluid.]

Liquefy, lik′we-fī, v.t. to make liquid: to dissolve.—v.i. to become liquid:—pa.t. and pa.p. liq′uefīed.—adj. Liquefā′cient.—n. Liquefac′tion, the act or process of making liquid: the state of being melted.—adj. Liq′uefiable.—ns. Liq′uefier; Liquesc′ency.—adj. Liquesc′ent, melting. [L. liquefacĕre—liquēre, to be fluid or liquid, facĕre, to make.]

Liqueur, li-kėr′, n. the name given to the many alcoholic preparations which are flavoured or perfumed and sweetened to be more agreeable to the taste—chartreuse, cherry brandy, curaçao, benedictine, kümmel, maraschino, &c.—ns. Liqueur′-glass, a very small drinking-glass intended for liqueurs or cordials; Liqueur′ing, the process of qualifying wine by means of liqueur. [Fr.]

Liquid, lik′wid, adj. flowing: fluid: soft: smooth: clear.—n. a flowing substance: a letter of a smooth flowing sound, coalescing easily with a preceding mute, l, m, n, r.—adj. Liq′uidable.—v.t. Liq′uidate, to make clear, esp. to clear or settle an account: to arrange or wind up the affairs of a bankrupt estate.—ns. Liquidā′tion, the clearing up of the money affairs, esp. the adjustment of the affairs of a bankrupt estate; Liquidāt′or, one engaged in a liquidation.—v.t. Liq′uidise, to render liquid.—n. Liquid′ity.—adv. Liq′uidly.—n. Liq′uidness. [Fr.,—L. liquidus, fluid—liquēre, to be fluid.]

Liquidambar, lik′wid-am-bar, n. a genus of balsamiferous trees of the witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceæ), native to Mexico and the United States. [L. liquidus, liquid, Low L. ambar, amber.]

Liquor, lik′ur, n. anything liquid: strong drink: a strong solution of a particular substance: any prepared solution.—v.t. to apply liquor or a solution to: (Shak.) to rub with oil or grease.—v.i. (slang) to drink (esp. with up).—n. Liq′uor-gauge, a rod used by excisemen for measuring the depth of liquid in a cask.—Liquor laws, restrictive legislation with regard to the sale of intoxicating drink.—In liquor, drunk; Malt liquors, liquors brewed from malt. [O. Fr. liqeur—L. liquor-em—liquēre.]

Liquorice, lik′ur-is, n. a plant with a sweet root which is used for medicinal purposes. [Through an O. Fr. form, from Low L. liquiritia, a corr. of Gr. glykyrrhiza—glykys, sweet, rhiza, root.]

Lira, lē′ra, n. an Italian coin, worth a franc, and divisible into 100 centesimi:—pl. Lire (lē′rā). [It.]

Liriodendron, lir-i-ō-den′dron, n. a North American tree, sometimes above 100 feet in height, having close bark, large four-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers, something like a tulip.—Also Tulip-tree. [Gr. leirion, a lily, dendron, a tree.]

Liripoop, lir′i-poop, n. (obs.) a graduate's hood: smartness: a silly person.—Also Liripip′ium.

Lisp, lisp, v.i. to speak with the tongue against the upper teeth or gums, as in pronouncing th for s or z: to articulate as a child: to utter imperfectly.—v.t. to pronounce with a lisp.—n. the act or habit of lisping.—n. Lisp′er.—adj. Lisp′ing, pronouncing with a lisp.—n. the act of speaking with a lisp.—adv. Lisp′ingly. [A.S. wlispian (a conjectural form)—wlisp, stammering; Dut. lispen, Ger. lispeln; from the sound.]

Lisse, lēs, n. in tapestry, the threads of the warp taken together. [Fr., also lice—L. licium.]

Lissencephalous, lis-en-sef′a-lus, adj. having a brain smooth or slightly convoluted.

Lissome, Lissom, lis′um, adj. lithesome, nimble, flexible.—n. Liss′omeness.

List, list, n. the selvage on woven textile fabrics: a stripe of any kind: (Shak.) a border.—adj. made of strips of woollen selvage. [A.S. líst; Ger. leiste.]

List, list, n. a catalogue, roll, or enumeration: a book, &c., containing a series of names of persons or things.—v.t. to place in a list or catalogue: to engage for the public service, as soldiers.—v.i. to enter the public service by enrolling one's name, to enlist.—Active list, the roll of soldiers on active service; Civil list (see Civil); Free list (see Free). [O. Fr. liste—Mid. High Ger. liste (Ger. leiste), border; A.S. líst, orig. same word as above.]

List, list, n. a line enclosing a piece of ground, esp. for combat: (pl.) the ground enclosed for a contest.—v.t. to enclose for a tournament.—Enter the lists, to engage in contest. [O. Fr. lisse (Fr. lice, It. lizza)—Low L. liciæ, barrier, perh. from L. licium, a thrum.]

List, list, v.i. to have pleasure in: to desire: to like or please: to choose: (naut.) to incline or heel over to one side.—v.t. to cause to careen or heel over.—n. such an inclination. [A.S. lystan, impers., please—lust, pleasure.]

List, list, v.t. and v.i. original form of listen: now poetical.—v.t. Listen (lis′n), to hear or attend to.—v.i. to give ear or hearken: to follow advice.—n. List′ener, one who listens or hearkens.—adjs. List′ful, attentive; List′less, having no desire or wish: careless: uninterested: weary: indolent.—adv. List′lessly.—n. List′lessness. [A.S. hlystan—hlyst, hearing; Ice. hlusta.]

Lister, lis′tėr, n. a form of plough for throwing up ridges.—n. List′ing.

Listerism, lis′tėr-izm, n. an antiseptic method of operating introduced by the English surgeon, Lord Lister, born 1827.—v.t. Lis′terise, to treat by Listerism.

Litany, lit′a-ni, n. a prayer of supplication, esp. in processions: an appointed form of responsive prayer in public worship in which the same thing is repeated several times at no long intervals.—ns. Lit′any-desk, -stool, in the English Church, a movable desk at which a minister kneels, facing the altar, while he recites the litany.—Lesser litany, the common formula, 'Kyrie eleison, Christe eleison, Kyrie eleison.' [O. Fr.,—Low L. litania—Gr. litaneia—litesthai, to pray.]

Literal, lit′ėr-al, adj. according to the letter: plain: not figurative or metaphorical: following the letter or exact meaning, word for word.—v.t. Lit′eralise.—ns. Lit′eraliser; Lit′eralism, strict adherence to the letter: interpretation that is merely verbal: (art) exact and unimaginative rendering of objects; Lit′eralist; Literal′ity.—adv. Lit′erally.—n. Lit′eralness. [Fr.,—L. literalis—litera, a letter.]

Literary, lit′ėr-ar-i, adj. belonging to letters or learning: skilled in learning.—n. Lit′eracy, state of being literate:—opp. to Illiteracy.—adj. Lit′erāte, acquainted with letters of learning: learned.—n. one educated, but not having taken a university degree, esp. a candidate for holy orders who has not been at a university.—n.pl. Literā′tī, men of letters, the learned (sing. forms, Literā′tus, Literä′to).—adv. Literā′tim, letter for letter: without the change of a letter.—n. Literā′tor, a dabbler in learning: a man of letters, a literary man—sometimes in the French form Littérateur.—adj. Lit′erose, distinctively literary.—n. Literos′ity. [L. literarius.]

Literature, lit′ėr-a-tūr, n. the science of letters or what is written: the whole body of literary compositions in any language, or on a given subject: all literary productions except those relating to positive science and art, usually confined, however, to the belles-lettres.—adj. Lit′eratured (Shak.), learned, having literary knowledge.—Light literature, books which can be read and understood without mental exertion: fiction; Polite literature, belles-lettres. [Fr.,—L. literatura—litera, a letter.]

Lith, lith, n. (prov.) a joint, segment, or portion of anything. [A.S. lið, a member; Ger. glied.]

Lithagogue, lith′a-gog, adj. expelling stone from the bladder or kidneys.—n. a medicine with this quality.

Litharge, lith′ärj, n. the semi-vitrified oxide of lead separated from silver in refining. [Fr.,—Gr. lithargyros—lithos, a stone, argyros, silver.]

Lithe, līth, adj. easily bent, flexible, active.—adv. Lithe′ly.—n. Lithe′ness.—adj. Lithe′some.—n. Lithe′someness. [A.S. líðe; Ger. lind and gelinde.]

Lithe, līth, v.i. (obs.) to listen. [Ice. hlydha, to listen—hljódh, hearing.]

Lithemia, Lithæmia, li-thē′mi-a, n. an excess of uric acid in the blood.—adj. Lithē′mic.

Lither, līth′ėr, adj. (Shak.) soft, yielding: (obs.) bad, lazy.—adj. Lith′erly, mischievous.—adv. slowly: lazily. [A.S. lýthre, bad.]

Lithia, lith′i-a, n. an alkali, the oxide of lithium, discovered in 1817 by Arfvedson: a mineral water good against the stone. [Low L.,—Gr. lithos, stone.]

Lithiasis, li-thī′a-sis, n. a bodily condition in which uric acid is deposited as stone or gravel in the urinary canals. [Gr. lithos, a stone.]

Lithic, lith′ik, adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, stone, specially from urinary calculi.—ns. Lith′ate, a salt of lithic acid; Lithificā′tion, a hardening into stone. [Gr. lithikos—lithos, a stone.]

Lithium, lith′i-um, n. one of the alkaline metals, of a silvery appearance, found in several minerals combined with silica.—adj. Lith′ic. [Gr. lithos, a stone.]

Lithochromatic, lith-o-krō-mat′ik, adj. pertaining to painting in oils on stone.—n.pl. Lithochromat′ics, this art. [Gr. lithos, stone, chrōma, colour.]

Lithoclast, lith′o-klast, n. an instrument for crushing bladder-stones. [Gr. lithos, stone, klān, to crush.]

Lithodome, lith′ō-dōm, n. a shellfish living in a hole in a rock.—adj. Lithod′omous.

Lithogenous, li-thoj′e-nus, adj. stone-producing.—n. Lithogen′esy, the science of the origin of minerals.

Lithoglyph, lith′o-glif, n. any engraving on stone, esp. a precious stone.—adj. Lithoglyph′ic.—ns. Lith′oglyphics, Lithoglypt′ics, the art of engraving on precious stones; Lithog′lyphite, a fossil as if engraved by art. [Gr. lithos, stone, glyphein, to carve.]

Lithograph, lith′o-graf, v.t. to write or engrave on stone and transfer to paper by printing.—n. a print from stone.—n. Lithog′rapher.—adjs. Lithograph′ic, -al, belonging to lithography.—adv. Lithograph′ically.—n. Lithog′raphy, the art of writing or engraving on stone and printing therefrom.—Lithographic stone, slate, a yellowish, compact, fine-grained, slaty limestone used in lithography. [Gr. lithos, a stone, graphein, to write.]

Litholabe, lith′ō-lāb, n. an instrument for grasping a calculus and holding it while being crushed.

Litholatry, li-thol′a-tri, n. the worship of stones.—adj. Lithol′atrous.

Lithology, lith-ol′o-ji, n. the science that treats of rocks as mineral masses: that part of medical science concerned with the calculi found in the human body.—adjs. Litholog′ic, -al.—n. Lithol′ogist, one skilled in lithology. [Gr. lithos, a stone, logos, discourse.]

Litholopaxy, lith′ol-o-pak-si, n. the operation of crushing stone in the bladder, and of at once removing the fragments by suction. [Gr. lithos, stone, hapax, once only.]

Lithomancy, lith′o-man-si, n. divination by stones. [Gr. lithos, a stone, manteia, divination.]

Lithomarge, lith′o-märj, n. a clay-like mineral substance, sometimes called Mountain marrow, soft, greasy to the touch, white, yellow, or red. [Gr. lithos, stone, L. marga, marl.]

Lithophagous, lith-of′a-gus, adj. eating stones: perforating stones, as certain molluscs. [Gr. lithos, stone, phagein, to eat.]

Lithophane, lith′o-fān, n. ornamental porcelain with pictures which show through the transparency. [Gr. lithos, stone, phainesthai, to appear.]

Lithophotography, lith-o-fo-tog′ra-fi, n. the art of printing from lithographic stones photographic pictures developed upon them.

Lithophyte, lith′o-fīt, n. any one of the polyps whose substance is stony or hard, as corals. [Gr. lithos, stone, phyton, plant.]

Lithotint, lith′o-tint, n. the process of producing coloured pictures from lithographic stones: a picture so produced. [Gr. lithos, stone, and tint.]

Lithotomy, lith-ot′o-mi, n. cutting for stone in the bladder.—n. Lith′otome, a mineral resembling a cut gem: a cystotome.—adjs. Lithotom′ic, -al, pertaining to, or performed by, lithotomy.—n. Lithot′omist, one who practises lithotomy. [Gr. lithos, a stone, tomē, a cutting—temnein, to cut.]

Lithotrity, lith′ō-trī-ti, n. the operation of crushing a stone in the bladder, so that its fragments may be removed through the urethra—also Lith′otripsy.—ns. Lithothryp′tist, Lith′othryptor, Lithotrip′tist, Lith′otriptor, Lith′otritist, one who practises lithotrity; Lith′othrypty; Lith′otrite, Lith′otritor, an apparatus for crushing a stone in the bladder.—adjs. Lithotrit′ic, Lithotrip′tic—also Lithothryp′tic. [Gr. lithos, stone, tribein, to rub.]

Lithotypy, lith′ō-tī-pi, n. the process of making a kind of stereotype plates by filling a mould with a composition which, when cooled, becomes hard.—n. Lith′otype, a stereotype plate, produced by lithotypy.—v.t. to prepare for printing by lithotypy. [Gr. lithos, stone, typos, type.]

Litigate, lit′i-gāt, v.t. to contest in law.—v.i. to carry on a lawsuit.—adjs. Lit′igable, that may be contested in law; Lit′igant, contending at law: engaged in a lawsuit.—n. a person engaged in a lawsuit.—ns. Litigā′tion; Lit′igātor, one who litigates; Litigios′ity, Litig′iousness.—adj. Litig′ious, inclined to engage in lawsuits: subject to contention.—adv. Litig′iously. [L. litigāre, -ātum—lis, litis, a strife, agĕre, to do.]

Litmus, lit′mus, n. a dye obtained from certain lichens, originally red, but becoming blue on the addition of alkalies or of lime.—Litmus paper, paper used in chemical testing, tinged blue by litmus, reddened by an acid, made blue again by an alkali. [For lakmose—Dut. lakmoes—lak, lac, moes, pulp.]

Litotes, lit′ō-tēz, n. (rhet.) an affirmation made indirectly by the negation of its contrary, as 'a citizen of no mean city'='of an illustrious city.' [Gr. litotēs, simplicity—litos, plain.]

Litrameter, lit-ram′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the specific gravity of liquids by the height to which they rise in vertical tubes under a definite air-pressure. [Gr. litra, a pound, metron, measure.]

Litre, lē′tėr, n. (her.) a hatchment consisting of a black belt, charged with the arms of the deceased. [Fr.; prob. orig. listre=liste, border.]

Litre, lē′tr, n. the unit of the French measures of capacity, both dry and liquid. It is the volume of a cubic decimètre, and contains a kilogramme of water at 4° C. in a vacuum, equal to .2200967 British imperial gallon, therefore less than a quart—4½ litres being roughly equal to a gallon.

Litter, lit′ėr, n. a heap of straw, &c., for animals to lie upon: materials for a bed: any scattered collection of objects, esp. of little value: a vehicle containing a bed for carrying about, a hospital stretcher: a brood of small quadrupeds.—v.t. to cover or supply with litter: to scatter carelessly about: to give birth to (said of small animals).—v.i. to produce a litter or brood.—p.adj. Litt′ered. [O. Fr. litiere—Low L. lectaria—L. lectus, a bed.]

Little, lit′l, adj. (comp. Less; superl. Least) small in quantity or extent: weak, poor: brief.—n. that which is small in quantity or extent: a small space.—adv. in a small quantity or degree: not much.—ns. Litt′le-ease, discomfort, misery: a form of punishment, as the stocks; Litt′le-end′ian, one of the Lilliputian party who opposed the Big-endians, maintaining that boiled eggs should be cracked at the little end; Litt′le-go (see Go); Litt′leness; Litt′le-off′ice, a short service of psalms, hymns, collects, &c.—adj. Litt′leworth, worthless.—By little and little, by degrees; In little, on a small scale; Not a little, considerably. [A.S. lýtel.]

Littoral, lit′or-al, adj. belonging to the sea-shore.—n. the strip of land along it.—Littoral zone, the interval on a sea-coast between high and low water mark. [L.,—litus, litŏris, shore.]

Liturate, lit′ū-rāt, adj. (bot.) having spots formed by the abrasion of the surface: in entomology, marked with spots (Lituræ) growing paler at one end.

Liturgy, lit′ur-ji, n. the form of service or regular ritual of a church—strictly, that used in the celebration of the Eucharist: in ancient Greece, a form of personal service to the state.—n. Liturge′, a leader in public worship.—adjs. Litur′gic, -al.—adv. Litur′gically.—ns. Litur′gics, the doctrine of liturgies; Liturgiol′ogist, a student of liturgies; Liturgiol′ogy, the study of liturgical forms; Lit′urgist, a leader in public worship: one who adheres to, or who studies, liturgies. [Fr.,—Gr. leitourgia—laos, the people, ergon, work.]

Lituus, li-tū′us, n. an augur's staff with recurved top: a spiral of similar form.—adjs. Lit′uāte, forked with the points turned outward; Lit′uiform. [L.]

Live, liv, v.i. to have, or continue in, life, temporal or spiritual: to last, subsist: to enjoy life: to direct one's course of life: to be nourished or supported: to dwell.—v.t. to spend: to act in conformity to:—pr.p. liv′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. lived.—adj. Liv′able, capable of being lived: habitable.—n. Liv′er.—Live down, live so as to cause a slander, a grief, &c. to be forgotten by one's self or others; Live out, to continue alive until the end of anything: (U.S.) to be from home in domestic service; Live under, to be tenant to; Live up to, to rule one's life according to some standard. [A.S. lifian; Ger. leben.]

Live, līv, adj. having life: alive, not dead: active: containing fire: burning: vivid.—Lived (līvd), used in compounds, as long-lived.—ns. Live′-axle, driving-axle; Live′-bait, a living worm or minnow used in fishing: Live′-cir′cuit, a circuit through which an electric current is flowing.—n.pl. Live′-feath′ers, those plucked from the living fowl.—n. Live′-lē′ver, that one of a pair of brake-levers to which the power is first applied:—opp. to Dead-lever.—adj. Live′-long, that lives or lasts long.—ns. Live′-oak, an American oak, with durable wood; Live′-shell, a shell loaded and fused for firing, or fired and not yet exploded; Live′-stock, domestic animals, esp. horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs; Live′-well, the well in a fishing-boat where fish are kept alive.

Livelihood, līv′li-hood, n. means of living: support—(obs.) Live′lihed. [A.S. líf. life, lád, a way.]

Lively, līv′li, adj. showing life: vigorous, active: sprightly: spirited: vivid.—adv. vivaciously, vigorously.—adv. Līve′lily.—n. Līve′liness.

Liver, liv′ėr, n. the largest gland in the body, which secretes the bile.—adjs. Liv′er-col′our, of the colour of the liver: dark-red; Liv′ered, in compounds, as white-livered, lily-livered=cowardly.—n. Liver-fluke, a trematoid worm (Distoma hepatica).—adj. Liv′er-grown, having a swelled liver.—n. Liverwort, any plant of the cryptogamic family Hepaticæ, allied to mosses.—adj. Liv′ery, resembling the liver. [A.S. lifer; Ger. leber, Ice. lifr.]

Livery, liv′ėr-i, n. the dress or uniform worn by servants, esp. men-servants: a dress peculiar to certain persons or things, as in the trade-guilds of London: any characteristic dress: the being kept and fed at a certain rate, as horses at livery: the whole body of liverymen in London: (orig.) the distinctive dress worn by the household of a king or nobleman, so called because delivered or given at regular periods.—adj. Liv′eried, clothed in livery.—ns. Liv′ery-com′pany, a guild of the city of London; Liv′eryman, a man who wears a livery: a freeman of the city of London entitled to wear the livery and enjoy other privileges of his company; Liv′ery-ser′vant, a servant who wears a livery; Liv′ery-stā′ble, a stable where horses and vehicles are kept for hire.—Sue one's livery (Shak.), to ask for the writ delivering a freehold into the possession of its heir. [Fr. livrée—livrer—L. liberāre, to free.]

Livid, liv′id, adj. black and blue: of a lead colour: discoloured.—ns. Livid′ity, Liv′idness. [Fr.,—L. lividus—livēre, to be of a lead colour.]

Living, liv′ing, adj. having life: active, lively: producing action or vigour: running or flowing, as opposed to stagnant.—n. means of subsistence: manner of life: a property: the benefice of a clergyman.—Living rock, rock in its native state or location; Living room, a sitting-room for general family use; Living wage, a wage on which it is possible for a workman and his family to live fairly.—The living, those alive.

Livre, lē′vr, n. an old French coin, about the value of a franc, by which it was superseded in 1795: the ancient French unit of weight, equal to about 1 lb. avoirdupois. [Fr.,—L. libra, a pound.]

Lixiviation, liks-iv-i-ā′shun, n. the process of washing or steeping certain substances in a fluid, for the purpose of dissolving a portion of their ingredients, and so separating them from the insoluble residue.—adjs. Lixiv′ial, Lixiv′ious.—v.t. Lixiv′iate.—n. Lixiv′ium, lye. [L. lixivium, lye.]

Lizard, liz′ard, n. a family of four-footed scaly reptiles, a saurian or lacertilian.—n. Liz′ard-stone, a Cornish serpentine. [Fr. lézard—L. lacerta.]

Llama, lä′ma, or lā′ma, n. a South American ruminant of the camel family, used for transport in the Andes.

Llano, lä′nō, or lyä′nō, n. one of the vast steppes or plains in the northern part of South America:—pl. Lla′nos.—n. Llanero (lya-nā′rō), an inhabitant of the llanos. [Sp.,—L. planus, plain.]

Lloyd's, loidz, n. a part of the London Royal Exchange frequented by ship-owners, underwriters, &c. to obtain shipping intelligence and transact marine insurance.—Lloyd's Register, a list of sea-going vessels classified according to seaworthiness (as A1, &c.), annually prepared by an association of members of Lloyd's. [From their originally meeting in the coffee-house in Tower Street kept by Edward Lloyd in the 17th century.]

Loach, Loche, lōch, n. a small river-fish.—Also Beardie. [Fr. loche, Sp. loja.]

Load, lōd, v.t. to lade or burden: to put on as much as can be carried: to heap on: to put on overmuch: to confer or give in great abundance: to weigh down, to oppress: to weight by something specially added: to charge, as a gun: to make heavy, as a thin wine: to mix with white: to lay on colour in masses.—v.i. to put or take on a load: to charge a gun: to become loaded or burdened.—n. a lading or burden: as much as can be carried at once: freight or cargo: a measure: any large quantity borne: a quantity sustained with difficulty: that which burdens or grieves: a weight or encumbrance.—Load′en, old pa.p. of load.—ns. Load′er, one who, or that which, loads; Load′ing, the act of lading: a charge, cargo, or lading; Load′ing-machine′, a contrivance for loading cartridge-shells; Load′ing-tray, an iron frame on which a shot or shell is placed and brought forward into the opening in the breech of a gun; Load′-line, a line along the ship's side to mark the depth to which her proper cargo causes her to sink—also Plimsoll's mark.—Load a cane, whip, to weight it with lead, &c.; Load dice, to make one side heavier than the other, for purposes of cheating; Load wine, to falsify by mixing it with distilled liquor, sugar, &c. [A.S. hladan, pa.t. hlód, to load.]

Loaf, lōf, n. a regularly shaped mass of bread: a mass of sugar: any lump:—pl. Loaves (lōvz).—n. Loaf′-sug′ar, refined sugar in the form of a cone.—Loaves and fishes, temporal benefits, the main chance for one's self—from John, vi. 26. [A.S. hláf.]

Loaf, lōf, v.i. to loiter, pass time idly.—n. Loaf′er.—adj. Loaf′erish. [Prob. directly Ger. läufer, a runner, laufen, to run about.]

Loam, lōm, n. a muddy soil, of clay, sand, and animal and vegetable matter.—v.t. to cover with loam.—adj. Loam′y. [A.S. lám; Ger. lehm; cf. lime.]

Loan, lōn, n. a lane: an open space for passage left between fields of corn: a place for milking cows.—Also Loan′ing. [Lane.]

Loan, lōn, n. anything lent: the act of lending: permission to use: money lent for interest.—v.t. to lend.—adj. Loan′able.—ns. Loan′-off′ice, a public office at which loans are negotiated, a pawnbroker's shop; Loan′-socī′ety, a society organised to lend money to be repaid with interest by instalments; Loan′-word, one taken into one language from another—like Loafer above. [A.S. lǽn; Ice. lán, Dan. laan, cf. Ger. lehen, a fief.]

Loath, Loth, lōth, adj. disliking: reluctant, unwilling.—adv. Loath′ly.—n. Loath′ness. [A.S. láð, hateful—líðan, to travel; Ger. leiden, suffer.]

Loathe, lōth, v.t. to dislike greatly, to feel disgust at.—adj. Loath′ful, full of loathing, hate, or abhorrence: exciting loathing or disgust.—n. Loath′ing, extreme hate or disgust: abhorrence.—adj. hating.—adv. Loath′ingly.—adjs. Loath′ly, Loath′y (obs.), loathsome; Loath′some, exciting loathing or abhorrence: detestable.—adv. Loath′somely.—n. Loath′someness. [A.S. láðian—láð; cf. loath.]

Lob, lob, n. a clumsy person, the last in a race: a lobworm: the coal-fish: at cricket, a long slow ball: something thick and heavy.—v.t. to throw gently, slowly, or with underhand delivery: at lawn-tennis, to strike the ball high over an opponent's head into the end of the court: to hang wearily down.—n. Lobs′pound, a prison.—Lob lie by the fire, Milton's lubber-fiend, a brownie who works by night for his bowl of cream. [W. llob; cf. Lubber.]

Lobby, lob′i, n. a small hall or waiting-room: a passage serving as a common entrance to several apartments: the ante-chamber of a legislative hall, frequented by outsiders for the purpose of influencing votes.—ns. Lobb′ying, frequenting the lobby to collect political intelligence, &c.; Lobb′yist, Lobb′y-mem′ber, a journalist, &c., who frequents a lobby in the interest of some cause or of a newspaper. [Low L. lobia—Middle High Ger. loube (Ger. laube), a portico, arbour—laub, a leaf.]

Lobe, lōb, n. the lower part of the ear: (anat.) a division of the lungs, brain, &c.: (bot.) a division of a leaf.—adjs. Lob′ar, Lob′āte, Lobed, Lob′ose; Lobe′-foot′ed, Lō′biped, having lobate feet, as a coot, grebe, or phalarope.—ns. Lobe′let, Lob′ule, a small lobe.—adjs. Lob′ular, Lob′ulāted.—ns. Lob′ulus, any small lobe or lobe-like structure:—pl. Lob′ulī; Lō′bus, a lobe:—pl. Lō′bī.—Lobar pneumonia, inflammation of a whole lobe of the lungs, as distinguished from Lobular pneumonia, which attacks the lungs in patches. [Fr., prob. through Low L. from Gr. lobos, lobe; cf. lap, to fold.]

Lobelia, lob-ē′li-a, n. an ornamental flower, its roots medicinal. [Lobel, a Flemish botanist.]

Loblolly, lob′lol-i, n. a loutish person: medicine.—n. Lob′lolly-boy, a ship-surgeon's attendant.

Lobscouse, lob′skows, n. a stew or hash with vegetables, a dish used at sea. [Origin dub.]

Lobster, lob′stėr, n. a shellfish with large claws, used for food: (slang) a British soldier. [A.S. loppestre, lopust—L. locusta, a lobster.]

Lobworm, lob′wurm, n. a large worm used as bait. [Perh. lob—W. llob, a dull fellow, and worm.]

Local, lō′kal, adj. of or belonging to a place: confined to a spot or district.—ns. Locale (lō-käl′), a locality: the scene of some event; Localisā′tion.—v.t. Lō′calise, to assign to a place: to refer a sensation in perception to some part of the body.—ns. Lō′calism, the state of being local: affection for a place: provincialism; Local′ity, existence in a place: position: district.—adv. Lō′cally.—v.t. Locāte′, to place: to set in a particular position: to designate the place of.—n. Locā′tion, act of locating or placing: situation: (law) a leasing on rent.—adj. Lō′cātive (gram.), indicating place.—Local Government Acts, a series of enactments instituting local self-government of the various counties of Great Britain and of a large number of boroughs; Local Option, a phrase first used by Mr Gladstone in a letter in 1868 for the determination by vote of the people of a town or district as to whether licenses to sell intoxicating liquors shall be granted or not. [Fr.,—Low L. localis—locus, a place.]

Loch, loh, n. a lake or arm of the sea.—ns. Lochaber axe (loh-ä′bėr aks), a battle-axe used by the Scottish Highlanders, having a narrow blade, but very long towards the shaft, and generally with a hook at the end of the staff; Loch′an (Scot.), a pond. [Gael. loch; cf. Lake.]

Lochia, lō′ki-a, n.pl. the evacuations from the womb after childbirth.—adj. Lō′chial. [Gr.]

Lock, lok, n. a device to fasten doors, &c.: an enclosure in a canal for raising or lowering boats: the part of a firearm by which it is discharged: a grapple in wrestling: a state of being immovable: any narrow, confined place.—v.t. to fasten with a lock: to fasten so as to impede motion: to shut up: to close fast: to embrace closely: to furnish with locks.—v.i. to become fast: to unite closely.—ns. Lock′age, the locks of a canal: the difference in their levels, the materials used for them, and the tolls paid for passing through them; Lock′-chain, a chain for fastening the wheels of a vehicle by tying the rims to some part which does not rotate; Lock′er, any closed place that may be locked; Lock′et, a little ornamental case of gold or silver, usually containing a miniature.—adj. Lock′fast, firmly fastened by locks.—ns. Lock′gate, a gate for opening or closing a lock in a canal or river; Lock′-hos′pital (see Hospital); Lock′house, the lock-keeper's house; Lock′-jaw, Locked′-jaw, a contraction of the muscles of the jaw by which its motion is suspended; Lock′-keep′er, one who keeps or attends the locks of a canal; Lock′out, the act of locking out, esp. used of the locking out of a teacher by the pupils or vice versâ, or of the refusal of an employer to admit his workmen within the works as a means of coercion; Locks′man, a turnkey; Lock′smith, a smith who makes and mends locks; Lock′stitch, a stitch formed by the locking of two threads together; Lock′up, a place for locking up or confining persons for a short time.—Not a shot in the locker (naut.), not a penny in the pocket. [A.S. loca, a lock; Ice. loka, a bolt, Ger. loch, a dungeon.]

Lock, lok, n. a tuft or ringlet of hair: a small quantity, as of hay: (Scots law) a quantity of meal, the perquisite of a mill-servant: (Shak.) a love-lock—n. Lock′man, an officer in the Isle of Man who acts as a kind of under-sheriff to the governor. [A.S. locc; Ice. lokkr, Ger. locke, a lock.]

Lockian, lok′i-an, adj. pertaining to the philosophy of John Locke (1632-1704).—ns. Lock′ian, Lock′ist.

Lockram, lok′ram, n. a kind of coarse linen—from Locrenan, in Brittany, where made.

Locofoco, lō-kō-fō′kō, n. (U.S.) a friction match: the extreme section of the Democratic party of 1835, known as the Equal Rights Party, or any adherent of it. [L. locus, a place, focus, a hearth.]

Locomotive, lō-ko-mō′tiv, adj. moving from place to place: capable of, or assisting in, locomotion.—n. a locomotive machine: a railway engine.—ns. Locomō′tion; Locomotiv′ity; Locomō′tor.—adj. Locomō′tory.—Locomotor ataxy (see Ataxia). [L. locus, a place, movēre, motum, to move.]

Loculus, lok′ū-lus, n. (bot., anat., zool.) a small compartment or cell: in ancient catacombs, a small recess for holding an urn:—pl. Loc′ulī.—n. Loc′ulament (bot.), loculus.—adjs. Loc′ular, Loc′ulāte, Loc′ulose, Loc′ulous. [Dim. of L. locus, a place.]

Locum-tenens, lō′kum-tēn′enz, n. a deputy or substitute.—n. Lō′cum-tēn′ency, the holding by a temporary substitute of a post. [L. locus, a place, tenēre, to hold.]

Locus, lō′kus, n. (math.) the curve described by a point, or the surface generated by a line, moving in a given manner: a passage in a writing:—pl. Loci (lō′sī), a collection of passages, esp. from sacred and ancient writings, arranged with special reference to some particular theme.—Locus classicus (pl. Loci classici), a standard passage, esp. in an ancient author: that passage which is the accepted authority for some particular subject or for the use of some special or disputed word; Locus standi (law), right of place in court: recognised place or position. [L.]

Locust, lō′kust, n. a migratory winged insect, in shape like the grasshopper, highly destructive to vegetation.—v.i. (rare) to lay waste like locusts. [L. locusta.]

Locust, lō′kust, n. a tree with thorny branches and dense clusters of white, heavily-scented flowers, found in the U.S.: the carob-tree.—ns. Locus′ta, the spikelet of grasses:—pl. Locus′tæ; Lō′cust-bean, the sweet pod of the carob-tree.

Locution, lō-kū′shun, n. the act of speaking: form of speaking, phraseology, a phrase.—n. Loc′utory, a room for conversation, esp. in monastic establishments. [L. locution-em—loqui, locutus, to speak.]

Lode, lōd, n. a vein containing metallic ore: a reach of water: an open ditch.—ns. Lodes′man, a pilot; Lode′star, the star that guides, the pole-star—often used figuratively; Lode′stone, a stone or ore of iron that attracts other pieces of iron. [A.S. lád, a course—líðan, to travel.]

Lodge, loj, n. a small house in a park: a hut: the cottage of a gatekeeper: a retreat: a secret association, also the place of meeting.—v.t. to furnish with a temporary dwelling: place, deposit: to infix, to settle: to drive to covert: to lay flat, as grain.—v.i. to reside: to rest: to dwell for a time: to pass the night: to lie flat, as grain.—ns. Lodg′er, one who lodges or lives at board or in a hired room; Lodg′ing, temporary habitation: a room or rooms hired in the house of another (often in pl.): harbour; Lodg′ing-house, a house where lodgings are let, a house other than a hotel where travellers lodge; Lodg′ment, act of lodging, or state of being lodged: accumulation of something that remains at rest: (mil.) the occupation of a position by a besieging party, and the works thrown up to maintain it.—Lodger franchise, a right to vote conferred on persons occupying lodgings.—Grand Lodge, the principal lodge of Freemasons, presided over by the Grand-master. [O. Fr. loge—Old High Ger. loubā, an arbour.]

Loess, lės, or lō′es, n. a loamy deposit of Pleistocene age, in the valleys of the Rhine, Danube, and Rhone.—Also Löss. [Ger. löss.]

Loft, loft, n. the room or space immediately under a roof: a gallery in a hall or church: an upper room.—v.t. to furnish with a loft: (golf) to strike the ball up by means of a club called the Loft′er.—adv. Loft′ily.—n. Loft′iness.—adj. Loft′y, high in position, character, sentiment, or diction: stately: haughty.—Lofted house (Scot.), a house of more than one story.—Cock of the loft, the head or chief of a set. [Ice. lopt (loft), the sky, an upper room; A.S. lyft, Ger. luft, the air.]

Log, log, n. a Hebrew liquid measure, believed to be very nearly an English pint. [Heb. lōgh.]

Log, log, n. a bulky piece of wood: a heavy, stupid, or sluggish person.—adj. consisting of logs.—ns. Log′-cab′in, -house, -hut, a cabin or hut built of hewn or unhewn logs, common in new American settlements; Log′gat, a small log or piece of wood: an old game somewhat like nine-pins; Log′gerhead, a blockhead: a dunce: (naut.) a round piece of timber, in a whale-boat, over which the line is passed: a species of sea-turtle: a round mass of iron with a long handle, heated for various purposes.—adj. Log′gerheaded.—ns. Log′-head, a blockhead; Log′-man (Shak.), a man who carries logs: (U.S.) one whose occupation is to cut and remove logs—also Log′ger.—v.t. Log′-roll, to engage in log-rolling.—ns. Log′-roll′er; Log′-roll′ing, a combination for facilitating the collection of logs after the clearing of a piece of land, or for rolling logs into a stream: mutual aid given by politicians for carrying out individual schemes: a system of literary criticism conducted on the lines of mutual admiration or adulation; Log′wood, the dark-red heart-wood of Hæmatoxylon campechianum, a native of Mexico and Central America, whence it is exported in logs.—At loggerheads, at issue, quarrelling about differences of opinion, &c. [Ice. lág, a felled tree, liggja, to lie. Cf. Lie and Log.]

Log, log, n. a piece of wood with a line for measuring the speed of a ship: the record of a ship's progress.—v.t. to exhibit by the indication of the log: to enter in the logbook.—ns. Log′board; Log′book, the official record of the proceedings on board ship: a book kept by the head-master of a board-school for recording attendances and other matters connected with the school; Log′-chip, the board, in the form of a quadrant, attached to a logline; Log′-glass, a 14- or 28-second sand-glass, used with the logline to ascertain the speed of a ship; Log′line, the line fastened to the log, and marked for finding the speed of a vessel; Log′-reel, a reel on which the logline is wound; Log′-slate, a double slate, marked and ruled in the inside, for recording the log.—Heave the log, to learn the speed of a ship by logline and glass. [Sw. logg, a ship's log, a piece of wood that lies in the water.]

Logan, log′an, n. a rocking-stone.—Also Log′ging-rock. [Prob. cog. with Dan. logre, to wag the tail.]

Logaœdic, log-a-ē′dik, adj. (ancient prosody) pertaining to a variety of trochaic or iambic verse, where dactyls are combined with trochees or anapæsts with iambi. [Gr. logos, prose, aoidē, song.]

Logarithm, log′a-rithm, n. (of a number) the power to which another given number must be raised in order that it may equal the former number: one of a series of numbers having a certain relation to the series of natural numbers by means of which many arithmetical operations are simplified.—adjs. Logarith′mic, -al, pertaining to, or consisting of, logarithms.—adv. Logarith′mically. [Gr. logos, ratio, arithmos, number.]

Loggia, loj′a, n. an open arcade enclosing a passage or open apartment, common in Italy:—pl. Logg′ie (-e). [It.; cf. Lodge.]

Logia, log′i-a, n.pl. oracles, sayings, a supposed primitive collection of the sayings and discourses of Jesus, largely drawn upon by the writers of the first and third gospels for much of what they have in common with each other apart from Mark. [Gr.]

Logic, loj′ik, n. the science and art of reasoning correctly: the science of the necessary laws of thought.—adj. Log′ical, according to the rules of logic: skilled in logic: discriminating.—ns. Logical′ity, Log′icalness.—adv. Log′ically.—n. Logic′ian, one skilled in logic.—v.i. Log′icise, to argue.—Chop logic (see Chop); Deductive logic, logic independent of probability or quantitative considerations; Formal logic, logic regarded as a distinct science, independent of matters of fact; Inductive logic, the logic of scientific reasoning; Material logic, logic which takes into account natural fact or phenomena, as distinct from formal logic; Natural logic, the natural faculty of distinguishing the true from the false: the logical doctrine applicable to natural things as opposed to the logic of faith; Pure logic, the general laws of thought. [Gr. logikē, from logos, speech.]

Logistic, -al, loj-is′tik, -al, adj. skilled in calculating: proportional.—n. Logis′tic, the art of calculation, sexagesimal arithmetic: (pl.) that branch of military science relating to the movement and supplying of armies. [Gr. logistēs, a calculator—logizesthai, to compute.]

Logogram, log′o-gram, n. a sign which represents a word: a puzzle in which from an original word, by combinations of all or some of its letters, other words are formed, which again are concealed under synonymous expressions in a series of verses. [Gr. logos, word, gramma, letter.]

Logographer, lo-gog′ra-fėr, n. in Greek literature, one of the earliest annalists, esp. those before Herodotus.—adjs. Logograph′ic, -al.—adv. Logograph′ically.—ns. Logog′raphy, a method of printing with whole words cast in a single type; Log′otype, a type containing two or more letters. [Gr.,—logos, word, graphein, to write.]

Logogriph, log′ō-grif, n. a riddle. [Gr. logos, word, griphos, a riddle.]

Logomachy, lo-gom′a-ki, n. contention about words or in words merely.—n. Logom′achist. [Gr. logomachia—logos, word, machē, fight.]

Logomania, log-o-mā′ni-a, n. disease of the faculty of language. [Gr. logos, speech, and mania.]

Logometer, lō-gom′e-tėr, n. a logarithmic scale: a scale for measuring chemical equivalents.

Logos, log′os, n. in the Stoic philosophy, the active principle living in and determining the world: (theol.) the Word of God incarnate. [Gr.]

Loimic, loi′mik, adj. relating to the plague.—ns. Loimog′raphy; Loimol′ogy.

Loin, loin, n. the back of a beast cut for food: (pl.) the reins, or the lower part of the back.—n. Loin′-cloth, a piece of cloth for wearing round the loins.—Gird up the loins, to prepare for energetic action—the clothes tucked up before running, &c. [O. Fr. logne—L. lumbus, loin.]

Loiter, loi′tėr, v.i. to delay: to be slow in moving: to linger.—n. Loi′terer.—adv. Loi′teringly. [Dut. leuteren, to trifle; Ger. prov. lottern, to waver.]

Loligo, lō-lī′go, n. the typical genus of Loliginidæ, embracing the common European squid. [L.]

Lolium, lō′li-um, n. a genus of grasses of the tribe Hordeeæ. [L., darnel, 'tares.']

Loll, lol, v.i. to lie lazily about, to lounge: to hang out from the mouth.—v.t. to thrust out (the tongue).—n. Loll′er.—adv. Loll′ingly.—v.i. Loll′op, to lounge, idle: (coll.) to be moved heavily about. [Old Dut. lollen, to sit over the fire; cf. Lull.]

Lollards, lol′ards, n.pl. the followers of Wycliffe in England: a society founded in Antwerp (1300 A.D.) for the burial of the dead and the care of the sick.—ns. Loll′ardy, Loll′ardism, the doctrines of the Lollards. [Old Dut. Lollaerd, from their peculiar hum in singing—lollen, to sing softly; but confused with M. E. loller, an idler; cf. Loll.]

Lolly, lol′i, n. a lump.—n. Loll′ypop, a sweetmeat made with sugar and treacle: (pl.) sweets.

Lombard, lom′bard, n. an inhabitant of Lombardy in Italy: one of the Lombards or Langobardi, a Germanic tribe, which founded a kingdom in Lombardy (568), overthrown by Charlemagne (774): (obs.) a banker or money-lender, so called from the number of Lombard bankers in London.—adjs. Lom′bard, Lombar′dic.—Lombard architecture, the style used by the Lombards, derived from the base Roman style they found in the country, superseded by the Pointed Style imported from France (13th century); Lombard Street, the chief centre of the banking interest in London. [O. Fr.,—L. Langobardus, from Old Teut. lang, long, bart, beard.]

Loment, lō′ment, n. (bot.) an indehiscent legume, with constrictions or transverse articulations between the seeds—also Lomen′tum.—adj. Lomentā′ceous.

Londoner, lun′dun-ėr, n. a native or citizen of London.—adj. Londonese′, pertaining to London: cockney.—n. English as spoken in London: cockney speech.—v.t. and v.i. Lon′donise.—n. Lon′donism, a mode of speech, &c., peculiar to London.—London clay, a geological formation in south-eastern England, belonging to the lower division of the Eocene Tertiary; London pride, a hardy perennial cultivated in cottage-gardens—also None-so-pretty and St Patrick's cabbage.

Lone, lōn, Lonely, lōn′li, adj. alone: solitary: retired: standing by itself.—ns. Lone′liness, Lone′ness.—adj. Lone′some, solitary: dismal.—adv. Lone′somely.—n. Lone′someness. [Alone.]

Long, long, adj. (comp. Long′er; superl. Long′est) extended: not short: extended in time: slow in coming: tedious: far-reaching.—n. (prosody) a long time or syllable: (coll.) the long summer vacation at the English universities, termed 'the Long.'—adv. to a great extent in space or time: through the whole: all along.—v.i. to desire earnestly.—adv. Long′-agō′, in the far past.—n. the far past.—n. Longanim′ity, long-suffering, endurance.—adj. Longan′imous.—ns. Long′boat, the largest and strongest boat of a ship; Long′-bow, a bow bent by the hand in shooting, called long as distinguished from the cross-bow.—adj. Long′-breathed, able to continue violent exercise of the lungs for a long time.—n.pl. Long′-coats, long clothes, worn by infants.—adj. Long′-descend′ed, of ancient lineage.—n. Long′-doz′en, thirteen.—adjs. Long′-drawn, prolonged; Longeval, Longevous (-jē′-), of long or great age.—ns. Longevity (-jev′-); Long′-field (cricket), a fielder placed near the boundary on the bowler's side; Long′-firm, the name given to a company of swindlers who obtain goods on pretence of being established in business, and then decamp without payment to do the like elsewhere; Long′hand, writing of the ordinary kind.—adj. Long′-head′ed, having good intellectual powers: sagacious.—ns. Long′-head′edness; Long′-hun′dred, a hundred and twenty.—adjs. Lon′gicorn (-ji-), having long antennæ; Longimanous (-jim′-), long-handed; Longimet′ric.—ns. Longimetry (-jim′-), the art of measuring distances; Long′ing, an eager desire, craving, esp. of the whimsical desires sometimes felt in pregnancy.—adv. Long′ingly.—n. Longinquity (-jinq′-), greatness of distance.—adj. Longipen′nate (-ji-), long-winged, as gulls.—n. Longiros′ter (-ji-), one of a family of birds having a long, slender bill, as the snipe.—adjs. Longiros′tral, Longiros′trate (-ji-), having a long bill or beak; Long′ish.—n. Lon′gitude (-ji-), distance of a place east or west of a given meridian: distance in degrees from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic—adj. Longitud′inal, pertaining to longitude or length: extending lengthwise.—adv. Longitud′inally.—n. Long′-leg (cricket), see Leg.—adj. Long′-legged, having long legs.—n. Long′legs, an insect with long legs, as the common crane-fly.—adj. Long′-lived, having a long life.—adv. Long′ly (Shak.), longingly.—ns. Long′-meas′ure, lineal measure; Long′-off, Long′-on (cricket), the fielders in the long-field to the left and right of the bowler respectively; Long′-prim′er, a size of type intermediate between small pica and bourgeois; Long′-pur′ples, the manorchis.—adj. Long′-range, able to reach or hit from a considerable distance.—n.pl. Longs′-and-shorts′, verses.—adj. Long′shore, existing or employed along the shore.—n. Long′shoreman, a stevedore: one who makes a living along shores by oyster-fishing, &c.—adj. Long′-sight′ed, able to see far but not close at hand: sagacious.—ns. Long′-sight′edness; Long′-slip (cricket), a fielder some distance behind on the right of the batsman.—adjs. Long′some, long and tedious; Long′-spun, long-drawn, tedious; Long′-stā′ple, having a long fibre.—n. Long′-stop (cricket), one who stands behind the wicket-keeper and stops balls missed by him.—v.i. to field at long-stop.—adj. Long′-suff′ering, enduring long.—n. long endurance or patience.—n. Long′-tail, an animal, esp. a dog, with uncut tail—also adj.—adjs. Long′-tongued, talkative, babbling; Long′-vis′aged, having a long face, of rueful countenance; Long′-waist′ed, having a long waist, long from the armpits to the hips; Long′-wind′ed, long-breathed: tedious.—n. Long′-wind′edness.—adv. Long′wise, lengthwise.—Long home, the grave; Long Tom (see Tom).—A long figure (slang), a high price or rate; Before long, Ere long, soon; Draw the long-bow, to exaggerate, to tell incredible stories; For long, for a considerable period of time; In the long-run (see Run); Make a long arm (prov.), to help one's self liberally at table; The long and the short, the sum of the matter in a few words. [A.S. lang; Ger. lang, Ice. langr.]

Loo, lōō, n. a game at cards.—v.t. to beat in the game of loo:—pr.p. lōō′ing; pa.p. lōōed.—n. Loo′-tā′ble, a table for loo. [Formerly lanterloo—Dut. lanterlu. Cf. Dut. lanterfant, an idler.]

Looby, lōōb′i, n. a clumsy, clownish fellow.—adv. Loob′ily. [From root of lob.]

Loof, lōōf, n. the after-part of a ship's bow where the planks begin to curve in towards the cut-water. [Dut. loef, the weather-gauge, luff, orig. a paddle for steering; perh. conn. with loof, palm.]

Look, lōōk, v.i. to turn the eye toward so as to see; to direct the attention to: to watch: to seem: to face, as a house: (B.) to expect.—v.t. to express by a look: to influence by look.—n. the act of looking or seeing: sight: air of the face: appearance.—imp. or interj. see: behold.—ns. Look′er, one who looks; Look′er-on, one that looks on, a mere spectator; Look′ing, seeing: search or searching; Look′ing-for (B.), expectation; Look′ing-glass, a glass which reflects the image of the person looking into it, a mirror; Look′out, a careful watching for: an elevated place from which to observe: one engaged in watching.—Look about, to be on the watch; Look after, to attend to or take care of: (B.) to expect; Look alive (coll.), to bestir one's self; Look down on, to treat with indifference, to despise; Look for, to search for, to expect; Look into, to inspect closely; Look on, to regard, view, think; Look out, to watch: to select; Look over, to examine cursorily: to overlook or pass over anything; Look through, to penetrate with the eye or the understanding; Look to, to take care of: to depend on; Look up, to search for: (coll.) to call upon, visit.—Have a look in (slang), to have a chance. [A.S. lócian, to look.]

Loom, lōōm, n. a machine in which yarn or thread is woven into a fabric, by the crossing of threads called chain or warp, running lengthwise, with others called weft, woof, or filling; the handle of an oar, or the part within the rowlock.—n. Jac′quard-loom, a famous apparatus devised by Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834), invaluable in weaving the finer kinds of figured silk fabrics. [A.S. gelóma, a tool.]

Loom, lōōm, v.i. to appear above the horizon, or larger than the real size: to show large in darkness, &c.: to stand out prominently in the future.—n. Loom′ing, a mirage. [O. Fr. lumer—L. lumināre.]

Loon, lōōn, n. a low fellow: a rascal: (Scot.) a lad. [Old Dut. loen, a stupid fellow, lome, slow.]

Loon, lōōn, n. a genus of web-footed aquatic birds, the Divers, with short wings, and legs placed very far back—also Loom.—n. Loon′ing, the cry of a loon, like the howl of a wolf, ominous of evil. [Ice. lómr, prob. influenced by loon, as above, from their awkward walk on land.]

Loop, lōōp, n. a doubling of a cord, chain, &c., through which another may pass: an ornamental doubling in fringes.—v.t. to fasten or ornament with loops.—n.pl. Loop′ers, the caterpillars of certain moths, which move by drawing up the hindpart of their body to the head.—n. Loop′-line, a branch from a main line of railway, returning to it after making a detour. [Prob. Celt.; Gael. lub, a bend.]

Loop, lōōp, Loophole, lōōp′hōl, n. a small hole in a wall, &c., through which small-arms may be fired: a means of escape.—adjs. Looped (Shak.), full of small openings; Loop′holed.—n. Loop′-light, a small narrow window. [O. Fr. loup.]

Loose, lōōs, adj. slack, free: unbound: not confined: not compact: indefinite: vague: not strict: unrestrained: lax in principle: licentious: inattentive.—adj. Loose′-bod′ied, flowing.—n. Loose′-kir′tle, a wanton.—adv. Loose′ly.—ns. Loos′ener, a laxative; Loose′ness, the state of being loose: diarrhœa.—Loose box, a part of a stable where horses are kept untied.—Break loose, to escape from confinement; Give a loose to, to give free vent to; Let loose, to set at liberty. [A.S. leás, loose; from the same root as loose (v.t.) and lose, seen also in Goth. laus, Ger. los; more prob. due to Ice. lauss.]

Loose, lōōs, v.t. to free from any fastening: to release: to relax: (Spens.) to solve.—v.i. (B.) to set sail.—v.t. Loos′en, to make loose: to relax anything tied or rigid: to make less dense; to open, as the bowels.—v.i. to become loose: to become less tight. [A.S. lósian; Ger. lösen, Goth. lausjan, to loose.]

Loosestrife, lōōs′strīf, n. the popular name for a plant of the natural order Lythraceæ (q.v.).

Loot, lōōt, n. act of plundering, esp. in a conquered city: plunder.—v.t. or v.i. to plunder, ransack. [Hindi lūt—Sans. lotra, loptra, stolen goods.]

Lop, lop, v.i. to hang down loosely.—adjs. Lop′-eared, having ears which hang downwards; Lop′sided, heavier on one side than the other, as a ship.

Lop, lop, v.t. to cut off the top or ends of, esp. of a tree: to curtail by cutting away superfluous parts:—pr.p. lop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. lopped.—n. twigs of trees cut off—ns. Lop′per; Lop′ping, a cutting off: that which is cut off. [Cf. Dut. lubben, to cut; perh. conn. with leaf.]

Lophobranch, lō′fō-brangk, adj. having tufted gills.—Also Lophobran′chiate. [Gr. lophos, a crest, brachia, gills.]

Loquacious, lo-kwā′shus, adj. talkative.—adv. Loquā′ciously.—ns. Loquā′ciousness, Loquac′ity, talkativeness. [L. loquax, -acis—loqui, to speak.]

Loquat, lō′kwat, n. an esteemed Chinese and Japanese fruit, yellowish, flavouring tarts. [Chinese.]

Lorate, lōr′āt, adj. (bot.) resembling a thong or strap. [L. loratus—lorum, a thong.]

Lorcha, lor′cha, n. a light vessel of European build, but rigged like a Chinese junk.

Lord, lawrd, n. a master: a superior: a husband: a ruler: the proprietor of a manor: a baron: a peer of the realm: the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest son of an earl: a bishop, esp. if a member of parliament: (B.) the Supreme Being, Jehovah (when printed in capitals): a name also applied to Christ.—v.t. to raise to the peerage.—v.i. to act the lord: to tyrannise.—ns. Lord′liness; Lord′ling, a little lord: a would-be lord—also Lord′ing, Lord′kin.—adj. Lord′ly, like, becoming, or pertaining to a lord: dignified: haughty: tyrannical—also adv.—ns. Lordol′atry, excessive worship of nobility; Lords′-and-lā′dies, a popular name for the common arum (q.v.); Lord's′-day, the first day of the week; Lord′ship, state or condition of being a lord: the territory belonging to a lord: dominion: authority; Lord's′-sup′per, the sacrament of the communion, instituted at our Lord's last supper.—Lord-lieutenant of a county (see Lieutenant); Lord-lieutenant Of Ireland, a viceroy or deputy of the sovereign to whom the government of Ireland is nominally committed; Lord of misrule (see Misrule); Lords of Session, the judges of the Scotch Court of Session; Lords Ordinary, the five judges forming the outer house of the Court of Session; Lords spiritual, the archbishops and bishops in the House of Lords—opp. to Lords temporal, the peers proper.—House of Lords, the upper house in the two branches of the British parliament, consisting of the lords spiritual and temporal. [M. E. loverd, laverd—A.S. hláford—hláf, a loaf, bread, weard, warder.]

Lordosis, lor-dō′sis, n. abnormal curvature of the spinal column, the convexity towards the front.

Lore, lōr, n. that which is learned: doctrine: learning.—n. Lor′ing (Spens.), learning. [A.S. lár.]

Lore, lōr, n. (Spens.) something like a thong: (ornith.) the side of the head between the eye and the base of the upper mandible.

Lorgnette, lōr-nyet′, n. an opera-glass.—n. Lor′gnon, an eye-glass with a handle. [Fr.]

Lorica, lo-rī′ka, n. in ancient Rome, a cuirass made of thongs—also Lor′ic (Browning).—v.t. Lor′icāte, to furnish with a coat-of-mail: to plate or coat over.—adj. covered with defensive armour: imbricated.—n. Loricā′tion, a coating or crusting over, as with plates of mail. [L.,—lorum, a thong.]

Lorimer, lor′i-mėr, n. a maker of horse-furniture.—Also Lor′iner. [Fr. lormier—L. lorum, a thong.]

Loriot, lō′ri-ut, n. the oriole. [Fr. le, the, oriol—L. aureolus, dim. of aureus, golden—aurum, gold.]

Lorn, lorn, adj. (Spens.) lost, forsaken. [A.S. loren, pa.p. of leósan, to lose.]

Lorry, lor′i, n. a four-wheeled wagon without sides. [Perh. from prov. Eng. lurry, to pull.]

Lory, lō′ri, n. a common name for the members of a family of Australian parrots. [Malay.]

Lose, lōōz, v.t. to be deprived of: to cease to have: to mislay: to waste, as time: to miss: to bewilder: to cause to perish: to ruin.—v.i. to fail, to be unsuccessful: to suffer waste:—pr.p. los′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. lost.—adj. Los′able.—n. Los′er.—adj. Los′ing, causing loss.—adv. Los′ingly.—n. Loss, the act of losing: injury: destruction: defeat: that which is lost: waste.—adj. Lost, parted with: no longer possessed: missing: thrown away: squandered: ruined.—Lose one's self, to lose one's way, to become bewildered; Lost to, insensible to; Lost tribes, the tribes of Israel which never returned from captivity.—At a loss, in uncertainty. [A.S. losian—leósan; cog. with Ger. ver-lieren, to lose.]

Losel, lō′zel, n. a sorry, worthless fellow: a scamp.—adj. slothful: wasteful—n. Lō′selism, worthlessness, worthless fellows collectively. [Prob. lose.]

Lot, lot, n. one's fate in the future: destiny: that which falls to any one as his fortune: that which decides by chance: a separate portion.—v.t. to allot: to separate into lots: to catalogue:—pr.p. lot′ting; pa.p. lot′ted.—Cast, or Draw, lots, to determine an event by some arrangement of chances. [A.S. hlot, hlýt, a lot—hleótan, to cast lots.]

Lothario, lō-thā′ri-ō, n. a libertine, rake. [From Lothario, in Rowe's play, The Fair Penitent.]

Lotion, lō′shun, n. a liquid preparation for healing or cleansing any diseased or bruised part. [Fr.,—L.,—lavāre lotum, to wash.]

Lottery, lot′ėr-i, n. a distribution of prizes by lot or chance: a game of chance.

Lotto, lot′ō, n. a game played with numbered discs and cards.—Also Lot′o. [It.]

Lotus, lō′tus, n. the water-lily of Egypt: a tree in North Africa, whose fruit made strangers forget their home: a genus of leguminous plants—also Lote, Lō′tos.—ns.pl. Lotō′phagi, Lō′tus-eat′ers, a people who ate the fruit of the lotus, among whom Ulysses lived for a time.—ns. Lō′tus-eat′er, an eater of the lotus: one given up to sloth; Lō′tus-land, the country of the lotus-eaters. [Gr.]

Loud, lowd, adj. making a great sound: noisy: showy.—advs. Loud, Loud′ly.—adj. Loud′-lunged, vociferous.—n. Loud′ness.—adj. Loud′-voiced, stentorian. [A.S, hlúd; Ger. laut, sound; L. inclytus, renowned, Gr. klytos, heard.]

Louis, lōō′i, n. a French gold coin superseded in 1795 by the 20-franc piece—also Lou′is-d'or.—adjs. Lou′is-Quatorze′, characteristic of the reign of Louis XIV. (1643-1715), in architecture and decoration; Lou′is-Quinze, of that of Louis XV. (1715-74); Lou′is-Seize, of that of Louis XVI. (1774-92); Lou′is-Treize, of that of Louis XIII. (1610-43).

Lounder, lown′dėr, v.t. (Scot.) to beat.—n. a heavy blow.—n. Loun′dering, a beating.

Lounge, lownj, v.i. to recline at one's ease: to move about listlessly.—n. the act or state of lounging: an idle stroll: a place for lounging: a kind of sofa.—n. Loung′er. [Fr. longis, one that is long in doing anything, formed (but with a pun on L. longus, long) from L. Longius or Longinus, the legendary name of the centurion who pierced the body of Christ.]

Loup, lowp, v.i. (Scot.) to leap.—ns. Loup′ing-ill, a disease causing sheep to spring up in walking; Loup′ing-on′-stane, a stone from which to mount a horse; Loup′-the-dyke′, runaway.

Louse, lows, n. a common wingless parasitic insect, with a flat body, and short legs furnished with claws:—pl. Lice (līs).—v.t. (obs.) to remove lice from.—n. Lous′iness.—adj. Lous′y, swarming with lice. [A.S. lús, pl. lýs; Ger. laus; from the root of Goth. liusan, to destroy.]

Lout, lowt, n. a clown, awkward fellow.—v.t. to treat as a lout.—v.i. to bend.—adj. Lout′ish, clownish: awkward and clumsy.—adv. Lout′ishly.—n. Lout′ishness. [A.S. lútan, to stoop.]

Louvre, Louver, lōō′vėr, n. an opening of a turret shape on roofs, to allow the smoke or foul air to escape from halls, kitchens, &c.—n. Lou′vre-win′dow, an open window in a church tower, crossed by a series of sloping boards. [O. Fr. louvert for l'ouvert, the open space.]

Lovage, luv′āj, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferæ, allied to Angelica, used as a salad plant: a liquor made from the above. [O. Fr. luvesche—L. ligusticum, belonging to Liguria.]

Love, luv, n. fondness: an affection of the mind caused by that which delights: pre-eminent kindness: benevolence: reverential regard: devoted attachment to one of the opposite sex: the object of affection: the god of love, Cupid: (Shak.) a kindness, a favour done: nothing, in billiards, tennis, and some other games.—v.t. to be fond of: to regard with affection: to delight in with exclusive affection: to regard with benevolence.—v.i. to have the feeling of love.—adj. Lov′able, worthy of love: amiable.—ns. Love′-app′le, the fruit of the tomato; Love′bird, a genus of small birds of the parrot tribe, so called from their attachment to each other; Love′-brok′er (Shak.), a third person who carries messages and makes assignations between lovers; Love′-charm, a philtre; Love′-child, a bastard; Love′-day (Shak.), a day for settling disputes; Love′-fā′vour, something given to be worn in token of love; Love′-feast, a religious feast held periodically by certain sects of Christians in imitation of the love-feasts celebrated by the early Christians in connection with the Lord's-supper; Love′-feat, the gallant act of a lover; Love′-in-ī′dleness, the heart's-ease; Love′-juice, a concoction used to excite love; Love′-knot, an intricate knot, used as a token of love.—adj. Love′less, without love, tenderness, or kindness.—ns. Love′-lett′er, a letter of courtship; Love′-lies-bleed′ing, a species of the plant Amaranthus; Love′liness; Love′lock, a lock of hair hanging at the ear, worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.—adj. Love′lorn, forsaken by one's love.—n. Love′lornness.—adj. Love′ly, exciting love or admiration: amiable: pleasing: delightful.—adv. beautifully, delightfully.—ns. Love′-match, a marriage for love, not money; Love′-mong′ėr, one who deals in affairs of love; Love′-pō′tion, a philtre; Lov′er, one who loves, esp. one in love with person of the opposite sex, in the singular almost exclusively of the man: one who is fond of anything: (B.) a friend.—adjs. Lov′ered (Shak.), having a lover; Lov′erly, like a lover.—n. Love′-shaft, a dart of love from Cupid's bow.—adjs. Love′-sick, languishing with amorous desire; Love′some, lovely.—ns. Love′-suit (Shak.), courtship; Love′-tō′ken, a gift in evidence of love.—adj. Lov′ing, having love or kindness: affectionate: fond: expressing love.—ns. Lov′ing-cup (see under Cup); Lov′ing-kind′ness, kindness full of love: tender regard: mercy: favour.—adv. Lov′ingly.—n. Lov′ingness.—For love or money, in some way or another; In love, enamoured; Make love to, to try to gain the affections of; Play for love, to play without stakes; There's no love lost between them, they have no regard for each other. [A.S. lufu, love; Ger. liebe; cf. L. libet, lubet.]

Lovelace, luv′lās, n. a well-mannered libertine. [From Lovelace, the hero of Clarissa Harlowe.]

Low, lō, v.i. to make the loud noise of oxen: to bellow.—n. the bellow of oxen.—n. Low′ing, the bellowing of cattle. [A.S. hlówan; Dut. loeijen; imit.]

Low, lō, adj. (comp. Low′er; superl. Low′est) lying in an inferior place or position: not high: deep: shallow: small: moderate: cheap: dejected: mean: plain: in poor circumstances: humble.—adv. not aloft: cheaply: meanly: in subjection, poverty, or disgrace: in times near our own: not loudly: (astron.) near the equator.—adj. Low′-born, of mean birth.—ns. Low′-church, a party within the Church of England minimising sacerdotal claims, ecclesiastical constitutions, ordinances, and forms, holding evangelical views of theology:—opp. to High-church; Low′-church′ism; Low′-church′man.—v.t. Low′er, to bring low: to depress: to degrade: to diminish.—v.i. to fall: to sink: to grow less.—adjs. Low′er-case (print.), kept in a lower case, denoting small letters as distinguished from capitals; Low′er-class, pertaining to persons of the humbler ranks.—n. Low′ering, the act of bringing low or reducing.—adj. letting down: sinking: degrading.—adj. Low′ermost, lowest.—ns. Low′land, land low with respect to higher land; Low′lander, a native of lowlands; Low′-life, humble life; Low′lihead, Low′lihood, a lowly or humble state; Low′liness.—adjs. Low′-lived, vulgar: shabby; Low′ly, of a low or humble mind: not high: meek: modest; Low′-mind′ed, moved by base or gross motives: vulgar; Low′-necked, cut low in the neck and away from the shoulders, décolleté.—n. Low′ness.—adjs. Low′-press′ure, employing or exerting a low degree of pressure (viz. less than 50 lb. to the sq. inch), said of steam and steam-engines; Low′-spir′ited, having the spirits low or cast down: not lively: sad.—n. Low′-spir′itedness.—adj. Low′-thought′ed, having the thoughts directed to low pursuits.—n. Low′-wa′ter, the lowest point of the tide at ebb.—Low Latin, a term often applied loosely to the Latin spoken and written after the fall of the Roman Empire, as well as during the Middle Ages; Low Sunday, the first Sunday after Easter, so called in contrast to the great festival whose octave it ends; Low wines, the weak spirit produced from the first distillation of substances containing alcohol.—Lie low, to keep quiet or hidden. [Ice. lágr, Dut. laag, low; allied to A.S. licgan, to lie.]

Low, low, n. (Scot.) a flame.—v.i. to blaze.—n. Low′-bell, a bell used in fowling by night, in connection with a light, to frighten birds into a net. [Ice. logi; cf. Dan. lue, Ger. lohe.]

Lower, low′ėr, v.i. to appear gloomy, as the clouds: to threaten a storm: to frown.—adjs. Lou′ry, Low′ery, cloudy; Low′ering, looking sullen: appearing dark and threatening.—adv. Low′eringly. [M. E. louren, from M. E. lure, lere, the cheek, allied to A.S. hleór, and thus a variant of leer.]

Loxodromic, lok-so-drom′ik, adj. pertaining to certain lines on the surface of a sphere which cut all meridians at the same angle, and indicate the course held by ships in rhumb sailing.—Loxodromic curve, line, or spiral, the course of a ship oblique to the equator and cutting all the meridians at the same angle, sailing constantly toward the same point of the compass.—Loxodromics, the art of such oblique sailing. [Gr. loxos, oblique, dromos, a course.]

Loyal, loi′al, adj. faithful to one's sovereign: obedient: true to a lover.—n. Loy′alist, a loyal adherent of his sovereign, esp. in English history, a partisan of the Stuarts: in the American war, one that sided with the British troops.—adv. Loy′ally.—n. Loy′alty. [Fr.,—L. legalis—lex, legis, law.]

Lozenge, loz′enj, n. an oblique-angled parallelogram or a rhombus: a small cake of flavoured sugar, originally lozenge or diamond shaped: (her.) the rhomb-shaped figure in which the arms of maids, widows, and deceased persons are borne.—adjs. Loz′enged, formed in the shape of a lozenge; Loz′enge-shaped, shaped like a lozenge or rhomb; Loz′engy (her.), divided into lozenge-shaped compartments. [O. Fr. losange, flattery, whence its use for an epitaph, square slab, window-pane.]

Lubber, lub′ėr, Lubbard, lub′ard, n. an awkward, clumsy fellow: a lazy, sturdy fellow.—adj. Lubb′ard, lubberly.—adj. and adv. Lubb′erly.—n. Lubb′er's-hole (naut.), a hole between the head of the lower mast and the edge of the top through which 'lubbers' may climb, instead of going round the futtock shroud. [W. llob, a dolt, llabbi, a stripling.]

Lubricate, lū′bri-kāt, v.t. to make smooth or slippery: to supply with oil to overcome friction.—adjs. Lū′bric, -al, Lū′bricous, slippery: lewd.—ns. Lū′bricant; Lubricā′tion.—adj. Lū′bricative.—ns. Lū′bricator; Lubricity (lū-bris′i-ti), slipperiness: smoothness: instability: lewdness; Lubrifac′tion. [L. lubricāre, -ātum—lubricus, slippery.]

Lucarne, lū′kärn, n. a dormer-window, esp. in a church spire. [Fr.,—L. lucerna, a lamp.]

Luce, lūs, n. a fresh-water fish, the pike. [O. Fr. lus—Low L. lucius.]

Lucent, lū′sent, adj. shining: bright.—n. Lū′cency, brightness.—adj. Lucer′nal, pertaining to a lamp. [L. lucens—lucēre, to shine—lux, lucis, light.]

Lucerne, lū′sėrn, n. a species of Medick, a valuable forage-plant. [Fr. luzerne.]

Lucid, lū′sid, adj. shining: transparent: easily understood: intellectually bright: not darkened with madness.—ns. Lucid′ity, Lū′cidness.—adv. Lū′cidly.—ns. Luc′ifer, the planet Venus when it appears as the morning-star: Satan: a match of wood tipped with a combustible substance ignited by friction.—adjs. Lucifē′rian, Lucif′erous, of or pertaining to Lucifer: bearing light: affording means of discovery; Lucif′ugal, Lucif′ugous, shunning light.—n. Lucim′eter, an instrument for measuring the intensity and duration of sunshine in promoting evaporation. [L.,—lux, lucis, light.]

Lucigen, lū′si-jen, n. one of the most powerful artificial lamps, and specially adapted for lighting large spaces, whether open or covered. [L. lux, lucis, light, and root of gignĕre, to beget.]

Lucina, lū′sī-na, n. a name applied both to Diana and to Juno—to the latter as the especial divinity that presides over childbirth. [L.,—lux, light.]

Luck, luk, n. fortune, good or bad: chance: lot: good fortune.—adv. Luck′ily.—n. Luck′iness.—adj. Luck′less, without good luck: unhappy.—adv. Luck′lessly.—ns. Luck′lessness; Luck′-penn′y, a trifle returned for luck by a seller to a buyer: a coin carried for luck.—adj. Luck′y, having good luck: auspicious.—n. Luck′y-bag, a receptacle for lost property on board a man-of-war.—Be down on one's luck, to be unfortunate. [From a Low Ger. root, seen in Dut. luk; cf. Ger. glück, prosperity.]

Lucre, lū′kėr, n. gain (esp. sordid gain): profit: advantage.—adj. Lū′crative, bringing lucre or gain: profitable.—adv. Lū′cratively. [Fr.,—L. lucrum, gain.]

Lucubrate, lū′kū-brāt, v.i. to study by lamplight or at night.—n. Lucubrā′tion, a product of close study or thought, any composition produced in retirement.—adj. Lū′cubrātory, composed by candle-light. [L. lucubrāre, -ātum—lux.]

Luculent, lū′kū-lent, adj. lucid: clear: transparent: evident.—adv. Lū′culently. [L. luculentus—lux.]

Lucumo, lū′kū-mō, n. an appellation of the Etruscan princes and priests. [L.]

Ludicrous, lū′di-krus, adj. that serves for sport: adapted to excite laughter: laughable: comic.—adv. Lū′dicrously.—n. Lū′dicrousness. [L. ludicrus—ludĕre, to play.]

Luff, luf, n. the windward side of a ship: the act of sailing a ship close to the wind: the loof.—v.t. to turn a ship towards the wind. [M. E. lof, a paddle; cf. Scot. loof, Dut. loef.]

Luffa, luf′a, n. a genus of climbing herbs of the gourd family, whose seeds are contained in a fibrous network removed entire by soaking, &c., and used as a flesh-brush.—Also Loof′a, &c. [Ar.]

Lug, lug, v.t. to pull along: to drag: to pull with difficulty:—pr.p. lug′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. lugged.—ns. Lug′gage, the trunks and other baggage of a traveller; Lug′gage-van, a wagon for baggage; Lug′ger, a small vessel with two or three masts, a running bowsprit, and long or lug sails; Lug′sail, Lug, a square sail bent upon a yard that hangs obliquely to the mast.—Lug in, to introduce without any apparent connection. [Scand., Sw. lugga, to pull by the hair—lugg, the forelock; from a base luk, to pull, present in Scot. lug, the ear.]

Lug, lug, n. (Scot.) the ear.—adj. Lugged, having ears.—n. Lug′gie, a small vessel with ears.

Lugubrious, lū-gū′bri-us, adj. mournful: dismal.—adv. Lugū′briously. [L. lugubris—lugēre, to mourn.]

Lugworm, lug′wurm, n. a sluggish worm found in the sand on the sea-shore, much used for bait by fishermen.—Also Lobworm.

Lukewarm, lūk′wawrm, adj. partially or moderately warm: indifferent—also Luke.—adv. Luke′warmly.—ns. Luke′warmness, Luke′warmth. [M. E. leuk, luke, an extension of lew, cog. with the A.S. hleó, the source of lee; prob. confused with A.S. wlæc, wlacu, tepid; cf. Dut. leuk, Ger. lau.]

Lull, lul, v.t. to soothe: to compose: to quiet.—v.i. to become calm: to subside.—n. a season of calm.—n. Lull′aby, a song to lull children to sleep, a cradle-song.—v.t. to lull to sleep. [Scand., as in Sw. lulla; imit. like Ger. lallen, Gr. lalein.]

Lumbago, lum-bā′gō, n. a rheumatic affection of the muscles or fibrous tissues in the lumbar region.—adjs. Lumbag′inous; Lum′bar, Lum′bal, pertaining to, or near, the loins. [L.,—lumbus, loin.]

Lumber, lum′bėr, n. anything cumbersome or useless: timber sawed or split for use.—v.t. to fill with lumber: to heap together in confusion.—n. Lum′berer, one employed in felling timber and bringing it from the forest.—adj. Lum′bering, filling with lumber: putting in confusion.—n. Lum′ber-room, a room for holding things not in use. [Fr. Lombard—Ger. Langbart; the lumber-room being orig. the Lombard-room or place where the Lombards, the medieval bankers and pawnbrokers, stored their pledges.]

Lumber, lum′bėr, v.i. to move heavily. [Scand.; prov. Sw. lomra, to resound, Ice. hljómr, a sound.]

Lumbrical, lum′brik-al, adj. (anat.) worm-like.—adj. Lumbric′iform. [L. lumbricus, a worm.]

Luminary, lū′min-ar-i, n. any body which gives light, esp. one of the heavenly bodies: one who illustrates any subject or instructs mankind.—adj. Lū′minant, emitting light.—n. an illuminating agent.—n. Luminā′tion, a lighting up.—v.t. Lū′mine (Spens.), to illumine.—adjs. Luminif′erous, transmitting light; Lū′minous, giving light: shining: illuminated: clear: lucid.—adv. Lū′minously.—ns. Lū′minousness, Luminos′ity.—Luminous paint, a phosphorescent powder, such as sulphide or oxysulphide of calcium, ground up with a colourless varnish or other medium, and used as a paint. [L. lumen, luminis, light—lucēre, to shine.]

Lump, lump, n. a small shapeless mass: a protuberance: swelling: the whole together: the gross.—v.t. to throw into a confused mass: to take in the gross.—ns. Lump′er, a labourer employed in the lading or unlading of ships: (prov.) a militiaman; Lump′fish, a clumsy sea-fish with a short, deep, and thick body and head, and a ridge on its back, also called Lump′sucker, from the power of its sucker.—adjs. Lump′ing, in a lump: heavy: bulky; Lump′ish, like a lump: heavy: gross: dull.—adv. Lump′ishly.—ns. Lump′ishness; Lump′-sug′ar, loaf-sugar in small pieces.—adj. Lump′y, full of lumps.—In the lump, in gross. [Scand., Norw. lump, a block; Dut. lomp.]

Lunar, lū′nar, adj. belonging to the moon: measured by the revolutions of the moon: caused by the moon: like the moon—also Lū′nary.—ns. Lū′nacy, a kind of madness formerly supposed to be affected by the moon: insanity; Lunā′rian, Lū′narist, a student of lunar phenomena; Lū′nary, the moonwort fern.—adjs. Lū′nāte, -d, formed like a half-moon: crescent-shaped; Lū′natic, affected with lunacy.—n. a person so affected: a madman (De lunatico inquirendo, the title of the writ or commission for inquiry into the mental state of an alleged lunatic).—n. Lunā′tion, the time between two revolutions of the moon: a lunar month.—adjs. Lū′niform, moon-shaped; Lū′nisolar, resulting from the united action of the sun and moon: compounded of the revolution of the sun and the moon.—n. Lū′nula, a crescent-like appearance, esp. the whitish area at the base of the nails.—adjs. Lū′nulate, -d (bot.), shaped like a small crescent.—ns. Lū′nule, Lū′nulet, anything in form like a small crescent; Lū′nulite, a small circular fossil coral.—Lunar caustic, fused crystals of nitrate of silver, applied to ulcers, &c.; Lunar cycle=Metonic cycle (q.v.); Lunar month (see Month); Lunar observation, an observation of the moon's distance from a star for the purpose of finding the longitude; Lunar rainbow (see Rainbow, under Rain); Lunar theory, a term employed to denote the a priori deduction of the moon's motions from the principles of gravitation; Lunar year (see Year). [L. lunaris—luna, the moon—lucēre, to shine.]

Lunch, lunsh, n. a slight repast between breakfast and dinner—also Lunch′eon.—v.i. to take lunch.—n. Lunch′eon-bar, a counter at a restaurant where luncheons are served. [Lunch, a contr. of luncheon, itself extended from lunch, a lump.]

Lune, lūn, n. anything in the shape of a half-moon: (Shak.) a fit of lunacy.—n. Lunette′, a little moon: (fort.) a detached bastion: a hole in a concave ceiling to admit light: a watch-glass flattened more than usual in the centre: in the R.C. Church, a moon-shaped case of crystal used for receiving the consecrated host. [Fr. lune—L. luna.]

Lung, lung, n. one of the organs of breathing—from its spongy texture.—adjs. Lunged; Lung′-grown, having an adhesion of the lung to the pleura.—n. Lung′wort, an herb with purple flowers and spotted leaves: a lichen on tree-trunks, used as a remedy for pulmonary diseases. [A.S. lunge, pl. lungan, the lungs; cog. with light (adj.).]

Lunge, lunj, n. a sudden thrust in fencing.—v.i. to give such.—v.t. to cause to plunge. [Fr. allonger, to lengthen—L. ad, to, longus, long.]

Lunt, lunt, n. a light, blaze.—v.i. (Scot.) to burn, to smoke. [Dut. lont, a match; cf. Ger. lunte.]

Lupine, lū′pīn, adj. like a wolf: wolfish.—n. a genus of leguminous plants.—adj. Lupanā′rian, bawdy.—n. Lupercā′lia, a festival among the ancient Romans, held on the 15th of February, in honour of Lupercus (Pan), god of fertility and patron of shepherds—(Shak.) Lū′percal. [L. lupinus—lupus, a wolf, lupa, a whore.]

Luppa, lup′a, n. cloth having so much gold and silver thread as to look as if made entirely of metal.

Lupulus, lū′pu-lus, n. the common hop.—n. Lū′pulin, the peculiar bitter aromatic principle of the hop.

Lupus, lū′pus, n. a chronic tuberculosis of the skin, often affecting the nose. [L. lupus, a wolf.]

Lurch, lurch, n. an ancient card-game: in cribbage, the position of the party who has gained every point before the other makes one.—v.t. to overreach: (arch.) to steal.—Leave in the lurch, to leave in a difficult situation without help. [O. Fr. lourche.]

Lurch, lurch, v.i. to evade by stooping, to lurk: to roll or pitch suddenly to one side (as a ship).—n. a sudden roll of a ship.—n. Lurch′er, a name applied to any dog with a distinct cross of greyhound: one who lies in wait: a glutton. [Lurk.]

Lurdan, lur′dan, adj. (arch.) stupid.—n. a stupid person.—Also Lur′dane, Lur′den. [O. Fr. lourdein, dull—lourd, heavy.]

Lure, lūr, n. any enticement: bait: decoy: (Shak.) a stuffed bird used in falconry for training the hawk.—v.t. to entice: decoy. [O. Fr. loerre (Fr. leurre)—Mid. High Ger. luoder (Ger. luder), bait.]

Lure, lūr, n. a trumpet with long curved tube, used for calling cattle, &c. [Ice. lúdhr.]

Lurid, lū′rid, adj. ghastly pale, wan: ghastly and sensational: gloomy.—adv. Lū′ridly. [L. luridus.]

Lurk, lurk, v.i. to lie in wait: to be concealed.—n. a swindle.—n. Lurk′er.—adj. Lurk′ing, lying hid: keeping out of sight.—n. Lurk′ing-place, a hiding-place. [Scand., Sw. prov. luska.]

Luscious, lush′us, adj. sweet in a great degree: delightful: fulsome, as flattery.—adv. Lusc′iously.—n. Lusc′iousness. [Old form lushious, from lusty.]

Lush, lush, adj. rich and juicy, of grass. [A contr. of lushious, old form of luscious.]

Lush, lush, v.t. to swill.—n. plentiful liquor.—adj. Lush′y, tipsy.

Lusiad, lū′si-ad, n. a Portuguese epic by Camoens, celebrating the chief events in the history of Portugal.—adj. Lusitā′nian, Portuguese. [Port. Os Lusiadas, the Lusitanians.]

Lusk, lusk, adj. (obs.) lazy.—v.i. to lie about lazily.—adj. Lusk′ish (obs.).—n. Lusk′ishness (Spens.).

Lust, lust, n. longing desire: eagerness to possess: carnal appetite: (B.) any violent or depraved desire.—v.i. to desire eagerly (with after, for): to have carnal desire: to have depraved desires.—adjs. Lust′-breathed (Shak.), animated by lust; Lust′-dī′eted (Shak.), pampered by lust.—n. Lust′er.—adj. Lust′ful, having lust: inciting to lust: sensual.—adv. Lust′fully.—n. Lust′fulness.—adj. Lust′ic (Shak.), lusty, healthy, vigorous.—ns. Lust′ihead, Lust′ihood, Lust′iness.—adv. Lust′ily.—adj. Lust′less (Spens.), listless, feeble.—n. Lust′wort, the sundew.—adj. Lust′y, vigorous: healthful: stout: bulky: (Milt.) lustful. [A.S. lust, pleasure.]

Lustre, lus′tėr, n. brightness, gloss, splendour: (fig.) renown: a candlestick ornamented with pendants of cut-glass: the characteristic appearance of a bright metallic surface, or of air within glass under water as seen under certain angles of total reflection: a dress material having a highly finished surface: a glaze applied to porcelain.—adjs. Lus′treless, destitute of lustre; Lus′trous, bright: shining: luminous.—adv. Lus′trously. [Fr.,—Low L. lustrum, a window—L. lucēre, to shine.]

Lustre, lus′tėr, Lustrum, lus′trum, n. a period of five years: (orig.) the solemn offering for the purification of the Roman people made by one of the censors at the conclusion of the census, taken every five years.—adj. Lus′tral, relating to or used in lustration: of or pertaining to a lustre.—n. Lustrā′tion, a purification by sacrifice: act of purifying.—adj. Lus′trical, pertaining to purification by lustration. [L. lustrum—luĕre, to wash, to purify.]

Lustring, lus′tring, n. a glossy silk cloth.—Also Lus′trine, Lute′string. [Fr. lustrine—It. lustrino.]

Lute, lūt, n. a medieval stringed instrument of music like the guitar.—v.i. to play on the lute.—ns. Lut′anist, Lut′er, Lut′ist, a player on a lute; Lute′string, the string of a lute. [O. Fr. lut (Fr. luth); like Ger. laute, from Ar. al, the, ‛úd, wood, the lute.]

Lute, lūt, n. a composition used to exclude air, as round pipe-joints: a brickmaker's straight-edge scraper: a rubber packing-ring for a jar.—v.t. to close or coat with lute.—adjs. Lutā′rious, Lū′teous, of or like mud.—n. Lutā′tion.—adj. Lū′tose, miry. [L. lutum, from luĕre, to wash.]

Luteolin, lū′tē-ō-lin, n. the yellow colouring matter of weld or dyer's weed.—adjs. Lutē′olous, yellowish; Lū′teous, golden-yellowish. [L. lutum, weld.]

Lutheran, lū′thėr-an, adj. pertaining to Luther, the great German Protestant reformer (1483-1546), or to his doctrines: a follower of Luther.—ns. Lu′theranism, Lū′therism; Lū′therist.

Luxate, luks′āt, v.t. to put out of joint: to displace.—n. Luxā′tion, a dislocation. [L. luxāre, -ātum—luxus—Gr. loxos, slanting.]

Luxury, luk′sū-ri, n. free indulgence in rich diet or costly dress or equipage: anything delightful: a dainty: (Shak.) wantonness.—ns. Luxū′riance, Luxū′riancy, Luxurī′ety.—adj. Luxū′riant, exuberant in growth: overabundant.—adv. Luxū′riantly.—v.i. Luxū′riate, to be luxuriant: to grow exuberantly: to live luxuriously: to expatiate with delight.—n. Luxuriā′tion, the act of luxuriating.—adj. Luxū′rious, given to luxury: administering to luxury: furnished with luxuries: softening by pleasure: (Milt.) luxuriant: (Shak.) lustful.—adv. Luxū′riously.—ns. Luxū′riousness; Lux′urist, one given to luxury. [O. Fr. luxurie—L. luxuria, luxury—luxus, excess.]

Luz, luz, n. a bone supposed by Rabbinical writers to be indestructible, probably the sacrum.

Luzula, lū′zū-lä, n. a genus of plants of the rush family, having plain leaves, covered with thinly scattered, longish hairs. [Old It. luzziola, a firefly.]

Lycanthropy, lī-kan′thro-pi, n. the power possessed by a person of changing himself into a wolf: a kind of madness, in which the patient fancies himself to be a wolf.—ns. Lycan′thrope, Lycan′thropist, a wolf-man or were-wolf, one affected with lycanthropy.—adjs. Lycanthrop′ic, Lycan′thropous. [Gr. lykos, a wolf, anthrōpos, a man.]

Lyceum, lī-sē′um, n. a place devoted to instruction by lectures: an association for literary improvement. [Orig. the name of a place in the immediate neighbourhood of Athens, consecrated to Apollo Lyceios, where Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, taught.]

Lychnic, lik′nik, n. a part of the vespers of the Greek Church on the occasion of a vigil.—n. Lychnap′sia, a series of seven prayers in the vespers of the Greek Church.—adj. Lychnid′iate, emitting light, phosphorescent.—ns. Lych′nobite, one who works by night and sleeps by day; Lych′nomancy, divination by means of lamps; Lych′noscope, a small window-like opening in the south wall of a church. [Gr. lychnos, a light.]

Lychnis, lik′nis, n. a genus of erect ornamental herbs of the pink family—campions or wall-flowers. [L.]

Lycopodiaceæ, lī-ko-pō-di-ā′se-ē, n.pl. a class of isoporous vascular cryptogams, having mostly a dichotomous form of branching—its typical genus Lycopō′dium.—n. Ly′copode, a highly inflammable yellow powder made up of the spores of Lycopodium. [Gr. lykos, a wolf, pous, the foot.]

Lyddite, lid′īt, n. a powerful explosive made (at Lydd in Kent) from picrate of potash.

Lydian, lid′i-an, adj. pertaining to Lydia in Asia Minor: of an ancient Greek mode of music: (mus.) soft and slow: luxurious and effeminate.

Lye, lī, n. a solution leached from ashes: a solution of the fixed alkalies, potash and soda, in water. [A.S. leáh; Ger. lauge; allied to lavāre, to wash.]

Lyencephalous, lī-en-sef′a-lus, adj. having the corpus callosum absent or rudimentary.

Lying, lī′ing, adj. addicted to telling lies.—n. the habit of telling lies.—adv. Ly′ingly.

Lying, lī′ing, adj. being in a horizontal position.—n. Ly′ing-in, the confinement of women during child-bearing—also adj.

Lyme-grass, līm′-gras, n. any one of various coarse grasses of genus Elymus.

Lymph, limf, n. water: a colourless or faintly-yellowish fluid in animal bodies, of a rather saltish taste, and with an alkaline reaction.—n. Lymphangī′tis (see Weed, 3).—adj. Lymphat′ic, pertaining to lymph.—n. a vessel which conveys the lymph.—adjs. Lymph′y, Lymph′oid. [L. lympha.]

Lynch, linsh, v.t. to judge and punish without the usual forms of law.—n. Lynch′-law (Amer.), a kind of summary justice exercised by the people. [From Charles Lynch (1736-96) of Virginia.]

Lynx, lingks, n. a genus of Felidæ, with the body elevated at the haunches, long fur, a short tail, the ears tipped with tufts of hair.—adjs. Lyncē′an, Lynx′-eyed, sharp-sighted. [L.,—Gr.]

Lyon Court, lī′un kōrt, n. the court in Scotland with jurisdiction in questions of coat-armour and precedency—presided over by the Lyon King-of-arms. [From the heraldic lion of Scotland.]

Lyre, līr, n. a musical instrument like the harp, anciently used as an accompaniment to poetry.—n. Ly′ra, one of the northern constellations.—adjs. Ly′rate, -d (bot.), lyre-shaped.—ns. Lyre′bird, an Australian bird about the size of a pheasant, having the 16 tail-feathers of the male arranged in the form of a lyre; Lyric (lir′-), a lyric poem: (obs.) a composer of lyric poetry.—adjs. Lyric, -al (lir′-), pertaining to the lyre: fitted to be sung to the lyre: written in stanzas: said of poetry which expresses the individual emotions of the poet: that composes lyrics.—ns. Lyricism (lir′-), a lyrical expression or composition; Lyr′ism, the art of playing on the lyre; Lyr′ist, a player on the lyre or harp. [Fr.,—L. lyra—Gr.]

Lysimeter, lī-sim′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the rate of percolation of rain through a soil.

Lysis, lī′sis, n. the gradual abatement of a disease, as distinguished from crisis: (archit.) a plinth or step above the cornice of the podium in an ancient temple. [Gr.]

Lytta, lit′a, n. a longitudinal vermiform cartilaginous or fibrous band on the under surface of the tongue in carnivores—the 'worm' of a dog's tongue. [Gr.]

the thirteenth letter of the alphabet, belonging to the labio-nasal class of consonants. M=1000; M=1,000,000.—M-roof, a roof formed by the junction of two common roofs, so that its end is like the letter M.

Ma′am, mäm, n. a colloquial contraction of madam—vulgarly Marm, Mum.

Mab, mab, n. the name of a female fairy: the queen of the fairies—hence any fairy. [W. mab, child.]

Mabinogion, mab-i-nō′ji-on, n. a collection of four Arthurian romances, embodied in the 12th century, embraced with seven other prose tales in the Red Book, or Hergest, a Welsh MS. of the 14th century—the whole published and translated by Lady Charlotte Guest in 1838. [W., 'children's tales.']

Mac, mak, a prefix in Scotch names, meaning son (of). [Gael. and Ir. mac, son; W. map, mab, also ap, ab.]

Macaberesque, ma-kā-bėr-esk′, adj. pertaining to, or like, the Dance of Death. [Fr. La Danse Macabre, Low L. Machabæorum chorea, the dance of the Maccabees, prob. because the seven brothers whose martyrdom is recorded in the 7th chapter of the 2d Book of Maccabees played an important part in the earliest form of the 14th-cent. drama on the subject.]

Macadamise, mak-ad′am-īz, v.t. to cover, as a road, with small broken stones, so as to form a smooth, hard surface.—ns. Macad′am, macadamised pavement; Macadamisā′tion. [From John Loudon Macadam (1756-1836).]

Macaque, ma-kak′, n. a monkey of genus Macacus, between baboons and the African mangabeys.

Macarise, mak′a-rīz, v.t. to bless, pronounce happy.—adj. Macā′rian, blessed.—n. Mac′arism, a beatitude. [Gr. makar, happy.]

Macaroni, mak-a-rō′ni, n. a kind of paste or dough prepared from the glutinous granular flour of hard varieties of wheat, pressed out through a perforated vessel into long tubes, and then dried: a medley: something fanciful and extravagant: a fool: a fop:—pl. Macarō′nis, Macarō′nies.—n. Macaron′ic, a confused heap, a medley: a macaronic poem.—adjs. Macaron′ic, Macarō′nian, like a macaroni, trifling, affected: of a kind of burlesque verse, consisting of modern words Latinised, or Latin words modernised, intermixed with genuine Latin words. [Old It. maccaroni—maccare, to crush.]

Macaroon, mak-a-rōōn′, n. a sweet biscuit made chiefly of almonds and sugar. [Fr.,—It. maccaroni above.]

Macassar-oil, ma-kas′ar-oil, n. an oil much used for the hair, imported from India and other Eastern countries. [From Macassar in Celebes.]

Macaw, ma-kaw′, n. a genus of large and beautiful birds with a long tail, found in tropical America, closely allied to the parrots. [Brazil. macao.]

Maccabean, mak-a-bē′an, adj. pertaining to Judas Maccabeus, or to the Maccabees, an ancient Jewish family who rescued Judea from the persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes, king of Syria, about 166 B.C.—as related in two historical books of the Apocrypha.

Mace, mās, n. a staff used as a mark of authority: a light, flat-headed stick in use at billiards before the introduction of the bridge or cue-rest: formerly, a weapon of war, consisting of a staff headed with a heavy spiked ball of iron: a mallet used by a currier in dressing leather.—n. Mace′-bear′er, one who carries the mace in a procession, or before men in authority—also Mac′er. [O. Fr. mace (Fr. masse)—obs. L. matea, whence L. dim. mateola, a mallet.]

Mace, mās, n. a kind of spice: the second coat of the nutmeg. [O. Fr. macis—L. macer—Gr. maker.]

Macerate, mas′ėr-āt, v.t. to steep: to soften by steeping: to make lean: to mortify.—n. Macerā′tion, act of softening by steeping: mortification of the flesh by fasting and other severe modes of living. [L. macerāre, -ātum, to steep.]

Machete, ma-chā′tā, n. a heavy knife or cutlass used by the Cubans, &c. [Sp.]

Machiavellian, mak-i-a-vēl′yan, adj. destitute of political morality, following expediency rather than right: cunning, crafty, perfidious.—n. one who imitates Machiavel—more correctly, Niccolo Machiavelli—of Florence (1469-1527): any cunning and unprincipled statesman.—n. Machiavell′ianism, the principles taught by Machiavel, or conduct regulated by them: cunning statesmanship.

Machicolation, mach-i-ko-lā′shun, n. (archit.) a projecting parapet or gallery with openings for pouring molten substances upon an attacking force below: the construction or use of such means of defence.—adj. Machic′olated. [Fr. mâchicoulis, from mâche, mash, coulis, a flowing—L. colāre, to filter.]

Machinate, mak′i-nāt, v.t. to contrive skilfully: to form a plot or scheme, esp. for doing harm.—ns. Machinā′tion, act of machinating or contriving a scheme for carrying out some purpose, esp. an evil one: an artful design or plot: Mach′inator, one who machinates. [L. machināri, -ātus—machĭna.]

Machine, ma-shēn′, n. any artificial means or contrivance: any instrument for the conversion of motion: an engine: a coach or conveyance of any kind: one who can do only what he is told: a contrivance in the ancient Greek theatre for indicating a change of scene, by means of which a god might cross the stage or deliver a divine message—whence the expression Deus ex machĭna for a sudden interposition of Providence: any literary contrivance for the development of a plot: supernatural agency in a poem.—v.t. to use machinery for, esp. to print or sew by such: to make by means of machinery.—ns. Machine′-gun, a gun firing a great many shots one after the other, sometimes as many as 1000 per minute; Machine′-man, a man who manages the working of a machine, esp. in a printing-office; Machin′ery, machines in general: the working parts of a machine: combined means for keeping anything in action, or for producing a desired result; Machine′-shop, a workshop where machines are made; Machine′-tool, an adjustable machine for doing work with cutting-tools, or one utilising minor tools, as a planing-, drilling-machine, &c.; Machine′-work, work done by a machine; Machin′ist, a constructor of machines: one well versed in machinery: one who works a machine. [Fr.,—L. machĭna—Gr. mēchanē, akin to mēch-os, contrivance.]

Mack′erel, mak′ėr-el, n. a food fish, dark blue, with wavy cross-streaks above, and silvery below.—n. Mack′erel-sky, a sky with clouds broken into long, thin, white, parallel masses. [O. Fr. makerel (Fr. maquereau), prob. from L. macula, a spot.]

Mackintosh, mak′in-tosh, n. a waterproof overcoat. [From Charles Mackintosh (1766-1843), the inventor.]

Mackle, mak′l, n. a spot or blemish in printing, by a double impression, wrinkling, &c.—v.t. to spot, blur.

Macle, mak′l, n. a kind of twin crystal: a kind of cross-stone or hollow-spar, called also Chiastolite, having the axis and angles of its crystals coloured differently from the rest.—adj. Mac′led, spotted. [Through Fr., from L. macula, spot.]

Macmillanite, mak-mil′an-īt, n. an old name for a member of the Scottish sect of Cameronians or Reformed Presbyterians. [From John Macmillan, (1670-1753), the first ordained minister who associated himself with the 'suffering remnant.']

Macramé, mak-ra-mā′, n. a fringe or trimming of knotted thread—also knotted bar-work. [It.]

Macrobiotic, mak-rō-bi-ot′ik, adj. long-lived.—ns. Macrobiō′sis, long life; Macrō′biote, one who lives long; Macrobiot′ics, the study of longevity.

Macrocephalous, mak-ro-sef′a-lus, adj. having a large or long head.—Also Macrocephal′ic. [Gr. makros, long or great, kephalē, a head.]

Macrocosm, mak′ro-kozm, n. the great world: the whole universe:—opp. to Microcosm.—adj. Macrocos′mic. [Gr. makros, long, kosmos, world.]

Macrodactyl, mak-ro-dak′til, adj. having long toes.—n. a wading-bird having such:—pl. Macrodac′tylī, and -a. [Gr. makros, long, daktylos, finger.]

Macrology, mak-rol′o-ji, n. much talk with little to say. [Gr. makros, long, logos, a word.]

Macron, mak′ron, n. a straight line placed over a vowel to show that it is long:—opp. to Breve, the mark of a short vowel. [Gr., 'long.']

Macropod, mak′ro-pod, adj. having long feet.—n. a long-legged or long-footed animal: one of the spider-crabs.—adjs. Macrop′odal, Macrop′odan, Macropō′dian, Macrop′odous (bot.). [Gr. makros, long, pous, podos, a foot.]

Macropterous, mak-rop′te-rus, adj. long-winged. [Gr. makros, long, pteron, a wing.]

Macroscian, mak-ros′i-an, adj. casting a long shadow.—n. an inhabitant of the Arctic or Antarctic zones. [Gr. makros, long, skia, shadow.]

Macroscopic, mak-ro-skop′ik, adj. visible to the naked eye:—opp. to Microscopic.—adv. Macroscop′ically. [Gr. makros, long, skopein, to see.]

Macrospore, mak′ro-spōr, n. a more than usually large spore of a flowerless plant, as in club-mosses, &c.—n. Macrosporan′gium, a sporangium containing macrospores. [Gr. makros, long, spora, a seed.]

Macrurous, mak-rōō′rus, adj. long-tailed.—Also Macru′ral. [Gr. makros, long, oura, tail.]

Macula, mak′ū-la, n. a spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun, moon, or planets:—pl. Maculæ (mak′ū-lē).—v.t. Mac′ulāte, to spot, to defile.—n. Maculā′tion, act of spotting, a spot.—adj. Maculose (mak′ū-lōz), spotted. [L. maculāre, -ātum—macula, a spot.]

Mad, mad, adj. (comp. Mad′der; superl. Mad′dest) disordered in intellect: insane: proceeding from madness, rabid: troubled in mind: excited with any violent passion or appetite: furious with anger.—v.t. (Shak.) to drive mad.—adjs. Mad′brain, Mad′brained (Shak.), disordered in brain or mind: rash: hot-headed; Mad′-bred (Shak.), bred in madness or heat of passion.—n. Mad′cap, a person who acts madly: a wild, rash, hot-headed person.—adj. fond of wild and reckless action.—v.t. Mad′den, to make mad: to enrage.—v.i. to become mad: to act as one mad.—adj. Mad′ding, distracted, acting madly.—advs. Mad′dingly, Mad′ly.—ns. Mad′-doc′tor, a doctor who studies and treats the diseases of mad people; Mad′house, a house for mad persons: a lunatic asylum; Mad′ling, a mad person; Mad′man, a man who is mad: a maniac; Mad′ness; Mad′wort, a plant believed to cure canine madness.—Go mad, to become demented; Like mad, madly, furiously. [A.S. ge-mǽd; Old Sax. ge-méd, foolish, Ice. meidd-r, hurt.]

Madam, mad′am, n. a courteous form of address to a lady, esp. an elderly or a married one: a woman of fashion:—pl. Mad′ams, or Mesdames (mā-dam′). [Fr.,—ma, my, dame, lady—L. mea domina.]

Madarosis, mad-a-rō′sis, n. loss of the hair, esp. of the eyelashes. [Gr.,—madaros, bald, madan, to fall off.]

Madder, mad′ėr, n. a plant whose root affords a red dye.—ns. Madd′er-lake, a colour mixed either with oil or water, made from madder; Madd′er-wort, any plant of the Rubiaceæ or madder family. [A.S. mæderu; Ice. maðra, Dut. meed.]

Made, mād, pa.t. and pa.p. of make.—Made continually (Pr. Bk.), established for ever; Made dish, a dish of meat, &c., recooked: an entrée; Made up, put together, finished: dressed for a part, disguised: perfect: artificial, invented.

Madeira, ma-dē′ra, n. a rich wine of the sherry class produced in Madeira.

Mademoiselle, mad-mwa-zel′, n. a courteous form of address to a young lady: Miss. [Fr., ma, my, and demoiselle.]

Madia, mā′di-a, n. a genus of American herbs of the aster family, the tarweeds—a Chilian species yielding a valuable oil.

Madid, mad′id, adj. wet, dank. [L. madidus—madēre, to be wet; akin to Gr. madaein.]

Madonna, Madona, ma-don′a, n. a name given to the Virgin, esp. as seen in works of art: (Shak.) my lady.—adv. Madonn′a-wise, after the fashion of the Madonna, esp. in the arrangement of a woman's hair. [It., lit. 'my lady'—L. mea domina.]

Madras, ma-dras′, n. a large handkerchief of silk and cotton, usually in bright colours, worn on the head by West Indian negroes.

Madrepore, mad′re-pōr, n. the common coral. [Fr.,—It., from madre, mother—L. mater, and -pora—Gr. pōros, a soft stone.]

Madrigal, mad′ri-gal, n. (mus.) a piece of music for the voice in five or six parts: a short poem expressing a graceful and tender thought.—adj. Madrigā′lian.—n. Mad′rigalist. [It., from mandra, a sheep-fold—L. mandra.]

Madroño, ma-drō′nyō, n. a handsome evergreen tree of North California.—Also Madrō′ña.

Mæcenas, mā-sē′nas, n. a Roman knight who befriended the poets Virgil and Horace: any rich patron of art or literature.

Maelstrom, māl′strom, n. a celebrated whirlpool off the coast of Norway: any resistless overpowering influence for destruction. [Norw., 'grinding stream.']

Mænad, mē′nad, n. a female follower of Bacchus, a woman beside herself with frenzy.—adj. Mænad′ic, bacchanalian: furious. [Gr. mainas, -ados, raving—mainesthai, to be mad.]

Maestoso, mā-es-tō′zo, adj. and adv. (mus.) with dignity or majesty. [It.]

Maestro, ma-es′trō, n. a master, esp. an eminent musical composer or conductor. [It.]

Maffled, maf′ld, adj. (prov.) confused in the intellect.—n. Maff′ling, a simpleton.

Mag, mag, v.i. (prov.) to chatter.—v.t. to tease.—n. chatter: the magpie: the long-tailed titmouse.

Mag, mag, v.t. (slang) to steal.—n. Mags′man, a street swindler.

Magazine, mag-a-zēn′, n. a storehouse: a place for military stores: the gunpowder-room in a ship: a pamphlet or small book published from time to time, containing compositions on various subjects.—ns. Magazine′-gun, or -rī′fle, a gun or rifle from which many shots can be fired one after another without reloading. [Fr. magasin—It. magazzino—Ar. makhzan, a storehouse.]

Magdalen, mag′da-len, n. a repentant prostitute.—Also Mag′dalene. [From Mary Magdalene (Luke, viii. 2), confused with the woman of Luke vii. 37-50.]

Magdeburg hemispheres, mag′de-bōōrg hem′i-sfērz, n.pl. two hemispherical cups from within which, when placed together, the air can be removed by an air-pump to show the pressure of the air on the outside. [Invented at Magdeburg in Germany.]

Magenta, ma-jen′ta, n. a colour between pink and red. [From the battle of Magenta in North Italy, 1859.]

Maggot, mag′ut, n. a worm or grub: a whim.—adj. Magg′oty, full of maggots. [W. maceiad, akin to magiaid, worms, magu, to breed.]

Magi, mā′jī, n.pl. priests of the ancient Persians: the Wise Men of the East.—adj. Mā′gian, pertaining to the Magi.—n. one of the Magi.—ns. Mā′gianism, or Mā′gism, the philosophy or doctrines of the Magi. [L.,—Gr. magos, orig. a title given to the wise men of Chaldea, astrologers and wizards.]

Magic, maj′ik, n. the pretended art of producing marvellous results by the aid of spirits, or of the secret forces of nature: enchantment: sorcery.—adjs. Mag′ic, -al, pertaining to, used in, or done by magic: causing wonderful or startling results.—adv. Mag′ically.—ns. Magic′ian, one skilled in magic: a wizard: an enchanter; Mag′ic-lan′tern (see Lantern).—Magic square, a square filled with rows of figures so arranged that the sums of all the rows will be the same, perpendicularly or horizontally—as 2, 7, 6; 9, 5, 1; 4, 3, 8, &c.; there are also Magic circles, cubes, cylinders, and spheres similarly arranged.—Black magic, the black art, magic by means of union with evil spirits; Natural magic, the art of working wonders by a superior knowledge of the powers of nature; White magic, magic without the aid of the devil. [O. Fr. magique—L.,—Gr. See Magi.]

Magilp, ma-gilp′, n. a vehicle used by oil-painters, consisting of linseed-oil and mastic varnish—written also Megilp′. [Prob. from a proper name.]

Magisterial, maj-is-tē′ri-al, adj. pertaining or suitable to a master: in the manner of a master: of the rank of a magistrate: authoritative: proud: dignified.—n. Magis′ter, master.—adv. Magistē′rially.—ns. Magistē′rialness; Magistē′rium, an authoritative statement; Mag′istery, a term in alchemy for various preparations, esp. a precipitate of bismuth: any sovereign remedy: a mandate. [L. magisterius—magister, a master—mag, root of L. magnus, great.]

Magistrate, maj′is-trāt, n. a person entrusted with the power of putting the laws in force: a justice of the peace.—n. Mag′istracy, the office or dignity of a magistrate: the body of magistrates.—adj. Mag′istral, magisterial: specially prescribed or made up, as a medicine: effectual.—n. (fort.) the guiding line determining the other positions: a special preacher in Spanish cathedrals, &c.—n. Magistrand′, an arts student ready to proceed to graduation, at Aberdeen.—adj. Magistrat′ic. [O. Fr.,—L. magistratus, magister.]

Magma, mag′ma, n. any soft doughy mass: the molten mass within the earth's crust: the residuum after expressing the juice from fruits. [Gr.]

Magna Charta, mag′na kär′ta, n. the Great Charter obtained from King John, 1215 A.D. [L.]

Magnanimity, mag-na-nim′i-ti, n. greatness of soul: elevation of dignity, of mind: that quality of mind which raises a person above all that is mean of unjust: generosity.—adj. Magnan′imous, elevated in sentiment, noble: brave: unselfish.—adv. Magnan′imously. [L. magnanimitas—magnus, great, animus, the mind.]

Magnate, mag′nāt, n. a noble: a man of rank or wealth. [Fr. magnat, a title of Hungarian and Polish nobles—L. magnas, magnatis, a prince—magnus, great.]

Magnesium, mag-nē′shi-um, or -si-um, n. a metal of a bright, silver-white colour, which while burning gives a dazzling white light, and forms magnesia.—n. Magnē′sia, a light white powder, got by burning magnesium, used as a medicine.—adj. Magnē′sian, belonging to, containing, or resembling magnesia.—n. Mag′nesite, native magnesium carbonate.

Magnet, mag′net, n. the lodestone, an iron ore which attracts iron, and, when hung so that it can move freely, points to the poles: a bar or piece of steel to which the properties of the lodestone have been imparted.—adjs. Magnet′ic, -al, pertaining to the magnet: having the properties of the magnet: attractive.—adv. Magnet′ically.—ns. Magnetic′ian, Mag′netist, one versed in magnetism.—adj. Magnetis′able.—n. Magnetisā′tion.—v.t. Mag′netise, to render magnetic: to attract as if by a magnet.—v.i. to become magnetic.—ns. Mag′netiser, one who, or that which, imparts magnetism; Mag′netism, the cause of the attractive power of the magnet: attraction: the science which treats of the properties of the magnet—(Animal magnetism, Mesmer's name for the phenomena of mesmerism; Terrestrial magnetism, the magnetic properties possessed by the earth as a whole); Mag′netist, one skilled in magnetism.—adjs. Mag′neto-elec′tric, -al, pertaining to magneto-electricity.—ns. Mag′neto-electric′ity, electricity produced by the action of magnets: the science which treats of electricity produced by magnetism; Bar′-mag′net, a magnet in the form of a bar.—Magnetic battery, several magnets placed with their like poles together, so as to act with great force; Magnetic curves, the curves formed by iron-filings around the poles of a magnet; Magnetic equator, the line round the earth where the magnetic needle remains horizontal; Magnetic field, the space over which magnetic force is felt; Magnetic fluid, a hypothetical fluid assumed to explain the phenomena of magnetism; Magnetic meridian, the meridian lying in the direction in which the magnetic needle points; Magnetic needle, the light bar in the mariner's compass which, because it is magnetised, points always to the north; Magnetic north, that point of the horizon which is indicated by the direction of the magnetic needle; Magnetic poles, two nearly opposite points on the earth's surface, where the dip of the needle is 90°; Magnetic storm, a disturbance in the magnetism of the earth or air, which causes the magnetic needle to move rapidly backwards and forwards.—Artificial magnet, a magnet made by rubbing with other magnets; Horse-shoe magnet, a magnet bent like a horse-shoe; Permanent magnet, a magnet that keeps its magnetism after the force which magnetised it has been removed. [Through O. Fr., from L. magnes, a magnet—Gr. magnēs=Magnesian stone, from Magnēsia, in Lydia or Thessaly.]

Magnificat, mag-nif′i-kat, n. the song of the Virgin Mary, Luke, i. 46-55, beginning in the Vulgate with this word. [L. '(my soul) doth magnify,' 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of magnificāre.]

Magnificent, mag-nif′i-sent, adj. great in deeds or in appearance: grand: noble: pompous: displaying greatness of size or extent.—n. Magnif′icence.—adv. Magnif′icently.—n. Magnif′ico (Shak.), a title for a Venetian nobleman: a grandee.

Magnify, mag′ni-fī, v.t. to make great or greater: to enlarge: to cause to appear greater: to exaggerate: to praise highly:—pa.p. mag′nified.—adjs. Mag′nifiable, that may be magnified; Magnif′ic, -al, great: splendid: noble.—adv. Magnif′ically, in a magnificent manner.—ns. Magnificā′tion, act of magnifying: increase of visual power in penetration as well as enlargement; Mag′nifier, one who, or that which, magnifies or enlarges: one who extols.—Magnify one's self, show great pride—against, oppose with pride; Magnifying glass, in optics, a convex lens, objects seen through it having their apparent dimensions increased. [Fr.,—L. magnificāre—magnus, great, facĕre, to make.]

Magniloquent, mag-nil′o-kwent, adj. speaking in a grand or pompous style: bombastic.—n. Magnil′oquence.—adv. Magnil′oquently. [L., from magnus, great, loqui, to speak.]

Magnitude, mag′ni-tūd, n. greatness: size: extent: importance. [L. magnitudo—magnus.]

Magnolia, mag-nōl′i-a, or -ya, n. a North American tree with beautiful foliage, and large, white or purplish, sweet-scented flowers. [From Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), a Montpellier botanist.]

Magnum, mag′num, n. a bottle holding two quarts: the quantity of wine filling such. [L.]

Magot, mag′ot, n. the Barbary ape, the only species of monkey existing in Europe: a small grotesque figure, crouching on the covers of vases; &c.

Magpie, mag′pī, n. a chattering bird, of a genus allied to the crow, with pied or coloured feathers: (slang) a halfpenny—(Shak.) Mag′ot-pie, Magg′ot-pie. [Mag, a familiar contr. of Margaret (cf. Robin-Redbreast, Jenny Wren), pie, from L. pica, a magpie—pingĕre, pictum, to paint.]

Magyar, ma-jär′, or mag′yär, n. one of the prevailing race in Hungary: the native speech of Hungary.

Mahabharata, ma-hä-bä′ra-tä, n. the name of one of the two great epic poems of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana. [Sans.; prob. 'the great history of the descendants of Bharata.']

Mahadeva, ma-ha-dā′va, n. one of the names of the Hindu god Siva. [Sans. mahā, great, deva, god.]

Maharajah, ma-ha-rä′jä, n. the title given to a great Indian prince:—fem. Mahara′ni, Mahara′nee. [Sans. mahā, great, rāja, prince or king.]

Mahatma, ma-hat′ma, n. one skilled in mysteries or religious secrets: an adept. [Sans., 'high-souled.']

Mahdi, mä′dē, n. the great leader of the faithful Mohammedans, who is to appear in the last days—one pretended Mahdi overthrew the Egyptian power in the Soudan in 1884-85.—ns. Mah′dism; Mah′dist.

Mahl-stick, mäl′-stik, n. a tapering staff used by painters as a rest for the right hand.—Also Mal′stick, Maul′stick. [Ger. mahlstock.]

Mahogany, ma-hog′a-ni, n. a tree of tropical America: its wood, which is of great value for making furniture.—n. Mahog′any-tree, same as mahogany: (hum.) the dinner-table. [Mahogoni, the native South American name.]

Mahoun, Mahound, ma-hown′, ma-hownd′, or mä′-, n. an old form of the name of Mohammed: an evil spirit: the devil.

Mahout, ma-hōōt′, n. the keeper and driver of an elephant. [Hind. mahāut, mahāwat.]

Mahratta, ma-rat′a, n. one of a once powerful race of Hindus in Western and Central India.

Maid, mād, n. an unmarried woman, esp. one young: a virgin: a female servant.—ns. Maid′-child (B.), a female child; Maid′-Mā′rian, the May-queen; a character in the old Morris-dance, usually represented by a man in woman's clothes (Marian, relating to Mary or to the Virgin Mary).—adj. Maid′-pale (Shak.), pale, like a sick girl.—n. Maid′servant, a female servant.—Maid of all work, a domestic who does general housework; Old maid, a woman left unmarried: a card game. [A.S. mægden—mægeð, a maid; cf. magu, son, mǽg, may.]

Maidan, mī′dan, n. an esplanade or parade-ground near a town in Persia and India. [Pers.]

Maiden, mād′n, n. a maid: in Scotland, a machine like the guillotine, formerly used for beheading criminals.—adj. pertaining to a virgin or young woman: consisting of maidens: (fig.) unpolluted: fresh: new: unused: first: that has never been captured, said of a fortress.—ns. Maid′enhair, a name given to a fern from the fine hair-like stalks of its fronds; Maid′enhood, Maid′enhead, the state of being a maid: virginity: purity: freshness; Maid′enliness.—adjs. Maid′enly, maiden-like: becoming a maiden: gentle: modest; Maid′en-meek (Tenn.), meek as a maiden; Maid′en-tongued, gentle in voice like a girl; Maid′en-wid′owed, widowed while still a virgin.—n. Maid′hood (Shak.).—Maiden assize, an assize at which there are no criminal cases; Maiden battle, a first contest; Maiden fortress, a fortress that has never been captured; Maiden name, the family name of a married woman before her marriage; Maiden over, in cricket, an over in which no runs are made; Maiden speech, the first public speech made by a person, esp. in Parliament; Maiden stakes, in horse-racing, the money contended for in a race between horses that have never run before.

Maigre, mā′gėr, adj. made neither from flesh-meat nor from gravy: belonging to a fast-day or to a fast.—Maigre food, food allowed to be eaten on fast-days. [Fr. maigre, lean—L. macer.]

Mail, māl, n. defensive armour for the body formed of steel rings or network: armour generally.—v.t. to clothe in mail: (Scot.) to stain.—adjs. Mail′-clad, clad with a coat of mail; Mailed, protected by mail. [Fr. maille—L. macula, a spot or a mesh.]

Mail, māl, n. a bag for the conveyance of letters, &c.: the contents of such a bag: the person or the carriage by which the mail is conveyed.—v.t. to put into the mail: to send by mail.—adj. Mail′able, capable of being sent by mail.—ns. Mail′-bag, a bag in which letters are carried; Mail′-boat, a boat which carries the public mails; Mail′-cart, a cart in which mails are carried: a small cart, with long handles, for the amusement of children; Mail′-catch′er, an apparatus attached to a mail-carriage to catch up mail-bags while the train is in motion; Mail′-coach, -car, or -drag, the conveyance which carries the public mails; Mail′-guard, an officer who guards the public mails; Mail′ing-tā′ble, a table used in a post-office in sorting letters; Mail′-train, a railway train which carries the public mails. [O. Fr. male, a trunk, a mail—Old High Ger. malaha, a sack; Gael. mala, a sack.]

Mail, māl, n. an old French coin—half a denier: rent.—n. Mail′ing, a farm. [See Blackmail.]

Maim, mām, n. a bruise: an injury: a lameness: the loss of any essential part.—v.t. to bruise: to disfigure: to injure: to lame or cripple: to render defective.—n. Maim′edness, the state of being maimed or injured. [O. Fr. mehaing, a bruise.]

Main, mān, adj. chief, principal: first in importance: leading.—n. the chief or principal part: the ocean or main sea: a continent or a larger island as compared with a smaller: a principal gas or water pipe in a street, or the largest conductor in a system of electric lights.—ns. Main′boom, the spar which extends the foot of a fore-and-aft mainsail; Main′deck, the principal deck of a ship—so in Main′brace, the brace attached to the mainyard (see Splice); Main′land, the principal or larger land, as opposed to a smaller portion.—adv. Main′ly, chiefly, principally.—ns. Main′mast, the principal mast of a ship, second from the prow; Main′sail, the principal sail generally attached to the mainmast; Main′sheet, the sheet or rope attached to the lower corner of the mainsail; Main′spring, the spring which gives motion to any piece of machinery, esp. that of a watch or a clock; Main′stay, the rope which stretches forward from the top of the mainmast: chief support; Main′top, a platform on the top of the mainmast; Main′topmast, the mast next above the lower mainmast; Main′topsail, the sail above the mainsail, in square-rigged vessels; Main′yard, the lower yard on the mainmast. [O. Fr. maine or magne, great—L. magnus, great.]

Main, mān, n. a hand at dice: a match at cockfighting: a banker's shovel for coin. [O. Fr. main—L. manus, hand.]

Maintain, men-tān′, v.t. to keep in any state: to keep possession of: to preserve from capture or loss: to carry on: to keep up: to support: to make good: to support by argument: to affirm: to defend.—v.i. to affirm, as a position: to assert.—adj. Maintain′able, that can be supported or defended.—ns. Maintain′er, one who maintains; Main′tenance, the act of maintaining, supporting, or defending: continuance: the means of support: defence, protection: (law) an interference in a lawsuit, &c., in favour of one of the parties, by one who has no right or interest.—Cap of maintenance, a cap of dignity borne by or before nobles and other persons of rank. [Fr. maintenir—L. manu tenēre, to hold in the hand—manus, a hand, tenēre, to hold.]

Maister, mās′tėr, n. an obsolete form of Master.—Maistery=Mastery; Maistring=Mastering; Maître=Master.

Maize, māz, n. a plant, and its fruit, called also Indian corn or wheat. [Sp.,—Haitian.]

Majesty, maj′es-ti, n. greatness: grandeur: dignity: elevation of manner or style: royal state: a title of kings and other sovereigns, esp. with possessive pronouns, as His or Her Majesty, &c.: a symbolic representation of the first person of the Trinity enthroned: the canopy of a hearse: (her.) an eagle crowned and sceptred.—adjs. Majes′tic, -al, having or exhibiting majesty: stately: sublime.—adv. Majes′tically, in a majestic manner.—n. Majes′ticalness, Majes′ticness, majesty. [Fr. majesté—L. majestas—majus, comp. of magnus, great.]

Majolica, ma-jol′i-ka, n. name applied to decorative enamelled pottery, esp. that of Italy from the 15th to the 17th cent.: a modern ware in imitation, used for vases, &c. [From Majorca, where first made.]

Major, mā′jur, adj. greater in number, quantity, or size: more important: (mus.) greater by a semitone.—n. a person of full age (21 years): an officer in rank between a captain and lieutenant-colonel.—v.i. to play the major, to talk big.—ns. Majorat (ma-zhō-rä′), primogeniture; Mā′jorate, Mā′jorship, the office or rank of major: majority; Mā′jor-dō′mo, an official who has the general management in a large household: a general steward: a chief minister (Sp. mayor-domo, a house-steward—L. major, greater, domus, a house); Mā′jor-gen′eral, an officer in the army next in rank below a lieutenant-general; Major′ity, the greater number: the amount between the greater and the less number: full age (at 21): the office or rank of major.—Major key (mus.), a key in which the semitones lie between the third and fourth, and seventh and eighth; Major premise (logic), the principal or major statement in a syllogism; Major scale (see Major key).—Go over to, or Join, the majority, to die; The majority, the Great majority, the dead. [L., comp. of magnus.]

Majuscule, mā-jus′kūl, n. in paleography, a capital or uncial letter:—opp. to Minuscule. [L. majuscula (litera), a somewhat larger letter.]

Make, māk, v.t. to fashion, frame, or form: to produce: to bring about: to perform: to force: to render: to represent, or cause to appear to be: to turn: to occasion: to bring into any state or condition: to establish: to prepare: to obtain: to ascertain: to arrive in sight of: to reach: (B.) to be occupied with: to do.—v.i. to tend or move: to contribute: (B.) to feign or pretend:—pa.t. and pa.p. māde.—n. form or shape: structure, texture.—v.i. Make′-believe′, to pretend, feign.—n. a mere pretence.—ns. Make′-peace (Shak.), a peace-maker; Mak′er, one who makes: the Creator: a poet; Make′shift, something done or used to serve a shift or turn: something used only for a time.—adj. having the character of a temporary resource.—ns. Make′-up, the way anything is arranged: an actor's materials for personating a part: (print.) the arrangement of composed types into columns or pages, as in imposition; Make′-weight, that which is thrown into a scale to make up the weight: something of little value added to supply a deficiency; Mak′ing, the act of forming: structure: form.—Make account of (see Account); Make a figure, to be conspicuous; Make after, to follow or pursue; Make amends, to render compensation or satisfaction; Make as if, to act as if, to pretend that; Make at, to make a hostile movement against; Make away, to put out of the way, to destroy; Make away with, to squander; Make believe (see Believe); Make bold (see Bold); Make for, to move toward, to tend to the advantage of—so in B.; Make free with, to treat freely or without ceremony; Make good, to maintain, to justify, to fulfil; Make head against, to oppose successfully; Make light of (see Light); Make little of, to treat as insignificant; Make love to (see Love); Make much of, to treat with fondness, to cherish, to foster; Make no doubt, to have no doubt, to be confident; Make of, to understand by, to effect: to esteem; Make off with, to run away with; Make one's way, to proceed: to succeed; Make out, to discover: to prove: to furnish: to succeed; Make over, to remake, reconstruct: to transfer; Make pace, to increase the speed; Make sail, to increase the quantity of sail: to set sail; Make sure, to be certain of; Make sure of, to consider as certain, to secure to one's self; Make the most of, to use to the best advantage; Make up, to fabricate: to feign: to collect into one: to complete, supplement: to assume a particular form of features: to determine: to reckon: to make good: to repair: to harmonise, adjust; Make up for, to compensate; Make up to, to approach: to become friendly. [A.S. macian; Ger. machen.]

Make, māk, n. (Spens.) a mate, consort, equal.—adj. Make′less (Shak.), without a make or mate. [A.S. ge-maca; Ice. maki, a mate.]

Makimono, mak-i-mō′nō, n. a roll, as of silk, esp. a long picture or writing rolled up and not hung. [Jap.]

Malachite, mal′a-kīt, n. a green-coloured mineral, composed essentially of carbonate of copper, much used for inlaid-work. [Gr. malachē, a mallow, a plant of a green colour.]

Malacolite, mal′a-kō-līt, n. a greenish lime-magnesia variety of pyroxene.

Malacology, mal-a-kol′o-ji, n. the branch of natural history which treats of the structure and habits of molluscs.—adj. Mal′acoid, soft-bodied.—n. Malacol′ogist. [Gr. malakos, soft, logia, a discourse.]

Malacopterygian, mal-a-kop-tėr-ij′i-an, adj. having the rays of the fins soft, excepting the first ray of the dorsal and pectoral fins, as in the pike, salmon, &c.—Also Malacopteryg′ious. [Gr. malakos, soft, pteryx, pterygos, a wing.]

Malacostracan, mal-a-kos′tra-kan, n. an individual belonging to a sub-class of crustaceans, including the shrimps, lobsters, &c.—adj. belonging to this class—also Malacos′tracous.—adj. Malacostracolog′ical.—ns. Malacostracol′ogist; Malacostracol′ogy. [Gr. malakos, soft, ostrakon, a shell.]

Malacozoa, mal-a-ko-zō′a, n.pl. soft-bodied animals, the Mollusca generally.—adj. Malacozō′ic, possessing the common features of molluscan life.

Maladministration, mal-ad-min-is-trā′shun, n. bad management, esp. of public affairs.

Maladroit, mal-a-droit′, adj. not dexterous: unskilful: clumsy.—adv. Maladroit′ly.—n. Maladroit′ness, want of adroitness: awkwardness.

Malady, mal′a-di, n. illness: disease, either of the body or of the mind. [Fr. maladie—malade, sick—L. male habitus, in ill condition—male, badly, habitus, pa.p. of habēre, have, hold.]

Malagasy, mal-a-gas′i, adj. of or pertaining to Madagascar or its inhabitants.—n. a native of Madagascar.—Also Malagash′.

Malaise, ma-lāz′, n. uneasiness: a feeling of discomfort or of sickness. [O. Fr. malaise.]

Malapert, mal′a-pėrt, adj. bold: forward: saucy: impudent.—adv. Mal′apertly.—n. Mal′apertness. [O. Fr., mal—L. malus, bad, apert, well-bred—L. apertus, open.]

Malappropriate, mal-a-prō′pri-āt, v.t. to misuse.—adj. Malapropos (mal-ap-ro-pō′), out of place: unsuitable: inapt.—adv. badly apropos: not suited to the purpose: unseasonably.

Malapropism, mal′a-prop-izm, n. the act of misapplying words, in the attempt to use fine language, from Mrs Malaprop in Sheridan's play, The Rivals.

Malar, mā′lar, adj. pertaining to the cheek.—n. the bone which forms the prominence of the cheek. [L. mala, the cheek—mandĕre, to chew.]

Malaria, ma-lā′ri-a, n. the poisonous air arising from marshy districts, producing fever, &c.: miasma: the fever so caused.—adjs. Malā′rious, Malā′rial, Malā′rian. [It. mal' aria—L. malus, bad, aër, air.]

Malassimilation, mal-a-sim-i-lā′shun, n. imperfect assimilation or nutrition.

Malay, -an, ma-lā′, -an, n. a native or inhabitant of Malacca, or of the Malay Archipelago.—adj. of or pertaining to the Malays.—n. Malayä′lam, the language of Malabar, a Dravidian dialect.—adj. Malay′sian, relating to the Malay Peninsula, or to the Malays.

Malconformation, mal-kon-for-mā′shun, n. bad conformation or form: imperfection or disproportion of parts.

Malcontent, mal′kon-tent, adj. discontented, dissatisfied, esp. in political matters.—n. one discontented—also Malcontent′ed.—adv. Malcontent′edly.—n. Malcontent′edness.—adv. Malcontent′ly.

Male, māl, adj. masculine: pertaining to the sex that begets (not bears) young: (bot.) bearing stamens.—n. one of the male sex: a he-animal: a stamen-bearing plant.—n. Male′-fern, an elegant fern, with the fronds growing in a crown.—Male order, in architecture, the Doric order; Male rhymes, those in which only the final syllables correspond; Male screw, a screw whose threads correspond to and enter the spiral grooves of the female screw. [O. Fr. male—L. masculus, male—mas, a male.]

Malediction, mal-e-dik′shun, n. evil-speaking: a calling down of evil: curse: execration or imprecation.—adjs. Maledict′ory, imprecatory; Maledikt′, accursed. [O. Fr.,—L. malediction-em—male, badly, dicĕre, dictum, to speak.]

Malefactor, mal′e-fak-tur, or mal-e-fak′tur, n. an evil-doer: a criminal.—n. Malefac′tion (Shak.), a crime, an offence.—adj. Malef′ic, doing mischief: producing evil.—adv. Malef′ically.—v.t. Malef′icate, to bewitch.—ns. Mal′efice (obs.), an evil deed: enchantment; Malef′icence, the character of being maleficent.—adjs. Malef′icent, Malefic′ient. [L., male, badly, facĕre, to do.]

Malengine, ma-len′jin, n. (Spens.) evil device, deceit. [L. malus, bad, ingenium, ingenuity.]

Maletote, mal′e-tōt, n. an illegal exaction.—Also Mal′etolt. [O. Fr.]

Malevolent, mal-ev′o-lent, adj. wishing evil: ill-disposed towards others: rejoicing in another's misfortune: envious: malicious—also Malev′olous.—n. Malev′olence.—adv. Malev′olently. [L. male, badly, volens, pr.p. of velle, to wish.]

Malfeasance, mal-fē′zans, n. evil-doing: the doing of what one ought not to do: an illegal deed. [Fr. malfaisance—L. male, evil, facĕre, to do.]

Malformation, mal-for-mā′shun, n. bad or wrong formation: irregular or anomalous structure.—adj. Malformed′.

Malic, mā′lik, adj. obtained from the juice of several fruits, esp. the apple. [L. malum, an apple.]

Malice, mal′is, n. ill-will: spite: disposition to harm others: deliberate mischief: intention to harm another.—adj. Malic′ious, bearing ill-will or spite: moved by hatred or ill-will: having mischievous intentions.—adv. Malic′iously.—n. Malic′iousness. [Fr.,—L. malitia—malus, bad.]

Malign, ma-līn′, adj. of an evil disposition towards others: malicious: unfavourable.—v.t. to speak evil of: (obs.) to treat with malice.—ns. Malign′er; Malig′nity, state or quality of being malign: great hatred, virulence: deadly quality.—adv. Malign′ly.—n. Malign′ment. [Fr. malin, fem. maligne—L. malignus for maligenus, of evil disposition—malus, bad, and gen, root of genus.]

Malignant, ma-lig′nant, adj. disposed to do harm or to cause suffering: malign: acting maliciously: actuated by great hatred: tending to cause death.—n. a name applied by the Puritan party to one who had fought for Charles I. in the Civil War.—n. Malig′nancy, Malig′nance, state or quality of being malignant.—adv. Malig′nantly. [L. malignans, pr.p. of malignāre, to act maliciously.]

Malinger, ma-ling′gėr, v.i. to feign sickness in order to avoid duty.—ns. Maling′erer; Maling′ery, feigned sickness. [Fr. malingre—mal—L. malus, bad, O. Fr. heingre, ailing—L. æger, sick.]

Malison, mal′i-zn, n. a curse:—opp. to Benison. [O. Fr.; a doublet of malediction; cf. benison and benediction.]

Malkin, maw′kin, n. (Shak.) a term used in contempt for a dirty woman: a mop: (Scot.) a hare.—Also Maw′kin. [Dim. of Mal or Moll, Mary.]

Mall, mawl, or mal, n. a large wooden beetle or hammer.—v.t. to beat with a mall or something heavy: to bruise. [O. Fr. mail—L. malleus.]

Mall, mel, or mal, n. a level shaded walk: a public walk. [Contr. through O. Fr. of Old It. palamaglio—It. palla, a ball, maglio, a mace.]

Mallard, mal′ard, n. a drake: the common duck in its wild state. [O. Fr. malard (Fr. malart)—male, male, and suffix -ard.]

Malleate, mal′e-āt, v.t. to hammer: to form into a plate or leaf by hammering.—adj. Mall′eable, that may be malleated or beaten out by hammering.—ns. Mall′eableness, Malleabil′ity, quality of being malleable; Malleā′tion.—adj. Mall′eiform, hammer-shaped.—n. Mall′eus, one of the small bones of the middle ear in mammals. [L. malleus, a hammer.]

Mallecho, mal′ē-chō, n. (Shak.) villainy—probably a corruption of Spanish malhecho, mischief.—Also Mal′icho.

Mallee, mal′ē, n. two dwarf species of Eucalyptus in Australia.—ns. Mall′ee-bird, Mall′ee-hen, an Australian mound-bird or megapode.

Mallemaroking, mal′ē-ma-rō′king, n. the visiting and carousing of seamen in the Greenland ships. [Prob. to act like the mallemuck.]

Malleolus, ma-lē′ō-lus, n. a bony protuberance on either side of the ankle.—adj. Mal′lēolar. [L.]

Mallet, mal′et, n. a small wooden hammer: the long-handled hammer for driving the balls in croquet. [Fr. maillet, dim. of mail, a mall.]

Mallow, mal′ō, n. any plant of genus Malva—from its emollient properties or its soft downy leaves. [A.S. malwe—L. malva; Gr. malachē—malassein, to make soft.]

Malm, Maum, mäm, n. calcareous loam, earth specially good for brick. [A.S. mealm, sand.]

Malmsey, mäm′ze, n. a sort of grape: a strong and sweet wine, first made in Greece, but now also in the Canary Islands and the Azores. [O. Fr. malvoisie, from Malvasia in the Morea.]

Malodour, mal-ō′dor, n. an offensive odour.—adj. Malō′dorous.—n. Malō′dorousness.

Malpighian, mal-pig′i-an, adj. applied in anatomy to several structures in the kidney and spleen investigated by Marcello Malpighi (1628-94).

Malpractice, mal-prak′tis, n. evil practice or conduct: practice contrary to established rules.—n. Malpractit′ioner, a physician guilty of malpractice.

Malpresentation, mal-prē-zen-tā′shun, n. abnormal presentation in childbirth.

Malt, mawlt, n. barley or other grain steeped in water, allowed to sprout, and dried in a kiln, used in brewing ale, &c.—v.t. to make into malt.—v.i. to become malt: (hum.) to drink malt liquor.—adj. containing or made with malt.—ns. Malt′-dust, grain-sprouts produced and 'screened off' in malt-making; Malt′-floor, a perforated floor in the chamber of a malt-kiln, through which heat rises; Malt′-horse, a heavy horse, such as used by brewers—hence (Shak.) used in reproach for a dull, stupid person; Malt′ing; Malt′-kiln; Malt′-mill, a mill for grinding malt; Malt′ose, a hard, white, crystalline sugar, formed by the action of malt or diastase on starch; Malt′ster, Malt′man, one whose trade or occupation it is to make malt (-ster was up to the end of the 13th century a feminine affix); Malt′worm (Shak.), a lover of malted liquors, a tippler.—adj. Malt′y.—Malt liquor, a liquor, as beer, ale, or porter, formed from malt; Malt tea, the liquid infusion of the mash in brewing. [A.S. mealt, pa.t. of meltan, to soften; cf. Ger. malz.]

Maltese, mal-tēz′, n. a native, or the natives, of Malta: the dialect, a corrupt Arabic mixed with Italian.—adj. belonging to Malta, or to its inhabitants.—Maltese cross (see Cross); Maltese dog, a very small spaniel with long silky hair.

Maltha, mal′tha, n. a thick mineral pitch: any similar preparation used by the ancients as a cement, stucco, or mortar. [L.]

Malthusian, mal-thū′zhan, adj. relating to Malthus or to the principles he taught regarding the necessity of preventing population from increasing faster than the means of living.—n. a disciple of Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834).

Maltreat, mal-trēt′, v.t. to abuse: to use roughly or unkindly.—n. Maltreat′ment. [Fr. maltraiter—L. male, ill, tractāre, to treat.]

Malvaceous, mal-vā′shus, adj. (bot.) pertaining to plants of the mallow family.

Malversation, mal-vėr-sā′shun, n. evil conduct: misbehaviour in office: corruption: extortion. [Fr.—L. male, badly, versāri, -ātus, to occupy one's self.]

Mambrino, mam-brē′no, n. a medieval iron hat, from its likeness to the barber's basin in Don Quixote.

Mameluke, mam′e-lōōk, n. one of a force of light horse in Egypt formed of Circassian slaves—dispersed in 1811. [Fr.,—Ar. mamlûk, a purchased slave—malaka, to possess.]

Mamma, Mama, mam-mä′, n. mother—used chiefly by young children.—n. Mamm′y, mother. [Mama, a repetition of ma, the first syllable a child naturally utters.]

Mammalia, mam-mā′li-a, n.pl. (zool.) the whole class of animals that suckle their young.—ns. Mam′elon, a small hillock with a rounded top; Mam′ma, the mammary gland:—pl. Mam′mæ; Mam′mal, (zool.), one of the mammalia:—pl. Mammals (mam′alz).—adjs. Mammā′lian; Mammalif′erous (geol.), bearing mammals; Mammalog′ical.—ns. Mammal′ogist; Mammal′ogy, the scientific knowledge of mammals.—adjs. Mam′mary, relating to the mammæ or breasts; Mam′mate, having breasts.—n. Mam′mifer, an animal having mammæ.—adjs. Mammif′erous, having mammaæ; Mam′miform, having the form of a breast or pap—also Mammil′iform.—n. Mammil′la, the nipple of the mammary gland:—pl. Mammil′læ.—adjs. Mam′millary, pertaining to, or resembling, the breasts: studded with rounded projections; Mam′millate, having a mammilla; Mam′millated, having small nipples, or little globes like nipples: nipple-shaped.—n. Mammillā′tion—adj. Mammose′ (bot.), breast-shaped. [L.]

Mammee, mam-mē′, n. a highly esteemed fruit of the West Indies and tropical America, having a sweet taste and aromatic odour: the tree producing the fruit, the Mammea. [Haitian.]

Mammer, mam′ėr, v.i. (Shak.) to hesitate, to stand muttering and in doubt. [Prob. imit.]

Mammet, mam′et, n. (Shak.) a puppet, a figure dressed up. [Cf. mawmet, an idol.]

Mammock, mam′uk, n. a shapeless piece.—v.t. (Shak.) to tear to pieces, to mangle.

Mammon, mam′un, n. riches: the god of riches.—adj. Mamm′onish, devoted to money-getting.—ns. Mamm′onism, devotion to gain; Mamm′onist, Mamm′onite, a person devoted to riches: a worldling.—adj. Mammonist′ic. [Low L. mammona—Gr. mamōnas—Syriac mamônâ, riches.]

Mammoth, mam′uth, n. an extinct species of elephant.—adj. resembling the mammoth in size: very large. [Russ. mamantŭ—Tartar mamma, the earth.]

Man, man, n. a human being: mankind: a grown-up male: a male attendant: one possessing a distinctively masculine character: a husband: a piece used in playing chess or draughts: a ship, as in man-of-war: a word of familiar address:—pl. Men.—v.t. to supply with men: to strengthen or fortify:—pr.p. man′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. manned.—ns. Man′-at-arms, a soldier; Man-child, a male child: a boy; Man′dom (rare), humanity, men collectively; Man′-eat′er, a cannibal: a tiger; Man′-en′gine, an elevator for raising and lowering men in some deep mines.—adj. Man′ful, having the qualities of a man: full of manliness: bold: courageous: noble-minded.—adv. Man′fully.—ns. Man′fulness; Man′-hole, a hole in a drain, cesspool, &c., large enough to admit a man, for the purpose of cleaning or repairing it; Man′hood, state of being a man: manly quality: human nature; Man′kind, the kind or race of man: the mass of human beings.—adj. Man′-like, having the appearance, characteristics, or qualities of a man.—n. Man′liness.—adj. Man′ly, becoming a man: brave: dignified: noble: pertaining to manhood: not childish or womanish.—n. Man′-mill′iner, a man engaged in millinery—often in contempt.—adjs. Man′-mind′ed (Tenn.), having the mind or qualities of a man; Man′nish, like a man: masculine: bold.—ns. Man′-of-war, a war-ship: (B.) a soldier; Man′-of-war's-man, a man who serves on board a war-ship; Man′-quell′er (Shak.), a man-killer, a murderer; Man′slaughter, the slaying of a man: (law) the killing of any one unlawfully, but without malice or forethought; Man′slayer, one who kills a man; Man′stealer, one who steals human beings, esp. to make slaves of them; Man′trap, a trap or machine for catching people who trespass.—Man about town, a fashionable idler, dangling about clubs, theatres, &c.; Man alive! an exclamation of surprise; Man Friday, a servile attendant, factotum—from Robinson Crusoe's man; Man in the moon, a fancied semblance of a man walking in the moon, with a bush near, and his dog behind him; Man of business, an agent or a lawyer; Man of (his) hands, a handy, clever fellow; Man of letters, a scholar and writer; Man of sin, the devil: Antichrist; Man of straw, a person put in the front of some business, but who is not really responsible; Man of the world, a person well accustomed to the ways and dealings of men. [A.S. mann; Ger. mann, Dut. man, L. mas—mans, a male, Sans. manu, a man.]

Manacle, man′a-kl, n. a handcuff.—v.t. to put manacles on: to restrain the use of the limbs or any of the natural powers. [Through O. Fr., from L. manicula, dim. of manica, sleeve—manus, hand.]

Manage, man′āj, v.t. to guide by use of the hands: to have under command or control: to bring round to one's plans: to conduct with great carefulness: to wield: to handle: to contrive: to train by exercise, as a horse.—v.i. to conduct affairs.—n. Manageabil′ity, the quality of being manageable.—adj. Man′ageable, that can be managed: governable.—n. Man′ageableness.—adv. Man′ageably.—ns. Man′agement, art or act of managing: manner of directing or of using anything: administration: skilful treatment: a body of managers; Man′ager, one who manages: a person who controls a business or other concern.—adj. Managē′rial, of or pertaining to a manager, or to management. [Fr. manége, the managing of a horse—It. maneggio—L. manus, the hand.]

Manakin, man′a-kin, n. a small tropical American piproid bird: a variant form of manikin.

Manatee, man-a-tē′, n. an aquatic animal—also called the Sea-cow or Dugong (q.v.).

Manchester goods, man′ches-tėr goods, n.pl. goods or articles made in Manchester, esp. cotton and woollen cloths: similar goods made elsewhere.

Manchet, man′chet, n. (Tenn.) a small loaf or cake of fine white bread. [Ety. dub.]

Manchineel, manch-i-nēl′, n. a West Indian tree, remarkable for the poisonous qualities of its juice, and having a fruit resembling a small apple. [Sp. manzanillo, a small apple.]

Manchu, Manchoo, man-chōō′, n. one of the race from which Manchuria took its name, and which governed China in the 17th century.—adj. of or pertaining to Manchuria or to its inhabitants. [Chin., meaning 'pure.']

Mancipation, man-si-pā′shun, n. in ancient Rome, a legal formality for acquiring title to property by actual or by simulated purchase.—v.t. Man′cipate.—adj. Man′cipatory.

Manciple, man′si-pl, n. a steward: a purveyor, particularly of a college or an inn of court. [O. Fr.,—L. manceps, a purchaser—manus, hand, capĕre, take.]

Mandæan, man-dē′an, n. and adj. one of an ancient and still surviving sect in southern Babylonia, their religion a corrupt Gnosticism, with many Jewish and Parsee elements.—Also Mendaites, Nasoreans, and Sabians, and also Christians of St John. [Mandæan mandā, knowledge, gnosis.]

Mandamus, man-dā′mus, n. a writ or command issued by a higher court to a lower. [L., 'we command'—mandāre, to command.]

Mandarin, man-da-rēn′, n. a European name for a Chinese official, civil or military: a small kind of orange, thought to be of Chinese origin.—-n. Mandarī′nate. [Port, mandarim—Malayan mantrí, counsellor—Sans. mantra, counsel.]

Mandate, man′dāt, n. a charge: a command from a superior official or judge to an inferior, ordering him how to act, esp. from the Pope to a legate, &c.: a right given to a person to act in name of another: a rescript of the Pope.—ns. Man′datary, Man′datory, one to whom a mandate is given by a Man′dator.—adj. Man′datory, containing a mandate or command; preceptive: directory. [Fr. mandat—L. mandātum, mandāre—manus, hand, dăre, give.]

Mandible, man′di-bl, n. a jaw-bone, esp. that of the lower jaw.—adjs. Mandib′ular, relating to the jaw; Mandib′ulāte, -d, having mandibles for biting, like many insects. [L. mandibula—mandĕre, chew.]

Mandoline, Mandolin, man′do-lin, n. a musical instrument somewhat like a lute, having strings, finger-board, and neck like a guitar.—n. Mandō′la, a large mandoline. [Fr.,—It. mandola, mandora, a lute.]

Mandorla, man-dor′la, n. an oval panel, or a work of art filling such: the vesica piscis. [It.]

Mandrake, man′drāk, n. a plant of the genus Mandragora, with narcotic properties, once regarded as an aphrodisiac, shrieking when pulled out of the ground.—Mandrag′ora (Shak.). [L.,—Gr. mandragoras.]

Mandrel, man′drel, n. a bar of iron fitted to a turning-lathe on which articles to be turned are fixed: the axle of a circular saw.—Also Man′dril. [Fr. mandrin; prob. through Low L. from Gr. mandra.]

Mandrill, man′dril, n. a large kind of baboon, a native of Western Africa. [Fr.]

Manducate, man′dū-kāt, v.t. to chew or eat.—adj. Man′ducable.—n. Manducā′tion.—adj. Man′ducatory. [L. manducāre—mandĕre, to chew.]

Mane, mān, n. the long hair flowing from the neck of some quadrupeds, as the horse and the lion.—adjs. Maned, having a mane; Mane′less, without a mane; Mane′-like (Tenn.), like a mane: hanging in the form of a mane.—n. Mane′-sheet, a covering for the upper part of a horse's head. [A.S. manu; Ice. mön; Ger. mähne.]

Manège, man-āzh′, n. the managing of horses: the art of horsemanship or of training horses: a riding-school.—v.t. to train, as a horse. [Fr.; cf. manage.]

Maneh, mā′ne, n. a Hebrew weight of uncertain value. See Mina. [Heb.]

Manes, mā′nēz, n. (Roman myth.) the benevolent or tutelary spirits of departed persons: the lower world, as being the abode of the manes. [L.]

Manet, mā′net, he remains, a stage direction. [L. 3d sing. pres. ind. of manēre, to remain.]

Manganese, mang-ga-nēz′, or mang′ga-nēz, n. a hard and brittle metal of a grayish-white colour, somewhat like iron.—adjs. Manganē′sian, Manganē′sic, Mangan′ic, Mang′anous; Manganif′erous.—n. Mang′anite, gray ore of manganese, used in glass manufacture. [O. Fr. manganese, a material used in making glass, prob. from It. and cog. with magnesia.]

Mange, mānj, n. the scab or itch which eats the skin of domestic animals. [From adj. mangy.]

Mangel-wurzel, mang′gl-wur′zl, n. a plant of the beet kind cultivated as food for cattle.—Also Mang′old-wur′zel. [Ger. mangold, beet, wurzel, root.]

Manger, mānj′ėr, n. a trough in which food is laid for horses and cattle.—Dog in the manger, one who will neither enjoy something himself nor let others do so—also adjectively. [O. Fr. mangeoire—mangier, to eat—L. manducus, a glutton—mandĕre, to chew.]

Mangle, mang′gl, v.t. to cut and bruise: to tear in cutting: to mutilate: to take by piecemeal.—n. Mang′ler. [Skeat suggests a freq. form of O. Fr. mahaigner, to maim—mehaing, a hurt.]

Mangle, mang′gl, n. a rolling-press for smoothing linen.—v.t. to smooth with a mangle: to calender.—n. Mang′ler. [Dut. mangelen, to roll with a rolling-pin, through Low L., from Gr. manganon, the axis of a pulley.]

Mango, mang′gō, n. the fruit of the mango-tree of the East Indies: a green musk-melon pickled. [Malay mañggā.]

Mangonel, mang′go-nel, n. an engine used before the invention of cannon for throwing stones, &c. [O. Fr.,—Low L. mangonellus—Gr. manganon, a machine for throwing stones.]

Mangostan, mang′go-stan, Mangosteen, mang′go-stēn, n. an East Indian tree, and its fruit, which is of a most delicious taste. [Malay.]

Mangrove, man′grōv, n. a tree which grows on muddy shores and river-banks in the East and West Indies. [Malayan.]

Mangy, mānj′i, adj. scabby.—n. Mang′iness. [Anglicised form of Fr. mangé, eaten, pa.p. of manger, to eat—L. manducāre, to chew.]

Mania, mā′ni-a, n. violent madness: insanity: excessive or unreasonable desire.—n. Mā′niac, a person affected with mania: a madman.—adj. raving mad.—adj. Maniacal (ma-nī′a-kal).—adv. Manī′acally. [L.,—Gr. mania; cf. menos, mind.]

Manicate, man′i-kāt, adj. (bot.) covered with hairs so matted or interwoven as to be easily stripped off. [L. manicātus, sleeved—manicæ, long sleeves.]

Manichæan, Manichean, man-i-kē′an, adj. pertaining to the Manichees or followers of Mani, a native of Ecbatana (215-276 A.D.), who taught that everything sprang from two chief principles, light and darkness, or good and evil.—n. a believer in Manichæanism—also Man′ichee.—ns. Manichæ′anism, Manichē′ism, the doctrines of the Manichæans.

Manicure, man′i-kūr, n. the care of hands and nails: one who practises this.—v.t. to treat the hands and nails. [L. manus, hand, cura, care.]

Manifest, man′i-fest, adj. that may be easily seen by the eye or perceived by the mind: clear: apparent: evident.—v.t. to make clear or easily seen: to show plainly: to put beyond doubt: to reveal or declare.—n. an open or public statement: a list or invoice of a ship's cargo to be exhibited at the custom-house.—adjs. Manifest′able, Manifest′ible, that can be manifested or clearly shown.—n. Manifestā′tion, act of disclosing what is dark or secret: that by which something is manifested or shown: display: revelation.—adv. Man′ifestly.—n. Man′ifestness, state of being manifest. [Fr.,—L. manifestus—manus, the hand, -festus, pa.p. of obs. fendĕre, to dash against.]

Manifesto, man-i-fest′ō, n. a public written declaration of the intentions, opinions, or motives of a sovereign or of a leader of a party.—v.i. (rare) to issue a manifesto. [It.,—L.; see Manifest.]

Manifold, man′i-fōld, adj. various in kind or quality: many in number: multiplied.—adj. Man′ifolded (Spens.), having many folds or complications.—adv. Man′ifoldly.—n. Man′ifoldness.

Maniform, man′i-form, adj. having the shape or form of a hand. [L. manus, the hand, forma, a shape.]

Manigraph, man′i-graf, n. a device for multiplying copies of writings or drawings.

Manihot, man′i-hot, n. a genus of tropical American, mainly Brazilian, herbs of the spurge family—two species yielding the bitter and the sweet cassava respectively.

Manikin, man′i-kin, n. a dwarf: a pasteboard model exhibiting the different parts and organs of the human body. [Old Dut. mann-ek-en, a double dim. of man, Eng. man.]

Manila, Manilla, ma-nil′a, n. a cheroot manufactured in Manila, in the Philippine Islands.

Manilla, ma-nil′a, n. a ring worn as an ornament on the arm or leg, or used as money among the tribes of West Africa.—Also Mā′nilio, Manille′. [Low L. manilia, a bracelet—L. manus, the hand.]

Manille, ma-nil′, n. in ombre and quadrille, the highest card but one. [Fr.]

Manioc, mā′ni-ok, n. a tropical plant from which cassava and tapioca are obtained.—Also written Man′dioc, Mā′nihoc, Mā′nihot. [Sp. mandioca—Brazilian.]

Maniple, man′i-pl, n. a company of foot-soldiers in the Roman army: in the Western Church, a eucharistic vestment, a narrow strip worn on the left arm.—adj. Manip′ular, of or pertaining to a maniple: pertaining to handling or manipulation. [L. manipulus—manus, the hand, plēre, to fill.]

Manipulate, ma-nip′ū-lāt, v.t. to work with the hands.—v.i. to use the hands, esp. in scientific experiments: to handle or manage: to give a false appearance to: to turn to one's own purpose or advantage.—n. Manipulā′tion, act of manipulating or working by hand: use of the hands in a skilful manner in science or in art.—adjs. Manip′ulative, Manip′ulatory, done by manipulation.—n. Manip′ulator, one who manipulates or works with the hand. [Low L. manipulāre, -ātum. See Maniple.]

Manito, man′i-tō, n. a spirit or other object of reverence among some of the American Indians.—Also Manitou. [Algonkin.]

Manna, man′a, n. the food supplied to the Israelites in the wilderness of Arabia: delicious food for body or mind: a sweet juice or gum got from many trees, as the ash of Sicily.—adj. Mannif′erous. [Heb. mān hū, what is it? or from man, a gift.]

Manner, man′ėr, n. the way in which anything is done: method: fashion: personal style of acting or bearing one's self: habit: custom: style of writing or of thought: sort: style: (pl.) morals: good behaviour: character: respectful deportment.—adj. Mann′ered, having manners (esp. in compounds, as well- or ill-mannered): affected with mannerism: artificial: stilted.—ns. Mann′erism, a constant sameness of manner: a marked peculiarity of style or manner, esp. in literary composition: manner or style becoming wearisome by its sameness; Mann′erist, one addicted to mannerism.—adj. Manneris′tic.—adv. Manneris′tically.—n. Mann′erliness.—adj. Mann′erly, showing good manners: well-behaved: complaisant: not rude.—adv. with good manners: civilly: respectfully: without rudeness.—By no manner of means, under no circumstances whatever; In a manner, to a certain degree; In, or With, the manner (B.), in the very act; Make one's manners, to salute a person on meeting by a bow, courtesy, &c.; Shark's manners, rapacity; To the manner born, accustomed to something from birth. [Fr. manière—main—L. manus, the hand.]

Mannite, man′īt, n. a sweetish crystalline compound found in celery, sea-grasses, the dried sap of the flowering ash, &c.

Manœuvre, ma-nōō′vėr, or ma-nū′-, n. a piece of dexterous management: stratagem: a skilful and clever movement in military or naval tactics.—v.i. and v.t. to perform a manœuvre: to manage with art: to change the position of troops or of ships: to affect or to gain by manœuvres.—n. Manœu′vrer. [Fr.,—Low L. manuopera—L. manu, by hand, opera, work. Cf. manure.]

Manometer, man-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the rarity or density of gases from their elastic force—also Man′oscope.—adjs. Manomet′ric, -al.—n. Manos′copy. [Gr. manos, rare, metron, measure.]

Manor, man′or, n. the land belonging to a nobleman, or so much as he formerly kept for his own use: the district over which the court of the lord of the manor had authority: a tract of land in America for which a fee-farm rent was paid.—ns. Man′or-house, -seat, the house or seat belonging to a manor.—adj. Manō′rial, pertaining to a manor. [O. Fr. manoir—L. manēre, mansum, to stay.]

Mansard-roof, man′sard-rōōf, n. a form of roof having a break in the slope, the lower part being steeper than the upper, so called from the architect, François Mansart (1598-1666).

Manse, mans, n. the residence of a clergyman, esp. of Presbyterians in Scotland. [O. Fr.,—Low L. mansa, a farm—manēre, mansus, to remain.]

Mansion, man′shun, n. a house, esp. one of some size: a manor-house: the dwelling of a nobleman or a landholder: (B.) a resting-place.—ns. Man′sion-house, a mansion: the official residence of the Lord Mayor of London; Man′sionry (Shak.), a mansion, place of residence. [O. Fr.,—L. mansion-em—manēre, mansus, to remain.]

Mansuetude, man′swe-tūd, n. gentleness: tameness: mildness.—adj. Man′suete (rare), mild. [Fr.,—L. mansuetudo, mildness.]

Mansworn, man′sworn, p.adj. (obs.) perjured. [A.S. manswérian, to swear falsely.]

Mantel, man′tl, n. the ornamental shelf over a fireplace.—Also Man′tel-piece, Man′tel-shelf.

Mantic, man′tik, adj. relating to divination: prophetic. [Gr. mantikos—mantis, a prophet.]

Manticore, man′ti-kōr, n. a fabulous beast of prey with a human head. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. mantichōras.]

Mantilla, man-til′a, n. a small mantle: a kind of veil covering the head and falling down upon the shoulders. [Sp.; cf. mantle.]

Mantis, man′tis, n. a genus of orthopterous insects somewhat like locusts, carrying their large spinous forelegs in the attitude of prayer. [Gr. mantis.]

Mantle, man′tl, n. a covering: a cloak or loose outer garment: spirit: (zool.) the thin fleshy membrane lining a mollusc's shell: a conical wire-network covered with some highly refractory earth that becomes luminous under a flame.—v.t. to cover: to disguise.—v.i. to spread like a mantle: to revel: to joy: to froth: to rush to the face and impart a crimson glow, as blood.—ns. Man′tlet, Man′telet, a small cloak for women: (fort.) a movable shield or screen to protect an attacking force, or gunners while serving their guns; Man′tling, cloth suitable for mantles: (her.) the representation of a mantle, or the drapery of a coat-of-arms. [O. Fr. mantel (Fr. manteau)—L. mantellum, a napkin.]

Mantology, man-tol′ō-ji, n. the act or art of divination.—n. Mantol′ogist.

Manton, man′tun, n. a shawl or wrap. [Sp.,—manta, a cloak. Same root as mantle.]

Mantra, man′tra, n. a Vedic hymn of praise: the matter of the Sanhita or first division of the Veda: a sacred text used as an incantation. [Sans., 'thought.']

Mantua, man′tū-a, n. a lady's cloak or mantle: a lady's gown—(Scot.) Mant′y.—n. Man′tua-mak′er, a maker of ladies' gowns and dresses. [Prob. arose through confusion of manteau (It. manto) with Mantua, in Italy.]

Mantuan, man′tū-an, adj. of or pertaining to Mantua in Italy, or to the poet Virgil or his works.—n. a native of Mantua, esp. Virgil.

Manual, man′ū-al, adj. pertaining to the hand: done, made, or used by the hand.—n. drill in the use of weapons, &c.: a handbook: a handy compendium of a large subject or treatise: the key-board of an organ, &c.: an old office-book like the modern R.C. ritual.—adv. Man′ually.—Manual alphabet, the letters made by the deaf and dumb with the hand in conversation; Manual exercise, the exercise by which soldiers are made to handle their arms. [L. manualis—manus, the hand.]

Manubrium, mā-nū′bri-um, n. the presternum of most mammals: in organ-building, a stop-knob or handle.—adj. Manū′briāted. [L., 'a handle.']

Manufacture, man-ū-fakt′ūr, v.t. to make from raw materials by any means into a form suitable for use.—v.i. to be occupied in manufactures.—n. the process of manufacturing: anything manufactured.—n. Manufact′ory, a factory or place where goods are manufactured.—adj. Manufact′ural.—n. Manufact′urer, one who manufactures.—p.adj. Manufact′uring, pertaining to manufactures. [Fr.,—L. manus, the hand, factura, a making, from facĕre, factum, to make.]

Manumit, man-ū-mit′, v.t. to release from slavery: to set free, as a slave:—pr.p. manūmit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. manūmit′ted.—n. Manumiss′ion, act of manumitting or setting free from slavery. [L. manumittĕre—manus, the hand, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Manumotor, man-ū-mō′tor, n. a small wheel-carriage moved by the hand of the person in it.—adj. Manumō′tive. [L. manus, hand, motor, a mover.]

Manure, man-ūr′, v.t. to enrich land with any fertilising substance.—n. any substance applied to land to make it more fruitful.—ns. Manur′ance (Spens.), cultivation; Manur′er.—adj. Manū′rial.—n. Manur′ing, a dressing or spreading of manure on land. [Contr. of Fr. manœuvrer. See Manœuvre.]

Manus, mā′nus, n. the hand, the corresponding part of an animal's fore-limb.

Manuscript, man′ū-skript, adj. written by the hand: not printed.—n. a book or paper written by the hand.—adj. Manuscript′al. [L. manus, the hand, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Manx, mangks, n. the language of the Isle of Man, belonging to the Gadhelic branch of Celtic.—adj. pertaining to the Isle of Man or to its inhabitants.

Many, men′i, adj. consisting of a great number of individuals: not few: numerous:—comp. More (mōr); superl. Most (mōst).—n. many persons: a great number: (with def. art.) the people.—adj. Man′y-sid′ed, having many qualities or aspects: not narrow-minded.—n. Man′y-sid′edness.—The many, the crowd. [A.S. manig.]

Manyplies, men′i-plīz, n.sing. and pl. the third stomach of a ruminant—the omasum or psalterium.—Also Man′iplies and Mon′yplies.

Manzanilla, man-za-nil′a, n. a very dry and light kind of sherry, esp. that produced in the district of San Lucar de Barrameda in Spain. [Prob. from the town near Seville.]

Maori, mow′ri, or mä′ō-ri, n. a native of New Zealand:—pl. Mao′ris. [A New Zealand word signifying native or indigenous.]

Maormor, mär′mōr, n. a royal steward in ancient Scotland. [Gael., maor, maer, steward, mor, great.]

Map, map, n. a representation of the surface of the earth, or of part of it on a plane surface: a similar drawing of the stars in the sky.—v.t. to draw in the form of a map, as the figure of any portion of land: to describe clearly:—pr.p. map′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. mapped.—ns. Map′-meas′urer, an instrument for measuring distances other than in straight lines on a map; Map′-mount′er, one who mounts maps, or backs them with canvas and fixes them on rollers, &c.; Map′pery (Shak.), the art of planning and designing maps; Map′pist.—Map out, to mark down the chief points clearly. [L. mappa, a napkin, a painted cloth, orig. Punic.]

Maple, mā′pl, n. a tree of several species, from one of which, the rock-maple, sugar is made.—adj. of or pertaining to maple. [A.S. mapul, maple.]

Maqui, mā′kwi, n. an evergreen shrub, native of Chili, producing a berry yielding wine.

Mar, mär, v.t. to injure by wounding or by cutting off a part: to damage: to interrupt: to disfigure:—pr.p. mar′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. marred. [A.S. merran, mirran; cf. Dut. marren, to retard.]

Marabou, mar′a-bōō, n. a species of Indian stork, the feathers of which are much used as ornaments by ladies: a very white raw silk.

Marabout, mar′a-bōōt, n. one of a priestly race of Mohammedans in Northern Africa. [Ar.]

Maraschino, mar-as-kē′no, n. a liqueur distilled from a species of cherry grown in Dalmatia. [It.,—marasca, amarasca, a sour cherry—L. amārus, bitter.]

Marasmus, ma-raz′mus, n. a wasting of flesh without apparent disease, a kind of consumption. [Gr. marasmos—marainein, to decay.]

Marathi, ma-ra′thi, n. the language of the Mahrattas.—Also Mahrat′ti.

Maraud, ma-rawd′, v.i. to rove in quest of plunder.—n. Maraud′er, one who roves in quest of booty or plunder. [Fr. maraud, rogue; prob. O. Fr. mar-ir, to wander—Old High Ger. marrjan, to hinder.]

Maravedi, mar-a-vā′dī, n. the smallest copper coin of Spain, less than a farthing. [Sp.,—Ar. Murābitīn, the dynasty of the Almoravides (1086-1147 A.D.).]

Marble, mär′bl, n. any species of limestone taking a high polish: that which is made of marble, as a work of art: a little ball used by boys in play.—adj. made of marble: veined like marble: hard: insensible.—v.t. to stain or vein like marble.—adjs. Mar′ble-breast′ed, hard-hearted, cruel; Mar′ble-con′stant, constant or firm as marble, immovable.—n. Mar′ble-cut′ter, one who hews marble: a machine for cutting marble.—adjs. Mar′ble-edged, having the edges marbled, as a book; Mar′ble-heart′ed, hard-hearted, insensible.—ns. Mar′ble-pā′per, paper coloured in imitation of variegated marble; Mar′bler; Mar′bling, the act of veining or painting in imitation of marble.—adv. Mar′bly, resembling marble, in the manner of marble.—Elgin marbles, a collection of marbles obtained chiefly from the Parthenon by Lord Elgin in 1811, now in the British Museum. [O. Fr. marbre—L. marmor; cf. Gr. marmaros, marmairein, to sparkle.]

Marcando, mar-kän′do, adj. and adv. (mus.) with distinctness or precision.—Also Marca′to. [It., marcare, to mark.]

Marcasite, mär′ka-sīt, n. an iron ore, a variety of pyrites (q.v.). [Fr.; prob. of Ar. origin.]

Marcescent, mar-ses′ent, adj. withering, decaying.—adj. Marcesc′ible, that may wither. [L. marcescens, -entis, pr.p. of marcescĕre—marcēre, to fade.]

March, märch, n. the third month of the year, named from Mars, the god of war. [L. Martius (mensis), (the month) of Mars.]

March, märch, n. a border: boundary of a territory:—used chiefly in pl. March′es.—v.i. to border: to be adjacent.—ns. March′man, a borderer; March′-trea′son, the betrayal of a border or march to an enemy.—Riding the marches, a ceremony in which the magistrates and chief men of a city ride on horseback round the bounds of the property of the city, so as to mark plainly what are its limits. [A.S. mearc; doublet of mark.]

March, märch, v.i. to move in order, as soldiers: to walk in a grave or stately manner.—v.t. to cause to march.—n. the movement of troops: regular advance: a piece of music fitted for marching to: the distance passed over.—March past, the march of a body of soldiers in front of one remaining stationary to review them; Forced march, a march in which the men are vigorously pressed forward for combative or strategic purposes; Rogue's march, music played in derision of a person when he is expelled as a soldier, &c. [Fr. marcher. Ety. dub.; acc. to Scheler, prob. from L. marcus, a hammer (cf. 'to beat time'); others suggest root of march, a frontier.]

Märchen, Mährchen, märh′hen, n.sing. and pl. a story or fable, a folk-tale. [Ger.]

Marchioness, mär′shun-es, Marchesa, mar-chē′za, n. feminine of Marquis.

Marchpane, märch′pān, n. (Shak.) a kind of sweet bread or biscuit composed of sugar, almonds, and a small quantity of flour. [Fr. massepain, the latter part of the word being from L. panis, bread.]

Marcionite, mar′shun-īt, n. and adj. a follower of Marcion of Sinope (died 165 A.D.), who, partly under Gnostic influences, constructed an ethico-dualistic philosophy of religion, with rigorously ascetic practices. He claimed alone to have understood Paul aright, and accepted as authoritative his own version of Luke and ten of Paul's epistles.—ns. Mar′cionist; Mar′cionitism.

Marcobrunner, mär′ko-brōōn-ėr, n. a remarkably fine white wine, produced in Erbach, near Wiesbaden—from the Markbrunnen fountain hard by.

Mare, mār, n. the female of the horse.—ns. Mare's′-nest, a supposed discovery which turns out to be a hoax; Mare's-tail, a tall, erect marsh plant of the genus Hippuris: (pl.) long straight fibres of gray cirrus cloud; Shank's′-mare, a person's own legs, as a means of travelling.—The gray mare is the better horse, the wife rules her husband. [A.S. mere, fem. of mearh, a horse; cog. with Ger. mähre, Ice. marr, W. march, a horse.]

Margarine, mär′gar-in, n. the solid ingredient of human fat, olive-oil, &c.—so called from its pearly lustre: oleo-margarine or imitation butter (see under Olein).—adj. Margar′ic.—n. Mar′garite, one of the brittle micas. [L. margarita—Gr. margaritēs, a pearl.]

Margin, mär′jin, n. an edge, border: the blank edge on the page of a book: something allowed more than is needed, in case of unforeseen things happening: a sum of money, or its value in securities, deposited with a broker to protect him against loss on transactions made on account: a deposit made by each of two brokers, parties to a contract, when one is 'called up' by the other.—v.t. to furnish with margins, enter on the margin.—ns. Marge, Marg′ent (poet.), edge, brink.—adjs. Marged; Mar′ginal, pertaining to a margin: placed in the margin.—n. Marginā′lia, notes written on the margin.—v.t. Mar′ginalise, to furnish with notes.—adv. Mar′ginally.—adjs. Mar′ginate, -d, having a margin; Mar′gined.—Marginal credit, a method by which a merchant at home can render bills drawn upon him abroad saleable there, by associating a well-known banker's name on their margin with his own; Marginal notes, notes written or printed on the margin of a book or writing. [L. margo, marginis; cf. mark.]

Margrave, mär′grāv, n. a German nobleman of rank equivalent to an English marquis:—fem. Margravine (mär′gra-vēn).—ns. Mar′gravate, Margrā′viate, the jurisdiction or dignity of a margrave. [Dut. markgraaf (Ger. markgraf)—mark, a border, graaf, a count; cf. Ger. graf, A.S. geréfa, Eng. reeve and she-riff.]

Marguerite, mär′ge-rēt, n. the common garden daisy: the ox-eye daisy: the China aster.

Marian, mā′ri-an, adj. relating to the Virgin Mary: to the great Roman general Caius Marius: to Queen Mary of England.

Marigold, mar′i-gōld, n. a name applied to several composite plants bearing yellow flowers. [From the Virgin Mary and gold.]

Marine, ma-rēn′, adj. of or belonging to the sea: done at sea: representing the sea: near the sea.—n. a soldier serving on shipboard: the whole navy of a country or state: naval affairs: a sea-piece in painting.—ns. Mar′igraph, a self-registering tide-gauge; Marinade′, a liquor or pickle in which fish or meat is steeped before cooking, to improve the flavour.—v.t. Mar′inate, to salt or pickle.—n. Mar′iner, a seaman or sailor: one who assists in navigating ships.—Marine acid, hydrochloric acid; Marine boiler, a boiler fitted for use in steamships; Marine engine, an engine fitted for use in a steamship; Marine insurance, insurance of ships or their cargoes when at sea; Marine soap, a kind of coconut-oil soap, adapted for washing with sea-water; Marine store, a place where old ships' materials are bought and sold.—Tell that to the marines, a phrase expressive of disbelief and ridicule, from the sailor's contempt for the marine's ignorance of seamanship. [Fr.,—L. marinus—mare, sea.]

Mariolatry, mā-ri-ol′a-tri, n. the undue worship of the Virgin Mary—the veneration paid to her is strictly Hyperdulia.—n. Mariol′ater, one who practises mariolatry. [L. Maria, Mary, Gr. latreia, worship.]

Marionette, mar-i-o-net′, n. a puppet moved by strings, a puppet-show. [Fr.]

Marist, mā′rist, n. a member of a modern R.C. congregation for teaching.—adj. devoted to the service of the Virgin.

Marital, mar′i-tal, adj. pertaining to a husband: of the nature of a marriage.—n. Maritā′gium, in the feudal system, the right of the lord of the fee to dispose of the heiress, later also of the male heir, in marriage. [Fr.,—L. maritalis—maritus, a husband—mas, maris, a male.]

Maritime, mar′i-tim, adj. pertaining to the sea: relating to navigation or to naval affairs: situated near the sea: living on the shore, littoral—opp. to Marine: having a navy and a naval commerce. [L. maritimus—mare, sea.]

Marjoram, mär′jo-ram, n. an aromatic plant used as a seasoning in cookery. [Fr. marjolaine—Low L. majoraca—L. amaracus—Gr. amarakos.]

Mark, märk, n. a visible sign: any object serving as a guide: that by which anything is known: a badge: a trace, impression, proof: any visible effect: symptom: a thing aimed at or striven for: an attainable point: a character made by one who cannot write: any impressed sign or stamp: a physical peculiarity: distinction: a boundary, limit: in medieval times, a tract of common land belonging to a community.—v.t. to make a mark on anything: to impress with a sign: to take notice of: to regard.—v.i. to take particular notice.—adj. Marked, distinguished: prominent: notorious.—adv. Mark′edly, noticeably.—ns. Mark′er, one who marks the score at games, as at billiards: a counter used at card-playing, &c.: the soldier who forms the pivot round which a body of soldiers wheels; Mark′ing, act of making a mark: a mark made upon anything; Mark′ing-ink, indelible ink, used for marking clothes; Mark′ing-nut, the fruit of an East Indian tree of the cashew family, yielding a black juice used in marking cloths; Mark′man, one of the community owning a mark; Marks′man, one good at hitting a mark: one who shoots well.—Mark down, set down in writing, put a note of; Mark out, to lay out the plan or outlines of anything; Mark time, to move the feet alternately in the same manner as in marching, but without changing ground.—A man of mark, a well-known or famous man; Beside the mark, not properly referring to the matter in hand; God bless, or save, the mark, or Save the mark, a phrase expressing ironical astonishment or scorn, from the usage of archery; Make one's mark, to leave a lasting impression: to gain great influence; Toe the mark, to stand to one's obligations, facing the consequences; Trade mark, a distinctive mark put on goods, &c., to show by whom they were made; Up to the mark, good enough, measured by a certain standard. [A.S. mearc, a boundary; Ger. mark, Goth. marka.]

Mark, märk, n. an obsolete English coin=13s. 4d.: a coin of the present German Empire=about one shilling: a silver coin of Hamburg=about 1s. 4d. [A.S. marc, another form of the above word.]

Market, mär′ket, n. a public place for the purposes of buying and selling: the time for the market: sale: rate of sale: value.—v.i. to deal at a market: to buy and sell.—ns. Marketabil′ity, Mar′ketableness.—adj. Mar′ketable, fit for the market: saleable.—ns. Mar′ket-bell (Shak.), a bell to give notice of the time; Mar′ket-cross, a cross anciently set up where a market was held; Mar′ket-day, the fixed day on which a market is usually held; Mar′keter; Mar′ket-gar′den, a garden in which fruit and vegetables are grown for market; Mar′ket-gar′dener; Mar′ket-house, a building in which a market is held; Mar′keting, the act or practice of buying and selling in market; Mar′ket-place, the open space in a town where markets are held; Mar′ket-price, the price at which anything is sold in the market: the current price; Mar′ket-town, a town having the privilege of holding a public market. [Through the O. Fr. (Fr. marché, It. mercato), from L. mercatus, trade, a market—merx, merchandise.]

Marl, märl, n. a fat earth or clay often used as manure.—v.t. to cover with marl.—adj. Marlā′ceous, having the qualities of marl: like marl.—n. Mar′lite, a variety of marl.—adjs. Marlit′ic; Mar′ly, like marl: abounding in marl.—n. Marl′stone, argillaceous limestone. [O. Fr. marle (Fr. marne)—Low L. margila, a dim. of L. marga, marl.]

Marline, mär′lin, n. a small rope for winding round a larger one to keep it from being worn by rubbing.—v.t. Mar′line, Marl, to bind or wind round with marline.—n. Mar′linespike, an iron tool, like a spike, for separating the strands of a rope in splicing. [Dut. marlijn, marling—marren, to bind, lijn, a rope—Fr. ligne; cf. moor and line.]

Marmalade, mär′ma-lād, n. a jam or preserve generally made of the pulp of oranges, originally of quinces. [Fr., from Port. marmelada—marmelo, a quince—L. melimēlum—Gr. melimēlon, a sweet apple—meli, honey, mēlon, an apple.]

Marmoraceous, mar-mo-rā′shus, adj. belonging to, or like, marble.—adjs. Mar′morate, -d, covered with marble: variegated like marble.—n. Marmorā′tion.—adjs. Marmō′real, Marmō′rean, belonging to, or like, marble. [L. marmor, marble.]

Marmoset, mär′mo-zet, n. a small variety of American monkey. [Fr. marmouset, a little grotesque figure beside a fountain—L. marmor, marble.]

Marmot, mär′mot, n. a rodent animal, about the size of a rabbit, which inhabits the higher parts of the Alps and Pyrenees. [It. marmotto—Romansch murmont—L. mus montanus, mountain-mouse.]

Maronite, mar′ō-nīt, n. one of a sect of Christians who live on or around the mountains of Lebanon. [St Maron, about 400 A.D., or John Maron, a patriarch of the sect in the 7th century.]

Maroon, ma-rōōn′, n. a brownish crimson. [Fr. marron, a chestnut—It. marrone, a chestnut.]

Maroon, ma-rōōn′, n. a fugitive slave living on the mountains, in the West Indies.—v.t. to put on shore on a desolate island.—ns. Maroon′er; Maroon′ing. [Fr. marron—Sp. cimarron, wild—cima, a mountain-summit—L. cyma—Gr. kyma.]

Maroquin, mar′o-kwin, n. leather prepared from goatskin: morocco leather. [Fr.]

Marplot, mär′plot, n. one who mars or defeats a plot or design by interference where he has no right.

Marprelate, mär-prel′āt, adj. pertaining to the series of vigorous pamphlets against prelacy issued in England in 1588-9, in spite of severe repression.

Marque, märk, n. a license to pass the marches or limits of a country for the purpose of making reprisals: a ship commissioned for making captures.—Letter-of-marque (see Letter). [Fr.]

Marquee, mär-kē′, n. a large field-tent. [For marquees, the s being dropped as if a plural, from Fr. marquise, acc. to Littré, orig. a marchioness's tent.]

Marquetry, märk′et-ri, n. work inlaid with pieces of various-coloured wood. [Fr. marqueterie—marqueter, to inlay—marque, a mark.]

Marquis, mär′kwis, Marquess, mär′kwes, n. a title of nobility next below that of a duke, first given in England in 1386:—fem. Mar′chioness.—ns. Mar′quisāte, the dignity or lordship of a marquis; Marquise (mär-kēz′), in France, a marchioness: a style of parasol about 1850. [O. Fr. markis (Fr. marquis, It. marchese)—Low L. marchensis, a prefect of the marches.]

Marriage, mar′ij, n. the ceremony by which a man and woman become husband and wife: the union of a man and woman as husband and wife.—adj. Marr′iageable, suitable, or at a proper age, for marriage.—ns. Marr′iageableness; Marr′iage-con′tract, an agreement to be married: an agreement respecting property by persons about to marry.—n.pl. Marr′iage-fā′vours, knots or decorations worn at a marriage.—n. Marr′iage-sett′lement, an arrangement of property, &c., before marriage, by which something is secured to the wife or her children, in case of her husband's death. [O. Fr. mariage. See Marry.]

Marrow, mar′ō, n. the soft, fatty matter in the hollow parts of the bones: the pith of certain plants: the essence or best part of anything: the inner meaning or purpose.—ns. Marr′ow-bone, a bone containing marrow: (pl.) the knees or the bones of the knees; Marr′owfat, a rich kind of pea, called also Dutch Admiral pea.—adjs. Marr′owish, of the nature of, or resembling, marrow; Marr′owless, having no marrow.—n. Marr′ow-squash (U.S.), vegetable marrow.—adj. Marr′owy, full of marrow: strong: forcible: pithy. [A.S. mearg; Ger. mark.]

Marry, mar′i, v.t. to take for husband or wife: to give in marriage: to unite in matrimony.—v.i. to enter into the married state: to take a husband or a wife:—pr.p. marr′ying; pa.t. and pa.p. marr′ied. [Fr. marier—L. maritāre, to marry, maritus, a husband—mas, maris, a male.]

Mars, märz, n. the Roman god of war: the planet next to the earth in the order of distance from the sun. [L. Mars, Martis.]

Marsala, mar′sä-la, n. a light wine resembling sherry, from Marsala in Sicily.

Marseillaise, mär-se-lyāz′, or mär-se-lāz′, n. the French revolutionary hymn composed by Rouget de Lisle in 1792, sung by the volunteers of Marseilles as they entered Paris, 30th July, and when they marched to the storming of the Tuileries.

Marsh, märsh, n. a tract of low wet land: a morass, swamp, or fen.—adj. pertaining to wet or boggy places.—ns. Marsh′-gas, fire-damp; Marsh′-harr′ier, a harrier of genus Circus frequenting marshes; Marsh′iness; Marsh′-mall′ow, a species of mallow common in meadows and marshes; Marsh′-mar′igold, a genus of plants of the Ranunculus order, having large yellow flowers like those of a buttercup.—adj. Marsh′y, pertaining to, or produced in, marshes: abounding in marshes. [A.S. mersc, for mer-isc, as if 'mere-ish,' full of meres. Cf. mere, a pool.]

Marshal, mär′shal, n. an officer charged with the regulation of ceremonies, preservation of order, points of etiquette, &c.: the chief officer who regulated combats in the lists: a pursuivant or harbinger: a herald: in France, an officer of the highest military rank: (U.S.) the civil officer of a district, corresponding to the sheriff of a county in England.—v.t. to arrange in order: to lead, as a herald:—pr.p. mar′shalling; pa.t. and pa.p. mar′shalled.—ns. Mar′shaller, one who marshals; Mar′shalling, act of arranging in due order; Mar′shalsea, till 1842 a prison in Southwark, under the marshal of the royal household; Mar′shalship, office of marshal. [O. Fr. mareschal (Fr. maréchal); from Old High Ger. marah, a horse, schalh (Ger. schalk), a servant.]

Marsipobranchiate, mar-si-po-brang′ki-āt, adj. having pursed gills, as lampreys, hags, &c.—Also Mar′sipobranch.

Marsupial, mär-sū′pi-al, adj. carrying young in a pouch.—n. a marsupial animal, as the opossum or the kangaroo.—n. Marsū′pium, a brood-pouch. [L. marsupium—Gr. marsipion, a pouch.]

Martel, mär′tel, v.t. (Spens.) to hammer, to strike. [Fr. marteler, It. martello. See Martello.]

Martello, mar-tel′o, n. a circular fort erected to protect a coast. [It. martello, a hammer—L. martulus, marculus, dim. of marcus, a hammer; or from Mortella Point in Corsica, where a tower of this kind withstood an English cannonade in 1794.]

Marten, mär′ten, n. a destructive kind of weasel valued for its fur. [Fr. martre, also marte—Low L. marturis, from a Teut. root seen in Ger. marder, and A.S. mearð, a marten.]

Martial, mär′shal, adj. belonging to Mars, the god of war, or to the planet Mars: of or belonging to war, or to the army and navy: warlike: brave.—ns. Mar′tialism; Mar′tialist.—adv. Mar′tially.—Martial law, law enforced during a state of war for the proper government of armies, and for the punishment of those who break the laws of war. [Fr.,—L. martialis—Mars, Martis.]

Martin, mär′tin, n. a bird of the swallow kind.—Also Mar′tinet. [The name Martin; cf. robin, &c.]

Martinet, mär′tin-et, n. a strict disciplinarian.—n. Martinet′ism. [From Martinet, a very strict officer in the army of Louis XIV. of France.]

Martingale, mär′tin-gāl, n. a strap passing between a horse's forelegs, fastened to the girth and to the bit, to keep his head down: in ships, a short spar under the bowsprit.—Also Mar′tingal. [Fr., from a kind of breeches worn at Martigues in Provence.]

Martinmas, mär′tin-mas, n. the mass or feast of St Martin: 11th Nov., a term-day in Scotland.

Martlet, märt′let, n. the martin, the name of a bird: (her.) a martin or swallow without feet, used as a bearing, a crest, or a mark of cadency to designate the fourth son. [From Fr. martinet, dim. of martin.]

Martyr, mär′tėr, n. one who by his death bears witness to the truth: one who suffers for his belief: one who suffers greatly from any cause.—v.t. to put to death for one's belief.—n. Mar′tyrdom, state of being a martyr: the sufferings or death of a martyr: torment generally.—v.t. Mar′tyrise (Browning), to offer as a sacrifice: to cause to suffer martyrdom.—adj. Martyrolog′ical.—ns. Martyrol′ogist; Martyrol′ogy, a history of martyrs: a discourse on martyrdom. [A.S.,—L.,—Gr., a witness.]

Marvel, mär′vel, n. a wonder: anything astonishing or wonderful: astonishment.—v.i. to wonder: to feel astonishment:—pr.p. mar′velling; pa.t. and pa.p. mar′velled.—adj. Mar′vellous, astonishing: almost or altogether beyond belief: improbable.—adv. Mar′vellously.—n. Mar′vellousness. [Fr. merveille—L. mirabilis, wonderful—mirāri, to wonder.]

Mascle, mas′kl, n. (her.) a bearing, lozenge-shaped and perforated: a plate of steel in the form of a lozenge, used in making scale-armour.—adjs. Mas′cled, Mascule′, Mas′culy. [Fr. macle—L. macula, the mesh of a net.]

Mascot, mas′kot, n. a luck-penny or talisman: a person whose presence brings good luck. [Fr. mascotte.]

Masculine, mas′kū-lin, adj. of the male sex: having the qualities of a man: resembling a man, or suitable to a man: robust: of a woman, bold, forward, unwomanly: denoting nouns which are names of males.—n. (gram.) the masculine gender.—adv. Mas′culinely.—ns. Mas′culineness, Masculin′ity. [Fr.,—L. masculinus—masculus, male—mas, a male.]

Mash, mash, v.t. to beat into a mixed mass: to bruise: in brewing, to mix malt and hot water together.—v.i. to act violently.—n. a mixture of ingredients beaten or stirred together, as of bran, meal, &c., or bran and boiled turnips, &c., for feeding cattle or horses: in brewing, a mixture of crushed malt and hot water.—ns. Mash′ing; Mash′-tub, Mash′ing-tub, a tub in which the mash in breweries is mixed.—adj. Mash′y, produced by mashing; of the nature of a mash. [The noun is older than the verb, and seems to be connected with mix (A.S. miscian); cf. Mish-mash.]

Masher, mash′ėr, n. a fellow who dresses showily to attract the attention of silly young women, a fop.—v.t. Mash, to gain the affections of one of the opposite sex, to treat as a sweetheart.—Be mashed on (slang), to be struck with love for another.

Mask, Masque, mask, n. anything disguising or concealing the face: anything that disguises: a pretence: a masquerade: a former kind of dramatic spectacle, in which actors personified mythological deities, shepherdesses, &c.: a representation or impression of a face in any material, as in marble, plaster, &c.: a fox's head.—v.t. to cover the face with a mask: to hide.—v.i. to join in a mask or masquerade: to be disguised in any way: to revel.—n. Mas′caron (archit.), a grotesque face on door-knockers, spouts, &c.—adj. Masked, wearing a mask, concealed.—ns. Masked′-ball, a ball in which the dancers wear masks; Mask′er, one who wears a mask.—Masked battery (see Battery). [Fr. masque—Sp. mascara—Ar. maskharat, a jester, man in masquerade.]

Mask, mask, v.t. (Scot.) to steep, infuse.—v.i. to be infusing. [A form of mash.]

Maslin, mas′lin, n. mixed grain, esp. rye and wheat.—Also Mash′lin, Mash′lim, Mash′lum.

Mason, mā′sn, n. one who cuts, prepares, and lays stones: a builder in stone: a member of the society of freemasons.—v.t. to build.—adjs. Mason′ic, relating to freemasonry; Mā′sonried, constructed of masonry.—n. Mā′sonry, the skill or practice of a mason: the work of a mason: the art of building in stone: freemasonry.—adj. consisting of mason-work.—n. Mas′ter-mā′son (see under Master). [O. Fr. masson (Fr. maçon)—Low L. macion-em; prob. Teut.; cf. Mid. High Ger. mezzo, a mason, whence steinmetz, a stone-mason, cog. with Old High Ger. meizan, to hew, whence Ger. meissel, a chisel.]

Masoolah-boat, ma-sōō′la-bōt, n. a high many-oared East Indian surf-boat.—Also Masu′la-boat.

Masquerade, mask-ėr-ād′, n. an assembly of persons wearing masks, generally at a ball: disguise.—v.i. to wear a mask: to join in a masquerade: to go in disguise.—n. Masquerad′er, a person wearing a mask: a person or thing disguised in any manner. [Fr. mascarade. See Mask.]

Mass, mas, n. a lump of matter: a quantity: a collected body: the main body: magnitude: the principal part or main body: quantity of matter in any body, weight being proportional to mass: (pl.) the lower classes of the people.—v.t. to form into a mass: to bring together in masses.—v.i. to assemble in masses.—adj. Mass′ive, bulky: weighty: not separated into parts or elements: without crystalline form, geologically homogeneous.—adv. Mass′ively.—ns. Mass′iveness, Mass′iness; Mass′-meeting, a public meeting of persons of all classes to discuss some matter of general interest.—adj. Mass′y, massive, made up of masses. [Fr. masse—L. massa—Gr. maza—massein, to squeeze together.]

Mass, mas, n. the celebration of the Lord's Supper or Eucharist in R.C. churches, also the office for the same: a musical setting of certain parts of the R.C. liturgy: a church festival or feast-day, as in Candlemas, Christmas, Martinmas, &c.—ns. Mass′-bell, or Sacring-bell, a bell rung during the celebration of mass, at the elevation of the host; Mass′-book, the R.C. missal or service-book; Mass′-priest, formerly a R.C. secular priest, as distinct from those living under a rule—later, a priest retained in chantries, &c., to say masses for the dead: a R.C. priest generally.—Mass for the dead, a funeral mass for the faithful in Christ, to hasten their release from purgatory; Conventual mass, a mass for the general community of a religious house: a mass at which special remembrance is made of pious founders and benefactors; Dry mass, or service, a rite in which there is neither consecration nor communion; High mass, a mass celebrated with music, ritual, ceremonies, and incense; Low mass, the ordinary mass celebrated without music and incense; Midnight mass, that mass which is said at midnight on Christmas-eve; Private mass, any mass where only the priest communicates, esp. in a private oratory; Solemn mass, a mass resembling a high mass, but without some of its special ceremonies; Votive mass, a special mass over and above those ordinarily said for the day, for some particular grace or purpose, and provided by some individual. [A.S. mæsse—Low L. missa—L. missus, mittĕre, to send away, from the phrase at the close of service, Ite, missa est (ecclesia), 'Go, the congregation is dismissed.']

Massacre, mas′a-kėr, n. indiscriminate slaughter, esp. with cruelty: carnage.—v.t. to kill with violence and cruelty: to slaughter. [Fr.; from the Teut., as in Low Ger. matsken, to cut; cf. Ger. metz-ger, a butcher.]

Massage, ma-säzh′, n. in medicine, a system of treatment in which the manipulation and exercise of parts (passive movement) are employed for the relief of morbid conditions—by stroking, pressing, tapping, kneading, friction with kneading, &c.—v.t. to subject to massage.—ns. Massa′gist, Masseur′:—fem. Masseuse′. [Fr., from Gr. massein, to knead.]

Masse, ma-sā′, n. in billiards, a sharp stroke made with the cue perpendicular or nearly so. [Fr.]

Masseter, mas-ē′tėr, n. a muscle which raises the under jaw, and thus closes the mouth. [Gr. masētēr—masasthai, to chew.]

Massif, ma-sēf, n. a central mountain-mass; an orographic fault-block. [Fr.]

Massorah, Masora, mas′ō-rä, n. the tradition by which Jewish scholars tried to preserve the text of the Old Testament—a collection of critical notes on the text of the Old Testament, first committed to writing in Tiberias between the 6th and 9th cent. A.D.—the Great Massorah was finally arranged about the 11th century; the Small Massorah is an extract therefrom.—ns. Mass′orete, Mass′orite.—adjs. Massoret′ic, Masoret′ic.—Massoretic points and accents, the vowel-points in Hebrew furnished by the Massorah. [Heb., 'tradition.']

Mast, mast, n. a long upright pole for bearing the yards, rigging, &c. in a ship.—v.t. to supply with a mast or masts.—adj. Mast′ed.—n. Mast′-head, the head or top of the mast of a ship.—v.t. to raise to the mast-head: to punish by sending a sailor to the mast-head for a certain time.—n. Mast′-house, the place in dockyards where masts are made.—adj. Mast′less, having no mast. [A.S. mæst, the stem of a tree; Ger. mast.]

Mast, mast, n. the fruit of the oak, beech, chestnut, and other forest trees, on which swine feed: nuts, acorns.—adjs. Mast′ful; Mast′less; Mast′y. [A.S. mæst; Ger. mast, whence mästen, to feed.]

Master, mas′tėr, n. one who commands: a lord or owner: a leader or ruler: a teacher: an employer: the commander of a merchant-ship: formerly the navigator or sailing-master of a ship-of-war: one eminently skilled in anything: the common title of address to a young gentleman, &c.: a title of dignity or office—a degree conferred by universities, as Master of Arts, &c., the title of the eldest son of a Scotch viscount or baron, the head of some corporations, as Balliol College, &c., of a lodge of freemasons, &c.: a husband.—adj. the chief, predominant: belonging to a master, chief, principal, as in Master-builder, &c.—v.t. to become master of: to overcome: to become skilful in: to execute with skill.—ns. Mas′ter-build′er, a chief builder, one who directs or employs others; Mas′terdom, power of control.—adj. Mas′terful, exercising the authority or power of a master: imperious: having the skill of a master.—adv. Mas′terfully, in a masterful or imperious manner.—ns. Mas′terfulness; Mas′ter-hand, the hand of a master: a person highly skilled; Mas′terhood; Mas′ter-joint, the most marked system of joints or divisional planes by which a rock is intersected; Mas′terkey, a key that opens many locks: a clue fitted to guide one out of many difficulties.—adj. Mas′terless, without a master or owner: ungoverned: unsubdued: beyond control.—n. Mas′terliness, quality of being masterly: masterly skill.—adj. Mas′terly, like a master: with the skill of a master: skilful: excellent: overbearing.—adv. with the skill of a master.—ns. Mas′ter-mar′iner, the captain of a merchant-vessel or fishing-vessel; Mas′ter-mā′son, a freemason who has attained the third degree; Mas′ter-mind; Mas′ter-pass′ion; Mas′terpiece, a piece of work worthy of a master: a work of superior skill: chief excellence; Mas′tership, the office of master: rule or dominion: superiority; Mas′terstroke, a stroke or performance worthy of a master: superior performance; Mas′ter-wheel, the wheel in a machine which imparts motion to other parts; Mas′ter-work, work worthy of a master: masterpiece; Mas′terwort, a perennial umbelliferous herb, native to northern Europe, its root reputed as a stomachic, sudorific, diuretic, &c.; Mas′tery, the power or authority of a master: dominion: victory: superiority: the attainment of superior power or skill.—Master of ceremonies, of the Rolls, &c. (see Ceremonies, Rolls, &c.); Master of the horse, the Roman Magister Equitum, an official appointed by the dictator to act next under himself: an equerry, esp. the exalted official bearing this name at the British court; Master of the Temple, the preacher of the Temple Church in London; Masters of the schools, at Oxford, the conductors of the first examination (Responsions) for the degree of B.A.—Masterly inactivity, the position or part of a neutral or a Fabian combatant, carried out with diplomatic skill, so as to preserve a predominant influence without risking anything.—Passed, or Past, master, one who has occupied the office of master, esp. among freemasons—hence any one known to possess ample knowledge of some subject; The little masters, a 16th-17th cent. group of followers of Dürer, notable for fine work on wood and copper; The old masters, a term applied collectively to the great painters about the time of the Renaissance, esp. the Italians.—Be master of one's self, to have one's passions or emotions under control. [O. Fr. maistre (Fr. maître)—L. magister, from root of magnus, great.]

Mastic, Mastich, mas′tik, n. a species of gum-resin from the lentisk-tree: a cement from mastic: the tree producing mastic. [Fr.,—L. mastiche—Gr. mastichē—mas-tizein, to chew.]

Masticate, mas′ti-kāt, v.t. to chew: to grind with the teeth.—adj. Mas′ticable, that may be chewed.—ns. Masticā′tion, act or process of chewing; Masticā′tor, a machine for cutting up meat for people unable to chew: a machine used in purifying india-rubber.—adj. Mas′ticatory, chewing: adapted for chewing.—n. a substance chewed to increase the saliva. [L. masticāre, -ātum—mastiche, mastic.]

Mastiff, mas′tif, n. a thick-set and powerful variety of dog much used as a watch-dog. [Skeat follows Scheler and Diez in explaining mastiff as 'house-dog,' from an assumed O. Fr. mastif, prob. a variant of O. Fr. mastin (Fr. mâtin)—Low L. masnata, a family—L. mansion-em, a house. Others explain as O. Fr. mestif (Fr. métif), of mixed breed, mongrel, or O. Fr. mestis (métis), mongrel, or even as the above O. Fr. mastin (Fr. mâtin), all, through Low L. forms, from L. mixtus, mistus, miscēre, to mix.]

Mastitis, mas-tī′tis, n. inflammation of the mammary gland.—n. Mastodyn′ia, pain in the breast.—adj. Mas′toid, like a nipple or teat: denoting a part or process of the temporal bone.—n. Mastol′ogy, mammology. [Gr. mastos, a nipple.]

Mastodon, mas′to-don, n. a genus of extinct elephants, so named from the mamillary cusps or teat-like prominences on the molar teeth. [Gr. mastos, the breast, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Masturbation, mas-tur-bā′shun, n. self-defilement, onanism.—v.i. Mas′turbate, to commit self-abuse.—n. Mas′turbator, one guilty of this. [L. masturbāri.]

Mat, mat, n. a texture of sedge, rushes, straw, &c. for cleaning the feet on: a web of rope-yarn: an ornamental border for a picture: a piece of cloth, &c. put below dishes on a table: anything like a mat in appearance, thick and closely set: any interwoven structure used as a revetment on river-banks, &c.: a sack of matting used to cover tea and coffee chests, such a sack containing a certain quantity of coffee: the closely-worked portion of lace: any annular pad to protect the head in bearing burdens.—v.t. to cover with mats: to interweave: to entangle:—pr.p. mat′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. mat′ted. [A.S. meatta—L. matta, a mat.]

Mat, mat, adj. and n. having a dull or dead surface, without lustre: an instrument by means of which such is produced.—v.t. to produce such a surface on metal. [Ger. matt, dull.]

Matador, Matadore, mat-a-dōr′, n. the man who kills the bull in bull-fights: one of the three chief cards at ombre and quadrille. [Sp. matador—matar, to kill—L. mactāre, to kill, to honour by sacrifice—mactus, honoured.]

Matafunda, mat-a-fun′da, n. an old military engine which slung stones. [Low L., prob. Sp. matar, to kill, L. funda, a sling.]

Match, mach, n. a piece of inflammable material which easily takes or carries fire: a prepared rope for firing a gun, &c.: a lucifer.—ns. Match′-box, a box for holding matches; Match′lock, the lock of a musket containing a match for firing it: a musket so fired; Match′wood, wood cut down to a size suitable for making matches: wood broken into small pieces; Quick′-match, a match made of threads of cotton, and steeped in various inflammable substances so as to burn a yard in thirteen seconds; Safe′ty-match, a match which will only light when rubbed on a specially prepared surface; Slow′-match, a match made to burn at the rate of from four to five inches in an hour, for blasting, &c. [O. Fr. mesche (Fr. mèche)—Low L. myxus—Gr. myxa, the snuff or wick of a lamp.]

Match, mach, n. anything which agrees with or suits another thing: an equal: one able to cope with another: a contest or game: a pairing, a marriage: one to be gained in marriage.—v.i. to be of the same make, size, &c., to correspond: to form a union with.—v.t. to be equal to, to set a counterpart to anything: to be able to compete with: to find an equal to: to set against as equal: to suit: to give in marriage.—adj. Match′able.—ns. Match′board, a board with a tongue cut along one edge and a groove in the opposite edge, their joining being called a Match′-joint; Match′er.—adj. Match′less, having no match or equal: superior to all: peerless: unpaired.—adv. Match′lessly.—ns. Match′lessness; Match′-mak′er, one who makes matches: one who plans to bring about marriages. [A.S. gemæca, gemaca, a mate, a wife.]

Mate, māt, n. a companion: an equal: one of a pair, the male or female of animals that go in pairs: in a merchant-ship the first-mate is the second in command—in the navy the term is now confined to petty-officers, such as boatswain's mate, gunner's mate, &c.: an assistant, deputy.—v.t. to be equal to: to become a companion to: to marry.—adj. Mate′less, without a mate or companion. [A.S. ge-maca; Ice. maki, an equal, from the same root as make. Cf. match. Prob. mate in its naut. sense is Dutch—Old Dut. maet, mod. maat.]

Mate, Maté, mä′tā, n. a South American species of holly, the leaves and green shoots of which, dried and roughly ground, furnish the yerba de mate of Paraguay and Brazil. [Sp. mate, orig. the vessel in which it was infused for drinking.]

Mate, māt, v.t. (Bacon) to weaken, to confound, to crush. [O. Fr. mater; cf. Sp. matar, to weaken.]

Matelasse, mat-las′ā, adj. and n. having a raised pattern on the surface as if quilted, of silks. [Fr. matelas, a mattress.]

Matelote, mat′e-lōt, n. fish stewed with wine-sauce, onions, &c. [Fr. matelot, a sailor.]

Mateology, mat-ē-ol′o-ji, n. a foolish inquiry. [Gr. mataios, vain, matē, folly, logia, discourse.]

Mater, mā′tėr, n. a mother: one of the two membranes of the brain, outer and inner, separated by the arachnoid—the dura mater, or dura, and pia mater, or pia.—Mā′ter dolorō′sa, the Virgin Mary represented as the sorrowing mother; Māterfamil′ias, the mother of a family. [L.,—Gr. mētēr.]

Material, ma-tē′ri-al, adj. consisting of matter: corporeal, not spiritual: substantial: essential: important, esp. of legal importance: (phil.) pertaining to matter and not to form, relating to the object as it exists.—n., esp. in pl., that out of which anything is to be made.—n. Materialisā′tion.—v.t. Matē′rialīse, to render material: to reduce to or regard as matter: to occupy with material interests.—ns. Matē′rialism, the doctrine that denies the independent existence of spirit, and maintains that there is but one substance—viz. matter—thus professing to find in matter (monistic or philosophical materialism), or in material entities (atomistic materialism), or in material qualities and forces (scientific or physical materialism), a complete explanation of all life and existence whatsoever; Matē′rialist, one who holds the doctrine of materialism: one absorbed in material interests, who takes a low view of life and its responsibilities.—adjs. Materialist′ic, -al, pertaining to materialism.—adv. Matē′rially.—ns. Matē′rialness, Material′ity.—Material being, existence in the form of matter; Material cause, that which gives being to the thing; Material distinction, a distinction between individuals of the same species; Material evidence, evidence tending to prove or to disprove the matter under judgment; Material fallacy, a fallacy in the matter or thought, rather than in the logical form; Material form, a form depending on matter; Material issue (see Issue).—Raw material, stuff as yet unworked into anything useful. [Fr.,—L. materialis—materia.]

Materia medica, ma-tē′ri-a med′i-ka, n. the various substances used in making up medicines: the science of the nature and use of substances used as medicines. [L. materia, material, medicus, medical.]

Matériel, ma-tā-re-el′, n. the totality of materials or instruments employed (as in an army), as distinguished from the personnel or men—applied esp. to military stores, arms, baggage, horses, &c. [Fr.]

Maternal, ma-tėr′nal, adj. belonging to a mother: motherly.—adv. Mater′nally.—n. Mater′nity, the state, character, or relation of a mother: motherhood: a lying-in hospital. [Fr. maternel (It. maternale)—L. maternus—mater, mother.]

Mathematic, -al, math-e-mat′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to, or done by, mathematics: very accurate.—adv. Mathemat′ically.—ns. Mathematic′ian, one versed in mathematics; Mathemat′ics, the science of magnitude and number, and of all their relations—usually divided into Pure, and Mixed or Applied, the first including all deductions from the abstract, self-evident relations of magnitude and number—the second, the results arrived at by applying the principles so established to certain relations found by observation to exist among the phenomena of nature.—Higher mathematics, a term applied generally to all the scientifically treated branches of mathematics. [Fr. mathématique—L. mathematica—Gr. mathēmatikē (epistēmē, skill, knowledge), relating to learning—mathēma—manthanein, to learn.]

Matico, ma-tē′ko, n. a Peruvian shrub, used in medicine as a styptic and astringent.

Matin, mat′in, adj. morning: used in the morning.—n. in pl. the daily morning service of the Church of England: one of the seven canonical hours, usually sung between midnight and daybreak.—adj. Mat′inal.—n. Matinée (mat-i-nā′), a musical entertainment or reception held in the day-time, usually in the afternoon: a woman's dress for wear in the forenoon or before dinner. [Fr.,—L. matutinus, belonging to the morning—Matuta, goddess of morning, prob. akin to maturus, early.]

Matriarchy, mā′tri-är-ki, n. government by a mother or by mothers, esp. a primitive order of society existing in many Indian tribes, in which the mother takes precedence of the father in tracing line of descent and in inheritance: descent in the female line.—ns. Mā′triarch, a woman in whom matriarchy rests: a patriarch's wife.—adj. Matriar′chal.—ns. Matriar′chalism, the character of possessing matriarchal customs; Matriar′chate, the position of a matriarch. [Gr. mētēr, mother, archos, a ruler.]

Matricide, mat′ri-sīd, n. a murderer of one's own mother: the murder of one's own mother.—adj. Mat′ricidal [Fr.,—L. matricida, matricidium—mater, mother, cædĕre, to kill.]

Matriculate, ma-trik′ū-lāt, v.t. to admit to membership by entering one's name in a register, esp. in a college.—v.i. to become a member of a college, university, &c., by being enrolled.—n. one admitted to membership in a society.—n. Matriculā′tion, act of matriculating: state of being matriculated. [Late L. matricula, a register, dim. of matrix.]

Matrimony, mat′ri-mun-i, n. union of husband and wife, marriage: state of marriage.—adj. Matrimō′nial, relating to, derived from, marriage.—adj. Matrimō′nially. [O. Fr.,—L. matrimonium—mater.]

Matrix, mā′triks, or mat′riks, n. (anat.) the cavity in which an animal is formed before its birth, the womb: the cavity in which anything is formed, a mould: (mining) earthy or stony substances in which minerals are found embedded: (dyeing) the five simple colours (black, white, blue, red, and yellow) from which all the others are formed: (math.) a rectangular array of quantities, usually square—a multiple quantity having as many dimensions as it has spaces:—pl. Matrices (mā′tri-sez or mat′ri-sez). [L. matrix, -icis—mater, mother.]

Matron, mā′trun, n. an elderly married woman: an elderly lady of staid and sober habits: a head-nurse in a hospital, or a female superintendent in a school.—ns. Mā′tronage, Mā′tronhood, state of being a matron: a body of matrons.—adj. Mā′tronal, pertaining or suitable to a matron: motherly: grave.—v.t. Mā′tronise, to render matronly: to attend a lady to public places, as protector: to chaperon.—adjs. Mā′tron-like, Mā′tronly, like, becoming, or belonging to a matron: elderly: sedate.—n. Matronym′ic, a name derived from a mother or maternal ancestor—also adj. [Fr.,—L. matrona, a married lady—mater, mother.]

Matross, ma-tros′, n. formerly a soldier set to help the gunners in an artillery train. [Dut. matroos—Fr. matelot, a sailor.]

Matte, mat, n. a product of the smelting of sulphuretted ores.—Also Regulus and Coarse metal. [Fr.,—Ger.]

Matter, mat′ėr, n. that which occupies space, and with which we become acquainted by our bodily senses: that out of which anything is made: that which receiving a form becomes a substance: the subject or thing treated of: anything engaging the attention: that with which one has to do: cause of a thing: thing of consequence: something requiring remedy or explanation: any special allegation in law: importance: a measure, &c., of indefinite amount: (print.) material for work, type set up: mere dead substance, that which is thrown off by a living body, esp. pus, or the fluid in boils, tumours, and festering sores.—v.i. to be of importance: to signify: to form or discharge matter in a sore:—pr.p. matt′ering; pa.p. matt′ered.—adjs. Matt′erful, full of matter, pithy; Matt′erless; Matt′er-of-fact, adhering to the matter of fact: not fanciful: dry; Matt′ery, significant: purulent.—Matter of course, occurring in natural time and order, as a thing to be expected; Matter of fact, really happening and not fanciful or supposed: not wandering beyond realities. [O. Fr. matiere—L. materia, matter.]

Matting, mat′ing, n. a covering with mats: a texture like a mat, but larger: material for mats.

Mattock, mat′uk, n. a kind of pickaxe for loosening the soil, having the iron ends broad instead of pointed. [A.S. mattuc—W. matog.]

Mattress, mat′res, n. a bed made of a bag stuffed with wool, horse-hair, &c.: a mass of brushwood, &c., used to form a foundation for roads, &c., or for the walls of embankments, &c.—Spring mattress, a mattress in which springs of twisted wire are used to support the stuffed part; Wire mattress, one whose elasticity is produced by a sheet of tightly-stretched wire. [O. Fr. materas (Fr. matelas)—Ar. matrah, a place where anything is thrown.]

Maturate, mat′ū-rāt, v.t. to make mature: (med.) to promote the suppuration of.—v.i. (med.) to suppurate perfectly.—ns. Mat′urant, a maturative; Maturā′tion, a bringing or a coming to maturity: the process of suppurating fully.—adj. Matū′rative, maturing or ripening: (med.) promoting suppuration.—n. a medicine promoting suppuration. [L. maturāre—maturus, ripe.]

Mature, ma-tūr′, adj. grown to its full size: perfected: ripe: (med.) come to suppuration: fully digested, as a plan.—v.t. to ripen: to bring to perfection: to prepare for use.—v.i. to become ripe: to become payable, as a bill.—adj. Matur′able, capable of being matured.—adv. Mature′ly.—ns. Mature′ness, state or quality of being ripe or ready for use; Matur′ity, ripeness: a state of completeness or readiness for use. [L. maturus, ripe.]

Maturescent, mat-ū-res′ent, adj. becoming ripe: approaching maturity. [L. maturescĕre, to become ripe—maturus.]

Matutinal, mat-ū-tī′nal, adj. pertaining to the morning: happening early in the day.—Also Mat′utine. [L. matutinalis, matutinus. See Matin.]

Maudlin, mawd′lin, adj. silly: sickly-sentimental: fuddled, half-drunk: (obs.) tearful.—n. Maud′linism, the tearful stage of drink. [Contr. from M. E. Maudelein, which comes through O. Fr. and L. from Gr. Magdalēnē, the orig. sense being 'tearful from penitence,' hence 'with eyes red and swollen with weeping,' like Mary Magdalene, erroneously identified with the penitent woman of Luke vii. 37.]

Maugre, maw′gėr, prep. in spite of.—n. (obs.) ill-will: spite. [O. Fr. malgré—L. male gratum—male, badly, gratum, agreeable.]

Maul, mawl, v.t. to beat with a mall or a heavy stick: to injure greatly by beating.—n. a heavy wooden hammer: a struggle for the ball in football, when it has been carried across the goal-line, but has not yet been touched down. [Mall.]

Maund, mawnd, n. a measure of weight in India, its value varying in different places from about 25 to about 85 pounds avoirdupois. [Hind. mān.]

Maunder, mawn′dėr, v.i. to beg: to whine like a beggar, to grumble: to mutter, to talk foolishly, to drivel.—ns. Maun′derer; Maun′dering, drivelling talk. [O. Fr. mendier, to beg—L. mendicāre.]

Maundy, mawn′di, n. the religious ceremony of washing the feet of others, esp. of inferiors, in commemoration of Christ's washing His disciples' feet at the Last Supper—still practised in Austria by the emperor.—Maundy money, the money given away on Maundy Thursday, the Thursday in Passion week, by the royal almoner, usually a penny for each year of the sovereign's reign—the small silver coins specially coined since 1662. [O. Fr. mande (Fr. mandé)—L. mandātum, command, i.e. the 'new Commandment' of John, xiii. 34.]

Maurist, maw′rist, n. a member of the reformed Benedictine Congregation of St Maur, settled from 1618 at the abbey of St Maur-sur-Loire, near Saumur, notable for its great services to learning.

Mauser, mow′zėr, n. a German magazine rifle, invented by Wilhelm Mauser (1834-82).

Mausoleum, maw-so-lē′um, n. a magnificent tomb or monument.—adj. Mausolē′an, pertaining to a mausoleum: monumental. [L.,—Gr., Mausōleion, from Mausolus, king of Caria, to whom his widow, Artemisia, erected a splendid tomb about 350 B.C.]

Mauve, mawv, n. a beautiful purple dye extracted from coal-tar, so called from its likeness in colour to the flowers of the common mallow.—adj. of the colour of mauve. [Fr.,—L. malva, the mallow.]

Maverick, mav′ėr-ik, n. (U.S.) an animal found straying without an owner's brand, esp. a strayed calf: anything dishonestly obtained.—v.t. to seize without legal claim. [From Samuel Maverick, a Texas cattle-raiser.]

Mavis, mā′vis, n. the song-thrush. [Fr. mauvis; prob. from Bret. milfid, a mavis.]

Mavourneen, ma-vōōr′nēn, n. and interj. a term of endearment=my dear one. [Ir.]

Maw, maw, n. the stomach, esp. in the lower animals: the craw, in birds.—ns. Maw′-seed, poppy-seed, so called when used as food for cage birds; Maw′-worm, the thread-worm infesting the stomach. [A.S. maga; Ger. magen.]

Mawkish, mawk′ish, adj. loathsome, disgusting, as anything beginning to breed mawks or maggots.—n. Mawk, a maggot.—adv. Mawk′ishly.—n. Mawk′ishness. [Explained by Skeat as formed, with suffix -ish, from M. E. mawk, mauk, a contr. form of M. E. maðek, a maggot—Ice. maðkr, a maggot.]

Maxillary, maks′il-ar-i, adj. pertaining to the jawbone or jaw.—n. a maxillary bone, or maxilla.—n. Maxill′a, a jawbone.—adjs. Maxillif′erous; Maxill′iform.—n. Maxill′ipede, in crustacea, one of those limbs serving both for mastication and locomotion. [L. maxilla, jawbone.]

Maxim, maks′im, n. a general principle, serving as a rule or guide: a pithy saying: a proverb.—adjs. Max′imal; Max′imed, reduced to a maxim.—ns. Max′imist, Max′im-mong′er. [Fr.,—L. maxima (sententia, an opinion), superl. of magnus, great.]

Maxim, maks′im, n. often put for Max′im-gun, an automatic machine-gun capable of firing as many as 620 rounds per minute, and of accurate shooting up to 3000 yards. [From Hiram Maxim, the inventor.]

Maximum, maks′i-mum, adj. the greatest.—n. the greatest number, quantity, or degree: the highest point reached: (math.) the value of a variable when it ceases to increase and begins to decrease:—pl. Max′ima:—opp. to Minimum.—adj. Max′imal, of the highest or maximum value.—adv. Max′imally.—v.t. Max′imise, to raise to the highest degree. [L., superl. of magnus, great.]

May, mā, v.i. to be able: to be allowed: to be free to act: to be possible: to be by chance: to be competent:—pa.t. might (mīt).—adv. May′be, perhaps, possibly.—n. a possibility.—adv. May′hap, perhaps. [A.S. mæg, pr.t. of mugan, to be able, pa.t. mihte; cog. with Goth. magan, Ger. mögen.]

May, mā, n. the fifth month of the year: the early or gay part of life.—v.i. to gather May (prov. Eng. the blossom of the hawthorn, which blooms in May):—pr.p. May′ing.—ns. May′-bee′tle, May′-bug, the cockchafer; May′-bloom, the hawthorn flower; May′day, the first day of May; May′-dew, the dew of May, esp. that of the morning of the first day of May, which is said to whiten linen, and to enable a face washed with it to keep its beauty; May′-duke, a variety of sour cherry; May′-flow′er, the hawthorn, which blooms in May; May′fly, a short-lived fly which appears in May; May′-game, sport such as is usual on 1st May, frolic generally; May′ing, the observance of Mayday sports and games; May′-lā′dy, the queen of the May; May′-lil′y, the lily of the valley, so called because it blooms in May; May′-morn (Shak.), freshness, like that of a morning in May, vigour; May′pole, a pole erected for dancing round on Mayday; May′-queen, a young woman crowned with flowers as queen on Mayday; May′time, May, the season of May. [O. Fr. Mai—L. Maius (mensis, a month), sacred to Maia, the mother of Mercury.]

Maya, mä′ya, n. an illusive appearance, esp. of a celestial maiden personifying the active will of the creator of the universe. [Hind.]

Mayhem, mā′hem, n. the offence of depriving a person by violence of any limb, member, or organ, or causing any mutilation of the body. [Maim.]

Mayonnaise, mā-on-āz′, n. a sauce composed of the yoke of eggs, salad-oil, and vinegar or lemon-juice, seasoned: any cold dish of which the foregoing is an ingredient, as lobster. [Fr.]

Mayor, mā′ur, n. the chief magistrate of a city or borough:—fem. May′oress.—adj. May′oral.—ns. May′oralty, May′orship, the office of a mayor. [Fr. maire—L. major, comp. of magnus, great.]

Mazard, Mazzard, maz′ard, n. (Shak.) a head or skull: a wild European cherry. [Prob. from mazer, from the likeness of the skull to a goblet.]

Mazarinade, maz-a-rin-ād′, n. a pamphlet or satire against the French minister, Cardinal Mazarin (1602-61).—n. Mazarine′, a rich blue colour: a blue gown.—Mazarin Bible, the first printed Bible, printed by Gutenberg and Fust about 1450, so called because Cardinal Mazarin possessed twenty-five copies.

Mazda, maz′da, n. or Ahura Mazdâh, the supreme deity and creator of the Zend-Avesta.—adj. Maz′dēan.—n. Maz′dēism, the religious system of the Zend-Avesta, the ancient sacred writings of the Parsees, Zoroastrianism. [Zend ahu=the living, life, or spirit, root ah=to be; Mazdâh, the great Creator, maz+dâ=Sans. mahâ+dhâ.]

Maze, māz, n. a place full of intricate windings: confusion of thought: perplexity.—v.t. to bewilder: to confuse.—adjs. Maze′ful (Spens.), Maz′y, full of mazes or windings: intricate.—adv. Maz′ily.—n. Maz′iness, state or quality of being mazy. [Scand., as in Ice. masa, to jabber.]

Mazer, maz′ėr, n. (Spens.) a kind of hard wood, probably maple: a cup or goblet made of maple, and usually highly ornamented. [Skeat explains as Ice. mösurr, a maple-tree, lit. 'spot-wood.']

Mazourka, Mazurka, ma-zōōr′ka, n. a lively Polish round dance for four or eight couples: the music such as is played to it.

Me, mē, personal pron. the objective case of I, including both the old English accusative and dative of the first personal pronoun. [A.S. mé.]

Meacock, mē′kok, adj. (Shak.) timorous, effeminate, cowardly. [Perh. dim. of meek.]

Mead, mēd, n. honey and water fermented and flavoured. [A.S. medu; Ger. meth, W. medd.]

Meadow, med′ō, n. a level tract producing grass to be mown down: a rich pasture-ground—(poet.) Mead.—ns. Mead′ow-fox′tail (see Foxtail); Mead′ow-grass, the larger and more useful kinds of grass, grown in meadows for hay and pasture; Mead′ow-hay, a coarse grass or sedge growing in moist places, used as fodder or bedding; Mead′ow-lark, the American field-lark; Mead′ow-saff′ron, the colchicum—also Autumn-crocus, or Naked lady; Mead′ow-sweet, Mead′ow-wort, an ornamental shrub or plant with white flowers, called also Queen of the meadow.—adj. Mead′owy. [A.S. mǽd—máwan, to mow; Ger. mahd, a mowing, Swiss matt, a meadow, as in Zermatt, &c.]

Meagre, mē′gėr, adj. having little flesh: lean: poor: without richness or fertility: barren: scanty: without strength.—adv. Mea′grely.—n. Mea′greness, state or quality of being meagre. [Fr. maigre—L. macer, lean; cf. Ger. mager.]

Meal, mēl, n. the food taken at one time: the act or the time of taking food: a breakfast, dinner, or supper.—ns. Meal′er, one who takes his meals at a boarding-house, lodging elsewhere; Meal′-time, the time for meals.—Square meal, a full meal. [A.S. mǽl, time, portion of time; Dut. maal, Ger. mahl.]

Meal, mēl, n. grain ground to powder.—v.i. to yield or be plentiful in meal.—ns. Meal′-ark (Scot.), a large chest for holding meal; Meal′iness; Meal′-man, or Meal′-mong′er, one who deals in meal; Meal′-pock, or -poke, a beggar's meal-bag; Meal′worm, the larva of an insect abounding in granaries and flour-stores.—adj. Meal′y, resembling meal: covered with meal or with something like meal: whitish.—n. Meal′y-bug, a small species of cochineal insect covered with a while powdery substance resembling meal or flour.—adj. Meal′y-mouthed, smooth-tongued.—n. Meal′y-mouthedness. [A.S. melu, melo; Ger. mehl, Dut. meel, meal.]

Mean, mēn, adj. low in rank or birth: base: sordid: low in worth or estimation: of little value or importance: poor, humble: despicable.—adj. Mean′-born, of humble origin.—adv. Mean′ly.—n. Mean′ness, state or quality of being mean: want of nobility or excellence: a low action.—adj. Mean′-spir′ited, having a mean spirit, base.—n. Mean′-spir′itedness. [A.S. mǽne, wicked, from mán, wickedness; perh. conn. with A.S. gemǽne, Ger. gemein, common.]

Mean, mēn, adj. middle: coming between two others in size, degree, quantity, time, &c.: average: moderate.—n. the middle point, quantity, value, or degree: (math.) a term interpolated between two terms of a series, and consequently intermediate in magnitude: (mus.) a middle voice or voice-part, as the tenor or alto, the second or third string in a viol: instrument or medium: (pl.) that by which anything is caused or brought to pass: income: estate: instrument.—n. Mean′-time, the interval between two given times.—advs. Mean′time, Mean′while, in the intervening time.—Means of grace, divine ordinances, by which divine grace reaches the hearts of men—word and sacraments.—Arithmetical mean, the average obtained by adding several quantities together and dividing the sum by their number; Harmonic mean, the reciprocal of the arithmetical mean of the reciprocals of the quantities concerned; Geometric mean, the mean obtained by multiplying two quantities together and extracting the square root of the product; Golden mean, the middle course between two extremes: a wise moderation; Quadratic mean, the square root of the arithmetical mean of the squares of the given quantities.—By all means, certainly; By any means, in any way; By no means, certainly not.—In the mean (Spens.), in the meantime. [O. Fr. meien (Fr. moyen)—L. medianus, enlarged form of medius.]

Mean, mēn, v.t. to have in the mind or thoughts: to intend, to purpose: to signify.—v.i. to have in the mind: to have meaning or disposition:—pr.p. mean′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. meant (ment).—n. Mean′ing, that which is in the mind or thoughts: signification: the sense intended: purpose.—adj. significant.—adj. Mean′ingless, without meaning.—adv. Mean′ingly. [A.S. mǽnan; Ger. meinen, to think.]

Meander, mē-an′dėr, n. a winding course: a maze: an intricate variety of fretwork: perplexity.—v.i. to flow, run, or proceed in a winding course: to be intricate.—v.t. to wind or flow round.—adjs. Mean′dered, formed into mazy passages or patterns; Mean′dering, winding in a course; Mean′drian, Mean′drous, winding.—n. a winding course. [L.,—Gr. Maiandros, a winding river in Asia Minor.]

Measles, mē′zlz, n.sing. a contagious fever accompanied with eruptions of small red spots upon the skin: a disease of swine and cattle, caused by larval tapeworms: a disease of trees, the leaves being covered with spots.—adjs. Mea′sled, Mea′sly, infected with measles: good for nothing, miserable.—n. Meas′liness.—German measles, a name somewhat loosely used of a disease, resembling measles, but mostly less prolonged and severe. [Dut. maselen, measles, from Old Dut. masche, a spot, cog. with Old High Ger. māsā, a spot; Ger. masern, measles.]

Measure, mezh′ūr, n. that by which extent is ascertained or expressed: the size of anything: a rule or standard by which anything is adjusted (Apothecaries', Cubic, Decimal, Dry, Liquid, &c.): (politics) a proposal or plan by which some end can be brought about: proportion: a stated quantity: degree: extent: moderation: means to an end: metre: (mus.) that division of time, containing a specified number of beats, by which the air and motion of music are regulated: rate of movement, time, rhythm, metre, arrangement of syllables in poetry: a slow and stately dance, as the minuet: (print.) the width of a page or column, usually in ems: (pl., geol.) a series of beds or strata.—v.t. to ascertain the dimensions of: to adjust by a rule or standard: to mark out: to allot: to show a certain measurement.—v.i. to be of a certain size: to be equal or uniform.—adj. Meas′urable, that may be measured or computed: moderate: in small quantity or extent.—n. Meas′urableness, the quality of being measurable.—adv. Meas′urably.—adjs. Meas′ured, of a certain measure: equal: uniform: steady: restricted; Meas′ureless, boundless: immense.—ns. Meas′urement, the act of measuring: quantity found by measuring—(Measurement goods, light goods carried for charges according to bulk, not weight); Meas′urer, one who, or that which, measures.—adj. Meas′uring, that measures, or fitted for measuring.—Measure one's length, to fall or be thrown down at full length; Measure strength, to engage in a contest; Measure swords, to fight with swords: to try one's skill against.—Above, or Beyond, measure, to an exceedingly great degree; In a measure, to some degree.—Take measures, to adopt means (to gain an end); Take one's measure, to find out what one is, and what he can or cannot do; Tread a measure, to dance; Use hard measures, to apply harsh treatment to; Within measure, moderately; Without measure, immoderately. [O. Fr. mesure—L. mensura, a measure—metīri, to measure.]

Meat, mēt, n. anything eaten as food, the edible part of anything: act of taking meat: (obs.) meal, flour: the flesh of animals used as food—sometimes beef, mutton, pork, veal, &c., as opposed to poultry, fish, &c.—ns. Meat′-bis′cuit, a preparation of meat, made with meal into a biscuit; Meat′iness, quality of being meaty; Meat′-off′ering, a Jewish sacrificial offering of fine flour or first-fruits with oil and frankincense; Meat′-pie, a pie mainly made up of meat; Meat′-safe, a receptacle for storing meat, walled with perforated zinc or gauze; Meat′-sales′man, one who sells meat, esp. to the retail butchers; Meat′-tea, a high tea, at which meat is served; Meat′-tub, a pickling-tub.—adj. Meat′y, full of meat: fleshy: pithy.—Hang meat, to hang up meat before cooking; Sit at meat, to sit at table. [A.S. mete; Dut. met.]

Meatus, mē-ā′tus, n. a passage or canal, as the urethral meatus.—adj. Meā′tal.—n. Meat′oscope, an instrument for examining the urethral or other meatus. [L. meātus—meāre, to go.]

Mechanic, -al, me-kan′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to machines or mechanics: constructed according to the laws of mechanics: possessing mechanical talent: acting by physical power: done by a machine: pertaining to artisans: done simply by force of habit, slavish, artificial: vulgar.—n. Mechan′ic, one engaged in a mechanical trade: an artisan—(Shak.) Mechan′ical.—adv. Mechan′ically.—ns. Mechanic′ian, Mech′anist, a machine-maker: one skilled in mechanics; Mechan′ics, the science which treats of machines: the science which treats of the nature of forces and of their action on bodies, either directly or by the agency of machinery.—v.t. Mech′anise, to make mechanical: to work out the details of a machine.—ns. Mech′anism, the construction of a machine: the arrangement and action of its parts, by which it produces a given result; Mech′anograph, a copy, esp. of a work of art produced by a mechanical process on a machine.—adj. Mech′anographic.—ns. Mechanog′raphist; Mechanog′raphy, the art of multiplying copies of a writing or work of art by means of a machine; Mechanol′ogy, a treatise on mechanics: the knowledge of such.—Mechanical effect, work produced by the use of mechanical power; Mechanical philosophy, the principles of mechanics applied to solve questions or phenomena involving force; Mechanical powers, the elementary forms or parts of machines—three primary, the lever, inclined plane, and pulley; and three secondary, the wheel-and-axle, the wedge, and the screw.—Mechanics' institute, an institution for mechanics, with lectures, library, museum, &c. [O. Fr.,—L. mechanicus; Gr. mēchanikos—mēchane, a contrivance.]

Mechlin, meh′lin, adj. and n. produced at Mechlin or Malines: lace made at Mechlin.

Meconic, me-kon′ik, adj. denoting an acid obtained from poppies.—ns. Mec′onate, a salt of meconic acid; Mec′onine, a white, fusible, neutral substance existing in opium; Mecō′nium, the first fæces of a new-born child: opium. [Gr. mēkōn, the poppy.]

Medal, med′al, n. a piece of metal in the form of a coin bearing some device or inscription, struck or cast: a reward of merit.—v.t. to decorate with a medal.—n. Med′alet, a small medal, esp. the representation of saints, worn by Roman Catholics.—adj. Medall′ic, pertaining to medals.—ns. Medall′ion, a large medal: a bas-relief of a round (sometimes a square) form: a round ornament enclosing a portrait or lock of hair; Med′allist, Med′alist, one skilled in medals: an engraver of medals: one who has gained a medal; Med′allurgy, the art of producing medals and coins. [O. Fr. medaille—It. medaglia; through a Low L. form medalla or medalia, a small coin, from L. metallum, a metal.]

Meddle, med′l, v.i. to interfere unnecessarily (with or in): to take part in a matter with which one has nothing to do: to have to do (with).—n. Medd′ler, one who interferes with matters in which he has no concern.—adj. Medd′lesome, given to meddling.—n. Medd′lesomeness.—adj. Medd′ling, interfering in the concerns of others: officious—also n. [O. Fr. medler, a corr. of mesler (Fr. mêler)—Low L. misculare—L. miscēre, to mix.]

Medial, mē′di-al, adj. lying between two extremes, median: of or pertaining to a mean or average.—n. one of the sonant-mute group, g, d, b, intermediate between the surd or smooth group (c, t, p) and the rough or aspirate group (gh, dh, bh, kh, th, ph). [Low L. medialis—L. medius, middle.]

Median, mē′di-an, adj. being in the middle, running through the middle: situated in the median plane, that dividing the body longitudinally into symmetrical halves.—adv. Med′ianly.—n. Med′iant (mus.), the third tone of a diatonic scale. [L. medianus—medius, middle.]

Median, mē′di-an, adj. pertaining to Media or the Medes, an ancient Aryan race which became fused with the Persians under the victorious Cyrus about 550 B.C.—n. Mede, a member of this race.

Mediastinum, mē-di-as-tī′num, n. a membranous septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ, esp. the folds of the pleura and the space between the right and left lungs.—adj. Mediastī′nal. [L., medius.]

Mediate, mē′di-āt, adj. middle: between two extremes: acting by or as a means: not direct and independent: dependent on some intervening thing.—v.i. to interpose between parties as a friend of each: to intercede: to hold a mediate position: to act as a spiritualistic medium.—v.t. to bring about by mediation: to effect a relation between two things.—n. Mē′diacy.—adv. Mē′diately.—ns. Mē′diateness, state of being mediate; Mediā′tion, the act of mediating or coming between: entreaty for another; Mediatisā′tion.—v.t. Mē′diatīse, to cause to act in a subordinate position or through an agent: to annex, or to subordinate, as a smaller state to a larger neighbouring one.—adj. Mē′diative.—n. Mē′diator, one who mediates between parties at strife:—fem. Mediat′ress, Mē′diatrix.—adj. Mediatō′rial, belonging to a mediator or intercessor.—adv. Mediatō′rially.—n. Mediat′orship, the office of a mediator.—adj. Mē′diatory. [Low L. mediāre, -ātum—L. medius.]

Medic, med′ik, n. one of several plants of the genus Medicago, esp. the purple medic or lucerne—leguminous plants, with leaves like those of clover.—Also Med′ick. [L. medica—Gr. mēdikē (poa), 'median' (grass).]

Medical, med′i-kal, adj. relating to the art of healing diseases: containing that which heals: intended to promote the study of medicine.—adv. Med′ically.—Medical jurisprudence (see Jurisprudence). [Fr.,—Low L. medicalis—L. medicus, pertaining to healing, a physician—medēri, to heal.]

Medicate, med′i-kāt, v.t. to treat with medicine: to impregnate with anything medicinal.—adj. Med′icable, that may be healed.—n. Med′icament, anything used for healing: a medicine: healing power.—adj. Medicamen′tal.—n. Med′icaster, an ignorant physician.—adj. Med′icated, mixed with medicine: made medicinal: treated with medicine.—n. Medicā′tion, the act or process of medicating or of mixing with medicinal substances: the use of medicine.—adj. Med′icative, having the power of healing: tending to heal.—n. Medicā′tor, any medical appliance. [L. medicāre, to heal—medicus.]

Medicean, med-i-sē′an, adj. relating to the Medici, a distinguished Florentine family which attained to sovereign power in the 15th century, and became extinct in 1737.

Medicine, med′i-sin, or med′sin, n. anything applied for the cure or lessening of disease or pain, whether simple or compound (made up of more than one ingredient): the science which treats of the prevention or cure of disease: a charm.—v.t. to treat or cure by medicine.—adj. Medic′inal, relating to medicine: fitted to cure or to lessen disease or pain.—adv. Medic′inally.—ns. Med′icine-bag, a Red Indian's receptacle for charms; Med′icine-chest, a chest for keeping medicines in a ship, &c.; Med′icine-man, among savages, a witch-doctor or exorciser.—adjs. Med′ico-chirur′gical, relating to both medicine and surgery; Med′ico-lē′gal, relating to the application of medicine to questions of law. [Fr.,—L. medicina—medicus.]

Medieval, Mediæval, mē-di-ē′val, adj. relating to the Middle Ages.—ns. Mediē′valism, the spirit of the Middle Ages, devotion to medieval ideals; Mediē′valist, Mediæ′valist, one versed in the history of the Middle Ages.—Medieval architecture, Medieval art, the style of architecture and art used in public buildings in Europe from the 4th to the 16th century. [L. medius, middle, ævum, age.]

Medio-, Medi-, middle, in compounds like mediocarpal, mediodorsal, mediotarsal, medioventral. [L. medius, middle.]

Mediocre, mē′di-ō-kėr, adj. of middling extent or quality: moderate.—n. Medioc′rity, a middle state or condition: a moderate degree: a person of little power or importance. [Fr.,—L. mediocris—medius, middle.]

Medism, mēd′izm, n. the adoption of Persian interests—to a Greek, a treachery to his country.

Meditate, med′i-tāt, v.i. to consider thoughtfully: to purpose (with on, upon).—v.t. to think on: to revolve in the mind: to intend.—adj. Med′itated, thought of: planned.—n. Meditā′tion, the act of meditating: deep thought: serious contemplation: the direction of the thoughts of others, in a discourse, &c.: a literary or musical theme treated in a meditative manner.—adj. Med′itative, given to meditation: expressing design.—adv. Med′itatively.—n. Med′itativeness. [L. meditāri, prob. cog. with L. medēri, to heal.]

Mediterranean, med-i-tėr-rā′ne-an, adj. situated in the middle of earth or land: inland—also Mediterrā′neous.—Mediterranean Sea, so called from being, as it were, in the middle of the land of the Old World. [L., medius, middle, terra, earth.]

Medium, mē′di-um, n. the middle: the middle place or degree: any intervening means, instrument, or agency: the substance in which bodies exist, or through which they move: in spiritualism, the person through whom spirits are said to make themselves seen or heard:—pl. Mē′diums, or Mē′dia.—adjs. Mē′dium, mediocre; Mediumis′tic, of or pertaining to spiritualistic mediums.—Circulating medium, money passing from hand to hand, as coin, bank-notes, &c. [L.]

Medjidie, me-jid′i-e, n. a Turkish order of knighthood instituted in 1852, having five classes. [Turk. mejīd, glorious.]

Medlar, med′lar, n. a small tree of the rose family, or its fruit. [O. Fr. meslier, a medlar-tree—L. mespilum—Gr. mespilon.]

Medley, med′li, n. a mingled and confused mass: a miscellany: a song or piece of music made up of bits from various sources continuously: a cloth woven from yarn of different colours: (obs.) a mêlée, fight. [O. Fr. medler, mesler, to mix.]

Médoc, me-dok′, n. a French wine produced in the district of Médoc, department of Gironde.

Medorrhea, mē-dor-ē′a, n. mucous discharge from the genitals. [Gr. mēdos, bladder, rhoia, a flowing.]

Medulla, me-dul′a, n. the inner portion of an organ or part, as the pith of a hair, spinal cord, or its continuation within the cranium, (medulla oblongata): the pith of a plant, the thallus in lichens, &c.—adjs. Medull′ar, -y, consisting of, or resembling, marrow or pith; Med′ullated, provided with a medullary sheath.—n. Medull′in, the cellulose in the medulla of plants like the lilac.—adj. Med′ullose, like pith.—Medullary rays, the bands of cells in various trees extending across the wood from the pith to the bark; Medullary sheath (bot.), a thin layer surrounding the pith. [L. medulla, marrow.]

Medusa, me-dū′sa, n. one of the three Gorgons, whose head, cut off by Perseus, and placed in the ægis of Minerva, had the power of turning those who looked on it into stone: the name given to the common kinds of jelly-fishes, prob. from the likeness of their tentacles to the snakes on Medusa's head:—pl. Medū′sæ, a division of hydrozoans.—adjs. Medū′siform, Medū′soid—also ns. [Gr., 'ruler,' fem.]

Meed, mēd, n. wages: reward: what is bestowed for merit. [A.S. méd, meord; Ger. miethe.]

Meek, mēk, adj. mild and gentle of temper: submissive.—adv. Meek′ly.—n. Meek′ness, state or quality of being meek. [Ice. mjúkr; Dut. muik.]

Meerschaum, mēr′shawm, n. a fine light whitish clay making excellent tobacco-pipes—once supposed to be a petrified sea-scum: a pipe made of this material. [Ger. meer, sea, schaum, foam.]

Meet, mēt, adj. fitting: qualified.—adv. Meet′ly.—n. Meet′ness. [A.S. ge-met—metan, to measure.]

Meet, mēt, v.t. to come face to face: to encounter in conflict: to find or experience; to refute: be suitable to: satisfy, as by payment: to receive as a welcome.—v.i. to come together from different points: to assemble: to have an encounter: to balance or come out correct:—pa.t. and pa.p. met.—n. a meeting, as of huntsmen.—ns. Meet′ing, a coming face to face for friendly or hostile ends: an interview: an assembly: a crossing of two roads: a junction of two rivers; Meet′ing-house, a house or building where people, esp. Dissenters, meet for public worship; Race′-meet′ing, a stated occasion for horse-racing.—Meet half-way, to make mutual concessions; Meet the ear, or eye, to be told, or shown, anything distinctly: to be readily apparent; Meet with, to come to or upon, esp. unexpectedly: (Bacon) to obviate (as an objection).—Well met, an old complimentary greeting. [A.S. métan, to meet—mót, ge-mót, a meeting.]

Megafarad, meg′a-far-ad, n. in electrometry, a unit equal to a million farads.

Megalichthys, meg-a-lik′this, n. a genus of extinct ganoid fishes. [Gr. megas, megalē, great, ichthys, a fish.]

Megalith, meg′a-lith, n. a huge stone.—adj. Megalith′ic. [Gr. megas, great, lithos, a stone.]

Megalomania, meg-a-lō-mā′ni-a, n. the delusion that one is great or powerful. [Gr. megas, great, mania.]

Megalosaurus, meg-a-lō-saw′rus, n. a gigantic extinct reptile of carnivorous habits.—adj. Megalosau′rian. [Gr. megas, megalē, great, sauros, a lizard.]

Megaphone, meg′a-fōn, n. an appliance for making words audible—a form of speaking-trumpet.

Megascope, meg′a-skōp, n. a form of solar microscope for throwing enlarged images on a screen: (phot.) an enlarging camera.

Megatherium, meg-a-thē′ri-um, n. a gigantic extinct quadruped of the order Edentata, found in the pampas of South America. [Gr. megas, great, thērion, wild beast.]

Megohm, meg′ōm, n. a unit of electrical resistance, equal to one million ohms. [Gr. megas, great, and ohm.]

Megrim, mē′grim, n. a pain affecting only one half of the head or face: lowness of spirits: a sudden sickness of a horse at work. [Fr. migraine—Gr. hēmicrania—hēmi, half, kranion, skull.]

Meiny, mē′ni, n. (Shak.) a retinue or company of servants attending upon a person of high rank. [O. Fr. mesnie, a company, through Low L. forms, from L. mansio, a dwelling.]

Meiosis, mī-ō′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure of speech representing a thing as less than it is. [Gr.]

Meistersinger, mīs′tėr-sing′ėr, n. one of the burgher poets and musicians of Germany in the 14th-16th centuries, the successors of the Minnesingers. [Ger.]

Melanæmia, mel-a-nē′mi-a, n. a morbid condition of the blood in which the vessels contain an unusual quantity of dark colouring matter.

Melancholy, mel′an-kol-i, n. continued depression of spirits: dejection: a gloomy state of mind causing groundless fears: (Milt.) pensiveness.—adj. gloomy: producing grief.—n. Melanchō′lia, a form of insanity, in which there is continued depression or pain of mind.—adjs. Melanchol′ic, Melanchō′lious, affected with, or caused by, melancholy: dejected: mournful. [Through Fr.,—L.,—Gr. melancholia—melan, black, cholē, bile.]

Melanic, me-lan′ik, adj. black.—n. Mel′anism, an undue development of colouring matter in the skin and its appendages.—adj. Melanis′tic.—n. Mel′anite, a deep-black variety of garnet.—adjs. Melanochrō′ic, Melanoch′rōous, dark-coloured; Mel′anoid, dark-looking.—n. Melanō′sis, an abnormal deposition of pigmentary matter in such organs as the spleen, liver, &c.: the condition of the system associated with such, black degeneration.—adjs. Melanot′ic; Mel′anous, dark-complexioned.—n. Melanū′ria, the presence of a dark pigment in the urine.—adj. Melanū′ric.—ns. Mel′aphyre, a pre-Tertiary basalt, usually altered; Melas′ma, a skin disease showing dark discolouration in spots.

Mêlée, mā-lā′, n. a fight in which the combatants are mingled together: a confused conflict: an affray. [Fr.,—mêler, to mix.]

Melibean, Melibœan, mel-i-bē′an, adj. in poetry, alternately responsive—from the name of a shepherd in Virgil's first eclogue.

Melilot, mel′i-lot, n. a genus of clover-like plants with white or yellow flowers and a peculiar sweet odour. [Gr. melilōtos—meli, honey, lōtos, lotus.]

Melinite, mā′lin-īt, n. an explosive of great force obtained from picric acid. [Fr.]

Meliorate, mē′lyo-rāt, v.t. to make better.—v.i. to grow better.—ns. Meliorā′tion, the act of making or becoming better; Meliorā′tor, an improver; Mē′liorism, the doctrine that the world is capable of improvement, as opposed to Optimism and Pessimism; Mē′liorist, one who holds this doctrine; Melior′ity, the state of being better: betterness. [L. meliorāre, -ātum, to make better.]

Meliphagous, mel-if′a-gus, adj. feeding upon honey. [Gr. meli, honey, phagein, to eat.]

Mell, mel, v.i. (Spens.) to mingle: to be concerned with: to meddle. [Meddle.]

Melliferous, mel-if′ėr-us, adj. honey-producing.—adj. Mellif′ic, honey-making.—ns. Mellificā′tion, the production of honey; Mellif′luence, a flow of sweetness: a smooth sweet flow.—adjs. Mellif′luent, Mellif′luous, flowing with honey or sweetness: smooth.—advs. Mellif′luently, Mellif′luously.—adj. Mellig′enous, producing honey.—n. Mell′ite, honey stone.—adjs. Mellit′ic; Melliv′orous, eating honey. [L. mellifer—mel, honey, ferre, to bear.]

Mellow, mel′ō, adj. soft and ripe: well matured: soft to the touch, palate, ear, &c.: genial: half-tipsy.—v.t. to soften by ripeness or age: to mature.—v.i. to become soft: to be matured.—adv. Mell′owly.—n. Mell′owness, softness: maturity.—adj. Mell′owy, soft: friable. [A.S. mearu, soft; Dut. murw, mollig, L. mollis, Gr. malakos.]

Melocoton, mel′ō-kot-on, n. (Bacon) a quince: a large kind of peach.—Also Mel′ocotoon. [Late L. melum cotoneum (a corr. of Cydonium), a quince, lit. apple of Cydonia, in Crete.]

Melodrama, mel-o-dram′a, n. a kind of romantic and sensational drama, formerly largely intermixed with songs—also Mel′odrame.—adj. Melodramat′ic, of the nature of melodrama: overstrained: sensational.—n. Melodram′atist, a writer of melodramas. [Gr. melos, a song, drama, a play.]

Melody, mel′o-di, n. an air or tune: music: an agreeable succession of single musical sounds, as distinguished from harmony or the concord of a succession of simultaneous sounds.—n. Melō′deon, a small reed organ: an improved variety of the accordeon.—adj. Melod′ic—n.pl. Melod′ics, the branch of music concerned with melody.—adj. Melō′dious, full of melody: agreeable to the ear.—adv. Melō′diously.—n. Melō′diousness.—v.t. Mel′odise, to make melodious: to reduce to the form of a melody.—v.i. to compose or sing melodies.—n. Mel′odist. [Fr.,—Late L.—Gr. melōdia—melos, a song, ōdē, a lay.]

Melon, mel′un, n. a kind of cucumber and its fruit, which in shape resembles an apple. [Fr.,—L. melo, -onis—Gr. mēlon, an apple.]

Melpomene, mel-pom′e-ne, n. the Muse of tragedy. [Gr. melpomĕnē, songstress.]

Melt, melt, v.t. to make liquid, to dissolve: to soften: to waste away.—v.i. to become liquid: to dissolve: to become tender or mild: to lose distinct form: to be discouraged:—pa.p. melted, or molten.—n. Melt′ing, the act of making liquid or of dissolving: the act of softening or rendering tender.—adv. Melt′ingly.—n. Melt′ing-pot, a crucible. [A.S. meltan; Ice. melta, Gr. meldein.]

Melton, mel′ton, n. a strong cloth for men's wear, the surface without nap, neither pressed nor finished.

Member, mem′bėr, n. an integral part of a whole, esp. a limb of an animal: a clause: one of a society: a representative in a legislative body.—adj. Mem′bered, having limbs.—n. Mem′bership, the state of being a member or one of a society: the members of a body regarded as a whole.—adj. Mem′bral, pertaining to the limbs rather than the trunk. Member of Parliament, a member of the House of Commons, M.P. [Fr. membre—L. membrum.]

Membrane, mem′brān, n. (anat.) one of the thin textures which cover the organs or line the cavities or canals of the body: the film containing the seeds of a plant.—adjs. Membran′eous, Mem′branous, Membranā′ceous, relating to, consisting of, or like a membrane; Membranif′erous; Mem′braniform.—Mucous membrane, the membrane lining the various channels of the body which communicate with the outside. [Fr.,—L. membrana—membrum.]

Memento, me-men′tō, n. something to awaken memory: a reminder of what is past or of what is yet to come:—pl. Memen′tos.—Memento mori, remember death: an ornament by its form reminding one of death. [L., imper. of meminisse, to remember.]

Memnon, mem′non, n. a hero who fought for Troy against the Greeks: a statue at Thebes in Egypt which gave out a musical sound at sunrise. [Gr.]

Memoir, mem′wor, or me-moir′, n. a sketch or description of something as remembered by the writer: a short biographical sketch of some one now dead: a record of facts personally found out on any subject: the transactions of a society.—ns. Mem′oirism, the act or art of writing memoirs; Mem′oirist, a writer of memoirs. [Fr. mémoire—L. memoria, memory—memor, mindful.]

Memory, mem′o-ri, n. the power of retaining and reproducing mental or sensory impressions: a having or keeping in the mind: time within which past things can be remembered: that which is remembered: commemoration: remembrance.—n.pl. Memorabil′ia, things worth remembering: noteworthy points.—adj. Mem′orable, deserving to be remembered: remarkable.—adv. Mem′orably.—n. Memoran′dum, something to be remembered: a note to assist the memory: (law) a brief note of some transaction: (diplomacy) a summary of the state of a question:—pl. Memoran′dums, Memoran′da.—adjs. Mem′orātive, pertaining to memory: aiding the memory; Memō′rial, bringing to memory: contained in memory.—n. that which serves to keep in remembrance: a monument: a note to help the memory: a written statement forming the ground of a petition, laid before a legislative or other body: (B.) memory.—v.t. Memō′rialise, to present a memorial to: to petition by a memorial.—n. Memō′rialist, one who writes, signs, or presents a memorial.—v.t. Mem′orise, to commit to memory: (Shak.) to cause to be remembered.—adv. Memor′iter, from memory: by heart.

Memphian, mem′fi-an, adj. relating to Memphis, an ancient capital of Egypt.—Also Mem′phite, Memphit′ic.

Menace, men′ās, v.t. to threaten.—v.i. to act in a threatening manner.—n. a threat or threatening: a show of an intention to do harm.—adj. Men′acing, overhanging: threatening.—adv. Men′acingly. [Fr.,—L. minaciæ, threats—minæ, the overhanging points of a wall.]

Menage, me-nazh′, n. a household: the management of a house: a club of working-men. [Fr. through Late L.,—L. mansio, -onis, a dwelling.]

Menagerie, men-aj′ėr-i, n. a place for keeping wild animals for exhibition: a collection of such animals.—Also Menag′ery. [Fr., from ménage.]

Mend, mend, v.t. to remove a fault: to repair, as something broken or worn: to make better: to correct, improve.—v.i. to grow better.—ns. Mend′er, one who mends; Mend′ing, the act of repairing: things requiring to be mended. [Short for amend.]

Mendacious, men-dā′shus, adj. given to lying: speaking falsely: of the nature of a lie.—adv. Mendā′ciously.—n. Mendac′ity, a tendency to lying: a habit of lying: falsehood. [L. mendax, -acis, conn. with mentīri, to lie.]

Mendicant, men′di-kant, adj. in the condition of a beggar: practising beggary.—n. one who is in extreme want: a beggar: a member of one of the R.C. orders who live by begging: a begging friar.—ns. Men′dicancy, Mendic′ity, the state of being a mendicant or beggar: the life of a beggar.—Mendicant orders, religious bodies who depended on begging for their support. [L. mendicans, -antis, pr.p. of mendicāre, to beg—mendicus, a beggar.]

Menhaden, men-hā′dn, n. a species of herring or shad, found off the east coast of the United States.

Menhir, men′hēr, n. a tall, often massive, stone, set up on end as a monument in ancient times, either singly or in groups, circles, &c. [W. maen, a stone, hir, long.]

Menial, mē′ni-al, adj. of or pertaining to a train of servants: doing servile work: low.—n. a domestic servant: one performing servile work: a person of servile disposition. [O. Fr., mesnee, a household. See Mansion.]

Meninx, mē′ningks, n. one of three membranes that envelop the brain:—pl. Meniniges (men-in′jēz).—adj. Mening′eal.—ns. Meningitis (-jī′-), inflammation of the membranes investing the brain or spinal cord; Mening′ocele, hernia of those membranes. [Gr. meninx, meningos, a membrane.]

Meniscus, mē-nis′kus, n. a crescent or a new moon: a lens hollow on one side and bulging on the other.—adjs. Menis′cal; Menis′cate; Menis′ciform; Menis′coid. [Gr. mēnē, the moon, -iskos, small.]

Mennonite, men′on-īt, n. one of a Protestant sect, combining some of the distinctive characteristics of the Baptists and Friends. [From Menno Simons (died 1559), their chief founder.]

Menology, mē-nol′o-ji, n. a register of months: a list or calendar of martyrs, with festivals celebrated, &c.

Menopome, men′o-pōm, n. a large North American amphibian—from its persistent gill-aperture. [Gr. menein, to remain, pōma, lid.]

Mensal, men′sal, adj. occurring once in a month: monthly.—Also Men′sual.

Mense, mens, n. (Scot.) propriety: ornament: credit.—v.t. to grace or set off something.—adjs. Mense′ful, decorous: respectable; Mense′less, graceless, uncivil. [M. E. mensk—A.S. mennisc, mannish.]

Menses, men′sēz, n.pl. the monthly discharge from the uterus.—ns. Men′opause, the final cessation of the menses; Menorrhā′gia (phys.), the ordinary flow of the menses: (path.) an immoderate menstrual discharge.—adj. Menorrhag′ic.—n. Menos′tasis, the retention of the menses.—n.pl. Men′strua, the menses.—adjs. Men′strual, monthly; Men′struant, subject to menses.—v.i. Men′struāte, to discharge the menses.—n. Menstruā′tion.—adj. Men′struous, having or belonging to menses. [Pl. of L. mensis, a month.]

Menstruum, men′strōō-um, n. any fluid substance which dissolves a solid body.

Mensurable, mens′ū-ra-bl, adj. that can be measured: measurable.—n. Mensurabil′ity, quality of being mensurable.—adj. Mens′ural, pertaining to measure.—n. Mensurā′tion, the act or art of finding by measurement and calculation the length, area, volume, &c. of bodies.—adj. Mensurā′tive. [L. mensurāre, to measure.]

Mental, men′tal, adj. pertaining to the mind: done in the mind.—ns. Mental′ity, Mentā′tion.—adv. Men′tally.—adjs. Menticul′tural, improving the mind; Mentif′erous, conveying thought, telepathic.—Mental alienation, insanity; Mental arithmetic, arithmetic performed without the help of written figures. [Fr.,—L. mens, mentis, the mind.]

Menthol, men′thol, n. a camphor obtained from oil of peppermint by cooling, which gives relief in neuralgia, &c. [L. mentha, mint.]

Mention, men′shun, n. a brief notice: a hint.—v.t. to notice briefly: to remark: to name.—adj. Men′tionable, fit to be mentioned. [L. mentio, -onis.]

Mentonnière, men-ton-nyār′, n. a piece of armour attached to the helmet, worn to protect the chin and throat. [Fr., menton, the chin—L. mentum.]

Mentor, men′tor, n. a wise counsellor.—adj. Mentor′ial. [Gr. Mentōr, the tutor of Telemachus.]

Mentum, men′tum, n. the chin: the central part of the labium in insects: (bot.) a projection in front of the flower in some orchids.—n. Mentag′ra, an eruption about the chin forming a crust.—adj. Men′tal (anat.), pertaining to the chin. [L., the chin.]

Mephistopheles, mef-is-tof′e-lēz, n. the name of the devil in Marlowe's Doctor Faustus and Goethe's Faust.—adj. Mephistophē′lean, cynical, scoffing, malicious. [Ety. unknown; prob. formed from Gr. mē, not, phōs (phot-), light, philos, loving.]

Mephitis, me-fī′tis, n. a poisonous exhalation from the ground or from decaying substances—also Mephī′tism.—adjs. Mephit′ic, -al. [L. mephitis.]

Mercantile, mėr′kan-tīl, adj. pertaining to merchants: having to do with trade: commercial.—ns. Mer′cantilism; Mer′cantilist.—Mercantile agency, a means of getting information about the circumstances of merchants all over the country, for the use of those who sell to them; Mercantile law, the points of law referring to the dealings of merchants with each other; Mercantile marine, the ships and their crews which in any country are employed in commerce; Mercantile system (polit. econ.), the system of encouraging exportation and restricting importation, so that more may be received than is paid away. [Fr.,—Low L.—L. mercans, -antis, pr.p. of mercāri, to trade—merx, mercis, merchandise—merēre, to gain.]

Mercenary, mėr′se-nar-i, adj. hired for money: actuated by the hope of reward: greedy of gain: sold or done for money.—n. one who is hired: a soldier hired into foreign service.—adv. Mer′cenarily. [Fr.,—L., mercenarius—merces, hire.]

Mercer, mėr′sėr, n. a merchant in silks and woollen cloths, or in small wares.—n. Mer′cery, the trade of a mercer: the goods of a mercer. [Fr. mercier.]

Merchant, mėr′chant, n. one who carries on trade, esp. on a large scale: one who buys and sells goods: a trader: (obs.) a supercargo: a merchant-vessel.—adj. pertaining to trade or merchandise.—v.i. Merch′and (Bacon), to trade or traffic.—n. Mer′chandīse, goods bought and sold for gain: (B. and Shak.) trade: dealing.—adjs. Mer′chantable, suitable for sale: inferior to the very best, but suitable for ordinary purposes; Mer′chant-like (Shak.), like a merchant.—ns. Mer′chantman, a trading-ship: (B.) a merchant:—pl. Mer′chantmen; Mer′chantry, the business of a merchant; merchants collectively.—Merchant prince, one who has made a great fortune as a merchant; Merchant service, the ships, &c., engaged in commerce: the commerce which is carried on by sea; Merchant ship or vessel, a ship used for carrying goods; Merchant tailor, a tailor who supplies the cloth for the clothes which he makes. [Fr. marchand.]

Mercury, mėr′kū-ri, n. the god of merchandise and eloquence, and the messenger of the gods: the planet nearest the sun: a white, liquid metal, also called quicksilver: the column of mercury in a thermometer or barometer: a messenger: a newspaper.—adj. Mercū′rial, having the qualities said to belong to the god Mercury: active: sprightly: often changing: of or pertaining to trade: containing, or consisting of, mercury—also Mercū′ric.—v.t. Mercū′rialise (med.), to affect with mercury: to expose to the vapour of mercury.—n. Mercū′rialist.—adv. Mercū′rially.—n. Mercurificā′tion.—v.t. Mercū′rify.—adj. Mer′cūrous. [Fr.,—L. Mercurius—merx, mercis, merchandise.]

Mercy, mėr′si, n. tenderness and forbearance shown in sparing an offender in one's power: a forgiving disposition: clemency: an act of mercy: an undeserved blessing: compassion or benevolence.—adjs. Mer′ciable (Spens.), merciful; Mer′ciful, full of, or exercising, mercy.—adv. Mer′cifully.—n. Mer′cifulness.—v.t. Mer′cify (Spens.), to deal mercifully with, to pity.—adj. Mer′ciless, without mercy: unfeeling: cruel.—adv. Mer′cilessly.—ns. Mer′cilessness, want of mercy; Mer′cy-seat, the seat or place of mercy; the covering of the Jewish Ark of the Covenant: the throne of God.—At the mercy of (another), wholly in the power of; For mercy! or For mercy's sake! an exclamatory appeal to pity; Great mercy=Gramercy; Sisters of mercy, members of female religious communities who tend the sick, &c. [Fr. merci, grace—L. merces, mercedis, pay, in later L. also 'favour.']

Mere, mēr, n. a pool or lake.—Also Meer. [A.S. mere; Ger. and Dut. meer, L. mare, the sea.]

Mere, mēr, adj. unmixed: pure: only this and nothing else: alone: absolute.—adj. Mered (Shak.), only, entire.—adv. Mere′ly, purely, simply: only: thus and no other way: solely. [L. merus, unmixed (of wine).]

Mere, mēr, n. a boundary.—v.t. to limit or bound.—ns. Mere′stead, the land within the boundaries of a farm: Mere′stone, a stone which marks a boundary. [A.S. ge-mǽre.]

Meretricious, mer-e-trish′us, adj. of or pertaining to harlots: alluring by false show: gaudy and deceitful: false.—adv. Meretric′iously.—ns. Meretric′iousness; Mer′etrix, a harlot. [L. meretricius—meretrix, a harlot, merēre, to earn.]

Merganser, mėr-gan′sėr, n. a diving bird, sea-duck. [L. mergus, a diving bird, anser, a goose.]

Merge, mėrj, v.t. to dip or plunge in: to sink: to cause to be swallowed up.—v.i. to be swallowed up, or lost.—n. Mer′ger (law), a sinking of an estate or a security in one of larger extent or of higher value. [L. mergĕre, mersum.]

Mericarp, mer′i-karp, n. one carpel or part of the fruit of an umbelliferous plant. [Gr. meros, a part, karpos, fruit.]

Meridian, me-rid′i-an, adj. pertaining to midday: being on the meridian or at midday: raised to the highest point.—n. midday: a midday dram: the highest point, as of success: an imaginary circle on the earth's surface passing through the poles and any given place: (astron.) an imaginary circle, passing through the poles of the heavens, and the zenith of the spectator, which the sun crosses at midday.—adj. Merid′ional, pertaining to the meridian: southern: having a southern aspect.—n. Meridional′ity.—adv. Merid′ionally.—Meridian splendour, fullest point of brightness; Meridian sun, the sun at its full height, as at midday.—First meridian, the meridian passing through Greenwich, from which longitudes are measured east or west; Magnetic meridian (see Magnetic). [Fr.,—L. meridianus, from meridies (orig. medidies), midday—medius, middle, dies, day.]

Meringue, me-rang′, n. a mixture of sugar and white of eggs slightly browned for garnishing other confections: a pudding or tart covered with this.—Meringue glacé, ice-cream with a casing of meringue. [Fr., prob. from Mehringen.]

Merino, me-rē′no, n. a variety of sheep having very fine wool, originally from Spain: a fine French all-wool dress fabric for women, originally of merino wool.—adj. belonging to the merino sheep or their wool. [Sp.,—merino, inspector of sheep-walks—Low L. majorinus, a head-man—L. major, greater.]

Meristem, mer′is-tem, n. the formative tissue of plants, distinguished from the permanent tissues by the power its cells have of dividing and forming new cells.—adj. Meristemat′ic. [Gr. meristos, verbal adj. of merizein, to divide—meros, a part.]

Merit, mer′it, n. excellence that deserves honour or reward: worth: value: that which one has earned.—v.t. to earn: to have a right to claim as a reward: to deserve: (pl., in law) the right or wrong of a case, apart from questions of procedure.—adj. Meritō′rious, possessing merit or desert: deserving of reward, honour, or praise.—adv. Meritō′riously.—n. Meritō′riousness.—Order for merit, a Prussian order, the military class founded by Frederick the Great in 1740—the civil class, by Frederick William IV. in 1842 for eminence in science and art; Order of merit, place in a class or list in which the best is placed first, the next best second, and so on. [Fr.,—L. meritum—merēre, -ĭtum, to obtain as a lot, to deserve.]

Merk, mėrk, n. an old Scotch silver coin, worth 13s. 4d. Scots, or 13⅓d. sterling. [Mark.]

Merlin, mėr′lin, n. a species of small hawk. [Fr. émerillon, prob. from L. merula.]

Merlon, mėr′lon, n. (fort.) the part of a wall with battlements which lies between two openings. [Fr., prob. through Low L. forms from L. murus, a wall.]

Mermaid, mėr′mād, n. a sea-woman, having the head and body of a lovely woman to the waist, ending in the tail of a fish.—ns. Mer′maiden (Tenn.):—masc. Mer′man; Mer′maid's-glove, the largest kind of British sponge. [A.S. mere, a lake (influenced by Fr. mer, the sea), mægden, maid.]

Meroblast, mer′ō-blast, n. a meroblastic ovum.—adj. Meroblast′ic, undergoing segmentation only in the germinal disc, as the eggs of birds.

Merognostic, mer-og-nos′tik, n. one who claims to know in part.—n. Merognos′ticism.

Meropidan, me-rop′i-dan, n. a bird of the family of bee-eaters. [L. merops, the bee-eater—Gr.]

Merosome, mer′ō-sōm, n. one of the serial segments of which a body is composed, as the ring of a worm, a metamere, a somite.

Merovingian, mer-o-vin′ji-an, adj. pertaining to the first dynasty of Frankish kings in Gaul, named from Merwig, king of the western or Salian Franks (448-457), grandfather of Clovis.

Merry, mer′i, adj. sportive: cheerful: noisily gay: causing laughter: lively.—adv. Merr′ily.—ns. Merr′imake, Merr′y-make (Spens.), a meeting for making merry, a festival, mirth.—v.i. to make merry, to feast.—ns. Merr′iment, Merr′iness, gaiety with laughter and noise: mirth: hilarity; Merr′y-an′drew, one who makes sport for others: a buffoon: one who goes round with a mountebank or a quack doctor—also Merr′yman; Merr′y-go-round, a revolving ring of hobby-horses, &c., on which children ride round at fairs, &c.; Merr′y-mak′ing, a merry entertainment, a festival; Merr′y-thought, the forked bone of a fowl's breast, which two persons pull at in play, the one who breaks off the longer part being thought likely to be first married. [A.S. merg, from the Celtic, as in Gael. and Ir. mear, merry, Gael. mir, to sport.]

Merulidan, me-rōō′li-dan, n. a bird of the thrush family (Turdidæ), the typical genus of which is the Mer′ula. [Merle.]

Merycism, mer′i-sizm, n. rumination in the human species. [Gr., mērykizein, to chew the cud.]

Mésalliance, mā-zal-lē-an(g)s′, n. a marriage with a person of lower rank or social condition. [Fr.]

Mesaraic, mes-a-rā′ik, adj. mesenteric. [Gr. mesos, middle, araia, the belly.]

Meseems, me-sēmz′, v.impers. it seems to me (used only in poetry). [Me, the dative of I, and seems used impersonally.]

Mesembryanthemum, me-zem-bri-an′the-mum, n. a genus of succulent plants, mostly belonging to South Africa. [Gr. mesēmbria, midday—mesos, middle, hēmera, day, anthemon, a flower.]

Mesencephalon, mes-en-sef′a-lon, n. the mid-brain.—adj. Mesencephal′ic.

Mesentery, mes′en-tėr-i, or mez′-, n. a membrane in the cavity of the abdomen, attached to the backbone, and serving to keep the intestines in their place.—adj. Mesenter′ic.—n. Mesenterī′tis, inflammation of the mesentery. [L.,—Gr. mesenterion—mesos, middle, enteron, intestines.]

Mesfaith, mes′fāth, n. (Tenn.) wrong faith, error of belief. [Fr. mes—L. mis, wrong, and faith.]

Mesh, mesh, n. the opening between the threads of a net: the threads and knots which bound the opening: network.—v.t. to catch in a net: to engage or interlock, as gear-teeth.—v.i. to become engaged thus.—n. Mesh′-work, a network, web.—adj. Mesh′y, formed like network. [A.S. max, a net; Ger. masche.]

Mesial, mē′zi-al, adj. pertaining to the middle: median—also Mes′al, Mes′ian.—advs. Mes′ally, Mes′ially. [Gr. mesos, middle.]

Mesmerise, mez′mėr-īz, v.t. to induce an extraordinary state of the nervous system, in which the operator is supposed to control the actions and thoughts of the subject.—n. Mesmeree′, one mesmerised.—adjs. Mesmer′ic, -al, of or relating to mesmerism.—ns. Mesmerisā′tion; Mes′meriser, Mes′merist, one who mesmerises: Mes′merism, act of mesmerising. [From Friedrich Anton or Franz Mesmer, a German physician (1733-1815), who first published his discovery in 1775.]

Mesne, mēn, adj. intermediate: applied to a writ issued between the beginning and end of a suit.—Mesne lord, one who held land of a superior, but had granted part of it to another person. [Norm. Fr. mesne, middle.]

Mesoblast, mes′o-blast, n. the middle one of the three germinal layers of any metazoic embryo between the epiblast and the hypoblast: the mesoderm.—adj. Mesoblas′tic.

Mesocarp, mes′o-kärp, n. (bot.) the middle one of the three layers of a seed-vessel.

Mesocephalic, mes-ō-sē-fal′ik, adj. of medium breadth or capacity—of the skull—also Mesoceph′alous.—ns. Mesoceph′alism, Mesoceph′aly.

Mesodic, me-sod′ik, adj. (pros.) pertaining to a system of different form intervening between a strophe and its antistrophe.

Mesogastric, mes-o-gas′trik, adj. of or belonging to the middle of the stomach: denoting the membrane which sustains the stomach.

Mesophlœum, mes-ō-flē′um, n. (bot.) the middle or green layer of bark.

Mesothorax, mes-o-thō′raks, n. the middle one of the three segments of an insect's thorax.—adj. Mesothorac′ic.

Mesozoic, mes-o-zō′ik, adj. of the Secondary geological period, including the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous systems. [Gr. mesos, middle, zōē, life.]

Mesprise, mes-prīz′, n. (Spens.) contempt, scorn. [O. Fr. mespriser, to despise—L. minus, less, pretiāre, to prize.]

Mesquite, mes′kēt, mes-kēt′, n. a leguminous tree or shrub of America, with nutritious pods. [Sp.]

Mess, mes, n. a mixture disagreeable to the sight or taste: a medley: disorder: confusion.—v.t. to make a mess of: to muddle.—adj. Mess′y, confused, untidy. [A form of mash.]

Mess, mes, n. a dish or quantity of food served up at one time: a number of persons who take their meals together at the same table, esp. in the army and navy: the take of fish at one time.—v.t. to supply with a mess.—v.i. to eat of a mess: to eat at a common table. [O. Fr. mes (Fr. mets), a dish—L. mittĕre, missum, to send, in Low L. to place.]

Message, mes′āj, n. any communication sent from one person to another: an errand: an official communication, of advice, &c., as a President's Message in the United States.—n. Mess′enger, the bearer of a message: a forerunner: a light scudding cloud preceding a storm: a piece of paper, &c., blown up the string to the kite: the secretary-bird: a rope or chain by which cables were formerly connected to the capstan when heaving up the anchor: (Scots law) an officer who executes the summonses of the Court of Session, called a Mess′enger-at-arms.—Queen's, or King's, messenger, an officer who carries official despatches whether at home or abroad. [Fr.,—Low L. missaticum—L. mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Messiah, mes-sī′a, n. the anointed One, the Christ—also Messī′as.—n. Messī′ahship, the character and work of Christ as the Saviour of the world.—adj. Messian′ic, relating to the Messiah. [Heb. māshīach, anointed—māshach, to anoint.]

Messidor, mes-si-dōr′, n. the tenth month of the French revolutionary calendar, June 19th-July 18th. [Fr.,—L. messis, harvest, Gr. dōron, a gift.]

Messin, mes′in, n. (Scot.) a mongrel dog, a cur.—adj. mongrel. [Cf. Mastiff.]

Messmate, mes′māt, n. one who eats at the same table. [Mess and mate.]

Messuage, mes′wāj, n. (law) a dwelling and offices with the adjoining lands appropriated to the household: a mansion-house and grounds. [O. Fr.,—Low L. messuagium—L. mansa, pa.p. of manēre, to remain.]

Mestee, mes-tē′, n. the offspring of a white person and a quadroon. [Cf. Fr. métis, mongrel.]

Mestizo, mes-tē′zō, n. the offspring of a person of mixed Spanish and American Indian parentage, &c. [Sp.,—L. mixtus—miscēre, to mix.]

Metabasis, me-tab′a-sis, n. a change, as in treatment or remedies: a transition.—adj. Metabat′ic. [Gr., meta, beyond, bainein, to go.]

Metabolism, me-tab′o-lizm, n. a general term for the chemical changes of living matter: retrograde metamorphosis, catabolism: complete metamorphosis, as in Diptera, &c.—adj. Metabol′ic, undergoing complete metamorphosis: polymorphic: exhibiting metabolism.—v.t. Metab′olise. [Gr. metabolē, change.]

Metacarpal, met-a-kär′pal, adj. pertaining to the part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers, the Metacar′pus: denoting the foreleg of a horse between knee and fetlock joint.

Metacentre, met-a-sen′tėr, n. that point in a floating body slightly displaced from equilibrium through which the resultant upward pressure of the fluid always passes.

Metachronism, me-tak′ron-izm, n. an error made by placing an event after its real time. [Fr.,—Gr. metachronos—meta, beyond, chronos, time.]

Metagenesis, met-a-jen′e-sis, n. (biol.) a kind of alteration of generations in which a series of generations of unlike forms come between the egg and the parent type.—adj. Metagenet′ic.

Metagnostic, met-ag-nos′tik, adj. transcending present knowledge.—n. one who holds that there is a supreme being, but that he transcends knowledge.—n. Metagnos′ticism.

Metairie, mē-tā′rē, n. a piece of land cultivated for a share of the produce. [Fr. See Metayer.]

Metal, met′al, n. an opaque substance, possessing a peculiar lustre, fusibility, conductivity for heat and electricity, &c., such as gold, &c.: courage or spirit (now spelt mettle): intrinsic quality: the number and power of guns carried by a ship-of-war: broken stones used for macadamised roads: (pl.) the rails of a railroad.—v.t. to put metal on, as a road.—n. Metalic′ity.—adjs. Met′alled, covered with metal, as a road; Metal′lic, pertaining to, or like, a metal: consisting of metal.—adv. Metal′lically.—adjs. Metallif′erous, producing or yielding metals; Metal′liform, having the form of metals: like metal; Met′alline, pertaining to a metal: consisting of, or mixed with, metal.—ns. Met′alling, road-metal, broken stones; Metallisā′tion.—v.t. Met′allise, to form into metal: to give to a substance its metallic properties.—ns. Met′allist, a worker in metals: one who is skilled in metals: an advocate of the use of metal as currency; Metal′lograph, a print produced by metallographic process.—adj. Metallograph′ic—ns. Metallog′raphist; Metallog′raphy, an account or description of metals: a process for utilising metal plates in a manner similar to lithographic stones: a process of imitating the grain of wood on metals; Met′alloid, one of the metallic bases of the fixed alkalies and alkaline earths: any of the elements which are non-metallic in the chemical sense of being able to replace hydrogen in an acid, and thus forming a salt: one of the inflammable non-metallic elements (sulphur, phosphorus, &c.).—adjs. Met′alloid, Metalloid′al, pertaining to, or of the nature of, the metalloids.—ns. Metal′lophone, a kind of piano, having graduated metal bars in place of strings: a musical instrument, differing from the xylophone in having metal instead of wooden bars; Met′allotherapy, the treatment of disease by the external application of metals.—Metallic oxide, a compound of metal and oxygen; Metallic salts, salts having a metal or metallic oxide for base.—Base metals, lead, zinc, copper, iron; Fusible metal, a metallic alloy that fuses at a very low temperature—usually of lead, tin, and bismuth; Light metals, those whose specific gravity is less than 5; Noble, or Perfect, metals, gold, silver, platinum, so called because they keep their lustre when exposed to the air. [Fr.,—L. metallum—Gr. metallon, a mine, a metal.]

Metalepsis, met-a-lep′sis, n. (rhet.) a compound figure that consists in uniting two or more different tropes in the same word, or in so using a word as to suggest two or three different figures by it.—adjs. Metalep′tic, -al. [Gr.]

Metallurgy, met′al-ur-ji, n. the art of working metals: the art of separating metals from their ores.—adj. Metallur′gic, pertaining to metallurgy.—n. Met′allurgist, one who works metals: one skilled in metallurgy. [Gr. metallon, a metal, ergon, work.]

Metamerism, met′a-me-rizm, n. (chem.) a particular form of isomerism, seen in substances having the same molecular formula, but in which all the atoms in the molecule are not directly united: (zool.) segmentation of the body of an animal along the primary axis, producing a series of homologous parts.—adjs. Met′amēral, Metamer′ic.—n. Met′amere. [Gr. meta, after, meros, a part.]

Metamorphic, met-a-mor′fik, adj. subject to change of form: (geol.) applied to the alteration undergone by rocks under heat, pressure, &c., so that they assume a crystalline or semi-crystalline structure.—ns. Metamor′phism, state or quality of being metamorphic; Metamor′phist, one who believes that the body of Christ merged into the Deity when He ascended.—v.t. Metamor′phose, to transform.—n. Metamor′phosis, change of shape, transformation: the frequent transformation of human beings to beasts, stones, trees, &c.—an essential part of folklore everywhere: the marked change which some living beings undergo in the course of their growth, as caterpillar to insect, tadpole to frog, &c.:—pl. Metamor′phoses. [Gr. metamorphōsis—meta, expressing change, morphē, form.]

Metaphery, me-taf′e-ri, n. (bot.) the transposition of various floral organs. [Gr.: see Metaphor.]

Metaphor, met′a-fur, n. a transference of meaning, the putting of one thing for another which it only resembles, as when words are said to be bitter: an implicit simile.—adjs. Metaphor′ic, -al, pertaining to, or containing, metaphor: figurative.—adv. Metaphor′ically.—ns. Metaphor′icalness; Met′aphorist.—Mixed metaphor, an expression in which two or more metaphors are confused, where one only is capable of being intelligibly evolved or conceived objectively, as Cromwell's 'God has kindled a seed in this nation.' [Fr.,—Gr. metaphora—metapherein—meta, over, pherein, to carry.]

Metaphrase, met′a-frāz, n. a translation from one language into another word for word—opp. to Paraphrase: a repartee—also Metaph′rasis.—n. Met′aphrast, one who translates word for word.—adj. Metaphras′tic, literal in translation. [Gr. metaphrasis—meta, over, phrasis, a speaking.]

Metaphysics, met-a-fiz′iks, n.sing. the science which investigates the first principles of nature and thought: ontology or the science of being.—adj. Metaphys′ical, pertaining to metaphysics; abstract.—adv. Metaphys′ically.—n. Metaphysic′ian, one versed in metaphysics. [From certain works of Aristotle to be studied after his physics—Gr. meta, after, physika, physics—physis, nature.]

Metaphyta, met-a-fī′ta, n.pl. many-celled plants, in contrast to the single-celled Protophytes.

Metaplasia, met-a-plā′si-a, n. the direct conversion of one form of an adult tissue into another—also Metap′lasis.—n. Met′aplasm, a grammatical change in a word by adding or dropping a letter. [Gr. meta, over, plasis—plassein, to form.]

Metapophysis, met-a-pof′i-sis, n. (anat.) a dorsolateral apophysis on the anterior articular process of a vertebra. [Gr. meta, after, apophysis, a process.]

Metastasis, me-tas′ta-zis, n. a change in nature, form, or quality; a change from one part to another, as a disease: (bot.) metabolism.—adj. Metastat′ic. [Gr.,—methistēmi, I change place.]

Metatarsal, met-a-tär′sal, adj. belonging to the front part of the foot, behind the toes, nearly the same as the instep in man.—n. Metatar′sus. [Gr. meta, beyond, tarsos, the flat of the foot.]

Metathesis, me-tath′es-is, n. (gram.) a change of place of the letters or syllables of a word.—adjs. Metathet′ic, -al. [Gr.,—metatithenai, to transpose—meta, over, tithenai, to place.]

Metathorax, met-a-thō′raks, n. the third segment of an insect's thorax.—adj. Metathorac′ic.

Metayer, me-tā′yėr, n. a farmer who pays, instead of money rent, a fixed proportion of the crops.—n. Metā′yage, this system. [Fr.,—Low L. medietarius—L. medietas, the half—medius, middle.]

Metazoa, met-a-zō′a, n.pl. many-celled animals possessing cellular differentiation:—opp. to single-celled Protozoa.—adjs. Metazō′an, Metazō′ic.—n.sing. Met′azōon. [Gr. meta, after, zōon, animal.]

Mete, mēt, v.t. to measure.—ns. Mete′wand, a measuring-stick; Mete′yard (B.), a yard or rod for meting or measuring. [A.S. metan; Ger. messen.]

Metempiric, -al, met-em-pir′ik, -al, adj. beyond or outside of experience:—opp. to Empirical or Experiential.—ns. Metempir′icism; Metempir′icist.

Metempsychosis, me-temp-si-kō′sis, n. the passing of the soul after death into some other body, whether that of a human being or of an animal:—pl. Metempsychō′ses. [Gr.,—meta, expressing change, empsychōsis, an animating—en, in, psychē, soul.]

Metensomatosis, met-en-sō-ma-tō′sis, n. transference of the elements of one body into another.

Meteor, mē′te-or, n. one of numberless small bodies travelling through space, continually being encountered by the earth on its orbital path, and then revealed to our observation as aerolites, fire-balls, or shooting-stars: formerly used of any appearance in the atmosphere, as clouds, rain: (fig.) anything that for a time dazzles or strikes with wonder.—adj. Meteor′ic, pertaining to, or consisting of, meteors: proceeding from a meteor: flashing like a meteor: influenced by the weather.—ns. Mē′teorograph, an instrument by which several meteorological elements are recorded in combination; Meteor′olite, Mē′teorite, a meteoric stone.—adjs. Meteorolog′ic, -al.—ns. Meteorol′ogist; one skilled in meteorology; Meteorol′ogy, that department of physics which treats of the phenomena of the atmosphere as regards weather and climate.—adj. Mē′tēorous (Milt.), having the nature of a meteor.—Meteoric iron, iron as found in meteoric stones; Meteoric showers, showers of meteors or shooting-stars; Meteoric Stones, aerolites. [Gr. meteōron—meta, beyond, eōra, anything suspended—aeirein, to lift.]

Meter, mē′tėr, n. one who, or that which, measures, esp. an apparatus for recording automatically the quantity of a fluid passing through it, as in gas-meter, water-meter, &c.—v.t. to measure by a meter.—n. Mē′terage.—Dry meter, a gas-meter with bellows-like apparatus and no liquid. [Metre.]

Methane, meth′ān, n. marsh-gas, the simplest hydrocarbon, found wherever the decomposition of vegetable matter is taking place under water, also in coal-mines, forming when mixed with air the deadly fire-damp.—n. Methanom′eter.

Metheglin, meth-eg′lin, n. mead, a fermented liquor made from honey.—n. Mether (-th′-) a vessel for mead. [W. meddyglyn—medd, mead, llyn, liquor.]

Methinks, me-thingks′, (B.) Methink′eth, v.impers. it seems to me: I think:—pa.t. methought (me-thawt′). [A.S. mé thyncth, it seems to me. Þyncan, to seem, is often confused with Þencan, to think. Cf. Ger. dünken, to seem, denken, to think.]

Method, meth′ud, n. the mode or rule of accomplishing an end: orderly procedure: manner: orderly arrangement: system, rule, classification: manner of performance: an instruction-book systematically arranged.—adjs. Method′ic, -al, arranged with method: disposed in a just and natural manner: formal.—adv. Method′ically.—v.t. Meth′odise, to reduce to method: to dispose in due order.—ns. Meth′odism, the principles and practice of the Methodists; Meth′odist, one who observes method: one of a sect of Christians founded by John Wesley (1703-91), noted for the strictness of its discipline: one who is very strict in religion.—adjs. Methodist′ic, -al, resembling the Methodists: strict in religious matters.—adv. Methodist′ically.—n. Methodol′ogy, the science of method in scientific procedure. [Fr.,—L. methodus—Gr. methodos—meta, after, hodos, a way.]

Methomania, meth-o-mā′ni-a, n. morbid craving for alcohol. [Gr. methy, drink, mania, madness.]

Methuselah, me-thū′ze-la, n. a patriarch said to have lived 969 years (Gen. v. 27): any very aged person.

Methyl, meth′il, n. (chem.) the name given to the hypothetical radical of methylic alcohol or wood spirit.—n. Meth′ylene, a highly inflammable and volatile liquid, obtained by the destructive distillation of wood.—adj. Methyl′ic, denoting alcohol obtained by the destructive distillation of wood.—Methylated spirit, a mixture of nine parts of alcohol with one of pyroxylic or wood spirit (to prevent people drinking it), used for spirit-lamps, varnishes, &c. [Gr. meta, after, with, hylē, wood.]

Methysis, meth′i-sis, n. (path.) drunkenness.—adj. Methys′tic, intoxicating. [Gr.]

Metic, met′ik, n. an immigrant, a resident alien. [Gr. meta, over, oikos, a house.]

Meticulous, mē-tik′ū-lus, adj. (arch.) timid, over careful.—adv. Metic′ulously. [L. metus, fear.]

Metif, mē′tif, n. the offspring of a white and a quadroon.—n. Mē′tis, a half-breed of French and Indian parentage in Canada. [Cf. Mastiff.]

Metonic, me-ton′ik, adj. pertaining to the lunar cycle of nineteen years, after which the new and full moon happen again on the same day of the year as at its beginning. [From Meton, c. 430.]

Metonymy, me-ton′i-mi, n. (rhet.) a trope in which the name of one thing is put for that of another related to it, the effect for the cause, &c., as 'the heart' for 'the affections,' 'the bottle' for 'drink,' &c.—adjs. Metonym′ic, -al, used by way of metonymy.—adv. Metonym′ically. [L.,—Gr. metōnymia—meta, expressing change, onoma, a name.]

Metope, met′o-pē, n. (archit.) the space between the triglyphs in the frieze of the Doric order, generally ornamented with carved work: the face, forehead, frontal surface generally.—adj. Metop′ic.—ns. Met′opism, the condition of having a persistent metopic or frontal suture. [Gr.,—meta, between, and opē, the hole in the frieze receiving one of the beam-ends.]

Metoposcopy, met-ō-pos′kō-pi, n. the study of character from the physiognomy.—adjs. Metoposcop′ic, -al.—n. Metopos′copist.

Metra, met′ra, n. a pocket-instrument, combining the uses of thermometer, level, plummet, and lens. [Gr., pl. of metron, measure.]

Metre, mē′tėr, n. that regulated succession of certain groups of syllables in which poetry is usually written—these groups of long and short (classical) or accented (English) syllables being called feet: rhythm: verse, or poetry generally: a plan of versification, the character of a stanza as consisting of a given number of lines composed of feet of a given number, construction, and accent: musical time.—adjs. Met′ric, -al, pertaining to metre or to metrology: consisting of verses.—adv. Met′rically.—ns. Metric′ian, Met′ricist, one skilled in metres, one who writes in metre; Met′rics, the art or science of versification; Metrificā′tion. (Tenn.), the act of making verses; Met′rifier, a versifier; Met′rist, one skilled in metres, a skilful versifier; Metromā′nia, a mania for writing verses.—Common metre, the stanza forming a quatrain in eights and sixes, of four and of three iambic feet alternately—also Service metre, from its use in the metrical psalms, &c., and Ballad metre, from its use in old romances and ballads; Long metre, an octosyllabic quatrain, the four lines with four feet each; Short metre, the quatrain in sixes, with the third line octosyllabic. [Fr.,—L. metrum—Gr. metron.]

Mètre, mā′tr, n. the fundamental unit of length in the metric system—one ten-millionth of a quadrant of the Meridian—39.3707904 English inches.—adj. Met′ric.—Metric system, the French system of weights and measures, founded on the French mètre—dividing or multiplying by ten, and therefore a decimal system.

Metric, met′rik, adj. quantitative.—adj. Met′rical, pertaining to measurement.—n.pl. Met′rics, the theory of measurement.—ns. Met′rograph, an apparatus for registering the speed of a railway-train and the places and duration of stops; Metrol′ogy, the science of weights and measures; Met′ronome, an instrument like an inverted pendulum which measures musical time.—adj. Metronom′ic.—n. Metron′omy, measurement of time by a metronome.

Metronymic, met-ro-nim′ik, adj. derived from the name of one's mother, or other female ancestor.—n. an appellation so derived; cf. Patronymic. [Gr. mētēr, a mother, onoma, name.]

Metropolis, me-trop′o-lis, n. the capital of a country; the chief cathedral city, as Canterbury of England: the mother-city of an ancient Greek colony: a generic focus in the distribution of plants or animals:—pl. Metrop′olises.—adj. Metropol′itan, belonging to a metropolis: pertaining to the mother-church.—n. the bishop of a metropolis, presiding over the other bishops of a province: an archbishop.—n. Metropol′itanate.—adjs. Metropol′itic, -al. [L.,—Gr. mētēr, mother, polis, a city.]

Mettle, met′l, n. ardent temperament: spirit: sprightliness: courage.—adjs. Mett′led, Mett′lesome, high-spirited: ardent.—n. Mett′lesomeness, quality or state of being mettlesome.—Put one on his mettle, to rouse a person up to putting forth his best efforts. [From the metal of a blade.]

Meum, mā′um, n. mine—in the phrase Meum and tuum, mine and thine. [L.]

Meute, mūt, n. a mew, a place where hawks are mewed or confined. [Mew, a cage for hawks.]

Mew, mū, n. a sea-fowl: a gull. [A.S. mǽw; Dut. meeuw, Ice. mâr, Ger. möwe; all imit.]

Mew, mū, v.t. to change, as the covering or dress: to shed or cast: to confine, as in a cage.—v.i. to change: to cast the feathers: to moult.—n. a place for confining: a cage for hawks while mewing: generally in pl. a stable, because the royal stables were built where the king's falcons were kept. [O. Fr. mue, a changing, esp. of the coat or skin—muer, to mew—L. mutāre, to change.]

Mexican, meks′i-kan, n. a native or inhabitant of Mexico.—adj. pertaining to Mexico or Mexicans.

Mezereon, me-zē′re-on, n. a deciduous shrub with pink flowers, and having an extremely acrid bark used in medicine. [Fr.,—Pers.]

Mezzanine, mez′a-nīn, n. (archit.) a low story introduced between two higher ones: a small window used to light such apartments. [Fr.,—It. mezzanino—mezzo—L. medius, middle.]

Mezzo-rilievo, med′zo-rē-lyā′vō, n. a degree of relief in figures, half-way between high and low relief. [It.]

Mezzo-soprano, med′zo-so-prä′nō, n. a quality of voice between soprano and alto: low soprano.

Mezzotint, mez′ō-tint, or med′zō-tint, n. a method of copperplate engraving, producing an even gradation of tones, resembling those of a photograph: an impression from a plate so produced.—Also Mezzotint′o. [It.,—mezzo, middle, half, tinto, tint—L. tingĕre, tinctum, to dye.]

Miasma, mī-az′ma, n. unwholesome exhalations arising from putrescent matter—also Mī′asm:—pl. Mī′asms, Mias′mata.—adjs. Mias′mal, Miasmat′ic, Mias′matous, pertaining to, or containing, miasma.—ns. Mias′matist; Miasmol′ogy.—adj. Mias′mous. [Gr. miasma—miainein, to stain.]

Mica, mī′ka, n. a group of rock-forming minerals, with perfect cleavage in one direction, the laminæ flexible and elastic, and generally transparent.—adj. Micā′ceous.—ns. Mī′ca-schist, Mī′ca-slate, a metamorphic rock consisting of alternate layers of mica and quartz. [L. mica, a crumb.]

Michaelmas, mik′el-mas, n. the festival of St Michael, celebrated Sept. 29: a quarterly rent-day in England.

Miche, mich, v.i. (obs.) to lie hid, to skulk, to act by stealth: to pilfer meanly—also Mich.—ns. Mich′er; Mich′ing—also adj.

Mickle, mik′l, adj. (arch.) much. [A.S. micel, mycel; Scot. muckle.]

Microbe, mī′krōb, mik′rōb, n. a microscopic organism, esp. a bacterium, found wherever organic matter is in process of decomposition.—adjs. Micrō′bial, Micrō′bian, Micrō′bic.—n. Microbiol′ogy, the science of micro-organisms. [Fr.,—Gr. mikros, small, bios, life.]

Microcephalous, mī-krō-sef′a-lus, adj. having a small or imperfectly formed head.—Also Microcephal′ic. [Gr. mikros, small, kephalē, the head.]

Microchronometer, mī-krō-krō-nom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for registering very small periods of time.

Microcosm, mī′krō-kozm, n. a little universe or world: (often applied to) man, who was regarded by ancient philosophers as a model or epitome of the universe.—adjs. Microcos′mic, -al, pertaining to the microcosm.—n. Microcosmog′raphy. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr.—mikros, little, kosmos, world.]

Microcoustic, mī-krō-kōōs′tik, adj. serving to augment weak sounds.—n. an instrument for such purpose.

Microcrith, mī′krō-krith, n. (chem.) the unit of molecular weight, that of the half-molecule of hydrogen.

Microcyte, mī′krō-sīt, n. a small cell or corpuscle: a small blood corpuscle found in anæmia.—ns. Microcythē′mia, Microcytō′sis, a condition of the blood with many very small corpuscles.

Microfarad, mī-krō-far′ad, n. one-millionth of a farad, the practical unit of electrical capacity.

Microgeology, mī-krō-jē-ol′o-ji, n. the department of geology concerned with the study of microscopic structures.

Micrograph, mī′krō-graf, n. a pantograph instrument for minute writing or drawing: a microscopic picture.—n. Microg′rapher.—adj. Micrograph′ic.—n. Microg′raphy, the description of microscopic objects. [Gr. mikros, little, graphein, write.]

Microhm, mik′rōm, n. an electric unit equal to the millionth part of an ohm.

Microlite, mī′krō-līt, n. a mineral related to pyrochlore.—n. Mī′crolith, a name suggested by Vogelsang in 1867 for the microscopic acicular components of rocks.—adj. Microlith′ic. [Gr. mikros, small, lithos, a stone.]

Micrology, mī-krol′o-ji, n. the branch of science which treats of microscopic objects.—adjs. Microlog′ic, -al.—adv. Microlog′ically.

Micrometer, mī-krom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring minute distances or angles.—adjs. Micromet′ric, -al.—ns. Microm′etry, measuring with a micrometer; Mī′cron, the millionth part of a metre, or 1⁄25400 of an inch; Mī′cro-or′ganism, a microscopic organism. [Gr. mikros, little, metron, measure.]

Microphone, mī′krō-fōn, n. an instrument which renders the faintest sounds distinctly audible.—adjs. Microphon′ic, Microph′onous.—n. Mī′crophony. [Gr. mikros, little, phōnē, sound.]

Microphotography, mī-krō-fō-tog′ra-fi, n. the photographing of objects on a microscopic scale.

Microphyllous, mī-krof′il-us, adj. (bot.) having small leaves. [Gr. mikros, little, phyllon, leaf.]

Microphyte, mī′krō-fīt, n. a microscopic plant, esp. one parasitic.—adjs. Mī′crophytal, Microphyt′ic.

Micropoda, mī-krop′o-da, n.pl. in some systems a division of monomyarian bivalves, with rudimentary feet, including oysters, &c. [Gr. mikros, small, pous, podos, foot.]

Micropsia, mī-krop′si-a, n. an affection of the eye in which objects appear in less than actual size.

Micropyle, mī′krō-pīl, n. (bot.) the orifice in the coats of the ovule leading to the apex of the nucleus, through which the pollen-tube penetrates: (zool.) the hilum of an ovum at the point of attachment to the ovary: any opening in the coverings of an ovum by which spermatozoa may find entrance. [Gr. mikros, small, pylē, a gate.]

Microscope, mī′krō-skōp, n. an instrument which magnifies to the eye objects so minute as to be almost or quite undiscernible without its aid.—adjs. Microscop′ic, -al, pertaining to a microscope: made by, or as if by, a microscope: visible only by the aid of a microscope: working with, or as if with, a microscope.—adv. Microscop′ically.—ns. Mī′croscopist, one skilled in the use of the microscope; Mī′croscopy.—Binocular microscope, a microscope with two eye-pieces, for viewing an object with both eyes at once; Compound microscope, a microscope with two sets of lenses so arranged that the image formed by the lower or object glass is again magnified by the upper or eye-piece. [Gr. mikros, little, skopein, to look at.]

Microseism, mī′krō-sizm, n. a slight earthquake tremor.—adjs. Microseis′mic, -al.—ns. Microseis′mograph; Microseismom′etry.

Microsoma, mī-krō-sō′ma, n. one of the minute granules embedded in the hyaline plasm of the protoplasm of vegetable cells:—pl. Microsō′mata. [Gr. mikros, small, sōma, body.]

Microspectroscope, mī-krō-spek′trō-skōp, n. a combination of the spectroscope with the microscope.

Microspore, mī′krō-spōr, n. (bot.) a small asexually produced spore: (zool.) one of the numerous very small spore-like elements produced through the encystment and subdivision of many monads.—n. Microsporan′gium.—adj. Mī′crosporous. [Gr. mikros, small, sporos, a seed.]

Microtome, mī′krō-tōm, n. an instrument for cutting thin sections of objects for microscopic examination.—adj. Microtom′ic.—ns. Microt′omist; Microt′omy. [Gr. mikros, little, temnein, to cut.]

Microzoa, mī-krō-zō′ä, n.pl. microscopic animals.—n. and adj. Microzō′an.—n. Microzoā′ria, a name sometimes used for infusorians, &c.—adj. Microzoā′rian.—n. and adj. Microzō′öid, a very minute free-swimming zoöid, which buries itself in the body of a sedentary animalcule.—ns. Microzō′ön, any micro-organism of animal nature; Microzō′öspore, a zoöspore of abnormally small size; Mī′crozyme, a member of a class of extremely minute living organisms floating in the atmosphere, supposed to be the means of communicating certain epidemic and other zymotic diseases. [Gr. mikros, small, zōon, an animal, sporos, seed, zymē, leaven.]

Micturition, mik-tū-rish′un, n. the act of passing, or the frequent desire to pass, urine.—n. Mic′tion, voiding urine.—v.i. Mic′turate. [L. micturīre, -ītum, to pass urine.]

Mid, mid, adj. middle: situated between extremes.—prep. amid.—n. (Shak.) middle.—ns. Mid′-age (Shak.), the middle time of life, a person in middle-life; Mid′-air, Mid′-heav′en, the middle of the sky; Mid′day, the middle of the day: noon.—adj. of or pertaining to noon.—adj. Mid′dest (Spens.), most nearly in the middle: middlemost.—n. the midst, middle.—n. Mid′-hour, the middle part of the day.—adj. Mid′land, in the middle of, or surrounded by, land: distant from the coast: inland.—n. the interior of a country: (pl.) esp. the central parts of England.—n. Mid′-Lent, the middle or fourth Sunday in Lent.—adj. Mid′most, middlemost.—n. Mid′night, the middle of the night: twelve o'clock at night.—adj. being at midnight: dark as midnight.—ns. Mid′noon, noon; Mid′-sea, the open sea.—adj. Mid′ship, being in the middle of a ship.—n. Mid′shipman, in the British navy, an officer whose rank is next above that of a naval cadet: in the U.S. navy, the lowest grade of officers in the line of promotion, now called Naval cadet.—adv. Mid′ships.—ns. Mid′summer, the middle of summer: the summer solstice, about the 21st of June; Mid′summer-day, the 24th of June; Mid′way, the middle of the way or distance.—adj. being in the middle of the way or distance.—adv. half-way.—n. Mid′winter, the middle of winter: the winter solstice (21st or 22d December), or the time shortly before or after it. [A.S. (mid-), middgen; Ger. mitte and mittel, L. medius, Gr. mesos.]

Midas, mī′das, n. a fabulously rich man, from the king of Phrygia who got the power of turning everything he touched into gold, till he was like to be starved. His ears were changed by Apollo to those of an ass for deciding a musical contest in favour of Pan.

Midden, mid′en, n. a heap of ashes or dung (see also Kitchen-midden).—n. Midd′enstead, a place where dung is heaped up. [Scand., as Dan. mödding—mög, dung; cf. Muck.]

Middle, mid′l, adj. equally distant from the extremes: intermediate: intervening: (gram.) intermediate between active and passive, reflexive.—n. the middle point or part: midst: central portion, waist.—adjs. Midd′le-aged, of or about the middle period of life (from about 35 to 50); Midd′le-class, pertaining to, or included in, the middle class.—ns. Midd′le-earth (Shak.), the earth, considered as placed between the upper and lower regions; Midd′leman, one who stands in the middle between two persons: an agent who does business between two parties: in Ireland, one who rents land in large tracts, and lets it in small portions to the peasantry.—adjs. Midd′lemost, Mid′most (B.), nearest the middle; Midd′le-sized, of middle or average size.—ns. Midd′le-watch, the period between midnight and 4 A.M.; Midd′le-weight, a boxer or jockey of intermediate weight, between light and heavy weight.—adj. Midd′ling, of middle rate, state, size, or quality: about equally distant from the extremes: moderate: (Scot.) not in very good health: fairly well or prosperous.—adv. moderately.—n. Midd′lingness, mediocrity.—n.pl. Midd′lings, the coarser part of ground wheat.—Middle Ages, the time between the downfall of the western Roman empire, about 476 A.D., and the Reformation in the first quarter of the 16th century, or even earlier—in the later half of the preceding century, when printing was invented, America discovered, and the revival of learning took place; Middle class, that part of the people which comes between the nobility and the working-class; Middle distance (same as Middle ground); Middle English, English as spoken and written from 1350 to 1500 or 1550; Middle ground, the central portion of a picture—that is, between the foreground and background; Middle Kingdom, China; Middle passage, the voyage across the Atlantic from Africa to the West Indies, which was a time of horror on board a slave-ship; Middle States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; Middle term (logic), that term of a syllogism which appears both in the major premise and the minor, but not in the conclusion.—Middle-class schools, schools for the higher education of the middle class, intermediate between the primary schools and the large public schools or the universities. [A.S. middel—mid; Dut. middel, Ger. mittel.]

Midgard, mid′gārd, n. (Scand. myth.) the abode of men, midway between heaven and hell. [Ice. midhgardhr=mid-yard.]

Midge, mij, n. the common name of several species of small two-winged insects, like gnats, but with a shorter proboscis.—n. Midg′et, a little midge: something very small of its kind: a very small person. [A.S. micge; Ger. mücke, a gnat.]

Midrash, mid′rash, n. the Hebrew exposition of the Old Testament—its two divisions, Haggada and Halakha:—pl. Midrashim (mid-rä′shēm), commentaries to individual books or sections of the Old Testament. [Heb., 'exposition.']

Midrib, mid′rib, n. (bot.) the continuation of the leaf-stalk to the point of a leaf.

Midriff, mid′rif, n. the diaphragm. [A.S. mid, middle, hrif, the belly.]

Midst, midst, n. the middle.—adv. in the middle.—prep. amidst. [From the M. E. phrase in middle-s, in the midst, with excrescent t (cf. whil-s-t).]

Midwife, mid′wīf, n. a woman who assists others in childbirth:—pl. Midwives (mid′wīvz).—n. Mid′wifery, art or practice of a midwife or accoucheuse: assistance at childbirth. [A.S. mid, together with (Ger. mit, Gr. met-a), wíf, woman.]

Mien, mēn, n. the look or appearance of a person: the expression of the face: manner: bearing. [Fr. mine—It. mina, deportment—Low L. mināre, to conduct—L. mināri, to threaten.]

Miff, mif, n. (coll.) a slight feeling of resentment. [Akin to Ger. muffen, to sulk.]

Might, mīt, n. power: ability: strength: energy or intensity of purpose or feeling.—adj. Might′ful (Shak.), mighty: powerful.—adv. Might′ily.—n. Might′iness, state of being mighty: power: greatness: great amount: a title of dignity: excellency.—adj. Might′y, having greater power: strong: valiant: very great: important: exhibiting might: wonderful.—Might and main, utmost strength. [A.S. meaht, miht; Ger. macht; cf. May.]

Mignonette, min-yo-net′, n. an annual with sweet-scented flowers. [Fr.,—mignon, darling.]

Migrate, mī′grāt, v.i. to pass from one place to another: to remove for residence from one country, college, &c. to another.—adjs. Mī′grant, Mī′grātory, migrating or accustomed to migrate: wandering.—ns. Migrā′tion, a change of abode: a removal from one country or climate to another: a number removing together; Migrā′tionist, Migrā′tor.—Migratory animals, animals that remove from one region to another as the seasons change. [L. migrāre, -ātum; cf. meāre, to go.]

Mikado, mi-kä′dō, n. a title of the Emperor of Japan. [Jap., 'exalted gate.']

Mil, mil, n. a unit of length in measuring the diameter of wire. [L. mille, a thousand.]

Mild, mīld, adj. gentle in temper and disposition: not sharp or bitter: acting gently: gently and pleasantly affecting the senses: soft: calm.—v.t. Mild′en, to render mild.—v.i. to become mild.—adv. Mild′ly.—n. Mild′ness.—adj. Mild′-spok′en, having a mild manner of speech.—Mild ale, ale newly brewed, which has not got the taste that comes from keeping. [A.S. milde, mild; cf. Ger. mild, Ice. mildr, gracious, &c.]

Mildew, mil′dū, n. a disease on plants, caused by the growth of minute fungi.—v.t. to taint with mildew.—v.i. to become so tainted. [A.S. meledeáw, mele, honey, deáw, dew.]

Mile, mīl, n. 1760 yards.—ns. Mile′age, length in miles: (U.S.) compensation for expense of travel reckoned by the mile; Mil′er, something the length of a mile; Mile′stone, a stone set up to mark the distance of a mile. [A.S. mil; Fr. mille; both a contr. of L. mille passuum, a thousand paces.]

Milesian, mi-lē′zhan, adj. of or pertaining to Ireland or to the Irish race.—n. an Irishman. [Milesius, a fabulous king of Spain, whose sons seized Ireland.]

Milfoil, mil′foil, n. the herb yarrow, remarkable for the numerous divisions of its leaf. [L. millefolium—mille, thousand, folium, a leaf.]

Miliary, mil′yar-i, adj. like a millet-seed: having formations of the size of millet-seeds, as miliary glands. [L. milium, millet.]

Militant, mil′i-tant, adj. fighting: engaged in warfare.—n. Mil′itancy, the state of being militant.—adv. Mil′itantly.—ns. Mil′itarism, an excess of the military spirit; Mil′itarist (Shak.), a military man.—adj. Mil′itary, pertaining to soldiers or to warfare: warlike: becoming a soldier: engaged in the profession of arms: derived from service as a soldier—(obs.) Mil′itar.—n. soldiery: the army.—v.i. Mil′itate, to contend: to stand opposed: to have force for or against.—Church militant (see Church). [L. militans, -antis, pr.p. of militāre.]

Militia, mi-lish′a, n. a body of men enrolled and drilled as soldiers, but only liable to home service: (U.S.) the whole body of citizens capable of bearing arms.—n. Milit′iaman, a man or soldier in the militia force. [L. militia—miles, militis.]

Milk, milk, v.t. to squeeze or draw milk from: to supply with milk.—n. a white liquid secreted by female mammals for the nourishment of their young: a milk-like juice of certain plants.—adj. Milk′en, consisting of milk, or like milk.—ns. Milk′en-way (Bacon), the milky-way, the galaxy; Milk′er, one who milks: a machine for milking cows: a cow that gives milk; Milk′-fē′ver, a fever accompanying the secretion of milk shortly after childbirth.—adv. Milk′ily.—ns. Milk′iness; Milk′ing, the amount of milk drawn at one time; Milk′ing-stool, a stool on which the milker sits while milking; Milk′ing-time; Milk′ing-tube, a perforated tube inserted in a cow's teat to let the milk flow without pressing the udder; Milk′-kin′ship, the kinship arising from fostering.—adj. Milk′-liv′ered (Shak.), white-livered: cowardly.—ns. Milk′maid, a woman who milks: a dairymaid; Milk′man, a man who sells milk, esp. from door to door; Milk′-mō′lar, one of the grinders or back teeth in young animals, early shed and replaced by another; Milk′-porr′idge, porridge made with milk instead of water; Milk′-punch, an excellent but very heady drink made of milk, rum or whisky, sugar, and nutmeg; Milk′-sick′ness (U.S.), a kind of malignant fever affecting cattle, also men; Milk′sop, a piece of bread sopped or soaked in milk: an effeminate, silly fellow; Milk′-this′tle, the lady's thistle; Milk′-tooth, one of the first fore-teeth of a foal: one of the first teeth of a child; Milk′-tree, a tree yielding a milk-like, nourishing juice, as the cow-tree of South America; Milk′-vetch, a plant sometimes cultivated as food for cattle; Milk′-walk, a milkman's route.—adj. Milk′-warm, warm as new milk.—ns. Milk′-weed, a general name for plants of the genus Asclepias, from their milky juice; Milk′-wort, a genus of handsome flowering plants, containing a milk-like juice.—adj. Milk′y, made of, full of, like, or yielding milk: soft: gentle.—n. Milk′y-way (astron.), the galaxy, a broad, luminous zone in the sky, caused by the light of innumerable fixed stars. [A.S. meolc, milk; Ger. milch, milk.]

Mill, mil, n. a machine for grinding any substance, as grain, by crushing it between two hard, rough surfaces: a place where corn is ground, or manufacture of some kind is carried on: a contest at boxing.—v.t. to grind: to press or stamp in a mill: to stamp or turn up the edge of coin, and put ridges and furrows on the rim: to put furrows and ridges on any edge: to clean, as cloth: to beat severely with the fists.—ns. Mill′-board, stout pasteboard, used esp. in binding books; Mill′cog, a cog of a mill-wheel; Mill′dam, Mill′pond, a dam or pond to hold water for driving a mill.—adj. Milled, prepared by a grinding-mill or a coining-press: transversely grooved: treated by machinery, esp. smoothed by calendering rollers in a paper-mill.—ns. Mill′-horse, a horse that turns a mill; Mill′ing, the act of passing anything through a mill: the act of fulling cloth: the process of turning up the edge of coin and of putting the rows of ridges and furrows on it: indenting coin on the edge; Mill′race, the current of water that turns a mill-wheel, or the channel in which it runs; Mill-six′pence (Shak.), a milled sixpence; Mill′stone, one of the two stones used in a mill for grinding corn; Mill′stone-grit (geol.), a hard gritty variety of sandstone suitable for millstones; Mill′-tooth, a molar; Mill′-wheel, the water-wheel used for driving a mill; Mill′-work, the machinery of a mill: the planning and putting up of machinery in mills; Mill′wright, a wright or mechanic who builds and repairs mills.—Go through the mill, to undergo suffering or experience sufficient to fit one for certain duties or privileges; See through a millstone, to see far into or through difficult questions. [A.S. miln—L. mola, a mill—molāre, to grind.]

Mill, mil, n. (U.S.) the thousandth part of a dollar. [L. mille, a thousand.]

Millennium, mil-len′i-um, n. a thousand years: the thousand years during which, as some believe, Christ will personally reign on the earth.—adj. Millenā′rian, lasting a thousand years: pertaining to the millennium.—n. one believing in the millennium.—ns. Millenā′rianism, Mil′lenarism, the doctrine of millenarians.—adj. Mill′enary, consisting of a thousand.—n. a thousand years.—adj. Millenn′ial, pertaining to a thousand years, or to the millennium.—ns. Millenn′ialist, a believer in the millennium; Millenn′ianism, Millenn′iarism, belief in the millennium. [L. mille, 1000, annus, a year.]

Millepore, mil′e-pōr, n. a species of branching coral, having a smooth surface with numerous minute, distinct pores or cells.—n. Mill′eporite, a fossil millepore. [Fr.; L. mille, 1000, porus, a pore.]

Miller, mil′ėr, n. one who has, or who attends to, a corn-mill.—ns. Mill′er's-thumb, a small fresh-water fish with a large, broad, and rounded head like a miller's thumb, the river bull-head.

Millesimal, mil-les′im-al, adj. thousandth: consisting of thousandth parts.—adv. Milles′imally. [L. millesimus—mille, a thousand.]

Millet, mil′et, n. a grass yielding grain which is used for food. [Fr. millet—L. milium.]

Milliard, mil′yard, n. a thousand millions. [Fr.,—L. mille, a thousand.]

Milliary, mil′i-ā-ri, adj. pertaining to a Roman mile.—n. a Roman milestone.

Millimeter, Millimetre, mil′i-mē-tėr, n. the thousandth part of a metre.

Milliner, mil′in-ėr, n. one who makes head-dresses, bonnets, &c. for women.—n. Mill′inery, the articles made or sold by milliners: the industry of making these. [Prob. orig. Milaner, a trader in Milan wares, esp. silks and ribbons.]

Million, mil′yun, n. a thousand thousands (1,000,000): a very great number.—n. Mill′ionaire, a man worth a million of money or more.—adj. Mill′ionary, pertaining to, or consisting of, millions.—adj. and n. Mill′ionth, the ten hundred thousandth.—The million, the great body of the people generally. [Fr.,—Low L. millio—L. mille, 1000.]

Milliped, Milleped, mil′e-ped, n. a small worm-like animal, with a great number of legs.—Also Mill′ipede, Mill′epede. [L. millepeda—mille, a thousand, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Millocrat, mil′ō-krat, n. a wealthy mill-owner.—n. Mill′ocratism.

Milreis, mil′rēs, n. a thousand reals: a Portuguese coin worth about 4s. 5d.

Milt, milt, n. the soft roe of male fishes: (anat.) the spleen.—v.t. to impregnate, as the spawn of the female fish.—n. Milt′er, a male fish. [A corr. of milk, as in Sw. mjölke, milt of fishes.]

Miltonic, mil-ton′ik, adj. relating to Milton (1608-74), or to his poetry.

Milvine, mil′vin, adj. pertaining to, or like, birds of the kite family. [L. milvinus—milvus, a kite.]

Mime, mīm, n. a farce in which scenes from actual life were represented by gesture: an actor in such a farce.—n. Mim′esis, a mimicking of the speech, gestures, &c. of a person or a people: (biol.) mimicry.—adjs. Mimet′ic, -al, apt to imitate.—v.t. Mim′ic, to imitate: simulate:—pr.p. mim′icking; pa.p. mim′icked.—n. one who mimics: a buffoon: a servile imitator.—adjs. Mim′ic, -al, imitative: mock: miniature.—ns. Mim′icker; Mim′icry, act of mimicking: an imitative resemblance in one animal to another or to some inanimate object. [Gr. mimos.]

Mimeograph, mim′ē-ō-graf, n. an apparatus in which a thin fibrous paper coated with paraffin is used as a stencil for reproducing copies of written or printed matter.—v.t. to reproduce such by this means. [Gr. mimeisthai, to imitate, graphein, to write.]

Mimography, mim-og′ra-fi, n. the art of writing gesture-languages by means of pictorial symbols constituting ideographs.—n. Mimog′rapher.

Mimosa, mī-mō′za, n. a genus of leguminous plants, including the sensitive plant. [Gr. mimos.]

Mina, mī′na, n. a weight in silver at Athens=100 drachmas: (B.) a weight of money valued at fifty shekels. [L. mina—Gr. mna.]

Mina, mī′na, n. one of several different sturnoid passerine birds of India.

Minaret, min′a-ret, n. a turret on a Mohammedan mosque, from which the people are summoned to prayers. [Sp. minarete—Ar. manarat, lighthouse—nar, fire.]

Minatory, min′a-tor-i, adj. threatening, menacing.—Also Minā′cious. [L. mināri, -ātus, to threaten.]

Mince, mins, v.t. to cut into small pieces: to chop fine: to diminish or suppress a part in speaking: to pronounce affectedly.—v.i. to walk with affected nicety: to speak affectedly:—pr.p. minc′ing; pa.p. minced (minst).—ns. Mince′-meat, meat chopped small—hence anything thoroughly broken or cut to pieces; Mince′-pie, a pie made with minced meat, &c.—adj. Minc′ing, not speaking fully out: speaking or walking with affected nicety.—adv. Minc′ingly.—Mince matters, to speak of things with affected delicacy, or to soften an account unduly.—Minced collops (see Collops). [A.S. minsian—min, small; prob. cog. with Fr. mince, thin, also Teut.]

Mind, mīnd, n. the faculty by which we think, &c.: the understanding: the whole spiritual nature: memory: choice: intention: thoughts or sentiments: belief: cast of thought and feeling: (B.) disposition.—v.t. to attend to: to obey: (orig.) to remind: (Scot.) to remember.—v.i. (B.) to intend.—adj. Mind′ed, having a mind: disposed: determined.—ns. Mind′edness, inclination toward anything; Mind′er, a care-taker: one taken care of, as a pauper child by a private person.—adj. Mind′ful, bearing in mind: taking thought or care: attentive: observant.—adv. Mind′fully.—n. Mind′fulness.—adj. Mind′less, without mind: stupid.—n. Mind′-trans′ference, thought-transference.—Mind one's p's and q's, to be accurate and precise; Mind your eye (slang), take care what you are about.—Absence of mind, inattention to what is going on at the time; Bear in mind, to remember; Be out of one's mind, to be forgotten: to be insane; Have a mind, to wish or to be inclined strongly; Have half a mind, to be somewhat inclined; Lose, or Be out of, one's mind, to become insane; Make up one's mind, to determine; Month's mind, continual prayer on a dead person's behalf for a month after death, with masses esp. on 3d, 7th, and 30th days (also A monthly mind): any very strong desire or inclination; Never mind, do not concern yourself; Of one mind, agreed; Of two minds, uncertain what to think or do; Presence of mind, a state of calmness in which all the powers of the mind are on the alert and ready for action; Put in mind, to warn or remind; Year's mind, a commemorative service of a similar kind to the month's mind, on the anniversary of a death. [A.S. ge-mynd—munan, to think; Ger. meinen, to think, L. mens, the mind.]

Mindererus spirit, min-der-ē′rus spir′it, n. acetate of ammonia, much used in cases of fever.

Mine, mīn, v.i. and v.t. to dig for metals: to excavate: to dig under a wall or building in order to overturn it: to ruin or destroy by secret means.—n. a place from which metals are dug: an excavation dug under a fortification to blow it up with gunpowder: a rich source of wealth.—ns. Mine′-cap′tain, the overseer of a mine; Mī′ner, one who digs in a mine.—adj. Mī′ny, rich in mines: like a mine.—See also Submarine mine. [Low L. mināre, to lead, open a mine.]

Mineral, min′ėr-al, n. an inorganic substance found in the earth or at its surface: any substance containing a metal.—adj. relating to minerals: having the nature of minerals: impregnated with minerals, as water: denoting inorganic substances.—n. Mineralisā′tion.—v.t. Min′eralise, to make into a mineral: to give the properties of a mineral to: to impregnate with mineral matter.—v.i. to collect minerals.—ns. Min′eraliser, an element that combines with a metal to form an ore, as sulphur: a volatile or other substance, as water, which facilitates the recrystallisation of rocks; Min′eralist, one versed in or employed about minerals.—adj. Mineralog′ical, pertaining to mineralogy.—adv. Mineralog′ically.—v.i. Mineral′ogise, to collect or study minerals.—ns. Mineral′ogist, one versed in mineralogy; Mineral′ogy, the science which treats of minerals: the art of describing and classifying minerals.—Mineral acids, a name applied to sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids; Mineral black, an impure carbon used as a pigment; Mineral caoutchouc, a variety of bitumen—also Elaterite; Mineral kingdom, that department of nature which comprises substances that are neither animal nor vegetable; Mineral oil, oil which is forced up or pumped from the earth, as petroleum, naphtha, &c.; Mineral salt, a salt of a mineral acid; Mineral water, the water of certain springs having the taste of various kinds of minerals, and used as medicines. [Fr.,—miner, to mine—Low L. mināre; cf. Mine.]

Minerva, mi-nėr′va, n. the Roman goddess of wisdom, of the arts and sciences, and of war—identified with the Greek Athena.—Minerva Press, a printing-office in Leadenhall Street, London, whence were issued about the close of the 18th century a long series of highly sentimental novels. [L., prob. from root of mens, mentis, the mind.]

Ming, ming, v.t. to mix:—old pa.t. and pa.p. meint, ment. [A.S. mengan; Ger. mengen.]

Mingle, ming′gl, v.t. to mix: to unite into one mass: to confuse: to join in mutual intercourse.—v.i. to become mixed or confused.—n. a medley.—n. Ming′le-mang′le, a medley, jumble.—v.t. to confuse, jumble together.—ns. Ming′lement; Ming′ler; Ming′ling, mixture: a mixing or blending together.—adv. Ming′lingly. [Freq. of ming.]

Miniature, min′i-a-tūr, or min′i-tūr, n. a painting on a very small scale, on ivory, vellum, or thick paper: a small or reduced copy of anything.—adj. on a small scale: minute.—v.t. to represent on a small scale.—n. Min′iaturist, one who paints miniatures. [It. miniatura—miniare, to write with red lead—L. minium, vermilion.]

Minikin, min′i-kin, n. a little darling: a small sort of pin: the treble string of a lute.—adj. small. [Old Dut., dim. of minne, love, cog. with Old High Ger. minna, memory, love.]

Minim, min′im, n. (med.) the smallest liquid measure, a drop, 1⁄60 drachm: (mus.) a note (formerly the shortest) equal to two crotchets: (Milt.) a diminutive creature: one of an austere order of mendicant friars founded about the middle of the 15th century by St Francis of Paola in Calabria (1416-1507)—called Minims (L. minimi, the least) to humble them even below the Franciscans (Friars minor).—adj. Min′imal.—v.t. Min′imise, to reduce to the smallest possible proportions: to treat slightingly.—ns. Minim′itude, Minimisā′tion; Min′imum, the least quantity or degree possible—opp. of Maximum: a trifle:—pl. Min′ima; Min′imus (Shak.), a being of the smallest size.—Minimum and Maximum thermometer (see Thermometer). [Fr. minime—L. minimus, minima, the smallest.]

Mining, mī′ning, n. the art of forming or of working mines: the work of a miner.—adj. of or pertaining to mines: of burrowing habits.

Minion, min′yun, n. a darling, a favourite, esp. of a prince: a flatterer: a fawning favourite: (print.) a small kind of type, about 10½ lines to the inch, between nonpareil and brevier. [Fr. mignon, a darling—Old High Ger. minna, minne, love.]

Minish, min′ish, v.t. (B.) to make little or less: to diminish. [Fr. menuiser, to cut small, said of a carpenter—L. minutia, smallness.]

Minister, min′is-tėr, n. a servant: one who serves at the altar: a clergyman: one transacting business for another: the responsible head of a department of state affairs: the representative of a government at a foreign court.—v.i. to act as a servant: to perform duties: to supply or do things needful.—v.t. to furnish:—pr.p. min′istering; pa.p. min′istered.—adj. Ministē′rial, pertaining to the work of a servant: acting under superior authority: pertaining to the office of a minister: clerical: executive.—n. Ministē′rialist, one who supports ministers or the government in office.—adv. Ministē′rially.—adj. Min′istering, attending and serving.—n. Ministē′rium, the body of the ordained ministers in a district.—adj. Min′istrant, administering: attendant.—n. Ministrā′tion, the act of ministering or performing service: office or service of a minister.—adj. Min′istrātive, serving to aid or assist: ministering.—ns. Min′istress, a female minister; Min′istry, act of ministering: service: office or duties of a minister: the clergy: the clerical profession: the body of ministers who manage the business of the country. [L.,—minor, less.]

Minium, min′i-um, n. red oxide of lead.—adj. Min′iate, minium coloured.—v.t. to paint with minium. [Fr.,—L., minium, red lead.]

Miniver, min′i-vėr, n. a mixed or variegated fur. [O. Fr. menu ver—menu, small—L. minutus, vair, fur—L. varius, changing, mottled.]

Mink, mingk, n. a small quadruped of the weasel kind, valued for its fur. [Perh. from Sw. mänk.]

Minnesinger, min′e-sing′ėr, n. one of a school of German amatory lyric poets in the 12th and 13th centuries, mostly of noble birth. [Ger. minne, love, singer, singer.]

Minnow, min′ō, n. a very small fresh-water fish of the same genus as the roach, chub, &c.: the young of larger fish. [A.S. myne, prob. min, less.]

Minor, mī′nor, adj. smaller: less: inferior in importance, degree, bulk, &c.: inconsiderable: lower: (mus.) smaller by a semitone.—n. a person under age (21 years): (logic) the term of a syllogism which forms the subject of the conclusion.—n. Mī′norite, a Franciscan friar.—adj. belonging to the Franciscans.—n. Minor′ity, the state of being under age (also Mī′norship): the smaller of two parts of a number: a number less than half:—opp. to Majority.—Minor canon, a canon of inferior grade who assists in performing the daily choral service in a cathedral; Minor mode or scale, the mode or scale in music which has the third note only three semitones above the key; Minor premise, the premise which contains the minor term; Minor prophets, the name given to the twelve prophets from Hosea to Malachi inclusive. [L., neut. minus.]

Minotaur, min′o-tawr, n. the bull of Minos, a fabulous monster, half-man, half-bull. [L.,—Gr., prob. from Minos, king of Crete, taurus, a bull.]

Minster, min′stėr, n. the church of an abbey or priory, but often applied to a cathedral church without any monastic connection. [A.S. mynster—L. monasterium, a monastery.]

Minstrel, min′strel, n. one of an order of men who sang to the harp verses composed by themselves or others: a musician: one of a class of performers, with blackened faces, of negro songs.—n. Min′strelsy, the art or occupation of a minstrel: a company or body of minstrels: a collection of songs: (Chaucer) instrumental music. [O. Fr. menestrel—Low L. ministralis—L. minister.]

Mint, mint, n. the place where money is coined by government: a place where anything is invented or made: any source of abundant supply.—v.t. to coin: to invent.—ns. Mint′age, the money which is minted or coined: the duty paid for coining; Mint′er, one who mints or coins: an inventor; Mint′-man, one skilled in coining or coinage; Mint′-mark, a private mark put by the mint on coins for purposes of identification; Mint′-mas′ter, the master of a mint: one who invents. [A.S. mynet, money—L. monēta, a surname of Juno—monēre to remind.]

Mint, mint, n. an aromatic plant producing a highly odoriferous oil.—ns. Mint′-ju′lep, a spirituous drink flavoured with mint, and sucked through a straw or small tube; Mint′-sauce, chopped mint mixed with vinegar and sugar, used as a sauce for roast lamb. [A.S. minte—L. mentha—Gr. mintha.]

Mint, mint, v.i. (Scot.) to purpose, try: to hint. [A.S. myntan, to mean—munan, to think.]

Minuend, min′ū-end, n. the number from which another is to be subtracted. [L. minuendum—minuĕre, to lessen.]

Minuet, min′ū-et, n. a slow, graceful dance in triple measure, invented in Poitou about the middle of the 17th century: the music for such a dance. [Fr. menuet—menu, small—L. minutus, small.]

Minus, mī′nus, adj. less: less than nothing or less than zero: deficient in respect of, deprived of, without.—n. an amount less than nothing: the sign (-) before quantities requiring to be subtracted.—n. Minus′cūle, a semi-uncial cursive script, originated by the monks in the 7th-9th centuries: any small or lower-case letter as distinguished from a capital or Majuscule.—adj. small, of a letter: written in minuscule. [L., neuter of minor, less.]

Minute, min-ūt′, adj. very small or slender: of small consequence: slight: attentive to small things: particular, exact.—adv. Minute′ly.—n. Minute′ness. [L. minūtus, pa.p. of minuĕre, to lessen.]

Minute, min′it, n. the sixtieth part of an hour: the sixtieth part of a degree: an indefinitely small space of time: a brief jotting or note: (pl.) a brief summary of the proceedings of a meeting.—v.t. to make a brief jotting or note of anything.—adj. (Shak.) happening every minute.—ns. Min′ute-bell, a bell sounded at regular intervals of one minute, in morning; Min′ute-book, a book containing minutes or short notes; Min′ute-glass, a glass the sand of which measures a minute in running out; Min′ute-gun, a gun discharged every minute, as a signal of distress or mourning; Min′ute-hand, the hand that indicates the minutes on a clock or watch; Min′ute-jack (Shak.), a little figure that strikes the bell of the clock: a flighty, unstable person; Min′ute-man, a man ready to turn out at a minute's warning—the name taken by a body of militia in the American war of independence; Min′ute-watch, a watch that marks minutes; Min′ute-while (Shak.), a minute's time. [Same word as above.]

Minutiæ, mi-nū′shi-ē, n.pl. minute or small things: the smallest particulars or details.—adj. Minū′tiōse. [L., pl. of minutia, smallness.]

Minx, mingks, n. a pert young girl: a jade: a she-puppy. [Contr. of minikin, with added s.]

Miocene, mī′o-sēn, adj. (geol.) less recent, applied by Lyell to the middle division of the Tertiary strata. [Gr. meiōn, less, kainos, recent.]

Mir, mēr, n. a Russian commune or local community holding land which is redistributed from time to time. [Russ. mirŭ, union.]

Miracle, mir′a-kl, n. anything wonderful: a prodigy: anything beyond human power, and away from the common action of the laws of nature: a supernatural event.—ns. Mir′acle-mong′er, one who pretends to work miracles; Mir′acle-play, a medieval form of drama founded on Old or New Testament history, or the legends of the saints.—adj. Mirac′ulous, of the nature of a miracle: done by supernatural power: very wonderful: able to perform miracles.—adv. Mirac′ulously.—n. Mirac′ulousness. [Fr.,—L. miraculum—mirāri, -ātus, to wonder.]

Mirage, mi-räzh′, n. an optical illusion by which objects are seen double, or as if suspended in the air. [Fr.—mirer—L. mirāri.]

Mire, mīr, n. deep mud.—v.t. to plunge and fix in mire: to soil with mud.—v.i. to sink in mud.—n. Mī′riness.—adj. Mī′ry, consisting of mire: covered with mire. [Ice. mýri, marsh.]

Mirror, mir′ur, n. a looking-glass: a reflecting surface, usually made of glass lined at the back with a brilliant metal: a pattern.—v.t. to reflect as in a mirror:—pr.p. mirr′oring; pa.p. mirr′ored.—n. Mag′ic-mirr′or, a mirror in which, by means of divination, a person sees scenes in his future life: a Japanese convex mirror, engraved on the back, by which bright light reflected from the polished surface on to a screen gives bright-lined images corresponding to the figures on the back. [O. Fr. mireor, miroir—L. mirāri, -ātus, to wonder at.]

Mirth, mėrth, n. merriness: pleasure: delight: noisy gaiety: jollity: laughter.—adj. Mirth′ful, full of mirth: causing mirth: merry: jovial.—adv. Mirth′fully.—n. Mirth′fulness.—adj. Mirth′less, joyless: cheerless.—n. Mirth′lessness, absence of mirth. [A.S. myrgð—merg, merry.]

Mirza, mir′za, n. a Persian title, equivalent to 'Prince' when following the surname—a common title of respect, like 'Mr,' when preceding it.

Misacceptation, mis-ak-sep-tā′shun, n. the act of accepting or understanding in a wrong sense.

Misadventure, mis-ad-vent′ūr, n. an unfortunate adventure: ill-luck: disaster.—adjs. Misadvent′ured (Shak.), unfortunate; Misadvent′urous.

Misadvertence, mis-ad-vert′ens, n. want of proper care or attention: inadvertence.

Misadvise, mis-ad-vīz′, v.t. to give bad advice to: to deceive.—adj. Misadvised′, ill-advised, ill-directed.—adv. Misadvī′sedly.—n. Misadvī′sedness.

Misalliance, mis-al-lī′ans, n. a bad alliance, esp. marriage with one of a lower rank—the Fr. Mésalliance.—adj. Misallied′.

Misanthrope, mis′an-thrōp, n. a hater of mankind: one who distrusts every one else—also Misan′thropist.—adjs. Misanthrop′ic, -al, hating or distrusting mankind.—adv. Misanthrop′ically.—ns. Misan′thropos (Shak.), a misanthrope; Misan′thropy, hatred or distrust of mankind. [Fr.,—Gr. misanthrōpos—misein, to hate, anthrōpos, a man.]

Misapply, mis-ap-plī′, v.t. to apply wrongly: to use for a wrong purpose.—n. Misapplicā′tion.

Misappreciated, mis-ap-prē′shi-āt-ed, adj. not rightly or fully appreciated.—n. Misappreciā′tion.—adj. Misapprē′ciātive.

Misapprehend, mis-ap-pre-hend′, v.t. to apprehend wrongly: to take or understand in a wrong sense.—n. Misapprehen′sion.—adv. Misapprehen′sively, by or with misapprehension or mistake.

Misappropriate, mis-ap-prō′pri-āt, v.t. to put to a wrong use.—n. Misappropriā′tion.

Misarrange, mis-ar-rānj′, v.t. to arrange wrongly: to put in wrong order.—n. Misarrange′ment.

Misbecome, mis-be-kum′, v.t. not to suit or befit: to be unfitting.—adj. Misbecom′ing, unbecoming.—n. an impropriety.—n. Misbecom′ingness.

Misbegot, Misbegotten, mis-be-got′, -got′n, p.adj. (Shak.) unlawfully begotten: shapeless.

Misbehave, mis-be-hāv′, v.i. to behave ill or improperly.—adj. Misbehaved′ (Shak.), badly behaved: ill-bred.—n. Misbehav′iour.

Misbelieve, mis-be-lēv′, v.t. to believe wrongly or falsely.—ns. Misbelief′, belief in false doctrine; Misbeliev′er.—adj. Misbeliev′ing.

Misbestow, mis-be-stō′, v.t. to bestow improperly, or on the wrong person.—n. Misbestow′al.

Misborn, mis′bawrn, adj. (Spens.) born to evil or misfortune—n. Misbirth′, an abortion.

Miscalculate, mis-kal′kū-lāt, v.t. to calculate wrongly.—n. Miscalculā′tion.

Miscarriage, mis-kar′ij, n. the act of miscarrying: failure: ill-conduct: the act of bringing forth young prematurely.—v.i. Miscarr′y, to be unsuccessful: to fail of the intended effect: to bring forth, as young, before the proper time.

Miscegenation, mis-sē-jen-ā′shun, n. a mixture of races. [L. miscēre, to mix, genus, race.]

Miscellaneous, mis-sel-lān′i-us, adj. mixed or mingled: consisting of several kinds.—adj. Miscellanā′rian.—n. a writer of miscellanies.—adv. Miscellan′eously.—ns. Miscellan′eousness; Mis′cellānist, a writer of miscellanies; Mis′cellany, a mixture of various kinds: a collection of writings on different subjects—also n.pl. Miscellā′nea. [L. miscellaneus—miscēre, to mix.]

Mischance, mis-chans′, n. ill-luck: mishap, misfortune: calamity.—v.i. to chance wrongly, come to ill-luck.—adj. Mischan′cy (Scot.), unlucky.

Mischarge, mis-chärj′, v.t. to charge wrongly: to make an error in an account.—n. a mistake in charging, as in an account.

Mischief, mis′chif, n. an ill consequence: evil: injury: damage, hurt: (coll.) the devil, as in 'What the mischief,' &c.—n. Mis′chief-mak′er, one who incites to mischief.—adjs. Mis′chief-mak′ing, causing mischief; Mis′chievous, causing mischief: injurious: prone to mischief.—adv. Mis′chievously.—n. Mis′chievousness.—Play the mischief with, to disturb anything greatly. [O. Fr. meschef, from mes-, ill, chef—L. caput, the head.]

Miscible, mis′si-bl, adj. that may be mixed.—n. Miscibil′ity. [Fr.,—L. miscēre, to mix.]

Miscomprehend, mis-kom-pre-hend′, v.t. to misunderstand.—n. Miscomprehen′sion.

Miscomputation, mis-kom-pū-tā′shun, n. wrong computation: false reckoning.

Misconceit, mis-kon-sēt′, n. (Spens.) misconception.—v.i. to form a wrong opinion about.

Misconceive, mis-kon-sēv′, v.t. to conceive wrongly: to mistake.—v.i. to have a wrong conception of anything.—n. Misconcep′tion.

Misconduct, mis-kon′dukt, n. bad conduct: wrong management.—v.t. Misconduct′, to conduct badly.

Misconjecture, mis-kon-jek′tūr, n. a wrong conjecture or guess.—v.t. or v.i. to guess or conjecture wrongly.

Misconstruct, mis-kon-strukt′, v.t. to construct wrongly: to construe or interpret erroneously.—n. Misconstruc′tion, a mistaking of the true meaning.

Miscontent, mis-kon-tent′, adj. not content—also Miscontent′ed.—n. Miscontent′ment.

Miscopy, mis-kop′i, v.t. to copy wrongly or imperfectly.—n. an error in copying.

Miscount, mis-kownt′, v.t. to count wrongly: to misjudge.—n. a wrong counting.

Miscreant, mis′krē-ant, n. a vile wretch, a detestable scoundrel: a misbeliever, an infidel.—adj. unbelieving.—n. Mis′creance (Spens.), unbelief, belief in a false religion. [O. Fr. mescreant—mes-, L. credens, -entis, pr.p. of credĕre, to believe.]

Miscreate, -d, mis-krē-āt′, -ed, adj. wrongly created: deformed: (Shak.) illegitimate.—n. Miscreā′tion.—adj. Miscreā′tive, inclining towards wrong creation.

Miscue, mis-kū′, n. at billiards, a stroke spoiled by the slipping off of the cue.

Misdate, mis-dāt′, n. a wrong date.—v.t. to date wrongly or erroneously.

Misdeal, mis-dēl′, n. a wrong deal, as at cards.—v.t. to deal wrongly: to divide improperly.—v.i. to make a wrong distribution.

Misdecision, mis-de-sizh′un, n. act of deciding wrongly: a wrong decision.

Misdeem, mis-dēm′, v.t. to deem or think wrongly: to make a mistake in judging.

Misdemean, mis-de-mēn′, v.t. to behave ill (with one's self).—v.i. to misbehave.—ns. Misdemean′ant, one who commits a misdemeanour or petty crime; Misdemean′our, bad conduct: a legal offence of less gravity than a felony.

Misdescribe, mis-des-krīb′, v.t. to describe falsely.—n. Misdescrip′tion.

Misdirect, mis-di-rekt′, v.t. to direct wrongly.—n. Misdirec′tion, act of directing wrongly, or state of being wrongly directed.

Misdistinguish, mis-dis-ting′gwish, v.t. to make wrong distinctions concerning.

Misdivide, mis-di-vīd′, v.t. to divide wrongly.—n. Misdivi′sion, wrong or unfair division.

Misdo, mis-dōō′, v.t. to do wrongly.—v.i. to act amiss, err—ns. Misdo′er; Misdo′ing.

Misdoubt, mis-dowt′, v.t. to have a doubt or suspicion regarding: to suspect.—n. suspicion: hesitation.—adj. Misdoubt′ful (Spens.), misgiving.

Misdraw, mis-draw′, v.t. to draw or draft badly.—v.i. to fall apart.—n. Misdraw′ing.

Misdread, mis-dred′, n. (Shak.) dread of evil to come.—v.t. to regard with dread.

Mise, mīz, n. expenditure, outlay: a gift of money to a superior, prince, &c.: in a writ of right, a traverse by which both parties put the cause directly upon the question as to which had the better right: the adjustment of a dispute by arbitration and compromise, as the 'Mise of Lewes' in 1264. [Fr.,—L. mittĕre, missum.]

Misemploy, mis-em-ploi′, v.t. to employ wrongly or amiss: to misuse.—n. Misemploy′ment, ill-employment: improper application: misuse.

Misentry, mis-en′tri, n. a wrong entry, as in an account.—v.t. Misen′ter, to make such.

Miser, mī′zėr, n. a miserable person: an extremely covetous person: a niggard: one whose chief pleasure is in hoarding wealth.—adj. like a miser.—adj. Mī′serly, excessively covetous: sordid: niggardly. [L. miser, wretched.]

Miser, mīz′ėr, n. a tubular well boring-bit, with valved opening for the earth passing up.

Miserable, miz′ėr-a-bl, adj. wretched, exceedingly unhappy: causing misery: very poor or mean: worthless: despicable: barren.—n. Mis′erableness.—adv. Mis′erably. [Fr.,—L. miserabilis—miser.]

Misereatur, miz-ėr-ē-ā′tur, n. the first part of the absolution service in the R.C. liturgy, beginning 'Misereatur vestri omnipotens Deus.'

Miserere, miz-e-rē′re, n. the name by which in Catholic usage the penitential 50th Psalm of the Vulgate (51st in A.V.) is commonly known, from its commencement, 'Miserere mei, Domine:' a musical composition adapted to this psalm: a hinged folding-seat in a church stall, which, when turned up, shows a bracket on which a person who is standing can lean. [L., 2d pers. sing, imperf. of miserēri, to have mercy, to pity—miser, wretched.]

Misericorde, miz-e-ri-kord′, n. mercy, forgiveness, pity: a folding-seat: a narrow-bladed dagger for putting a wounded foe out of pain by the coup-de-grâce. [Fr.,—L.,—misericors, -dis, tender-hearted.]

Misery, miz′ėr-i, n. wretchedness: great unhappiness: extreme pain of body or of mind: a cause of pain or sorrow: (Shak.) avarice. [O. Fr.,—L. miseria.]

Misesteem, mis-es-tēm′, n. want of esteem: disregard: disrespect.—v.t. Mises′timāte, to estimate wrongly.

Misfare, mis-fār′, n. (Spens.) ill fare: misfortune.—v.i. to fare or succeed ill.

Misfeasance, mis-fēz′ans, n. (law) a wrong done, as distinguished from Nonfeasance, which means a mere omission: the doing of a lawful act in a wrongful manner, as distinguished from Malfeasance, which means the doing of an act which is positively unlawful.—ns. Misfeas′ant, Misfeas′or, one who commits a misfeasance. [O. Fr., mes-, wrong, faisance—faire—L. facĕre, to do.]

Misfit, mis-fit′, n. a bad fit, of clothes, &c.—v.t. to make of a wrong size: to supply with something that does not fit.

Misform, mis-form′, v.t. to form or shape badly or improperly.—n. Misformā′tion.

Misfortune, mis-for′tūn, n. ill-fortune: an evil accident: calamity: (coll.) a euphemism for a lapse from virtue resulting in the birth of a natural child.—adj. Misfor′tuned. (Milt.), unfortunate.

Misget, mis-get′, v.t. (Spens.) to procure unlawfully.—adj. Misgot′ten, wrongly obtained.

Misgive, mis-giv′, v.t. to fill with doubt: to destroy confidence.—v.i. to fail, as the heart: to give way to doubt.—n. Misgiv′ing, mistrust.

Misgovern, mis-guv′ėrn, v.t. to govern badly: to use power unjustly.—ns. Misgov′ernance (Spens.), ill government: irregularity; Misgov′ernment.

Misgraff, mis-graf′, Misgraft, mis-graft′, v.t. (Shak.) to graft wrongly or on a wrong stock.

Misguide, mis-gīd′, v.t. to guide wrongly: to lead into error.—ns. Misguid′ance, Misguide′ (obs.).

Mishanter, Mischanter, mi-shan′tėr, n. (Scot.) an unlucky chance, misfortune.

Mishap, mis-hap′, n. ill chance: accident: misfortune.—v.i. Mishap′pen (Spens.), to happen ill.

Mishear, mis-hēr′, v.t. to hear incorrectly.—v.i. to mistake in hearing.

Mishmee, mish′mē, n. the bitter tonic root of a Chinese species of gold-thread.

Mishnah, Mishna, mish′na, n. a great collection of halachoth, comprising the body of the 'Oral Law,' or the juridico-political, civil, and religious code of the Jews; it forms one of the divisions of the Talmud—the 'Gemara,' or commentary on the Mishna, being the other; and it was finally redacted at Tiberias in 220 A.D.:—pl. Mish′noth.—adjs. Mishnā′ic, Mish′nic. [Heb.,—shānāh, to repeat.]

Misimprove, mis-im-prōōv′, v.t. to apply to a bad purpose: to misuse.—n. Misimprove′ment.

Misinfer, mis-in-fėr′, v.t. to infer wrongly.—v.i. to draw a wrong inference.

Misinform, mis-in-form′, v.t. to tell incorrectly.—ns. Misinform′ant; Misinformā′tion; Misinform′er.

Misinstruct, mis-in′strukt′, v.t. to instruct improperly.—n. Misinstruc′tion, wrong instruction.

Misinterpret, mis-in-tėr′pret, v.t. to interpret wrongly: to explain wrongly.—ns. Misinterpretā′tion; Misinter′preter.

Misjoin, mis-join′, v.t. to join improperly or unfitly.—n. Misjoin′der (law), an incorrect union of parties or of causes of actions in a suit.

Misjudge, mis-juj′, v.t. and v.i. to judge wrongly.—n. Misjudg′ment.

Mislay, mis-lā′, v.t. to lay in a wrong place or in one not remembered: to lose:—pa.p. mislaid′.

Mislead, mis-lēd′, v.t. to guide into error: to cause to mistake:—pa.p. misled′.—n. Mislead′er.—adj. Mislead′ing, deceptive.—adv. Mislead′ingly.

Misleared, mis-lērd′, adj. (Scot.) mistaught: wrongly informed, imposed upon.

Mislike, mis-līk′, v.t. to dislike: to disapprove of.—n. dislike: disapprobation.—n. Mislike′ness, a misleading resemblance.

Mislippen, mis-lip′n, v.t. (Scot.) to disappoint, deceive: to neglect to pay attention to anything.

Mismanage, mis-man′āj, v.t. to conduct badly: to conduct carelessly.—n. Misman′agement.

Mismatch, mis-mach′, v.t. to match unsuitably.—n. Mismatch′ment.

Mismeasure, mis-mezh′ūr, v.t. to measure wrongly.—n. Mismeas′urement.

Misnomer, misnō′mėr, n. a misnaming: a wrong name. [O. Fr., from Fr. mes- and nommer—L. nomināre, to name.]

Misoclere, mis′o-klēr, adj. (Fuller) hating the clergy. [Gr. misein, to hate, klēros, clergy.]

Misogamist, mis-og′a-mist, n. a hater of marriage.—n. Misog′amy. [Gr. misein, to hate, gamos, marriage.]

Misogynist, mis-oj′i-nist, n. a woman-hater.—adjs. Misogynist′ical, Misog′ynous.—n. Misog′yny. [Gr. misein, to hate, gynē, a woman.]

Misology, mi-sol′o-ji, n. hatred of reason.—n. Misol′ogist. [Gr., misein, to hate, logos, reason.]

Misotheism, mis′o-thē-izm, n. hatred of God. [Gr. misein, to hate, theos, God.]

Mispersuasion, mis-pėr-swā′zhun, n. a wrong persuasion or notion: a false opinion.

Misplace, mis-plās′, v.t. to put in a wrong place: to set on an improper object.—n. Misplace′ment.

Misplead, mis-plēd′, v.i. to plead wrongly.—n. Misplead′ing, an error in pleading.

Misprise, mis-prīz′, v.t. to slight, undervalue. [O. Fr mespriser—pfx. mes-, amiss, Low L. pretiāre—L. pretium, price.]

Misprision, mis-prizh′un, n. mistake: (law) criminal oversight or neglect in respect to the crime of another: any serious offence, failure of duty—positive or negative, according as it is maladministration or mere neglect.—Misprision of heresy, treason, &c., knowledge of and failure to give information about heresy, treason, &c. [O. Fr., mes-, ill, Low L. prension-em—L. prehendĕre, to take.]

Mispronounce, mis-pro-nowns′, v.t. to pronounce incorrectly.—n. Mispronunciā′tion, wrong or improper pronunciation.

Mispunctuate, mis-pungk′tū-āt, v.t. and v.i. to punctuate wrongly.—n. Mispunctuā′tion.

Misquote, mis-kwōt′, v.t. to quote wrongly.—n. Misquotā′tion, a wrong quotation.

Misread, mis-rēd′, v.t. to read wrongly: to misinterpret.—n. Misread′ing, an erroneous reading.

Misreckon, mis,-rek′n, v.t. to reckon or compute wrongly.—n. Misreck′oning.

Misrelate, mis-re-lāt′, v.t. to relate incorrectly.—n. Misrelā′tion.

Misremember, mis-re-mem′bėr, v.t. to mistake in remembering.—v.i. to fail to remember correctly.

Misreport, mis-re-pōrt′, v.t. to give an incorrect report or account of.—n. a false report.

Misrepresent, mis-rep-re-zent′, v.t. to represent incorrectly: to act unfaithfully on behalf of.—v.i. to give a false impression.—n. Misrepresentā′tion.

Misrule, mis-rōōl′, n. wrong or unjust rule: disorder: tumult.—v.t. and v.i. to govern badly.—Abbot, or Lord, of Misrule, or Unreason, ancient titles for the leader of the Christmas revels.

Miss, mis, n. a title of address of an unmarried female: a young woman or girl: (obs.) a kept mistress:—pl. Miss′es—either the 'Miss Hepburns' or the 'Misses Hepburn' may be said, but the latter is preferable.—n. Miss′-Nan′cy, a very effeminate young man. [Contr. of mistress.]

Miss, mis, v.t. to fail to hit, reach, find, or keep: to omit: to fail to have: to discover the absence of: to feel the want of: to fail to observe: to leave out.—v.i. to fail to hit or obtain: to go wrong.—n. a failure to hit the mark: loss.—Miss fire, to fail to go off or explode from some cause; Miss one's tip (slang), to fail in one's plan or attempt; Miss stays (naut.), to fail in going about from one tack to another. [A.S. missan; Dut. missen, to miss.]

Missal, mis′al, n. the book which contains the complete service for mass throughout the year. [Low L. missale, from missa, mass.]

Missay, mis-sā′, v.i. to say or speak incorrectly or falsely.—v.t. to utter amiss: to slander.

Missee, mis-sē′, v.t. and v.i. to see falsely or erroneously, to take a distorted view.

Misseem, mis-sēm′, v.i. (Spens.) to seem or appear falsely, to misbecome.—p.adj. Misseem′ing, unbecoming.—n. false appearance.

Missel, mis′l, n. the largest of the European thrushes—supposed to be fond of the berries of the mistletoe.—Also Miss′el-bird, Miss′el-thrush.

Missel-tree, mis′l-trē, n. a tree of the Melastoma family in British Guiana.

Misset, mis-set′, v.t. to set or place wrongly or unfitly.—p.adj. (Scot.) out of humour.

Misshape, mis-shāp′, v.t. to shape ill: to deform.—n. deformity.—p.adj. Misshap′en, ill-shaped.—n. Misshap′enness.

Missile, mis′il, adj. that may be thrown from the hand or from any instrument.—n. a weapon thrown by the hand. [L. missilis—mittĕre, missum, to throw.]

Missing, mis′ing, adj. absent from the place where it was expected to be found: lost: wanting.—adv. Miss′ingly (Shak.), with a sense of loss.—Missing link (see Link). [See Miss (v.).]

Mission, mish′un, n. a sending of any agent, delegate, or messenger: the purpose for which one is sent: the sending out persons to spread a religion: a series of special religious services conducted by a missioner: any particular field of missionary enterprise: persons sent on a mission: an embassy: a station or association of missionaries: duty on which one is sent: purpose of life.—v.t. (rare) to commission.—n. Miss′ionary, one sent upon a mission to spread the knowledge of religion.—adj. pertaining to missions.—ns. Miss′ionary-bish′op, one having jurisdiction in a heathen country, or in districts not yet formed into dioceses; Miss′ioner, one who conducts a series of special mission services; Miss′ion-school, a school for religious, and sometimes also secular, instruction for the poor, kept up by charity: a school conducted by a missionary abroad. [Fr.,—L. mission-em—mittĕre, to send.]

Missish, mis′ish, adj. prim, affected.—n. Miss′ishness.—adj. Miss′y, namby-pamby, sentimental.—n. a diminutive of miss. [Miss.]

Missive, mis′iv, adj. that may be sent: intended to be thrown or hurled.—n. that which is sent, as a letter: (Shak.) messenger: (pl., Scots law) letters sent between two parties in which one makes an offer and the other accepts it. [Fr.,—L. missus.]

Misspeak, mis-spēk′, v.t. to utter wrongly.—v.i. to mistake or err in speaking.

Misspell, mis-spel′, v.t. to spell wrongly.—n. Misspell′ing, a wrong spelling.

Misspend, mis-spend′, v.t. to spend ill: to waste or squander:—pa.t. and pa.p. misspent′.

Misstate, mis-stāt′, v.t. to state wrongly or falsely.—n. Misstate′ment.

Misstep, mis-step′, v.i. to make a false step; to make a mistake.—n. a mistake in conduct, &c.

Mist, mist, n. watery vapour seen in the atmosphere: rain in very fine drops: anything that dims or darkens the sight or the judgment.—n. Mist′flow′er, a North American plant of the Aster family, with clusters of blue or violet flowers.—adj. Mist′ful, misty.—adv. Mist′ily.—n. Mist′iness.—adj. Mist′y, full of mist: dim: obscure, not perspicuous.—Scotch mist, a very wetting rain. [A.S. mist, darkness; Ice. mistr, mist, Dut. mist.]

Mistake, mis-tāk′, v.t. to understand wrongly: to take one thing or person for another.—v.i. to err in opinion or judgment.—n. a taking or understanding wrongly: an error.—adjs. Mistak′able; Mistak′en, understood wrongly: guilty of a mistake: erroneous: incorrect.—adv. Mistak′enly.—n. Mistak′ing (Shak.), a mistake.—And no mistake (coll.), without any manner of doubt: without fail; Be mistaken, to make or have made a mistake: to be misunderstood. [M. E. mistaken—Ice. mistaka, to take wrongly—mis-, wrongly, taka, to take.]

Mistemper, mis-tem′pėr, v.t. to temper ill: to disorder.—adj. Mistem′pered (Shak.), angry.

Mister, mis′tėr, n. (Spens.) manner, kind: (Scot.) necessity.—v.i. (Spens.) to need, require: to be poor: to be necessary. [O. Fr. mestier (Fr. métier), trade—L. ministerium, service.]

Mister, mis′tėr, n. sir: a title of address to a man, written Mr. [A corr. of master, through the influence of mistress.]

Mistery, mis′tėr-i, n. (Shak.) an art or trade—often spelt mystery. [Mister, trade.]

Misthink, mis-thingk′, v.t. (Shak.) to think ill of.—v.i. to think wrongly.—n. Misthought′, a wrong notion.

Mistico, mis′ti-kō, n. a small Mediterranean coaster, between a xebec and a felucca. [Sp.,—Ar.]

Mistigris, mis′ti-gris, n. a variation of poker in which a joker is used, to which the player holding it gives what value he chooses—also the joker when so used.

Mistime, mis-tīm′, v.t. to time wrongly.—adj. Mistimed′, unseasonable.

Mistletoe, miz′l-tō, n. a parasitic evergreen plant, with white viscous berries, found in southern England and elsewhere growing on the apple, apricot, &c. (very rarely on the oak). [A.S. mistel-tán (Ice. mistel-teinn)—mistel, mistletoe, A.S. tán, twig; mistel is a dim. of mist.]

Mistral, mis′träl, n. a violent north-west wind which at certain seasons prevails on the south coast of France. [Fr. mistral, lit. a master (wind)—L. magister, master.]

Mistranslate, mis-trans-lāt′, v.t. to translate incorrectly.—n. Mistranslā′tion.

Mistreading, mis-tred′ing, n. (Shak.) a wrong treading or going, a false step.

Mistreat, mis-trēt′, v.t. to treat ill: to abuse.—n. Mistreat′ment, ill-treatment: abuse.

Mistress, mis′tres, n. (fem. of Master) a woman having power or ownership: the female head of a family, school, &c.: a woman well skilled in anything: a woman loved and courted: a concubine: (fem. of Mister) a form of address once applied to any woman or girl, now given to a married woman (usually written Mrs and pronounced mis′ez): (Shak.) the small ball at bowls, now called the Jack, at which the players aim.—v.t. to play the mistress. [O. Fr. maistresse (Fr. maîtresse).]

Mistrial, mis-trī′al, n. a trial void because of error, as by disqualification of a juror, &c.: a trial in which the jury fail to agree.

Mistrust, mis-trust′, n. want of trust or confidence.—v.t. to regard with suspicion: to doubt.—adj. Mistrust′ful, full of mistrust.—adv. Mistrust′fully.—n. Mistrust′fulness.—adv. Mistrust′ingly, with mistrust: without confidence.—adj. Mistrust′less, without mistrust or suspicion.

Mistryst, mis-trīst′, v.t. (Scot.) to disappoint by not keeping an engagement: to deceive.

Mistune, mis-tūn′, v.t. to tune wrongly or falsely: to put out of tune.

Misunderstand, mis-un-dėr-stand′, v.t. to take in a wrong sense.—n. Misunderstand′ing, a mistake as to meaning: a slight disagreement.

Misuse, mis-ūs′, n. improper use: application to a bad purpose.—v.t. Misuse (mis-ūz′), to use for a wrong purpose or in a wrong way: to treat ill: to abuse.—n. Misus′age, ill-usage: abuse.

Misventure, mis-ven′tūr, n. a misadventure.—adj. Misven′turous.

Misworship, mis-wur′ship, v.t. to worship wrongly.—n. worship of a wrong object.

Mite, mīt, n. an acaridan arachnid, esp. one of the smaller forms, as the cheese-mite, &c. [A.S. míte.]

Mite, mīt, n. the minutest or smallest of coins, about one-fourth of a farthing: anything very small, even a person: a very little quantity. [Old Dut. mijt.]

Mithras, mith′ras, n. a Perso-Iranian divinity of light, worshipped with elaborate secret rites and mysteries, popular at Rome in the early Empire—representations of Mithras as a beautiful youth in Phrygian dress sacrificing a bull being common in Roman art—also Mith′ra.—n. Mithræ′um, a grotto sacred to Mithras.—adj. Mithrā′ic.—ns. Mithrā′icism, Mith′raism.—v.i. Mith′raise.—n. Mith′raist. [L.,—Gr.,—Old Pers. Mitra.]

Mithridate, mith′ri-dāt, n. an antidote to poison, Mithridates, king of Pontus (b.c. 120-63), having made himself proof against poisons.—adj. Mithridat′ic.

Mitigate, mit′i-gāt, v.t. to make more easily borne: to lessen the severity of: to temper: to reduce in amount (as evil).—adjs. Mit′igable, that can be mitigated; Mit′igant, mitigating.—n. Mitigā′tion, act of mitigating: alleviation: abatement.—adjs. Mit′igative, Mit′igatory, tending to mitigate: soothing.—n. Mit′igator, one who mitigates. [L. mitigāre, -atum—mitis, mild.]

Mitrailleuse, mē-tra-lyez′, n. a breech-loading machine-gun, discharging a stream of bullets with great rapidity—first brought into use by the French in 1870-71.—n. Mitraille (mē-traly′), grapeshot.—v.t. to fire mitraille at—n. Mitrailleur (mē-tra-lyėr′), a man in charge of a mitrailleuse. [Fr. mitrailler, to fire with grapeshot—mitraille, grapeshot.]

Mitre, mī′tėr, n. a head-dress worn by archbishops and bishops, and sometimes by abbots: (fig.) episcopal dignity: (archit.) a junction of two pieces, as of moulding, at an angle of 45°: a cap or cowl for a chimney or ventilator-pipe: a gusset in sewing, &c.—v.t. to adorn with a mitre: to unite at an angle of 45°.—adjs. Mī′tral, Mit′riform, having the form of a mitre: (bot.) conical, and somewhat dilated at the base.—ns. Mī′tre-joint, a joint between two pieces, each cut at an angle of 45°; Mī′tre-wheel, a bevel-wheel having its face inclined 45° to its axis. [Fr.,—L. mitra—Gr. mitra, belt, fillet.]

Mitten., mit′n, n. a kind of glove for winter use, without a separate cover for each finger: a glove for the hand and wrist, but not the fingers.—v.t. to put mittens on.—Get the mitten, to be rejected as a lover. [O. Fr. mitaine, perh. from Middle High Ger. mittemo, 'half glove;' but perh. Celtic, cf. Gael. and Ir. mutan, a muff.]

Mittimus, mit′i-mus, n. (law) a warrant granted for sending to prison a person charged with a crime: a writ by which a record is transferred out of one court to another: a formal dismissal from a situation. [L., 'we send'—mittĕre, to send.]

Miurus, mī-ū′rus, n. a dactylic hexameter with short penultimate syllable. [Gr. meiouros, curtailed, meiōn, less, oura, a tail.]

Mix, miks, v.t. to unite two or more things into one mass: to mingle: to associate.—v.i. to become mixed: to be joined: to associate.—n. a jumble, a mess.—adjs. Mix′able, Mix′ible; Mixed, mingled: promiscuous: confused.—adv. Mix′edly.—n. Mix′er.—adjs. Mix′o-barbar′ic, not purely barbarous; Mix′tiform, of a mixed character; Mixtilī′neal, consisting of a mixture of lines, right, curved, &c.—ns. Mix′tion, a mixture of amber, mastic, and asphaltum used as a mordant for fixing gold-leaf to distemper pictures or to wood; Mix′tūre, act of mixing or state of being mixed: a mass or compound formed by mixing: (chem.) a composition in which the ingredients retain their properties—opp. to Combination: a compound-stop in organ-building: a preparation in which an insoluble compound is suspended in an aqueous solution: a cloth of variegated colouring.—adj. Mix′ty-max′ty (Scot.), mixed confusedly together.—Mix up, to confuse.—Mixed chalice, the chalice prepared for the eucharist, containing wine mixed with water; Mixed marriage, one in which the contracting persons are of different religions. [A.S. miscan; Ger. mischen.]

Mixen, miks′n, n. (Tenn.) a dunghill. [A.S. mixen—mix, meox, dung.]

Mizzen, Mizen, miz′n, n. in a three-masted vessel, the hindmost of the fore-and-aft sails: the spanker or driver.—adj. belonging to the mizzen: nearest the stern.—n. Mizz′en-mast, the mast that bears the mizzen. [Fr. misaine—It. mezzana—Low L. medianus—L. medius, the middle.]

Mizzle, miz′l, v.i. to rain in small drops.—n. fine rain.—n. Mizz′ling, a thick mist.—adj. Mizz′ly, misty. [For mist-le, freq. from mist.]

Mizzle, miz′l, v.i. to yield: (slang) to decamp.—v.t. to muddle, confuse.

Mnemonic, -al, nē-mon′ik, -al, adj. assisting the memory.—ns. Mnemon′ics, the art of assisting the memory: a mode of recalling to the mind any fact or number, or a series of disconnected terms or figures; Mnemos′yne, goddess of memory, mother of the Muses.—adj. Mnemotech′nic, mnemonic.—n. Mnemotech′nics, mnemonics. [Gr. mnēmonikos—mnēmōn, mindful—mnasthai, to remember.]

Mo, mō, adj. and adv. (obs.) more.—Also Moe. [A.S. má, more, connected with mára.]

Moa, mō′a, n. an extinct large wingless ostrich-like bird of New Zealand.

Moabite, mō′a-bīt, n. one of the ancient people of Moab, living to the east of the lower part of Jordan and the Dead Sea.—adj. of or pertaining to Moab.—n. Mō′abite-stone, slab of black, basalt found in 1868 among the ruins of Dhibân (Dibon) in Moab, bearing an inscription of 34 lines in Hebrew-Phœnician letters, about the revolt of Mesha, king of Moab, against the king of Israel (2 Kings, iii.)

Moan, mōn, v.i. to make a low sound of grief or pain: to lament audibly.—v.t. to lament.—n. a low sound of grief or pain: audible expression of pain.—adj. Moan′ful, expressing sorrow: lamentable.—adv. Moan′fully, with lamentation. [A.S. mǽnan.]

Moat, mōt, n. a deep trench round a castle or fortified place, sometimes filled with water: (obs.) a hill or mound.—v.t. to surround with a moat.—adj. Moat′ed. [O. Fr, mote, a mound, trench.]

Mob, mob, n. the mobile or fickle common people: the vulgar: the rabble: a disorderly crowd, a riotous assembly: a large herd or flock.—v.t. to attack in a disorderly crowd:—pr.p. mob′bing; pa.p. mobbed.—adj. Mob′bish.—ns. Mob′-law, lynch-law; Moboc′racy, rule or ascendency exercised by the mob; Mob′ocrat, a demagogue.—adj. Mobocrat′ic.—n. Mobs′man, a well-dressed thief or swindler—usually Swell-mobsman. [Contr. for L. mobile (vulgus), the fickle (multitude); movēre to move.]

Mob, mob, or Mob′-cap, n. a cap with puffy crown, a broad band, and frills—v.t. to cover, as the face, by a cap or hood. [Old Dut. mop; mod. Dut. mopmuts, a woman's nightcap; cf. Scotch Mutch.]

Mobby, mob′i, n. the juice of apples or peaches from which brandy is to be distilled.

Mobile, mō′bil, or mob′il, adj. that can be moved or excited.—n. Mobilisā′tion.—v.t. Mō′bilise, to put in readiness for service in war: to call into active service, as troops.—n. Mobil′ity, quality of being mobile: (slang) the mob.—Crédit mobilier, the system in banking of advancing money to the owners of movable property—as opposed to Credit foncier, on the security of real or immovable property. [Fr. mobiliser—L. mobilis.]

Moble, mob′l, v.t. (Shak.) to muffle or cover the head, as in a mob or hood. [Freq. of mob, a cap.]

Moccasin, mok′a-sin, n. a shoe of deerskin or other soft leather, worn by the North American Indians: a venomous North American serpent.—Also Moc′assin. [Algonkin mawcahsun.]

Mocha, mō′ka, n. a very fine kind of coffee produced in Arabia, and brought from Mocha, the port of Yemen.

Mock, mok, v.t. to laugh at: to make sport of: to mimic in ridicule: to disappoint the hopes of: to deceive: to set at nought, defy.—n. ridicule, a sneer: a bringing into ridicule.—adj. imitating reality, but not real: false.—adj. Mock′able, exposed to, or deserving, derision.—ns. Mock′er; Mock′ery, Mock′ing, derision: ridicule: subject of laughter or sport: fruitless labour: vain imitation: false show.—adj. Mock′-herō′ic, mocking the heroic style, or the actions or characters of heroes.—n. Mock′ing-bird, a bird of North America, of the thrush family, which mocks or imitates the notes of birds and other sounds.—adv. Mock′ingly.—n. Mock′-or′ange, an ornamental shrub of the saxifrage family—also Syringa. Mock sun (see Parhelion); Mock turtle soup, a dish made of calf's head, veal, &c., seasoned in imitation of turtle soup. [O. Fr. moquer; from a Teut. root seen in Ger. mucken, to mutter; prob. imit.]

Mocuddum, mo-kud′um, n. a chief: a head-man. [Hind. from Ar., mukaddam, a head-man.]

Mod, mod, n. an assembly, meeting, of a similar nature to the Welsh Eisteddfod. [Gael.]

Mode, mōd, n. manner of acting, doing, or existing: rule: custom: form: that which exists only as a quality of substance: a form of the verb, same as mood: in lace-making, a small decorative piece inserted in a pattern: the openwork between the solid parts of a pattern: a woman's mantle with a hood: (mus.) the method of dividing the octave for melodic purposes according to the position of its steps and half-steps.—adj. Mō′dal, relating to mode or form without reference to substance: consisting of mode only: (logic) indicating some mode of expression.—ns. Mō′dalism, the doctrine first set forth by Sabellius that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are not three distinct personalities, but only three different modes of manifestation; Mō′dalist, one who holds this theory.—adj. Modalist′ic.—n. Modal′ity, mode in its logical sense: (law) the quality of being limited by a condition.—adv. Mō′dally.—Greek modes, consisting each of two tetra-chords and one whole step; Gregorian, Medieval, or Ecclesiastical modes, derived from the above by Ambrose, Gregory the Great, &c., each of the seven natural sounds of the diatonic scale forming the keynote or final of a mode, which embraced that note and the seven above it. To each of these seven modes is attached another, in which the melody, while having the same final or keynote, instead of ascending to the octave above, ranges from the fourth below it to the fifth above. The former are called the authentic modes, the latter plagal; Major mode, a modern mode, consisting of two steps, a half-step, three steps, and a half-step; Minor mode, a modern mode, consisting of a step, a half-step, two steps, a half-step, and two steps. [Fr.,—L. modus.]

Model, mod′el, n. something to show the mode or way: something to be copied: a pattern: a mould: an imitation of something on a smaller scale: a living person from whom an artist works: something worthy of imitation.—adj. serving as a model: fit for a model.—v.t. to form after a model: to shape: to make a model or copy of: to form in some soft material.—v.i. to practise modelling:—pr.p. mod′elling; pa.p. mod′elled.—ns. Mod′eller; Mod′elling, the act or art of making a model of something, a branch of sculpture. [Fr.,—L. modulus, dim. of modus, a measure.]

Moderate, mod′ėr-āt, v.t. to keep within measure or bounds: to regulate: to reduce in intensity: to make temperate or reasonable: to pacify: to decide as a moderator.—v.i. to become less violent or intense: to preside or act as a moderator.—adj. kept within measure or bounds: not excessive or extreme: temperate: of middle rate.—n. one of a party in Scottish Church history dominant in the 18th century, lax in doctrine and discipline, but intolerant of Evangelicanism and popular rights—it caused the secessions of 1733 and 1761, and its final resultant was the Disruption of 1843.—adv. Mod′erately.—ns. Mod′erateness; Moderā′tion, act of moderating: state of being moderated or moderate: freedom from excess: calmness of mind; Mod′eratism, moderate opinions in religion or politics.—adv. Moderä′to (mus.), with moderate quickness.—ns. Mod′erātor, one who, or that which, moderates or restrains: a president or chairman, esp. in Presbyterian Church courts: an officer at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge who superintends the examination for degrees: a kind of lamp in which the flow of the oil to the wick is regulated:—fem. Mod′eratrix; Mod′eratorship. [L. moderāri, -ātus—modus, a measure.]

Modern, mod′ėrn, adj. limited to the present or recent time: not ancient: (Shak.) commonplace.—n. one who lives in modern times: (pl.) the nations of the present day, distinguished from the Greeks and Romans—the ancients.—n. Modernisā′tion.—v.t. Mod′ernise, to adapt to the present time.—ns. Mod′erniser; Mod′ernism, modern practice or character: something of modern origin; Mod′ernist, an admirer of modern ideas or habits.—adv. Mod′ernly.—ns. Mod′ernness, Mod′ernity, state or quality of being modern. [Fr.,—L. modernus—modo; just now, orig. abl. of modus.]

Modest, mod′est, adj. restrained by a sense of propriety: not forward: decent: chaste: pure and delicate, as thoughts or language: not excessive or extreme: moderate.—adv. Mod′estly.—n. Mod′esty, humility: purity of thought and manners: becoming behaviour: chastity, purity: moderation. [Fr.,—L. modestus—modus; a measure.]

Modicum, mod′i-kum, n. a small quantity: something of a moderate size: anything very small. [L. neut. of modicus, moderate—modus.]

Modify, mod′i-fī, v.t. to set bounds to: to moderate: to change the form or quality of: to alter slightly: to vary.—adj. Modifī′able.—n. Modificā′tion, act of modifying or state of being modified: result of alteration or change: changed shape or condition.—adjs. Mod′ificātive, Mod′ificātory, tending to modify: causing change of form or condition.—n. Mod′ifīer. [Fr. modifier—L. modificāre, -ātum—modus, a measure, facĕre, to make.]

Modillion, mod-il′yun, n. (archit.) an ornamental bracket used in the cornices of the Corinthian and composite styles. [Fr.,—L. modulus—modus, a measure.]

Modiolus, mo-dī′o-lus, n. the central stem round which wind the passages of the cochlea of the internal ear.—adjs. Modī′olar, Modī′oliform.

Modish, mō′dish, adj. according to the fashion.—adv. Mō′dishly.—ns. Mō′dishness; Mō′dist, one who follows the fashion; Modiste (mō-dēst′), a fashionable dressmaker.

Modius, mō′di-us, n. a Roman dry measure=2 gal.: a cylindrical head-dress:—pl. Mō′dii (-ī). [L.]

Modulate, mod′ū-lāt, v.t. to measure, to regulate: to vary the tone of voice so as to give expression: (mus.) to change the key or mode.—v.i. to pass from one key into another.—adj. Mod′ular, of or pertaining to mode or modulation, or to a module.—ns. Modulā′tion, the act of modulating: state of being modulated: (mus.) the changing of the keynote and of the original scale by the introduction of a new sharp or flat; Mod′ulātor, one who, or that which, modulates: a chart in the Tonic Sol-fa musical notation on which the modulations or changes from one scale to another are shown by the relative position of the notes; Mod′ule, a small measure or quantity: (archit.) a measure such as the diameter of the shaft for regulating the proportions of the other parts of columns: (Shak.) a model, image; Mod′ulus (math.), a constant multiplier in a function of a variable, by which the function is adapted to a particular base:—pl. Moduli (mod′ū-lī). [L. modulāri, -ātus—modulus, dim. of modus, a measure.]

Modus, mō′dus, n. the way or style of expressing anything: a fixed payment instead of tithes: (law) a departure from, or a modification of, some general rule or form:—pl. Mō′dī. [L. modus, manner.]

Moe, mō, n. (Shak.) a wry mouth, grimace.—v.i. to make grimaces.—Better Mow (q.v.).

Moellon, mō′el-lon, n. rubble-stone with mortar, used as a filling in mason-work. [Fr.,—moelle, marrow—L. medulla, marrow—medius, middle.]

Moerology, mē-rol′o-ji, n. the practice of professional mourning. [Gr. moira, fate, legein, to speak.]

Moeso-Gothic, mē-sō-goth′ik, adj. relating to the Goths who settled in Moesia, or to their language.

Mofette, mō-fet′, n. a noxious gas escaping from the earth. [L. mephitis.]

Mofussil, mō-fus′il, n. the country districts and stations in India, as distinguished from the towns and official residencies: rural: provincial. [Hind. mufassal, the country—Ar. fasala, separate.]

Mogul, mō-gul′, n. a Mongol or Mongolian, esp. one of the followers of Baber, the conqueror of India (1483-1530): a name applied to the best quality of playing-cards.—adj. pertaining to the Mogul Empire, architecture, &c.—adj., the title by which Europeans knew the Emperors of Delhi. [Pers., properly 'a Mongol.']

Mohair, mō′hār, n. the fine silken hair of the Angora goat of Asia Minor: cloth made of mohair. [O. Fr. mouaire (Fr. moire)—Ar. mukhayyar.]

Mohammedan, mo-ham′ed-an, adj. pertaining to Mohammed or to his religion.—n. a follower of Mohammed: one who professes Mohammedanism—also Mahom′etan, Mahom′edan.—v.t. Mohamm′edanise, to convert to, or made conformable to, Mohammedanism.—ns. Mohamm′edanism, Mohamm′edism, the religion of Mohammed, contained in the Koran. [Mohammed, the great prophet of Arabia (570-632); lit. 'praised.']

Moharram, mo-har′am, n. the first month of the Mohammedan year: the great fast held during the first ten days of this month.—Also Muharr′am.

Mohawk, mō′hawk, n. the name of a tribe of North American Indians of the Huron-Iroquois family—hence one of a set of London street-ruffians about the beginning of the 18th century.—Also Mō′hock.

Mohican, mō-hē′kan, adj. and n. relating to the Mohicans, a tribe of North American Indians of the Algonkin stock.

Mohur, mō′hur, n. in British India, a gold coin=from twelve to fifteen rupees, or 30s. [Pers.]

Moidore, moi′dōr, n. a disused gold coin of Portugal worth 27s. [Port. moeda d'ouro—L. moneta de auro, money of gold.]

Moiety, moi′e-ti, n. half: one of two equal parts: a small share. [Fr.,—L.,—medius, middle.]

Moil, moil, v.t. to daub with dirt.—v.i. to toil or labour: to drudge.—n. a spot: a defilement. [O. Fr. moiler (Fr. mouiller), to wet—L. mollis, soft.]

Moineau, moi′nō, n. a small flat bastion to protect a fortification while being erected. [Fr.]

Moiræ, moi′rē, n.pl. the Fates, the Parcæ of the Romans—Clotho, the spinner of the thread of human life; Lachĕsis, who assigns to man his fate; and Atrŏpos, or the fate that cannot be avoided.

Moire, mwor, n. watered silk: a watered appearance on metals or textile fabrics.—Moire antique, silk watered so as to resemble the stuffs worn in ancient times. [Fr.; see Mohair.]

Moist, moist, adj. damp: humid: juicy: containing water or other liquid.—vs.t. Moist′en, Moist (obs.), to make moist: to wet slightly; Moist′ify, to make moist.—ns. Moist′ness; Moist′ure, moistness: that which makes slightly wet: a small quantity of any liquid. [O. Fr. moiste (Fr. moite)—L. musteus,—mustum, juice of grapes, new wine.]

Moke, mōk, n. (slang) a donkey: a stupid fellow: a variety performer on several instruments: a negro.

Molar, mō′lar, adj. grinding, as a mill: used for grinding.—n. a grinding tooth: a back tooth. [L. molaris—mola, a mill—molĕre, to grind.]

Molar, mō′lar, adj. of or pertaining to a mass: acting on or by means of whole masses. [L. moles, a mass.]

Molasses, mo-las′ez, n.sing. a kind of syrup that drains from sugar during the process of manufacture: treacle. [Port. melaço (Fr. mélasse)—L. mell-aceus, honey-like—mel, mellis, honey.]

Mole, mōl, n. a permanent dark-brown mark on the human skin, often hairy—a pigmentary Nævus (q.v.). [A.S. mál; Ger. maal, L. mac-ula.]

Mole, mōl, n. a small animal, with very small eyes and soft fur, which burrows in the ground and casts up little heaps of mould.—v.t. to burrow or form holes in.—ns. Mole′cast; Mole′-catch′er, one whose business it is to catch moles; Mole′-crick′et, a burrowing insect like a cricket, with forelegs like those of a mole.—adj. Mole′-eyed, having eyes like those of a mole: seeing imperfectly.—ns. Mole′hill, a little hill or heap of earth cast up by a mole; Mole′rat, a rat-like animal, which burrows like a mole; Mole′skin, the skin of a mole: a superior kind of fustian, double-twilled, cropped before dyeing; Mole′-spade, a small spade used by mole-catchers; Mole′-track, the track made by a mole burrowing.—Make a mountain of a molehill, to magnify a trifling matter. [For mold-warp—A.S. molde, mould, weorpan, to warp.]

Mole, mōl, n. a breakwater: any massive building: an ancient Roman mausoleum. [Fr.,—L. moles.]

Molecule, mol′e-kūl, n. one of the minute particles of which matter is composed: the smallest mass of any substance which retains the properties of that substance.—adj. Molec′ular, belonging to, or consisting of, molecules.—n. Molecular′ity.—Molecular attraction, attraction acting on the atoms or molecules of a body, as distinguished from attraction of gravitation. [Fr.,—L. moles, a mass.]

Molendinaceous, mō-len-di-nā′shi-us, adj. like a windmill.—adj. Molen′dinary, relating to a mill. [Low L. molendinum, a mill—L. molĕre, to grind.]

Molest, mō-lest′, v.t. to trouble.—ns. Molestā′tion, state of being molested: annoyance; Molest′er.—adj. Molest′ful. [Fr. molester—L. molestāre—molestus—moles, mass, difficulty.]

Molimen, mō-lī′men, n. great effort, esp. of any periodic effort to discharge a natural function.—adj. Molim′inous. [L.,—molīri, to toil—moles.]

Moline, mō′lin, n. and adj. the crossed iron in the upper millstone for receiving the spindle in the lower stone, a millstone rynd: (her.) a moline cross. [L. mola, a mill.]

Molinism, mō′li-nizm, n. the doctrine of the Spanish Jesuit Luis Molina (1535-1600), that predestination is consequent on God's fore-knowledge of the free determination of man's will, that God gives to all men sufficient grace whereby to live virtuously and merit happiness, its efficaciousness depending on the voluntary co-operation of the will with it.—n. Mō′linist, one who holds the foregoing views.

Molinist, mō′li-nist, n. a Quietist, or follower of Miguel de Molinos (1640-97). [See Quietism.]

Mollah, Molla, mol′a, n. a Mohammedan title of respect for a learned or religious person: a judge of Moslem law. [Turk. and Pers., from Ar. maulā.]

Mollie, mol′i, n. a meeting and carousal on board one ship of the sailors belonging to several whaling-ships ice-bound in company—an abbreviation of Mallemaroking, [Mallemuck, the fulmar petrel.]

Mollify, mol′i-fī, v.t. to make soft or tender: to assuage: to calm or pacify:—pa.p. moll′ified.—adjs. Moll′ient, serving to soften: assuaging; Moll′ifiable.—ns. Mollificā′tion, act of mollifying: state of being mollified: mitigation; Moll′ifier; Moll′ine, a base for ointments used in skin diseases, a soft soap mixed with excess of fat and glycerine.—adj. Mollipī′lose, having soft plumage.—n. Mollipilos′ity, fleecines, fluffiness.—adj. Mollit′ious, luxurious.—n. Moll′itude. [Fr.,—L. mollificāre—mollis, soft, facĕre, to make.]

Mollusc, Mollusk, mol′usk, n. one of the Mollusca, a large division of invertebrate animals—bivalves or Lamellibranchs, snails or Gasteropods, and cuttlefish or Cephalopods:—pl. Moll′uscs, Moll′usks, or Mollus′ca.—n. Mollus′can, a mollusc.—adjs. Mollus′can, Mollus′coid, Mollus′cous. [Fr.,—L. molluscus, softish—mollis, soft.]

Molly, mol′i, n. dim. of Mary: the wagtail bird.—n. Moll′ycoddle, an effeminate fellow.—Molly Maguire, one of the Ribbonmen of Ireland (1843), who perpetrated outrages by night in women's dress: one of a secret society which terrorised the coal regions of Pennsylvania (1867-77).

Moloch, mō′lok, n. a Phœnician god to which human sacrifices were offered: an exceedingly spiny Australian lizard—also Mō′lech.—v.t. Mō′lochise, to sacrifice as to Moloch.

Molossus, mo-los′us, n. a metrical foot of three long syllables:—pl. Moloss′ī. [L.—Gr.]

Molten, mōlt′n, adj. melted: made of melted metal.—adv. Molt′enly. [Old pa.p. of melt.]

Moly, mō′li, n. (Milt.) a magic herb given by Hermes to Odysseus as a counter-charm against the spells of Circe.

Molybdenum, mol-ib-dē′num, n. a rare metal of a silvery-white colour—also Molybdē′na.—ns. Molyb′date, a compound of molybdic acid with a base; Molybdē′nite, sulphide of molybdenum.—adjs. Molybdē′nous, Molyb′dic.—n. Molybdō′sis, lead-poisoning. [L.,—Gr.,—molybdos, lead.]

Mome, mōm, n. (obs.) a buffoon: a stupid person. [O. Fr.,—L.,—Gr. Mōmos, god of mirth.]

Moment, mō′ment, n. moving cause or force: importance in effect: value, consequence: the smallest portion of time in which a movement can be made: an instant: the precise point of time, the right opportunity: (math.) an increment or decrement, an infinitesimal change in a varying quantity: (mech.) the moment of a force about a point is the product of the force and the perpendicular on its line of action from the point.—adj. Mō′mentany (Shak.), momentary.—adv. Mō′mentarily.—n. Mō′mentariness.—adj. Mō′mentary, lasting for a moment: done in a moment: short-lived.—adv. Mō′mently, for a moment: in a moment: every moment.—adj. Mōment′ous, of importance: of great consequence.—adv. Moment′ously.—ns. Moment′ousness; Moment′um, the quantity of motion in a body, measured by the product of the mass and the velocity of the moving body:—pl. Moment′a. [Fr.,—L. momentum, for movimentum—movēre, to move.]

Momus, mō′mus, n. the god of raillery, &c.—Son, or Disciple, of Momus, a wag. [See Mome.]

Monachism, mon′ak-izm, n. monastic life: state of religious seclusion under vows.—adj. Mon′achal, living alone: pertaining to monks or nuns, or to a monastic life.—n. Mon′achus, the monk-seal genus. [Fr.,—L. monachus, a monk.]

Monad, mon′ad, n. an ultimate atom or simple unextended point: a simple, primary element, assumed by Leibnitz and other philosophers: (zool.) one of the simplest of animalcules.—adj. of or pertaining to monads.—adjs. Monac′id, capable of saturating a single molecule of a monobasic acid; Monac′tinal, single-rayed.—n. Mon′adelph, a plant whose stamens are united by their filaments into one set, generally into a tube or ring.—adjs. Monadel′phian, Monadel′phous (bot.), having the stamens united into one body by the filaments; Monad′ic, -al, relating to monads: single; Monad′iform, like a monad.—ns. Mon′adism, Monadol′ogy, the theory of monads.—adj. Monan′thous (bot.), producing but one flower.—n. Mon′as, a monad: a monadiform infusorian.—adj. Monascid′ian, simple, not compound or composite—also n.—adj. Monatom′ic, consisting of a single atom, as a molecule: (chem.) having a valence of one, as hydrogen. [L. monas, -adis—Gr. monas, -ados, a unit—monos, alone.]

Monandria, mon-an′dri-a. n. the first class in Linnæus's system of plants, including all genera having only one stamen.—n. Monan′der.—adjs. Monan′drian, Monan′drous (bot.), having only one stamen. [Gr. monos, single, anēr, andros, a male.]

Monarch, mon′ark, n. a sole or supreme ruler: sovereign: the chief of its kind.—adj. supreme: superior to others.—adjs. Monarch′al, pertaining to a monarch: regal; Monarch′ial, Monarch′ic, -al, relating to a monarch or to monarchy: vested in a single ruler.—ns. Monarch′ian, a Christian who denied the personal independent subsistence of Christ—dynamic, when regarding the divinity of Christ as only a power (dynamis) communicated to Him; modalistic, when regarding Christ as God Himself incarnate, the Father who had assumed flesh, a mere modus of the Godhead; Monarch′ianism, the doctrine of the Monarchians, in opposition to Subordinationalism.—adj. Monarchianis′tic.—v.t. Mon′archise, to rule over, as a monarch: to convert into a monarchy.—ns. Mon′archism, the principles of monarchy: love of monarchy; Mon′archist, an advocate of monarchy: a believer in monarchy; Monarch′o (Shak.), a fantastic Englishman who assumed Italian airs, any fantastic person; Mon′archy, a state or a people ruled over by one person: a kind of government of which the chief power is in the hands of a monarch: the territory of a monarch. [Fr. monarque, through L., from Gr. monarchēs—monos, alone, archein, to rule.]

Monastery, mon′as-tėr-i, n. a house for monks: an abbey: a convent.—adjs. Monastē′rial, Monas′tic, -al, pertaining to monasteries, monks, and nuns: recluse: solitary.—n. Monas′tic, a monk.—adv. Monas′tically.—ns. Monas′ticism, the corporate monastic life or system of living; Monas′ticon, a book about monasteries and monks.—Monastic vows, the vows which a person takes when entering a monastery—of poverty, chastity, obedience. [L. monasterium—Gr. monastērion—monastēs, a monk—monos, alone.]

Monday, mun′dā, n. the second day of the week.—adj. Mon′dayish, fagged—of preachers, after their Sunday exercitations.—Black Monday, Easter Monday, the 14th of April 1360: any Easter Monday; Handsel Monday, the first Monday of the year, when presents are given. [A.S. mónandæg, mónan, gen. of móna, moon, dæg, day.]

Monde, mond, n. the world (of fashion).—Beau monde, Demi-monde (see Beau and Demi). [Fr.]

Monera, mō-nē′ra, n.pl. a class of Protozoans of the simplest characters.—ns.sing. Mō′ner, Monē′ron.—adjs. Monē′ral, Monē′ran.

Monergism, mon′ėr-jizm, n. (theol.) the doctrine that regeneration is entirely the work of the Holy Spirit, the natural will being incapable of co-operation. [Gr. monos, alone, ergon, work.]

Monetary, mun′e-tar-i, adj. relating to money or moneyed affairs: consisting of money.—n. Monetisā′tion.—v.t. Mon′etise, to give the character of money to, to coin as money.—Monetary unit, the unit of currency—the pound sterling.

Money, mun′i, n. coin: pieces of stamped metal used in commerce: any currency used as the equivalent of money: wealth:—pl. Mon′eys.—ns. Mon′ey-bill, a bill introduced into parliament or congress for raising revenue or otherwise dealing with money; Mon′ey-brok′er, Mon′ey-chang′er, Mon′ey-scriv′ener, a broker who deals in money or exchanges.—adj. Mon′eyed, having money: rich in money: consisting in money.—ns. Mon′eyer, Mon′ier, one who coins money: a master of a mint.—adj. Mon′eyless, having no money.—ns. Mon′ey-mak′er, a coiner of counterfeit money; Mon′ey-mak′ing, act of gaining wealth.—adj. lucrative, profitable.—ns. Mon′ey-mar′ket, the market or field for the investment of money; Mon′ey-or′der, an order for money deposited at one post-office, and payable at another; Mon′ey-spī′der, or -spin′ner, a small spider of family Attidæ, supposed to bring luck; Mon′ey's-worth, something as good as money: full value; Mon′ey-tak′er, one who receives payments of money, esp. at an entrance-door.—Hard money, coin; Pot of money, a large amount of money; Ready money, money paid for a thing at the time at which it is bought: money ready for immediate payment. [O. Fr. moneie (Fr. monnaie)—L. moneta, a mint, Moneta being a surname of Juno, in whose temple at Rome money was coined.]

Monger, mung′gėr, n. a trader: a dealer, chiefly in composition, sometimes depreciatory.—v.t. to trade in. [A.S. mangere—mang, a mixture.]

Mongol, mong′gol, n. and adj. one of an Asiatic people belonging to the Ural-Altaic branch of the human family, mainly inhabiting Mongolia.—adjs. Mongō′lian, Mongol′ic.

Mongoose, mong′gōōs, n. a common ichneumon of India, often domesticated to destroy snakes.—Also Mung′oose. [Marathi mangus.]

Mongrel, mung′grel, adj. of a mixed breed, impure.—n. an animal, esp. a dog, of a mixed breed.—v.t. Mong′relise.—n. Mong′relism. [A double dim. from A.S. mang, mixture.]

Moniliform, mō-nil′i-form, adj. like a string of beads. [L. monile, a necklace, forma, form.]

Moniment, mon′i-ment, n. (Spens.) a monument, memorial: superscription, image. [L. monimentum, monumentum, monument.]

Monism, mon′izm, n. a philosophical theory that all being may ultimately be referred to one category; thus Idealism, Pantheism, Materialism are monisms—as opposed to the Dualism of matter and spirit.—n. Mon′ist.—adjs. Mon′istic, -al. [Gr. monos, alone, and -ism.]

Monition, mon-ish′un, n. a reminding or admonishing: warning: notice: (law) a summons to appear and answer.—adj. Mon′itive, conveying admonition.—n. Mon′itor, one who admonishes: an adviser: an instructor: a senior pupil who assists a schoolmaster: an ironclad steamship armed with heavy guns in revolving turrets: a raised part of a roof, with openings for light and ventilation: a kind of lizard:—fem. Mon′itress, Mon′itrix.—adj. Monitō′rial, relating to a monitor: performed or taught by a monitor.—adv. Monitō′rially.—n. Mon′itorship.—adj. Mon′itory, giving admonition or warning. [L.,—monēre, -itum, to remind.]

Monk, mungk, n. formerly, one who retired alone to the desert to lead a religious life: one of a religious community living in a monastery: an inky blotch in print: a fuse for firing mines.—ns. Monk′ery, the life of monks: monasticism; Monk′-fish, the angel-fish; Monk′hood, the state or character of a monk.—adj. Monk′ish, pertaining to a monk: like a monk: monastic.—ns. Monk's′-hood, the aconite, a poisonous plant with a flower like a monk's hood; Monk's′-seam (naut.), a strong seam formed by laying the selvage-edges of two pieces of canvas over each other and stitching on each side and down the middle—also Middle-stitching. [A.S. munec—L. monachus—Gr. monachos—monos, alone.]

Monkey, mungk′i, n. a quadrumanous mammal of the order Primates—the term is loose, and may be conveniently restricted only to all the Primates exclusive of the Anthropoid Apes, thus including the Platyrrhini, or New-World monkeys, and the Catarrhiini, or Old-World monkeys: an ape: a name of contempt, esp. for a mischievous person, also of playful endearment: a heavy weight for driving piles: a large hammer for driving bolts: in betting slang, a sum of 500 pounds, or dollars in U.S.: a fluid consisting of chlor-hydric acid and zinc—generally called spirits of salt—used in the process of soldering:—pl. Monk′eys.—v.i. to meddle with anything.—v.t. to imitate as a monkey does.—ns. Monk′ey-bag, a small money-bag, hung round the sailor's neck; Monk′ey-block, a small swivel-block used in guiding running rigging; Monk′ey-board, the omnibus conductor's foot-board; Monk′ey-boat, a narrow, half-decked river-boat; Monk′ey-bread, the baobab-tree or its fruit; Monk′ey-en′gine, a kind of pile-driver having a ram or monkey working in a wooden frame; Monk′ey-flow′er, a flower of the mimulus kind; Monk′ey-gaff, a small gaff above the spanker-gaff for the flag; Monk′ey-grass, a coarse fibre yielded by the leaf-stalks of Attalea funifera, used for brooms, street sweeping-machine brushes, &c.; Monk′ey-hamm′er, a drop-press with a ram, which is raised and let drop freely; Monk′eyism, the qualities of the monkey; Monk′ey-jack′et, a close-fitting jacket, generally made of some stout, coarse material; Monk′ey-pot, the seed-vessel of several species of Lecythis, having a round lid; Monk′ey-pump, a straw let through a gimlet-hole into a cask for the purpose of sucking the liquor; Monk′ey-puzz′le, the Chili pine, Araucaria imbricata; Monk′ey-rail, a light rail above the quarter-rail; Monk′ey-shine (U.S.), a piece of tomfoolery; Monk′ey-tail, a short lever for training carronades: a piece of knotted rope by which to attach a hook, to save the hand from jamming; Monk′ey-wheel, a tackle-block over which runs a hoisting-rope; Monk′ey-wrench, a screw-key having a movable jaw.—Have, or Get, one's monkey up, to be angry; Suck the monkey, to drink liquor from a cask through an inserted tube: to drink from a coco-nut, filled surreptitiously with rum, &c. [Old It. monicchio, dim. of Old It. monna, nickname for an old woman, an ape, contr. of It. madonna, mistress.]

Monobasic, mon-ō-bā′sik, adj. having one base, of an acid combining with a univalent basic radical to form a neutral salt.

Monoblastic, mon-ō-blas′tik, adj. pertaining to that condition of the metazoic embryo in which a single germinal layer is alone represented.

Monoblepsis, mon-ō-blep′sis, n. a condition of vision more distinct when one eye only is used. [Gr. monos, single, blepsis, sight.]

Monocarbonate, mon-ō-kar′bō-nāt, n. a carbonate in which both hydrogen atoms of the acid are replaced by basic elements.

Monocardian, mon-ō-kär′di-an, adj. having a single heart, as fishes and reptiles. [Gr. monos, single, kardia, the heart.]

Monocarpous, mon-ō-kärp′us, adj. bearing fruit only once, as wheat, and all annual plants.—n. Mon′ocarp. [Gr. monos, single, karpos, fruit.]

Monocentric, mon-ō-sen′trik, adj. having a single centre only: unipolar.

Monoceros, mō-nos′ėr-os, n. a one-horned animal: the unicorn: (Spens.) perhaps the sword-fish.—adj. Monoc′erous. [Gr. monos, single, keras, a horn.]

Monochlamydeous, mon-ō-kla-mid′ē-us, adj. (bot.) having a single instead of a double perianth. [Gr. monos, single, chlamys, a cloak.]

Monochromatic, mon-ō-kro-mat′ik, adj. of one colour only—also Monochrō′ic.—ns. Mon′ochrome, a painting in one colour only; Mon′ochromy, this art.

Monochronic, mon-ō-kron′ik, adj. contemporaneous.—adj. Monoch′ronous, monosemic.

Monoclinic, mon′ō-klin-ik, adj. (mineral) crystallising in three unequal axes, two intersecting each other at an oblique angle, and at right angles to the third.—Also Mon′oclīnate. [Gr. monos, single, klinein, to incline.]

Mono-compound, mon′ō-kom′pownd, n. (chem.) a compound containing one atom of any particular element.

Monocotyledon, mon-ō-kot-i-lē′don, n. a plant with only one cotyledon.—adj. Monocotylē′donous.

Monocracy, mon-ok′ra-si, n. rule or government by a single person.—n. Mon′ocrat. [Gr. monos, single, kratos, strength.]

Monocular, mon-ok′ū-lar, adj. with one eye only: fitted only for one eye at a time.—Also Monoc′ulous.

Monodelphia, mon-ō-del′fi-a, n.pl. one of the three primary divisions of mammals, the placental mammals.—adj. Monodel′phian.

Monodon, mon′ō-don, n. a genus of delphinoid odontocete cetaceans, containing only the narwhal.

Monodrama, mon′ō-drä-ma, n. a dramatic piece for a single performer.—adj. Monodramat′ic.

Monody, mon′ō-di, n. a mournful ode or poem in which a single mourner bewails: a song for one voice: monotonous sound.—adjs. Monod′ic, -al.—n. Mon′odist, one who writes monodies.

Monœcious, mon-ē′shus, adj. having the stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same individual plant.—n.pl. Monœ′cia, the 21st class of plants of Linnæus. [Gr. monos, single, oikos, a house.]

Monogamy, mon-og′a-mi, n. marriage to one wife only: the state of such marriage.—adjs. Monogam′ic, Monog′amous.—n. Monog′amist. [Gr. monos, one, gamos, marriage.]

Monogenesis, mon-ō-jen′e-sis, n. development of the ovum from a parent like itself.—adj. Monogenet′ic.—ns. Monog′enism, the descent of the whole human family from a single pair—also Monog′eny; Monog′enist, one who maintains this.—adjs. Monogenist′ic; Monog′enous, generating by fission, gemmation, &c.: pertaining to monogenism: (math.) having a single differential coefficient considered as a rule of generation.

Monogram, mon′ō-gram, n. a figure consisting of several letters interwoven or written into one.—adj. Monogrammat′ic. [Gr. monos, alone, gramma, a letter.]

Monograph, mon′ō-graf, n. a treatise written on one particular subject or any branch of it.—v.t. to write a monograph upon.—ns. Monog′rapher, Monog′raphist, a writer of monographs.—adjs. Monograph′ic, -al, pertaining to a monograph: drawn in lines without colours.—n. Monog′raphy, a representation by one means only, as lines: an outline drawing. [Gr. monos, alone, graphein, to write.]

Monogynia, mon-ō-jin′i-a, n. an order of plants which have only one pistil or female organ.—n. Mon′ogyn, a plant of this kind.—adjs. Monogyn′ian, Monog′ynous (bot.), having only one pistil or female organ.—n. Monog′yny, a mating with only one female. [Gr. monos, alone, gynē, a female.]

Monolatry, mō-nol′a-tri, n. the actual worship of but one divinity, not necessarily a disbelief in others.

Monolith, mon′ō-lith, n. a pillar, or column, of a single stone.—adjs. Monolith′al, Monolith′ic. [Gr. monos, alone, lithos, a stone.]

Monologue, mon′ō-log, n. a speech uttered by one person: soliloquy: a poem, &c. for a single performer.—v.i. Monol′ogise, to indulge in this.—ns. Monol′ogist, one who talks in monologue; Monol′ogy, the habit of doing so. [Fr.,—Gr. monos, alone, logos, speech.]

Monomachy, mō-nom′a-ki, n. a single combat: a duel.—Also Monomā′chia. [Gr. monos, alone, machē, a fight.]

Monomania, mon-ō-mā′ni-a, n. madness confined to one subject, or to one faculty of the mind: an unreasonable interest in any particular thing.—n. Monomā′niac, one affected with monomania.—adjs. Monomā′niac, -al, affected with monomania. [Gr. monos, alone, mania, madness.]

Monomerous, mō-nom′e-rus, adj. having the tarsi single-jointed: (bot.) having but one member in each cycle. [Gr. monos, single, meros, part.]

Monometallic, mon-ō-me-tal′ik, adj. consisting of but one metal.—ns. Monomet′allism, the use of but one metal as a standard of value; Monomet′allist, one who upholds this theory.

Monometer, mō-nom′e-tėr, adj. and n. (pros.) consisting of one measure.—adjs. Monomet′ric, -al.

Monomial, mon-ō′mi-al, n. an algebraic expression of one term only: a series of factors of single terms—also Mon′ome.—adj. Monō′mial. [Gr. monos, alone, L. nomen, name.]

Monomorphic, mon-ō-mor′fik, adj. of the same type of structure, or morphological character.—adj. Monomor′phous. [Gr. monos, single, morphē, form.]

Monomyarian, mon-ō-mī-ā′ri-an, adj. having but one adductor muscle, as an oyster. [Gr. monos, single, mys, muscle.]

Mononym, mon′ō-nim, n. a name consisting of a single term.—adj. Mononym′ic.

Monoöusious, mon-ō-ōō′si-us, adj. having the same substance. [Gr. monos, single, ousia, essence.]

Monopathy, mō-nop′a-thi, n. (pathol.) a disease affecting only one organ or function.—adj. Monopath′ic. [Gr. monos, single, pathos, suffering.]

Monopetalous, mon-ō-pet′a-lus, adj. (bot.) having only one petal, or denoting a corolla, the petals of which so cohere as to form a tube.

Monophobia, mon-ō-fō′bi-a, n. morbid dread of being left alone. [Gr. monos, single, phobia, fear.]

Monophonous, mon-of′o-nus, adj. producing one sound at one time. [Gr. monos, single, phōnē, voice.]

Monophote, mon′ō-fōt, n. an electric arc-lamp regulator working in single series. [Gr. monos, single, phōs, phōtos, light.]

Monophthong, mon′of-thong, n. a simple vowel-sound.—adj. Mon′ophthongal.

Monophyletic, mon-ō-fi-let′ik, adj. pertaining to a single phylum:—opp. to Polyphyletic.

Monophyllous, mon-ō-fil′us, adj. having a leaf of but one piece. [Gr. monos, alone, phyllon, a leaf.]

Monophyodont, mon-ō-fī′ō-dont, adj. having only one set of teeth.—n. such an animal.

Monophysite, mō-nof′i-sīt, n. one who holds that Christ had but one composite nature, instead of the orthodox doctrine that He united two complete natures without confusion or mutation in one person.—adj. Monophysit′ical.—n. Monophysit′ism. [Gr. monos, alone, physis, nature.]

Monoplast, mon′ō-plast, n. an organism consisting of a single cell. [Gr. monos, single, plastos, formed—plassein, to form.]

Monoplegia, mon-ō-plē′ji-a, n. paralysis limited to a single part. [Gr. monos, single, plēgē, stroke.]

Monopnoa, mo-nop′nō-a, n.pl. a class of reptiles breathing in one way only. [Gr. monos, single, pnoos, breathing—pnein, to breathe.]

Monopode, mon′ō-pōd, adj. and n. having but one foot.—adj. Monopod′ic—n. Mon′opody.

Monopolise, mon-op′o-līz, v.t. to obtain possession of anything so as to be the only seller or sharer of it: in engross the whole of.—ns. Monop′oliser, Monop′olist.—adj. Monopolis′tic.—n. Monop′oly, the sole power of dealing in anything: exclusive command or possession: (law) a grant from the crown to an individual for the sole right to deal in anything. [L. monopolium—Gr. monos, alone, pōlein, to sell.]

Monopteron, mō-nop′te-ron, n. a kind of temple or portico of columns grouped in a circle, and supporting a cupola. [Gr. monos, single, pteron, a wing.]

Monoptote, mon′op-tōt, n. a noun, &c., having but one case-form. [Gr. monos, alone, ptōsis, case.]

Monorchid, mo-nork′id, adj. having only one testicle.—n. Monorch′ism.

Monorhine, mon′ō-rin, adj. having but one nasal passage.—Also Mon′orhīnal. [Gr. monos, single, hris, hrinos, the nose.]

Monorhyme, mon′ō-rīm, n. a poem in which all the lines end with the same rhyme.

Monosemic, mon-ō-sē′mik, adj. (pros.) consisting in, or equal to, a single semeion (mora or unit of time).

Monosepalous, mon-ō-sep′a-lus, adj. (bot.) having the sepals all united: having a calyx of one piece.

Monospermous, mon-ō-spėrm′us, adj. (bot.) having one seed only.—n. Mon′osperm. [Gr. monos, alone, sperma, seed.]

Monostich, mon′ō-stik, n. a poem complete in one verse.—adj. Monos′tichous. [Gr. monos, alone, stichos, verse.]

Monostrophic, mon-ō-strof′ik, adj. having but one strophe: not varied in measure.—n. Monos′trophe. [Gr. monos, alone, strophē, a strophe.]

Monostyle, mon′ō-stīl, adj. (archit.) consisting of a single shaft. [Gr. monos, alone, stylos, a pillar.]

Monosy, mon′ō-si, n. (bot.) an abnormal condition in which organs usually entire or united are found disunited. [Gr. monōsis—monos, single.]

Monosyllable, mon-ō-sil′la-bl, n. a word of one syllable.—adj. Monosyllab′ic, consisting of one syllable, or of words of one syllable.—n. Monosyl′labism, an exclusive use of monosyllables, as in Chinese.

Monosymmetric, mon-ō-sim-et′rik, adj. having only one plane of symmetry in crystallisation.—adj. Monosymmet′rical (bot.), of flowers capable of being bisected into similar halves in only one plane.

Monothalamous, mon-ō-thal′a-mus, adj. (bot.) single-chambered: with but one cavity. [Gr. monos, single, thalamos, a chamber.]

Monotheism, mon′ō-thē-izm, n. the belief in only one God.—n. Mon′otheist, one who believes that there is but one God.—adj. Monotheist′ic. [Gr. monos, alone, theos, God.]

Monothelite, mon-oth′e-līt, n. one who holds that Christ had but one will and one operation or energy, as He had but one nature.—ns. Monoth′elism, Monothelit′ism. [Gr. monos, alone, thelētēs, one who wills—thelein, to will.]

Monothetic, mon-ō-thet′ik, adj. assuming a single essential element. [Gr. monos, single, thetos, verbal adj. of tithenai, to put.]

Monotocous, mō-not′o-kus, adj. having one only at a birth. [Gr. monos, single, tiktein, to bear.]

Monotone, mon′ō-tōn, n. a single, unvaried tone or sound: a succession of sounds having the same pitch: a piece of writing in one strain throughout.—v.t. and v.i. to intone, chant.—adjs. Monoton′ic, Monot′onous, uttered in one unvaried tone: marked by dull uniformity.—adv. Monot′onously.—n. Monot′ony, dull uniformity of tone or sound: want of modulation in speaking or reading: (fig.) irksome sameness or want of variety. [Gr. monos, alone, tonos, a tone.]

Monotremata, mon-ō-trem′a-ta, n.pl. the lowest order of Mammalia, having a single opening for the genital and digestive organs.—adj. Monotrem′atous—also Mon′otreme.—n. Mon′otreme, a member of the Monotremata. [Gr. monos, alone, trēma, a hole.]

Monotype, mon′ō-tīp, n. and adj. having only one type or representative: a print transferred from a painting on a metal plate.—adj. Monotyp′ic.

Monoxide, mo-nok′sīd, n. an oxide containing a single oxygen atom in combination with two univalent atoms or one bivalent atom.

Monoxylon, mon-oks′i-lon, n. a canoe made from one log.—adj. Monox′ylous, formed of a single piece of wood. [Gr. monos, single, xylon, wood.]

Monroeism, mon-rō′izm, n. more generally Monroe Doctrine, the principle of the non-intervention of Europe in matters relating to the American continent—from President Monroe's Message in Dec. 1823.

Monseigneur, mon-sā-nyer′, n. my lord: a title in France given to a person of high birth or rank, esp. to bishops, &c. (written Mgr.):—pl. Messeigneurs (me-sā-nyer′). The corresponding Italian title is Monsignor (mon-sē′nyor), conferred on prelates and on the dignitaries of the papal household—also Monsi′gnore. [Fr., from L. meus, my, senior, older.]

Monsieur, mŏ-sye′, n. sir: a title of courtesy in France=Mr in English (written M. or Mons.): the eldest brother of the king of France: a Frenchman generally—usually mounseer: a French gentleman:—pl. Messieurs (me-sye′).—Monsieur de Paris, the public executioner. [Fr.,—L. meus, my, senior.]

Monsoon, mon-sōōn′, n. a periodical wind of the Indian Ocean, which blows from the S.W. from April to October, and from the N.E. the rest of the year: similar winds elsewhere, returning periodically with the seasons.—adj. Monsoon′al [It. monsone—Malay mūsim—Ar. mawsim, a time, a season.]

Monster, mon′stėr, n. anything out of the usual course of nature: a prodigy, or fabulous animal: anything unusually large: anything horrible from ugliness or wickedness.—adj. unusually large, huge.—n. Monstros′ity, an unnatural production.—adj. Mon′strous, out of the common course of nature: enormous: wonderful: horrible.—adv. Mon′strously.—n. Mon′strousness, state or quality of being monstrous.—Gila monster, a large poisonous lizard of Arizona, &c., having tubercular scales. [Fr.,—L. monstrum, an omen, a monster—monēre, to warn.]

Monstrance, mon′strans, n. the utensil employed in R.C. churches for presenting the consecrated host for the adoration of the people, consisting of a stand and a repository or case with small semicircular holder (lunula).—Also Ostensory. [Fr.,—L. monstrāre, to show, monstrum, an omen.]

Montagnard, mong-ta-nyar′, n. one of the 'Mountain' or the extreme democratic wing of the French Legislative Assembly (1st Oct. 1791-21st Sept. 1792), so called because sitting on the topmost benches.

Montanic, mon-tan′ik, adj. pertaining to mountains: consisting in mountains. [L. montanus—mons, montis, a mountain.]

Montanism, mon′tan-izm, n. a heresy which grew up in the Christian Church in the second half of the 2d century, founded by the prophet and 'Paraclete,' Montanus of Phrygia—an ascetic reaction in favour of the old discipline and severity.—n. Mon′tanist, a supporter of Montanism.—adj. Montanist′ic.

Montant, mont′ant, adj. rising: (her.) increasing.—n. an upright rail or stile, as in a door, &c.: (Shak.) a contraction of montanto, a term in fencing, apparently for an upward blow: a two-handed sword. [Fr.,—monter, to mount—L. mons, montis, a mountain.]

Mont-de-piété, mong′-de-pē-ā-tā′, the Italian Monte di pietà, n. a pawnbroking shop set up by public authority. [Fr. and It., 'fund, bank, of piety.']

Monte, mon′te, n. a shrubby tract, a forest: a Spanish-American gambling game, played with a pack of forty cards.—Three-card monte, a Mexican gambling game, played with three cards, one usually a court-card. [Sp., 'a hill'—L. mons, montis, a mountain.]

Monteith, mon-tēth′, n. a large 18th-century punch-bowl, usually of silver, fluted and scalloped: a cotton handkerchief with white spots on a coloured ground.

Montem, mon′tem, n. a former custom of Eton boys to go every third Whit-Tuesday to a hillock on the Bath road and exact 'salt-money' from passers-by, for the university expenses of the senior scholar or school captain.

Montonegrine, mon-te-neg′rin, adj. and n. relating to Montenegro, or a native thereof: a close-fitting outer garment for women, braided and embroidered.

Montepulciano, mon-te-pul-chä′nō, n. a fine wine produced around Montepulciano, in central Italy.

Montero, mon-tā′ro, n. a huntsman: a horseman's cap. [Sp. montero, a huntsman—monte—L. mons, montis, a mountain.]

Montgolfier, mont-gol′fi-ėr, n. a balloon made by the brothers Montgolfier, Joseph Michel (1740-1810) and Jacques Etienne (1745-99), of Annonay, in 1783.

Month, munth, n. the period from new moon to new moon—a lunation, lunar, or synodic month (=29.5306 days): one of the twelve divisions of the year—a calendar month: one-twelfth part of a tropical year, the time the sun takes to pass through 30°—a solar month=30.4368 days.—n. Month′ling, that which is a month old or which lasts a month.—adj. Month′ly, performed in a month: happening or published once a month.—n. a monthly publication: (pl.) the menses.—adv. once a month: in every month.—Month of Sundays, a period that seems very long; Month's mind (see Mind).—Sidereal, or Stellar, month, the time in which the moon passes round the ecliptic to the same star=27.3217 days; Tropical, or Periodic, month, from the moon's passing the equinox till she again reaches it=27.3216 days. [A.S. mónð—móna, the moon.]

Monticulus, mon-tik′ū-lus, n. a little elevation—also Mon′ticle and Mon′ticule.—adjs. Montic′ulate, Montic′ulous, having small projections.

Montoir, mon-twar′, n. a stone or block used in mounting a horse. [Fr., monter, to mount.]

Monton, mon′ton, n. a Mexican unit of weight for ore, varying from 1800 to 3200 Spanish pounds.

Montre, mon′tėr, n. a flue-stop the pipes of which show from without, usually the open diapason of the great organ: an opening in a kiln wall.

Monument, mon′ū-ment, n. anything that preserves the memory of a person or an event, a building, pillar, tomb, &c.: a record or enduring example of anything: any distinctive mark.—v.t. to raise a monument in memory of.—adj. Monument′al, of or relating to a monument or tomb: memorial: impressive: amazing.—adv. Monument′ally. [Fr.,—L. monumentum—monēre, to remind.]

Mood, mōōd, n. fashion, manner: (gram.) a. form of the verb to express the mode or manner of an action or of a state of being: (logic) the form of the syllogism as determined by the quantity and quality of its three constituent propositions: (mus.) the arrangement of the intervals in the scale, as major and minor (see Mode). [Mode.]

Mood, mōōd, n. disposition of mind: temporary state of the mind: anger, heat of temper.—adv. Mood′ily.—n. Mood′iness, gloominess, peevishness.—adjs. Mood′y, indulging in moods: out of humour: angry: sad: gloomy; Mood′y-mad (Shak.), mad with anger. [A.S. mód, mind; cf. Ger. muth, courage.]

Mooktar, mōōk′tar, n. a native lawyer in India. [Ar. mukhtār, chosen.]

Moon, mōōn, n. the secondary planet or satellite which revolves round the earth monthly, shining with reflected light: a satellite revolving about any other planet; a month: anything in the shape of a moon or crescent: (fort.) a crescent-shaped outwork.—v.t. to adorn with moons or crescents.—v.i. to wander about or gaze vacantly at anything.—n. Moon′beam, a beam of light from the moon.—adj. Moon′-blind, dim-sighted, purblind.—ns. Moon′calf, a monster, a deformed creature: a dolt.—n.pl. Moon′-culminā′tions, times of culmination of the limb of the moon with certain neighbouring stars, formerly used in determining longitude.—adj. Mooned, of or like the moon: having the figure of the moon marked upon it.—ns. Moon′er, one who moons about; Moon′eye, a disease affecting horses' eyes: a name of several American fishes; Moon′face, a full, round face—a point of beauty in the East.—adj. Moon′faced.—ns. Moon′-fish, a name applied to various fishes; Moon′-flower, the ox-eye daisy; Moon′-glade, the track of moonlight on water.—adj. Moon′ish, like the moon: variable: inconstant.—n. Moon′-knife, a crescent-shaped knife used by leather-workers in shaving off the fleshy parts of skins.—adj. Moon′less, destitute of moonlight.—n. Moon′light, the light of the moon—sunlight reflected from the moon's surface.—adj. lighted by the moon: occurring during moonlight.—ns. Moon′lighter, one of a band of cowardly ruffians in Ireland who committed agrarian outrages by night about 1880: a moonshiner; Moon′lighting.—adjs. Moon′lit, lit or illumined by the moon; Moon′-loved, loved by the moon.—ns. Moon′-mad′ness, lunacy, supposed to be caused by sleeping in full moonlight; Moon′-rak′er, a silly person; Moon′-rak′ing, the following of crazy fancies; Moon′-sail, a small sail, sometimes carried above the sky-scraper; Moon′-set, the setting of the moon; Moon′shine, the shining of the moon: (fig.) show without reality: poached eggs with sauce: a month: (U.S.) smuggled spirits; Moon′shiner, a smuggler or illicit distiller of spirits.—adj. Moon′shiny, lighted by the moon: visionary, unreal.—n. Moon′-stone, a variety of feldspar presenting a pearly reflection from within.—adj. Moon′struck, affected by the moon, lunatic, crazed.—n. Moon′wort, any fern of the genus Botrychium.—adj. Moon′y, relating to, or like, the moon or a crescent, bearing a crescent: round, as a shield: like moonlight, lighted by the moon: silly: sickly: tipsy.—n. a noodle.—Moonlight flitting, a removal of one's furniture, &c., during night, to prevent it being seized for rent or debt. [A.S. móna; cf. Ger. mond, L. mensis, Gr. mēnē.]

Moonshee, mōōn′shē, n. in India, a secretary, interpreter, teacher of languages. [Ar. munshi.]

Moor, mōōr, n. a large tract of untilled ground, often covered with heath, and having a poor, peaty soil: a heath.—ns. Moor′cock, Moor′fowl, the red grouse or heathcock found in moors; Moor′hen, the female moor-fowl: the water-hen; Moor′-ill (Scot.), a kind of disease among cattle—also Red-water.—adjs. Moor′ish, Moor′y, resembling a moor: sterile: marshy: boggy.—n. Moor′land, a tract of moor. [A.S. mór; Ice. mór, peat.]

Moor, mōōr, v.t. to fasten a ship by cable and anchor: to fix firmly.—v.i. to be fastened by cables or chains.—ns. Moor′age, a place for mooring; Moor′ing, act of mooring: that which serves to moor or confine a ship: in pl. the place or condition of a ship thus moored. [Prob. Dut. marren, to tie, allied to A.S. merran (in compound ámierran), Old High Ger. marrjan, to hinder.]

Moor, mōōr, n. a member of the dark mixed Mauretanian and Arab race inhabiting Morocco and the Barbary coast: one of the Arab and Berber conquerors and occupants of Spain from 711 to 1492—same as Arab or Saracen: a dark-coloured person generally, a negro.—n. Moor′ery, a quarter inhabited by Moors.—adj. Moor′ish. [Fr. more, maure—L. maurus—Gr. mauros, black.]

Moorva, mōōr′va, n. an East Indian silky fibre for cordage.—Also Marool, Bowstring-hemp.

Moose, mōōs, n. the largest deer of America, resembling the European elk. [Algonkin musu.]

Moot, mōōt, v.t. to propose for discussion: to discuss: argue for practice.—adj. discussed or debated.—n. in early English history, the meeting of the assembled freemen, or their representatives, to regulate the affairs of the village or tun, the hundred, or the kingdom—village- or town-moot, hundred-moot, folk-moot.—adj. Moot′able, that can be mooted or debated.—ns. Moot′-case, Moot′-point, a case, point, or question to be mooted or debated: an unsettled question; Moot′-court, -hall, a meeting or court for arguing supposed cases; Moot′-hill, a hill of meeting on which the moot was held. [A.S. mótian—mót, gemót, an assembly, akin to métan, to meet.]

Mop, mop, n. a bunch of rags, &c., fixed, on a handle for washing floors, windows, or the like: anything at all like a mop: (prov.) a hiring-fair.—v.t. to rub or wipe with a mop:—pr.p. mop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. mopped.—adj. Mop′-head′ed, having a shaggy, unkempt head of hair. [O. Fr. mappe—L. mappa, a napkin.]

Mope, mōp, v.i. to be silent and dispirited: to be dull or stupid.—v.t. to make spiritless.—n. a listless person, a drone—also Mop′us.—adv. Mop′ingly.—adj. Mop′ish, dull: spiritless.—adv. Mop′ishly, in a mopish manner.—n. Mop′ishness. [Dut. moppen, to pout, sulk; Ger. muffen.]

Moppet, mop′et, n. a doll of rags: a young girl—also Mop′sy, an untidy woman.—adj. Mop′sical, short-sighted: stupid.

Mopstick, mop′stik, n. in an old pianoforte movement, a rod which raises the damper as the key is depressed.—Also Map′stick.

Moquette, mō-ket′, n. a material for carpets, with a loose velvety pile—the back thick canvas, &c. [Fr.]

Mora, mō′ra, n. an ancient game played from China to Peru, the aim being to guess the number of fingers held out by a player. [It.]

Moraine, mo-rān′, n. a continuous line of rocks and gravel along the edges of glaciers.—adj. Morain′ic. [Fr.—Ger. (Bavarian) mur.]

Moral, mor′al, adj. of or belonging to the manners or conduct of men: conformed to right, ethical, virtuous: capable of knowing right and wrong: subject to the moral law: instructing with regard to morals: supported by evidence of reason or probability—opp. to Demonstrative: belonging to the mind, or to the will: (Shak.) moralising.—n. in pl. manners: the doctrine or practice of the duties of life: moral philosophy or ethics: conduct, esp. sexual conduct: in sing. the practical lesson given by anything: an emblem or allegory: (slang) a certainty, an exact counterpart.—v.i. to moralise.—ns. Mor′aler (Shak.), a moraliser; Moralisā′tion, act of moralising, explanation in a moral sense.—v.t. Mor′alise, to apply to a moral purpose: to explain in a moral sense.—v.i. to speak or write on moral subjects: to make moral reflections.—ns. Mor′aliser; Mor′alism, a moral maxim; moral counsel: morality as distinct from religion; Mor′alist, one who teaches morals, or who practises moral duties: a merely moral as distinguished from a religious man: one who prides himself on his morality.—adj. Moralist′ic.—n. Moral′ity, quality of being moral: that in an action which renders it right or wrong: the practice of moral duties apart from religion: virtue: the doctrine which treats of actions as being right or wrong: ethics: a kind of drama which grew out of mysteries and miracle-plays, and continued in fashion till Elizabeth's time, in which allegorical representations of the virtues and vices were introduced as dramatis personæ.—adv. Mor′ally, in a moral manner: uprightly: to all intents and purposes, practically.—Moral agent, one who acts under a knowledge of right and wrong; Moral certainty, a likelihood so great as to be safely acted on, although not capable of being certainly proved; Moral defeat (see Moral victory); Moral faculty (see Moral sense); Moral law, a law or rules for life and conduct, founded on what is right and wrong: the law of conscience; Moral philosophy, the science which treats of the qualities of actions as being right or wrong, and the duty of mankind with regard to such actions; Moral sense, that power of the mind which knows or judges actions to be right or wrong, and determines conduct accordingly; Moral theology, ethics treated with reference to a divine source; Moral victory, a defeat in appearance, but in some important sense a real victory. [Fr.,—L. moralis—mos, moris, custom.]

Morale, mo-räl′, n. the state of a person's morals: mental state as regards spirit and confidence, esp. of a body of soldiers, &c. [Fr.]

Morass, mo-ras′, n. a tract of soft, wet ground: a marsh.—adj. Morass′y.—Morass ore, bog-iron ore. [Dut. moeras, a marsh.]

Morat, mō′rat, n. a drink made of honey and mulberry juice. [It. morato—moro—L. morum.]

Moratorium, mo-ra-tō′ri-um, n. an emergency act allowing a government bank to suspend payments in specie for a given time.

Moravian, mo-rā′vi-an, adj. pertaining to Moravia or the Moravians.—n. one of a Christian denomination entitled Unitas Fratrum of United Brethren, a small body of Protestants of extraordinary missionary energy, founded in the 15th century.—n. Morā′vianism, the doctrines of the Moravians.

Moray, mō′rā, n. an apodal eel-like fish of the Muræna family.—Also Ma′ray, Mu′ray, Mur′ry.

Morbid, mor′bid, adj. diseased, sickly: not healthful.—n. Morbid′ity, the quality of being morbid: disease: the ratio of sickness in a community.—adv. Mor′bidly.—n. Morbidness, sickliness.—adjs. Morbif′eral, Morbif′erous; Morbif′ic, causing disease.—n. Morbil′lī, measles.—adjs. Morbil′liform, like measles; Morbil′lous, pertaining to measles; Morbose′, proceeding from disease: morbid: not healthy.—n. Mor′bus, disease. [Fr.,—L. morbidus—morbus, disease.]

Morbidezza, mor-bi-det′za, n. that quality of flesh-painting which gives the impression of life. [It.]

Morceau, mor′sō, n. a small bit: a dainty morsel:—pl. Mor′ceaux (-sōz). [Fr.]

Mordacious, mor-dā′shus, adj. given to biting: biting: (fig.) sarcastic: severe.—adv. Mordā′ciously.—n. Mordac′ity, quality of being mordacious: biting severity.—adj. Mor′dant, biting, sarcastic, severe: serving to fix colours.—n. any substance, as alum, used to give permanency or brilliancy to dyes: a glutinous size as a ground for gilding, matter to make gold-leaf adhere: any corrosive liquid by which the biting in etching is effected.—v.t. to treat with a mordant.—adv. Mor′dantly.—ns. Mor′dicancy, Mordicā′tion. [Fr.,—L. mordax, mordacis—mordēre, to bite.]

Mordent, mor′dent, n. a kind of trill in music, or the character indicating it. [It. mordente.]

More, mōr, adj. (serves as comp. of Many and Much) additional: other besides: greater (so in B.).—adv. to a greater degree: again: longer.—n. a greater thing: something further or in addition:—superl. Most (mōst).—adj. Mō′rish. insufficient: such that one wants more.—More and more, continually increasing; More by token, in proof of this, besides; More or less, about: in round numbers.—Any more, something additional: further; Be no more, to have died; No more, nothing in addition. [Including both M.E. mo, more in number—A.S. má, more in number, and M. E. more, larger—A.S. mára, greater.]

More, mōr, n. (Spens.) a root. [A.S. moru, more, a carrot; Ger. möhre.]

Moreen, mo-rēn′, n. a stout woollen or cotton and woollen stuff, used for petticoats, curtains, &c. [Fr. moire, mohair.]

Morel, mor′el, or mō-rel′, n. any edible mushroom of the genus Morchella. [Fr. morille; prob. Old High Ger. morhela (Ger. morchel), a mushroom.]

Morello, mō-rel′o, n. a dark-red variety of cherry, much used in cooking and for cherry brandy.—Also Mor′el, or Morel′. [It.,—Low L. morellus, blackish—L. maurus, a blackamoor, or perh. for morulus, blackish—morum, a mulberry.]

Moreover, mōr-ō′vėr, adv. more over or beyond what has been said: further: besides: also.

Moresque, mo-resk′, adj. done after the manner of the Moors.—n. a kind of ornamentation, same as arabesque—(obs.) Mores′co. [Fr.,—It. moresco.]

Morganatic, mor-gan-at′ik, adj. noting a marriage of a man with a woman of inferior rank, in which neither the latter nor her children enjoy the rank or inherit the possessions of her husband, though the children are legitimate—also Left-handed marriage.—adv. Morganat′ically. [Low L. morganatica, a gift from a bridegroom to his bride—Teut.; cf. Ger. morgengabe, A.S. morgengifu, a morning gift.]

Morglay, mor′glā, n. a claymore—esp. that of the Arthurian hero Sir Bevis.

Morgue, morg, n. a place where bodies found dead are laid out for identification. [Fr.]

Moribund, mo′ri-bund, adj. about to die: in a dying state. [L. moribundus—mori, to die.]

Morion, Morrion, mō′ri-un, n. a open helmet without visor or beaver. [Fr., prob. from Sp. morrion—morra, crown of the head. Diez suggests Basque murua, a hill.]

Morisco, mo-ris′ko, n. the Moorish language: a Moorish dance or dancer: Moorish architecture: one of the Moors who remained in Spain after the fall of Granada in 1492.—adj. Moorish—(obs.) Morisk′.

Morisonian, mor-i-sō′ni-an, n. a member of the Evangelical Union, formed in 1843 by the Rev. James Morison (1816-93), after his separation from the United Secession Church.—n. Morisō′nianism, the religious views of Morison and others—essentially a reaction from the Calvinistic doctrine of the Westminster Confession on predestination and unconditional election and reprobation.

Mormon, mor′mon, n. one of a religious sect in Utah, U.S., openly polygamous till 1890, calling itself 'The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,' founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, whose supplement to the Bible, the Book of Mormon, was given out as translated from the golden plates of one 'Mormon,' but was really adapted from a MS. romance written about 1811 by Solomon Spaulding.—ns. Mor′monism; Mor′monite, Mor′monist.

Mormops, mor′mops, n. a genus of American phyllostomine bats, so called from their repulsive physiognomy. [Gr. mormō, a bugbear, ōps, face.]

Morn, morn, n. the first part of the day: morning.—The morn (Scot.), to-morrow; The morn's morning, to-morrow morning. [M. E. morwen—A.S. morgen; Ger. morgen.]

Morne, mōrn, n. the blunt head of a jousting-lance: a small, rounded hill.—adjs. Morné (mōr-nā′), denoting a lion rampant without teeth or claws; Morned (her.), blunted. [Fr.]

Morning, morn′ing, n. the first part of the day: the early part of anything: the first dram of the day.—adj. pertaining to the morning: taking place or being in the morning.—ns. Morn′ing-dress, dress such as is usually worn in the morning, as opposed to Evening-dress; Morn′ing-gift, a gift made by the husband to the wife on the morning after marriage; Morning-gown, a gown for wearing in the morning; Morn′ing-land, the east; Morn′ing-room, a woman's morning boudoir or sitting-room in English country houses; Morn′ing-sick′ness, nausea and vomiting in the morning, common in the early stages of pregnancy; Morn′ing-star, any of the planets, esp. Venus, when it rises before the sun: a kind of flail with a star-like ball of metal at the end of a chain, formerly used as a weapon of war; Morn′ing-tide, the morning time: early part; Morn′ing-watch, the watch between 4 and 8 A.M. [Contr. of morwen-ing. Cf. Morn.]

Morocco, mo-rok′ō, n. a fine goat-skin leather, tanned with sumac, first brought from Morocco, afterwards from the Levant and elsewhere: a sheep-skin leather in imitation of this: a very strong ale, anciently brewed in Cumberland.—adj. consisting of Morocco.—French morocco, an inferior kind of Levant morocco, with small grain; Levant morocco, a fine quality of morocco, with large grain; Persian morocco, a morocco finished on the grain side.

Morology, mō-rol′o-ji, n. foolish talk. [Gr., mōros, a fool, logia—legein, to speak.]

Morose, mō-rōs′, adj. of a sour temper: gloomy: severe.—adv. Morose′ly.—ns. Morose′ness, quality of being morose—(obs.) Moros′ity. [L. morosus, peevish—mos, moris, manner.]

Morpheus, mor′fūs, n. a god of dreams: sleep.—adjs. Morphē′an, Morphet′ic. [L.]

Morphia, mor′fi-a, n. the chief narcotic principle of opium: a drug which causes sleep or deadens pain—also Mor′phine.—ns. Mor′phinism; Morphiomā′nia; Morphiomā′niac. [Coined from Gr. Morpheus, god of dreams—morphē, shape.]

Morphic, mor′fik, adj. relating to form, morphological.—n. Morphogen′esis, the production of morphological characters.—adj. Morphogenet′ic.—ns. Morphog′eny, the genesis of form: morphology; Morphog′rapher; Morphog′raphy, descriptive morphology.—adjs. Morpholog′ic, -al.—ns. Morphol′ogist, one who is versed in, or who writes upon, morphology; Morphol′ogy, the science of organic form, of the development of the forms of living organisms; Morphon′omy, the laws of morphology; Morphō′sis, morphogenesis.—adj. Morphot′ic. [Gr. morphē, form.]

Morrhua, mor′ōō-a, n. the chief genus of gadoid fishes, including the cod (Gadus).

Morris, Morrice, mor′is, Morr′is-dance, n. a Moorish dance: a dance in which bells, rattles, tambours, &c. are introduced.—v.i. Morr′is, to perform by dancing.—ns. Morr′is-danc′er; Morr′is-pike (Shak.), a Moorish pike.—Nine men's morris, an old English game in which a figure of squares, one within another, was marked out on aboard or on the turf, and eighteen pieces or stones, nine for each side, were moved alternately as at draughts—also Nine men's merils. [Sp. morisco, Moorish—Sp. moro, a Moor.]

Morrow, mor′ō, n. the day following the present: to-morrow: the next following day: the time immediately after any event.—n. To-morr′ow, next day—also adv. [M. E. morwe=morwen; cf. Morn.]

Morse, mors, n. the walrus or sea-horse. [Russ. morjŭ, a morse, prob. from more, the sea.]

Morse, mors, n. the metal fastening of the cope, generally of precious metal, ornamented with jewels—also Pectoral. [L. morsus, a bite.]

Morse, mors, n. (coll.) the Morse-code signalling of telegraph operators, from Sam. F. B. Morse (1791-1872).—Morse alphabet, a system of symbols to be used in telegraphic messages where Morse's indicator is used, consisting of dots and dashes combined in different ways to indicate the different letters.

Morsel, mor′sel, n. a bite or mouthful: a small piece of food: a small quantity of anything which is divided.—ns. Mor′sūre, the act of biting; Mor′sus, a bite. [O. Fr. morsel (Fr. morceau, It. morsello), dim. from L. morsus—mordēre, morsum, to bite.]

Morsing-horn, mor′sing-horn, n. the small horn that used to hold the fine powder used for priming. [Fr. amorcer, to prime a gun.]

Mort, mort, n. death: a flourish sounded at the death of a buck, & c., in hunting.

Mortal, mor′tal, adj. liable to die: causing death: deadly: fatal: punishable with death: involving the penalty of spiritual death, as opposed to Venial: extreme, violent, implacable: human: (coll.) very great, very long, confounded, very drunk.—n. a human being.—v.t. Mor′talise, to make mortal.—n. Mortal′ity, condition of being mortal: death: frequency or number of deaths, esp. in proportion to population: the human race.—adv. Mor′tally—(coll.) Mor′tal.—ns. Mort′-cloth, a pall; Mort′-stone, a stone by the wayside on which the bearers lay the bier for a rest during a funeral procession.—Bills of mortality, lists of the numbers of those who have died in any place during any given time; Law of mortality, rules founded on experience or calculation, showing what average proportion of those living at the beginning of a given time will be surviving at its close. [Fr.,—L. mortalis—mori, to die.]

Mortar, mor′tar, n. a vessel in which substances are pounded with a pestle: a short and very thick piece of artillery of large calibre, firing a heavy shell at a fixed angle of 45° or thereabouts, so as to strike vertically: a cement of lime, sand, and water, used to bind together stones or bricks in building.—v.t. to close up or in as with mortar: to pound in a mortar.—n. Mor′tar-board, a square board with a handle beneath for holding mortar which the workman is using: a square-crowned academic cap. [A.S. mortere—L. mortarium, a mortar.]

Mortgage, mor′gāj, n. a conditional conveyance of or lien upon land or other property as security for the performance of some condition, as the payment of money, becoming void on the performance of the condition: the act of conveying, or the deed effecting it.—v.t. to pledge as security for a debt.—ns. Mortgagee′, one to whom a mortgage is made or given; Mort′gager. [O. Fr., mort, dead, gage, a pledge.]

Mortier, mor′tye, n. a cap of state worn by legal functionaries in France.

Mortiferous, mor-tif′ėr-us, adj. death-bringing: fatal. [L. mors, death, ferre, to bring.]

Mortify, mor′ti-fī, v.t. to destroy the vital functions of: to subdue by severities and penance: to vex: to humble: (Scots law) to dispose of by mortification.—v.i. to lose vitality, to gangrene: to be subdued:—pa.t. and pa.p. mor′tified.—ns. Mortificā′tion, act of mortifying or state of being mortified: the death of one part of an animal body: a bringing under of the passions and appetites by a severe or strict manner of living: humiliation: vexation: that which mortifies or vexes: (Scots law) a bequest to some charitable institution; Mor′tifiedness, subjugation of the passions; Mor′tifier, one who mortifies.—adj. Mor′tifying, tending to mortify or humble: humiliating: vexing. [Fr.,—Low L. mortificāre, to cause death to—mors death, facĕre, to make.]

Mortise, mor′tis, n. a cavity cut into a piece of timber to receive the tenon, a projection on another piece made to fit it: stability, power of adhesion—also Mor′tice.—v.t. to cut a mortise in: to join by a mortise and tenon. [Fr. mortaise; ety. unknown.]

Mortmain, mort′mān, n. the transfer of property to a corporation, which is said to be a dead hand, or one that can never part with it again.—Statutes of mortmain, acts of parliament restricting or forbidding the giving of property to religious houses. [Fr. mort, dead, main—L. manus, the hand.]

Mortuary, mort′ū-ar-i, n. adj. belonging to the burial of the dead.—n. a burial-place, place for the temporary reception of the dead: a gift claimed by the minister of a parish on the death of a parishioner. [Low L.,—L. mortuus, dead, mori, to die.]

Morula, mor′ū-la, n. condition of an ovum after complete segmentation: button-scurvy.

Morus, mō′rus, n. a genus of trees or shrubs of the nettle family—the mulberries. [L.]

Mosaic, mö-zā′ik, n. a kind of work in which designs are formed by small pieces of coloured marble, glass, &c. cemented on a ground of stucco, or inlaid upon metal.—adj. relating to, or composed of, mosaic.—adv. Mosā′ically.—n. Mosā′icist.—Mosaic gold, an alloy of copper and zinc—also Ormolu. [Fr.,—L. musæum or musivum (opus), mosaic (work)—Gr. mouseios—Mousa, a muse.]

Mosaic, mō-zā′ik, adj. pertaining to Moses, the great Jewish lawgiver.—n. Mō′saism.—Mosaic Law, the law of the Jews given by Moses at Mount Sinai.

Mosausaurus, mō-sa-saw′rus, n. the typical genus of a group of huge fossil marine reptiles, found in the Cretaceous strata of Europe and America. [L. Mosa, the river Meuse, Gr. sauros, a lizard.]

Moschatel, mos′ka-tel, n. a plant with pale-green flowers and a musky smell. [Fr. moscatelline—Low L. moschatellina—muscus, musk.]

Mose, mōz, n. (Shak.) a disease of horses.—v.i. to have this. [Prob. Old High Ger. māsā, a spot.]

Moselle, mo-zel′, n. light wines from the district of the river Moselle, with an aromatic flavour.

Moslem, moz′lem, n. a Mussulman or Mohammedan.—adj. of or belonging to the Mohammedans.—n. Mos′lemism. [Ar. muslim, pl. muslimīn—salama, to submit (to God). Doublet Mussulman.]

Moslings, moz′lingz, n.pl. the thin shavings taken off by the currier in dressing skins. [Morsel.]

Mosque, mosk, n. a Mohammedan place of worship. [Fr.,—Sp. mezquita—Ar. masjid—sajada, to pray.]

Mosquito, mos-kē′to, n. a biting gnat, common in tropical countries:—pl. Mosqui′toes.—Mosquito canopy, curtain, net, an arrangement of netting set over a bed, in a window, &c., to keep out mosquitoes. [Sp., dim. of mosca, a fly—L. musca.]

Moss, mos, n. a family of flowerless plants with branching stems and narrow, simple leaves: popularly any small cryptogamic plant, esp. a lichen: a piece of ground covered with moss: a bog.—v.t. to cover with moss.—ns. Moss′-back, an old fish: a person of antiquated views; Moss′-cheep′er (Scot.), the titlark.—adj. Moss′-grown, covered with moss.—ns. Moss′-hag (Scot.), a pit or slough in a bog; Moss′iness; Moss′-land, land abounding in peat-bogs; Moss′-rose, a variety of rose having a moss-like growth on and below the calyx; Moss′troop′er, one of the robbers that used to infest the mosses of the Border.—adj. Moss′y, overgrown or abounding with moss.—Iceland moss (see Iceland). [A.S. meós; Dut. mos, Ger. moos.]

Moss-bunker, mos′-bung-kėr, n. the menhaden. [Dut. mars-banker, the scad or horse-mackerel.]

Most, mōst, adj. (superl. of More), greatest in age, position or rank, number, degree, &c.—adv. in the highest degree.—n. the greatest number or quantity.—advs. Most′ly; Most′what (Spens.), for the most part, mostly.—At (the) most, to the utmost extent; For the most part, chiefly; Make the most of (see Make). [A.S. mǽst; cog. with Ger. meist.]

Mot, mō, n. a pithy or witty saying.—Mot d'ordre, word of command. [Fr.]

Mot, mot, n. a note on the bugle, &c., or its mark in musical notation. [Fr.,—L. muttum, a murmur.]

Motatorious, mō-ta-tō′ri-us, adj. vibratory, excessively mobile—of long-legged spiders and crane-flies, &c. [L. motāre, -ātum to keep moving, freq. of movēre, to move.]

Mote, mōt, n. a particle of dust: a speck: a stain or blemish: anything very small.—adjs. Mōt′ed, Mot′ty, containing motes. [A.S. mot; Dut. mot.]

Motet, mo-tet′, n. a sacred cantata of several unconnected movements, as a solo, trio, chorus, fugue, &c.: a choral composition having a biblical or similar prose text.—n. Motet′tist, a composer of such. [Fr.,—It. mottetto—motto, saying.]

Moth., moth, n. a family of insects like butterflies, seen mostly at night: the larva of this insect which gnaws cloth: that which eats away gradually and silently.—v.t. Moth′-eat, to prey upon, as a moth eats a garment.—adj. Moth′-eat′en, eaten or cut by moths.—n. Moth′-hunt′er, a little kind of swallow which hunts moths, &c., called also the Goatsucker.—adj. Moth′y, full of moths.—Death's-head moth, (see Death). [A.S. moþþe, mohþe; Ger. motte.]

Mother, muth′ėr, n. a female parent, esp. one of the human race: a woman in relation to her child: a matron: that which has produced anything: the female head of a religious house: a familiar term of address to an old woman.—adj. received by birth, as it were from one's mother: natural: acting the part of a mother: originating.—v.t. to adopt as a son or daughter.—ns. Moth′er-church, the church from which others have sprung; Moth′er-coun′try, -land, the country of one's birth: the country from which a colony has gone out; Moth′erhood, state of being a mother; Moth′ering, a rural English custom of visiting one's parents on Mid-Lent Sunday; Moth′er-in-law, the mother of one's husband or wife.—adj. Moth′erless, without a mother.—n. Moth′erliness.—adj. Moth′erly, pertaining to, or becoming, a mother: like a mother: parental: tender.—ns. Moth′er-of-pearl′, the nacreous internal layer of the shells of several molluscs, esp. of the pearl-oyster, so called because producing the pearl; Moth′er's-mark, a birth-mark; Moth′er-tongue, a person's native language: a language from which another has its origin; Moth′er-wa′ter, the residual liquid remaining after the chemical substances it contained have been crystallised or precipitated; Moth′er-wit, native wit: common-sense; Moth′er-wort, a labiate plant growing in waste places; Queen′-moth′er, the mother of a reigning sovereign.—Mother Carey's chicken, the stormy petrel, or other bird of the same family; Mother-Hubbard, a woman's loose flowing gown, like that proper to the nursery heroine.—Every mother's son, all, without exception. [A.S. móder; Dut. moeder, Ice. móðir, Ger. mutter, Ir. and Gael. mathair, L. mater, Gr. mētēr, Sans, mátá, mátri.]

Mother, muthėr, n. dregs or sediments, as of vinegar.—v.i. to become concreted.—adj. Moth′ery. [Mud.]

Motif, mō-tēf′, n. an old form of motive: a theme or ground for intellectual action, or a leading subject in a dramatic work: in a musical composition the principal subject on which the movement is constructed. [Fr.,—L. motus, moved.]

Motion, mō′shun, n. the act or state of moving: a single movement: change of posture: gait: power of moving or of being moved: angular velocity—direct when from west to east; retrograde when from east to west: excitement of the mind: any natural impulse, instigation: proposal made, esp. in an assembly: an application to a court, during a case before it, for an order or rule that something be done, esp. something incidental to the progress of the cause rather than its issue: evacuation of the intestine: (pl., B.) impulses.—v.i. to make a significant movement, to offer a proposal.—v.t. to guide by a gesture, &c.: to move.—adj. Mō′tile, capable of spontaneous motion.—n. Motil′ity.—adj. Mo′tional, characterised by motions.—n. Mō′tionist, one who makes a motion.—adj. Mō′tionless, without motion.—Absolute motion, change of absolute place; Accelerated motion, motion of which the velocity is continually increasing; Angular motion, motion regarded as measured by the increase of the angle made with some standard direction by a line drawn from the moving object to a fixed point; Laws of motion, Newton's three laws: (1) Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, except so far as it may be compelled by force to change that state; (2) Change of motion is proportional to force applied, and takes place in the direction of the straight line in which the force acts; (3) To every action there is always an equal and contrary reaction; Parallel motion (see Parallel); Perpetual motion (see Perpetual); Quantity of motion, momentum. [Fr.,—L.,—movēre, mōtum, to move.]

Motive, mō′tiv, adj. causing motion: having power to cause motion.—n. that which moves or excites to action: inducement: reason.—v.t. to act on as a motive, instigate.—v.t. Mō′tivāte, to act on as a motive, induce.—n. Motivā′tion.—adj. Mōtiveless.—ns. Mō′tivelessness; Mō′tive-power, or -force, the force acting upon a body so as to cause it to move; Motiv′ity, power of producing motion: the quality of being influenced by motion. [Fr., through Low L., from movēre, mōtum to move.]

Motley, mot′li, adj. covered with spots of different colours: consisting of different colours: composed of various parts, heterogeneous.—n. clothes made of pieces of different colours: the dress of a jester: any mixture, esp. of colours.—adj. Mot′ley-mind′ed (Shak.), having fickle and foolish thoughts and feelings.—Man of motley, a jester. [Skeat explains M. E. mottelee as through O. Fr. mattelé, clotted, curdled—Bavarian matte, curds.]

Motograph, mō′to-graf, n. a device of Edison's, used as a telephone receiver, &c., by which the variation of the friction between two conductors in relative motion is diminished periodically by the passage of a current of electricity from one to the other across the surface of contact.—adj. Motograph′ic. [L. motus, motion, Gr. graphein, to write.]

Motophone, mō′to-fōn, n. a sound-engine of Edison's actuated by aerial sound-waves. [L. motus, motion, Gr. phōnē, a voice.]

Motor, mō′tor, n. a mover: that which gives motion: a machine by means of which steam or other sources of force can be used to give motion or produce work.—adj. giving or transmitting motion.—ns. Mō′tor-car, a vehicle for the road impelled by steam, electricity, or petrol (petroleum spirit); Mō′tor-dy′namo, a dynamo used as a motor.—adjs. Motō′rial, Mō′tory, giving motion.—n. Motō′rium, that part of the nervous organism instrumental in the exertion of motor influence:—opp. to Sensorium, that which feels or perceives.—adj. Motorpath′ic, belonging to Motor′pathy or the movement cure.—Motor nerve, any nerve which transmits impulse to the muscles.—Air-motor, a machine impelled by compressed air. [Cf. Motive.]

Mottle, mot′l, v.t. to mark with spots as if stained.—n. the arrangement of spots on any mottled surface, in marble, &c.—adjs. Mott′led, marked with spots of various colours or shades; Mott′le-faced.—n. Mott′ling. [Motley.]

Motto, mot′ō, n. a short sentence or phrase prefixed in anything intimating the subject of it: a phrase attached to a coat-of-arms: a paper packet containing a sweetmeat, cracker, &c., together with a scrap of paper bearing a motto—a motto-kiss:—pl. Mottoes (mot′ōz).—adj. Mott′oed. [Low L. muttum—muttīre, to mutter.]

Moucharaby, mōō-shar′a-bi, n. a balcony enclosed with lattice-work: an embattled balcony with parapet and machicolations. [Fr.]

Moucher, mow′chėr, n. one who idles about, a loafer, a beggar—same as Micher.—v.i. Mouch, to skulk or sneak about; to live a vagabond life. [O. Fr. muchier (Fr. musser), to hide.]

Moufflon, mōōf′lon, n. a wild sheep in the mountains of Corsica, Greece, &c. [Fr.]

Mouille, mōōl-lyā′, adj. sounded in a liquid manner, as certain consonants in many French words. [Fr.]

Mould, mōld, n. dust: soil rich in decayed matter: the matter of which anything is composed: a minute fungus which grows on bodies in a damp atmosphere, so named from often growing on mould: the earth, the ground, the grave, esp. in pl. Mools (Scot.).—v.t. to cover with mould or soil: to cause to become mouldy.—v.i. to become mouldy.—n. Mould′-board, the curved plate in a plough which turns over the furrow.—v.i. Mould′er, to crumble to mould: to turn to dust: to waste away gradually.—v.t. to turn to dust.—ns. Mould′iness; Mould′warp, the mole, which casts up little heaps of mould.—adj. Mould′y, overgrown with mould. [A.S. molde; Ger. mull, Goth. mulda.]

Mould, mōld, n. a hollow form in which anything is cast: a pattern; the form received from a mould, a former or matrix for jellies, &c., also a dish shaped in such: character.—v.t. to form in a mould: to knead, as dough.—adj. Mould′able, that may be moulded.—ns. Mould′-box, a box in which molten steel is hydraulically compressed; Mould′er; Mould′-fac′ing, a fine powder or wash applied to the face of a mould to ensure a smooth casting; Mould′ing, the process of shaping, esp. any soft substance: anything formed by or in a mould: an ornamental edging on a picture-frame, &c., or (archit.) raised above or sunk below the surface of a wall, on cornices, jambs, lintels, &c.—the fillet or list, astragal or bead, ogee, cyma, &c.; Moulding-tā′ble, a table on which a potter moulds his ware; Mould′-loft, a large room in a shipbuilding yard in which the several parts of a ship's hull are laid off to full size from the construction drawings.—Moulding machine, a machine for making wood-mouldings; Moulding plane, a plane used in forming mouldings, a match-plane; Moulding sand, a mixture of sand and loam used by founders in making sand-moulds. [Fr. moule—L. modulus, a measure.]

Moulin, mōō-lang′, n. a cavity formed in a glacier by the running down of surface water, sometimes allowing a cascade to be formed. [Fr.]

Moulinage, mōō′lināj, n. the operation of reeling-off, twisting, and doubling raw silk.

Moulinet, mōō′li-net, n. the drum of a windlass, &c., on which the rope is wound: a machine for bending a crossbow. [Fr., 'a little mill.']

Moult, mōlt, v.i. to change or cast the feathers, &c., as birds, &c.—n. Moult′ing, the act or process of moulting or casting feathers, skin, &c. [L. mutāre, to change, with intrusive l.]

Mound, mownd, n. an artificial mount: a natural hillock, appearing as if thrown up by man's work: (fort.) a bank of earth or stone raised as a protection.—v.t. to fortify with a mound.—n.pl. Mound′-birds, a family of Australasian gallinaceous birds which build large mounds as incubators for their eggs.—n. Mound′-build′er, one of the primitive race which built the vast so-called Indian mounds found in the United States, esp. east of the Mississippi River. [A.S. mund, a defence; cf. Old High Ger. munt, defence, and perh. L. mons, a mount.]

Mound, mownd, n. (her.) the representation of a globe encircled with bands, and surmounted by a cross.—Also Monde. [Fr. monde—L. mundus, the world.]

Mount, mownt, n. ground rising above the level of the surrounding country: a hill: an ornamental mound: that on which anything is mounted for more convenient use or exhibition: a saddle-horse for riding: a step, &c., to give aid in mounting a horse, also a signal for mounting: (her.) a green hillock in the base of a shield: (fort.) a cavalier or raised hillock commanding the surrounding country: one of the seven fleshy cushions in the palm of the hand: (B.) a bulwark for offence or defence.—v.i. to project or rise up: to be of great elevation.—v.t. to raise aloft: to climb: to get upon, as a horse: to put on horseback: to put upon something: to arrange or set in fitting order.—adjs. Mount′able, that may be mounted or ascended; Mount′ed, raised, esp. set on horseback: (her.) raised on steps, generally three, as a cross: furnished, supplied.—ns. Mount′er; Mount′ing, the act of rising or getting higher: the act of mounting or embellishing, as the setting of a gem, &c.: that which mounts; Mount′ing-block, a block or stone to enable one to mount a horse.—Mount guard (see Guard). [A.S. munt—L. mons, montis, a mountain.]

Mountain, mownt′ān, or -′in, n. a high hill: anything very large: a wine made from mountain grapes: the extreme party in the French Revolution (see Montagnard).—adj. of or relating to a mountain: growing or dwelling on a mountain.—ns. Mount′ain-ash, the rowan-tree, with bunches of red berries, common on mountains; Mount′ain-blue, blue carbonate of copper; Mount′ain-bram′ble, the cloudberry; Mount′ain-cat, a catamount, a wild-cat; Mount′ain-chain, a number of mountains connected together in one line; Mount′ain-cork, Mount′ain-leath′er, a very light and whitish variety of asbestos; Mount′ain-deer, the chamois; Mount′ain-dew, whisky.—adj. Mount′ained.—ns. Mountaineer′, an inhabitant of a mountain: a climber of mountains: a rustic; Mountaineer′ing, the practice of climbing mountains; Mount′ain-flax, a fibrous asbestos; Mount′ain-lime′stone (geol.), a series of limestone strata separating the Old Red Sandstone from the coal-measures; Mount′ain-līon, the cougar; Mount′ain-milk, a spongy carbonate of lime.—adj. Mount′ainous, full of mountains: large as a mountain: huge.—ns. Mount′ain-rice, an awnless rice grown without irrigation on the Himalayas, &c.; Mount′ain-sheep, the bighorn of the Rocky Mountains; Mount′ain-soap, a greasy clay-like mineral, a kind of halloysite—also Rock-soap; Mount′ain-tall′ow, a mineral substance, called also Hatchettite; Mount′ain-tea, the American evergreen, Gaultheria procumbens.—Old man of the mountain, a popular name for the chief of the 11th century Hashshāshīn (see Assassin). [O. Fr. montaine—Low L. montana, a mountain—L. montanus—mons, montis.]

Mountant, mownt′ant, adj. (Shak.) rising on high. [Fr. montant, pr.p. of monter, to mount.]

Mountebank, mown′te-bangk, n. a quack-doctor who boasts of his skill and his medicines: a boastful pretender.—adj. pertaining to such, sham.—v.t. to cheat by false pretences, to humbug.—v.i. to play the mountebank.—ns. Moun′tebankery, Moun′tebanking, Moun′tebankism. [It. montambanco—montare, to mount, in, on, banco, a bench.]

Mourn, mōrn, v.i. to grieve: to be sorrowful: to wear mourning.—v.t. to grieve for: to utter in a sorrowful manner.—n. Mourn′er, one who mourns, one who attends a funeral in mourning-dress, esp. one of those related to the deceased.—adj. Mourn′ful, mourning: causing or expressing sorrow: feeling grief.—adv. Mourn′fully.—n. Mourn′fulness.—adj. Mourn′ing, grieving: lamenting.—n. the act of expressing grief: the dress of mourners, or other tokens of mourning.—ns. Mourn′ing-bride, the sweet scabious; Mourn′ing-cloak, an undertaker's cloak, formerly worn at a funeral; Mourn′ing-coach, a closed carriage for carrying mourners to a funeral; Mourn′ing-dove, the common American turtle-dove.—adv. Mourn′ingly.—ns. Mourn′ing-piece, a picture intended to be a memorial of the dead; Mourn′ing-ring, a ring worn in memorial of a dead person; Mourn′ing-stuff, a lustreless black dress fabric, as crape, cashmere, &c., for making mourning clothes. [A.S. murnan, meornan; Old High Ger. mornēn, to grieve.]

Mouse, mows, n. a little rodent animal found in houses and in the fields:—pl. Mice (mīs): one of various animals like the mouse, the flitter-mouse, shrew-mouse: part of a hind-leg of beef, next the round—also Mouse′-butt′ock and Mouse′-piece: a match for firing a cannon or mine: a small cushion for a woman's hair: (slang) a black eye, or discoloured swelling: a term of endearment.—v.t. and v.i. (mowz), to hunt for mice: to pursue slyly: to prowl: to tear as a cat tears a mouse: (naut.) to pass a turn or two of rope yarn round the point of a tackle-hook to prevent its unhooking.—ns. Mouse′-ear, a name of several plants with soft leaves shaped like a mouse's ear; Mouse′-hole, a hole for mice: a small hole or opening; Mouse′-hunt (Shak.), a mouser; Mouse′kin, Mous′ie, a young mouse; Mous′er, a catcher of mice; Mous′ery, a resort of mice; Mouse′-sight, myopia; Mouse′tail, a small plant with a spike of seed-vessels very like the tail of a mouse; Mouse′-trap, a trap for catching mice; Mous′ing, act of catching mice.—adj. given to catching mice.—adj. Mous′y, like a mouse in colour or smell: abounding with mice. [A.S. mús, pl. mýs; Ger. maus, L. and Gr. mus.]

Mousquetaire, mōōs-ke-tār′, n. a musketeer: a woman's cloak trimmed with ribbons, with large buttons, fashionable about 1855: a broad turnover linen collar worn a few years earlier.—Mousquetaire glove, a woman's glove, long-armed, loose at top, without slit lengthwise. [Fr.]

Mousseline, mōō-se-lēn′, n. fine French muslin: a very thin glass for claret-glasses.—n. Mousseline′-de-laine, an untwilled woollen cloth, in many colours and varied patterns. [Fr.]

Moustache, Mustache, mus-tash′, n. the hair upon the upper lip of men: a soldier—also Mustach′io.—n. Moustache′-cup, a cup for drinking tea, &c., having the top partly covered to keep the moustache from being wet.—adjs. Moustached′, Mustach′ioed. [Fr. moustache—It. mostaccio—Gr. mastax, mastakos, the upper lip.]

Mouth, mowth, n. the opening in the head of an animal by which it eats and utters sound: opening or entrance, as of a bottle, river, &c.: the instrument of speaking: a speaker: cry, voice, utterance: taste or flavour in the mouth: a wry face, a grimace:—pl. Mouths (mowthz).—ns. Mouth′-friend (Shak.), one who only professes friendship: Mouth′ful, as much as fills the mouth: a small quantity:—pl. Mouth′fuls; Mouth′-hon′our (Shak.), honour or civility insincerely expressed.—adjs. Mouth′less, without a mouth; Mouth′-made (Shak.), expressed by the mouth, insincere.—n. Mouth′piece, the piece of a musical instrument, or tobacco-pipe, held in the mouth: one who speaks for others.—By word of mouth, by means of spoken words; Down in the mouth, out of spirits: despondent; From hand to mouth (see Hand); Have one's heart in one's mouth (see Heart); Make a mouth, or mouths, to distort the face in mockery, to pout; Make the mouth water (see Water); Stop the mouth, to cause to be silent. [A.S. múth; Ger. mund, Dut. mond.]

Mouth, mowth, v.t. to utter with a voice over loud or swelling.—adjs. Mouth′able, sounding well; Mouthed, having a mouth.—ns. Mouth′er, an affected speaker; Mouth′ing, rant.—adj. Mouth′y, ranting, affected.

Mouton, mōō′ton, n. a sheep: a 14th-cent. French gold coin, weighing about 70 grains. [Fr.]

Movable, mōōv′a-bl, adj. that may be moved, lifted, changed, &c.: not fixed: changing from one time to another.—n. an article of furniture.—ns. Movabil′ity, Mov′ableness.—n.pl. Mo′vables (law), such articles of property as may be moved, as furniture, &c., in opposition to lands and houses.—adv. Mov′ably.

Move, mōōv, v.t. to cause to change place or posture: to set in motion: to impel: to excite to action: to persuade: to instigate: to arouse: to provoke: to touch the feelings of: to propose or bring before an assembly: to recommend.—v.i. to go from one place to another: to change place or posture: to walk, to carry one's self: to change residence: to make a motion as in an assembly: to bow or salute on meeting.—n. the act of moving: a proceeding or step: a movement, esp. at chess.—adj. Move′less, immovable.—ns. Move′ment, act or manner of moving: change of position: motion of the mind, emotion: a series of incidents moving continuously towards one end: particular arrangement of the moving parts in a mechanism, esp. the wheelwork of a clock or watch: (mil.) a strategic change of position: (mus.) melodic progression, accentual character, tempo or pace; Mov′er.—adj. Mov′ing, causing motion: changing position: affecting the feelings: pathetic.—adv. Mov′ingly.—Know a move or two, to be sharp or knowing; On the move, changing or about to change one's place. [O. Fr. movoir (Fr. mouvoir)—L. movēre, to move.]

Mow, mow, n. a wry face.—v.i. to make grimaces. [Fr. moue, a grimace.]

Mow, mow, n. a pile of hay or corn in sheaves laid up in a barn.—v.t. to lay hay or sheaves of grain in a heap:—pr.p. mow′ing; pa.t. mowed; pa.p. mowed or mown.—v.i. Mow′burn, to heat and ferment in the mow. [A.S. múga, heap; Ice. múga, swath.]

Mow, mō, v.t. to cut down with a scythe: to cut down in great numbers:—pr.p. mow′ing; pa.t. mowed; pa.p. mowed or mown.—adjs. Mowed, Mown, cut down with a scythe: cleared of grass with a scythe, as land.—ns. Mow′er, one who mows grass, &c.: a machine for mowing grass; Mow′ing, the act of cutting down with a scythe: land from which grass is cut; Mow′ing-machine′, a machine with revolving cutters for mowing lawns. [A.S. máwan; Ger. mähen; L. metĕre, to reap.]

Moxa, mok′sa, n. a cottony material for cauterising, prepared in China and Japan from Artemisia Moxa, &c.: a cone of cotton-wool placed on the skin and fired at the top for cauterisation.—n. Moxibus′tion, cauterisation by this method.

Mozarabic, mō-zar′a-bik, adj. pertaining to the Mozarabes or Muzarabes, the Christian Spaniards who lived in the parts of Spain under Moorish rule, retaining their ancient liturgy.—n. Mozar′ab, one of these.

Mozetta, mō-tset′ta, n. a short cape to which a hood may be attached, worn by popes, cardinals, bishops, abbots. [It., mozzo, cut short.]

Much, much, adj. great in size, quantity, or extent: long in duration.—adv. to a great degree: by far: often or long: almost.—n. a great quantity: a strange thing.—adj. Much′el (Spens.), much.—n. Much′ness, state of being much.—Much about it, something like what it usually is; Much of a muchness=just about the same value or amount.—Make much of (see Make); Not so much as, not even; Too much for, more than a match for. [M. E. muche, moche, muchel, mochel—A.S. mic-el; cf. Ice. mjök.]

Mucic, mū′sik, adj. derived from gums.—n. Mū′cate, a salt of mucic acid and a base.

Mucid, mū′sid, adj. slimy, mouldy—also Mū′cidous.—ns. Mū′cidness, Mū′cor.

Muck, muk, n. dung: a mass of decayed vegetable matter: anything low and filthy.—v.t. to manure with muck.—v.i. Muck′er, to make a muddle of anything, to fail.—n. a heavy fall in the mire: a coarse, dirty fellow.—ns. Muck′-heap, a dung-hill; Muck′iness; Muck′-rake, a rake for scraping filth; Muck′-sweat, profuse sweat; Muck′-worm, a worm that lives in muck: one who acquires money by mean devices: a miser.—adj. Muck′y, nasty, filthy. [Scand., Ice. myki, Dan. mög, dung.]

Mucker, muk′ėr, n. a canting person, a hypocrite, esp. a follower of the sect of J. W. Ebel of Königsberg, suspected of dirty practices. [Ger.]

Mucronate, -d, mū′kro-nāt, -ed, adj. (bot.) terminating in a short and sharp point.—n. Mū′cro, a spine-like process.—adj. Mucron′ūlate, very mucronate. [L. mucronātus—mucro, mucronis, a sharp point.]

Mucus, mū′kus, n. the slimy fluid from the nose: the viscous fluid secreted by the mucous membrane of animals.—adjs. Mūcif′erous; Mūcif′ic; Mū′ciform.—n. Mū′cigen, a substance secreted by the cells of mucous membrane, converted into mucin.—adjs. Mūcig′enous, Mūcip′arous, secreting mucus.—n. Mū′cilage, the solution of a gum in water: the gum extracted from plants.—adj. Mucilag′inous, pertaining to, or secreting, mucilage: slimy.—n. Mū′cin, an alkaline glutinous fluid forming the chief constituent of mucus.—adjs. Mūciv′orous, feeding on the juices of plants; Mū′coid, like mucus; Mūcopū′rulent, pertaining to mucus and pus.—n. Mucos′ity.—adjs. Muco′so-sac′charine, partaking of the properties of mucilage and sugar; Mū′cous, like mucus: slimy: viscous; Mū′culent, like mucus.—Mucous membrane (see Membrane). [L., cf. L. mungĕre, wipe away.]

Mud, mud, n. wet soft earth.—v.t. to bury in mud: to dirty: to stir the sediment in, as in liquors; to bury in mud.—v.i. to go under the mud like the eel.—ns. Mud′-bath, a kind of mud connected with some mineral springs into which the patient plunges himself; Mud′-boat, -scow, a boat for carrying away the mud dredged from a river, &c.; Mud′-cone, a mud-volcano.—adv. Mud′dily.—n. Mud′diness.—adj. Mud′dy, foul with mud: containing mud: covered with mud: confused: stupid.—v.t. to dirty: to render dull:—pa.t. and pa.p. mud′died.—adjs. Mud′dy-head′ed, having a muddy or dull head or understanding; Mud′dy-mett′led (Shak.), dull-spirited: spiritless.—ns. Mud′-fish, a fish which burrows in the mud; Mud′-flat, a muddy strip of shore submerged at high tide; Mud′-guard, the dash-board of a carriage; Mud′-hole, a place full of mud: an orifice in the bottom of a boiler where the sediment is collected; Mud′-lark, a man who cleans public sewers or who picks up a living along the banks of tidal rivers: a street-arab; Mud′-wall, a wall composed of mud, or one in which mud is used in place of mortar: the bee-eater. [Old Low Ger. mudde, Dut. modder.]

Muddle, mud′l, v.t. to render muddy or foul, as water: to confuse, esp. with liquor: to waste, squander, misuse.—v.i. to potter about.—n. confusion, mess: mental confusion, bewilderment.—n. Mudd′lehead, a blockhead.—adv. Muddlehead′edly.—n. Muddlehead′edness. [Freq. of mud.]

Muezzin, mū-ez′in, n. the Mohammedan official attached to a mosque, whose duty it is to announce the hours of prayer.—Also Mued′din. [Ar.]

Muff, muf, n. a warm, soft cover for the hands in winter, usually of fur or dressed skins.—n. Muffettee′, a small muff worn over the wrist. [Prob. from Dut. mof; cf. Ger. muff, a muff.]

Muff, muf, n. a stupid fellow.—v.t. and v.i. to perform awkwardly, spoil: to act clumsily, esp. in letting a ball slip out of the hands. [Prob. related to Dut. muffen, to dote; Ger. muffen, to sulk.]

Muffin, muf′in, n. a soft, light, spongy cake, eaten hot with butter: a small plate: one who dangles after a young woman: a poor ball-player.—ns. Muff′in-cap, a round flat cap for men; Muffineer′, a dish for keeping muffins hot: a metal cruet for sprinkling salt or sugar on muffins.

Muffle, muf′l, n. the thick naked upper lip and nose, as of a ruminant. [Ger.]

Muffle, muf′l, v.t. to wrap up as with a muff: to blindfold: to cover up so as to render sound dull, as a bell or a drum: to cover from the weather.—n. something used for smothering sound: a boxing-glove: a clay oven, as for firing pottery.—adj. Muff′led, wrapped up closely: dulled or deadened—of sound.—n. Muff′ler, a cover that muffles the face. [Muff.]

Mufti, muf′ti, n. a doctor or official expounder of Mohammedan law in Turkey: the dress of an officer off duty. [Ar.]

Mug, mug, n. a kind of earthen or metal cup for liquor, its contents.—ns. Mug′ger (Scot.), a tramping tinker or vendor of earthenware; Mug′-house, an alehouse; Mug′-hunt′er, one who competes at games merely for the prizes. [Ir. mugan, a mug, mucog, a cup.]

Muggins, mug′inz, n. a children's card-game played with a full pack divided equally, each in turn laying down a card face up, the first one who calls 'Muggins' when one matches another adding his card to the other's pile, the aim being to get out as soon as possible. [Ety. dub.]

Muggletonian, mug-l-tō′ni-an, n. a member of a sect founded in England by John Reeve and Lodowick Muggleton (1607-97), which lingered till well into the 19th cent. They claimed to be the two witnesses of Rev. xi. 3-6, denied the Trinity, holding grotesque anthropomorphist opinions, with many strange doctrines over and above, as that the devil became incarnate in Eve, &c.

Muggy, mug′i, adj. foggy: close and damp, as weather: wet or mouldy, as straw.—Also Mug′gish. [Ice. mugga, mist; cf. Gael. mugach, cloudy.]

Mugwump, mug′wump, n. an Indian chief: a person of great importance, or who thinks himself so: a humorous political use of the above. [Algonkin mugquomp, a great man.]

Mulatto, mū-lat′ō, n. the offspring of black and white parents:—fem. Mulatt′ress. [Sp. mulato.]

Mulberry, mul′ber-i, n. the tree the leaves of which form the food of the silkworm: the berry of this tree. [Mul- is A.S. mór- (as in A.S. mórbeám, a mulberry)—L. morus; Gr. mōron.]

Mulct, mulkt, n. a fine: a penalty.—v.t. to fine.—adjs. Mulc′tary, Mulc′tūary, imposing a fine: paid as a fine. [L. mulcta, a fine.]

Mule, mūl, n. the offspring of the horse and ass: an instrument for cotton-spinning: an obstinate person.—ns. Mūle′-deer, the black-tail of North America; Mūleteer′, one who drives mules.—adj. Mūl′ish, like a mule: obstinate.—adv. Mūl′ishly.—n. Mūl′ishness. [A.S. mul—L. mulus, mule.]

Muley, mū′li, adj. hornless.—n. any cow.—Also Mool′y, Mul′ley.

Muliebrity, mū-li-eb′ri-ti, n. womanhood: effeminacy, softness.—adj. Mul′ierōse, fond of women.—n. Mulieros′ity. [L.,—mulier, a woman.]

Mull, mul, n. a muddle or mess.—v.t. to break to pieces: to confuse, muddle.

Mull, mul, v.t. to warm, spice, and sweeten (wine, ale, &c.).—v.i. to toil on, moil: to bustle about.—adj. Mulled.—n. Mull′er. [M. E. molde-ale, a funeral banquet, molde, grave earth, and ale=feast.]

Mullen, Mullein, mul′en, n. any plant of genus Verbascum.—Also Hag-taper, Adam's flannel, Aaron's rod, Shepherd's club.

Muller, mul′ėr, n. a glass pestle for mixing paints: a mechanical pulveriser.

Mullet, mul′et, n. a genus of fishes nearly cylindrical in form, highly esteemed for the table. [Fr. mulet—L. mullus, the red mullet.]

Mullet, mul′et, n. the rowel of a spur: (her.) a five-pointed star—a mark of cadency, indicating the third son. [O. Fr. molette—L. mola, a mill.]

Mulligatawny, mul-i-ga-taw′ni, n. an East Indian curry-soup. [Tamil milagu-tannīr, pepper-water.]

Mullion, mul′yun, n. an upright division between the lights of windows, between panels, &c.—v.t. to shape into divisions by mullions.—adj. Mull′ioned. [Same as munnion, from Fr. moignon, a stump—L. mancus, maimed.]

Mulsh, mulsh, n. loose material, strawy dung, &c., laid down to protect the roots of plants—also Mulch.—v.t. to cover with mulsh.—adj. soft.

Multangular, mult-ang′gul-ar, adj. having many angles or corners.—adv. Multang′ularly.—n. Multang′ularness.

Multanimous, mul-tan′i-mus, adj. having various faculties and powers of mind, many-sided.

Multarticulate, mul-tar-tik′ū-lāt, adj. many-jointed.—Also Multiartic′ulate.

Multicapitate, mul-ti-kap′i-tāt, adj. having many heads.—Also Multicip′ital.

Multicarinate, mul-ti-kar′i-nāt, adj. having many keel-like ridges, as the shells of certain molluscs.

Multicentral, mul-ti-sen′tral, adj. having many centres, esp. of organic development.

Multicharge, mul′ti-charj, adj. having, or capable of containing, several charges.

Multicolour, mul′ti-kul-ur, adj. having many colours—also Mul′ticoloured.—adj. Multicol′ourous, of many colours, parti-coloured.

Multicostate, mul-ti-kos′tāt, adj. (bot.) palmately nerved: (zool.) having many ribs, ridges, or costæ.

Multicuspid, mul-ti-kus′pid, adj. having more than two cusps—also Multicus′pidāte.—n. a multicuspid tooth.

Multicycle, mul′ti-sī-kl, n. a velocipede with more than three wheels, intended to carry several men.

Multidentate, mul-ti-den′tāt, adj. having many teeth or tooth-like processes.—adj. Multidentic′ulate, having many denticulations or fine teeth.

Multidigitate, mul-ti-dij′i-tāt, adj. having many fingers, toes, or digitate processes.

Multidimensional, mul-ti-di-men′shun-al, adj. (math.) of more than three dimensions.

Multifarious, mul-ti-fā′ri-us, adj. having great diversity: made up of many parts: manifold: (bot.) in many rows or ranks.—adv. Multifā′riously.—n. Multifā′riousness, the state of being multifarious: multiplied variety: (law) the fault of improperly joining in one bill distinct and independent matters, and thereby confounding them. [L. multus, many, varius, diverse.]

Multifid, mul′ti-fid, adj. having many fissions or divisions, cleft into many parts, lobes, or segments.—Also Multif′idous.

Multiflagellate, mul-ti-flaj′e-lāt, adj. having many flagella, or whip-like appendages.

Multifoil, mul′ti-foil, adj. having more than five foils or arcuate divisions.—n. multifoil ornament.

Multiform, mul′ti-form, adj. having many forms, polymorphic.—n. that which is multiform.—n. Multiform′ity.

Multigranulate, mul-ti-gran′ū-lāt, adj. having or consisting of many grains.

Multijugous, mul-ti-jōō′gus, adj. (bot.) consisting of many pairs of leaflets.—Also Multiju′gate.

Multilineal, mul-ti-lin′e-al, adj. having many lines.—Also Multilin′ear.

Multilobate, mul-ti-lō′bāt, adj. having, or consisting of, many lobes.—adjs. Mul′tilobed, having many lobes; Multilob′ular, having many lobules.

Multilocular, mul-ti-lok′ū-lar, adj. having many cells, chambers, or compartments.—Also Multiloc′ulate.

Multiloquence, mul-til′o-kwens, n. verbosity.—adj. Multil′oquent—also Multiloq′uous.

Multinodal, mul-ti-nō′dal, adj. having many nodes.—Also Multinō′date, Multinō′dous.

Multinominous, mul-ti-nom′i-nus, adj. having many names or terms.—Also Multinom′inal.

Multinucleate, mul-ti-nū′klē-āt, adj. having many or several nuclei, as a cell—also Multinū′clear, Multinū′cleated.—adj. Multinū′cleolate, having many or several nucleoli.

Multiovulate, mul-ti-ō′vū-lāt, adj. (bot.) containing, or bearing, many ovules.

Multipara, mul-tip′a-ra, n. a woman who has had two or more children:—opp. to Primipara.

Multiparous, mul-tip′a-rus, adj. producing many at a birth.—n. Multipar′ity, plural birth.

Multiped, mul′ti-ped, n. an insect having many feet. [L. multus, many, pes, pedis, foot.]

Multiple, mul′ti-pl, adj. having many folds or parts: repeated many times.—n. a number or quantity which contains another an exact number of times.—n. Mul′tiplepoinding (Scots law), a process by which a person who has funds claimed by more than one, in order not to have to pay more than once, brings them all into court that one of them may establish his right.—Common multiple, a number or quantity that can be divided by each of several others without a remainder; Least common multiple, the smallest number that forms a common multiple. [L. multiplex—multus, many, plicāre, to fold.]

Multiply, mul′ti-plī, v.t. to fold or increase many times: to make more numerous: to repeat any given number or quantity as often as there are units in another number.—v.i. to increase: to perform the arithmetical process of multiplication:—pr.p. mul′tiplying; pa.t. and pa.p. mul′tiplied.—adjs. Mul′tiplex, having many folds: manifold: (bot.) with petals lying in folds over each other; Multiplī′able, Mul′tiplicable, that may be multiplied.—n. Mul′tiplicand, a number or quantity to be multiplied by another.—adj. Mul′tiplicāte, consisting of more than one: (bot.) multifold.—n. Multiplicā′tion, the act of multiplying or increasing in number: the rule or operation by which any given number or quantity is multiplied.—adj. Mul′tiplicātive, tending to multiply: having the power to multiply.—ns. Multiplic′ity, the state of being multiplied or various: a great number: Mul′tiplier, Mul′tiplicātor, one who, or that which, multiplies or increases the number or quantity by which another is multiplied.—Multiplication table, a tabular arrangement giving the products of pairs of numbers from 1 to 12.—Multiplying glass, lens, a glass, lens, with a number of facets, causing an object to appear multiplied many times. [Fr.,—L. multiplex. See Multiple.]

Multipolar, mul-ti-pō′lar, adj. having many poles, as a nerve-cell or dynamo.—n. an electro-magnetic machine in which several magnetic poles exist.

Multipotent, mul-tip′o-tent, adj. (Shak.) having power to do many things. [L. multus, many, potens, -entis, powerful.]

Multipresence, mul-ti-prez′ens, n. the power of being present in many places at the same time.—adj. Multipres′ent.

Multiramified, mul-ti-ram′i-fīd, adj. having many branches.—Also Multirā′mous, Multirā′mose.

Multiserial, mul-ti-sē′ri-al, adj. having many series or rows.—Also Multisē′riate.

Multisiliquous, mul-ti-sil′i-kwus, adj. having many pods or seed-vessels.

Multistriate, mul-ti-strī′āt, adj. having many striæ, streaks, or stripes.

Multituberculate, -d, mul-ti-tū-ber′kū-lāt, -ed, adj. having many tubercles, as teeth.

Multitude, mul′ti-tūd, n. the state of being many: a great number of individuals: a crowd: the vulgar or common people.—adjs. Multitud′inary (rare); Multitud′inous, consisting of, or having the appearance of, a multitude.—adv. Multitud′inously.—n. Multitud′inousness, the state or quality of being multitudinous. [Fr.,—L. multitudo—multus, many.]

Multivagous, mul-tiv′a-gus, adj. wandering much.—Also Multiv′agant.

Multivalent, mut-tiv′a-lent, adj. (chem.) equivalent in combining or displacing power to a number of hydrogen or other monad atoms.—n. Multiv′alence.

Multivalve, mul′ti-valv, n. a mollusc having a shell of more than two valves.—adj. having many valves—also Multival′vular.

Multivoltine, mul-ti-vol′tin, adj. having more than two annual broods—of silkworm moths and their larvæ. [L. multus, much, It. volta, a turn, winding.]

Multum, mul′tum, n. an adulterant compound in brewing of quassia and liquorice.

Multungulate, mul-tung′gū-lāt, adj. having more than two functional hoofs.—n. a multungulate mammal.

Multure, mul′tūr, n. a grinding of grain, or the grain ground: the toll paid to a miller for grinding, generally in kind: the percentage of ore paid to a pulverising-mill by those using it.—v.t. Mult, to take toll from for grinding corn.—n. Mul′turer. [O. Fr.,—L. molitura, a grinding.]

Mum, mum, adj. silent.—n. silence.—interj. be silent!—interj. Mum′-bud′get, an exclamation enjoining silence.—n. Mum′chance, a silent game with cards or dice: a fool.—adj. silent. [Cf. L. and Gr. mu, the least possible sound made with the lips: imit.]

Mum, mum, n. a peculiar kind of beer made of wheat-malt, to which some brewers add oat and bean meal. [Ger. mumme, from a personal name.]

Mumble, mum′bl, v.i. to speak indistinctly: to chew softly: to eat with the lips close.—v.t. to utter indistinctly or imperfectly: to mouth gently.—ns. Mum′blement, mumbling speech; Mum′ble-news (Shak.), a tale-bearer; Mum′bler, one who mumbles or speaks with a low, indistinct voice.—adj. Mum′bling, uttered with a low, indistinct voice: chewing softly.—adv. Mum′blingly. [Cf. Mum.]

Mumbo-jumbo, mum′bō-jum′bō, n. a god worshipped by certain negro tribes in Africa: any object of foolish worship or fear.

Mumm, mum, v.t. to mask: to make diversion with a mask on.—ns. Mumm′er, one who makes sport in disguise: a masker: a buffoon; Mumm′ery, sport with a mask on or in disguise: great show without reality; Mumm′ing, the sports of mummers.—adj. pertaining to the sports of mummers.—n. Mumm′ock, an old ragged coat. [O. Fr. momer—Old Dut. mommen, to mask, mom, a mask, prob. originating in the word mum, used to frighten children while covering the face.]

Mummy, mum′i, n. a human body preserved by the Egyptian art of embalming, in which wax, spices, &c. were employed: a kind of wax used in grafting: a brown pigment: (obs.) a medicinal gum.—v.t. to embalm and dry as a mummy:—pr.p. mumm′ying; pa.p. mumm′ied.—n. Mummificā′tion.—adj. Mumm′iform.—v.t. Mumm′ify, to make into a mummy: to embalm and dry as a mummy:—pr.p. mumm′ifying; pa.p. mumm′ified.—ns. Mumm′y-case, a case of wood or cartonnage for an Egyptian mummy; Munny-cloth, the linen cloth in which a mummy was wrapped: a modern fabric resembling it, used as a basis for embroidery: a fabric like crape for mourning-dress, having a cotton or silk warp and woollen weft; Mumm′y-wheat, a variety of wheat with compound spikes—Triticum compositum. [O. Fr. mumie—It. mummia—Ar. and Pers. múmáyin, a mummy—Pers. móm, wax.]

Mump, mump, v.t. and v.i. to mumble, mutter, or move the lips with the mouth almost closed: to nibble: to cheat: to play the beggar.—ns. Mump′er, one who mumps: an old cant term for a beggar; Mump′ing-day, St Thomas's Day, 21st Dec.—adj. Mump′ish, having mumps: dull: sullen.—adv. Mump′ishly.—n. Mump′ishness.—n. Mumps, a contagious non-suppurative inflammation of the parotid and sometimes of the other salivary glands: gloomy silence. [Form of mum.]

Mumpsimus, mump′si-mus, n. an error to which one clings after it has been thoroughly exposed. [Corr. of L. sumpsimus, in the mass, by an ignorant priest who refused to correct it.]

Munch, munsh, v.t. and v.i. to chew with shut mouth.—n. Munch′er, one who munches.

Mundane, mun′dān, adj. belonging to the world: terrestrial.—adv. Mun′danely.—n. Mundan′ity. [Fr.,—L. mundanus—mundus, the world.]

Mundify, mun′di-fī, v.t. to cleanse, purify.—adjs. Mun′datory, cleansing; Mundif′icant, cleansing.—n. a cleansing ointment or plaster.—n. Mundificā′tion.—adj. Mun′dificātive. [Fr. mondifier—Low L. mundificāre—L. mundus, clean, facĕre, to make.]

Mungo, mung′gō, n. the waste produced in a woollen-mill from hard spun or felted cloth, or from tearing up old clothes, used in making cheap cloth.

Municipal, mū-nis′i-pal, adj. pertaining to a corporation or city.—n. Municipalisā′tion.—v.t. Munic′ipalise.—ns. Munic′ipalism; Municipal′ity, a town or city possessed of self-government: a district governed like a city: in France, a division of the country.—adv. Munic′ipally. [Fr.,—L. municipalis—municipium, a free town—munia, official duties, capĕre, to take.]

Munificence, mū-nif′i-sens, n. (Spens.) fortification, means of defence. [L. munīre, to fortify.]

Munificence, mū-nif′i-sens, n. quality of being munificent: bountifulness.—adj. Munif′icent, very liberal in giving: generous: bountiful.—adv. Munif′icently. [Fr.,—L. munificentia—munus, a present, facĕre, to make.]

Muniment, mū′ni-ment, n. that which fortifies: that which defends: a stronghold: place or means of defence: defence: (law) a record fortifying or making good a claim, title-deeds, or charters—preserved in Muniment chests, rooms, or houses: any article carefully preserved for its interest or value.—p.adj. Mun′iting (Bacon), fortifying, strengthening.—n. Muni′tion, materials used in war: military stores of all kinds: (B.) stronghold, fortress. [Fr.,—L. munimentum, from munīre, -itum, to fortify—mænia, walls.]

Muræna, mū-rē′na, n. the typical genus of Murænidæ, a family of eels, now limited to the European murry or moray (q.v.). [Gr. muraina, a lamprey.]

Mural, mū′ral, adj. pertaining to, or like, a wall: steep: trained against a wall, as plants.—Mural circle, a large circle marked with degrees, &c., fixed to a wall, for measuring arcs of the meridian; Mural crown, a crown of gold to imitate a battlement, given among the ancient Romans to him who first mounted the wall of a besieged city; Mural painting, a painting executed, especially in distemper colours, upon the wall of a building. [Fr.,—L. muralis, from murus, a wall.]

Muratorian, mū-ra-tō′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the Italian scholar Lodovico Antonio Muratori (1672-1750).—Muratorian fragment or canon, a list of the New Testament writings, apparently drawn up by a contemporary of Irenæus, about 170 A.D., edited by Muratori. It counts four Gospels, Acts, thirteen Pauline epistles (excluding Hebrews), 1 John, then Jude; 2 and 3 John are reckoned among catholic epistles. The Apocalypse is included.

Murder, mur′dėr, n. the act of putting a person to death, intentionally and from malice.—v.t. to commit murder: to destroy: to put an end to.—n. Mur′derer, one who murders, or is guilty of murder:—fem. Mur′deress.—adj. Mur′derous, guilty of murder: consisting in, or fond of, murder: bloody: cruel.—adv. Mur′derously.—n. Mur′dress, a battlement with interstices for firing through.—Murder in the first degree, murder with deliberation and premeditation, or that committed in the furtherance of any arson, rape, robbery, or burglary—in the second degree, murder of all other kinds; Murder will out, murder cannot remain hidden. [A.S. morthor—morth, death; Ger. mord, Goth. maurthr; cf. L. mors, mortis, death.]

Mure, mūr, n. (Shak.) a wall.—v.t. to enclose in walls: to immure. [Fr. mur—L. murus, a wall.]

Murex, mū′reks, n. a shellfish from which the Tyrian purple dye was obtained:—pl. Mū′rexes, Mū′rices. [L.]

Muriatic, mū-ri-at′ik, adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, sea-salt.—n. Mū′riate, a salt composed of muriatic acid and a base.—adj. Muriatif′erous. [L. muriaticus—muria, brine.]

Muricate, -d, mū′ri-kāt, -ed, adj. (bot.) armed with sharp points or prickles. [L. muricatus, from murex, muricis, a pointed stone.]

Muriform, mū′riform, adj. (bot.) resembling the bricks in a wall. [L. murus, a wall, forma, shape.]

Murky, murk′i, adj. dark: obscure: gloomy.—adv. Murk′ily.—n. Murk′iness—(Shak.) Murk.—adjs. Murk′some, Mirk′some (Spens.), darksome. [A.S. murc; Ice. myrkr, Dan. and Sw. mörk.]

Murmur, mur′mur, n. a low, indistinct sound, like that of running water: a complaint in a low, muttering voice.—v.i. to utter a murmur: to grumble:—pr.p. mur′muring; pa.t. and pa.p. mur′mured.—n. Mur′murer.—adj. Mur′muring, making a low continuous noise.—adv. Mur′muringly, with a low murmuring sound: in a murmuring manner.—adj. Mur′murous, attended with murmurs: exciting murmur.—adv. Mur′murously. [Fr.,—L.; imit.]

Murphy, mur′fi, n. (coll.) a potato:—pl. Mur′phies (-fiz). [From the common Irish name Murphy.]

Murra, mur′a, n. an ornamental stone for vases, &c., described by Pliny, most probably fluor-spar; it was first brought to Rome by Pompey, 61 B.C.—adjs. Murr′hine, Murr′ine, Myrr′hine.

Murrain, mur′rān, or -′rin, n. an infectious and fatal disease among cattle, esp. foot-and-mouth disease.—n. Mur′ren (Milt.). [O. Fr. morine, a carcass—L. mori, to die. See Mortal.]

Musaceous, mū-zā′shus, adj. relating to an order of plants, of which the genus Mū′sa is the type, the banana or plantain family.

Musang, mū-sang′, n. a paradoxure, or a related civet, esp. the East Indian coffee-rat. [Malay.]

Musca, mus′kä, n. a genus of insects, including the house-fly, &c.—n. Muscatō′rium, a flabellum.—Muscæ volitantes, ocular spectra like floating black spots before the eyes. [L. musca.]

Muscadel, mus′ka-del, n. a rich, spicy wine: also the grape producing it: a fragrant and delicious pear—also Mus′cadine, Mus′cat, Mus′catel.—n.pl. Mus′catels, sun-dried raisins. [O. Fr.,—It. moscadello, dim. of muscato—L. muscus, musk.]

Muscardine, mus′kar-din, n. a fungus destructive to silkworms, also the disease caused by it. [Fr.]

Muschelkalk, mush′el-kalk, n. the middle member of the Triassic system as developed in Germany, consisting chiefly of limestone—wanting in Britain. [Ger. muschel, shell, kalk, lime.]

Muschetor, mus′che-tor, n. (her.) a black spot like an ermine spot, but without its three specks.—Also Mus′chetour. [O. Fr.,—L. musca, a fly.]

Muscle, mus′l, n. an animal tissue consisting of bundles of fibres through whose contractility bodily movement is effected, the fibres of the voluntary muscles being striped, those of the involuntary (of intestinal canal, blood-vessels, and of skin) unstriped.—adj. Mus′cled, supplied with muscles.—ns. Mus′cle-read′ing, the interpretation of slight involuntary muscular movements; Mus′cling, the delineation of muscles, as in a picture; Musculā′tion, the arrangement of muscles of a body; Musculos′ity.—adj. Mus′culous, pertaining to muscle: full of muscles, strong. [Fr.,—L. musculus, dim. of mus, a mouse, a muscle.]

Muscoid, mus′koid, adj. (bot.) moss-like.—n. a moss-like, flowerless plant.—ns. Muscol′ogist, one skilled in muscology; Muscol′ogy, the part of botany which treats of mosses; Muscos′ity, mossiness. [L. muscus, moss, Gr. eidos, form.]

Muscovado, mus-kō-vā′do, n. the moist, dark-coloured impure sugar left after evaporating the juice from the sugar-cane and draining off the molasses, unrefined sugar. [Sp. moscabado.]

Muscovite, mus′co-vīt, n. a native or an inhabitant of Moscow, or of Russia: the desman or Muscovitic rat: (min.) potash mica, a silicate of alumina and potash, yellowish, brownish, or greenish, with pearly or almost metallic lustre, its thin transparent plates still used as glass—also Muscovy glass.—adj. of or pertaining to Moscow or to Russia—also Muscovit′ic.—n. Mus′covy-duck (see Musk).

Muscular, mus′kū-lar, adj. pertaining to a muscle: consisting of muscles: having strong muscles: brawny: strong: vigorous.—n. Muscular′ity, state of being muscular.—adv. Mus′cularly.—adjs. Musculocutā′neous, muscular and cutaneous—of certain nerves; Mus′culous, sinewy.—Muscular Christianity, a phrase humorously applied to that vigorous combination of Christian living with devotion to athletic enjoyments associated with Charles Kingsley and his admirers (the name was, however, repudiated by him); Muscular excitability, the contracting property of a muscle; Muscular pile, a voltaic battery employed in biological experiments; Muscular system, the whole of the muscular tissue of a body.

Muse, mūz, v.i. to study in silence: to be absent-minded: to meditate.—n. deep thought: contemplation: absence of mind: the inspiring power, as of a poet.—adj. Mused, bemused, muzzy, fuddled.—n. Mus′er.—adv. Mus′ingly. [Fr. muser, to loiter (It. musare); acc. to Diez and Skeat, from O. Fr. muse (Fr. museau), the snout of an animal. Others explain Fr. muser as from Low L. mussāre—L. mussāre, to murmur.]

Muse, mūz, n. one of the nine goddesses of poetry, music, and the other liberal arts—daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne: an inspiring poetic inspiration: (Milt.) an inspired poet.—Names of the Muses:—Calliope, of epic poetry; Clio, of history; Erato, of amatory poetry; Euterpe, of lyric poetry; Melpomene, of tragedy; Polyhymnia, of lyric poetry and eloquence; Terpsichore, of dancing; Thalia, of comedy; Urania, of astronomy. [Fr.,—L. musa—Gr. mousa.]

Muset, mūz′et, n. (Shak.) a gap in a fence or thicket through which an animal passes.

Musette, mū-zet′, n. a small oboe: an old French bagpipe: a simple pastoral melody.

Museum, mū-zē′um, n. a collection of natural, scientific, or other curiosities, or of works of art.—ns. Museol′ogy, the science of arranging—Museog′raphy, of describing, museums. [L.,—Gr. mouseion; cf. Muse.]

Mush, mush, n. meal boiled in water, esp. Indian meal: anything pulpy.—adj. Mush′y, soft, pulpy. [Prob. mash.]

Mush, mush, v.t. to notch, a dress-fabric ornamentally at the side with a stamp. [Prob. a form of mesh.]

Mushroom, mush′rōōm, n. the common name of certain fungi, esp. such as are edible: (fig.) one who rises suddenly from a low condition: an upstart.—n. Mush′room-spawn, the substance in which the reproductive mycelium of the mushroom is embodied. [O. Fr. mousseron, through mousse, moss—Old High Ger. mos (Ger. moos, moss).]

Music, mū′zik, n. a connected series of sweet sounds: melody or harmony: the science which treats of harmony: the art of combining sounds so as to please the ear: a musical composition: (U.S.) heated argument, also amusement.—adj. Mū′sical, pertaining to, or producing, music: pleasing to the ear: melodious.—adv. Mū′sicallly.—ns. Mū′sicalness; Mū′sic-case, -fō′lio, -hold′er, &c., a roll, cabinet, &c. for carrying sheet music; Mū′sic-demy′, a size of writing-paper, 20¾ in. × 14⅜ in.; Mū′sic-hall, a public hall for musical entertainments, esp. when varied by dancing, variety performances, &c., often with concomitant smoking and drinking; Mū′sic-house, a place for public musical entertainments: a firm dealing in music or musical instruments; Musi′cian, one skilled in music: a performer of music—(obs.) Musi′cianer.—adv. Musi′cianly.—ns. Musi′cianship; Mū′sic-mas′ter, or -mis′tress, a man or a woman who teaches music; Mū′sic-of-the-spheres (see Harmony); Mū′sic-pā′per, paper ruled with staffs for writing music in; Mū′sic-pen, a pen marking at once a series of fine parallel lines for music; Mū′sic-rack, a rack attached to a musical instrument for holding the player's music; Mū′sic-record′er, a device for recording music as played on an organ, pianoforte, &c.; Mū′sic-school, a place where music is regularly taught, a conservatory; Mū′sic-shell, a Gasteropod of the Caribbean Sea, marked with figures like printed music; Mū′sic-stand, a music-rack: a raised platform for a musical band; Mū′sic-stool, a stool or chair, generally adjustable in height, for the performer on the pianoforte, &c.; Mū′sic-wire, wire such as the strings of musical instruments are made of.—Music (-al) box, a case containing a mechanism contrived, when the spring is wound up, to reproduce melodies; Music club, a meeting for practising music.—Musical director, the conductor of an orchestra, &c.; Musical glasses (see Harmonica, under Harmonium). [Fr. musique—L. musica—Gr. mousikē (technē, art), mousa, a muse.]

Musing, mūz′ing, n. the act of one who muses: contemplation: meditation.—adj. meditative, preoccupied.—adv. Mus′ingly.

Musk, musk, n. a strong perfume, obtained from the male musk-deer, or the odour thereof: a hornless deer, in Tibet and Nepaul, yielding musk.—v.t. to perfume with musk.—ns. Musk (bot.), a name given to a number of plants which smell more or less strongly of musk; Musk′-bag, -ball, a bag, ball, containing musk as a perfuming sachet; Musk′-cat, a civet-cat: a scented effeminate dandy; Musk′-cāv′y, a West Indian echimyine rat-like rodent; Musk′-deer, a hornless deer, native of Central Asia, which produces the perfume called musk; Musk′-duck, the Muscovy-duck, so called from its musky odour; Musk′-gland, a skin-pit in mammals producing a secretion with a musky odour, esp. in the male musk-deer and male beaver.—adv. Musk′ily.—ns. Musk′iness; Musk′-mall′ow, an ornamental species of mallow, with faint odour of musk; Musk′-melon, the juicy edible fruit of a trailing herb (Cucumis melo), or the plant; Musk′-ox, a ruminant of arctic America, with long smooth hair, its horns meeting in a shield over the forehead, exhaling a strong musky smell; Musk′-pear, a fragrant variety of pear; Musk′-plum, a fragrant kind of plum; Musk′-rat, a North American aquatic, arvicoline, rat-like rodent, yielding a valuable fur, and secreting in its gland a substance with a musky smell—also Mus′quash; Musk′-rose, a fragrant species of rose.—adj. Musk′y, having the odour of musk. [Fr. musc—L. muscus, Gr. moschos—Pers. musk—Sans. mushka, a testicle.]

Musket, mus′ket, n. any kind of smooth-bore military hand-gun: a male sparrow-hawk.—ns. Musketeer′, a soldier armed with a musket; Musketoon′, Musquetoon′, a short musket: one armed with a musketoon.—adj. Mus′ket-proof, capable of resisting the force of a musket-ball.—ns. Mus′ket-rest, a fork used as a support for the heavy 16th-century musket—also Croc; Mus′ketry, muskets in general; practice with muskets: a body of troops armed with muskets; Mus′ket-shot, the discharge of a musket, the reach of a musket. [O. Fr. mousquet, a musket, formerly a hawk—It. mosquetto—L. musca, a fly.]

Muslin, muz′lin, n. a fine soft cotton fabric resembling gauze in appearance, but woven plain without any looping of the warp threads on the weft—generally uncoloured: a coarser fabric than Indian muslin, printed with coloured patterns, &c.: (U.S.) cotton cloth for shirts, bedding, &c.: a collector's name for several different moths.—adj. made of muslin.—adj. Mus′lined, clothed with muslin.—ns. Mus′linet, a coarse kind of muslin; Mus′lin-kale (Scot.), thin broth made without meat. [Fr. mousseline—It. mussolino, from Mosul in Mesopotamia.]

Muss, mus, n. (Shak.) a scramble: confusion, disorder.—v.t. (U.S.) to throw into confusion. [O. Fr. mousche, a fly—L. musca, a fly.]

Mussel, Muscle, mus′l, n. a. marine bivalve shellfish, used for food.—n. Mus′cūlite, a petrified mussel or shell. [A.S. muxle; Ger. muschel, Fr. moule; all from L. musculus.]

Mussitation, mus-i-tā′shun, n. the movement of the tongue or lips as if in speech, without producing articulate sounds, muttering.—v.t. Muss′itate, to mutter.

Mussulman, mus′ul-man, n. a Moslem or Mohammedan:—pl. Muss′ulmans (-manz). [Turk. musulmān—Ar. muslim, moslim, Moslem.]

Must, must, v.i. to be obliged physically or morally. [A.S. mót, móste; Ger. müssen.]

Must, must, n. wine pressed from the grape, but not fermented: potato-pulp prepared for fermentation. [A.S. must—L. mustus, new, fresh.]

Must, must, n. an occasional state of dangerous frenzy in adult male elephants.

Mustang, mus′tang, n. the wild horse of the American prairies: (U.S.) a naval officer from the merchant service in the Civil War.

Mustard, mus′tard, n. a plant of the genus Brassica, formerly classed as Sinapis, having a pungent taste: the seed thereof ground and used as a seasoning for meat, as a plaster, &c.—French mustard, mustard prepared for table by adding salt, sugar, vinegar, &c.; Wild mustard, the charlock. [O. Fr. mostarde (Fr. moutarde)—L. mustum, must.]

Mustela, mus-tē′la, n. the typical genus of Mustelidæ, the martens and sables.—adj. Mus′teline, like a marten or weasel: tawny in colour.—n. a musteline mammal.—adj. Mus′teloid, like a weasel. [L.]

Muster, mus′tėr, v.t. to assemble, as troops for duty or inspection: to gather, summon (with up).—v.i. to be gathered together, as troops.—n. an assembling of troops: a register of troops mustered: assemblage: collected show.—ns. Mus′ter-book (Shak.), a book in which military forces are registered; Mus′ter-file (Shak.), a muster-roll; Mus′ter-mas′ter, the master of the muster, or who takes an account of troops, their arms, &c.; Mus′ter-roll, a register of the officers and men in each company, troop, or regiment present at the time of muster.—Pass muster, to pass inspection uncensured. [O. Fr. mostre, monstre—L. monstrum—monēre, to warn.]

Musty, must′i, adj. mouldy: spoiled by damp: sour: foul.—adv. Must′ily.—n. Must′iness. [Doublet of moisty—L. musteus, new.]

Mutable, mū′ta-bl, adj. that may be changed: subject to change: inconstant.—ns. Mutabil′ity, Mū′tableness, state or quality of being mutable.—adv. Mū′tably.—n. Mutan′dum, something to be altered:—pl. Mutan′da.—v.t. Mū′tate, to change a vowel-sound by the influence of a vowel in the following syllable.—n. Mutā′tion, act or process of changing a vowel through the influence of one in the next syllable—the German umlaut: change: succession.—adjs. Mū′tative, Mū′tātory, changing, mutable. [Fr.,—L. mutabilis—mutāre, -ātum, to change—movēre, motum, to move.]

Mutage, mū′tāj, n. a process for arresting fermentation in the must of grapes. [Fr.]

Mutch, much, n. (Scot.) a woman's cap. [Old Dut. mutse; Dut. muts, Ger. mütze.]

Mutchkin, much′kin, n. a Scottish liquid measure of four gills, or forming one-fourth of a Scottish pint. [Scot. mutch, a cap, kin, little.]

Mute, mūt, adj. incapable of speaking: dumb: silent: unpronounced.—n. one dumb, or remaining silent: a person stationed by undertakers at the door of a house at a funeral: a stopped sound, formed by the shutting of the mouth-organs, esp. the surds t, p, k, but also applied to the sonant or voiced consonants d, b, g, and even the nasals n, m, ng: (law) one who refuses to plead.—v.t. to deaden sound.—adv. Mute′ly.—n. Mute′ness. [Fr.,—L. mutus.]

Mute, mūt, v.i. to dung, as birds. [O. Fr. mutir, esmeutir—Old Dut. smelten, to smelt.]

Mutilate, mū′ti-lāt, v.t. to maim: to cut off: to remove a material part of.—ns. Mutilā′tion, act of mutilating: deprivation of a limb or essential part; Mū′tilator, one who mutilates. [L. mutilāre—mutilus—Gr. mutilos, mitulos, curtailed.]

Mutineer, mū-ti-nēr′, n. one guilty of mutiny.—v.i. to mutiny.—n. and v.i. Mū′tine (Shak.).

Mutiny, mū′ti-ni, v.i. to rise against authority in military or naval service: to revolt against rightful authority:—pr.p. mū′tinying; pa.t. and pa.p. mū′tinied.—n. insurrection against constituted authority, esp. naval or military: revolt, tumult, strife.—adj. Mū′tinous, disposed to mutiny: seditious.—adv. Mū′tinously.—n. Mū′tinousness.—Mutiny Act, an act passed by the British parliament from year to year, to regulate the government of the army, from 1689 down to 1879, when it was superseded by the Army Discipline and Regulation Act, modified by the Army Act of 1881. [O. Fr. mutiner, mutin, riotous, meute, a sedition—L. motus, rising—movēre, motum, to move.]

Mutter, mut′ėr, v.i. to utter words in a low voice: to murmur: to sound with a low, rumbling noise.—v.t. to utter indistinctly.—ns. Mutt′er (Milt.), a murmuring; Mutterā′tion, act of muttering or complaining; Mutt′erer; Mutt′ering.—adv. Mutt′eringly, in a muttering or grumbling manner: with indistinct articulation. [Prob. imit., like prov. Ger. mustern; L. muttīre.]

Mutton, mut′n, n. the flesh of sheep: an old Anglo-French gold coin impressed with a lamb: (slang) a loose woman, hence illicit commerce: a sheep.—n. Mutt′on-chop, a rib of mutton chopped at the small end for broiling or frying.—adj. like a mutton-chop (of whiskers cut round at the ends).—ns. Mutt′on-cut′let, a steak cut usually from a leg of mutton for broiling or frying; Mutt′on-fist, a coarse, big hand; Mutt′on-ham, a salted leg of mutton; Mutt′on-head, a heavy, stupid person.—adj. Mutt′on-head′ed, stupid.—ns. Mutt′on-sū′et, the fat about the kidneys and loins of sheep; Mutt′on-thump′er, a clumsy bookbinder.—adj. Mutt′ony.—Laced mutton (Shak.), a loose woman; Return to one's muttons (coll.), to return to the subject of discussion—a humorous mistranslation of the Fr. proverb, 'Revenons à nos moutons.' [O. Fr. moton (Fr. mouton), a sheep—Low L. multo, acc. to Diez, from L. mutilus, mutilated.]

Mutual, mū′tū-al, adj. interchanged: in return: given and received, equally affecting two or more: common, conjoint, shared alike, as in 'mutual friend.'—ns. Mū′tualism, Mutual′ity.—adv. Mū′tually.—Mutual accounts, accounts in which each of two have charges against the other; Mutual insurance, a reciprocal contract among several persons to indemnify each other against certain designated losses, the system of a company in which policy-holders receive a certain share of the profits, &c.; Mutual wall, a wall equally belonging to each of two houses. [Fr. mutuel—L. mutuus—mutāre, to change.]

Mutule, mūt′ūl, n. a kind of square, flat bracket used in the Doric order of architecture, above each triglyph and each metope, having round projections like nail-heads on the lower surface.

Mutuum, mū′tū-um, n. a bailment consisting of a loan of goods for consumption, as corn, coal, &c., to be returned in goods of the same amount.

Muzzle, muz′l, n. the projecting jaws and nose of an animal: a fastening for the mouth to prevent biting, by a strap or a cage: the extreme end of a gun, &c.—v.t. to put a muzzle on: to restrain from biting: to keep from hurting: to gag or silence.—ns. Muzz′le-bag, a canvas bag fixed to the muzzle of a gun at sea, to keep out water; Muzz′le-load′er, a firearm loaded through the muzzle—opp. to Breech-loader.—adj. Muzz′le-load′ing.—n. Muzz′le-veloc′ity, the velocity of a projectile the moment it leaves the muzzle of a gun. [O. Fr. musel (Fr. museau), prob. from L. morsus—mordēre, to bite.]

My, (when emphatic or distinct) mī, (otherwise) me, poss. adj. belonging to me. [Contr. of mine, A.S. mín, of me.]

Mya, mī′a, n. a genus of bivalve shells: a clam of this genus.—n. Myā′ria, an old name for the Myidæ, a family of dimyarian bivalves.—adj. Myā′rian. [Gr. myax, a sea-mussel.]

Myalgia, mī-al′ji-a, n. a morbid state of a muscle.—adj. Myal′gic. [Gr. mys, muscle, algos, pain.]

Myall, mī′al, n. a hard, scented wood yielded by several Australian acacias, esp. good for tobacco-pipes and whip-handles.

Mycelium, mī-sē′li-um, n. the white thread-like parts from which a mushroom or a fungus is developed: mushroom spawn:—pl. Mycē′lia. [Gr. mykēs, a fungus, ēlos, a nail or wart.]

Mycetes, mī-sē′tēz, n. a kind of South American monkey, called also Howlers. [Gr. mykētēs, bellower.]

Mycetes, mī-sē′tēz, n.pl. mushrooms or fungi.—ns. Mycetol′ogy (same as Mycology); Mycetō′ma, a chronic disease of the feet and hands in India.—n.pl. Mycetozō′a, a group of fungus-like organisms, now mostly contained in the division Myxomycetes or slime-fungi.—adjs. Mycolog′ic, -al.—ns. Mycol′ogist; Mycol′ogy, the science treating of the fungi or mushrooms; Mycoph′agist; Mycoph′agy, the eating of fungi; My′cose, a kind of sugar obtained from certain lichens and fungi, as ergot of rye—also Trehalose; Mycō′sis, the presence of fungus growth within the body.—adj. Mycot′ic. [Gr. mykētēs, pl. of mykēs a mushroom.]

Mydriasis, mi-drī′a-sis, n. morbid dilatation of the pupil of the eye.—adj. Mydriat′ic.—n. a drug causing this.

Myelitis, mī-e-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the substance of the spinal cord.—ns. Myelasthenī′a, spinal exhaustion; Myelatrō′phia, atrophy of the spinal cord.—adjs. Myelit′ic, My′eloid, medullary.—ns. Myelomalā′cia, softening of the spinal cord; Myelomeningī′tis, spinal meningitis; My′elon, the spinal cord.—adjs. My′elonal, Myelon′ic. [Gr. myelos, marrow.]

Mygale, mig′a-lē, n. an American tarantula or bird-catching spider. [Gr. mygalē, a field-mouse.]

Mylodon, mī′lō-don, n. a genus of large fossil sloths.—adj. My′lodont. [Gr. mylē, a mill, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Mylohyoid, mī-lō-hī′oid, adj. pertaining to the molar teeth and to the hyoid bone.—n. the mylohyoid muscle. [Gr. mylē, a mill.]

Myna, mī′na, n. one of several sturnoid passerine birds of India.—Also Mī′na.

Mynheer, mīn-hār′, n. my lord: Dutch form of Mr or Sir: a Dutchman. [Dut. mijn, my, heer, lord.]

Myoid, mī′oid, adj. like muscle.—n. My′oblast, a cell producing muscle-tissue.—adj. Myoblast′ic.—ns. Myocardī′tis, inflammation of the myocardium; Myocar′dium, the muscular substance of the heart; Myodynā′mia, muscular force; My′ogram, the tracing of a contracting and relaxing muscle by the myograph; My′ograph, an instrument for noting and recording muscular contractions.—adjs. Myograph′ic, -al, relating to myography.—ns. Myog′raphist; Myog′raphy, a description of the muscles of the body.—adj. Myolog′ical.—ns. Myol′ogist; Myol′ogy, the part of anatomy which treats of the muscles; Myō′ma, a tumour composed of muscular tissue; Myonic′ity, the contractile property of muscular tissue. [Gr. mys, myos, muscle.]

Myomancy, mī′o-man-si, n. divination from the movements of mice.—adj. Myoman′tic. [Gr. mys, a mouse, manteia, divination.]

Myopia, mī-ō′pi-a, n. shortness or nearness of sight.—adj. Myop′ic.—ns. My′ops, My′ope, a short-sighted person. [Gr.,—myein, to close, ōps, the eye.]

Myosin, mī′ō-sin, n. an albuminous compound contained in the contractile muscular tissue.

Myosis, mī-ō′sis, n. abnormal contraction of the pupil of the eye.—adjs. Myosit′ic; Myot′ic. [Gr. myein, to close.]

Myositis, mī-o-sī′tis, n. inflammation of a muscle—properly My′itis.

Myosotis, mī-ō-sō′tis, n. a genus of annual or perennial herbs of the borage family, with alternate leaves and simple or branched racemes of bractless blue, pink, or white flowers: a flower of this genus, as the common blue forget-me-not. [Gr. mys, myos, a mouse, ous, ōtos, an ear.]

Myotomy, mī-ot′o-mi, n. the dissection of the muscles. [Gr. mys, myos, muscle, temnein, to cut.]

Myriad, mir′i-ad, n. any immense number.—adj. numberless. [Gr. myrias, myriados, ten thousand.]

Myriapod, mir′i-a-pod, (more correctly) Myr′iopod, n. a worm-shaped animal with many-jointed legs.—n. Myriap′oda, a class of jointed animals, of which some of the lower kinds have an immense number of legs. [Gr. myrios, numberless, pous, podos, a foot.]

Myrica, mi-rī′ka, n. a genus of shrubs of the sweet-gale family, including the bay-berry or wax-myrtle, yielding a tallow used for candles. [Gr. myrikē.]

Myriorama, mir-i-o-rä′ma, n. a picture composed of interchangeable parts which can be combined into a variety of pictures. [Gr. myrios, numberless, horama, a view.]

Myrioscope, mir′i-o-skōp, n. a variety of kaleidoscope, esp. a form of it consisting of mirrors so arranged as by multiplied reflection from a small piece of carpet to show how it looks covering a whole floor. [Gr. myrios, numberless, skopein, to view.]

Myristica, mī-ris′ti-ka, n. a genus of fragrant apetalous trees—the nutmegs: the kernel of the seed of Myristica fragrans, as used in cookery. [Gr. myrizein, to anoint.]

Myrmidon, mėr′mi-don, n. one of a tribe of warriors who accompanied Achilles to Troy: one of a ruffianly band under a daring leader: one who carries out another's orders without fear or pity.—adj. Myrmidō′nian.—Myrmidons of the law, policemen, bailiffs, &c. [L.,—Gr.]

Myrobalan, mī-rob′a-lan, n. the astringent fruit of certain Indian mountain species of Terminalia. [Gr. myron, an unguent, balanos, a corn.]

Myrrh, mėr, n. a bitter, aromatic, transparent gum, exuded from the bark of a shrub in Arabia.—adj. Myr′rhic.—ns. Myr′rhin, the fixed resin of myrrh; Myr′rhol, the volatile oil of myrrh. [O. Fr. mirre (Fr. myrrhe)—L. and Gr. myrrha—Ar. murr.]

Myrtle, mėr′tl, n. an evergreen shrub with beautiful and fragrant leaves.—n. Myr′tle-wax, wax from the candle-berry. [O. Fr. myrtil, dim. of myrte—L. and Gr. myrtus.]

Myself, mī-self′, or me-self′, pron. I or me, in person—used for the sake of emphasis and also as the reciprocal of me.

Mystagogue, mis′ta-gōg, n. an initiator into religious mysteries, a teacher or catechist—also Mystagō′gus.—adj. Mystagog′ic (-goj′-).—n. Mys′tagogy (-goj-), the practice of a mystagogue: the sacraments. [Gr. mystēs, one initiated, agōgos, a leader.]

Mystery, mis′tėr-i, n. a secret doctrine: anything very obscure: that which is beyond human knowledge to explain: anything artfully made difficult: (pl.) secret rites, in ancient religions rites known only to and practised by initiated persons, as the Eleusinian mysteries in Greece, &c.: a sacrament: a rude medieval drama founded on the historical parts of the Bible and the lives of the saints—the Basque pastorales are a survival.—adj. Mystē′rious, containing mystery: obscure: secret: incomprehensible.—adv. Mystē′riously.—n. Mystē′riousness. [M. E. mysterie—L. mysterium—Gr. mystērion—mystēs, one initiated—muein, to close the eyes.]

Mystery, mis′tėr-i, n. a trade, handicraft. [M. E. mistere—O. Fr. mestier (Fr. métier)—L. ministerium—minister. Prop. mistery; the form mystery is due to confusion with the above.]

Mystic, -al, mis′tik, -al, adj. relating to, or containing, mystery: sacredly obscure or secret: involving a sacred or a secret meaning hidden from the eyes of the ordinary reader, only revealed to a spiritually enlightened mind, allegorical: belonging to mysticism.—n. Mys′tic, one who seeks for direct intercourse with God in elevated religious feeling or ecstasy.—adv. Mys′tically.—ns. Mys′ticalness, the quality of being mystical; Mys′ticism, the doctrine of the mystics, a tendency of religious feeling marked by an effort to attain to direct and immediate communion with God: obscurity of doctrine; Mystificā′tion.—v.t. Mys′tify, to make mysterious, obscure, or secret: to involve in mystery:—pr.p. mys′tifying; pa.t. and pa.p. mys′tified.—Mystic recitation, the recitation of parts of the Greek liturgy in an inaudible voice; Mystical theology, the knowledge of divine things attained by spiritual insight and experience only, without authority, the process of reason, &c. [L. mysticus—Gr. mystikos. Cf. Mystery, a secret doctrine.]

Mytacism, mī′ta-sizm, n. a too recurrent use of the letter m in speech or writing.

Myth, mith, n. a fable, a legend, a fabulous narrative founded on a remote event, esp. those made in the early period of a people's existence: an invented story: a falsehood.—adjs. Myth′ic, -al, relating to myths: fabulous: untrue.—adv. Myth′ically.—ns. Myth′icist, Myth′iciser, an adherent of the mythical theory; Myth′ist, a maker of myths; Mythogen′esis, the production of, or the tendency to originate, myths; Mythog′rapher, a writer or narrator of myths; Mythog′raphy, representation of myths in graphic or plastic art, art-mythology; Mythol′oger, Mytholō′gian, a mythologist.—adjs. Mytholog′ic, -al, relating to mythology, fabulous.—adv. Mytholog′ically.—v.t. Mythol′ogise, to interpret or explain myths: to render mythical.—ns. Mythol′ogiser, one who, or that which, mythologises; Mythol′ogist, one versed in, or who writes on, mythology; Mythol′ogy, the myths or stories of a country: a treatise regarding myths: a collection of myths: the science which investigates myths; Mython′omy, the deductive and predictive stage of mythology; Myth′oplasm, a narration of mere fable; Mythopœ′ist, a myth-maker.—adjs. Mythopoet′ic, Mythopœ′ic, myth-making, tending to generate myth.—n. Myth′us, the same as myth:—pl. Myth′ī.—Mythical theory, the theory of D. F. Strauss (1808-74) and his school, that the Gospels are mainly a collection of myths, developed during the first two centuries, from the imagination of the followers of Jesus; Comparative mythology, the science which investigates myths and seeks to relate those of different races. [Gr. mythos.]

Mytilus, mit′i-lus, n. a genus of bivalves, or an individual bivalve belonging to it.—adjs. Mytil′iform, Myt′iloid.

Myxœdema, mik-sē-dē′ma, n. a diseased condition occurring in adults, generally females, characterised by a thickening of the subcutaneous tissue, most noticeable in the face, with a simultaneous dulling of all the faculties and slowing of the movements of the body. A precisely similar condition occurs in many cases where the thyroid gland has been removed for disease. [Gr. myxa, mucus, and Eng. edema.]

Myxoma, mik-sō′ma, n. a tumour consisting of mucous tissue—also Collonema. [Gr. myxa, mucus.]

Myxomycetes, mik-sō-mī-sē′tēz, n.pl. a class of very simple organisms, often claimed by botanists as fungi, generally regarded by zoologists as primitive Protozoa, living on damp surfaces exposed to air, esp. on rotting wood, and feeding on organic débris forming composite masses or plasmodia. [Gr. myxa, mucus, mykētes, pl. of mykēs, a mushroom.]

Myxopod, mik′so-pod, n. and adj. a protozoan animal having pseudopodia, as distinguished from a mastigopod, which has cilia or flagella.—n.pl. Myxop′oda, protozoans whose locomotive appendages are pseudopodia—the same as Rhizopoda.—adj. Myxop′odous. [Gr. myxa, mucus, pous, podos, a foot.]

Myxosarcoma, mik-sō-sär-kō′ma, n. a tumour composed of mucous and sarcomatous tissue:—pl. Myxosarcō′mata. [Gr. myxa, mucus, sarcōma, a fleshy lump.]

Myzontes, mī-zon′tēz, n.pl. a class of vertebrates with an incomplete cartilaginous skull, no lower jaw, and pouch-like gills—including the lampreys and hags.—adj. and n. suctorial as the lamprey, belonging to the Myzontes. [Gr. myzōn, myzontos, pr.p. of myzein, to suck.]

PRONOUNCING, EXPLANATORY, ETYMOLOGICAL, WITH COMPOUND PHRASES,
TECHNICAL TERMS IN USE IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES,
COLLOQUIALISMS, FULL APPENDICES, AND
COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED

EDITED BY
Rev. THOMAS DAVIDSON
ASSISTANT-EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA'
EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY'

London: 47 Paternoster Row
W. & R. CHAMBERS, Limited
EDINBURGH: 339 High Street
1908

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

the fourteenth letter and eleventh consonant of our alphabet, a nasal-dental: (chem.) the symbol for nitrogen: (math.) an indefinite constant whole number, esp. the degree of a quantic or an equation: as a numeral, formerly, N=90, and (N)=90,000.

Nab, nab, v.t. to seize suddenly:—pr.p. nab′bing; pa.p. nabbed. [Sw. nappa; Dan. nappe, to catch.]

Nab, nab, n. a hill-top: the projecting cavity fixed to the jamb of a door to receive the latch or bolt: (obs.) a hat. [For knab=knap.]

Nabatæan, nab-a-tē′an, adj. of or pertaining to a once powerful Arab people who formerly dwelt on the east and south-east of Palestine, identified by some with the Nebaioth of Isa. lx. 7, the Nabathites of 1 Maccab. v. 25.—Also Nabathē′an.

Nabk, nabk, n. one of the plants in the crown of thorns (Zizyphus Spina-Christi). [Prob. Ar.]

Nabob, nā′bob, n. a deputy or governor under the Mogul Empire: a European who has enriched himself in the East: any man of great wealth. [Corr. of Hind. nawwâb, a deputy, from Ar. nawwāb, pl. (used as sing.) of nāib, a deputy.]

Nacarat, nak′a-rat, n. a light-red colour, scarlet: a fabric of this colour. [Fr.]

Nacre, nā′kr, n. mother-of-pearl.—adj. iridescent.—adj. Nā′creous, consisting of nacre: having a pearly lustre. [Fr.,—Ar. nakīr, hollowed.]

Nadir, nā′dir, n. the point of the heavens diametrically opposite to the zenith: the lowest point of anything. [Fr.,—Ar. nazīr, from nazara, to be like.]

Nævus, nē′vus, n. a birth-mark: a congenital growth strictly on a part of the skin, whether a pigmentary nævus or mole, or a vascular naevus or overgrowth of capillary blood-vessels—also Mother-spot or Birth-mark—also Næve, Neve:—pl. Næ′vī.—adjs. Næ′void, Næ′vous, Næ′vose. [L.]

Nag, nag, n. a horse, but particularly a small one—(Scot.) Naig: (Shak.) a jade. [M. E. nagge—Mid. Dut. negge, negghe (mod. Dut. negge); cf. Neigh.]

Nag, nag, v.t. to worry or annoy continually: to tease or vex: to find fault with constantly:—pr.p. nag′ging; pa.p. nagged.—n. Nag′ger. [Cf. Gnaw.]

Naiad, nā′yad, n. a water-nymph or a goddess, presiding over rivers and springs:—pl. Nai′ades. [L. and Gr. naias, naiados, from naein, to flow.]

Naiant, nā′yant, adj. floating: (her.) swimming, as a fish placed horizontally across a shield. [L. nans, nantis, pr.p. of natāre, to swim.]

Naïf, nä-ēf′, Naïve, nä-ēv′, adj. with natural or unaffected simplicity, esp. in thought, manners, or speech: artless: ingenuous.—adv. Naïve′ly.—n. Naïveté (nä-ēv-tā′), natural simplicity and unreservedness of thought, manner, or speech. [Fr. naïf, fem, naïve—L. nativus, native—nasci, natus, to be born.]

Nail, nāl, n. one of the flattened, elastic, horny plates placed as protective coverings on the dorsal surface of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes: the claw of a bird or other animal: a thin pointed piece of metal for fastening wood: a measure of length (2¼ inches):—v.t. to fasten with nails: to make certain: to confirm, pin down, hold fast: to catch or secure through promptitude; to trip up or expose.—ns. Nail′-brush, a small brush for cleaning the nails; Nail′er, one whose trade is to make nails; Nail′ery, a place where nails are made.—adj. Nail′-head′ed, having a head like that of a nail: formed like nail-heads, said of ornamental marks on cloth and on certain kinds of mouldings (dog-tooth).—n. Nail′-rod, a strip cut from an iron plate to be made into nails: a trade name for a strong kind of manufactured tobacco.—Nail to the counter, to expose publicly as false, from the habit of nailing a counterfeit coin to a shop counter.—Drive a nail in one's coffin (see Coffin); Hit the nail on the head, to touch the exact point; On the nail, on the spot: immediately: without delay. [A.S. nægel; Ger. nagel.]

Nainsook, nān′sōōk, n. a kind of muslin like jaconet, both plain and striped. [Hind.]

Naissant, nās′sant, adj. (her.) rising or coming forth, as an animal newly born or about to be born. [Fr., pr.p. of naître—L. nasci, natus, to be born.]

Naked, nā′ked, adj. without clothes: uncovered: open to view: unconcealed: evident: unarmed: defenceless: unprovided: without addition or ornament: simple: artless: (bot.) without the usual covering.—adv. Nā′kedly.—n. Nā′kedness.—Naked eye, the eye unassisted by glasses of any kind; Naked lady, the meadow-saffron.—Stark naked, entirely naked. [A.S. nacod; Ger. nackt.]

Nam, nam, n. an obsolete law term for distraint.—n. Namā′tion. [A.S. niman, pa.t. nam, to take.]

Namby-pamby, nam′bi-pam′bi, n. silly talking or writing.—adj. sentimental, affectedly pretty.—v.t. to coddle. [H. Carey's nickname for Ambrose Philips (1671-1749), from his childish odes to children.]

Name, nām, n. that by which a person or a thing is known or called: a designation: that which is said of a person: reputed character: reputation: fame: celebrity: remembrance: a race or family: appearance, not reality: authority: behalf: assumed character of another: (gram.) a noun.—v.t. to give a name to: to designate: to speak of or to call by name: to mention for a post or office: to nominate: to mention formally by name a person in the House of Commons as guilty of disorderly conduct.—adjs. Nam′able, Name′able; Name′less, without a name: undistinguished: indescribable; Name′worthy, distinguished.—adv. Name′lessly.—n. Name′lessness.—adv. Name′ly, by name: that is to say.—ns. Name′-plate, a plate of metal having on it the name of a person, usually affixed to a door or a gate; Nam′er; Name′sake, one bearing the same name as another for his sake.—Name the day, to fix a day, esp. for a marriage.—Call names, to nickname; Christian name (see Christian); In name of, on behalf of: by the authority of; Proper name, a name given to a particular person, place, or thing; Take a name in vain, to use a name lightly or profanely. [A.S. nama; Ger. name; L. nomen.]

Nancy, nan′si, n. an effeminate young man, often a 'Miss Nancy.'—Nancy Pretty, a corruption of none so pretty, the Saxifraga umbrosa.

Nanism, nā′nizm, n. dwarfishness.—n. Nanisā′tion, the artificial dwarfing of trees.—adj. Nā′noid. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. nanos, a dwarf.]

Nankeen, nan-kēn′, n. a buff-coloured cotton cloth first made at Nankin in China: (pl.) clothes, esp. breeches, made of nankeen.—Also Nankin′.

Nap, nap, n. a short sleep.—v.i. to take a short sleep: to feel drowsy and secure:—pr.p. nap′ping; pa.p. napped.—Catch napping, to come upon unprepared. [A.S. hnappian; cf. Ger. nicken, to nod.]

Nap, nap, n. the woolly substance on the surface of cloth: the downy covering of plants.—v.t. to raise a nap on.—ns. Nap′-mē′ter, a machine for testing the wearing strength of cloth; Nap′piness.—adj. Nap′py. [M. E. noppe: the same as knop.]

Nape, nāp, n. the back upper part of the neck, perhaps so called from the knob or projecting point of the neck behind. [Knap, knob.]

Napery, nā′per-i, n. linen, esp. for the table: table-cloths, napkins, &c. [O. Fr.,—Low L. naparia—napa, a cloth—L. mappa, a napkin.]

Naphtha, naf′tha, or nap′tha, n. a clear, inflammable liquid distilled from petroleum, wood, coal-tar, &c.: rock-oil.—n. Naph′thalene, a grayish-white, inflammable substance obtained by the distillation of coal-tar.—adj. Naphthal′ic, pertaining to, or derived from, naphthalene.—v.t. Naph′thalise.—ns. Naph′thol, Naphthyl′amine. [L.,—Gr.,—Ar. naft.]

Napierian, nā-pē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to John Napier of Merchiston (1550-1617), the inventor of logarithms.—Napier's bones, or rods, an invention of Napier's for performing mechanically the operations of multiplication and division, by means of sets of rods.

Napiform, nāp′i-form, adj. shaped like a turnip: large and round above and slender below.—adj. Napifō′lious, with leaves like the turnip. [L. napus, a turnip.]

Napkin, nap′kin, n. a cloth for wiping the hands: a handkerchief.—n. Nap′kin-ring, a ring in which a table-napkin is rolled. [Dim. of Fr. nappe.]

Naples-yellow, nā′plz-yel′lō, n. a light-yellow pigment consisting of antimoniate of lead, originally made in Italy by a secret process.

Napoleon, na-pō′lē-on, n. a French gold coin worth 20 francs, or about 15s. 10½d.: a French modification of the game of euchre, each player receiving five cards and playing for himself: a kind of rich iced cake.—adj. Napoleon′ic, relating to Napoleon I. or III., the Great or the Little.—ns. Napō′leonism; Napō′leonist.—Go nap, to declare all five tricks—success rewarded by double payment all round.

Nappy, nap′i, adj. heady, strong: tipsy.—n. strong ale. [Prob. from nap, a sleep.]

Narcissus, nar-sis′us, n. a genus of plants of the Amaryllis family, comprising the daffodils. [L.,—Gr. narkissos—narkē, torpor.]

Narcolepsy, nar′kō-lep-si, n. a nervous disorder marked by frequent short attacks of irresistible drowsiness.

Narcotic, nar-kot′ik, adj. having power to produce torpor, sleep, or deadness.—n. a medicine producing sleep or stupor.—n. Narcō′sis, the stupefying effect of a narcotic.—adv. Narcot′ically.—n. Nar′cotine, one of the organic bases or alkaloids occurring in opium.—v.t. Nar′cotise.—n. Nar′cotism, the influence of narcotics, or the effects produced by their use. [Fr.,—Gr. narkē, torpor.]

Nard, närd, n. an aromatic plant usually called Spikenard: an ointment prepared from it.—adj. Nard′ine. [Fr.,—L. nardus—Gr. nardos—Pers. nard—Sans. nalada, from Sans. nal, to smell.]

Nardoo, när-dōō′, n. an Australian cryptogamic plant whose spore-cases are eaten by the natives.

Nardus, när′dus, n. a genus of grasses, having but one species, Nardus stricta, mat-grass.

Narghile, när′gi-le, n. an Eastern tobacco-pipe, in which the smoke is passed through water.—Also Nar′gile, Nar′gileh, Nar′gili. [Pers.]

Naris, nā′ris, n. a nostril:—pl. Nā′res.—adjs. Nar′ial, Nar′ine.—n. Nar′icorn, the horny nasal sheath of the beak of some birds.—adj. Nar′iform. [L.]

Narrate, na-rāt′, or nar′-, v.t. to tell, to give an account of.—adj. Narr′able, capable of being told.—n. Narrā′tion, act of telling: that which is told: an orderly account of what has happened.—adj. Narr′ative, narrating: giving an account of any occurrence: inclined to narration: story-telling.—n. that which is narrated: a continued account of any occurrence: story.—adv. Narr′atively.—n. Narrā′tor, one who narrates: one who tells or states facts, &c.—adj. Narr′atory, like narrative: consisting of narrative. [Fr.,—L. narrāre, -ātum—gnārus, knowing.]

Narrow, nar′ō, adj. of little breadth: of small extent from side to side: limited: contracted in mind: bigoted: not liberal: selfish: within a small distance: almost too small: close: accurate: careful.—n. (oftener used in the pl.) a narrow passage, channel, or strait.—v.t. to make narrow: to contract or confine.—v.i. to become narrow: to reduce the number of stitches in knitting.—adj. Narr′ow-gauge, denoting a railroad of less width than 4 ft. 8½ in.—n. Narr′owing, the act of making less in breadth: the state of being contracted: the part of anything which is made narrower.—adv. Narr′owly.—adj. Narr′ow-mind′ed, of a narrow or illiberal mind.—ns. Narr′ow-mind′edness; Narr′owness.—adjs. Narr′ow-pry′ing (Shak.), scrutinising closely, inquisitive; Narr′ow-souled, illiberal.—Narrow cloth, cloth, esp. woollen, of less than 54 inches in width; Narrow work, in mining, the making of passages, air-shafts, &c. [A.S. nearu; not conn. with near, but prob. with nerve, snare.]

Narthex, nar′theks, n. a former genus of umbelliferous plants, now included in Ferula: a portico or lobby in an early Christian or Oriental church or basilica. [L.,—Gr., narthēx.]

Narwhal, när′hwal, Narwal, när′wal, n. the sea-unicorn, a mammal of the whale family with one large projecting tusk. [Dan. narhval—Ice. náhvalr, 'corpse-whale,' from the creature's pallid colour (Ice. nár, corpse).]

Nasal, nā′zal, adj. belonging to the nose: affected by, or sounded through, the nose.—n. a letter or sound uttered through the nose: the nose-piece in a helmet.—n. Nasalisā′tion, the act of uttering with a nasal sound.—v.i. Nā′salise, to render nasal, as a sound: to insert a nasal letter into.—n. Nasal′ity.—adv. Nā′sally, by or through the nose.—adjs. Nā′sicorn, having a horn on the nose, as a rhinoceros; Nā′siform, nose-shaped.—n. Nā′sion, the median point of the naso-frontal suture.—adjs. Nasobā′sal, pertaining to the nose and base of the skull; Nasoc′ular, pertaining to the nose and eye, nasorbital; Nasofron′tal, pertaining to the nasal bone and the frontal bone; Nasolā′bial, pertaining to the nose and the upper lip; Nasolac′rymal, pertaining to the nose and to tears, as the duct which carries tears from the eyes to the nose; Nasopal′atine, pertaining to the nose and to the palate or palate-bones. [Fr.,—L. nasus, the nose.]

Nasard, naz′ard, n. a mutation-stop in organ-building.—Also Nas′arde.

Nascent, nas′ent, adj. springing up: arising: beginning to exist or to grow.—n. Nas′cency, the beginning of production: birth or origin. [L. nascens, -entis, pr.p. of nasci, natus, to be born.]

Naseberry, nāz′ber-i, n. an American tropical tree.—Also Nees′berry, Nis′berry. [Sp. níspero—L. mespilus, medlar.]

Nasturtium, nas-tur′shi-um, n. the water-cress. [L., nasus, the nose, torquēre, tortum, to twist.]

Nasty, nas′ti, adj. dirty: filthy: obscene: disagreeable to the taste or smell: difficult to deal with: ill-natured: nauseous.—adv. Nas′tily.—n. Nas′tiness. [Old form nasky, soft; cf. prov. Swed. snaskig, nasty, Low Ger. nask, nasty.]

Natal, nā′tal, adj. pertaining to the nates or buttocks.—n.pl. Nā′tes, the buttocks.—adj. Nat′iform. [L. natis, the rump.]

Natal, nā′tal, adj. pertaining to birth: native: presiding over birthdays.—adj. Natali′tial, pertaining to a birthday.—n. Natal′ity, birth-rate. [Fr.,—L. natalis—nasci, natus, to be born.]

Natant, nā′tant, adj. floating on the surface, as leaves of water-plants: (her.) in a horizontal position, as if swimming.—n. Natā′tion, swimming.—n.pl. Natatō′res, the swimming-birds.—adj. Natatō′rial, swimming: adapted to swim.—n. Natatō′rium, a swimming-school.—adj. Nā′tatory, pertaining to swimming: having the habit of swimming. [L. natans, -antis, pr.p. of natāre, inten. of nāre, to swim.]

Nathless, nath′les, adj. not the less: nevertheless.—Also Nathe′less. [A.S. ná thý læs, not the less.]

Nathmore, nath′mōr, adv. (Spens.) not or never the more.—Also Nath′moe. [A.S. ná thý mára.]

Nation, nā′shun, n. a body of people born of the same stock: the people inhabiting the same country, or under the same government: a race: a great number: a division of students in a university for voting purposes at Aberdeen and Glasgow. [Fr.,—L. nation-em,—nasci, natus, to be born.]

National, nash′un-al, adj. pertaining to a nation: public: general: attached to one's own country.—n. Nationalisā′tion, the act of nationalising, as of railways, private property, &c.: the state of being nationalised.—v.t. Nat′ionalise, to make national: to make a nation of.—ns. Nat′ionalism; Nat′ionalist, one who strives after national unity or independence, esp. as in Ireland for more or less separation from Great Britain: an advocate of nationalism: National′ity, birth or membership in a particular country: separate existence as a nation: a nation, race of people: national character.—adv. Nat′ionally.—n. Nat′ionalness.—National air, anthem, the popular song by which a people's patriotic feelings are expressed; National Church, the church established by law in a country; National Convention, the sovereign assembly which sat from Sept. 21, 1792, to Oct. 26, 1795, after the abolition of monarchy in France; National debt, money borrowed by the government of a country and not yet paid; National flag, or ensign, the principal flag of a country; National guard, a force which took part in the French Revolution, first formed in 1789.

Native, nā′tiv, adj. arising or appearing by birth: produced by nature: pertaining to the time or place of birth: belonging by birth, hereditary, natural, original: occurring uncombined with other substances, as metals.—n. one born in any place: an original inhabitant: (pl.) oysters raised in artificial beds.—adv. Nā′tively.—ns. Nā′tiveness; Nā′tivism, the belief that the mind possesses some ideas or forms of thought that are inborn, and not derived from sensation: the disposition to favour the natives of a country in preference to immigrants; Nā′tivist.—adj. Nativis′tic.—n. Nativ′ity, state or fact of being born: time, place, and manner of birth: the birth of Christ, hence the festival of His birth, Christmas—also a picture representing His birth: state or place of being produced: a horoscope.—Native rock, stone not yet quarried. [Fr.,—L. nativus—nasci, natus, to be born.]

Natrix, nā′triks, n. a genus of colubrine snakes. [L.,—natāre, to swim.]

Natrolite, nat′ro-līt, n. one of the most common of the group of minerals known as Zeolites.

Natron, nā′trun, n. native carbonate of sodium, or mineral alkali, the nitre of the Bible.—n. Natrom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of soda in salts of potash and soda. [Fr.,—L. nitrum—Gr. nitron.]

Natter, nat′ėr, v.t. and v.i. (prov.) to find fault.—adjs. Natt′ered, Natt′ery, peevish.

Nattes, nats, n.pl. surface decoration or diaper resembling plaited or interlaced work. [Fr.]

Natty, nat′i, adj. trim, tidy, neat, spruce.—adv. Natt′ily.—n. Natt′iness. [Allied to neat.]

Natural, nat′ū-ral, adj. pertaining to, produced by, or according to nature: inborn: not far-fetched: not acquired: tender: unaffected: in a state of nature, unregenerate: (math.) having 1 as the base of the system, of a function or number: illegitimate: (mus.) according to the usual diatonic scale.—n. an idiot: (mus.) a character (

) which removes the effect of a preceding sharp or flat: a white key in keyboard musical instruments.—adj. Nat′ural-born, native.—n.pl. Naturā′lia, the sexual organs.—n. Naturalisā′tion.—v.t. Nat′uralise, to make natural or easy: to adapt to a different climate or to different conditions of life: to grant the privileges of natural-born subjects to.—ns. Nat′uralism, mere state of nature: a close following of nature, without idealisation, in painting, sculpture, fiction, &c.: the belief that natural religion is of itself sufficient; Nat′uralist, one who studies nature, more particularly zoology and botany: a believer in naturalism.—adj. Naturalist′ic, pertaining to, or in accordance with, nature: belonging to the doctrines of naturalism.—adv. Nat′urally.—n. Nat′uralness.—Natural history, originally the description of all that is in nature, now used of the sciences that deal with the earth and its productions—botany, zoology, and mineralogy, esp. zoology; Natural law, the sense of right and wrong which arises from the constitution of the mind of man, as distinguished from the results of revelation or legislation; Natural numbers, the numbers 1, 2, 3, and upwards; Natural order, in botany, an order or division belonging to the natural system of classification, based on a consideration of all the organs of the plant; Natural philosophy, the science of nature, of the physical properties of bodies: physics; Natural scale, a scale of music written without sharps or flats; Natural science, the science of nature, as distinguished from that of mind (mental and moral science), and from pure science (mathematics); Natural selection, a supposed operation of the laws of nature, the result of which is the 'survival of the fittest,' as if brought about by intelligent design; Natural system, a classification of plants and animals according to real differences in structure; Natural theology, or Natural religion, the body of theological truths discoverable by reason without revelation.

Nature, nā′tūr, n. the power which creates and which regulates the material world: the power of growth: the established order of things, the universe: the qualities of anything which make it what it is: constitution: species: conformity to nature, truth, or reality: inborn mind, character, instinct, or disposition: vital power, as of man or animal: course of life: nakedness: a primitive undomesticated condition.—adj. Nā′tured, having a certain temper or disposition: used in compounds, as good-natured.—ns. Nā′ture-dē′ity, a deity personifying some force of physical nature; Nā′ture-myth, a myth symbolising natural phenomena; Nā′ture-print′ing, the process of printing in colours from plates that have been impressed with some object of nature, as a plant, leaf, &c.; Nā′ture-wor′ship, Nā′turism, worship of the powers of nature.—n. Nā′turist.—adj. Naturist′ic.—Debt of nature, death; Ease, or Relieve, nature, to evacuate the bowels. [Fr.,—L. natura—nasci, natus, to be born.]

Naught, nawt, n. no-whit, nothing.—adv. in no degree.—adj. of no value or account: worthless: bad.—Be naught, an obsolete form of malediction; Come to naught, to come to nothing, to fail; Set at naught, to treat as of no account, to despise. [Another form of nought. A.S. náht, náwiht—ná, not, wiht, a whit.]

Naughty, nawt′i, adj. bad in conduct or speech: mischievous: perverse: disagreeable.—adv. Naught′ily.—n. Naught′iness.

Naumachy, naw′ma-ki, n. a sea-fight: a show representing a sea-fight.—Also Naumach′ia. [Gr. naus, a ship, machē, a fight.]

Nauplius, naw′pli-us, n. a stage of development of low Crustaceans, as cirripeds, &c.:—pl. Nau′plii.—adjs. Nau′pliiform, Nau′plioid. [L., a kind of shell-fish—Gr. Nauplios, a son of Poseidon, naus, a ship, plein, to sail.]

Nauropometer, naw-rō-pom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring a ship's heeling or inclination at sea. [Gr. naus, a ship, hropē, inclination, metron, measure.]

Nauscopy, naw′skop-i, n. the art of sighting ships at great distances. [Gr. naus, a ship, skopein, to see.]

Nausea, naw′she-a, n. sea-sickness: any sickness of the stomach, with a tendency to vomit: loathing.—adj. Nau′seant, producing nausea.—n. a substance having this quality.—v.i. Nau′seāte, to feel nausea or disgust.—v.t. to loathe: to strike with disgust.—n. Nauseā′tion.—adjs. Nau′seātive, causing nausea or loathing; Nau′seous, producing nausea: disgusting: loathsome.—adv. Nau′seously.—n. Nau′seousness. [L.,—Gr. nausia, sea-sickness—naus, a ship.]

Nautch, nawch, n. a kind of ballet-dance performed by professional dancers known as Nautch′-girls in India: any form of stage entertainment with dancing. [Hind. nāch, dance.]

Nautical, naw′tik-al, adj. of or pertaining to ships, to sailors, or to navigation: naval: marine.—adv. Nau′tically.—Nautical almanac, an almanac giving information specially useful to sailors; Nautical mile, one-sixtieth of a degree measured at the Equator (=about 2025 yards). [L. nauticus—Gr. nautikos—naus; cog. with L. navis, a ship.]

Nautilus, naw′ti-lus, n. a Cephalopod found in the southern seas, once believed to sail by means of the expanded tentacular arms: a kind of diving-bell sinking or rising by means of condensed air:—pl. Nau′tiluses, or Nau′tili.—adjs. Nau′tiliform, Nau′tiloid.—Paper nautilus, any species of Argonauta. [L.,—Gr. nautilos, a sailor.]

Naval, nā′val, adj. pertaining to ships: consisting of, or possessing, ships: marine: nautical: belonging to the navy.—Naval brigade, a body of seamen so arranged as to be able to serve on land; Naval officer, an officer on board a man-of-war: a custom-house officer of high rank in the United States; Naval tactics, the science and methods of managing and moving squadrons of ships. [Fr.,—L. navalis—navis, a ship.]

Nave, nāv, n. the middle or main body of a church, distinct from the aisles or wings.—n. Nā′varch, a Greek admiral. [Fr. nef—L. navis, a ship.]

Nave, nāv, n. the hub or piece of wood, &c., in the centre of a wheel, through which the axle passes.—v.t. to form as a nave. [A.S. nafu, nave; cf. Dut. naaf, Ger. nabe.]

Navel, nāv′l, n. the mark or depression in the centre of the lower part of the abdomen, at first a small projection.—n. Nāv′el-string, the umbilical cord. [A.S. nafela, dim. of nafu, nave.]

Navicular, nav-ik′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to small ships or boats: (bot.) boat-shaped: scaphoid.—n. a bone in man and animals, so called from its shape.—n. Navic′ula, an incense-boat.—Navicular disease, an inflammation, often rheumatic, of the small bone—the navicular—in horses, below which passes the strong flexor tendon of the foot. [L. navicularis—navicula, dim. of navis, a ship.]

Navigate, nav′i-gāt, v.t. to steer or manage a ship in sailing: to sail upon.—v.i. to go in a vessel or ship: to sail.—ns. Navigabil′ity, Nav′igableness.—adj. Nav′igable, that may be passed by ships or vessels.—adv. Nav′igably.—ns. Navigā′tion, the act, science, or art of sailing ships: shipping generally: a canal or artificial waterway; Nav′igator, one who navigates or sails: one who directs the course of a ship.—Navigation laws, the laws passed from time to time to regulate the management and privileges of ships, and the conditions under which they may sail or carry on trade.—Aerial navigation, the management of balloons in motion; Inland navigation, the passing of boats, &c., along rivers and canals. [L. navigāre, -ātum—navis, a ship, agĕre, to drive.]

Navvy, nav′i, n. a labourer—originally a labourer on a navigation or canal: a machine for digging out earth, &c.—called also French navvy:—pl. Navv′ies. [A contr. of navigator.]

Navy, nā′vi, n. a fleet of ships: the whole of the ships-of-war of a nation: the officers and men belonging to the warships of a nation.—ns. Nā′vy-list, a list of the officers and ships of a navy, published from time to time; Nā′vy-yard, a government dockyard. [O. Fr. navie—L. navis, a ship.]

Nay, nā, adv. no: not only so, but: yet more: in point of fact.—n. a denial: a vote against.—n. Nay′ward (Shak.), tendency to denial: the negative side. [M. E. nay, nai—Ice. nei, Dan. nei; cog. with no.]

Nayword, nā′wurd, n. (Shak.) a proverbial reproach, a byword, a watchword.

Nazarene, naz′ar-ēn, n. an inhabitant of Nazareth, in Galilee: a follower of Jesus of Nazareth, originally used of Christians in contempt: one belonging to the early Christian sect of the Nazarenes, which existed from the 1st to the 4th cent. A.D.—Also Nazarē′an. [From Nazareth, the town.]

Nazarite, naz′ar-īt, n. a Jew who vowed to abstain from strong drink, &c.—also Naz′irite.—n. Naz′aritism, the vow and practice of a Nazarite. [Heb. nāzar, to consecrate.]

Naze, nāz, n. a headland or cape. [Scand., as in Dan. næs; a doublet of ness.]

Nazir, na-zēr′, n. a native official in an Anglo-Indian court who serves summonses, &c. [Ar.]

Neaf, nēf, n. the fist—(Scot.) Neive. [M. E. nefe—Ice. hnefi, nefi; cf. Sw. näfve, the fist.]

Neal, nēl, v.t. to temper by heat.—v.i. to be tempered by heat. [Cf. Anneal.]

Nealogy, nē-al′o-ji, n. the description of the morphological correlations of the early adolescent stages of an animal.—adj. Nealog′ic. [Gr. neos, young, logia—legein, to speak.]

Neanderthaloid, nē-an′dėr-tal-oid, adj. like the low type of skull found in 1857 in a cave in the Neanderthal, a valley between Düsseldorf and Elberfeld.

Neap, nēp, adj. low, applied to the lowest tides.—n. a neap-tide: the lowest point of the tide.—adj. Neaped, left aground from one high tide to another. [A.S. nép, orig. hnép; Dan. knap, Ice. neppr, scanty.]

Neapolitan, nē-a-pol′i-tan, adj. pertaining to the city of Naples or its inhabitants.—n. a native or inhabitant of Naples.—Neapolitan ice, a combination of two different ices. [L. Neapolitanus—Gr. Neapolis, Naples—neos, new, polis, city.]

Near, nēr, adj. nigh: not far away in place or time: close in kin or friendship: dear: following or imitating anything closely: close, narrow, so as barely to escape: short, as a road: greedy, stingy: on the left in riding or driving.—adv. at a little distance: almost: closely,—prep. close to.—v.t. and v.i. to approach: to come nearer.—adjs. Near′-by, adjacent; Near′-hand (Scot.), near—also adv. nearly.—adv. Near′ly, at no great distance: closely: intimately: pressingly: almost: stingily.—n. Near′ness, the state of being near: closeness: intimacy: close alliance: stinginess.—adj. Near′-sight′ed, seeing distinctly only when near, myopic, short-sighted.—n. Near′-sight′edness.—Near point, the nearest point the eye can focus. [A.S. neár, comp. of neáh, nigh; Ice. nær; Ger. näher.]

Nearctic, nē-ark′tik, adj. of or pertaining to the northern part of the New World—embracing temperate and arctic North America.

Neat, nēt, adj. belonging to the bovine genus.—n. black-cattle: an ox or cow.—ns. Neat′-herd, one who herds, or has the care of, neat or cattle; Neat′-house, a building for the shelter of neat-cattle.—Neat's-foot oil, an oil obtained from the feet of oxen; Neat's leather, leather made of the hides of neat-cattle. [A.S. neát, cattle, a beast—neótan, niótan, to use; cf. Scot. nowt, black-cattle.]

Neat, nēt, adj. trim: tidy: clean: well-shaped: without mixture or adulteration: finished, adroit, clever, skilful.—adj. Neat′-hand′ed, dexterous.—adv. Neat′ly.—n. Neat′ness. [Fr. net—L. nitidus, shining—nìtēre, to shine.]

Neb, neb, n. the beak of a bird: the nose: the sharp point of anything.—adj. Nebb′y (Scot.), saucy. [A.S. nebb, the face; cog. with Dut. neb, beak.]

Nebbuk, neb′uk, n. a shrub, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, one of the thorns of Christ's crown.

Neb-neb, neb′-neb, n. the dried pods of a species of acacia found in Africa, which are much used in Egypt for tanning—called also Bablah.

Nebris, neb′ris, n. a fawn-skin worn in imitation of Bacchus by his priests and votaries.

Nebula, neb′ū-la, n. a little cloud: a faint, misty appearance in the heavens produced either by a group of stars too distant to be seen singly, or by diffused gaseous matter:—pl. Neb′ulæ.—adjs. Neb′ular, pertaining to nebulæ: like nebulæ; Nebulé (neb-ū-lā′), curved in and out (her.); Neb′ulose, Neb′ulous, misty, hazy, vague: relating to, or having the appearance of, a nebula.—ns. Nebulos′ity, Neb′ulousness.—Nebular hypothesis, the theory of Laplace and Sir W. Herschel that nebulæ form the earliest stage in the formation of stars and planets. [L.; Gr. nephelē, cloud, mist.]

Necessary, nes′es-sar-i, adj. that must be: that cannot be otherwise: unavoidable: indispensable: under compulsion: not free.—n. that which cannot be left out or done without (food, &c.)—used chiefly in pl.: a privy.—ns. Necessā′rian, one who holds the doctrine of necessity; Necessā′rianism, the doctrine that the will is not free, but subject to causes without, which determine its action.—adv. Nec′essarily.—n. Nec′essariness, the state or quality of being necessary.—Necessary truths, such as cannot but be true. [Fr.,—L. necessarius.]

Necessity, ne-ses′i-ti, n. state or quality of being necessary: that which is necessary or unavoidable: compulsion: great need: poverty.—ns. Necessitā′rian; Necessitā′rianism, necessarianism.—v.t. Necess′itāte, to make necessary: to render unavoidable: to compel.—n. Necessitā′tion.—adjs. Necess′itied (Shak.), in a state of want; Necess′itous, in necessity: very poor: destitute.—adv. Necess′itously.—n. Necess′itousness.—Natural necessity, the condition of being necessary according to the laws of nature; Logical or Mathematical, according to those of human intelligence; Moral, according to those of moral law; Works of necessity, work so necessary as to be allowable on the Sabbath. [L. necessitas.]

Neck, nek, n. the part of an animal's body between the head and trunk: anything that resembles the neck: a long narrow part or corner: (fig.) life: the flesh of the neck and adjoining parts.—v.t. to break the neck or cut off the head.—ns. Neck′atee, a neckerchief; Neck′-band, the part of a shirt encircling the neck; Neck′-bear′ing, that part of a shaft which rotates in the bearing proper, a journal; Neck′beef, the coarse flesh of the neck of cattle; Neck′cloth, a piece of folded cloth worn round the neck by men as a band or cravat, the ends hanging down often of lace.—adj. Necked, having a neck of a certain kind.—ns. Neck′erchief, a kerchief for the neck; Neck′lace, a lace or string of beads or precious stones worn on the neck by women; Neck′let, a simple form of necklace; Neck′-mould, a small moulding surrounding a column at the junction of the shaft and capital; Neck′-piece, the part of a suit of armour that protects the neck: an ornamental frill round the neck of a gown; Neck′tie, a tie or cloth for the neck; Neck′verse, the verse (usually Ps. li. 1) in early times placed before a prisoner claiming benefit-of-clergy, in order to test his ability to read, which, if he could do, he was burned in the hand and set free (see Benefit).—n. Stiff′neck (see Stiff).—Neck and crop, completely; Neck and neck, exactly equal: side by side; Neck or nothing, risking everything.—Harden the neck, to grow more obstinate; Tread on the neck of, to oppress or tyrannise over. [A.S. hnecca; Ger. nacken.]

Necrolatry, nek-rol′a-tri, n. worship of the dead.—ns. Necrobiō′sis, degeneration of living tissue; Necrog′rapher, one who writes an obituary notice.—adjs. Necrolog′ic, -al, pertaining to necrology.—ns. Necrol′ogist, one who gives an account of deaths; Necrol′ogy, an account of those who have died, esp. of the members of some society: a register of deaths; Nec′romancer, one who practises necromancy: a sorcerer; Nec′romancy, the art of revealing future events by calling up and questioning the spirits of the dead: enchantment.—adjs. Necroman′tic, -al, pertaining to necromancy: performed by necromancy.—adv. Necroman′tically.—adj. Necroph′agous, feeding on carrion.—ns. Necroph′ilism, a morbid love for the dead; Necrophō′bia, a morbid horror of corpses.—adj. Necroph′orous, carrying away and burying dead bodies, esp. of beetles of the genus Necrophorus.—n. Necrop′olis, a cemetery.—adjs. Necroscop′ic, -al.—n. Nec′roscopy, a post-mortem examination, autopsy—also Nec′ropsy.—adjs. Necrosed′, Necrō′tic.—ns. Necrō′sis, the mortification of bone: (bot.) a disease of plants marked by small black spots; Necrot′omist; Necrot′omy, dissection of dead bodies. [Gr. nekros, dead.]

Nectar, nek′tar, n. the name given by Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, &c. to the beverage of the gods, giving life and beauty: a delicious beverage: the honey of the glands of plants.—adjs. Nectā′real, Nectā′rean, pertaining to, or resembling, nectar: delicious; Nec′tared, imbued with nectar: mingled or abounding with nectar; Nectā′reous, Nec′tarous, pertaining to, containing, or resembling nectar: delicious.—adv. Nectā′reously, in a nectareous manner.—n. Nectā′reousness, the quality of being nectareous.—adjs. Nectā′rial; Nectarif′erous, producing nectar or honey: having a nectary; Nec′tarine, sweet as nectar.—n. a variety of peach with a smooth fruit.—n. Nec′tary, the part of a flower which secretes the nectar or honey. [L.,—Gr. nektar; ety. dub.]

Nectocalyx, nek′to-kā-liks, n. the swimming-bell of a medusa:—pl. Nectocā′lyces.

Née, nā, adj. born: placed before a married woman's maiden-name, to show her own family, as Rebecca Crawley, née Sharp. [Fr., fem. of né, pa.p. of naître, to be born—L. nasci, natus, to be born.]

Need, nēd, n. want of something which one cannot do without: necessity: a state that requires relief: want of the means of living.—v.t. to have occasion for: to want.—ns. Need′-be, a necessity; Need′er; Need′fire, fire produced by friction, to which a certain virtue is superstitiously attached: a beacon generally.—adj. Need′ful, full of need: having need: needy: necessary: requisite.—adv. Need′fully.—n. Need′fulness.—adv. Need′ily.—n. Need′iness.—adj. Need′less (Shak.), having no need: not needed: unnecessary.—adv. Need′lessly.—n. Need′lessness.—adv. Need′ly (Shak.), necessarily.—n. Need′ment, something needed.—adv. Needs, of necessity: indispensably—often used with must, as 'needs must.'—adj. Need′y, very poor: requisite.—n. Need′yhood.—The needful (slang), ready money. [A.S. néd, niéd, nýd; Dut. nood, Ger. noth.]

Needle, nēd′l, n. a small, sharp-pointed steel instrument, with an eye for a thread—(Shak.) Neeld, Neele: any slender, pointed instrument like a needle, as the magnet or movable bar of a compass, or for knitting, etching, &c.: anything sharp and pointed, like a pinnacle of rock, &c.: an aciform crystal: a temporary support used by builders to sustain while repairing, being a strong beam resting on props: the long, narrow, needle-like leaf of a pine-tree.—v.t. to form into a shape like a needle, as crystals: to work with a needle.—v.i. to become of the shape of needles, as crystals.—ns. Need′le-book, a number of pieces of cloth, leather, &c. arranged like a book, for holding needles; Need′le-case, a case for holding needles; Need′le-fish, a pipe-fish: a garfish or belonid; Need′leful, as much thread as fills a needle; Need′le-gun, a gun or rifle loaded at the breech, the cartridge of which is exploded by the impact of a needle or spike at its base.—adjs. Need′le-point′ed, pointed like a needle: without a barb, as a fish-hook; Need′le-shaped, shaped like a needle: applied to the long, slender, sharp-pointed leaves of pines, firs, and other trees.—ns. Need′le-tel′egraph, a telegraph the receiver of which gives its messages by the deflections of a magnetic needle; Need′lewoman, a woman who makes her living by her needle, a seamstress; Need′lework, work done with a needle: the business of a seamstress.—adj. Need′ly, thorny. [A.S. nǽdl; Ger. nadel; cog. with Ger. nähen, to sew, L. nēre, to spin.]

Ne'er, nār, adv. contr. of never.—adj. and n. Ne'er′-do-well, past all well-doing: one who is good for nothing.

Nefandous, nē-fan′dus, adj. bad to execration, abominable. [L.,—ne, not, fandus, fāri, to speak.]

Nefarious, nē-fā′ri-us, adj. impious: extremely wicked: villainous.—adv. Nefā′riously.—n. Nefā′riousness.—adj. Nēfast′, abominable. [L. nefarius, contrary to divine law—ne, not, fas, divine law, prob. from fāri, to speak.]

Negation, ne-gā′shun, n. act of saying no: denial: (logic) the absence of certain qualities in anything. [Fr.,—L. negation-em-—negāre, -ātum, to say no—nec, not, aio, I say yes.]

Negative, neg′a-tiv, adj. that denies or refuses—opp. to Affirmative: implying absence: that stops, hinders, neutralises—opp. to Positive: in photography, exhibiting the reverse, as dark for light, light for dark: (logic) denying the connection between a subject and a predicate: (algebra) noting a quantity to be subtracted.—n. a word or statement by which something is denied: the right or act of saying 'no,' or of refusing assent: the side of a question or the decision which denies what is affirmed: in photography, an image on glass or other medium, in which the lights and shades are the opposite of those in nature, used for printing positive impressions from on paper, &c.: (gram.) a word that denies.—v.t. to prove the contrary: to reject by vote.—adv. Neg′atively.—ns. Neg′ativeness, Neg′ativism, Negativ′ity.—adj. Neg′atory, expressing denial.—Negative bath, a silver solution in which photographic negatives are placed to be sensitised; Negative electricity, electricity with a relatively low potential, electricity such as is developed by rubbing resinous bodies with flannel, opposite to that obtained by rubbing glass; Negative quantity (math.), a quantity with a minus sign ( - ) before it, indicating that it is either to be subtracted, or reckoned in an opposite direction from some other with a plus sign; Negative sign, the sign ( - or minus) of subtraction. [L. negativus—negāre, to deny.]

Negātur, v. it is denied. [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. pass. of negāre, to deny.]

Neglect, neg-lekt′, v.t. to treat carelessly, pass by without notice: to omit by carelessness.—n. disregard: slight: omission.—adj. Neglect′able, that may be neglected.—ns. Neglect′edness; Neglect′er.—adj. Neglect′ful, careless: accustomed to omit or neglect things: slighting.—adv. Neglect′fully.—n. Neglect′fulness.—adj. Neglect′ible.—adv. Neglect′ingly, carelessly: heedlessly. [L. negligĕre, neglectum—nec, not, legĕre, to gather.]

Negligée, neg-li-zhā′, n. easy undress: a plain, loose gown: a necklace, usually of red coral.—adj. carelessly or unceremoniously dressed: careless. [Fr., fem. of négligé—négliger, to neglect.]

Negligence, neg′li-jens, n. fact or quality of being negligent: want of proper care: habitual neglect: a single act of carelessness or neglect, a slight: carelessness about dress, manner, &c.: omission of duty, esp. such care for the interests of others as the law may require—(Shak.) Neglec′tion.—adj. Neg′ligent, neglecting: careless: inattentive: disregarding ceremony or fashion.—adv. Neg′ligently.—adj. Neg′ligible.—adv. Neg′ligibly. [Fr.,—L. negligentia—negligens, -entis, pr.p. of negligĕre, to neglect.]

Negotiable, ne-gō′shi-a-bl, adj. that may be transacted: that can be transferred to another with the same rights as belonged to the original holder, as a bill of exchange.—n. Negotiabil′ity.

Negotiate, ne-gō′shi-āt, v.i. to carry on business: to bargain: to hold intercourse for the purpose of mutual arrangement.—v.t. to arrange for by agreement: to manage: to transfer to another with all the rights of the original holder: to pass, as a bill: to sell.—ns. Negotiā′tion, act of negotiating: the treating with another on business; Negō′tiator; Negō′tiatrix.—adj. Negotiā′tory, of or pertaining to negotiation. [L. negotiāri, -ātus—negotium, business—nec, not, otium, leisure.]

Negrito, ne-grē′to, n. the Spanish name for certain tribes of negro-like diminutive people in the interior of some of the Philippine Islands—also Aëtas or Itas: in a wider sense, the Papuans and all the Melanesian peoples of Polynesia.

Negro, nē′grō, n. one of the black-skinned woolly-haired race in the Soudan and central parts of Africa, also their descendants in America.—adj. of or pertaining to the race of black men:—fem. Nē′gress.—ns. Nē′gro-corn, the name given in the West Indies to the plant durra or Indian millet; Nē′grohead, tobacco soaked in molasses and pressed into cakes, so called from its blackness.—adj. Nē′groid.—n. Nē′grōism, any peculiarity of speech noticeable among negroes, esp. in the southern United States. [Sp. negro—L. niger, black.]

Negus, nē′gus, n. a beverage of either port or sherry with hot water, sweetened and spiced. [Said to be so called from Colonel Negus, its first maker, in the reign of Queen Anne.]

Neigh, nā, v.i. to utter the cry of a horse:—pr.p. neigh′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. neighed (nād).—n. the cry of a horse—(Scot.) Nich′er. [A.S. hnǽgan; Ice. hneggja.]

Neighbour, nä′bur, n. a person who dwells, sits, or stands near another: one who is on friendly terms with another.—adj. (B.) neighbouring.—v.i. to live near each other.—v.t. to be near to.—n. Neigh′bourhood, state of being neighbours, kindly feeling: adjoining district or the people living in it: a district generally, esp. with reference to its inhabitants.—adj. Neigh′bouring, being near: adjoining.—n. Neigh′bourliness.—adjs. Neigh′bourly, like or becoming a neighbour: friendly: social—also adv.; Neigh′bour-stained (Shak.), stained with neighbours' blood. [A.S. neáhbúr, neáhgebúr—A.S. neáh, near, gebúr or búr, a farmer.]

Neither, nē′thėr, or nī′thėr, adj. and pron. not either.—conj. not either: and not: nor yet.—adv. not at all: in no case. [A.S. náther, náwther, abbrev. of náhwæther—ne, not, áhwæther, áwther, either.]

Neivie-nick-nack, nē′vi-nik′-nak, n. a Scotch children's game of guessing in which hand a thing is held while the holder repeats a rhyme beginning with these words.

Nelumbo, nē-lum′bō, n. a genus of water-lilies including the Egyptian Bean of Pythagoras, and the Hindu Lotus.—Also Nelum′bium. [Ceylon name.]

Nemalite, nem′a-līt, n. a fibrous hydrate of magnesia. [Gr. nēma, a thread, lithos, a stone.]

Nemathecium, nem-a-thē′si-um, n. a wart-like elevation on the surface of the thallus of certain florideous algæ. [Gr. nēma, a thread, thēkion, thēkē, case.]

Nemathelminthes, nem-a-thel-min′thez, n.pl. a name applied to the thread-worms or nematodes (as Ascaris, Guinea-worm, Trichina), to the somewhat distinct Gordiidæ or hair-eels, and to the more remotely allied Acanthocephala or Echinorhynchus.—Also Nemathelmin′tha.—adjs. Nemathel′minth, -ic. [Gr. nēma, a thread, helmins, -minthos, worm.]

Nematocerous, nem-a-tos′e-rus, adj. having long thready antennæ, as a dipterous insect. [Gr. nēma, a thread, keras, a horn.]

Nematocyst, nem′a-tō-sist, n. a cnida, one of the offensive organs of Cœlenterates, as jellyfish. [Gr. nēma, a thread, kystis, a bladder.]

Nematoid, nem′a-toid, adj. thread-like—also Nem′atode.—n.pl. Nematoi′dea, a class of Vermes, with mouth, alimentary canal, and separate sexes, usually parasitic. [Gr. nēma, thread, eidos, form.]

Nemean, nē′mē-an, adj. pertaining to Nemea, a valley of Argolis in the Peloponnesus, famous for its public games held in the second and fourth of each Olympiad.

Nemertea, nē-mer′tē-a, n.pl. a class of Vermes, mostly marine, unsegmented, covered with cilia, often brightly coloured, with protrusile proboscis, and usually distinct sexes.—adj. Nemer′tean. [Gr. Nēmertēs, a nereid's name.]

Nemesis, nem′e-sis, n. (myth.) the goddess of vengeance: retributive justice.—adj. Nemes′ic. [Gr.,—nemein, to distribute.]

Nemoral, nem′o-ral, adj. pertaining to a wood or grove.—n. Nemoph′ilist.—adjs. Nemoph′ilous, fond of woods, inhabiting woods; Nem′orose, growing in woodland; Nem′orous, woody. [L. nemus, -ŏris, a grove.]

Neo-Catholic, nē-ō-kath′o-lik, adj. pertaining to the short-lived school of liberal Catholicism that followed Lamennais, Lacordaire, and Montalembert about 1830: pertaining to a small party within the Anglican Church, who think they have outgrown Keble and Pusey and the great Caroline divines, and are more noisy than intelligent in their avowal of preference for Roman doctrine, ritual, and discipline.

Neo-Christian, nē-ō-kris′tyan, adj. and n. of or pertaining to so-called Neo-Christianity, which merely means old Rationalism.

Neocomian, nē-ō-kō′mi-an, adj. and n. (geol.) of or pertaining to the lower division of the Cretaceous system, including the Lower Greensand and the Wealden of English geologists. [Græcised from Neuchâtel, near which is its typical region; Gr. neos, new, kōmē, a village.]

Neocosmic, nē-ō-koz′mik, adj. pertaining to the present condition of the universe, esp. its races of men. [Gr. neos, new, kosmos, the universe.]

Neogrammarian, nē-ō-gra-mā′ri-an, n. one of the more recent school in the study of Indo-European grammar and philology, who attach vast importance to phonetic change, and the laws governing it.—adj. Neogrammat′ical.

Neohellenism, nē-ō-hel′en-izm, n. the modern Hellenism inspired by the ancient: the devotion to ancient Greek ideals in literature and art, esp. in the Italian Renaissance.

Neo-Kantian, nē-ō-kan′ti-an, adj. pertaining to the philosophy of Kant as taught by his successors.

Neo-Latin, nē-ō-lat′in, n. Latin as written by modern writers: new Latin, as in the Romance languages sprung from the Latin.

Neolite, nē′ō-līt, n. a dark-green silicate of aluminium and magnesium. [Gr. neos, new, lithos, a stone.]

Neolithic, nē-ō-lith′ik, adj. applied to the more recent implements of the stone age—opp. to Palæolithic. [Gr. neos, new, lithos, a stone.]

Neology, nē-ol′o-ji, n. the introduction of new words, or new senses of old words, into a language: (theol.) new doctrines, esp. German rationalism.—n. Neolō′gian.—adjs. Neolog′ic, -al, pertaining to neology: using new words.—adv. Neolog′ically.—v.i. Neol′ogise, to introduce new words or doctrines.—ns. Neol′ogism, a new word, phrase, or doctrine: the use of old words in a new sense; Neol′ogist, one who introduces new words or senses: one who introduces new doctrines in theology.—adjs. Neologis′tic, -al. [Gr. neos, new, logos, word.]

Neonomianism, nē-ō-nō′mi-an-izm, n. the doctrine that the gospel is a new law, and that faith has abrogated the old moral obedience.—n. Neonō′mian. [Gr. neos, new, nomos, law.]

Neonomous, nē-on′o-mus, adj. having a greatly modified biological structure, specialised according to recent conditions of environment. [Gr. neos, new, nomos, law.]

Neontology, nē-on-tol′o-ji, n. the science and description of extant, as apart from extinct, animals.—n. Neontol′ogist. [Gr. neos, new, on, ontos, being, logia—legein, to speak.]

Neo-paganism, nē-ō-pā′gan-izm, n. a revival of paganism, or its spirit—a euphemism for mere animalism.—v.t. Neo-pā′ganīse, to imbue with this spirit.

Neophobia, nē-ō-fō′bi-a, n. dread of novelty. [Gr. neos, new, phobia—phebesthai, to fear.]

Neophron, nē′ō-fron, n. a genus of vultures, having horizontal nostrils. [Gr.,—neos, new, phren, mind.]

Neophyte, nē′ō-fīt, n. a new convert, one newly baptised or admitted to the priesthood, or to a monastery, a novice: a tyro or beginner.—adj. newly admitted or entered on office.—n. Nē′ophytism. [L. neophytus—Gr. neos, new, phytos, grown—phyein, to produce.]

Neoplasm, nē′ō-plazm, n. a morbid new growth or formation of tissue.—adj. Neoplas′tic.

Neoplatonism, nē-ō-plā′to-nizm, n. a system of philosophy combining Platonic and Oriental elements, originating with Ammonius Saccas at Alexandria in the 3d century, developed by Plotinus, Porphyry, Proclus, &c.—adj. Neoplaton′ic.—n. Neoplā′tonist.

Neoteric, -al, nē-ō-ter′ik, -al, adj. of recent origin, modern.—v.i. Neot′erise.—n. Neot′erism, the introduction of new things, esp. new words. [Gr.,—neōteros, comp. of neos, new.]

Neotropical, nē-ō-trop′i-kal, adj. applied to the part of the New World including tropical and South America and the adjacent islands.

Neozoic, nē-ō-zō′ik, adj. denoting all rocks from the Trias down to the most recent formations, as opposed to Palæozoic. [Gr. neos, new, zoē, life.]

Nepenthes, ne-pen′thēz, n. (med.) a drug that relieves pain—also Nepen′the: a genus of plants having a cup or pitcher attached to the leaf, often filled with a sweetish liquid, the pitcher-plant. [Gr.,—nē, neg., penthos, grief.]

Nephalism, nef′a-lizm, n. total abstinence from alcoholic drinks.—n. Neph′alist, a bigoted teetotaler. [Gr. nēphalios, sober; nēphein, to be sober.]

Nepheline, nef′e-lin, n. a rock-forming mineral, colourless, usually crystallising in hexagonal prisms, occurring in various volcanic rocks, as in certain basalts. [Gr. nephelē, a cloud.]

Nepheloid, nef′e-loid, adj. cloudy, turbid.—ns. Nephelom′eter, a supposititious instrument for measuring cloudiness; Neph′eloscope, an apparatus for illustrating the formation of cloud; Neph′elosphere, an atmosphere of cloud surrounding a planet, &c. [Gr. nephelē, cloud.]

Nephew, nev′ū, or nef′ū, n. the son of a brother or sister: (orig.) a grandson (so in New Test.):—fem. Niece. [O. Fr. neveu—L. nepos, nepotis, grandson, nephew; A.S. nefa, Ger. neffe, nephew.]

Nephralgia, ne-fral′ji-a, n. pain or disease of the kidneys—also Nephral′gy.—ns. Neph′rite, a mineral usually called Jade, an old charm against kidney disease; Nephrit′ic, a medicine for the cure of diseases of the kidneys.—adjs. Nephrit′ic, -al, pertaining to the kidneys: affected with a disease of the kidneys: relieving diseases of the kidneys.—ns. Nephrī′tis, inflammation of the kidneys; Neph′rocele, hernia of the kidney; Nephrog′raphy, a description of the kidneys.—adj. Neph′roid, kidney-shaped.—ns. Nephrol′ogy, scientific knowledge of the kidneys; Nephrot′omy, the operation of excising the kidneys. [Gr. nephros, a kidney, algos, pain.]

Nepotism, nep′o-tizm, n. undue favouritism to one's relations, as in the bestowal of patronage.—adjs. Nepot′ic, Nepō′tious.—n. Nep′otist, one who practises nepotism. [L. nepos, nepotis, a grandson.]

Neptune, nep′tūn, n. (Rom. myth.) the god of the sea, identified with the Greek Poseidon, represented with a trident in his hand: (astron.) the outermost planet of the solar system, discovered in 1846.—adj. Neptū′nian, pertaining to the sea: (geol.) formed by water: applied to stratified rocks or to those due mainly to the agency of water, as opposed to Plutonic or Igneous.—n. Nep′tūnist, one who holds the Neptunian theory in geology—also adj. [L. Neptunus.]

Nereid, nē′rē-id, n. (Gr. myth.) a sea-nymph, one of the daughters of the sea-god Nereus, who attended Neptune riding on sea-horses: (zool.) a genus of marine worms like long myriapods.—ns. Nē′rēis, a nereid; Nē′rēite, a fossil annelid related to the nereids. [L.,—Gr.]

Nerine, nē-rī′nē, n. a genus of ornamental South African plants of the Amaryllis family, with scarlet or rose-coloured flowers.—The Guernsey Lily is the Nerine Sarniensis.

Nerite, nē′rīt, n. a gasteropod of the genus Nerita or the family Neritidæ.—adj. Neritā′cean.

Nerium, nē′ri-um, n. a genus of Mediterranean shrubs, with fragrant and showy pink, white, or yellowish flowers, the oleander.

Nero, nē′ro, n. the last emperor of the family of the Cæsars, at Rome (54-68 A.D.): any cruel and wicked tyrant.—adj. Nerō′nian.

Nero-antico, nā-rō-an-tē′ko, n. a deep-black marble found in Roman ruins. [It.]

Nerve, nėrv, n. bodily strength, firmness, courage: (anat.) one of the fibres which convey sensation from all parts of the body to the brain: (bot.) one of the fibres or ribs in the leaves of plants: a trade term for a non-porous quality of cork, slightly charred: (pl.) hysterical nervousness.—v.t. to give strength or vigour to: to arm with force.—adj. Nerv′al.—ns. Nervā′tion, the arrangement or distribution of nerves, esp. those of leaves; Nerve′-cell, any cell forming part of the nervous system, esp. one of those by means of which nerve-fibres are connected with each other; Nerve′-cen′tre, a collection of nerve-cells from which nerves branch out.—adj. Nerved, furnished with nerves, or with nerves of a special character, as 'strong-nerved.'—n. Nerve′-fī′bre, one of the essential thread-like units of which a nerve is composed.—adj. Nerve′less, without strength.—n. Nerve′lessness.—adj. Nerv′ine, acting on the nerves: quieting nervous excitement.—n. a medicine that soothes nervous excitement.—adjs. Nerv′ous, having nerve: sinewy: strong, vigorous, showing strength and vigour: pertaining to the nerves: having the nerves easily excited or weak; Nerv′ous, Nervose′, Nerved (bot.) having parallel fibres or veins.—adv. Nerv′ously.—n. Nerv′ousness.—adj. Nerv′ūlar.—ns. Nerv′ūle, a small nerve, a small vein of an insect's wing—also Nervulet, Veinlet, Venule; Nerv′ure, one of the nerves or veins of leaves: one of the horny tubes or divisions which expand the wings of insects: one of the ribs in a groined vault: a projecting moulding.—adj. Nerv′y, strong, vigorous.—Nervous system (anat.), the brain, spinal cord, and nerves collectively: the whole of the nerves and nerve-centres of the body considered as related to each other, and fitted to act together. [Fr.,—L. nervus; Gr. neuron, a sinew.]

Nescience, nesh′ens, n. want of knowledge.—adj. Nesc′ient. [L. nescientia—nescīre, to be ignorant—ne, not, scīre, to know.]

Nesh, nesh, adj. (prov.) soft, crumbly: tender.—v.t. Nesh′en, to make tender.

Neshamah, nesh′a-mä, n. the highest degree of the soul in the cabbalistic system.

Neski, nes′ki, n. the cursive hand generally used in Arabic.—Also Nesh′ki. [Ar.]

Nesogæan, nē-sō-jē′an, adj. pertaining to Nesogæa—Polynesia or Oceania, New Zealand excepted, with regard to the distribution of its animals. [Gr. nēsos, an island, gaia, the earth.]

Ness, nes, n. a promontory or headland. [A.S. næss; a doublet of naze, prob. conn. with nose.]

Nest, nest, n. the bed formed by a bird for hatching her young: the place in which the eggs of any animal are laid and hatched: a comfortable residence: a number of persons haunting one place for a bad purpose: the place itself: a number of baskets or boxes each fitting inside the next larger.—v.t. to form a nest for.—v.i. to build and occupy a nest.—n. Nest′-egg, an egg left in the nest to keep the hen from forsaking it: something laid up as the beginning of an accumulation.—Feather one's nest, to provide for one's self, esp. from other people's property of which one has had charge. [A.S. nest; Ger. nest, L. nīdus.]

Nestle, nes′l, v.i. to lie close or snug as in a nest: to settle comfortably.—v.t. to cherish, as a bird does her young.—adj. Nest′ling, being in the nest, newly hatched.—n. act of making a nest: a young bird in the nest—also Nest′ler. [A.S. nestlian—nest.]

Nestor, nes′tor, n. a Greek hero at Troy, remarkable for eloquence and wisdom gained through long life and varied experience: any one who possesses those qualities, a counsellor, adviser.—adj. Nestō′rian.

Nestorian, nes-tō′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the Christological doctrine of Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople from 428 to his condemnation and deposition at the general council of Ephesus in 431; he held the true divinity and humanity of Christ, but denied their union in a single self-conscious personality, that union being merely moral or sympathetic—thus the personality was broken up into a duality.—n. a follower of Nestorius.—n. Nestō′rianism.

Net, net, n. an open fabric of twine, &c., knotted into meshes for catching birds, fishes, &c.: anything like a net for keeping out insects, &c.: a meshed bag for holding a woman's hair: machine-made lace of various kinds: a snare: a difficulty.—adj. made of netting or resembling it, reticulate: caught in a net.—v.t. to form into network: to take with a net: to protect with a net, to veil.—v.i. to form network:—pr.p. net′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. net′ted.—ns. Net′-fish, any fish, like the herring, caught in nets—opp. to Trawl-fish and Line-fish; Net′-fish′ery, a place for net-fishing, the business of such fishing; Net′-fish′ing, the method or the industry of fishing with nets.—p.adj. Net′ted, made into a net, reticulated: caught in a net.—ns. Net′ting, act or process of forming network: a piece of network: any network of ropes or wire, esp. for use on shipboard; Net′ting-need′le, a kind of shuttle used in netting.—adjs. Net′ty, like a net; Net′-veined, in entomology, having a great number of veins or nervures like a network on the surface, as in the wings of many Orthoptera; Net′-winged, having net-veined wings.—n. Net′work, any work showing cross lines or open spaces like the meshes of a net. [A.S. net, nett; Dut. net, Ger. netz.]

Net, Nett, net, adj. clear of all charges or deductions—opp. to Gross: lowest, subject to no further deductions.—v.t. to produce as clear profit:—pr.p. net′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. net′ted. [Neat.]

Nether, neth′ėr, adj. beneath another, lower: infernal.—n. Neth′erlander, an inhabitant of Holland.—adj. Neth′erlandish, Dutch.—n.pl. Neth′erlings, stockings.—adjs. Neth′ermore, lower; Neth′ermost, lowest.—n.pl. Neth′erstocks (Shak.), short stockings or half-hose for the leg, as distinguished from trunk hose for the thigh.—advs. Neth′erward, -s, downward. [A.S. neothera, a comp. adj. due to adv. nither, downward; Ger. nieder, low.]

Nethinim, neth′in-im, n.pl. (B.) servants of the old Jewish temple, set apart to assist the Levites. [Heb.]

Netsuke, net′su-kā, n. a small toggle or button, carved or inlaid, on Japanese pipe-cases, pouches, &c.

Nettle, net′l, n. a common plant covered with hairs which sting sharply.—v.t. to fret, as a nettle does the skin: to irritate.—ns. Nett′le-cloth, thick japanned cotton cloth used for leather; Nett′le-fish, a jelly-fish, sea-nettle; Nett′lerash, a kind of fever characterised by a rash or eruption on the skin; Nett′le-tree, a genus of trees, with simple and generally serrated leaves, the fruit a fleshy, globose, one-celled drupe; Nett′le-wort, any plant of the nettle family. [A.S. netele; Ger. nessel.]

Nettling, net′ling, n. the joining of two ropes, end to end, without seam: the tying in pairs of yarns in a ropewalk to prevent tangling. [Knittle.]

Neume, nūm, n. a succession of notes to be sung to one syllable, a sequence: an old sign for a tone or a phrase. [O. Fr.,—Gr. pneuma, breath.]

Neural, nū′ral, adj. pertaining to the nerves—also Neur′ic.—ns. Neuric′ity, nerve-force; Neuril′ity, the function of the nervous system—that of conducting stimuli.—Neural arch, the arch of a vertebra protecting the spinal cord. [Gr. neuron, a nerve.]

Neuralgia, nū-ral′ji-a, n. pain of a purely nervous character, occurring in paroxysms, usually unaccompanied by inflammation, fever, or any appreciable change of structure in the affected part—(obs.) Neural′gy.—adjs. Neural′gic, Neural′giform. [Gr. neuron, nerve, algos, pain.]

Neurasthenia, nū-ras-the-nī′a, n. nervous debility.—adj. Neurasthen′ic—also n. one suffering from this. [Gr. neuron, a nerve, astheneia, weakness.]

Neurohypnology, nū-rō-hip-nol′o-ji, n. the study of hypnotism: the means employed for inducing the hypnotic state.—ns. Neurohypnol′ogist; Neurohyp′notism, hypnotism. [Gr. neuron, nerve, hypnos, sleep, logia, discourse.]

Neurology, nū-rol′o-ji, n. the science of the nerves.—adj. Neurolog′ical.—n. Neurol′ogist, a writer on neurology. [Gr. neuron, nerve, logia, science.]

Neuron, nū′ron, n. the cerebro-spinal axis in its entirety: a nervure of an insect's wing.

Neuropath, nū′ro-path, n. one who takes nervous conditions solely or mostly into account in his pathology.—adjs. Neuropath′ic, -al.—adv. Neuropath′ically.—ns. Neuropathol′ogy, the sum of knowledge of the diseases of the nervous system; Neurop′athy, nervous disease generally. [Gr. neuron, nerve, pathos, suffering.]

Neuroptera, nū-rop′tėr-a, n.pl. an order of insects which have generally four wings marked with a network of many nerves:—sing. Neurop′teron; also Neurop′ter, Neurop′teran.—adjs. Neurop′teral, Neurop′terous, nerve-winged. [Gr. neuron, nerve, ptera, pl. of pteron, a wing.]

Neurose, nū′rōs, adj. nerved: having many nervures or veins, of an insect's wing, &c.

Neurotic, nū-rot′ik, adj. relating to, or seated in, the nerves.—n. a disease of the nerves: a medicine useful for diseases of the nerves.—adj. Neurō′sal.—n. Neurō′sis, a nervous disease, esp. without lesion of parts, as epilepsy, &c.

Neurotomy, nū-rot′om-i, n. the cutting or dissection of a nerve.—adj. Neurotom′ical. [Gr. neuron, a nerve, tomē, cutting.]

Neurotonic, nū-ro-ton′ik, n. a medicine intended to strengthen the nervous system.

Neuter, nū′tėr, adj. neither: taking no part with either side: (gram.) neither masculine nor feminine: neither active nor passive: (bot.) without stamens or pistils: (zool.) without sex.—n. one taking no part in a contest: (bot.) a plant having neither stamens nor pistils: (zool.) a sexless animal, esp. the working bee. [L., 'neither'—ne, not, uter, either.]

Neutral, nū′tral, adj. being neuter, indifferent: taking no part on either side: unbiassed: neither very good nor very bad, of no decided character: having no decided colour, bluish or grayish: (chem.) neither acid nor alkaline.—n. a person or nation that takes no part in a contest.—n. Neutralisā′tion.—v.t. Neu′tralise, to declare by convention any nation permanently neutral or neutral during certain hostilities: to make inert: to render of no effect.—ns. Neu′traliser; Neutral′ity, state of taking no part on either of two sides: those who are neutral.—adv. Neu′trally.—Neutral tint, a dull grayish colour; Neutral vowel, the vowel-sound heard in but, firm, her, &c., and commonly in unaccented syllables.—Armed neutrality, the condition of a neutral power ready to repel aggression from either belligerent. [L. neutralis—neuter, neither.]

Névé, nā-vā′, n. the same as firn or glacier snow. [Fr.,—L. nix, nivis, snow.]

Never, nev′ėr, adv. not ever: at no time: in no degree: not.—adv. Nev′ermore, at no future time.—conj. Nevertheless′, notwithstanding: in spite of that (earlier Natheless).—adv. Neverthemore′ (Spens.), none the more. [A.S. nǽfre—ne, not, ǽfre, ever.]

New, nū, adj. lately made: having happened lately: recent, modern: not before seen or known: strange, different: recently commenced: changed for the better: not of an ancient family: as at first: unaccustomed: fresh from anything: uncultivated or only recently cultivated.—adjs. New′born (Shak.), recently born; New′come, recently arrived.—n. New′-com′er, one who has lately come.—v.t. New′-create′ (Shak.), to create for the first time.—adjs. New′-fash′ioned, made in a new way or fashion: lately come into fashion; New′-fledged, having just got feathers; New′ish, somewhat new: nearly new.—adv. New′ly.—adj. New′-made (Shak.), recently made.—v.t. New′-mod′el, to model or form anew.—n. the Parliamentary army as remodelled by Cromwell after the second battle of Newbury, which gained a conclusive victory at Naseby (1645).—n. New′ness.—adj. New′-sad (Shak.), recently made sad.—New birth (see Regeneration); New chum, a new arrival from the old country in Australia; New Church, New Jerusalem Church, the Swedenborgian Church; New Covenant (see Covenant); New departure (see Departure); New Englander, a native or resident in any of the New England states; New Jerusalem, the heavenly city; New Learning (see Renaissance); New Light, a member of a relatively more advanced religious school—applied esp. to the party within the 18th-century Scottish Secession Church which adopted Voluntary views of the relations of Church and State, also sometimes to the Socinianising party in the Church of Scotland in the 18th century, &c.; New Red Sandstone (geol.), the name formerly given to the great series of red sandstones which occur between the Carboniferous and Jurassic systems; New style (see Style); New woman, a name humorously applied to such modern women as rebel against the conventional restrictions of their sex, and ape men in their freedom, education, pursuits, amusements, clothing, manners, and sometimes morals; New World, North and South America; New-year's Day, the first day of the new year. [A.S. níwe, neówe; Ger. neu, Ir. nuadh, L. novus, Gr. neos.]

Newel, nū′el, n. (archit.) the upright column about which the steps of a circular staircase wind. [O. Fr. nual (Fr. noyau), stone of fruit—Low L. nucalis, like a nut—L. nux, nucis, a nut.]

Newfangled, nū-fang′gld, adj. fond of new things: newly devised, novel.—adv. Newfang′ledly.—ns. Newfang′ledness, Newfang′leness. [Corr. from M. E. newefangel—newe (A.S. níwe), new, fangel (A.S. fangen—fón), ready to catch.]

Newfoundland, nū-fownd′land, n. a large dog of great intelligence, a strong swimmer, black without any white markings, first brought from Newfoundland.

Newgate, nū′gāt, n. a famous prison in London.—Newgate Calendar, a list of Newgate prisoners, with their crimes; Newgate frill, or fringe, a beard under the chin and jaw.

Newmarket, nū′mar-ket, n. a card-game for any number of persons, on a table on which duplicates of certain cards have been placed face up: a close-fitting coat, originally a riding-coat, a long close-fitting coat for women.

News, nūz, n.sing. something heard of that is new: recent account: first information of something that has just happened or of something not formerly known: intelligence.—v.t. to report.—ns. News′agent, one who deals in newspapers; News′boy, News′man, a boy or man who delivers or sells newspapers; News′-house, a printing-office for newspapers only; News′letter, an occasional letter or printed sheet containing news, the predecessor of the regular newspaper; News′monger, one who deals in news: one who spends much time in hearing and telling news; News′paper, a paper published periodically for circulating news, &c.—the first English newspaper was published in 1622; News′paperdom; News′paperism.—adj. News′papery, superficial.—ns. News′room, a room where newspapers, magazines, &c. lie to be read; News′vender, a seller of newspapers; News′-writ′er, a reporter or writer of news.—adj. News′y, gossipy. [Late M. E., an imit. of Fr. nouvelles.]

Newt, nūt, n. a genus of amphibious animals like small lizards. [Formed with initial n, borrowed from the article an, from ewt—A.S. efeta.]

Newtonian, nū-tō′ni-an, adj. relating to, formed, or discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, the celebrated philosopher (1642-1727)—also Newton′ic.—Newtonian telescope, a form of reflecting telescope.

Next, nekst, adj. (superl. of Nigh) nearest in place, time, &c.—adv. nearest or immediately after.—prep. nearest to.—n. Next′ness.—Next door to (see Door); Next to nothing, almost nothing at all. [A.S. néhst, superl. of néh, neáh, near; Ger. nächst.]

Nexus, nek′sus, n. a tie, connecting principle, bond: (Rom. law) a person who had contracted a nexum or obligation of such a kind that, if he failed to pay, his creditor could compel him to serve until the debt was paid. [L.—nectĕre, to bind.]

Nib, nib, n. something small and pointed: a point, esp. of a pen: the bill of a bird: the handle of a scythe-snath.—v.t. to furnish with a nib: to point.—adj. Nibbed, having a nib. [Neb.]

Nibble, nib′l, v.t. to bite by small bits: to eat by little at a time.—v.i. to bite gently: to find fault.—n. act of nibbling: a little bit.—ns. Nibb′ler; Nibb′ling.—adv. Nibb′lingly. [Freq. of nip.]

Nibelungen, nē′bel-ōōng-en, n.pl. a supernatural race in German mythology guarding a treasure wrested from them by Siegfried, the hero of the Nibelungenlied, an epic of c. 1190-1210.

Nice, nīs, adj. foolishly simple: over-particular: hard to please: fastidious: marking or taking notice of very small differences: done with great care and exactness, accurate: easily injured: delicate: dainty: agreeable: delightful.—adv. Nice′ly.—ns. Nice′ness, quality of being nice: exactness: scrupulousness: pleasantness; Nic′ety, quality of being nice: delicate management: exactness of treatment: fineness of perception: fastidiousness: that which is delicate to the taste: a delicacy.—To a nicety, with great exactness. [O. Fr. nice, foolish, simple—L. nescius, ignorant—ne, not, scīre, to know.]

Nicene, nī′sēn, adj. pertaining to the town of Nice or Nicæa, in Bithynia, Asia Minor, where an ecumenical council was held in 325 for the purpose of defining the questions raised in the Arian controversy—it promulgated the Nicene Creed. A second council, the seventh general council, held here in 787, condemned the Iconoclasts.

Niche, nich, n. a recess in a wall for a statue, vase, &c.: a person's proper place or condition in life or public estimation, one's appointed or appropriate place.—v.t. to place in a niche.—adj. Niched, placed in a niche. [Fr.,—It. nicchia, a niche, nicchio, a shell—L. mytilus, mitulus, a sea-mussel.]

Nick, nik, n. a notch cut into something: a score for keeping an account: the precise moment of time: a lucky throw at hazard.—v.t. to cut in notches: to hit the precise time: to strike as if making a nick: to cheat: catch in the act: to cut short: (Scot.) to cut with a single snip, as of shears: to make a cut with the pick in the face of coal to facilitate blasting or wedging.—adj. Nick′-eared, crop-eared.—n. Nick′er, one who, or that which, nicks: a woodpecker: a street-ruffian in the early part of the 18th century.—Nick a horse's tail, to make a cut at the root of the tail, making the horse carry it higher. [Another spelling of nock, old form of notch.]

Nick, nik, n. the devil, esp. Old Nick. [Prob. a corr. of St Nicholas, or from A.S. nicor, a water-spirit; Ice. nykr, Ger. nix, nixe.]

Nickel, nik′el, n. a grayish-white metal related to cobalt, very malleable and ductile.—v.t. to plate with nickel.—ns. Nick′elage, Nick′elure, the art of nickel-plating.—adjs. Nick′elic, Nick′elous; Nickelif′erous, containing nickel.—ns. Nick′eline, Nic′colite, native nickel arsenide.—v.t. Nick′elise, to plate with nickel.—ns. Nick′el-plat′ing, the plating of metals with nickel; Nick′el-sil′ver, German silver (see German). [Sw. koppar-nickel (Ger. kupfernickel), koppar, copper, nickel, a word corresponding to Ger. nickel, the devil (cf. Cobalt and Kobold), or to Ice. hnikill, a lump.]

Nicker, nik′ėr, v.i. to neigh: to snigger.—n. a neigh: a loud laugh—(obs.) Nich′er.

Nicknack, nik′nak, n. a trifle—dim. Nick′nacket.—n. Nick′nackery. [Same as Knick-knack.]

Nickname, nik′nām, n. a name given in contempt or sportive familiarity.—v.t. to give a nickname to. [M. E. neke-name, with intrusive initial n from eke-name, surname; from eke and name.]

Nicotine, nik′o-tin, n. a poisonous, volatile, alkaloid base, obtained from tobacco.—adj. Nicō′tian, pertaining to tobacco, from Jean Nicot (1530-1600), the benefactor who introduced it into France in 1560.—n. a smoker of tobacco.—n.pl. Nicotiā′na, the literature of tobacco.—n. Nic′otinism, a morbid state induced by excessive misuse of tobacco.

Nictate, nik′tāt, v.i. to wink—also Nic′titate.—ns. Nic′tātion, Nictitā′tion.—Nictitating membrane, a thin movable membrane covering the eyes of birds. [L. nictāre, -ātum.]

Nidder, nid′ėr, v.t. (Scot.) to keep under: to pinch with cold or hunger: to molest.

Niddle-noddle, nid′l-nod′l, adj. vacillating.—v.i. to wag the head.

Niderling, nid′ėr-ling, n. a wicked fellow—also Nid′ering, Nith′ing.—n. Nidd′ering, a noodle.

Nidge, nij, v.t. to dress the face of (a stone) with a sharp-pointed hammer.

Nidification, nid-i-fi-kā′shun, n. the act or art of building a nest, and the hatching and rearing of the young.—adj. Nidament′al, pertaining to nests or what protects eggs.—n. Nidament′um, an egg-case.—vs.i. Nid′ificate, Nid′ify.—adjs. Nid′ulant, Nid′ulate, lying free in a cup-shaped body, or in pulp.—n. Nidulā′tion, nest-building. [L. nidus, a nest, facĕre, to make.]

Nidor, nī′dor, n. odour, esp. of cooked food.—adjs. Nī′dorose, Nī′dorous, Nī′dose. [L.]

Nidus, nī′dus, n. a place, esp. in an animal body, in which a germ lodges and begins to develop. [L.]

Niece, nēs, n. (fem. of Nephew) the daughter of a brother or sister: (orig.) a granddaughter. [O. Fr.,—Low L. nepta—L. neptis, a granddaughter, niece.]

Niello, ni-el′lo, n. a method of ornamenting silver or gold plates by engraving the surface, and filling up the lines with a black composition, to give clearness and effect to the incised design: a work produced by this method: an impression taken from the engraved surface before the incised lines have been filled up: the compound used in niello-work.—v.t. to decorate with niello.—n. Niell′ure, the process, also the work done. [It. niello—Low L. nigellum, a black enamel—L. nigellus, dim. of niger, black.]

Niersteiner, nēr′stī-ner, n. a variety of Rhine wine, named from Nierstein, near Mainz.

Niffle, nif′l, v.t. (prov.) to pilfer.—n. Niff′naff, a trifle.—adj. Niff′naffy, fastidious.

Niflheim, nifl′hīm, n. (Scand. myth.) a region of mist, ruled over by Hel.

Nigella, nī-jel′a, n. a genus of ranunculaceous plants, with finely dissected leaves, and whitish, blue, or yellow flowers, often almost concealed by their leafy involucres—Nigella damascena, called Love-in-a-mist, Devil-in-a-bush, and Ragged Lady.

Niggard, nig′ard, n. a person who is unwilling to spend or give away: a miser.—adjs. Nigg′ard, Nigg′ardly, having the qualities of a niggard: miserly; Nigg′ardish, rather niggardly.—n. Nigg′ardliness, meanness in giving or spending—(Spens.) Nigg′ardise.—adv. Nigg′ardly. [Ice. hnöggr, stingy; Ger. genau, close.]

Nigger, nig′ėr, n. a black man, a negro: a native of the East Indies or one of the Australian aborigines: a black caterpillar: a Cornish holothurian.—v.t. to exhaust soil by cropping it year by year without manure.—n. Nigg′erdom, niggers collectively.—adjs. Nigg′erish, Nigg′ery.—ns. Nigg′er-kill′er, a scorpion; Nigg′erling, a little nigger.

Niggle, nig′l, v.i. to trifle, busy one's self with petty matters: to cramp.—v.t. to fill with excessive detail: to befool.—n. small cramped handwriting.—ns. Nigg′ler, one who trifles; Nigg′ling, fussiness, finicking work.—adj. mean: fussy. [Freq. of nig, which may be a variant of nick.]

Nigh, nī, adj. near: not distant in place or time: not far off in degree, kindred, &c.: close.—adv. nearly: almost.—prep. near to: not distant from.—adv. Nigh′ly, nearly: within a little.—n. Nigh′ness, the state or quality of being nigh: nearness. [A.S. néah, néh; Dut. na, Ger. nahe.]

Night, nīt, n. the end of the day: the time from sunset to sunrise: darkness: ignorance, affliction, or sorrow: death.—ns. Night′-bell, a bell for use at night—of a physician, &c.; Night′-bird, a bird that flies only at night, esp. the owl: the nightingale, as singing at night; Night′-blind′ness, inability to see in a dim light, nyctalopia; Night′-brawl′er, one who raises disturbances in the night; Night′cap, a cap worn at night in bed (so Night′dress, -shirt, &c.): a dram taken before going to bed: a cap drawn over the face before hanging; Night′-cart, a cart used to remove the contents of privies before daylight; Night′-chair, a night-stool; Night′-churr, or -jar, the British species of goat-sucker, so called from the sound of its cry.—n.pl. Night′-clothes, garments worn in bed.—ns. Night′-crow, a bird that cries in the night; Night′-dog (Shak.), a dog that hunts in the night.—adj. Night′ed, benighted: (Shak.) darkened, clouded.—ns. Night′fall, the fall or beginning of the night: the close of the day: evening; Night′faring, travelling by night; Night′fire, a fire burning in the night: a will-o'-the-wisp; Night′-fish′ery, a mode of fishing by night, or a place where this is done; Night′-fly, a moth that flies at night; Night′-foe, one who makes his attack by night; Night′-foss′icker, one who robs a digging by night.—adj. Night′-foun′dered, lost in the night.—ns. Night′-fowl, a night-bird; Night′-glass, a spy-glass with concentrating lenses for use at night; Night′-gown, a long loose robe for sleeping in, for men or women; a loose gown for wearing in the house; Night′-hag, a witch supposed to be abroad at night; Night′-hawk, a species of migratory goat-sucker, common in America; Night′-her′on, a heron of nocturnal habit; Night′-house, a tavern allowed to be open during the night; Night′-hunt′er, a degraded woman who prowls about the streets at night for her prey; Night′-lamp, or -light, a light left burning all night.—adj. Night′less, having no night.—n. Night′-line, a fishing-line set overnight.—adj. and adv. Night′long, lasting all night.—adj. Night′ly, done by night: done every night.—adv. by night: every night.—ns. Night′-man, a night-watchman or scavenger; Night′-owl, an owl of exclusively nocturnal habits: one who sits up very late; Night′-pal′sy, a numbness of the lower limbs, incidental to women; Night′piece, a picture or literary description of a night-scene: a painting to be seen best by artificial light; Night′-por′ter, a porter in attendance during the night at hotels, railway stations, &c.; Night′-rail, a night-gown: a 17th-century form of head-dress; Night′-rav′en (Shak.), a bird that cries at night, supposed to be of ill-omen; Night′-rest, the repose of the night; Night′-rule (Shak.), a frolic at night.—adv. Nights (obs.), by night.—ns. Night′-school, a school held at night, esp. for those at work during the day; Night′-sea′son, the time of night; Night′shade, a name of several plants of the genus Solanum, having narcotic properties, often found in damp shady woods; Night′-shriek, a cry in the night; Night′-side, the dark, mysterious, or gloomy side of anything; Night′-sing′er, any bird like the nightingale, esp. the Irish sedge-warbler; Night′-soil, the contents of privies, cesspools, &c., generally carried away at night; Night′-spell, a charm against accidents by night; Night′-steed, one of the horses in the chariot of Night; Night′-stool, a close-stool for use in a bedroom; Night′-tā′per, a night-light burning slowly.—n.pl. Night′-terr′ors, the sudden starting from sleep of children in a state of fright.—p.adj. Night′-trip′ping (Shak.), tripping about in the night.—ns. Night′-wak′ing, watching in the night; Night′-walk, a walk in the night; Night′-walk′er, one who walks in his sleep at night, a somnambulist: one who walks about at night for bad purposes, esp. a prostitute; Night′-walk′ing, walking in one's sleep, somnambulism: roving about at night with evil designs; Night′-wan′derer, one who wanders by night.—adjs. Night′-war′bling, singing in the night; Night′ward, toward night.—ns. Night′-watch, a watch or guard at night: time of watch in the night; Night′-watch′man, one who acts as a watch during the night; Night′-work, work done at night. [A.S. niht; Ger. nacht, L. nox.]

Nightingale, nīt′in-gāl, n. a small sylviine bird, of the Passerine family, widely distributed in the Old World, celebrated for the rich love-song of the male heard chiefly at night. [A.S. nihtegale—niht, night, galan, to sing; Ger. nachtigall.]

Nightingale, nīt′in-gāl, n. a kind of flannel scarf with sleeves, worn by invalids when sitting up in bed. [From the famous Crimean hospital nurse, Florence Nightingale, born 1820.]

Nightmare, nīt′mār, n. a dreadful dream accompanied with pressure on the breast, and a feeling of powerlessness to move or speak—personified as an incubus or evil-spirit.—adj. Night′marish. [A.S. niht, night, mara, a nightmare; cf. Old High Ger. mara, incubus, Ice. mara, nightmare.]

Nigrescent, nī-gres′ent, adj. growing black or dark: approaching to blackness.—n. Nigresc′ence. [L., nigrescĕre, to grow black—niger, black.]

Nigrite, nig′rīt, n. an insulating composition consisting of the impure residuum obtained in the distillation of paraffin. [L. niger, black.]

Nigritian, ni-grish′an, adj. pertaining to Nigritia, Upper Guinea, Senegambia, and the Soudan region generally, the home of the true negroes.—n. a native of this region, a negro.

Nigrosine, nig′rō-sin, n. a coal-tar colour prepared from the hydrochloride of violaniline. [L. niger, black.]

Nihil, nī′hil, n. nothing.—ns. Nī′hilism, belief in nothing, extreme scepticism: in Russia, a revolutionary socialistic movement aiming at the overturn of all the existing institutions of society in order to build it up anew on different principles; Nī′hilist, one who professes Nihilism.—adj. Nihilist′ic.—ns. Nihil′ity, nothingness; Nil, nothing. [L.]

Nill, nil, v.t. (Spens.) to refuse, to reject.—v.i. to be unwilling. [A.S. nillan—ne, not, willan, to will.]

Nilometer, nī-lom′e-tėr, n. a gauge for measuring the height of water in the river Nile: any river-gauge—also Nī′loscope.—adj. Nilot′ic.

Nimble, nim′bl, adj. light and quick in motion: active: swift.—adjs. Nim′ble-fing′ered, skilful with the fingers, thievish; Nim′ble-foot′ed, swift of foot.—ns. Nim′bleness, Nim′bless (Spens.), quickness of motion either in body or mind.—adj. Nim′ble-wit′ted, quick-witted.—adv. Nim′bly. [M. E. nimel—A.S. niman, to catch; cf. Ger. nehmen.]

Nimbus, nim′bus, n. the raincloud: (paint.) the disc or halo, generally circular or semicircular, which encircles the head of the sacred person represented.—adj. Nimbif′erous, bringing clouds. [L.]

Nimiety, ni-mī′e-ti, n. (rare) state of being too much. [L. nimietas—nimis, too much.]

Niminy-piminy, nim′i-ni-pim′i-ni, adj. affectedly fine or delicate.—n. affected delicacy. [Imit.]

Nimrod, nim′rod, n. the founder of Babel (see Gen. x. 8-10): any great hunter.

Nincompoop, nin′kom-poop, n. a simpleton. [Corr. of L. non compos (mentis), not of sound mind.]

Nine, nīn, adj. and n. eight and one.—n. Nine′-eyes, a popular name for the young lampreys found in rivers.—adj. Nine′fold, nine times folded or repeated.—ns. Nine′holes, a game in which a ball is to be bowled into nine holes in the ground or a board; Nine′pins, a game at bowls, a form of skittles, so called from nine pins being set up to be knocked down by a ball.—adj. Nine′-score, nine times twenty.—n. the number of nine times twenty.—adj. and n. Nine′teen, nine and ten.—adj. Nine′teenth, the ninth after the tenth: being one of nineteen equal parts.—n. a nineteenth part.—adj. Nine′tieth, the last of ninety: next after the eighty-ninth.—n. a ninetieth part.—adj. and n. Nine′ty, nine tens.—adj. Ninth, the last of nine: next after the eighth.—n. one of nine equal parts.—adv. Ninth′ly, in the ninth place.—Nine days' wonder (see Wonder); Nine men's morris (see Morris); Nine worthies, Hector, Alexander the Great, Julius Cæsar, Joshua, David, Judas Maccabæus, Arthur, Charlemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon; The nine, the nine muses (see Muse); To the nines, to perfection, fully, elaborately. [A.S. nigon; Dut. negen, L. novem, Gr. ennea, Sans. navan.]

Ninny, nin′i, n. a simpleton.—Also Ninn′y-hamm′er. [It. ninno, child; Sp. niño, infant.]

Niobe, nī′o-bē, n. daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, king of Thebes. Proud of her many children, she gloried over Latona, who had but two, Artemis and Apollo. But these killed them all, on which the weeping mother was turned into stone by Zeus.—adj. Niobē′an.

Niobium, nī-ō′bi-um, n. a rare metal, steel-gray in colour, discovered in the mineral Tantalite—sometimes called Columbium.

Nip, nip, n. a sip, esp. of spirits—also Nip′per (U.S.).—v.i. to take a dram.—n. Nip′perkin, a small measure of liquor. [Dut. nippen, to sip.]

Nip, nip, v.t. to pinch: to press between two surfaces: to cut off the edge: to check the growth or vigour of: to destroy: to bite, sting, satirise:—pr.p. nip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. nipped.—n. a pinch: a seizing or closing in upon: a cutting off the end: a blast: destruction by frost: (min.) a more or less gradual thinning out of a stratum: (naut.) a short turn in a rope, the part of a rope at the place bound by the seizing or caught by jambing.—ns. Nip′-cheese, a stingy fellow: (naut.) the purser's steward; Nip′per, he who, or that which, nips: one of various tools or implements like pincers: one of a pair of automatically locking handcuffs: a chela or great claw, as of a crab: the young bluefish: a boy who attends on navvies: (obs.) a thief: one of the four fore-teeth of a horse: (pl.) small pincers.—v.t. to seize (two ropes) together.—adv. Nip′pingly.—Nip in the bud, to cut off in the earliest stage. [From root of knife; Dut. knijpen, Ger. kneipen, to pinch.]

Nipperty-tipperty, nip′ėr-ti-tip′ėr-ti, adj. (Scot.) silly, frivolous.

Nipple, nip′l, n. the pap by which milk is drawn from the breasts of females: a teat: a small projection with an orifice, as the nipple of a gun.—v.t. to furnish with a nipple.—ns. Nipp′le-shield, a defence for the nipple worn by nursing women; Nipp′le-wort, a small, yellow-flowered plant of remedial use. [A dim. of neb or nib.]

Nipter, nip′tėr, n. the ecclesiastical ceremony of washing the feet—the same as maundy. [Gr. niptēr, a basin—niptein, to wash.]

Nirvana, nir-vä′na, n. the cessation of individual existence—the state to which a Buddhist aspires as the best attainable. [Sans., 'a blowing out.']

Nisan, nī′san, n. the name given after the Captivity to the Jewish month Abib. [Heb.]

Nisi, nī′sī, conj. unless, placed after the words 'decree' or 'rule,' to indicate that the decree or rule will be made absolute unless, after a time, some condition referred to be fulfilled.—Nisi prius, the name usually given in England to the sittings of juries in civil cases—from the first two words of the old Latin writ summoning the juries to appear at Westminster unless, before the day appointed, the judges shall have come to the county.

Nisus, nī′sus, n. effort, attempt.—Nisus formativus (biol.), formative effort. [L.]

Nit, nit, n. the egg of a louse or other small insect.—adj. Nit′ty, full of nits. [A.S. hnitu; Ger. niss.]

Nithing, nī′thing, adj. wicked, mean.—n. a wicked man. [A.S. níthing; Ger. neiding.]

Nithsdale, niths′dāl, n. a hood which can be drawn over the face. [From the Jacobite Earl of Nithsdale who escaped from the Tower in women's clothes brought in by his wife, in 1716.]

Nitid, nit′id, adj. shining: gay.—n. Nī′tency, brightness. [L. nitidus—nitēre, to shine.]

Nitre, nī′tėr, n. the nitrate of potash—also called Saltpetre.—n. Nī′trāte, a salt of nitric acid.—adjs. Nī′trāted, combined with nitric acid; Nī′tric, pertaining to, formed from, or containing or resembling nitre.—n. Nī′tric ac′id, an acid got by distilling a mixture of sulphuric acid and nitrate of sodium—it acts powerfully on metals, and is known by the name of Aqua-fortis.—adj. Nitrif′erous, nitre-bearing.—n. Nitrificā′tion.—v.t. Nī′trify, to convert into nitre.—v.i. to become nitre:—pr.p. nī′trifying; pa.t. and pa.p. nī′trified.—ns. Nī′trite, a salt of nitrous acid; Nī′tro-ben′zol, a yellow oily fluid, obtained by treating benzol with warm fuming nitric acid—used in perfumery and known as Essence of mirbane; Nī′tro-glyc′erine, a powerfully explosive compound produced by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids on glycerine—sometimes used in minute doses as a medicine.—adjs. Nitrose′, Nī′trous, resembling, or containing, nitre.—n. Nī′trous ox′ide, a combination of oxygen and nitrogen, called also Laughing gas, which causes, when breathed, insensibility to pain.—adj. Nī′try, of or producing nitre.—Cubic nitre, nitrate of soda, so called because it crystallises in cubes. [Fr.,—L. nitrum—Gr. nitron, natron, potash, soda—Ar. nitrún, natrún.]

Nitrogen, nī′tro-jen, n. a gas forming nearly four-fifths of common air, a necessary constituent of every organised body, so called from its being an essential constituent of nitre.—adjs. Nitrogen′ic, Nitrog′enous.—v.t. Nitrog′enise, to impregnate with nitrogen.—n. Nitrom′eter, an apparatus for estimating nitrogen in some of its combinations. [Gr. nitron, and gennaein, to generate.]

Nival, nī′val, adj. snowy, growing among snow.—adj. Niv′eous, snowy, white.—n. Nivôse (nē-vōz′), the 4th month of the French revolutionary calendar, Dec. 21-Jan. 19. [L. niveus—nix, nivis, snow.]

Nix, niks, n. (Teut. myth.) a water-spirit, mostly malignant.—Also Nix′ie, Nix′y. [Ger. nix; cf. Nicker.]

Nix, niks, n. nothing: (U.S.) in the postal service, anything unmailable because addressed to places which are not post-offices or to post-offices not existing in the States, &c., indicated in the address—usually in pl. [Ger. nichts, nothing.]

Nizam, ni-zam′, n. the title of the sovereign of Hyderabad in India, first used in 1713: sing. and pl. the Turkish regulars, or one of them. [Hind., contr. of Nizam-ul-Mulk=Regulator of the state.]

No, nō, adv. the word of refusal or denial: not at all: never: not so: not.—n. a denial: a vote against or in the negative:—pl. Noes (nōz).—adj. not any: not one: none.—advs. Nō′way, in no way, manner, or degree—also Nō′ways; Nō′wise, in no way, manner, or degree.—No account, worthless; No doubt, surely; No go (see Go); No joke, not a trifling matter. [A.S. ná, compounded of ne, not, and á ever; nay, the neg. of aye, is Scand.]

Noachian, nō-ā′ki-an, adj. pertaining to the patriarch Noah, or to his time—also Noach′ic.—Noah's ark, a child's toy in imitation of the ark of Noah and its inhabitants.

Nob, nob, n. the head: a knobstick.—One for his nob, a blow on the head in boxing: a point at cribbage by holding the knave of trumps. [Knob.]

Nob, nob, n. a superior sort of person.—adv. Nob′bily.—adj. Nob′by, smart, fashionable: good, capital. [A contr. of nobleman.]

Nobble, nob′l, v.t. (slang) to get hold of dishonestly, to steal: to baffle or circumvent dexterously: to injure, destroy the chances of, as a racer.—n. Nobb′ler, a finishing-stroke: a thimble-rigger's confederate: a dram of spirits.

Nobility, no-bil′i-ti, n. the quality of being noble: high rank: dignity: excellence: greatness of mind or character: antiquity of family: descent from noble ancestors: the persons holding the rank of nobles.—adj. Nobil′iary, pertaining to the nobility.—v.t. Nobil′itate, to ennoble.—n. Nobilitā′tion.

Noble, nō′bl, adj. illustrious: high in rank or character: of high birth: magnificent: generous: excellent.—n. a person of exalted rank: a peer: an obsolete gold coin=6s. 8d. sterling.—n. Nō′bleman, a man who is noble or of rank: a peer: one above a commoner.—adj. Nō′ble-mind′ed, having a noble mind.—ns. Nōble-mind′edness; Nō′bleness, the quality of being noble: excellence in quality: dignity: greatness by birth or character: ingenuousness: worth; Nobless′, Noblesse′ (Spens.), nobility: greatness: the nobility collectively; Nō′blewoman, the fem. of Nobleman.—adv. Nō′bly.—Noble art, boxing; Noble metals (see Metal).—Most noble, the style of a duke. [Fr.,—L. nobilis, obs. gnobilis—noscĕre (gnoscĕre), to know.]

Nobody, nō′bod-i, n. no body or person: no one: a person of no account, one not in fashionable society.

Nocake, nō′kāk, n. meal made of parched corn, once much used by North American Indians on the march. [Amer. Ind. nookik, meal.]

Nocent, nō′sent, adj. (obs.) hurtful: guilty.—n. one who is hurtful or guilty.—adv. Nō′cently. [L. nocēre, to hurt.]

Nock, nok, n. the forward upper end of a sail that sets with a boom: a notch, esp. that on the butt-end of an arrow for the string. [Cf. Notch.]

Noctambulation, nok-tam-bū-lā′shun, n. walking in sleep.—ns. Noctam′bulism, sleep-walking; Noctam′bulist, one who walks in his sleep. [L. nox, noctis, night, ambulāre, -ātum, to walk.]

Noctiluca, nok-ti-lū′ka, n. a phosphorescent marine Infusorian, abundant around the British coasts, one of the chief causes of the phosphorescence of the waves.—adjs. Noctilū′cent, Noctilū′cid, Noctilū′cous, shining in the dark. [L. nox, noctis, night, lucēre, to shine.]

Noctivagant, nok-tiv′a-gant, adj. wandering in the night.—n. Noctivagā′tion.—adj. Noctiv′agous. [L. nox, noctis, night, vagāri, to wander.]

Noctograph, nok′to-graf, n. a writing-frame for the blind: an instrument for recording the presence of a night-watchman on his beat.—n. Nocturn′ograph, an instrument for recording work done in factories, &c., during the night. [L. nox, Gr. graphein, to write.]

Noctua, nok′tū-a, n. a generic name variously used—giving name to the Noctū′idæ, a large family of nocturnal lepidopterous insects, strong-bodied moths.—n. Noc′tuid.—adjs. Noctū′idous; Noc′tuiform; Noc′tuoid.

Noctuary, nok′tū-ā-ri, n. an account kept of the events or thoughts of night.

Noctule, nok′tūl, n. a vespertilionine bat. [Fr.,—L. nox, noctis, night.]

Nocturn, nok′turn, n. in the early church, a service of psalms and prayers at midnight or at daybreak: a portion of the psalter used at nocturns. [Fr. nocturne—L. nocturnus—nox, noctis, night.]

Nocturnal, nok-tur′nal, adj. pertaining to night: happening by night: nightly.—n. an instrument for observations in the night.—adv. Noctur′nally.

Nocturne, nok′turn, n. a painting showing a scene by night: a piece of music of a dreamy character suitable to evening or night thoughts: a serenade: a reverie. [Fr.; cf. Nocturn.]

Nocuous, nok′ū-us, adj. hurtful.—adv. Noc′uously. [L. nocuus—nocēre, to hurt.]

Nod, nod, v.i. to give a quick forward motion of the head: to bend the head in assent: to salute by a quick motion of the head: to let the head drop in weariness.—v.t. to incline: to signify by a nod:—pr.p. nod′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. nod′ded.—n. a bending forward of the head quickly: a slight bow: a command.—ns. Nod′der; Nod′ding.—adj. inclining the head quickly: indicating by a nod: acknowledged by a nod merely, as a nodding acquaintance: (bot.) having the flower looking downwards.—Land of Nod, the state of sleep. [M. E. nodden, not in A.S.; but cf. Old High Ger. hnōton, to shake, prov. Ger. notteln, to wag.]

Noddle, nod′l, n. properly, the projecting part at the back of the head: the head.—v.i. to nod repeatedly. [A variant of knot; cf. Old Dut. knodde, a knob, Ger. knoten, a knot.]

Noddy, nod′i, n. one whose head nods from weakness: a stupid fellow: a sea-fowl—easily taken: a four-wheeled carriage with a door at the back: an upright flat spring with a weight on the top, forming an inverted pendulum, indicating the vibration of any body to which it is attached. [Nod.]

Node, nōd, n. a knot: a knob: a knot or entanglement: (astron.) one of the two points in which the orbit of a planet intersects the plane of the ecliptic: (bot.) the joint of a stem: the plot of a piece in poetry: (math.) a point at which a curve cuts itself, and through which more than one tangent to the curve can be drawn: a similar point on a surface, where there is more than one tangent-plane.—adjs. Nod′al, pertaining to nodes; Nodāt′ed, knotted.—ns. Nodā′tion, the act of making knots: the state of being knotted; Node′-coup′le, a pair of points on a surface at which one plane is tangent; Node′-cusp, a peculiar kind of curve formed by the union of a node, a cusp, an inflection, and a bitangent.—adjs. Nod′ical, pertaining to the nodes: from a node round to the same node again; Nodif′erous (bot.), bearing nodes; Nō′diform; Nod′ose, full of knots: having knots or swelling joints: knotty.—n. Nodos′ity.—adjs. Nod′ular, of or like a nodule; Nod′ulāted, having nodules.—ns. Nod′ule, Nod′ulus, a little knot: a small lump.—adjs. Nod′uled, having nodules or little knots or lumps; Nodulif′erous; Nod′uliform; Nod′ulose, Nod′ulous (bot.), having nodules or small knots: knotty.—ns. Nod′ulus:—pl. Nod′ulī; Nō′dus:—pl. Nō′dī. [L. nodus (for gnodus), allied to Knot.]

Noematic, -al, nō-ē-mat′ik, -al, adj. intellectual—also Noet′ic, -al.—adv. Noemat′ically.—n.pl. Noem′ics, intellectual science. [Gr. noēma—noein, to perceive.]

Noetian, nō-ē′shi-an, adj. pertaining to Noë′tus or Noë′tianism, a form of Patripassianism taught by Noëtus of Smyrna about 200 A.D.

Nog, nog, n. a tree nail driven through the heels of the shores, to secure them: one of the pins in the lever of a clutch-coupling: a piece of wood in an inner wall: a cog in mining.

Noggin, nog′in, n. a small mug or wooden cup, or its contents, a dram suitable for one person. [Ir. noigin, Gael. noigean.]

Nogging, nog′ging, n. a partition of wooden posts with the spaces between filled up with bricks: brick-building filling up the spaces between the wooden posts of a partition.

Nohow, nō′how, adv. not in any way, not at all: (coll.) out of one's ordinary way, out of sorts.

Noils, noilz, n.pl. short pieces of wool separated from the longer fibres by combing.

Noise, noiz, n. sound of any kind: any over-loud or excessive sound, din: frequent or public talk: (Shak.) report: a musical band.—v.t. to spread by rumour.—v.i. to sound loud.—adjs. Noise′ful, noisy; Noise′less, without noise: silent.—adv. Noise′lessly.—n. Noise′lessness.—Make a noise in the world, to attract great notoriety. [Fr. noise, quarrel; prob. from L. nausea, disgust; but possibly from L. noxa, hurt—nocēre, to hurt.]

Noisome, noi′sum, adj. injurious to health: disgusting to sight or smell.—adv. Noi′somely.—n. Noi′someness. [M. E. noy, annoyance. Cf. Annoy.]

Noisy, noiz′i, adj. making a loud noise or sound: attended with noise: clamorous: turbulent.—adv. Nois′ily.—n. Nois′iness.

Nolens volens, nōlens vol′ens, unwilling (or) willing: willy-nilly.—n. Noli-me-tangere (nō′lī-mē-tan′je-rē), the wild cucumber: lupus of the nose: a picture showing Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalene, as in John xx.—Nolle prosequi (nol′e pros′e-kwī), a term used in English law to indicate that the plaintiff does not intend to go on with his action. [L. nolle, to be unwilling, velle, to be willing, tangĕre, to touch, prosequi, to prosecute.]

Nom, nong, n. name.—Nom de plume, 'pen-name:' the signature assumed by an author instead of his own name—not a Fr. phrase, but one of Eng. manufacture from Fr. nom, a name, de, of, plume, a pen.

Nomad, Nomade, nom′ad, n. one of a tribe that wanders about in quest of game, or of pasture for their flocks.—adj. Nomad′ic, of or for the feeding of cattle: pastoral: pertaining to the life of nomads: wandering: unsettled: rude.—adv. Nomad′ically.—v.i. Nom′adise, to lead a nomadic or vagabond life.—n. Nom′adism, the state of being nomadic: habits of nomads. [Gr. nomas, nomados—nomos, pasture—nemein, to drive to pasture.]

No-man's-land, nō′-manz-land, n. a region to which no one possesses a recognised claim.

Nomarch, nom′ärk, n. the ruler of a Nome, or division of a province, as in modern Greece.—n. Nom′archy, the district governed by a nomarch. [Gr. nomos, district, archē, rule.]

Nomen, nō′men, n. a name, esp. of the gens or clan, as Caius Julius Cæsar. [L.]

Nomenclator, nō′men-klā-tor, n. one who gives names to things:—fem. Nō′menclatress.—adjs. Nomenclatō′rial, Nō′menclātory, Nō′menclātūral.—n. Nō′menclāture, a system of naming: a list of names: a calling by name: the peculiar terms of a science. [L.,—nomen, a name, calāre, to call.]

Nomic, nom′ik, adj. customary, applied to the common mode of spelling—opp. to Glossic and Phonetic. [Gr. nomos, custom.]

Nominal, nom′in-al, adj. pertaining to a name: existing only in name: having a name.—ns. Nom′inalism, the doctrine that general terms have no corresponding reality either in or out of the mind, being mere words; Nom′inalist, one of a sect of philosophers who held the doctrine of nominalism.—adj. Nominalist′ic, pertaining to nominalism.—adv. Nom′inally. [L. nominalis—nomen, -ĭnis, a name.]

Nominate, nom′in-āt, v.t. to name: to mention by name: to appoint: to propose by name, as for an office or for an appointment.—adv. Nom′inātely, by name.—ns. Nom′inātion, the act or power of nominating: state of being nominated; Nom′inātion-game, in billiards, a game in which the player has to name beforehand what stroke he is leading.—adjs. Nominātī′val; Nom′inātive, naming: (gram.) applied to the case of the subject.—n. the naming case, the case in which the subject is expressed.—adv. Nom′inātively.—n. Nom′inātor, one who nominates.—Nominative absolute, a grammatical construction in which we have a subject (noun or pronoun) combined with a participle, but not connected with a finite verb or governed by any other words, as 'All being well, I will come.' [L. nomināre, -ātum, to name—nomen.]

Nominee, nom-in-ē′, n. one who is nominated by another: one on whose life an annuity or lease depends: one to whom the holder of a copyhold estate surrenders his interest.

Nomistic, nō-mis′tik, adj. pertaining to laws founded on a sacred book. [Gr. nomos, a law.]

Nomocracy, nō-mok′ra-si, n. a government according to a code of laws. [Gr. nomos, law, kratia—kratein, to rule.]

Nomogeny, nō-moj′e-ni, n. the origination of life according to natural law, not miracle—opp. to Thaumatogeny. [Gr. nomos, law, geneia—genēs, producing.]

Nomography, nō-mog′ra-fi, n. the art of drawing up laws in proper form.—n. Nomog′rapher, one versed in this art. [Gr. nomos, law, graphein, to write.]

Nomology, no-mol′ō-ji, n. the science of the laws of the mind.—adj. Nomolog′ical.—n. Nomol′ogist. [Gr. nomos, law, logia, discourse—legein, to speak.]

Nomothetic, nom-ō-thet′ik, adj. legislative: founded on a system of laws, or by a lawgiver. [Gr. nomothetēs, a lawgiver, one of a body of heliasts or jurors in ancient Athens, charged with the decision as to any proposed change in legislation.]

Non, non, adv. not, a Latin word used as a prefix, as in ns. Non-abil′ity, want of ability; Non-accept′ance, want of acceptance: refusal to accept; Non-ac′cess (law), absence of opportunity for marital commerce; Non-acquaint′ance, want of acquaintance; Non-acquiesc′ence, refusal of acquiescence; Non-admiss′ion, refusal of admission: failure to be admitted; Non-alienā′tion, state of not being alienated: failure to alienate; Non-appear′ance, failure or neglect to appear, esp. in a court of law; Non-arrī′val, failure to arrive; Non-attend′ance, a failure to attend: absence; Non-atten′tion, inattention; Non′-claim, a failure to make claim within the time limited by law; Non-com′batant, any one connected with an army who is there for some other purpose than that of fighting, as a surgeon, &c.: a civilian in time of war.—adjs. Non-commiss′ioned, not having a commission, as an officer in the army below the rank of commissioned officer—abbrev. Non-com′.; Non-commit′tal, unwilling to commit one's self to any particular opinion or course of conduct, free from any declared preference or pledge.—ns. Non-commū′nicant, one who abstains from joining in holy communion, or who has not yet communicated; Non-commūn′ion; Non-complī′ance, neglect or failure of compliance.—adj. Non-comply′ing.—n. Non-concur′rence, refusal to concur.—adj. Non-conduct′ing, not conducting or transmitting: not allowing a fluid or a force to pass along, as glass does not conduct electricity.—n. Non-conduct′or, a substance which does not conduct or transmit certain properties or conditions, as heat or electricity.—adj. Nonconform′ing, not conforming, esp. to an established church.—n. and adj. Nonconform′ist, one who does not conform: esp. one who refused to conform or subscribe to the Act of Uniformity in 1662—abbrev. Non-con′.—n. Nonconform′ity, want of conformity, esp. to the established church.—adj. Non-contā′gious, not infectious.—ns. Non′-content, one not content: in House of Lords, one giving a negative vote; Non-deliv′ery, failure or neglect to deliver.—adj. Non-effect′ive, not efficient or serviceable: unfitted for service.—n. a member of a force who is not able, for some reason, to take part in active service.—adj. Non-effic′ient, not up to the mark required for service.—n. a soldier who has not yet undergone the full number of drills.—n. Non-ē′go, in metaphysics, the not-I, the object as opposed to the subject, whatever is not the conscious self.—adjs. Non-egois′tical; Non-elas′tic, not elastic; Non-ēlect′, not elect.—n. one not predestined to salvation.—n. Non-ēlec′tion, state of not being elected.—adjs. Non-elec′tric, -al, not conducting the electric fluid; Non-emphat′ic; Non-empir′ical, not empirical, not presented in experience; Non-epis′copal.—n. Non-episcopā′lian.—adj. Non-essen′tial, not essential: not absolutely required.—n. something that may be done without.—n. Non-exist′ence, negation of existence: a thing that has no existence.—adj. Non-exist′ent.—n. Non-exportā′tion.—adj. Non-for′feiting, of a life insurance policy not forfeited by reason of non-payment.—ns. Non-fulfil′ment; Non-importā′tion.—adj. Non-import′ing.—ns. Non-interven′tion, a policy of systematic non-interference by one country with the affairs of other nations; Non-intru′sion, in Scottish Church history, the principle that a patron should not force an unacceptable clergyman on an unwilling congregation; Non-intru′sionist.—adj. Non-iss′uable, not capable of being issued: not admitting of issue being taken on it.—n. Non-join′der (law), the omitting to join all the parties to the action or suit.—adj. Nonjur′ing, not swearing allegiance.—n. Nonjur′or, one of the clergy in England and Scotland who would not swear allegiance to William and Mary in 1689, holding themselves still bound by the oath they had taken to the deposed king, James II.—adjs. Non-lū′minous; Non-manufact′uring; Non-marr′ying, not readily disposed to marry; Non-metal′lic, not consisting of metal: not like the metals; Non-mor′al, involving no moral considerations; Non-nat′ural, not natural: forced or strained.—n. in ancient medicine, anything not considered of the essence of man, but necessary to his well-being, as air, food, sleep, rest, &c.—ns. Non-obē′dience; Non-observ′ance, neglect or failure to observe; Non-pay′ment, neglect or failure to pay; Non-perform′ance, neglect or failure to perform.—adjs. Non-placent′al; Non-pon′derous.—n. Non-produc′tion.—adj. Non-profess′ional, not done by a professional man, amateur: not proper to be done by a professional man, as unbecoming conduct in a physician, &c.—ns. Non-profic′ient, one who has made no progress in the art or study in which he is engaged; Non-regard′ance, want of due regard; Non-res′idence, failure to reside, or the fact of not residing at a certain place, where one's official or social duties require one to reside.—adj. Non-res′ident, not residing within the range of one's responsibilities.—n. one who does not do so, as a landlord, clergyman, &c.—n. Non-resist′ance, the principle of not offering opposition: passive or ready obedience.—adjs. Non-resist′ant, Non-resist′ing; Non-sex′ual, sexless, asexual; Non-socī′ety, not belonging to a society, esp. of a workman not attached to a trades-union, or of a place in which such men are employed.—n. Non-solū′tion.—adjs. Non-sol′vent; Non-submis′sive.—n. Non′suit, a legal term in England, which means that where a plaintiff in a jury trial finds he will lose his case, owing to some defect or accident, he is allowed to be nonsuited, instead of allowing a verdict and judgment to go for the defendant.—v.t. to record that a plaintiff drops his suit.—n. Non′-term, a vacation between two terms of a law-court.—adj. Non-un′ion (see Non-society).—ns. Non-ū′sager (see Usage); Non-ū′ser (law), neglect of official duty: omission to take advantage of an easement, &c.—adj. Non-vī′able, not viable, of a fœtus too young for independent life.

Nonage, non′āj, n. legal infancy, minority: time of immaturity generally.—adj. Non′aged. [L. non, not, and age.]

Nonagenarian, non-a-je-nā′ri-an, n. one who is ninety years old.—adj. relating to ninety.—adj. Nonages′imal, belonging to the number ninety.—n. that point of the ecliptic 90 degrees from its intersection by the horizon. [L. nonagenarius, containing ninety—nonaginta, ninety.]

Nonagon, non′a-gon, n. (math.) a plane figure having nine sides and nine angles. [L. novem, nine, nonus, ninth, gōnia, angle.]

Nonce, nons, n. (only in phrase 'for the nonce') the present time, occasion.—Nonce-word, a word specially coined, like Carlyle's gigmanity. [The substantive has arisen by mistake from 'for the nones,' originally for then ones, meaning simply 'for the once.']

Nonchalance, non′shal-ans, n. unconcern: coolness: indifference.—adj. Nonchalant (non′sha-lant).—adv. Non′chalantly. [Fr., non, not, chaloir, to care for—L. calēre, to be warm.]

Nondescript, non′de-skript, adj. novel: odd.—n. anything not yet described or classed: a person or thing not easily described or classed. [L. non, not, descriptus, describĕre, to describe.]

None, nun, adj. and pron. not one: not any: not the smallest part.—adv. in no respect: to no extent or degree.—n. None′-so-prett′y, or London Pride, Saxifraga umbrosa, a common English garden-plant.—adj. None′-spar′ing (Shak.), all-destroying. [M. E. noon, non—A.S. nán—ne, not, án, one.]

Nonentity, non-en′ti-ti, n. want of entity or being: a thing not existing: a person of no importance.

Nones, nōnz, n.pl. in the Roman calendar, the ninth day before the Ides (both days included)—the 5th of Jan., Feb., April, June, Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec., and the 7th of the other months: the Divine office for the ninth hour, or three o'clock. [L. nonæ—nonus for novenus, ninth—novem, nine.]

Non est, non est, adj. for absent, being a familiar shortening of the legal phrase non est inventus=he has not been found (coll).

Nonesuch, nun′such, n. a thing like which there is none such: an extraordinary thing.

Nonet, nō-net′, n. (mus.) a composition for nine voices or instruments.

Non-feasance, non-fē′zans, n. omission of something which ought to be done, distinguished from Misfeasance, which means the wrongful use of power or authority. [Pfx. non, not, O. Fr. faisance, doing—faire—L. facĕre, to do.]

Nonillion, nō-nil′yun, n. the number produced by raising a million to the ninth power.

Nonny, non′i, n. a meaningless refrain in Old English ballads, &c., usually 'hey, nonny'—often repeated nonny-nonny, nonino, as a cover for obscenity.

Nonpareil, non-pa-rel′, n. a person or thing without equal or unique: a fine apple: a printing-type forming about twelve lines to the inch, between emerald (larger) and ruby (smaller).—adj. without an equal: matchless. [Fr.,—non, not, pareil, equal—Low L. pariculus, dim. of par, equal.]

Nonplus, non′plus, n. a state in which no more can be done or said: great difficulty.—v.t. to perplex completely, to puzzle:—pr.p. non′plussing; pa.t. and pa.p. non′plussed. [L. non, not, plus, more.]

Non possumus, non pos′ū-mus, we are not able: we cannot, a plea of inability. [L., 1st pl. pres. ind. of posse, to be able.]

Nonsense, non′sens, n. that which has no sense: language without meaning: absurdity: trifles.—adj. Nonsens′ical, without sense: absurd.—ns. Nonsensical′ity, Nonsens′icalness.—adv. Nonsens′ically.—Nonsense name, an arbitrarily coined name, for mnemonic purposes, &c.; Nonsense verses, verses perfect in form but without any connected sense, being merely exercises in metre, &c.: verses intentionally absurd, like that of the Jabberwock in Through the Looking-glass.

Non sequitur, non sek′wi-tur, it does not follow: a wrong conclusion: one that does not follow from the premises. [L. non, not, and 3d sing. pres. ind. of sequi, to follow.]

Noodle, nōōd′l, n. a simpleton: a blockhead.—n. Nood′ledom. [Noddy.]

Noodle, nōōd′l, n. dried dough of wheat-flour and eggs, used in soup or as a baked dish.

Nook, nōōk, n. a corner: a narrow place formed by an angle: a recess: a secluded retreat.—adjs. Nook′-shot′ten, full of nooks and corners; Nook′y. [Gael. and Ir. niuc; Scot. neuk.]

Noology, no-ol′o-ji, n. the science of the phenomena of the mind, or of the facts of intellect. [Gr. noos, the mind, logia, discourse.]

Noon, nōōn, n. the ninth hour of the day in Roman and ecclesiastical reckoning, three o'clock P.M.: afterwards (when the church service for the ninth hour, called Nones, was shifted to midday) midday: twelve o'clock: middle: height.—adj. belonging to midday: meridional.—v.i. to rest at noon.—n. Noon′day, midday: the time of greatest prosperity.—adj. pertaining to midday: meridional.—ns. Noon′ing, a rest about noon: a repast at noon; Noon′tide, the tide or time of noon: midday.—adj. pertaining to noon: meridional. [A.S. nón-tíd (noontide)—L. nona (hora), the ninth (hour).]

Noose, nōōs, or nōōz, n. a running knot which ties the firmer the closer it is drawn: a snare or knot generally.—v.t. to tie or catch in a noose. [Prob. O. Fr. nous, pl. of nou (Fr. nœud)—L. nodus, knot.]

Nor, nor, conj. and not, a particle introducing the second part of a negative proposition—correlative to neither. [Contr. of nother=neither.]

Noria, nō′ri-a, n. a water-raising apparatus in Spain, Syria, and elsewhere, by means of a large paddle-wheel having fixed to its rim a series of buckets, a flush-wheel. [Sp.,—Ar.]

Norimon, nor′i-mon, n. a kind of sedan-chair used in Japan. [Jap. nori, ride, mono, thing.]

Norm, norm, n. a rule: a pattern: an authoritative standard: a type or typical unit.—n. Nor′ma, a rule, model: a square for measuring right angles.—adj. Nor′mal, according to rule: regular: exact: perpendicular.—n. a perpendicular.—ns. Normalisā′tion, Normal′ity.—v.t. Nor′malise.—adv. Nor′mally.—adj. Nor′mative, establishing a standard.—Normal school, a training-college for teachers in the practice of their profession. [L. norma, a rule.]

Norman, nor′man, n. a native or inhabitant of Normandy: one of that Scandinavian race which settled in northern France about the beginning of the 10th century, founded the Duchy of Normandy, and conquered England in 1066—the Norman Conquest.—adj. pertaining to the Normans or to Normandy.—v.t. Nor′manise, to give a Norman character to.—Norman architecture, a round-arched style, a variety of Romanesque, prevalent in England from the Norman Conquest (1066) till the end of the 12th century, of massive simplicity, the churches cruciform with semicircular apse and a great tower rising from the intersection of nave and transept, deeply recessed doorways, windows small, round-headed, high in wall; Norman French, a form of French spoken by the Normans, which came into England at the Norman Conquest, modified the spelling, accent, and pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon, and enriched it with a large infusion of new words relating to the arts of life, &c. [Northmen.]

Norman, nor′man, n. (naut.) a bar inserted in a windlass, on which to fasten or veer a rope or cable.

Norn, norn, n. (Scand. myth.) one of the three fates—Urd, Verdande, and Skuld.—Also Norn′a.

Norroy, nor′roi, n. (her.) the third of the three English kings-at-arms, or provincial heralds, whose jurisdiction lies north of the Trent. [Fr. nord, north, roy, roi, king.]

Norse, nors, adj. pertaining to ancient Scandinavia.—n. the language of ancient Scandinavia—also Old Norse.—n. Norse′man, a Scandinavian or Northman. [Ice. Norskr; Norw. Norsk.]

North, north, n. the point opposite the sun at noon: one of the four cardinal points of the horizon: the side of a church to the left of one facing the principal altar: that portion of the United States north of the former slave-holding states—i.e. north of Maryland, the Ohio, and Missouri.—adv. to or in the north.—ns. North′-cock, the snow bunting; North′-east, the point between the north and east, equidistant from each.—adj. belonging to or from the north-east.—n. North′-east′er, a wind from the north-east.—adjs. North′-east′erly, toward or coming from the north-east; North′-east′ern, belonging to the north-east: being in the north-east, or in that direction.—adv. North′-east′ward, toward the north-east.—ns. North′er (th), a wind or gale from the north, esp. applied to a cold wind that blows in winter over Texas and the Gulf of Mexico; North′erliness (th), state of being toward the north.—adj. North′erly (th), being toward the north: coming from the north.—adv. toward or from the north.—adj. North′ern (th), pertaining to the north: being in the north or in the direction toward it: proceeding from the north.—n. an inhabitant of the north.—n. North′erner (th), a native of, or resident in, the north, esp. of the northern United States.—adjs. North′ernmost (th), North′most, situate at the point farthest north.—ns. North′ing, motion, distance, or tendency northward: distance of a heavenly body from the equator northward: difference of latitude made by a ship in sailing northward: deviation towards the north; North′man, one of the ancient Scandinavians; North′-pole, the point in the heavens, or beneath it on the earth's surface, ninety degrees north of the equator; North′-star, the north polar star; Northum′brian, a native of the modern Northumberland, or of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria, stretching from the Humber to the Forth: that variety of English spoken in Northumbria before the Conquest—also adj.—adjs. North′ward, North′wardly, being toward the north.—adv. toward the north—also North′wards.—n. North′-west, the point between the north and west, equidistant from each.—adj. pertaining to or from the north-west.—adjs. North′-west′erly, toward or coming from the north-west; North′-west′ern, belonging to the north-west: pertaining to, or being in, the north-west or in that direction.—North water, the space of open sea left by the winter pack of ice moving southward.—North-east Passage, a passage for ships along the north coasts of Europe and Asia to the Pacific, first made by Nordenskiöld in 1878-79; Northern lights, the aurora borealis (q.v.); North-west Passage, a sea-way for ships from the Atlantic into the Pacific along the northern coast of America, first made by Sir Robert M‘Clure, 1850-54. [A.S. north; cf. Ger. nord.]

Norwegian, nor-wē′ji-an, adj. pertaining to Norway—(Shak.) Norwē′yan.—n. a native of Norway: a kind of fishing-boat on the Great Lakes.

Nose, nōz, n. the organ of smell: the power of smelling: sagacity: the projecting part of anything resembling a nose, as the spout of a kettle, &c.: a drip, a downward projection from a cornice: (slang) an informer.—v.t. to smell: to oppose rudely face to face: to sound through the nose.—ns. Nose′bag, a bag for a horse's nose, containing oats, &c.; Nose′-band, the part of the bridle coming over the nose, attached to the cheek-straps.—adjs. Nosed, having a nose—used in composition, as bottle-nosed, long-nosed, &c.; Nose′-led, led by the nose, ruled and befooled completely; Nose′less, without a nose.—ns. Nose′-leaf, a membranous appendage on the snouts of phyllostomine and rhinolophine bats, forming a highly sensitive tactile organ; Nose′-of-wax, an over-pliable person or thing; Nose′-piece, the outer end or point of a pipe, bellows, &c.: the extremity of the tube of a microscope to which the objective is attached: a nose-band: the nasal in armour; Nose′-ring, an ornament worn in the septum of the nose or in either of its wings; Nos′ing, the projecting rounded edge of the step of a stair or of a moulding.—Aquiline nose, a prominent nose, convex in profile; Bottle nose, a name given to certain species of cetaceans: an eruption on the nose such as is produced by intemperate drinking; Pug nose, a short turned-up nose; Roman nose, an aquiline nose.—Hold, Keep, or Put one's nose to the grindstone (see Grindstone); Lead by the nose, to cause to follow blindly; Put one's nose out of joint, to bring down one's pride or sense of importance: to push out of favour; Thrust one's nose into, to meddle officiously with anything; Turn up one's nose (at), to express contempt for a person or thing. [A.S. nosu; Ger. nase, L. nasus.]

Nosegay, nōz′gā, n. a bunch of fragrant flowers: a posy or bouquet. [From nose and gay (adj.).]

Nosocomial, nos-ō-kō′mi-al, adj. relating to a hospital. [Gr. nosos, sickness, komein, to take care of.]

Nosography, nō-sog′ra-fi, n. the description of diseases.—adj. Nosograph′ic. [Gr. nosos, disease, graphein, to write.]

Nosology, nos-ol′o-ji, n. the science of diseases: the branch of medicine which treats of the classification of diseases.—adj. Nosolog′ical.—n. Nosol′ogist. [Gr. nosos, disease, logia, discourse.]

Nosonomy, nō-son′o-mi, n. the classification of diseases. [Gr. nosos, a disease, onoma, a name.]

Nosophobia, nos-o-fō′bi-a, n. morbid dread of disease. [Gr. nosos, a disease, phobia, fear.]

Nostalgia, nos-tal′ji-a, n. home-sickness, esp. when morbid.—adj. Nostal′gic. [Gr. nostos, a return, algos, pain.]

Nostoc, nos′tok, n. a genus of Algæ, found in moist places.—Also Witches' butter, Spittle of the stars, Star-jelly, &c. [Ger. nostoch.]

Nostology, nos-tol′o-ji, n. the science of the phenomena of extreme old age or senility in which there is ever seen a return to the characteristics of the youthful stage.—adj. Nostolog′ic. [Gr. nostos, return, logia—legein, to speak.]

Nostradamus, nos-tra-dā′mus, n. any quack doctor or charlatan—from the French astrologer (1503-66).

Nostril, nos′tril, n. one of the openings of the nose. [M. E. nosethirl—A.S. nosthyrl—nosu, nose, thyrel, opening. Cf. Drill, to pierce, and Thrill.]

Nostrum, nos′trum, n. any secret, quack, or patent medicine: any favourite remedy or scheme. [L., 'our own,' from nos, we.]

Not, not, adv. a word expressing denial, negation, or refusal.—Not in it (coll.), having no part in some confidence or advantage. [Same as Naught, from A.S. ná, wiht, a whit.]

Notable, nō′ta-bl, adj. worthy of being known or noted: remarkable: memorable: distinguished: notorious: capable, clever, industrious.—n. a person or thing worthy of note, esp. in pl. for persons of distinction and political importance in France in pre-Revolution times.—n.pl. Notabil′ia, things worthy of notice: noteworthy sayings.—ns. Notabil′ity, the being notable: a notable person or thing; Nō′tableness.—adv. Nō′tably.

Notæum, nō-tē′um, n. the upper surface of a bird's trunk—opp. to Gastræum: a dorsal buckler in some gasteropods. [Gr. nōtos, the back.]

Notalgia, nō-tal′ji-a, n. pain in the back.—adj. Notal′gic. [Gr. nōtos, the back, algos, pain.]

Notanda, nō-tan′da, n.pl. something to be specially noted or observed:—sing. Notan′dum. [L. pl. ger. of notāre, to note.]

Notary, nō′ta-ri, n. an officer authorised to certify deeds, contracts, copies of documents, affidavits, &c.—generally called a Notary public—anciently one who took notes or memoranda of others' acts.—adj. Notā′rial.—adv. Notā′rially.—Apostolical notary, the official who despatches the orders of the Pope; Ecclesiastical notary, in the early church, a secretary who recorded the proceedings of councils, &c. [L. notarius.]

Notation, nō-tā′shun, n. the act or practice of recording by marks or symbols: a system of signs or symbols.—adj. Nō′tate (bot.), marked with coloured spots or lines.—Chemical notation (see Chemistry). [L.,—notāre, -ātum, to mark.]

Notch, noch, n. a nick cut in anything: an indentation, incision, incisure: a narrow pass in a rock, or between two mountains.—v.t. to cut a hollow into.—n. Notch′-board, the board which receives the ends of the steps of a staircase—also Bridge-board.—adjs. Notch′-eared, having emarginate ears, as the notch-eared bat; Notched, nicked.—n. Notch′ing, a method of joining framing-timbers, by halving, scarfing, or caulking. [From a Teut. root, as in Old Dut. nock. Cf. Nick, a notch.]

Note, nōt, n. that by which a person or thing is known: a mark or sign calling attention: a brief explanation: a short remark: a brief report, a catalogue, a bill: a memorandum: a short letter: a diplomatic paper: a small size of paper used for writing: (mus.) a mark representing a sound, also the sound itself, air, tune, tone, also a digital or key of the keyboard: a paper acknowledging a debt and promising payment, as a bank-note, a note of hand: notice, heed, observation: reputation: fame.—v.t. to make a note of: to notice: to attend to: to record in writing: to furnish with notes.—n. Note′-book, a book in which notes or memoranda are written: a bill-book.—adj. Not′ed, marked: well known: celebrated: eminent: notorious.—adv. Not′edly.—n. Not′edness.—adj. Note′less, not attracting notice.—ns. Note′-pā′per, folded writing-paper for letters (commercial, 5 × 8 in.; octavo, 4½ × 7; billet, 4 × 6; queen, 3½ × 5⅜; packet, 5½ × 9; Bath, 7 × 8); Not′er, one who notes or observes: one who makes notes, an annotator; Note′-shav′er (U.S.), a money-lender.—adj. Note′worthy, worthy of note or of notice.—Note a bill, to record on the back of it a refusal of acceptance, as a ground of protest. [Fr.,—L. nota, noscĕre, notum, to know.]

Note, nōt (Spens.), wot or knew not (a contr. of ne wot): could not (a contr. of ne mote).

Nothing, nuth′ing, n. no thing: non-existence: absence of being: a low condition: no value or use: not anything of importance, a trifle: utter insignificance, no difficulty or trouble: no magnitude: a cipher.—adv. in no degree: not at all.—adj. and n. Nothingā′rian, believing nothing.—ns. Nothingā′rianism; Noth′ing-gift (Shak.), a gift of no value; Noth′ingism, nihility; Noth′ingness, state of being nothing or of no value: a thing of no value.—Nothing but, no more than: only; Nothing less than, equal to: as much as.—Come to nothing, to have no result: to turn out a failure; Make nothing of, to consider as of no difficulty or importance; Neck or nothing (see Neck); Next to nothing, almost nothing. [No and thing.]

Notice, nōt′is, n. act of noting or observing: attention: observation: information: warning: a writing containing information: public intimation: civility or respectful treatment: remark.—v.t. to mark or see: to regard or attend to: to mention: to make observations upon: to treat with civility.—adj. Not′iceable, that can be noticed: worthy of notice: likely to be noticed.—adv. Not′iceably.—n. Not′ice-board, a board on which a notice is fixed.—Give notice, to warn beforehand: to inform. [Fr.,—L. notitia—noscĕre, notum, to know.]

Notify, nō′ti-fī, v.t. to make known: to declare: to give notice or information of:—pa.t. and pa.p. nō′tified.—adj. Nō′tifiable, that must be made known.—n. Notificā′tion, the act of notifying: the notice given: the paper containing the notice. [Fr.,—L. notificāre, -ātum—notus, known, facĕre, to make.]

Notion, nō′shun, n. the art of forming a conception in the mind of the various marks or qualities of an object: the result of this act, a conception: opinion: belief: judgment: a caprice or whim: any small article ingeniously devised or invented, usually in pl.—adj. Nō′tional, of the nature of a notion: ideal: fanciful.—adv. Nō′tionally, in notion or mental apprehension: in idea, not in reality.—n. Nō′tionist, one who holds ungrounded opinions. [Fr.,—L. notion-em—noscĕre, notum, to know.]

Notitia, nō-tish′i-a, n. a roll, list, register: a catalogue of public functionaries, with their districts: a list of episcopal sees. [L.; cf. Notice.]

Notobranchiate, nō-tō-brang′ki-āt, adj. and n. having dorsal gills, belonging to Notobranchiā′ta, an order of worms having such. [Gr. nōtos, the back, brangchia, gills.]

Notochord, nō′tō-kord, n. a simple cellular rod, the basis of the future spinal column, persisting throughout life in many lower vertebrates, as the amphioxus, &c.—adj. Nō′tochordal. [Gr. nōtos, the back, chordē, a string.]

Notodontiform, nō-tō-don′ti-form, adj. resembling a tooth-back or moth of the family Notodontidæ. [Gr. nōtos, back, odous, tooth, L. forma, form.]

Notonectal, nō-tō-nek′tal, adj. swimming on the back, as certain insects: related to the Notonectidæ, a family of aquatic bugs, the boat-flies or water-boatmen. [Gr. nōtos, the back, nēktēs, a swimmer.]

Notopodal, nō-top′ō-dal, adj. pertaining to the Notop′oda, a division of decapods, including the dromioid crabs, &c.—Also Notop′odous. [Gr. nōtos, the back, pous, podos, the foot.]

Notopodium, nō-tō-pō′di-um, n. the dorsal or upper part of the parapodium of an annelid, a dorsal oar.—adj. Notopō′dial. [Gr. nōtos, the back, pous, podos, the foot.]

Notorious, no-tō′ri-us, adj. publicly known (now used in a bad sense): infamous.—n. Notorī′ety, state of being notorious: publicity: public exposure.—adv. Notō′riously.—n. Notō′riousness. [Low L. notorius—notāre, -ātum, to mark—noscĕre.]

Notornis, nō-tor′nis, n. a genus of gigantic ralline birds, with wings so much reduced as to be incapable of flight, which have within historical times become extinct in New Zealand, &c. [Gr. nōtos, the south, ornis, a bird.]

Nototherium, nō-tō-thē′ri-um, n. a genus of gigantic fossil kangaroo-like marsupials, found in Australia. [Gr. nōtos, the south, thērion, a wild beast.]

Nototrema, nō-tō-trē′ma, n. the pouch-toads, a genus of Hylidæ.—adj. Nototrem′atous. [Gr. nōtos, the back, trēma, a hole.]

Nott-headed, not′-hed′ed, adj. (Shak.) having the hair cut bare.—Nott′-pat′ed. [A.S. hnot, shorn.]

Notum, nō′tum, n. the dorsal aspect of the thorax in insects. [Gr. nōtos, the back.]

Notwithstanding, not-with-stand′ing, prep. in spite of.—conj. in spite of the fact that, although.—adv. nevertheless, however, yet. [Orig. a participial phrase in nominative absolute=L. non obstante.]

Nougat, nōō-gä′, n. a confection made of a sweet paste filled with chopped almonds or pistachio-nuts. [Fr. (cf. Sp. nogado, an almond-cake)—L. nux, nucis, a nut.]

Nought, nawt, n. not anything: nothing.—adv. in no degree.—Set at nought, to despise. [Same as Naught.]

Noul, nōl, n. (Spens.) the top of the head. [A.S. hnoll, top or summit.]

Noumenon, nōō′me-non, n. an unknown and unknowable substance or thing as it is in itself—opp. to Phenomenon, or the form through which it becomes known to the senses or the understanding:—pl. Nou′mena.—adj. Nou′menal. [Gr. noumenon, pa.p. of noein, to perceive—nous, the mind.]

Noun, nown, n. (gram.) the name of any person or thing.—adj. Noun′al. [O. Fr. non (Fr. nom)—L. nomen, name.]

Nourish, nur′ish, v.t. to suckle: to feed or bring up: to support: to help forward growth in any way: to encourage: to cherish: to educate.—adjs. Nour′ishable, able to be nourished.—n. Nour′isher.—adj. Nour′ishing, giving nourishment.—n. Nour′ishment, the act of nourishing or the state of being nourished: that which nourishes: nutriment. [O. Fr. norir (Fr. nourrir)—L. nutrīre, to feed.]

Noursle, nurs′l, v.t. to nurse: to bring up.—Also Nous′le. [Nuzzle.]

Novatian, nō-vā′shi-an, adj. of or pertaining to Novatianus, who had himself ordained Bishop of Rome in opposition to Cornelius (251), and headed the party of severity against the lapsed in the controversy about their treatment that arose after the Decian persecution.—ns. Novā′tianism; Novā′tianist.

Novation, nō-vā′shun, n. the substitution of a new obligation for the one existing: innovation.

Novel, nov′el, adj. new: unusual: strange.—n. that which is new: a new or supplemental constitution or decree, issued by certain Roman emperors, as Justinian, after their authentic publications of law (also Novell′a): a fictitious prose narrative or tale presenting a picture of real life, esp. of the emotional crises in the life-history of the men and women portrayed.—n. Novelette′, a small novel.—v.t. Nov′elise, to change by introducing novelties: to put into the form of novels.—v.i. to make innovations.—n. Nov′elist, a novel-writer: an innovator.—adj. Novelist′ic.—n. Nov′elty, newness: unusual appearance: anything new, strange, or different from anything before:—pl. Nov′elties. [O. Fr. novel (Fr. nouveau)—L. novellus—novus.]

November, nō-vem′bėr, n. the eleventh month of our year. [The ninth month of the Roman year; L., from novem, nine.]

Novena, nō-vē′na, n. a devotion lasting nine days, to obtain a particular request, through the intercession of the Virgin or some saint. [L. novenus, nine each, novem, nine.]

Novenary, nov′en-a-ri, adj. pertaining to the number nine.—adj. Novene′, going by nines. [L. novenarius—novem, nine.]

Novennial, nō-ven′yal, adj. done every ninth year. [L. novennis—novem, nine, annus, a year.]

Novercal, nō-vėr′kal, adj. pertaining to or befitting a stepmother. [L. novercalis—noverca, a stepmother.]

Noverint, nov′e-rint, n. a writ—beginning with the words noverint universi—let all men know. [3d pers. pl. perf. subj. of noscĕre, to know.]

Novice, nov′is, n. one new in anything: a beginner: one newly received into the church: an inmate of a convent or nunnery who has not yet taken the vow.—ns. Nov′iceship; Novi′ciate, Novi′tiate, the state of being a novice: the period of being a novice: a novice. [Fr.,—L. novitius—novus, new.]

Novum, nō′vum, n. (Shak.) a certain game at dice, in which the chief throws were nine and five.

Novus homo, nov′us hom′o, n. a new man: one who has risen from a low position to a high dignity.

Now, now, adv. at the present time: at this time or a little before.—conj. but: after this: things being so.—n. the present time.—advs. Now′adays, in days now present.—Now—now, at one time—at another time. [A.S. nú; Ger. nun, L. nunc, Gr. nun.]

Nowel, Noël, nō′el, n. Christmas: a joyous shout or song at Christmas: a Christmas carol. [O. Fr. nowel, noel (mod. Fr. noël; cf. Sp. natal, It. natale)—L. natalis, belonging to one's birthday.]

Nowhere, nō′hwār, adv. in no where or place: at no time.—adv. Nō′whither, not any whither: to no place: in no direction: nowhere.

Nowy, now′i, adj. (her.) having a convex curvature near the middle.—Also Nowed. [O. Fr. noue—L. nudatus, knotted.]

Noxious, nok′shus, adj. hurtful: unwholesome: injurious: destructive: poisonous.—adj. Nox′al, relating to wrongful injury.—adv. Nox′iously.—n. Nox′iousness. [L. noxius—noxa, hurt—nocēre, to hurt.]

Noyade, nwa-yad′, n. an infamous mode of drowning by means of a boat with movable bottom, practised by Carrier at Nantes, 1793-94. [Fr.,—noyer, to drown.]

Noyau, nwo-yō′, n. a liqueur flavoured with kernels of bitter almonds or of peach-stones. [Fr., the stone of a fruit—L. nucalis, like a nut—nux, nucis, a nut.]

Noyous, noi′us, adj. (Spens.) serving to annoy: troublesome: hurtful. [Annoy.]

Nozzle, noz′l, n. a little nose: the snout: the extremity of anything: the open end of a pipe or tube, as of a bellows, &c. [Dim. of nose.]

Nuance, nū-ans′, n. a delicate degree or shade of difference perceived by any of the senses, or by the intellect. [Fr.,—L. nubes, a cloud.]

Nub, nub, n. a knob, knot: point, gist.—adjs. Nub′bly, full of knots; Nub′by, lumpy, dirty.

Nubecula, nū-bek′ū-la, n. a light film on the eye: a cloudy appearance in urine:—pl. Nubec′ulæ.

Nubiferous, nū-bif′e-rus, adj. bringing clouds.—adjs. Nūbig′enous, produced by clouds; Nū′bilous, cloudy, overcast—(obs.) Nū′bilose.

Nubile, nū′bil, adj. marriageable.—n. Nubil′ity. [L. nubilis—nubĕre, to veil one's self, hence to marry.]

Nuciform, nūs′i-form, adj. nut-shaped.—adj. Nucif′erous, nut-bearing. [L. nux, nucis, nut, forma, form.]

Nucifraga, nū-sif′ra-ga, n. a genus of corvine birds, between crows and jays, the nutcrackers.

Nucleus, nū′klē-us, n. the central mass round which matter gathers: (astron.) the head of a comet:—pl. Nuclei (nū′klē-ī).—adjs. Nū′clēal, Nū′clēar, pertaining to a nucleus.—v.t. Nū′clēāte, to gather into or around a nucleus.—adjs. Nū′clēate, -d, having a nucleus; Nū′clēiform.—ns. Nū′clēin, a colourless amorphous proteid, a constituent of cell-nuclei; Nū′cleobranch, one of an order of molluscs which have the gills packed in the shell along with the heart:—pl. Nucleobranchiă′ta; Nū′clēōle, a little nucleus: a nucleus within a nucleus—also Nuclē′olus:—pl. Nuclē′oli. [L.,—nux, nucis, a nut.]

Nucule, nūk′ūl, n. a little nut: in Characeæ the female sexual organ. [L. nucula, dim. of nux, nucis, a nut.]

Nude, nūd, adj. naked: bare: without drapery, as a statue: void, as a contract.—n. Nūdā′tion, act of making bare.—adv. Nūde′ly.—ns. Nūde′ness, Nū′dity, nakedness: want of covering: anything laid bare.—adjs. Nudiflō′rous, having the flowers destitute of hairs, glands, &c.; Nūdifō′lious, having bare or smooth leaves; Nūdiros′trate, having the rostrum naked.—n.pl. Nū′dities, naked parts: figures divested of drapery.—The nude, the undraped human figure as a branch of art. [L. nudus, naked.]

Nudge, nuj, n. a gentle push.—v.t. to push gently. [Cf. Knock, Knuckle; Dan. knuge.]

Nudibranch, nū′di-brangk, n. one of an order of gasteropods having no shell, and with the gills exposed on the surface of the body:—pl. Nudibranchiā′ta. [L. nudus, naked, branchiæ, gills.]

Nugatory, nū′ga-tor-i, adj. trifling: vain: insignificant: of no power: ineffectual. [L. nugatorius,—nugæ, jokes, trifles.]

Nugget, nug′et, n. a lump or mass, as of a metal. [Prob. ingot, with the n of the article.]

Nuisance, nū′sans, n. that which annoys or hurts: that which troubles: that which is offensive.—n. Nū′isancer. [Fr.,—L. nocēre, to hurt.]

Null, nul, adj. of no legal force: void: invalid: of no importance.—n. something of no value or meaning, a cipher: a bead-like raised work.—v.t. to annul, nullify.—v.i. to kink: to form nulls, or into nulls, as in a lathe.—Nulled work, woodwork turned by means of a lathe so as to form a series of connected knobs—for rounds of chairs, &c. [L. nullus, not any, from ne, not, ullus, any.]

Nullifidian, nul-i-fid′i-an, adj. having no faith.—n. a person in such a condition. [L. nullus, none, fides, faith.]

Nullify, nul′i-fī, v.t. to make null: to annul: to render void or of no force:—pr.p. null′ifying; pa.t. and pa.p. null′ified.—ns. Nullificā′tion, a rendering void or of none effect, esp. (U.S.) of a contract by one of the parties, or of a law by one legislature which has been passed by another; Null′ifier; Null′ity, the state of being null or void: nothingness: want of existence, force, or efficacy.

Nullipara, nul-lip′a-ra, n. a woman who has never given birth to a child, esp. if not a virgin.—adj. Nullip′arous.

Nullipennate, nul-i-pen′āt, adj. having no flight-feathers, as a penguin.

Nullipore, nul′i-pōr, n. a small coral-like seaweed.—adj. Null′iporous.

Numb, num, adj. deprived of sensation or motion: powerless to feel or act: stupefied: motionless: (Shak.) causing numbness.—v.t. to make numb: to deaden: to render motionless:—pr.p. numbing (num′ing); pa.p. numbed (numd).—adj. Numb′-cold (Shak.), numbed with cold: causing numbness.—n. Numb′ness, state of being numb: condition of living body in which it has lost the power of feeling: torpor. [A.S. numen, pa.p. of niman, to take; so Ice. numinn, bereft.]

Number, num′bėr, n. that by which things are counted or computed: a collection of things: more than one: a unit in counting: a numerical figure: the measure of multiplicity: sounds distributed into harmonies: metre, verse, esp. in pl.: (gram.) the difference in words to express singular or plural: (pl.) the fourth book of the Old Testament.—v.t. to count: to reckon as one of a multitude: to mark with a number: to amount to.—n. Num′berer.—adj. Num′berless, without number: more than can be counted.—ns. Numerabil′ity, Nū′merableness.—adj. Nū′merable, that may be numbered or counted.—adv. Nū′merably.—adj. Nū′meral, pertaining to, consisting of, or expressing number.—n. a figure or mark used to express a number, as 1, 2, 3, &c.: (gram.) a word used to denote a number.—adv. Nū′merally, according to number.—adj. Nū′merary, belonging to a certain number: contained within or counting as one of a body or a number—opp. to Supernumerary.—v.t. Nū′merāte, to point off and read as figures: (orig.) to enumerate, to number.—ns. Nūmerā′tion, act of numbering: the art of reading numbers, and expressing their values; Nū′merātor, one who numbers: the upper number of a vulgar fraction, which expresses the number of fractional parts taken.—adjs. Nūmer′ic, -al, belonging to, or consisting in, number: the same both in number and kind.—adv. Nūmer′ically.—n. Nūmeros′ity, numerousness: harmonious flow.—adj. Nū′merous, great in number: being many.—adv. Nū′merously.—n. Nū′merousness. [Fr. nombre—L. numerus, number.]

Numerotage, nū-me-rō-täzh′, n. the numbering of yarns so as to denote their fineness. [Fr.]

Numismatic, nū-mis-mat′ik, adj. pertaining to money, coins, or medals.—n.sing. Nūmismat′ics, the science of coins and medals.—ns. Nūmis′matist, one having a knowledge of coins and medals; Nūmismatog′raphy, description of coins; Numismatol′ogist, one versed in numismatology; Nūmismatol′ogy, the science of coins and medals in relation to history. [L. numisma—Gr. nomisma, current coin—nomizein, to use commonly—nomos, custom.]

Nummary, num′a-ri, adj. relating to coins or money.—adjs. Numm′iform, shaped like a coin; Numm′ūlar, Numm′ūlary, Numm′ūlāted, Numm′ūline, pertaining to coins: like a coin in shape; Numm′ūliform.—n. Numm′ūlite, a fossil shell resembling a coin.—adj. Nummulit′ic. [L. nummus, a coin.]

Numskull, num′skul, n. a stupid fellow: a blockhead.—adj. Num′skulled. [From numb and skull.]

Nun, nun, n. a female who, under a vow, secludes herself in a religious house, to give her time to devotion: (zool.) a kind of pigeon with the feathers on its head like the hood of a nun.—ns. Nun′-buoy, a buoy somewhat in the form of a double cone; Nun′nery, a house for nuns.—adj. Nun′nish.—ns. Nun′nishness; Nun's′-veil′ing, a woollen cloth, soft and thin, used by women for veils and dresses. [A.S. nunne—Low L. nunna, nonna, a nun, an old maiden lady, the orig. sig. being 'mother;' cf. Gr. nannē, aunt, Sans. nanā, a child's word for 'mother.']

Nunc dimittis, nungk di-mit′tis, n. 'now lettest thou depart:' the name given to the song of Simeon (Luke, ii. 29-32) in the R.C. Breviary and the Anglican evening service—from the opening words.

Nuncheon, nun′shun, n. a luncheon. [Prob. a corr. of luncheon, with some reference to noon.]

Nuncio, nun′shi-o, n. a messenger: one who brings tidings: an ambassador from the Pope to an emperor or a king.—n. Nun′ciātūre, the office of a nuncio. [It.,—L. nuncius, a messenger, one who brings news—prob. a contr. of noventius; cf. novus, new.]

Nuncupative, nung′kū-pā-tiv, adj. declaring publicly or solemnly: (law) verbal, not written, as a will—also Nun′cūpātory.—v.t. and v.i. Nun′cupate, to declare solemnly: to declare orally.—n. Nuncūpā′tion. [Fr.,—Low L. nuncupativus, nominal—L. nuncupāre, to call by name—prob. from nomen, name, capĕre, to take.]

Nundinal, nun′di-nal, adj. pertaining to a fair or market.—Also Nun′dinary. [L. nundinæ, the market-day, properly the ninth day—i.e. from the preceding market-day, both days inclusive—novem, nine, dies, a day.]

Nuptial, nup′shal, adj. pertaining to marriage: constituting marriage.—n.pl. Nup′tials, marriage: wedding ceremony. [Fr.,—L. nuptialis—nuptiæ, marriage—nubĕre, nuptum, to marry.]

Nurl, nurl, v.t. to mill or indent on the edge.—ns. Nurl′ing, the milling of a coin: the series of indentations on the edge of some screw-heads: zigzag ornamental engraving; Nurl′ing-tool.

Nurse, nurs, n. a woman who nourishes an infant: a mother while her infant is at the breast: one who has the care of infants or of the sick: (hort.) a shrub or tree which protects a young plant.—v.t. to tend, as an infant or a sick person: to bring up: to cherish: to manage with care and economy: to play skilfully, as billiard-balls, in order to get them into the position one wants.—adj. Nurse′like (Shak.), like or becoming a nurse.—ns. Nurse′maid, a girl who takes care of children; Nurs′er, one who nurses: one who promotes growth; Nurs′ery, place for nursing: an apartment for young children: a place where the growth of anything is promoted: (hort.) a piece of ground where plants are reared; Nurs′ery-gov′erness; Nurs′erymaid, a nurse-maid; Nurs′eryman, a man who owns or works a nursery: one who is employed in cultivating plants, &c., for sale; Nurs′ing-fa′ther (B.), a foster-father; Nurs′ling, that which is nursed: an infant. [O. Fr. norrice (Fr. nourrice)—L. nutrix—nutrīre, to nourish.]

Nurture, nurt′ūr, n. act of nursing or nourishing: nourishment: education: instruction.—v.t. to nourish: to bring up: to educate.—n. Nurt′urer. [O. Fr. noriture (Fr. nourriture)—Low L. nutritura—L. nutrīre, to nourish.]

Nut, nut, n. the name popularly given to all those fruits which have the seed enclosed in a bony, woody, or leathery pericarp, not opening when ripe: (bot.) a one-celled fruit, with a hardened pericarp, containing, when mature, only one seed: often the hazel-nut, sometimes the walnut: a small block of metal for screwing on the end of a bolt.—v.i. to gather nuts:—pr.p. nut′ting; pa.p. nut′ted.—adj. Nut′-brown, brown, like a ripe old nut.—ns. Nut′cracker, an instrument for cracking nuts: a genus of birds of the family Corvidæ; Nut′-gall, an excrescence, chiefly of the oak; Nut′hatch, a genus of birds of the family Sittidæ, agile creepers—also Nut′jobber, Nut′pecker; Nut′-hook, a stick with a hook at the end for pulling down boughs that the nuts may be gathered: a bailiff, a thief who uses a hook; Nut′meal, meal made from the kernels of nuts; Nut′-oil, an oil obtained from walnuts; Nut′-pine, one of several pines with large edible seeds; Nut′shell, the hard substance that encloses the kernel of a nut: anything of little value; Nut′ter, one who gathers nuts; Nut′tiness; Nut′ting, the gathering of nuts; Nut′-tree, any tree bearing nuts, esp. the hazel.—adj. Nut′ty, abounding in nuts: having the flavour of nuts.—n. Nut′-wrench, an instrument for fixing on nuts or removing them from screws.—A nut to crack, a difficult problem to solve; Be nuts on (slang), to be very fond of; In a nutshell, in small compass. [A.S. hnutu; Ice. hnot, Dut. noot, Ger. nuss.]

Nutant, nū′tant, adj. nodding: (bot.) having the top of the stem of the flower-cluster bent downward.—n. Nūtā′tion, a nodding: (astron.) a periodical and constant change of the angle made by the earth's axis, with the ecliptic, caused by the attraction of the moon on the greater mass of matter round the equator: (bot.) the turning of flowers towards the sun. [L. nutāre, to nod.]

Nutmeg, nut′meg, n. the aromatic kernel of an East Indian tree, much used as a seasoning in cookery.—adj. Nut′megged; Nut′meggy. [M. E. notemuge, a hybrid word formed from nut, and O. Fr. muge, musk—L. muscus, musk.]

Nutria, nū′tri-a, n. the fur of the coypou, a South American beaver. [Sp.,—L. lutra, an otter.]

Nutriment, nū′tri-ment, n. that which nourishes: that which helps forward growth or development: food.—adj. Nū′trient, nourishing.—n. anything nourishing.—adj. Nū′trimental, having the quality of nutriment or food: nutritious.—n. Nūtri′tion, act of nourishing: process of promoting the growth of bodies: that which nourishes: nutriment.—adjs. Nūtri′tional; Nūtri′tious, nourishing: promoting growth.—adv. Nūtri′tiously.—n. Nūtri′tiousness.—adjs. Nū′tritive, Nū′tritory, nourishing: concerned in nutrition.—adv. Nū′tritively.—ns. Nū′tritiveness; Nūtritō′rium, the nutritive apparatus. [L. nutrimentum—nutrīre, to nourish.]

Nux vomica, nuks vom′ik-a, n. the seed of an East Indian tree, from which the powerful poison known as strychnine is obtained. [L. nux, a nut, vomicus, from vomĕre, to vomit.]

Nuzzle, nuz′l, v.i. to rub the nose against: to fondle closely, to cuddle: to nurse or rear.—v.t. to touch with the nose: to go with the nose toward the ground.—Also Nous′le. [A freq. verb from nose.]

Nyanza, ni-an′za, n. a sheet of water, marsh, the river feeding a lake. [Afr.]

Nyctalopia, nik-ta-lō′pi-a, n. the defective vision of persons who can see in a faint light but not in bright daylight: sometimes applied to the opposite defect, inability to see save in a strong daylight—also Nyc′talopy.—n. Nyc′talops, one affected with nyctalopia. [Gr. nyktalōps, seeing by night only—nyx, nyktos, night, ōps, vision.]

Nyctitropism, nik′ti-trō-pizm, n. the so-called sleep of plants, the habit of taking at night certain positions unlike those during the day.—adj. Nyctitrop′ic. [Gr. nyx, night, tropos, a turn.]

Nylghau, nil′gaw, n. a large species of antelope, in North Hindustan, the males of which are of a bluish colour. [Pers. níl gáw—níl, blue, gáw, ox, cow.]

Nymph, nimf, n. a young and beautiful maiden: (myth.) one of the beautiful goddesses who inhabited mountains, rivers, trees, &c.—adjs. Nymph′al, relating to nymphs; Nymphē′an, pertaining to nymphs: inhabited by nymphs; Nymph′ic, -al, pertaining to nymphs; Nymph′ish, Nymph′ly, nymph-like; Nymph′-like.—ns. Nymph′olepsy, a species of ecstasy or frenzy said to have seized those who had seen a nymph; Nymph′olept, a person in frenzy.—adj. Nympholept′ic.—ns. Nymphomā′nia, morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire in women; Nymphomā′niac, a woman affected with the foregoing.—adjs. Nymphomā′niac, -al. [Fr.,—L. nympha—Gr. nymphē, a bride.]

Nymph, nimf, Nympha, nimf′a, n. the pupa or chrysalis of an insect.—n.pl. Nymphæ (nimf′ē), the labia minora.—adj. Nymphip′arous, producing pupæ.—ns. Nymphī′tis, inflammation of the nymphæ; Nymphot′omy, the excision of the nymphæ.

Nymphæa, nim-fē′a, n. a genus of water-plants, with beautiful fragrant flowers, including the water-lily, Egyptian lotus, &c. [L. nympha, a nymph.]

Nystagmus, nis-tag′mus, n. a spasmodic, lateral, oscillatory movement of the eyes, found in miners, &c. [Gr., nystazein, to nap.]

the fifteenth letter and fourth vowel of our alphabet, its sound intermediate between a and u—with three values in English, the name-sound heard in note, the shorter sound heard in not, and the neutral vowel heard in son: as a numeral, 'nothing,' or 'zero' (formerly O=11, and (Ō)=11,000): (chem.) the symbol of oxygen: anything round or nearly so (pl. O's, Oes, pron. ōz).

O, oh, ō, interj. an exclamation of wonder, pain, desire, fear, &c. The form oh is the more usual in prose.—O hone! Och hone! an Irish exclamation of lamentation. [A.S. eá.]

Oaf, ōf, n. a foolish or deformed child left by the fairies in place of another: a dolt, an idiot.—adj. Oaf′ish, idiotic, doltish. [Elf.]

Oak, ōk, n. a tree of about 300 species, the most famous the British oak, valued for its timber in shipbuilding, &c.—ns. Oak′-app′le, a spongy substance on the leaves of the oak, caused by insects—also Oak′leaf-gall; Oak′-bark, the bark of some species of oak used in tanning.—adjs. Oak′-cleav′ing (Shak.), cleaving oaks; Oak′en, consisting or made of oak.—ns. Oak′-gall, a gall produced on the oak; Oak′-leath′er, a fungus mycelium in the fissures of old oaks; Oak′ling, a young oak; Oak′-pā′per, paper for wall-hangings veined like oak.—adj. Oak′y, like oak, firm.—Oak-apple Day, the 29th of May, the anniversary of the Restoration in 1660, when country boys used to wear oak-apples in commemoration of Charles II. skulking in the branches of an oak (the Royal Oak) from Cromwell's troopers after Worcester.—Sport one's oak, in English university slang, to signify that one does not wish visitors by closing the outer door of one's rooms; The Oaks, one of the three great English races—for mares—the others being the Derby and St Leger. [A.S. ác; Ice. eik, Ger. eiche.]

Oakum, ōk′um, n. old ropes untwisted and teased into loose hemp for caulking the seams of ships. [A.S. ácumba, ǽcemba—cemban, to comb.]

Oar, ōr, n. a light pole with a flat feather or spoon-shaped end (the blade) for propelling a boat: an oar-like appendage for swimming, as the antennæ of an insect or crustacean, &c.: an oarsman.—v.t. to impel by rowing.—v.i. to row.—n. Oar′age, oars collectively.—adj. Oared, furnished with oars.—ns. Oar′lap, a rabbit with its ears standing out at right-angles to the head; Oar′-lock, a rowlock; Oars′man, one who rows with an oar; Oars′manship, skill in rowing.—adj. Oar′y, having the form or use of oars.—Boat oars, to bring the oars inboard; Feather oars, to turn the blades parallel to the water when reaching back for another stroke; Lie on the oars, to cease rowing without shipping the oars: to rest, take things easily: to cease from work; Put in one's oar, to give advice when not wanted; Ship, or Unship, oars, to place the oars in the rowlocks, or to take them out. [A.S. ár.]

Oasis, ō-ā′sis, n. a fertile spot in a sandy desert: any place of rest or pleasure in the midst of toil and gloom:—pl. Oases (ō-ā′sēz). [L.,—Gr. oasis, an Egyptian word; cf. Coptic ouahe.]

Oast, ōst, n. a kiln to dry hops or malt.—n. Oast′-house. [A.S. ást.]

Oat, ōt (oftener in pl. Oats, ōts), n. a well-known grassy plant, the seeds of which are much used as food: its seeds: a musical pipe of oat-straw: a shepherd's pipe, pastoral song generally.—n. Oat′cake, a thin broad cake made of oatmeal.—adj. Oat′en, consisting of an oat stem or straw: made of oatmeal.—ns. Oat′-grass, two species of oat, useful more as fodder than for the seed; Oat′meal, meal made of oats.—Sow one's wild oats, to indulge in the usual youthful dissipations. [A.S. áta, pl. átan.]

Oath, ōth, n. a solemn statement with an appeal to God as witness, and a calling for punishment from Him in case of falsehood or of failure, also the form of words in which such is made—oath of abjuration, allegiance, &c.: an irreverent use of God's name in conversation or in any way: any merely exclamatory imprecation, &c.:—pl. Oaths (ōthz).—adj. Oath′able (Shak.), capable of having an oath administered to.—n. Oath′-break′ing (Shak.), the violation of an oath, perjury.—Upon one's oath, sworn to speak the truth. [A.S. áth; Ger. eid, Ice. eithr.]

Ob., for objection, just as sol. for solution, on the margins of old books of controversial divinity.—n. Ob′-and-sol′er, a disputant, polemic.

Obbligato, ob-li-gä′to, adj. that cannot be done without.—n. a musical accompaniment, itself of independent importance, esp. that of a single instrument to a vocal piece.—Also Obliga′to. [It.]

Obcordate, ob-kor′dāt, adj. (bot.) inversely heart-shaped, as a leaf.

Obdurate, ob′dū-rāt, adj. hardened in heart or in feelings: difficult to influence, esp. in a moral sense: stubborn: harsh.—n. Ob′dūracy, state of being obdurate: invincible hardness of heart.—adv. Ob′dūrately.—ns. Ob′dūrateness, Obdūrā′tion.—adj. Obdūred′, hardened. [L. obdurāre, -ātum—ob, against, durāre, to harden—durus, hard.]

Obedience, ō-bē′di-ens, n. state of being obedient: willingness to obey commands: dutifulness: the collective body of persons subject to any particular authority: a written instruction from the superior of an order to those under him: any official position under an abbot's jurisdiction.—adjs. Obē′dient, willing to obey; Obēdien′tial, submissive: obligatory.—adv. Obē′diently.—Canonical obedience, the obedience, as regulated by the canons, of an ecclesiastic to another of higher rank; Passive obedience, unresisting and unquestioning obedience to authority, like that taught by some Anglican divines as due even to faithless and worthless kings like Charles II. and James II.

Obeisance, ō-bā′sans, or ō-bē′sans, n. obedience: a bow or act of reverence: an expression of respect.—adj. Obē′isant. [Fr.,—obéir—L. obedīre, to obey.]

Obelion, ō-bē′li-on, n. a point in the sagittal suture of the skull, between the two parietal foramina. [Gr. obelos, a spit.]

Obelisk, ob′e-lisk, n. a tall, four-sided, tapering pillar, usually of one stone, finished at the top like a flat pyramid: (print.) a dagger ( † ).—adj. Ob′eliscal.—v.t. Ob′elise, to mark with an obelisk, to condemn as spurious, indelicate, &c.—n. Ob′elus, a mark ( — or ÷ ) used in ancient MSS. to mark suspected passages, esp. in the Septuagint to indicate passages not in the Hebrew:—pl. Ob′eli. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. obeliskos, dim. of obelos, a spit.]

Oberhaus, ō′ber-hows, n. the upper house in those German legislative bodies that have two chambers. [Ger. ober, upper, haus, house.]

Oberland, ō′ber-lant, n. highlands, as the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland.

Obese, ō-bēs′, adj. fat: fleshy.—ns. Obese′ness, Obes′ity, fatness: abnormal fatness. [L. obesus—ob, up, edĕre, esum, to eat.]

Obex, ō′beks, n. a barrier: a thickening at the calamus scriptorius of the medulla oblongata. [L., objicĕre, to throw before.]

Obey, ō-bā′, v.t. to do as told by: to be ruled by: to yield to: to carry out or perform.—v.i. to submit to power, &c.: (B.) to yield obedience (followed by to).—n. Obey′er.—adv. Obey′ingly, obediently. [Fr. obéir—L. obedīre—ob, near, audīre, to hear.]

Obfuscate, ob-fus′kāt, v.t. to darken: to confuse.—n. Obfuscā′tion. [L. obfuscāre, -ātum—ob, inten., fuscus, dark.]

Obi, ō′bi, n. a kind of sorcery practised by obeah-men and obeah-women among the negroes of the West Indies and United States, a survival of African magic: a fetish or charm—also O′bea, O′beah, O′by.—n. O′biism. [Prob. Afr.]

Obi, ō′bi, n. a broad, gaily embroidered sash worn by Japanese women. [Jap.]

Obit, ō′bit, or ob′it, n. death: the fact or the date of death: funeral ceremonies: the anniversary of a person's death, or a service at such time.—adj. Obit′ual, pertaining to obits.—adv. Obit′uarily.—n. Obit′uarist, a writer of obituaries.—adj. Obit′uary, relating to the death of a person or persons.—n. a register of deaths (orig.) in a monastery: an account of a deceased person, or a notice of his death. [Fr.,—L. obitus—obīre—ob, to, īre, to go.]

Object, ob-jekt′, v.t. to place before the view: to throw in the way of: to offer in opposition: to oppose.—v.i. to oppose: to give a reason against.—n. Objectificā′tion.—v.t. Object′ify, to make objective.—n. Objec′tion, act of objecting: anything said or done in opposition: argument against.—adj. Objec′tionable, that may be objected to: requiring to be disapproved of.—adv. Objec′tionably, in an objectionable manner or degree.—adj. Object′ive, relating to an object: being exterior to the mind: substantive, self-existent: setting forth what is external, actual, practical, apart from the sensations or emotions of the speaker: as opposed to Subjective, pertaining to that which is real or exists in nature, in contrast with what is ideal or exists merely in thought: (gram.) belonging to the case of the object.—n. (gram.) the case of the object: in microscopes, &c., the lens which brings the rays to a focus: the point to which the operations of an army are directed.—adv. Object′ively.—ns. Object′iveness; Object′ivism.—adj. Objectivist′ic.—ns. Objectiv′ity, state of being objective; Object′or. [Fr.,—L. objectāre, a freq. of objicĕre, -jectum—ob, in the way of, jacĕre, to throw.]

Object, ob′jekt, n. anything perceived or set before the mind: that which is sought after, or that toward which an action is directed: end: motive: (gram.) that toward which the action of a transitive verb is directed.—ns. Ob′ject-find′er, a device in microscopes for locating an object in the field before examination by a higher power; Ob′ject-glass, the glass at the end of a telescope or microscope next the object; Ob′jectist, one versed in the objective philosophy.—adj. Ob′jectless, having no object: purposeless.—ns. Ob′ject-less′on, a lesson in which the object to be described, or a representation of it, is shown; Ob′ject-soul, a vital principle attributed by the primitive mind to inanimate objects.

Objure, ob-jōōr′, v.i. to swear.—n. Objurā′tion, act of binding by oath.

Objurgation, ob-jur-gā′shun, n. act of chiding: a blaming, reproof: reprehension.—v.t. Objur′gate, to chide.—adj. Objur′gatory, expressing blame or reproof. [Fr.,—L.,—ob, against, jurgāre, to sue at law—jus, law, agĕre, to drive.]

Oblanceolate, ob-lan′se-o-lāt, adj. (bot.) shaped like the head of a lance reversed, as a leaf.

Oblate, ob-lāt′, n. a secular person devoted to a monastery, but not under its vows, esp. one of the Oblate Fathers or Oblate Sisters: one dedicated to a religious order from childhood, or who takes the cowl in anticipation of death: a loaf of altar-bread before its consecration.—n. Oblā′tion, act of offering: anything offered in worship or sacred service, esp. a eucharistic offering: an offering generally.—Great oblation, the solemn offering or presentation in memorial before God of the consecrated elements, as sacramentally the body and blood of Christ; Lesser oblation, the offertory. [L. oblatus, offered up.]

Oblate, ob-lāt′, adj. flattened at opposite sides or poles: shaped like an orange.—ns. Oblate′ness, flatness at the poles; Oblate′-spher′oid, a spherical body flattened at the poles. [L. oblatus, pa.p. of offerre, to offer—ob, against, ferre, to bring.]

Oblige, ō-blīj′, v.t. to bind or constrain: to bind by some favour rendered, hence to do a favour to.—adj. Ob′ligable, that can be held to a promise or an undertaking: true to a promise or a contract.—n. Ob′ligant, one who binds himself to another to pay or to perform something.—v.t. Ob′ligāte, to constrain: to bind by contract or duty:—pr.p. ob′ligāting; pa.p. ob′ligāted.—n. Obligā′tion, act of obliging: the power which binds to a promise, a duty, &c.: any act which binds one to do something for another: that to which one is bound: state of being indebted for a favour: (law) a bond containing a penalty in case of failure.—adv. Ob′ligatorily.—n. Ob′ligatoriness.—adj. Ob′ligātory, binding: imposing duty.—ns. Obligee (ob-li-jē′), the person to whom another is obliged; Oblige′ment, a favour conferred.—adj. Oblig′ing, disposed to confer favours: ready to do a good turn.—adv. Oblig′ingly.—ns. Oblig′ingness; Ob′ligor (law), the person who binds himself to another. [Fr.,—L. obligāre, -ātum—ob, before, ligāre, to bind.]

Oblique, ob-lēk′, adj. slanting: not perpendicular: not parallel: not straightforward: obscure: (geom.) not a right-angle: (gram.) denoting any case except the nominative.—v.i. to deviate from a direct line or from the perpendicular, to slant: to advance obliquely by facing half right or left and then advancing.—ns. Obliquā′tion, Oblique′ness, Obliq′uity, state of being oblique: a slanting direction: error or wrong: irregularity.—adv. Oblique′ly.—adj. Obliq′uid (Spens.), oblique.—Oblique cone or cylinder, one whose axis is oblique to the plane of its base; Oblique narration or speech (L. oratio obliqua), indirect narration, the actual words of the speaker, but, as related by a third person, having the first person in pronoun and verb converted into the third, adverbs of present time into the corresponding adverbs of past time, &c.; Oblique sailing, the reduction of the position of a ship from the various courses made good, oblique to the meridian or parallel of latitude; Obliquity of the ecliptic, the angle between the plane of the earth's orbit and that of the earth's equator. [Fr.,—L. obliquus—ob, before, liquis, slanting.]

Obliterate, ob-lit′ėr-āt, v.t. to blot out, so as not to be readable: to wear out: to destroy: to reduce to a very low state.—n. Obliterā′tion, act of obliterating: a blotting or wearing out: extinction.—adj. Oblit′erātive. [L. obliterāre, -ātum—ob, over, litera, a letter.]

Oblivion, ob-liv′i-un, n. act of forgetting or state of being forgotten: remission of punishment.—adj. Obliv′ious, forgetful: prone to forget: causing forgetfulness.—adv. Obliv′iously.—ns. Obliv′iousness; Oblivisc′ence. [Fr.,—L. oblivion-em—oblivisci, to forget.]

Oblong, ob′long, adj. long in one way: longer than broad.—n. (geom.) a rectangle longer than broad: any oblong figure.—adj. Ob′longish.—adv. Ob′longly.—n. Ob′longness. [Fr.,—L. ob, over, longus, long.]

Obloquy, ob′lo-kwi, n. reproachful language: censure: calumny: disgrace. [L. obloquium—ob, against, loqui, to speak.]

Obmutescence, ob-mū-tes′ens, n. loss of speech, dumbness. [L. obmutescĕre, to become dumb.]

Obnoxious, ob-nok′shus, adj. liable to hurt or punishment: exposed to: guilty: blameworthy: offensive: subject: answerable.—adv. Obnox′iously.—n. Obnox′iousness. [L.,—ob, before, noxa, hurt.]

Obnubilation, ob-nū-bi-lā′shun, n. the act of making dark or obscure.—v.t. Obnū′bilāte. [Low L. obnubilare, to cloud over—L. ob, over, nubilus, cloudy.]

Oboe, ō′bō-e, n. a treble reed musical instrument, usually with fifteen keys, with a rich tone, giving the pitch to the violin in the orchestra: a treble stop on the organ, its bass being the bassoon—also Hautboy.—n. O′bōist, a player on the oboe.—Oboe d'Amore, an obsolete alto oboe; Oboe di Caccia, an obsolete tenor oboe, or rather tenor bassoon. [Fr. hautbois.]

Obol, ob′ol, n. in ancient Greece, a small coin, worth rather more than three-halfpence: also a weight, the sixth part of a drachma—also Ob′olus:—pl. Ob′oli (ī).—adj. Ob′olary, consisting of obols: extremely poor. [Gr. obelos, a spit.]

Obovate, ob-ō′vāt, adj. (bot.) egg-shaped, as a leaf, with the narrow end next the leaf-stalk.—adv. Obō′vātely.—adj. Obō′void, solidly obovate.

Obreption, ob-rep′shun, n. obtaining of gifts of escheat by falsehood—opp. to Subreption (q.v.).—adj. Obreptit′ious.

Obscene, ob-sēn′, adj. offensive to chastity: unchaste: indecent: disgusting: ill-omened.—adv. Obscene′ly.—ns. Obscene′ness, Obscen′ity, quality of being obscene: lewdness. [L. obscenus.]

Obscure, ob-skūr′, adj. dark: not distinct: not easily understood: not clear, legible, or perspicuous: unknown: humble: unknown to fame: living in darkness.—v.t. to darken: to make less plain: to render doubtful.—ns. Obscū′rant, one who labours to prevent enlightenment or reform; Obscū′rantism, opposition to inquiry or reform; Obscū′rantist, an obscurant.—adj. pertaining to obscurantism.—n. Obscūrā′tion, the act of obscuring or state of being obscured.—adv. Obscūre′ly.—ns. Obscūre′ment; Obscūre′ness; Obscū′rer; Obscū′rity, state or quality of being obscure: darkness: an obscure place or condition: unintelligibleness: humility. [Fr.,—L. obscurus.]

Obsecrate, ob′se-krāt, v. to beseech: to implore.—n. Obsecrā′tion, supplication: one of the clauses in the Litany beginning with by.—adj. Ob′secrātory, supplicatory. [L. obsecrāre, -ātum, to entreat; ob, before, sacrāre—sacer, sacred.]

Obsequies, ob′se-kwiz, n.pl. funeral rites and solemnities:—sing. Ob′sequy (Milt.)—rarely used.—adj. Obsē′quial. [Fr. obsèques—L. obsequiæ—ob, before, upon, sequi, to comply.]

Obsequious, ob-sē′kwi-us, adj. compliant to excess: meanly condescending.—adv. Obsē′quiously.—n. Obsē′quiousness. [Fr.,—L. obsequiosus, compliant, obsequium, compliance.]

Observe, ob-zėrv′, v.t. to keep in view: to notice: to subject to systematic observation: to regard attentively: to remark, refer to in words: to comply with: to heed and to carry out in practice: to keep with proper ceremony: to keep or guard.—v.i. to take notice: to attend: to remark.—adj. Observ′able, that may be observed or noticed: worthy of observation: remarkable: requiring to be observed.—n. Observ′ableness.—adv. Observ′ably.—ns. Observ′ance, act of observing or paying attention to: performance: attention: that which is to be observed: rule of practice, a custom to be observed: reverence: homage; Observ′ancy, observance: obsequiousness.—adj. Observ′ant, observing: having powers of observing and noting: taking notice: adhering to: carefully attentive.—n. (Shak.) an obsequious attendant: one strict to comply with a custom, &c.; or Observ′antine, one of those Franciscan monks of stricter rule who separated from the Conventuals in the 15th century.—adv. Observ′antly.—n. Observā′tion, act of observing: habit of seeing and noting: attention: the act of recognising and noting phenomena as they occur in nature, as distinguished from experiment: that which is observed: a remark: performance: the fact of being observed.—adj. Observā′tional, consisting of, or containing, observations or remarks: derived from observation, as distinguished from experiment.—adv. Observā′tionally.—adj. Obser′vative, attentive.—ns. Ob′servātor, one who observes: a remarker; Observ′atory, a place for making astronomical and physical observations, usually placed in some high and stable place; Observ′er.—adj. Observ′ing, habitually taking notice: attentive.—adv. Observ′ingly. [Fr.,—L. observāre, -ātum—ob, before, servāre, to keep.]

Obsession, ob-sesh′un, n. persistent attack, esp. of an evil spirit upon a person: the state of being so molested from without—opp. to Possession, or control by an evil spirit from within. [L. obsession-em—obsidēre, to besiege.]

Obsidian, ob-sid′i-an, n. a natural glass—the vitreous condition of an acid lava. [From Obsidius, who, according to Pliny, discovered it in Ethiopia.]

Obsidional, ob-sid′i-ō-nal, adj. pertaining to a siege.—Also Obsid′ionary.

Obsignate, ob-sig′nāt, v.t. to seal, confirm.—n. Obsignā′tion.

Obsolescent, ob-so-les′ent, adj. going out of use.—n. Obsolesc′ence.—adj. Ob′solete, gone out of use: antiquated: (zool.) obscure: not clearly marked or developed: rudimental.—adv. Ob′soletely.—ns. Ob′soleteness; Obsolē′tion (rare); Ob′soletism. [L. obsolescens, -entis, pr.p. of obsolescĕre, obsoletum—ob, before, solēre, to be wont.]

Obstacle, ob′sta-kl, n. anything that stands in the way of or hinders progress: obstruction.—Obstacle race, a race in which obstacles have to be surmounted or circumvented. [Fr.,—L. obstaculum—ob, in the way of, stāre, to stand.]

Obstetric, -al, ob-stet′rik, -al, adj. pertaining to midwifery.—ns. Obstetric′ian, one skilled in obstetrics; Obstet′rics, the science of midwifery, or the delivery of women in childbed; Obstet′rix, a midwife. [L. obstetricius—obstetrix, -icis, a midwife—ob, before, stāre, to stand.]

Obstinate, ob′sti-nāt, adj. blindly or excessively firm: unyielding: stubborn: not easily subdued or remedied.—ns. Ob′stinacy, Ob′stinateness, the condition of being obstinate: excess of firmness: stubbornness: fixedness that yields with difficulty, as a disease.—adv. Ob′stinately. [L. obstināre, -ātum—ob, in the way of, stāre, to stand.]

Obstreperous, ob-strep′ėr-us, adj. making a loud noise: clamorous: noisy.—v.i. Obstrep′erāte (Sterne).—adv. Obstrep′erously.—n. Obstrep′erousness. [L. obstreperus—ob, before, strepĕre, to make a noise.]

Obstriction, ob-strik′shun, n. obligation. [L. obstringĕre, obstrictum, to bind up.]

Obstruct, ob-strukt′, v.t. to block up, to hinder from passing, to retard.—ns. Obstruc′ter, Obstruc′tor, one who obstructs; Obstruc′tion, act of obstructing: that which hinders progress or action: opposition, esp. in a legislative assembly; Obstruc′tionist.—adj. Obstruc′tive, tending to obstruct: hindering.—n. one who opposes progress.—adv. Obstruct′ively.—adj. Ob′struent, obstructing: blocking up.—n. (med.) anything that obstructs, esp. in the passages of the body. [L. obstruĕre, obstructum—ob, in the way of, struĕre, structum, to pile up.]

Obtain, ob-tān′, v.t. to lay hold of: to hold: to procure by effort: to gain: to keep possession of.—v.i. to be established: to continue in use: to become customary or prevalent: to hold good: (rare) to succeed.—adj. Obtain′able, that may be obtained, procured, or acquired.—ns. Obtain′er; Obtain′ment; Obten′tion, procurement.—Obtain to (Bacon), to attain to. [Fr.,—L. obtinēre—ob, upon, tenēre, to hold.]

Obtected, ob-tek′ted, adj. covered, protected by a chitonous case, as the pupæ of most flies. [L. obtegĕre, obtectum, to cover over.]

Obtemper, ob-tem′per, v.t. to yield obedience to (with to, unto). [L. obtemperāre.]

Obtend, ob-tend′, v.t. (obs.) to oppose: to allege. [L. obtendĕre, to stretch before.]

Obtest, ob-test′, v.t. to call upon, as a witness: to beg for.—v.i. to protest.—n. Obtestā′tion, act of calling to witness: a supplication. [L. obtestāri, to call as a witness—ob, before, testis, a witness.]

Obtrude, ob-trōōd′, v.t. to thrust in upon when not wanted: to urge upon against the will of.—v.i. to thrust one's self or be thrust upon.—ns. Obtrud′er; Obtrud′ing, Obtru′sion, a thrusting in or upon against the will of.—adj. Obtrus′ive, disposed to thrust one's self among others.—adv. Obtrus′ively.—n. Obtrus′iveness. [L. obtrudĕre—ob, before, trudĕre, trusum, to thrust.]

Obtruncate, ob-trung′kāt, v.t. to cut or lop off. [L. obtruncāre, -ātum—ob, before, truncāre, cut off.]

Obtund, ob-tund′, v.t. to dull or blunt, to deaden.—adj. Obtund′ent, dulling.—n. an oily mucilage for sores: an application to deaden the nerve of a tooth. [L. obtundĕre, to strike upon.]

Obturate, ob′tū-rāt, v.t. to close or stop up.—ns. Obturā′tion, the act of stopping up, esp. in gunnery, of a hole to prevent the escape of gas; Ob′tūrātor, that which stops or closes up, as a device of this kind in gunnery, &c.: in surgery, an artificial plate for closing an abnormal aperture or fissure, as with cleft palate, &c., or for distending an opening, as in lithotomy: any structure that shuts off a cavity or passage, esp. in anatomy, the membrane vessels, &c., closing the obturator foramen, or thyroid foramen, a large opening or fenestra in the anterior part of the hip-bone. [L. obturāre, -ātum, to stop up.]

Obtuse, ob-tūs′, adj. blunt: not pointed: (bot.) blunt or rounded at the point, as a leaf: stupid: not shrill: (geom.) greater than a right angle.—adjs. Obtuse′-ang′led, Obtuse′-ang′ular, having an angle greater than a right angle.—adv. Obtuse′ly.—ns. Obtuse′ness, Obtus′ity. [Fr.,—L. obtusus—obtundĕre, to blunt—ob, against, tundĕre, to beat.]

Obumbrate, ob-um′brāt, v.t. to overshadow, to darken.—adj. lying under some projecting part, as the abdomen of certain spiders.—adj. Obum′brant, overhanging. [L. obumbrāre, -ātum, to overshadow.]

Obvallate, ob-val′āt, adj. walled up. [L. obvallāre, -ātum, to wall round.]

Obvention, ob-ven′shun, n. (obs.) any incidental occurrence, or advantage, esp. an offering.

Obverse, ob-vėrs′, adj. turned towards one: bearing the head, as one face of a coin—opp. to Reverse: a second or complemental aspect of the same fact, a correlative proposition identically, implying another: (bot.) having the base narrower than the top.—n. Ob′verse, the side of a coin containing the head, or principal symbol.—adv. Obverse′ly.—n. Obver′sion, the act of turning toward the front of anything: in logic, a species of immediate inference—viz. the predicating of the original subject, the contradictory of the original predicate, and changing the quality of the proposition—e.g. to infer from all A is B that no A is not B—also called Permutation and Equipollence.—v.t. Obvert′, to turn towards the front. [L. obversus—ob, towards, vertĕre, to turn.]

Obviate, ob′vi-āt, v.t. to meet on the way, hence to remove, as difficulties. [L. obviāre, -ātum—ob, in the way of, viāre, viātum, to go—via, a way.]

Obvious, ob′vi-us, adj. meeting one in the way: easily discovered or understood: evident.—adv. Ob′viously.—n. Ob′viousness. [L. obvius.]

Obvolute, -d, ob′vo-lūt, -ed, adj. rolled or turned in, as two leaves in a bud, one edge of each out and the other in, as in the poppy.—adj. Obvol′vent, curved downward or inward. [L. obvolutus—ob, before, volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Ocarina, ok-a-rē′na, n. a kind of musical instrument with a whistling sound, made of terra-cotta, with finger-holes and a mouthpiece. [It.]

Occamism, ok′am-mizm, n. the doctrine of the nominalist schoolman, William of Occam or Ockham (c. 1270-1349).—n. Occ′amist, a follower of Occam.

Occasion, o-kā′zhun, n. a case of something happening: a special time or season: a chance of bringing about something desired: an event which, although not the cause, determines the time at which another happens: a reason or excuse: opportunity: requirement, business: a special ceremony.—v.t. to cause indirectly: to influence.—adj. Occā′sional, falling in the way or happening: occurring only at times: resulting from accident: produced on some special event.—ns. Occā′sionalism, the philosophical system of the Cartesian school for explaining the action of mind upon matter, or the combined action of both by the direct intervention of God, who on the occasion of certain modifications in our minds, excites the corresponding movements of body, and on the occasion of certain changes in our body, awakens the corresponding feelings in the mind; Occā′sionalist; Occasional′ity.—adv. Occā′sionally.—n. Occā′sioner.—On occasion, in case of need: as opportunity offers, from time to time; Take occasion, to take advantage of an opportunity. [Fr.,—L. occasion-em—occidĕre—ob, in the way of, cadĕre, casum, to fall.]

Occident, ok′si-dent, n. the western quarter of the sky where the sun goes down or sets: the west generally.—adj. Occiden′tal, noting the quarter where the sun goes down or sets: western: relatively less precious, as a gem.—n. a native of some occidental country—opp. to Oriental.—v.t. Occiden′talise, to cause to conform to western ideas or customs.—ns. Occiden′talism, habits, &c., of occidental peoples; Occiden′talist, a student of occidental languages—opp. to Orientalist: an individual belonging to an oriental country who favours western ideas, customs, &c.—adv. Occiden′tally. [Fr.,—L. occidens, -entis, pr.p. of occidĕre, to fall down.]

Occiput, ok′si-put, n. the back part of the head or skull.—adj. Occip′ital, pertaining to the occiput or back part of the head.—n. the occipital bone.—adv. Occip′itally.—adjs. Occip′ito-ax′ial, of or pertaining to the occipital bone and to the axis or second cervical vertebra; Occip′ito-front′al, pertaining to the occiput and to the forehead; Occip′ito-tem′poral, pertaining to the occipital and temporal regions. [L.,—ob, over against, caput, head.]

Occlude, o-klōōd′, v.t. to absorb, as a gas by a metal.—adj. Occlu′dent, serving to close.—n. Occlu′sion, a closing of an opening, passage, or cavity: the act of occluding or absorbing.—adj. Occlu′sive, serving to close.—n. Occlu′sor, that which closes, esp. an organ for closing an opening in a body. [L. occludĕre,—ob, before, claudĕre, to shut.]

Occult, ok-kult′, adj. covered over: escaping observation: hidden: not discovered without test or experiment: secret, unknown, transcending the bounds of natural knowledge.—n. Occultā′tion, a concealing, esp. of one of the heavenly bodies by another: state of being hid.—adj. Occult′ed (Shak.), hidden, secret: (astron.) concealed, as by a body coming between.—ns. Occult′ism, the doctrine or study of things hidden or mysterious—theosophy, &c.; Occult′ist, one who believes in occult things.—adv. Occult′ly.—n. Occult′ness.—Occult sciences, alchemy, astrology, magic, &c. [Fr.,—L. occulĕre, occultum, to hide.]

Occupy, ok′ū-pī, v.t. to take or hold possession of: to take up, as room, &c.: to fill, as an office: to employ: (B.) to use: to trade with: (Shak.) to possess, enjoy.—v.i. to hold possession: (B.) to trade:—pa.t. and pa.p. occ′ūpied.—ns. Occ′upancy, the act of occupying, or of taking or holding possession: possession: the time during which one occupies; Occ′upant, one who takes or has possession.—v.t. Occ′upāte (Bacon), to hold: to possess:—pr.p. occ′ūpāting; pa.p. occ′ūpāted.—n. Occupā′tion, the act of occupying or taking possession: possession: state of being employed or occupied: that which occupies or takes up one's attention: employment.—adj. Occupā′tive.—n. Occ′upier, one who takes or holds possession of: an occupant: (B.) a trader. [Fr.,—L. occupāre, -ātum—ob, to, on, capĕre, to take.]

Occur, o-kur′, v.i. to come or be presented to the mind: to happen: to appear: to be found here and there: to coincide in time:—pr.p. occur′ring; pa.p. occurred′.—ns. Occur′rence, anything that occurs: an event, esp. one unlooked for or unplanned: occasional presentation; Occur′rent, one who comes to meet another: (B.) an occurrence or chance.—adj. (B.) coming in the way. [Fr.,—L. occurrĕre—ob, towards, currĕre, to run.]

Ocean, ō′shan, n. the vast expanse of salt water that covers the greater part of the surface of the globe: one of its five great divisions (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic): any immense expanse or vast quantity.—adj. pertaining to the great sea.—n. O′cean-bā′sin, the depression of the earth's surface in which the waters of an ocean are contained.—adjs. Ocean′ian, pertaining to Oceania, which includes Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australasia, and Malaysia; Ocean′ic, pertaining to the ocean: found or formed in the ocean or high seas, pelagic: wide like the ocean.—ns.pl. Ocean′ic-is′lands, islands far from the mainland, situated in the midst of the ocean; Ocean′ides, marine molluscs or sea-shells.—ns. O′cean-lane (see Lane); Oceanog′rapher, one versed in oceanography.—adj. Oceanograph′ic.—ns. Oceanog′raphy, the scientific description of the ocean; Oceanol′ogy, the science of the ocean: a treatise on the ocean. [Fr.,—L. oceanus—Gr. ōkeanos, perh. from ōkys, swift.]

Ocellate, -d, ō′sel-lāt, -ed, adj. resembling an eye: marked with spots resembling eyes, as the feathers of a peacock.—adjs. Ocel′lar, Oc′ellary, ocellate, pertaining to ocelli; Ocellif′erous, Ocellig′erous, bearing spots like small eyes.—n. Ocel′lus, a little eye, an eye-spot: one of the round spots of varied colour in the tail of a peacock, &c.:—pl. Ocel′lī. [L. ocellatus—ocellus, dim. of oculus, an eye.]

Ocelot, ō′se-lot, n. the name of several species of animals in tropical America allied to the leopard, but much smaller.—adj. O′celoid. [Mex.]

Ochlesis, ok-lē′sis, n. an unhealthy condition due to overcrowding.—adj. Ochlet′ic. [Gr. ochlos, a crowd.]

Ochlocracy, ok-lok′ra-si, n. mob-rule: government by the populace.—adjs. Ochlocrat′ic, -al.—adv. Ochlocrat′ically. [Gr. ochlokratia—ochlos, the mob, kratia, rule.]

Ochre, ō′kėr, n. a fine clay, mostly pale yellow, used for colouring walls, &c.: (slang) money, esp. gold.—adjs. O′cherous, Ochrā′ceous, O′chreous, O′chroid, O′chry, consisting of, containing, or resembling ochre. [Fr.,—L. ochra—Gr. ōchra—ōchros, pale yellow.]

Ocrea, ō′kre-a, n. (bot.) a sheath formed of two stipules united round a stem:—pl. O′chreæ, O′creæ.—adj. O′chreāte. [L. ochrea, a legging.]

Octachord, ok′ta-kord, n. a musical instrument with eight strings: a diatonic series of eight tones.

Octagon, ok′ta-gon, n. a plane figure of eight sides and eight angles.—adj. Octag′onal. [Gr. oktō, eight, gōnia, an angle.]

Octahedron, ok-ta-hē′dron, n. a solid bounded by eight faces.—adj. Octahē′dral. [Gr. oktō, eight, hedra, a base.]

Octandrous, ok-tan′drus, adj. (bot.) having eight stamens.—n.pl. Octan′dria.—adj. Octan′drian. [Gr. oktō, eight, anēr, andros, a man.]

Octant, ok′tant, n. the eighth part of a circle: an instrument for measuring angles: the aspect of two planets when 45°, or one-eighth of a circle, apart.—Also Oc′tile. [L. octans, octantis—octo, eight.]

Octapla, ok′ta-pla, n. something eightfold: a Bible in eight languages. [Gr. oktaplous, eightfold.]

Octapody, ok-tap′ō-di, n. (pros.) a metre or verse of eight feet.—adj. Octapod′ic.—n. Oc′tastich, a strophe of eight verses or lines—also Octas′tichon.—adj. Octastroph′ic, consisting of eight strophes.

Octave, ok′tāv, adj. eight: consisting of eight.—n. an eighth: that which consists of eight: the eighth day after a church festival, counting the feast-day itself as the first: the period between a festival and its octave: (mus.) an eighth, or an interval of twelve semitones: the eighth part of a pipe of wine. [Fr.,—L. octavus, eighth—octo, eight.]

Octavo, ok-tā′vō, adj. having eight leaves to the sheet.—n. a book printed on sheets folded into eight leaves, contracted 8vo—usually meaning a medium octavo, 6×9½ inches. Smaller octavos are—post 8vo, 5½×8½ in.; demy 8vo, 5¼×8 in.; crown 8vo, 5×7½ in.; cap 8vo, 4½×7 in. Larger octavos are—royal 8vo, 6½×10 in.; super-royal 8vo, 7×11 in.; imperial 8vo, 8¼×11 in.:—pl. Octā′vos.

Octennial, ok-ten′i-al, adj. happening every eighth year: lasting eight years.—adv. Octenn′ially.—n. Octocen′tenary, the 800th anniversary of an event. [L. octennis—octo, eight, annus, a year.]

Octillion, ok-til′yun, n. the number produced by raising a million to the eighth power, expressed by a unit with forty-eight ciphers: in France and the United States, one thousand raised to the ninth power, expressed by a unit with twenty-seven ciphers. [L. octo, eight, million.]

October, ok-tō′bėr, n. the eighth month of the Roman year, which began in March: the tenth month in our calendar. [L. octo, eight.]

Octobrachiate, ok-tō-brā′ki-āt, adj. having eight brachia, arms, or rays.

Octodecimo, ok-tō-des′i-mō, adj. having eighteen leaves to the sheet, contracted 18mo.—adj. Octodec′imal (crystal.), having eighteen faces. [L. octodecim, eighteen—octo, eight, decem, ten.]

Octogenarian, ok-tō-je-nā′ri-an, n. and adj. one who is eighty years old, or between eighty and ninety.—adj. Octog′enary.

Octogynous, ok-toj′i-nus, adj. (bot.) having eight pistils or styles. [Gr. oktō, eight, gynē, wife.]

Octopod, ok′tō-pod, adj. eight-footed or eight-armed—also Octop′odous.—n. an octopus.

Octopus, ok′tō-pus, n. a widely distributed genus of eight-armed cuttle-fishes, covered with suckers, a devil-fish. [Gr. oktō, eight, pous, podos, foot.]

Octoroon, ok-tō-rōōn′, n. the offspring of a quadroon and a white person: one who has one-eighth negro blood. [L. octo, eight.]

Octostyle, ok′tō-stīl, n. an edifice or portico with eight pillars in front.

Octosyllabic, ok-tō-sil-lab′ik, adj. consisting of eight syllables.—n. Oc′tosyllable, a word of eight syllables.

Octroi, ok-trwä′, n. a grant of the exclusive right of trade: a toll or tax levied at the gates of a city on articles brought in: the place where such taxes are paid. [Fr.,—octroyer, to grant—L. auctorāre, to authorise—auctor, author.]

Octuple, ok′tū-pl, adj. eightfold.—n. Oc′tūplet (mus.), a group of eight notes to be played in the time of six.

Octyl, ok′til, n. a hypothetical organic radical, known only in combination—also Capryl.—n. Oc′tylēne, a hydrocarbon obtained by heating octylic alcohol with sulphuric acid.—adj. Octyl′ic.

Ocular, ok′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to the eye: formed in, or known by, the eye: received by actual sight.—adv. Oc′ularly.—adjs. Oc′ulāte, -d, having eyes, or spots like eyes; Oculau′ditory, representing an eye and an ear together; Oculif′erous, Oculig′erous, bearing an eye or eyes; Oc′uliform, ocular in form; Oc′ulimōtor, -y, ocular and motory.—n. Oc′ulist, one skilled in diseases of the eye. [L. ocularius—oculus, the eye.]

Od, ōd, or od, n. a peculiar force acting on the nervous system, assumed by Reichenbach to exist in light, heat, electricity, living bodies, and all material substances whatever, and to produce the phenomena of mesmerism.—adj. O′dic.—ns. Od′-force, od; O′dism, belief in od. [Gr. hodos, a way.]

Od, od, n. for God—sometimes Odd.—interjs. Od's-bodikins, God's body; Od's life, God's life; Od's-pitikins (Shak.), a corr. of God's pity.

Odalisque, Odalisk, ō′da-lisk, n. a female slave in a harem. [Fr.,—Turk. oda, a chamber.]

Odd, od, adj. not paired with another: not even: left over after a round number has been taken: additional to a certain amount in round numbers: not exactly divisible by two: strange: unusual in kind or appearance: trifling: remote: (Shak.) at variance.—ns. Odd′-come-shortly, an early day, any time; Odd′fellow, a member of a secret benevolent society called Oddfellows; Odd′ity, the state of being odd or singular: strangeness: a singular person or thing.—adj. Odd′-look′ing, having a singular appearance.—adv. Odd′ly.—ns. Odd′ment, something remaining over: one of a broken set—often used in the plural; Odd′ness.—n.pl. Odds (odz), inequality: difference in favour of one against another: more than an even wager: the amount or proportion by which the bet of one exceeds that of another: advantage: dispute: scraps, miscellaneous pieces, as in the phrase Odds and ends (lit. 'points' and ends).—At odds, at variance. [Scand., Ice. oddi, a triangle, odd number—Ice. oddr, point; cf. A.S. ord, point.]

Ode, ōd, n. a song: a poem written to be set to music: the music written for such a poem.—adj. O′dic.—n. O′dist, a writer of odes. [Fr. ode—Gr. ōdē, contr. from aoidē—aeidein, to sing.]

Odeum, ō-dē′um, n. in ancient Greece a theatre for musical contests, &c., sometimes applied to a modern music-hall.—Also Odē′on. [Gr.]

Odious, ō′di-us, adj. hateful: offensive: repulsive: causing hatred.—adv. O′diously.—ns. O′diousness; O′dium, hatred: offensiveness: blame: quality of provoking hate.—Odium theologicum, the proverbial hatred of controversial divines for each other's errors—and persons. [L.,—odi, to hate.]

Odontoglossum, ō-don-tō-glos′um, n. a genus of tropical American orchids with showy flowers.

Odontoid, o-don′toid, adj. tooth-shaped: tooth-like.—ns. Odontal′gia, Odontal′gy, toothache.—adj. Odontal′gic.—n. Odontī′asis, the cutting of the teeth.—adj. Odon′tic, dental.—n. Odon′toblast, a cell by which dentine is developed.—adjs. Odon′tocete, toothed, as a cetacean; Odontogen′ic.—ns. Odontog′eny, the origin and development of teeth; Odontog′raphy, description of teeth.—adjs. Odontolog′ic, -al.—ns. Odontol′ogist, one skilled in odontology; Odontol′ogy, the science of the teeth; Odontolox′ia, irregularity of teeth; Odontō′ma, a small tumour composed of dentine.—adjs. Odon′tomous, pertaining to odontoma; Odontoph′oral, Odontoph′oran.—n. Odon′tophore, the radula, tongue, or lingual ribbon of certain molluscs.—adjs. Odontoph′orous, bearing teeth; Odontostom′atous, having jaws which bite like teeth.—ns. Odontotherapī′a, the treatment or care of the teeth; Odon′trypy, the operation of perforating a tooth to draw off purulent matter from the cavity of the pulp. [Gr. odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Odour, ō′dur, n. smell: perfume: estimation: reputation.—adj. Odorif′erous, bearing odour or scent: diffusing fragrance: perfumed.—adv. Odorif′erously.—n. Odorif′erousness, the quality of being odoriferous.—adj. O′dorous, emitting an odour or scent: sweet-smelling: fragrant.—adv. O′dorously.—n. O′dorousness, the quality of exciting the sensation of smell.—adjs. O′doured, perfumed; O′dourless, without odour.—Odour of sanctity (see Sanctity); In bad odour, in bad repute. [Fr.,—L. odor.]

Odyssey, od′is-si, n. a Greek epic poem, ascribed to Homer, describing the return of the Greeks from the Trojan war, and esp. of Odysseus (Ulysses) to Ithaca after ten years' wanderings.

Œcology, ē-kol′ō-ji, n. the science of animal and vegetable economy.—n. Œ′cium, the household common to the individuals of a compound organism.—adj. Œcolog′ical.

Œdema, ē-dē′ma, n. (med.) the swelling occasioned by the effusion or infiltration of serum into cellular or areolar structures, usually the subcutaneous cellular tissue. [Gr. oidēma, swelling.]

Œdemia, ē-dē′mi-a, n. a genus of Anatidæ, the scoters, surf-ducks, or sea-coots. [Gr. oidēma.]

Œillade, ėl-yad′, n. (Shak.) a glance or wink given with the eye.—ns. Œil-de-bœuf, a round or oval opening for admitting light: a small, narrow window, or bull's-eye:—pl. Œils-de-bœuf; Œil-de-perdrix, a small, round figure in decorative art, a dot. [Fr. œillade—œil, eye.]

Œnanthic, ē-nan′thik, adj. having or imparting the characteristic odour of wine.—ns. Œnol′ogy, the science of wines; Œ′nomancy, divination from the appearance of wine poured out in libations; Œnomā′nia, dipsomania; Œnom′eter, a hydrometer for measuring the alcoholic strength of wines; Œnoph′ilist, a lover of wine. [Gr. oinos wine.]

Œnomel, ē′no-mel, n. wine mixed with honey: mead. [Gr. oinos, wine, and meli, honey.]

Œnothera, ē-nō-thē′ra, n. a genus of leafy branching plants, with yellow or purplish flowers, called also Evening, or Tree, primrose. [Gr. oinos, wine, and perh. thēran, to hunt.]

O'ercome, owr′kum, n. (Scot.) the burden of a song: overplus.—n. O'er′lay, a large cravat.

Œsophagus, Esophagus, ē-sof′a-gus, n. the gullet, a membranous canal about nine inches in length, extending from the pharynx to the stomach, thus forming part of the alimentary canal.—n. Œsophagal′gia, pain, esp. neuralgia, in the œsophagus.—adj. Œsophageal (-faj′-).—ns. Œsophagec′tomy, excision of a portion of the œsophagus; Œsophagis′mus, œsophageal spasm; Œsophagī′tis, inflammation of the œsophagus; Œsophag′ocele, hernia of the mucous membrane of the œsophagus through its walls; Œsophagodyn′ia, pain in the œsophagus; Œsophagop′athy, disease of the œsophagus; Œsophagoplē′gia, paralysis of the œsophagus; Œsophagorrhā′gia, hemorrhage from the œsophagus; Œsoph′agoscope, an instrument for inspecting the interior of the œsophagus; Œsophagospas′mus, spasm of the œsophagus; Œsophagostenō′sis, a constriction of the œsophagus. [Gr.]

Œstrum, ēs′trum, n. violent desire.—adj. Œs′trual, in heat, rutting.—v.i. Œs′truāte, to be in heat.—ns. Œstruā′tion; Œs′trus, a gadfly. [L.]

Of, ov, prep. from or out from: belonging to: out of: among: proceeding from, so in the Litany and Nicene Creed: owing to: with: over: concerning: during: (B. and Pr. Bk.) sometimes=by, from, on, or over.—Of purpose (B.), intentionally. [A.S. of; Dut. af, Ger. ab, also L. ab, Gr. apo.]

Off, of, adv. from: away from: on the opposite side of a question.—adj. most distant: on the opposite or farther side: on the side of a cricket-field right of the wicket-keeper and left of the bowler: not devoted to usual business, as an Off day.—prep. not on.—interj. away! depart!—adj. and adv. Off′-and-on′, occasional.—adj. Off′-col′our, of inferior value: indisposed.—n. Off′-come (Scot.), an apology, pretext: any exhibition of temper, &c.—adv. Off′-hand, at once: without hesitating.—adj. without study: impromptu: free and easy.—adj. Off′ish, reserved in manner.—ns. Off′-print, a reprint of a single article from a magazine or other periodical—the French tirage à part, German Abdruck; Off′-reck′oning, an allowance formerly made to certain British officers from the money appropriated for army clothing.—v.t. Off′saddle, to unsaddle.—ns. Off′scouring, matter scoured off: refuse: anything vile or despised; Off′-scum, refuse or scum; Off′set (in accounts), a sum or value set off against another as an equivalent: a short lateral shoot or bulb: a terrace on a hillside: (archit.) a horizontal ledge on the face of a wall: in surveying, a perpendicular from the main line to an outlying point.—v.t. (in accounts) to place against as an equivalent.—n. Off′shoot, that which shoots off from the main stem, stream, &c.: anything growing out of another.—adv. Off′shore, in a direction from the shore, as a wind: at a distance from the shore.—adj. from the shore.—ns. Off′side, the right-hand side in driving: the farther side; Off′spring, that which springs from another: a child, or children: issue: production of any kind.—Off one's chump, head, demented; Off one's feed, indisposed to eat.—Be off, to go away quickly; Come off, Go off, Show off, Take off, &c. (see Come, Go, Show, Take, &c.); Ill off, poor or unfortunate; Tell off, to count: to assign, as for a special duty; Well off, rich, well provided. [Same as Of.]

Offal, of′al, n. waste meat: the part of an animal which is unfit for use: refuse: anything worthless. [Off and fall.]

Offend, of-fend′, v.t. to displease or make angry: to do harm to: to affront: (B.) to cause to sin.—v.i. to sin: to cause anger: (B.) to be made to sin.—n. Offence′, any cause of anger or displeasure: an injury: a crime: a sin: affront: assault.—adjs. Offence′ful (Shak.) giving offence or displeasure: injurious; Offence′less (Milt.), unoffending: innocent.—ns. Offend′er, one who offends or injures: a trespasser: a criminal:—fem. Offend′ress; Offense′, &c., same as Offence, &c.—adj. Offens′ive, causing offence, displeasure, or injury: used in attack: making the first attack.—n. the act of the attacking party: the posture of one who attacks.—adv. Offens′ively.—n. Offens′iveness.—Offensive and defensive, requiring all parties to make war together, or to defend each other if attacked.—Give offence, to cause displeasure; Take offence, to feel displeasure, be offended. [Fr.,—L. ob, against, fendĕre, to strike.]

Offer, of′ėr, v.t. to bring to or before: to hold out for acceptance or rejection: to make a proposal to: to lay before: to present to the mind: to attempt: to propose to give, as a price or service: to present in worship.—v.i. to present itself: to be at hand: to declare a willingness.—n. act of offering: first advance: that which is offered: proposal made.—adj. Off′erable, that may be offered.—ns. Off′erer; Off′ering, act of making an offer: that which is offered: a gift: (B.) that which is offered on an altar: a sacrifice: (pl.) in Church of England, certain dues payable at Easter; Off′ertory, act of offering, the thing offered: the verses or the anthem said or sung while the offerings of the congregation are being made and the celebrant is placing the unconsecrated elements on the altar: the money collected at a religious service: anciently a linen or silken cloth used in various ceremonies connected with the administration of the eucharist. [L. offerre—ob, towards, ferre, to bring.]

Office, of′is, n. settled duty or employment: a position imposing certain duties or giving a right to exercise an employment: business: act of worship: order or form of a religious service, either public or private: that which a thing is designed or fitted to do: a place where business is carried on: (pl.) acts of good or ill: service: the apartments of a house in which the domestics discharge their duties.—ns. Off′ice-bear′er, one who holds office: one who has an appointed duty to perform in connection with some company, society, &c.; Off′icer, one who holds an office: a person who performs some public duty: a person entrusted with responsibility in the army or navy.—v.t. to furnish with officers: to command, as officers.—adj. Offic′ial, pertaining to an office: depending on the proper office or authority: done by authority.—n. one who holds an office: a subordinate public officer: the deputy of a bishop, &c.—ns. Offic′ialism, official position: excessive devotion to official routine and detail; Official′ity, Offic′ialty, the charge, office, or jurisdiction of an official: the official headquarters of an ecclesiastical or other deliberative and governing body.—adv. Offic′ially.—n. Offic′iant, one who officiates at a religious service, one who administers a sacrament.—v.i. Offic′iāte, to perform the duties of an office: (with for) to perform official duties in place of another.—n. Offic′iātor.—Give the office (slang), to suggest, supply information; Holy office, the Inquisition. [Fr.,—L. officium.]

Officinal, of-fis′i-nal, adj. belonging to, or used in, a shop: denoting an approved medicine kept prepared by apothecaries. [Fr.,—L. officina, a workshop—opus, work, facĕre, to do.]

Officious, of-fish′us, adj. too forward in offering services: overkind: intermeddling.—adv. Offic′iously.—n. Offic′iousness. [Fr.,—L. officiosus—officium.]

Offing, of′ing, n. the part of the sea more than half-way between the shore and the horizon.

Oft, oft, Often, of′n, adv. frequently: many times.—adj. Oft′en (B.), frequent.—n. Oft′enness, frequency.—advs. Oft′times, Oft′entimes, many times: frequently. [A.S. oft; Ger. oft, Goth. ufta.]

Ogee, ō-jē′, n. a wave-like moulding formed of a convex curve continued or followed by a concave one. [Fr. ogive.]

Ogham, Ogam, og′am, n. an ancient Irish writing, in straight lines crossing each other; one of the characters, twenty in number, of which it is formed.—adjs. Ogh′amic, Og′amic.

Ogive, ō′jiv, n. (archit.) a pointed arch or window.—adj. Ogī′val. [Fr.,—Sp.,—Ar. áwj, summit.]

Ogle, ō′gl, v.t. to look at fondly with side glances.—v.i. to cast amorous glances.—ns. O′gle; O′gler; O′gling. [Dut. oogen—ooge, the eye.]

Ogre, ō′gėr, n. a man-eating monster or giant of fairy tales:—fem. O′gress.—adj. O′greish. [Fr. ogre—Sp. ogro—L. orcus, the lower world.]

Ogygian, ō-jij′i-an, adj. pertaining to the mythical Attic king Ogўges, prehistoric, primeval.

Ohm, ōm, n. the unit by which electrical resistance is measured, being nearly equal to that caused by a thousand feet of copper wire one-tenth of an inch in diameter.—Ohm's law (see Law). [Georg Simon Ohm, a German electrician, 1787-1854.]

Oidium, ō-id′i-um, n. a genus of parasitic fungi, including the vine-mildew, &c. [Gr. ōon, an egg.]

Oil, oil, n. the juice from the fruit of the olive-tree: any greasy liquid.—v.t. to smear or anoint with oil.—ns. Oil′bag, a bag or cyst in animals containing oil; Oil′cake, a cake made of flax seed from which the oil has been pressed out; Oil′cloth, a painted floorcloth; Oil′-col′our, a colouring substance mixed with oil; Oil′er, one who, or that which, oils: an oil-can: (coll.) a coat of oilskin; Oil′ery, the commodities of an oil-man; Oil′-gas, illuminating gas or heating gas made by distilling oil in closed retorts; Oil′iness; Oil′-man, one who deals in oils; Oil′-mill, a grinding-mill for expressing oil from seeds, nuts, &c.; Oil′nut, the butter-nut of North America; Oil′-paint′ing, a picture painted in oil-colours: the art of painting in oil-colours; Oil′-palm, a palm whose fruit-pulp yields palm-oil; Oil′-press, a machine for expressing oils from seeds or pulp; Oil′skin, cloth made waterproof by means of oil: a garment made of oilskin; Oil′-spring, a spring whose water contains oily matter: a fissure or area from which petroleum, &c. oozes; Oil′stone, a fine-grained kind of stone used, when wetted with oil, for sharpening tools; Oil′-well, a boring made for petroleum.—adj. Oil′y, consisting of, containing, or having the qualities of oil: greasy.—Strike oil (see Strike). [O. Fr. oile (Fr. huile)—L. oleum—Gr. elaion—elaia, the olive.]

Ointment, oint′ment, n. anything used in anointing: (med.) any greasy substance applied to diseased or wounded parts: (B.) a perfume. [O. Fr.,—L. unguentum—ungĕre, to smear.]

Okapi, ō′ka-pi, n. a giraffe-like animal of the Semliki forests of Central Africa.

Old, ōld, adj. advanced in years: having been long in existence: worn out: out of date, old-fashioned: ancient, former, antique, early: (coll.) great, high: having the age or duration of: long practised: sober, wise.—n. Old-clothes′man, one who buys cast-off garments.—v.i. Old′en, to grow old, to become affected by age.—adj. old, ancient.—adj. Old-fash′ioned, of a fashion like that used long ago: out of date: clinging to old things and old styles: with manners like those of a grown-up person (said of a child).—n. Old-fash′ionedness.—adjs. Old-fō′gyish, like an old fogy; Old-gen′tlemanly, characteristic of an old gentleman; Old′ish, somewhat old; Old′-light, denoting those of the Seceders from the Church of Scotland who continued to hold unchanged the principle of the connection between church and state—the position maintained by the first Seceders in 1733.—n. one of this body.—ns. Old-maid′hood, Old-maid′ism.—adj. Old-maid′ish, like the conventional old maid, prim.—ns. Old′ness; Old′ster (coll.), a man getting old: a midshipman of four years' standing, a master's mate.—adj. Old′-time, of or pertaining to times long gone by: of long standing: old-fashioned.—n. Old′-tim′er, one who has lived in a place or kept a position for a long time.—adjs. Old-wom′anish, like an old woman; Old′-world, belonging to earlier times, antiquated, old-fashioned.—n. the Eastern Hemisphere.—Old age, the later part of life; Old bachelor, an unmarried man somewhat advanced in years; Old English (see English): the form of black letter used by 16th-century English printers; Old gold, a dull gold colour like tarnished gold, used in textile fabrics; Old Harry, Nick, One, &c., the devil; Old Hundred, properly Old Hundredth, a famous tune set in England about the middle of the 16th century to Kethe's version of the 100th Psalm, marked 'Old Hundredth' in Tate and Brady's new version in 1696; Old maid, a woman who has not been married, and is past the usual age of marriage: a simple game played by matching cards from a pack from which a card (usually a queen) has been removed; Old man, unregenerate human nature: (coll.) one's father, guardian, or employer (usually with 'the'); Old Red Sandstone (see Sand); Old salt, an experienced sailor; Old school, of, or resembling, earlier days, old-fashioned; Old song, a mere trifle, a very small price; Old squaw, a sea-duck of the northern hemisphere—also Old wife; Old Style (often written with a date O.S.), the mode of reckoning time before 1752, according to the Julian calendar or year of 365¼ days; Old Testament (see Testament); Old Tom, a strong kind of English gin; Old wife, a prating old woman, or even a man: a chimney-cap for curing smoking.—Of old, long ago, in ancient times, or belonging to such. [A.S. eald; Dut. oud; Ger. alt.]

Oleaginous, ō-lē-aj′in-us, adj. oily: (bot.) fleshy and oily: unctuous, sanctimonious, fawning.—n. Oleag′inousness. [L. oleaginus—oleum, oil.]

Oleander, ō-lē-an′dėr, n. an evergreen shrub with lance-shaped leathery leaves and beautiful red or white flowers, the Rose Bay or Rose Laurel. [Fr., a corr. of Low L. lorandrum. Cf. Rhododendron.]

Oleaster, ō-lē-as′tėr, n. the wild olive. [L.,—olea, an olive-tree—Gr. elaia.]

Olecranon, ō-lē-krā′non, n. a process forming the upper end of the ulna.—adj. Olecrā′nal. [Gr.]

Olein, ō′lē-in, n. a natural fat, found in the fatty oils of animals and vegetables.—n. O′leāte, a salt of oleic acid.—adj. Olefī′ant, producing oil.—ns. Olefī′ant-gas, ethylene; O′lefine, any one of a group of hydrocarbons homologous with ethylene.—adjs. O′leic; Oleif′erous, producing oil, as seeds.—ns. Oleomar′garine, artificial butter at first made from pure beef-fat, now from oleo-oil, neutral lard, milk, cream, and pure butter, worked together, with a colouring matter; Oleom′eter, an instrument for determining the density of oils; O′leon, a liquid obtained from the distillation of olein and lime; Oleores′in, a native compound of an essential oil and a resin: a preparation of a fixed or volatile oil holding resin in solution; Oleosac′charum, a mixture of oil and sugar.—adjs. O′leōse, O′leous, oily. [L. oleum, oil.]

Oleograph, ō′lē-ō-graf, n. a print in oil-colours to imitate an oil-painting.—n. Oleog′raphy, the art of preparing such. [L. oleum, oil, Gr. graphein, to write.]

Oleraceous, ol-e-rā′shus, adj. of the nature of a pot-herb, for kitchen use. [L.]

Olfactory, ol-fak′tor-i, adj. pertaining to, or used in, smelling. [L. olfactāre, to smell—olēre, to smell, facĕre, to make.]

Olibanum, ō-lib′a-num, n. a gum-resin flowing from incisions in several species of Boswellia in Somaliland and southern Arabia—the Lebonah of the Hebrews, Libanos and Libanōtos of the Greeks.

Oligarchy, ol′i-gärk-i, n. government by a small exclusive class: a state governed by such: a small body of men who have the supreme power of a state in their hands.—n. Ol′igarch, a member of an oligarchy.—adjs. Oligarch′al, Oligarch′ic, -al, pertaining to an oligarchy. [Fr.,—Gr., oligos, few, archein, to rule.]

Oligocene, ol′i-gō-sēn, adj. (geol.) pertaining to a division of the Tertiary series, the rocks chiefly of fresh and brackish water origin, with intercalations of marine beds. [Gr. oligos, little, kainos, new.]

Oligochrome, ol′i-gō-krōm, adj. and n. painted in few colours. [Gr. oligos, few, chrōma, colour.]

Olio, ō′li-ō, n. a savoury dish of different sorts of meat and vegetables: a mixture: a medley, literary miscellany. [Sp. olla—L. olla, a pot.]

Oliphant, ol′i-fant, n. an ancient ivory hunting-horn: an obsolete form of elephant.

Olitory, ol′i-tō-ri, adj. and n. pertaining to kitchen-vegetables:—pl. Ol′itories. [L. olitor, gardener.]

Olive, ol′iv, n. a tree cultivated round the Mediterranean for its oily fruit: its fruit: peace, of which the olive was the emblem: a colour like the unripe olive.—adj. of a brownish-green colour like the olive.—adjs. Olivā′ceous, olive-coloured: olive-green; Ol′ivary, like olives.—ns. Ol′ivenite, a mineral consisting chiefly of arsenic acid and protoxide of iron; Ol′ive-oil, oil pressed from the fruit of the olive; Ol′ive-yard, a piece of ground on which olives are grown; Ol′ivine, chrysolite.—Olive branch, a symbol of peace: (pl.) children (Ps. cxxviii. 4; Pr. Bk.). [Fr.,—L. oliva—Gr. elaia.]

Oliverian, ol-i-vē′ri-an, adj. an adherent of the great Protector, Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658).

Olivet, ol′i-vet, n. an imitation pearl manufactured for trade with savages.

Olivetan, ol′i-vet-an, n. one of an order of Benedictine monks founded in 1313, the original house at Monte Oliveto, near Siena.

Olla, ol′la, n. a jar or urn.—n. Ol′la-podrida (-po-drē′da), a Spanish mixed stew or hash of meat and vegetables: any incongruous mixture or miscellaneous collection. [Sp.,—L. olla, a pot.]

Ollam, ol′am, n. a doctor or master among the ancient Irish.—Also Oll′amh. [Ir.]

Ology, ol′ō-ji, n. a science whose name ends in -ology, hence any science generally.

Olympiad, ō-lim′pi-ad, n. in ancient Greece, a period of four years, being the interval from one celebration of the Olympic games to another, used in reckoning time (the date of the first Olympiad is 776 B.C.).—adjs. Olym′pian, Olym′pic, pertaining to Olympia in Elis, where the Olympic games were celebrated, or to Mount Olympus in Thessaly, the seat of the gods.—n. a dweller in Olympus, one of the twelve greater gods of Greek mythology.—ns.pl. Olym′pics, Olym′pic games, games celebrated every four years at Olympia, dedicated to Olympian Zeus; Olym′pus, the abode of the gods, supposed to have been Mount Olympus in Thessaly. [Gr. olympias, -ados, belonging to Olympia in Elis.]

Omasum, ō-mā′sum, n. a ruminant's third stomach, the psalterium or manyplies.—adj. Omā′sal.

Ombre, om′bėr, n. a game of cards played with a pack of forty cards, usually by three persons. [Fr.,—Sp. hombre—L. homo, a man.]

Omega, ō′meg-a, or ō-mē′ga, n. the last letter of the Greek alphabet: (B.) the end.—Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end: the chief point or purpose (Rev. i. 8). [Gr. ō mega, the great or long O.]

Omelet, Omelette, om′e-let, n. a pancake chiefly of eggs, beaten up with flour, &c., and fried in a pan. [O. Fr. amelette (Fr. omelette), which through the form alemette is traced to alemelle, the O. Fr. form of Fr. alumelle, a thin plate, a corr. of lemelle—L. lamella, lamina, a thin plate.]

Omen, ō′men, n. a sign of some future event, either good or evil: a foreboding.—v.i. and v.t. to prognosticate: to predict.—adj. O′mened, containing omens, mostly with prefixes, as ill-omened. [L. for osmen, that which is uttered by the mouth—L. os; or for ausmen, that heard—audīre, to hear.]

Omentum, ō-men′tum, n. a fold of peritoneum, proceeding from one of the abdominal viscera to another:—pl. Omen′ta.—adj. Omen′tal.—Great omentum, the epiploon. [L.]

Omer, ō′mėr, n. a Hebrew dry measure containing about half a gallon, 1⁄10 ephah.

Ominous, om′in-us, adj. pertaining to, or containing, an omen: foreboding evil: inauspicious.—adv. Om′inously.—n. Om′inousness.

Omit, ō-mit′, v.t. to leave out: to neglect: to fail: to make no use of:—pr.p. omit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. omit′ted.—adj. Omiss′ible, that may be omitted.—n. Omiss′ion, act of omitting: the neglect or failure to do something required: that which is left out.—adj. Omiss′ive, omitting or leaving out.—n. Omit′tance, the act of omitting: the state of being omitted: forbearance. [L. omittĕre, omissum—ob, away, mittĕre, to send.]

Omni-, om′ni, from L. omnis, all, a combining form, as in adjs. Omnifā′rious, of all varieties or kinds; Omnif′erous, bearing or producing all kinds; Omnif′ic, all-creating; Om′niform, of, or capable of, every form.—n. Omniform′ity.—v.t. Om′nify (rare), to make universal.—adj. Omnig′enous, consisting of all kinds.—n. Omnipar′ity, general equality.—adjs. Omnip′arous, producing all things; Omnipā′tient, enduring all things.—ns. Omnip′otence, Omnip′otency, unlimited power—an attribute of God.—adj. Omnip′otent, all-powerful, possessing unlimited power.—adv. Omnip′otently.—n. Omnipres′ence, quality of being present everywhere at the same time—an attribute of God.—adj. Omnipres′ent, present everywhere at the same time.—n. Omnisc′ience, knowledge of all things—an attribute of God.—adj. Omnisc′ient, all-knowing: all-seeing: infinitely wise.—adv. Omnisc′iently.—adj. Omniv′orous, all-devouring: (zool.) feeding on both animal and vegetable food.—The Omnipotent, God.

Omnibus, om′ni-bus, adj. including all: covering many different cases or objects, as 'an omnibus clause.'—n. a large four-wheeled vehicle for passengers, chiefly between two fixed points:—pl. Om′nibuses. [Lit. 'for all,' L. dative pl. of omnis, all.]

Omnium, om′ni-um, n. a Stock Exchange term for the aggregate value of the different stocks in which a loan is funded.—n. Om′nium-gath′erum (coll.), a miscellaneous collection of things or persons. [L., 'of all;' gen. pl. of omnis, all.]

Omohyoid, ō-mō-hī′oid, adj. pertaining to the shoulder-blade, and to the lingual or hyoid bone—also Omohyoi′dean.—n. Omoi′deum, the pterygoid bone. [Gr. ōmos, the shoulder.]

Omophagous, ō-mof′a-gus, adj. eating raw flesh—also Omophag′ic.—n. Omophā′gia. [Gr. ōmos, raw, phagein, to eat.]

Omophorion, ō-mō-fō′ri-on, n. an eastern ecclesiastical vestment like the western pallium, worn over the phenolion by bishops and patriarchs at the eucharist, &c. [Gr. ōmos, the shoulder, pherein, to carry.]

Omoplate, ō′mō-plāt, n. the shoulder-blade or scapula.—n. Omoplatos′copy, scapulimancy. [Gr. ōmoplatē.]

Omosternum, ō-mō-ster′num, n. a median ossification of the coraco-scapular cartilages of a batrachian. [Gr. ōmos, the shoulder, sternon, the chest.]

Omphacite, om′fa-sīt, n. a grass-green granular variety of pyroxene, one of the constituents of eclogite.—adj. Om′phacine, pertaining to unripe fruit.

Omphalos, om′fal-us, n. the navel: a raised central point: a boss.—adj. Omphal′ic.—ns. Om′phalism, tendency to place the capital of a country at its geographical centre, or to increase the powers of central at the expense of local government; Omphalī′tis, inflammation of the umbilicus; Om′phalocele, umbilical hernia.—adj. Om′phaloid.—ns. Om′phalomancy, divination from the number of knots in the navel-string as to how many children the mother will bear; Omphalop′agus, a double monster united at the umbilicus; Omphalot′omy, cutting of the umbilical cord at birth. [Gr., the navel.]

On, on, prep., in contact with the upper part of: to and toward the surface of: upon or acting by contact with: not off: at or near: at or during: in addition to: toward, for: at the peril of: in consequence: immediately after: (B.) off.—adv. above, or next beyond: forward, in succession: in continuance: not off.—interj. go on! proceed!—adj. denoting the part of the field to the left of a right-handed batter, and to the right of the bowler—opp. to Off. [A.S. on; Dut. aan, Ice. á, Ger. an.]

Onager, on′ā-jėr, n. the wild ass of Central Asia. [L.,—Gr. onagros—onos, an ass, agros, wild.]

Onanism, ō′nan-izm, n. self-pollution.—n. O′nanist.—adj. Onanist′ic. [See Gen. xxxviii. 9.]

Once, wuns, adv. a single time: at a former time: at any time or circumstances.—n. one time.—Once and again, more than once: repeatedly; Once for all, once only and not again; Once in a way, on one occasion only: very rarely.—At once, without delay: alike: at the same time; For once, on one occasion only. [A.S. ánes, orig. gen. of án, one, used as adv.]

Oncidium, on-sid′i-um, n. a widely-spread American genus of orchids. [Gr. ogkos, a hook.]

Oncology, ong-kol′o-ji, n. the science of tumours.—n. Oncot′omy, incision into, or excision of, a tumour.

Oncome, on′kum, n. (prov.) a sudden fall of rain or snow: the beginning of attack by some insidious disease.—n. On′coming, approach.

Oncometer, ong-com′e-tėr, n. an instrument for recording variations in volume, as of the kidney, &c.—n. On′cograph, an apparatus for recording such. [Gr. ogkos, bulk, metron, measure.]

Oncost, on′kost, n. all charges for labour in getting mineral, other than the miners' wages: payment to the collier in addition to the rate per ton.—n.pl. On′costmen, men who work in or about a mine at other work than cutting coal. [On and cost.]

One, wun, pron. a person (indefinitely), as in 'one says:' any one: some one.—n. a single person or thing: a unit. [A special use of the numeral one; not conn. with Fr. on—L. homo, a man.]

One, wun, adj. single in number, position, or kind: undivided: the same: a certain, some, implying a name unknown or denoting insignificance or contempt, as 'one Guy Fawkes, a Spaniard!'—adjs. One′-eyed, having but one eye: limited in vision; One′-hand′ed, single-handed; One′-horse, drawn by a single horse: petty, mean, inferior; One′-idea'd, entirely possessed by one idea.—ns. One′ness, singleness, unity; Oner (wun′ėr), one possessing some special skill, an adept (slang).—pron. Oneself′, one's self: himself or herself.—adj. One′-sid′ed, limited to one side: partial: (bot.) turned to one side.—adv. One′-sid′edly.—n. One′-sid′edness.—One another, each other; One by one, singly: in order; One day, on a certain day: at an indefinite time.—All one, just the same: of no consequence; At one, of one mind. [A.S. an; Ice. einn, Ger. ein.]

Oneiromancy, ō-nī′rō-man-si, n. the art of divining by dreams.—ns. Oneirocrit′ic, Onirocrit′ic, one who interprets dreams.—adjs. Oneirocrit′ic, -al.—ns. Oneirodyn′ia, nightmare; Oneirol′ogy, the doctrine of dreams; Onei′roscopist, an interpreter of dreams. [Gr. oneiros, a dream, manteia, divination.]

Onerous, on′ėr-us, adj. burdensome: oppressive.—adj. On′erary, fitted or intended for carrying burdens: comprising burdens.—adv. On′erously.—n. On′erousness. [L. onerosus—onus.]

Oneyer, wun′yėr, n. (1 Hen. IV., II. i. 84) probably a person that converses with great ones—hardly, as Malone explains, an accountant of the exchequer, a banker. [No doubt formed from one, like lawyer, sawyer, &c. Malone over-ingeniously refers to the mark o.ni., an abbreviation of the Latin form oneretur, nisi habeat sufficientem exonerationem ('let him be charged unless he have a sufficient discharge'), or explains as a misprint for moneyer.]

Ongoing, on′gō-ing, n. a going on: course of conduct: event: (pl.) proceedings, behaviour.

Onicolo, ō-nik′ō-lō, n. a variety of onyx for cameos, a bluish-white band on the dark ground. [It.]

Onion, un′yun, n. the name given to a few species of genus Allium, esp. Allium cepa, an edible biennial bulbous root.—adj. On′ion-eyed (Shak.), having the eyes full of tears.—n. On′ion-skin, a very thin variety of paper.—adj. On′iony. [Fr. oignon—L. unio, -onis—unus, one.]

Onlooker, on′lōōk-ėr, n. a looker on, observer.—adj. On′looking.

Only, ōn′li, adj. single in number or kind: this above all others: alone.—adv. in one manner: for one purpose: singly: merely: barely: entirely.—conj. but: except that.—n. On′liness. [A.S. ánlíc (adj.)—án, one, líc, like.]

Onoclea, on-ō-klē′a, n. a genus of aspidioid ferns, with contracted fertile fronds. [Gr. onos, a vessel, kleiein, to close.]

Onomantic, on-ō-man′tik, adj. pertaining to On′omancy or (obs.) Onomat′omancy, divination by names. [Gr. onoma, a name, manteia, divination.]

Onomastic, on-ō-mas′tik, adj. pertaining to a name, esp. pertaining to the signature to a paper written in another hand.—n. Onomas′ticon, a list of words: a vocabulary. [Gr., from onoma, a name.]

Onomatology, on-ō-ma-tol′o-ji, n. the science of, or a treatise on, the derivation of names.—n. Onomatol′ogist, one versed in such. [Gr. onoma, onomatos, name, logia—legein, to discourse.]

Onomatopœia, on-ō-mat-o-pē′ya, n. the formation of a word so as to resemble the sound of the thing of which it is the name: such a word itself, also the use of such a word, as 'click,' 'cuckoo'—also Onomatopoē′sis, or Onomatopoiē′sis.—adjs. Onomatopœ′ic, Onomatopoet′ic. [Gr. onoma, -atos, a name, poiein, to make.]

Onslaught, on′slawt, n. an attack or onset: assault. [A.S. on, on, sleaht, a stroke.]

Onstead, on′sted, n. (Scot.) a farmstead, the farm buildings. [M. E. wone—A.S. wunian, to dwell, stead, place.]

Ontogenesis, on-tō-jen′e-sis, n. the history of the individual development of an organised being as distinguished from phylogenesis and biogenesis—also Ontog′eny.—adjs. Ontogenet′ic, -al, Ontogen′ic.—adv. Ontogenet′ically. [Gr. onta, things being, neut. pl. of ōn, pr.p. of einai, to be, genesis, generation.]

Ontology, on-tol′o-ji, n. the science that treats of the principles of pure being: that part of metaphysics which treats of the nature and essence of things.—adjs. Ontolog′ic, -al.—adv. Ontolog′ically.—n. Ontol′ogist, one versed in ontology. [Gr. ōn, ontos, being pr.p. of einai, to be, logia—legein, to discourse.]

Onus, ō′nus, n. burden: responsibility.—Onus probandī, the burden of proving. [L. onus, burden.]

Onward, on′ward, adj. going on: advancing: advanced.—adv. (also On′wards) toward a point on or in front: forward.

Onym, on′im, n. (zool.) the technical name of a species or other group.—adjs. On′ymal, Onymat′ic.—v.i. On′ymise.—n. On′ymy, the use of onyms.

Onyx, on′iks, n. (min.) an agate formed of layers of chalcedony of different colours, used for making cameos.—ns. Onych′ia, suppurative inflammation near the finger-nail; Onychī′tis, inflammation of the soft parts about the nail; Onych′ium, a little claw; On′ychomancy, divination by means of the finger-nails; Onychonō′sos, disease of the nails.—adj. Onychopath′ic, affected with such.—n. Onychō′sis, disease of the nails. [L.,—Gr. onyx, onychos, a finger-nail.]

Oögenesis, ō-ō-jen′e-sis, n. the genesis and development of the ovum—also Oög′eny.—adj. Oögenet′ic.

Oölite, ō′o-līt, n. (geol.) a kind of limestone, composed of grains like the eggs or roe of a fish.—adjs. Oölit′ic; Oölitif′erous. [Gr. ōon, an egg, lithos, stone.]

Oölogy, ō-ol′o-ji, n. the science or study of birds' eggs.—n. O′ögraph, a mechanical device for drawing the outline of a bird's egg.—adjs. Oölog′ic, -al.—adv. Oölog′ically.—ns. Oöl′ogist, one versed in oology; Oöm′eter, an apparatus for measuring eggs.—adj. Oömet′ric.—n. Oöm′etry, the measurement of eggs. [Gr. ōon, an egg.]

Oolong, ōō′long, n. a variety of black tea, with the flavour of green.—Also Ou′long.

Oorie, Ourie, ōō′ri, adj. (Scot.) feeling cold or chill, shivering.

Ooze, ōōz, n. soft mud: gentle flow, as of water through sand or earth: a kind of mud in the bottom of the ocean: the liquor of a tan vat.—v.i. to flow gently: to percolate, as a liquid through pores or small openings.—adj. Ooz′y, resembling ooze: slimy. [M. E. wose—A.S. wase, mud; akin to A.S. wos, juice, Ice. vas, moisture.]

Opal, ō′pal, n. a precious stone of a milky hue, remarkable for its changing colours.—n. Opalesc′ence.—adjs. Opalesc′ent, reflecting a milky or pearly light from the interior; O′paline, relating to, or like, opal.—v.t. O′palise. [Fr. opale—L. opalus.]

Opaque, ō-pāk′, adj. shady: dark: that cannot be seen through: not transparent.—adv. Opaque′ly.—n. Opaque′ness, quality of being opaque: want of transparency. [Fr.,—L. opacus.]

Opeidocope, ō-pī′dō-skōp, n. an instrument for illustrating sound by means of light.

Open, ō′pn, adj. not shut: allowing one to pass out or in: free from trees: not fenced: not drawn together: spread out: not frozen up: not frosty: free to be used, &c.: public: without reserve: frank: easily understood: generous: liberal: clear: unbalanced, as an account: attentive: free to be discussed.—v.t. to make open: to remove hinderances: to bring to view: to explain: to begin.—v.i. to become open: to unclose: to be unclosed: to begin to appear: to begin.—n. a clear space.—n. O′pener.—adjs. O′pen-eyed (Shak.), watchful; O′pen-hand′ed, with an open hand: generous: liberal.—n. O′pen-hand′edness.—adj. O′pen-heart′ed, with an open heart: frank: generous.—ns. O′pen-heart′edness, liberality: generosity: frankness: candour; O′pening, an open place: a breach: an aperture: beginning: first appearance: opportunity.—adv. O′penly.—adj. O′pen-mind′ed, free from prejudice: ready to receive and consider new ideas.—n. O′pen-mind′edness.—adj. O′pen-mouthed, gaping: greedy: clamorous.—ns. O′penness; O′pen-ses′ame, a form of words which makes barriers fly open—from the story of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments; O′pen-steek (Scot.), a kind of open-work stitching; O′pen-work, any work showing openings through it for ornament.—adj. open-cast, of mining work in open air.—Open verdict (see Verdict). [A.S. open—up, up; cf. Dut. open—op, Ice. opinn—upp, and Ger. offen—auf.]

Opera, op′ėr-a, n. a musical drama: a place where operas are performed.—adj. used in or for an opera, as an opera-glass, &c.—ns. Op′era-cloak, a cloak of elegant form and material for carrying into the auditorium of a theatre or opera-house as a protection against draughts; Op′era-danc′er, one who dances in ballets introduced into operas; Op′era-glass, a small glass or telescope for use at operas, theatres, &c.; Op′era-hat, a hat which can be made flat by compression and expanded again to its full size; Op′era-house, a theatre where operas are represented; Op′era-sing′er.—adjs. Operat′ic, -al, pertaining to or resembling the opera. [It.,—L. opera. Cf. Operate.]

Opera-bouffe, op′ėr-a-bōōf, n. a comic opera. [Fr.,—It. opera-buffa. Cf. Buffoon.]

Operate, op′ėr-āt, v.i. to work: to exert strength: to produce any effect: to exert moral power: (med.) to take effect upon the human system: (surg.) to perform some unusual act upon the body with the hand or an instrument.—v.t. to effect: to produce by agency.—n. Operam′eter, an instrument for indicating the number of movements made by a part of a machine.—adj. Op′erant, operative.—n. an operator.—n. Operā′tion, art or process of operating, or of being at work: that which is done or carried out: agency: influence: method of working: action or movements: surgical performance.—adj. Op′erātive, having the power of operating or acting: exerting force: producing effects: efficacious.—n. a workman in a manufactory: a labourer.—adv. Op′erātively.—ns. Op′erātiveness; Op′erātor, one who, or that which, operates or produces an effect: (math.) a letter, &c., signifying an operation to be performed. [L. operāri, -ātus—opera, work, closely conn. with opus, operis, work.]

Operculum, ō-pėr′kū-lum, n. (bot.) a cover or lid: (zool.) the plate over the entrance of a shell: the apparatus which protects the gills of fishes:—pl. Oper′cula.—adjs. Oper′cular, belonging to the operculum; Oper′culate, -d, having an operculum; Operculif′erous; Oper′culiform; Operculig′enous; Operculig′erous. [L.,—operīre, to cover.]

Operetta, op-ėr-et′a, n. a short, light musical drama. [It., dim. of opera.]

Operose, op′ėr-ōz, adj. laborious: tedious.—adv. Op′erosely.—ns. Op′eroseness, Operos′ity.

Ophicleide, of′i-klīd, n. a large bass trumpet, with a deep pitch. [Fr.; coined from Gr. ophis, a serpent, kleis, kleidos, a key.]

Ophidian, o-fid′i-an, n. one of the true serpents, in which the ribs are the only organs of locomotion.—adjs. Ophid′ian, Ophid′ious, pertaining to serpents: having the nature of a serpent.—ns. Ophidiā′rium, a place where serpents are confined; Ophiog′raphy, the description of serpents; Ophiol′ater, a serpent-worshipper.—adj. Ophiol′atrous.—n. Ophiol′atry, serpent-worship.—adjs. Ophiolog′ic, -al.—ns. Ophiol′ogist, one versed in ophiology; Ophiol′ogy, the study of serpents; Oph′iomancy, divination by serpents.—adjs. Ophiomor′phic, Ophiomor′phous, having the form of a serpent; Ophioph′agous, feeding on serpents.—n. Oph′ite, one of a Gnostic sect who worshipped the serpent. [Gr. ophidion, dim. of ophis, opheōs, a serpent.]

Ophiura, of-i-ū′ra, n. a genus of sand-stars.—ns. and adjs. Ophiū′ran; Ophiū′roid. [Gr. ophis, serpent, oura, tail.]

Ophthalmia, of-thal′mi-a, n. inflammation of the eye—also Ophthal′my.—adj. Ophthal′mic, pertaining to the eye.—ns. Ophthal′mist, Ophthalmol′ogist, one skilled in ophthalmology; Ophthalmī′tis, inflammation of the eyeball; Ophthalmodyn′ia, pain, esp. rheumatic pain, of the eye; Ophthalmog′raphy, a description of the eye.—adjs. Ophthalmolog′ic, -al.—ns. Ophthalmol′ogy, the science of the eye, its structure and functions; Ophthalmom′eter, an instrument for eye-measurements; Ophthalmom′etry, the making of such; Ophthalmoplē′gia, paralysis of one or more of the muscles of the eye; Ophthal′moscope, an instrument for examining the interior of the eye.—adjs. Ophthalmoscop′ic, -al.—adv. Ophthalmoscop′ically.—ns. Ophthal′moscopy, examination of the interior of the eye with the ophthalmoscope; Ophthalmot′omy, dissection of the eye: an incision into the eye. [Gr.,—ophthalmos, eye.]

Opiate, ō′pi-āt, n. a drug containing opium to induce sleep: that which dulls sensation, physical or mental.—adj. inducing sleep.—adj. O′piated.

Opine, o-pīn′, v.i. to suppose.—adj. Opin′able, capable of being thought.—ns. Opī′nant, one who forms an opinion; Opin′icus (her.), a half-lion, half-dragon. [Fr.,—L. opināri, to think.]

Opinion, ō-pin′yun, n. one's belief, judgment: favourable estimation: (Shak.) opinionativeness.—adjs. Opin′ionable, that may be matter of opinion; Opin′ionāted, Opin′ioned, firmly adhering to one's own opinions.—adv. Opin′ionātely (obs.).—adj. Opin′ionātive, unduly attached to one's own opinions: stubborn.—adv. Opin′ionātively.—ns. Opin′ionātiveness; Opin′ionist. [L.]

Opisometer, op-i-som′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring curved lines on a map. [Gr. opisō, backward, metron, measure.]

Opisthobranchiate, ō-pis-thō-brang′ki-āt, adj. having the gills behind the heart—n. Opisthobranch′ism.

Opisthocœlian, ō-pis-thō-sē′li-an, adj. hollow or concave behind, as a vertebra.—Also Opisthocœ′lous.

Opisthodomos, op-is-thod′ō-mos, n. a rear-chamber or treasury at the back of the cella in some temples. [Gr.]

Opisthognathous, op-is-thog′nā-thus, adj. having retreating jaws or teeth.

Opisthograph, ō-pis′thō-graf, n. a manuscript or a slab inscribed on the back as well as the front.—adj. Opisthograph′ic, written on both sides.—n. Opisthog′raphy.

Opium, ō′pi-um, n. the narcotic juice of the white poppy.—n. O′pium-eat′er, one who makes a habitual use of opium. [L.,—Gr. opion, dim. from opos, sap.]

Opodeldoc, op-ō-del′dok, n. a solution of soap in alcohol, with camphor and essential oils, soap-liniment. [Fr., perh. from Gr. opos, juice.]

Opopanax, ō-pop′a-naks, n. a gum-resin used in perfumery and formerly in medicine. [Gr., opos, juice, panax, a plant, panakēs, all-healing.]

Oporice, ō-por′i-sē, n. a medicine prepared from quinces, pomegranates, &c.

Opossum, o-pos′um, n. a small American marsupial mammal, nocturnal, mainly arboreal, with prehensile tail: an Australian marsupial. [West Indian.]

Oppidan, op′i-dan, n. at Eton, a student who is not a foundationer or colleger. [L. oppidanus—oppidum, town.]

Oppilation, op-i-lā′shun, n. stoppage.—v.t. Opp′ilate, to crowd together.—adj. Opp′ilātive, obstructive. [L.]

Opponent, ō-pō′nent, adj. opposing in action, speech, &c.: placed in front.—n. one who opposes.

Opportune, op-or-tūn′, adj. present at a proper time: timely: convenient.—adv. Opportune′ly.—ns. Opportune′ness; Opportun′ism, practice of regulating principles by favourable opportunities without regard to consistency; Opportun′ist, a politician who waits for events before declaring his opinions: a person without settled principles; Opportun′ity, an opportune or convenient time: a good occasion or chance. [Fr.,—L. opportunus—ob, before, portus, a harbour.]

Oppose, o-pōz′, v.t. to place before or in the way of: to set against: to place as an obstacle: to resist: to check: to compete with.—v.i. to make objection.—n. Opposabil′ity.—adjs. Oppos′able, that may be opposed; Oppose′less (Shak.), not to be opposed, irresistible.—n. Oppos′er, one who opposes.—v.t. and v.i. Oppos′it, to negative. [Fr.,—L. ob, Fr. poser, to place.]

Opposite, op′ō-zit, adj. placed over against: standing in front: situated on opposite sides: contrasted with: opposed to: of an entirely different nature.—n. that which is opposed or contrary: an opponent.—adv. Opp′ositely.—n. Opp′ositeness.—Be opposite with (Shak.), to be perverse and contradictory in dealing with. [Fr.,—L. oppositus—ob, against, ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Opposition, op-ō-zish′un, n. state of being placed over against: position over against: repugnance: contrariety: contrast: act or action of opposing: resistance: that which opposes: obstacle: (logic) a difference of quantity or quality between two propositions having the same subject and predicate: the party that opposes the ministry or existing administration: (astron.) the situation of heavenly bodies when 180 degrees apart.—n. Opposi′tionist, one who belongs to an opposing party, esp. that opposed to the government. [Opposite.]

Oppress, o-pres′, v.t. to press against or upon: to use severely: to burden: to lie heavy upon: to constrain: to overpower: to treat unjustly: to load with heavy burdens.—n. Oppress′ion, act of oppressing or treating unjustly or harshly: severity: cruelty: state of being oppressed: misery: hardship: injustice: dullness of spirits: (Shak.) pressure.—adj. Oppress′ive, tending to oppress: overburdensome: treating with severity or injustice: heavy: overpowering: difficult to bear.—adv. Oppress′ively.—ns. Oppress′iveness; Oppress′or, one who oppresses. [Fr.,—L. opprimĕre, oppressum—ob, against, premĕre, to press.]

Opprobrious, o-prō′bri-us, adj. expressive of opprobrium or disgrace: reproachful: infamous: despised.—adv. Opprō′briously.—ns. Opprō′briousness; Opprō′brium, reproach expressing contempt or disdain: disgrace: infamy. [L.,—ob, against, probrum, reproach.]

Oppugn, o-pūn′, v.t. to fight against, esp. by argument: to oppose: to resist.—n. Oppugn′er. [Fr.,—L. oppugnāre, to fight against—ob, against, pugna, a fight.]

Oppugnancy, o-pug′nan-si, n. (Shak.) opposition, resistance.—adj. Oppug′nant, opposing: hostile.—n. an opponent. [L. oppugnans, -antis, pr.p. of oppugnāre.]

Opsimathy, op-sim′a-thi, n. learning obtained late in life. [Gr.,—opse, late, mathein, to learn.]

Opsonium, op-sō′ni-um, n. anything eaten with bread as a relish, esp. fish.—ns. Opsomā′nia, any morbid love for some special kind of food; Opsomā′niac, one who manifests the foregoing. [Gr. opsōnion—opson, strictly boiled meat, any relish.]

Optative, op′ta-tiv, or op-tā′tiv, adj. expressing desire or wish.—n. (gram.) a mood of the verb expressing wish.—adv. Op′tatively. [L. optativus—optāre, -ātum, to wish.]

Optic, -al, op′tik, -al, adj. relating to sight, or to optics.—n. Op′tic (Pope), an organ of sight: an eye.—adv. Op′tically.—ns. Optic′ian, one skilled in optics: one who makes or sells optical instruments; Op′tics (sing.), the science of the nature and laws of vision and light; Optim′eter, Optom′eter, an instrument for measuring the refractive powers of the eye; Optom′etry, the measurement of the visual powers.—Optic axis, the axis of the eye—that is, a line going through the middle of the pupil and the centre of the eye. [Fr. optique—Gr. optikos.]

Optime, op′ti-mē, n. in the university of Cambridge, one of those in the second or third rank of honours (senior and junior optimes respectively), next to the wranglers.—n.pl. Optimā′tes, the Roman aristocracy. [L. optimus, best.]

Optimism, op′ti-mizm, n. the doctrine that everything is ordered for the best: a disposition to take a hopeful view of things—opp. to Pessimism.—v.i. Op′timise, to take the most hopeful view of anything.—n. Op′timist, one who holds that everything is ordered for the best.—adj. Optimist′ic.—adv. Optimist′ically.—n. Op′timum (bot.), that point of temperature at which metabolic—i.e. vegetative and fructificative processes are best carried on. [L. optimus, best.]

Option, op′shun, n. act of choosing: power of choosing or wishing: wish.—adj. Op′tional, left to one's option or choice.—adv. Op′tionally.—n. Op′tions, a mode of speculating, chiefly in stocks and shares, which is intended to limit the speculator's risk. It consists in paying a sum down for the right to put (make delivery) or call (call for delivery) a given amount of stock at a fixed future date, the price also being fixed at the time the contract is entered into.—Local option (see Local). [L. optio, optionis—optāre, to choose.]

Opulent, op′ū-lent, adj. wealthy.—n. Op′ulence, means: riches: wealth.—adv. Op′ulently. [Fr.,—L. op-ulentus.]

Opus, ō′pus, n. work, a work.—Opus magnum, the great work of one's life; Opus operantis (theol.), the effect of a sacrament ascribed chiefly, if not exclusively, to the spiritual disposition of the recipient, the grace flowing ex opere operantis—the Protestant view; Opus operatum, the due celebration of a sacrament necessarily involving the grace of the sacrament, which flows ex opere operato from the sacramental act performed independent of the merit of him who administers it—the R.C. view.

Opuscule, ō-pus′kūl, n. a little work.—Also Opus′cle, Opus′culum. [L. opusculum, dim. of opus, work.]

Or, or, conj. marking an alternative, and sometimes opposition [short for other, modern Eng. either].—prep. (B.) before. [In this sense a corr. of ere.]

Orach, Orache, or′ach, n. one of several European plants used as spinach. [Fr. arroche.]

Oracle, or′a-kl, n. the answer spoken or uttered by the gods: the place where responses were given, and the deities supposed to give them: a person famed for wisdom: a wise decision: (B.) the sanctuary: (pl.) the revelations made to the prophets: the word of God.—adj. Orac′ular, delivering oracles: resembling oracles: grave: venerable: not to be disputed: ambiguous: obscure—also Orac′ulous.—ns. Oracular′ity, Orac′ularness.—adv. Orac′ularly. [Fr.,—L. ora-culum, double dim. from orāre, to speak—os, oris, the mouth.]

Oral, ō′ral, adj. uttered by the mouth: spoken, not written.—adv. O′rally. [L. os, oris, the mouth.]

Orale, or-ā′le, n. a white silk veil, with coloured stripes, sometimes worn by the Pope.

Orange, or′anj, n. a delightful gold-coloured fruit with a thick, rough skin, within which are usually from eight to ten juicy divisions: the tree on which it grows: a colour composed of red and yellow.—adj. pertaining to an orange: orange-coloured.—ns. Orangeāde′, a drink made with orange juice; Or′ange-bloss′om, the white blossom of the orange-tree, worn by brides.—adj. Or′ange-col′oured, having the colour of an orange.—ns. Or′ange-lil′y, a garden-plant with large orange flowers; Or′ange-peel, the rind of an orange separated from the pulp; Or′angery, a plantation of orange-trees: an orange-garden.—adj. Or′ange-taw′ny (Shak.), of a colour between orange and brown.—n. the colour itself.—n. Or′ange-wife (Shak.), a woman who sells oranges. [Fr.,—It. arancio—Pers. naranj, the n being dropped; it was thought to come from L. aurum, gold, hence Low L. aurantium.]

Orangeman, or′anj-man, n. a member of a society instituted in Ireland in 1795 to uphold Protestantism, or the cause of William of Orange—a secret society since its formal suppression in 1835 after a protracted parliamentary inquiry.—adj. Or′ange.—n. Or′angeism. [From the principality of Orange (L. Arausio), near Avignon, ruled by its own sovereigns from the 11th to the 16th century, passing by the last heiress in 1531 to the Count of Nassau, father of William the Silent.]

Orang-outang, ō-rang′-ōō-tang′, n. an anthropoid ape, found only in the forests of Sumatra and Borneo, reddish-brown, arboreal in habit.—Also Orang′ and Orang′-utan′. [Malay, 'man of the woods.']

Orant, ō′rant, n. a worshipping figure in ancient Greek and early Christian art.

Orarian, ō-rā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the coast. [L. ora, the shore.]

Orarium, ō-rā′ri-um, n. a linen neckcloth or handkerchief: a scarf attached to a bishop's staff. [L. os, oris, the mouth.]

Orarium, ō-rā′ri-um, n. a collection of private devotions. [L. orāre, to pray.]

Oration, ō-rā′shun, n. a public speech of a formal character: an eloquent speech.—n. Oratiun′cle, a brief speech. [Fr.,—L. oratio—orāre, to pray.]

Orator, or′a-tor, n. a public speaker: a man of eloquence: a spokesman or advocate:—fem. Or′atress, Or′atrix.—v.i. Or′āte, to deliver an oration.—adjs. Oratō′rial; Orator′ical, pertaining to oratory: becoming an orator.—adv. Orator′ically.—n. Or′atory, the art of speaking well, or so as to please and persuade, esp. publicly: the exercise of eloquence: an apartment or building for private worship: one of various congregations in the R.C. Church, esp. the Fathers of the Oratory, established by St Philip Neri (1515-95): a religious house of theirs.

Oratorio, or-a-tō′ri-ō, n. a sacred story set to music, which, as in the opera, requires soloists, chorus, and full orchestra for its performance, the theatrical adjuncts, however, of scenery, costumes, and acting bring dispensed with. [It., so called because first performed in the Oratory of the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, near Rome, under the care of St Philip Neri (1571-94).]

Orb, orb, n. a circle: a sphere: a celestial body: a wheel: any rolling body: the eye: (archit.) a blank window or panel: the globe forming part of regalia, the monde or mound: the space within which the astrological influence of a planet operates.—v.t. to surround: to form into an orb.—adjs. Or′bate; Orbed, in the form of an orb; circular; Orbic′ular, having the form of an orb or sphere: spherical: round.—n. Orbiculā′ris, a muscle surrounding an opening.—adv. Orbic′ularly.—n. Orbic′ularness.—adjs. Orbic′ulate, -d, made in the form of an orb.—n. Orbiculā′tion.—adj. Or′by, orbed. [L. orbis, circle.]

Orbit, or′bit, n. the path in which one of the heavenly bodies, as a planet, moves round another, as the sun: the hollow in the bone in which the eyeball rests—also Or′bita: the skin round the eye.—adjs. Or′bital, Or′bitary. [L. orbita—orbis, a ring.]

Orcadian, or-kā′di-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Orkney Islands.—n. an inhabitant or a native of the Orkneys. [L. Orcades.]

Orchard, or′chard, n. a garden of fruit-trees, esp. of apple-trees, also the enclosure containing such.—ns. Or′chard-house, a glass house for cultivating fruits without artificial heat; Or′charding; Or′chardist. [A.S. orceard—older form ort-geard.]

Orcheocele, or-ke-o-sēl′, n. a tumour or inflammation of the testicle.—ns. Orchial′gia, pain, esp. neuralgia, in a testicle; Orchidec′tomy, Orchot′omy, the excision of a testicle; Orchiodyn′ia, pain in a testicle; Orchī′tis, inflammation of a testicle.—adj. Orchit′ic. [Gr. orchis, a testicle, kēlē, a tumour.]

Orchestra, or′kes-tra, n. in the Greek theatre, the place where the chorus danced: now the part of a theatre or concert-room in which the musicians are placed: the performers in an orchestra.—ns. Orchē′sis, the art of dancing or rhythmical movement of the body; Orchesog′raphy, the theory of dancing.—adjs. Or′chestral, Orches′tric, of or pertaining to an orchestra: performed in an orchestra.—v.t. Or′chestrāte, to arrange for an orchestra.—ns. Orchestrā′tion, the arrangement of music for an orchestra: instrumentation; Orches′trion, a musical instrument of the barrel-organ kind, designed to imitate an orchestra. [L.,—Gr. orchēstra—orchesthai, to dance.]

Orchid, or′kid, n. a plant with a rich, showy, often fragrant flower, frequently found growing, in warm countries, on rocks and stems of trees.—adjs. Orchidā′ceous, Orchid′ēous, pertaining to the orchids.—ns. Orchidol′ogy, the knowledge of orchids; Or′chis, a genus containing ten of the British species of orchids. [Gr. orchis, a testicle.]

Orcine, or′sin, n. a colouring matter obtained from orchella-weed and other lichens.

Ordain, or-dān′, v.t. to put in order: to appoint: to dispose or regulate: to set apart for an office: to invest with ministerial functions.—adj. Ordain′able.—ns. Ordain′er; Ordain′ment.—adj. Or′dinal, showing order or succession.—n. a number noting order or place among others: a body of regulations, a book containing forms and rules for ordination.—n. Or′dinance, that which is ordained by authority: a law: a religious practice or right established by authority.—adj. Or′dinant (Shak.), ordaining, decreeing.—n. one who ordains, as a bishop—opp. to Or′dinand, or one who is to be ordained.—n. Ordinā′tion, the act of ordaining: admission to the Christian ministry by the laying on of hands of a bishop or a presbytery: established order. [O. Fr. ordener (Fr. ordonner)—L. ordināre, -ātum—ordo.]

Ordeal, or′de-al, n. a dealing out or giving of just judgment: an ancient form of referring a disputed question to the judgment of God, by lot, fire, water, &c.: any severe trial or examination. [A.S. or-dél, or-dál; cf. Dut. oor-deel, Ger. ur-theil.]

Order, or′dėr, n. regular arrangement, method: degree, rank, or position: rule, regular system or government: command: a class, a society of persons of the same profession, &c.: a religious fraternity: a dignity conferred by a sovereign, &c., giving membership in a body, after the medieval orders of knighthood, also the distinctive insignia thereof: social rank generally: a number of genera having many important points in common: a commission to supply, purchase, or sell something: (archit.) one of the different ways in which the column, with its various parts and its entablature, are moulded and related to each other: due action towards some end, esp. in old phrase 'to take order:' the sacerdotal or clerical function: (pl.) the several degrees or grades of the Christian ministry.—v.t. to arrange: to conduct: to command.—v.i. to give command.—ns. Or′der-book, a book for entering the orders of customers, the special orders of a commanding officer, or, the motions to be put to the House of Commons; Or′derer; Or′dering, arrangement: management: the act or ceremony of ordaining, as priests or deacons.—adj. Or′derless, without order: disorderly.—n. Or′derliness.—adj. Or′derly, in good order: regular: well regulated: of good behaviour: quiet: being on duty.—adv. regularly: methodically.—n. a non-commissioned officer who carries official messages for his superior officer, formerly the first sergeant of a company.—adj. Or′dinate, in order: regular.—n. the distance of a point in a curve from a straight line, measured along another straight line at right angles to it—the distance of the point from the other of the two lines is called the abscissa, and the two lines are the axes of co-ordinates.—adv. Or′dinately.—Order-in-Council, a sovereign order given with advice of the Privy Council; Order-of-battle, the arrangement of troops or ships at the beginning of a battle; Order-of-the-day, in a legislative assembly, the business set down to be considered on any particular day: any duty assigned for a particular day.—Close order, the usual formation for soldiers in line or column, the ranks 16 inches apart, or for vessels two cables'-length (1440 ft.) apart—opp. to Extended order; Full orders, the priestly order; Minor orders, those of acolyte, exorcist, reader, and doorkeeper; Open order, a formation in which ships are four cables'-length (2880 ft.) apart; Sailing orders, written instructions given to the commander of a vessel before sailing; Sealed orders, such instructions as the foregoing, not to be opened until a certain specified time; Standing orders or rules, regulations for procedure adopted by a legislative assembly.—In order, and Out of order, in accordance with regular and established usage of procedure, in subject or way of presenting it before a legislative assembly, &c., or the opposite; In order to, for the end that; Take order (Shak.), to take measures. [Fr. ordre—L. ordo, -inis.]

Ordinaire, or-din-ār′, n. wine for ordinary use—usually vin ordinaire: a soldier's mess: a person of common rank.

Ordinary, or′di-na-ri, adj. according to the common order: usual: of common rank: plain: of little merit: (coll.) plain-looking.—n. a judge of ecclesiastical or other causes who acts in his own right: something settled or customary: actual office: a bishop or his deputy: a place where regular meals are provided at fixed charges: the common run or mass: (her.) one of a class of armorial charges, called also honourable ordinaries, figures of simple outline and geometrical form, conventional in character—chief, pale, fess, bend, bend-sinister, chevron, cross, saltire, pile, pall, bordure, orle, tressure, canton, flanches.—adv. Or′dinarily.—Ordinary of the mass, the established sequence or fixed order for saying mass.—In ordinary, in regular and customary attendance.

Ordnance, ord′nans, n. great guns: artillery: (orig.) any arrangement, disposition, or equipment.—Ordnance survey, a preparation of maps and plans of Great Britain and Ireland, or parts thereof, undertaken by government and carried out by men selected from the Royal Engineers—so called because in earlier days the survey was carried out under the direction of the Master-general of the Ordnance. [Ordinance.]

Ordonnance, or′do-nans, n. co-ordination, esp. the proper disposition of figures in a picture, parts of a building, &c.

Ordure, or′dūr, n. dirt: dung: excrement: also fig. anything unclean.—adj. Or′durous. [Fr.,—O. Fr. ord, foul—L. horridus, rough.]

Ore, ōr, n. metal as it comes from the mine: metal mixed with earthy and other substances. [A.S. ór, another form of ár, brass; Ice. eir, L. æs, ær-is, bronze.]

Oread, ō′rē-ad, n. (myth.) a mountain nymph:—pl. O′reads, or Orē′ades. [Gr. oreias, oreiados—oros, a mountain.]

Organ, or′gan, n. an instrument or means by which anything is done: a part of a body fitted for carrying on a natural or vital operation: a means of communication, or of conveying information or opinions from one to another of two parties, as an ambassador, a newspaper, &c.: a musical wind instrument consisting of a collection of pipes made to sound by means of compressed air from bellows, and played upon by means of keys: a system of pipes in such an organ, having an individual keyboard, a partial organ: a musical instrument having some mechanism resembling the pipe-organ, as the barrel-organ, &c.—ns. Or′gan-build′er, one who constructs organs; Or′gan-grind′er, a fellow who plays a hand-organ by a crank; Or′gan-harmō′nium, a large harmonium used instead of a pipe-organ.—adjs. Organ′ic, -al, pertaining to an organ: organised: instrumental.—adv. Organ′ically.—n. Organ′icalness.—v.t. Organ′ify, to add organic matter to.—n. Organisabil′ity.—adj. Organis′able, that may be organised.—n. Organisā′tion, the act of organising: the state of being organised.—v.t. Or′ganīse, to supply with organs: to form several parts into an organised whole, to arrange.—ns. Or′ganīser; Or′ganism, organic structure, or a body exhibiting such: a living being, animal or vegetable.—adj. Or′ganismal.—ns. Or′ganist, one who plays on an organ; Or′gan-loft, the loft where an organ stands; Organog′eny, Organogen′esis, history of the development of living organs; Organog′raphy, a description of the organs of plants or animals; Organol′ogy, the study of structure and function; Or′gan-pipe, one of the sounding pipes of a pipe-organ (flue-pipes and reed-pipes); Or′gan-point, a note sustained through a series of chords, although only in harmony with the first and last; Or′ganry, the music of the organ; Or′gan-screen, an ornamental stone or wood screen, on which a secondary organ is sometimes placed in cathedrals; Orguinette′, a mechanical musical instrument, with reeds and exhaust-bellows.—Organic chemistry, the chemistry of substances of animal or vegetable origin, prior to 1828 supposed to be capable of formation only as products of vital processes: the chemistry of the compounds of carbon; Organic disease, a disease accompanied by changes in the structures involved; Organic remains, fossil remains of a plant or animal.—Hydraulic organ, one whose bellows is operated by a hydraulic motor. [Fr. organe—L. organum—Gr. organon.]

Organon, or′ga-non, n. an instrument: a system of rules and principles for scientific investigation: a system of thought: the logic of Aristotle—also Or′ganum:—pl. Or′gana. [Gr., from ergon, a work.]

Organzine, or′gan-zin, n. a silk thread of several twisted together, a fabric of the same. [Fr.]

Orgasm, or′gasm, n. immoderate excitement or action.—adj. Orgas′tic. [Gr. orgasmos, swelling.]

Orgeat, or′zhat, n. a confectioner's syrup made from almonds, sugar, &c. [Fr. orge—L. hordeum, barley.]

Orgy, or′ji, n. any drunken or riotous rite or revelry, esp. by night—(rare) Orge:—pl. Or′gies, riotous secret rites observed in the worship of Bacchus.—v.i. Orge, to indulge in riotous jollity.—n. Or′giast.—adjs. Orgias′tic, Or′gic. [Fr.,—L. orgia—Gr.]

Orichalc, or′i-kalk, n. (Spens.) a gold-coloured alloy resembling brass.—adj. Orichal′ceous. [Fr., from Gr. oreichalkos, mountain copper—oros, a mountain, chalkos, copper.]

Oriel, ō′ri-el, n. a portico or recess in the form of a window built out from a wall, supported on brackets or corbels—distinguished from a bay window. [O. Fr. oriol, a porch—Low L. oriolum, a highly ornamented recess—L. aureolus, gilded—aurum, gold.]

Orient, ō′ri-ent, adj. rising, as the sun: eastern: bright or pure in colour.—n. the part where the sun rises: the east, or the countries of the east: purity of lustre, as in a pearl.—v.t. to set so as to face the east: to build, as a church, with its length from east to west.—adj. Orien′tal, eastern: pertaining to, in, or from the east.—n. a native of the east.—v.t. Orien′talise.—ns. Orien′talism, an eastern word, expression, or custom; Orien′talist, one versed in the eastern languages: an oriental; Oriental′ity.—v.t. and v.i. Orien′tāte.—ns. Orientā′tion, the act of turning or state of being turned toward the east, the process of determining the east in taking bearings: the situation of a building relative to the points of the compass: the act of making clear one's position in some matter: the homing instinct, as in pigeons; O′rientātor, an instrument for orientating. [L. oriens, -entis, pr.p. of orīri, to rise.]

Orifice, or′i-fis, n. something made like a mouth or opening. [Fr.,—L. orificium—os, oris, mouth, facĕre, to make.]

Oriflamme, or′i-flam, n. a little banner of red silk split into many points, borne on a gilt staff—the ancient royal standard of France. [Fr.,—Low L. auriflamma—L. aurum, gold, flamma, a flame.]

Origan, or′i-gan, n. wild marjoram.—Also Orig′anum. [Fr.,—L. origanum.—Gr. origanon—oros, mountain, ganos, brightness.]

Origenist, or′ij-en-ist, n. a follower of Origen (c. 186-254 A.D.), his allegorical method of scriptural interpretation, or his theology, esp. his heresies—the subordination though eternal generation of the Logos, pre-existence of all men, and universal restoration, even of the devil.—n. Or′igenism.—adj. Origenist′ic.

Origin, or′i-jin, n. the rising or first existence of anything: that from which anything first proceeds: (math.) the fixed starting-point: cause: derivation.—adjs. Orig′inable; Orig′inal, pertaining to the origin or beginning: first in order or existence: in the author's own words or from the artist's own pencil: not copied: not translated: having the power to originate, as thought.—n. origin: first copy: the precise language used by a writer: an untranslated tongue: a person of marked individuality.—ns. Original′ity, Orig′inalness, quality or state of being original or of originating ideas.—adv. Orig′inally.—v.t. Orig′ināte, to give origin to: to bring into existence.—v.i. to have origin: to begin.—n. Originā′tion, act of originating or of coming into existence: mode of production.—adj. Orig′inātive, having power to originate or bring into existence.—n. Orig′inātor. [Fr. origine—L. origo, originis—orīri, to rise.]

Orillon, o-ril′lon, n. a semicircular projection at the shoulder of a bastion intended to cover the guns and defenders on the flank. [Fr.,—oreille, an ear—L. auricula, dim. of auris, ear.]

Oriole, ōr′i-ōl, n. the golden thrush. [O. Fr. oriol—L. aureolus, dim. of aureus, golden—aurum, gold.]

Orion, ō-rī′on, n. (astron.) one of the constellations containing seven very bright stars, three of which, in a straight line, form Orion's belt. [Orion, a hunter placed among the stars at his death.]

Orismology, or-is-mol′ō-ji, n. the science of defining technical terms.—adjs. Orismolog′ic, -al. [Gr. horismos—horizein, to bound.]

Orison, or′i-zun, n. a prayer. [O. Fr. orison (Fr. oraison)—L. oratio, -ōnis—orāre, to pray.]

Orle, orl, n. (archit.) a fillet under the ovolo of a capital—also Or′let: (her.) a border within a shield at a short distance from the edge. [O. Fr., border, from Low L. orlum, dim. of L. ora, border.]

Orleanist, or′lē-an-ist, n. one of the family of the Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. of France: a supporter of the claims of this family to the throne of France.—adj. favourable to the claims of the Orleans family.—ns. Or′leanism; Or′leans, a wool and cotton cloth for women's dresses.

Orlop, or′lop, n. the deck below the berth-deck in a ship where the cables, &c., are stowed. [Dut. overloop, the upper deck—overlopen, to run over.]

Ormolu, or′mo-lōō, n. an alloy of copper, zinc, and tin: gilt or bronzed metallic ware: gold-leaf prepared for gilding bronze, &c. [Fr. or—L. aurum, gold, moulu, pa.p. of moudre, to grind—L. molāre, to grind.]

Ormuzd, or′muzd, n. the name of the chief god of the ancient Persians: the creator and lord of the whole universe: (later) the good principle, as opposed to Ahriman, the bad. [A corr. of Pers. Ahura-Mazdâh=the Living God or Lord (ahu='the living,' 'life,' or 'spirit,' root ah='to be'), the Great Creator (maz+dâ=Sans. mahâ+dhâ), or the Wise One.]

Ornament, or′na-ment, n. anything that adds grace or beauty: additional beauty: a mark of honour: (pl., Pr. Bk.) all the articles used in the services of the church.—v.t. to adorn: to furnish with ornaments.—adj. Ornament′al, serving to adorn or beautify.—adv. Ornament′ally.—ns. Ornamentā′tion, act or art of ornamenting: (archit.) ornamental work; Or′namenter; Or′namentist.—adj. Ornate′, ornamented: decorated: highly finished, esp. applied to a style of writing.—adv. Ornate′ly.—n. Ornate′ness. [Fr. ornement—L. ornamentum—ornāre, to adorn.]

Ornis, or′nis, n. the birds collectively of a region, its avifauna.—adj. Ornith′ic.—ns. Ornithich′nite (geol.), the footmark of a bird found impressed on sandstone, &c.; Ornithodel′phia, the lowest of the three sub-classes of mammals, same as Monotremata—from the ornithic character of the urogenital organs.—adjs. Ornithodel′phian (also n.), Ornithodel′phic, Ornithodel′phous; Or′nithoid, somewhat ornithic.—ns. Ornith′olite (geol.), the fossil remains of a bird: a stone occurring of various colours and forms bearing the figures of birds.—adj. Ornitholog′ical, pertaining to ornithology.—adv. Ornitholog′ically.—ns. Ornithol′ogist, one versed in ornithology, or who makes a special study of birds; Ornithol′ogy, the science and study of birds; Or′nithomancy, divination by means of birds, by observing their flight, &c.—adjs. Ornithoman′tic; Ornithoph′ilous, bird-fertilised; Or′nithopod, Ornithop′odous, having feet like a bird.—ns. Ornithorhyn′chus, an animal in Australia, with a body like an otter and a snout like the bill of a duck, also called Duck-bill; Ornithos′copy, observation of birds or of their habits; Ornithot′omy, the act of dissecting birds. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird.]

Orography, or-og′ra-fi, n. the description of mountains—also Orol′ogy.—n. Orog′eny, the origin and formation of mountains.—adjs. Orograph′ic, -al; Orolog′ical, of or pertaining to orology.—ns. Orol′ogist, one versed in orology; Orom′eter, a mountain-barometer. [Gr. oros, a mountain.]

Oroide, ō′rō-īd, n. an alloy of copper, tin, and other metals used for watch-cases, cheap jewellery, &c.—Also O′rēide. [Fr. or—L. aurum, gold, Gr. eidos, form.]

Orotund, ō′rō-tund, adj. full, clear, and musical, as speech.—n. full, clear, and musical speech, as when directly from the larynx. [L. os, oris, the mouth, rotundus, round.]

Orphan, or′fan, n. a child bereft of father or mother, or of both.—adj. bereft of parents.—v.t. to bereave of parents.—ns. Or′phanage, the state of being an orphan: a house for orphans; Or′phan-asy′lum; Or′phanhood, Or′phanism; Orphanot′rophy, the supporting of orphans. [Gr. orphanos, akin to L. orbus, bereaved.]

Orpharion, or-fā′ri-on, n. a large lute with six to nine metal strings.—Also Orpheō′reon.

Orphean, or′fē-an, adj. pertaining to Orpheus, a poet who could move inanimate objects by the music of his lyre.—adj. Or′phic, pertaining to Orpheus, or the mysteries connected with the cult of Bacchus.—v.i. Or′phise.—n. Or′phism.

Orphrey, or′fri, n. gold or other rich embroidery attached to vestments, esp. chasuble and cope. [Fr. orfroi—or—L. aurum, gold, Fr. fraise, fringe.]

Orpiment, or′pi-ment, n. arsenic trisulphide, giving king's yellow and realgar (red).—ns. Or′pine, Or′pin, a deep-yellow colour: the Sedum Telephium, a popular vulnerary. [Fr.,—L. auripigmentum—aurum, gold, pigmentum, paint.]

Orra, or′a, adj. (Scot.) odd: not matched: left over: doing odd pieces of work: worthless.

Orrery, or′ėr-i, n. an apparatus for illustrating, by balls mounted on rods and moved by clockwork around a centre, the size, positions, motions, &c. of the heavenly bodies. [From Charles Boyle, fourth Earl of Orrery (1676-1731).]

Orris, or′is, n. a species of iris in the south of Europe, the dried root of which has the smell of violets, used in perfumery.—Also Orr′ice.

Orris, or′is, n. a peculiar kind of gold or silver lace: upholsterers' galloon and gimp. [Orphrey.]

Orseille, or-sāl′, n. a colouring matter (cf. Archil and Litmus).—adj. Orsel′lic. [Fr.]

Ort, ort, n. a fragment, esp. one left from a meal—usually pl. [Low Ger. ort, refuse of fodder.]

Orthocephaly, or-thō-sef′a-li, n. the character of a skull in which the ratio between the vertical and transverse diameters is from 70 to 75.—adj. Orthocephal′ic.

Orthoceras, or-thos′e-ras, n. a genus of fossil cephalopods, having the shell straight or but slightly curved.

Orthochromatic, or-thō-krō-mat′ik, adj. correct in rendering the relation of colours, without the usual photographic modifications. [Gr. orthos, right, chrōma, colour.]

Orthoclase, or′tho-klāz, n. common or potash feldspar.—adj. Orthoclas′tic. [Gr. orthos, straight, klasis, a fracture.]

Orthodox, or′tho-doks, adj. sound in doctrine: believing the received or established opinions, esp. in religion: according to the received doctrine.—adv. Or′thodoxly.—ns. Or′thodoxness; Or′thodoxy, soundness of opinion or doctrine: belief in the commonly accepted opinions, esp. in religion. [Through Fr. and Late L. from Gr. orthodoxos—orthos, right, doxa, opinion—dokein, to seem.]

Orthodromic, or-thō-drom′ik, adj. pertaining to Or′thodromy, the art of sailing on a great circle or in a straight course.

Orthoëpy, or′tho-e-pi, n. (gram.) correct pronunciation of words.—adjs. Orthoëp′ic, -al.—adv. Orthoëp′ically.—n. Or′thoëpist, one versed in orthoëpy. [Gr. orthos, right, epos, a word.]

Orthognathous, or-thog′nā-thus, adj. straight-jawed—also Orthognath′ic.—n. Orthog′nathism. [Gr. orthos, straight, gnathos, the jaw.]

Orthogon, or′tho-gon, n. (geom.) a figure with all its angles right angles.—adj. Orthog′onal, rectangular.—adv. Orthog′onally. [Gr. orthos, right, gōnia, angle.]

Orthographer, or-thog′ra-fėr, n. one who spells words correctly—also Orthog′raphist.—adjs. Orthograph′ic, -al, pertaining or according to orthography: spelt correctly.—adv. Orthograph′ically.—n. Orthog′raphy (gram.), the art or practice of spelling words correctly. [Gr. orthographia—orthos, right, graphein, to write.]

Orthopædia, or-thō-pē-dī′a, n. the art or process of curing deformities of the body, esp. in childhood—also Or′thopædy, Or′thopedy.—adjs. Orthopæ′dic, -al, Orthoped′ic, -al.—ns. Orthopæ′dics, Orthoped′ics, orthopædic surgery; Or′thopædist, Or′thopedist, one skilled in the foregoing. [Gr. orthos, straight, pais, paidos, a child.]

Orthophony, or′thō-fō-ni, n. the art of correct speaking: the proper culture of the voice. [Gr. orthos, straight, phōnein, to speak—phōnē, voice.]

Orthopnœa, or-thop-nē′a, n. dyspnœa.—n. Orthop′nic, one who can breathe in an upright posture only. [Gr. orthos, straight, pnein, to breathe.]

Orthoptera, or-thop′tėr-a, n. an order of insects with wing-covers, that overlap at the top when shut, under which are the true wings, which fold lengthwise like a fan.—ns. Orthop′ter, Orthop′teran, an insect of the order orthoptera; Orthopterol′ogy.—adj. Orthop′terous, pertaining to the orthoptera. [Gr. orthos, straight, ptera, pl. of pteron, wing.]

Orthoscopic, or-thō-skop′ik, adj. seeing correctly: appearing normal to the eye. [Gr. orthos, straight, skopein, to see.]

Orthostyle, or′thō-stīl, n. (archit.) an arrangement of columns or pillars in a straight line. [Gr. orthos, straight, stylos, a column.]

Orthotonic, or-thō-ton′ik, adj. retaining an accent in certain positions, but not in others—also Or′thotone.—n. Orthotonē′sis, accentuation of a proclitic or enclitic—opp. to Enclisis. [Gr. orthos, straight, tonos, accent.]

Orthotropism, or-thot′rō-pizm, n. vertical growth in plants.—adjs. Orthot′ropal, Orthotrop′ic, Orthot′ropous. [Gr. orthos, straight, trepein, to turn.]

Orthotypous, or′thō-tī-pus, adj. in mineralogy, having a perpendicular cleavage.

Orthros, or′thros, n. one of the Greek canonical hours, corresponding to the Western lauds. [Gr. orthros, dawn.]

Ortolan, or′tō-lan, n. a kind of bunting, common in Europe, and considered a great table delicacy. [Fr.,—It. ortolano—L. hortulanus, belonging to gardens—hortulus, dim. of hortus, a garden.]

Orvietan, or-vi-ē′tan, n. a supposed antidote or counter-poison.—n. Orviē′to, an esteemed still white wine.

Oryctics, ō-rik′tiks, n. the branch of geology relating to fossils.—adjs. Oryctograph′ic, -al.—n. Oryctozoöl′ogy, palæontology. [Gr. oryctos, fossil.]

Oryza, ō-rī′za, n. a small tropical genus of true grasses, including rice.

Oscan, os′kan, n. and adj. one of an ancient Italic race in southern Italy: a language closely akin to Latin, being a ruder and more primitive form of the same central Italic tongue.

Oscheal, os′kē-al, adj. pertaining to the scrotum.—ns. Oscheī′tis, inflammation of the scrotum; Os′cheocele, a scrotal hernia; Os′cheoplasty, plastic surgery of the scrotum. [Gr. oschē, the scrotum.]

Oscillate, os′sil-lāt, v.i. to move backwards and forwards like a pendulum: to vary between certain limits.—n. Os′cillancy, a swinging condition.—adj. Os′cillāting.—n. Oscillā′tion, act of oscillating: a swinging like a pendulum: variation within limits.—adjs. Os′cillātive, having a tendency to vibrate; Os′cillātory, swinging: moving as a pendulum does. [L. oscillāre, -ātum, to swing—oscillum, a swing.]

Oscines, os′si-nēz, n.pl. a sub-order of birds of the order Passeres.—adj. Os′cine—also n. [L. oscen, oscinis, a singing-bird.]

Oscitancy, os′si-tan-si, n. sleepiness, stupidity.—adj. Os′citant.—adv. Os′citantly.—v.i. Os′citate, to yawn.—n. Oscitā′tion, act of yawning or gaping from sleepiness. [L. oscitāre, to yawn.]

Osculant, os′kū-lant, adj. kissing: adhering closely: (biol.) situated between two other genera, and partaking partly of the character of each.—v.t. Os′culāte, to kiss: to touch, as two curves: to form a connecting-link between two genera.—adj. of or pertaining to kissing.—n. Osculā′tion.—adj. Os′culātory, of or pertaining to kissing: (geom.) having the same curvature at the point of contact.—n. a tablet with a picture of the Virgin or of Christ, which was kissed by the priest and then by the people.—ns. Os′cule, a little mouth: a small bilabiate aperture; Os′cūlum, a mouth in sponges: one of the suckers on the head of a tapeworm. [L. osculāri, -ātus—osculum, a little mouth, a kiss, dim. of os, mouth.]

Osier, ō′zhėr, n. the popular name for those species of willow whose twigs are used in making baskets, &c.—adj. made of or like osiers.—adj. O′siered, adorned with willows.—n. O′siery, a place where osiers are grown. [Fr.; perh. from Gr. oisos.]

Osiris, ō-sī′ris, n. the greatest of Egyptian gods, son of Seb and Nut, or Heaven and Earth, married to Isis, slain by Set but avenged by his son Horus, judge of the dead in the nether-world.

Osmanli, os-man′li, adj. of or belonging to Turkey.—n. a member of the reigning family of Turkey: a subject of the emperor of Turkey. [Osman or Othman, who founded the Turkish empire in Asia, and reigned 1288-1326.]

Osmeterium, os-mē-tē′ri-um, n. an organ devoted to the production of an odour, esp. the forked process behind the head of certain butterfly-larvæ:—pl. Osmetē′ria.

Osmidrosis, os-mi-drō′sis, n. the secretion of strongly smelling perspiration.—Also Bromidrosis. [Gr. osmē, smell, hidrōsis, sweat.]

Osmium, ōs′mi-um, n. a gray-coloured metal found in platinum ore, the oxide of which has a disagreeable smell.—adjs. Os′mic, Os′mious. [Gr. osmē, smell, orig. od-mē—ozein, to smell.]

Osmose, os′mōs, n. the tendency of fluids to mix or become equally diffused when in contact, even through an intervening membrane or porous structure—also Osmō′sis.—adj. Osmot′ic, pertaining to, or having, the property of osmose.—adv. Osmot′ically. [Gr. ōsmos=ōsis, impulse—ōthein, to push.]

Osmunda, os-mun′da, n. a genus of ferns, the chief species being Osmunda regalis, the royal fern—also called Bog-onion, King-fern, &c.

Osnaburg, oz′na-burg, n. a coarse kind of linen, originally brought from Osnaburg in Germany.

Osprey, os′prā, n. the fish-hawk, a species of eagle very common on the coast of North America. [Corr. from ossifrage, which see.]

Osseous, os′ē-us, adj. bony: composed of, or resembling, bone: of the nature or structure of bone.—ns. Ossā′rium, an ossuary; Oss′ēin, the organic basis of bone; Oss′elet, a hard substance growing on the inside of a horse's knee; Oss′icle, a small bone.—adjs. Ossif′erous, producing bone: (geol.) containing bones; Ossif′ic.—n. Ossificā′tion, the process or state of being changed into a bony substance.—v.t. Oss′ify, to make into bone or into a bone-like substance.—v.i. to become bone:—pa.p. oss′ified.—adj. Ossiv′orous, devouring or feeding on bones.—ns. Os′teoblast, a cell concerned in the formation of bone; Os′teoclast, an apparatus for fracturing bones; Osteocol′la, a deposited carbonate of lime encrusted on the roots and stems of plants; Osteoden′tine, one of the varieties of dentine, resembling bone; Osteogen′esis, the formation or growth of bone—also Osteog′eny; Osteog′rapher; Osteog′raphy, description of bones.—adj. Os′teoid, like bone: having the appearance of bone.—ns. Osteol′epis, a genus of fossil ganoid fishes peculiar to the Old Red Sandstone, so called from the bony appearance of their scales; Osteol′oger, Osteol′ogist, one versed in osteology.—adjs. Osteolog′ic, -al, pertaining to osteology.—adv. Osteolog′ically.—ns. Osteol′ogy, the science of the bones, that part of anatomy which treats of the bones; Osteomalā′cia, a disease in which the earthy salts disappear from the bones, which become soft and misshapen; Os′teophyte, an abnormal bony outgrowth.—adjs. Osteophyt′ic; Osteoplast′ic.—ns. Os′teoplasty, a plastic operation by which a loss of bone is remedied; Osteosarcō′ma, a tumour composed of intermingled bony and sarcomatous tissue; Os′teotome (surg.), a saw-like instrument for cutting bones; Osteot′omy, the division of, or incision into, a bone; Ostī′tis, inflammation of bone. [L. osseus—os, ossis, bone; Gr. osteon, bone.]

Ossianic, os-i-an′ik, adj. pertaining to Ossian or the poems dubiously attributed to him.

Ossifrage, os′i-frāj, n. the sea or bald eagle, common in the United States: (B.) the bearded vulture, the largest of European birds. [L. ossifragus, breaking bones—os, frag, root of frangĕre, fractum, to break.]

Ossuary, os′ū-ar-i, n. a place where the bones of the dead are deposited: a charnel-house. [L. ossuarium, a charnel-house—os, a bone.]

Ostensible, os-tens′i-bl, adj. that may be shown: declared: put forth as real: apparent.—n. Ostensibil′ity.—adv. Ostens′ibly.—adj. Ostens′ive, showing: exhibiting.—adv. Ostens′ively.—ns. Osten′sory, a monstrance; Os′tent (Shak.), appearance, manner: token: portent, prodigy; Ostentā′tion, act of making a display: ambitious display: display to draw attention or admiration: boasting.—adj. Ostentā′tious, given to show: fond of self-display: intended for display.—adv. Ostentā′tiously.—n. Ostentā′tiousness. [L. ostendĕre, ostensum, to show.]

Ostium, os′ti-um, n. an opening: the mouth of a river.—n. Ostiō′le, a small orifice.—adjs. Os′tiolar; Os′tiolāte, furnished with an ostiole. [L.]

Ostracea, os-trā′sē′a, n.pl. the oyster family.—adjs. Ostrā′cean, Ostrā′ceous.—ns. Os′tracite, a fossil oyster; Os′trēa, the typical genus of the oyster family; Ostrēicul′ture, oyster-culture; Ostrēicul′turist.

Ostracise, os′tra-sīz, v.t. in ancient Greece, to banish by the vote of the people written on an earthenware tablet: to banish from society.—n. Os′tracism, banishment by ostracising: expulsion from society. [Gr. ostrakizein—ostrakon, an earthenware tablet.]

Ostrich, os′trich, n. the largest of birds, found in Africa, remarkable for its speed in running, and prized for its feathers.—n. Os′trich-farm, a place where ostriches are bred and reared for their feathers. [O. Fr. ostruche (Fr. autruche)—L. avis-, struthio, ostrich—Gr. strouthiōn, an ostrich, strouthos, a bird.]

Ostrogoth, os′trō-goth, n. an eastern Goth: one of the tribe of east Goths who established their power in Italy in 493, and were overthrown in 555.—adj. Os′trogothic.

Otacoustic, ot-a-kows′tik, adj. assisting hearing.—n. an instrument to assist hearing—also Otacous′ticon. [Gr. akoustikos—akouein, to hear—ous, ōtos, ear.]

Otalgia, ō-tal′ji-a, n. earache—also Otal′gy.—ns. Otog′raphy, descriptive anatomy of the ear; Otorrhē′a, a purulent discharge from the ear; O′toscope, an instrument for viewing the interior of the ear.

Otary, ō′tar-i, n. a genus of seals with an external ear:—pl. O′taries.—adj. Ot′arine. [Gr. ōtaros, large-eared—ous, ōtos, ear.]

Other, uth′ėr, adj. and pron. different, not the same: additional: second of two.—adj. Oth′erguess=Othergates.—n. Oth′erness.—advs. Oth′erwhere, elsewhere; Oth′erwhile, Oth′erwhiles, at other times: sometimes; Oth′erwise, in another way or manner: by other causes: in other respects.—conj. else: under other conditions.—Every other, each alternate; Rather ... than otherwise, rather than not; The other day, on some day not long past, quite recently. [A.S. other; cf. Ger. ander, L. alter.]

Othergates, uth′ėr-gātz, adv. (obs.) in another way—also adj. [Other, and gate, way, manner.]

Otic, ō′tik, adj. of or pertaining to the ear.—ns. Otī′tis, inflammation of the internal ear; Ot′ocyst, an auditory vesicle; Ot′olith, a calcareous concretion within the membranous labyrinth of the ear; Otol′ogist, one skilled in otology; Otol′ogy, knowledge of the ear. [Gr. ous, ōtos, ear.]

Otiose, o′shi-ōs, adj. unoccupied: lazy: done in a careless way, perfunctory, futile.—n. Otios′ity, ease, idleness. [L. otiosus—otium, rest.]

Ottava, ot-tä′vä, n. an octave.—Ottava rima, an Italian form of versification consisting of eight lines, the first six rhyming alternately, the last two forming a couplet—used by Byron in Don Juan. [It.]

Otter, ot′ėr, n. a large kind of weasel living entirely on fish. [A.S. otor, oter; cf. Dut. and Ger. otter.]

Otto, ot′o, Ottar, ot′ar (better Att′ar), n. a fragrant oil obtained from certain flowers, esp. the rose. [Ar. ‛itr—‛atira, to smell sweetly.]

Ottoman, ot′o-man, adj. pertaining to the Turkish Empire, founded by Othman or Osman about 1299.—n. a Turk (Shak. Ott′omite): a cushioned seat for several persons sitting with their backs to one another: a low, stuffed seat without a back: a variety of corded silk. [Fr.]

Oubit, ōō′bit, n. a hairy caterpillar. [Prob. the A.S. wibba, a crawling thing.]

Oubliette, ōō-bli-et′, n. a dungeon with no opening but at the top: a secret pit in the floor of a dungeon into which a victim could be precipitated. [Fr.,—oublier, to forget—L. oblivisci.]

Ouch, owch, n. a jewel or ornament, esp. one in the form of a clasp: the socket of a precious stone. [O. Fr. nouche, nosche, from Teut., cf. Old High Ger. nusca, a clasp.]

Oudenarde, ōō′de-närd, n. a kind of decorative tapestry, representing foliage, &c., once made at Oudenarde in Belgium.

Ought, awt, n. (same as Aught) a vulgar corr. of nought.—adv. (Scot.) Ought′lings, at all, in any degree.

Ought, awt, v.i. to be under obligation: to be proper or necessary.—n. Ought′ness, rightness. [A.S. áhte, pa.t. of ágan, to owe.]

Ounce, owns, n. the twelfth part of a pound troy=480 grains: 1⁄16 of a pound avoirdupois=437½ troy grains. [O. Fr. unce—L. uncia, the twelfth part.]

Ounce, owns, n. a carnivorous animal of the cat kind, found in Asia, allied to the leopard—(obs.) Once. [Fr. once, prob. Pers. yúz, a panther.]

Our, owr, adj. and pron. pertaining or belonging to us—prov. Ourn.—prons. Ours, possessive of We; Ourself′, myself (as a king or queen would say):—pl. Ourselves (-selvz′), we, not others: us. [A.S. úre, gen. pl. of wé, we.]

Oust, owst, v.t. to eject or expel.—n. Oust′er (law), ejection: dispossession. [O. Fr. oster (Fr. ôter), to remove; acc. to Diez, from L. haurīre, haustum, to draw (water).]

Out, owt, adv. without, not within: gone forth: abroad: to the full stretch or extent: in a state of discovery, development, &c.: in a state of exhaustion, extinction, &c.: away from the mark: completely: at or to an end: to others, as to hire out: freely: forcibly: at a loss: unsheltered: uncovered.—prep. forth from: outside of: exterior: outlying, remote.—n. one who is out, esp. of office—opp. to In: leave to go out, an outing.—v.i. to go or come out.—interj. away! begone!—n. Out′-and-out′er, a thoroughgoer, a first-rate fellow.—adjs. Out′-of-door, open-air; Out-of-the-way′, uncommon: singular: secluded.—Out and away, by far; Out and out, thoroughly: completely—also as adj. thorough, complete; Out-at-elbows, worn-out, threadbare; Out of character, unbecoming: improper; Out of course, out of order; Out of date, unfashionable: not now in use; Out of favour, disliked; Out of hand, instantly; Out of joint, not in proper connection: disjointed; Out of one's mind, mad; Out of pocket, having spent more than one has received; Out of print, not to be had for sale, said of books, &c.; Out of sorts, or temper, unhappy: cross-tempered; Out of the common, unusual, pre-eminent; Out of the question, that cannot be at all considered; Out of time, too soon or too late: not keeping time in music; Out with, away with: (Scot.) outside of: say, do, &c., at once. [A.S. úte, út; Goth. ut, Ger. aus, Sans. ud.]

Outask, owt-ask′, v.t. to ask or proclaim, as to be married, in church for the last time.

Outbalance, owt-bal′ans, v.t. to exceed in weight or effect: to outweigh.

Outbar, owt-bär′, v.t. (Spens.) to bar out, esp. to shut out by fortifications.

Outbluster, owt-blus′tėr, v.t. to exceed in blustering: to get the better of in this way.

Outbrag, owt-brag′, v.t. to surpass in bragging or boasting: to surpass in beauty or splendour.

Outbrave, owt-brāv′, v.t. (Shak.) to excel in bravery or boldness, to defy.

Outbreak, owt′brāk, n. a breaking out: eruption: a disturbance of the peace.—v.i. Outbreak′, to burst forth.—ns. Out′breaker, a wave which breaks on the shore or on rocks; Out′breaking.

Outbreathe, owt-brēth′, v.t. (Spens.) to breathe out as breath or life: to exhaust or deprive of breath.—v.i. to be breathed out: (Shak.) to expire.

Outbuilding, owt′bild-ing, n. a building separate from, but used in connection with, a dwelling-house or a main building: an outhouse.

Outby, owt′bī, adv. (Scot.) out of doors: (min.) towards the shaft—opp. to Inby.—Also Out′bye.

Outcast, owt′kast, adj. exiled from home or country: rejected.—n. a person banished: a vagabond: an exile: (Scot.) a quarrel: the amount of increase in bulk of grain in malting.

Outcrop, owt′krop, n. the appearance, at the surface, of a layer of rock or a vein of metal, caused by tilting or inclination of the strata: the part of a layer which appears at the surface of the ground.—v.i. to appear at the surface.

Outcry, owt′krī, n. a loud cry of distress: a confused noise: a public auction.—v.t. to cry louder than.

Outdistance, owt-dis′tans, v.t. to distance, leave far behind in any competition.

Outdoor, owt′dōr, adj. outside the door or the house: in the open air.—adv. Out′doors, out of the house: abroad.—Outdoor relief, help given to a pauper who does not live in the workhouse.

Outdwell, owt-dwel′, v.t. (Shak.) to dwell or stay beyond.—n. Out-dwell′er, one who owns land in a parish but lives outside it.

Outer, owt′ėr, adj. more out or without: external—opp. to Inner.—n. the part of a target outside the rings, a shot striking here.—adj. Out′ermost, most or farthest out: most distant.—Outer bar, the junior barristers who plead outside the bar in court, as distinguished from King's Counsel and others who plead within the bar. [Comp. of out.]

Outface, owt-fās′, v.t. to stare down: to bear down by bravery or impudence: to confront boldly.

Outfall, owt′-fawl, n. the place of discharge of a river, sewer, &c.: (prov.) a quarrel.

Outfield, owt′fēld, n. (Scot.) arable land continually cropped without being manured—opp. to Infield: any open field at a distance from the farm-steading: any undefined district or sphere: at cricket and baseball, the players collectively who occupy the outer part of the field.—n. Out′fielder, one of such players.

Outfit, owt′fit, n. the act of making ready everything required for a journey or a voyage: complete equipment: the articles or the expenses for fitting out: the means for an outfit.—v.t. to fit out, equip.—ns. Out′fitter, one who furnishes outfits; Out′fitting, an outfit: equipment for a voyage.

Outflank, owt-flangk′, v.t. to extend the flank of one army beyond that of another: to get the better of.

Outfly, owt-flī′, v.t. to surpass in flying: to fly faster than: to escape by swiftness of flight.

Outgaze, owt-gāz′, v.t. to stare out of countenance: to gaze farther than.

Outgeneral, owt-jen′ėr-al, v.t. to outdo in generalship: to prove a better general than.

Outgo, owt-gō′, v.t. to advance before in going: to surpass: to overreach.—v.i. to go out: to come to an end.—ns. Out′go, that which goes out: expenditure—opp. to Income; Out′goer; Out′going, act or state of going out: extreme limit: expenditure.—adj. departing—opp. to Incoming, as a tenant.

Outgrow, owt-grō′, v.t. to surpass in growth: to grow out of.—n. Out′growth, that which grows out of a thing: growth to excess.

Outguard, owt′gärd, n. a guard at a distance or at the farthest distance from the main body.

Outgush, owt-gush′, v.i. to issue with force.—n. Out′gush, a gushing out.

Outhaul, owt′hawl, n. a rope for hauling out the clew of a sail.—Also Out′hauler.

Out-Herod, owt-her′od, v.t. to surpass (Herod) in cruelty: to exceed, esp. in anything bad.

Outing, owt′ing, n. the act of going out, or the distance gone out: an excursion or airing.

Outjest, owt-jest′, v.t. (Shak.) to overpower by jesting: to excel in jesting.

Outjet, owt′jet, n. that which projects from anything.—n. Outjut′ting, a projection.

Outland, owt′land, n. land beyond the limits of cultivation.—adj. (Tenn.) foreign.—n. Out′lander, a foreigner, a person not naturalised.—adj. Outland′ish, belonging to an out or foreign land: foreign: not according to custom: strange: rustic: rude: vulgar.—adv. Outland′ishly.—n. Outland′ishness.

Outlaw, owt′law, n. one deprived of the protection of the law: a robber or bandit.—v.t. to place beyond the law: to deprive of the benefit of the law: to proscribe.—n. Out′lawry, the act of putting a man out of the protection of the law: state of being an outlaw. [A.S. útlaga; cf. Ice. útlági—út, out, lög, law.]

Outlay, owt′lā, n. that which is laid out: expenditure.—v.t. to lay out to view.

Outlearn, owt-lėrn′, v.t. to learn: to excel in learning: to get beyond the instruction of.

Outlet, owt′let, n. the place or means by which anything is let out: the passage outward, vent.

Outlier, owt′lī-ėr, n. (geol.) a portion of a stratum: anything, as detached from the principal mass, and lying some distance from it.—v.t. Outlie′, to beat in lying.—v.i. to live in the open air.

Outline, owt′līn, n. the outer line: the lines by which any figure is bounded: a sketch showing only the main lines: a draft: a set-line in fishing.—v.t. to draw the exterior line of: to delineate or sketch.—adj. Outlin′ear, like an outline.

Outlive, owt-liv′, v.t. to live longer than: to survive.—n. Outliv′er.

Outlodging, owt′loj-ing, n. a lodging outside a college bounds at Oxford and Cambridge.

Outlook, owt′lōōk, n. vigilant watch: view obtained by looking out: prospect, or (fig.) one's prospects: a watch-tower.—v.t. to face courageously.

Outlying, owt′lī-ing, adj. lying out or beyond: remote: on the exterior or frontier: detached.

Outmarch, owt-märch′, v.t. to march faster than: to leave behind by marching.

Outness, owt′nes, n. state of being out, externality to the perceiving mind, objectiveness.

Out-paramour, owt-par′a-mōōr, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in number of mistresses.

Outparish, owt′par-ish, n. a rural parish, as distinguished from an urban one.

Outpatient, owt′pā-shent, n. a patient who receives aid from a hospital, but lives outside of it.

Outport, owt′pōrt, n. a port out of or remote from the chief port: a place of export.

Outpost, owt′pōst, n. a post or station beyond the main body of an army: the troops placed there.

Outpour, owt-pōr′, v.t. to pour out: to send out in a stream.—ns. Outpour′; Outpour′er; Out′pouring, a pouring out: an abundant supply.

Outprize, owt-prīz′, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in the value set upon it.

Output, owt′pōōt, n. the quantity of metal made by a smelting furnace, or of coal taken from a pit, within a certain time, production generally.

Outquarters, owt-kwär′tėrz, n.pl. quarters situated away from headquarters.

Outrage, owt′rāj, n. violence beyond measure: excessive abuse: wanton mischief.—v.t. to treat with excessive abuse: to injure by violence, esp. to violate, to ravish.—v.i. to be guilty of outrage.—adj. Outrā′geous, violent: furious: turbulent: atrocious: enormous, immoderate.—adv. Outrā′geously.—n. Outrā′geousness. [O. Fr. oultrage (mod. outrage)—Low L. ultragium—L. ultra, beyond.]

Outrance, owt′rans, n. the utmost extremity: the bitter end.—À outrance, to the bitter end of a combat—usually in Eng. use, À l'outrance. [Fr.]

Outré, ōōt-rā′, adj. beyond what is customary or proper: extravagant: overstrained. [Fr. pa.p. of outrer—outre—L. ultra, beyond.]

Outreach, owt-rēch′, v.t. to reach or extend beyond: to cheat or overreach.

Outreign, owt-rān′, v.t. (Spens.) to reign longer than: to reign through the whole of (a period).

Outride, owt-rīd′, v.t. to ride beyond: to ride faster than.—n. Out′rider, one who rides abroad: a servant on horseback who attends a carriage.

Outrigger, owt′rig-ėr, n. a projecting spar for extending sails or any part of the rigging: a projecting contrivance ending in a float fixed to the side of a canoe against capsizing: an iron bracket fixed to the outside of a boat carrying a rowlock at its extremity to increase the leverage of the oar: a light racing-boat with projecting rowlocks.

Outright, owt′rīt, adv. immediately: at once: completely.—adj. free from reserve: positive, undisguised.

Outroad, owt′rōd, n. (obs.) a foray into an enemy's country, a hostile attack—opp. to Inroad.

Outroar, owt-rōr′, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in roaring.—n. Out′roar, an uproar.

Outroper, owt-rō′pėr, n. formerly an officer in London who seized the goods of foreigners sold elsewhere than in the public market.

Outrun, owt-run′, v.t. to go beyond in running: to exceed: to get the better of or to escape by running.—n. Out′runner.

Outscorn, owt-skorn′, v.t. to bear down or confront by contempt: to disregard or despise.

Outsell, owt-sel′, v.t. to sell for a higher price than: to exceed in the number or amount of sales.

Out-sentry, owt′-sen-tri, n. a sentry who guards the entrance to a place at a distance.—n. Out′scout, an advance scout.

Outshine, owt-shīn′, v.i. to shine out or forth.—v.t. to excel in shining: to be brighter than.

Outshot, owt′shot, n. (Scot.) a projection in a building: (pl.) in paper-making, rags of second quality.

Outside, owt′sīd, n. the outer side: the farthest limit: the surface: the exterior: one who is without, as a passenger on a coach, &c.: the outer or soiled sheets of a package of paper.—adj. on the outside: exterior: superficial: external: extreme, beyond the limit.—adv. on the outside: not within.—prep. beyond.—ns. Out′side-car, an Irish jaunting-car; Out′sider, one not admitted to a particular company, profession, &c., a stranger, a layman: a racehorse not included among the favourites in the betting: (pl.) a pair of nippers for turning a key in a keyhole from the outside.—Outside country, districts beyond the line of settlements in Australia; Outside of, outside: (coll.) besides.—Get outside of (vulgar), to comprehend: to eat or drink.

Outsight, owt′sīt, n. power of seeing things, outlook.—Outsight plenishing (Scot.), outdoor movables.

Outskirt, owt′skėrt, n. the outer skirt: border: suburb—often used in pl.

Outsole, owt′sōl, n. the outer sole of a boot or shoe which rests on the ground.

Outspan, owt-span′, v.t. and v.i. to unyoke or unharness draught-oxen, &c., from a vehicle, to encamp—opp. to Inspan.

Outspeak, owt-spēk′, v.t. to say aloud: to speak more, louder, or longer than.—v.i. to speak boldly, to speak up.—adj. Outspō′ken, frank or bold of speech: uttered with boldness.—n. Outspō′kenness.

Outspread, owt-spred′, v.t. to spread out or over.—adj. Outspread′ing.

Outstand, owt-stand′, v.t. to resist or withstand: to stand beyond the proper time.—v.i. to stand out or project from a mass: to remain unpaid or unsettled in any way.—adj. Outstand′ing, prominent: uncollected: remaining unpaid.

Outstare, owt′stār, v.t. (Shak.) to stare down or abash with effrontery.

Outstrip, owt-strip′, v.t. to outrun: to leave behind: to escape beyond one's reach.

Out-travel, owt-trav′el, v.t. to surpass in travelling, to go more swiftly than.

Outvie, owt-vī′, v.t. to go beyond in vying with: to exceed: to surpass.

Outvoice, owt-vois′, v.t. (Shak.) to exceed in clamour or noise: to drown the voice of.

Outwall, owt′wawl, n. the outside wall of a building: (Shak.) external appearance.

Outward, owt′ward, adj. toward the outside: external: exterior: not inherent, adventitious: (theol.) worldly, carnal—opp. to Inward or spiritual: (B.) public.—adv. toward the exterior: away from port: to a foreign port: superficially—also Out′wards.—n. Out′ward (Shak.), external form: the outside.—adj. Out′ward-bound, bound outwards or to a foreign port.—adv. Out′wardly, in an outward manner: externally: in appearance.—n. Out′wardness.—adj. Out′ward-saint′ed, appearing outwardly to be a saint.

Outward, owt-wawrd′, n. a ward in a detached building connected with a hospital.

Outwear, owt-wār′, v.t. to wear out: to spend tediously: to last longer than: to consume.

Outweigh, owt-wā′, v.t. to exceed in weight or importance: to overtask.

Outwit, owt-wit′, v.t. to surpass in wit or ingenuity: to defeat by superior ingenuity:—pr.p. outwit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. outwit′ted.

Outwork, owt′wurk, n. a work outside the principal wall or line of fortification: work done in the fields, out of doors, as distinguished from indoor work.—v.t. Outwork′ (Shak.), to surpass in work or labour: to work out or bring to an end: to finish.—n. Out′worker, one who works out of doors, or who takes away work to do at home.

Ouvrage, ōōv′razh, n. work.—ns. (masc.) Ouvrier (ōōv′ri-ā), (fem.) Ouvrière (ōōv′ri-ār), a working man or woman.—adj. working. [Fr.]

Ouzel, ōō′zl, n. a kind of thrush—also Ou′sel. [A.S. ósle; cog. with Ger. amsel.]

Oval, ō′val, adj. having the shape of an egg.—n. anything oval, a plot of ground, &c.: an ellipse.—adv. O′vally. [Fr. ovale—L. ovum, an egg.]

Ovary, ō′var-i, n. the part of the female animal in which the egg of the offspring is formed, the female genital gland: (bot.) the part of the pistil which contains the seed.—n.pl. O′va, eggs.—adjs. Ovā′rial, Ovā′rian, of or pertaining to the ovary.—ns. Ovā′riōle; Ovariot′omist; Ovariot′omy (surg.), the removal of a diseased tumour from the ovary.—adj. Ovā′rious, consisting of eggs.—n. Ovarī′tis, inflammation of the ovary. [Low L. ovaria.]

Ovate, ō′vāt, n. an Eisteddfodic graduate who is neither a bard nor a druid. [W. ofydd, a philosopher.]

Ovation, ō-vā′shun, n. an outburst of popular applause, an enthusiastic reception: in ancient Rome, a lesser triumph. [Fr.,—L.,—ovāre, -ātum, to shout.]

Oven, uv′n, n. an arched cavity over a fire for baking, heating, or drying: any apparatus used as an oven.—ns. Ov′en-bird, a South American tree-creeper which builds an oven-shaped nest; Ov′en-tit, the willow-warbler; Ov′en-wood, brushwood.—Dutch oven, a baking-pot, heated by heaping coals round it. [A.S. ofen; Ger. ofen.]

Over, ō′vėr, prep. higher than in place, rank, value, &c.: across: on the surface of: upon the whole surface of: through: concerning: on account of: longer than.—adv. on the top: above: across: from one side, person, &c. to another: above in measure: too much: in excess: left remaining: at an end: completely.—adj. upper or superior (often used as a prefix, as in overcoat, overlord, &c.): beyond: past.—n. the number of balls delivered at cricket between successive changes of bowlers: an excess, overplus.—v.t. to go, leap, or vault over.—v.i. to go over.—Over again, afresh, anew; Over against, opposite; Over and above, in addition to: besides; Over and over, several times: repeatedly; Over head and ears, beyond one's depth: completely; Over seas, to foreign lands.—All over, completely: at an end. [A.S. ofer; Ger. über, L. super, Gr. huper.]

Overact, ō-vėr-akt′, v.t. to act overmuch, to overdo any part.—v.i. to act more than necessary.

Over-all, ō′vėr-awl, adv. (Spens.) everywhere, all over.—n.pl. O′veralls, loose trousers of canvas, &c., worn over the others to keep them sound or clean, waterproof leggings.

Over-anxious, ō-vėr-angk′shus, adj. anxious beyond what is right or reasonable.—n. Over-anxī′ety.—adv. Over-anx′iously.

Overarch, ō-vėr-ärch′, v.t. to arch over.—v.i. to hang over like an arch.

Overawe, ō-vėr-aw′, v.t. to restrain by fear or by superior influence.

Overbalance, ō-vėr-bal′ans, v.t. to exceed in weight, value, or importance: to cause to lose (one's) balance.—n. excess of weight or value.

Overbear, ō-vėr-bār′, v.t. to bear down or overpower: to overwhelm.—adj. Overbear′ing, inclined to domineer, esp. in manner or conduct: haughty and dogmatical: imperious.—adv. Overbear′ingly.—n. Overbear′ingness.

Overbid, ō-vėr-bid′, v.t. to offer a price greater than.—v.i. offer more than the value of.

Overblow, ō-vėr-blō′, v.i. to blow over or to be past its violence: to blow with too much violence.—v.t. to blow away: to blow across.—adj. Overblown′, blown over or past, at an end: burnt by an excessive blast, in the Bessemer steel process.

Overblow, ō-vėr-blō′, v.t. to cover with blossoms or flowers.—adj. Overblown′, past the time of flower, withered.

Overboard, ō′vėr-bōrd, adv. over the board or side: from on board: out of a ship.—Thrown overboard, deserted, discarded, betrayed.

Overbold, ō-vėr-bōld′, adj. (Shak.) excessively bold: impudent.—adv. Overbold′ly.

Overbrim, ō-vėr-brim′, v.t. to fill to overflowing.—v.i. to be so full as to overflow.—adj. Overbrimmed′, having too large a brim.

Overbuild, ō-vėr-bild′, v.t. to build over: to build more than is needed.—v.i. to build beyond one's means.

Overburden, ō-vėr-bur′dn, v.t. to burden overmuch.—n. alluvial soil overlying a bed of ore.

Overburn, ō-vėr-burn′, v.t. to burn too much.—v.i. to be too zealous.

Overbuy, ō-vėr-bī′, v.t. to buy at too dear a rate: to buy more than is needed.

Overby, ō-vėr-bī′, adv. a little way over—(Scot.) Owerby′, O'erby′.

Overcarry, ō-vėr-kar′i, v.t. to carry too far, to go beyond.—v.i. to go to excess.

Overcast, ō-vėr-kast′, v.t. to cast over: to cloud: to cover with gloom: to sew over or stitch the edges (of a piece of cloth) slightly.—v.i. to grow dull or cloudy.—n. Overcast′ing, the action of the verb overcast: in bookbinding, a method of oversewing single leaves in hem-stitch style to give the pliability of folded double leaves.

Overcharge, ō-vėr-chärj′, v.t. to load with too great a charge: to charge too great a price.—n. O′vercharge, an excessive load or burden: too great a charge, as of gunpowder or of price.

Overcheck, ō-vėr-chek′, n. a check-rein passing over a horse's head between the ears.

Overcloud, ō-vėr-klowd′, v.t. to cover over with clouds: to cause gloom or sorrow to.

Overcoat, ō′vėr-kōt, n. an outdoor coat worn over all the other dress, a top-coat.—n. O′vercoating, cloth from which such is made.

Overcome, ō-vėr-kum′, v.t. to get the better of: to conquer or subdue: (obs.) to spread over, surcharge.—v.i. to be victorious.

Over-confident, ō-vėr-kon′fi-dent, adj. too confident.—n. Over-con′fidence.—adv. Over-con′fidently.

Overcredulous, ō-vėr-kred′ū-lus, adj. too easily persuaded to believe.

Over-develop, ō-vėr-de-vel′op, v.t. in photography, to develop a plate too much, as by too long a process or by too strong a developer.—n. Over-devel′opment.

Overdight, ō-vėr-dīt′, adj. (Spens.) dight or covered over: overspread.

Overdo, ō-vėr-dōō′, v.t. to do overmuch: to carry too far: to harass, to fatigue: to cook too much: to excel.—n. Overdo′er.—adj. Overdone′, overacted: fatigued: cooked too much.

Overdraw, ō-vėr-draw′, v.t. to draw overmuch: to draw beyond one's credit: to exaggerate.—n. O′verdraft, the act of overdrawing, the amount by which the cheque, &c., exceeds the sum against which it is drawn: a current of air passing over, not through, the ignited fuel in a furnace: an arrangement of flues by which the kiln is heated from the top toward the bottom—also O′verdraught.

Overdress, ō-vėr-dres′, v.t. to dress too ostentatiously.—n. O′verdress, any garment worn over another.

Overdue, ō-vėr-dū′, adj. due beyond the time: unpaid at the right time.

Overeat, ō-vėr-ēt′, v.t. to surfeit with eating (generally reflexive): (Shak.) to eat over again.

Overestimate, ō-vėr-es′tim-āt, v.t. to estimate too highly.—n. an excessive estimate.—n. Overestimā′tion.

Overexcite, ō′vėr-ek-sīt′, v.t. to excite unduly.—n. Overexcite′ment.

Over-exposure, ō′vėr-eks-pō′zhūr, n. excessive exposure: (photography) the exposure to light for too long a time of the sensitive plate.—v.t. Over-expose′.

Over-exquisite, ō′vėr-eks′kwi-zit, adj. excessively exquisite: over exact or nice: too careful.

Overeye, ō-vēr-ī′, v.t. (Shak.) to overlook or superintend: (Shak.) to observe or remark.

Overfall, ō′vėr-fawl, n. a rippling or race in the sea, where, by the peculiarities of bottom, the water is propelled with immense force, esp. when the wind and tide, or current, set strongly together.

Overfish, ō-vėr-fish′, v.t. to fish to excess: to diminish unduly the stock of fish.

Overflourish, ō′vėr-flur′ish, v.t. to make excessive flourish of: to decorate superficially.

Overflow, ō-vėr-flō′, v.t. to flow over: to flood: to overwhelm: to cover, as with numbers.—v.i. to run over: to abound.—n. O′verflow, a flowing over: that which flows over: a pipe or channel for spare water, &c.: an inundation: superabundance: abundance: copiousness.—adj. flowing over: over full: abundant.—adj. Overflow′ing, exuberant, very abundant.—adv. Overflow′ingly.—Overflow meeting, a supplementary meeting of those unable to find room in the main meeting.

Overfold, ō′vėr-fōld, n. (geol.) a reflexed or inverted fold in strata.

Overfond, ō-vėr-fond′, adj. fond to excess.—adv. Overfond′ly.

Overforward, ō-vėr-for′wärd, adj. too forward or officious.—n. Overfor′wardness.

Overfull, ō-vėr-fool′, adj. (Shak.) too full.—n. Overfull′ness.

Overgive, ō-vėr-giv′, v.t. (Spens.) to give over or surrender.—v.i. to give too lavishly.

Overglaze, ō-vėr-glāz′, v.t. to glaze over: decorate superficially.—adj. suitable for painting on glazed articles.—n. O′verglaze, an additional glaze given to porcelain, &c.

Overgo, ō-vėr-gō′, v.t. to exceed: excel: to go over: to cover.—v.i. to go over: to pass away.

Overgrain, ō-vėr-grān′, v.t. and v.i. to grain over a surface already grained.—n. Overgrain′er, a long-bristled brush used in graining wood.

Overgrassed, ō-vėr-grast′, adj. (Spens.) overstocked or overgrown with grass.

Overgreen, ō-vėr-grēn′, v.t. (Shak.) to cover over so as to hide blemishes.

Overgrow, ō-vėr-grō′, v.t. to grow beyond: to rise above: to cover with growth.—v.i. to grow beyond the proper size.—adj. Overgrown′, grown beyond the natural size.—n. O′vergrowth.

Overhair, ō′vėr-hār, n. the long hair overlying the fur of many animals.

Overhand, ō′vėr-hand, adj. having the hand raised above the elbow or over the ball at cricket (also O′verhanded): above the shoulder at baseball: (min.) done from below upward.—adv. with the hand over the object.—v.t. to sew over and over.

Overhandle, ō-vėr-han′dl, v.t. (Shak.) to handle or mention too often.

Overhang, ō-vėr-hang′, v.t. to hang over: to project over: to impend: to overlade with ornamentation.—v.i. to hang over.—n. O′verhang, a projecting part, the degree of projection, of roofs, &c.—adj. Overhung′, covered over, adorned with hangings.

Overhasty, ō-vėr-hās′ti, adj. too hasty or rash.—adv. Overhas′tily.—n. Overhas′tiness.

Overhaul, ō-vėr-hawl′, v.t. to haul or draw over: to turn over for examination: to examine: to re-examine: (naut.) to overtake in a chase.—n. O′verhaul, a hauling over: examination: repair.—Overhaul a ship, to overtake a ship: to search her for contraband goods.

Overhead, ō′vėr-hed, adv. over the head: aloft: in the zenith: per head.—adj. situated above.

Overhear, ō-vėr-hēr′, v.t. to hear what was not intended to be heard: to hear by accident: (Shak.) to hear over again.

Overheat, ō-vėr-hēt′, v.t. to heat to excess.—n. O′verheat, extreme heat.

Overhours, ō′vėr-owrz, n.pl. time beyond the regular number of hours: overtime in labour.

Overhouse, ō′vėr-hows, adj. stretched along the roofs, rather than on poles or underground.

Overissue, ō-vėr-ish′ū, v.t. to issue in excess, as bank-notes or bills of exchange.—n. O′verissue, any excessive issue.

Overjoy, ō-vėr-joi′, v.t. to fill with great joy: to transport with delight or gladness.—n. O′verjoy, joy to excess: transport.

Overkind, ō-vėr-kīnd′, adj. excessively kind.—n. Overkind′ness.

Overking, ō′vėr-king, n. a king holding sway over inferior kings or princes.

Overlabour, ō-vėr-lā′bur, v.t. to labour excessively over: to be too nice with: to overwork.

Overland, ō′vėr-land, adj. passing entirely or principally by land, as a route, esp. that from England to India by the Suez Canal, rather than by the Cape of Good Hope.

Overlap, ō-vėr-lap′, v.t. to lap over: to lay so that the edge of one rests on that of another.—n. O′verlap (geol.), a disposition of strata where the upper beds extend beyond the bottom beds of the same series.

Overlaunch, ō-vėr-lawnsh′, v.t. to unite timbers by long splices or scarfs.

Overlay, ō-vėr-lā′, v.t. to spread over or across: to cover completely: to smother by lying on (for overlie): to use overlays in printing: to cloud: to overwhelm or oppress: to span by means of a bridge.—ns. O′verlay, a piece of paper pasted on the impression-surface of a printing-press, so as to increase the impression in a place where it is too faint: (Scot.) a cravat; Overlay′ing, a superficial covering: that which overlays: plating.

Overleap, ō-vėr-lēp′, v.t. to leap over: to pass over without notice.—Overleap one's self, to make too much effort in leaping: to leap too far.

Overleather, ō′vėr-leth-ėr, n. (Shak.) the upper part of a shoe or boot.

Overleaven, ō-vėr-lev′n, v.t. to leaven too much: to mix too much with.

Overlie, ō-vėr-lī′, v.t. to lie above or upon: to smother by lying on.

Overlive, ō-vėr-liv′, v.t. (B.) to live longer than: to survive.—v.i. to live too long: to live too fast, or so as prematurely to exhaust the fund of life.

Overload, ō-vėr-lōd′, v.t. to load or fill overmuch.—n. an excessive load.

Overlook, ō-vėr-look′, v.t. to look over: to see from a higher position: to view carefully: to neglect by carelessness or inadvertence: to pass by without punishment: to pardon: to slight: to bewitch by looking upon with the Evil Eye.—n. Overlook′er.

Overlord, ō-vėr-lawrd′, n. a lord over other lords: a feudal superior.—n. Overlord′ship.

Overman, ō′vėr-man, n. in mining, the person in charge of the work below ground.

Overman, ō-vėr-man′, v.t. to keep more men than necessary on a ship, farm, &c.

Overmantel, ō′vėr-man-tl, n. a frame containing shelves and other decorations, and often a mirror, set on a mantel-shelf.

Overmasted, ō-vėr-mast′ed, adj. furnished with a mast or masts too long or too heavy.

Overmaster, ō-vėr-mas′tėr, v.t. to subdue, to govern: to get and keep in one's power.

Overmatch, ō-vėr-mach′, v.t. to be more than a match for: to conquer.—n. O′vermatch, one who is more than a match: one who cannot be overcome.

Overmeasure, ō′vėr-mezh-ūr, n. something given over the due measure.—v.t. to measure too largely.

Overmount, ō-vėr-mownt′, v.t. to surmount: to go higher than.—n. O′vermount, a piece of cardboard cut in proper shape, to prevent the glass of the frame from lying too closely upon an engraving or a picture.

Overmultitude, ō-vėr-mul′ti-tūd, v.t. (Milt.) to outnumber.—v.t. Overmul′tiply, to repeat too often.—v.i. to increase to excess.

Overname, ō-vėr-nām′, v.t. (Shak.) to name over: to name in a series, to recount.—n. O′vername, a surname, nickname.

Overnight, ō′vėr-nīt, n. the forepart of the evening, esp. that of the day just past.—adv. during the night: on the evening of the day just past.

Overoffice, ō-vėr-of′is, v.t. (Shak.) to lord it over by virtue of an office.

Overpass, ō-vėr-pas′, v.t. to pass over: to pass by without notice.—pa.p. Overpast′ (B.), that has already passed.

Overpay, ō-vėr-pā′, v.t. to pay too much: to be more than an ample reward for.—n. Overpay′ment.

Overpeer, ō-vėr-pēr′, v.t. (Shak.) to overlook: to look down on: to hover above.

Overpeople, ō-vėr-pē′pl, v.t. to fill with too many inhabitants.—Also Overpop′ulate.

Overpersuade, ō-vėr-pėr-swād′, v.t. to persuade a person against his inclination.

Overpicture, ō-vėr-pik′tūr, v.t. to exceed the picture of: to exaggerate.

Overplate, ō′vėr-plāt, n. in armour, a large pauldron protecting the shoulder, or a cubitière protecting the elbow.

Overpoise, ō′vėr-poiz, v.t. to outweigh.—n. O′verpoise, a weight sufficient to weigh another down.

Overpower, ō-vėr-pow′ėr, v.t. to have or gain power over: to subdue, defeat: to overwhelm.—adj. Overpow′ering, excessive in degree or amount: irresistible.—adv. Overpow′eringly.

Overpraise, ō-vėr-prāz′, v.t. to praise too much.—n. Overprais′ing, excessive praise.

Overpress, ō-vėr-pres′, v.t. to overwhelm, to crush: to overcome by importunity.—n. Overpress′ure, excessive pressure.

Overprize, ō-vėr-prīz′, v.t. to value too highly: to surpass in value.

Overproduction, ō′vėr-pro-duk-shun, n. the act of producing a supply of commodities in excess of the demand.

Overproof, ō′vėr-proof, adj. containing more than a certain amount of alcohol, stronger than proof-spirit, the standard by which all mixtures of alcohol and water are judged—containing 57.27 per cent. by volume, and 49.50 per cent. by weight, of alcohol.

Overpurchase, ō-vėr-pur′chās, n. a dear bargain.—v.i. (obs.) to pay too dear a price.

Overrate, ō-vėr-rāt′, v.t. to rate or value too high.—n. O′verrate, an excessive estimate or rate.

Overreach, ō-vėr-rēch′, v.t. to reach or extend beyond: to cheat or get the better of.—v.i. to strike the hindfoot against the forefoot, as a horse.

Overread, ō-vėr-rēd′, v.t. (Shak.) to read over, to peruse.—adj. Overread (ō-vėr-red′), having read too much.

Overrefine, ō-vėr-rē-fīn′, v.i. to refine too much.—n. Overrefine′ment, any over subtle or affected refinement.

Override, ō-vėr-rīd′, v.t. to ride too much: to pass on horseback: to trample down or set aside.—Override one's commission, to act with too high a hand: to stretch one's authority too far.

Overripen, ō-vėr-rīp′n, v.t. (Shak.) to make too ripe.—adj. Overripe′, too ripe, more than ripe.

Overrule, ō-vėr-rōōl′, v.t. to rule over: to influence or to set aside by greater power: (law) to reject or declare to be invalid.—v.i. to prevail.—n. Overrul′er.—adv. Overrul′ingly.

Overrun, ō-vėr-run′, v.t. to run or spread over: to grow over: to spread over and take possession of: to crush down: (B.) to run faster than: to pass in running: to extend composed types beyond their first limit.—v.i. to run over: to extend beyond the right length, as a line or page in printing.—n. Overrun′ner, one that overruns.

Overscore, ō-vėr-skōr′, v.t. to score or draw lines over anything: to erase by this means.

Overscrupulous, ō-vėr-skroop′ū-lus, adj. scrupulous to excess.—n. Overscrup′ulousness.

Overscutched, ō-vėr-skucht′, adj. (Shak.) over switched or whipped, or more probably worn out in the service.

Oversea, ō′vėr-sē, adj. foreign, from beyond the sea.—adv. to a place beyond the sea, abroad.—Also O′verseas.

Overseam, ō′vėr-sēm, n. a seam in which the thread is at each stitch passed over the edges sewn together.—n. O′verseaming, the foregoing kind of sewing.

Oversee, ō-vėr-sē′, v.t. to see or look over, to superintend.—n. Oversē′er, one who oversees: a superintendent: an officer who has the care of the poor, and other duties, such as making out lists of voters, of persons who have not paid rates, &c.: one who manages a plantation of slaves: (obs.) a critic.—Overseers of the poor, officers in England who manage the poor-rate.—Be overseen (obs.), to be deceived: to be fuddled.

Oversell, ō-vėr-sel′, v.t. and v.i. to sell too dear: to sell more than exists, of stock, &c.

Overset, ō-vėr-set′, v.t. to set or turn over: to upset: to overthrow.—v.i. to turn or be turned over.

Overshadow, ō-vėr-shad′ō, v.t. to throw a shadow over: to shelter or protect.

Overshine, ō-vėr-shīn′, v.t. (Shak.) to shine upon, illumine: to outshine.

Overshoe, ō′vėr-shōō, n. a shoe, esp. of waterproof, worn over another.

Overshoot, ō-vėr-shōōt′, v.t. to shoot over or beyond, as a mark: to pass swiftly over.—v.i. to shoot or fly beyond the mark.—adj. O′vershot, having the water falling on it from above, as a water-wheel: surpassed: fuddled.—Overshoot one's self, to venture too far, to overreach one's self.

Overside, ō-vėr-sīd′, adj. acting over the side.—adv. over the side.

Oversight, ō′vėr-sīt, n. a failing to notice: mistake: omission: (orig.) superintendence.

Oversize, ō-vėr-sīz′, v.t. (Shak.) to cover with any gluey matter: to plaster over.

Overskip, ō-vėr-skip′, v.t. to skip, leap, or pass over: (Shak.) to fail to see or find: to escape.

Overslaugh, ō-vėr-slaw′, v.t. (U.S.) to pass over in favour of another: to supersede: to hinder: to oppress. [Dut. overslaan (cf. Ger. überschlagen), to skip over.]

Oversleep, ō-vėr-slēp′, v.t. and v.i. to sleep beyond one's usual time.

Oversman, ō′vėrz-man, n. an overseer: (Scot.) an umpire appointed to decide between the differing judgment of two arbiters.

Oversoul, ō′vėr-sōl, n. the divine principle forming the spiritual unity of all being.

Overspread, ō-vėr-spred′, v.t. to spread over: to scatter over.—v.i. to be spread over.

Overstand, ō-vėr-stand′, v.t. to stand too strictly on the conditions of.

Overstate, ō-vėr-stāt′, to state over and above: to exaggerate.—n. Overstate′ment.

Overstock, ō-vėr-stok′, v.t. to stock overmuch: to fill too full.—n. superabundance.

Overstrain, ōvėr-strān′, v.t. and v.i. to strain or stretch too far.—n. too great strain.—adj. Overstrained′, strained to excess: exaggerated.

Overswell, ō-vėr-swel′, v.t. (Shak.) to swell or rise above: to overflow.

Overt, ō′vėrt, adj. open to view: public: apparent.—adv. O′vertly.—Overt act, something actually done in execution of a criminal intent.—Market overt, open or public market. [Fr. ouvert, pa.p. of ouvrir, to open; acc. to Diez, from O. Fr. a-ovrir, through Prov. adubrir, from L. de-operīre, to uncover—de=un-, and operīre, to cover; acc. to Littré, from L. operīre, to cover, confounded in meaning with aperīre, to open.]

Overtake, ō-vėr-tāk′, v.t. to come up with: to catch: to come upon: to take by surprise.—p.adj. Overtā′ken, fuddled.

Overtask, ō-vėr-task′, v.t. to task overmuch: to impose too heavy a task on.

Overthrow, ō-vėr-thrō′, v.t. to throw down: to upset: to bring to an end: to demolish: to defeat utterly.—ns. O′verthrow, act of overthrowing or state of being overthrown: ruin: defeat: a throwing of a ball beyond the player; O′verthrower.

Overthrust, ō′vėr-thrust, adj. (geol.) belonging to earlier strata, pushed by faulting over later and higher strata.

Overthwart, ō-vėr-thwawrt′, v.t. to lie athwart: to cross.—adj. opposite, transverse: contrary, perverse.—prep. across, on the other side of.

Overtime, ō′vėr-tīm, n. time employed in working beyond the regular hours.

Overtone, ō′vėr-tōn, n. a harmonic, because heard above its fundamental tone.

Overtop, ō-vėr-top′, v.t. to rise over the top of: to make of less importance: to surpass: to obscure.

Overtower, ō-vėr-tow′er, v.t. to tower above.—v.i. to soar too high.

Overtrade, ō-vėr-trād′, v.i. to trade overmuch or beyond capital: to buy in more than can be sold or paid for.—n. Overtrad′ing, the buying of a greater amount of goods than one can sell or pay for.

Overture, ō′vėr-tūr, n. a proposal, an offer for acceptance or rejection: (mus.) a piece introductory to a greater piece or ballet: a discovery or disclosure: the method in Presbyterian usage of beginning legislation and maturing opinion by sending some proposition from the presbyteries to the General Assembly, and vice versâ, also the proposal so sent.—v.t. to lay a proposal before. [Fr.]

Overturn, ō-vėr-turn′, v.t. to throw down or over: to subvert: to conquer: to ruin.—ns. O′verturn, state of being overturned; Overturn′er.

Overvalue, ō-vėr-val′lū, v.t. to set too high a value on.—n. Overvaluā′tion, an overestimate.

Overwash, ō′vėr-wawsh, adj. (geol.) carried by glacier-streams over a frontal moraine, or formed of material so carried.

Overwatch, ō-vėr-wawch′, v.t. to watch excessively: to overcome with long want of rest.

Overwear, ō-vėr-wār′, v.t. to wear out: to outwear, outlive.—n. O′verwear, clothes for wearing out of doors.

Overweather, ō-vėr-weth′ėr, v.t. (Shak.) to batter by violence of weather.

Overween, ō-vėr-wēn′, v.i. (Shak.) to think too highly or favourably, esp. of one's self.—adj. Overween′ing, thinking too highly of: conceited, vain.—n. conceit: presumption.—adv. Overween′ingly.

Overweigh, ō-vėr-wā′, v.t. to be heavier than: to outweigh.—n. O′verweight, weight beyond what is required or what is just.—v.t. Overweight′, to weigh down: to put too heavy a burden on.

Overwhelm, ō-vėr-hwelm′, v.t. to overspread and crush by something heavy or strong: to flow over and bear down: to overcome.—p.adj. Overwhel′ming, crushing with weight, &c.: irresistible.—adv. Overwhel′mingly.

Overwise, ō-vėr-wīz′, adj. wise overmuch: affectedly wise.—adv. Overwise′ly.

Overwork, ō-vėr-wurk′, v.t. and v.i. to work overmuch or beyond the strength: to tire.—n. O′verwork, excess of work: excessive labour.

Overworn, ō-vėr-wörn′, adj. worn out: subdued by toil: spoiled by use: worn or rubbed till threadbare.

Overwrest, ō-vėr-rest′, v.t. (Shak.) to wrest or twist from the proper position.

Overwrought, ō-vėr-rawt′, pa.p. of Overwork, worked too hard: too highly excited: worked all over: overdone.

Ovidian, ō-vid′i-an, adj. belonging to, or resembling the style of, the Latin poet Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.).

Oviduct, ō′vi-dukt, n. a duct or passage for the egg in animals, from the ovary.

Oviferous, ō-vif′ėr-us, adj. egg-bearing.—n. O′vifer, a small wire cage on a solid base, for carrying an egg safely. [L. ovum, an egg, ferre, to bear.]

Oviform, ō′vi-form, adj. having the form of an oval or egg. [L. ovum, an egg.]

Ovigerous, ov-ij′ėr-us, adj. egg-bearing. [L. ovum, an egg, gerĕre, to bear.]

Ovine, ō′vīn, adj. pertaining to the Ovinæ, sheep-like.—n. Ovinā′tion, inoculation of sheep with ovine virus against sheep-pox.

Oviparous, ō-vip′a-rus, adj. bringing forth or laying eggs instead of fully formed young.—n.pl. Ovip′ara, animals that lay eggs.—ns. Ovipar′ity, Ovip′arousness. [L. ovum, egg, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Ovipositor, ō-vi-poz′i-tor, n. the organ at the extremity of the abdomen of many insects, by which the eggs are deposited.—v.i. Ovipos′it, to deposit eggs with an ovipositor.—n. Oviposit′ion. [L. ovum, egg, positor—ponĕre, to place.]

Ovisac, ōv′i-sak, n. the cavity in the ovary which immediately contains the ovum. [L. ovum, an egg, and sac.]

Ovoid, -al, ō′void, -al, adj. oval: egg-shaped.—n. an egg-shaped body. [L. ovum, egg, Gr. eidos, form.]

Ovolo, ō′vō-lō, n. (archit.) a moulding with the rounded part composed of a quarter of a circle, or of an arc of an ellipse with the curve greatest at the top. [It.,—L. ovum, an egg.]

Ovoviviparous, ō-vō-vi-vip′ar-us, adj. producing eggs which are hatched in the body of the parent. [L. ovum, an egg, vivus, living, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Ovule, ōv′ūl, n. a little egg: the seed of a plant in its rudimentary state, growing from the placenta.—adj. Ov′ular.—ns. Ovulā′tion, the formation of ova, or the period when this takes place; Ov′ulite, a fossil egg. [Dim. of L. ovum, an egg.]

Ovum, ō′vum, n. an egg: (biol.) the egg-cell, in all organisms the starting-point of the embryo, development beginning as soon as it is supplemented by the male-cell or spermatozoon:—pl. O′va. [L.]

Owe, ō, v.t. to possess or to be the owner of: to have what belongs to another: to be bound to pay: to be obliged for.—v.i. to be in debt.—Be owing, to be due or ascribed (to). [A.S. ágan, pres. indic. áh, pret. áhte, pa.p. ágen; Ice. eiga, Old High Ger. eigan, to possess.]

Owenite, ō′en-īt, n. a disciple of Robert Owen (1771-1858), a social reformer, who proposed to establish society on a basis of socialistic co-operation.

Ower, ow′ėr (Scot. for over).—ns. Ow′ercome, Ow′erword, the refrain of a song.

Owing, ō′ing, adj. due: that has to be paid (to): happening as a consequence of: imputable to.

Owl, owl, n. a carnivorous bird that seeks its food by night, noted for its howling or hooting noise.—v.i. to smuggle contraband goods.—ns. Owl′ery, an abode of owls: (Carlyle) an owl-like character; Owl′et, a little or young owl.—adj. Owl′-eyed, having blinking eyes like an owl.—n. Owl′-glass, a malicious figure in a popular German tale, translated into English about the end of the 16th century—the German Tyll Eulenspiegel—also Owle′glass, Howle′glass, Owl′spiegle.—adj. Owl′ish, like an owl: stupid: dull-looking.—n. Owl′ishness. [A.S. úle; Ger. eule, L. ulula; imit.]

Own, ōn, v.t. to grant: to allow to be true: concede: acknowledge. [A.S. unnan, to grant; Ger. gönnen, to grant.]

Own, ōn, v.t. to possess: to be the rightful owner of. [A.S. ágnian, with addition of casual suffix—ágen, one's own; cf. Own (adj.).]

Own, ōn, adj. possessed: belonging to one's self and to no other: peculiar.—ns. Own′er, one who owns or possesses; Own′ership, state of being an owner: right of possession. [A.S. ágen, pa.p. of ágan, to possess. Cf. Owe.]

Ox, oks, n. a well-known animal that chews the cud, the female of which supplies the chief part of the milk used as human food: the male of the cow, esp. when castrated:—pl. Ox′en, used for both male and female.—ns. Ox′-bot, Ox′-war′bler, a bot-fly or its larva, found under the skin of cattle; Ox′eye, a common plant in meadows, with a flower like the eye of an ox.—adj. Ox′-eyed, having large, full, ox-like eyes.—ns. Ox′-goad (see Goad); Ox′-peck′er, Ox′-bird, an African bird, which eats the parasites infesting the skins of cattle—also Beefeater; Ox′-tail-soup, a kind of soup made of several ingredients, one of which is an oxtail cut in joints.—Have the black ox tread on one's foot, to experience sorrow or misfortune. [A.S. oxa, pl. oxan; Ice. uxi; Ger. ochs, Goth. auhsa, Sans. ukshan.]

Oxalate, oks′a-lāt, n. a salt formed by a combination of oxalic acid with a base.—n. Ox′alite, a yellow mineral composed of oxalate of iron.

Oxalis, oks′a-lis, n. wood-sorrel: (bot.) a genus of plants having an acid taste.—adj. Oxal′ic, pertaining to or obtained from sorrel. [Gr.,—oxys, acid.]

Oxford clay, oks′ford klā, n. (geol.) the principal member of the Middle Oolite series.—Oxford movement (see Tractarianism).

Oxgang, oks′gang, n. as much land as can be tilled by the use of an ox (averaging about 15 acres)—called also Ox′land or Ox′gate.

Oxide, oks′īd, n. a compound of oxygen and some other element or organic radical. Oxides are of three kinds—acid-forming, basic, and neutral.—n. Oxidabil′ity.—adj. Ox′idable, capable of being converted into an oxide.—v.t. Ox′idate (same as Oxidise).—ns. Oxidā′tion, Oxidise′ment, act or process of oxidising; Ox′idātor, a contrivance for drawing a current of air to the flame of a lamp.—adj. Oxidis′able, capable of being oxidised.—v.t. Ox′idise, to convert into an oxide.—v.i. to become an oxide.—n. Oxidis′er.

Oxlip, oks′lip, n. a species of primrose, having its flowers in an umbel on a stalk like the cowslip.

Oxonian, oks-ō′ni-an, adj. of or pertaining to Oxford or to its university.—n. an inhabitant or a native of Oxford: a student or graduate of Oxford.

Oxter, oks′tėr, n. (Scot.) the armpit.—v.t. to hug with the arms: to support by taking the arm.

Oxygen, oks′i-jen, n. a gas without taste, colour, or smell, forming part of the air, water, &c., and supporting life and combustion.—n. Oxychlō′ride, a chemical compound containing both chlorine and oxygen in combination with some other element.—v.t. Ox′ygenāte, to unite, or cause to unite, with oxygen.—n. Oxygenā′tion, act of oxygenating.—v.t. Ox′ygenise (same as Oxygenate).—adj. Oxyg′enous, pertaining to, or obtained from, oxygen.—adj. Oxyhy′drogen, pertaining to a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, as in a form of blowpipe in which jets of either ignite as they issue from separate reservoirs. [Gr. oxys, sharp, gen, the root of gennaein, to generate.]

Oxymel, oks′i-mel, n. a mixture of vinegar and honey. [Gr. oxys, sour, meli, honey.]

Oxymoron, ok-si-mō′ron, n. a figure of speech, by means of which two ideas of opposite meaning are combined, so as to form an expressive phrase or epithet, as cruel kindness, falsely true, &c. [Gr.,—oxys, sharp, mōros, foolish.]

Oxyopia, ok-si-ō′pi-a, n. unusual keenness of sight. [Gr.,—oxys, sharp, ōps, the eye.]

Oxyrhynchus, ok-si-ring′kus, n. an Egyptian fish, formerly sacred to the goddess Hathor, and represented on coins and sculptures. [Gr.,—oxys, sharp, rhyngchos, a snout.]

Oxytone, oks′i-tōn, adj. having an acute sound: having the acute accent on the last syllable.—n. a word so accented. [Gr. oxys, sharp, tonos, tone.]

Oyer, ō′yėr, n. a hearing in a law-court, an assize.—Oyer and terminer, a royal commission conferring upon a judge or judges the power to hear and determine criminal causes pending in a particular county. [Norm. Fr. oyer (Fr. ouir)—L. audīre, to hear.]

Oyez, Oyes, ō′yes, interj. the call of a public crier, or officer of a law-court, for attention before making a proclamation. [Norm. Fr., 2d pers. pl. imper. of oyer.]

Oyster, ois′tėr, n. a well-known bivalve shellfish, used as food.—ns. Oys′ter-bank, -bed, -farm, -field, -park, a place where oysters breed or are bred; Oys′ter-catch′er, the sea pie—a sea wading bird of the family Hæmatopodidæ, having dark plumage and red bill and feet; Oys′ter-fish′ery, the business of catching oysters; Oys′ter-knife, a knife for opening oysters.—n.pl. Oys′ter-pat′ties, small pies or pasties made from oysters.—n. Oys′ter-shell, the shell of an oyster.—n.pl. Oys′ter-tongs, a tool used to dredge up oysters in deep water.—ns. Oys′ter-wench, -wife, -wom′an, a woman who vends oysters. [O. Fr. oistre (Fr. huître)—L. ostrea—Gr. ostreon, an oyster—osteon, a bone.]

Ozocerite, ō-zō-sē′rīt, n. a waxy-like substance, having a weak bituminous odour, found in Moldavia and elsewhere, and used for making candles.—Also Ozokē′rite. [Gr. ozein, to smell, keros, wax.]

Ozœna, ō-zē′na, n. a term applied to any one of various diseased conditions of the nose accompanied by fetid discharge. [Gr. ozein, to smell.]

Ozone, ō′zōn, n. name given to a supposed allotropic form of oxygen, when affected by electric discharges, marked by a peculiar smell.—ns. Ozonā′tion; Ozonisā′tion; Ozonom′eter.—adj. Ozonomet′ric.—ns. Ozonom′etry; Ozō′noscope.—adjs. Ozonoscop′ic; O′zonous. [Gr. ozein, to smell.]

Ozostomia, ō-zo-stō′mi-a, n. foul breath due to morbid causes. [Gr. ozein, to smell, stoma, the mouth.]

the sixteenth letter of our alphabet, its sound the sharp labial mute, interchanging with other labials, esp. with b, the flat labial mute: P=400; (P)=400,000: the chemical symbol for phosphorus: (math.) the Greek Π=a continued product, while small π denotes the ratio of the circumference to the diameter.—Mind one's p's and q's (see Mind).

Pabulum, pab′ū-lum, n. food of any kind, especially that of animals and plants: provender: fuel: nourishment for the mind.—adjs. Pab′ular, Pab′ulous, of or pertaining to food: fit for food: affording food. [L.,—pascĕre, to feed.]

Paca, pak′a, n. the spotted cavy of South America. [Sp. and Port., the spotted cavy—Braz. pak, paq.]

Pacable, pā′ka-bl, adj. that may be calmed or quieted: willing to forgive.—adj. Pacā′ted.—n. Pacā′tion. [L. pacāre, to make at peace—pax, peace.]

Pace, pās, n. a stride: the space between the feet in walking, 30 inches, a step: gait: rate of walking (of a man or beast): rate of speed in movement or work, often applied to fast living: mode of stepping in horses in which the legs on the same side are lifted together: amble: (obs.) a passage.—v.t. to measure by steps: to cause to progress: to train in walking or stepping.—v.i. to walk: to walk slowly: to amble.—adj. Paced, having a certain pace or gait.—ns. Pace′-mak′er, one who sets the pace, as in a race; Pac′er, one who paces: a horse whose usual gait is a pace.—Keep, or Hold, pace with, to go as fast as: to keep up with. [Fr. pas—L. passus, a step—pandĕre, passum, to stretch.]

Pace, pā′sē, prep. with or by the leave of (expressing disagreement courteously). [L., abl. of pax, peace.]

Pachy-, pak′i-, thick, in combination, as adjs. Pachydac′tyl, -ous, having thick digits; Pach′yderm, thick-skinned—n. one of an order of non-ruminant, hoofed mammals, thick-skinned, as the elephant:—pl. Pach′yderms, or Pachyder′mata.—adj. Pachyder′matous, thick-skinned: insensible to impressions.—n. Pachyder′mia, a form of elephantiasis in which the skin becomes thick and warty.—adj. Pachyder′moid.—ns. Pachyē′mia, a thickening of the blood—also Pachyæ′mia; Pachy′ma, a genus of fungi consisting of tuber-like growths, some of which are now referred to the genus Polyporus—also Tuckahoe, Tuckahoe truffle, or Indian bread; Pachymē′nia, a thickening of the skin.—adj. Pachymē′nic.—n. Pachym′eter, an instrument for measuring small thicknesses, as of paper.—adjs. Pach′yodont, with thick teeth; Pach′yote, with thick ears, as a bat—also n.; Pach′ypod, having thick feet; Pachyp′terous, having thick wings or fins.—ns. Pachythē′rium, a South American fossil genus of gigantic edentate mammals; Pachyt′ylus, a genus of locusts, embracing the dreaded Migratory Locust (Pachytylus migratorius). [Gr. pachys, thick.]

Pacify, pas′i-fī, v.t. to make peaceful: to appease: to bring back peace to: to calm; to soothe.—adjs. Pac′ifiable, that may be pacified; Pacif′ic, peacemaking: appeasing: peaceful: mild: tranquil.—n. the ocean between Asia and America, so called by its discoverer Magellan because he sailed peacefully over it after weathering Cape Horn.—adj. Pacif′ical, pacific (obs. except in phrase Letters pacifical, letters recommending the bearer as one in peace and fellowship with the church—also Letters of peace, Pacificæ).—adv. Pacif′ically.—v.t. Pacif′icāte, to give peace to.—ns. Pacificā′tion, the act of making peace, esp. between parties at variance; Pacif′icātor, Pac′ifier, a peacemaker.—adj. Pacif′icātory, tending to make peace. [Fr. pacifier—L. pacificāre—pax, pacis, peace, facĕre, to make.]

Pack, pak, n. a bundle made to be carried on the back: a collection, stock, or store: a bundle of some particular kind or quantity, as of wool, 480 or 240 lb.: the quantity of fish packed: a complete set of cards: a number of animals herding together or kept together for hunting: a number of persons combined for bad purposes: any great number: a large extent of floating and broken ice: a wet sheet for folding round the body to allay inflammation, fever, &c.—v.t. to press together and fasten up: to place in order: to crowd: to assort, bring together, select, or manipulate persons, cards, &c. for some unjust object: to send away, as from one's presence or employment: to surround a joint, &c., with any substance to prevent leaking, &c.—v.i. to store things away anywhere for safe keeping, &c.: to settle into a firm mass: to admit of being put into compact shape: to depart in haste.—ns. Pack′age, the act of packing, also something packed: a bundle or bale: a charge made for packing; Pack′-an′imal, a beast of burden used to carry goods on its back; Pack′-cinch (-sinsh), a wide girth of canvas, &c., having a hook and ring attached for adjusting the load of a pack-animal; Pack′-cloth, a cloth in which goods are tied up: packsheet; Pack′er, one who packs: one who cures and packs provisions: any device to fill the space between the tubing and the sides of an oil-well, &c.; Pack′et, a small package: a ship or vessel employed in carrying packets of letters, passengers, &c.: a vessel plying regularly between one port and another (also Pack′et-boat, Pack′et-ship, &c.).—v.t. to bind in a packet or parcel: to send in a packet.—ns. Pack′et-day, the day of the departure or arrival of a mail-ship; Pack′et-note (see Note-paper); Pack′-horse, a horse used to carry goods in panniers: a drudge; Pack′-ice, a collection of large pieces of floating ice; Pack′ing, the act of putting into packs or of tying up for carriage: material for packing: anything used to fill an empty space, or to make a joint close, as the elastic ring round a moving rod or piston to make it a tight fit; Pack′ing-box, -case, a box in which goods are packed: a hollow place round the opening of a steam cylinder, filled with some soft substance which, being pressed hard against the piston-rod, makes it a tight fit; Pack′ing-need′le, or Sack-needle, a strong needle for sewing up packages; Pack′ing-pā′per, a strong and thick kind of wrapping-paper; Pack′ing-press, a press for squeezing goods into small compass for packing; Pack′ing-sheet, or Pack′sheet, coarse cloth for packing goods; Pack′-load, the load an animal can carry on its back; Pack′man, a peddler or a man who carries a pack; Pack′-mule, a mule used for carrying burdens; Pack′-sadd′le, a saddle for packs or burdens; Pack′-thread, a coarse thread used to sew up packages; Pack′-train, a train of loaded pack-animals; Pack′way, a narrow path fit for pack-horses.—Pack a jury, meeting, &c., to fill up with persons of a particular kind for one's own purposes.—Send one packing, to dismiss summarily. [Prob. Celt.; Gael. and Ir. pac, Bret. pak, a bundle; cf. Ger. pack, Dut. pak.]

Pact, pakt, n. that which is agreed on: an agreement: a contract—also Pac′tion.—adj. Pac′tional.—Pactum illicitum, an unlawful agreement. [L. pactum—pacisci, pactus, to contract.]

Pad, pad, n. a thief on the high-road (more commonly Footpad): (abbrev. from pad-horse) a horse for riding on the road: an easy-paced horse.—v.i. to walk on foot: to trudge along: to rob on foot:—pr.p. pad′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. pad′ded.—adj. Pad′-clink′ing, keeping company with thieves.—n. Pad′ding-ken, a low lodging-house inhabited by thieves.—Stand pad, to beg by the roadside. [Dut. pad, a path.]

Pad, pad, n. anything stuffed with a soft material, to prevent friction or pressure, or for filling out: a soft saddle, cushion, &c.: a number of sheets of paper or other soft material fastened together for writing upon: the fleshy, thick-skinned under-surface of the toes of many animals, as the fox: a fox's foot generally: the large floating leaf of an aquatic plant: (pl.) thick watered ribbon for watch-guards.—v.t. to stuff with anything soft: to fix colours in cloth:—pr.p. pad′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. pad′ded.—ns. Pad′-cloth, a cloth covering a horse's loins; Pad′der, one who pads or cushions; Pad′ding, the soft stuffing of a saddle, &c.: matter of less value introduced into a book or article in order to make it of the length desired: the process of mordanting a fabric; Pad′-el′ephant, a working elephant, distinguished from a war or hunting one; Pad′-sadd′le, a treeless, padded saddle; Pad′-tree, the wooden or metal frame to which harness-pads are attached. [A variant of pod, orig. sig. 'a bag.']

Paddle, pad′l, v.i. to dabble in water with the hands or the feet: to touch or toy with the fingers: to beat the water as with the feet: to row: to move in the water as a duck does: (slang) to make off.—v.t. to move by means of an oar or paddle: to finger, toy with.—n. a short, broad, spoon-shaped oar, used for moving canoes: the blade of an oar: one of the boards at the circumference of a paddle-wheel.—ns. Padd′le-beam, one of the large timbers at the side of a paddle-wheel; Padd′le-board, one of the floats on the circumference of a paddle-wheel; Padd′le-box, a wooden box covering the upper part of the paddle-wheel of a steamer; Padd′ler, one who paddles; Padd′le-shaft, the axle on which the paddle-wheels of a steamer turn; Padd′le-wheel, the wheel of a steam-vessel, which by turning in the water causes it to move forward; Padd′le-wood, the light, strong wood of a Guiana tree of the dogbane family. [For pattle, freq. of pat.]

Paddle, pad′l, n. (B.) a little spade.—n. Padd′le-staff, a spade for clearing a ploughshare. [Prob. from spaddle; cf. Spade.]

Paddock, pad′uk, n. a toad or frog.—n. Padd′ock-stool, a toadstool. [Dim. of M. E. padde, a toad—Ice. padda.]

Paddock, pad′uk, n. a small park under pasture, immediately adjoining the stables of a domain: a small field in which horses are kept. [A.S. pearroc, a park—sparran (Ger. sperren), to shut.]

Paddy, pad′i, n. rice in the husk.—ns. Padd′y-bird, the Java sparrow or rice-bird; Padd′y-field, a field where rice is grown. [East Ind.]

Paddy, pad′i, n. a familiar name for an Irishman, from St Patrick: a drill used in boring wells, with cutters that expand on pressure.—n. Padd′y-whack, a nurse's word for a slap.

Padella, pa-del′la, n. a shallow vessel filled with fat, in the centre of which a wick has been placed—used in illuminations. [It., a frying-pan.]

Pademelon, pad′ē-mel-on, n. a brush kangaroo or wallaby.—Also Pad′ymelon, Pad′dymelon.

Padishah, pä′di-sha, n. chief ruler: great king, a title of the Sultan of Turkey or of the Sovereign of Great Britain as ruler of India. [Pers. pād, master, shāh, king; cf. Pasha.]

Padlock, pad′lok, n. a movable lock with a link turning on a hinge or pivot at one end, to enable it to pass through a staple or other opening, and to be pressed down to catch the bolt at the other end.—v.t. to fasten with a padlock. [Prob. prov. Eng. pad, a basket, and lock.]

Padre, pä′dre, n. father, a title given to priests in some countries.—n. Padrō′ne, a person who jobs out hand-organs, or who gets children to beg for him:—pl. Padrō′ni. [It. and Sp.,—L. pater, a father.]

Paduan, pad′ū-an, adj. and n. belonging to Padua: one of the clever imitations of old Roman bronze coins made at Padua in the 16th century: a Spanish dance, the pavan.

Paduasoy, pad′ū-a-soi, n. a smooth silk originally manufactured at Padua, used in the 18th century, also a garment of the same. [Fr. soie de Padoue.]

Pæan, pē′an, n. a song of triumph: any joyous song: a song in honour of Apollo, later also of Dionysus and Ares.—n. Pæ′on, a foot of four syllables, one long, three short.—adj. Pæon′ic. [L.,—Gr. Paian or Paiōn, an epithet of Apollo.]

Pædagogy, Pædagogics, Pædobaptism, Pædobaptist. See Pedagogy, Pedagogics, Pedobaptism, Pedobaptist.

Pænula, pē′nū-la, n. a chasuble, esp. in its older form: a woollen outer garment covering the whole body, worn on journeys and in rainy weather.

Pæonin, pē′ō-nin, n. a red colouring matter obtained from yellow coralline.

Pagan, pā′gan, n. a heathen: one who does not worship the true God.—adj. heathenish: pertaining to the worship of false gods.—v.t. Pā′ganise, to render pagan or heathen: to convert to paganism.—adj. Pā′ganish, heathenish.—n. Pā′ganism, heathenism: the beliefs and practices of the heathen. [L. paganus, a rustic, heathen, because the country-people were later in becoming Christians than the people of the towns—pagus, a district—pangĕre, to fix.]

Page, pāj, n. a boy attending on a person of distinction: a young lad employed as attendant: a contrivance for holding up a woman's skirt in walking.—n. Page′hood, condition of a page. [Fr. page; acc. to Littré, prob. from Low L. pagensis, a peasant—L. pagus, a village; acc. to Diez, but hardly with probability, through the It. paggio, from Gr. paidion, dim. of pais, paidos, a boy.]

Page, pāj, n. one side of a written or printed leaf—4 pages in a folio sheet, 8 in a quarto, 16 in an octavo, 24 in a duodecimo, 36 in an octodecimo: a book, record, or source of knowledge: the type, illustrations, &c. arranged for printing one side of a leaf: (pl.) writings.—v.t. to number the pages of.—adj. Pag′inal.—v.t. Pag′ināte, to mark with consecutive numbers, to page.—ns. Paginā′tion, the act of paging a book: the figures and marks that indicate the number of pages; Pā′ging, the marking or numbering of the pages of a book. [Fr.,—L. pagina, a thing fastened—pangĕre, to fasten.]

Pageant, paj′ant, or pā′-, n. a showy exhibition: a spectacle: a fleeting show: (orig.) a platform on four wheels for the purpose of representing plays, &c.—adj. showy: pompous.—n. Page′antry, splendid display: pompous spectacle. [M. E. pagent (with excrescent -t), from an older form pagen or pagin—Low L. pagina, a stage—L. pagina, a slab—pangĕre, to fix; cf. Page (2).]

Pagoda, pa-gō′da, n. an idol-house: an Indian idol: its temple: a gold coin formerly current in India, so called because the figure of a pagoda was stamped upon it—also Pagode′.—n. Pagō′dite, the mineral which the Chinese carve into figures of pagodas, &c. [Port., a corr. of Pers. but-kadah, an idol-temple.]

Pagode, pa-gōd′, n. a funnel-shaped sleeve worn by both sexes in the first half of the 18th century.

Pagus, pā′gus, n. a country district with scattered hamlets, also its fortified centre: among the early Teutons, a division of the territory larger than a village, like a wapentake or hundred.

Paideutics, pā-dū′tiks, n.sing. the science or theory of teaching.—n. Paidol′ogy, the scientific study of the child. [Gr. paideutikos—paideuein, to teach—pais, paidos, a child.]

Pail, pāl, n. an open vessel of wood, &c., for holding or carrying liquids.—n. Pail′ful, as much as fills a pail. [O. Fr. paile, paele—L. patella, a pan, dim. of patera—patēre, to be open.]

Paillasse, pa-lyas′, n. a small bed, originally made of chaff or straw: an under mattress of straw.—n. Paillasson (pa-lya-song′), a form of straw bonnet. [Fr.,—paille, straw—L. palea, chaff.]

Paillette, pa-lyet′, n. a piece of metal or coloured foil used in enamel-painting: a sponge.—n. Paillon (pa-lyong′), a bright metal backing for enamel, &c. [Fr.]

Pain, pān, n. suffering coming as the punishment of evil-doing: suffering either of body or mind: anguish: great care or trouble taken in doing anything: (pl.) labour: care: trouble: the throes of childbirth.—v.t. to cause suffering to: to distress: to torment: to grieve.—adjs. Pained, showing or expressing pain: (B.) in pain, in labour; Pain′ful, full of pain: causing pain: requiring labour, pain, or care: (arch.) hard-working, painstaking: distressing: difficult.—adv. Pain′fully.—n. Pain′fulness.—adj. Pain′less, without pain.—adv. Pain′lessly.—ns. Pain′lessness; Pains′taker, one who takes pains or care: a laborious worker.—adj. Pains′taking, taking pains or care: laborious: diligent.—n. careful labour: diligence.—Under pain of, subject to the penalty of. [Fr. peine—L. pœna, satisfaction—Gr. poinē, penalty.]

Paint, pānt, v.t. to cover over with colour: to represent in a coloured picture: to describe in words: to adorn.—v.i. to practise painting: to lay colours on the face, to blush: (slang) to tipple.—n. a colouring substance: anything fixed with caoutchouc to harden it.—adj. Paint′able, that may be painted.—ns. Paint′-box, a box in which different paints are kept in compartments; Paint′-bridge, a platform used by theatrical scene-painters in painting scenery; Paint′-brush, a brush for putting on paint.—adj. Paint′ed, covered with paint: ornamented with coloured figures: marked with bright colours.—ns. Paint′ed-grass, ribbon-grass; Paint′ed-lā′dy, the thistle-butterfly, orange-red spotted with white and black; Paint′er, one whose employment is to paint: one skilled in painting; Paint′er's-col′ic, lead colic; Paint′er-stain′er, one who paints coats of arms, &c.; Paint′iness; Paint′ing, the act or employment of laying on colours: the act of representing objects by colours: a picture: vivid description in words; Paint′ūre (Dryden), the art of painting: a picture.—adj. Paint′y, overloaded with paint, with the colours too glaringly used: smeared with paint.—Paint the town red (U.S.), to break out in a boisterous spree. [O. Fr., pa.p. of Fr. peindre, to paint—L. pingĕre, pictum, to paint.]

Painter, pānt′ėr, n. a rope used to fasten a boat.—Cut the painter, to set adrift; Lazy painter, a small painter for use in fine weather only. [A corr. of M. E. panter, a fowler's noose, through O. Fr. from L. panther, a hunting-net—Gr. panthēros, catching all—pan, neut. of pas, every, thēr, wild beast.]

Pair, pār, n. two things equal, or suited to each other, or used together: a set of two equal or like things forming one instrument, as a pair of scissors, tongs, &c., a set of like things generally: in building, a flight of stairs: a couple: a man and his wife: two members of a legislative body, holding opposite opinions, who agree with each other to abstain from voting for a certain time, so as to permit one or both to be absent.—v.t. to join in couples.—v.i. to be joined in couples: to fit as a counterpart.—adj. Paired, arranged in pairs: set by twos of a like kind: mated.—ns. Pair′ing, an agreement between two members of a legislative body holding opposite opinions to refrain from voting, so that both may absent themselves; Pair′ing-time, the time when birds go together in pairs; Pair′-roy′al, three cards of the same denomination, esp. in cribbage.—adv. Pair′-wise, in pairs.—Pair of colours, two flags carried by a regiment, one the national ensign, the other the flag of the regiment; Pair off (see Pairing above). [Fr. paire, a couple—pair, like—L. par, equal.]

Pais, pā, n. the people from whom a jury is drawn.—Matter-in-pais, matter of fact. [O. Fr.]

Paktong, pak′tong, n. the Chinese name for German silver.—Also Pack′fong, Pak′fong. [Chin.]

Palace, pal′ās, n. the house of a king or a queen: a very large and splendid house: a bishop's official residence.—n. Pal′ace-car, a sumptuously furnished railway-car. [Fr. palais—L. Palatium, the Roman emperor's residence on the Palatine Hill at Rome.]

Paladin, pal′a-din, n. one of the twelve peers of Charlemagne's household: a knight-errant, or paragon of knighthood. [Fr.,—It. paladino—L. palatinus, belonging to the palace. Cf. Palatine.]

Palæarctic, pā-lē-ark′tik, adj. pertaining to the northern part of the Old World.—Palæarctic region, a great division embracing Europe, Africa north of the Atlas, and Asia north of the Himalaya.

Palæichthyology, pā-lē-ik-thī-ol′o-ji, n. the branch of ichthyology which treats of fossil fishes.

Palæobotany, pā-lē-ō-bot′a-ni, n. the science or study of fossil plants.—adj. Palæobotan′ical.—n. Palæobot′anist.

Palæography, Paleography, pā-lē-og′ra-fi, n. ancient modes of writing: study of ancient writings and modes of writing.—n. Palæog′rapher, one skilled in palæography.—adjs. Palæograph′ic, -al, of or pertaining to palæography.—n. Palæog′raphist. [Gr. palaios, ancient, graphein, to write.]

Palæolithic, pā-lē-ō-lith′ik, adj. of or pertaining to the time when early stone implements were used: the first half of the stone age.—n. Palæol′ith, a rude stone implement or object of the earlier stone age. [Gr. palaios, ancient, lithos, a stone.]

Palæology, pā-lē-ol′ō-ji, n. a discourse or treatise on antiquities: archæology.—n. Palæol′ogist, one versed in palæology: a student of antiquity. [Gr. palaios, ancient, logia, discourse.]

Palæontography, pā-lē-on-tog′ra-fi, n. the description of fossil remains.—adj. Palæontograph′ical, pertaining to palæontography. [Gr. palaios, ancient, onta, existences, graphein, to write.]

Palæontology, pā-lē-on-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of the ancient life of the earth: description of fossil remains: archæology.—adj. Palæontolog′ical, belonging to palæontology.—n. Palæontol′ogist, one versed in palæontology. [Gr. palaios, ancient, onta, existences, logia, discourse.]

Palæosaurus, pā-lē-ō-saw′rus, n. a genus of fossil saurian reptiles belonging to the Permian period. [Gr. palaios, ancient, sauros, lizard.]

Palæotherium, pā-lē-ō-thē′ri-um, n. a genus of fossil pachydermatous mammalia in the Eocene beds. [Gr. palaios, ancient, thērion, a wild beast.]

Palæozoic, pā-lē-ō-zō′ik, adj. denoting the lowest division of the fossiliferous rocks, so called because they contain the earliest forms of life. [Gr. palaios, ancient, zoē, life.]

Palæozoology, pā-lē-ō-zō-ol′ō-ji, n. geologic zoology.—adjs. Palæozoolog′ic, -al.

Palætiology, pā-lē-ti-ol′ō-ji, n. the science which explains past conditions by the law of causation.—adj. Palætiolog′ical.—n. Palætiol′ogist.

Palama, pal′a-ma, n. the webbing of the toes of a bird:—pl. Pal′amæ.—adj. Pal′amāte. [Gr. palamē.]

Palampore, pal′am-pōr, n. a flowered chintz bedcover common in the East.—Also Pal′empore. [Prob. from the Ind. town of Palampūr.]

Palanquin, Palankeen, pal-an-kēn′, n. a light covered carriage used in India, &c., for a single person, and borne on the shoulders of men. [Hind. palang, a bed—Sans. palyanka, a bed.]

Palapteryx, pal-ap′tėr-iks, n. a genus of fossil birds found in New Zealand, resembling the Apteryx. [Gr. palaios, ancient, and apteryx.]

Palas, pal′as, n. a small bushy Punjab bean, yielding a kind of kino, Butea gum.

Palate, pal′āt, n. the roof of the mouth, consisting of two portions, the hard palate in front and the soft palate behind: taste: relish: mental liking.—v.t. to taste.—adj. Pal′atable, agreeable to the palate or taste: savoury.—n. Pal′atableness, the quality of being agreeable to the taste.—adv. Pal′atably.—adj. Pal′atal, pertaining to the palate: uttered by aid of the palate—also Pal′atine.—n. a letter pronounced chiefly by aid of the palate, as k, g, e, i.—v.t. Pal′atalise, to make palatal.—adj. Palat′ic.—Cleft palate, a congenital defect of the palate, leaving a longitudinal fissure in the roof of the mouth. [O. Fr. palat—L. palatum.]

Palatial, pa-lā′shi-al, adj. of or pertaining to a palace: resembling a palace: royal: magnificent.

Palatine, pal′a-tin, adj. pertaining to a palace, originally applied to officers of the royal household: possessing royal privileges.—n. a noble invested with royal privileges: a subject of a palatinate.—n. Palat′inate, office or rank of a palatine: province of a palatine, esp. an electorate of the ancient German Empire.—Count palatine, a feudal lord with supreme judicial authority over a province; County palatine, the province of a count palatine. [Fr.,—L. palatinus. Cf. Palace.]

Palaver, pa-lav′ėr, n. talk or conversation, esp. idle talk: talk intended to deceive: a public conference: in Africa, a talk with the natives.—v.i. to use conversation: to flatter: to talk idly.—n. Palav′erer. [Port. palavra—L. parabola, a parable.]

Palay, pa-lā′, n. a small S. Indian tree of the dogbane family, with hard white wood.—Also Ivory-tree.

Pale, pāl, n. a narrow piece of wood driven into the ground for use in enclosing grounds: anything that encloses or fences in: any enclosed field or space: limit: district: a broad stripe from top to bottom of a shield in heraldry.—v.t. to enclose with stakes: to encompass.—n. Palificā′tion, act of strengthening by stakes.—adj. Pal′iform.—English pale, the district in Ireland within which alone the English had power for centuries after the invasion in 1172. [Fr. pal—L. palus, a stake.]

Pale, pāl, adj. somewhat white in colour: not ruddy or fresh: wan: of a faint lustre, dim: light in colour.—v.t. to make pale.—v.i. to turn pale.—ns. Pale′-ale, a light-coloured pleasant bitter ale; Pale′buck, an antelope, the oribi.—adj. Pale′-eyed (Shak.), having the eyes dimmed.—n. Pale′-face, a white person.—adj. Pale′-heart′ed (Shak.), dispirited.—adv. Pale′ly.—n. Pale′ness.—adjs. Pale′-vis′aged (Shak.), having no colour in the face; Pā′lish, somewhat pale. [Fr.,—L. pallidus, pale.]

Palea, pā′lē-a, n. (bot.) a chaffy bract at the base of the florets in many Compositæ, also one of the inner scales of a grass-flower opposite the flowering glume: the throat-wattle, as in turkeys:—pl. Pā′leæ.—adj. Paleā′ceous (bot.), resembling, consisting of, or furnished with chaff: chaffy. [L. palea, chaff.]

Paleotype, pā′lē-ō-tīp, n. a system of spelling invented by A. J. Ellis, according to which all spoken sounds can be represented by the letters in common use, some of them being used upside down as well as in the usual way, to express varieties of sound.

Pales, pā′lēz, n. an ancient Roman divinity of flocks.—n. Palil′ia, the festival of Pales, held on April 21, the traditional date of the founding of Rome.

Palestinian, pal-es-tin′i-an, adj. pertaining to Palestine.—Palestine soup (see Artichoke).

Palestra, pā-les′tra, n. a wrestling school: the exercise of wrestling: any training school: academic oratory.—adjs. Pales′tral, Pales′trian, Pales′tric, -al, pertaining to wrestling: athletic. [L.,—Gr. palaistra—palē, wrestling.]

Palette, pal′et, n. a little oval board on which a painter mixes his colours: the special arrangement of colours for any particular picture: a plate against which a person presses his breast to give force to a drill worked by the hand: a small plate covering a joint in armour.—n. Pal′ette-knife, a thin round-pointed knife for mixing colours on the grinding slab. [Fr.,—It. paletta—pala, spade—L. pala, a spade.]

Palfrey, pal′fri, n. a saddle-horse, esp. for a lady.—adj. Pal′freyed, riding on, or supplied with, a palfrey. [Fr. palefroi—Low L. paraveredus, prob. from Gr. para, beside, Low L. veredus, a post-horse—L. vehĕre, to draw, rheda, a carriage.]

Pali, pä′lē, n. the sacred language of the Buddhists of eastern India, closely allied to Sanskrit.

Palillogy, pā-lil′ō-ji, n. a repetition of a word or phrase. [Gr. palillogia—palin, again, legein, to say.]

Palimpsest, pal′imp-sest, n. a manuscript which has been written upon twice, the first writing having been rubbed off to make room for the second: an engraved brass plate, with a new inscription on the reverse side. [Gr. palimpsēston—palin, again, psēstos, rubbed.]

Palindrome, pal′in-drōm, n. a word, verse, or sentence that reads the same either backward or forward, as Adam's first words to Eve: 'Madam, I'm Adam.'—adjs. Palindrom′ic, -al.—n. Pal′indromist, an inventor of palindromes. [Gr. palindromia—palin, back, dromos, a running.]

Palingenesis, pal-in-jen′e-sis, n. a new birth or a second creation: regeneration: the development of an individual germ in which it repeats that of its ancestors: the recurrence of historical events in the same order in an infinite series of cycles—also Pal′ingeny, Palingē′sia.—adj. Palinget′ic.—adv. Palinget′ically. [Gr. palin, again, genesis, birth.]

Palinode, pal′i-nōd, n. a poem retracting a former one: a recantation.—adjs. Palinō′dial, Palinod′ic.—n. Pal′inōdist, a writer of palinodes. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr.,—palin, back, ōdē, song.]

Palisade, pal-i-sād′ n. a fence of pointed pales or stakes firmly fixed in the ground.—v.t. to surround with a palisade.—Also Palisā′do:—pl. Palisā′does. [Fr.,—L. palus, a stake.]

Palissée, pal-i-sā′, adj. (her.) battlemented, the indentations pointing both up and down. [Fr.]

Palkee, pal′kē, n. a palanquin.—n. Pal′kee-ghar′ry, a wheeled vehicle like a palanquin. [Hind.]

Pall, pawl, n. a cloak or mantle, an outer garment: a chalice-cover: (her.) a Y-shaped bearing charged with crosses patté fitché, as in the arms of the see of Canterbury—sometimes reversed: a pallium (q.v.): a curtain or covering: the cloth over a coffin at a funeral: that which brings deep sorrow.—n. Pall′-bear′er, one of the mourners at a funeral who used to hold up the corners of the pall. [A.S. pæll, purple cloth—L. palla, a mantle; cf. Pallium, a cloak.]

Pall, pawl, v.i. to become vapid, insipid, or wearisome.—v.t. to make vapid: to dispirit or depress. [W. pallu, to fail, pall, failure.]

Palladian, pa-lā′di-an, adj. in the style of architecture introduced by Andrea Palladio (1518-80), modelled on Vitruvius, its faults a superfluity of pilasters and columns, broken entablatures, and inappropriate ornament.—n. Pallā′dianism.

Palladium, pal-lā′di-um, n. a statue of Pallas, on the preservation of which the safety of ancient Troy depended: any safeguard: a rare metal in colour and ductility resembling platinum.—adj. Pallā′dian.—v.t. Pallā′diumise, to coat with palladium. [L.,—Gr. palladion—Pallas, Pallados, Pallas.]

Pallas, pal′as, n. the Greek goddess of wisdom and war—the Roman Minerva.—Also Pallas Athene.

Pallet, pal′et, n. a palette: the tool used by potters for shaping their wares: an instrument for spreading gold-leaf: a tool used in lettering the backs of books: one of the points moved by the pendulum of a clock which check the motion of the escape or balance wheel: a disc in the endless chain of a chain-pump: a ballast-locker in a ship: a valve by which the admission of air from the bellows to an organ-pipe may be regulated from the keyboard: a board for carrying newly moulded bricks. [Palette.]

Pallet, pal′et, n. a mattress, or couch, properly a mattress of straw. [Prov. Fr. paillet, dim. of Fr. paille, straw—L. palea, chaff.]

Pallial, pal′i-al, adj. pertaining to a pallium.—n. Pall′iament (Shak.), a robe.

Palliate, pal′i-āt, v.t. to cover, excuse, extenuate: to soften by pleading something in favour of: to mitigate.—n. Palliā′tion, act of palliating: extenuation: mitigation.—adj. Pall′iātive, serving to extenuate: mitigating.—n. that which lessens pain, disease, &c.—adj. Pall′iātory. [L. palliāre, -ātum, to cloak—pallium, a cloak.]

Pallid, pal′id, adj. pale, wan.—ns. Pallid′ity, Pall′idness.—adv. Pall′idly. [L. pallidus, pale.]

Pallium, pal′i-um, n. a large, square mantle, worn by learned Romans in imitation of the Greeks: an annular white woollen band, embroidered with black crosses, worn by the Pope, and on some occasions by archbishops, to whom it is granted: (ornith.) the mantle:—pl. Pall′ia.—adj. Pall′ial. [L.]

Pall-mall, pel-mel′, n. an old game, in which a ball was driven through an iron ring with a mallet: an alley where the game used to be played, hence the street in London.—adv. in pall-mall fashion. [O. Fr. pale-maille—Old It. palamaglio—palla—Old High Ger. pallá (Ger. ball, Eng. ball), and maglio—L. malleus, a hammer.]

Pallometric, pal-o-met′rik, adj. pertaining to the measurement of artificial vibrations in the earth's surface. [Gr. pallein, to shake, metron, a measure.]

Pallone, päl-lō′nā, n. a game like tennis played with a ball, which is struck by the arm covered by a guard. [It.]

Pallor, pal′or, n. quality or state of being pallid or pale: paleness. [L.,—pallēre, to be pale.]

Palm, päm, n. the inner part of the hand: a measure of length equal to the breadth of the hand, or to its length from wrist to finger-tip: a measure of 3 and sometimes of 4 inches: that which covers the palm: the fluke of an anchor: the flattened portion of an antler.—v.t. to stroke with the palm or hand: to conceal in the palm of the hand: (esp. with off, and on, or upon) to impose by fraud.—n. Pal′ma, the palm: the enlarged proximal joint of the fore tarsus of a bee.—adjs. Pal′mar, -y, relating to the palm of the hand; Pal′māte, -d, shaped like the palm of the hand: (bot.) divided into sections, the midribs of which run to a common centre: entirely webbed, as the feet of a duck.—adv. Pal′mātely.—adjs. Palmat′ifid (bot.), shaped like the hand, with the divisions extending half-way, or slightly more, down the leaf; Palmat′iform, shaped like an open palm; Palmed, having palms. [Fr. paume—L. palma, the palm of the hand; Gr. palamē.]

Palm, päm, n. a tropical, branchless tree of many varieties, bearing at the summit large leaves like the palm of the hand: a leaf of this tree borne in token of rejoicing or of victory: (fig.) triumph or victory.—adjs. Palmā′ceous, belonging to the order of palm-trees; Palmā′rian, Pal′mary, worthy of the palm: pre-eminent.—ns. Palm′-butt′er, palm-oil; Palm′ery, a place for growing palms; Palm′house, a glass house for raising palms and other tropical plants.—adjs. Palmif′erous, producing palm-trees; Palmit′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, palm-oil.—ns. Pal′mitine, a white fat, usually occurring, when crystallised from ether, in the form of scaly crystals—abundant in palm-oil; Palm′-oil, an oil or fat obtained from the pulp of the fruit of palms, esp. of the oil-palm, allied to the coco-nut palm: (slang) a bribe or tip; Palm′-sū′gar, jaggery; Palm′-Sun′day, the Sunday before Easter, in commemoration of the day on which our Saviour entered Jerusalem, when palm-branches were strewed in His way by the people; Palm′-wine, the fermented sap of certain palms.—adj. Palm′y, bearing palms: flourishing: victorious.—Palma Christi, the castor-oil plant. [A.S. from L., as above.]

Palmer, päm′ėr, n. a pilgrim from the Holy Land, distinguished by his carrying a branch of palm: a cheat at cards or dice.—ns. Pal′merin, any medieval knightly hero, from the Palmerin romances, the original hero Palmerin de Oliva; Palm′er-worm (B.), a hairy worm which wanders like a palmer, devouring leaves, &c.

Palmette, pal′met, n. an ornament, somewhat like a palm-leaf, cut or painted on mouldings, &c. [Fr.]

Palmetto, pal-met′ō, n. a name for several fan-palms, esp. the cabbage-palm of Florida, &c.: a hat made of palmetto-leaves. [Sp.,—L. palma.]

Palmigrade, pal′mi-grād, adj. noting animals that walk on the sole of the foot and not merely on the toes: plantigrade. [L. palma, palm, gradi, to walk.]

Palmiped, pal′mi-pēd, adj. web-footed.—n. a web-footed or swimming bird:—pl. Palmip′edes (-ēz). [L. palma, palm of the hand, pes, pedis, the foot.]

Palmist, pal′mist, or pä′mist, n. one who tells fortunes by the lines and marks of the palm—also Pal′mister (or pä′-).—n. Pal′mistry (or pä′-), the practice of telling fortunes by the lines, &c., of the palm.

Palmyra, pal-mī′ra, n. an East Indian palm furnishing the greater part of the palm-wine of India (Toddy).—adj. and n. Palmyrene′, pertaining to the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra or Tadmor.

Palolo, pa-lō′lō, n. an edible annelid allied to the lugworm, found near Polynesian coral-reefs.

Palp, palp, n. a jointed sensiferous organ attached in pairs to the labium or maxilla of insects, and thus distinguished from antennæ, which are on the top of the head—also Pal′pus:—pl. Pal′pi.—adjs. Pal′pal; Palped; Pal′piform; Palpig′erous, bearing palpi; Palp′less.—n. Pal′pūlus, a little palp. [Low L. palpus—L. palpāre, to stroke.]

Palpable, pal′pa-bl, adj. that can be touched or felt: easily perceived or found out, as lies, &c.: looking as if it might be touched or felt: obvious, gross.—ns. Palpabil′ity, Pal′pableness, quality of being palpable: obviousness.—adv. Pal′pably.—v.t. Pal′pāte, to examine by touch.—n. Palpā′tion, the act of examining by means of touch. [Fr.,—L. palpabilis—palpāre, -ātum, to touch softly.]

Palpebral, pal′pe-bral, adj. of or pertaining to the eyelids.—adjs. Pal′pebrāte, having eyebrows; Pal′pebrous, having heavy eyebrows. [L. palpebra, the eyelid.]

Palpifer, pal′pi-fėr, n. an outer lobe of the maxilla.—adj. Palpif′erous.

Palpitate, pal′pi-tāt, v.i. to move often and quickly: to beat rapidly: to throb: to pulsate.—adj. Pal′pitant (arch.), palpitating.—n. Palpitā′tion, act of palpitating: irregular action of the heart, caused by excitement, excessive exertion, or disease. [L. palpitāre, -ātum, freq. of palpāre. Cf. Palpable.]

Palsgrave, palz′grāv, n. one who has charge of a royal household: one of a special order of nobility, esp. one of the hereditary rulers of the Palatinate:—fem. Pals′gravine.

Palstaff, pal′staf, n. an old Celtic and Scandinavian weapon—a wedge of stone or metal fixed by a tongue in a staff. [Dan.,—Ice. pálstafr.]

Palsy, pawl′zi, n. a loss of power or of feeling, more or less complete, in the muscles of the body: paralysis.—v.t. to affect with palsy: to deprive of action or energy: to paralyse:—pa.p. pal′sied. [Fr. paralysie—Gr. paralysis. Cf. Paralysis.]

Palter, pawl′tėr, v.i. to trifle in talk: to use trickery: to dodge: to shuffle: to equivocate.—n. Pal′terer. [Prob. conn. with paltry.]

Paltry, pawl′tri, adj. mean: vile: worthless.—adv. Pal′trily.—n. Pal′triness. [Teut.; Dan. pialter, rags, Low Ger. paltrig, ragged.]

Paludal, pal′ū-dal, adj. pertaining to marshes: marshy—also Pal′ūdine, Palū′dinous, Pal′ūdose, Palus′tral, Palus′trine.—n. Pal′udism, marsh poisoning. [L. palus, paludis, a marsh.]

Paludamentum, pā-lū-da-men′tum, n. a military cloak worn by a Roman Imperator, or by members of his staff.—Also Palū′dament. [L.]

Paly, pā′li, adj. pale: wanting colour: (her.) divided by pales into equal parts.

Pampas, pam′paz, n.pl. vast plains, without trees, in South America, south of the Amazon—north of that river they are called llanos.—n. Pam′pas-grass, a tall, ornamental, reed-like grass with large thick silvery panicles.—adj. Pam′pēan.

Pamper, pam′pėr, v.t. to feed with fine food: to gratify to the full: to glut.—ns. Pam′peredness; Pam′perer. [A freq. from pamp, a nasalised form of pap; cf. Low Ger. pampen—pampe, pap.]

Pampero, pam-pā′ro, n. a violent south-west wind which sweeps over the pampas of South America. [Sp.,—pampa, a plain.]

Pamphlet, pam′flet, n. a small book consisting of one or more sheets stitched together, but not bound: a short essay on some interesting subject.—n. Pamphleteer′, a writer of pamphlets.—p.adj. Pamphleteer′ing, writing pamphlets.—n. the practice of writing pamphlets. [Ety. dub.; acc. to Skeat, perh. through Fr. from Pamphila, a 1st cent. female writer of epitomes; others suggest Fr. paume, the palm of the hand, and feuillet, a leaf.]

Pamphract, pam′frakt, adj. (rare) protected completely, as by a coat of mail. [Gr. pam, pan, all, phraktos—phrassein, to fence in.]

Pamphysical, pam-fiz′ik-al, adj. pertaining to nature regarded as embracing all things.

Pampiniform, pam-pin′i-form, adj. curling like the tendril of a vine. [L. pampinus, a tendril.]

Pamplegia, pam-plē′ji-a, n. general paralysis. [Gr. pan, all, plēgē, a blow.]

Pan, pan, n. a broad, shallow vessel for domestic use, or for use in the arts or manufactures: anything resembling a pan in shape, as the upper part of the skull: the part of a firelock which holds the priming.—v.t. to treat with the panning process, as earth, or to separate by shaking the auriferous earth with water in a pan: to obtain in any way, to secure: to cook and serve in a pan.—v.i. to yield gold: to appear, as gold, in a pan: to turn out well, according to expectation: to try to find gold with the pan process.—Pan out, to yield or afford, to result; Panned out (U.S.), exhausted, bankrupt.—Flash in the pan, to flash and go out suddenly, not igniting the charge—of the powder in the pan of a flint-lock firearm: to fail after a fitful effort, to give up without accomplishing anything; Hard-pan (see Hard). [A.S. panne—prob. through the Celt., from Low L. panna—L. patina, a basin.]

Pan, pan, n. the Greek god of pastures, flocks, and woods, worshipped in Arcadia, and fond of music—with goat's legs and feet, and sometimes horns and ears.—n. Pan's′-pipes (see Pandean).

Panacea, pan-a-sē′a, n. a universal medicine: (bot.) the plant Allheal (Valeriana officinalis). [Gr. panakeia—pas, pan, all, akos, cure.]

Panada, pa-nä′da, n. a dish made by boiling bread to a pulp in water, with sweetening and flavour: a batter for forcemeats. [Sp.]

Panæsthesia, pan-es-thē′si-a, n. common sensation, as distinct from special sensations or sense-perceptions.—n. Pansæs′thetism.

Panagia, pa-nā′ji-a, n. an epithet of the Virgin in the Eastern Church: an ornament worn hanging on the breast by Russian bishops—also Panā′ghia.—n. Panagiā′rion, a paten on which the loaf is placed, used in the 'elevation of the Panagia.' [Gr., 'all holy,' pas, all, hagios, holy.]

Pan-American, pan-a-mer′i-kan, adj. including all the divisions of America collectively.

Pan-Anglican, pan-ang′gli-kan, adj. representing or including all Christians everywhere who hold the doctrines and polity of the Anglican Church.

Panaritium, pan-a-rish′i-um, n. suppurative inflammation in a finger—same as whitlow.

Panarthritis, pan-är-thrī′tis, n. inflammation involving all the structures of a joint.

Panary, pan′a-ri, adj. of or pertaining to bread.—n. a storehouse for bread: a pantry. [L. panis, bread.]

Panathenæa, pan-ath-ē-nē′a, n.pl. the chief national festival of ancient Athens—the lesser held annually, the greater every fourth year.—adjs. Panathenæ′an, Panathenā′ic. [Gr.]

Panax, pa-naks′, n. a genus of shrubs with radiately or pinnately compound leaves and small flowers in compound umbels, the ginseng. [Gr., 'all healing.']

Pancake, pan′kāk, n. a thin cake of eggs, flour, sugar, and milk fried in a pan.—n. Pan′cake-ice, thin ice forming in smooth water.—Pancake Tuesday, Shrove Tuesday.

Panch, panch, n. a thick mat made of strands of rope, used in ships in places to prevent chafing.—Also Paunch.

Panchatantra, pan-chä-tänt′rä, n. the oldest extant collection of apologues and stories in Sanskrit literature, arranged in five books.

Pancheon, pan′chon, n. a coarse earthenware pan.—Also Panch′in. [Pannikin.]

Panclastite, pan-klas′tīt, n. an explosive substance of slightly less strength than dynamite, formed of a preparation of nitrogen and carbon. [Gr. pan, all, klastos, broken, klaein, to break.]

Pancratium, pan-krā′ti-um, n. a contest of boxing and wrestling combined.—adjs. Pancrā′tian, Pancrat′ic.—ns. Pancrā′tiast, Pan′cratist. [Gr. pan, all, kratos, strength.]

Pancreas, pan′krē-as, n. a conglomerate gland, lying transversely across the posterior wall of the abdomen, secreting the pancreatic juice which pours with the bile into the digestive system.—adj. Pancreat′ic, pertaining to the pancreas.—ns. Pan′creatin, the pancreatic juice; Pancreatīt′is, inflammation of the pancreas. [Gr. pas, pan, all, kreas, flesh.]

Panda, pan′da, n. a remarkable animal in the bear section of Carnivores found in the south-east Himalayas.—Also Chitwah, or Red bear-cat.

Pandanus, pan-dā′nus, n. the screw-pipe, the typical genus of the Pandaneæ. [Malay.]

Pandation, pan-dā′shun, n. a yielding or warping. [L. pandāre, to bend.]

Pandean, pan-dē′an, adj. of or relating to the god Pan.—n. Pandē′an-pipes, or Pan's′-pipes, a musical instrument composed of reeds of various lengths, said to have been invented by Pan: a syrinx.

Pandect, pan′dekt, n. a treatise containing the whole of any science: (pl.) the digest of Roman or civil law made by command of the Emperor Justinian in the 6th century. [L.,—Gr. pandectes—pas, pan, all, dechesthai, to receive.]

Pandemic, pan-dem′ik, adj. incident to a whole people, epidemic.—n. a pandemic disease.—n. Pandem′ia, a widespread disease. [Gr. pandēmios—pas, pan, all, dēmos, the people.]

Pandemonium, pan-dē-mō′ni-um, n. the great hall of evil spirits, described in Paradise Lost: any disorderly assembly, or loud tumultuous noise. [Gr. pas, pan, all, daimōn, a demon.]

Pander, pan′dėr, n. one who procures for another the means of gratifying his passions: a pimp.—v.t. to play the pander for.—v.i. to act as a pander: to minister to the passions.—ns. Pan′derage, act, employment, or vices of a pander; Pan′deress, a procuress; Pan′derism, the employment or practices of a pander.—adjs. Pan′derly (Shak.), acting as a pander; Pan′derous. [Pandarus, the pimp in the story of Troilus and Cressida in the versions of Boccaccio (Filostrato), Chaucer, and Shakespeare.]

Pandiculation, pan-dik-ū-lā′shun, n. the act of stretching one's self after sleep, &c.: restlessness before fever, hysteria, &c.: yawning.—adj. Pandic′ulāted, stretched out. [L. pandiculāri, -ātus, to stretch one's self out.]

Pandion, pan-dī′on, n. the genus of ospreys or fishing-hawks. [Gr., the father of Procne, who was changed into a swallow.]

Pandora, pan-dō′ra, n. a beautiful woman to whom Jupiter, in order to punish the theft of heavenly fire by Prometheus, gave a box containing all the ills of human life, which, on the box being opened, spread over all the earth. [Gr., pan, all, dōron, a gift.]

Pandore, pan-dōr′, n. a musical instrument of the lute kind with three or four strings—also Bandore.—n. Pandū′ra, a Neapolitan musical instrument with eight metal wires, played with a quill.—adjs. Pan′durate, -d, Pandū′riform, fiddle-shaped. [Gr. pandoura, a 3-stringed instrument, invented by Pan.]

Pandore, pan′dōr, n. an esteemed variety of oysters found near Prestonpans on the Firth of Forth.

Pandour, pan′dōōr, n. a Hungarian foot-soldier in the Austrian service: a robber.—Also Pan′door. [From Pandur, a village in Hungary.]

Pandy, pan′di, n. a stroke on the palm as a school punishment.—v.t. to slap. [L. pande, hold out, imper. of pandĕre, to hold out.]

Pane, pān, n. a plate of glass: a square in a pattern: a flat division or side in any kind of work: a slash in a dress, showing an under garment, or for the insertion of a piece of cloth of different colour, &c.: a panel or piece of cloth of a different colour from the rest, esp. in variegated work.—v.t. to insert panes or panels in.—adj. Paned, composed of panes or small squares: variegated. [Fr. pan, a lappet, pane—L. pannus, a cloth, a rag, akin to Gr. pēnos, the woof.]

Panegyric, pan-ē-jir′ik, n. an oration or eulogy in praise of some person or event: an encomium.—adjs. Panēgyr′ic, -al.—adv. Panēgyr′ically.—n. Panēgyr′icon, in the Greek Church, a collection of sermons for festivals.—v.t. Pan′ēgyrise, to write or pronounce a panegyric on: to praise highly.—ns. Pan′ēgyrist; Pan′ēgyry (obs.). [L.,—Gr. panēgyrikos, fit for a national festival—pas, pan, all, agyris (agora), an assembly.]

Panel, pan′el, n. a rectangular piece of any material: (archit.) a flat surface with raised margins, or with a surrounding frame: a thin board on which a picture is painted: (law) a schedule containing the names of those summoned to serve as jurors: the jury: (Scots law) a prisoner at the bar: a frame for carrying a mortar: a rail in a post-and-rail fence.—v.t. to furnish with panels:—pr.p. pan′elling; pa.p. pan′elled.—Also Pann′el.—ns. Pan′el-game, the act of stealing articles by means of a sliding panel; Pan′elling, panel-work; Pan′el-pic′ture, a picture painted on a panel; Pan′el-plān′er, a machine for dressing panels and feathering their edges to fit them to the grooves in the stiles; Pan′el-saw, a saw for cutting very thin wood; Pan′el-strip, a narrow piece of wood or metal for covering a joint between two panels; Pan′el-work′ing, a method of working a coal-mine by dividing it into compartments. [O. Fr.,—Low L. pannellus—L. pannus, a rag.]

Panful, pan′fool, n. the quantity that a pan will hold:—pl. Pan′fuls.

Pang, pang, n. a violent but not long-continued pain: a sudden and bitter feeling of sorrow: a throe.—v.t. to cause a pang, to torture.—adj. Pang′less, free from pain. [A form of prong, prob. modified by confusion with Fr. poing, a fist—L. pugnus, the fist.]

Pangenesis, pan-jen′e-sis, n. the theory that every separate part of the whole organisation reproduces itself.—adj. Pangenet′ic. [Gr. pas, pan, all, genesis, production.]

Pangolin, pang′gō-lin, n. the scaly ant-eater, a name given to the various species of the genus Manis belonging to the mammalian order Edentata. [Malay.]

Pangrammatist, pan-gram′a-tist, n. one who twists all the letters of the alphabet into sentences, as in the following example: 'John P. Brady, give me a black walnut box of quite a small size.'

Pan-handle, pan′-han′dl, n. the handle of a pan: a long narrow strip projecting like this.

Panharmonicon, pan-har-mon′i-kon, n. a mechanical musical instrument of the orchestrion class.—Also Orpheus-harmonica.

Panhellenic, pan-hel-en′ik, adj. pertaining to all Greece.—ns. Panhellē′nion, or Panhellē′nium, a council representing all the sections of the Greeks; Panhell′enism, a scheme for forming all Greeks into one political body; Panhell′enist, one who favours Panhellenism. [Gr. pas, pan, all, Hellēnikos, Greek—Hellas, Greece.]

Panic, pan′ik, n. extreme or sudden fright: great terror without any visible ground or foundation: a state of terror about investments produced by some startling collapse in credit, impelling men to rush and sell what they possess.—adj. of the nature of a panic: extreme or sudden: imaginary.—adj. Pan′icky (coll.), inclined to panic or sudden terror, affected by financial panic.—n. Pan′ic-mong′er, one who creates panics.—adjs. Pan′ic-strick′en, Pan′ic-struck, struck with a panic or sudden fear. [Orig. an adj.; Gr. panikon (deima), 'panic' (fear), from panikos, belonging to Pan, god of the woods.]

Panicle, pan′i-kl, n. (bot.) a form of the arrangement of flowers on a stalk, in which the cluster is irregularly branched, as in oats.—n. Pan′ic, a grass of the genus Panicum.—adjs. Pan′icled (bot.), furnished with panicles: arranged in or like panicles; Panic′ulāte, -d, furnished with, arranged in, or like panicles.—adv. Panic′ulātely.—n. Pan′icum, a large genus of true grasses having the one or two-flowered spikelets in spikes, racemes, or panicles—including the common millet. [L. panicula, double dim. of panus, thread wound on a bobbin, akin to L. pannus and Gr. pēnos. See Pane.]

Panidrosis, pan-i-drō′sis, n. a perspiration over the whole body. [Gr. pas, pan, all, hidrōs, perspiration.]

Panification, pan-i-fi-kā′shun, n. a conversion into bread.—adj. Paniv′orous, eating bread.

Panislamic, pan-is-lam′ik, adj. relating to all Islam, or all the Mohammedan races.—n. Panis′lamism, the idea of union amongst the Mohammedan races.

Panjandrum, pan-jan′drum, n. an imaginary figure of great power and importance, a burlesque potentate.—Also Panjan′darum. [A gibberish word.]

Panlogism, pan′lō-jizm, n. the theory that the universe is an outward manifestation of the Logos.

Panmelodion, pan-mē-lō′di-on, n. a keyboard musical instrument whose tone is produced by wheels rubbing on metal bars.

Panmixia, pan-mik′si-a, n. (biol.) cessation of natural selection, as on a useless organ.

Pannage, pan′āj, n. food picked up by swine in the woods, mast; also the right to this.

Panniculus, pa-nik′ū-lus, n. a thin, sheet-like investment. [L., dim. of pannus, a cloth.]

Pannier, pan′yėr, or pan′i-ėr, n. a bread-basket: one of two baskets thrown across a horse's back, for carrying light produce to market: (archit.) a corbel: a contrivance for puffing out a woman's dress at the hips: a piece of basket-work for protecting archers, or, when filled with gravel or sand, for forming and protecting dikes, embankments, &c.—adj. Pann′iered, loaded with panniers. [Fr. panier—L. panarium, a bread-basket—panis, bread.]

Pannikel, pan′i-kl, n. the brain-pan: (Spens.) the skull. [Dim. of pan.]

Pannose, pan′ōs, adj. (bot.) like felt in texture. [L. pannosus—pannus, cloth.]

Pannus, pan′us, n. an opaque vascular membrane over the cornea: a tent for a wound: a birth-mark on the skin. [L., 'cloth.']

Pannuscorium, pan-us-kō′ri-um, n. a leather-cloth for boots. [L. pannus, cloth, corium, leather.]

Panochia, pa-nō′chi-a, n. bubo in the groin or armpit. [Gr. cheia, a hole.]

Panoistic, pan-ō-is′tik, adj. producing ova only—opp. to Meroistic. [Gr. ōon, an egg.]

Panophobia, pan-ō-fō′bi-a, n. a morbid fear of everything. [Gr. pas, pan, all, phobos, fear.]

Panophthalmitis, pan-of-thal-mī′tis, n. suppurative inflammation of the whole eye.

Panoply, pan′ō-pli, n. complete armour: a full suit of armour.—adj. Pan′oplied, dressed in panoply: completely armed.—n. Pan′oplist, one so armed. [Gr. panoplia—pas, pan, all, hopla (pl.), arms.]

Panopticon, pan-op′ti-kon, n. a prison so constructed that all the prisoners can be watched from one point: an exhibition room. [Gr. pas, pan, all, horaein, fut. opsesthai, to see.]

Panorama, pan-ō-rä′ma, n. a wide or complete view: a picture giving views of objects in all directions: a picture representing a number of scenes unrolled and made to pass before the spectator.—adj. Panora′mic. [Gr. pan, all, horama, a view, from horaein, to see.]

Panotitis, pan-ō-tī′tis, n. inflammation in both the middle and internal ear.

Pan-Presbyterian, pan-pres-bi-tē′ri-an, adj. of or pertaining to the whole body of Presbyterians.—Pan-Presbyterian Council, a council representing all the Presbyterian churches throughout the world.

Pansclerosis, pan-skle-rō′sis, n. complete thickening and hardening of the interstitial tissue of a part.

Panser, pan′sėr, n. an ancient piece of armour for the abdomen. [O. Fr. pansiere—panse, the belly—L. pantex, the belly.]

Pan-Slavic, pan′-slav′ik, adj. pertaining to all the Slavic races.—ns. Pan′-Slav′ism, a movement for the amalgamation of all the Slavonic races into one body, with one language, literature, and social polity; Pan′-Slav′ist, one who favours Pan-Slavism.—adjs. Pan-Slavō′nian, Pan-Slavon′ic.

Pansophy, pan′sō-fi, n. a scheme of universal knowledge, esp. that of the educational reformer, John Amos Comenius (1592-1671): the pretence of universal wisdom.—adjs. Pansoph′ic, -al. [Gr. pas, pan, all, sophia, wisdom.]

Panspermatism, pan-sper′ma-tizm, n. the theory of the widespread diffusion of germs—also Pansper′my.—n. Pansper′matist, a holder of this.—adj. Pansper′mic. [Gr. pas, pan, all, sperma, seed.]

Panstereorama, pan-ster-ē-ō-rä′ma, n. a model showing every part in proportional relief, as of a building. [Gr. pas, pan, all, stereos, solid, horama, a view.]

Pansy, pan′zi, n. a species of violet developed by cultivation into large blossoms of great variety of colour—also Heart's-ease, Love-in-idleness:—pl. Pan′sies.—adj. Pan′sied. [Fr. pensée—penser, to think—L. pensāre, to weigh.]

Pant, pant, v.i. to breathe hard and quickly: to show excitement by quickness of breathing: to gasp: to throb: to desire ardently: to heave, as the breast: to bulge and shrink successively, of iron hulls, &c.—v.t. to gasp out: to long for.—ns. Pant, Pant′ing, rapid breathing: palpitation: longing.—adv. Pant′ingly, in a panting manner: with hard and rapid breathing. [Imit.; or nasalised from pat (v.t.).]

Pantagamy, pan-tag′a-mi, n. a system of communistic marriage, once practised in the Oneida community. [Gr. panta, all, gamos, marriage.]

Pantagogue, pan′ta-gōg, n. a medicine once believed capable of purging away all morbid humours. [Gr. panta, pas, all, agōgos, drawing out—agein, to lead.]

Pantagruelism, pan-ta-grōō′el-izm, n. the theories and practice of Pantagruel as described by Rabelais (1483-1553)—burlesque ironical buffoonery as a cover for serious satire: empirical medical theory and practice.—adj. Pantagruel′ian.—ns. Pantagruel′ion, a magic herb allegorising fortitude, patience, industry; Pantagru′elist, a cynic who uses the medium of burlesque.

Pantaleon, pan-tal′ē-on, n. a musical instrument invented about 1700 by Pantaleon Hebenstreit, a very large dulcimer.

Pantalets, pan-ta-lets′, n.pl. long frilled drawers, once worn by women and children: a removable kind of ruffle worn at the feet of women's drawers.

Pantaloon, pan-ta-lōōn′, n. in pantomimes, a ridiculous character, a buffoon: (orig.) a ridiculous character in Italian comedy, also a garment worn by him, consisting of breeches and stockings all in one piece: (pl.) a kind of trousers.—n. Pantaloon′ery, buffoonery. [Fr. pantalon—It. pantalone, from Pantaleon (Gr. 'all-lion'), the patron saint of Venice.]

Pantechnicon, pan-tek′ni-kon, n. a place where every species of workmanship is sold, or where furniture, &c., is stored. [Gr. pas, pan, all, technē, art.]

Pantheism, pan′thē-izm, n. the form of monism which identifies mind and matter, making them manifestations of one absolute being: the doctrine that there is no God apart from nature or the universe, everything being considered as part of God, or a manifestation of Him.—n. Pan′thēist, a believer in pantheism.—adjs. Panthēist′ic, -al.—ns. Panthēol′ogist, one versed in pantheology; Panthēol′ogy, a system of theology embracing all religions and the knowledge of all gods.

Pantheon, pan′thē-on, n. a temple dedicated to all the gods, esp. the round one at Rome, built by Agrippa in 27 B.C.: all the gods of a nation considered as one body: a complete mythology. [L. panthēon—Gr. pantheion (hieron), (a temple) for all gods—pas, pan, all, theos, a god.]

Panther, pan′thėr, n. a fierce, spotted, carnivorous quadruped of Asia and Africa:—fem. Pan′theress. [Fr. panthère—L.,—Gr. panthēr.]

Pantile, pan′tīl, n. a tile with a curved surface, convex or concave with reference to its width: a tile whose cross-section forms a double curve, forming a tegula and imbrex both in one.—adj. dissenting—chapels being often roofed with these.—n. Pan′tiling, a system of tiling with pantiles.

Pantisocrasy, pan-ti-sok′ra-si, n. a Utopian community in which all are of equal rank or social position. [Gr. pas, pantos, all, isos, equal, kratein, to rule.]

Pantler, pant′lėr, n. (Shak.) the officer in a great family who had charge of the bread and other provisions. [Fr. panetier—L. panis, bread.]

Pantochronometer, pan-tō-kro-nom′e-tėr, n. a combination of compass, sun-dial, and universal sun-dial.

Pantograph, pan′tō-graf, n. an instrument for copying drawings, plans, &c. on the same, or a different, scale from the original.—adjs. Pantograph′ic, -al, pertaining to, or done by, a pantograph.—n. Pantog′raphy, general description: entire view: process of copying by means of the pantograph. [Gr. pan, all, graphein, to write.]

Pantology, pan-tol′o-ji, n. universal knowledge: a view of all branches of knowledge: a book of universal information.—adj. Pantolog′ic.—n. Pantol′ogist. [Gr. pas, pantos, all, logia, description.]

Pantometer, pan-tom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring angles and perpendiculars.—n. Pantom′etry.

Pantomime, pan′tō-mīm, n. one who expresses his meaning by action without speaking: a play or an entertainment in dumb show: an entertainment in a theatre, usually about Christmas-time, in which some well-known story is acted, amidst showy scenery, with music and dancing, concluding with buffoonery by conventional characters—the clown, pantaloon, harlequin, and columbine.—adj. representing only by action without words.—adjs. Pantomim′ic, -al.—adv. Pantomim′ically.—n. Pan′tomimist, an actor in a pantomime. [Fr.,—L.—Gr. pantomimos, imitator of all—pas, pantos, all, mimos, an imitator.]

Pantomorph, pan′tō-morf, n. that which exists in all shapes.—adj. Pantomor′phic.

Panton, pan′ton, n. a horse-shoe for curing a narrow and hoof-bound heel: an idle fellow.

Pantophagy, pan-tof′a-ji, n. morbid hunger for all kinds of food.—n. Pantoph′agist.—adj. Pantoph′agous. [Gr. panta, all, phagein, to eat.]

Pantoscope, pan′tō-skōp, n. a panoramic camera: a very wide-angled photographic lens.—adj. Pantoscop′ic, giving a wide range of vision.

Pantostomatous, pan-tō-stom′a-tus, adj. ingesting food at any point on the surface of the body.

Pantry, pan′tri, n. a room or closet for provisions and table furnishings, or where plate, knives, &c. are cleaned. [Fr. paneterie, a place where bread is distributed—Low L. panitaria—L. panis, bread.]

Panurgic, pan-ur′jik, adj. able to do all kinds of work. [Gr. pan, all, ergon, work.]

Panzoism, pan-zō′izm, n. the sum of the elements that make up vital force. [Gr. pas, pan, all, zōē, life.]

Pap, pap, n. soft food for infants: pulp of fruit: nourishment: (slang) the emoluments or perquisites of public office.—v.t. to feed with pap.—adjs. Papes′cent, Pap′py.—ns. Pap′meat, soft food for infants; Pap′spoon, a spoon for infants. [Imit.]

Pap, pap, n. a nipple or teat: a woman's breast: a round conical hill, as the Paps of Jura.

Papa, pa-pä′, or pä′pa, n. father: a bishop: a priest of the Greek Church. [Imit.]

Papacy, pā′pa-si, n. the office of the Pope: the authority of the Pope: popery: the Popes, as a body.—adj. Pā′pal, belonging to, or relating to, the Pope or to popery: popish.—v.t. Pā′palise, to make papal.—v.i. to conform to popery.—ns. Pā′palism; Pā′palist.—adv. Pā′pally.—ns. Pāpaphō′bia, extreme fear of the Pope, or the progress of papacy; Pā′parchy, papal government. [Low L. papatia—papa, a father.]

Papain, pä′pa-in, n. a nitrogenous body, isolated from the juice of the papaw, one of the digestive ferments applied in some cases of dyspepsia, either internally or for the predigestion of food.

Papaverous, pa-pav′ėr-us, adj. resembling or having the qualities of the poppy.—adj. Papaverā′ceous, of or like the poppy. [L. papaver, the poppy.]

Papaw, pa-paw′, n. the tree Carica papaya, or its fruit, native to South America, but common in the tropics, the trunk, leaves, and fruit yielding papain (q.v.), the leaves forming a powerful anthelmintic: the tree Asimina triloba, or its fruit, native to the United States. [The Malabar native name.]

Paper, pā′pėr, n. the material made from rags or vegetable fibres on which we commonly write and print: a piece of paper: a written or printed document or instrument, note, receipt, bill, bond, deed, &c.: a newspaper: an essay or literary contribution, generally brief: paper-money: paper-hangings for walls: a set of examination questions: free passes of admission to a theatre, &c., also the persons admitted by such.—adj. consisting or made of paper.—v.t. to cover with paper: to fold in paper: to treat in any way by means of paper, as to sand-paper, &c.: to paste the end-papers and fly-leaves at the beginning and end of a book before fitting it into its covers.—ns. Pā′per-bar′on, or -lord, one who holds a title that is merely official, like that of a Scotch Lord of Session, &c., or whose title is merely by courtesy or convention; Pā′per-case, a box for holding writing materials, &c.; Pā′per-chase, the game of hounds and hares, when the hares scatter bits of paper to guide the hounds; Pā′per-cigar′, a cigarette; Pā′per-clamp, a frame for holding newspapers, sheets of music, &c., for easy reference; Pā′per-clip, or Letter-clip, an appliance with opening and closing spring, for holding papers together; Pā′per-cloth, a fabric prepared in many of the Pacific islands from the inner bark of the mulberry, &c.; Pā′per-cred′it, credit given to a person because he shows by bills, promissory notes, &c. that money is owing to him; Pā′per-cut′ter, a machine for cutting paper in sheets, for trimming the edges of books, &c.; Pā′per-day, one of certain days in each term for hearing causes down in the paper or roll of business; Pā′per-enam′el, an enamel for cards and fine note-paper.—adj. Pā′per-faced (Shak.), having a face as white as paper.—ns. Pā′per-feed′er, an apparatus for delivering sheets of paper to a printing-press, &c.; Pā′per-file, an appliance for holding letters, &c., for safety and readiness of reference; Pā′per-gauge, a rule for measuring the type-face of matter to be printed, and the width of the margin; Pā′per-hang′er, one who hangs paper on the walls of rooms, &c.—n.pl. Pā′per-hang′ings, paper, either plain or with coloured figures, for hanging on or covering walls.—ns. Pā′pering, the operation of covering or hanging with paper: the paper itself; Pā′per-knife, -cut′ter, -fold′er, a thin, flat blade of ivory, &c., for cutting open the leaves of books and other folded papers; Pā′per-mak′er, one who manufactures paper; Pā′per-mak′ing; Pā′per-mar′bler, one engaged in marbling paper; Pā′per-mill, a mill where paper is made; Pā′per-mon′ey, pieces of paper stamped or marked by government or by a bank, as representing a certain value of money, which pass from hand to hand instead of the coin itself; Pā′per-mus′lin, a glazed muslin for dress linings, &c.; Pā′per-nau′tilus, or -sail′or, the nautilus; Pā′per-off′ice, an office in Whitehall where state-papers are kept; Pā′per-pulp, the pulp from which paper is made; Pā′per-punch, an apparatus for piercing holes in paper; Pā′per-reed (B.), the papyrus; Pā′per-rul′er, one who, or an instrument which, makes straight lines on paper; Pā′per-stain′er, one who prepares paper-hangings; Pā′per-test′er, a machine for testing the stretching strength of paper; Pā′per-wash′ing (phot.), water in which prints have been washed; Pā′per-weight, a small weight for laying on a bundle of loose papers to prevent them from being displaced.—adj. Pā′pery, like paper.—Bristol paper or board, a strong smooth paper for drawing on; Brown-paper (see Brown); Chinese paper, rice-paper: a fine soft slightly brownish paper made from bamboo bark, giving fine impressions from engravings; Cream-laid paper, a smooth paper of creamy colour, much used for note-paper; Distinctive paper, a fine silk-threaded fibre paper used in the United States for bonds, &c.; Filter-paper (see Filter); Hand-made paper, that made wholly by hand, as still with some kinds of printing and drawing papers; Height-to-paper, in typefounding, the length of a type from its face to its foot (11⁄12 inch); Hot-pressed paper, paper polished by pressure between heated plates; Imperfect paper, sheets of poorer quality, as the two outside quires of a ream; India paper (see Indian); Japanese paper, a soft fine paper made from the bark of the paper-mulberry, giving good impressions of plate engravings; Lithographic paper, paper used for taking impressions from lithographic stones; Litmus paper (see Litmus); Marbled paper (see Marble); Parchment paper, a tough paper, prepared in imitation of parchment by dipping in diluted sulphuric acid and washing with weak ammonia; Plain paper, unruled paper: (phot.) any unglossy paper; Plate paper, the best class of book paper; Printing paper (see Print); Rag-paper, that made from the pulp of rags; Ruled paper, writing-paper ruled with lines for convenience; Sensitised paper (phot.), paper chemically treated so that its colour is affected by the action of light; State-paper (see State); Test-paper (see Test); Tissue-paper, a very thin soft paper for wrapping delicate articles, protecting engravings in books, &c.—also Silk-paper; Tracing-paper, transparent paper used for copying a design, &c., by laying it over the original, and copying the lines shown through it; Transfer-paper (see Transfer); Vellum paper, a heavy ungrained smooth paper, sometimes used in fine printing; Whatman paper, a fine quality of English paper, with fine or coarse grain, used for etchings, engravings, &c.; Wove paper, paper laid on flannel or felt, showing no marks of wires; Wrapping-paper, coarse paper used for wrapping up parcels, &c. [A shortened form of papyrus.]

Papeterie, pap-e-trē′, n. a box containing paper, &c., for writing purposes: stationery. [Fr.]

Paphian, pā′fi-an, adj. pertaining to Paphos in Cyprus, sacred to Aphrodite: lascivious.—n. a native of Paphos, a votary of Aphrodite: a whore.

Papier-mâché, pap′yā-mä′shā, n. a material consisting either of paper-pulp or of sheets of paper pasted together, which by a peculiar treatment resembles varnished or lacquered wood in one class of articles made of it, and in another class (chiefly architectural ornaments) somewhat resembles plaster. [Fr. papier—L. papyrus; mâché is pa.p. of Fr. mâcher, to chew—L. masticāre, to masticate.]

Papilionaceous, pa-pil-yo-nā′shus, adj. (bot.) having a flower shaped somewhat like a butterfly, as the bean, pea, &c. [L. papilio, -onis, a butterfly.]

Papilla, pa-pil′a, n. one of the minute elevations on the skin, esp. on the upper surface of the tongue and on the tips of the fingers, and in which the nerves terminate: (bot.) a nipple-like protuberance:—pl. Papill′æ.—adjs. Pap′illar, Pap′illary, like a papilla, provided with papillæ; Pap′illāte, formed into a papilla, studded with papillæ.—v.i. and v.t. to become a papilla, to cover with such.—adjs. Papillif′erous, papillate: bearing one or more fleshy excrescences; Papill′iform, like a papilla in form.—ns. Papillī′tis, inflammation of the optic papilla; Papillō′ma, a tumour formed by the hypertrophy of one papilla, or of several, including warts, corns, &c.—adjs. Papillom′atous; Pap′illōse, full of papillæ, warty—also Pap′illous; Papill′ūlate, finely papillose.—n. Pap′illūle, a very small papilla, a verruca or a variole. [L., a small pustule, dim. of papula.]

Papillote, pap′il-ōt, n. a curl-paper, from its fancied resemblance to a butterfly. [Fr., from papillot, old form of papillon, butterfly—L. papilio.]

Papist, pā′pist, n. an adherent of the Pope: a name slightingly given to a Roman Catholic—(prov.) Pā′pish, Pā′pisher.—n. Pā′pism, popery.—adjs. Pāpist′ic, -al, pertaining to popery, or to the Church of Rome, its doctrines, &c.—adv. Pāpist′ically.—n. Pā′pistry, popery.

Papoose, pap-ōōs′, n. a N. Amer. Indian infant, usually wrapped up, fixed to a board, and thus carried by its mother or hung up for safety.—Also Pappoose′.

Pappus, pap′us, n. (bot.) the fine hair or down which grows on the seeds of some plants: the first hair on the chin.—adjs. Pappif′erous, bearing a pappus; Pappōse′, Papp′ous, provided or covered with down. [L. pappus—Gr. pappos, down.]

Papuan, pap′ū-an, adj. pertaining to Papua or New Guinea.—n. an inhabitant of Papua: one of a race of black colour, dolichocephalic, with rough and frizzly hair, inhabiting many of the islands of the Pacific near Australia. [Malay.]

Papulose, pap′ū-lōs, adj. full of pimples—also Pap′ūlous.—n. Pap′ūla, a small inflammatory pustule, a pimple:—pl. Pap′ūlæ.—adj. Pap′ūlar.—ns. Papūlā′tion, the development of papules; Pap′ūle, a pimple.—adj. Papulif′erous, pimply. [L. papula, a pimple.]

Papyrus, pa-pī′rus, n. an Egyptian sedge, now scarcely found there, from the inner pith (byblos) of which the ancients made their paper: a manuscript on papyrus:—pl. Papy′rī.—adjs. Papyrā′ceous, Pap′yral, Papyr′ēan, Pap′yrine, pertaining to the papyrus or to papyri: like paper in appearance and consistency; Papyrit′ious, resembling paper, as the nests of certain wasps.—n. Papyrograph (pā-pī′rō-graf), a hectograph or apparatus for producing copies of a written or printed document.—v.t. to produce by means of such.—adj. Pāpyrograph′ic.—n. Papyrog′raphy. [L.—Gr. papyros, prob. Egyptian.]

Par, pär, n. state of equality: equal value, the norm or standard: state or value of bills, shares, &c. when they sell at exactly the price marked on them—i.e. without premium or discount: equality of condition.—v.t. to fix an equality between.—Par of exchange, the value of coin of one country expressed in that of another.—Above par, at a premium, or at more than the nominal value; At par, at exactly the nominal value; Below par, at a discount, or at less than the nominal value; Nominal par, the value with which a bill or share is marked, or by which it is known. [L. par, equal.]

Para, pa-rä′, n. a coin of copper, silver, or mixed metal in use in Turkey and Egypt, the 40th part of a piastre, and worth about 1⁄18th of a penny in Turkey and 1⁄16th in Egypt.

Parabasis, pa-rab′a-sis, n. the chief of the choral parts in ancient Greek comedy, usually an address from the poet to the public. [Gr., para, beside, basis—bainein, to walk.]

Parabema, par-a-bē′ma, n. in Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture, the chapel of the prothesis or the diaconicon, or sacristy, where divided by walls from the bema or sanctuary:—pl. Parabē′mata.—adj. Parabemat′ic.

Parablast, par′a-blast, n. the supplementary or nutritive yolk of a meroblastic egg or metovum—as distinguished from the archiblast, or formative yolk.—adj. Parablast′ic. [Gr. para, beside, blastos, a germ.]

Parable, par′a-bl, n. a comparison: a fable or story of something which might have happened, told to illustrate some doctrine, or to make some duty clear: (B.) an apologue, proverb (Ps. lxxviii. 2, Hab. ii. 6).—v.t. to represent by a parable.—adjs. Parabol′ic, -al, like a parable or a parabola: expressed by a parable: belonging to, or of the form of, a parabola.—adv. Parabol′ically. [Gr. parabolē—paraballein, to compare—para, beside, ballein, to throw.]

Parablepsis, par-a-blep′sis, n. false vision.—Also Par′ablepsy. [Gr. para, beside, blepsis—bleptein, to see.]

Parabola, par-ab′o-la, n. (geom.) a curve or conic section, formed by cutting a cone with a plane parallel to its slope (for illustration, see Cone).—adjs. Parabol′ic; Parabol′iform.—n. Parab′oloid, the solid which would be generated by the rotation of a parabola about its principal axis. [Gr. parabolē; cf. Parable.]

Parabolanus, par-a-bō-lā′nus, n. in the early Eastern Church, a lay assistant to the clergy for waiting on the sick. [Gr. parabolos, reckless.]

Parabole, par-ab′o-le, n. (rhet.) a parable, a comparison or similitude. [Gr.; cf. Parable.]

Paracelsian, par-a-sel′si-an, adj. of or relating to the famous Swiss philosopher and physician, Paracelsus (1490-1541), or resembling his theories or practice. The name was coined for himself by Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, and apparently implied a claim to be greater than Celsus.

Paracentesis, par-a-sen-tē′sis, n. (surg.) the perforation of a cavity with a trocar, &c., tapping. [Gr., para, beside, kentein, to pierce.]

Paracentral, par-a-sen′tral, adj. situated next a centrum.—adj. Paracen′tric, approaching to the centre or receding from it.

Parachordal, par-a-kōr′dal, adj. (biol.) lying alongside the cranial part of the notochord. [Gr. para, beside, chordē, a chord.]

Parachromatism, par-a-krō′ma-tizm, n. colour-blindness. [Gr. para, beside, chroma, colour.]

Parachronism, par-ak′ron-izm, n. an error in dating an event by which it is made to appear later than it really was. [Gr., para, beside, chronos, time.]

Parachrose, par′a-krōs, adj. (min.) changing colour by exposure to weather. [Gr., para, beside, chroa, colour.]

Parachute, par′a-shōōt, n. an apparatus like an umbrella for descending safely from a balloon.—v.t. and v.i. to descend by means of such.—n. Par′achutist. [Fr., for par' à chute, from Fr. parer—L. parāre, to prepare, chute, a fall—L. cadĕre.]

Paraclete, par′a-klēt, n. the Comforter, Advocate, or Intercessor of John, xiv. 16, 26, 1 John, ii. 1, &c.—the Holy Ghost or Spirit.—ns. Paraclēt′ice, Paraclēt′icon, an office-book in the Greek Church containing the troparia of the whole ferial office for the year. [Through L., from Gr. paraklētos—parakalein, para, beside, kalein, to call.]

Paracme, pa-rak′mē, n. (biol.) the decadence of an evolutionary series of organisms after reaching its highest point of development. [Gr. para, beside, akmē, a point.]

Paracolpitis, par-a-kol-pī′tis, n. inflammation of the outer coat of the vagina. [Gr. para, beside, kolpos, the womb.]

Paracorolla, par-a-kō-rol′a, n. (bot.) a crown or appendage of a corolla, usually as a nectary. [Gr. para, beside, L. corolla.]

Paracrostic, par-a-krōs′tik, n. a poem with the first verse containing the initial letters of the others.

Paracusis, par-a-kū′sis, n. disordered hearing. [Gr. para, beside, akousis, hearing.]

Paracyanogen, par-a-sī-an′ō-jen, n. a substance obtained by heating mercury cyanide almost to redness.

Paradactylum, par-a-dak′ti-lum, n. the side of a bird's toe. [Gr. para, beside, daktylos, a finger.]

Parade, par-ād′, n. the orderly arrangement of troops for exercise or inspection: a review of troops: the place where such a display takes place: that which is displayed: great or splendid show of any kind: a public walk or promenade.—v.t. to show off: to marshal in military order.—v.i. to march up and down as if for show: to pass in military order: to march in procession. [Fr.—Sp. parada—parar, to halt—L. parāre, -ātum, to prepare.]

Paradigm, par′a-dim, n. an example: model: (gram.) an example of the inflection of a word.—adjs. Paradigmat′ic, -al, consisting of, or resembling, paradigms.—n. Paradigmat′ic, one who narrates the lives of religious persons by way of examples.—adv. Paradigmat′ically. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paradeigma—para, beside, deiknynai, to show.]

Paradise, par′a-dīs, n. a park or pleasure-ground, esp. in ancient Persia: the garden of Eden: heaven: any place of great beauty or state of blissful delights: the happy abode of the righteous in heaven: (slang) the upper gallery in a theatre: (archit.) a small private apartment, a court in front of a church.—adjs. Paradisā′ic, -al, Paradis′iac, -al, pertaining to, or resembling, paradise.—n. Par′adise-fish, a Chinese species of Macropid often kept in aquaria for its beauty of form and colouring.—adjs. Paradis′ial, Paradis′ian, pertaining to, suitable to, or resembling paradise; Paradis′ic, -al, pertaining to paradise.—Bird Of Paradise, an Eastern bird closely allied to the crow, with splendid plumage. [Fr. paradis—L. paradisus—Gr. paradeisos, a park, prob. Persian.]

Parados, par′a-dos, n. earthworks behind a fortified place, protecting against a rear attack.

Paradox, par′a-doks, n. that which is contrary to received opinion, or that which is apparently absurd but really true.—n. Par′adoxer.—adjs. Paradox′ic, -al, of the nature of a paradox: inclined to paradoxes, said of persons.—adv. Paradox′ically.—ns. Paradox′icalness; Paradox′ides, a genus of trilobites; Par′adoxist; Par′adoxy, the quality of being paradoxical.—Hydrostatic paradox (see Hydrostatics). [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. paradoxon—para, contrary to, doxa, an opinion.]

Paradoxure, par-a-dok′sūr, n. a civet-like carnivore of Southern Asia and Malaysia, the palm-cat of India.—adj. Paradoxū′rine, having a paradoxical or peculiarly curling tail.

Paræsthesia, par-es-thē′si-a, n. abnormal sensation. [Gr. para, beyond, aisthēsis, sensation.]

Paraffin, par′af-fin, n. a white, transparent, crystalline substance, obtained from shale, coal-tar, &c., much used instead of wax, tallow, &c. in making candles—so named as having little affinity—for an alkali—also Par′affine.—v.t. to coat or impregnate with paraffin.—ns. Par′affin-oil, any of the mineral burning oils associated with the manufacture of paraffin; Par′affin-scale, unrefined paraffin. [Fr.,—L. parum, little, affinis, allied.]

Paragastric, par-a-gas′trik, adj. lying alongside the gastric cavity: pertaining to the paragaster or the cavity of the sac of a sponge.

Parage, par′āj, n. equality in law: a woman's portion at marriage. [Par.]

Paragenesis, par-a-jen′e-sis, n. hybridism.—adjs. Paragenet′ic; Paragen′ic, originating with the germ or at the genesis of an individual. [Gr. para, beside, genesis, birth.]

Parageusia, par-a-gū′si-a, n. perverted sense of taste—also Parageu′sis.—adj. Parageu′sic. [Gr. para, beside, geusis, taste.]

Paraglenal, par-a-glē′nal, n. the coracoid of a fish—also adj. [Gr. para, beside, glēnē, a socket.]

Paraglobulin, par-a-glob′ū-lin, n. a globulin found in blood-serum, fibrino-plastin.—Also Paraglō′bin.

Paraglossa, par-a-glos′a, n. one of the two appendages of the ligula in insects.—adjs. Paragloss′al; Paragloss′ate, provided with paraglossæ. [Gr. para, beside, glōssa, the tongue.]

Paragnathous, par-ag′nā-thus, adj. having both mandibles of equal length.—n. Parag′nāthism. [Gr. para, beside, gnathos, the jaw.]

Paragoge, par-a-gō′jē, n. the addition of a letter or a syllable to the end of a word, as amidst for amid, generical for generic—also called epithesis and ecstasis, as opposed to prosthesis and apocope.—adjs. Paragog′ic, -al, forming a paragoge: relating to, or of the nature of, paragoge: added on: additional.—Paragogic future, the cohortative tense in Hebrew grammar—a lengthened form of the imperfect or future tense, usually confined to the first person, giving the sense of 'let me' or 'let us.' [L.,—Gr. from para, beyond, agein, to lead.]

Paragon, par′a-gon, n. a pattern or model with which comparisons are made: (Spens.) a companion or a rival: something supremely excellent: a size of printing-type intermediate between great-primer and double pica, equal to 20 points in the newer system.—v.t. to compare: to bring into comparison with: (Shak.) to surpass. [O. Fr., from Sp. compound prep. para con, in comparison with—L. pro, for, ad, to, con=cum, with.]

Paragram, par′a-gram, n. a play upon words: a pun.—n. Paragram′matist, a punster. [Gr. para, beside, gramma, something written, graphein, to write.]

Paragraph, par′a-graf, n. a distinct part of a discourse or writing marked by ¶, or by being begun on a new line, at more than the usual distance from the margin: a short passage, or a collection of sentences with unity of purpose.—v.t. to form into paragraphs.—ns. Par′agrapher, Par′agraphist, one who writes in paragraphs, esp. for newspapers.—adjs. Paragraph′ic, -al.—adv. Paragraph′ically. [The mark ¶ is the reversed initial of this word, which is, through Fr. and Low L., from Gr. paragraphos—para, beside, graphein, to write.]

Paraheliotropism, par-a-hē-li-ot′rō-pizm, n. the diurnal sleep of plants.—adj. Paraheliotrop′ic. [Gr. para, beside, hēlios, the sun, trepein, to turn.]

Paraleipsis, par-a-līp′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure by which one fixes attention on a subject by pretending to neglect it, as, 'I will not speak of his generosity, his gentleness of disposition, or his reverence for sacred things.' [Gr., from paraleipein, to leave on one side—para, beside, leipein, to leave.]

Paralipomena, par-a-li-pom′e-na, n.pl. things passed over, but given in a supplement, specially the name given in the Septuagint to the First and Second Books of Chronicles, a recapitulation of Second Samuel and the Books of Kings. [Late L.,—Gr. paraleipomena—paraleipein, to pass over.]

Parallax, par′a-laks, n. an apparent change in the position of an object caused by change of position in the observer: (astron.) the difference between the apparent and real place of a star or other celestial object.—adjs. Parallac′tic, -al. [Gr. parallaxis—para, beside, allassein, to change—allos, another.]

Parallel, par′al-lel, adj. side by side: (geom.) extended in the same direction and equi-distant in all parts: with the same direction or tendency: running in accordance with: resembling in all essential points: like or similar.—n. a line equi-distant from another at all points: a line drawn across a map or round a globe at right angles to the axis, marking latitude: likeness: a comparison: counterpart: (pl.) trenches, dug parallel to the outline of a besieged fortress to protect the besiegers (mil.).—v.t. to place so as to be parallel: to correspond, or to make to correspond, to:—pr.p. par′alleling or par′allelling; pa.p. par′alleled or par′allelled.—n. Par′allelism, state of being parallel: resemblance: comparison: likeness of form or meaning, as of two statements, clauses, or verses.—adj. Parallelis′tic, of the nature of, or involving, parallelism.—adv. Par′allelly.—Parallel bars, a pair of bars securely fixed, 4 to 6 feet above the ground, and about 1½ feet apart, used in gymnastics to strengthen the arms; Parallel forces, forces which act in parallel lines, having a single resultant, readily found by the method of moments; Parallel motion, a name given to any linkage by which circular motion may be changed into straight-line motion; Parallel rulers, a mathematical instrument for drawing parallel lines. [Fr.,—L. parallelus—Gr. parallēlos—para, beside, allēlōn, of one another—allos, another.]

Parallelepiped, par-al-lel-e-pī′ped, n. a regular solid, the opposite sides and ends of which form three pairs of equal parallelograms.—Also Parallelepī′pedon, improperly Parallelopī′ped, Parallelopī′pedon. [L.,—Gr. parallēlepipedon—parallēlos, epipedon, a plane surface—epi, on, pedon, the ground.]

Parallelogram, par-al-lel′ō-gram, n. a plane four-sided figure, the opposite sides of which are parallel and equal.—adjs. Parallelogrammat′ic, -al, Parallelogram′mic, -al. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. parallēlos, side by side, gramma, a line—graphein, to write.]

Paralogism, par-al′ō-jizm, n. reasoning beside the point: a conclusion not following from the premises—also Paral′ogy.—v.i. Paral′ogise, to reason falsely. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paralogismos—para, beside, logismos—logos, discourse.]

Paralyse, par′a-līz, v.t. to strike with paralysis or palsy: to make useless: to deaden the action of: to exhaust.—n. Paral′ysis, a loss of the power of motion, sensation, or function in any part of the body: palsy: loss of energy: state of being crippled.—adj. Paralyt′ic, of or pertaining to paralysis: afflicted with or inclined to paralysis.—n. one who is affected with paralysis.—General paralysis, dementia paralytica. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paralyein, paralysein—para, beside, lyein, loosen.]

Paramastoid, par-a-mas′toid, adj. situated near the mastoid, paroccipital.—n. a paramastoid process.

Paramatta, par-a-mat′a, n. a fabric like merino made of worsted and cotton. [From Paramatta in New South Wales.]

Paramecium, par-a-mē′si-um, n. an infusorian in pond water or vegetable infusions—also Slipper Animalcule:—pl. Paramē′cia. [Gr. paramēkēs, long-shaped, para, beside, mēkos, length.]

Paramenia, par-a-mē′ni-a, n.pl. disordered menstruation. [Gr. para, beside, mēn, a month.]

Paramere, par′a-mēr, n. (biol.) a radiated part or organ: either half of a bi-laterally symmetrical animal—usually Antimere.—adj. Paramer′ic. [Gr. para, beside, meros, a part.]

Parameter, par-am′ē-tėr, n. (geom.) the constant quantity which enters into the equation of a curve: in conic sections, a third proportional to any diameter and its conjugate diameter. [Gr. para, beside, metron, measure.]

Paramnesia, par-am-nē′si-a, n. false memory. [Gr. para, beside, mim-nēskein, to remind.]

Paramorph, par′a-morf, n. (min.) a pseudomorph formed by a change in molecular structure without change of chemical composition.—adjs. Paramorph′ic, Paramorph′ous.—ns. Paramorph′ism, Paramorphō′sis. [Gr. para, beside, morphē, form.]

Paramount, par′a-mownt, adj. superior to all others: chief: of the highest order or importance—opp. to Paravail.—n. the chief: a superior.—adv. Par′amountly. [O. Fr. par amont, par—L. prep. per; cf. Amount.]

Paramour, par′a-mōōr, n. a lover of either sex, now usually in the illicit sense. [Fr. par amour, by or with love—L. per amorem.]

Paranema, par-a-nē′ma, n. (bot.) paraphysis.—adj. Paranemat′ic. [Gr. para, about, nēma, a thread.]

Parangon, pa-rang′gon, n. a jeweller's term for a gem of remarkable excellence. [Fr.]

Paranœa, par-a-nē′a, n. chronic mental derangement—also Paranoi′a.—ns. Paranœ′ac, Paranoi′ac.—adj. Paranœ′ic. [Gr. para, beside, noein, to think.]

Paranthelion, par-an-thē′li-on, n. a diffuse whitish image of the sun, having the same altitude, at an angular distance of about 120°—due to reflection from atmospheric ice-prisms. [Gr. para, beside, anti, against, hēlios, the sun.]

Paranucleus, par-a-nū′klē-us, n. (biol.) an accessory nucleus in some protozoans.—adjs. Paranū′clear, Paranū′cleate.—n. Paranūclē′olus, a mass of substance extruded from the nucleus, in pollen and spore mother-cells before division.

Paranymph, par′a-nimf, n. a friend of the bridegroom who escorted the bride on the way to her marriage: a bride's-man: one who countenances and supports another. [Gr. para, beside, nymphē, a bride.]

Parapeptone, par-a-pep′tōn, n. a proteid compound formed in gastric digestion, acid albumen.

Parapet, par′a-pet, n. a rampart breast-high, to protect soldiers on a wall from the fire of an enemy: a breast-high wall on a bridge, house-roof, a platform, &c., to prevent persons from falling over.—adj. Par′apeted, having a parapet. [Fr.,—It. parapetto—It. parare, to adorn—L. parāre, to prepare, It. petto—L. pectus, the breast.]

Paraph, par′af, n. a mark or flourish under one's signature.—v.t. to append a paraph to, to sign with initials. [Paragraph.]

Paraphasia, par-a-fā′zi-a, n. a form of aphasia in which one word is substituted for another.

Paraphernalia, par-a-fėr-nāl′i-a, n.pl. ornaments of dress of any kind: trappings: that which a bride brings over and above her dowry: the clothes, jewels, &c. which a wife possesses beyond her dowry in her own right. [Late L. parapherna—Gr., from para, beyond, phernē, a dowry—pherein, to bring.]

Paraphimosis, par-a-fī-mō′sis, n. strangulation of the glans penis by constriction of the prepuce.

Paraphonia, par-a-fō′ni-a, n. in Byzantine music, a melodic progression by consonances (fourths and fifths): an abnormal condition of the voice: an alteration of the voice, as at puberty. [Gr. para, beside, phōnē, the voice.]

Paraphragm, par′a-fram, n. a kind of lateral diaphragm in Crustacea.—adj. Paraphrag′mal. [Gr. para, beside, phrassein, to fence.]

Paraphrase, par′a-frāz, n. a saying of the same thing in other words, often more fully and more clearly: an explanation of a passage: a loose or free translation: (Scot.) one of a certain number of Scripture passages turned into verse for use in the service of praise.—v.t. to say the same thing in other words: to render more fully: to interpret or translate freely.—v.i. to make a paraphrase.—n. Par′aphrast, one who paraphrases.—adjs. Paraphrast′ic, -al, of the nature of a paraphrase: more clear and ample than the original passage: free, loose, diffuse.—adv. Paraphrast′ically.—Paraphrastic conjugation, one composed of the verb sum (am) with participial forms of the verbs conjugated (amaturus sum, &c.). [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paraphrasis—para, beside, phrasis, a speaking—phrazein, to speak.]

Paraphyllum, par-a-fil′um, n. (bot.) a small foliaceous organ between the leaves of some mosses. [Gr. para, beside, phyllon, a leaf.]

Paraphysis, pa-raf′i-sis, n. an erect sterile filament accompanying the sexual organs of some cryptogamous plants:—pl. Paraph′ysēs.

Paraplegia, par-a-plē′ji-a, n. a form of spinal paralysis in which voluntary motion and sensation are interrupted below the level of the affected part of the spinal cord, while reflex movements may be preserved and certain forms even increased.—adjs. Paraplec′tic, Paraplē′gic. [Gr. para, beside, plēssein, to strike.]

Parapleurum, par-a-plōō′rum, n. one of the pleura or sternal side-pieces in a beetle, &c.—Also Parapleu′ron. [Gr. para, beside, pleuron, side.]

Parapodium, par-a-pō′di-um, n. one of the jointless lateral appendages of an annelid:—pl. Parapō′dia. [Gr. para, beside, pous, podos, a foot.]

Parapophysis, par-a-pof′i-sis, n. the inferior or anterior process on the side of a vertebra—the superior or posterior one being a diapophysis.—adj. Parapophys′ial. [Gr. para, beside, apophysis, an offshoot.]

Parapsis, pa-rap′sis, n. (entom.) one of the two lateral parts of the mesoscutum of the thorax.—adj. Parap′sidal. [Gr. para, beside, hapsis, a loop.]

Parapsis, pa-rap′sis, n. a disordered sense of touch.—Also Parā′phia. [Gr. para, beside, hapsis, a touching.]

Parapterum, pa-rap′te-rum, n. (entom.) the third sclerite of each pleuron, or lateral segment of each thoracic somite—the first and second, the episternum, and the epimeron: in birds, the scapular and adjoining feathers of the wing.—adj. Parap′teral. [Gr. para, beside, pteron, a wing.]

Pararctalia, par-ark-tā′li-a, n. the northern temperate realm of the waters of the globe.—adj. Pararctā′lian.

Pararthria, pa-rär′thri-ä, n. disordered articulation of speech. [Gr. para, beside, arthron, a joint.]

Parasang, par′a-sang, n. a Persian measure of length, containing 30 stadia, equal to about 3¾ miles. [Gr. parasangēs—Pers. farsang.]

Parascenium, par-a-sē′ni-um, n. in the Greek theatre, one of the wings on either side of the proscenium:—pl. Parascē′nia. [Gr.]

Parasceve, par′a-sēv, n. the eve before the Jewish Sabbath when the preparations are made: sometimes applied to Good-Friday: (obs.) preparation.—adj. Parascenas′tic. [Gr. paraskeuē, preparation—para, beside, skeuē, equipment.]

Paraschematic, par-a-skē-mat′ik, adj. imitative. [Gr. para, beside, schēma, a scheme.]

Paraselene, par-a-se-lē′nē, n. a mock moon, seen in connection with a lunar rainbow (cf. Parahelion):—pl. Paraselē′næ.—adj. Paraselen′ic. [Gr. para, beside, selēnē, the moon.]

Parasite, par′a-sīt, n. one who frequents another's table: a hanger-on: a sycophant: (bot.) a plant growing upon and nourished by the juices of another: (zool.) an animal which lives on another—its host.—adjs. Parasit′ic, -al, like a parasite: fawning: acting as a sycophant: living on other plants or animals.—adv. Parasit′ically.—ns. Parasit′icalness; Parasit′icide, that which destroys parasites; Par′asitism; Parasitol′ogist; Parasitol′ogy. [Fr.,—L. parasītus—Gr. parasitos—para, beside, sitos, corn.]

Parasol, par′a-sol, n. a small umbrella used by women as a shade from the sun.—v.t. to shelter from the sun. [Fr.,—It. parasole—parare, to keep off—L. parāre, to prepare, sol, solis, the sun.]

Parasphenoid, par-a-sfē′noid, n. a bone which in some Vertebrata underlies the base of the skull from the basi-occipital to the presphenoidal region.—adj. lying under or alongside the sphenoid.

Parasynthesis, par-a-sin′the-sis, n. the principle of forming words by a combined process of derivation and composition with a particle.—adj. Parasynthet′ic.—n. Parasyn′theton, a word so formed:—pl. Parasyn′theta.

Parataxis, par-a-tak′sis, n. (gram.) the arrangement of clauses or propositions without connectives. [Gr.]

Parathesis, pa-rath′e-sis, n. (gram.) apposition: (philol.) the setting side by side of things of equivalent grade in the monosyllabic or isolating languages: (rhet.) a parenthetic notice of something to be afterwards explained: in the Eastern Church, a prayer of the bishop over converts or catechumens. [Gr.]

Paratonic, par-a-ton′ik, adj. retarding a plant's growth. [Gr. para, beside, teinein, to stretch.]

Paravail, par′a-vāl, adj. inferior: lowest, said of a feudal tenant: of least account—opp. to Paramount. [O. Fr. par aval, below—L. per, through, ad, to, vallem, a valley.]

Paravant, Paravaunt, par′a-vänt, adv. (Spens.) in front, first, beforehand. [O. Fr. paravant—par, through, avant, before—L. ab, from, ante, before.]

Parbake, pär′bāk, v.t. to bake partially. [Formed on analogy of parboil.]

Parboil, pär′boil, v.t. to boil slightly or in part—as if from part and boil.

Parbreak, pär′brāk, v.t. or v.i. (Spens.) to throw out, to vomit.—n. (Spens.) vomit. [Fr. par—L. per, through, and break.]

Parbuckle, pär′buk'l, n. a purchase made by looping a rope in the middle to aid in rolling casks up or down an incline, or in furling a sail by rolling the yards: a sling made by passing both ends of a rope through its bight.—v.t. to hoist or lower by a parbuckle:—pr.p. par′buckling; pa.p. par′buckled. [Prob. L. par, equal, and buckle.]

Parcel, pär′sel, n. a little part: a portion: a quantity, as of single articles: a number forming a group or a lot: a package.—v.t. to divide into portions:—pr.p. par′celling; pa.t. and pa.p. par′celled.—n. Par′cel-bawd (Shak.), one partly a bawd.—adjs. Par′cel-beard′ed (Tenn.), partially bearded; Par′cel-gilt, partially gilded.—n. Par′cel-off′ice, a place where parcels are received for despatch and delivery.—Parcels post, that department of the post-office which takes charge of the forwarding and delivery of small parcels. [Fr. parcelle (It. particella)—L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a part.]

Parcenary, par′se-nā-ri, n. co-heirship.—n. Par′cener, a co-heir.

Parch, pärch, v.t. to burn slightly: to scorch.—v.i. to be scorched: to become very dry.—adj. Parched, scorched.—adv. Parch′edly.—n. Parch′edness. [M. E. parchen, either a variety of per(s)chen=peris(c)hen, to kill, or from perchen, to pierce.]

Parchment, pärch′ment, n. the skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on.—Parchment paper, or Vegetable parchment (see Paper).—Virgin parchment, a fine kind of parchment made from the skins of new-born lambs or kids. [Fr. parchemin—L. pergamena (charta, paper)—from Gr. Pergamos.]

Pard, pärd, n. the panther: the leopard: in poetry, any spotted animal.—n. Pard′ale (Spens.). [L. pardus—Gr. pardos, the panther, the leopard.]

Pardieu, pär′dū, Pardi, Pardy, pär′di, adv. (Spens.) in truth: certainly. [Fr., by God—par—L. per, through, by, Dieu—L. deus, God.]

Pardon, pär′don, v.t. to forgive, said either of an offender or of a crime: to pass by without punishment or blame: to set free from punishment: to let off without doing something.—n. forgiveness, either of an offender or of his offence: remission of a penalty or punishment: a warrant declaring a pardon: a papal indulgence.—adj. Par′donable, that may be pardoned: excusable.—n. Par′donableness.—adv. Par′donably.—n. Par′doner, one who pardons: formerly, one licensed to sell papal indulgences.—p.adj. Par′doning, disposed to pardon: forgiving: exercising the right or power to pardon: conferring authority to grant pardon.—Pardon me, excuse me—used in apology and to soften a contradiction. [Fr. pardonner—Low L. perdonāre—L. per, through, away, donāre, to give.]

Pare, pār, v.t. to cut or shave off: to trim, or to remove by cutting: to diminish by littles.—n. Pār′er, one who, or that which, pares. [Fr. parer—L. parāre, to prepare.]

Paregoric, par-ē-gor′ik, adj. soothing, lessening pain.—n. a medicine that soothes pain: tincture of opium. [L.,—Gr. parēgorikos—parēgorein, to exhort.]

Pareira, pa-rā′ra, n. a tonic diuretic drug derived from various South and Central American plants. [Braz.]

Parella, pa-rel′la, n. a crustaceous lichen yielding archil, cudbear, and litmus.—Also Parelle′. [Fr. parelle.]

Parembole, pa-rem′bō-lē, n. (rhet.) an inserted phrase modifying or explaining the thought of the sentence—closer to the context than a parenthesis. [Gr.]

Parenchyma, pa-reng′ki-mä, n. the soft cellular tissue of glandular and other organs, as the pith in plants or the pulp in fruits.—adjs. Parench′ymal, Parenchym′atous, Parench′ymous. [Gr., para, beside, engchein, to pour in.]

Parenesis, pa-ren′e-sis, n. persuasion.—adjs. Parenet′ic, -al, hortatory. [Gr. parainesis, exhortation, para, beside, ainein, to praise.]

Parent, pār′ent, n. one who begets or brings forth: a father or a mother: one who, or that which, produces: an author: a cause.—n. Par′entage, descent from parents: birth: extraction: rank or character derived from one's parents or ancestors: relation of parents to their children.—adj. Parent′al, pertaining to, or becoming, parents: affectionate: tender.—adv. Parent′ally.—ns. Par′enthood, state of being a parent: duty or feelings of a parent; Parent′icide, one who kills a parent.—adj. Par′entless, without a parent. [Fr., 'kinsman'—L. parens, for pariens, -entis, pr.p. of parĕre, to bring forth.]

Parenthesis, pa-ren′the-sis, n. a word, phrase, or sentence put in or inserted in another which is grammatically complete without it: (pl.) the marks ( ) used to mark off a parenthesis:—pl. Paren′theses (-sēz).—v.i. Parenth′esise.—adjs. Parenthet′ic, -al, of the nature of a parenthesis: expressed in a parenthesis: using parentheses.—adv. Parenthet′ically. [Gr.,—para, beside, en, in, thesis, a placing—tithenai, to place.]

Parergon, pa-rėr′gon, n. a by-work, any work subsidiary to another. [Gr.,—para, beside, ergon, work.]

Paresis, par′e-sis, n. a diminished activity of function—a partial form of paralysis.—adj. Paret′ic. [Gr., parienai, to relax.]

Parfilage, pär′fi-lāj, n. the unravelling of woven fabrics, to save gold or silver threads. [Fr.]

Parfleche, pär-flesh′, n. rawhide of buffalo-skin stripped of hair and dried on a stretcher: a wallet, tent, &c. of such material. [Canadian Fr.,—Ind.]

Pargasite, pär′ga-sīt, n. a dark-green crystallised variety of amphibole or hornblende.

Parget, pär′jet, n. (Spens.) the plaster of a wall: paint.—v.t. to plaster: to paint.—ns. Par′geter; Par′geting, Parge′-work. [L. paries, parietis, a wall; or Low L. spargitāre, to sprinkle—L. spargĕre.]

Parhelion, par-hē′li-un, n. a bright light caused by refraction of light through ice crystals floating in the air, sometimes seen near the sun, and sometimes opposite to the sun, when it is called anthelion:—pl. Parhē′lia.—adjs. Parhel′ic, Parhelī′acal. [Gr. para, beside, hēlios, the sun.]

Pariah, pār′i-a, n. a member of a caste in southern India, lower than the four Brahminical castes: one who has lost his caste: an outcast. [Tamil.]

Parian, pā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to or found in the island of Paros, in the Ægean Sea.—n. an inhabitant of Paros: a fine porcelain for statuettes, resembling marble.—Parian marble, a fine marble found in Paros, much used by the ancients for statues.

Parietal, pa-rī′et-al, adj. pertaining to a wall or walls: (anat.) forming the sides: (bot.) growing from the inner lining of an organ, and not from the axis, as seeds in the ovary.—n. one of the bones of the skull. [L. parietalis—paries, parietis, a wall.]

Paring, pār′ing, n. act of trimming or cutting off: that which is pared off: rind: the cutting off of the surface of grass land for tillage.

Parish, par′ish, n. a district under one pastor: an ecclesiastical district having officers of its own and supporting its own poor: the people of a parish.—adj. belonging or relating to a parish: employed or supported by the parish.—n. Parish′ioner, one who belongs to or is connected with a parish: a member of a parish church.—Parish clerk, the clerk or recording officer of a parish: the one who leads the responses in the service of the Church of England; Parish priest, a priest who has charge of a parish; Parish register, a book in which the births, marriages, and deaths of a parish are registered. [Fr. paroisse—L. parœcia—Gr. paroikia—paroikos, dwelling beside—para, beside, oikos, a dwelling.]

Parisian, par-iz′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to Paris.—n. a native or resident of Paris:—fem. Parisienne′.—Paris doll, a small figure dressed in the latest fashions, sent out by Paris modistes.

Parisyllabic, par-i-si-lab′ik, adj. having the same number of syllables.

Parity, par′i-ti, n. state of being equal in rank, position, quality, &c.: resemblance: analogy. [Fr. parité—L. paritas—par, equal.]

Park, pärk, n. an enclosed piece of land for a special purpose, as for wild beasts: a grass field: a tract of land surrounding a mansion: a piece of ground enclosed for recreation: (mil.) a space in an encampment occupied by the artillery; hence, a collection of artillery, or stores in an encampment.—v.t. to enclose: to bring together in a body, as artillery.—n. Park′er, the keeper of a park. [A.S. pearroc, prob. modified by Fr. parc.]

Parlance, pär′lans, n. speaking: conversation: peculiar manner of conversation.—adj. and adv. Parlan′do, declamatory in style: in recitative.—v.i. Parle (Shak.), to talk.—n. (Shak.) talk, conversation.—v.i. Par′ley, to speak with another: to confer on some important point: to treat with an enemy.—n. talk: a conference with an enemy in war. [Fr. parler—L. parabola—Gr. parabolē, a parable, word.]

Parliament, pär′li-ment, n. a meeting for deliberation: the supreme legislature of Great Britain, also of some of her colonies: in France, down to the Revolution, one of certain superior and final courts of judicature, in which also the edicts of the king were registered before becoming law.—adjs. Parliamentā′rian, adhering to the Parliament in opposition to Charles I.; Parliament′ary, pertaining to parliament: enacted or done by parliament: according to the rules and practices of legislative bodies.—Parliamentary agent, a person employed by private persons or societies for drafting bills or managing business to be brought before parliament; Parliamentary borough, a borough having the right of sending a member or members to parliament; Parliamentary train, a train which, by act of parliament, runs both ways along a line of railway, at least once each day, at the rate of one penny per mile.—Act of parliament, a statute that has passed through both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and received the formal royal assent. [Fr. parlement—parler, to speak.]

Parlour, pär′lur, n. an ordinary family sitting-room: a room for receiving guests in.—n. Par′lour-board′er, a pupil at a boarding-school who enjoys particular privileges. [Fr., parloir—parler, to speak.]

Parlous, pär′lus, adj. perilous, venturesome, notable.—adv. Par′lously. [Perilous.]

Parmesan, par-me-zan′, adj. pertaining to Parma.—n. Parmesan cheese.

Parnassus, par-nas′us, n. a mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and the Muses.—adj. Parnass′ian.—Grass of Parnassus, a plant with beautiful white or yellowish flowers.

Parnellism, pär′nel-izm, n. the plans and methods of agitation used by Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-91) for the purpose of promoting 'Home Rule' for Ireland.—n. Par′nellite, one of the followers of C. S. Parnell.—adj. of or pertaining to the nationalist movement led by Parnell.

Parochial, par-ō′ki-al, adj. of or relating to a parish: restricted or confined within narrow limits—of sentiments, tastes, &c.—v.t. Parō′chialise, to form into parishes.—n. Parō′chialism, a system of local government which makes the parish the unit—hence provincialism, narrowness of view.—adv. Parō′chially.—Parochial Board (in Scotland), the board in each parish which relieves the poor. [L. parochialis—parochia, a variant of parœcia.]

Parody, par′o-di, n. an imitation of a poem in which its words and ideas are so far changed as to produce a ridiculous effect.—v.t. to turn into parody, to make a parody of:—pa.p. par′odied.—adjs. Parod′ic, -al.—n. Par′odist, one who writes a parody. [L.,—Gr. parōdia—para, beside, ōdē, an ode.]

Parole, par-ōl′, n. word of mouth: (mil.) word of honour (esp. by a prisoner of war, to fulfil certain conditions): the daily password in a camp or garrison.—adj. given by word of mouth: oral—opp. to Documentary, as parole evidence. [Fr.,—L. parabola, a parable, saying.]

Paronomasia, par-ō-nō-mā′zhi-a, n. a rhetorical figure in which words similar in sound but different in meaning are set in opposition to each other: a play upon words—also Paronom′asy.—adjs. Paronomas′tic, -al.—ns. Par′onyme, Par′onym, a paronymous word—opp. to Homonym.—adj. Paron′ymous, formed by a slight change of word or name: derived from the same root: having the same sound, but different in spelling and meaning.—n. Paron′ymy, quality of being paronymous. [Gr. para, beside, onoma, name.]

Paroquet, Parroquet, par′o-ket, n. a small long-tailed tropical and subtropical parrot.—Also Parr′akeet. [Fr. perroquet—Pierrot, dim. of Pierre, Peter.]

Parosmia, pa-ros′mi-a, n. a perversion of the sense of smell. [Gr. para, beside, osmē, smell.]

Parotid, par-ot′id, n. the largest of the three pairs of salivary glands, situated immediately in front of the ear—also Parō′tis.—adj. Parot′ic, auricular, situated about the outer ear.—ns. Parotidī′tis, Parotī′tis, inflammation of the parotic gland. [L.,—Gr. parōtis, -idos—para, beside, ous, ōtos, ear.]

Paroxysm, par′oks-izm, n. a fit of acute pain occurring at intervals: a fit of passion: any sudden violent action.—adjs. Paroxys′mal, Paroxys′mic, pertaining to, or occurring in, paroxysms. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paroxysmos—para, beyond, oxys, sharp.]

Paroxytone, par-ok′si-tōn, adj. having the acute accent on the last syllable but one.—n. a word with an acute accent on the second last syllable.—v.t. to accent a word in this way.

Parquet, pär-ket′, n. the part of the floor of a theatre, &c., behind the musicians' seats, but not under the gallery: the pit or the whole of the floor of a theatre: parquetry.—n. Par′quetry, woodwork inlaid with figures, for floors. [Fr. parquet, an inlaid floor, dim. of parc, an enclosure.]

Parricide, par′ri-sīd, n. the murder of one's own father or mother: the murder of a parent: the murder of any one to whom reverence is due.—adj. Parricid′al, pertaining to, or committing, parricide. [Fr.,—L. parricida (for patri-cida)—pater, patris, father, cædĕre, to slay.]

Parrot, par′rut, n. one of a family of tropical and subtropical birds, with brilliant plumage and a hooked bill, remarkable for their faculty of imitating the human voice: a repeater of the words of others.—v.t. and v.i. to repeat by rote.—ns. Par′rot-coal, a kind of coal which crepitates in burning; Par′roter; Par′rot-fish, a name applied to various fishes, from their colours or the shape of their jaws; Par′rotry, servile imitation. [Contr. of Fr. perroquet.]

Parry, par′i, v.t. to ward or keep off: to turn aside: to avoid:—pa.t. and pa.p. parr′ied.—n. a turning aside of a blow or a thrust: a defensive movement of any kind. [Fr. parer—L. parāre, to prepare, in Low L. to keep off.]

Parse, pärs, v.t. (gram.) to tell the parts of speech of a sentence and the relations of the various words to each other.—n. Pars′ing. [L. pars (orationis), a part of speech.]

Parsee, Parsi, pär′sē, n. one of the surviving remnant of Zoroastrianism which took refuge in India in the 7th century: a fire-worshipper.—n. Par′seeism. [Pers. Pārsī—Pārs, Persia.]

Parsimony, pär′si-mun-i, n. sparingness in the spending of money: frugality: niggardliness.—adj. Parsimō′nious, sparing in the use of money: frugal to excess: niggardly: covetous.—adv. Parsimō′niously.—n. Parsimō′niousness. [Fr.,—L. parsimonia, parcimonia—parcĕre, to spare.]

Parsley, pärs′li, n. a bright-green herb, with finely divided, strongly scented leaves, used in cookery. [Fr. persil—L. petroselinum—Gr. petroselinon—petros, a rock, selinon, a kind of parsley.]

Parsnip, Parsnep, pärs′nip, n. an edible plant with a carrot-like root. [O. Fr. pastenaque—L. pastinaca—pastinum, a dibble.]

Parson, pär′sn, n. the priest or incumbent of a parish: a clergyman: one who is licensed to preach.—n. Par′sonage, the residence of the minister of a parish: (orig.) the house, lands, tithes, &c. set apart for the support of the minister of a parish.—adjs. Parson′ic, Par′sonish, pertaining to or like a parson. [O. Fr. persone—L. persōna, a person.]

Part, pärt, n. something less than the whole: a portion: a quantity or number making up with others a larger quantity or number: a fraction: a member or essential part of a whole: a proportional quantity: one's share: interest: side or party: action: character taken by an actor in a play: (math.) a quantity which taken a certain number of times will equal a larger quantity: an exact divisor: (mus.) one of the melodies of a harmony: (pl.) qualities: talents.—v.t. to divide: to make into parts: to put or keep asunder.—v.i. to be separated: to be torn asunder: to have a part or share.—adj. Part′ed (Shak.), endowed with parts or abilities: (bot.) deeply cleft, as a leaf.—n. Part′er.—adv. Part′ly, in part: in some degree.—Part of speech (gram.), one of the various classes of words.—For my part, as far as concerns me; For the most part, commonly; In bad, or ill, part, unfavourably; In good part, favourably; Take part in, to share or to assist in; Take part with, to take one's side. [Fr.,—L. pars, partis.]

Partake, pär-tāk′, v.i. to take or have a part, either absolutely, or with of or in before the thing shared, as food, &c.: to have something of the nature or properties, &c.: to be admitted: (Shak.) to make common cause.—v.t. to have a part in: to share: (Shak.) to communicate:—pr.p. partā′king; pa.t. partook′; pa.p. partā′ken.—ns. Partā′ker, one who shares in along with others: a partner: an accomplice; Partā′king, a sharing: (law) a combination in an evil design. [Part and take.]

Parterre, par-ter′, n. an arrangement of flower-plots with spaces of turf or gravel between for walks: the pit of a theatre, esp. beneath the galleries. [Fr.,—L. per terram, along the ground.]

Parthenogenesis, pär-the-nō-jen′e-sis, n. reproduction without renewed impregnation by a male, as in aphids or plant-lice, &c.—also Parthenog′eny.—adjs. Parthenogenet′ic, Parthenog′enous. [Gr. parthenos, a virgin, genesis, production.]

Parthenon, pär′the-non, n. the temple of Athēnē Parthĕnos, on the Acropolis at Athens. [Gr. Parthenōn—parthenos, a virgin.]

Parthian, par′thi-an, adj. of or belonging to Parthia, in Persia.—A Parthian shot, a shot or blow given while pretending to fly, a parting shot.

Partial, pär′shal, adj. relating to a part only: not total or entire: inclined to favour one person or party: having a preference: (bot.) subordinate.—v.t. Par′tialise (Shak.), to render partial.—ns. Par′tialism, the doctrine of the Partialists; Par′tialist, one who holds that the atonement of Christ was made only for a part of mankind; Partial′ity, state or quality of being partial: liking for one thing more than for others.—adv. Par′tially.[Fr.,—Low L. partialis—L. pars, a part.]

Partible, pär′ti-bl, adj. that may be parted: separable.—n. Partibil′ity.

Partibus, par′ti-bus, n. in Scots law, a note on the margin of a summons, giving name and designation of the pursuer.—In partibus infidelium, a phrase applying formerly to bishops who were merely titular, without regular jurisdiction, their function to assist some other bishop or to act as delegates of the Pope where no hierarchy had as yet been established.

Participate, pär-tis′i-pāt, v.i. to partake: to have a share.—v.t. to receive a part or share of.—n. Pär′ticeps crim′inis, one who, although not present, helps in any way the commission of a crime, or who after the deed assists or hides the person who did it.—adjs. Partic′ipable, capable of being participated in or shared; Partic′ipant, participating: sharing.—n. a partaker.—adv. Partic′ipantly.—n. Participā′tion.—adj. Partic′ipātive, capable of participating.—n. Partic′ipātor, one who partakes with another: a sharer. [L. participāre, -ātum—pars, part, capĕre, to take.]

Participle, pär′ti-si-pl, n. a word having the value of an adjective but regularly formed from a verb.—adj. Particip′ial, having the nature of a participle: formed from a participle.—adv. Particip′ially.[L.,—participium—particeps—pars, a part, capĕre, to take.]

Particle, pär′ti-kl, n. a little part: a very small portion: (physics) the minutest part into which a body can be divided: an atom: (gram.) an indeclinable word, as a preposition, a conjunction, an interjection: a word that can only be used in composition, as wise in sidewise: (R.C. Church) a crumb of consecrated bread, also the 'smaller breads' used in the communion of the laity.—adj. Partic′ular, relating to a part of anything: pertaining to a single person or thing: individual: special: worthy of special attention: concerned with or marking things single or distinct: exact: nice in taste: precise.—n. a distinct or minute part: a single point: a single instance: (pl.) details.—n. Particularisā′tion.—v.t. Partic′ularise, to mention the particulars of: to enumerate in detail: to give a special description of.—v.i. to mention or attend to single things or minute details.—ns. Partic′ularism, attention to one's own interest or party: a particular or minute description: the doctrine that salvation is offered only to particular individuals, the elect, and not freely to the whole race on condition of faith; Partic′ularist, one who holds the doctrine of particularism.—adj. Particularist′ic.—n. Particular′ity, quality of being particular: minuteness of detail: a single act or case: a single or a minute circumstance: something peculiar or singular.—adv. Partic′ularly, in an especial manner: in a high degree: (B.) in detail.—n. Partic′ularness.—adj. Partic′ulāte, having the form of a small particle.—In particular, specially, distinctly. [Fr.,—L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a part.]

Parting, pärt′ing, adj. putting apart: separating: departing: given at parting.—n. the act of parting: a division: a point or a line of division: the division of the hair on the head in dressing it: (geol.) a division of a mineral into layers: a snapping or breaking under a great strain, as of a cable.—n. Part′ing-cup, a drinking-cup with two handles on opposite sides.

Partisan, pär′ti-zan, n. an adherent of a party or a faction: one who is too strongly devoted to his own party or sect to be able to understand or to judge fairly of others.—adj. adhering to a party.—n. Par′tisanship. [Fr. (It. partigiano),—L. partīri.]

Partisan, pär′ti-zan, n. a kind of halberd or long-handled weapon, common in the Middle Ages: a soldier armed with such a weapon. [O. Fr. pertuisane, which is perh. from Old High Ger. parta a battle-axe, seen in halberd.]

Partition, par-tish′un, n. act of parting or dividing: state of being divided: separate part: that which divides: a wall between apartments: the place where separation is made.—v.t. to divide into shares: to divide into parts by walls.—adjs. Par′tīte, divided into parts: (bot.) parted nearly to the base; Par′titive, parting: dividing: distributive.—n. (gram.) a word denoting a part or partition.—adv. Par′titively. [Fr.,—L. partitio—partīri, divide.]

Partlet, pärt′let, n. a ruff or band worn round the neck or shoulders by women: a hen, from its habit of ruffling the feathers round its neck. [Prob. O. Fr. Pertelote, a woman's name.]

Partner, pärt′nėr, n. a sharer: an associate: one engaged with another in business: one who plays on the same side in a game: one who dances with another: a husband or wife.—v.t. (Shak.) to join as a partner.—ns. Part′nership, state of being a partner: a contract between persons engaged in any business; Sleep′ing-part′ner, one who has money invested in a business, but takes no part in its management.

Partridge, pär′trij, n. a genus of gallinaceous birds preserved for game.—n. Par′tridge-wood, a hard variegated wood, from Brazil and the West Indies, used in cabinet-work. [Fr. perdrix—L. perdix, perdicis—Gr. perdix.]

Part-singing, pärt′-sing-ing, n. act or practice of singing different parts in harmony.—n. Part′-song, a song sung in parts.

Parturient, pär-tū′ri-ent, adj. bringing, or about to bring, forth young: fruitful.—n. Partūri′tion, act of bringing forth.—adj. Partū′ritive. [L. parturiens, -entis, pr.p. of parturīre—parĕre, to bring forth.]

Party, pär′ti, n. a part of a greater number of persons: a faction: a company met for a particular purpose, as a dinner party, a pleasure party, &c.: an assembly: one concerned in any affair: the person or persons on either side in a law-suit: (colloq.) a single individual spoken of: (mil.) a detachment of soldiers.—adj. belonging to a party and not to the whole: consisting of different parties, parts, or things: (her.) parted or divided.—adjs. Par′ti-coat′ed, having on a coat of various colours; Par′ti-col′oured, coloured differently at different parts.—ns. Par′tyism, devotion to party; Par′ty-ju′ry, a jury half of natives and half of aliens; Par′ty-man, a member of a party: a partisan; Par′ty-pol′itics, politics viewed from a party stand-point, or arranged to suit the views or interests of a party; Par′ty-spir′it, the unreasonable spirit shown by a party-man toward those who do not belong to his party.—adj. Par′ty-spir′ited.—ns. Par′ty-ver′dict, a joint verdict; Par′ty-wall, a wall between two adjoining properties, built half on one and half on the other: a wall separating one house from another. [O. Fr. partir—L. partīri, to divide—pars, a part.]

Parvenu, pär′ve-nū, n. an upstart: one newly risen into notice or power.—adj. like a parvenu. [Fr., pa.p. of parvenir—L. pervenīre, to arrive at—per, through, venīre, to come.]

Parvis, Parvise, pär′vis, n. a porch, or an enclosed space before a church: a room over a church porch used as a store, or schoolroom, or as an ecclesiastic's chamber. [O. Fr.,—Low L. paravisus, corr. of Gr. paradeisos; cf. Paradise.]

Pas, pä, n. a step, as in dancing or marching: a dance, as in 'Pas seul'=a dance by one person, 'Pas deux'=a dance of two persons.—Pas d'armes, a joust, a tilt, or a tourney.—Have the pas of one, to take precedence of him. [Fr.]

Pasch, pask, n. the Jewish Passover: Easter.—adj. Pasch′al, pertaining to the Passover, or to Easter.—ns. Pasch′al-can′dle, a large candle blessed and placed on the altar on the day before Easter; Pasch′al-flow′er (see Pasque); Pasch′al-lamb, the lamb slain and eaten at the Jewish Passover; Pasch′-egg, an Easter-egg.—Pasch of the Cross, Good-Friday; Paschal controversy, a long dispute in the early church about the proper time for celebrating Easter. [A.S. pascha—L.,—Gr.,—Heb. pesach, the Passover—pasach, to pass over.]

Pascuage, pas′kū-āj, n. the grazing or pasturing of cattle.—adjs. Pas′cūal, Pas′cūous. [L. pascuum, pasture—pascĕre, to feed.]

Pash, pash, v.t. (Shak.) to strike, to dash, to crush.—n. a blow. [Perh. imit.]

Pasha, Pacha, pash′ä, n. a title given to Turkish officers who are governors of provinces or hold high naval and military commands.—ns. Pash′alic, Pach′alic, the jurisdiction of a pasha. [Turk.,—Pers. pāshā, pādshāh.]

Pasigraphy, pa-sig′ra-fi, n. a system of language-signs universally intelligible.—adjs. Pasigraph′ic, -al.—n. Pas′ilaly, universal speech. [Gr. pas, all, graphein, to write.]

Pasque-flower, pask′-flow′ėr, n. one of several genera of anemone, blooming about Easter—also Campana and Dane-flower.

Pasquin, pas′kwin, n. a lampoon or satire—also Pas′quil.—v.t. and v.i. to lampoon or satirise—also Pas′quil.—ns. Pas′quilant, Pas′quiler, Pasquinā′der, a lampooner; Pasquināde′, a lampoon.—v.t. to lampoon. [Pasquino, a sarcastic tailor in Rome in the 15th century, near whose house a mutilated statue was dug up just after his death, on which lampoons were posted.]

Pass, pas, v.i. to pace or walk onward: to move from one place or state to another: to travel: to change: to circulate: to be regarded: to go by: to go unheeded or neglected: to elapse, as time: to be finished: to move away: to disappear: (B.) to pass away: to go through an examination or an inspection: to be approved: to meet with acceptance: to happen: to fall, as by inheritance: to flow through: to thrust, as with a sword: to run, as a road.—v.t. to go by, over, beyond, through, &c.: to spend: to omit: to disregard: to surpass: to enact, or to be enacted by: to cause to move: to send: to transfer: to give forth: to cause to go from one person or state to another: to approve: to undergo successfully: to give circulation to: (fencing) to thrust:—pa.p. passed and past.—n. a way through which one passes: a narrow passage, esp. over or through a range of mountains: a narrow defile: a passport: state or condition: a written permission to go out or in anywhere: a ticket: (fencing) a thrust: success in any examination or other test, a certificate of having reached a certain standard—without honours.—adj. Pass′able, that may be passed, travelled over, or navigated: that may bear inspection: that may be accepted or allowed to pass: a little above the common: tolerable.—n. Pass′ableness.—adv. Pass′ably.—ns. Pass′book, a book that passes between a trader and his customer, in which credit purchases are entered: a bank-book; Pass′-check, a ticket of admission to a place, or of readmission when one goes out intending to return; Pass′er, one who passes; Pass′er-by, one who passes by or near; Pass′key, a key enabling one to enter a house: a key for opening several locks.—adj. Pass′less, having no pass: impassable.—ns. Pass′man, one who gains a degree or pass without honours at a university; Pass′port, a warrant of protection and permission to travel; Pass′word (mil.), a private word by which a friend is distinguishable from a stranger, enabling one to pass or enter a camp, &c.—Pass muster, to go through an inspection without fault being found; Pass off, to impose fraudulently, to palm off; Pass on, to go forward: to proceed; Pass on, or upon, to come upon, to happen to: to give judgment or sentence upon: to practise artfully, to impose upon, to palm off; Pass over, or by, to go to the other side of: to cross, to go past without visiting or halting: to overlook, to disregard; Pass the time of day, to exchange any ordinary greeting of civility; Pass through, to undergo, experience.—Bring to pass, to cause to happen; Come to pass, to happen. [O. Fr. passer—It. passare—passus, a step.]

Passade, pa-sād′, n. (Shak.) a push or thrust with a sword: the motion of a horse turning backwards or forwards on the same spot of ground.—Also Passā′do.

Passage, pas′āj, n. act of passing: a moving from one place or state to another: a journey, as in a ship: course: time occupied in passing: means of passing in or out: a way: entrance: enactment of a law: right of passing: price paid for passing or for being conveyed between two places: occurrence, any incident or episode: a single clause or part of a book, &c.: a modulation in music: (B.) a mountain-pass: ford of a river: (zool.) migratory habits.—v.i. to cross: to walk sideways, of a horse.—Passage of arms, any feat of arms: a quarrel, esp. of words.—Bird of passage, a bird that passes from one climate to another at the change of the seasons.

Passé, pas-sā′, adj. past one's best, faded, past the heyday of life: nearly out of date:—fem. Passée. [Fr., pa.p. of passer, to pass.]

Passementerie, pas-men-te-rē′, n. trimming for dresses, as beaded lace. [Fr.]

Passenger, pas′en-jėr, n. one who passes: one who travels in some public conveyance.—Passenger pigeon, a species of pigeon, a native of North America, having a small head and short bill, a very long, wedge-shaped tail, and long and pointed wings; Passenger train, a railway-train for the conveyance of passengers. [O. Fr. passagier (Fr. passager), with inserted n, as in messenger, nightingale.]

Passe-partout, pas′-par-tōō′, n. a means of passing anywhere: a master-key: a kind of simple picture-frame, usually of pasteboard, within which the picture is fixed by strips of paper pasted over the edges. [Fr., a 'master-key,' from passer, to pass, par, over, tout, all.]

Passeres, pas′e-rez, n.pl. the name given by Cuvier to the order of birds otherwise called Insessores, comprising more than half of all the birds.—adj. Pass′erine, relating to the Passeres, an order of which the sparrow is the type. [L. passer, a sparrow.]

Passible, pas′i-bl, adj. susceptible of suffering, or of impressions from external agents.—ns. Passibil′ity, Pass′ibleness, the quality of being passible.—adv. Pass′ibly, in a passible manner. [L. passibilis—pati, passus, to suffer.]

Passing, pas′ing, adj. going by, through, or away: happening now: surpassing.—adv. exceedingly: very.—ns. Pass′ing-bell, a bell tolled immediately after a person's death, originally to invite prayers for the soul passing into eternity; Pass′ing-note (mus.), a smaller note marking a tone introduced between two others, to effect a smooth passage from the one to the other, but forming no essential part of the harmony.

Passion, pash′un, n. power of feeling pain or suffering: strong feeling or agitation of mind, esp. rage: ardent love: eager desire: state of the soul when receiving an impression: suffering or passive condition, as opposed to Action: the sufferings, esp. the death, of Christ: (pl.) excited conditions of mind.—ns. Passiflō′ra, a genus of climbing herbs or shrubs, the passion-flowers; Pass′ional, Pass′ionary, a book containing accounts of the sufferings of saints and martyrs.—adjs. Pass′ional, influenced by passion; Pass′ionate, moved by passion: showing strong and warm feeling: easily moved to anger: intense.—adv. Pass′ionately.—n. Pass′ionateness.—adj. Pass′ioned, moved by passion: expressing passion.—ns. Pass′ion-flow′er, a flower so called from a fancied resemblance to a crown of thorns, the emblem of Christ's passion; Pass′ionist (R.C.), one of a religious congregation devoted to the commemoration of the Passion of Christ by missions, &c.—adj. Pass′ionless, free from passion: not easily excited to anger.—n. Pass′ion-mū′sic, music to which words describing the sufferings and death of Christ are set.—adj. Pass′ion-pale (Tenn.), pale with passion.—ns. Pass′ion-play, a religious drama representing the sufferings and death of Christ; Pass′ion-Sun′day, the fifth Sunday in Lent; Pass′ion-week, name commonly given in England to Holy-week (as being the week of Christ's passion); but, according to proper rubrical usage, the week preceding Holy-week. [Fr.,—L. passio, passionis—passus, pa.p. of pati, to suffer.]

Passive, pas′iv, adj. suffering, unresisting: not acting: (gram.) expressing the suffering of an action by the subject of the verb.—adv. Pass′ively.—ns. Pass′iveness, Passiv′ity, inactivity: patience: tendency of a body to preserve a given state, either of motion or of rest. [Fr.,—L. passivus—pati, suffer.]

Passover, pas′ō-vėr, n. annual feast of the Jews, to commemorate the destroying angel passing over the houses of the Israelites when he slew the first-born of the Egyptians.—adj. pertaining to the Passover.

Passy-measure, pas′si-mezh′ūr, n. (Shak.) an old stately kind of dance, called also Passamezzo. [It. passamezzo—passare, to pass—passo—L. passus, a pace, mezzo—L. medius, the middle.]

Past, past, pa.p. of Pass.—adj. gone by: elapsed: ended: now retired from service: in time already passed.—prep. farther than: out of reach of: no longer capable of.—adv. by.—The past, that which has passed, esp. time.

Paste, pāst, n. a mass of anything made soft by wetting: flour and water forming dough for pies, &c.: a cement made of flour, water, &c.: a fine kind of glass for making artificial gems.—v.t. to fasten with paste.—n. Paste′board, a stiff board made of sheets of paper pasted together, &c.—adj. made of such, unsubstantial. [O. Fr. paste (Fr. pâte)—Late L. pasta—Gr. pastē, a mess of food—pastos, salted—passein, to sprinkle.]

Pastel, pas′tel, n. chalk mixed with other materials and various colours for crayons, a drawing made with such, also the art: woad.—n. Pas′telist.[Fr. pastel—It. pastello—L. pastillus, a small loaf—pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Pastern, pas′tėrn, n. the part of a horse's foot from the fetlock to the hoof, where the shackle is fastened. [O. Fr. pasturon (Fr. pâturon)—O. Fr. pasture, pasture, a tether for a horse.]

Pasteurism, pas-tėr′izm, n. the method of inoculation with the attenuated virus of certain diseases, esp. hydrophobia, as introduced by Louis Pasteur (1822-95).—adj. Pasteur′ian.—n. Pasteurisā′tion, a method of arresting the fermentation in beer, wine, &c. by heating to at least 140° F.—v.t. Pasteur′ise.

Pastiche, pas-tēsh′, n. a mixture of many parts of different kinds, used of music, painting, &c.: a work in literature or art in direct imitation of another's style.—Also Pastic′cio. [It. pasticcio.]

Pastille, pas-tēl′, n. a small cone of charcoal and aromatic substances, burned either as incense, or as a means of diffusing an agreeable odour: a small aromatic confection: a paper tube containing a firework which causes a small wheel to rotate in burning: (art) the same as pastel—also Pas′til.—n. Pas′tillage.[Fr.,—L. pastillus, a small loaf.]

Pastime, pas′tīm, n. that which serves to pass away the time: amusement: recreation.

Pastor, pas′tur, n. one who has care of a flock: a shepherd: a clergyman.—adj. Pas′toral, relating to shepherds or to shepherd life: rustic: of or pertaining to the pastor of a church: addressed to the clergy of a diocese by their bishop.—n. a poem which describes the scenery and life of the country: a letter or an address by a pastor to his people, or by a bishop to his clergy: (mus.) a simple melody.—n. Pas′toralism, pastoral character.—adv. Pas′torally.—ns. Pas′torate, Pas′torship, the office of a pastor: the time during which one has been a pastor: the whole body of pastors in one church or district.—adj. Pas′torly, becoming a pastor.—Pastoral address, or letter (see Pastoral, n.); Pastoral charge, position of a pastor: the church, &c., over which a pastor is placed: an address to a newly ordained minister; Pastoral epistles, those in the New Test. to Timothy and Titus; Pastoral staff, a tall staff borne as an emblem of episcopal authority, headed like a shepherd's crook, or having a T-shaped head; Pastoral theology, that part of theology which treats of the duties of pastors; Pastoral work, the work of a pastor in visiting his people. [L., pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Pastor, pas′tur, n. a beautiful bird allied to the starlings, native to Western Asia.

Pastorale, pas-tō-rä′le, n. a variety of opera or cantata characterised by the idyllic or pastoral element: a vocal or instrumental piece intended to suggest pastoral life: one of the simple traditional open-air dramas still kept up among the Basques: one of the figures of a quadrille.—Also Pastourelle′.

Pastry, pās′tri, n. articles made of paste or dough: crust of pies, tarts, &c.: act or art of making articles of paste.—n. Pās′trycook, one who cooks or sells pastry. [Paste.]

Pasture, past′ūr, n. grass for grazing: ground covered with grass for grazing.—v.t. to feed on pasture: to supply with grass.—v.i. to feed on pasture: to graze.—adj. Past′ūrable, that can be pastured: fit for pasture.—ns. Past′ūrage, the business of feeding or grazing cattle: pasture-land: grass for feeding; Past′ūre-land, land appropriated to pasture.—adj. Past′ūreless, destitute of pasture. [O. Fr. pasture (Fr. pâture)—L. pastura—pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Pasty, pās′ti, adj. like paste.—n. a small pie of meat and crust baked without a dish.

Pat, pat, n. a light, quick blow, as with the hand.—v.t. to strike gently: to tap:—pr.p. pat′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. pat′ted.—Pat on the back, to mark approval by patting on the back, to patronise. [Imit.]

Pat, pat, n. a small, moulded lump of butter. [Celt., as Ir. pait, a lump.]

Pat, pat, adj. fitly: at the right time or place.—adv. Pat′ly, fitly, conveniently.—n. Pat′ness, fitness, appropriateness. [Pat, a light blow.]

Patagium, pat-ā-jī′um, n. the wing-membrane of a bat, &c.: the parachute of a flying squirrel, &c.: the fold of integument between the upper arm and the forearm of a bird: one of the scales affixed to the pronotum of lepidopterous insects—the tegula. [L., 'a gold edging.']

Patamar, pat′a-mär, n. a vessel on the Bombay coast, with arched keel, and great stem and stern rake.

Patavinity, pat-a-vin′i-ti, n. the style of Padua (L. Patavium), esp. the diction of Livy, a native of Patavium, hence provincialism generally.

Patch, pach, v.t. to mend by putting in a piece: to repair clumsily: to make up of pieces: to make hastily.—n. a piece sewed or put on to mend a defect: anything like a patch: a small piece of ground: a plot: (Shak.) a paltry fellow, a fool—properly a jester: (print.) an overlay to obtain a stronger impression: a small piece of black silk, &c., stuck by ladies on the face, to bring out the complexion by contrast—common in the 17th and 18th centuries.—adj. Patch′able.—ns. Patch′-box, a fancy box for holding the patches worn on the face, generally having a mirror inside the lid; Patch′er, one who patches; Patch′ery (Shak.), bungling work; Patch′work, work formed of patches or pieces sewed together: work patched up or clumsily executed.—adj. Patch′y, covered with patches: inharmonious, incongruous.—Not a patch on, not fit to be compared with. [Low Ger. patschen; prob. conn. with piece.]

Patchouli, pa-chōō′li, n. a perfume got from the dried branches of the patchouli shrub, 2-3 ft. high: the plant itself.—Also Patchou′ly. [Tamil, patchei, gum, elei, a leaf.]

Pate, pāt, n. the crown of the head: the head.—adj. Pāt′ed, having a pate. [Through O. Fr., from Ger. platte, a plate; cf. Low L. platta, tonsure.]

Pâté, pä-tā′, n. pie: pasty.—Pâté de foie gras, pasty of fat goose liver: Strasburg pie. [Fr.]

Patella, pa-tel′la, n. a little dish or vase: the knee-pan: a genus of gasteropodous univalve molluscs: the limpet.—adjs. Patel′lar, pertaining to the patella or knee-cap; Patel′late or Patel′lulate; Patel′liform, of the form of a small dish or saucer. [L., dim. of patina, a pan.]

Paten, pat′en, n. the plate for the bread in the Eucharist. [Fr.,—L. patina, a plate—Gr. patanē.]

Patent, pā′tent, or pat′ent, adj. lying open: conspicuous: public: protected by a patent: (bot.) spreading: expanding.—n. an official document, open, and having the Great Seal of the government attached to it, conferring an exclusive right or privilege, as a title of nobility, or the sole right for a term of years to the proceeds of an invention: something invented and protected by a patent.—v.t. Pā′tent, to grant or secure by patent.—adj. Pā′tentable, capable of being patented.—ns. Pātentee′, one who holds a patent, or to whom a patent is granted—also Pā′tenter; Pā′tent-leath′er, a kind of leather to which a permanently polished surface is given by a process of japanning; Pā′tentor, one who grants or who secures a patent; Pā′tent-right, the exclusive right reserved by letters-patent.—n.pl. Pā′tent-rolls, the register of letters-patent issued in England.—Patent medicine, a medicine sold under the authority of letters-patent, any proprietary medicine generally on which stamp-duty is paid; Patent office, an office for the granting of patents for inventions; Patent outside, or inside, a newspaper printed on the outside or inside only, sold to a publisher who fills the other side with his own material, as local news, &c. [Fr.,—L. patens, -entis, pr.p. of patēre, to lie open.]

Patera, pat′e-rä, n. a round flat dish for receiving a sacrificial libation among the Romans: (archit.) the representation of such in bas-relief in friezes, &c.—often applied loosely to rosettes and other flat ornaments:—pl. Pat′eræ (-rē).—adj. Pat′eriform. [L.,—patēre, to lie open.]

Paterero, pat-e-rā′ro, n.:—pl. Patere′roes (-rōz). Same as Pederero.

Paterfamilias, pā-tėr-fa-mil′i-as, n. the father or head of a family or household:—pl. Pātresfamil′ias. [L. pater, a father, familias, arch. form of familiæ, gen. of familia, a household.]

Paternal, pa-tėr′nal, adj. fatherly: showing the disposition of a father: derived from a father: hereditary.—n. Pater′nalism.—adv. Pater′nally.—n. Pater′nity, state of being a father: fatherhood: the relation of a father to his children: origination or authorship. [Fr. paternel—Low L. paternalis—L. paternus—pater (Gr. patēr), a father.]

Paternoster, pā′tėr-nos-tėr, or pat-ėr-nos′tėr, n. the Lord's Prayer: every eleventh bead in a R.C. rosary, at which, in telling their beads, the Lord's Prayer is repeated: the whole rosary: anything made of objects strung together like a rosary, esp. a fishing-line with hooks at intervals: (archit.) an ornament shaped like beads, used in astragals, &c. [L. Pater noster, 'Our Father,' the first two words of the Lord's Prayer in Latin.]

Path, päth, n. a way trodden out by the feet: track: road: course of action or conduct:—pl. Paths (päthz).—n. Path′finder, one who explores the route, a pioneer.—adj. Path′less, without a path: untrodden. [A.S. pæth, path; Ger. pfad, Gr. patos, L. pons, pontis, a bridge.]

Pathan, pa-than′, n. an Afghan proper, one of Afghan race settled in India.

Pathetic, -al, pa-thet′ik, -al, adj. showing passion: affecting the tender emotions: causing pity, grief, or sorrow: touching: (anat.) trochlear.—adj. Pathemat′ic, pertaining to emotion.—adv. Pathet′ically.—ns. Pathet′icalness; Path′etism, animal magnetism; Path′etist, one who practises this.—The pathetic, the style or manner fitted to excite emotion. [Gr. pathētikos, subject to suffering.]

Pathic, path′ik, adj. pertaining to disease.—ns. Pathogen′esis, Pathog′eny, mode of production or development of disease.—adjs. Pathogenet′ic, Pathogen′ic, Pathog′enous, producing disease.

Pathognomonic, pā-thog-nō-mon′ik. adj. characteristic of a disease.—n. Pathog′nomy. [Gr. pathos, suffering, gnōmōn, a judge.]

Pathology, pa-thol′o-ji, n. science of the nature, causes, and remedies of diseases: the whole of the morbid conditions in a disease.—adjs. Patholog′ic, -al.—adv. Patholog′ically.—ns. Pathol′ogist, one versed in pathology; Pathophō′bia, morbid dread of disease. [Fr.,—Gr. pathos, suffering, logos, discourse.]

Pathos, pā′thos, n. that in anything (as a word, a look, &c.) which touches the feelings or raises the tender emotions: the expression of deep feeling.—n. Pathom′etry, the distinction of suffering into different kinds. [Gr., from pathein, 2 aorist of paschein, to suffer, feel.]

Patibulary, pā-tib′ū-la-ri, adj. of or pertaining to a gibbet or gallows. [L. patibulum, a gibbet.]

Patience, pā′shens, n. quality of being patient or able calmly to endure: (Shak.) permission: a card-game, same as Solitaire (q.v.).—adj. Pā′tient, sustaining pain, &c., without repining: not easily provoked: not in a hurry: persevering: expecting with calmness: long-suffering.—n. one who bears or suffers: a person under medical treatment.—adv. Pā′tiently. [Fr.,—L. patentia—patiens—pati, to bear.]

Patina, pat′i-na, n. a bowl, pan, patella: the encrustation which age gives to works of art: the peculiar varnish-like rust which covers ancient bronzes and medals.—adj. Pat′ināted.—n. Patinā′tion. [It.,—L. patina, a dish, a kind of cake.]

Patio, pat′i-ō, n. a courtyard connected with a house. [Sp.,—L. spatium, a space.]

Patois, pat′waw, n. a vulgar or provincial dialect. [Fr., orig. patrois—L. patriensis, indigenous—patria, one's native country.]

Patonce, pa-tons′, n. (her.) a cross whose four arms expand in curves from the centre, with floriated ends.—adj. Patoncée. [Fr.,—L. patēre, to expand.]

Patres conscripti, pā′tres kon-skrip′tī, n.pl. conscript fathers: the senators of ancient Rome. [L. patres, pl. of pater, a father, conscripti, pl. of conscriptus,—conscribĕre, to enrol.]

Patrial, pā′tri-al, adj. designating a race or nation.—n. a noun derived from the name of a country.

Patria potestas, pā′tri-ä pō-tes′tas, n. a father's control over his family, in ancient Rome, which was almost unlimited. [L.]

Patriarch, pā′tri-ärk, n. one who governs his family by paternal right: (B.) one of the early heads of families from Adam downwards to Abraham, Jacob, and his sons: in Eastern churches, a dignitary superior to an archbishop.—adjs. Patriarch′al, Patriarch′ic, belonging or subject to a patriarch: like a patriarch: of the nature of a patriarch.—ns. Pā′triarchalism, the condition of tribal government by a patriarch; Pā′triarchate, the office or jurisdiction of a patriarch or church dignitary: the residence of a patriarch; Pā′triarchism, government by a patriarch; Pā′triarchy, a community of related families under the authority of a patriarch. [O. Fr.,—L.,—Gr. patriarchēs—patēr, father, archē, beginning.]

Patrician, pa-trish′an, n. a nobleman in ancient Rome, being a descendant of one of the fathers or first Roman senators: a nobleman.—adj. pertaining to the ancient senators of Rome or to their descendants: of noble birth.—n. Patric′iate, the position or duties of a patrician: the patrician order. [L. patricius—pater, patris, a father.]

Patricide, pat′ri-sīd, n. the murder or the murderer of one's own father.—adj. Pat′ricīdal, relating to patricide or the murder of a father. [L. patricida—pater, patris, father, cædĕre, to kill.]

Patrico, pat′ri-kō, n. (slang) a gipsy or beggars' hedge-priest.—Also Pat′ercove.

Patrimony, pat′ri-mun-i, n. a right or estate inherited from a father or from one's ancestors: a church estate or revenue.—adj. Patrimō′nial, pertaining to a patrimony: inherited from ancestors.—adv. Patrimō′nially. [Fr. patrimoine—L. patrimonium, a paternal estate—pater, patris, a father.]

Patriot, pā′tri-ot, or pat′-, n. one who truly loves and serves his fatherland.—adj. devoted to one's country.—adj. Pātriot′ic, like a patriot: actuated by a love of one's country: directed to the public welfare.—adv. Pātriot′ically.—n. Pā′triotism, quality of being patriotic: love of one's country. [Fr.,—Low L.,—Gr. patriōtēs—patrios—patēr, a father.]

Patripassian, pā-tri-pas′i-an, n. a member of one of the earliest classes of anti-Trinitarian sectaries (2d century), who denied the distinction of three persons in one God, maintaining that the sufferings of the Son could be predicated of the Father. [L. pater, father, pati, passus, to suffer.]

Patristic, -al, pa-tris′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to the fathers of the Christian Church.—ns. Pā′trist, one versed in patristics; Patris′ticism, mode of thought, &c., of the fathers.—n.pl. Patris′tics, the knowledge of the fathers as a subject of study—sometimes Patrol′ogy. [Fr., coined from L. pater, patris, a father.]

Patrol, pa-trōl′, v.i. to go the rounds in a camp or garrison: to watch and protect.—v.t. to pass round as a sentry:—pr.p. patrōl′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. patrōlled′.—n. the marching round of a guard in the night: the guard or men who make a patrol: (also Patrōl′man) a policeman who walks about a certain beat for a specified time, such policemen collectively. [O. Fr. patrouille, a patrol, patrouiller, to march in the mud, through a form patouiller, from pate (mod. patte), the paw or foot of a beast, of Teut. origin, cf. Ger. patsche, little hand.]

Patron, pā′trun, n. a protector: one who countenances or encourages: one who has the right to appoint to any office, esp. to a living in the church: a guardian saint:—fem. Pā′troness.—v.t. to treat as a patron.—n. Pā′tronage, the support given by a patron: guardianship of saints: the right of bestowing offices, privileges, or church benefices.—v.t. (Shak.) to support.—adj. Pā′tronal.—n. Pātronisā′tion.—v.t. Pā′tronīse, to act as a patron toward: to give countenance or encouragement to: to assume the air of a patron towards.—n. Pā′tronīser.—adj. Pā′tronīsing.—adv. Pā′tronīsingly.—adj. Pā′tronless. [Fr.,—L. patronus—pater, patris, a father.]

Patronymic, -al, pat-rō-nim′ik, -al, adj. derived from the name of a father or an ancestor.—n. Patronym′ic, a name taken from one's father or ancestor. [Gr. patēr, a father, onoma, a name.]

Patroon, pā-trōōn′, n. one who received a grant of land under the old Dutch governments of New York and New Jersey.—n. Patroon′ship. [Dut.; cf. Patron.]

Patté, Pattée, pa-tā′, adj. (her.) spreading toward the extremity. [O. Fr. patte, a paw.]

Patten, pat′en, n. a wooden sole with an iron ring, worn under the shoe to keep it from the wet: the iron hoop attached to the boot in cases of hip-joint disease: the base of a pillar.—v.i. to go about on pattens.—adj. Patt′ened, provided with pattens. [O. Fr. patin, clog—patte.]

Patter, pat′ėr, v.i. to pat or strike often, as hailstones: to make the sound of short quick steps:—pr.p. patt′ering; pa.t. and pa.p. patt′ered. [A freq. of pat.]

Patter, pat′ėr, v.i. to repeat the Lord's Prayer: to pray: to repeat over and over again indistinctly, to mumble.—v.t. to repeat hurriedly, to mutter.—n. glib talk, chatter: the cant of a class.—ns. Patt′erer, one who sells articles on the street by speechifying; Patt′er-song, a comic song in which a great many words are sung or spoken very rapidly.—Patter flash, to talk the jargon of thieves. [Pater-noster.]

Pattern, pat′ėrn, n. a person or thing to be copied: a model: an example: style of ornamental work: anything to serve as a guide in forming objects: the distribution of shot in a target at which a gun is fired.—ns. Patt′ern-book, a book containing designs of lace, &c., or in which patterns of cloth, &c., are pasted; Patt′ern-box, in weaving, a box at each side of a loom containing the various shuttles that may be used; Patt′ern-card, a piece of cardboard on which specimens of cloth are fixed; Patt′ern-mak′er, one who makes the patterns for moulders in foundry-work; Patt′ern-shop, the place in which patterns for a factory are prepared; Patt′ern-wheel, the count-wheel in a clock movement. [Fr. patron, a protector, pattern.]

Patty, pat′i, n. a little pie:—pl. Patt′ies.—n. Patt′y-pan, a pan in which to bake these. [Fr. pâté.]

Paucity, paw′sit-i, n. fewness: smallness of number or quantity. [Fr.,—L. paucitas—paucus, few.]

Pauldron, pawl′dron, n. a separable shoulder-plate in medieval armour. [O. Fr. espalleron—espalle, the shoulder.]

Paulician, paw-lish′an, n. a member of a Dualistic Eastern sect, founded about 660, professing peculiar reverence for Paul and his writings.

Pauline, paw′līn, adj. of or belonging to the Apostle Paul.—ns. Paul′inism, the teaching or theology of Paul; Paul′inist, a follower of Paul.

Paulo-post-future, paw′lō-pōst-fū′tūr, adj. and n. the future perfect tense in grammar.

Paunch, pawnsh, or pänsh, n. the belly: the first and largest stomach of a ruminant.—v.t. to eviscerate.—adj. Paunch′y, big-bellied. [O. Fr. panche (Fr. panse)—L. pantex, panticis.]

Pauper, paw′pėr, n. a very poor or destitute person: one supported by charity or by some public provision:—fem. Pau′peress.—n. Pauperisā′tion.—v.t. Pau′perise, to reduce to pauperism.—n. Pau′perism, state of being a pauper. [L.]

Pause, pawz, n. a ceasing: a temporary stop: cessation caused by doubt: suspense: a mark for suspending the voice: (mus.) a mark showing continuance of a note or rest.—v.i. to make a pause.—adjs. Paus′al; Pause′less.—adv. Pause′lessly.—n. Paus′er, one who pauses or deliberates.—adv. Paus′ingly, with pauses: by breaks: deliberately. [Fr.,—L. pausa—Gr. pausis, from pauein, to cause to cease.]

Pavan, pav′an, n. (Shak.) a slow dance, much practised in Spain: music for this dance.—Also Pav′en, Pav′in. [Fr.,—Sp. pavana, pavon—L. pavo, peacock; or It., for Padovana, pertaining to Padua.]

Pave, pāv, v.t. to lay down stone, &c., to form a level surface for walking on: to prepare, as a way or passage: to make easy and smooth in any way.—ns. Pā′vage, Pā′viage, money paid towards paving streets.—adj. Pāved—also Pā′ven.—ns. Pave′ment, a paved road, floor, or side-walk, or that with which it is paved; Pā′ver, Pā′vier, Pā′vior, Pā′viour, one who lays pavements; Pā′ving, the act of laying pavement: pavement.—adj. employed or spent for paving.—Pave the way, to prepare the way for. [Fr. paver—L. pavīre, to beat hard; cog. with Gr. paiein, to beat.]

Pavilion, pa-vil′yun, n. a tent: an ornamental building often turreted or domed: (mil.) a tent raised on posts: a canopy or covering: the outer ear: a flag or ensign carried at the gaff of the mizzenmast.—v.t. to furnish with pavilions: to shelter, as with a tent.—n. Pavil′ion-roof, a roof sloping equally on all sides. [Fr. pavillon—L. papilio, a butterfly, a tent.]

Pavise, pav′is, n. a shield for the whole body. [Fr.,—Low L. pavensis, prob. from Pavia in Italy.]

Pavon, pav′on, n. a small triangular flag attached to a lance. [L. pavo, a peacock.]

Pavonine, pav′o-nīn, adj. pertaining to the peacock: resembling the tail of a peacock or made of its feathers: iridescent—also Pavō′nian.—n. Pavōne′ (Spens.), the peacock. [L. pavoninus—pavo, pavonis, a peacock.]

Paw, paw, n. the foot of a beast of prey having claws: the hand, used in contempt.—v.i. to draw the forefoot along the ground like a horse.—v.t. to scrape with the forefoot: to handle with the paws: to handle roughly: to flatter.—adj. Pawed, having paws: broad-footed. [O. Fr. poe, powe, prob. Teut.; cf. Dut. poot, Ger. pfote. Perh. related to O. Fr. pate (cf. Patrol). But perh. Celt., as W. pawen, a paw.]

Pawl, pawl, n. a short bar lying against a toothed wheel to prevent a windlass, &c., from running back: a catch or click.—v.t. to stop by means of a pawl. [W. pawl, a stake, conn. with L. palus, a stake.]

Pawn, pawn, n. something given as security for the repayment of money or the performance of a promise: state of being pledged.—v.t. to give in pledge.—ns. Pawn′broker, a broker who lends money on pawns or pledges; Pawn′broking, the business of a pawnbroker; Pawnee′, one who takes anything in pawn; Pawn′er, one who gives a pawn or pledge as security for money borrowed; Pawn′shop, a shop of a pawnbroker; Pawn′ticket, a ticket marked with the name of the article, the amount advanced, &c., delivered to the person who has pawned anything.—At pawn, pledged, laid away. [O. Fr. pan, prob. from L. pannus, a cloth.]

Pawn, pawn, n. a common piece in chess. [O. Fr. paon, a foot-soldier—Low L. pedo, pedonis, a foot-soldier—L. pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pawnee, paw′nē, n. one of a tribe of Indians in North America.—adj. belonging to this tribe.

Pax, paks, n. the kiss of peace (Rom. xvi. 16): a plaque or tablet used in giving the kiss of peace when the mass is celebrated by a high dignitary—a crucifix, a tablet with the image of Christ on the cross upon it, or a reliquary.—Pax vobis, Pax vobiscum, peace (be) with you. [L.]

Paxwax, paks′waks, n. the strong tendon in the neck of animals. [Orig. fax-wax—A.S. feax, fex, hair, weaxan, to grow.]

Pay, pā, v.t. to satisfy or set at rest: to discharge, as a debt or a duty: to requite with what is deserved: to reward: to punish: to give, render.—v.i. to recompense: to be worth one's trouble: to be profitable:—pa.t. and pa.p. paid.—n. that which satisfies: money given for service: salary, wages.—adj. Pay′able, that may be paid: that ought to be paid: due.—ns. Pay′-bill, a statement of moneys to be paid, to workmen, soldiers, &c.; Pay′-clerk, a clerk who pays wages; Pay′-day, a regular day for payment, as of wages; Pay′-dirt, -grav′el, gravel or sand containing enough gold to be worth working; Payee′, one to whom money is paid; Pay′er; Pay′-list, -roll, a list of persons entitled to pay, with the amounts due to each; Pay′master, the master who pays: an officer in the army or navy whose duty it is to pay soldiers, &c.; Pay′ment, the act of paying: the discharge of a debt by money or its equivalent in value: that which is paid: recompense: reward: punishment; Pay′-off′ice, the place where payments are made; Full′-pay, the whole amount of wages, &c., without deductions; Half′-pay (see Half).—Pay down, to pay in cash on the spot; Pay for, to make amends for: to bear the expense of; Pay off, to discharge: to take revenge upon: to requite: (naut.) to fall away to leeward; Pay out, to cause to run out, as rope; Pay round, to turn the ship's head; Pay the piper, to have all expenses to pay.—In the pay of, hired by. [Fr. payer—L. pacāre, to appease; cf. pax, peace.]

Pay, pā, v.t. (naut., and in the proverb 'the devil to pay') to smear with tar, pitch, &c. [Perh. through O. Fr. peier (Sp. empegar) from L. picāre, to pitch.]

Paynim, Painim, pā′nim, n. a pagan: a heathen. [O. Fr. paienisme, paganism—L. paganismus—paganus, a pagan.]

Paynise, pā′nīz, v.t. to harden and preserve, as wood, by successive injections of solutions of calcium or barium sulphide followed by calcium sulphate. [Payne, inventor of the process.]

Paysage, pā′sāj, n. a landscape.—n. Pay′sāgist, a landscape-painter. [Fr.]

Pea, pē, n. a climbing annual herb of the bean family, whose seeds are nutritious:—pl. Peas, a definite number; Pease, a quantity not numbered.—ns. Pea′-rī′fle, a rifle throwing a very small bullet; Peas′cod, Pease′cod, the pod or pericarp of the pea; Pea′-shoot′er, a small metal tube for blowing peas through; Pea′-stone, pisolite.—Egyptian pea, the chick-pea; French pea, the common garden pea: (pl.) canned peas made up in France; Split peas, peas stripped of their membraneous covering in a mill, used for making pea-soup, or ground into meal; Sweet pea, a climbing annual with large and fragrant flowers. [M. E. pese, pl. pesen and peses—A.S. pisa, pl. pisan—L. pisum, Gr. pison.]

Peace, pēs, n. a state of quiet: freedom from disturbance: freedom from war: friendliness: calm: rest: harmony: silence.—interj. silence: be silent: hist!—adj. Peace′able, disposed to peace: free from war or disturbance: quiet: tranquil.—n. Peace′ableness.—adv. Peace′ably.—n. Peace′-break′er, one who breaks or disturbs the peace of others.—adj. Peace′ful, full of peace: quiet: tranquil: calm: serene.—adv. Peace′fully.—n. Peace′fulness.—adj. Peace′less, without peace.—ns. Peace′lessness; Peace′maker, one who makes or produces peace; one who reconciles enemies; Peace′-off′ering, an offering bringing about peace: among the Jews, an offering to God, either in gratitude for past or petition for future mercies (see Lev. iii.; vii. 11-21): satisfaction to an offended person; Peace′-off′icer, an officer whose duty it is to preserve the peace: a police-officer.—adj. Peace′-part′ed (Shak.), dismissed from the world in peace.—n. Peace′-par′ty, a political party advocating the making or the preservation of peace; Peace′-pipe (see Calumet).—Peace establishment, the reduced military strength maintained in time of peace; Peace of God, the ancient cessation from suits between terms, and on Sundays and holy days.—Breach of the peace (see Breach); Hold one's peace, to be silent; Keep peace, abstain from breaking the peace of others; Kiss of peace (see Kiss); Letters of peace (see Pacify); Make one's peace with, to reconcile or to be reconciled with; Queen's, or King's, peace, the public peace, for the maintenance of which the sovereign as head of the executive is responsible; Swear the peace, to take oath before a magistrate that a certain person ought to be put under bond to keep the peace. [O. Fr. pais (Fr. paix)—L. pax, pacis, peace.]

Peach, pēch, v.i. to betray one's accomplice: to become informer.—n. Peach′er. [A corr. of impeach.]

Peach, pēch, n. a tree with a delicious, juicy fruit: the fruit of this tree.—ns. Peach′-bloss′om, a canary-yellow colour: pink with a yellowish tinge: a collector's name for a moth, the Thyatira batis; Peach′-brand′y, a spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the peach.—adj. Peach′-col′oured, of the colour of a peach-blossom: pale red.—ns. Peach′ery, a hothouse in which peaches are grown; Peach′-stone, the hard nut enclosing the seed within the fruit of the peach; Peach′-wa′ter, a flavouring extract used in cookery, prepared from the peach.—adj. Peach′y.—n. Peach′-yell′ows, a disease that attacks peach-trees in the eastern United States. [O. Fr. pesche (Fr. pêche, It. persica, pesca)—L. Persicum (malum), the Persian (apple).]

Peacock, pē′kok, n. a large gallinaceous bird of the pheasant kind, remarkable for the beauty of its plumage, esp. that of its tail:—fem. Pea′hen.—v.t. to cause to strut like a peacock.—v.i. to strut about proudly.—ns. Pea′chick, the young of the pea-fowl; Pea′cock-fish, a variegated labroid fish; Pea′-fowl, the peacock or peahen. [A.S. pawe—L. pavo—Gr. taōs—Pers. tāwus; and cock (q.v.).]

Pea-crab, pē′-krab, n. a genus of small crustaceans, which live within the mantle-lobes of mussels, oysters, &c.

Peag, pēg, n. polished shell-beads used as money among the North American Indians.—Also Peak (pēk).

Pea-green, pē′-grēn, adj. a shade of green like the colour of green peas.

Pea-jacket, pē′-jak′et, n. a coarse thick jacket worn esp. by seamen.—Also Pea′-coat. [Dut. pij (pron. pī), a coat of coarse thick cloth; jacket.]

Peak, pēk, n. a point: the pointed end of anything: the top of a mountain: (naut.) the upper outer corner of a sail extended by a gaff or yard, also the extremity of the gaff.—v.i. to rise upward in a peak: to look thin or sickly.—v.t. (naut.) to raise the point (of a gaff) more nearly perpendicular.—adjs. Peaked, pointed: ending in a point: having a thin or sickly look; Peak′ing, sickly, pining, sneaking; Peak′ish, having peaks: thin or sickly looking; Peak′y (Tenn.), having or showing peaks. [M. E. pec—Ir. peac, a sharp thing. Cf. Beak, Pike.]

Peal, pēl, n. a loud sound: a number of loud sounds one after another: a set of bells tuned to each other: a chime or carillon: the changes rung upon a set of bells.—v.i. to resound like a bell: to utter or give forth loud or solemn sounds.—v.t. to cause to sound loudly: to assail with noise: to celebrate. [For appeal; O. Fr. apel—apeler—L. appellāre, inten. of appellĕre, ap- (ad), to, pellĕre, to drive.]

Pea-maggot, pē′-mag′ut, n. the caterpillar of a small moth which lays its eggs in pods of peas.

Pean, pēn, n. one of the heraldic furs, differing from ermine only in the tinctures, the ground being sable and the spots of gold. [O. Fr. panne, a fur. Cf. Pane.]

Pear, pār, n. a common fruit of a somewhat conical shape, and very juicy to the taste: the tree on which it grows, allied to the apple.—adj. Pear′iform, Pear′-shaped, shaped like a pear—that is, thick and rounded at one end, and tapering to the other.—n. Pear′-tree. [A.S. pera or peru—L. pirum, a pear (whence also Fr. poire).]

Pearl, pėrl, n. a well-known shining gem, found in several kinds of shellfish, but most esp. in the mother-of-pearl oyster: anything round and clear: anything very precious: a jewel: a while speck or film on the eye: (print.) a size of type immediately above diamond, equal to 5 points (about 15 lines to the inch).—adj. made of, or belonging to, pearls.—v.t. to set or adorn with pearls: to make into small round grains.—v.i. to take a rounded form: to become like pearls.—adj. Pearlā′ceous, resembling pearls or mother-of-pearl: spotted with white.—ns. Pearl′-ash, a purer carbonate of potash, obtained by calcining potashes, so called from its pearly-white colour; Pearl′-bar′ley, barley after the skin has been ground off (prob. for 'pilled barley,' Fr. orge perlé); Pearl′-butt′on, a button made of mother-of-pearl; Pearl′-div′er, one who dives for pearls.—adj. Pearled, set with pearls: like pearls: having a border trimmed with narrow lace.—ns. Pearl′-edge, a thread edging, a border on some ribbons formed by projecting loops of the threads; Pearl′-eye, cataract.—adj. Pearl′-eyed, having a white speck on the eye.—ns. Pearl′-fish′er, one who fishes for pearls; Pearl′-fish′ery, the occupation of fishing for pearls, or the place where it is carried on; Pearl′-fish′ing; Pearl′-gray, a pale gray colour.—adj. of a pale gray colour, like the pearl.—ns. Pearl′iness, state of being pearly; Pearl′-nau′tilus, the pearly nautilus; Pearl′-oys′ter, the oyster which produces pearls; Pearl′-pow′der, a cosmetic for improving the appearance of the skin; Pearl′-white, a material made from fish-scales, used in making artificial pearls: a kind of cosmetic.—adj. Pearl′y, like a pearl, nacreous: yielding pearls: dotted with pearls: clear, transparent: having a pure sweet tone. [Fr. perle, acc. to Diez, prob. either a corr. of L. pirula, a dim. of pirum, a pear, or of L. pilula, dim. of pila, a ball.]

Pearling, pėrl′ing, n. lace made of silk or other kind of thread.—Also Pearl′in. [Ir. peirlin, fine linen.]

Peart, pērt, adj. lively: saucy: in good health and spirits.—adv. Peart′ly. [Pert.]

Peasant, pez′ant, n. a countryman: a rustic: one whose occupation is rural labour.—adj. of or relating to peasants, rustic, rural: rude.—n. Peas′antry, the body of peasants or tillers of the soil: rustics: labourers.—Peasant proprietor, a peasant who owns and works his own farm; Peasants' War, a popular insurrection in Germany, in 1525, stamped out with horrible cruelty. [O. Fr. paisant (Fr. paysan)—pays—L. pagus, a district.]

Pease, pēz, indef. pl. of Pea.—ns. Pease′cod, Peas′cod, the pericarp of the pea: a peacod; Pease′-meal, Pease′-porr′idge, Pease′-soup or Pea′-soup, meal, porridge, soup, made from pease.

Peat, pēt, n. decayed vegetable matter like turf, cut out of boggy places, and when dried used for fuel.—ns. Peat′-bog, a district covered with peat: a place from which peat is dug—also Peat′-bed, Peat′-moor, Peat′-moss; Peat′-hag, a ditch whence peat has been dug; Peat′-reek, the smoke of peat, supposed to add a delicate flavour to whisky; Peat′-spade, a spade having a side wing at right angles for cutting peat in rectangular blocks.—adj. Peat′y, like peat: abounding in, or composed of, peat. [True form beat—M. E. beten, to mend a fire—A.S. bétan, to make better—bót, advantage.]

Pebble, peb′l, n. a small roundish ball or stone: transparent and colourless rock-crystal used for glass in spectacles, a fine kind of glass: a large size of gunpowder.—v.t. to give (to leather) a rough appearance with small rounded prominences.—adjs. Pebb′led, Pebb′ly, full of pebbles.—ns. Pebb′le-pow′der, gunpowder consisting of large cubical grains, and burning slowly—also Cube-powder and Prismatic-powder; Pebb′le-ware, a kind of fine pottery made of various coloured clays mixed together; Pebb′ling, a way of graining leather with a ribbed or roughened appearance. [A.S. papol-(-stán), a pebble(-stone); akin to L. papula, a pustule.]

Pebrine, peb′rin, n. a destructive disease of silkworms.—adj. Peb′rinous. [Fr.]

Pecan, pē-kan′, n. a North American tree whose wood is chiefly used for fuel, also the nut it yields.

Peccable, pek′a-bl, adj. liable to sin.—ns. Peccabil′ity; Pecc′ancy, sinfulness: transgression.—adj. Pecc′ant, sinning: transgressing: guilty: morbid: offensive: bad.—adv. Pecc′antly. [L. peccabilis—peccāre, -ātum, to sin.]

Peccadillo, pek-a-dil′lo, n. a little or trifling sin: a petty fault:—pl. Peccadil′los, Peccadil′loes. [Sp. pecadillo, dim. of pecado—L. peccatum, a sin.]

Peccavi, pe-kā′vī, I have sinned. [L. 1st pers. sing. perf. indic. act. of peccāre, I sin.]

Peck, pek, n. a measure of capacity for dry goods=2 gallons, or one-fourth of a bushel: a great amount. [M. E. pekke, prob. from peck, 'to pick up.']

Peck, pek, v.t. to strike with the beak: to pick up with the beak: to eat: to strike with anything pointed: to strike with repeated blows.—ns. Peck′er, that which pecks: a woodpecker: (slang) spirit, as in 'to keep one's pecker up'=to keep up one's spirits; Peck′ing, the sport of throwing pebbles at birds.—adj. Peck′ish, somewhat hungry. [Pick.]

Pecksniff, pek′snif, n. one who talks large about virtue and benevolence, while at heart a selfish and unprincipled hypocrite.—adj. Peck′sniffian.—n. Peck′sniffianism. [From Mr Pecksniff in Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit.]

Pecten, pek′ten, n. a genus of molluscs, one species of which is the scallop—so called from the valves having ribs radiating from the umbo to the margin like a comb: a membrane on the eyes of birds.—adjs. Pectinā′ceous, like the scallops; Pec′tinal, of a comb: comb-like: having bones like the teeth of a comb; Pec′tināte, -d, having teeth like a comb: resembling the teeth of a comb.—adv. Pec′tinātely.—n. Pectinā′tion, the state of being pectinated—adjs. Pectinē′al, having a comb-like crest; Pec′tinibranchiate, having comb-like gills; Pec′tiniform, comb-like. [L. pecten, a comb.]

Pectic, pek′tik, adj. congealing, curdling.—ns. Pec′tin, Pec′tine, a soluble gelatinising substance obtained from pectose; Pec′tōse, a substance yielding pectin, contained in the fleshy pulp of unripe fruit. [Gr. pēktikos, congealing—pēgnynai, to make solid.]

Pectoral, pek′tō-ral, adj. relating to the breast or chest.—n. armour for the breast: an ornament worn on the breast, esp. the breastplate worn by the ancient Jewish high-priest, and the square of gold, embroidery, &c. formerly worn on the breast over the chasuble by bishops during mass: a pectoral cross: a pectoral fin: a medicine for the chest.—adv. Pec′torally.—n. Pectoril′oquy, the sound of the patient's voice heard through the stethoscope when applied to the chest in certain morbid conditions of the lungs.—Pectoral fins, the anterior paired fins of fishes; Pectoral theology, a name sometimes applied to the theology of those Christians who make much of experience and emotion, as themselves guides to a knowledge of divine truth—in Neander's phrase, 'Pectus est quod facit theologum.' [Fr.,—L. pectoralis—pectus, pectoris, the breast.]

Peculate, pek′ū-lāt, v.t. to take for one's own use money or property entrusted to one's care: to embezzle: to steal.—ns. Peculā′tion; Pec′ulātor. [L. peculāri, -ātus—pecūlium, private property, akin to pecunia, money.]

Peculiar, pē-kūl′yar, adj. one's own: belonging to no other: appropriate: particular: odd, uncommon, strange.—n. (obs.) private property: a parish or church exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary or bishop in whose diocese it is placed.—v.t. Pecul′iarise, to set apart.—n. Peculiar′ity, quality of being peculiar or singular: that which is found in one and in no other: that which marks a person off from others: individuality.—adv. Pecul′iarly.—n. Pecū′lium, private property, esp. that given by a father to a son, &c.—Peculiar people, the people of Israel: a sect of faith-healers, founded in London in 1838, who reject medical aid in cases of disease, and rely on anointing with oil by the elders, and on prayer, with patient nursing. [Fr.,—L. peculiaris—peculium, private property.]

Pecuniary, pē-kū′ni-ar-i, adj. relating to money: consisting of money.—adv. Pecū′niarily.—adj. Pecū′nious, rich. [Fr.,—L. pecuniarius—pecunia, money—pecu-, which appears in L. pecudes (pl.), cattle.]

Pedagogue, ped′a-gog, n. a teacher: a pedant.—v.t. to teach.—adjs. Pedagog′ic, -al, relating to teaching: belonging to, or possessed by, a teacher of children.—ns. Pedagog′ics, Ped′agogism, Ped′agogy, the science of teaching: instruction: discipline. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paidagōgos—pais, paidos, a boy, agōgos, a leader—agein, to lead.]

Pedal, ped′al, adj. pertaining to a foot.—n. any part of a machine transmitting power from the foot: in musical instruments, a lever moved by the foot.—v.i. to work a pedal.—n. Pēdā′le, a foot-cloth in front of an altar: a collection of canons of general councils in the Greek Church.—adjs. Pēdā′lian, relating to the foot, or to a metrical foot; Ped′āte, divided like a foot: (bot.) having the side lobes of a divided leaf also divided into smaller parts, the midribs of which do not run to a common centre as in the palmate leaf.—adv. Ped′ātely.—adj. Pedat′ifid, divided in a pedate manner, but having the divisions connected at the base.—Combination pedal, a metal pedal in organs controlling several stops at once. [L. pedalis—pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pedant, ped′ant, n. one who makes a vain display of learning: a pretender to knowledge which he does not possess: (Shak.) a pedagogue.—adjs. Pedant′ic, -al, displaying knowledge for the sake of showing.—adv. Pedant′ically, in a pedantic manner.—ns. Pedant′icism, Ped′antism.—v.i. Ped′antise, to play the pedant.—ns. Pedantoc′racy, government by pedants; Ped′antry, acts, manners, or character of a pedant: vain display of learning: (Swift) the overrating of any kind of knowledge we pretend to. [Fr.,—It. pedante—L. pædagogans, -antis, teaching—pædagogus, a pedagogue.]

Peddle, ped′l, v.i. to travel about with a basket or bundle of goods, esp. of smallwares, for sale: to trifle.—v.t. to retail in small quantities.—ns. Pedd′ler, Ped′lar, Ped′ler, a hawker or travelling merchant; Pedd′lery, Ped′lary, the trade or tricks of a peddler: wares sold by a peddler.—adj. Pedd′ling, unimportant.—n. the trade or tricks of a peddler. [Peddar, pedder, one who carries wares in a ped or basket.]

Pederasty, ped′e-rast-i, n. unnatural commerce of males with males, esp. boys.—n. Ped′erast, one addicted to this vice.—adj. Pederast′ic. [Gr., pais, paidos, a boy, erastēs—eraein, to love.]

Pederero, ped-e-rē′rō, n. an old gun for discharging stones, pieces of iron, &c., also for firing salutes.

Pedesis, ped-ē′sis, n. the rapid oscillation of small particles in a liquid.

Pedestal, ped′es-tal, n. anything that serves as a foot or a support: the foot or base of a pillar, &c.: the fixed casting which holds the brasses, in which a shaft turns, called also Axle-guard or Pillow-block.—v.t. to place on a pedestal. [Sp.,—It. piedestallo—L. pes, pedis, the foot, It. stallo, a place.]

Pedestrian, pē-des′tri-an, adj. going on foot: performed on foot: pertaining to common people: vulgar.—n. one journeying on foot: an expert walker, one who practises feats of walking or running.—adj. Pēdes′trial, of or pertaining to the foot: pedestrian.—adv. Pēdes′trially.—v.t. Pēdes′trianise, to traverse on foot.—n. Pēdes′trianism, a going on foot: walking: the practice of a pedestrian. [L. pedestris—pes, pedis.]

Pediatrics, ped-i-at′riks, n.pl. that branch of medical science which relates to children and their special diseases.—Also Ped′iatry. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, iatrikos, relating to a physician.]

Pedicel, ped′i-sel, n. the little footstalk by which a single leaf or flower is fixed on the twig or on the cluster of which it forms a part—also Ped′icle.—n. Pedicellā′ria, a minute structure on the skin of sea-urchins and star-fish, like a stalk with a three or two bladed snapping forceps at the summit.—adjs. Ped′icellate, Pedic′ūlate, provided with a pedicel.—n. Ped′icle, a fetter for the foot. [Fr. pédicelle—L. pediculus, dim. of pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pediculus, pē-dik′ū-lus, n. a genus of lice, or an individual of it.—adjs. Pēdic′ular, Pēdic′ulous, lousy.—ns. Pēdiculā′tion, Pēdiculō′sis, lousiness.

Pedicure, ped′i-kūr, n. the treatment of corns, bunions, or the like: one who treats the feet.

Pediferous, pē-dif′e-rus, adj. footed—also Pēdig′erous.—adj. Ped′iform, foot-shaped.

Pedigree, ped′i-grē, n. a line of ancestors: a list, in order, of the ancestors from whom one has descended: lineage: genealogy.—adj. Ped′igreed, having a pedigree. [Skeat suggests Fr. pied de grue, crane's-foot, from its use in the drawing out of pedigrees.]

Pedimanous, pē-dim′a-nus, adj. having all four feet like hands—of the opossums and lemurs.—n. Ped′imane.

Pediment, ped′i-ment, n. (archit.) a triangular or circular ornament which crowns the fronts of buildings, and serves as a finish to the tops of doors, windows, porticoes, &c.—adjs. Pediment′al; Ped′imented, furnished with a pediment: like a pediment. [L. pedamentum—pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pedipalp, ped′i-palp, n. a maxillipalp or maxillary palpus.—adj. pertaining to the same.—n.pl. Pedipal′pi, an order of Arachnida.—adj. Pedipal′pous.

Pedobaptism, pē-dō-bap′tizm, n. infant baptism.—n. Pedobap′tist, one who believes in infant baptism. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, baptism.]

Pedometer, pē-dom′et-ėr, n. an instrument, somewhat like a watch, by which the number of the steps of a pedestrian are registered, from which the distance he has walked is measured.—adj. Pedomet′ric. [L. pes, pedis, a foot, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Pedomotor, ped-ō-mō′tor, n. a means for applying the foot as a driving power.—adj. Pedomō′tive.

Pedotrophy, pē-dot′rō-fi, n. the rearing of children.—adj. Pedotroph′ic.—n. Pedot′rophist. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, trephein, to nourish.]

Peduncle, pē-dung′kl, n. the stalk by which a cluster of flowers or leaves is joined to a twig or branch—sometimes same as pedicel—also Pedun′culus.—adjs. Pedun′cular, Pedun′culate, -d. [Fr. pedoncule—Low L. pedunculus—L. pes, pedis, the foot.]

Peek, pēk, v.i. to peep.—n. Peek′aboo, a children's game, from the cry made when hiding one's eyes.

Peel, pēl, v.t. to strip off the skin or bark: to bare.—v.i. to come off as the skin: to lose the skin: (slang) to undress.—n. the skin, rind, or bark: (print.) a wooden pole with short cross-piece for carrying printed sheets to the poles on which they are to be dried: the wash or blade of an oar—not the loom: a mark (

) for cattle, for persons who cannot write, &c.—adj. Peeled, stripped of skin, rind, or bark: plundered.—ns. Peel′er, one who peels, a plunderer; Peel′ing, the act of stripping: that which is stripped off: (print.) the removing of the layers of a paper overlay, to get a lighter impression. [O. Fr. peler, to unskin—L. pilāre, to deprive of hair—pilus, a hair; or pellis, a skin.]

Peel, pēl, n. a small Border fortress.—Also Peel′-tow′er. [Pile.]

Peel, pēl, n. a baker's wooden shovel: a fire-shovel. [O. Fr. pele—L. pāla, a spade.]

Peeler, pēl′ėr, n. a policeman, from Sir R. Peel, who established the Irish police (1812-18) and improved those in Britain (1828-30).—n. Peel′ite, a follower of Peel in the reform of the Corn-laws in 1846.

Peen, pēn, n. the end of a hammer-head, usually shaped for indenting.—v.t. to strike with such. [Ger. pinne.]

Peep, pēp, v.i. to chirp, or cry as a chicken.—n. the cry of a young chicken. [Fr. piper—L. pipāre.]

Peep, pēp, v.i. to look through a narrow opening: to look out from concealment: to look slyly or cautiously: to begin to appear.—n. a sly look: a beginning to appear, a glimpse: a narrow view, a slit.—ns. Peep′er, one that peeps: a prying person: a chicken just breaking the shell: (slang) the eye; Peep′-hole, a hole through which one may look without being seen; Peep′-o'-day, the first appearance of light in the morning; Peep′-show, a small show viewed through a small hole, usually fitted with a magnifying-glass; Peep′-sight, a plate on the breach with a small hole through which a gunner takes his sight.—Peeping Tom, a prying fellow, esp. one who peeps in at windows; Peep-o'-day boys, a band of Protestants in the north of Ireland, in the end of the 18th century—opposed to the Catholic Defenders. [Same as above, Fr. piper, to chirp like a bird, then to beguile, whence peep=to look out slyly.]

Peer, pēr, n. an equal in rank, ability, character, &c.: an associate: a nobleman: a member of the House of Lords:—fem. Peer′ess.—n. Peer′age, the rank or dignity of a peer: the body of peers: a book containing a description of the history, connections, &c. of the different peers.—adj. Peer′less, having no peer or equal: matchless.—adv. Peer′lessly.—n. Peer′lessness.—House of Peers, the House of Lords; Spiritual peer, one of the bishops or archbishops qualified to sit as members of the House of Lords; Temporal peer, one of the members of the House of Lords, other than the bishops. [O. Fr. (Fr. pair),—L. par, paris, equal.]

Peer, pēr, v.i. to look narrowly or closely: to peep: to appear:—pa.t. and pa.p. peered.—adj. Peer′y, prying, sly. [M. E. piren—Low Ger. piren, orig. pliren, to draw the eyelids together.]

Peevish, pēv′ish, adj. habitually fretful: easily annoyed: hard to please: showing ill-nature: childish.—adv. Peev′ishly.—n. Peev′ishness. [Prob. imit. of the puling of fretful infants.]

Peg, peg, n. a wooden pin for fastening boards, or the soles of shoes: one of the pins on which the strings of a musical instrument are stretched: a reason or excuse for action: a drink of soda-water with brandy, &c.: a degree or step.—v.t. to fasten with a peg: to keep up the market price by buying or selling at a fixed price: to make points during the game of cribbage before the show of hands.—v.i. to work with unremitting effort:—pr.p. peg′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. pegged.—ns. Peg′-fiched, an English game played with pegs or pointed sticks; Peg′-float, a machine for rasping away the ends of pegs inside shoes.—adj. Pegged, fashioned of, or furnished with, pegs.—ns. Peg′ging, the act of fastening with a peg: pegs collectively: a thrashing: determined perseverance in work; Peg′-leg, a wooden leg of the simplest form, or one who walks on such; Peg′-strip, a ribbon of wood cut to the width, &c., of a shoe-peg; Peg′-tank′ard, a drinking-vessel having each one's share marked off by a knob; Peg′-top, a child's plaything made to spin round by winding a string round it and then rapidly pulling it off: (pl.) a kind of trousers, wide at the top and narrow at the ankles.—adj. shaped like a top.—Peg away, to keep continually working.—Take down a peg, to take down, to humble. [Scand.; as in Dan. pig, a spike.]

Pegasus, peg′a-sus, n. a winged horse which arose from the blood of the Gorgon Medusa, when she was slain by Perseus: a genus of small fishes with large, wing-like, pectoral fins: one of the constellations in the northern sky.—adj. Pegasē′an.

Peggy, peg′i, n. one of several small warblers, the whitethroat, &c. [Peggy, from Peg=Meg—Margaret.]

Pegmatite, peg′ma-tīt, n. coarsely crystallised granite.—adj. Pegmatit′ic.

Pehlevi, pā′le-vē, n. an ancient West Iranian idiom during the period of the Sassanides, largely mixed with Semitic words, and poorer in inflections and terminations than Zend (235-640 A.D.): the characters used in writing this language.—adj. of or pertaining to, or written in, Pehlevi. [Pers.]

Peignoir, pēn-wär′, n. a loose wrapper worn by women during their toilet. [Fr.]

Peine, pān, n. a form of punishment by pressing to death—usually Peine forte et dure. [Fr.]

Peirastic, pī-ras′tik, adj. tentative.—n. Peiram′eter, an instrument for measuring the resistances of road-surface to traction. [Gr. peira, a trial.]

Peise, pāz, v.t. (Spens., Shak.) to poise, to weigh.—n. a weight. [Poise.]

Pejoration, pē-jō-rā′shun, n. a becoming worse: deterioration.—v.i. Pē′jorāte.—adj. and n. Pē′jorātive.—n. Pējor′ity. [L. pejor, worse, comp. of malus, bad.]

Pekan, pek′an, n. an American species of Marten—called also Wood-shock, Fisher, and Black-fox.

Pelagian, pē-lā′ji-an, n. one who holds the views of Pelagius, a British monk of the 4th century, who denied original sin.—adj. pertaining to Pelagius.—n. Pelā′gianism, the doctrines of Pelagius.

Pelagic, pē-laj′ik, adj. inhabiting the deep sea, marine, oceanic. [Gr. pelagos, the sea.]

Pelargonium, pel-ar-gō′ni-um, n. a vast genus of beautiful flowering plants of order Geraniaceæ.—adj. Pēlar′gic, stork-like. [Gr. pelargos, stork, the beaked capsules resembling a stork's beak.]

Pelasgic, pē-las′jik, adj. pertaining to the Pelasgians or Pelasgi, a race spread over Greece in prehistoric times, to whom are ascribed many enormous remains built of unhewn stones, without cement—the so-called Pelasgic architecture. Also Pelas′gian.

Pelerine, pel′ėr-in, n. a woman's tippet or cape with long ends coming down in front. [Fr., a tippet—pèlerin, a pilgrim—L. peregrinus, foreign.]

Pelf, pelf, n. riches (in a bad sense): money. [O. Fr. pelfre, booty; allied to pilfer.]

Pelican, pel′i-kan, n. a large water-fowl, having an enormous distensible gular pouch: an alembic with tubulated head from which two opposite and crooked beaks extend and enter again the body of the vessel—used for continuous distillation: a dentist's instrument: (her.) a pelican above her nest, with wings indorsed, wounding her breast with her beak in order to feed her young with her blood. [Low L. pelicanus—Gr. pelikan—pelekus, an axe.]

Pelisse, pe-lēs′, n. a cloak of silk or other cloth, with sleeves, worn by ladies: a garment lined with fur, a dragoon's jacket with shaggy lining. [Fr.,—Low L. pellicea (vestis)—L. pellis, a skin.]

Pell, pel, n. a skin or hide: a roll of parchment. [O. Fr. pel (Fr. peau)—L. pellis, a skin or hide.]

Pellagra, pe-lā′gra, n. a loathsome skin disease supposed to be common in the rice-producing part of the north of Italy.—n. Pellā′grin, one afflicted with pellagra.—adj. Pellā′grous, like or afflicted with pellagra. [Gr. pella, skin, agra, seizure.]

Pellet, pel′et, n. a little ball, as of lint or wax: a small rounded boss: a small pill: a ball of shot.—adj. Pell′eted, consisting of pellets: pelted, as with bullets. [O. Fr. pelote—L. pila, a ball.]

Pellicle, pel′i-kl, n. a thin skin or film: the film or scum which gathers on liquors.—adj. Pellic′ular.

Pellitory, pel′i-tor-i, n. a genus of plants found most commonly on old walls and heaps of rubbish: the feverfew.—n. Pell′itory-of-Spain, a plant which grows in Algeria, the root of which causes in the hands first a sensation of extreme cold, then one of a burning heat. [L. parietaria, the wall-plant—parietarius—paries, parietis, a wall.]

Pell-mell, pel-mel′, adv. in great confusion: promiscuously: in a disorderly manner—also written Pêle-mêle.—n. Pell-mell′ (same as Pall-mall). [O. Fr. pesle-mesle (Fr. pêle-mêle), -mesle being from O. Fr. mesler (Fr. mêler), to mix—Low L. misculāre—L. miscēre; and pesle, a rhyming addition, perh. influenced by Fr. pelle, shovel.]

Pellucid, pe-lū′sid, adj. perfectly clear: letting light through: transparent.—ns. Pellūcid′ity, Pellū′cidness.—adv. Pellū′cidly. [Fr.,—L. pellucidus—per, perfectly, lucidus, clear—lucēre, to shine.]

Pelma, pel′ma, n. the sole of the foot.—n. Pelmat′ogram, the impression of the foot. [Gr.]

Pelopid, pel′ō-pid, adj. pertaining to Pelops.—n. one of his descendants.

Peloponnesian, pel-ō-po-nē′zi-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Peloponnesus or southern part of Greece.—n. an inhabitant or a native of the Peloponnesus.—Peloponnesian war, a war between Athens and Sparta (431-404 B.C.). [Gr. Pelops, an ancient Greek hero, nēsos, an island.]

Peloria, pē-lō′ri-a, n. the appearance of regularity in flowers normally irregular—also Pel′orism.—adjs. Pēlor′iate, Pēlor′ic. [Gr. pelōr, a monster.]

Pelt, pelt, n. a raw hide: the quarry or prey of a hawk all torn.—ns. Pelt′monger, a dealer in skins; Pelt′ry, the skins of animals with the fur on them: furs. [M. E. pelt, peltry—O. Fr. pelleterie—pelletier, a skinner—L. pellis, a skin.]

Pelt, pelt, v.t. to strike with something thrown: to cast.—v.i. to fall heavily, as rain.—n. a blow from something thrown.—ns. Pel′ter, a shower of missiles, a sharp storm of rain, &c.: a storm of anger; Pel′ting, an assault with a pellet, or with anything thrown. [Cf. Pellet.]

Pelta, pel′ta, n. a light buckler.—n. Pel′tast, a soldier armed with this.—adjs. Pel′tāte, -d, shield-shaped; Peltat′ifid, Pel′tiform. [L.,—Gr. peltē.]

Pelting, pel′ting, adj. (Shak.) paltry, contemptible.—adv. Pelt′ingly. [Paltry.]

Pelvis, pel′vis, n. the bony cavity at the lower end of the trunk, forming the lower part of the abdomen.—adjs. Pel′vic, of or pertaining to the pelvis; Pel′viform, openly cup-shaped.—ns. Pelvim′eter, an instrument for measuring the diameters of the pelvis; Pelvim′etry. [L. pelvis, a basin.]

Pemmican, Pemican, pem′i-kan, n. a North American Indian preparation, consisting of lean venison, dried, pounded, and pressed into cakes, now made of beef and used in Arctic expeditions, &c.

Pemphigus, pem′fi-gus, n. an affection of the skin with pustules.—adj. Pem′phigoid. [Gr.]

Pen, pen, v.t. to shut up: to confine in a small enclosure:—pr.p. pen′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. penned or pent.—n. a small enclosure: a fold for animals: a coop. [A.S. pennan, to shut up, in comp. on pennan, to unpen. Prop. to fasten with a pin.]

Pen, pen, n. one of the large feathers of the wing of a bird: an instrument used for writing, formerly made of the feather of a bird, but now of steel, &c.: style of writing: a female swan—opp. to Cob.—v.t. to write, to commit to paper:—pr.p. pen′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. penned.—adj. Pen′-and-ink′, written, literary: executed with pen and ink, as a drawing.—ns. Pen′-case, a holder for a pen or pens; Pen′craft, skill in penmanship: the art of composition; Pen′-driv′er, a clerk; Pen′ful, what one can write with one dip of ink; Pen′-hold′er, a holder for pens or nibs; Pen′-wī′per, a piece of cloth, leather, &c. for wiping pens after use; Pen′-wom′an, a female writer. [O. Fr. penne—L. penna, a feather.]

Penal, pē′nal, adj. pertaining to, incurring, or constituting punishment: used for punishment.—v.t. Pē′nalise, to lay under penalty.—adv. Pē′nally.—Penal laws, laws prohibiting certain actions under penalties; Penal servitude, hard labour in a prison as a punishment for crime—introduced in England in 1853 instead of transportation; Penal statute, a statute imposing a penalty or punishment for crime. [Fr.,—L. pœnalis—pœna, Gr. poinē, punishment.]

Penalty, pen′al-ti, n. punishment: suffering in person or property for wrong-doing or for breach of a law: a fine or loss which a person agrees to pay or bear in case of his non-fulfilment of some undertaking: a fine.—Under penalty of, so as to suffer, or (after a negative) without suffering the punishment of.

Penance, pen′ans, n. repentance: external acts performed to manifest sorrow for sin, to seek to atone for the sin and to avert the punishment which, even after the guilt has been remitted, may still remain due to the offence—also the sacrament by which absolution is conveyed (involving contrition, confession, and satisfaction): any instrument of self-punishment.—v.t. to impose penance on: to punish. [O. Fr.; cf. Penitence.]

Penang-lawyer, pe-nang′-law′yėr, n. a walking-stick made from the stem of a Penang palm. [Prob. a corr. of Penang liyar, the wild areca.]

Penannular, pē-nan′ū-lar, adj. shaped almost like a ring. [L. pæna, almost, annularis, annular.]

Penates, pē-nā′tēs, n.pl. the household gods of ancient Rome who presided over and were worshipped by each family. [L., from root pen- in L. penitus, within, penetralia, the inner part of anything.]

Penchant, päng′shäng, n. inclination: decided taste: bias. [Fr., pr.p. of pencher, to incline, through a form pendicāre, from L. pendēre, to hang.]

Pencil, pen′sil, n. a small hair brush for laying on colours: any pointed instrument for writing or drawing without ink: a collection of rays of light converging to a point: the art of painting or drawing.—v.t. to write, sketch, or mark with a pencil: to paint or draw:—pr.p. pen′cilling; pa.t. and pa.p. pen′cilled.—ns. Pen′cil-case, a holder for a pencil; Pen′cil-com′pass, a compass having a pencil on one of its legs for use in drawing.—adjs. Pen′cilled, written or marked with a pencil: having pencils of rays: radiated: (bot.) marked with fine lines, as with a pencil; Pen′cilliform, having the form of a pencil, as of rays.—ns. Pen′cilling, the art of writing, sketching, or marking with a pencil: marks made with a pencil: fine lines on flowers or the feathers of birds: a sketch; Pen′cil-sketch, a sketch made with a pencil. [O. Fr. pincel (Fr. pinceau)—L. penicillum, a painter's brush, dim. of penis, a tail.]

Pend, pend, n. (obs.) an enclosure: (Scot.) a narrow close leading off a main street.

Pend, pend, v.i. to hang, as in a balance, to impend.—adj. Pend′ing, hanging: remaining undecided: not terminated.—prep. during.

Pendant, pen′dant, n. anything hanging, esp. for ornament: an earring: a lamp hanging from the roof: an ornament of wood or of stone hanging downwards from a roof: a long narrow flag, at the head of the principal mast in a royal ship: something attached to another thing of the same kind, an appendix, a companion picture, poem, &c.—ns. Pen′dence, Pen′dency, a hanging in suspense: state of being undecided.—adj. Pen′dent, hanging: projecting: supported above the ground or base: (bot.) hanging downwards, as a flower or a leaf.—n. Penden′tive (archit.), the triangular portion of a dome cut off between two supporting arches at right angles to each other.—adv. Pen′dently.—ns. Pen′dicle, an appendage: something attached to another, as a privilege, a small piece of ground for cultivation; Pen′dūlet, a pendant. [Fr. pendant, pr.p. of pendre, to hang—L. pendens, -entis—pr.p. of pendēre, to hang.]

Pendragon, pen-drag′on, n. a chief leader: an ancient British chief.—n. Pendrag′onship. [W. pen, head, dragon, a chief.]

Pendulum, pen′dū-lum, n. any weight so hung from a fixed point as to swing freely: the swinging weight which regulates the movement of a clock: a lamp, &c., pendent from a ceiling: a guard-ring of a watch by which it is attached to a chain.—adj. Pen′dular, relating to a pendulum.—v.i. Pen′dulate, to swing, vibrate.—adjs. Pen′dulent, pendulous; Pen′duline, building a pendulous nest; Pen′dulous, hanging loosely: swinging freely, as the pensile nests of birds: (bot.) hanging downwards, as a flower on a curved stalk.—adv. Pen′dulously.—ns. Pen′dulousness, Pen′dulosity.—Pendulum wire, a kind of flat steel wire for clock pendulums.—Compensation pendulum, a pendulum so constructed that its rod is not altered in length by changes of temperature; Compound pendulum, every ordinary pendulum is compound, as differing from a Simple pendulum, which is a material point suspended by an ideal line; Invariable pendulum, a pendulum for carrying from station to station to be oscillated at each so as to fix the relative acceleration of gravity; Long and short pendulum, a pendulum for determining the absolute force of gravity by means of a bob suspended by a wire of varying length. [L., neut. of pendulus, hanging—pendēre, to hang.]

Peneian, pē-nē′yan, adj. relating to the river Peneus in the famous Vale of Tempe in Thessaly.

Penelopise, pē-nel′o-pīz, v.i. to act like Penelope, the wife of Ulysses, who undid at night the work she did by day, to gain time from her suitors.

Penetrate, pen′ē-trāt, v.t. to thrust into the inside: to pierce into: to affect the mind or feelings: to enter and to fill: to understand: to find out.—v.i. to make way: to pass inwards.—ns. Penetrabil′ity, Pen′etrableness.—adj. Pen′etrable, that may be penetrated or pierced by another body: capable of having impressions made upon the mind.—adv. Pen′etrably, so as to be penetrated—n.pl. Penetrā′lia, the inmost parts of a building: secrets: mysteries.—ns. Pen′etrance, Pen′etrancy, the quality of being penetrant.—adjs. Pen′etrant, subtle, penetrating; Pen′etrating, piercing or entering: sharp: subtle: acute: discerning.—adv. Pen′etratingly.—n. Penetrā′tion, the act or power of penetrating or entering: acuteness: discernment: the space-penetrating power of a telescope.—adj. Pen′etrative, tending to penetrate: piercing: sagacious: affecting the mind.—adv. Pen′etratively, in a penetrative manner.—n. Pen′etrativeness, the quality of being penetrative: penetrative power. [L. penetrāre, -ātum—penes, within.]

Penguin, pen′gwin, n. an aquatic bird in the southern hemisphere, unable to fly, but very expert in diving—also Pin′guin.—n. Pen′guinery, a breeding-place of penguins. [Ety. dub.; a corr. of pen-wing, or from W. pen, head, gwen, white.]

Penicil, pen′i-sil, n. a brush of hairs: a pledget for wounds, &c.—adjs. Pen′icillate, Penicil′liform.—n. Penicil′lium, one of the blue-moulds.

Peninsula, pē-nin′sū-la, n. land so surrounded by water as to be almost an island.—adj. Penin′sular, pertaining to a peninsula: in the form of a peninsula: inhabiting a peninsula.—n. Peninsular′ity, state of being, or of inhabiting, a peninsula: narrow provincialism.—v.t. Penin′sulate, to form into a peninsula: to surround almost entirely with water.—Peninsular war, the war in Spain and Portugal, carried on by Great Britain against Napoleon's marshals (1804-1814).—The Peninsula, Spain and Portugal. [L.,—pæne, almost, insula, an island.]

Penis, pē′nis, n. the characteristic external male organ.—adj. Pē′nial. [L., a tail.]

Penistone, pen′i-stōn, n. a coarse frieze.—Penistone flags, a kind of sandstone for paving and building, brought from Penistone in Yorkshire.

Penitent, pen′i-tent, adj. suffering pain or sorrow for sin: contrite: repentant.—n. one who is sorry for sin: one who has confessed sin, and is undergoing penance.—ns. Pen′itence, Pen′itency, state of being penitent: sorrow for sin.—adj. Peniten′tial, pertaining to, or expressive of, penitence.—n. a book of rules relating to penance.—adv. Peniten′tially.—adj. Peniten′tiary, relating to penance: penitential.—n. a penitent: an office at the court of Rome for examining and issuing secret bulls, dispensations, &c.: a book for guidance in imposing penances: a place for the performance of penance: a house of correction and punishment for offenders.—adv. Pen′itently.—Penitential garment, a rough garment worn for penance; Penitential psalms, certain psalms suitable for being sung by penitents, as the 6th, 32d, 38th, 51st, 102d, 130th, 143d. [Fr.,—L. pœnitens, -entis—pœnitēre, to cause to repent.]

Penknife, pen′nīf, n. a small knife, originally for making and mending quill pens.

Penman, pen′man, n. a man skilled in the use of the pen: an author:—pl. Pen′men.—n. Pen′manship, the use of the pen: art or manner of writing.

Penna, pen′a, n. a feather, esp. one of the large feathers of the wings or tail.—adj. Pennā′ceous. [L.]

Pennal, pen′al, n. a freshman at a German university—so called from their pennales or pen-cases.—n. Penn′alism, a system of fagging once in vogue at German universities.

Pen-name, pen′-nām, n. a name, other than his real one, by which an author is known to the public: a nom de plume.

Pennant, pen′ant, n. a flag many times as long as it is wide: a streamer: a long narrow piece of bunting at the mast-heads of war-ships.—Also Penn′on. [Pennant is formed from pennon, with excrescent t; pennon is Fr. pennon—L. penna, a wing.]

Pennate, -d, pen′āt, -ed, adj. winged: (bot.) same as Pinnate.—adj. Pennatif′id (see Pinnatifid).—n. Penne (Spens.), a feather.—adj. Penned, having wings: winged: written with a pen.—n. Pen′ner, a case for holding pens: (her.) a representation of such carried at the girdle.—adjs. Pennif′erous, Pennig′erous, feathered; Pen′niform, like a feather in form. [L. pennatus—penna, wing.]

Pennill, pen′il, n. a kind of Welsh verse, in which the singer has to change words and measure according to the variations of his accompanist on the harp. [W. 'a verse,' pl. pennillion.]

Pennon, pen′on, n. a flag, a medieval knight-bachelor's ensign: a long narrow flag: a pinion or wing.—ns. Penn′oncelle, a small flag like a pennon; Penn′oncier, a knight-bachelor.—adj. Penn′oned, bearing a pennon. [Cf. Pennant.]

Penny, pen′i, n. a copper coin (bronze since 1860), originally silver=1⁄12 of a shilling, or four farthings: a small sum: money in general: (N.T.) a silver coin=7½d.: pound, in fourpenny, sixpenny, tenpenny nails=four, six, ten pound weight to the thousand:—pl. Pennies (pen′iz), denoting the number of coins; Pence (pens), the amount of pennies in value.—adjs. Penn′ied, possessed of a penny; Penn′iless, without a penny: without money: poor.—ns. Penn′ilessness; Penn′y-a-lin′er, one who writes for a public journal at so much a line: a writer for pay; Penn′y-a-lin′erism, hack-writing; Penn′y-dog, the tope or miller's dog, a kind of shark; Penn′y-post, a means of carrying a letter for a penny; Penn′y-rent, income; Penn′yweight, twenty-four grains of troy weight (the weight of a silver penny); Penn′y-wis′dom, prudence in petty matters.—adj. Penn′y-wise, saving small sums at the risk of larger: niggardly on improper occasions.—ns. Penn′y-worth, a penny's worth of anything: the amount that can be given for a penny: a good bargain—also Penn′'orth (coll.); Pē′ter's-pence, the name given to an old tribute offered to the Roman Pontiff, now a voluntary contribution.—Penny fee (Scot.), a small wage; Penny gaff (slang), a low-class theatre; Penny mail (Scot.), rent in money, not in kind: a small sum paid to the superior of land; Penny wedding, a wedding ceremonial in Scotland, at which the invited guests made contributions in money to pay the general expenses.—A pretty penny, a considerable sum of money; Turn an honest penny, to earn money honestly. [A.S. penig, oldest form pending, where pend=Eng. pawn, Ger. pfand, Dut. pand, a pledge, all which are from L. pannus, a rag, a piece of cloth.]

Pennyroyal, pen′i-roi-al, n. a species of mint, much in use in domestic medicine, in the form of a warm infusion, to promote perspiration and as an emmenagogue. [Corr. from old form pulial, which is traced through O. Fr. to L. puleium regium, the plant pennyroyal—pulex, a flea.]

Penology, Pænology, pē-nol′ō-ji, n. the study of punishment in its relation to crime: the management of prisons.—n. Penol′ogist. [Gr. poinē, punishment, logia, description.]

Penseroso, pen-se-rō′so, adj. melancholy: thoughtful:—fem. Penserō′sa. [It.]

Pensile, pen′sīl, adj. hanging: suspended.—ns. Pen′sileness, Pensil′ity. [Fr.,—L.,—pendēre, hang.]

Pension, pen′shun, n. a stated allowance to a person for past services performed by himself or by some relative: a payment made to a person retired from service on account of age or weakness: a boarding-school or boarding-house on the Continent (pron. pong-siong′): a sum paid to a clergyman in place of tithes.—v.t. to grant a pension to.—adjs. Pen′sionable, entitled, or entitling, to a pension; Pen′sionary, receiving a pension: consisting of a pension.—n. one who receives a pension: the syndic or legal adviser of a Dutch town.—ns. Pen′sioner, one who receives a pension: a dependent: one who pays out of his own income for his commons, chambers, &c. at Cambridge University=an Oxford commoner; Pen′sionnaire.—Grand pensionary, the president of the States-general of Holland. [Fr.,—L. pension-em—pendĕre, pensum, to weigh, pay.]

Pensive, pen′siv, adj. thoughtful: reflecting: expressing thoughtfulness with sadness.—adj. Pen′sived (Shak.), thought over.—adv. Pen′sively.—n. Pen′siveness, state of being pensive: gloomy thoughtfulness: melancholy. [Fr. pensif—L. pensāre, to weigh—pendĕre, to weigh.]

Pentachord, pen′ta-kord, n. a musical instrument with five strings: a diatonic series of five tones.

Pentacle, pent′a-kl, n. a figure formed by two equilateral triangles intersecting regularly so as to form a six-pointed star: properly a five-pointed object, the same as Pentagram (q.v.), a defence against demons.—adj. Pentac′ular. [O. Fr., but prob. not from Gr. pente, five, but O. Fr. pente, pendre, to hang. As applied to a magical figure prob. a corr. of pentangle, perh. pentacol—pendre, to hang, a, on, col, the neck.]

Pentacrostic, pen-ta-kros′tik, adj. containing five acrostics of the same name.—n. a set of such verses.

Pentad, pen′tad, n. the number five, a group of five things: a mean of temperature, &c., taken every five days.

Pentadactylous, pen-ta-dak′ti-lus, adj. having five digits—also Pentadac′tyl.—n. Pentadac′tylism.

Pentadelphous, pen-ta-del′fus, adj. (bot.) grouped together in five sets.

Pentaglot, pen′ta-glot, adj. of five tongues.—n. a work in five languages.

Pentagon, pen′ta-gon, n. (geom.) a plane figure having five angles and five sides: a fort with five bastions.—adj. Pentag′onal.—adv. Pentag′onally. [Gr. pentagōnon—pente, five, gōnia, angle.]

Pentagram, pen′ta-gram, n. a five-pointed star: a magic figure so called.—This is the proper pentacle.—adj. Pentagrammat′ic. [Gr. pente, five, gramma, a letter.]

Pentagynia, pent-a-jin′i-a, n. (bot.) a Linnæan order of plants, characterised by their flowers having five pistils.—n. Pent′agyn (bot.), a plant having five styles.—adjs. Pentagyn′ian, Pentag′ynous. [Gr. pente, five, gynē, a female.]

Pentahedron, pen-ta-hē′dron, n. (geom.) a solid figure bounded by five plane faces.—adj. Pentahē′dral. [Gr. pente, five, hedra, base.]

Pentalpha, pen-tal′fa, n. a five-pointed star: a pentacle. [Gr. pente, five, alpha.]

Pentameron, pen-tam′e-ron, n. a famous collection of fifty folk-tales (Naples 1637) written in the Neapolitan dialect by Giambattista Basile, supposed to be told during five days by ten old women, for the entertainment of a Moorish slave who has usurped the place of the rightful princess. [It. pentamerone.]

Pentamerous, pen-tam′ėr-us, adj. (bot.) consisting of or divided into five parts.—Pentamerus beds (geol.), a name applied to the upper and lower Llandovery rocks, full of the brachiopods called Pentamerus. [Gr. pente, five, meros, part.]

Pentameter, pen-tam′e-tėr, n. a verse of five measures or feet.—adj. having five feet.—Elegiac pentameter, a verse of six dactylic feet, the third and sixth with the first member only; Iambic pentameter, in English, heroic couplets and blank verse. [Gr. pentametros—pente, five, metron, a measure.]

Pentandria, pen-tan′dri-a, n. (bot.) a Linnæan order of plants, characterised by their flowers having five stamens.—n. Pentan′der, a plant of the class Pentandria.—adjs. Pentan′drian, Pentan′drous. [Gr. pente, five, anēr, andros, a man, a male.]

Pentaphyllous, pen-ta-fil′us, adj. having five leaves. [Gr. pente, five, phyllon, a leaf.]

Pentapolis, pen-tap′o-lis, n. a group of five cities.—adj. Pentapol′itan, esp. of the ancient Pentapolis of Cyrenaica in northern Africa. [Gr. pente, five, polis, a city.]

Pentarchy, pen′tär-ki, n. government by five persons. [Gr. pente, five, archē, rule.]

Pentaspermous, pent-a-spėr′mus, adj. (bot.) containing five seeds. [Gr. pente, five, sperma, seed.]

Pentastich, pen′ta-stik, n. a composition of five verses.—adj. Pentas′tichous, five-ranked.

Pentastyle, pen′ta-stīl, adj. having five columns in front.—n. (archit.) a building with a portico of five columns. [Gr. pente, five, stylos, a pillar.]

Pentateuch, pen′ta-tūk, n. a name used to denote the Jewish Thorah, the first five books of the Old Testament.—adj. Pen′tateuchal. [Gr. pente, five, teuchos, a book—teuchein, to prepare.]

Pentathlon, pen-tath′lon, n. a contest consisting of five exercises—wrestling, throwing the discus, spear-throwing, leaping, and running—also Pentath′lum.—n. Pentath′lēte, one who contests in the pentathlon. [Gr. pente, five, athlon, a contest.]

Penteconter, pen′tē-kon-tėr, n. an ancient Greek ship having fifty oars.

Pentecost, pen′tē-kost, n. a Jewish festival held on the fiftieth day after the Passover, in commemoration of the giving of the law: the festival of Whitsuntide, held in remembrance of the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the assembled disciples at the feast of Pentecost.—adj. Pentecost′al.—n.pl. offerings formerly made to the parish priest at Whitsuntide. [Gr. pentēkostē (hēmera), the fiftieth (day).]

Pentelic, -an, pen-tel′ik, -an, adj. describing a kind of marble found at Mount Pentelicus near Athens.

Penteteric, pen-te-ter′ik, adj. occurring every five years. [Gr., pente, five, etos, a year.]

Penthemimeral, pen-thē-mim′e-ral, adj. belonging to a metrical group of 2½ feet. [Gr. pente, five, hēmi, half, meros, a part.]

Penthouse, pent′hows, n. a shed projecting from or adjoining a main building: a protection from the weather over a door or a window: anything resembling a penthouse.—v.t. to provide with a penthouse, shelter by means of a shed sloping from a wall, or anything similar. [A corr. of pentice, which is from Fr. appentis—L. appendicium, an appendage.]

Pentroof, pent′rōōf, n. a roof with a slope on one side only. [A hybrid word, from Fr. pente, a slope—pendre, to hang, and Eng. roof.]

Pentstemon, pent-stē′mon, n. a genus of perennial herbs of the order Scrophularineæ, common in California. [Gr. pente, five, stēmōn, warp, stamen.]

Pentzia, pent′si-a, n. a genus of South African shrubs, having yellow flowers in small heads, usually in corymbs.—The chief species is Pentzia virgata or the 'sheep-fodder bush.' [Named after C. J. Pentz, a student under Thunberg.]

Penult, pē-nult′, or pē′nult, Penult′ima, n. the syllable last but one.—adj. Penult′imāte, last but one.—n. the penult: the last member but one of any series. [L. penultima—pæne, almost, ultimus, last.]

Penumbra, pē-num′bra, n. a partial or lighter shadow round the perfect or darker shadow of an eclipse: the part of a picture where the light and shade blend into each other.—adjs. Penum′bral, Penum′brous. [L. pæne, almost, umbra, shade.]

Penury, pen′ū-ri, n. want: absence of means or resources: great poverty.—adj. Penū′rious, showing penury: not bountiful: too saving: sordid: miserly.—adv. Penū′riously.—n. Penū′riousness. [Fr.,—L. penuria; Gr. peina, hunger, penēs, poor.]

Peon, pē′on, n. a day-labourer, esp. in South America, one working off a debt by bondage: in India, a foot-soldier, a messenger, a native policeman.—ns. Pē′onage, Pē′onism, this kind of agricultural servitude. [Sp.,—Low L. pedo—L. pes, pedis, a foot.]

Peony, pē′o-ni, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculaceæ, with large showy flowers, carmine, in some white. [O. Fr. pione (Fr. pivoine)—L. pæonia, healing—Gr. Paiōn.]

People, pē′pl, n. persons generally: the men, women, and children of a country or a nation: the mass of persons as distinguished from the rulers, &c.: an indefinite number: inhabitants: the vulgar: the populace:—pl. Peoples (pē′plz), races, tribes.—v.t. to stock with people or inhabitants.—People's palace, an institution for the amusement, recreation, and association of the working-classes, as that in the East End of London, inaugurated in 1887.—Chosen people, the Israelites; Good people, or folk, a popular euphemistic name for the fairies; Peculiar people (see Peculiar); The people, the populace, the mass. [Fr. peuple—L. populus, prob. reduplicated from root of plebs, people.]

Peotomy, pē-ot′ō-mi, n. the amputation of the penis. [Gr. peos, the penis, temnein, to cut.]

Peperin, pep′e-rin, n. a volcanic tufa found in the Alban Hills near Rome. [It. peperino—pepe, pepper—L. piper, pepper.]

Peplum, pep′lum, n. an upper robe worn by women in ancient Greece.—Also Pep′lus. [L.,—Gr. peplos.]

Pepper, pep′ėr, n. a pungent aromatic condiment consisting of the dried berries of the pepper-plant, entire or powdered: any plant of genus Piper: a plant of genus Capsicum, or one of its pods, whence Cayenne pepper.—v.t. to sprinkle with pepper: to hit or pelt with shot, &c.: to pelt thoroughly: to do for.—adj. Pepp′er-and-salt′, of a colour composed of a light ground dotted with fine spots of a dark colour, or of a dark ground with light spots.—ns. Pepp′er-box, a box with a perforated top for sprinkling pepper on food; Pepp′er-cake, a kind of spiced cake or gingerbread; Pepp′er-cast′er, the vessel, on a cruet-stand, from which pepper is sprinkled; Pepp′ercorn, the berry of the pepper plant: something of little value—Peppercorn rent, a nominal rent; Pepp′erer, one who sells pepper, a grocer; Pepp′er-gin′gerbread, hot-spiced gingerbread; Pepp′er-grass, any plant of genus Lepidium; Pepp′eriness; Pepp′ermint, a species of mint, aromatic and pungent like pepper: a liquor distilled from the plant: a lozenge flavoured with peppermint—Peppermint-drop, a confection so flavoured; Pepp′er-pot, a West Indian dish, of cassareep, together with flesh or dried fish and vegetables, esp. green okra and chillies: tripe shredded and stewed, with balls of dough and plenty of pepper; Pepp′er-tree, a shrub of the cashew family, native to South America, &c.—also Pepper shrub and Chili pepper; Pepp′erwort, the dittander.—adj. Pepp′ery, possessing the qualities of pepper: hot, choleric.—Æthiopian pepper, the produce of Xylopia Æthiopica; Benin pepper, of Cubeba Clusii; Guinea pepper, or Maleguetta pepper, of Amomum; Jamaica pepper, or Pimento, of species of Eugenia (Myrtaceæ); Long pepper, the fruit of Piper Longum; White pepper, the seed freed from the skin and fleshy part of the fruit by soaking in water and rubbing the dried fruit. [A.S. pipor—L. piper—Gr. peperi—Sans. pippala.]

Pepper's Ghost, pep′ėrs gōst, n. a device for associating on the same stage living persons and phantoms to act together—the phantom produced by a large sheet of unsilvered glass on the stage, practically invisible to the spectators, reflecting to them, along with a visible actor or actors, the appearance of another actor on an understage, himself invisible. [John H. Pepper (b. 1821), the improver and exhibitor of Henry Dircks' invention.]

Pepsin, Pepsine, pep′sin, n. one of the essential constituents of the gastric juice: the active agent in fermenting food in the stomach—a hydrolytic ferment.—adj. Pep′tic, relating to or promoting digestion: having a good digestion.—ns. Peptic′ity, eupepsia; Pep′tics, digestion considered as a science: the digestive organs; Pep′togen, a substance producing peptone, any preparation that facilitates digestion.—adjs. Peptogen′ic, Peptog′enous, Pepton′ic.—ns. Pep′tōne, one of a class of albumenoids formed by the action of the chemical ferment pepsin and hydrochloric acid, the latter first converting into a syntonin or acid protein, the former converting this syntonin into peptone—they are soluble in water, are not coagulated by boiling, and pass readily through an animal membrane, being therefore easily absorbed; Peptonisā′tion.—v.t. Pep′tonise, to convert into peptones.—n. Pep′tonoid, a substance like peptone: one of certain food preparations. [Fr.,—Gr. pepsis, digestion—peptein, to digest.]

Pepysian, pep′is-i-an, adj. pertaining to Samuel Pepys (1633-1703), his inimitable diary, or the collection of prints, books, ballads, &c. he bequeathed to Magdalene College, Cambridge.

Per, pėr, prep. through, by means of, according to.—Per annum, year by year: for each year; Per capita, by heads, implying equal rights to two or more persons; Per cent., per hundred; Per contra, on the contrary: as a set-off; Per diem, every day: day by day; Per mensem, monthly: by the month; Per saltum, at a single leap: all at once; Per se, by himself, &c.: essentially.

Peradventure, per-ad-vent′ūr, adv. by adventure: by chance: perhaps.—n. uncertainty: question.

Perambulate, per-am′bū-lāt, v.t. to walk through or over: to pass through for the purpose of surveying: to survey the boundaries of.—ns. Perambulā′tion, act of perambulating: a survey or inspection by travelling through: the district within which a person has the right of inspection; Peram′bulātor, one who perambulates: an instrument for measuring distances on roads: a light carriage for a child.—adj. Peram′bulātory. [L. perambulāre, -ātum—per, through, ambulāre, to walk.]

Percale, per-käl′, n. a closely woven French cambric.—n. Per′caline, a glossy cotton cloth. [Fr.]

Percase, per-kās′, adv. (Bacon) perchance, perhaps. [L. per, through, by, casus, a chance.]

Perceant, pėrs′ant, adj. piercing, penetrating.—v.t. Perc′en (Spens.), to pierce. [Fr. perçant, pr.p. of percer, to pierce.]

Perceive, per-sēv′, v.t. to become aware of through the senses: to get knowledge of by the mind: to see: to understand: to discern.—adj. Perceiv′able (same as Perceptible).—adv. Perceiv′ably (same as Perceptibly).—ns. Perceiv′er; Perceiv′ing (Bacon), perception. [O. Fr. percever—L. percipĕre, perceptum—per, perfectly, capĕre, to take.]

Percentage, per-sen′tāj, n. rate per hundred: an allowance of so much for every hundred.—adj. Percen′tile. [Cf. Cent.]

Percept, pėr′sept, n. that which is perceived by means of the senses.—n. Perceptibil′ity, quality of being perceptible.—adj. Percep′tible, that can be perceived: that may be known by the senses: discernible.—adv. Percep′tibly.—n. Percep′tion, act of perceiving: discernment: (phil.) the faculty of perceiving: the evidence of external objects by our senses.—adjs. Percep′tional; Percep′tive, having the power of perceiving or discerning.—ns. Percep′tiveness, the faculty or power of perceiving: readiness to perceive; Perceptiv′ity, character or quality of being perceptive: power of perceiving.—adj. Percep′tūal, of the nature of perception.

Perch, pėrch, n. a genus of fresh-water fishes.—adjs. Perch′-backed, shaped like a perch's back; Per′ciform, percoid; Per′cine, perciform; Per′coid, like the perch: pertaining to the perch family. [Fr. perche—L. perca—Gr. perkē, a perch, prob. conn. with perknos, spotted.]

Perch, pėrch, n. a rod on which birds roost: any high seat or position: a measure=5½ yards: a square measure=30¼ square yards: a pole joining the fore and hind gear of a spring carriage: a frame on which cloth is examined for flaws.—v.i. to sit or roost on a perch: to settle.—v.t. to place, as on a perch.—ns. Perch′er, a bird that perches on trees; Perch′ing, the examination of cloth stretched on a frame for burs, knots, or holes—also called Burling.—adj. insessorial.—ns. Perch′-plate, a plate or block above or below a carriage-reach, at the king-bolt; Perch′-pole, an acrobat's climbing-pole; Perch′-stay, one of the side-rods bracing the perch to the hind-axle. [Fr. perche—L. pertica, a rod.]

Percheron, per-she-rong′, n. a horse of the Percheron breed, large strong draught-horses, usually dapple-gray—also Norman and Norman Percheron.—adj. pertaining to the foregoing. [Fr.,—Perche, in southern Normandy.]

Perchloric, per-klō′rik, adj. pertaining to an acid, a syrupy liquid obtained by decomposing potassium perchlorate by means of sulphuric acid.—n. Perchlō′rate, a salt of perchloric acid.

Percipient, per-sip′i-ent, adj. perceiving: having the faculty of perception.—n. one who perceives or who has the power of perceiving.—ns. Percip′ience, Percip′iency.

Perclose, per-klōz′, n. an enclosed place: (archit.) a railing separating a tomb or chapel from the rest of the church: (her.) the lower half of a garter with the buckle.—Also Par′aclose, Parclose′. [O. Fr.,—L. præ, in front, claudĕre, clausum, to shut.]

Percoct, per-kokt′, adj. well-cooked. [L. percoctus, percoquĕre, to cook thoroughly.]

Percolate, pėr′kō-lāt, v.t. to strain through pores or small openings, as a liquid: to filter.—v.i. to pass or ooze through very small openings: to filter.—n. a filtered liquid.—ns. Percolā′tion, act of filtering; Per′colator, a filtering vessel. [L. percolāre,-ātum—per, through, colāre, to strain.]

Percurrent, per-kur′ent, adj. running through the whole length.—adj. Percur′sory, running over slightly or in haste (same as Cursory). [L. percurrens, pr.p. of percurrĕre, percursum, to run through.]

Percuss, per-kus′, v.t. to strike so as to shake: to tap for purposes of diagnosis.—adj. Percus′sant (her.), bent round and striking the side, as a lion's tail—also Percussed′.

Percussion, per-kush′un, n. the forcible striking of one body against another: collision, or the shock produced by it: impression of sound on the ear: (med.) the tapping upon the body to find the condition of an internal organ by the sounds: in the jargon of palmistry, the outer side of the hand.—adjs. Percuss′ional, Percuss′ive.—ns. Percuss′ion-bull′et, a bullet so formed as to explode on striking something: an explosive bullet; Percus′sion-cap, a cap of copper partly filled with a substance which explodes when struck, formerly used for firing rifles, &c.; Percus′sion-fuse, a fuse in a projectile set in action by concussion when the projectile strikes the object; Percus′sion-hamm′er, a small hammer for percussion in diagnosis; Percus′sion-lock, a kind of lock for a gun in which a hammer strikes upon a percussion-cap on the nipple, igniting the charge; Percus′sion-pow′der, powder which explodes on being struck, called also fulminating powder.—adv. Percuss′ively.—ns. Percuss′or; Percuteur′, an instrument for light percussion in neuralgia, &c.—adj. Percū′tient, striking or having power to strike.—n. that which strikes or has power to strike. [L. percussion-em—percutĕre, percussum—per, thoroughly, quatĕre, to shake.]

Percutaneous, per-kū-tā′nē-us, adj. done or applied through or by means of the skin.—adv. Percutā′neously. [L. per, through, cutis, the skin.]

Perdendo, per-den′dō, adj. (mus.) dying away.—Also Perden′dosi. [It.]

Perdition, per-dish′un, n. utter loss or ruin: the utter loss of happiness in a future state.—n. Per′dita, a lost woman.—adj. Perdi′tionable. [Fr.,—L. perditio—perdĕre, perditum—per, entirely, dăre, to put.]

Perdu, Perdue, per-dū′, adj. lost to view: concealed: being on a forlorn hope or on a desperate enterprise: reckless.—n. (Shak.) one lying in concealment or ambush: one on a forlorn hope. [Fr., pa.p. of perdre, to lose—L. perdĕre, to destroy.]

Perdurable, per′dū-ra-bl, adj. (Shak.) very durable, long continued.—ns. Perdurabil′ity, Perdū′rance, Perdurā′tion.—adv. Perdū′rably (Shak.), very durably: everlastingly.—v.i. Perdure′, to last for a very long time. [L. perdurāre—per, through, durāre, to last.]

Peregrinate, per′ē-gri-nāt, v.i. to travel through the country: to travel about from place to place: to live in a foreign country.—adj. foreign.—ns. Peregrinā′tion, act of peregrinating or travelling about; Per′egrinātor, one who travels about.—adj. Per′egrine, foreign, not native: migratory, as a bird.—n. a foreigner resident in any country: a kind of falcon.—n. Peregrin′ity, foreignness. [L. peregrināri, -ātus—peregrinus, foreign.]

Pereion, pe-rī′on, n. the thorax in crustacea:—pl. Perei′a.—n. Perei′opod, one of the true thoracic limbs of a crustacean. [Gr. periiōn, pr.p. of periienai, to go about.]

Peremptory, per′emp-tō-ri, adj. preventing debate: authoritative: dogmatical: final, determinate: fully resolved or determined: that must be done.—adv. Per′emptorily.—n. Per′emptoriness. [Fr.,—L. peremptorius—perimĕre, peremptum—per, entirely, emĕre, to take.]

Perennial, pe-ren′i-al, adj. lasting through the year: perpetual: never failing: growing constantly: (bot.) lasting more than two years: of insects, living more than one year.—n. a plant which lives more than two years.—v.i. Perenn′ate, to live perennially.—n. Perennā′tion.—adv. Perenn′ially. [L. perennis—per, through, annus, a year.]

Perennibranchiate, pe-ren-i-brang′ki-āt, adj. having perennial branchiæ or gills.—Also Perenn′ibranch.

Perfect, pėr′fekt, adj. done thoroughly or completely: completed: without blemish, fault, or error: having neither too much nor too little: entire, very great: in the highest degree: possessing every moral excellence: completely skilled or acquainted: (gram.) expressing an act completed: (bot.) having both stamens and pistils, hermaphrodite.—v.t. (or per-fekt′) to make perfect: to finish: to teach fully, to make fully skilled in anything.—ns. Perfectā′tion (rare); Per′fecter; Perfect′i, a body of Catharists in the 12th and 13th centuries, of very strict lives; Perfectibil′ity, quality of being made perfect.—adj. Perfect′ible, that may be made perfect.—ns. Perfec′tion, state of being perfect: a perfect quality or acquirement: the highest state or degree; Perfec′tionism (or Perfectibil′ity), the belief that man in a state of grace may attain to a relative perfection or a state of living without sin in this life; Perfec′tionist, one who pretends to be perfect: one who thinks that moral perfection can be attained in this life: one of the Bible Communists or Free-lovers, a small American sect founded by J. H. Noyes (1811-86), which settled at Oneida in 1848, holding that the gospel if accepted secures freedom from sin.—adj. Perfect′ive, tending to make perfect.—advs. Perfect′ively, Per′fectly, in a perfect manner: completely: exactly: without fault.—n. Per′fectness, state or quality of being perfect: completeness: perfection: consummate excellence.—Perfect insect, the imago or completely developed form of an insect; Perfect metals (see Metal); Perfect number, a number equal to the sum of all its divisors, the number itself of course excepted, as 6 = 1 + 2 + 3, 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14. [Fr.,—L. perfectus, pa.p. of perficĕre—per, thoroughly, facĕre, to do.]

Perfervid, per-fer′vid, adj. very fervid: very hot or eager.—n. Perfer′vidness.—Perfervidum ingenium, a very ardent disposition. [L. perfervidus, præfervidus—præ, before, fervidus, fervid.]

Perficient, pėr-fish′ent, adj. effectual.—n. one who does a lasting work, esp. who endows a charity.

Perfidious, per-fid′i-us, adj. faithless: unfaithful: basely violating trust: treacherous.—adv. Perfid′iously.—ns. Perfid′iousness, Per′fidy, treachery. [L. perfidiosus—perfidia, faithlessness.]

Perfoliate, -d, per-fō′li-āt, -ed, adj. (bot.) having the stem as it were passing through the blade—of a leaf: having the leaf round the stem at the base: (zool.) surrounded by a circle of hairs, &c., taxicorn. [L. per, through, folium, a leaf.]

Perforate, pėr′fō-rāt, v.t. to bore through: to pierce: to make a hole through.—adj. Per′forable, capable of being perforated.—n. Per′forans, the long flexor muscle of the toes, or the deep flexor muscle of the fingers.—adjs. Per′forant, perforating; Per′forate, -d (bot.), pierced with holes: having transparent dots, as the leaves of certain flowers.—n. Perforā′tion, act of boring through: a hole through or into anything.—adj. Per′forātive, having power to pierce.—ns. Per′forātor, one who bores, or an instrument for boring; Per′forātus, the short flexor of the toes, or the superficial flexor of the fingers. [L. perforāre, -ātum—per, through, forāre, to bore.]

Perform, per-form′, v.t. to do thoroughly: to carry out: to achieve: to act, as on the stage.—v.i. to do: to act a part: to play, as on a musical instrument.—adj. Perfor′mable, capable of being performed: practicable.—ns. Perfor′mance, act of performing: a carrying out of something: something done, esp. of a public character: a piece of work: an exhibition in a theatre or a place of amusement: an act or action; Perfor′mer, one who performs, esp. one who makes a public exhibition of his skill: an actor, an actress, &c.—adj. Perfor′ming, doing: trained to perform tricks. [O. Fr. parfournir, par—L. per, through, fournir, to furnish.]

Perfume, pėr′fūm, or pėr-fūm′, n. sweet-smelling smoke: sweet scent: anything which yields a sweet odour.—v.t. (pėr-fūm′) to fill with a pleasant odour: to scent.—adj. Perfū′matory, yielding perfume.—ns. Per′fume-foun′tain, a small appliance for throwing a jet or spray of perfume; Perfū′mer, one who or that which perfumes: one who makes or sells perfumes; Perfū′mery, perfumes in general: the art of preparing perfumes; Per′fume-set, a set of articles for the toilet-table.—adj. Per′fūmy. [Fr. parfum—L. per, through, fumus, smoke.]

Perfunctory, per-fungk′tō-ri, adj. done merely as a duty to be passed over: performed carelessly or without interest: negligent: slight.—adv. Perfunc′torily, in a careless, half-hearted manner: without zeal or interest.—n. Perfunc′toriness, careless performance: half-heartedness. [L. perfunctorius—perfunctus, pa.p. of perfungi, to execute—per, thoroughly, fungi, to do.]

Perfuse, per-fūz′, v.t. to pour through or over.—n. Perfū′sion.—adj. Perfū′sive, sprinkling, or tending to sprinkle. [L. perfusus, poured over—per, through, fundĕre, to pour.]

Pergameneous, per-ga-mē′nē-us, adj. thin and parchment-like in texture.—adj. Pergamentā′ceous, parchment-like. [L. pergamena, parchment.]

Pergola, per′gō-la, n. an arbour, a balcony.—Also Per′gula. [It.,—L. pergula, a shed.]

Pergunnah, pėr-gun′a, n. a sub-division of a zillah or district in India.—Also Pargan′a. [Hind.]

Peri, pē′ri, n. in Persian mythology, a female elf or fairy, represented as descended from the fallen angels. [Fr. péri—Pers. parī, a fairy.]

Periagua, per-i-ä′gwä, n. a canoe hollowed out of a single trunk, a dug-out: a vessel made by cutting a canoe in two lengthwise and inserting a large plank: a large keelless flat-bottomed boat for shoal-water navigation, decked at the ends only, propelled by rowing, or by sails on two masts capable of being struck.—Also Pirogue′. [Sp. piragua.]

Periaktos, per-i-ak′tos, n. in the ancient Greek theatre a tall prism-shaped frame or screen at the side entrances, each carrying three scenes changed by turning the frames. [Gr.]

Perianth, per′i-anth, n. the floral envelope where the calyx and corolla are not easily distinguished. [Gr. peri, around, anthos, a flower.]

Periapt, per′i-apt, n. (Shak.) an amulet. [Gr. periapton, something hung round, peri, about, aptos—aptein, to fasten.]

Periblast, per′i-blast, n. the protoplasm about the nucleus of a cell.—adj. Periblast′ic. [Gr. peri, about, blastos, a germ.]

Peribolos, pe-rib′o-los, n. a court enclosed by a wall, esp. one containing a temple or a church, the whole outer enclosure of sanctuary or refuge. [Gr. peribolos, encircling—peri, around, ballein, to throw.]

Pericardium, per-i-kär′di-um, n. (anat.) the bag or sac composed of two layers which surrounds the heart.—adjs. Pericar′diac, Pericar′dial, Pericar′dian.—n. Pericardī′tis, inflammation of the pericardium. [Late L.,—Gr. perikardion—peri, around, kardia, heart.]

Pericarp, per′i-kärp, n. (bot.) the covering, shell, or rind of fruits: a seed-vessel.—adj. Pericarp′ial. [Gr. perikarpion—peri, around, karpos, fruit.]

Pericentral, per-i-sen′tral, adj. surrounding a central body.—adj. Pericen′tric.

Perichondrium, per-i-kon′dri-um, n. the fibrous investment of cartilage. [Gr. peri, about, chondros, cartilage.]

Periclase, per′i-klāz, n. a rare mineral consisting of magnesia with a little iron protoxide. [Gr. peri, about, klasis, fracture.]

Periclean, per-i-klē′an, adj. of Pericles (died 429 B.C.) or the golden age of art and letters at Athens.

Pericope, pē-rik′ō-pē, n. an extract, esp. the selections from the epistles and gospels for the Sundays of the year. [Gr. peri, around, koptein, to cut.]

Pericranium, per-i-krā′ni-um, n. (anat.) the membrane that surrounds the cranium.—adj. Pericrā′nial.—n. Per′icrāny (obs.), the skull. [Late L.,—Gr. perikranion—peri, around, kranion, the skull.]

Periculum, pē-rik′ū-lum, n. (Scots law) a risk:—pl. Peric′ula. [L.]

Pericystitis, per-i-sis-tī′tis, n. inflammation around the bladder. [Gr. peri, around, kystis, the bladder.]

Periderm, per′i-derm, n. the hard integument of some tubularian hydromedusans: (bot.) the outer bark.—adj. Per′idermal. [Gr. peri, about, derma, skin.]

Peridesmium, per-i-des′mi-um, n. (anat.) the areolar tissue round a ligament. [Gr. peri, around, desmos, a band.]

Peridium, pē-rid′i-um, n. the outer coat of a sporophore in angiocarpous fungi.—adj. Perid′ial.—n. Peridī′olum (bot.), an inner peridium inside of which the hymenium is formed. [Gr. pēridion, dim. of pēra, a wallet.]

Peridotite, per′i-dō-tīt, n. rock mainly composed of olivine.—n. Per′idot, chrysolite.—adj. Peridot′ic.

Peridrome, per′i-drōm, n. the space between the inner cell or chamber and the surrounding pillars in an ancient temple. [Gr. peridromos, running round—peri, around, dromos, a race.]

Perienteron, per-i-en′te-ron, n. the primitive perivisceral cavity.—adj. Perienter′ic. [Gr. peri, about, enteron, an intestine.]

Perifibrum, per-i-fī′brum, n. the membraneous covering of the spicules and fibre of sponges.

Perigee, per′i-jē, n. (astron.) the point of the moon's orbit at which it is nearest the earth—opp. to Apogee.—adjs. Perigē′al, Perigē′an. [Gr. peri, near, gē, the earth.]

Perigenesis, per-i-jen′e-sis, n. wave-generation, the dynamic theory of reproduction by a kind of wave-motion of plastidules.

Periglottis, per-i-glot′is, n. the epidermis of the tongue.—adj. Periglott′ic.

Perigone, per′i-gōn, n. (bot.) the same as Perianth—also Perigō′nium.—adj. Perigō′nial. [Gr. peri, about, gonē, seed.]

Perigraph, per′i-graf, n. an inaccurate delineation of anything.—adj. Perigraph′ic.

Perigynous, per-ij′i-nus, adj. (bot.) denoting flowers which have the petals and stamens growing on the calyx, or around the pistil.—n. Perigyn′ium. [Gr. peri, about, gynē, a female.]

Perihelion, per-i-hē′li-on, n. the point of the orbit of a planet or a comet at which it is nearest to the sun—opp. to Aphelion.—Also Perihē′lium. [Gr. peri, near, hēlios, the sun.]

Peril, per′il, n. danger: a source of danger: exposure to danger.—v.t. to expose to danger:—pr.p. per′illing; pa.t. and pa.p. per′illed.—adj. Per′ilous, full of peril: dangerous.—adv. Per′ilously.—n. Per′ilousness. [Fr. péril—L. periculum.]

Perilymph, per′i-limf, n. the fluid which surrounds the membraneous labyrinth of the ear.

Perimeter, pē-rim′e-tėr, n. (geom.) the circuit or boundary of any plane figure, or the sum of all its sides: an instrument for measuring the area over which a person can see distinctly.—adjs. Perimet′ric, -al, pertaining to the perimeter.—n. Perim′etry, the act of making perimetrical measurements. [Gr. perimetros—peri, around, metron, measure.]

Perimorph, per′i-morf, n. a mineral enclosing another.—adjs. Perimor′phic, Perimor′phous.

Perineum, Perinæum, per-i-nē′um, n. the lower part of the body between the genital organs and the rectum.—adj. Perinē′al. [L.,—Gr.]

Period, pē′ri-ud, n. the time in which anything is performed: (astron.) the time occupied by one of the heavenly bodies in making its revolution: a stated interval of time, at the end of which certain events begin again to go through the same course as before: a series of events: a series of years: length of duration: the time at which anything ends: conclusion: (gram.) a mark at the end of a sentence: (rhet.) a complete sentence.—v.t. (Shak.) to put an end to.—adjs. Period′ic, -al, pertaining to a period: happening by revolution: occurring at regular intervals: pertaining to periodicals.—ns. Period′ical, a magazine or other publication which appears in parts at regular periods; Period′icalist, one who writes in a periodical.—adv. Period′ically.—n. Periodic′ity, state of being periodic: tendency to happen over again at regular intervals of time.—Periodical literature, literature published in magazines, &c.; Periodic function, one whose operation being iterated a certain number of times restores the variable: a function having a period; Periodic inequality, a disturbance in the motion of a planet due to its position in its orbit relatively to another planet; Periodic law (chem.), a relation of elements according to their atomic weights. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. periodos—peri, around, hodos, a way.]

Periophthalmus, per-i-of-thal′mus, n. a genus of acanthopterous fishes, allied to gobies, with protruding mobile eyes, pectoral fins that can be used as legs.

Periosteum, per-i-os′tē-um, n. a tough fibrous membrane which forms the outer coating of bones.—adjs. Perios′tēal, Perios′tēous; Periostit′ic.—n. Periostī′tis, inflammation of the periosteum. [Gr. periosteon—peri, around, osteon, a bone.]

Periotic, per-i-ō′tik, adj. surrounding the inner ear.—n. a periotic bone. [Gr. peri, about, ous, ōtos, the ear.]

Peripatetic, -al, per-i-pa-tet′ik, -al, adj. walking about: of or pertaining to the philosophy of Aristotle, who taught while walking up and down in the Lyceum at Athens.—n. Peripatet′ic, an adherent of the philosophy of Aristotle: one accustomed or obliged to walk: (pl.) instruction by lectures.—n. Peripatet′icism, the philosophy of Aristotle. [Gr. peripatētikos—peri, about, patein, to walk.]

Periphery, pe-rif′ėr-i, n. (geom.) the circumference of a circle or of any closed figure: the outside of anything generally.—adjs. Periph′eral, Peripher′ic, -al. [L.—Gr. peri, around, pherein, to carry.]

Periphractic, per-i-frak′tik, adj. enclosed around. [Gr. peri, about, phrassein, to enclose.]

Periphrase, per′i-frāz, n. a round-about way of speaking: the use of more words than are necessary to express an idea: (rhet.) a figure employed to avoid a trite expression—also Periph′rasis.—v.t. or v.i. to use circumlocution.—adjs. Periphras′tic, -al, containing or expressed by periphrasis or circumlocution.—adv. Periphras′tically. [L.,—Gr. periphrasis—peri, about, phrasis, a speaking.]

Periplast, per′i-plast, n. the intercellular substance of an organ or tissue of the body.—adj. Periplast′ic.

Periplus, per′i-plus, n. a circumnavigation. [Gr. peri, around, ploos, plous, a voyage.]

Periptery, pe-rip′tėr-i, n. (archit.) a building surrounded by a wing or row of columns.—adjs. Perip′teral, having a periptery or range of columns all round, said of a temple, &c.; Perip′terous, feathered on all sides: peripteral. [Gr. peripteros—peri, about, pteron, a wing.]

Periscii, pe-rish′i-ī, n.pl. the people within the polar circle, because their shadows, on some days in summer, move round in a complete circle, owing to the fact that on those days the sun does not set.—adj. Peris′cian. [Gr. periskios, throwing a shadow all round; peri, around, skia, a shadow.]

Periscope, per′i-skōp, n. an instrument like the altiscope, used in directing submarine boats.—adj. Periscop′ic. [Gr. peri, about, skopein, to see.]

Perish, per′ish, v.i. to pass away completely: to waste away: to decay: to lose life: to be destroyed: to be ruined or lost.—ns. Perishabil′ity, Per′ishableness, the quality of being liable to speedy decay or destruction.—adj. Per′ishable, that may perish: subject to speedy decay.—adv. Per′ishably.—v.i. Per′ishen (Spens.), to perish. [O. Fr. perir, pr.p. perissant—L. perīre, to perish—per, completely, īre, to go.]

Perisperm, per′i-spėrm, n. (bot.) that which is round a seed, the albumen.—adj. Perisper′mic. [Gr. peri, around, sperma, seed.]

Perissad, pe-ris′ad, n. (chem.) an atom whose valency is represented by an odd number—opp. to Artiad—also adj. [Gr. perissos, beyond the regular number.]

Perissodactyla, pe-ris-ō-dak′ti-la, n. one of the two divisions of the great mammalian order Ungulata, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros, distinguished by the third digit of each limb being symmetrical in itself, by the presence of an odd number of digits on the hind-foot, &c.—opp. to Artiodactyla.—adjs. Perissodac′tyl, Perissodac′tylate, Perissodactyl′ic, Perissodac′tylous. [Gr. perissos, beyond the regular number, daktylos, a finger.]

Perissology, per-i-sol′ō-ji, n. verbiage.—adj. Perissolog′ical, redundant in words.

Peristalith, pe-ris′ta-lith, n. a series of standing stones surrounding a barrow or burial-mound. [Gr. peri, around, histanai, to stand, lithos, a stone.]

Peristaltic, per-i-stalt′ik, adj. noting the involuntary muscular action of the alimentary canal, by which it forces its contents onwards.—n. Peristal′sis. [Gr. peristaltikos—peristellein, to wrap round—peri, around, stellein, to place.]

Peristeropod, pē-ris′te-rō-pod, adj. pigeon-toed—also n. [Gr. peristera, a pigeon, pous, podos, a foot.]

Peristome, per′i-stōm, n. the mouth-parts of echinoderms, &c.: the fringe of hair-like appendages round the rim of the capsule of a moss.

Peristyle, per′i-stīl, n. a range of columns round a building or round a square: a court, square, &c., with columns all round.—adj. Peristy′lar. [L. peristylium—Gr. peristylon, with pillars round the wall—peri, around, stylos, a column.]

Peritomous, pe-rit′ō-mus, adj. (min.) cleaving in more directions than one parallel to the axis, the faces being all similar. [Gr. peri, round, temnein, to cut.]

Peritoneum, Peritonæum, per-i-tō-nē′um, n. a serous membrane which encloses all the viscera lying in the abdominal and pelvic cavities.—adjs. Peritonē′al; Peritonit′ic.—n. Peritonī′tis, inflammation of the peritoneum. [Gr. peritoneion—peri, around, teinein, to stretch.]

Perityphlitis, per-i-tif-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the cæcum, appendix, and connective tissue, or of the peritoneum covering cæcum and appendix. [Gr. peri, round, typhlos, blind (the cæcum being the 'blind gut').]

Periwig, per′i-wig, n. a peruke or small wig, usually shortened to Wig: an artificial head of hair.—v.t. to dress with a periwig.—adj. Per′iwig-pā′ted, wearing a periwig. [Old Dut. peruyk—Fr. perruque.]

Periwinkle, per′i-wingk-l, n. a creeping evergreen plant, growing in woods. [M. E. peruenke, through A.S. peruincæ, from L. pervinca, vincīre, to bind.]

Periwinkle, per′i-wingk-l, n. a small univalve mollusc: a small shellfish, abundant between tide-marks on the rocks, boiled and eaten as food. [Corrupted by confusion with preceding from A.S. pinewincla—wincle, a whelk; prov. Eng. pin-patch.]

Perjure, pėr′jōōr, v.t. to swear falsely (followed by a reciprocal pronoun): to cause to swear falsely.—v.i. to be false to one's oath.—n. (Shak.) a perjured person.—adj. Per′jured, having sworn falsely: being sworn falsely, as an oath.—n. Per′jurer.—adjs. Perju′rious, Per′jurous, guilty of perjury.—n. Per′jury, false swearing: the breaking of an oath: (law) the crime committed by one who, when giving evidence on oath as a witness in a court of justice, gives evidence which he knows to be false. [Fr.,—L. perjurāre—per-, jurāre, to swear.]

Perk, pėrk, adj. trim: spruce: jaunty: proud.—v.t. to make smart or trim.—v.i. to hold up the head with smartness: to toss or jerk the head.—adj. Perk′y (Tenn.), perk, trim. [W. perc, trim.]

Perk, pėrk, v.i. (prov.) to peer.—adj. Perk′ing, peering, inquisitive.

Perlite, pėr′līt, n. the name given to some vitreous rocks, as obsidian, which seem as if made up of little pearly or enamel-like spheroids.—adj. Perlit′ic.

Perlustrate, per-lus′trāt, v.t. to survey carefully.—n. Perlustrā′tion. [L. perlustrāre, -ātum.]

Permanent, pėr′ma-nent, adj. lasting: durable: not subject to change: not to be removed: (zool.) always present.—ns. Per′manence, Per′manency, state or quality of being permanent: continuance in the same state, position, &c.: unlikelihood of change: duration.—adv. Per′manently.—Permanent way, the finished road of a railway. [Fr.,—L. permanēre—per, through, manēre, to continue.]

Permanganate, per-man′gan-āt, n. a salt containing manganese.—adj. Permangan′ic.

Permeate, pėr′mē-āt, v.t. to pass through the pores of: to penetrate and fill the pores of.—n. Permēabil′ity.—adj. Per′mēable, that may be permeated or passed through: allowing the passage of liquids.—adv. Per′mēably.—n. Permēā′tion, act of permeating, or state of being permeated.—adj. Permēā′tive. [L. permeatus—per, through, meāre, to pass.]

Permian, per′mi-an, n. a group of strata forming the uppermost division of the Palezoic series.

Permit, per-mit′, v.t. to give leave to: to allow to be or to be done: to afford means: to give opportunity:—pr.p. permit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. permit′ted.—n. (per′mit) a written permission, esp. from a custom-house officer to remove goods.—n. Permissibil′ity.—adj. Permiss′ible, that may be permitted: allowable.—adv. Permiss′ibly.—n. Permis′sion, act of permitting: liberty granted: allowance.—adj. Permiss′ive, granting permission or liberty: allowing: granted: not hindered.—adv. Permiss′ively, by permission, without prohibition.—ns. Permit′tance, permission; Permittēē′, one to whom permission is granted; Permit′ter, one who permits.—Permissive Bill, a measure embodying the principles of local option for the regulation of the liquor traffic; Permissive laws, laws that permit certain things without enforcing anything. [L. permittĕre, -missum, to let pass through—per, through, mittĕre, to send.]

Permutable, per-mū′ta-bl, adj. that may be changed one for another.—ns. Permū′tableness, Permutabil′ity.—adv. Permū′tably.—ns. Permū′tant; Permutā′tion, act of changing one thing for another: (math.) the arrangement of things or letters in every possible order.—v.t. Permute′. [L.,—permutāre—per, through, mutāre, to change.]

Pernicious, per-nish′us, adj. killing utterly: hurtful: destructive: highly injurious.—adv. Perni′ciously.—n. Perni′ciousness. [Fr.,—L. perniciosus—per, completely, nex, necis, death by violence.]

Pernickety, per-nik′e-ti, adj. easily troubled about trifles: (coll.) fastidious.—n. Pernick′etiness.

Pernoctation, pėr-nok-tā′shun, n. act of passing the whole night, esp. in prayer or watching: a watch all night. [L. per, through, nox, noctis, night.]

Perone, per′ō-nē, n. the fibula or small bone of the leg.—adjs. Perōnē′al; Perōnēōtib′ial, pertaining to the perone and the tibia.—n. a muscle from the fibula to the tibia in some marsupials: an anomalous muscle in man, constant in apes, between the inner side of the head of the fibula and the tibia.—n. Peronē′us, one of several fibular muscles. [Fr.,—Gr. peronē, the tongue of a buckle.]

Peropod, pē′rō-pod, adj. having rudimentary hind limbs, as serpents—also n. [Gr. pēros, maimed, pous, podos, a foot.]

Peroration, per-ō-rā′shun, n. the conclusion of a speech, usually summing up the points and enforcing the argument.—v.i. Per′orate, to make a peroration: (coll.) to make a speech. [Fr.,—L. peroratio—perorāre, to bring a speech to an end—per, through, orāre, to speak—os, oris, the mouth.]

Peroxide, per-ox′īd, n. an oxide having a larger proportion of oxygen than any other oxide of the same series.—n. Peroxidā′tion.—v.t. and v.i. Perox′idise.

Perpend, per-pend′, v.t. to weigh in the mind, to consider carefully. [L. perpendĕre—per, inten., pendĕre, to weigh.]

Perpend, per′pend, n. in building, a bond-stone or bonder.—Also Per′pend-stone, Per′pent-stone. [O. Fr. parpaigne, Fr. parpaing.]

Perpendicular, pėr-pen-dik′ū-lar, adj. exactly upright: extending in a straight line toward the centre of the earth: (geom.) at right angles to a given line or surface.—n. a perpendicular line or plane.—n. Perpendicular′ity, state of being perpendicular.—adv. Perpendic′ularly.—Perpendicular style, a style of Gothic architecture in England which succeeded the Decorated style, prevailing from the end of the 14th to the middle of the 16th century, contemporary with the Flamboyant style in France, marked by stiff and rectilinear lines, mostly vertical window-tracery, depressed or four-centre arch, fan-tracery vaulting, and panelled walls. [Fr.,—L. perpendicularis—perpendiculum, a plumb-line—per, through, pendĕre, to weigh.]

Perpetrate, pėr′pē-trāt, v.t. to perform or commit (usually in a bad sense): to produce (as a poor pun).—adj. Per′petrable.—ns. Perpetrā′tion, act of committing a crime: the thing perpetrated: an evil action; Per′petrātor. [L. perpetrāre, -ātum—per, thoroughly, patrāre, to perform.]

Perpetual, per-pet′ū-al, adj. never ceasing: everlasting: not temporary.—adv. Perpet′ually.—Perpetual curate, a curate of a parish where there was neither rector nor vicar, the tithes being in the hands of a layman—abolished in 1868, every incumbent not a rector now being a vicar; Perpetual motion, motion of a machine arising from forces within itself, constantly kept up without any force from without; Perpetual screw, an endless screw. [Fr. perpétuel—L. perpetuus, continuous.]

Perpetuate, per-pet′ū-āt, v.t. to make perpetual: to cause to last for ever or for a very long time: to preserve from extinction or oblivion.—adj. Perpet′ūable, capable of being perpetuated.—n. Perpet′uance, the act of making perpetual.—adjs. Perpet′uāte, -d, made perpetual: continued for an indefinite time.—n. Perpetuā′tion, act of perpetuating or preserving from oblivion: preservation for ever, or for a very long time; Perpetū′ity, state of being perpetual: endless time: duration for an indefinite period: something lasting for ever: the sum paid for a perpetual annuity: the annuity itself.

Perplex, per-pleks′, v.t. to make difficult to be understood: to embarrass: to puzzle: to tease with suspense or doubt.—n. (obs.) a difficulty.—adv. Perplex′edly.—n. Perplex′edness.—adj. Perplex′ing.—adv. Perplex′ingly.—n. Perplex′ity, state of being perplexed: confusion of mind arising from doubt, &c.: intricacy: embarrassment: doubt. [Fr.,—L. perplexus, entangled—per, completely, plexus, involved, pa.p. of plectĕre.]

Perquisite, pėr′kwi-zit, n. an allowance granted over and above the settled wages: a fee allowed by law to an officer for a specific service.—ns. Perquisi′tion, a strict search: diligent inquiry; Perquis′itor, the first purchaser of an estate. [L. perquisitum, from perquirĕre—per, thoroughly, quærĕre, to ask.]

Perradial, pėr-rā′di-al, adj. fundamentally radial.—n. Perrā′dius.

Perron, per′on, n. an external flight of steps giving access to the entrance-door of a building.

Perry, per′i, n. an agreeable beverage made by fermenting the juice of pears. [Fr. poiré, from poire, a pear—L. pirum.]

Perscrutation, per-skrōō-tā′shun, n. a thorough search through: a minute inquiry. [L. per, through, scrutāri, to search carefully.]

Perse, pers, adj. dark blue, bluish-gray.—n. a dark-blue colour, a cloth of such colour. [O. Fr. pers—L. persicum, a peach.]

Persecute, pėr′se-kūt, v.t. to pursue so as to injure or annoy: to follow after persistently: to annoy or punish, esp. for religious or political opinions.—ns. Persecū′tion, act or practice of persecuting: state of being persecuted: a time of general oppression on account of religious opinions; Per′secūtor:—fem. Per′secūtrix. [Fr.,—L. persequi, persecutus—per, thoroughly, sequi, to follow.]

Perseus, per′sūs, n. a fabled Greek hero, who slew the Gorgon Medusa, and rescued Andromeda from a sea-monster: a constellation in the northern sky. [Gr.]

Persevere, pėr-sē-vēr′, v.i. to persist in anything: to pursue anything steadily: to be constant: not to give over.—n. Persevē′rance, act or state of persevering: continued application to anything which one has begun: a going on till success is met with.—adj. Persevē′ring.—adv. Persevē′ringly.—Perseverance of saints, the Calvinistic doctrine that those who are effectually called by God cannot fall away so as to be finally lost. [Fr.,—L. perseverāre—perseverus, very strict—per, very, severus, strict.]

Persian, pėr′shi-an, adj. of, from, or relating to Persia, its inhabitants, or language.—n. a native of Persia: the language of Persia: (archit.) male figures used instead of columns to support an entablature—also Per′sic.—Persian apple, the peach; Persian berry, the fruit of several buckthorns; Persian blinds (see Persienne); Persian wheel, a large wheel for raising water, fixed vertically with a number of buckets at its circumference.

Persicot, per′si-kot, n. a cordial flavoured with kernels of peaches and apricots. [Fr.,—L. persicum, a peach.]

Persienne, per-si-en′, n. an Eastern cambric or muslin with coloured printed pattern: (pl.) Persian blinds, outside shutters of thin movable slats in a frame.

Persiflage, pėr′si-fläzh, n. a frivolous way of talking or treating any subject: banter.—adj. Per′siflant, bantering.—v.i. Per′siflāte (Thackeray).—n. Per′siflour (Carlyle). [Fr.,—persifler, to banter—L. per, through, Fr. siffler—L. sibilāre, to whistle, to hiss.]

Persimmon, Persimon, per-sim′on, n. the American date-plum. [Amer. Ind.]

Persist, per-sist′, v.i. to stand throughout to something begun: to continue in any course, esp. against opposition: to persevere.—ns. Persis′tence, Persis′tency, quality of being persistent: perseverance: obstinacy: duration, esp. of an effect after the exciting cause has been removed.—adj. Persis′tent, persisting: pushing on, esp. against opposition: tenacious: fixed: (bot.) remaining till or after the fruit is ripe, as a calyx.—advs. Persis′tently; Persis′tingly.—adj. Persis′tive (Shak.), persistent. [Fr.,—L. persistĕre—per, through, sistĕre, to cause to stand—stāre, to stand.]

Person, pėr′sun, n. character represented, as on the stage: character: an individual, sometimes used slightingly: a living soul: a human being: the outward appearance, &c.: bodily form: one of the three hypostases or individualities in the triune God: (gram.) a distinction in form, according as the subject of the verb is the person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of.—adj. Per′sonable, having a well-formed body or person: of good appearance.—n. Per′sonāge, a person: character represented: an individual of eminence: external appearance.—adj. Per′sonal, belonging to a person: having the nature or quality of a person: peculiar to a person or to his private concerns: pertaining to the external appearance: done in person: relating to one's own self: applied offensively to one's character: (gram.) denoting the person.—n. Personalisā′tion, personification.—v.t. Per′sonalise, to make personal.—ns. Per′sonalism, the character of being personal; Per′sonalist, one who writes personal notes; Personal′ity, that which distinguishes a person from a thing, or one person from another: individuality: a derogatory remark or reflection directly applied to a person—esp. in pl. Personal′ities.—adv. Per′sonally, in a personal or direct manner: in person: individually.—n. Per′sonalty (law), all the property which, when a man dies, goes to his executor or administrator, as distinguished from the realty, which goes to his heir-at-law.—v.t. Per′sonāte, to assume the likeness or character of: to represent: to counterfeit: to feign.—adj. (bot.) mask-like, as in the corollary of the snapdragon: larval, cucullate.—adj. Per′sonāted, impersonated, feigned, assumed.—ns. Personā′tion; Per′sonātor.—n. Personisā′tion.—v.t. Per′sonise, to personify.—n. Personnel′, the persons employed in any service, as distinguished from the materiel.—Personal estate, property, movable goods or property, as distinguished from freehold or real property, esp. in land; Personal exception (Scots law), a ground of objection which applies to an individual and prevents him from doing something which, but for his conduct or situation, he might do; Personal identity, the continued sameness of the individual person, through all changes both without and within, as testified by consciousness; Personal rights, rights which belong to the person as a living, reasonable being; Personal security, security or pledge given by a person, as distinguished from the delivery of some object of value as security; Personal service, delivery of a message or an order into a person's hands, as distinguished from delivery in any other indirect way; Personal transaction, something done by a person's own effort, not through the agency of another.—In person, by one's self, not by a representative. [Fr.,—L. persōna, a player's mask, perh. from persŏnāre, -ātum—per, through, sonāre, to sound.]

Persona, pėr-sō′na, n. a person.—Persona grata, a person who is acceptable to those to whom he is sent.—Dramatis personæ, the characters in a play or story. [L.]

Personify, per-son′i-fī, v.t. (rhet.) to treat, look on, or describe as a person: to ascribe to any inanimate object the qualities of a person: to be the embodiment of:—pa.t. and pa.p. person′ifīed.—n. Personificā′tion. [L. persona, a person, facĕre, to make.]

Perspective, per-spek′tiv, n. a view or a vista: the art of drawing objects on a plane surface, so as to give the picture the same appearance to the eye as the objects themselves: just proportion in all the parts: a telescope or field-glass: a picture in perspective.—adj. pertaining or according to perspective.—adv. Perspec′tively.—ns. Perspec′tograph, an instrument for indicating correctly the points and outlines of objects; Perspectog′raphy, the science of perspective, or of delineating it.—Perspective plane, the surface on which the picture of the objects to be represented in perspective is drawn.—In perspective, according to the laws of perspective. [Fr.,—L. perspicĕre, perspectum—per, through, specĕre, to look.]

Perspicacious, pėr-spi-kā′shus, adj. of clear or acute understanding: quick-sighted.—adv. Perspicā′ciously.—ns. Perspicā′ciousness; Perspicac′ity, state of being acute in discerning: keenness of sight or of understanding; Perspicū′ity, state of being perspicacious: clearness in expressing ideas so as to make them easily understood by others: freedom from obscurity.—adj. Perspic′ūous, that can be seen through: clear to the mind: easily understood: not obscure in any way: evident.—adv. Perspic′ūously.—n. Perspic′ūousness. [L. perspicax, perspicacis—perspicĕre, to see through.]

Perspire, per-spīr′, v.i. and v.t. to emit or to be emitted, as moisture, through the pores of the skin: to sweat.—n. Perspirabil′ity.—adj. Perspīr′able, capable of being perspired.—v.i. Per′spirāte (rare), to sweat.—n. Perspirā′tion, act of perspiring: that which is perspired: moisture given out through the pores of the skin: sweat.—adj. Perspīr′atory, pertaining to or causing perspiration. [L. perspirāre, -ātum—per, through, spirāre, to breathe.]

Persuade, per-swād′, v.t. to influence successfully by argument, advice, &c.: to bring to any particular opinion: to cause to believe: to convince.—adj. Persuad′able.—n. Persuad′er.—adj. Persuā′sible, capable of being persuaded.—ns. Persuā′sibleness, Persuasibil′ity; Persuā′sion, act of persuading: state of being persuaded: settled opinion: a creed: a party adhering to a creed: (Spens.) an inducement.—adjs. Persuā′sive, Persuā′sory, having the power to persuade: influencing the mind or passions.—n. that which persuades or wins over.—adv. Persuā′sively.—n. Persuā′siveness. [Fr.,—L. persuadēre, -suasum—per, thoroughly, suadēre, to advise.]

Persulphate, pėr-sul′fāt, n. that sulphate of a metal which contains the relatively greater quantity of acid.

Pert, pėrt, adj. (obs.) open: evident: plain. [O. Fr. apert—L. aperīre, apertum, to open.]

Pert, pėrt, adj. forward: saucy: impertinent: too free in speech: (obs.) clever.—n. an impudent person.—adv. Pert′ly.—n. Pert′ness. [Perk.]

Pertain, per-tān′, v.i. to belong: to relate (with to).—ns. Per′tinence, Per′tinency, state of being pertinent or to the point: fitness for the matter on hand: suitableness: appositeness.—adj. Per′tinent, pertaining or related to a subject: being to the point: fitted for the matter on hand: fitting or appropriate: suitable: apposite.—adv. Per′tinently.—n. Per′tinentness. [O. Fr. partenir—L. pertinēre—per, thoroughly, tenēre, to hold.]

Pertinacious, pėr-ti-nā′shus, adj. thoroughly tenacious: holding obstinately to an opinion or a purpose: obstinate: unyielding.—adv. Pertinā′ciously.—ns. Pertinā′ciousness; Pertinac′ity, quality of being pertinacious or unyielding: obstinacy: resoluteness. [Fr.,—L. pertinax, -acis, holding fast—per, thoroughly, tenax, tenacious—tenēre, to hold.]

Perturb, per-turb′, v.t. to disturb greatly: to agitate—also Per′turbate.—adj. Pertur′bable, that can be agitated or confused.—ns. Pertur′bance, Perturbā′tion, act of perturbing or state of being perturbed: disquiet of mind: irregular action, esp. (astron.) the disturbance produced in the simple elliptic motion of one heavenly body about another by the action of a third body, or by the non-sphericity of the principal body; Pertur′bant, any disturbing thing.—adjs. Perturbā′tional; Pertur′bative.—n. Pertur′batory, the power of deflecting the divining-rod by magnetic influence.—p.adj. Perturbed′.—adv. Perturb′edly.—ns. Pertur′ber, Perturbā′tor:—fem. Per′turbātrix. [Fr.,—L. perturbāre, -ātum—per, thoroughly, turbāre, to disturb—turba, a crowd.]

Pertusion, pėr-tū′zhon, n. a hole made by a sharp instrument.—adjs. Pertū′sate, pierced at the apex; Pertuse′, -d, pierced with holes. [L. pertundĕre, -tusum—per, through, tundĕre, to strike.]

Peruke, per-ūk′, or per′ūk, n. an artificial cap of hair: a periwig—also Perruque.—adj. Peruquēr′ian, of or pertaining to the making of wigs.—n. Perru′quier, a wigmaker. [Fr. perruque—It. parrucca (Sp. peluca)—L. pilus, hair.]

Peruse, per-ūz′, or per-ōōz′, v.t. to read attentively: to examine carefully or in detail.—ns. Perusal (per-ūz′al, or per-ōōz′al), the act of perusing: careful examination: study: reading; Perus′er. [Formed from L. per, thoroughly, uti, usum, to use.]

Peruvian, per-ōō′vi-an, adj. pertaining to Peru in South America.—n. a native of Peru.—Peruvian balsam, a fragrant bitterish liquid yielded by a South American tree, used for asthma and in making soaps; Peruvian bark, cinchona (q.v.).

Pervade, per-vād′, v.t. to go through or penetrate: to spread all over.—n. Pervā′sion.—adj. Pervā′sive, tending or having power to pervade. [L. pervadĕre, pervasum—per, through, vadĕre, to go.]

Perverse, per-vėrs′, adj. turned aside: obstinate in the wrong: stubborn: vexatious.—adv. Perverse′ly.—ns. Perverse′ness, Perver′sity, state or quality of being perverse: inclination to oppose: wickedness.—adj. Perver′sive, tending to pervert. [L. perversus, turned the wrong way.]

Pervert, per-vėrt′, v.t. to turn wrong or from the right course: to change from its true use: to corrupt: to turn from truth or virtue.—v.i. to go wrong or out of the right course.—n. (per′vert) one who has changed from a former position: an apostate.—ns. Perver′sion, the act of perverting: a diverting from the true object: a turning from truth or propriety: misapplication; Pervert′er.—adj. Pervert′ible, able to be perverted. [Fr. pervertir—L. pervertĕre—per, thoroughly, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Pervicacious, per-vi-kā′shus, adj. very obstinate.—ns. Pervicā′ciousness, Pervicac′ity.

Pervious, pėr′vi-us, adj. permeable, penetrable: open, perforate.—adv. Per′viously.—n. Per′viousness. [L. pervius—per, through, via, a way.]

Pesade, pe-zād′, n. the act or position of a saddle-horse in rearing. [Fr.]

Peseta, pe-sā′ta, n. a silver coin of Spain worth 9½d. [Sp., dim. of pesa, weight.]

Peshito, pe-shē′to, n. a translation of the Bible into Syriac, made in the second century.—Also Peshit′to. [Syriac, pĕshittá, the simple.]

Peshwa, pesh′wa, n. a chief or prince of the Mahrattas.—Also Peish′wah.

Peso, pā′so, n. a Spanish dollar. [Sp.,—L. pensum, pendĕre, to weigh.]

Pessary, pes′a-ri, n. an instrument worn in the vagina to remedy displacement of the womb. [Fr. pessaire—Low L. pessarium—Gr. pessos, a pebble.]

Pessimism, pes′i-mizm, n. the doctrine that on the whole the world is bad rather than good: a temper of mind that looks too much on the dark side of things: a depressing view of life.—v.i. Pess′imise.—n. Pess′imist, one who believes that everything is tending to the worst: one who looks too much on the dark side of things—opp. to Optimist.—adjs. Pessimis′tic, -al. [L. pessimus, worst.]

Pest, pest, n. a deadly disease: a plague: anything destructive: a troublesome person.—n. Pest′house, a hospital for persons afflicted with any contagious disease.—adj. Pestif′erous, contagious: pestilent: annoying.—adv. Pestif′erously.—n. Pest′ilence, any contagious deadly disease: anything that is hurtful to the morals.—adjs. Pest′ilent, producing pestilence: hurtful to health and life: mischievous: corrupt: troublesome; Pestilen′tial, of the nature of pestilence: producing pestilence: destructive.—advs. Pestilen′tially, Pest′ilently. [Fr. peste—L. pestis, a contagious disease.]

Pestalozzian, pes-ta-lot′si-an, adj. pertaining to graduated object-teaching as originated by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1745-1827).

Pester, pes′tėr, v.t. to disturb, to annoy.—n. a bother.—n. Pes′terer, one who pesters.—adv. Pes′teringly.—n. Pes′terment, annoyance. [Short for impester, O. Fr. empestrer (Fr. empêtrer), to entangle, from in, in, Low L. pastorium, a foot-shackle—L. pastus, pa.p. of pascĕre, to feed.]

Pestle, pes′l, or pest′l, n. an instrument for pounding anything in a mortar.—v.t. and v.i. to pound with a pestle: to use a pestle. [O. Fr. pestel—L. pistillum, a pounder, pinsĕre, pistum, to pound.]

Pet, pet, n. any animal tame and fondled: a word of endearment often used to young children: a favourite child: a wilful young woman—also Peat.—adj. indulged: cherished: favourite.—v.t. to treat as a pet: to fondle:—pr.p. pet′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. pet′ted. [Celt., as Ir. peat, Gael. peata.]

Pet, pet, n. a sudden fit of peevishness or slight passion: ill-humour.—v.i. to be peevish, to sulk. [From the above word.]

Petal, pet′al, n. a flower-leaf: a corolla leaf.—adjs. Pet′aled, Pet′aliform, Pet′alous, having petals or flower-leaves; Pet′aline, pertaining to or resembling a petal: attached to a petal.—n. Pet′alism, a method of ostracism practised in ancient Syracuse, the name being written on an olive-leaf.—adj. Pet′aloid, having the form of a petal—also Petaloi′deous. [Gr. petalon, a leaf.]

Petard, pē-tärd′, n. a kind of mortar filled with gunpowder, fixed to gates, barriers, &c., to break them down by explosion—(Shak.) Petar′: a paper bomb in pyrotechny.—ns. Petardeer′, Petardier′.—Hoist with one's own petard (see Hoist). [O. Fr.—péter, to crack or explode—L. pedĕre, cog. with Gr. perdein, Eng. fart.]

Petasus, pet′a-sus, n. a low broad-brimmed hat worn by heralds, &c., characteristic of Hermes. [Gr.]

Petaurist, pe-taw′rist, n. a flying opossum, Australian squirrel, &c.—adj. Petau′rine. [Gr.]

Petechiæ, pē-tek′i-ē, n.pl. purple spots on the skin.—adj. Petech′ial. [L. petigo, a scab.]

Peter, pē′tėr, v.i. in mining, to become exhausted (with out): (fig.) to lose power or value.

Peter, pē′tėr, v.i. to call for trumps at whist, by throwing away a higher card of a suit while holding a smaller.—n. this signal for trumps.

Petersham, pē′tėr-sham, n. a heavy greatcoat, also the rough-napped cloth, generally dark blue, of which it is made. [From Lord Petersham.]

Petiole, pet′i-ōl, n. the stalk which joins a leaf to the twig or branch: a footstalk—also Petī′olus.—adjs. Pet′iolar, -y, pertaining to, or growing upon, a petiole; Pet′iolāte, -d, Pet′ioled, growing on a petiole.—n. Pet′iolule, a little or partial petiole. [Fr.,—L. petiolus, a little foot—pes, pedis, a foot.]

Petit, pet′i, adj. small:—fem. Petite (pe-tēt′).—n. Pet′it-maî′tre, a dandy, a coxcomb generally. [Fr.]

Petition, pē-tish′un, n. a request generally from an inferior to a superior: a written request presented to a court of law, or to a body of legislators: a prayer: a supplication.—v.t. to present a petition to: to ask as a favour: to supplicate.—adj. Petit′ionary, offering or containing a petition: supplicatory.—ns. Petit′ioner, one who offers a petition or prayer; Petit′ioning, the act of presenting a petition: entreaty: solicitation; Petit′ionist.—adj. Pet′itory, petitioning.—Petitio principii, the fallacy of begging the question—a taking for granted in argument of that which has yet to be proved. [Fr.,—L. petitio—petĕre, petitum, to ask.]

Petrean, pē-trē′an, adj. pertaining to rock. [L. petræus—Gr. petraios—petra, a rock.]

Petrel, pet′rel, n. a long-winged dusky sea-bird, rarely landing except to lay its eggs, esp. the Stormy petrel, called by sailors 'Mother Carey's Chickens,' scarcely larger than a lark, the smallest web-footed bird known. [Fr.; from Matt. xiv. 29.]

Petrify, pet′ri-fī, v.t. to turn into stone: to make hard like a stone: to fix in amazement.—v.i. to become stone, or hard like stone:—pa.t. and pa.p. pet′rified.—n. Petres′cence.—adjs. Petres′cent, growing into or becoming stone; Petric′olous, inhabiting rocks.—n. Petrifac′tion, the act of turning into stone: the state of being turned into stone: that which is made stone: a fossil.—adjs. Petrifac′tive, Petrif′ic, changing animal or vegetable substances into stone; Pet′rifīable.—ns. Petrog′eny, the science of the origin of rocks; Pet′roglyph, a rock-carving.—adj. Petroglyph′ic.—ns. Petrog′lyphy, the art of writing on rocks or stones; Petrog′rapher, a student of petrography.—adjs. Petrograph′ic, -al.—adv. Petrograph′ically.—n. Petrog′raphy, the study of rocks: petrology.—adj. Petrolog′ical.—adv. Petrolog′ically.—ns. Petrol′ogist; Petrol′ogy, the science of the composition and classification of rocks.—adjs. Petrō′sal, of great hardness: petrous; Pē′trous, like stone: hard: rocky. [L. petra—Gr. petra, rock, L. facĕre, factum, to make.]

Petrine, pē′trin, adj. pertaining to, or written by, the Apostle Peter.—n. Pē′trinism, the Tübingen theory of F. C. Baur (1792-1860) and his school, of a doctrinal trend in primitive Christianity towards Judaism, ascribed to Peter and his party in opposition to Paulinism. [L. Petrinus—Petrus, Peter.]

Petroleum, pē-trō′lē-um, n. a liquid inflammable substance issuing or pumped up from the earth in various parts of the world.—ns. Pet′rol, a spirit obtained from petroleum; Petroleur (pā-tro-lār′), one of those Parisians who, with the help of petroleum, set fire to many of the public buildings of Paris in May 1871: an incendiary:—fem. Petroleuse′.—adj. Petrolif′erous, yielding petroleum. [L. petra, rock, oleum, oil.]

Petronel, pet′ro-nel, n. a large horse-pistol: a small carbine. [O. Fr. petrinal, the breast—L. pectus.]

Petted, pet′ed, adj. treated as a pet: indulged.—adj. Pett′ish, given to take the pet: peevish: fretful.—adv. Pett′ishly.—n. Pett′ishness.

Pettichaps, Petty-Chaps, pet′i-chaps, n. the garden warbler, the willow-warbler, chiff-chaff.

Petticoat, pet′i-kōt, n. a loose under-skirt worn by females and little boys: (coll.) a woman: a fisherman's loose canvas or oilcloth skirt: a bell-mouthed piece over the exhaust nozzles in the smoke-box of a locomotive, strengthening and equalising the draught through the boiler-tubes.—adj. feminine: female, as 'petticoat influence.'—n. Pett′icoat-affair′, an affair in which a woman is concerned.—n.pl. Pett′icoat-breech′es, a loose short breeches worn by men in the 17th century.—adj. Pett′icoated.—Petticoat government, government by women, either at home or in the state. [Petty + coat.]

Pettifogger, pet′i-fog-ėr, n. a lawyer who practises only in paltry cases.—v.i. Pett′ifog, to play the pettifogger.—n. Pett′ifoggery, mean tricks: quibbles.—adj. Pett′ifogging. [Petty, and obs. fog, to cheat (cf. Old Dut. focker).]

Pettitoes, pet′i-tōz, n.pl. the feet of a sucking pig: (Shak.) human feet. [Petty + toe.]

Petty, pet′i, adj. small: of less importance: lower in rank, power, &c.: inconsiderable, insignificant: contemptible.—adv. Pett′ily.—n. Pett′iness.—Petty cash, small sums of money received or paid; Petty larceny (see Larceny); Petty officer, a naval officer with rank corresponding to a non-commissioned officer in the army. [O. Fr. petit.]

Petulant, pet′ū-lant, adj. showing peevish impatience, irritation, or caprice: forward, impudent in manner.—ns. Pet′ulance, Pet′ulancy, sauciness: peevishness or impatience.—adv. Pet′ulantly. [L. petulans, -antis—obs. petulāre, dim. of petĕre, to fall upon.]

Petunia, pē-tū′ni-a, n. a Brazilian genus of ornamental plants of the nightshade family, with small undivided leaves and showy funnel-form flowers. [Amer. Ind. petun, tobacco.]

Pew, pū, n. an enclosed seat in a church.—ns. Pew′-fell′ow, companion; Pew′-hold′er, one who rents a pew in a church; Pew′-ō′pener, an attendant who opens pews in a church; Pew′-rent, rent paid for the use of a pew in church. [O. Fr. pui, a raised place—L. podium, a front seat in the amphitheatre—Gr. podion, orig. a footstool—pous, podos, foot.]

Pewit, pē′wit, n. the lapwing, a bird with a black head and crest, common in moors.—Also Pē′wet, Pee′wit. [Imit.; cf. Dut. piewit or kiewit.]

Pewter, pū′tėr, n. an alloy of four parts of tin and one of lead: sometimes tin with a little copper and antimony: a vessel made of pewter, esp. a beer-tankard: (slang) prize-money.—adj. made of pewter.—ns. Pew′terer, one who works in pewter; Pew′ter-mill, a lapidaries' polishing-wheel for amethyst, agate, &c.—adj. Pew′tery, belonging to pewter. [O. Fr. peutre (It. peltro), from a Teut. root, seen in Low Ger. spialter, Eng. spelter.]

Pfennig, pfen′ig, n. a German copper coin, the hundredth part of a mark.—Also Pfenn′ing.

Phacitis, fā-sī′tis, n. inflammation of the crystalline lens of the eye.—n. Phacocystī′tis, inflammation of the capsule of the crystalline lens of the eye.—adj. Phā′coid, lentil-shaped.—n. Phā′coscope. [Gr. phakos, a lentil.]

Phænogamous, Phenogamous, fē-nog′a-mus, adj. having manifest flowers, phanerogamous.—ns. Phæ′nogam, a phanerogamous plant; Phænogā′mia=Phanerogamia.—adj. Phænogam′ic. [Gr. phainein, to show, gamos, marriage.]

Phaeton, fā′e-ton, n. a kind of open pleasure-carriage on four wheels, drawn by one or two horses, from Phaëthon, son of Helios, the sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive: a tropic bird.—adj. Phaëton′ic.

Phagedena, Phagedæna, faj-e-dē′na, n. a sloughing ulcer, hospital gangrene.—adjs. Phagedē′nic, Phagedæ′nic. [Gr. phagein, to eat.]

Phagocyte, fag′o-sīt, n. a white or colourless blood-corpuscle—also called leucocyte—an active amœboid cell, which engulfs both nutritive and harmful particles.—adjs. Phagocyt′ic, -al.—ns. Phag′ocytism, the nature or function of a phagocyte; Phagocytō′sis, the destruction of microbes by phagocytes. [Gr. phagein, to eat, kytos, a vessel.]

Phalæna, fā-lē′na, n. the Linnæan genus including moths.—adj. Phalē′noid. [Gr. phalaina, a moth.]

Phalange, fā-lanj′, n. a phalanx of a digit: any of the joints of an insect's tarsus: a bundle of stamens joined by their filaments: a socialistic community in Fourier's dream of an ideal arrangement of society, consisting of 1800 persons living in a phalanstère—generally in pl., the usual sing. being Phā′lanx (q.v.).—adjs. Phalan′gal, Phalan′gēal, Phalan′gial, Phalan′gian; Phalan′giform; Phalanstē′rian.—ns. Phalanstē′rianism, Phalan′sterism; Phal′anstery, the dwelling of the phalange in the ideal social system of Fourier (1772-1837), a vast structure in the midst of a square league of cultivated land.

Phalanger, fā-lan′jer, n. a genus of small arboreal Australasian marsupials. [Fr.,—L. phalanx.]

Phalanx, fal′angks, or fā′-, n. a line of battle: a square battalion of heavy-armed infantry drawn up in ranks and files close and deep: any compact body of men: one of the small bones of the fingers and toes:—pl. Phalan′ges, or Phal′anxes. [L.,—Gr. phalangks.]

Phalarope, fal′a-rōp, n. a genus of wading birds, forming a sub-family of the snipes. [Gr. phalaris, a coot, pous, a foot.]

Phallus, fal′us, n. the symbol of generation which figures in the rites and ceremonies of most primitive peoples: (biol.) the organ of sex.—adj. Phall′ic.—ns. Phall′icism, Phall′ism, the phallic worship.—adj. Phall′oid. [L.,—Gr. phallos.]

Phanariot, fa-nar′i-ot, n. one of the Greeks inhabiting the Fanar quarter of Constantinople—in Turkish history mostly diplomatists, administrators, and bankers, also hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia.—adj. Phanar′iot.—Also Fanar′iot.

Phanerogamous, fan-e-rog′a-mus, adj. having true flowers containing stamens and pistils—opp. to Cryptogamous—also Phanerogam′ic.—n. Phan′erogam, a phanerogamic plant. [Gr. phaneros, visible, gamos, marriage.]

Phantasm, fan′tazm, n. a vain, airy appearance: a fancied vision: an apparition or spectre—also Phantas′ma (Shak.):—pl. Phan′tasms, Phantas′mata.—adjs. Phantas′mal; Phantasmā′lian (rare).—n. Phantasmal′ity.—adv. Phantas′mally.—adjs. Phantasmat′ic, -al; Phantas′mic; Phantasmogenet′ic, begetting phantasms.—adv. Phantasmogenet′ically.—adj. Phantasmolog′ical, pertaining to phantasms as subjects of inquiry.—n. Phantasmol′ogy, the science of phantasms. [Gr. phantasma—phantazein, to make visible—phainein, to bring to light—pha-ein, to shine.]

Phantasmagoria, fan-taz-ma-gō′ri-a, n. a fantastic series of illusive images: a gathering of appearances or figures upon a flat surface by a magic-lantern.—adjs. Phantasmagō′rial, pertaining to or resembling a phantasmagoria; Phantasmagor′ic, -al. [Gr. phantasma, an appearance, agora, an assembly—ageirein, to gather.]

Phantastic, Phantasy. See Fantastic, Fantasy.—n. Phantā′siast, one of those Docetæ who believed Christ's body to have been a mere phantom.

Phantom, fan′tom, n. a phantasm.—adj. illusive, spectral.—adj. Phantomat′ic, relating to a phantom. [O. Fr. fantosme—Gr. phantasma.]

Pharaoh, fā′rō, n. a title of the kings of ancient Egypt.—adj. Pharaon′ic. [Heb.,—Egyptian.]

Pharisee, far′i-sē, n. one of a religious school among the Jews, marked by their strict observance of the law and of religious ordinances: any one more careful of the outward forms than of the spirit of religion, a formalist.—adjs. Pharisā′ic, -al, pertaining to, or like, the Pharisees: hypocritical.—adv. Pharisā′ically.—ns. Pharisā′icalness; Phar′isāism, Phar′iseeism, the practice and opinions of the Pharisees: strict observance of outward forms in religion without the spirit of it: hypocrisy. [Late L. pharisæus—Gr. pharisaios—Heb. pārūsh, separated from, parash, to separate.]

Pharmaceutic, -al, fär-ma-sū′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to the knowledge or art of preparing medicines.—adv. Pharmaceū′tically.—ns. Pharmaceū′tics, the science of preparing medicines; Pharmaceū′tist, one who practises pharmacy.

Pharmacopœia, fär-ma-kō-pē′ya, n. a book containing directions for the preparation of medicines: a collection of drugs.—adj. Pharmacopœ′ial. [Gr. pharmakon, a drug, poiein, to make.]

Pharmacy, fär′ma-si, n. a department of the medical art which consists in the collecting, preparing, preserving, and dispensing of medicines: the art of preparing and mixing medicines: a drug-store.—ns. Phar′macist, a druggist, one skilled in pharmacy; Pharmacognos′tics, the sum of knowledge about drugs; Pharmacog′raphy, a description of drugs; Pharmacol′ogist, one skilled in pharmacology; Pharmacol′ogy, pharmacy; Phar′macon, a drug; Pharmacop′olist, a dealer in drugs. [Fr. pharmacie—L.,—Gr. pharmakon, a drug.]

Pharos, fā′ros, n. a lighthouse or beacon, so named from the famous lighthouse on the island of Pharos in the Bay of Alexandria.—n. Pharol′ogy, the art or science of directing the course of ships by means of light-signals from the shore.

Pharynx, far′ingks, n. the cleft or cavity forming the upper part of the gullet, and lying behind the nose, mouth, and larynx:—pl. Phar′ynges, Phar′ynxes.—adjs. Pharyn′gēal; Pharyngit′ic, pertaining to pharyngitis.—n. Pharyngī′tis, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx.—adjs. Pharyngoglos′sal, pertaining to the pharynx and the tongue; -laryn′geal, to that and the larynx; -nā′sal, and the nose; -ō′ral, and the mouth.—ns. Pharyngog′raphy, a description of the pharynx; Pharyng′ōscope, an instrument for inspecting the pharynx; Pharyng′oscopy; Pharyngot′omy, the operation of making an incision into the pharynx to remove a tumour. [Late L.,—Gr. pharyngkx, the pharynx.]

Phase, fāz, n. aspect, appearance, at any stage: an era: the form in which an object or a question presents itself to the mind: the appearance at a given time of the illuminated surface exhibited by a planet—also Phā′sis:—pl. Phas′es.—adj. Phase′less, unchanging. [Gr. phasis—phaein, to shine.]

Phasma, fas′mä, n. a genus of gressorial orthopterous insects—walking-stick insects, spectre-insects (Phasma), and leaf-insects.

Pheasant, fez′ant, n. a gallinaceous bird abundant in Britain, and highly valued as food.—n. Pheas′antry, an enclosure for pheasants, where they may be bred and reared. [O. Fr. faisan—L. Phasiana (avis)—Gr. Phasianos, of Phasis, in Colchis.]

Pheese, fēz, v.t. (Shak.) to beat, to drive off: to worry.—v.i. (U.S.) to worry.—n. worry—better Feeze.—n. Phees′ar, one of the mad host's words (Merry Wives, I. iii. 10).

Phelloplastics, fel-ō-plas′tiks, n. modelling in cork.—n. Phell′ogen, cork-meristem.—adj. Phellogenet′ic. [Gr. phellos, cork, plassein, to form.]

Phenacetin, fē-nas′e-tin, n. a drug prepared from carbolic acid, good against fevers, insomnia, &c.

Phenakistoscope, fen-a-kis′tō-skōp, n. an optical instrument which produces the appearances of objects in motion, as birds flying, &c.—n. Phen′akism (Bacon), deceit. [Gr. phenakistikos—phenakizein—phenax, a cheat.]

Phenology, Phænology, fē-nol′ō-ji, n. the branch of biology treating of animal or plant life and development as affected by climate.—adjs. Phenolog′ic, -al.—n. Phenol′ogist. [Phenomenology.]

Phenomenon, fē-nom′e-non, n. an appearance: the appearance which anything makes to our consciousness, as distinguished from what it is in itself: an observed result: a remarkable or unusual person, thing, or appearance:—pl. Phenom′ena.—adj. Phenom′enal, pertaining to a phenomenon: of the nature of a phenomenon: so strange as to excite great wonder: out of the common.—v.t. Phenom′enalise, to represent as a phenomenon.—ns. Phenom′enalism, the philosophical doctrine that the phenomenal and the real are identical—that phenomena are the only realities—also Externalism; Phenom′enalist, one who believes in phenomenalism; Phenomenal′ity, the character of being phenomenal.—adv. Phenom′enally.—v.t. Phenom′enise, to bring into the world of experience.—ns. Phenom′enism, the doctrines of the phenomenists; Phenom′enist, one who believes only what he observes, or phenomena, one who rejects necessary primary principles.—adj. Phenomenōlog′ical.—n. Phenomenol′ogy, a description of phenomena. [Gr. phainomenon—phainein, to show.]

Phenyl, fē′nil, n. an organic radical found esp. in carbolic acid, benzole, and aniline.—adjs. Phē′nic, Phenyl′ic. [Fr. phényle.]

Pheon, fē′on, n. (her.) the barbed iron head of a dart: the broad arrow marking property of the Crown.

Phial, fī′al, n. a small glass vessel or bottle. [L. phiala—Gr. phialē, a vial.]

Phi Beta Kappa, fi bet-a kap-a, the oldest of the American college Greek letter societies. [From the initial letters of its motto—Philosophia biou kubernētēs, 'Philosophy is the guide of life.']

Philadelphian, fil-a-del′fi-an, n. one of a mystic sect emphasising 'brotherly love,' founded in London in 1652 under the influence of Boehme. [Gr. philein, to love, adelphos, a brother.]

Philander, fi-lan′dėr, v.i. to make love: to flirt or coquet.—n. a lover.—n. Philan′derer. [Gr. philandros, loving men—philos, dear—philein, to love, anēr, andros, a man.]

Philanthropy, fi-lan′thrō-pi, n. love of mankind, esp. as shown in good deeds and services to others: goodwill towards all men.—ns. Phil′anthrope, Philan′thropist, one who tries to benefit mankind.—adjs. Philanthrop′ic, -al, doing good to others, benevolent.—adv. Philanthrop′ically. [L.,—Gr. philanthrōpia—philos, loving, anthrōpos, a man.]

Philately, fi-lat′e-li, n. the study and collection of postage and revenue stamps and labels (also Timbrophily, Timbrology).—adj. Philatel′ic.—n. Philat′elist, one devoted to this pursuit. [Formed in 1865 from Gr. philos, loving, atelēs, free of tax, 'prepaid'—a-, neg., telos, tax.]

Philharmonic, fil-har-mon′ik, adj. loving music. [Gr. philos, loving, harmonia, harmony.]

Philhellenic, fil-he-len′ik, adj. loving Greece.—ns. Philhel′lene, Philhel′lenist, a supporter of Greece, esp. in 1821-32; Philhel′lenism, love of Greece. [Gr. philos, loving, Hellēn, a Greek.]

Philippian, fi-lip′i-an, n. a native of Philippi in Macedonia—also adj.

Philippic, fil-ip′ik, n. one of the three orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon, or of Cicero against Marc Antony: any discourse full of invective.—v.i. Phil′ippise, to utter such.

Philistine, fil′is-tin, n. one of the ancient inhabitants of south-western Palestine, enemies of the Israelites—also Philis′tian, and Philis′tim (Milt.): a name applied by German students to shopkeepers and others not connected with the university: an uncultured person.—n. Phil′istinism.

Philogyny, fil-oj′i-ni, n. love of women.—n. Philog′ynist. [Gr. philos, loving, gynē, a woman.]

Philology, fi-lol′ō-ji, n. the science of language: the study of etymology, grammar, rhetoric, and literary criticism: (orig.) the knowledge which enabled men to study and explain the classical languages of Greece and Rome.—ns. Philol′oger, Philolō′gian, Philol′ogist, Phil′ologue, one versed in philology.—adjs. Philolog′ic, -al.—adv. Philolog′ically.—Comparative philology, study of languages by comparing their history, forms, and relationships with each other. [L.,—Gr. philologia—philologos, fond of words—philos, loving, logos, discourse.]

Philomath, fil′ō-math, n. a lover of learning.—adjs. Philomath′ic, -al.—n. Philom′athy, love of learning. [Gr. philomathēs, fond of learning—philos, loving, e-math-on, 2d aorist manthanein, to learn.]

Philomel, fil′ō-mel, n. the nightingale.—Also Philomē′la. [Gr. Philomela, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, changed into a nightingale or swallow.]

Philopena, fil-ō-pē′na, n. a game in which each of two persons eats a twin kernel of a nut, and one pays a forfeit to the other on certain conditions: the gift made as a forfeit, or the twin kernels shared. [Ger. vielliebchen—viel, much, liebchen, sweetheart.]

Philoprogenitiveness, fil-ō-prō-jen′i-tiv-nes, n. (phren.) the instinctive love of offspring. [Gr. philos, loving, L. progenies, progeny.]

Philosopher, fi-los′ō-fėr, n. a lover of wisdom: one versed in or devoted to philosophy: a metaphysician: one who acts calmly and rationally in all the affairs and changes of life—also Phil′osophe:—fem. Philos′ophess.—adjs. Philosoph′ic, -al, pertaining or according to philosophy: skilled in or given to philosophy: becoming a philosopher: rational: calm.—adv. Philosoph′ically.—v.i. Philos′ophise, to reason like a philosopher: to form philosophical theories.—ns. Philos′ophiser, a would-be philosopher; Philos′ophism, would-be philosophy; Philos′ophist.—adjs. Philosophist′ic, -al.—n. Philos′ophy, the science of being as being: the knowledge of the causes and laws of all phenomena: the collection of general laws or principles belonging to any department of knowledge: reasoning: a particular philosophical system: calmness of temper.—Philosopher's stone, an imaginary stone or mineral compound, long sought after by alchemists as a means of transforming other metals into gold.—Moral, and Natural, philosophy (see Moral, Natural). [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. philosophos—philos, a lover, sophos, wise.]

Philtre, Philter, fil′tėr, n. a charm or spell to excite love. [Fr. philtre—L. philtrum—Gr. philtron—philos, loving, -tron, denoting the agent.]

Phlebitis, flē-bī′tis, n. inflammation of a vein.—ns. Phleb′olite, a calcareous concretion found in a vein; Phlebol′ogy, science of the veins; Phleb′orrhage, venous hemorrhage.—adjs. Phlebotom′ic, -al.—v.t. Phlebot′omise.—ns. Phlebot′omist; Phlebot′omy, act of letting blood. [Gr. phleps, phlebos, a vein.]

Phlegethontic, fleg-e-thon′tik, adj. pertaining to or resembling the river Phlegethon, a mythological river of the infernal regions, whose waves rolled torrents of fire, flowing into the lake of Acheron. [Gr. phlegethein—phlegein, to burn.]

Phlegm, flem, n. one of the four elements of which the ancients supposed the blood to be composed: the thick, slimy matter secreted in the throat, and discharged by coughing: sluggishness: indifference: calmness.—adj. Phlegmagogic (fleg-ma-goj′ik).—ns. Phleg′magogue, a medicine expelling phlegm; Phlegmā′sia, inflammation, esp. Phlegmasia dolens, puerperal tumid leg.—adjs. Phlegmat′ic, -al, abounding in or generating phlegm: cold: sluggish: not easily excited.—adv. Phlegmat′ically.—n. Phleg′mon, inflammation in the connective tissue.—adjs. Phleg′monoid; Phlegm′y. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. phlegma, phlegmatos—phlegein, to burn.]

Phleum, flē′um, n. a small genus of annual or perennial grasses—timothy, cat's-tail grass, herd's grass. [Gr. phleōs.]

Phlœum, flē′um, n. the cellular portion of bark next the epidermis—also Epiphlœum and Bast.—n. Phlō′ëm, the bast or liber portion of a vascular bundle. [Gr. phloios, bark.]

Phlogiston, flō-jis′ton, n. an imaginary element, believed in till nearly the end of the 18th century as forming part of every combustible body, which by its disengagement caused burning, or fire in action.—adj. Phlogis′tic (chem.), containing or resembling phlogiston: inflaming: (med.) inflammatory.—v.t. Phlogis′ticate, to combine phlogiston with. [Gr.]

Phlox, floks, n. a well-known garden plant, so called from its colour. [Gr.,—phlegein, to burn.]

Phlyctæna, Phlyctena, flik-tē′na, n. a small vesicle.—adjs. Phlyctē′nar; Phlyctē′noid; Phlyctē′nous.

Phocine, fō′sin, adj. pertaining to the seal family.—n. Phō′ca, a seal.—adj. Phocā′cean, relating to the genus Phoca.—n. a seal of this genus.—n. Phocæ′na, a genus of delphinoid odontocete cetaceans—the true porpoises.—adjs. Phō′cal; Phocæ′nine, like a porpoise. [L. phoca—Gr. phōkē, a seal.]

Phœbus, fē′bus, n. the sun-god: the sun:—fem. Phœbe (fē′bē), the moon. [L.,—Gr. phoibos, bright, phæin, to shine.]

Phœnician, Phenician, fē-nish′an, adj. pertaining to Phœnicia, on the coast of Syria, to its people, language, or arts.—n. an inhabitant of Phœnicia: the language, a Semitic dialect, akin to Hebrew.

Phœnix, Phenix, fē′niks, n. a fabulous bird said to have existed for 500 years all alone in the wilderness, and, after burning itself on a funeral pile, to have risen from its own ashes—hence, the emblem of immortality: a paragon. [L.,—Gr. phoinix.]

Pholas, fō′las, n. a genus of stone-bearing bivalves, a piddock:—pl. Phō′lades.—n. Phō′ladite, a fossil pholad. [Gr.]

Phonate, fō′nāt, v.t. to utter vocal sounds.—n. Phonā′tion, emission of vocal sounds.—adj. Phō′natory, pertaining to phonation.—n. Phonau′tograph, an instrument for registering the vibrations of a sounding body.—adj. Phonautograph′ic.—adv. Phonautograph′ically.—n. Phonom′eter, an instrument for measuring the vibrations of a body.

Phonetic, -al, fō-net′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to, or in accordance with, the sound of the voice: representing elementary sounds: vocal.—adv. Phonet′ically.—n. Phonetic′ian, a student of phonetics.—v.t. Phonet′icise, to make phonetic.—ns. Phonet′icism, phonetic character or representation; Phonet′icist, one who advocates phonetic-spelling.—n.sing. Phonet′ics, the science of sounds, esp. of the human voice.—ns. Phonet′ic-spell′ing, spelling according to sound: the spelling of words as they are pronounced; Phonetisā′tion, art of representing sound by phonetic signs.—v.t. Phō′netise, to represent phonetically.—ns. Phō′netism, sound, pronunciation; Phō′netist, a student of phonetics.—adj. Phon′ic, pertaining to sound.—n.sing. Phon′ics, acoustics.—adj. Phonocamp′tic, reflecting or deflecting sound.—n. Phō′nolite, clinkstone. [Gr. phōnetikos—phōnē, a sound.]

Phonograph, fō′nō-graf, n. a character or mark used to represent a sound (also Phō′nogram): an instrument by which spoken words or other sounds can be recorded, and afterwards given out again almost in the original tones.—ns. Phonog′rapher, Phonog′raphist, one versed in phonography.—adjs. Phonograph′ic, -al.—adv. Phonograph′ically.—ns. Phonog′raphy, the art of representing each spoken sound by a distinct character: phonetic shorthand; Phō′nōscope, an apparatus for recording music as played, or for testing musical strings: a microphone. [Gr. phōnē, sound, graphein, to write.]

Phonology, fō-nol′ō-ji, n. the science of the sounds of the voice, the manner in which these are combined in any language: phonetics.—adj. Phonolog′ical.—n. Phonol′ogist, one versed in phonology. [Gr. phōnē, sound, logos, discourse.]

Phonotype, fō′nō-tīp, n. a type or sign representing a sound.—adjs. Phonotyp′ic, -al, of or belonging to a phonotype, or to phonotypy.—ns. Phō′notypist; Phō′notypy, the art of representing each of the elementary sounds by different types or distinct characters. [Gr. phōnē, sound, typos, type.]

Phormium, for′mi-um, n. a genus of New Zealand plants of the lily family—New Zealand flax or flax-lily. [Gr. phormion, a plant.]

Phosphene, fos′fēn, n. a brilliant coloured spectrum seen when the finger is pressed into the internal corner of the eye. [Gr. phōs, light, phainein, to shine.]

Phosphorus, fos′fō-rus, n. the morning-star: a yellowish substance, like wax, inflammable and giving out light in the dark.—n. Phos′phate, a salt formed by the combination of phosphoric acid with a base.—adj. Phosphat′ic, of the nature of, or containing, a phosphate.—ns. Phos′phide, a compound formed of phosphorus and some other element, as copper or iron; Phos′phite, a salt of phosphorous acid; Phos′phor, the morning-star: (obs.) phosphorus.—v.t. Phos′phorate, to combine or impregnate with phosphorus.—n. Phos′phor-bronze, an alloy of copper, tin, and phosphorus.—v.i. Phosphoresce′, to shine in the dark like phosphorus.—n. Phosphoresc′ence.—adjs. Phosphoresc′ent, shining in the dark like phosphorus; Phosphor′ic, Phos′phorous, pertaining to or obtained from phosphorus.—ns. Phos′phorite, a massive radiated variety of apatite; Phos′phuret, a compound of phosphorus with a metal.—adj. Phos′phuretted, combined with phosphorus.—n. Phos′sy-jaw, phosphorous poisoning.—Phosphatic diathesis (med.), the condition in which there is a tendency in the urine to deposit white gravel. [L.,—Gr.,—phōsphoros, light-bearer—phōs, light, phoros, bearing, from pherein, to bear.]

Photochemistry, fō-tō-kem′is-tri, n. that branch of chemistry which treats of the chemical action of light.—adj. Photochem′ical.—n. Photochem′ist.

Photochromy, fō′tō-krō-mi, n. the art of reproducing colours by photography.—adj. Photochromat′ic.—n. Photochrō′motype, a photo-process picture printed in colours by any of the ordinary methods of typography in colours. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, chrōma, colour.]

Photo-engraving, fō′tō-en-grā′ving, n. a general term including all the various processes of mechanical engraving by the aid of photography.—The term Photog′lyphy is sometimes applied to photo-engraving by one process or other, often limited to photogravure.—adj. Photoglyph′ic.

Photogeny, fō-toj′e-ni, n. the art of taking pictures by the action of light on a chemically prepared ground.—adjs. Photogen′ic, Photog′enous.

Photography, fō-tog′ra-fi, n. the art of producing pictures by the action of light on chemically prepared surfaces.—n. Phō′tograph, a picture so produced.—v.t. to make a picture of by means of photography.—ns. Phōtog′rapher, Phōtog′raphist.—adj. Phōtograph′ic, -al.—adv. Phōtograph′ically. [Gr. phōs, light, graphein, to draw.]

Photogravure, fō′tō-grā-vūr, n. a method of producing by means of photography and the action of acids on a sensitised surface a kind of mezzo-engraving on metal. [Fr.,—Gr. phōs, light, Fr. gravure, engraving.]

Photolithography, fō-tō-li-thog′ra-fi, n. a method by which a photograph in line can be developed with ink so as to be transferred to stone as a lithograph.—n. Photolith′ograph, a print produced by photolithography.—v.t. to reproduce by this aid.—n. Photolithog′rapher.—adj. Photolithograph′ic. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, lithos, a stone, graphein, to write.]

Photology, fō-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of light.—adjs. Photolog′ic, -al.—n. Photol′ogist. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, logia—legein, to say.]

Photolysis, fō-tol′i-sis, n. (bot.) the movements of protoplasm under the influence of light. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, lysis—lyein, to unloose.]

Photomechanical, fō-tō-mē-kan′i-kal, adj. pertaining to the mechanical production of pictures by the aid of light, as in photo-engraving, &c.

Photometer, fō-tom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of light, esp. for comparing the amount of light coming from different sources.—adjs. Photomet′ric, -al.—n. Photom′etry, the measurement of the intensity of light. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, mētron, a measure.]

Photomicrography, fō-tō-mī-krog′ra-fi, n. the enlargement of microscopic objects by means of the microscope, and the projection of the enlarged image on a sensitive film.—ns. Photomī′crograph; Photomicrog′rapher.—adj. Photomicrograph′ic. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, mikros, little, graphein, to write.]

Photophobia, fō-tō-fō′bi-a, n. a dread of light.—adj. Photophob′ic.

Photophone, fō′tō-fōn, n. an apparatus for transmitting articulate speech to a distance along a beam of light. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, phōnē, sound.]

Photo-process, fō′tō-pros′es, n. any process by which is produced, by the agency of photography, a matrix from which prints can be made in ink—photogravure, photolithography, and photozincography.

Photopsia, fō-top′si-a, n. the condition of having the sensation of light without external cause.—Also Phō′topsy.

Photo-relief, fō′tō-re-lēf′, n. a process of producing plates by means of photography, from which impressions can be taken in an ordinary printing-press.

Photosculpture, fō-tō-skulp′tūr, n. the art of taking likenesses in the form of statuettes or medallions by the aid of photography.

Photosphere, fō′tō-sfēr, n. the luminous envelope round the sun's globe, which is the source of light. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, sphaira, a sphere.]

Phototherapy, fō-tō-ther′a-pi, n. the art of healing (of lupus, &c.) by means of light, electric or other, focussed on the diseased part. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, therapeuein, to heal.]

Phototype, fō′tō-tīp, n. a type or plate of the same nature as an engraved plate, produced from a photograph.—n. Phō′totypy. [Gr. phōs, phōtos, light, typos, type.]

Photo-xylography, fō-tō-zī-log′ra-fi, n. wood-engraving after an impression has been taken on the wood-block by photography. [Gr. phōs, phōtos light, xylon, a log of wood, graphein, to write.]

Photozincography, fō-tō-zing-kog′ra-fi, n. the process of engraving on zinc by taking an impression by photography and etching with acids.—n. Photozinc′ograph, a picture so produced.

Phrase, frāz, n. two or more words expressing a single idea by themselves, or showing the manner or style in which a person expresses himself: part of a sentence: a short pithy expression: phraseology: (mus.) a short clause or portion of a sentence.—v.t. to express in words: to style.—n. Phrase′-book, a book containing or explaining phrases.—adj. Phrase′less, incapable of being described.—ns. Phrase′-man, Phrase′-mong′er, a wordy speaker or writer; Phrā′seogram, Phrā′seograph, a combination of shorthand characters to represent a phrase or sentence.—adjs. Phraseolog′ic, -al, pertaining to phraseology: consisting of phrases.—adv. Phraseolog′ically.—ns. Phraseol′ogist, a maker or a collector of phrases; Phrāseol′ogy, style or manner of expression or arrangement of phrases: peculiarities of diction: a collection of phrases in a language; Phrā′ser, a mere maker or repeater of phrases.—adj. Phrā′sical.—n. Phrā′sing, the wording of a speech or passage: (mus.) the grouping and accentuation of the sounds in a melody. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. phrasis—phrazein, to speak.]

Phratry, frā′tri, n. a clan: a brotherhood—also Phrā′tria.—adj. Phrā′tric. [Gr. phratēr, a brother.]

Phren, fren, n. the thinking principle, mind: the diaphragm:—pl. Phrenes.—ns. Phrēnal′gia, psychalgia; Phrenē′sis, delirium, frenzy.—adjs. Phrenet′ic, -al (also Frenet′ic, -al), having a disordered mind: frenzied: mad; Phreniat′ric, pertaining to the cure of mental diseases; Phren′ic, belonging to the diaphragm.—ns. Phren′ics, mental philosophy; Phren′ism, thought force.—adj. Phrenit′ic, affected with phrenitis.—ns. Phrenī′tis, inflammation of the brain; Phrenog′raphy, descriptive psychology; Phrenopath′ia, mental disease.—adj. Phrenopath′ic.—n. Phrenoplē′gia, sudden loss of mental power. [Gr. phrēn, the mind.]

Phrenology, frē-nol′ō-ji, n. the theory that the various faculties and powers of the mind are connected with certain parts of the brain, and can be known by an examination of the outer surface of the skull: the science by which character can be read by examining the skull.—adjs. Phrenolog′ic, -al.—adv. Phrenolog′ically.—n. Phrenol′ogist, one who believes or is versed in phrenology. [Gr. phrēn, phrenos, mind, logos, science.]

Phrygian, frij′i-an, adj. pertaining to Phrygia in Asia Minor, or to the Phrygians.—n. a native of Phrygia: a Montanist.—Phrygian cap, a conical cap with the top turned forward.

Phthalein, thal′e-in, n. one of a very important class of dye-yielding materials formed by the union of phenols with the anhydride of phthalic acid.—adj. Phthal′ic, pertaining to naphthalene.—n. Phthal′in, a colourless crystalline compound obtained by reducing phthalein.

Phthiriasis, thi-rī′a-sis, n. the lousy disease—morbus pediculosus. [L.,—Gr.]

Phthisis, thī′sis, n. consumption or wasting away of the lungs.—adjs. Phthis′ic, -al (tiz′ik, -al), pertaining to or having phthisis.—n. Phthisiology (tiz-i-ol′ō-ji), the sum of scientific knowledge about phthisis. [L.,—Gr. phthiein, to waste away.]

Phycology, fī-kol′ō-ji, n. the knowledge of algæ or sea-weeds.—n. Phycog′raphy, systematic description of algae.—adj. Phycolog′ic.—n. Phycol′ogist.

Phylactery, fi-lak′te-ri, n. a charm or amulet: among the Jews, a slip of parchment inscribed with certain passages of Scripture, worn on the left arm or forehead: among the early Christians, a case in which relics were preserved.—adjs. Phylacter′ic, -al. [L.,—Gr. phylaktērion, phylaktēr, a guard—phylassein, to guard.]

Phylarch, fī′lark, n. in ancient Greece, the chief of a tribe: in Athens, the commander of the cavalry of a tribe.—ns. Phy′larchy, the office of a phylarch; Phyle (fī′lē), a tribe or clan in ancient Greece.—adj. Phylet′ic, pertaining to a race or tribe: pertaining to a phylum of the animal kingdom.—n. Phylum (fī′lum), any primary division or sub-kingdom of the animal or vegetable kingdom:—pl. Phy′la.

Phyllite, fil′īt, n. clay-slate or argillaceous schist.—adj. Phyllit′ic. [Gr.,—phyllon, a leaf.]

Phyllium, fil′i-um, n. a genus of orthopterous insects of family Phasmidæ—leaf-insects or walking-leaves.

Phyllodium, fi-lō′di-um, n. a petiole which usurps the function of a leaf-blade.—adj. Phyllodin′eous.

Phylloid, fil′oid, adj. leaf-like—also Phylloi′deous.—ns. Phyl′lomancy, divination by leaves; Phyllomā′nia, abnormal production of leaves; Phyl′lome, foliage.—adj. Phyllom′ic.—n. Phyl′lomorphy, the reversion of floral organs, as sepals and bracts, to leaves—better Phyl′lody.

Phyllophagous, fi-lof′a-gus, adj. feeding on leaves.—n. a member of the Phylloph′aga, a tribe of hymenopterous insects—the saw-flies: a group of lamellicorn beetles which are leaf-eaters—the chafers.

Phyllophorous, fi-lof′ō-rus, adj. producing leaves: (zool.) having leaf-like organs.

Phyllopod, fil′ō-pod, adj. having foliaceous feet—also Phyllop′odous.—n. a crustacean of the order Phyllopoda.—adj. Phyllopod′iform.

Phyllostomatous, fil-ō-stom′a-tus, adj. leaf-nosed, as a bat.—n. Phyll′ostome, a leaf-nosed bat.—adj. Phyllos′tomine, leaf-nosed.

Phyllotaxis, fil-ō-tak′sis, n. the disposition of leaves on the stem.—Also Phyll′otaxy. [Gr. phyllon, a leaf, taxis, arrangement.]

Phylloxera, fil-ok-sē′ra, n. a genus of insects, belonging to a family nearly related to aphides and coccus insects, very destructive to vines. [Gr. phyllon, a leaf, xēros, dry.]

Phylogeny, fī-loj′e-ni, n. a biological term applied to the evolution or genealogical history of a race or tribe—also Phylogen′esis.—adv. Phylogenet′ically.—adjs. Phylogen′ic, Phylogenet′ic. [Gr. phylon, race, genesis, origin.]

Physalia, fī-sā′li-a, n. a genus of large oceanic hydrozoans—Portuguese man-of-war. [Gr. physallis, a plant, bladder—physa, bellows.]

Physic, fiz′ik, n. the science of medicine: the art of healing: a medicine: (orig.) natural philosophy, physics.—v.t. to give medicine to:—pr.p. phys′icking; pa.t. and pa.p. phys′icked.—ns. Physician (fi-zish′an), one skilled in the use of physic or the art of healing: one who prescribes remedies for diseases: a doctor.—ns. Physic′iancy, post or office of physician; Physic′ianship; Phys′ic-nut, Barbadoes or Purging nut, the seeds of Jatropha curcas.—Physic garden, a botanical garden. [O. Fr.,—Gr. physikē, natural—Gr. physis, nature.]

Physical, fiz′ik-al, adj. pertaining to nature or to natural objects: pertaining to material things: of or pertaining to natural philosophy: known to the senses: pertaining to the body.—n. Phys′icalist, one who thinks that human thought and action are determined by the physical organisation.—adv. Phys′ically.—ns. Phys′icism (-sizm), belief in the material or physical as opposed to the spiritual; Phys′icist (-sist), a student of nature: one versed in physics: a natural philosopher: one who believes that life is merely a form of physical energy.—Physical astronomy, an account of the causes of the motions of the heavenly bodies; Physical education, training of the bodily powers by exercise; Physical examination, an examination of the bodily state of a person; Physical force, force applied outwardly to the body, as distinguished from persuasion, &c.; Physical geography, an account of the state of the earth in its natural condition—its mountain-chains, ocean-currents, distribution of plants and animals, conditions of climate, &c.; Physical truth, the agreement of thought with what exists in nature; Physical world, the world of matter. [Gr. physikos—physis, nature.]

Physics, fiz′iks, n.pl. used as sing. (orig.) equivalent to Physical science—i.e. the science of the order of nature: usually sig. (as distinguished from chemistry) the study of matter and the general properties of matter as affected by energy or force—also called Natural philosophy.—ns. Physicolog′ic, logic illustrated by physics; Phys′ico-theol′ogy, theology illustrated by natural philosophy. [L. physica—Gr. physikē (theōria, theory)—physis, nature.]

Physiocracy, fiz-i-ok′rā-si, n. the economic doctrine of the physiocrats (François Quesnay, 1694-1744, and his followers), that society should be governed by a natural order inherent in itself, land and its products the only true source of wealth, direct taxation of land the only proper source of revenue.—n. Phys′iocrat, one who maintains these opinions.—adj. Physiocrat′ic.—n. Physioc′ratism. [Gr. physis, nature, kratein, to rule.]

Physiogeny, fiz-i-oj′e-ni, n. (biol.) the genesis of function—also Physiogen′esis.—adjs. Physiogenet′ic, Physiogen′ic.

Physiognomy, fiz-i-og′nō-mi, n. the art of judging the qualities of a character from the external appearance, especially from the countenance: expression of countenance: the face as an index of the mind: the general appearance of anything.—adjs. Physiognom′ic, -al.—adv. Physiognom′ically.—n.sing. Physiognom′ics (same as Physiognomy).—n. Physiog′nomist. [For physiognomony—Gr. physiognōmonia—physis, nature, gnōmōn, one who interprets—gnōnai, to know.]

Physiography, fiz-i-og′ra-fi, n. an exposition of the principles that underlie physical geography, and including the elements of physical science: an introduction to the study of nature: physical geography.—n. Physiog′rapher, one versed in physiography.—adjs. Physiograph′ic, -al. [Gr. physis, nature, graphein, to describe.]

Physiology, fiz-i-ol′ō-ji, n. the science of the nature and processes of life, of the vital phenomena of animals and plants and the functions of their parts—a branch of biology.—adjs. Physiolog′ic, -al.—adv. Physiolog′ically.—v.i. Physiol′ogise.—n. Physiol′ogist. [Gr. physis, nature, logos, science.]

Physiomedicalism, fiz-i-ō-med′i-kal-izm, n. the system of treating disease with only non-poisonous vegetable drugs.—n. Physiomed′icalist.

Physique, fiz-ēk′, n. the physical structure or natural constitution of a person. [Fr.]

Physitheism, fiz′i-thē-izm, n. the ascribing of physical form and attributes to deity.—adj. Physitheis′tic. [Gr. physis, nature, theos, God.]

Physiurgic, fiz-i-ur′jik, adj. produced by natural causes, without man's intervention.

Physoclistous, fī-sō-klis′tus, adj. having no air-bladder, or having it closed, as a fish. [Gr. physa, bellows, kleistos—kleiein, to close.]

Physograde, fī′sō-grād, adj. moving by a vesicular float. [Gr. physa, bellows, L. gradi, to walk.]

Physopod, fī′sō-pod, adj. with suckers on the feet. [Gr. physa, bellows, pous, podos, the foot.]

Physostigmine, fī-sō-stig′min, n. a poisonous alkaloid, the active principle of the Calabar bean. [Gr. physa, bellows, stigma, stigma.]

Physostomous, fī-sos′tō-mus, adj. having mouth and air-bladder connected by an air-duct, as a fish. [Gr. physa, bellows, stoma, a mouth.]

Phytobranchiate, fī-tō-brang′ki-āt, adj. having leafy gills. [Gr. phyton, a plant, brangchia, gills.]

Phytochemistry, fī-tō-kem′is-tri, n. the chemistry of plants—also Phy′tochimy.—adj. Phytochem′ical.

Phytogenesis, fī-tō-jen′e-sis, n. the theory of the generation of plants—also Phytog′eny.—adjs. Phytogenet′ic, -al. [Gr. phyton, a plant, genesis, birth.]

Phytogeography, fī-tō-je-og′ra-fi, n. the geographical distribution of plants.—adjs. Phytogeograph′ic, -al.

Phytoglyphy, fī-tog′li-fi, n. the art of printing from nature, by taking impressions from plants, &c., on soft metal, from which an electrotype plate is taken.—adj. Phytoglyph′ic. [Gr. phyton, a plant, glyphein, to engrave.]

Phytography, fī-tog′raf-i, n. the department of botany relating to the particular description of species of plants.—n. Phytog′rapher.—adj. Phytograph′ical. [Gr. phyton, a plant, graphein, to write.]

Phytoid, fī′toid, adj. plant-like, esp. of animals and organs. [Gr. phyton, a plant, eidos, form.]

Phytolithology, fī-tō-li-thol′ō-ji, n. the science of fossils plants.—n. Phytolithol′ogist.

Phytology, fī-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of plants, botany.—adj. Phytolog′ical.—n. Phytol′ogist. [Gr. phyton, a plant, logia, discourse.]

Phytonomy, fī-ton′ō-mi, n. the science of the origin and growth of plants: botany. [Gr. phyton, a plant, nomos, a law.]

Phytopathology, fī-tō-pā-thol′ō-ji, n. the science of the diseases of plants.—adj. Phytopatholog′ical.—n. Phytopathol′ogist.

Phytophagous, fī-tof′a-gus, adj. feeding on plants—also Phytophag′ic.—ns. Phytoph′agan; Phytoph′agy. [Gr. phyton, a plant, phagein, to eat.]

Phytosis, fī-tō′sis, n. the presence of vegetable parasites, or the diseases caused by them.

Phytotomy, fī-tot′ō-mi, n. the dissection of plants.—n. Phytot′omist.—adj. Phytot′omous. [Gr. phyton, a plant, tomos, a cutting—temnein, to cut.]

Phytozoa, fī-tō-zō′a, n.pl. plant-like animals: animals which more or less resemble plants in appearance and habits, such as sponges, sea-anemones, &c.:—sing. Phytozō′on.—adj. and n. Phytozō′an. [Gr. phyton, a plant, zōon, an animal.]

Pi, Pie, pī, n. a mass of types confusedly mixed.—v.t. to reduce to a mixed mass, or to a state of pi, as types. [Cf. Pie, a magpie, &c.]

Pia, pē′a, n. a perennial Polynesian herb, whose fleshy tubers yield arrowroot.

Piacere, pia-chā′re, n. (mus.) a piacere, at pleasure.—adj. Piacevole (pia-chā′vō-le), pleasant, playful. [It.]

Piacular, pī-ak′ū-lar, adj. serving to appease, expiatory: requiring expiation: atrociously bad.—n. Piacular′ity. [L. piaculum, sacrifice—piāre, expiate—pius, pious.]

Piaffe, pi-af′, v.i. in horsemanship, to advance at a piaffer.—n. Piaf′fer, a gait in which the feet are lifted in the same succession as the trot, but more slowly.—Also Spanish-walk. [Fr. piaffer.]

Pia mater, pī′a mā′tėr, n. the vascular membrane investing the brain: (Shak.) the brain. [L.]

Pianoforte, pi-ä′no-fōr′tā, generally shortened to Piano (pi-an′ō), n. a musical instrument furnished with wires struck by little hammers which are moved by keys, so as to produce both soft and strong sounds.—ns. Pianette′, a small piano; Pianino (pē-a-nē′nō), an upright pianoforte; Pian′ism, the technique of the pianoforte: arrangement of music for the pianoforte.—adv. Pianis′simo, very softly.—n. Pian′ist, one who plays on the pianoforte, or one well skilled in it.—adv. Piän′o (mus.), softly.—ns. Pian′o-school, a school where piano music is taught; Pian′o-stool, a stool on which the player sits at the piano.—Boudoir, or Cabinet, piano, an upright piano. [It., piano, soft—L. planus, plane, forte, strong—L. fortis, strong.]

Piarist, pī′ar-ist, n. one of a religious congregation for the education of the poor, founded in Rome in 1617 by Joseph Calasanza. [L. pius, pious.]

Piassava, pi-as′a-va, n. a coarse stiff fibre used for rope-making in Brazil.—Also Piass′aba. [Port.]

Piastre, Piaster, pi-as′tėr, n. a silver coin of varying value, used in Turkey and other countries: the Spanish dollar. [Fr.,—It. piastra.]

Piazza, pi-az′a, n. a place or square surrounded by buildings: a walk under a roof supported by pillars.—adj. Piazz′ian. [It.,—L. platea, a place.]

Pibroch, pē′broh, n. a form of bagpipe music, generally of a warlike character, including marches, dirges, &c. [Gael. piobaireachd, pipe-music—piobair, a piper—piob, a pipe, fear, a man.]

Pica, pī′ka, n. a size of type smaller than English and larger than Small pica, equal to 12 points in the new system of sizes, about 6 lines to the inch, used by printers as a standard unit of measurement for thickness and length of leads, rules, borders, &c.—as 6-to-pica or 10-to-pica, according as 6 or 10 leads set together make a line of pica.—Double pica, a size equal to 2 lines of small pica; Double small pica, a size of type giving about 3⅓ lines to the inch; Small pica, a size smaller than pica and larger than long-primer, about 11 points; Two-line pica, a size of about 3 lines to the inch, equal to 2 lines of pica, or to 24 points. [Pie (2).]

Picador, pik-a-dōr′, n. a horseman armed with a lance, who commences a bull-fight by pricking the bull with his weapon. [Sp. pica, a pike.]

Picamar, pik′a-mär, n. the bitter principle of tar. [L. pix, pitch, amarus, bitter.]

Picard, pik′ärd, n. a high shoe for men, introduced from France about 1720.

Picaroon, pik-a-rōōn′, n. one who lives by his wits: a cheat: a pirate.—adj. Picaresque′.—Picaresque novels, the tales of Spanish rogue and vagabond life, much in vogue in the 17th century. [Sp. picaron—pícaro, a rogue.]

Picayune, pik-a-yōōn′, n. a small coin worth 6¼ cents, current in United States before 1857, and known in different states by different names (fourpence, fippence, fip, sixpence, &c.).—adj. petty. [Carib.]

Piccadilly, pik′a-dil-i, n. a standing-up collar with the points turned over, first worn about 1870: a high collar worn in the time of James I.: an edging of lace on a woman's broad collar (17th century).

Piccalilli, pik′a-lil-i, n. a pickle of various vegetable substances with mustard and spices.

Piccaninny, Pickaninny, pik′a-nin-i, n. a little child: an African or negro child. [Perh. from Sp. pequeño niño='little child.']

Piccolo, pik′ō-lō, n. a flute of small size, having the same compass as an ordinary flute, while the notes all sound an octave higher than their notation.—Also Flauto piccolo, Octave flute, Ottavino. [It.]

Pice, pīs, n.sing. and pl. a money of account and a copper coin, ¼ anna. [Marathi paisa.]

Pick, pik, v.t. to prick with a sharp-pointed instrument: to peck, as a bird: to pierce: to open with a pointed instrument, as a lock: to pluck or gather, as flowers, &c.: to separate or pull apart: to clean with the teeth: to gather: to choose: to select: to call: to seek, as a quarrel: to steal.—v.i. to do anything carefully: to eat by morsels.—n. any sharp-pointed instrument, esp. for loosening and breaking up hard soil, &c.: a picklock: foul matter collecting on printing-types, &c.: right or opportunity of first choice.—n. Pick′-cheese, the blue titmouse: the fruit of the mallow.—adj. Picked (pikt), selected, hence the choicest or best: having spines or prickles, sharp-pointed.—ns. Pick′edness; Pick′er, one who picks or gathers up: one who removes defects from and finishes electrotype plates: a pilferer; Pick′ing, the act of picking, selecting, gathering, pilfering: that which is left to be picked: dabbing in stone-working: the final finishing of woven fabrics by removing burs, &c.: removing defects from electrotype plates; Pick′lock, an instrument for picking or opening locks; Pick′-me-up, a stimulating drink; Pick′pocket, one who picks or steals from other people's pockets; Pick′-purse, one who steals the purse or from the purse of another.—adj. Pick′some, given to picking and choosing.—n. Pick′-thank, an officious person who does what he is not desired to do in order to gain favour: a flatterer: a parasite.—v.t. to gain favour by unworthy means.—Pick a hole in one's coat, to find fault with one; Pick a quarrel, to find an occasion of quarrelling; Pick at, to find fault with; Pick fault, to seek occasions of fault-finding; Pick oakum, to make oakum by untwisting old ropes; Pick off, to aim at and kill or wound, as with a rifle; Pick one's way, to move carefully; Pick out, to make out: to mark with spots of colour, &c.; Pick to pieces, to tear asunder: to damage, as character; Pick up, to improve gradually: to gain strength bit by bit: to take into a vehicle, or into one's company: to get as if by chance.—adj. gathered together by chance. [Celt., as Gael. pioc, to pick, W. pigo; cf. Pike.]

Pickaback, pik′a-bak, adv. on the back like a pack.—Also Pick′back, Pick′apack.

Pickaxe, pik′aks, n. a picking tool, with a point at one end of the head and a cutting blade at the other, used in digging. [M. E. pikois—O. Fr. picois, a mattock, piquer, to pierce, pic, a pick—Celt.]

Pickeer, pi-kēr′, v.i. (obs.) to act as a skirmisher.—n. Pickeer′er.

Pickerel, pik′e-rel, n. an American pike: a wading bird, the dunlin. [Pike + er + el.]

Picket, pik′et, n. a pointed stake used in fortification: a small outpost or guard stationed in front of an army: a number of men sent out by a trades-union to prevent others from working against the wishes or decisions of the union: a game at cards: a punishment inflicted by making a person stand on one foot on a pointed stake.—v.i. to fasten to a stake, as a horse: to post a vanguard: to place a picket at or near.—ns. Pick′et-fence, a fence of pickets or pales; Pick′et-guard, a guard kept in readiness in case of alarm. [Fr. piquet, dim. of pic, a pickaxe.]

Pickle, pik′l, n. a liquid of salt and water in which flesh and vegetables are preserved: vinegar, &c., in which articles of food are preserved: anything pickled: a disagreeable position: (coll.) a troublesome child.—v.t. to season or preserve with salt, vinegar, &c.—ns. Pick′le-herr′ing, a pickled herring: (obs.) a merry-andrew; Pick′le-worm, the larva of a pyralid moth.—Have a rod in pickle, to have a punishment ready. [M. E. pikil, prob. pick-le; Dut. pekel; Ger. pökel.]

Pickle, pik′l, n. (Scot.) a small quantity.—v.t. and v.i. to eat sparingly: to pilfer.

Pickwickian, pik-wik′i-an, adj. relating to or resembling Mr Pickwick, the hero of Dickens's Pickwick Papers.—In a Pickwickian sense, in a merely hypothetical sense—a phrase by which the members of the Pickwick Club explained away unparliamentary language.

Picnic, pik′nik, n. a short excursion into the country by a pleasure-party who take their own provisions with them: an entertainment in the open air, towards which each person contributes.—v.i. to go on a picnic:—pr.p. pic′nicking; pa.t. and pa.p. pic′nicked.—n. Pic′nicker. [Prob. pick, to nibble, and nick, for knack, a trifle.]

Picot, pē-kō′, n. a loop in an ornamental edging, the front of a flounce, &c.—adj. Picotté. [Fr.]

Picotee, pik-ō-tē′, n. a florist's variety of carnation. [From the French botanist Picot, Baron de la Peyrouse, 1744-1818.]

Picqué-work, pē-kā′-wurk, n. decoration by dots or slight depressions.—Also Pounced-work.

Picra, pik′ra, n. a cathartic powder of aloes and canella. [Gr. pikros, bitter.]

Picric, pik′rik, adj. carbazotic.—n. Pic′rāte, a salt of picric acid.—adj. Pic′rāted, mixed with a picrate as in a composition for a whistling rocket.—ns. Pic′rīte, one of the peridotites or olivine-rocks; Picrotox′ine, a bitter poisonous principle in the seeds of Cocculus indicus.—Picric acid, an acid used as a dye for wool, &c. [Gr. pikros, bitter.]

Pict, pikt, n. one of an ancient race for 5½ centuries (296-844 A.D.) inhabiting eastern Scotland, from the Forth to the Pentland Firth, most probably Celts, but more nearly allied to the Cymry than to the Gael.—adj. Pic′tish.—Pictish towers, a name sometimes given to brochs (q.v.); Picts' houses, a name popularly given in many parts of Scotland to rude underground dwellings or earth-houses; Picts' work, a name sometimes given to the Catrail, the remains of a large earthwork extending for about fifty miles through the counties of Selkirk and Roxburgh. [L. picti, pl. of pa.p. of pingĕre, pictum, to paint.]

Picture, pik′tūr, n. a painting: a likeness in colours: a drawing: painting: a resemblance: an image: a vivid verbal description.—v.t. to paint, to represent by painting: to form a likeness of in the mind: to describe vividly in words.—n. Pic′tograph, a picture or pictorial sign: a piece of picture-writing.—adj. Pictograph′ic.—n. Pictog′raphy.—adjs. Pictō′rial, Pic′tūral, relating to pictures: illustrated by pictures: consisting of pictures.—adv. Pictō′rially.—ns. Pic′tūral (Spens.), a picture; Pic′ture-book, a book of pictures; Pic′ture-frame, a frame surrounding a picture; Pic′ture-gall′ery, a gallery, or large room, in which pictures are hung up for exhibition; Pic′ture-rod, a rod running round the upper part of the wall of a room, from which pictures are hung; Pic′ture-writ′ing, the use of pictures to express ideas or relate events. [L. pictura—pingĕre, pictum, to paint.]

Picturesque, pik-tū-resk′, adj. like a picture: such as would make a good or striking picture: expressing the pleasing beauty of a picture.—adv. Picturesque′ly.—n. Picturesque′ness. [It. pittoresco—pittura, a picture—L. pictura.]

Piddle, pid′l, v.i. to deal in trifles: to trifle: to eat with little relish: to make water.—n. Pidd′ler, a trifler.—adj. Pidd′ling, trifling, squeamish. [Peddle.]

Pidgin-English, pij′in-ing′glish, n. a mixture of corrupted English with Chinese and other words, a sort of lingua franca which grew up between Chinese on the sea-board and foreigners, as a medium of intercommunication in business transactions. [Pidgin, a Chinese corruption of business.]

Pie, pī, n. a magpie: (print.) type mixed or unsorted (cf. Pi). [Fr.,—L. pica.]

Pie, pī, n. a book which ordered the manner of performing divine service: a service-book: an ordinal.—By cock and pie (Shak.), a minced oath=By God and the service-book. [Fr.,—L. pica, lit. magpie, from its old black-letter type on white paper resembling the colours of the magpie.]

Pie, pī, n. the smallest Indian copper coin, equal to ⅓ of a pice, or 1⁄12 of an anna. [Marathi pā'ī, a fourth.]

Pie, pī, n. a quantity of meat or fruit baked within a crust of prepared flour.—A finger in the pie (see Finger); Humble-pie (see Humble); Mince-pie (see Mince); Perigord pie, a pie flavoured with truffles, abundant in Perigord in France. [Perh. Ir. and Gael. pighe, pie.]

Piebald, Pyebald, pī′bawld, adj. of various colours: having spots and patches. [For pie-balled—pie, a magpie, W. bal, a streak on a horse's forehead.]

Piece, pēs, n. a part of anything: a single article: a definite quantity, as of cloth or paper: an amount of work to be done at one time: a separate performance: a literary or artistic composition: a gun: a coin: a man in chess or draughts: a person, generally a woman, in contempt.—v.t. to enlarge by adding a piece: to patch.—v.i. to unite by a joining of parts: to join.—n.pl. Piece′-goods, cotton, linen, woollen, or silk fabrics sold retail in varying lengths.—adj. Piece′less, not made of pieces: entire.—adv. Piece′meal, in pieces or fragments: by pieces: little by little: bit by bit: gradually.—adj. made of pieces: single: separate.—ns. Piec′ener, a piecer; Piec′ening, or Piec′ing, the act of mending, esp. the joining of the ends of yarn, thread, &c. so as to repair breaks; Piec′er, a boy or girl employed in a spinning-factory to join broken threads; Piece′work, work done by the piece or quantity rather than by time.—Pièce de résistance, principal piece: chief event or performance: chief dish at a dinner; Piece of eight, the Spanish peso duro ('hard dollar'), bearing the numeral 8, of the value of 8 reals (prob. the sign $ is derived from this); Piece out, to put together bit by bit; Piece up, to patch up.—Give a piece of one's mind, to give a rating frankly to any one's face; Of a piece, as if of the same piece, the same in nature, &c. [O. Fr. piece—Low L. petium, a piece of land—prob. L. pes, pedis, a foot.]

Pied, pīd, adj. variegated like a magpie: of various colours: spotted.—n. Pied′ness.

Piepowder, pī′pow-dėr, n. an ancient court held in fairs and markets to administer justice in a rough-and-ready way to all comers—also Court of Dusty Foot.—adj. Pie′powdered, with dusty feet. [O. Fr. piepoudreux, a hawker, pied—L. pes, a foot, poudre, powder.]

Pier, pēr, n. the mass of stone-work between the openings in the wall of a building: an arch, bridge, &c.: a stone pillar on which the hinges of a gate are fixed: a mass of stone or wood-work projecting into the sea for landing purposes: a wharf.—ns. Pier′age, toll paid for using a pier; Pier′-glass, a mirror hung in the space between windows; Pier′-tā′ble, a table fitted for the space between two windows. [O. Fr. pierre, a stone—L. petra—Gr. petra, a rock.]

Pierce, pērs, v.t. to thrust or make a hole through: to enter, or force a way into: to touch or move deeply: to dive into, as a secret.—v.i. to penetrate.—adj. Pierce′able, capable of being pierced.—n. Pierc′er, one who, or that which, pierces: any sharp instrument used for piercing: a stiletto.—adj. Pierc′ing.—adv. Pierc′ingly.—n. Pierc′ingness. [O. Fr. percer, prob. pertuisier—pertuis, a hole—L. pertundĕre, pertusum, to thrust through.]

Pierian, pī-ē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the Muses.—n. Pier′ides, the nine Muses. [L. Pierius—Mt. Pierus, in Thessaly, the haunt of the Muses.]

Pierrot, pye-rō′, n. a buffoon with loose long-sleeved white robe: an 18th-century women's low-cut basque, with sleeves. [Fr.]

Pietà, pē-ā-ta′, n. a representation of the Virgin embracing the dead body of Jesus.

Pietra-dura, pyā′tra-dōō′ra, n. Florentine mosaic-work, in which the inlaid materials are hard stones—jasper, agate, &c.

Piety, pī′e-ti, n. the quality of being pious: reverence for the Deity, and desire to do His will: love and duty towards parents, friends, or country: sense of duty: dutiful conduct.—ns. Pī′etism, the doctrine and practice of the pietists; Pī′etist, one marked by strong devotional feeling: a name first applied to a sect of German religious reformers of deep devotional feeling (end of 17th century).—adjs. Pietist′ic, -al. [Fr. piété—L. pietas.]

Piezometer, pī-e-zom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the compressibility of liquids. [Gr. piezein, to press, metron, a measure.]

Pig, pig, n. a swine of either gender: an oblong mass of unforged metal, as first extracted from the ore, so called because it is made to flow when melted in channels called pigs, branching from a main channel called the sow.—v.i. to bring forth pigs: to live together like pigs:—pr.p. pig′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. pigged.—adjs. Pig′-eyed, having small dull eyes with heavy lids; Pig′-faced, looking like a pig.—n. Pig′gery, a place where pigs are kept.—adj. Pig′gish, belonging to or like pigs: greedy, said of persons.—n. Pig′gishness.—adj. Pig′headed, having a large or ill-formed head: stupidly obstinate.—ns. Pig′headedness; Pig′-ī′ron, iron in pigs or rough bars; Pig′-lead, lead in pigs; Pig′-nut (same as Earth-nut); Pig′sconce, a pigheaded fellow: a blockhead; Pig′skin, the skin of a pig prepared as a strong leather: a saddle; Pig′-sty, a pen for keeping pigs; Pig's′-wash, swill; Pig's′-whis′per (slang), a low whisper: a very short space of time; Pig′-tail, the tail of a pig: the hair of the head tied behind in the form of a pig's tail: a roll of twisted tobacco. [A.S. pecg; Dut. bigge, big.]

Pigeon, pij′un, n. a well-known bird, the dove: any bird of the dove family.—adjs. Pig′eon-breast′ed, having a physical deformity, due to rickets, in which the chest is flattened from side to side, and the sternum or breast-bone is thrown forward; Pig′eon-heart′ed, timid: fearful.—n. Pig′eon-hole, a hole or niche in which pigeons lodge in a dovecot: a division of a case for papers, &c.—v.t. to put into a pigeon-hole: to lay aside and treat with neglect.—n. Pig′eon-house, a dovecot.—adj. Pig′eon-liv′ered, timid: cowardly.—n. Pig′eonry, a place for keeping pigeons.—adj. Pig′eon-toed, having feet like pigeons, peristeropod: having turned-in toes. [Fr.,—L. pipio, -onis—pipīre, to chirp.]

Piggin, pig′in, n. a small wooden or earthen vessel. [Gael. pigean, dim. of pigeadh, or pige, a pot.]

Pight, pīt, v.t. (Spens.) to place, to fix.—adj. placed, fixed, determined. [Pitch, to place.]

Pigment, pig′ment, n. paint: any substance used for colouring: that which gives colour to animal and vegetable tissues.—adjs. Pigment′al, Pig′mentary.—n. Pig′ment-cell, a cell which secrets pigment. [L. pigmentum—pingĕre, to paint.]

Pignoration, pig-nō-rā′shun, n. act of giving in pledge: (law) a seizing and detaining of cattle straying and doing damage, till the damage be made good. [L. pignus, -oris, a pledge.]

Pike, pīk, n. a sharp point: a weapon with a long shaft and a sharp head like a spear, formerly used by foot-soldiers: a sharp-pointed hill or summit: a voracious fresh-water fish (so called from its pointed snout).—adj. Piked, ending in a point.—ns. Pike′-head, the head of a pike or spear; Pike′-keep′er, the keeper of a turnpike; Pike′let, a tea-cake; Pike′man, a man armed with a pike: a man in charge of a turnpike gate; Pike′-perch, a common percoid fish; Pike′staff, the staff or shaft of a pike: a staff with a pike at the end. [A.S. píc, piic, a pike; Dut. piek, Ger. pike, pieke; or Celt., as Gael. pìc, a pike, W. pig, a point.]

Pike, pīk, v.i. to go quickly.—n. a turnpike.—n. Pī′ker, a tramp.

Pilaster, pi-las′tėr, n. a square column, partly built into, partly projecting from a wall.—adj. Pilas′tered, furnished with pilasters or inserted pillars. [Fr. pilastre—It. pilastro—L. pīla, a pillar.]

Pilau, pi-law′, n. a dish, in origin purely Mohammedan, consisting of meat or fowl, boiled along with rice and spices.—Also Pillau′, Pilaw′, Pilaff′, Pilow′. [Pers. pilāw, pilaw.]

Pilch, pilch, n. (Shak.) a cloak or gown lined with furs: a flannel cloth or wrap for a child.—n. Pilch′er, one who wears a pilch: a scabbard. [A.S. pylce—Low L. pellicea—L. pellis, skin.]

Pilchard, pil′chärd, n. a sea-fish like the herring, but thicker and rounder, caught chiefly on the Cornish coast. [Prob. Celt., Ir. pilseir.]

Pile, pīl, n. a roundish mass: a heap of separate objects: combustibles, esp. for burning dead bodies: a large building: a heap of shot or shell: (elect.) a form of battery consisting of a number of dissimilar metal plates laid in pairs one above another, with an acid solution between them: (slang) a large amount of money: a fortune.—v.t. to lay in a pile or heap: to collect in a mass: to heap up: to fill above the brim.—n. Pī′ler, one who forms into a heap.—Pile arms, to place three muskets with fixed bayonets so that the butts remain firm, the muzzles close together pointing obliquely—also Stack arms. [Fr.,—L. pĭla, a ball.]

Pile, pīl, n. a pillar: a large stake driven into the earth to support foundations: a pyramidal figure in a heraldic bearing.—v.t. to drive piles into.—ns. Pile′-driv′er, Pile′-en′gine, an engine for driving down piles; Pile′-dwell′ing, a dwelling built on piles, a lake-dwelling; Pile′work, work or foundations made of piles; Pile′-worm, a worm found eating into the timber of piles and ships: the teredo. [A.S. píl—L. pīla, a pillar.]

Pile, pīl, n. hair, fur: the nap on cloth, esp. if regular and closely set.—v.t. to furnish with pile, to make shaggy.—adj. Pile′-worn, worn threadbare. [O. Fr. peil, poil—L. pĭlus, a hair.]

Pileum, pil′ē-um, n. (ornith.) the top of the head from the base of the bill to the nape—including the forehead or front, the vertex or corona, and the hindhead or occiput:—pl. Pil′ēa.

Pileus, pil′ē-us, n. a Roman conical cap: (bot.) the summit of the stipe bearing the hymenium in some fungi:—pl. Pil′ei (-ī).—adjs. Pil′ēate, -d, fitted with a cap: having the form of a cap or hat; Pil′ēiform.—n. Pilē′olus, a little pileus:—pl. Pilē′oli. [L. pileatus—pileus, a cap of felt.]

Pilfer, pil′fėr, v.i. to steal small things.—v.t. to steal by petty theft.—ns. Pil′ferer; Pil′fering, Pil′fery, petty theft.—adv. Pil′feringly. [Pelf.]

Pilgarlick, pil-gar′lik, n. a low fellow—perh. because pilled or made bald by a shameful disease.

Pilgrim, pil′grim, n. one who travels to a distance to visit a sacred place: a wanderer: a traveller: a silk screen formerly attached to the back of a woman's bonnet to protect the neck: (slang) a new-comer.—adj. of or pertaining to a pilgrim: like a pilgrim: consisting of pilgrims.—ns. Pil′grimage, the journey of a pilgrim: a journey to a shrine or other sacred place: the time taken for a pilgrimage: the journey of life, a lifetime; Pil′grim-bott′le, a flat bottle holed at the neck for a cord.—Pilgrim fathers, the colonists who went to America in the ship Mayflower, and founded New England in 1620; Pilgrim's shell, a cockle-shell used as a sign that one had visited the Holy Land; Pilgrim's staff, a long staff which pilgrims carried as a sort of badge. [O. Fr. pelegrin (Fr. pèlerin)—L. peregrinus, foreigner, stranger—pereger, a traveller—per, through, ager, land.]

Piliform, pil′i-form, adj. slender as a hair.—adjs. Pilif′erous, Pilig′erous, bearing hairs. [L. pilus, a hair, forma, form.]

Piling, pī′ling, n. the act of piling up: the driving of piles: a series of piles placed in order: pilework.

Pilkins, pil′kinz, n. (prov.) the naked oat, Avena nuda.—Also Pill′as, Pill′corn.

Pill, pil, n. a little ball of medicine: anything nauseous which must be accepted: (slang) a doctor: a disagreeable person.—v.t. (slang) to blackball.—n. Pill′-box, a box for holding pills: a kind of one-horse carriage. [Fr. pilule—L. pilula, dim. of pĭla, a ball.]

Pill, pil, v.t. and v.i. to strip, peel: to deprive of hair.—n. (Spens.) skin. [Peel.]

Pillage, pil′āj, n. (Shak.) act of plundering: plunder: spoil, esp. taken in war.—v.t. to plunder or spoil.—v.t. Pill, to rob or plunder.—n. Pill′ager. [O. Fr.,—piller—L. pilāre, to plunder.]

Pillar, pil′ar, n. (archit.) a detached support, differing from a column in that it is not necessarily cylindrical, or of classical proportions: one who, or anything that, sustains: something resembling a pillar in appearance.—adj. Pill′ared, supported by a pillar: having the form of a pillar.—ns. Pill′ar-box, a short pillar in a street with receptacle for letters to be sent by post; Pill′arist, Pill′ar-saint, a person in the early church who crucified the flesh by living on the summit of pillars in the open air, a stylite.—From pillar to post, from one state of difficulty to another: hither and thither. [O. Fr. piler (Fr. pilier)—Low L. pilare—L. pīla, a pillar.]

Pillion, pil′yun, n. a cushion for a woman behind a horseman: the cushion of a saddle. [Ir. pilliun, Gael. pillean, a pad, a pack-saddle—peall, a skin or mat, L. pellis, skin.]

Pillory, pil′o-ri, n. a wooden frame, supported by an upright pillar or post, and having holes through which the head and hands of a criminal were put as a punishment, disused in England since 1837.—vs.t. Pill′ory, Pill′orise, to punish in the pillory: to expose to ridicule:—pa.t. and pa.p. pill′oried. [O. Fr. pilori; ety. dub.; Prov. espitlori—Low L. speculatorium, a lookout—L. specularia, a window, speculum, a mirror.]

Pillow, pil′ō, n. a cushion filled with feathers, &c., for resting the head on: any cushion: a block of metal for bearing the end of a shaft, or the end of a bowsprit: the socket of a pivot.—v.t. to lay or rest on for support.—v.i. to rest the head on a pillow.—ns. Pill′ow-bier, -beer, -case, -slip, a cover which can be drawn over a pillow; Pill′ow-cup, a last cup before going to bed.—adjs. Pill′owed, supported by, or provided with, a pillow; Pill′owy, like a pillow: soft. [A.S. pyle—L. pulvīnus.]

Pilocarpus, pī-lō-kär′pus, n. a shrub about four or five feet high, slightly branched, the branches erect, a native of Brazil.—n. Pilocar′pine, an alkaloid isolated from pilocarpus, with sudorific properties. [Gr. pilos, a cap, karpos, fruit.]

Pilose, pī′lōs, adj. hairy—also Pī′lous.—n. Pilos′ity. [L. pilosus—pilus, hair.]

Pilot, pī′lut, n. the steersman of a ship: one who conducts ships in and out of a harbour, along a dangerous coast, &c.: a guide.—v.t. to conduct as a pilot: to direct through dangerous places.—ns. Pī′lotage, the skill of a pilot: the act of piloting: the fee or wages of pilots; Pī′lot-boat, a boat used by pilots for meeting or leaving ships; Pī′lot-cloth, a coarse, stout kind of cloth for overcoats; Pī′lot-en′gine, a locomotive engine sent on before a train to clear its way, as a pilot; Pī′lot-fish, a fish of the mackerel family, so called from its having been supposed to guide sharks to their prey; Pī′lot-flag, the flag hoisted at the fore by a vessel needing a pilot; Pī′lot-house, an enclosed place on deck to shelter the steering-gear and the pilot—also Wheel-house; Pī′lot-jack′et, a pea-jacket worn by seamen; Pī′lot-whale, the caaing-whale (q.v.). [Fr. pilote—Dut. piloot, from peilen, to sound, loot (Ger. loth, Eng. lead), a sounding-lead.]

Pilule, pil′ūl, n. a little pill—also Pil′ula.—adj. Pil′ular, pertaining to pills.

Pilum, pī′lum, n. the heavy javelin used by Roman foot-soldiers:—pl. Pī′la. [L.]

Pilus, pī′lus, n. one of the slender hairs on plants:—pl. Pī′li. [L.]

Pimento, pi-men′to, n. allspice or Jamaica pepper: the tree producing it.—Also Pimen′ta. [Port. pimenta—L. pigmentum, paint.]

Pimp, pimp, n. one who procures gratifications for the lust of others: a pander.—v.i. to pander.—adjs. Pimp′ing, petty: mean; Pimp′-like. [Fr. pimper, a nasalised form of piper, to pipe, hence to cheat.]

Pimpernel, pim′pėr-nel, n. a plant of the primrose family, with reddish flowers—also Poor man's weather-glass, Red chickweed.—n. Pimpinel′la, a genus of umbelliferous plants—anise, pimpernel, breakstone. [Fr. pimprenelle (It. pimpinella), either a corr. of a L. form bipennula, double-winged, dim. of bi-pennis—bis, twice, penna, feather; or from a dim. of L. pampinus, a vine-leaf.]

Pimple, pim′pl, n. a pustule: a small swelling.—adjs. Pim′pled, Pim′ply, having pimples. [A.S. pipel, nasalised from L. papula, a pustule.]

Pin, pin, n. a piece of wood or of metal used for fastening things together: a peg or nail: a sharp-pointed piece of wire with a rounded head for fastening clothes: anything that holds parts together: a piece of wood set up on end to be knocked down by a bowl, as in skittles: a peg used in musical instruments for fastening the strings: anything of little value.—v.t. to fasten with a pin: to fasten: to enclose: to seize and hold fast:—pr.p. pin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. pinned.—ns. Pin′-butt′ock (Shak.), a sharp, pointed buttock; Pin′case, Pin′cushion, a case or cushion for holding pins; Pin′-feath′er, a small or short feather.—adj. Pin′-feath′ered.—ns. Pin′-hold, a place where a pin is fixed; Pin′-hole, a hole made by a pin: a very small opening; Pin′-mon′ey, money allowed to a wife by her husband for private expenses, originally to buy pins; Pin′ner, one who pins or fastens: a pin-maker: a pinafore: a head-dress with a lappet flying loose; Pin′-point, the point of a pin: a trifle; Pin′tail, a genus of ducks, one handsome species of which is a winter visitor to many parts of the British coast.—adj. Pin′tailed, having a long, narrow tail.—n. Pin′-wheel, a contrate wheel in which the cogs are pins set into the disc: a form of firework constructed to revolve rapidly while burning.—v.t. Pin′work, to work flax-yarn on a wooden pin so as to make it more supple for ease in packing.—Pin-fire cartridge, a cartridge for breech-loading guns; Pins and needles, a feeling as of pricking under the skin, formication.—In merry pin, in a merry humour; On one's pins, on one's legs: in good condition. [M. E. pinne, like Ir. and Gael. pinne, and Ger. pinn, from L. pinna or penna, a feather.]

Pin, pin, n. an induration of the membranes of the eye, cataract. [A.S. pinn—Low L. pannus.]

Piña-cloth, pē′nya-kloth, n. a beautiful fabric made of the fibres of the leaves of the pine-apple plant.

Pinafore, pin′a-fōr, n. a loose covering of cotton or linen over a child's dress. [Pin + afore.]

Pince-nez, pangs′-nā, n. a pair of eye-glasses with a spring for catching the nose. [Fr.]

Pinch, pinsh, v.t. to grip hard: to squeeze between two hard or firm substances: to squeeze the flesh so as to give pain: to nip: to distress: to gripe.—v.i. to act with force: to bear or press hard: to live sparingly.—n. a close compression with the fingers: what can be taken up between the finger and thumb: an iron bar used as a lever for lifting weights, rolling wheels, &c.: a gripe: distress: oppression.—n. Pinch′commons, a niggard, a miser.—adj. Pinched, having the appearance of being tightly squeezed: hard pressed by want or cold: narrowed in size.—ns. Pinch′er, one who, or that which, pinches; Pinch′ers, Pin′cers, an instrument for gripping anything firmly, esp. for drawing out nails, &c.; Pinch′fist, Pinch′gut Pinch′penny, a niggard.—adv. Pinch′ingly, in a pinching manner.—At a pinch, in a case of necessity; Know where the shoe pinches, to know where the cause of trouble or difficulty is. [O. Fr. pincer; prob. Teut., cf. Dut. pitsen, to pinch.]

Pinchbeck, pinsh′bek, n. a yellow alloy of five parts of copper to one of zinc. [From Chris. Pinchbeck, an 18th-century London watchmaker.]

Pindari, Pindaree, pin′dar-ē, n. one of a band of freebooters who, after the overthrow of the Mogul empire in India, grew (1804-17) to be a formidable power in the Central Provinces. [Hind.]

Pindaric, pin-dar′ik, adj. after the manner of Pindar, one of the first of Greek lyric poets.—n. an ode in imitation of one of Pindar's: an ode of irregular metre.—n. Pin′darism, imitation of Pindar.

Pinder, pin′dėr, n. one who impounds stray cattle.—Also Pin′ner. [A.S. pyndan, to shut up—pund. Cf. Pen, v., and Pound, to shut up.]

Pine, pīn, n. a northern cone-bearing, evergreen, resinous tree, furnishing valuable timber.—adj. Pin′eal.—ns. Pin′eal-gland, a rounded body about the size of a pea, of a slightly yellowish colour, situated upon the anterior pair of corpora quadrigemina, and connected with the optic thalami by two strands of nerve fibres termed its peduncles; Pine′-app′le, a tropical plant, and its fruit, shaped like a pine-cone; Pine′-barr′en, a level sandy tract growing pines; Pine′-chā′fer, a beetle which eats pine-leaves.—adjs. Pine′-clad, Pine′-crowned, clad or crowned with pine-trees.—ns. Pine′-cone, the cone or strobilus of a pine-tree; Pine′-finch, a small fringilline bird of North America; Pine′-house, a pinery; Pine′-need′le, the circular leaf of the pine-tree; Pine′-oil, an oil obtained from the resinous exudations of pine and fir trees; Pin′ery, a place where pine-apples are raised: a pine forest; Pinē′tum, a plantation of pine-trees: a collection of pine-trees for ornamental purposes; Pine′-wood, a wood of pine-trees: pine timber; Pine′-wool, a fibrous substance prepared from the leaves of the pine, and used for flannels, hosiery, and blankets in hospitals.—adjs. Pī′nic, pertaining to, or obtained from, the pine: noting an acid consisting of the portion of common resin soluble in cold alcohol; Pinic′oline, inhabiting pine-woods; Pī′ny, Pī′ney, abounding in pine-trees.—Pine-tree money, silver money coined at Boston in the 17th century, and so called from the coins bearing the rude figure of a pine-tree on one side. [A.S. pín,—L. pīnus (for pic-nus),—pix, picis, pitch.]

Pine, pīn, v.i. to waste away under pain or mental distress: to languish with longing.—v.t. to grieve for: to bewail.—n. wasting pain: weary suffering.—Done to pine, starved to death. [A.S. pínian, to torment—L. pœna, punishment.]

Pinfold, pin′fōld, n. a pound or enclosure for cattle.—v.t. to impound. [For pind-fold=pound-fold.]

Ping, ping, n. the whistling sound of a bullet.—v.i. to produce such a sound.—n. Ping′-pong, a kind of indoor lawn-tennis, played with battledores or small rackets over a net on a table. [From the sounds made by the strokes on the ball.]

Pingle, ping′gl, v.i. (prov.) to eat with feeble appetite: to dawdle.—adj. Ping′ling, dawdling, feeble.

Pinguid, ping′gwid, adj. fat.—n. Ping′uitude. [L. pinguis, fat.]

Pinion, pin′yun, n. a wing: the joint of a wing most remote from the body of the bird: a small wheel with 'leaves' or teeth working into others.—v.t. to confine the wings of: to cut off the pinion: to confine by binding the arms. [O. Fr. pignon—L. pinna (=penna), wing. Cf. Pen, n.]

Pink, pingk, n. a boat with a narrow stern.—Also Pink′y. [Dut.; Ger. pinke.]

Pink, pingk, v.t. to stab or pierce, esp. with a sword or rapier: to decorate by cutting small holes or scallops.—n. a stab: an eyelet.—adj. Pinked, pierced or worked with small holes.—n. Pink′ing-ī′ron, a tool for pinking or scalloping. [Either through A.S. pyngan, from L. pungĕre, to prick; or acc. to Skeat, a nasalised form of pick.]

Pink, pingk, n. a flower of any one of several plants of the genus Dianthus—carnation, &c.: a shade of light-red colour like that of the flower: a scarlet hunting-coat, also the person wearing such: the minnow, from the colour of its abdomen in summer: any type or example of excellence in its kind.—adj. of a pink colour.—n. Pink′iness.—adj. Pink′ish, somewhat pink.—n. Pink′-root, the root of the Carolina or Indian pink, a common vermifuge.—Pink of perfection, the very highest state of perfection: an example of highest perfection.—Dutch pink, a yellow lake obtained from quercitron bark: (slang) blood. [Prob. a nasalised form of Celt. pic, a point—from the finely notched edges of the petals.]

Pink, pingk, v.i. to wink: to half-shut.—n. Pink′-eye, a disease in horses in which the eye turns somewhat red.—adj. Pink′-eyed, having pink eyes like a rabbit: having small or half-shut eyes.—adj. Pink′y, winking. [Dut. pinken, to wink.]

Pinna, pin′a, n. a single leaflet of a pinnate leaf: a wing, fin, or the like: the auricle of the ear:—pl. Pinn′æ.—adjs. Pinn′ate, -d, shaped like a feather: furnished with wings or fins.—adv. Pinn′ately.—adjs. Pinnat′ifid, cut as a leaf, half-way down or more, with the divisions narrow or acute; Pinnat′isect (bot.), pinnately divided; Pinn′iform, like a feather or fin: pinnate; Pinn′igrade, moving by fins—also n.; Pinn′iped, Pinnat′iped, fin-footed, as a bird; Pinn′ūlate, -d.—n. Pinn′ūle, one of the branchlets of a pinnate leaf: one of the lateral divisions of the finger-like stalks of an encrinite—also Pinn′ūla.—Pinnate leaf, a compound leaf wherein a single petiole has several leaflets attached to each side of it. [L. pinna, a feather, dim. pinnula.]

Pinnace, pin′ās, n. a small vessel with oars and sails: a boat with eight oars: a man-of-war's boat. [Fr. pinasse—It. pinassa—L. pinus, a pine.]

Pinnacle, pin′a-kl, n. a slender turret: a high point like a spire: the highest point of a mountain, &c.—v.t. to build with pinnacles: to place on a pinnacle. [Fr. pinacle—Low L. pinna-culum, double dim. from L. pinna, a feather.]

Pinnywinkle, pin′i-wingk-l, n. an ancient form of torture for the fingers.—Also Pinn′iewinkle, Pil′nie-winks. [A corr. of periwinkle.]

Pint, pīnt, n. a measure of capacity=½ quart or 4 gills: (med.) 12 ounces.—ns. Pint′-pot, a pot for holding a pint, esp. a pewter pot for beer: a seller or drinker of beer; Pint′-stoup, a vessel for holding a Scotch pint. [Fr. pinte—Sp. pinta, mark—L. picta, pingĕre, to paint.]

Pintado, pin-tä′do, adj. painted, spotted.—n. the guinea-fowl: chintz, applied to all printed goods.

Pintle, pin′tl, n. a little pin: a long iron bolt: the bolt or pin on which the rudder of a ship turns. [Dim. of pin.]

Pinxit, pingk′sit, v.i. and v.t. he or she painted—used in noting the painter of a picture, as Rubens pinxit. [L., 3d sing. perf. indic. of pingĕre, to paint.]

Pioned, pī′ō-ned, adj. (Shak.) overgrown with marsh-marigolds, that flower being still called peony around Stratford.

Pioneer, pī-ō-nēr′, n. one of a party of soldiers who clear the road before an army, sink mines, &c.: one who goes before to prepare the way for others.—v.t. to act as pioneer to.—ns. Pī′oner (Shak.), a pioneer; Pī′oning (Spens.), the work of pioneers: military works. [O. Fr. peonier (Fr. pionnier)—pion, a foot-soldier—Low L. pedo, pedonis, a foot-soldier—L. pes, pedis, a foot.]

Pious, pī′us, adj. showing love, affection, or respect towards parents: having reverence and love for the Deity: proceeding from religious feeling.—adv. Pī′ously, in a pious manner.—adj. Pī′ous-mind′ed, of a pious disposition. [Fr. pieux—L. pius.]

Pip, pip, n. a disease of fowls—also called Roup. [Low L. pipita—L. pipuita, rheum.]

Pip, pip, n. one of the spots on dice or playing-cards. [Corr. of prov. pick—Fr. pique, a spade, at cards.]

Pipe, pīp, n. a musical wind instrument consisting of a long tube: any long tube: a tube of clay, &c., with a bowl at one end for smoking tobacco: a pipeful: the note of a bird: a cask containing two hogsheads.—v.i. to play upon a pipe: to whistle, to chirp: to make a shrill noise.—v.t. to play on a pipe: to call with a pipe, as on board ships: to give forth shrill notes: to supply with pipes, to convey by pipes.—ns. Pip′age, conveyance or distribution by pipes; Pipe′-case, a box softly lined to protect a pipe; Pipe′clay, a fine white plastic clay, very like kaolin, but containing a larger percentage of silica, used for making tobacco-pipes and fine earthenware.—v.t. to whiten with pipeclay: (slang) to blot out, as accounts.—adj. Piped (pīpt), tubulous or fistulous.—ns. Pipe′-fish, a genus of fishes in the same order as the seahorse, having a long thin body covered with partially ossified plates, the head long, and the jaws elongated so as to form a tubular snout, hence the name; Pipe′-lay′er; Pipe′-lay′ing, the laying down of pipes for gas, water, &c.; Pipe′-off′ice, formerly an office in the Court of Exchequer in which the clerk of the pipe made out crown-land leases; Pip′er; Pipe′-roll, a pipe-like roll, the earliest among the records of the Exchequer; Pipe′-stā′ple, the stalk of a tobacco-pipe: a stalk of grass; Pipe′-stick, the wooden tube used as the stem of some tobacco-pipes; Pipe′-tongs, an implement for holding or turning metal pipes or pipe-fittings; Pipe′-tree, the lilac; Pipe′-wine (Shak.), wine drawn from the cask, as distinguished from bottled wine; Pipe′-wrench, a wrench with one movable jaw, both so shaped as to bite together when placed on a pipe and rotated round it.—Pipe down, to dismiss from muster, as a ship's company; Pipe off, to watch a house or person for purposes of theft; Pipe one's eye, to weep.—Drunk as a piper, very drunk; Pay the piper, to bear the expense. [A.S. pípe; Dut. pijp, Ger. pfeife.]

Piperaceous, pip-e-rā′shi-us, adj. pertaining to the Piperā′ceæ, the pepper family.—adj. Piper′ic, produced from such plants.—n. Pip′erine, an alkaloid found in pepper. [L. piper, pepper.]

Pipette, pi-pet′, n. a small tube for removing small portions of a fluid from one vessel to another. [Fr.]

Pipi, pē′pē, n. the astringent pods of Cæsalpinia pipai, a Brazilian plant used in tanning.

Piping, pī′ping, adj. uttering a weak, shrill, piping sound, like the sick: sickly: feeble: boiling.—n. act of piping: sound of pipes: a system of pipes for any purpose: small cord used as trimming for dresses, &c.: a slip or cutting taken from a plant with a jointed stem.

Pipistrel, Pipistrelle, pip-is-trel′, n. a small reddish-brown bat. [Fr.]

Pipit, pip′it, n. a genus of birds resembling larks in plumage and wagtails in habits, the most common British species being the titlark.

Pippin, pip′in, n. a kind of apple. [O. Fr. pepin—L. pepo—Gr. pepōn, a melon.]

Pipul, pip′ul, n. the sacred fig-tree.—Also Pip′al, Pipp′ul-tree, Peep′ul-tree. [Hind.]

Piquant, pē′kant, adj. stimulating to the taste: of a lively spark.—n. Piq′uancy.—adv. Piq′uantly. [Fr. piquant, pr.p. of piquer, to prick.]

Pique, pēk, n. an offence taken: a feeling of anger or vexation caused by wounded pride: spite: nicety: punctilio.—v.t. to wound the pride of: to offend: to pride or value (one's self):—pr.p. piq′uing; pa.t. and pa.p. piqued. [Fr. pique, a pike, pique; cf. Pick and Pike.]

Piqué, pē-kā′, n. a heavy cotton fabric having a surface corded or with a raised lozenge pattern: a similar pattern produced by quilting with the needle.—n. Piqué-work. [Fr.]

Piquet, pi-ket′, n. a game at cards.—n. Pique, in piquet, the scoring of 30 points in one hand before the other side scores at all. [Picket.]

Pirate, pī′rāt, n. one who, without authority, attempts to capture ships at sea: a sea-robber: an armed vessel which, without legal right, plunders other vessels at sea: one who steals or infringes a copyright.—v.t. to rob at sea: to take without permission, as books or writings.—n. Pī′racy, the crime of a pirate: robbery on the high seas: infringement of copyright.—adjs. Pirat′ic, -al, pertaining to a pirate: practising piracy.—adv. Pirat′ically. [Fr.,—L. pirata—Gr. peiratēs—peiraein, to attempt.]

Pirn, pirn, n. anything that revolves or twists: a reel, bobbin, &c.: the amount of thread wound on a shuttle or reel.

Pirouette, pir-ōō-et′, n. a wheeling about, esp. in dancing: the whirling round of a horse on the same ground.—v.i. to execute a pirouette. [Fr.]

Pisces, pis′ēz, n. the Fishes, the twelfth sign of the zodiac.—ns. Pis′cary, right of fishing in another man's waters; Piscatol′ogy, the scientific study of fishes; Piscā′tor, an angler:—fem. Piscā′trix.—adj. Piscatō′rial, relating to fishes or fishing: fond of fishing—also Pis′catory.—n. Pis′cicapture, the taking of fish.—adjs. Piscic′olous, parasitic upon fishes; Piscicul′tural, pertaining to pisciculture.—ns. Pis′ciculture, the rearing of fish by artificial methods; Pis′ciculturist, a fish-culturist.—adjs. Pis′ciform, in shape like a fish: having the form of a fish; Pis′cine, pertaining to fishes; Pisciv′orous, feeding on fishes. [L. piscis, a fish.]

Piscina, pis-ī′na, n. a basin or tank, esp. one for holding fishes or for growing water-plants: a fish-pond: (archit.) a basin or sink on the south side of the altar in old churches, into which is emptied water used in washing any of the sacred vessels.—adj. Pis′cinal, belonging to a fish-pond. [L., a fish-pond, a cistern—piscis, a fish.]

Pisé, pē-zā′, n. stiff earth or clay rammed down to form walls or floors. [Fr.]

Pisiform, pī′si-form, adj. pea-shaped. [L. pisum, pea, forma, shape.]

Pismire, pis′mīr, n. an ant or emmet. [Piss, from the strong smell of the ant-hill, A.S. mire, ant.]

Pisolite, pī′sō-līt, n. a coarse oolite or concretionary limestone in large globules.—adj. Pisolit′ic. [Gr. pisos, pea, lithos, stone.]

Piss, pis, v.i. to discharge urine or make water.—ns. Piss′-a-bed (prov.), the dandelion; Piss′asphalt, Pis′ophalt, a variety of bitumen; Piss′-pot, a chamber-pot. [Fr. pisser; imit.]

Pistachio, pis-tā′shi-ō, n. the almond-flavoured pistachio-nut, the fruit of the Pistā′chia, a small genus of trees of the cashew family, native to western Asia. [It.,—L. pistacium—Gr. pistakion—Pers. pistā.]

Pistil, pis′til, n. (bot.) the female organ in the centre of a flower, consisting of three parts—ovary, style, and stigma.—adjs. Pistillā′ceous, Pis′tillary, growing on a pistil: pertaining to, or having the nature of, a pistil; Pis′tillāte, having a pistil: having a pistil only; Pistillif′erous, bearing a pistil without stamens. [Fr.,—L. pistillum, a pestle.]

Pistol, pis′tol, n. a small hand-gun, held in one hand when fired.—v.t. to shoot with a pistol.—ns. Pistoleer′, one armed with a pistol; Pis′tolet, a little pistol; Pis′tol-shot. [O. Fr. pistole—It. pistola, said to be from Pistoja (orig. Pistola), a town in Italy.]

Pistole, pis′tōl, n. a Spanish gold coin=about 16 shillings. [Same as above.]

Piston, pis′tun, n. a circular plate of metal, or other material, used in pumps, steam-engines, &c., fitting and moving up and down within a tube or hollow cylinder.—n. Pis′ton-rod, the rod to which the piston is fixed, and which moves up and down with it. [Fr.,—It. pistone—pesto, to pound—L. pinsĕre, pistum.]

Pit, pit, n. a hole in the earth: a place whence minerals are dug: the bottomless pit: the grave: the abode of evil spirits: a hole used as a trap for wild beasts: the hollow of the stomach, or that under the arm at the shoulder: the indentation left by smallpox: the ground-floor of a theatre: an enclosure in which cocks fight: the shaft of a mine.—v.t. to mark with little hollows: to lay in a pit: to set in competition:—pr.p. pit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. pit′ted.—ns. Pit′-coal, coal dug from a pit—not charcoal; Pit′-frame, the framework round a mine-shaft; Pit′-head, the ground at the mouth of a pit, and the machinery, &c., on it; Pit′man, a man who works in a coal-pit or a saw-pit, esp. the man who works the pumping machinery in the shaft of a mine: (mach.) a rod connecting a rotary with a reciprocating part.—adj. Pit′ted, marked with small pits.—ns. Pit′ting, the act of digging, or of placing in, a pit: a group of pit-marks: a corrosion of the inside of steam-boilers, &c.; Pit′-vill′age, a group of miners' houses near a pit. [A.S. pyt, pytt—L. puteus, a well.]

Pitaka, pit′a-ka, n. a collection of Buddhist scriptures, as made in Tibet. [Sans., 'basket.']

Pitapat, pit′a-pat, adv. with palpitation or quick beating.—adj. fluttering.—n. a light, quick step: a succession of light taps.—v.i. to step or tread quickly.

Pitch, pich, n. the solid black shining substance obtained by boiling down common tar.—v.t. to smear with pitch.—adjs. Pitch′-black, Pitch′-dark, dark as pitch: very dark.—ns. Pitch′-blende, a black oxide of uranium; Pitch′-coal, a kind of bituminous coal: jet; Pitch′iness, state or quality of being pitchy; Pitch′-pine, a kind of pine which yields pitch, and is much used in America as fuel; Pitch′-plas′ter, a plaster of Burgundy or white pitch; Pitch′-stone, an old volcanic-like hardened pitch; Pitch′-tree, the kauri pine, the Amboyna pine, or the Norway spruce.—adj. Pitch′y, having the qualities of pitch: smeared with pitch: black like pitch: dark: dismal. [A.S. pic—L. pix, pic-is.]

Pitch, pich, v.t. to thrust or fix in the ground: to fix or set in array: to fix the rate or price: to fling or throw: (mus.) to set the keynote of.—v.i. to settle, as something pitched: to come to rest from flight: to fall headlong: to fix the choice: to encamp: to rise and fall, as a ship.—n. a throw or cast from the hand: any point or degree of elevation or depression: degree: degree of slope: a descent: the height of a note in speaking or in music: (mech.) distance between the centres of two teeth in a wheel or a saw, or between the threads of a screw measured parallel to the axis.—ns. Pitched′-batt′le, a battle in which the contending parties have fixed positions: a battle previously arranged for on both sides; Pitch′er; Pitch′-far′thing, chuck-farthing; Pitch′fork, a fork for pitching hay, &c.: a tuning-fork.—v.t. to lift with a pitchfork: to throw suddenly into any position.—ns. Pitch′ing, the act of throwing: a facing of stone along a bank to protect against the action of water; Pitch′pipe, a small pipe to pitch the voice or tune with.—Pitch and pay (Shak.), pay down at once, pay ready-money; Pitch and toss, a game in which coins are thrown at a mark, the person who throws nearest having the right of tossing all the coins, and keeping those which come down head uppermost; Pitch in, to begin briskly; Pitch into, to assault. [A form of pick.]

Pitcher, pich′ėr, n. a vessel for holding water, &c.—n. Pitch′er-plant, a plant with leaves shaped like a pitcher or ascidium—Nepenthes, &c.—Pitchers have ears, there may be listeners. [O. Fr. picher—Low L. picarium, a goblet—Gr. bīkos, a wine-vessel, an Eastern word.]

Piteous, pit′e-us, adj. showing or feeling pity: fitted to excite pity: mournful: compassionate: paltry.—adv. Pit′eously.—n. Pit′eousness. [O. Fr. pitos, piteus. Cf. Pity.]

Pitfall, pit′fawl, n. a pit slightly covered, so that wild beasts may fall into it: any concealed danger.

Pith, pith, n. the marrow or soft substance in the centre of the stems of dicotyledonous plants: force or energy: importance: condensed substance: quintessence.—n. Pith′-ball, a pellet of pith.—adv. Pith′ily.—n. Pith′iness.—adj. Pith′less, wanting pith, force, or energy.—n. Pith′-pā′per, a thin sheet cut from pith for paper: rice-paper.—adj. Pith′y, full of pith: forcible: strong: energetic. [A.S. pitha; Dut. pit, marrow.]

Pithecus, pi-thē′kus, n. a name formerly used by zoologists for various groups of apes and monkeys.—ns. Pithecanthrō′pi, hypothetical ape-men; Pithē′cia, the genus of South American monkeys which includes the Sakis and allied species.—adj. Pithē′coid. [L.,—Gr. pithēkos, an ape.]

Pitri, pit′rē, n.pl. the deceased ancestors of a man: in Hindu mythology, an order of divine beings inhabiting celestial regions of their own, and receiving into their society the spirits of those mortals for whom funeral rites have been duly performed. [Sans., 'father,' pl. pitaras.]

Pitsaw, pit′saw, n. a large saw for cutting timber, worked by the pit-sawyer in the pit below the log and the top-sawyer on the log.

Pittacal, pit′a-kal, n. a blue substance obtained from wood-tar oil and used in dyeing. [Gr. pitta, pitch, kalos, beautiful.]

Pittance, pit′ans, n. an allowance of food or drink: a dole: a very small portion or quantity. [Fr. pitance, an allowance of food in a monastery—Low L. pietantea—L. pietas, pity.]

Pituitary, pit′ū-i-tā-ri, adj. mucous—also Pit′ūital, Pit′ūitous.—ns. Pitūī′ta, Pit′uite, phlegm.—Pituitary body, a rounded body of the size of a small bean, situated in the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone on the floor of the cavity of the skull. [L. pituitarius—pituita, mucus.]

Pity, pit′i, n. a strong feeling for or with the sufferings of others: sympathy with distress: a cause or source of pity or grief.—v.t. to feel pity with: to sympathise with:—pa.t. and pa.p. pit′ied.—adj. Pit′iable, deserving pity: affecting: wretched.—n. Pit′iableness.—adv. Pit′iably.—n. Pit′ier, one who pities.—adj. Pit′iful, feeling pity: compassionate: exciting pity: sad: despicable.—adv. Pit′ifully.—n. Pit′ifulness.—adj. Pit′iless, without pity: cruel.—adv. Pit′ilessly.—n. Pit′ilessness.—adv. Pit′yingly, in a pitying manner.—It pitieth me, you, them, &c. (Pr. Bk.), it causeth pity in me, you, them, &c. [O. Fr. pite (Fr. pitié, It. pietà)—L. pietas, pietatis—pius, pious.]

Pityriasis, pit-i-rī′a-sis, n. the term given to certain of the squamous or scaly diseases of the skin, in which there is a continual throwing off of bran-like scales of epidermis.—adj. Pit′yroid, bran-like. [Gr. pityron, bran.]

Pivot, piv′ut, n. the pin on which anything turns: the officer or soldier at the flank upon whom a company wheels: that on which anything depends or turns.—adj. Piv′otal, of the nature of a pivot: acting as a pivot.—n. Piv′ot-bridge, a form of swing-bridge moving on a vertical pivot.—adj. Piv′oted, furnished with a pivot or pivots.—ns. Piv′ot-gear′ing, a system of gearing permitting the driving-shaft to be swivelled so as to set the machine in any direction with relation to the power; Piv′ot-gun, a gun mounted on a pivot, so as to be able to turn in any direction; Piv′oting, the pivot-work in machines; Piv′ot-man, the soldier or officer who acts as a pivot (see Pivot). [Fr. dim. of It. piva, a pipe, a peg, a pin—Low L. pipa.]

Pixy, Pixie, pik′si, n. a small Devonshire fairy.—adj. Pix′y-led, bewildered.—ns. Pix′y-ring, a fairy-ring, a well-marked ring of a different kind of grass, common on meadows and heaths; Pix′y-stool, a toadstool or mushroom. [Puck.]

Pizzicato, pit-si-kä′to, adj. a phrase used in music for the violin or violoncello, to denote that here the strings are to be twitched with the fingers in the manner of a harp or guitar. [It.,—pizzicare, to twitch.]

Placable, plā′ka-bl, or plak′a-bl, adj. that may be appeased: relenting: willing to forgive.—ns. Placabil′ity, Plā′cableness.—adv. Plā′cably.—v.t. Plā′cāte, to conciliate.—n. Placā′tion, propitiation.—adj. Plā′catory, conciliatory. [L. placabilis—placāre, to appease, akin to placēre, to please.]

Placard, plak′ärd, or plā-kärd′, n. a written or printed paper stuck upon a wall as an advertisement, &c.: a public proclamation: the woodwork and frame of the door of a closet and the like.—v.t. Placard (plā-kärd′, or plak′ärd), to publish or notify by placards. [Fr. placard, a bill stuck on a wall—plaque, plate, tablet; acc. to Diez, from Dut. plak, a piece of flat wood.]

Place, plās, n. a broad way in a city: an open space used for a particular purpose: a particular locality: a town: room to dwell, sit, or stand in: the position held by anybody, employment, office, a situation: a mansion with its grounds: proper position or dignity, priority in such: stead: passage in a book: a topic, matter of discourse: in sporting contests, position among the first three.—v.t. to put in any place or condition: to find a home for: to settle: to lend: invest: to ascribe.—n. Place′-hunt′er, one who seeks eagerly official position or public office.—adj. Place′less, without place or office.—ns. Place′man, one who has a place or office under a government:—pl. Place′men; Place′ment, placing or setting; Place′-mong′er, one who traffics in appointments to places; Place′-name, the name of a place or locality: a local name; Plac′er.—Give place, to make room, to yield; Have place, to have existence; In place, in position: opportune; Out of place, inappropriate, unseasonable; Take place, to come to pass: to take precedence of. [Fr.,—L. platea, a broad street—Gr. plateia, a street—platys, broad.]

Placebo, plā-sē′bo, n. in the R.C. service of vespers for the dead the name of the first antiphon, which begins with the word: a medicine given to humour or gratify a patient rather than to exercise any curative effect. [L., 'I will please'—placēre, to please.]

Placenta, pla-sen′ta, n. the structure which unites the unborn mammal to the womb of its mother and establishes a nutritive connection between them: (bot.) the portion of the ovary which bears the ovules:—pl. Placen′tæ.—adj. Placen′tal.—n.pl. Placentā′lia, placental mammals.—adjs. Placentā′lian; Placen′tary, pertaining to, or having, a placenta.—n. a mammal having a placenta.—adjs. Placen′tate, Placentif′erous.—ns. Placentā′tion, the mode in which the placenta is formed and attached to the womb; Placentī′tis, inflammation of the placenta. [L., a flat cake, akin to Gr. plakous, a flat cake, from plax, plak-os, anything flat.]

Placer, plas′er, n. a place where the superficial detritus is washed for gold, &c.: hence any place holding treasures. [Sp.]

Placet, plā′set, n. a vote of assent in a governing body: permission given, esp. by a sovereign, to publish and carry out an ecclesiastical order, as a papal bull or edict. [L., 'it pleases,' 3d sing. pres. indic. of placēre, to please.]

Placid, plas′id, adj. gentle: peaceful.—ns. Placid′ity, Plac′idness.—adv. Plac′idly. [Fr.,—L. placidus—placēre, to please.]

Placitory, plas′i-tō-ri, adj. of or relating to pleas or pleading in courts of law.

Placitum, plas′i-tum, n. a public assembly in the Middle Ages, presided over by the sovereign, to consult on affairs of state: a resolution of such an assembly:—pl. Plac′ita. [L., from placēre, to please.]

Plack, plak, n. a small copper coin formerly current in Scotland, equal in value to the third part of an English penny.—adj. Plack′less, penniless. [O. Fr. plaque, a plate.]

Placket, plak′et, n. (Shak.) the slit in a petticoat: a petticoat—hence, a woman: a placcate or additional plate of steel on the lower half of the breast-plate, or back-plate: a leather jacket strengthened with strips of steel. [Fr. plaquet—plaquer, to clap on.]

Placoderm, plak′o-dėrm, adj. noting an order of fossil fishes having their skin covered with bony plates. [Gr. plax, plakos, anything flat, derma, skin.]

Placoid, plak′oid, adj. plate-like.—Placoid fishes, an order of fishes having placoid scales, irregular plates of hard bone, not imbricated, but placed near together in the skin. [Gr. plax, plakos, anything flat and broad, eidos, form.]

Placula, plak′ū-la, n. a little plate or plaque.—adjs. Plac′ular, Plac′ulāte.

Plagal, plā′gal, adj. in Gregorian music, denoting a mode or melody in which the final is in the middle of the compass instead of at the bottom—opp. to Authentic. [Gr. plagios, sidewise—plagos, a side.]

Plagiarise, plā′ji-ar-īz, v.t. to steal from the writings or ideas of another.—ns. Plā′giarism, the act or practice of plagiarising; Plā′giarist, one who plagiarises; Plā′giary, one who steals the thoughts or writings of others and gives them out as his own: the crime of plagiarism.—adj. practising literary theft. [Fr. plagiaire—L. plagiarius, a kidnapper—plaga, a net.]

Plagioclase, plā′ji-ō-klāz, n. a group of triclinic feldspars whose cleavage planes are not at right angles to each other.—adj. Plagioclas′tic. [Gr. plagios, oblique, klasis, a fracture.]

Plagiostome, plā′ji-ō-stōm, n. a plagiostomous fish, one of the Plagios′tomi, a division of fishes, including sharks and rays.—adjs. Plagiostom′atous, Plagios′tomous.

Plagiotropism, plā-ji-ot′rō-pizm, n. a mode of turning of the organs of plants in the direction of gravitation or of the ray of light.—adj. Plagiotrop′ic.—adv. Plagiotrop′ically. [Gr. plagios, oblique, tropos, a turning.]

Plague, plāg, n. any great natural evil: a deadly disease or pestilence: a very troublesome person or thing, esp. a malignant kind of contagious fever, prevailing epidemically, characterised by buboes, or swellings of the lymphatic glands, by carbuncles and petechiæ.—v.t. to infest with disease or trouble: to harass or annoy:—pr.p. plāg′uing; pa.t. and pa.p. plāgued.—ns. Plague′-mark, -spot, a mark or spot of plague or foul disease: a place where disease is constantly present; Plag′uer, one who plagues, vexes, or annoys; Plague′-sore.—adv. Plag′uily, vexatiously.—adj. Plaguy (plā′gi), vexatious: (Shak.) troublesome.—adv. vexatiously.—Plague on, may a curse rest on.—Be at the plague, to be at the trouble. [O. Fr. plague—L. plaga, a blow; Gr. plēgē.]

Plaice, plās, n. a broad, flat fish, in the same genus as the flounder. [O. Fr. plaïs (Fr. plie)—Low L. platessa, a flat fish—Gr. platys, flat.]

Plaid, plad, or plād, n. a loose outer garment of woollen cloth, often of a tartan, or coloured striped pattern, a special dress of the Highlanders of Scotland.—adj. like a plaid in pattern or colours.—adj. Plaid′ed, wearing a plaid: made of plaid cloth.—n. Plaid′ing, a strong woollen twilled fabric. [Gael. plaide, a blanket, contr. of peal-laid, a sheepskin—peall, a skin, cog. with L. pellis, Eng. fell.]

Plain, plān, v.t. and v.i. to complain: to lament.—ns. Plain′ant, one who complains: a plaintiff; Plain′ing (Shak.), complaint. [O. Fr. pleigner (Fr. plaindre)—L. plangĕre, to lament.]

Plain, plān, adj. without elevations, even, flat: level, smooth, without obstructions: free from difficulties, easy, simple: without ornament or beauty, homely: artless: sincere: evident, unmistakable: mere: not coloured, figured, or variegated: not highly seasoned, natural, not cooked or dressed: not trumps at cards.—n. an extent of level land: an open field.—adv. clearly: distinctly.—v.t. (obs.) to make plain.—n.pl. Plain′-clothes, clothes worn by an officer when off duty or not in uniform.—ns. Plain′-cook, one able to cook all ordinary dishes; Plain′-deal′er, one who deals or speaks his mind plainly.—adj. Plain′-deal′ing, speaking or acting plainly, candid.—n. candid speaking or acting, sincerity.—adj. Plain′-heart′ed, having a plain or honest heart: sincere.—n. Plain′-heart′edness.—adv. Plain′ly.—ns. Plain′ness; Plain′-song, the music of a recitative-like character and sung in unison, used in the Christian Church of the West from the earliest times, and still in use in all R.C. churches: a simple air without variations: a plain unvarnished statement; Plain′-speak′ing, straight-forwardness or bluntness of speech.—adj. Plain′-spok′en, speaking with plain, rough sincerity.—n.pl. Plain′stanes (Scot.), flagstones, pavement.—n. Plain′work, plain needlework, as distinguished from embroidery.—Plain as a pikestaff, perfectly plain or clear. [Fr.,—L. plānus, plain.]

Plaint, plānt, n. lamentation: complaint: a sad song: (law) the exhibiting of an action in writing by a complainant.—adj. Plaint′ful, complaining: expressing sorrow.—n. Plaint′iff (Eng. law), one who commences a suit against another—opp. to Defendant.—adj. Plaint′ive, complaining: expressing sorrow: sad.—adv. Plaint′ively.—n. Plaint′iveness.—adj. Plaint′less, without complaint: unrepining. [O. Fr. pleinte (Fr. plainte)—L. planctus—plangĕre, planctum, to lament.]

Plait, plāt, n. a fold: a doubling over, as of cloth upon itself: a braid.—v.t. to fold: to double in narrow folds: to interweave.—adj. Plait′ed, folded over in narrow folds: braided: interwoven: intricate.—ns. Plait′er, one who plaits or braids: a machine for making plaits, as in cloth; Plait′ing, the act of making plaits. [O. Fr. pleit, ploit (Fr. pli)—L. plicāre, -ātum, to fold.]

Plan, plan, n. a drawing of anything on a plane or flat surface: a drawing of a building as it stands on the ground: a scheme or project for accomplishing a purpose: a contrivance: a method or custom.—v.t. to make a sketch of on a flat surface: to form in design: to lay plans for:—pr.p. plan′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. planned.—adj. Plan′less.—ns. Plan′ner, one who forms a plan: a projector; Work′ing-plan, a draft on a large scale given to workmen to work from.—Plan of campaign, the method of conducting the struggle of the Irish tenants against the landlords, organised by the National League in 1886, its officers collecting what they considered a fair rent, and offering it to the landlord, and where he refused to accept it spending it on the support of the persons evicted. [Fr.,—L. planus, flat.]

Planarian, plā-nā′ri-an, adj. and n. a term practically coextensive with Turbellarian, applicable to the members of the lowest class of worm-like animals, living in fresh and salt water, and sometimes in damp earth.—adjs. Planar′iform, Planā′rioid. [L. planarius, flat.]

Planch, planch, v.t. (Shak.) to cover with planks. [Fr. planche—L. planea.]

Planchet, plan′chet, n. a flat piece of metal ready to receive impression as a coin.

Planchette, plan-shet′, n. a small heart-shaped or triangular piece of board resting on three props, two of which are castors and one a pencil-point, which, while a person's fingers are lightly resting on it, sometimes moves, as if of its own accord, and traces with the pencil marks and even words upon a piece of paper below it. [Fr. planchette, a small board.]

Plane, plān, n. (geom.) a surface on which, if any two points be taken, the straight line joining them will lie entirely on the surface: (astron.) a surface thought of as bounded by the line round which a heavenly body moves: any flat or level surface: any incline on which coal is lowered by the effect of gravity: any grade of life or of development.—adj. having the character of a plane: pertaining to, lying in, or forming a plane.—v.t. to make plane or smooth.—adj. Plā′nary, relating to a plane: flat.—n. Plane′-tā′ble, a topographical instrument used in field-mapping, and having a sighting-telescope for observing objects, whose angles may be noted on a paper on the table of the instrument: an inclined table on which ore is dressed.—v.t. to survey with a plane-table.—ns. Plan′igraph, an instrument for reducing or enlarging drawings; Planim′eter, an instrument for measuring the area of a plane figure.—adjs. Planimet′ric, -al.—n. Planim′etry, the mensuration of plane surfaces.—adj. Planipet′alous, having flat petals.—ns. Plan′isher, a thin flat-ended tool used for smoothing tin-plate and brasswork: a workman who planishes, esp. one who prepares copper-plates for engravers; Plan′isphere, a sphere projected on a plane.—adjs. Planispher′ic; Plāno-con′cave, plane on one side and concave on the other; Plā′no-con′ical, plane on one side and conical on the other; Plā′no-con′vex, plane on one side and convex on the other.—n. Planog′raphist, a map-maker.—adj. Plā′no-horizon′tal, having a plane horizontal surface or position.—ns. Planom′eter, a plane surface used in machine-making as a gauge for plane surfaces; Planom′etry, the measurement of plane surfaces.—adj. Plā′no-sub′ulate, smooth and awl-shaped.—Plane angle, an angle contained by two straight lines in a plane; Plane figure, a figure all of whose points lie in one plane; Plane geometry, the geometry of plane figures; Plane sailing, the calculation of a ship's place in its course, as if the earth were flat instead of spherical: easy work; Plane trigonometry, that branch of trigonometry which treats of triangles described on a plane.—Inclined plane (see Incline); Perspective plane (see Perspective). [Fr.,—L. planus, plain.]

Plane, plān, n. a carpenter's tool for producing a level or smooth surface.—v.t. to make a surface (as of wood) level by means of a plane.—ns. Plā′ner, a tool or machine for planing: a smooth wooden block used for levelling a form of type; Plān′ing-machine′, a machine for planing wood or metals.—v.t. Plan′ish, to make smooth: to polish. [Fr.,—Low L. planāre, to make level.]

Planet, plan′et, n. one of the bodies in the solar system which revolve in elliptic orbits round the sun.—n. Planetā′rium, a machine showing the motions and orbits of the planets.—adjs. Plan′etary, pertaining to the planets: consisting of, or produced by, planets: under the influence of a planet: erratic: revolving; Planet′ic, -al.—n. Plan′etoid, a celestial body having the form or nature of a planet: one of a number of very small planets, often called asteroids, moving round the sun between Mars and Jupiter.—adjs. Planetoi′dal; Plan′et-strick′en, Plan′et-struck (astrol.), affected by the influence of the planets: blasted.—n. Plan′etule, a little planet.—Minor planets, the numerous group of very small planets which is situated in the solar system between Mars and Jupiter. [Fr. planète—Gr. planētēs, wanderer—planān, to make to wander.]

Plane-tree, plān′-trē, n. any one of the several trees constituting the genus Platanus, esp. the oriental or common plane-tree, with its variety the maple-leaved plane-tree, and the American plane-tree, usually called sycamore or buttonwood or buttonball: in Great Britain, the sycamore maple. [Fr. plane—L. platanus—Gr. platanos—platys, broad.]

Plangent, plan′jent, adj. resounding: noisy. [L. plangens, -gentis—plangĕre, to beat.]

Plank, plangk, n. a long piece of timber, thicker than a board: one of the principles or aims of an associated party.—v.t. to cover with planks.—n. Plank′ing, the act of laying planks: a series of planks: work made up of planks.—Walk the plank, to be compelled to walk along a plank projecting over the ship's edge into the sea. [L. planca, a board; cf. Plain, even.]

Plankton, plangk′ton, n. pelagic animals collectively. [Gr., planktos, wandering.]

Planodia, plā-nō′di-a, n. a false passage, such as may be made in using a catheter.

Plant, plant, n. a something living and growing, fixed on the ground and drawing food therefrom by means of its root, and developing into a stem, leaves, and seed: a sprout: any vegetable production: the tools or material of any trade or business: (slang) a trick, dodge, hidden plunder.—v.t. to put into the ground for growth: to furnish with plants: to set in the mind, implant: to establish.—v.i. to set shoots in the ground.—adj. Plant′able.—ns. Plant′age (Shak.), plants in general, or the vegetable kingdom; Plantā′tion, a place planted: a wood or grove: (U.S.) a large estate: a colony: act or process of introduction: (Milt.) the act of planting; Plant′er, one who plants or introduces: the owner of a plantation; Plant′-house, a garden structure designed for the protection and cultivation of the plants of warmer climates than our own; Plant′icle, a young plant; Plant′ing, the act of setting in the ground for growth: the art of forming plantations of trees: a plantation.—adj. Plant′less, destitute of vegetation.—ns. Plant′let, a little plant; Plant′-louse, a small homopterous insect which infests plants; Plant′ule, the embryo of a plant. [A.S. plante (Fr. plante)—L. planta, a shoot, a plant.]

Plantain, plan′tān, n. an important food-plant of tropical countries, so called from its broad leaf: a common roadside plant of several species, with broad leaves and seed-bearing spikes.—Plantain eater, one of a family of African, arboreal, vegetarian Pie-like birds. [Fr.,—L. plantago, plantaginis.]

Plantigrade, plant′i-grād, adj. that walks on the sole of the foot.—n. a plantigrade animal, as the bear.—adj. Plant′ar, pertaining to the sole of the foot. [L. planta, the sole, gradi, to walk.]

Planula, plan′ū-la, n. the locomotory embryo of the cœlenterates.—adjs. Plan′ular; Plan′uliform; Plan′uloid.

Planuria, plā-nū′ri-a, n. the discharge of urine through an abnormal passage, uroplania.—Also Plan′ury.

Plaque, plak, n. a flat piece of metal or other material, used for ornament, as a brooch, &c., or for painting on, to form a wall-picture.—n. Plaquette′, a small plaque. [Fr.; cf. Plack.]

Plash, plash, v.t. to bind and interweave the branches of.—v.i. to bend down a branch.—n. a small branch of a tree partly cut and bound to or twisted among other branches.—n. Plash′ing, a mode of repairing a hedge by bending the branches and twisting them about each other. [O. Fr. plassier—L. plexus—plectĕre, to twist.]

Plash, plash, n. a dash of water: a puddle: a shallow pool: a splashing sound: a sudden downpour: a flash.—v.i. to dabble in water: to splash.—v.t. to sprinkle with colouring matter, as a wall.—adj. Plash′y, full of puddles: watery. [Imit.]

Plasm, plazm, n. a mould or matrix: protoplasm—also Plas′ma.—adjs. Plasmat′ic, -al, plastic, formative; Plas′mic, pertaining to plasma, protoplasmic.—ns. Plasmō′dium, composite masses of primitive protozoa, in which numerous units are fused, or in rare cases simply combined in close contact; Plas′mogen, true protoplasm; Plasmog′ony, the generation of an organism from plasma; Plasmol′ogy, minute or microscopic anatomy, histology.—v.t. Plas′molyse.—n. Plasmol′ysis, the contraction of the protoplasm in active cells under the action of certain reagents.—adj. Plasmolyt′ic.

Plasma, plas′ma, n. a green variety of translucent quartz or silica.—adj. Plas′mic. [Gr.,—plassein, to form.]

Plaster, plas′tėr, n. something that can be moulded into figures: a composition of lime, water, and sand for overlaying walls, &c.: (med.) a medicinal agent consisting of an adhesive substance spread upon cloth or leather, so as to stick to the part of the body to which it is applied.—adj. made of plaster.—v.t. to cover with plaster: to cover with a plaster, as a wound: to besmear: (fig.) to smooth over.—ns. Plas′terer, one who plasters, or one who works in plaster; Plas′tering, the art of covering the internal faces of walls, the partitions and ceiling of a building, with plaster: a covering of plaster: the plasterwork of a building; Plas′ter-stone, gypsum.—adj. Plas′tery, like plaster, containing plaster.—Plaster cast, a copy of an object got by pouring a mixture of plaster of Paris and water into a mould formed from the object; Plaster of Paris, a kind of gypsum, originally found near Paris, used in building and in making casts of figures; Porous plaster, a plaster for application to the body, full of small holes, which prevent it from wrinkling. [A.S. plaster—O. Fr. emplastre—L. emplastrum—Gr. emplastron.]

Plastic, plas′tik, adj. having power to give form to: capable of being moulded: of or pertaining to moulding.—ns. Plastic′ity, state or quality of being plastic; Plastilī′na, a modelling clay which remains soft and plastic for a considerable time; Plastog′raphy, imitation of handwriting. [Gr. plastikos—plassein, to mould.]

Plastron, plas′tron, n. a breast-plate: a detachable part of a woman's dress hanging from the throat to the waist: a man's shirt-bosom: a fencer's wadded shield of leather worn on the breast: the ventral part of the shell of a chelonian or testudinate, the lower shell of a turtle or tortoise: the sternum with costal cartilages attached.—adj. Plas′tral.

Plat, plat, n. a piece of ground: a piece of ground ornamentally laid out: (obs.) a plan, scheme.—v.t. to make a map or plan of.—n. Plat′-band, a border of flowers in a garden: (archit.) a slightly projecting square moulding, an architrave fascia, a list between flutings. [Plot.]

Platane, plat′ān, n. the plane-tree.—Also Plat′an. [L. platanus—Gr. platanos—platys, broad.]

Plate, plāt, n. something flat: a thin piece of metal: wrought gold and silver: household utensils in gold and silver: a shallow dish nearly flat: an engraved piece of metal.—v.t. to overlay with a coating of plate or metal: to arm or defend with metal plates: to adorn with metal: to beat into thin plates.—n. Plate′-arm′our, armour of strong metal plates for protecting ships-of-war, &c.—adj. Plā′ted, covered with plates of metal for strength, as ships: covered with a coating of a more precious metal: (zool.) covered with hard scales.—ns. Plate′-fleet (Milt.), vessels used for carrying precious metals; Plate′ful, as much as a plate will hold; Plate′-glass, a fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, used for mirrors and large shop-windows; Plate′-lay′er, a workman whose occupation it is to lay the rails of a railway and fix them to the sleepers; Plate′-mark, a mark or stamp on gold or silver plate to indicate its purity and the place where it was made; Plate′-pow′der, a composition of rouge and prepared chalk used for cleaning gold and silver plate and plated articles; Plate′-print′ing, the process of printing from engraved plates; Plā′ter, one who plates articles with a coating of gold or silver; Plate′-rack, a frame for holding plates, &c., when not in use; Plate′-warm′er, an apparatus in which plates are warmed before the fire; Plā′ting, the covering of an inferior metal with one of the precious metals: a thin coating of metal on another.—adj. Plā′ty, like a plate.—Half′-plate, in photography, a size of plate measuring 4¾ by 6½ in. (4¼ by 5½ in U.S.); Quar′ter-plate, 3¼ by 4¼ in.; Whole′-plate, 6½ by 8½ in. [O. Fr. plate, fem. of plat, flat—Gr. platys, broad.]

Plateau, pla-tō′, n. a broad flat space on an elevated position: a tableland:—pl. Plateaus, Plateaux (pla-tōz′). [Fr.,—O. Fr. platel, dim. of plat.]

Platen, plat′en, n. the flat part of a printing-press which comes down upon the form, and by which the impression is made.

Platform, plat′form, n. a raised level surface: a part of a floor raised above the rest to form a standing-place for speakers, workmen, &c.: (mil.) an elevated floor for cannon: a statement of principles to which a body of men declare their adhesion, and on which they act: (Shak.) a scheme, plan.—v.t. (Milt.) to sketch, plan: (Mrs Browning) to support as on a platform.—ns. Plat′form-bridge (Amer.), a movable gangway between the platforms of two railway carriages; Plat′form-car, a railway car open all round and without a roof; Plat′form-crane, a crane used on a railway platform, or one mounted on a movable truck; Plat′form-scale, a weighing-machine with a flat surface for holding the thing to be weighed.—The platform, the function of public oratory. [Fr. plate-forme, 'flat form.']

Platinum, plat′in-um, n. an important metal of a dim silvery appearance, between gold and silver in value, and very difficult to melt—older name Plat′ina.—adjs. Platin′ic; Platinif′erous.—v.t. Plat′inise, to coat with platinum.—ns. Plat′inoid, one of the metals with which platinum is always found associated—palladium iridium, &c.; Plat′inotype, a method of producing photographs by means of paper coated with a preparation of platinum: a picture so produced.—adj. Plat′inous, containing or consisting of platinum. [Sp. platina—plata, plate.]

Platitude, plat′i-tūd, n. flatness: that which exhibits dullness of thought: an empty remark made as if it were important.—n. Platitudinā′rian, one who indulges in platitudes.—adj. Platitū′dinous. [Fr.,—plat, flat.]

Platonic, -al, plā-ton′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to Plato, the Greek philosopher (about 427-347 B.C.), or to his philosophical opinions.—adv. Plāton′ically.—v.t. and v.i. Plā′tonise, to reason like Plato.—ns. Plā′tonism, the philosophical opinions of Plato; Plā′tonist, Plāton′ic, a follower of Plato.—Platonic love, the love of soul for soul, a love into which sensual desire is supposed not to enter at all.

Platoon, pla-tōōn′, n. a number of recruits assembled for exercise—originally a small body of soldiers in a hollow square, to strengthen the angles of a longer formation: a subdivision of a company. [Fr. peloton, a ball, a knot of men—pelote—L. pĭla, a ball.]

Platter, plat′ėr, n. a large flat plate or dish. [M. E. plater—O. Fr. platel—plat, a plate.]

Platting, plat′ing, n. the process of making interwoven work: such work itself.

Platycephalous, plat-i-sef′a-lus, adj. having the vault of the skull flattened.—Also Platycephal′ic.

Platypus, plat′i-poos, n. the duck-bill (q.v.). [Gr. platys, flat, pous, a foot.]

Plaudit, plawd′it, n. a mark of applause: praise bestowed.—adj. Plaud′itory, applauding.—adj. Plaus′ive, applauding, approving: (Shak.) plausible. [Shortened from L. plaudite, praise ye, a call for applause, 2d pers. pl. imper. of plaudĕre, plausum, to praise.]

Plausible, plawz′i-bl, adj. that may be applauded: seemingly worthy of approval or praise: superficially pleasing: apparently right: fair-spoken: popular.—ns. Plausibil′ity, Plaus′ibleness, an appearance of being right or worthy of approval: that which seems right and true at first sight.—adv. Plaus′ibly. [L. plausibilis—plaudĕre, to praise.]

Plaustral, plä′stral, adj. of or pertaining to a wagon. [L. plaustrum, a wagon.]

Play, plā, v.i. to engage in some amusing exercise: to take part in a game, or a piece of diversion: to gamble: to sport: to trifle: to move irregularly or (mech.) freely: to operate: to act in a theatre: to perform on a musical instrument: to practise a trick: to act a character: to act with repeated strokes.—v.t. to put in motion: to perform upon: to perform: to act a sportive part: to compete with.—n. amusement: any exercise for amusement: a contending for victory or for a prize: practice in a contest: gaming: action or use: manner of dealing, as fair-play: a dramatic composition: movement: room for action or motion: liberty of action.—ns. Play′-act′or, one who acts a part in a play: an actor; Play′-act′orism, the manner or habits of a play-actor; Play′-bill, a bill or advertisement of a play; Play′book, a book of plays or dramas; Play′-club, a wooden-headed golf-club used for driving the ball the longest distances; Play′-day, Play′-time, a day devoted to play: a holiday; Play′er, one who plays: an actor of plays or dramas: a trifler: a musician: a professional at cricket; Play′fellow, Play′mate, a fellow or mate in play or amusements.—adj. Play′ful, given to play: sportive.—adv. Play′fully.—ns. Play′fulness; Play′-gō′er, one who habitually attends the theatre; Play′-gō′ing; Play′-ground, a ground or place on which to play, esp. that connected with a school; Play′-house, a house where dramatic performances are represented: a theatre; Play′ing-card, one of a set of fifty-two cards used in playing games; Play′-mare, the hobby-horse, one of the chief parts in the ancient morris-dance; Play′thing, anything for playing with: a toy; Play′wright, Play′-writ′er, a writer of plays: one who adapts dramatic compositions for the stage.—Played out, worked to the end: used up: tired; Play fast and loose, to act in a tricky, inconstant way: to say one thing and do another; Play fine, at billiards, to strike the object-ball near the edge—opp. to Play full, to strike it nearer the centre than the edge; Play off, to show or display; Play up, to make a beginning of playing: to play more vigorously; Play upon, to trifle with: to delude.—A play upon words, a use of words so as to give them a double meaning; Bring into play, to bring into exercise or use; Come into play, to come into use; Hold in play, to keep the attention of. [A.S. plegan, to play.]

Plea, plē, n. the defender's answer to the plaintiff's demand or charge: an excuse: an apology: an action in a court of law: urgent entreaty. [O. Fr. plait (Fr. plaid)—Low L. placitum, a decision—L. placet, it pleases, placēre, to please.]

Pleach, plēch, v.t. to intertwine the branches of, as a hedge: (Shak.) to fold, as the arms. [O. Fr. plesser—L. plec-tĕre, plait; Gr. plek-ein, weave.]

Plead, plēd, v.i. to carry on a plea or lawsuit: to argue in support of a cause against another: to seek to persuade: to admit or deny a charge of guilt.—v.t. to discuss by arguments: to allege in pleading or defence: to offer in excuse:—pa.t. and pa.p. plead′ed, or (less correctly and coll.) pled.—adj. Plead′able, capable of being pleaded.—n. Plead′er.—adj. Plead′ing, imploring.—n. act of pleading or of conducting any cause: (pl.) the statements of the two parties in a lawsuit (law).—adv. Plead′ingly.—Plead guilty, or not guilty, to admit, or deny, guilt.—Special pleading, unfair argument aiming rather at victory than at truth. [O. Fr. plaider; cf. Plea.]

Please, plēz, v.t. to give pleasure to: to delight: to satisfy.—v.i. to like: to think fit: to choose: to give pleasure: used impers., followed by an object, originally dative, of the person=if it please you.—n. Pleas′ance, merriment: a pleasure garden.—adj. Pleas′ant, pleasing: agreeable: cheerful: gay: facetious.—adv. Pleas′antly.—ns. Pleas′antness; Pleas′antry, anything that promotes pleasure: merriment: lively or humorous talk: a trick:—pl. Pleas′antries; Please′man (Shak.), an officious fellow, a pick-thank; Pleas′er, one who pleases or gratifies.—adj. Pleas′ing, giving pleasure: agreeable: gratifying.—n. (Shak.) pleasure given: (B.) approbation.—adv. Pleas′ingly.—n. Pleas′ingness, the quality of giving pleasure.—adj. Pleas′urable, able to give pleasure: delightful: gratifying.—n. Pleas′urableness.—adv. Pleas′urably.—n. Pleasure (plezh′ūr), agreeable emotions: gratification of the senses or of the mind: what the will prefers: purpose: command: approbation.—v.t. (arch.) to give pleasure to.—ns. Pleas′ure-boat, a boat used for pleasure or amusement; Pleas′ure-ground, ground laid out in an ornamental manner for pleasure; Pleas′ure-house, a house to which one retires for recreation or pleasure.—adj. Pleas′ureless.—ns. Pleas′urer, one who seeks pleasure; Pleas′ure-trip, an excursion for pleasure.—At pleasure, whenever and as one pleases. [O. Fr. plaisir (Fr. plaire)—L. placēre, to please.]

Plebeian, plē-bē′an, adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, the common people: popular: vulgar.—n. originally one of the common people of ancient Rome: one of the lower classes.—v.t. Plebei′anise.—ns. Plebei′anism, state of being a plebeian: the conduct or manners of plebeians: vulgarity; Plebificā′tion, the act of making plebeian.—v.t. Pleb′ify, to make plebeian: to vulgarise. [Fr. plébéien—L. plebeius—plebs, plebis, the common people.]

Plebiscite, pleb′i-sīt, n. a decree of an entire nation, obtained by an appeal to universal suffrage, as in France under Napoleon III.: a method of obtaining an expression of opinion upon a certain point from the inhabitants of a district—also Plebiscī′tum:—pl. Pleb′iscites, Plebis′cita.—adj. Pleb′iscitary. [Fr.,—L. plebiscitum, decree of the people—plebs, the people, scitum, a decree—scīre, to know.]

Plectognathi, plek-tog′nā-thī, n. an order of bony fishes, including file-fishes, globe-fishes, coffer-fishes, sun-fishes.—adjs. Plectognath′ic, Plectog′nathous. [Gr. plectos, plaited, gnathos, a jaw.]

Plectrum, plek′trum, n. the quill or other form of instrument by which the strings of the Greek lyre were struck.—Also Plec′tre, Plec′tron. [L.—Gr.,—plēssein, to strike.]

Pledge, plej, n. something given as a security: one who becomes surety for another: a sentiment of goodwill or friendship expressed by drinking together.—v.t. to give as security: to engage for by promise: to invite to drink by partaking of the cup first: to drink to the health of.—ns. Pledgee′, the person to whom a thing is pledged; Pledg′er.—Pledge card, a card given, as a remembrancer, to a person who has signed the total abstinence pledge; Pledge cup, a cup for drinking pledges.—Hold in pledge, to keep as security; Put in pledge, to pawn; Take, or Sign, the pledge, to give a written promise to abstain from intoxicating liquor. [O. Fr. plege (Fr. pleige); prob. L. præbēre, to afford.]

Pledget, plej′et, n. a wad of lint, cotton, &c., as for a wound or sore: an oakum string used in caulking.

Pleiad, plī′ad, n. one of the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione, after death changed into stars:—pl. Plei′ads, Plei′ades, (astron.) a group of seven or more stars in the shoulder of the constellation Taurus.

Pleiochroism, plī-ok′rō-izm, n. the property in some crystals, such as some species of topaz, where three distinct colours may be observed on looking through them along three rectangular axes.—Also Pol′ychrōism. [Gr. pleiōn, pleōn, more, chroa, colour.]

Pleistocene, plīs′tō-sēn, n. (geol.) the name given to the system comprising the older accumulations belonging to the Quaternary or Post-Tertiary division. [Gr. pleistos, most, kainos, recent.]

Plenary, plē′nā-ri, adj. full: entire: complete: (law) passing through all its stages—opp. to Summary: having full powers.—adv. Plen′arily.—ns. Plen′ariness; Plē′narty, the state of a benefice when occupied; Plē′nist, one who believes all space to be filled with matter; Plen′itude, fullness: completeness: repletion; Plē′num, space considered as in every part filled with matter.—Plenary inspiration, inspiration which excludes all mixture of error. [Low L. plenarius—L. ple-nus, full—plēre, to fill.]

Plenipotence, plē-nip′o-tens, n. complete power—also Plenip′otency.—adj. Plenip′otent, having full power. [L. plenus, full, potens, -entis, powerful.]

Plenipotentiary, plen-i-po-ten′shi-a-ri, adj. conferring or having full powers.—n. a person invested with full powers, esp. a special ambassador or envoy to some foreign court. [Low L. plenipotentiarius—L. plenus, full, potens, powerful.]

Plenish, plen′ish, v.t. to furnish: to provide, as a house or farm, with necessary furniture, implements, stock, &c.—n. Plen′ishing (Scot.), furniture. [Fr.,—L. plenus, full.]

Plenty, plen′ti, n. a full supply: all that can be needed: abundance.—adj. being in abundance.—adj. Plen′tēous, fully sufficient: abundant: fruitful: well provided: rich: (B.) giving plentifully.—adv. Plen′tēously.—n. Plen′tēousness.—adj. Plen′tiful, copious: abundant: yielding abundance.—adv. Plen′tifully.—n. Plen′tifulness.—Horn of plenty (see Horn). [O. Fr. plente—L. plenus, full.]

Pleonasm, plē′o-nazm, n. use of more words than are necessary: (rhet.) a redundant expression.—n. Plē′onast, one who is given to pleonasm.—adjs. Pleonas′tic, -al, redundant: using too many words.—adv. Pleonas′tically. [Gr. pleonasmos—pleiōn, more.]

Pleroma, plē-rō′ma, n. fullness: abundance: in Gnosticism, divine being, including all æons which emanate from it. [Gr.,—plērēs, full.]

Plerophory, plē-rof′ō-ri, n. full conviction.—Also Plerophō′ria.

Plesiomorphism, plē-si-ō-mor′fizm, n. the property of certain substances of crystallising in similar forms while unlike in chemical composition—also Isogonism.—adjs. Plesiomor′phic, Plesiomor′phous.

Plesiosaurus, plē-zi-o-saw′rus, n. the type or leading genus of a family (Plesiosauridæ) of fossil sea-reptiles, which are characteristic of the Mesozoic systems. [Gr. plēsios, near, sauros, lizard.]

Plethora, pleth′o-ra, n. excessive fullness of blood: over-fullness in any way.—adjs. Plethore′tic, Plethor′ic, -al, afflicted with plethora: superabundant: turgid.—adv. Plethor′ically. [Gr. plēthōrē, fullness—pleos, full.]

Pleugh, plūh, n. (Scot.) a plough.—n. Pleugh′-paid′le (Scot.), a small spade or 'paddle' for cleaning a plough.

Pleura, plōō′ra, n. a delicate serous membrane which covers the lungs and lines the cavity of the chest:—pl. Pleu′ræ.—adj. Pleu′ral.—ns. Pleurapoph′ysis, a lateral process of a vertebra, with the morphological character of a rib:—pl. Pleurapoph′yses; Pleurench′yma (bot.), the woody tissue of plants; Pleu′risy, inflammation of the pleura, the investing membrane of the lung; Pleu′risy-root, a plant common in the United States, of which the root has medicinal repute, the infusion being used as a diaphoretic and expectorant.—adjs. Pleurit′ic, -al, pertaining to, or affected with, pleurisy: causing pleurisy.—ns. Pleurī′tis, pleurisy; Pleurodyn′ia, neuralgia of the chest-wall, which may simulate closely the pain of pleurisy; Pleu′ro-pneumō′nia, inflammation of the pleura and lungs, a contagious disease peculiar to cattle. [Gr., a rib.]

Pleuronectidæ, plōō-ro-nek′ti-dē, n.pl. a family of flat-fishes, the flounders. [Gr. pleura, the side, nēktēs, a swimmer.]

Pleximeter, pleks-im′e-tėr, n. a small plate of something hard and elastic, placed on the body, to receive the tap of the fingers or of the hammer in examination by percussion—also Plexom′eter.—adj. Pleximet′ric. [Gr. plēxis, a striking—plēssein, to strike, metron, a measure.]

Plexure, pleks′ūr, n. the act or process of weaving together: that which is woven together.—adj. Plex′iform, in the form of network: formed into a plexus.—n. Plex′us, a number of things, as veins, nerves, &c., woven together: a network: (anat.) an interlacing of nerves, vessels, or fibres. [L. plexus, a twining—plectĕre, plexum, to twine.]

Pliable, plī′a-bl, adj. easily bent or folded: supple: easily persuaded: yielding to influence.—ns. Pliabil′ity, Plī′ableness, quality of being pliable or flexible.—adv. Plī′ably, in a pliable manner.—ns. Plī′ancy, Plī′antness, the state of being pliant: readiness to be influenced.—adj. Plī′ant, bending easily: flexible: tractable: easily influenced.—adv. Plī′antly. [Fr. pliable—L. plicāre, to fold.]

Plica, plī′ka, n. in the phrase Plica Polonica, a disease of the scalp, in which the hairs become matted together by an adhesive and often fetid secretion, occurring in several countries, but esp. in Poland. [L. plicāre, to fold.]

Plicate, -d, plī′kāt, -ed, adj. folded like a fan, as a leaf: plaited.—adv. Plī′cātely.—ns. Plicā′tion, Plic′ature, act or process of folding: state of being folded: a fold. [L. plicatus—plicāre, to fold.]

Plight, plīt, n. something exposed to risk: security: pledge: engagement: promise.—v.t. to pledge: to promise solemnly: to give as security.—n. Plight′er, one who, or that which, plights. [A.S. pliht, risk, danger—plión, to imperil; cog. with Dut. pligt, Ger. pflicht, an obligation.]

Plight, plīt, n. condition: state (either good or bad). [O. Fr. plite—L. plicitus, plicāre, to fold.]

Plight, plīt, v.t. to plait, to braid, to weave.—n. (Spens.) a plait, a fold. [L. plectĕre, freq. of plicäre, to fold.]

Plinth, plinth, n. (archit.) the square at the bottom of the base of a column: the projecting band at the bottom of a wall. [L. plinthus, Gr. plinthos, a brick.]

Pliocene, plī′o-sēn, n. (geol.) the strata more recent than the Miocene or Second Tertiary. [Gr. pleiōn, more, kainos, recent.]

Plod, plod, v.i. to travel slowly and steadily: to study or work on steadily: to toil.—v.t. to get along by slow and heavy walking:—pr.p. plod′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. plod′ded.—n. Plod′der, one who plods on: a dull, heavy, laborious man.—adj. Plod′ding, laborious but slow.—n. slow movement: patient study.—adv. Plod′dingly. [Orig. 'to wade through pools,' from Ir. plod, a pool.]

Plonge, plonj, n. the descending part of the path of a bomb: the superior slope of a parapet.—Also Plon′gée.

Plonge, plonj, v.t. to cleanse, as open sewers, by stirring with a pole when the tide is ebbing.

Plot, plot, n. a small piece of ground: a plan of a field, &c., drawn on paper: a patch or spot on clothes.—v.t. to make a plan of:—pr.p. plot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. plot′ted. [A.S. plot.]

Plot, plot, n. a complicated scheme, esp. for a mischievous purpose: a conspiracy: stratagem: the chain of incidents which are gradually unfolded in the story of a play, &c.—v.i. to scheme: to form a scheme of mischief: to conspire.—v.t. to devise:—pr.p. plot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. plot′ted.—adj. Plot′ful.—adj. Plot′-proof, safe from any danger by plots.—ns. Plot′ter, one who plots: a conspirator; Plot′ting.—adv. Plot′tingly. [Fr. complot, acc. to Diez, from L. complicitum, pa.p. of complicāre, to fold.]

Plot, plot, v.t. (Scot.) to scald, steep in very hot water.—n. Plot′tie, a kind of mulled wine.

Plough, plow, n. an instrument for turning up the soil to prepare it for seed: tillage: a joiner's plane for making grooves.—v.t. to turn up with the plough: to make furrows or ridges in: to tear: to divide: to run through, as in sailing: (university slang) to reject in an examination.—v.i. to work with a plough.—adj. Plough′able, capable of being ploughed: arable.—ns. Plough′boy, a boy who drives or guides horses in ploughing; Plough′er; Plough′gate (Scots law), a quantity of land of the extent of 100 acres Scots; Plough′ing; Plough′-ī′ron, the coulter of a plough; Plough′-land, land suitable for tillage: as much land as could be tilled with one plough, a hide of land; Plough′man, a man who ploughs: a husbandman: a rustic:—pl. Plough′men; Plough′-Mon′day, the Monday after Twelfth Day when, according to the old usage, the plough should be set to work again after the holidays; Plough′-tail, the end of a plough where the handles are; Plough′-tree, a plough-handle; Plough′wright, one who makes and mends ploughs.—Put one's hand to the plough, to begin an undertaking.—Snow plough, a strong triangular frame of wood for clearing snow off roads, railways, &c., drawn by horses or by a locomotive; Steam plough, a plough driven by a stationary steam-engine; The Plough, the seven bright stars in the constellation of the Great Bear. [Ice. plógr; perh. Celt., Gael. ploc, a block.]

Ploughshare, plow′shār, n. the part of a plough which shears or cuts the ground in the bottom of the furrow. [Plough, and A.S. scear, a share of a plough, a shearing—sceran, to cut.]

Plouter, plow′tėr, v.i. to paddle in water.—n. (Scot.) a paddling or dabbling in water.

Plover, pluv′ėr, n. a well-known wading bird. [Fr. pluvier—L. pluvia, rain.]

Pluck, pluk, v.t. to pull off or away: to snatch: to strip, as a fowl of its feathers: (slang) to reject an examinee as inefficient.—n. a single act of plucking.—n. Pluck′er.—Pluck off (Shak.), to abate from the rank; Pluck up, to pull out by the roots: to summon up, as courage. [A.S. pluccian; akin to Dut. plukken, Ger. pflücken.]

Pluck, pluk, n. the heart, liver, and lungs of an animal—hence heart, courage, spirit.—adjs. Plucked, Pluck′y, having pluck or spirit.—adv. Pluck′ily.—n. Pluck′iness.

Pluffy, pluf′i, adj. puffy: blown out.—n. Pluff (Scot.), a puff of smoke or dust.—v.t. to throw out such.

Plug, plug, n. a block or peg used to stop a hole: a bung: a stopper: a branch from a water-pipe to supply a hose: a flat cake of tobacco: any worn-out or useless article: (slang) a silk hat.—v.t. to stop with a plug: to drive plugs into:—pr.p. plug′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. plugged.—ns. Plug′ger, one who, or that which, plugs, esp. a dentist's instrument for filling a hollow tooth; Plug′ging, the act of stopping with a plug: the material of which a plug is made; Plug′-ug′ly, a street ruffian.—Fire plug, a contrivance by means of which a hose can be fixed to a water-main in case of fire. [Dut. plug, a bung, a peg (Sw. plugg, a peg, Ger. pflock); most prob. Celt., as in Ir., Gael., and W. ploc.]

Plum, plum, n. a well-known stone fruit of various colours, of the natural order Rosaceæ: the tree producing it: the best part of all: a sum of £100,000, a handsome fortune.—ns. Plum′-cake, a cake containing raisins, currants, &c.; Plum′-duff, a flour-pudding boiled with raisins.—adj. Plum′my, full of plums: desirable.—ns. Plum′-porr′idge, an antiquated dish, of porridge with plums, raisins, &c.; Plum′-pudd′ing, a national English dish made of flour and suet, with raisins, currants, and various spices. [A.S. plúme—L. prunum—Gr. prounon.]

Plumage, plōōm′āj, n. the whole feathers of a bird. [Fr.,—plume, a feather.]

Plumb, plum, n. a mass of lead or other material, hung on a string, to show the perpendicular position: the perpendicular direction or position.—adj. perpendicular.—adv. perpendicularly.—v.t. to adjust by a plumb-line: to make perpendicular: to sound the depth of, as water by a plumb-line.—n. Plumb′-bob, a conoid-shaped metal weight at the end of a plumb-line.—adjs. Plum′bēan, Plum′bēous, consisting of, or resembling, lead: stupid; Plumb′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, lead; Plumbif′erous, producing lead.—n. Plumb′ing, the art of casting and working in lead, &c.—adj. Plumb′less, incapable of being sounded.—ns. Plumb′-line, a line to which a mass of lead is attached to show the perpendicular: a plummet; Plumb′-rule, a narrow board with a plumb-line fastened to the top, used to determine a perpendicular. [Fr. plomb—L. plumbum, lead.]

Plumbagineæ, plum-ba-jin′ē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of oxogenous plants found on seashores and salt-marshes.

Plumbago, plum-bā′go, n. a mineral composed of carbon, iron, and other materials, used for pencils, &c., popularly called 'blacklead:' graphite: a genus of plants with blue or violet flowers.—adj. Plumbag′inous. [L. plumbum, lead.]

Plumber, plum′ėr, n. one who works in lead, esp. one who fits into buildings the tanks, pipes, and fittings for conveying water, gas, and sewage.—ns. Plumb′er-block, a metal frame or case for holding the end of a revolving shaft: a pillow-block; Plumb′ery, articles of lead: the business of a plumber: a place for plumbing.

Plume, plōōm, n. a feather: a tuft of feathers: a feather worn as an ornament: a crest: a token of honour: a prize in a contest.—v.t. to dress the feathers of, as a bird: to adorn with plumes: to strip of feathers: to boast (used reflexively).—ns. Plumassier (plōō-ma-sēr′), one who prepares or deals in plumes; Plume′-bird, a term sometimes given to the Epimachidæ or long-tailed birds-of-Paradise.—adjs. Plumed, adorned with feathers; Plume′less.—n. Plume′let, a down-feather, a plumule: anything resembling a small plume.—adj. Plume′-plucked, stripped of plumes: (Shak.) humbled.—n. Plum′ery, a display of plumes.—adjs. Plumig′erous, plumaged; Plu′miped, having feathered feet.—n. Plu′mist, a feather-dresser.—adjs. Plu′mose, Plu′mous, feathery: plume-like; Plu′my, covered or adorned with plumes. [O. Fr.,—L. pluma, a small soft feather.]

Plummet, plum′et, n. a weight of lead hung at a string, used for ascertaining the direction of the earth's attraction, and for sounding depths: a plumb-line. [O. Fr. plomet, dim. of plom, lead.]

Plump, plump, adv. falling straight downward (like lead): heavily: suddenly.—adj. downright: unqualified.—v.i. to fall or sink suddenly: to give all one's votes to one candidate where there are more than one to be elected.—v.t. to cause to fall suddenly.—n. (Scot.) a sudden downfall of rain.—n. Plump′er, a vote given to one candidate only when more than one are to be elected: one who so votes: (slang) a downright lie.—adv. Plump′ly, fully, without reserve. [Plumb.]

Plump, plump, adj. fat and rounded: sleek: in good condition.—v.i. to grow fat or plump: to swell.—v.t. to make plump: to fatten.—ns. Plump′er, a ball kept in the mouth to give the cheeks a rounded appearance; Plump′ness.—adj. Plump′y (Shak.), plump, fat. [Teut.; Dut. plomp, lumpish, Ger. plump.]

Plumularia, plōō-mū-lā′ri-a, n. a genus of hydrozoa, belonging to the division hydroidea.—adj. Plumulā′rian. [L. plumula, a little feather.]

Plumule, plōō′mūl, n. (bot.) the first bud of a plant growing from seed, springing from between the cotyledons or seed leaves: a soft feather: a feathery scale on a butterfly's wing.—Also Plum′ula. [L. plumula, dim. of pluma, a feather.]

Plunder, plun′dėr, v.t. to seize the goods of another by force: to pillage.—n. that which is seized by force: booty: (U.S.) household goods.—ns. Plun′derage, the stealing of goods on board ship; Plun′derer.—adj. Plun′derous. [Ger. plündern, to pillage—plunder, trash, baggage; akin to Low Ger. plunnen, rags.]

Plunge, plunj, v.t. to cast suddenly into water or other fluid: to force suddenly (into): to immerse.—v.i. to sink suddenly into any fluid: to dive: to pitch suddenly forward and throw up the hind-legs, as a horse: to rush into any danger: (slang) to gamble recklessly.—n. act of plunging: act of rushing headlong, as a horse.—n. Plung′er, one who plunges: a diver: a long solid cylinder used as a forcer in pumps: (mil.) a cavalry-man: one who bets heavily.—adj. Plung′ing, rushing headlong: aimed from higher ground, as fire upon an enemy.—n. the putting or sinking under water, or other fluid: the act of a horse trying to throw its rider.—Plunge bath, a bath large enough to allow the whole body under water. [O. Fr. plonger—L. plumbum, lead.]

Pluperfect, plōō′pėr-fekt, adj. (gram.) noting that an action happened before some other past action referred to. [A corr. of L. plus-quam-perfectum, (lit.) more than or before perfect.]

Plural, plōō′ral, adj. containing or expressing more than one.—n. (gram.) the form denoting more than one.—n. Pluralisā′tion.—v.t. Plu′ralise, to make plural.—v.i. to hold two or more benefices simultaneously.—ns. Plu′ralism, the state of being plural: the holding by one person of more than one office at once, esp. applied to ecclesiastical livings; Plu′ralist, one who holds more than one office at one time; Plural′ity, the state of being plural: a number consisting of more than one: the majority: the holding of more than one benefice at one time: the living held by a pluralist.—adv. Plu′rally. [Fr.,—L. pluralis—plus, pluris, more.]

Pluriliteral, plōō-ri-lit′ėr-al, adj. containing more letters than three.

Pluriparous, plōō-rip′a-rus, adj. having several young at a birth.—n. Plurip′ara, one who has borne two or more children.

Pluripresence, plōō-ri-prez′ens, n. presence in more places than one. [L. plus, more, præsentia, presence.]

Plurisy, plōōr′i-si, n. (Shak.) superabundance. [L. plus, pluris, more.]

Plus, plus, adj. more: to be added: positive.—n. the sign (+) prefixed to positive quantities, and set between quantities or numbers to be added together: the sign of addition—opp. to Minus. [L. plus, more.]

Plush, plush, n. a variety of cloth woven like velvet, but differing from it in having a longer and more open pile.—adj. Plush′y, of or resembling plush. [Fr. peluche, through Low L., from L. pilus, hair. See Pile, a hairy surface.]

Plutocracy, plōō-tok′ra-si, n. government by the wealthy.—n. Plu′tocrat.—adj. Plutocrat′ic.—ns. Plutol′ogist; Plutol′ogy, the science of wealth: political economy. [Gr. ploutokratia—ploutos, wealth, kratia—kratein, to rule.]

Plutonian, plōō-tō′ni-an, adj. infernal: dark: (geol.) formed by the agency of heat at a depth below the surface of the earth, as granite—also Pluton′ic.—ns. Plu′tonism; Plu′tonist.—Plutonic action, the action of volcanic fires under the surface; Plutonic rocks, rocks formed under the surface by the action of fire, as granite, porphyry, &c.; Plutonic theory, the theory that the present state of the earth's crust is the result of the action of fire—opp. to Neptunian theory. [L.,—Gr. Ploutōnios—Ploutōn, Pluto, the god of the nether world.]

Pluvial, plōō′vi-al, adj. pertaining to rain: rainy.—ns. Plu′viograph, a self-recording rain-gauge; Pluviom′eter, an instrument for measuring the amount of rain that falls.—adjs. Pluviomet′ric, -al; Plu′vious, rainy. [Fr.,—pluvialis—pluvia, rain.]

Ply, plī, v.t. to work at steadily: to use diligently: to urge: to address with importunity.—v.i. to work steadily: to go in haste: to make regular passages, as a boat, between two ports: (naut.) to make way against the wind:—pa.t. and pa.p. plied.—n. a fold: bent: direction.—n. Ply′er. [O. Fr. plier, to fold—L. plicāre, to bend.]

Plymouth Brethren, plim′uth breth′ren, n.pl. a rigid religious sect, originating at Plymouth about 1830, out of a reaction against High Church principles and against a dead formalism associated with unevangelical doctrine.—n. Plym′outhism.

Pneumatic, -al, nū-mat′ik, -al, adj. relating to air: consisting of air: moved by air or wind.—n. (coll.) a bicycle fitted with pneumatic tires.—adv. Pneumat′ically.—n.sing. Pneumat′ics, the science which treats of air and other elastic fluids or gases.—adj. Pneumatolog′ical.—ns. Pneumatol′ogist, one versed in pneumatology; Pneumatol′ogy, the science of elastic fluids: pneumatics: the branch of philosophy which treats of spirits or mind: (theol.) the doctrine of the Holy Spirit; Pneumatom′eter, Pneumom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of air inhaled into the lungs at a single inspiration.—adj. Pneumogas′tric, pertaining to the lungs and the stomach.—n. Pneumō′nia, inflammation of the tissues of the lungs—also Pneu′monī′tis.—adj. Pneumon′ic, pertaining to the lungs.—n. a medicine for lung diseases.—Pneumatic despatch, a method of sending letters, telegrams, and small parcels through tubes by means of compressed air; Pneumatic railway, a railway along which the carriages are driven by compressed air; Pneumatic trough, a trough of wood or iron, filled with water and used for collecting gases for experiment or examination; Pneumatic tire, a flexible air-inflated tube used as a tire on cycles, &c. [L.,—Gr. pneumatikos—pneum-a, -atos, wind, air—pnein, to blow, to breathe.]

Pnyx, niks, n. in ancient Athens, the public place of meeting for deliberation on political affairs: the assembly. [Gr.,—pyknos, crowded.]

Poaceæ, pō-ā′sē-ē, n.pl. a division of the order Gramineæ, the grasses.—n. Pō′a, a genus of grasses. [Gr. poa, grass.]

Poach, pōch, v.t. to dress eggs by breaking them into boiling water. [Perh. Fr. pocher, to put in a pocket—poche, pouch.]

Poach, pōch, v.i. to intrude on another's preserves in order to steal game.—v.t. to steal game.—ns. Poach′er, one who poaches or steals game: the widgeon, from its habit of stealing the prey of other ducks; Poach′ing. [O. Fr. pocher, orig. to pocket—poche, pouch.]

Poach, pōch, v.t. to stab: poke: to tread on, and make slushy.—n. Poach′iness.—adj. Poach′y, wet and soft. [O. Fr. pocher, to poke.]

Pochard, pō′chard, n. a genus of diving ducks which are marine during the greater part of the year. [Poacher, the widgeon.]

Pock, pok, n. a small elevation of the skin containing matter, as in smallpox.—adjs. Pocked, Pock′y, infected with, or marked by, smallpox.—ns. Pock′mark, Pock′pit, the mark, pit, or scar left by a pock.—adj. Pock′pitted. [A.S. poc, a pustule; Ger. pocke, Dut. pok. The correct pl. form was pocks, erroneously pox, and treated as singular.]

Pocket, pok′et, n. a little pouch or bag, esp. one attached to a dress or to a billiard table: any cavity in which anything can lie: in mining, an irregular cavity filled with veinstone and ore: money, as being carried in the pocket: a bag of wool, &c., containing about 168 lb.—v.t. to put in the pocket: to take stealthily: to conceal:—pr.p. pock′eting; pa.t. and pa.p. pock′eted.—ns. Pock′et-book, a note-book: a book for holding papers or money carried in the pocket: a book for frequent perusal, to be carried in the pocket; Pock′et-bor′ough (see Borough); Pock′et-cloth, a pocket-handkerchief; Pock′etful, as much as a pocket will hold; Pock′et-glass, a small looking-glass for the pocket; Pock′et-hand′kerchief, a handkerchief carried in the pocket; Pock′et-hole, the opening into a pocket; Pock′et-knife, a knife with one or more blades folding into the handle for carrying in the pocket; Pock′et-mon′ey, money carried for occasional expenses; Pock′et-pick′ing, act or practice of picking the pocket; Pock′et-pis′tol, a pistol carried in the pocket: a small travelling flask for liquor.—Pocket an insult, affront, &c., to submit to or put up with it; Pocket edition, a small portable edition of a standard book.—In pocket, in possession of money; Out of pocket, to lose money by a transaction; Pick a person's pocket, to steal from his pocket. [Fr. pochette, dim. of poche, pouch.]

Pococurante, pō-kō-kōō-ran′te, n. a careless or inattentive person.—ns. Pococurant′ism, carelessness: inaccuracy; Pococurant′ist. [It. poco, little, curare, to care.]

Pod, pod, n. the covering of the seed of plants, as the pea or bean: a shoal of fishes.—v.i. to fill, as a pod: to produce pods:—pr.p. pod′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. pod′ded. [Allied to pad, anything stuffed.]

Podagra, pō-dag′ra, n. gout in the feet.—adjs. Pod′agral, Podag′ric, -al, Pod′agrous, gouty.—n. Podal′gia, pain, esp. neuralgia, in the foot. [Gr. pous, podos, the foot, agra, a catching.]

Podargus, pō-dar′gus, n. a genus of arboreal and nocturnal birds allied to the true Goatsuckers. [Gr. pous, the foot, argos, swift.]

Podesta, pō-des′tä, n. a chief magistrate in the medieval Italian republics: an inferior municipal judge. [It.,—L. potestas, power.]

Podium, pō′di-um, n. a continuous pedestal, a stylobate: (anat.) a foot: (bot.) a support, as a foot-stalk.—adj. Pō′dial.—ns. Podis′mus, spasm of the muscles of the foot; Pō′dite, a limb of a crustacean when ambulatory.—adj. Podit′ic.

Podocarpus, pod-ō-kär′pus, n. a genus of tropical coniferous trees. [Gr. pous, podos, foot, karpos, fruit.]

Podophthalma, pod-of-thal′ma, n.pl. a name often applied to a section of Crustacea. [Gr. pous, foot, ophthalmos, the eye.]

Podophyllum, pod-ō-fil′um, n. a genus of plants of the barberry family, the fruit edible, other parts actively cathartic.—n. Podophyll′in, the resin obtained by means of rectified spirit from its root.—adj. Podophyll′ous, having compressed leaf-like locomotive organs. [Gr. pous, podos, foot, phyllon, leaf.]

Podura, pō-dū′ra, n. a genus of apterous insects—spring-tails, snow-fleas. [Gr. pous, foot, oura, tail.]

Poem, pō′em, n. a composition in verse: a composition of high beauty of thought or language, although not in verse.—adj. Poemat′ic, relating to a poem. [Fr. poème—L. poema—Gr. poiēma, poiein, to make.]

Poesy, pō′e-si, n. the art of composing poems: poetry: a poem: poetical compositions. [Fr. poésie—L. poesis—Gr. poiēsis—poiein, to make.]

Poet, pō′et, n. the author of a poem: one skilled in making poetry: one with a strong imagination:—fem. Pō′etess.—ns. Pō′etaster, a petty poet: a writer of contemptible verses; Pō′etastry.—adjs. Poet′ic, -al, pertaining or suitable to a poet or to poetry: expressed in poetry: marked by poetic language: imaginative.—adv. Poet′ically, in a poetic manner.—n.sing. Poet′ics, the branch of criticism which relates to poetry.—n. Poet′icule, a petty poet.—v.i. Pō′etise, to write as a poet: to make verses.—ns. Pō′et-lau′reate (see Laureate); Pō′etress (Spens.), a poetess; Pō′etry, the art of expressing in melodious words the thoughts which are the creations of feeling and imagination: utterance in song: metrical composition.—Poetic justice, ideal administration of reward and punishment; Poetic license, a departing from strict fact or rule by a poet for the sake of effect. [Fr. poète—L. poeta—Gr. poiētēs—poiein, to make.]

Poignant, poin′ant, adj. stinging, pricking: sharp: penetrating: acutely painful: satirical: pungent.—n. Poign′ancy, state of being poignant.—adv. Poign′antly. [O. Fr. poignant, poindre—L. pungĕre, to sting.]

Poind, poind, v.t. (Scot.) to seize.—n. Poind′ing (Scots law), the seizing and selling of a debtor's goods under process of law, or under the warrant of a heritable security. [Pound.]

Point, point, n. anything coming to a sharp end: the mark made by a sharp instrument: (geom.) that which has position but not length, breadth, or thickness: a mark showing the divisions of a sentence: (mus.) a dot at the right hand of a note to lengthen it by one-half: needle-point lace: a very small space: a moment of time: a small affair: a single thing: a single assertion: the precise thing to be considered: anything intended: exact place: degree: the unit of count in a game: (print.) a unit of measurement for type-bodies: an advantage: that which stings, as the point of an epigram: an imaginary relish, in 'potatoes and point:' a lively turn of thought: that which awakens attention: a peculiarity, characteristic: (cricket) the fielder standing at the immediate right of the batsman, and slightly in advance: a signal given by a trumpet: (pl.) chief or excellent features, as of a horse, &c.: the switch or movable rails which allow a train to pass from one line to another.—v.t. to give a point to: to sharpen: to aim: to direct one's attention: to punctuate, as a sentence: to fill the joints of with mortar, as a wall.—v.i. to direct the finger, the eye, or the mind towards an object: to show game by looking, as a dog.—adj. Point′ed, having a sharp point: sharp: intended for some particular person: personal: keen: telling: (archit.) having sharply-pointed arches, Gothic.—adv. Point′edly.—ns. Point′edness; Point′er, that which points: a dog trained to point out game; Point′ing, the act of sharpening: the marking of divisions in writing by points or marks: act of filling the crevices of a wall with mortar; Point′ing-stock, a thing to be pointed at, a laughing-stock; Point′-lace, a fine kind of lace wrought with the needle.—adj. Point′less, having no point: blunt: dull: wanting keenness or smartness; Points′man, a man who has charge of the points or switches on a railway; Point′-sys′tem, a standard system of sizes for type-bodies, one point being .0138 inch.—Point for point, exactly: all particulars; Point of order, a question raised in a deliberative society as to whether proceedings are according to the rules; Point of view, the position from which one looks at anything; Point out (B.), to assign; Points of the compass, the points north, south, east, and west, along with the twenty-eight smaller divisions, marked on the card of the mariner's compass.—At all points, completely; At, or On, the point of, just about to; Cardinal point (see Cardinal); Carry one's point, to gain what one contends for in controversy; From point to point, from one particular to another; Give points to, to give odds to: to give an advantageous hint on any subject; In point, apposite; In point of, with regard to; Make a point of, to attach special importance to; Stand upon points, to be over-scrupulous; Strain a point, to go beyond proper limits; To the point, appropriate. [O. Fr.,—L. punctum—pungĕre, to prick.]

Point-blank, point′-blangk′, adj. aimed directly at the mark: direct.—adv. directly.—Point-blank shot, a shot fired in a horizontal line towards an object. [Fr. point-blanc, white point.]

Point-device, Point-devise, point′-de-vīs′, n. (orig.) a lace worked with devices: anything uncommonly nice and exact.—adj. (arch.) scrupulously neat. [Fr. point, lace, devisé, with a device.]

Pointel, poin′tel, n. a sharp instrument: any sharp-pointed thing. [O. Fr.,—Low L. punctillum, a little point.]

Poise, poiz, v.t. to balance: to make of equal weight: to examine.—v.i. to hang in suspense.—n. weight: state of balance: equilibrium: a weight which balances another: a regulating power: the weight used in steelyards.—n. Pois′er, one who, or that which, poises. [O. Fr. poiser (Fr. peser)—L. pensāre, inten. of pendĕre, to hang.]

Poison, poi′zn, n. any substance which, introduced into the living organism, tends to destroy its life or impair its health: anything malignant or infectious: that which taints or destroys moral purity.—v.t. to infect or to kill with poison: to taint: to mar: to embitter: to corrupt.—adj. Poi′sonable.—ns. Poi′soner; Poi′son-fang, one of two large tubular teeth in the upper jaw of venomous serpents, through which poison passes from glands at their roots when the animal bites; Poi′son-gland, a gland which secretes poison; Poi′son-ī′vy, a shrub-vine of North America, causing a cutaneous eruption; Poi′son-nut, the nux vomica.—adj. Poi′sonous, having the quality of poison: destructive: impairing soundness or purity.—adv. Poi′sonously.—n. Poi′sonousness. [Fr.,—L. potio, a draught—potāre, to drink.]

Poitrel, poi′trel, n. armour to protect the horse's breast. [O. Fr. poitral—L. pectorale, a breast-plate—pectus, the breast.]

Poke, pōk, n. a bag: a pouch.—A pig in a poke, a blind bargain, as of a pig bought without being seen. [Prob. Celt., as Ir. poc, a bag.]

Poke, pōk, v.t. to thrust or push against with something pointed: to search for with a long instrument: to thrust at with the horns.—v.i. to grope or feel, as in the dark.—n. act of pushing or thrusting: a thrust: a bonnet having a projecting front worn earlier in the century—also Poke′-bonn′et.—ns. Pō′ker, an iron rod for poking or stirring the fire; Po′ker-draw′ing, a design burnt into lime-tree or other wood with 'pokers,' which rather resembled plumbers' soldering irons.—adj. Pō′kerish, like a poker: stiff.—adv. Pō′kerishly.—adj. Pō′king, drudging, servile.—n. Pō′king-stick, a small stick or rod of steel formerly used for adjusting the plaits of ruffs.—adj. Pō′ky, stupid: dull: confined, with little room: poor, shabby.—Poke fun at, to ridicule, make fun of. [Ir. poc, a blow, Gael. puc, to push.]

Poker, pō′kėr, n. a bugbear.—adj. Pō′kerish, causing terror: uncanny.—Old Poker, the devil.

Poker, pō′kėr, n. a round game at cards, first played in America about 1835. [Ety. uncertain.]

Polabian, pō-lā′bi-an, n. one of an ancient Slavic race, belonging to the same group as the Poles, occupying the basin of the lower Elbe.

Polacca, po-lak′a, n. a species of vessel used in the Mediterranean, with three masts and a jib-boom; the fore and main masts being of one piece, and the mizzen-mast with a top and topmast. [It., 'a Polish vessel.']

Polar, pō′lar, adj. pertaining to, or situated near, either of the poles: pertaining to the magnetic poles: having a common meeting-point.—n. (geom.) the line joining the points of contact, of tangents drawn to meet a curve from a point called the pole of the line.—ns.pl. Pōlar-co-or′dinates, co-ordinates defining a point by means of a radius vector and the angle which it makes with a fixed line through the origin; Pō′lar-for′ces, forces that act in pairs and in different directions, as in magnetism.—n. Polarim′eter, the polariscope.—adj. Polarī′sable, capable of polarisation.—ns. Polarisā′tion (opt.), a particular modification of rays of light, by the action of certain media or surfaces, so that they cannot be reflected or refracted again in certain directions: state of having polarity; Polar′iscope, an instrument for polarising light, and analysing its properties.—v.t. Pō′larise, to give polarity to.—ns. Pō′lariser, that which polarises or gives polarity to; Polar′ity, state of having two opposite poles: a condition in certain bodies according to which their properties arrange themselves so as to have opposite powers in opposite directions, as in a magnet with its two poles.—Polar bear, a large white bear found in the Arctic regions; Polar circle, a parallel of latitude encircling each of the poles at a distance of 23° 28′ from the pole—the north polar being called the arctic, the south the antarctic, circle; Polar lights, the aurora borealis or australis. [L. polaris—polus, a pole.]

Polder, pōl′dėr, n. in the Netherlands, land below the level of the sea or nearest river, which, originally a morass or lake, has been drained and brought under cultivation: a morass. [Prob. cog. with pool.]

Pole, pōl, n. that on which anything turns, as a pivot or axis: one of the ends of the axis of a sphere, esp. of the earth: (physics) one of the two points of a body in which the attractive or repulsive energy is concentrated, as in a magnet: (geom.) a point from which a pencil of rays radiates (see Polar).—n. Pole′-star, a star at or near the pole of the heavens: a guide or director.—Poles of the heavens, the two points in the heavens opposite to the poles of the earth—called also Celestial poles. [Fr.,—L. polus—Gr. polos—pelein, to be in motion.]

Pole, pōl, n. a pale or pile: a long piece of wood: an instrument for measuring: a measure of length, 5½ yards: in square measure, 30¼ yards.—v.t. to push or stir with a pole.—v.i. to use a pole.—adj. Pole′-clipt (Shak.), hedged in with poles.—Under bare poles, with all sails furled. [A.S. pál (Ger. pfahl)—L. palus, a stake.]

Pole-axe, pōl′-aks, n. a battle-axe consisting of an axe-head on a long handle: an axe used by sailors for cutting away rigging of ships. [Orig. pollax, from poll, the head, and axe.]

Polecat, pōl′kat, n. a kind of weasel, which emits a stink—called also the Fitchet and Foumart. [M. E. polcat; prob. Fr. poule, hen, and cat.]

Polemarch, pol′e-mark, n. a title of several officials in ancient Greek states.

Polemic, -al, po-lem′ik, -al, adj. given to disputing: controversial.—n. one who disputes: one who speaks or writes in opposition to another: a controversy.—adv. Polem′ically.—n.sing. Polem′ics, contest or controversy: (theol.) the history of ecclesiastical controversy.—n. Pol′emoscope, a perspective glass so constructed as to give views of objects not lying directly before the eye. [Gr. polemos, war.]

Polemoniaceæ, pol-e-mō-ni-ā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of plants—the phlox family.

Polenta, po-len′ta, n. an Italian dish, the chief ingredients of which are maize, meal, and salt. [It.,—L. polenta, peeled barley.]

Polianthes, pol-i-an′thēz, n. a small genus of ornamental plants of the amaryllis family—the tuberose. [Gr. polios, white, anthos, a flower.]

Police, pō-lēs′, n. the system of regulations of a city, town, or district for the preservation of order and enforcement of law: the internal government of a state: (short for Police′-force) the civil officers employed to preserve order, &c.—v.t. to guard or maintain order in: to put in order.—n.pl. Police′-commiss′ioners, a body of men appointed to regulate the appointments and duties of the police.—ns. Police′-inspect′or, a superior officer of police who has charge of a department, next in rank to a superintendent; Police′-mag′istrate, one who presides in a police court; Police′man, a member of a police-force; Police′-off′ice, -stā′tion, the headquarters of the police of a district, used also as a temporary place of confinement; Police′-off′icer, -con′stable, a policeman; Police′-rate, a tax levied for the support of the police.—Police court, a court for trying small offences brought before it by the police. [Fr.,—L. politia—Gr. politeia, the condition of a state—politēs, a citizen—polis, a city.]

Policy, pol′i-si, n. the art or manner of regulating or guiding conduct: the method and forms according to which the government and business of a country are carried on: a system of administration guided more by interest than by principle: dexterity of management: prudence: cunning: in Scotland, (esp. in pl.) the pleasure-grounds around a mansion. [O. Fr. policie (Fr. police)—L. politia—Gr. politeia.]

Policy, pol′i-si, n. a warrant for money in the funds: a writing containing a contract of insurance: a kind of gambling by betting on the numbers to be drawn in a lottery.—n. Pol′icy-hold′er, one who holds a policy or contract of insurance. [Fr. police, a policy—L. polyptychum, a register—Gr. polyptychon—polys, many, ptyx, ptychos, fold.]

Polish, pol′ish, v.t. to make smooth and glossy by rubbing: to refine: to make elegant.—v.i. to become smooth and glossy.—n. a smooth, glossy surface: refinement of manners: anything used to produce a polish.—adjs. Pol′ishable; Pol′ished, made smooth by rubbing: trained to act with great fineness and exactness: refined: polite.—ns. Pol′isher, one who, or that which, polishes; Pol′ishing-paste, polishing material made in the form of paste; Pol′ishing-pow′der, polishing material made in the form of powder, as whiting, diamond-dust, &c.; Pol′ishing-slate, a mineral used for polishing glass, marble, and metals, composed chiefly of silica, with a little alumina, lime, oxide of iron, and water; Pol′ishment. [O. Fr. polir, polissant—L. polīre, to make to shine.]

Polite, pō-līt′, adj. polished: smooth: refined: well-bred: obliging.—adv. Polite′ly.—ns. Polite′ness, state or quality of being polite: refinement of manners: good-breeding; Politesse′, politeness. [L. politus, pa.p. of polīre.]

Politic, pōl′i-tik, adj. pertaining to policy: well-devised: judicious in management: skilled in political affairs: prudent: discreet: cunning: (Shak.) concerned with politics.—adj. Polit′ical, pertaining to polity or government: pertaining to nations, or to parties in a nation who differ in their views of how it ought to be governed: derived from government.—adv. Polit′ically.—ns. Polit′icaster (Milt.), a petty politician; Politic′ian, one versed in or devoted to politics: a man of artifice and cunning.—adj. (Milt.) politic.—adv. Pol′iticly.—n.sing. Pol′itics, the art or science of government: the management of a political party: political affairs or opinions.—adj. Pol′itique (Bacon), political, civil.—n. Pol′ity, the constitution of the government of a state or an institution: civil constitution: a body of people arranged under a system of government.—Political economy, the science which treats of the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth; Political science, the science or study of government, as to its principles, aims, methods, &c.—Body politic, the whole body of a people, as constituting a state. [Fr. politique—Gr. politikos—politēs, a citizen.]

Polka, pōl′ka, n. a dance of Bohemian origin, invented in 1830, and introduced into England in 1843—also its tune: a knitted jacket worn by women.—v.i. Polk, to dance a polka. [Bohem. pulka, half, from the half-step prevalent in it; or from Slav. polka, a Polish woman.]

Poll, pol, n. a familiar name, often of a parrot. [Contr. of Polly, a form of Molly=Mary.]

Poll, pōl, n. the round part of the head, esp. the back of it: a register of heads or persons: the entry of the names of electors who vote for civil officers, such as members of Parliament: an election of civil officers: the place where the votes are taken.—v.t. to remove the top: to cut: to clip: to lop, as the branches of a tree: to enter one's name in a register: to bring to the poll as a voter: to give or to receive a vote.—v.i. to give a vote.—ns. Poll′archy, government by the mob or masses; Poll′-book, a register of voters; Poll′-clerk, a clerk who assists at the polling of voters.—adj. Polled, deprived of a poll: lopped: cropped, hence bald: having cast the horns, hence wanting horns.—ns. Poll′er, one who polls; Poll′-man, one who takes the ordinary university degree, without honours; Poll′-tax, a tax by the poll or head—i.e. on each person.—At the head of the poll, having the greatest number of votes at an election. [Old Dut. polle, bol, a ball, top—Ice. kollr, top, head.]

Pollack, pol′ak, n. a common fish on British coasts, belonging to the cod, haddock, and whiting group.—Also Poll′ock. [Celt., as in Gael. pollag, a whiting.]

Pollan, pol′an, n. a fresh-water fish of the family Salmonidæ, a native of lakes in Ireland.

Pollard, pol′ard, n. a tree having the whole crown cut off, leaving it to send out new branches from the top of the stem: an animal without horns: a coarse kind of bran from wheat.—v.t. to make a pollard of. [Cf. Poll, the head.]

Pollen, pol′en, n. the fertilising powder contained in the anthers of flowers: the male or fecundating element in flowers.—v.t. to cover with pollen.—adj. Pollenā′rious, consisting of pollen.—v.t. Poll′enise, to supply with pollen.—n. Poll′en-tube, the tube by which the fecundating element is conveyed to the ovule.—adj. Poll′inar, covered with a fine dust like pollen.—v.t. Poll′inate, to convey pollen to the stigma of.—n. Pollinā′tion, the transferring or supplying of pollen to the stigma of a flower, esp. by aid of insects or other external agents.—adj. Pollinif′erous, bearing pollen.—n. Pollin′ium, an agglutinated mass of pollen grains.—adjs. Polliniv′orous, feeding upon pollen; Poll′inose, covered with a powdery substance like pollen. [L., fine flour.]

Pollent, pol′ent, adj. powerful: strong. [L. pollens, -entis, pr.p. of pollēre, to be strong.]

Pollex, pol′eks, n. the thumb or the great-toe:—pl. Pollices (pol′i-sēz).—adj. Poll′ical. [L., the thumb.]

Pollicitation, po-lis-i-tā′shun, n. a promise, a paper containing such: a promise without mutuality.

Pollute, pol-lūt′, v.t. to soil: to defile: to make foul: to taint: to corrupt: to profane: to violate.—adj. defiled.—adj. Pollut′ed.—adv. Pollut′edly.—ns. Pollut′edness; Pollut′er; Pollū′tion, act of polluting: state of being polluted: defilement. [L. polluĕre, pollutus—pol, towards, luĕre, to wash.]

Pollux, pol′uks, n. (myth.) the twin brother of Castor: a star in the constellation of the twins. [L.]

Polo, pō′lo, n. an equestrian game, which may be shortly described as hockey on horseback—of Oriental origin and high antiquity.

Polonaise, pō-lō-nāz′, n. a light kind of gown looped up at the sides to show an ornamented petticoat: a short overcoat bordered with fur: a Polish national dance of slow movement in ¾ time, during which the dancers march or promenade: music for such a dance. [Fr., 'Polish.']

Polony, po-lō′ni, n. a dry sausage made of meat partly cooked. [Prob. a corr. of Bologna sausage.]

Poltroon, pol-trōōn′, n. an idle, lazy fellow: a coward: a dastard: one without spirit.—adj. base, vile, contemptible.—n. Poltroon′ery, laziness: cowardice: want of spirit. [Fr. poltron—It. poltro (for polstro), lazy—Ger. polster, a bolster.]

Polverine, pol′vėr-in, n. the calcined ashes of a Levantine and Syrian plant, used in glass-making. [It. polverino—L. pulvis, pulvĕris, dust.]

Polyacoustic, pol-i-a-kowst′ik, adj. multiplying or magnifying sound.—n. an instrument for effecting this.

Polyact, pol′i-akt, adj. having numerous rays.—Also Polyac′tinal.

Polyad, pol′i-ad, n. (chem.) an element whose valence is greater than two.

Polyadelph, pol′i-a-delf, n. a plant having its stamens united in three or more bundles by the filaments.—n.pl. Polyadel′phia, the 18th class in the Linnæan system.—adjs. Polyadel′phian, Polyadel′phous.

Polyandria, pol-i-an′dri-a, n. a class of plants in the Linnæan system, having more than twenty stamens inserted on the receptacle.—adjs. Polyan′drian, Polyan′drous.—n. Polyan′dry, the social usage of some races in certain stages of civilisation in which the woman normally forms a union with several husbands. [Gr. polys, many, anēr, andros, a man.]

Polyanthus, pol-i-an′thus, n. a kind of primrose much prized and cultivated by florists:—pl. Polyan′thuses.—n. Polyan′thea, a note-book for keeping choice quotations. [Gr. polys, many, anthos, a flower.]

Polyarchy, pol′i-ar-ki, n. government by many persons of whatever class.—n. Pol′yarchist. [Gr. polys, many, archein, to rule.]

Polyatomic, pol-i-a-tom′ik, adj. (chem.) noting elements or radicals with an equivalency greater than two: with more than one atom in the molecule.

Polyautography, pol-i-aw-tog′ra-fi, n. the art of multiplying copies of one's own handwriting.

Polybasic, pol-i-bā′sik, adj. (chem.) capable of combining with more than two univalent bases.

Polycarpous, pol-i-kar′pus, adj. having the fruit composed of two or more distinct carpels.

Polychrestic, pol-i-kres′tik, adj. admitting of use in various ways.—n. Pol′ychresty.

Polychromatic, pol-i-krō-mat′ik, adj. many-coloured—also Polychrō′mic.—adj. Pol′ychrome, having, or tinted with, several or many colours.—n. Pol′ychromy, decoration or execution in many colours, esp. of statuary or buildings.

Polycladous, pol-i-klā′dus, adj. much-branched.—n. Pol′yclādy, the production of a number of branches where there is normally but one.

Polycotyledon, pol-i-kot-i-lē′don, n. a plant whose embryo has more than two cotyledons or seed-lobes.—adj. Polycotylē′donous.

Polydactyl, pol-i-dak′til, adj. having many digits.—n. a polydactyl animal.—n. Polydac′tylism, the condition of having many digits.—adj. Polydac′tylous.

Polydipsia, pol-i-dip′si-a, n. excessive thirst. [Gr. polys, much, dipsa, thirst.]

Polyfoil, pol′i-foil, n. an opening or ornament consisting of several combined foliations, a combination of more than five foils.—Also adj.

Polygalaceæ, pol-i-gā-lā′sē-ē, n.pl. an order of polypetalous plants—the milkwort family.

Polygamy, pō-lig′a-mi, n. the practice of having more than one wife at the same time.—n.pl. Polygā′mia, the 23d class in the Linnæan system, embracing plants in which the stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers and associated in others.—adj. Polygā′mian.—n. Polyg′amist.—adj. Polyg′amous, relating to polygamy: (bot.) a term applied to plants which bear both unisexual and hermaphrodite flowers, either on the same or on different individual plants. [Gr.,—polys, many, gamos, marriage.]

Polygastric, pol-i-gas′trik, adj. having, or appearing to have, many stomachs, as an animalcule.—Also Polygas′trian.

Polygenesis, pol-i-jen′e-sis, n. origin from many separate germs: the theory that organisms sprang from different cells.—adjs. Polygenet′ic, Polygen′ic, Polyg′enous.—ns. Polyg′enism; Polyg′enist; Polyg′eny, the multiple genesis of man.

Polyglot, pol′i-glot, adj. having or containing many languages.—n. a collection of versions in different languages of the same work, esp. a Bible of this kind: one who understands many languages.—adjs. Polyglot′tic, Polyglot′tous. [Gr. polys, many, glōtta, the tongue.]

Polygon, pol′i-gon, n. a plane figure bound by a number of straight lines: a figure of many angles.—adjs. Polyg′onal, Polyg′onous. [L.,—Gr. polygōnon—polys, many, gōnia, a corner.]

Polygonum, po-lig′o-num, n. a kind of plant with many joints, as the bistort, knotweed, &c.—n.pl. Polygonā′ceæ, an order of apetalous plants, mostly herbs—the buckwheat family. [Gr. polys, many, gonu, a knee.]

Polygram, pol′i-gram, n. a figure consisting of many lines.—adj. Polygrammat′ic.

Polygraph, pol′i-graf, n. an instrument for multiplying copies of a writing: a collection of different books.—adjs. Polygraph′ic, -al.—n. Polyg′raphy, voluminous writing: art of writing in various ciphers.

Polygyny, pō-lij′i-ni, n. polygamy.—n. Pol′ygyn, a plant of the order Polygyn′ia (pl.), the 12th order in the first 13 classes of the Linnæan artificial system of plants, embracing those having flowers with more than twelve styles.—adjs. Polygyn′ian, Polygyn′ic, Polyg′ynous. [Gr. polys, many, gynē, woman.]

Polyhedron, pol-i-hē′dron, n. a solid body with many bases or sides.—adjs. Polyhē′dral, Polyhē′drical, Polyhē′drous. [Gr. polys, many, hedra, a base.]

Polyhymnia, pol-i-him′ni-a, n. the muse of the sublime hymn. [Gr. polys, many, hymnos, a hymn.]

Polymathy, pō-lim′a-thi, n. knowledge of many arts and sciences.—n. Pol′ymath, a person possessing this.—adj. Polymath′ic.—n. Polym′athist.

Polymerism, pō-lim′ėr-ism, n. a particular form of isomerism, the property possessed by several compounds of having similar percentage composition but different molecular weights. [Gr. polys, many, meros, part.]

Polymorphous, pol-i-mor′fus, adj. having many forms: varying in appearance: taking on many changes—also Polymor′phic.—ns. Pol′ymorph, an organism showing polymorphism: a substance that crystallises in two or more systems; Polymor′phism, the property of being polymorphous. [Gr. polys, many, morphē, form.]

Polynesian, pol-i-nē′zi-an, adj. pertaining to Polynesia, the numerous groups of islands in the Pacific within or near the tropics.—n. a native of Polynesia. [Gr. polys, many, nēsos, an island.]

Polynomial, pol-i-nō′mi-al, n. an algebraic quantity of many names or terms—same as multinomial—also Pol′ynome.—adj. of many names or terms.—n. Polynō′mialism. [Gr. polys, many, L. nomen, a name.]

Polyonymous, pol-i-on′i-mus, adj. having many names.—n. Pol′yonym, a name consisting of several terms.—adjs. Polyon′ymal; Polyonym′ic, of more than two terms.—ns. Polyon′ymist; Polyon′ymy, multiplicity of names for the same object.

Polyoptrum, pol-i-op′trum, n. a glass through which objects appear multiplied but diminished.—Also Polyop′tron.

Polyp, Polype, pol′ip, n. a name usually applied to an animal like the fresh-water hydra, having a tubular body, and a wreath of many tentacles round the mouth: something with many feet or roots: a pedunculated tumour attached to the surface of a mucous membrane—in the nose, &c.—also Pol′ypus:—pl. Polypes (pol′ips), Polypi (pol′i-pī).—ns. Pol′ypary, the horny or chitonous outer covering of a colony of polyps; Pol′ypide, an individual zoöid of a polyzoarium or compound polyzoan; Polyp′idom, an aggregate of polypites or polypides; Pol′ypier, one individual of a compound polyp: a polypidom, polypary, or polyp-stock.—adj. Pol′ypous. [Gr. polypous—polys, many, pous, foot.]

Polypetalous, pol-i-pet′al-us, adj. with many petals. [Gr. polys, many, petalon, a leaf.]

Polyphlœsbœan, pol-i-fles-bē′an, adj. loud-roaring. [Homer's frequent description of the sea, polys, much, phloisbos, noise.]

Polyphonic, pol-i-fon′ik, adj. capable of being read in more than one way: noting a musical composition of two or more parts, each with an independent melody of its own.—ns. Pol′yphōnism, Polyph′ony; Pol′yphōnist, a ventriloquist: a contrapuntist. [Gr. polys, many, phōnē, a voice.]

Polyphyletic, pol-i-fī-let′ik, adj. pertaining to many tribes or families: pertaining to the theory that animals are derived from several sources.

Polypode, pol′i-pōd, n. an animal with many feet. [Gr. polypous—polys, many, pous, podos, a foot.]

Polypodium, pol-i-pō′di-um, n. a genus of ferns with spore-cases on the back of the frond, distinct, ring-shaped, in roundish sori, destitute of indusium.—n. Pol′ypody, a fern of the genus Polypodium, having the seed-clusters round, and on each side of the midrib. [Gr. polys, many, pous, a foot.]

Polyporus, pō-lip′or-us, n. a large genus of pore-bearing fungus, which grows on trees, from which amadou is prepared. [Gr. polys, many, poros, a passage.]

Polypterus, pō-lip′te-rus, n. a genus of Ganoid fishes of one species, in the Nile and elsewhere. [Gr. polys, many, pteron, a wing.]

Polyrhizous, pol-i-rī′zus, adj. possessing numerous rootlets.—Also Polyrhī′zal.

Polyscope, pol′i-skōp, n. a multiplying lens: (surg.) an instrument for throwing light into cavities of the body.

Polysepalous, pol-i-sep′a-lus, adj. having the sepals separate from each other.

Polysperm, pol′i-sperm, n. a tree whose fruit contains many seeds.—adjs. Polysper′mal, Polysper′mous, containing many seeds.

Polystome, pol′i-stōm, n. an animal with many mouths.—adj. Polystom′atous.

Polystyle, pol′i-stīl, adj. having many columns.—adj. Polysty′lous.

Polysyllable, pol′i-sil-a-bl, n. a word of many or of more than three syllables.—adjs. Polysyllab′ic, -al.—ns. Polysyllab′icism, Polysyll′abism.

Polysyllogism, pol-i-sil′ō-jizm, n. a combination of syllogisms.—adj. Polysyllogis′tic.

Polysymmetrical, pol-i-si-met′ri-kal, adj. divisible into exactly similar halves by more than one plane.—adv. Polysymmet′rically.—n. Polysym′metry.

Polysyndeton, pol-i-sin′de-ton, n. (rhet.) figurative repetition of connectives or conjunctions.

Polysynthetic, -al, pol-i-sin-thet′ik, -al, adj. made up of many separate elements: formed by the combination of many simple words, as words in the native languages of America.—n. Polysyn′thesis.—adv. Polysynthet′ically.—ns. Polysynthet′icism, Polysyn′thetism, the character of being polysynthetic.

Polytechnic, -al, pol-i-tek′nik, -al, adj. comprehending many arts.—n. an exhibition of objects illustrating many arts: an institution in which many arts are taught.—ns. Polytech′nics, the science of the mechanical arts; Polytech′nique, or Polytechnic school, an industrial school in which the technical sciences that rest in great part upon a mathematical basis, such as engineering, architecture, &c., are taught. [Gr. polys, many, technē, an art.]

Polytheism, pol′i-thē-izm, n. the doctrine of a plurality of gods.—v.i. Pol′ytheise, to adhere to, or conform to, polytheism.—n. Pol′ytheist, a believer in many gods.—adjs. Polytheist′ic, -al.—adv. Polytheist′ically. [Gr. polys, many, theos, a god.]

Polytrichum, pō-lit′ri-kum, n. a genus of mosses, widely distributed in north temperate and arctic countries.—adj. Polyt′richous, very hairy, densely ciliate. [Gr. polys, many, thrix, thrichos, hair.]

Polytype, pol′i-tīp, n. a cast or fac-simile of an engraving, matter in type, &c., produced by pressing a wood-cut or other plate into semi-fluid metal.—v.t. to reproduce by polytypage—also adj.—n. Pol′ytypage, stereotyping by the above method.

Polyzoa, pol-i-zō′a, n.pl. a class of animals forming a crust on stones, shells, &c. under water:—sing. Polyzō′an, Polyzō′on.—adjs. Pol′yzoan, Polyzoā′rial.—ns. Polyzoā′rium, a compound polyzoan; Polyzō′ary, the polypary or polypidom of a polyzoan.—adjs. Polyzō′ic, filled with imaginary animals, zoolatrous; Polyzō′öid, consisting of many zoöids. [Gr. polys, many, zōon, an animal.]

Pomade, po-mād′, n. a preparation of fine inodorous fat, such as lard or suet, used instead of liquid oil for the hair—also Pomā′tum.—v.t. to anoint with pomade. [Fr. pommade—It. pomada, pommata, lip-salve—L. pomum, an apple.]

Pomander, pō-man′dėr, n. (Shak.) a perfumed ball, or box containing perfumes, formerly supposed to ward off infection. [O. Fr. pomme d'ambre, apple of amber.]

Pome, pōm, n. an apple or a fruit like an apple: a small globe of silver or the like, filled with hot water, on which in cold weather the priest at mass warms his numbed hands.—n. Pom′ace, the substance of apples or similar fruit: fish-scrap.—n.pl. Pomā′ceæ, a suborder of Rosaceæ—the apple family—also Pome′æ.—adj. Pomā′ceous, relating to, consisting of, or resembling apples: like pomace.—ns. Pome′-cit′ron, a variety of apple; Pom′eroy, the king-apple; Pome′-wa′ter (Shak.), a sweet, juicy apple; Pomicul′ture, pomology.—adjs. Pomif′erous (bot.), pome-bearing, applied to all plants producing the larger fruits, as distinguished from berry-bearing; Pomolog′ical.—ns. Pomol′ogist; Pomol′ogy, the science of garden-fruits. [L. pomum, an apple.]

Pomegranate, pom′gran-āt, n. a fruit much cultivated in warm countries, as large as a medium-sized orange, having a thick leathery rind filled with numerous seeds. [O. Fr. pome grenate—L. pomum, an apple, granatum, having many grains.]

Pomeranian, pom-e-rā′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Pomerania in northern Prussia.—Pomeranian, or Spitz, dog, a cross from the Eskimo dog, about the size of a spaniel, with a sharp-pointed face and an abundant white, creamy, or black coat.

Pomfret-cake, pom′fret-kāk, n. a liquorice-cake. [Pontefract in Yorkshire.]

Pommel, pum′el, n. a knob or ball: the knob on a sword-hilt: the high part of a saddle-bow.—v.t. to beat as with a pommel, or with anything thick or heavy: to beat soundly: to bruise:—pr.p. pomm′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. pomm′elled.—adjs. Pomm′eled, Pomm′elled (her.), having a rounded knob ending in a smaller one; Pomm′etty, ending in a small knob, esp. of a cross—also Pomm′elé. [O. Fr. pomel (Fr. pommeau)—L. pomum, an apple.]

Pomona, pom-ō′na, n. the goddess of fruit and garden produce. [L.—pomum, fruit, apple.]

Pom-pom, pom-pom, n. the name given to a one-pounder quick-firing shell gun, from its sound.

Pomp, pomp, n. a splendid procession: great show or display: ceremony: splendour: ostentation: grandeur.—adv. Pompō′so (mus.), in a dignified style.—adj. Pomp′ous, displaying pomp or grandeur: grand: magnificent: dignified: boastful, self-important.—adv. Pomp′ously.—ns. Pomp′ousness, Pompos′ity. [Fr. pompe—L. pompa—Gr. pompē—pempein, to send.]

Pompadour, pom′pa-dōōr, n. an 18th-century head-dress, a fashion of dressing women's hair by brushing it up from the forehead and rolling it over a cushion: a corsage with low square neck: a pattern for silk, with leaves and flowers pink, blue, and gold. [Marquise de Pompadour, 1721-64.]

Pompeian, pom-pē′an, adj. pertaining to Pompeii, a city buried by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D., excavated since 1755.—n. Pompei′an-red, a red colour like that on the walls of Pompeian houses.

Pompelmoose, pom′pel-mōōs, n. the shaddock.—Also Pom′pelmous, Pom′pelo, Pum′elo.

Pompholyx, pom′fō-liks, n. a vesicular eruption chiefly on the palms and soles. [Gr.,—pomphos, a blister.]

Pompon, pom′pon, n. a tuft of feathers, &c., for a hat, the coloured woollen ball on the front of a shako. [Fr.]

Poncho, pon′chō, n. a cloak worn by South American Indians, a blanket with a hole in the middle for the head: camlet or strong worsted.

Pond, pond, n. a pool of standing water.—v.t. to make into a pond.—v.i. to collect into a pond.—ns. Pon′dage, the amount of water in a pond; Pond′-lil′y, a plant of the aquatic genus Nymphæa; Pond′-tur′tle, a terrapin, a mud turtle; Pond′weed, a common aquatic herb. [From A.S. pyndan, to shut in, thus a doublet of pound, an enclosure.]

Ponder, pon′dėr, v.t. to weigh in the mind: to think over: to consider.—v.i. to think (with on and over).—ns. Ponderabil′ity, Pon′derableness.—adjs. Pon′derable, that may be weighed: having sensible weight; Pon′deral, ascertained by weight.—ns. Pon′derance, Ponderā′tion, weight; Pon′derer, one who ponders.—adv. Pon′deringly.—ns. Pon′derling, a thing of little weight; Pon′derment, the act of pondering.—adj. Pon′derous, weighty: massive: forcible: important: clumsy or unwieldy by reason of weight.—adv. Pon′derously.—ns. Pon′derousness, Ponderos′ity, weight: heaviness: heavy matter. [L. ponderāre—pondus, pondĕris, a weight.]

Ponerology, pon-ē-rol′ō-ji, n. (theol.) the doctrine of wickedness. [Gr. ponēros, bad.]

Pongee, pon-jē′, n. a soft kind of silk, woven in China from the cocoons of a wild silkworm. [Chin.]

Poniard, pon′yard, n. a small dagger for stabbing.—v.t. to stab with a poniard. [Fr. poignard—poing, fist (It. pugno)—L. pugnus.]

Ponk, pongk, n. (Spens., Shak.) a nocturnal spirit. [A false reading for pouke=Puck.]

Pons, ponz, n. (anat.) a part connecting two parts.—adjs. Pon′tic, Pon′tile, relating to the pons of the brain.—Pons asinōrum, the asses' bridge, a name given to Euclid, i. 5. [L., a bridge.]

Pontage, pont′āj, n. a toll paid on bridges: a tax for repairing bridges. [Low L. pontagium—L. pons, pontis, a bridge.]

Pontic, pon′tik, adj. pertaining to the Pontus, Euxine, or Black Sea, or the regions round it.

Pontiff, pon′tif, n. (R.C.) a bishop, esp. the pope—originally an ancient Roman high-priest, the Pon′tifex.—adjs. Pontif′ic, -al, of or belonging to a pontiff or to a bishop, esp. the pope: splendid: magnificent.—n. Pontif′ical, an office-book of ecclesiastical ceremonies proper to a bishop.—adv. Pontif′ically.—n.pl. Pontif′icals, the dress of a priest, bishop, or pope.—n. Pontif′icate, the dignity of a pontiff or high-priest: the office and dignity or reign of a pope.—v.i. to perform the duties of a pontiff.—n. Pon′tifice (Milt.), bridge-work, a bridge.—Pontifical mass, mass celebrated by a bishop while wearing his full vestments. [Fr. pontife—L. pontifex, pontificis—pons, pont-is, a bridge, facĕre, to make.]

Pontil, pon′til, n. an iron rod used in glass-making for revolving the glass while soft.—Also Pontee′, Pon′ty. [Fr.,—point, a point.]

Pontinal, pon′ti-nal, adj. bridging.—n. a bone of the skull of some fishes.

Pontoon, pon-tōōn′, n. a flat kind of boat used in forming a bridge for the passage of an army: a bridge of boats: a lighter or barge used for loading or unloading ships—also Pon′ton.—ns. Pontonier′, Pontonnier′, one who has charge of a pontoon; Pontoon′-bridge, a platform or roadway supported upon pontoons. [Fr. ponton—L. pons, a bridge.]

Pony, pō′ni, n. a small horse—one less than 13 hands high: (slang) £25: a key or translation of the writings of an author: a small glass of beer.—v.t. to use a crib in translating.—ns. Pō′ny-carr′iage, a small carriage drawn by one or more ponies; Pō′ny-en′gine, a small engine used for shunting wagons, &c.—Jerusalem pony, an ass. [Prob. Gael. poniadh.]

Poodle, pōō′dl, n. one of a breed of small curly-haired pet dogs, intelligent and affectionate. [Ger. pudel; Low Ger. pudeln, to waddle.]

Pooh, pōō, interj. of disdain.—v.t. Pooh′-pooh, to express contempt for: to sneer at. [Imit.]

Pool, pōōl, n. a small body of water: a deep part of a stream of water.—n. Pool′er, a stick for stirring a tan-vat. [A.S. pól (Dut. poel, Ger. pfuhl)—Celt., as Ir. and Gael. poll, W. pwll.]

Pool, pōōl, n. the receptacle for the stakes in certain games: the stakes themselves: a set of players at quadrille, &c.: a game played on a billiard-table with six pockets by two or more persons.—v.t. to put into a common fund for redistribution.—v.i. to form a pool. [Fr. poule, orig. a hen—L. pullus, a young animal.]

Poon, pōōn, n. name of a tree of India and Burma, very commonly used in the East Indies, particularly in shipbuilding, for planks and spars.—n. Poon′-wood, the wood of the tree.

Poonac, pōō′nak, n. the cake left after expressing oil from coco-nut pulp.

Poop, pōōp, n. the hinder part of a ship: a deck above the ordinary deck in the after part of a ship.—v.t. to strike the stern, break in the stern of. [Fr. poupe—L. puppis, the poop.]

Poor, pōōr, adj. having little or nothing: without means: needy: spiritless: depressed: (B.) humble: contrite: wanting in appearance: lean: wanting in strength: weak: wanting in value: inferior: wanting in fertility: sterile: wanting in fitness, beauty, or dignity: trifling: paltry: dear (endearingly).—ns. Poor′house, a house established at the public expense for sheltering the poor: an almshouse; Poor′john (Shak.), a coarse kind of fish, the hake when salted.—n.pl. Poor′-laws, laws providing for the support of the poor.—adv. Poor′ly.—ns. Poor′ness; Poor′-rate, a rate or tax for the support of the poor; Poor′-Rob′in, an almanac; Poor's′-box, a box for receiving contributions to the poor.—adj. Poor′-spir′ited, cowardly: mean.—ns. Poor′-spir′itedness, cowardice; Poor's′-roll (Scots law), the list of poor persons who are litigants, but unable to pay the expenses of litigation, and therefore are allowed to sue in formâ pauperis.—Poor man of mutton (Scot.), cold mutton broiled, esp. the shoulder; Poor man's herb, the hedge-hyssop; Poor Will, a common American bird of the genus Phalænoptilus.—The poor, poor people collectively: those depending on public or private charity. [O. Fr. poure, povre (Fr. pauvre)—L. pauper, poor.]

Pop, pop, v.i. to make a sharp, quick sound: to dart: to move quickly: to propose marriage.—v.t. to cause to make a sudden report: to thrust suddenly: to bring suddenly into notice: (slang) to pawn:—pr.p. pop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. popped.—n. a sharp, quick sound or report: an effervescent beverage: (slang) a pistol.—adv. suddenly.—adj. coming without warning.—v.t. Pop′-corn, to parch maize till it bursts open.—n. corn so prepared.—n.pl. Pop′-eyes, prominent eyes.—ns. Pop′-gun, a tube and rammer for shooting pellets, which makes a noise by the expansion of compressed air; Pop′per, anything that makes a popping sound; Pop′-shop, a pawnshop; Pop′-weed, a name for the bladderwort.—Pop off, to disappear all at once; Pop the question, to make an offer of marriage. [Imit.]

Pope, pōp, n. the bishop of Rome, head of the R.C. Church: a priest of the Eastern Church: the autocratic head of any church or organisation.—ns. Pope′dom, office, dignity, or jurisdiction of the pope; Pope′hood, Pope′ship, the condition of being pope; Pope′ling, a little pope; Pop′ery, the religion of which the pope is the head: Roman Catholicism; Pope's′-eye, the gland surrounded with fat in the middle of the thigh of an ox or a sheep; Pope's′-head, a long-handled brush; Pope's′-nose, the fleshy part of a bird's tail.—adj. Pop′ish, relating to the pope or to popery: taught by popery.—adv. Pop′ishly.—Pope Joan, a game at cards in which the eight of diamonds is removed. [A.S. pápa—L. papa, a father.]

Popinjay, pop′in-jā, n. a parrot: a mark like a parrot, put on a pole to be shot at: a fop or coxcomb. [O. Fr. papegai—Low L. papagallus—Late Gr. papagas, a parrot; prob. Eastern.]

Popjoying, pop′joi-ing, n. sport: amusement. [Perh. conn. with popinjay.]

Poplar, pop′lar, n. a tree common in the northern hemisphere, of rapid growth, and having diœcious flowers arranged in catkins, both male and female flowers with an oblique cup-shaped perianth. [O. Fr. poplier—L. pōpulus, poplar-tree.]

Poplin, pop′lin, n. a kind of cloth consisting of a warp of silk and a weft of worsted, the latter, being thicker than the former, giving a corded appearance. [Fr. popeline. Ety. unknown.]

Popliteal, pop-li-tē′al, adj. of or pertaining to the back of the knee.—Also Poplit′ic. [L. poples, poplitis, the hock.]

Poppet, pop′et, n. a puppet: a piece of timber used to support a vessel while being launched: one of the heads of a lathe. [Puppet.]

Poppy, pop′i, n. a plant having large showy flowers, from one species of which opium is obtained.—adj. Popp′ied, covered or filled with poppies: listless, as the effects of opium.—ns. Popp′y-head, a carved ornament in wood, often finishing the end of a pew; Popp′y-oil, a fixed oil from the seeds of the opium-poppy. [A.S. popig—L. papaver, poppy.]

Populace, pop′ū-lās, n. the common people: those who are not distinguished by rank, education, office, &c. [Fr.,—It. popolazzo—L. populus, people.]

Popular, pop′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to the people: pleasing to, or prevailing among, the people: enjoying the favour of the people: easily understood: inferior: (Shak.) vulgar.—n. Popularisā′tion.—v.t. Pop′ularise, to make popular or suitable to the people: to spread among the people.—ns. Pop′ulariser; Popular′ity, Pop′ularness, quality or state of being popular or pleasing to the people: favour with the people: a desire to obtain favour with the people.—adv. Pop′ularly.—v.t. Pop′ulāte, to people: to furnish with inhabitants.—v.i. to increase in numbers.—adj. populous.—n. Populā′tion, act of populating: the number of the inhabitants of any place.—adj. Pop′ulous, full of people: numerously inhabited: (Shak.) numerous.—adv. Pop′ulously.—n. Pop′ulousness. [Fr. populaire—L. popularis—populus, the people.]

Porbeagle, por-bē′gl, n. a kind of tope or mackerel-shark. [Fr. porc, a hog + Eng. beagle.]

Porcelain, pors′lān, n. a fine earthenware, white, thin, semi-transparent, first made in China: china-ware.—adj. of the nature of porcelain.—adjs. Por′celānous, Porcellā′neous, Por′cellānous.—n. Por′cellanite, a very hard, impure, jaspideous rock.—Cast, or Fusible, porcelain, a milky glass made of silica and cryolite with oxide of zinc; Egg-shell porcelain, an extremely thin and translucent porcelain; False porcelain, a name given to the artificial or soft-paste porcelain; Frit porcelain, a name given to artificial soft-paste English porcelain, from its vitreous nature; Tender porcelain, a ware imitating hard-paste or natural porcelain. [O. Fr. porcelaine—It. porcellana, the Venus' shell—L. porcella, a young sow—porcus, a pig.]

Porch, pōrch, n. a building forming an enclosure or protection for a doorway: a portico at the entrance of churches and other buildings: the public porch on the agora of Athens where Zeno the Stoic taught: (fig.) the Stoic philosophy. [O. Fr. porche (It. portico)—L. porticus—porta, a gate.]

Porcine, por′sīn, adj. pertaining to or resembling swine: swinish. [L. porcinus—porcus, a swine.]

Porcupine, por′kū-pīn, n. one of the largest of rodent quadrupeds, covered with spines or quills. [O. Fr. porc espin—L. porcus, a pig, spina, a spine.]

Pore, pōr, n. a minute passage in the skin for the perspiration: an opening between the molecules of a body.—adjs. Pō′ral, of or pertaining to pores; Pō′riform, in the form of a pore.—ns. Pō′riness, Poros′ity, Pō′rousness, quality of being porous—opp. to Density.—adjs. Pō′rose, containing pores; Pō′rous, Pō′ry, having pores: that can be penetrated by fluid.—adv. Pō′rously. [Fr.,—L. porus—Gr. poros, a passage.]

Pore, pōr, v.i. to look with steady attention on: to study closely.—n. Pō′rer. [Peer, to peep.]

Porifera, pō-rif′e-ra, n.pl. sponges:—sing. Por′ifer.—adjs. Porif′eral, Porif′erous. [L. porus, a pore, ferre, to bear.]

Porism, por′ism, n. a proposition affirming the possibility of finding such conditions as will render a certain problem capable of innumerable solutions.—adjs. Porismat′ic, -al; Poris′tic, -al, reducing a determinate problem to an indeterminate. [Gr. porizein, to procure—poros, a way.]

Pork, pōrk, n. the flesh of swine: (Milt.) a stupid fellow.—ns. Pork′-butch′er, one who kills pigs; Pork′-chop, a slice from a pig's rib; Pork′er, a young hog: a pig fed for pork; Pork′ling, a young pig; Pork′-pie, a pie made of pastry and minced pork.—adj. Pork′y, fat.—Pork-pie hat, a hat somewhat like a pie in shape worn by men and women about the middle of the 19th century. [Fr. porc—L. porcus, a hog.]

Pornocracy, pōr-nok′rā-si, n. the influence of courtezans—applied esp. to the dominant influence of certain profligate women over the Papal court in the earlier half of the 10th century.—ns. Por′nograph, an obscene picture or writing; Pornog′rapher, a writer of such.—adj. Pornograph′ic.—n. Pornog′raphy, the discussion of prostitution: obscene writing. [Gr. pornē, a whore, kratein, to rule.]

Porosis, pō-rō′sis, n. formation of callus, the knitting together of broken bones.

Porotype, pō′rō-tīp, n. a copy of an engraved print made by placing it on chemically prepared paper and subjecting to the action of a gas. [Gr. poros, a pore, typos, an impression.]

Porphyrio, por-fir′i-ō, n. a genus of Rallidæ, the hyacinthine gallinules.

Porphyrogenitus, por-fir-ō-jen′i-tus, n. a title given to the Byzantine emperor, Constantine VII. (912-959), meaning 'born in the purple.'—n. Porphyrogen′itism, the Byzantine principle of the first son born after his father's accession succeeding to the throne. [Gr. porphyra, purple, gennain, to beget.]

Porphyry, por′fir-i, n. a very hard, variegated rock, of a purple and white colour, used in sculpture (porfido rosso antico): an igneous rock having a ground-mass enclosing crystals of feldspar or quartz.—v.t. Por′phyrise, to cause to resemble porphyry: to make of a spotted appearance.—n. Por′phyrite, one of the crystalline igneous rocks, which consists principally of plagioclase.—adjs. Porphyrit′ic, Porphyrā′ceous, resembling or consisting of porphyry.—n. Por′phyroid, a crystalline and schistose rock containing porphyritic crystals of feldspar. [Through Fr. and L. from Gr. porphyrites—porphyra, purple.]

Porpoise, por′pus, n. a genus of Cetecea in the family Delphinidæ, 4 to 8 feet long, gregarious, affording oil and leather—anciently Por′pess. [O. Fr. porpeis—L. porcus, a hog, piscis, a fish.]

Porporino, por-pō-rē′nō, n. an old alloy of quicksilver, tin, and sulphur, used in place of gold. [It.]

Porraceous, po-rā′shus, adj. greenish like the leek. [L. porrum, a leek.]

Porrection, po-rek′shun, n. the action of delivering as by outstretched hands.—adj. Porrect′, extended forward. [L., porrigĕre, to stretch out.]

Porridge, por′ij, n. a kind of pudding usually made by slowly stirring oatmeal amongst boiling water: a kind of broth, made by boiling vegetables in water. [Through O. Fr., from Low L. porrata—L. porrum, a leek. The affix -idge (= -age) arose through confusion with pottage.]

Porrigo, po-rī′gō, n. a general name for various skin diseases.—adj. Porrig′inous. [L.]

Porringer, por′in-jėr, n. a small dish for porridge: (Shak.) a head-dress shaped like such a dish.—Also Porr′enger. [From porrige=porridge, with inserted n as in passenger.]

Port, pōrt, n. the larboard or left side of a ship.—v.t. to turn to the left, as the helm.—v.i. to turn to larboard or left. [Ety. dub.]

Port, pōrt, n. bearing: demeanour: carriage of the body.—v.t. to hold, as a musket, in a slanting direction upward across the body.—ns. Portabil′ity, Port′ableness, the state of being portable.—adj. Port′able, that may be carried: not bulky or heavy.—ns. Port′age, act of carrying: carriage: price of carriage: a space between two rivers, canals, &c., over which goods and boats have to be carried; Port′ance (Spens.), carriage, bearing.—adjs. Por′tāte (her.), in a position as if being carried; Por′tatile, portable; Por′tative, easily carried.—ns. Port′-cray′on, a metallic handle for holding a crayon; Porte′-bonheur′, a charm carried for luck; Porte′-cochère, a carriage entrance leading from the street into a building; Porte′-mon′naie, a small clasped pocket-book for holding money; Port′-fire, a slow-match or match-cord. [Fr.,—L. portāre, to carry.]

Port, pōrt, n. a harbour: a haven or safe station for vessels: a place from which vessels start, and at which they finish their voyages.—n. Port′-ad′miral, the admiral commanding at a naval port.—n.pl. Port′-charg′es, payments which a ship has to pay while in harbour.—n. Port′-ward′en, the officer in charge of a port: a harbour-master.—Port of call, a port where vessels can call for stores or repairs; Port of entry, a port where merchandise is allowed by law to enter.—Free port, a port where no duty has to be paid on landing goods. [A.S. port—L. portus; akin to L. porta, a gate.]

Port, pōrt, n. a gate or entrance, esp. of a walled town: an opening in the side of a ship for light or air: an opening through which guns can be fired: the lid of a porthole: a passage in a machine for oil, steam, &c.—n. Port′age (Shak.), an opening. [Fr. porte—L. porta, gate.]

Porta, pōr′ta, n. the part of an organ where its vessels and ducts enter, esp. the transverse fissure of the liver: the foramen of Monro.

Portal, pōrt′al, n. a small gate: any entrance: (archit.) the arch over a gate: the lesser of two gates.—Portal circulation, the capillary transmission of venous blood from one organ to another in its passage to the heart; Portal system, the portal vein with its tributaries, &c.; Portal vein, the vein which conveys to the liver the venous blood from intestines, spleen, and stomach. [O. Fr. (Fr. portail)—Low L. portale—L. porta, a gate.]

Portcullis, pōrt-kul′is, n. a sliding door of cross timbers pointed with iron, hung over a gateway, so as to be let down in a moment to keep out an enemy: (her.) a lattice: one of the pursuivants of the English College of Heralds: an Elizabethan coin bearing a portcullis on the reverse.—v.t. to obstruct, as with a portcullis. [O. Fr. portecoulisse—porte, a gate, coulisse, a groove—L. colāre, to strain.]

Porte, pōrt, n. the Turkish government, so called from the 'High Gate,' or 'Sublime Porte,' the chief office of the Ottoman government.

Portend, por-tend′, v.t. to indicate the future by signs: to betoken: presage.—n. Por′tent, that which portends or foreshows: an evil omen.—adj. Portent′ous, serving to portend: foreshadowing ill: wonderful, dreadful, prodigious.—adv. Portent′ously. [L. portendĕre, portentum—pro, forth, tendĕre, to stretch.]

Porter, pōrt′ėr, n. a door-keeper or gate-keeper: one who waits at the door to receive messages:—fem. Port′eress, Port′ress.—n. Port′erage, the office or duty of a porter.—Porter's lodge, a house or an apartment near a gate for the use of the porter. [O. Fr. portier—Low L. portarius—L. porta, a gate.]

Porter, pōrt′ėr, n. one who carries burdens for hire: a dark-brown malt liquor, prob. because a favourite drink with London porters.—ns. Port′erage, carriage: charge made by a porter for carrying goods; Port′er-house, a restaurant; Port′erhouse-steak (U.S.), a choice cut of beef-steak next to the sirloin.—adv. Port′erly, like a porter: coarse. [O. Fr. porteur—L. portāre, to carry.]

Portfolio, pōrt-fō′li-ō, n. a portable case for loose papers, drawings, &c.: a collection of such papers: the office of a minister of state. [Sp. portafolio—L. portāre, to carry, folium, a leaf.]

Porthole, pōrt′hōl, n. a hole or opening in a ship's side for light and air, or for pointing a gun through. [Port, a gate, and hole.]

Portico, pōr′ti-kō, n. (archit.) a range of columns in the front of a building: a colonnade: a porch before the entrance to a building: the Stoic philosophy:—pl. Por′ticoes, Por′ticos.—adj. Por′ticoed, furnished with a portico. [It.,—L. porticus, a porch.]

Portière, por-tyār′, n. a curtain hung over the door or doorway of a room. [Fr.]

Portiforium, pōr-ti-fō′ri-um, n. a breviary:—pl. Portifō′ria.—Also Port′fory, Port′ous, Port′uary.

Portify, pōr′ti-fī, v.t. (hum.) to give one's self undue importance. [Port, the wine of that name, -fy, from L. facĕre, to make, from the saying, 'Claret would be port if it could.']

Portion, pōr′shun, n. a part: an allotment: fate: destiny: dividend: the part of an estate descending to an heir: a wife's fortune.—v.t. to divide into portions: to allot a share: to furnish with a portion.—adj. Por′tioned, having a portion or endowment.—ns. Por′tioner, one who portions or assigns shares: (Scots law) the occupier of a small feu or portion of land: one of two or more incumbents on a benefice at one time; Por′tionist, one who has an academical allowance: the incumbent of a benefice which has more than one rector or vicar.—adj. Por′tionless, having no portion, dowry, or property.—Marriage portion, a gift given by a parent or guardian to a bride on her marriage. [O. Fr.,—L. portio, portionis, akin to pars, a part.]

Portly, pōrt′li, adj. having a dignified port or mien: corpulent: (Shak.) swelling.—n. Port′liness, state of being portly. [Port, bearing.]

Portman, pōrt′man, n. an inhabitant of a port-town, or one of the Cinque Ports.—n. Port′-mote, a mote composed of such citizens.

Portmanteau, port-man′tō, n. a bag for carrying apparel, &c., on journeys: a hook on which to hang clothing.—Also Portman′tua (obs.). [Fr.,—porter, to carry, manteau, a cloak.]

Portrait, pōr′trāt, n. the likeness of a person, esp. of his face: a vivid description in words.—v.t. (obs.) to portray.—ns. Por′traitist, a portrait-painter; Por′traiture, a likeness: the drawing of portraits, or describing in words: a collection of pictures.—v.t. Portray (pōr-trā′), to paint or draw the likeness of: to describe in words: (obs.) to adorn.—ns. Portray′al, the act of portraying; Portray′er.—Composite portraits, a method of indicating the facial characteristics of a family or group of persons, while at the same time suppressing the peculiarities of individual members. [O. Fr. portrait, portraire—L. pro, forth, trahĕre, to draw.]

Portreeve, pōrt′rēv, n. once the name of the principal magistrate in a port-town, esp. in London. [A.S. portgeréfa—port, a port, geréfa, a reeve.]

Portuguese, pōr′tū-gēz, adj. of or pertaining to Portugal or to its inhabitants.—n. the people, a single inhabitant, or the language of Portugal.—Portuguese man-of-war, a species of Physalia.

Portulaceæ, pōr-tū-lā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of exogenous plants, shrubby or herbaceous, generally succulent, mostly growing in dry places. [L. portulaca, purslane.]

Porzana, pōr-zā′na, n. an old name of the small European water-rail or crake.

Pose, pōz, n. a position: an attitude, either natural or assumed.—v.i. to assume an attitude.—v.t. to put in a suitable attitude: to posit. [Fr.,—poser, to place—Low L. pausare, to cease—L. pausa, pause—Gr. pausis. Between Fr. poser and L. ponĕre, positum, there has been confusion, which has influenced the derivatives of both words.]

Pose, pōz, v.t. to puzzle: to perplex by questions: to bring to a stand.—ns. Pō′ser, one who, or that which, poses: a difficult question; Pō′sing.—adv. Pō′singly. [M. E. apposen, a corr. of oppose, which in the schools meant to 'argue against.']

Position, po-zish′un, n. place, situation: attitude: a place taken or to be taken by troops: state of affairs: the ground taken in argument or in a dispute: principle laid down: place in society: method of finding the value of an unknown quantity by assuming one or more values (single, when one is assumed; double, when two).—v.t. Posit (poz′it), to place in right position or relation: to lay down as something true or granted.—adj. Posi′tional.—Strategic position, a position taken up by troops to check the movements of an enemy. [Fr.,—L.—ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Positive, poz′i-tiv, adj. definitely placed or laid down: clearly expressed: really existing: actual: not admitting of any doubt or qualification: decisive: settled by distinct appointment: arbitrarily prescribed, laid down—opp. to Natural: too confident in opinion: fully assured: certain: (gram.) noting the simple form of an adjective—as Positive degree of comparison: (math.) greater than zero, to be added, as Positive quantity: (phot.) having the lights and shades in the picture the same as in the original, instead of being reversed: (electr.) having a relatively high potential—opp. to Negative (q.v.).—n. that which is placed or laid down: that which may be affirmed: reality: a positive picture—opp. to Negative.—adv. Pos′itively.—ns. Pos′itiveness, state or quality of being positive: certainty: confidence; Pos′itivism, actual or absolute knowledge; Pos′itivist, a believer in positivism.—Pos′itivism, Positive philosophy, the philosophical system originated by Comte (1798-1857)—its foundation the doctrine that man can have no knowledge of anything but phenomena, and that the knowledge of phenomena is relative, not absolute. [Fr.,—L. positivus, fixed by agreement—ponĕre, to place.]

Posology, pō-sol′ō-ji, n. the science of quantity.—adjs. Posolog′ic, -al. [Gr. posos, how much, logia, discourse.]

Posse, pos′ē, n. power: possibility.—Posse comitatus, the power of the county: the body of men entitled to be called out by the sheriff to aid in enforcing the law. [L. posse, to be able.]

Possess, poz-zes′, v.t. to have or hold as an owner: to have the control of: to inform: to seize: to enter into and influence: to put (one's self) in possession (of): (Spens.) to achieve: (Shak.) put in possession of information, convince.—adj. Possessed′, influenced by some evil spirit, demented.—n. Posses′sion, act of possessing: the thing possessed: a country taken by conquest: property: state of being possessed, as by an evil spirit: madness.—adjs. Posses′sionary, Posses′sive, pertaining to or denoting possession.—n. Posses′sive (gram.), a pronoun denoting possession: the possessive case.—adv. Posses′sively.—n. Posses′sor, one who possesses: owner: proprietor: occupant.—adj. Posses′sory, relating to a possessor or possession: having possession.—Give possession, to put in another's power or occupancy; Take possession, to assume ownership; Writ of possession, a process directing a sheriff to put a person in possession of property recovered in ejectment. [Fr.,—L. possidēre, possessum.]

Posset, pos′et, n. a dietetic preparation, made by curdling milk with some acidulous liquor, such as wine, ale, or vinegar.—v.t. (Shak.) to curdle.—Posset cup, a large cup or covered bowl for posset. [Prob. Ir. pusoid, a posset; cf. W. posel.]

Possible, pos′i-bl, adj. that may be or happen: that may be done: not contrary to the nature of things.—n. Possibil′ity, state of being possible: that which is possible: a contingency.—adv. Poss′ibly. [Fr.,—L. possibilis—posse, to be able.]

Post, pōst, n. a piece of timber fixed in the ground, generally as a support to something else: a pillar.—v.t. to fix on or to a post, or to any conspicuous position, in a public place: to expose to public reproach, to placard as having failed in an examination, &c.—n. Post′er, one who posts bills: a large printed bill or placard for posting.—From pillar to post (see Pillar). [A.S. post—L. postis, a doorpost—ponĕre, to place.]

Post, pōst, n. a fixed place, as a military station: a fixed place or stage on a road: an office: one who travels by stages, esp. carrying letters, &c.: a public letter-carrier: an established system of conveying letters: (Shak.) a post-horse: (Shak.) haste: a size of writing-paper, double that of common note-paper (so called from the water-mark, a postman's horn).—v.t. to set or station: to put in the post-office: (book-k.) to transfer from the journal to the ledger: to supply with necessary information, as to post up (cf. Well posted up).—v.i to travel with post-horses, or with speed.—adv. with posthorses: with speed.—ns. Post′age, the act of going by post: journey: money paid for conveyance of letters, &c., by post or mail; Post′age-stamp, an adhesive stamp for affixing to letters to show that the postal charge has been paid.—adj. Post′al, of or pertaining to the mail-service.—ns. Post′-bag, a mail-bag; Post′-bill, a way-bill of the letters sent from a post-office; Post′boy, a boy that rides posthorses, or who carries letters; Post′-card, a stamped card on which a message may be sent by post; Post′-chaise, Post′-char′iot, a chaise or carriage with four wheels let for hire for the conveyance of those who travel with posthorses.—v.i. Post′-chaise, to travel by post-chaise.—ns. Post′-day, the day on which the post or mail arrives or departs; Post′er, one who travels by post: (Shak.) a courier: one who travels expeditiously: a posthorse.—adj. Post′-free, delivered by the post without payment.—n. Posthaste′, haste in travelling like that of a post.—adj. speedy: immediate.—adv. with haste or speed.—ns. Post′-horn, a postman's horn: a horn blown by the driver of a mail-coach; Post′horse, a horse kept for posting; Post′house, a house where horses are kept for the use of parties posting: a post-office; Post′man, a post or courier: a letter-carrier; Post′mark, the mark or stamp put upon a letter at a post-office showing the time and place of reception and delivery; Post′master, the manager or superintendent of a post-office: one who supplies posthorses: at Merton College, Oxford, a scholar who is supported on the foundation; Post′master-Gen′eral, the minister who is the chief officer of the post-office department; Post′-off′ice, an office for receiving and transmitting letters by post: a department of the government which has charge of the reception and conveyance of letters.—adj. Post′-paid, having the postage paid, as a letter.—ns. Post′-time, the time for the despatch or for the delivery of letters; Post′-town, a town with a post-office.—Postal note, a note for a fixed designated sum issued by a postmaster, payable at any office; Postal order, an order issued by the postmaster authorising the holder to receive at some particular post-office payment of the sum marked on it. [Fr. poste—L. ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Post, pōst, adv. and prep. after, behind—in compounds as Post-abdominal, Post-anal, Post-axial, Post-brachial, Post-canonical, Post-clavicle, Post-embryonic, &c.—adj. Post′-class′ical, after those Greek and Latin writers styled classical, but before the medieval.—n. Post′-commun′ion, the part of the eucharistic office after the act of communion.—adj. succeeding communion.—v.t. Postdate′, to date after the real time.—n. a date on a letter later than the real date on which it was written.—adjs. Post′-dilū′vial, Post′-dilū′vian, being or happening after the deluge.—ns. Post′-dilū′vian, one who has lived since the deluge; Post′-en′try, an additional entry of merchandise at a custom-house.—adjs. Post′-exil′ic, Post′-exil′ian, after the time of the Babylonian captivity of the Jews.—ns. Post′-exist′ence, future existence; Post′fix, a letter, syllable, or word fixed to or put after another word, an affix.—v.t. Postfix′, to add to the end of another word.—adjs. Post′-glā′cial, after the glacial epoch; Post′-grad′uate, belonging to study pursued after graduation; Post′-merid′ian, coming after the sun has crossed the meridian: in the afternoon (written P.M.).—n. Post′-millenā′rian, one who believes in post-millennialism.—adj. Post′-millenn′ial.—n. Post′-millenn′ialism, the doctrine that the second coming of Christ will follow the millennium.—adj. Post′-mor′tem, after death.—n. a post-mortem examination.—adjs. Post′-nā′tal, after birth; Post′-nī′cene, after the first general council at Nicæa in 325 A.D.—n. Post′-note, a note issued by a bank, payable at some future time.—adj. Post′-nup′tial, being or happening after marriage.—ns. Post′-ō′bit, a bond or security given by heirs and others entitled to reversionary interests, whereby in consideration of a sum of money presently advanced, the debtor binds himself to pay a much larger sum after the death of some person, or of himself; Post′-posi′tion, the state of being put back or out of the regular place: (gram.) a word or particle placed after a word—opp. to a preposition, which is placed before.—adjs. Post′-pos′itive; Post′-remote′, more remote in subsequent time or order; Post′-ter′tiary, more recent than the Tertiary.—n. the most recent geological division. [L.]

Post-captain, pōst′-kap′tān, n. a captain in the British navy, so called in contradistinction to a commander because his name was 'posted' in the seniority list.

Poste restante, pōst res-tant′, n. a place in a post-office where letters are kept till called for. [Fr. poste, post-office, and pr.p. of rester, to remain.]

Posterior, pos-tē′ri-or, adj. coming after: later in time or in position: situated behind: hinder.—n. Posterior′ity, state of being posterior—opp. to Priority.—adv. Postē′riorly.—n.pl. Postē′riors, short for posterior parts: (hum.) the latter part, buttock.—n. Poster′ity, those coming after: succeeding generations: descendants: a race. [L., comp. of posterus, coming after—post, after.]

Postern, pōst′ėrn, n. a back door or gate: a small private door: (fort.) a covered passage between the main ditch and the outworks of a fort, usually closed by a gate.—adj. back: private. [O. Fr. posterne, posterle—L. posterula, a dim. from posterus.]

Posthumous, post′ū-mus, adj. born after the father's death: published after the death of the author.—adv. Post′humously. [L. posthumus, postumus, superl. of posterus, coming after—post, after.]

Postil, pos′til, n. a note in the margin of the Bible, so called because written after the text or other words: a marginal note: (R.C.) a homily read after the gospel.—v.t. and v.i. to make such notes.—n. Postil′la, a sermon or homily explanatory of the gospel in the mass: any sermon.—v.t. and v.i. Pos′tillate, to write or deliver a postil.—ns. Postillā′tion; Pos′tiller, one who comments: a preacher. [O. Fr. postille (It. postilla)—Low L. postilla—L. post illa (verba), after those (words).]

Postillion, pōs-til′yun, n. a postboy: one who guides posthorses, or horses in any carriage, riding on one of them. [Fr. postillon.]

Postliminy, post-lim′i-ni, n. the right by which persons or things taken in war by the enemy are restored to their former status upon their coming again under the power of the nation to which they belonged: the return of a prisoner, exile, &c. to his former status.—adjs. Postlim′inary, Postlimin′iary. [L. postliminium.]

Postpone, pōst-pōn′, v.t. to put off to a future time: to defer: to delay: to subordinate.—n. Postpone′ment, act of putting off to an after-time: temporary delay—also Postpō′nence (obs.). [L. postponĕre, -positum—post, after, ponĕre, to put.]

Post-prandial, pōst-pran′di-al, adj. after dinner. [L. post, after, prandium, a repast.]

Postscript, pōst′skript, n. a part added to a letter after the signature: an addition to a book after it is finished.—adj. Post′scriptal. [L., from post, after, scriptum, written, pa.p. of scribĕre, to write.]

Postulate, pos′tū-lāt, v.t. to assume without proof: to take for granted or without positive consent: (eccles.) to ask legitimate authority to admit a nominee by dispensation, when a canonical impediment is supposed to exist.—v.i. to make demands.—n. a position assumed as self-evident: (geom.) a self-evident problem: a petition: a condition for the accomplishment of anything.—ns. Pos′tulant, a candidate; Postulā′tion, the act of postulating: solicitation.—adjs. Pos′tulātory, supplicatory: assuming or assumed without proof as a postulate; Pos′tural. [L. postulāre, -ātum, to demand—poscĕre, to ask urgently.]

Posture, pos′tūr, n. the placing or position of the body, esp. of the parts of it with reference to each other: attitude: state or condition: disposition of mind.—v.t. to place in a particular manner.—v.i. to assume an affected manner.—ns. Pos′ture-mā′ker, Pos′ture-mas′ter, one who teaches or practises artificial postures of the body: an acrobat; Pos′turer, Pos′turist, an acrobat. [Fr.,—L. positura—ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Posy, pō′zi, n. a verse of poetry, esp. a motto or an inscription on a ring: a motto sent with a bouquet: a bouquet. [Poesy.]

Pot, pot, n. a metallic vessel for various purposes, esp. for cooking: a drinking vessel: an earthen vessel for plants: the quantity in a pot: (slang) a large sum of money, a prize.—v.t. to preserve in pots: to put in pots: to cook in a pot: to plant in a pot: to drain, as sugar, in a perforated cask: to shoot an enemy.—v.i. (Shak.) to tipple:—pr.p. pot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. pot′ted.—n. Pot′-ale, refuse from a grain distillery.—adj. Pot′-bell′ied, having a prominent belly.—ns. Pot′-bell′y, a protuberant belly; Pot′-boil′er, a work in art or literature produced merely to secure the necessaries of life; Pot′-boy, a boy in a public-house who carries pots of ale to customers; Pot′-compan′ion, a comrade in drinking; Pot′-hang′er, a hook on which to hang a pot; Pot′-hat, a high-crowned felt hat, worn by men; Pot′-head, a stupid person; Pot′herb, any vegetable which is boiled and used as food.—n.pl. Pot′-holes, holes in the beds of rapid streams, made by an eddying current of water, which gives the stones a gyratory motion.—ns. Pot′-hook, a hook hung in a chimney for supporting a pot: a letter shaped like a pot-hook; Pot′-house, an ale-house; Pot′-hunt′er, one who hunts or fishes for profit; Pot′-lid, the cover of a pot; Pot′-liq′uor, a thin broth in which meat has been boiled; Pot′-luck, what may happen to be in the pot for a meal without special preparation; Pot′-man, a pot-companion: a pot-boy; Pot′-met′al, an alloy of copper and lead; Pot′-shop, a small public-house; Pot′-stick, a stick for stirring what is being cooked in a pot; Pot′stone, a massive variety of talc-schist, composed of a finely felted aggregate of talc, mica, and chlorite.—adj. Pot′-val′iant, brave owing to drink.—Potted meats, meats cooked, seasoned, and hermetically sealed in tins or jars.—Go to pot, to go to ruin, originally said of old metal, to go into the melting-pot; Keep the pot boiling, to procure the necessaries of life; Take pot-luck, to accept an invitation to a meal where no preparation for guests has been made. [M. E. pot, from the Celt., as Ir. pota, Gael. poit, W. pot.]

Potable, pō′ta-bl, adj. that may be drunk: liquid.—n. something drinkable.—n. Pō′tableness. [Fr.,—L. potabilis—pōtāre, to drink.]

Potamology, pot-a-mol′ō-ji, n. the scientific study of rivers.—n. Potamog′raphy.—adj. Potamolog′ical.

Potash, pot′ash, n. a powerful alkali, obtained from the ashes of plants—also Potass′.—n. Pot′ash-wa′ter, a kind of aerated water, which, when of full medicinal strength, contains fifteen grains of the bicarbonate of potash in each bottle—usually much less is put in. [Pot ashes.]

Potassium, pō-tas′i-um, n. the metallic base of the alkali potash—it is of a bluish colour, and presents a strong metallic lustre. [Potassa.]

Potation, pō-tā′shun, n. act of drinking: a draught: the liquor drunk.—n. Potā′tor, a drinker.—adj. Pō′tātory. [L. potatio—pōtāre, -ātum, to drink.]

Potato, pō-tā′tō, n. one of the tubers of a plant almost universally cultivated for food in the temperate parts of the globe: the plant itself:—pl. Potā′toes.—ns. Potā′to-bee′tle, a North American beetle which commits fearful ravages among potatoes; Potā′to-bing (Scot.), a heap of potatoes to be preserved; Potā′to-bō′gle (Scot.), a scarecrow; Potā′to-disease′, -rot, a destructive disease of the potato caused by a parasitic fungus; Potā′to-fing′er (Shak.), a fat finger, used in contempt; Potā′to-fly, a dipterous insect of the same genus as the radish-fly, whose maggots are often abundant in bad potatoes in autumn.—Small potatoes (U.S.), anything petty or contemptible. [Sp. patata, batata, orig. Haytian.]

Potch, poch, v.i. (Shak.) to thrust, to push. [Fr. pocher; from root of poke.]

Potching-engine, poch′ing-en′jin, n. in paper-making, a machine in which washed rags are bleached.

Poteen, Potheen, po-tēn′, n. Irish whisky, esp. that illicitly distilled. [Ir. poitim, I drink.]

Potent, pō′tent, adj. strong: powerful in a physical or a moral sense: having great authority or influence.—n. a prince, potentate.—ns. Pō′tence, power: (her.) a marking of the shape of

: in horology, the stud or counterbridge forming a step for the lower pivot of a verge (also Pō′tance); Pō′tency, power: authority: influence; Pō′tentate, one who possesses power: a prince.—adj. Pōten′tial, powerful, efficacious: existing in possibility, not in reality: (gram.) expressing power, possibility, liberty, or obligation.—n. anything that may be possible: a possibility: the name for a function in the mathematical theory of attractions: the power of a charge or current of electricity to do work.—n. Pōtential′ity.—adv. Pōten′tially.—n. Pōten′tiary, a person invested with power or influence.—v.t. Pōten′tiate, to give power to.—n. Pō′tentite, a blasting substance.—adv. Pō′tently.—n. Pō′tentness.—Potential energy, the power of doing work possessed by a body in virtue of the stresses which result from its position relatively to other bodies. [L. potens—potis, able, esse, to be.]

Potentilla, pō-ten-til′ä, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Rosaceæ, differing from Fragaria (strawberry) in the fruit having a dry instead of a succulent receptacle—well-known varieties are silver-weed and wild strawberry.

Pother, poth′ėr, n. bustle: confusion.—v.t. to puzzle: to perplex: to tease.—v.i. to make a pother. [Potter.]

Potiche, pō-tēsh′, n. a vase or jar of rounded form and short neck.—n. Potichomā′nia, the process of coating glass vessels on the inside with paper or linen decorations. [Fr.]

Potin, pō-tang′, n. an old compound of copper, zinc, lead, and tin. [Fr.]

Potion, pō′shun, n. a draught: a liquid medicine: a dose. [Fr.,—L. potio—pōtāre, to drink.]

Pot-pourri, pō-pōō-rē′, n. a ragout of meats, vegetables, &c.: a mixture of sweet-scented materials, chiefly dried flowers: medley of musical airs: a literary production composed of unconnected parts. [Fr. pot, pot, pourrir, to rot—L. putrēre, to putrefy.]

Potsherd, pot′shėrd, n. a piece of a broken pot—(obs.) Pot′-shard, Pot′-share. [Pot and A.S. sceard, a shred—sceran, to divide.]

Pottage, pot′āj, n. anything cooked in a pot: a thick soup of meat and vegetables: oatmeal porridge.—n. Pot′tinger, a pottage-maker. [Fr. potage—pot.]

Potter, pot′ėr, n. one who makes earthenware.—n. Pott′ery, earthenware vessels: a place where earthenware is manufactured: the business of a potter.—Potter's clay, clay used in the making of earthenware; Potter's field, a burial-place for strangers (Matt. xxvii. 7); Potter's wheel, a horizontal wheel on which clay vessels are shaped.

Potter, pot′ėr, v.i. to be fussily engaged about trifles: to loiter.—n. Pott′erer. [Prov. pote, to push.]

Potting, pot′ing, n. placing in a pot, as plants: preserving in a pot, as meats.

Pottle, pot′l, n. a little pot: a measure of four pints: a small basket for fruit.—adjs. Pott′le-bod′ied, having a body shaped like a pottle; Pott′le-deep, to the bottom of the tankard.—n. Pott′le-pot (Shak.), a drinking-vessel holding two quarts. [Pot.]

Pot-waller, pot′-wol′ėr, Pot-walloper, pot-wol′op-ėr, n. a pot-boiler: a voter in certain English boroughs where, before the Reform Bill of 1832, every one who boiled a pot—i.e. every male householder or lodger, was entitled to vote—also Pot′-wall′oner.—adj. Pot′-wall′oping. [Lit., 'pot-boiler,' the latter part of the word being from an Old Low Ger. wallen, to boil.]

Pouch, powch, n. a poke, pocket, or bag: the bag or sac of an animal.—v.t. to put into a pouch: to pocket, submit to.—adj. Pouched, having a pouch.—Pouched mouse, a genus of small, lean, long-tailed, agile rodents, with cheek-pouches; Pouched rat, a genus of plump, short-tailed rodents, with cheek-pouches which open externally. [O. Fr. poche; cf. Poke, a bag.]

Poudrette, pōō-dret′, n. manure of dried night-soil, charcoal, &c. [Fr.]

Pouffe, pōōf, n. in dressmaking, material gathered up into a kind of knot: a cushion stuffed so as to be very soft.—n. Pouf, plaited gauze attached to a head-dress, as in 18th century. [Fr.]

Poult, pōlt, n. a little hen or fowl: a chicken.—ns. Poult′er (Shak.), Poult′erer, one who deals in fowls; Poult′-foot, a club-foot.—adj. Poult′-foot′ed (arch.), club-footed.—ns. Poult′ry, domestic fowls; Poult′ry-yard, a yard where poultry are confined and bred. [Fr. poulet, dim. of poule, fowl—L. pullus, the young of any animal.]

Poultice, pōl′tis, n. a soft composition of meal, bran, &c. applied to sores.—v.t. to put a poultice upon. [L. pultes, pl. of puls, pultis (Gr. poltos), porridge.]

Pounce, powns, v.i. to fall (upon) and seize with the claws: to dart suddenly (upon).—v.t. to ornament with small holes: to strike with the claws.—n. a hawk's claw: the paw of a lion or other animal.—adj. Pounced, furnished with talons. [Orig. to pierce, to stamp holes in for ornament; through Romance forms, from L. pungĕre, punctum.]

Pounce, powns, n. a fine powder for preparing a surface for writing on: coloured powder sprinkled over holes pricked in paper to form a pattern on paper underneath.—v.t. to sprinkle with pounce, as paper or a pattern.—ns. Pounce′-box, Poun′cet-box, a box with a perforated lid for sprinkling pounce. [Fr. ponce, pumice—L. pumex, pumicis, pumice-stone.]

Pound, pownd, n. long the unit of weight in the western and central states of Europe, differing, however, in value in all of them—a weight of 16 oz. avoirdupois for general goods, the troy-pound of 12 oz. being for bullion (the troy lb. is defined as 5760 grains, of which the lb. avoirdupois contains 7000): the pound sterling, a money of account: a sovereign or 20s., also represented in Scotland by a note (the Pound Scots is 1⁄12th of the pound sterling, or 1s. 8d.—of its twenty shillings each is worth an English penny): (Spens.) a balance.—v.t. (slang) to wager a pound on.—ns. Pound′age, a charge or tax made on each pound; Pound′al, a name sometimes used for the absolute foot pound second unit of force, which will produce in one pound a velocity of one foot per second, after acting for one second; Pound′-cake, a sweet cake whose ingredients are measured by weight; Pound′er, he who has, or that which weighs, many pounds—used only after a number, as a 12-pounder.—adj. Pound′-fool′ish, neglecting the care of large sums in attending to little ones. [A.S. pund—L. pondo, by weight, pondus, a weight—pendĕre, to weigh.]

Pound, pownd, v.t. to shut up or confine, as strayed animals.—n. an enclosure in which strayed animals are confined: a level part of a canal between two locks: a pound-net.—ns. Pound′age, a charge made for pounding stray cattle; Pound′-keep′er; Pound′-net, a kind of weir in fishing, forming a trap by an arrangement of nets (the wings, leader, and pocket, bowl, or pound). [A.S. pund, enclosure.]

Pound, pownd, v.t. to beat into fine pieces: to bruise: to bray with a pestle.—v.i. to walk with heavy steps.—n. Pound′er. [M. E. pounen—A.S. punian, to beat; -d excrescent.]

Pour, pōr, v.t. to cause to flow or fall in streams or drops: to throw with force: to send forth in great quantity: to give vent to: to utter.—v.i. to flow: to issue forth: to rush.—n. Pour′er. [Celt., as W. bwrw, to throw, Gael. purr, to push.]

Pourboire, pōōr-bwor′, n. drink-money: a bribe. [Fr. pour, for, boire, to drink.]

Pourparler, pōōr-pär′lā, n. a conference to arrange for some important transaction, as the formation of a treaty. [Fr. pour=L. pro, before, parler, to speak.]

Pourpoint, pōōr′point, n. a close-fitting men's quilted garment worn in the 14th century.

Poussette, pōōs-set′, v.t. (Tenn.) to waltz round each other, as two couples in a contra-dance. [Fr. poussette, pouser, to push.]

Pout, powt, v.i. to push out the lips, in contempt or displeasure: to look sulky: to push out or be prominent.—n. a fit of sulkiness or ill-humour.—ns. Pout′er, one who pouts: a variety of pigeon, having its breast inflated; Pout′ing, childish sullenness.—adv. Pout′ingly, in a pouting or sullen manner. [Ety. dub.; cf. prov. Fr. pot, pout, lip, Fr. bouder, to pout; W. pwdu, pout.]

Poverty, pov′ėr-ti, n. the state of being poor: necessity: want: meanness: defect.—adjs. Pov′erty-strick′en, Pov′erty-struck, reduced to a state of poverty: in great suffering from poverty. [O. Fr. poverte (Fr. pauvreté)—L. paupertas, -tatis—pauper, poor.]

Powder, pow′dėr, n. dust: any substance in fine particles: gunpowder, a mixture of charcoal, sulphur, and saltpetre: hair-powder.—v.t. to reduce to powder: to sprinkle with powder: to salt by sprinkling.—v.i. to crumble into powder: to use powder for the hair.—n. Pow′der-box, a box for toilet-powder, &c.—adj. Pow′dered, reduced to powder: sprinkled with powder: salted.—ns. Pow′der-flask, Pow′der-horn, a flask or horn for carrying powder, fitted with a means of measuring the amount of each charge; Pow′dering-gown, a loose dressing-gown worn while the hair was being powdered; Pow′dering-tub, a vessel in which meat is salted: a vessel in which venereal disease is treated by sweating; Pow′der-mag′azine, a strongly built place where powder is stored; Pow′der-mill, a mill in which gunpowder is made; Pow′der-mine, an excavation filled with gunpowder for blasting rocks, &c.; Pow′der-monk′ey, a boy formerly employed to carry powder to the gunners on board a ship-of-war; Pow′der-room, the room in a ship where powder is kept.—adj. Pow′dery, resembling or sprinkled with powder: dusty: friable. [O. Fr. poudre—L. pulvis, pulveris, dust.]

Power, pow′ėr, n. that in a person or a thing which enables them to act on other persons or things: strength: energy: faculty of the mind: any agency: moving force of anything: right to command: rule: authority: influence: ability: capacity of suffering: a ruler: a divinity: the result of the continued multiplication of a quantity by itself any given number of times: (optics) magnifying strength: (obs.) a great many.—adjs. Pow′ered, having power; Pow′erful, having great power: mighty: intense: forcible: efficacious.—adv. Pow′erfully.—ns. Pow′erfulness; Pow′er-house, a house where mechanical power (esp. electric) is generated.—adj. Pow′erless, without power: weak: impotent.—adv. Pow′erlessly.—ns. Pow′erlessness; Pow′er-loom, a loom worked by some mechanical power, as water, steam, &c.—Power of attorney (see Attorney); Power of sale, a clause in securities and wills empowering property referred to to be sold on certain conditions; Powers, or Great Powers (see Great).—Absolute power, power subject to no control by law; Civil power, power of governing a state; Mechanical powers (see Mechanical). [O. Fr. poer (Fr. pouvoir)—Low L. pot-ĕre, to be able.]

Powsowdy, pow-sow′di, n. (Scot.) any mixture of heterogeneous kinds of food.—Also Powsow′die.

Powwow, pow′wow, n. a Red Indian conjurer: a dance, feast, &c. before an expedition: any rowdy meeting.—v.i. to hold such a meeting: to deliberate: to perform conjurations.—Also Paw′waw.

Pox, poks, n. pustules: an eruptive disease. [Written for pocks, pl. of pock.]

Practice, prak′tis, n. the habit of doing anything: frequent use: state of being used: regular exercise for instruction: performance: method: medical treatment: exercise of any profession: a rule or method in arithmetic.—ns. Practicabil′ity, Prac′ticableness, quality of being practicable.—adj. Prac′ticable, that may be practised, used, or followed: passable, as a road.—adv. Prac′ticably.—adj. Prac′tical, that can be put in practice: useful: applying knowledge to some useful end: derived from practice.—ns. Practical′ity; Prac′tical-joke, a trick of an annoying kind played on any one; Prac′tical-knowl′edge, knowledge which results in action.—adv. Prac′tically, in a practical way: actually: by actual trial.—n. Prac′ticalness. [M. E. praktike—O. Fr. practique—Gr. praktikos, fit for doing—prassein, to do.]

Practick, Practic, prak′tik, adj. (Spens., Shak.) skilful, hence treacherous, deceitful.

Practise, prak′tis, v.t. to put into practice or to do habitually: to perform: to exercise, as a profession: to use or exercise: to teach by practice: to commit.—v.i. to have or to form a habit: to exercise any employment or profession: to try artifices.—n. Prac′tisant (Shak.), an agent.—adj. Prac′tised, skilled through practice.—n. Prac′tiser.—adj. Prac′tising, actively engaged in professional employment. [From practice.]

Practitioner, prak-tish′un-ėr, n. one who practises or is engaged in the exercise of any profession, esp. medicine or law.—General practitioner, one who practises in all the branches of medicine and surgery. [Older form practician—O. Fr. practicien.]

Præmunire, Premunire, prē-mū-nī′re, n. the offence of disregard or contempt of the king and his government, especially the offence of introducing papal or other foreign authority into England: the writ founded on such an offence: the penalty incurred by the offence. [A corr. of L. præmonēre, to cite.]

Prænomen, prē-nō′men, n. the name prefixed to the family name in ancient Rome, as Caius in Caius Julius Cæsar: the generic name in zoology put before the specific name.

Prætexta, prē-teks′ta, n. the outer garment, bordered with purple, worn at Rome by the higher magistrates and by free-born children till they assumed the toga virilis. [L., prætexĕre, to fringe.]

Prætor, Pretor, prē′tor, n. a magistrate of ancient Rome, next in rank to the consuls.—adjs. Prætō′rial, Pretō′rial, Prætō′rian, Pretō′rian, pertaining to a prætor or magistrate: authorised or exercised by the prætor: judicial.—ns. Prætō′rium, Pretō′rium, the official residence of the Roman prætor, proconsul, or governor in a province: the general's tent in a camp: the council of officers who attended the general and met in his tent; Præ′torship.—Prætorian band of guard, the bodyguard of the Roman Emperor; Prætorian gate, the gate of a Roman camp directly in front of the general's tent, and nearest to the enemy. [L. prætor, for præitor—præ, before, īre, itum, to go.]

Pragmatic, -al, prag-mat′ik, -al, adj. of or pertaining to public business: skilled in affairs: active: practical: interfering with the affairs of others: officious: meddlesome: self-important.—n. Pragmat′ic, a man of business, a busybody: a public decree.—adv. Pragmat′ically.—ns. Pragmat′icalness, Prag′matism, activity: earnestness: meddlesomeness; Prag′matist.—Pragmatic method, a method of treating events with reference to their causes, conditions, and results—also called Prag′matism; Pragmatic sanction, a special decree issued by a sovereign, such as that passed by the Emperor Charles VI. of Germany, securing the crown to Maria Theresa, and which led to the war so called in 1741. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. pragmatikos—pragma—pragmatos, deed—prassein, to do.]

Prairie, prā′ri, n. an extensive meadow or tract of land, level or rolling, without trees, and covered with tall coarse grass.—adj. Prai′ried.—ns. Prai′rie-dog, a small gregarious North American marmot; Prai′rie-hawk, the American sparrow-hawk; Prai′rie-hen, a gallinaceous North American bird: the sharp-tailed grouse; Prai′rie-war′bler, an American warbler, yellow with black spots; Prai′rie-wolf, the coyote. [Fr.,—Low L. prataria, meadow-land—L. pratum, a meadow.]

Praise, prāz, n. the expression of the honour or value in which any person or thing is held: commendation on account of excellence or beauty: tribute of gratitude: a glorifying, as of God in worship: reason or ground of praise.—v.t. to express estimation of: to commend: to honour: to glorify, as in worship.—n. Prais′er, one who praises.—adv. Praise′worthily.—n. Praise′worthiness.—adj. Praise′worthy, worthy of praise: commendable. [O. Fr. preis (Fr. prix)—L. pretium, price.]

Prâkrit, prä′krit, n. the collective name of those languages or dialects which are immediately derived from, or stand in an immediate relation to, Sanskrit.—adj. Prâkrit′ic. [Sans. prākrita, the natural—prakriti, nature.]

Pram, präm, n. a flat-bottomed Dutch lighter: a barge fitted as a floating battery. [Dut. praam.]

Prance, prans, v.i. to strut about in a showy or warlike manner: to ride showily: to bound gaily, as a horse.—adj. Pranc′ing, riding showily: springing or bounding gaily.—n. the action of a horse in rearing, bounding, &c.—adv. Pranc′ingly. [Prank.]

Prandial, pran′di-al, adj. relating to dinner. [L. prandium, breakfast.]

Prank, prangk, v.t. to display or adorn showily: to put in right order.—v.i. to make great show.—n. a sportive action: a mischievous trick.—n. Prank′er.—adv. Prank′ingly.—adjs. Prank′ish, Prank′some. [Closely akin to prink, a form of prick.]

Prase, prāz, n. a leek-green quartz.—adjs. Pras′ine, Pras′inous, lightish-green.

Prate, prāt, v.i. to talk idly: to tattle: to be loquacious.—v.t. to speak without meaning or purpose: to let out, as a secret.—n. trifling talk.—n. Prā′ter, one who prates or talks idly.—adj. Prā′ting, talking idly or unmeaningly.—n. idle talk.—adv. Prā′tingly. [Low Ger. prāten, Dan. prate, Dut. praaten.]

Pratique, prat′ēk, n. converse, intercourse: a license or permission to hold intercourse, or to trade after quarantine. [Fr.]

Prattle, prat′l, v.i. to talk much and idly: to utter child's talk.—v.t. to talk about in a prattling way.—n. empty talk.—ns. Pratt′lebox, a prattler; Pratt′lement, prattle; Pratt′ler, one who prattles: a child. [Freq. of prate.]

Prawn, prawn, n. a small edible crustacean like the shrimp. [L. perna, a mussel.]

Praxis, praks′is, n. practice: an example or a collection of examples for exercise: a specimen.—n. Prax′inoscope, an optical instrument showing a body as if in motion, by means of successive pictures and an arrangement of mirrors in a horizontally rotating box. [Gr. praxein, to do.]

Pray, prā, v.i. to ask earnestly: to entreat: to speak and make known one's desires to God.—v.t. to ask earnestly and reverently, as in worship: to supplicate: to get by praying:—pr.p. prāy′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. prāyed.—ns. Pray′er, the act of praying: entreaty: the words used: solemn giving of thanks and praise to God, and a making known of our requests to Him: a form of prayer used in worship: a petition to a public body; Pray′er-book, a book containing prayers or forms of devotion.—adj. Pray′erful, full of, or given to, prayer: praying much or often: devotional.—adv. Pray′erfully.—n. Pray′erfulness.—adj. Pray′erless, without or not using prayer.—adv. Pray′erlessly.—ns. Pray′erlessness; Pray′er-meet′ing, a shorter and simpler form of public religious service, in which laymen often take part; Pray′er-mong′er, one who prays mechanically; Pray′er-rug, a small carpet on which a Moslem kneels at prayer; Pray′ing, the act of making a prayer: a prayer made.—adj. given to prayer.—ns. Pray′ing-machine′, -mill, -wheel, a revolving apparatus used for prayer in Tibet and elsewhere. [O. Fr. preier (Fr. prier)—L. precāri—prex, precis, a prayer.]

Pre-, prē, before, in compound words like preanal, preauditory, preaxial, prebasal, prebrachial, precardiac, precentral, precerebral, precloacal, precordial, precoracoid, predentate, pre-esophageal, &c.

Preach, prēch, v.i. to pronounce a public discourse on sacred subjects: to discourse earnestly: to give advice in an offensive or obtrusive manner.—v.t. to publish in religious discourses: to deliver, as a sermon: to teach publicly.—n. (coll.) a sermon.—ns. Preach′er, one who discourses publicly on religious matter: a minister or clergyman; Preach′ership.—v.i. Preach′ify, to preach tediously: to weary with lengthy advice.—ns. Preach′ing, the act of preaching: a public religious discourse: a sermon; Preach′ing-cross, a cross in an open place at which monks, &c., preached.—n.pl. Preach′ing-frī′ars, the Dominicans.—n. Preach′ment, a sermon, in contempt: a discourse affectedly solemn.—adj. Preach′y, given to tedious moralising.—Preach down, and up, to decry, or the opposite. [Fr. prêcher (It. predicare)—L. prædicāre, -ātum, to proclaim.]

Preacquaint, prē-ak-kwānt′, v.t. to acquaint beforehand.—n. Preacquaint′ance, previous knowledge.

Pre-Adamite, prē-ad′a-mīt, n. one who lived before Adam.—adjs. Preadam′ic, -al; Preadamit′ic, -al.

Preadaptation, prē-ad-ap-tā′shun, n. previous adjustment of means to some end.

Preadmonish, prē-ad-mon′ish, v.t. to admonish or caution beforehand.—n. Preadmoni′tion, previous warning.

Preamble, prē-am′bl, n. preface: introduction, esp. that of an Act of Parliament, giving its reasons and purpose.—adj. Pream′bulary. [Fr. préambule—L. præ, before, ambulāre, to go.]

Preappoint, prē-ap-point′, v.t. to appoint beforehand.—n. Preappoint′ment, previous appointment.

Prearrange, prē-ar-rānj′, v.t. to arrange beforehand.—n. Prearrange′ment.

Prease, prēs, v.t. or v.i. (Spens.) to press, to crowd.—n. (Spens.) a press, a crowd.

Pre-audience, prē-aw′di-ens, n. right to be heard before another: precedence at the bar among lawyers.

Prebend, preb′end, n. the share of the revenues of a cathedral or collegiate church allowed to a clergyman who officiates in it at stated times.—adj. Preb′endal, relating to a prebend.—ns. Preb′endary, a resident clergyman who enjoys a prebend, a canon: the honorary holder of a disendowed prebendal stall; Preb′endaryship. [L. præbenda, a payment from a public source—præbēre, to allow.]

Precarious, prē-kā′ri-us, adj. uncertain, because depending upon the will of another: held by a doubtful tenure: depending on chance: dangerous, risky.—adv. Precā′riously.—n. Precā′riousness. [L. precarius—precāri, to pray.]

Precatory, prek′a-tō-ri, adj. relating to prayer, supplicatory.—adj. Prec′ative (obs.), suppliant.

Precaution, prē-kaw′shun, n. caution or care beforehand: a preventive measure: something done beforehand to ward off evil or secure good.—v.t. to warn or advise beforehand.—adjs. Precau′tional, Precau′tionary, containing or proceeding from precaution: taking precaution. [Fr.,—L. præ, before, cavēre, to be careful.]

Precede, pre-sēd′, v.t. to go before in time, rank, or importance.—v.i. to be before in time, or place. [Fr. précéder—L. præcedĕre—præ, before, cedĕre, go.]

Precedence, prē-sē′dens, n. the act of going before in time: priority: the state of being before in rank: the place of honour: the foremost place in ceremony—also Precē′dency.—adj. Precē′dent, going before in order of time: anterior.—n. Precedent (pres′ēdent), a past action which may serve as an example or rule in the future: a parallel case in the past: an established habit or custom.—adjs. Prec′edented, having a precedent: warranted by an example; Preceden′tial, of the nature of a precedent.—adv. Precē′dently.—adj. Precē′ding, going before in time, rank, &c.: antecedent: previous: former.—Order of precedence, the rules which fix the places of persons at a ceremony; Patent of precedence, a royal grant giving to certain barristers right of superior rank; Take precedence of, to have a right to a more honourable place. [Fr.,—L. præcedens, -entis, pr.p. of præcedĕre, to go before.]

Precentor, pre-sen′tor, n. he that leads in music: the leader of a choir in a cathedral, &c.: the leader of the psalmody in Scotch churches.—n. Precen′torship. [L. præ, before, cantor, a singer.]

Precept, prē′sept, n. rule of action: a commandment: principle, or maxim: (law) the written warrant of a magistrate: a mandate.—adj. Precep′tial (Shak.), consisting of precepts.—n. Precep′tion (obs.), a precept.—adj. Precep′tive, containing or giving precepts: directing in moral conduct: didactic.—n. Precep′tor, one who delivers precepts: a teacher: an instructor: the head of a school: the head of a preceptory of Knights Templars:—fem. Precep′tress.—adjs. Preceptō′rial; Precep′tory, giving precepts.—n. a religious house or college of the Knights Templars. [Fr.,—L. præceptum—præcipĕre, to take beforehand—præ, before, capĕre, to take.]

Preces, prē′sez, n.pl. the alternate responsive petitions, as the versicles and suffrages, between the clergyman and the congregation in liturgical worship. [L., pl. of prex, a prayer.]

Precession, prē-sesh′un, n. the act of going before: a moving forward.—adj. Preces′sional.—Precession of the equinoxes, a slow backward motion of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic, caused by the greater attraction of the sun and moon on the excess of matter at the equator, such that the times at which the sun crosses the equator come at shorter intervals than they would otherwise do.

Precinct, prē′singkt, n. limit or boundary of a place: a district or division within certain boundaries: limit of jurisdiction or authority. [L. præcinctus, pa.p. of præcingĕre—præ, before, cingĕre, to gird.]

Precious, presh′us, adj. of great price or worth: costly: highly esteemed: worthless, contemptible (in irony): fastidious, overnice: (coll.) considerable: (B.) valuable because rare.—adv. (coll.) extremely.—n. Precios′ity, fastidiousness, affected overrefinement.—adv. Prec′iously.—ns. Prec′ious-met′al, a metal of great value, as gold or silver; Prec′iousness; Prec′ious-stone, a stone of value and beauty for ornamentation: a gem or jewel. [O. Fr. precios (Fr. précieux)—L. pretiosus—pretium, price.]

Precipice, pres′i-pis, n. a very steep place: any steep descent: a perpendicular bank or cliff.—adj. Precip′itous, like a precipice: very steep: hasty: rash.—adv. Precip′itously.—n. Precip′itousness. [Fr.,—L. præcipitium—præceps, præcipitis, headlong—præ, before, caput, capitis, the head.]

Precipitate, prē-sip′i-tāt, v.t. to throw head-foremost: to urge with eagerness: to hurry rashly: to hasten: (chem.) to cause to fall to the bottom, as a substance in solution or suspension.—v.i. to fall headlong: to make too great haste.—adj. falling, flowing, or rushing headlong: lacking deliberation: overhasty: (med.) ending soon in death.—n. (chem.) a part of a solution, falling or causing to fall to the bottom.—n. Precipitabil′ity.—adj. Precip′itable (chem.), that may be precipitated.—ns. Precip′itance, Precip′itancy, quality of being precipitate: haste in resolving or executing a purpose.—adj. Precip′itant, falling headlong: rushing down with too great velocity: hasty: unexpectedly brought on.—n. anything that causes part of a solution to fall to the bottom.—advs. Precip′itantly; Precip′itātely, in a precipitate manner: headlong: without due thought.—n. Precipitā′tion, act of precipitating: great hurry: rash haste: rapid movement: (chem.) the process by which any substance is made to separate from another in solution, and fall to the bottom.—adj. Precip′itātive.—n. Precipitā′tor, one who, or that which, precipitates or causes precipitation.—Precipitate ointment is of two kinds, red and white—the former containing red oxide of mercury, the latter ammoniated mercury. [L. præcipitāre, -ātum—præceps.]

Précis, prā-sē′, n. a precise or abridged statement: an abstract: summary. [Fr.]

Precise, prē-sīs′, adj. definite: exact: not vague: just of the right amount or measure: adhering too much to rule: excessively nice, punctilious, prim.—adv. Precise′ly.—ns. Precise′ness; Preci′sian, an over-precise person: a formalist: a puritan; Preci′sianism; Preci′sianist, Preci′sionist, a precisian; Preci′sion, quality of being precise: exactness: accuracy.—v.t. Preci′sionise, to make precise.—adj. Precī′sive, cutting off: pertaining to precision. [Fr. précis—L. præcisus, pa.p. of præcidĕre—præ, before, cædĕre, to cut.]

Preclassical, prē-klas′i-kal, adj. previous to the classical time or usage.

Preclude, prē-klud′, v.t. to shut out beforehand: to hinder by anticipation: to keep back: to prevent from taking place.—n. Preclū′sion, act of precluding or hindering: state of being precluded.—adj. Preclū′sive, tending to preclude: hindering beforehand.—adv. Preclū′sively. [L. præcludĕre, -clusum—præ, before, claudĕre, to shut.]

Precocious, prē-kō′shus, adj. having the mind developed very early, or too early: premature: forward: (bot.) appearing before the leaves.—adv. Precō′ciously.—ns. Precō′ciousness, Precoc′ity, state or quality of being precocious: too early ripeness of the mind. [L. præcox, præcocis—præ, before, coquĕre, to cook.]

Precognition, prē-kog-nish′un, n. cognition, knowledge, or examination beforehand: (Scots law) an examination of witnesses as to whether there is ground for prosecution.—v.t. Precognosce (prē-kog-nos′), to examine witnesses beforehand: to take a precognition.

Preconceive, prē-kon-sēv′, v.t. to conceive or form a notion of before having actual knowledge.—ns. Preconceit′, a preconceived notion; Preconcep′tion, act of preconceiving: previous opinion formed without actual knowledge.

Preconcert, prē-kon-sėrt′, v.t. to settle beforehand.—n. Precon′cert, a previous arrangement.—adv. Preconcert′edly.—n. Preconcert′edness.

Precondemn, prē-kon-dem′, v.t. to condemn beforehand.—n. Precondemnā′tion.

Preconform, prē-kon-form′, v.t. and v.i. to conform in anticipation.—n. Preconfor′mity.

Preconise, prē′kon-īz, v.t. to call upon or summon publicly: to confirm officially, of the pope.—n. Preconisā′tion. [Fr.,—L. præco, a herald.]

Preconscious, prē-kon′shus, adj. pertaining to a state prior to consciousness.

Precontemporaneous, prē-kon-tem-pō-rā′nē-us, adj. prior to what is contemporaneous.

Precontract, prē-kon-trakt′, v.t. to contract beforehand: to betroth previously.—n. Precon′tract, a previous contract or betrothal.

Precordial, Præcordial, prē-kor′di-al, adj. situated in front of the heart.

Precritical, prē-krit′i-kal, adj. previous to the critical philosophy of Kant.

Precurrent, prē-kur′ent, adj. running forward: antrorse—opp. to Recurrent.—ns. Precurr′er (Shak.), a forerunner; Precurse′ (Shak.), a prognostication.—adj. Precur′sive, anticipatory.—n. Precur′sor, a forerunner: one who, or that which, indicates the approach of an event.—adj. Precur′sory, forerunning: indicating something to follow. [L.,—præ, before, cursor—currĕre, to run.]

Predaceous, prē-dā′shus, adj. living by prey: predatory.—adj. Pred′able, raptorial.—n. Predā′cean, a carnivorous animal.—adj. Prē′dal, pertaining to prey: plundering.—n. Predā′tion, the act of plundering.—adv. Pred′atorily, plunderingly.—n. Pred′atoriness, inclination to plunder.—adj. Pred′atory, plundering: characterised by plundering: living by plunder: ravenous. [L. præda, booty.]

Predate, prē-dāt′, v.t. to date before the true date: to date by anticipation: to be earlier than.

Predecease, prē-dē-sēs′, n. decease or death before some one or something else.—v.t. to die before.

Predecessor, prē-dē-ses′or, n. one who has been before another in any office.—v.t. Predecess′ (rare), to precede.—adj. Predeces′sive. [L. præ, before, decessor, a retiring officer, decedĕre, decessum, to withdraw—de, away, cedĕre.]

Predefine, prē-dē-fīn′, v.t. to define beforehand.—n. Predefini′tion.

Predelineation, prē-dē-lin-ē-ā′shun, n. the old theory which supposed the whole body to be predelineated in little in the spermatozoon.

Predella, prē-del′a, n. the gradino, the step or ledge sometimes seen at the back of an altar, also the frieze along the bottom of an altar-piece. [It.]

Predesign, prē-dē-zīn′, v.t. to design beforehand.—v.t. Predes′ignate, to determine upon in advance.—adj. designated in advance: (logic) having the quantification of the predicate distinctly expressed (Sir W. Hamilton).—n. Predesignā′tion.—adj. Predes′ignātory.

Predestine, prē-des′tin, v.t. to destine or decree beforehand: to foreordain.—adj. Predestinā′rian, pertaining to predestination.—n. one who holds the doctrine of predestination.—n. Predestinā′rianism.—v.t. Predes′tinate, to determine beforehand: to preordain by an unchangeable purpose.—adj. fore-ordained: fated.—n. Predestinā′tion, act of predestinating: (theol.) the doctrine that God has from all eternity unalterably fixed whatever is to happen, esp. the eternal happiness or misery of men.—n. Predestinā′tor, one who predestinates or foreordains: a predestinarian.

Predetermine, prē-dē-tėr′min, v.t. to determine or settle beforehand.—adjs. Predeter′minable, capable of being determined beforehand; Predeter′mināte, determined beforehand.—ns. Predeterminā′tion, act of predetermining, or state of being predetermined; Predeter′minism, determinism.

Predial, prē′di-al, adj. consisting of land or farms: connected with land: growing from land. [Fr. prédial—L. prædium, an estate.]

Predicable, pred′i-ka-bl, adj. that may be predicated or affirmed of something: attributable.—n. anything that can be predicated of another, or esp. of many others: one of the five attributes—genus, species, difference, property, and accident.—n. Predicabil′ity, quality of being predicable.

Predicament, prē-dik′a-ment, n. (logic) one of the classes or categories which include all predicables: condition: an unfortunate or trying position.—adj. Predicamen′tal. [Low L. predicamentum, something predicated or asserted.]

Predicant, pred′i-kant, adj. predicating: preaching.—n. one who affirms anything: a preacher, esp. a preaching-friar.

Predicate, pred′i-kāt, v.t. to affirm one thing of another: to assert: to base on certain grounds.—n. (logic and gram.) that which is stated of the subject.—n. Predicā′tion, act of predicating: assertion: affirmation.—adj. Predicā′tive, expressing predication or affirmation: affirming: asserting.—adv. Pred′icātively.—adj. Pred′icātory, affirmative. [L. prædicāre, -ātum, to proclaim.]

Predict, prē-dikt′, v.t. to declare or tell beforehand: to prophesy.—adj. Predic′table.—n. Predic′tion, act of predicting: that which is predicted or foretold: prophecy.—adj. Predic′tive, foretelling: prophetic.—n. Predic′tor. [L. prædictus, pa.p. of prædicĕre—præ, before, dicĕre, to say.]

Predigest, prē-di-jest′, v.t. to digest artificially before introducing into the body.—n. Prediges′tion.

Predilection, prē-di-lek′shun, n. a choosing beforehand: favourable prepossession of mind: partiality.—v.t. Predilect′, to prefer. [L. præ, before, dilectio, -onis, choice—diligĕre, dilectum, to love—dis, apart, legĕre, to choose.]

Prediscover, prē-dis-kuv′ėr, v.t. to discover beforehand.—n. Prediscov′ery.

Predispose, prē-dis-pōz′, v.t. to dispose or incline beforehand: to render favourable.—adj. Predispō′sing, inclining beforehand: making liable.—n. Predisposi′tion, state of being predisposed or previously inclined: a state of body in which disease is easily excited.—adj. Predisposi′tional.

Predominate, prē-dom′in-āt, v.t. to dominate or rule over.—v.i. to be dominant over: to surpass in strength or authority: to prevail.—ns. Predom′inance, Predom′inancy, condition of being predominant: superior influence: superiority: ascendency.—adj. Predom′inant, ruling: having superior power: ascendant.—adv. Predom′inantly.—n. Predominā′tion, ascendency.—Predominant partner, the partner who has a larger stake in any business than the others—applied by Lord Rosebery (1894) to England as a member of the United Kingdom.

Predorsal, prē-dor′sal, adj. situated before the dorsal region of the spine: cervical.

Pre-elect, prē-e-lekt′, v.t. to elect or choose beforehand.—n. Prē-elec′tion, choice or election made by previous decision.

Pre-eminence, prē-em′i-nens, n. state of being pre-eminent: superiority in excellence: (Shak.) prerogative.—adj. Prē-em′inent, eminent above others: surpassing others in good or bad qualities: outstanding: extreme.—adv. Prē-em′inently.

Pre-emption, prē-em′shun, n. act or right of purchasing before others.—v.t. Prē-empt′ (U.S.), to secure, as land, by the right of pre-emption.—adjs. Prē-empt′ible; Prē-empt′ive.—n. Prē-empt′or. [L. præ, before, emptio, a buying—emĕre, to buy.]

Preen, prēn, v.t. to compose and arrange as birds do their feathers. [Prune (v.).]

Preen, prēn, n. (Scot.) a pin.—v.t. to fasten. [A.S. preón, a pin.]

Pre-engage, prē-en-gāj′, v.t. to establish beforehand.—n. Prē-engage′ment.

Pre-establish, prē-es-tab′lish, v.t. to establish beforehand.—n. Prē-estab′lishment.—Pre-established harmony (see Harmony).

Pre-examination, prē-egz-am-i-nā′shun, n. previous examination.—v.t. Prē-exam′ine.

Pre-exilic, prē-eg-zil′ik, adj. before the exile—of O.T. writings prior to the Jewish exile (c. 586-537 B.C.).

Pre-exist, prē-egz-ist′, v.i. to exist beforehand.—n. Prē-exist′ence, the existence of the soul in a previous state, before the generation of the body with which it is united in this world.—adj. Prē-exist′ent, existent or existing beforehand.

Preface, pref′ās, n. something usually of an explanatory kind, spoken before: the introduction to a book, &c.: the ascription of glory, &c., in the liturgy of consecration of the eucharist: a title or epithet.—v.t. to introduce with a preface.—adj. Prefatō′rial, serving as a preface or introduction.—adv. Pref′atorily.—adj. Pref′atory, pertaining to a preface: serving as an introduction: introductory. [Fr. préface—L. præfatio—præ, before, fāri, fatus, to speak.]

Prefect, prē′fekt, n. one placed in authority over others: a commander: the administrative head of a modern French department.—ns. Prē′fectship, his office or jurisdiction; Prē′fecture, the office or district of a prefect: the house occupied by a prefect. [Fr. préfet—L. præfectus, pa.p. of præficĕre—præ, over, facĕre, to make.]

Prefer, prē-fėr′, v.t. to esteem above another: to regard or hold in higher estimation: to choose or select before others: to promote: to exalt: to offer or present, as a request: to bring forward for consideration: to place in advance:—pr.p. prefer′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. preferred′.—ns. Preferabil′ity, Pref′erableness.—adj. Pref′erable, worthy to be preferred or chosen: more desirable or excellent: of better quality.—adv. Pref′erably, by choice: in preference.—n. Pref′erence, the act of preferring: estimation above another: the state of being preferred: that which is preferred: choice.—adj. Preferential (pref-ėr-en′shal), having a preference.—adv. Preferen′tially.—ns. Prefer′ment, the act of preferring: the state of being preferred or advanced: advancement to a higher position: promotion: superior place, esp. in the church; Prefer′rer, one who prefers.—Preference shares, or stock, shares or stock on which the dividends must be paid before those on other kinds. [Fr. préférer—L. præferre—præ, before, ferre, to bear.]

Prefigure, prē-fig′ūr, v.t. to represent beforehand: to suggest by former types or figures.—ns. Prefigurā′tion, Prefig′urement.—adj. Prefig′urātive, showing by previous figures, types, or similitudes.

Prefix, prē-fiks′, v.t. to put before, or at the beginning: to fix beforehand.—ns. Prē′fix, a letter, syllable, or word put before another word to affect its meaning; Prefix′ion, act of prefixing.

Preform, prē-form′, v.t. (Shak.) to form beforehand: to determine the shape of beforehand.—n. Preformā′tion.—adj. Prefor′mative.

Prefrontal, prē-fron′tal, adj. pertaining to the forepart of the forehead.—n. a bone of this region.

Preglacial, prē-glā′shal, adj. (geol.) prior to the glacial or drift period.

Pregnable, preg′na-bl, adj. that may be taken by assault or force. [Fr. prenable—prendre, to take—L. prehendĕre.]

Pregnant, preg′nant, adj. being with child or young: fruitful: abounding with results: full of meaning: implying more than is actually expressed: ready-witted: clever: ingenious: full of promise: free: evident: clear.—n. Preg′nancy, state of being pregnant: fertility: unusual capacity.—adv. Preg′nantly. [O. Fr.—L. prægnans, -antis.]

Prehallux, prē-hal′uks, n. a cartilaginous spur on the inner side of the foot in some batrachians.

Prehensile, prē-hen′sil, adj. seizing: adapted for seizing or holding—also Prehen′sory.—adj. Prehen′sible, that may be seized.—ns. Prehen′sion, act of seizing or taking hold; Prehen′sor, one who takes hold. [L. pre-hendĕre, -hensum, to seize.]

Prehistoric, prē-his-tor′ik, adj. relating to a time before that treated of in history.—n. Prēhis′tory, history prior to record—the Ger. Urgeschichte.

Prehnite, pren′īt, n. a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime, usually of a pale-green colour. [Named after Prehn, the discoverer of the mineral.]

Preignac, prā-nyak′, n. an esteemed white wine of Bordeaux. [From Preignac in the Gironde.]

Pre-intimation, prē-in-ti-mā′shun, n. an intimation or suggestion made beforehand.

Prejink, prē-jingk′, adj. (Scot.) tricked out with dress.—Also Perjink′.

Prejudge, prē-juj′, v.t. to judge or decide upon before hearing the whole case: to condemn unheard.—n. Prejudg′ment.—adj. Prejudical (pre-jōō′di-kal), pertaining to the determination of some undecided matter.—v.t. Prejudicāte (-jōōd′-), to judge beforehand: to prejudge.—v.i. to decide without examination.—n. Prejudicā′tion (-jōōd-).—adj. Prejudicātive (-jōōd′-), forming a judgment or opinion beforehand. [L. præjudicāre, -ātum—præ, before, judicāre, to judge.]

Prejudice, prej′ū-dis, n. a judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without due examination: a prejudgment: unreasonable prepossession for or against anything: bias: injury or wrong of any kind: disadvantage: mischief.—v.t. to fill with prejudice: to cause a prejudice against: to prepossess: to bias the mind of: to injure or hurt.—adj. Prejudi′cial, causing prejudice or injury: disadvantageous: injurious: mischievous: tending to obstruct.—adv. Prejudi′cially.—n. Prejudi′cialness. [O. Fr.,—L. præjudicium—præ, before, judicium, judgment.]

Prelate, prel′āt, n. the holder of one of those higher dignities in the church to which, of their own right, is attached a proper jurisdiction, not derived by delegation from any superior official: a church dignitary.—ns. Prel′acy, the office of a prelate: the order of bishops or the bishops collectively: church government by prelates: episcopacy; Prel′ateship.—adjs. Prelat′ic, -al, pertaining to prelates or prelacy.—adv. Prelat′ically.—v.t. and v.i. Prel′atise, to make or to become prelatical.—ns. Prel′atism, Prel′ature, prelacy: the time during which a prelate exercises authority; Prel′atist, an upholder of prelacy. [Fr. prélat—L. prelatus—præ, before, latus, borne.]

Prelect, prē-lekt′, v.i. to read before or in presence of others: to read a discourse: to lecture.—ns. Prelec′tion, a lecture or discourse read to others; Prelec′tor, one who prelects: a lecturer. [L. prælegĕre—præ, before, legĕre, lectum, to read.]

Prelibation, prē-lī-bā′shun, n. a tasting beforehand, foretaste. [L. prælibatio—præ, before, libāre, -ātum, to taste.]

Preliminary, prē-lim′in-ar-i, adj. introductory: preparatory: preceding or preparing for the main discourse or business.—n. that which precedes: introduction—used mostly in pl.—adv. Prelim′inarily. [L. præ, before, liminaris, relating to a threshold—limen, liminis, a threshold.]

Prelude, prē-lūd′, or prel′ūd, n. the introductory movement of a musical work: a prefatory piece to an oratorio, &c.: an organ voluntary before a church service: a preface: a forerunner.—v.t. Prelude′, to play before: to preface, as an introduction.—v.i. to perform a prelude: to serve as a prelude.—adjs. Prelū′dial and Prelū′dious (rare); Prelū′sive, of the nature of a prelude: introductory.—advs. Prelū′sively; Prelū′sorily.—adj. Prelū′sory, introductory. [Fr.,—Late L. præludium—L. præ, before, ludĕre, to play.]

Premandibular, prē-man-dib′ū-lar, adj. in front of the lower jaw, as a bone of some reptiles.

Premature, prē-ma-tūr′, adj. mature before the proper time: happening before the proper time: too soon believed: unauthenticated (as a report).—adv. Prēmatūre′ly.—ns. Prematūr′ity, Prēmatūre′ness. [L. præmaturus—præ, before, maturus, ripe.]

Premaxillary, prē-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. in front of the maxilla.—n. such a bone.

Premeditate, prē-med′i-tāt, v.t. to meditate upon beforehand: to design previously.—v.i. to deliberate beforehand.—adv. Premed′itātedly.—n. Premeditā′tion.—adj. Premed′itātive. [L., præmeditāri, -ātus—præ, before, meditāri, to meditate.]

Premier, prē′mi-ėr, adj. prime or first: chief: (her.) most ancient.—n. the first or chief: the prime-minister.—v.i. to govern as premier.—adj. and n. Première (pre-myār′), first or leading actress, dancer, forewoman, &c.—n. Prē′miership. [Fr.,—L. primarius, of the first rank—primus, first.]

Premillennial, prē-mi-len′i-al, adj. of or pertaining to the times before the millennium—also Premillenā′rian.—n. one who believes in the premillennial advent of Christ.—ns. Premillenā′rianism; Premillenn′ialism.

Premise, Premiss, prem′is, n. that which is premised or stated at the outset: a proposition previously stated or proved for after-reasoning: (logic) one of the two propositions in a syllogism from which the conclusion is drawn: the thing set forth in the beginning of a deed.—n.pl. Prem′ises, a building and its adjuncts.

Premise, prē-mīz′, v.t. to send or state before the rest: to make an introduction: to lay down propositions for subsequent reasonings. [Fr.,—L. (sententia) præmissa, (a sentence) put before—præ, before, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Premium, prē′mi-um, n. a reward: a prize: a bounty: payment made for insurance: the difference in value above the original price or par of stock—opp. to Discount: anything offered as an incentive.—adjs. Prē′mial, Prē′miant.—v.t. Prē′miate, to reward with a premium.—At a premium, above par (see Par). [L. præmium—præ, above, emĕre, to buy.]

Premolar, prē-mō′lar, adj. before a molar, in place or time, deciduous.—n. a milk-molar.

Premonish, prē-mon′ish, v.t. to admonish or warn beforehand.—n. Prēmoni′tion, a warning or sign (often a feeling) of what is going to happen.—adjs. Prēmon′itive, Prēmon′itory, giving warning or notice beforehand.—n. Prēmon′itor, one who, or that which, gives warning beforehand.—adv. Prēmon′itorily. [Pre-, before, monish, a corr. form through O. Fr., from L. monēre, to warn.]

Premonstrant, prē-mon′strant, n. a member of an order of regular canons founded by St Norbert, in 1119, at a place in the forest of Coucy (near Laon in the dep. of Aisne), pointed out in a vision, and thence called Prémontré (L. Pratum monstratum=the meadow pointed out)—called also Norbertines, and in England, from their habit, White Canons.—Also Premonstraten′sian (n. and adj.).

Premorse, prē-mors′, adj. ending abruptly, as if bitten off. [L. præmordēre, præmorsum, to bite in front.]

Preoccipital, prē-ok-sip′i-tal, adj. situated before the occipital region or lobe.

Preoccupy, prē-ok′ū-pī, v.t. to occupy or take possession of beforehand: to fill beforehand or with prejudices.—ns. Prēoc′cupancy, the act or the right of occupying beforehand; Prēoc′cupant, a prior occupant.—v.t. Prēoc′cupāte (Bacon), to occupy before others.—n. Prēoccupā′tion.—adj. Prēoc′cupied, already occupied: lost in thought, abstracted.

Preoral, prē-ō′ral, adj. situated in front of the mouth.—adv. Preō′rally.

Preordain, prē-or-dān′, v.t. to ordain, appoint, or determine beforehand.—n. Preordinā′tion.

Preorder, prē-or′dėr, v.t. to arrange beforehand.—n. Preor′dinance, a rule previously established.

Preparation, prep-a-rā′shun, n. the act of preparing: previous arrangement: the state of being prepared or ready: that which is prepared or made ready: (anat.) a part of any animal body preserved as a specimen: the day before the Sabbath or other Jewish feast-day: devotional exercises introducing an office: (mus.) the previous introduction, as an integral part of a chord, of a note continued into a succeeding dissonance.—adj. Prēpar′ative, having the power of preparing or making ready: fitting for anything.—n. that which prepares the way: preparation.—adv. Prēpar′atively, by way of preparation.—adj. Prēpar′atory, preparing for something coming: previous: introductory. [Fr.,—L.]

Prepare, prē-pār′, v.t. to make ready beforehand: to fit for any purpose: to make ready for use: to adapt: to form: to set or appoint: to provide: to equip.—v.i. to get one's self ready: to put everything in proper order: to lead up to.—n. (Shak.) preparation.—adj. Prepared′, made ready, fit, or suitable: ready.—adv. Prepā′redly.—ns. Prepā′redness; Prepā′rer. [Fr.,—L. præparāre—præ, before, parāre, to make ready.]

Prepay, prē-pā′, v.t. to pay before or in advance.—n. Prepay′ment.

Prepense, prē-pens′, adj. premeditated: intentional, chiefly in the phrase 'malice prepense'=malice aforethought or intentional—(obs.) Prepen′sive.—v.t. (Spens.) to consider or deliberate beforehand.—adv. Prepense′ly, intentionally. [Fr.,—L. præ, before, pensāre—pendĕre, pensum, to weigh.]

Prepollence, prē-pol′ens, n. prevalence—also Prepoll′ency.—adj. Prepoll′ent.

Preponderate, prē-pon′dėr-āt, v.t. to outweigh: to incline to one side: to exceed in power or influence.—ns. Prepon′derance, Prepon′derancy, Preponderā′tion, power or state of outweighing: excess of weight, number, or quantity: predominance.—adj. Prepon′derant, outweighing: superior in weight, power, or influence.—advs. Prepon′derantly, Preponderā′tingly. [L. præ, before, ponderāre, -ātum, to weigh—pondus, a weight.]

Preposition, prep-ō-zish′un, n. a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to some other word of the sentence.—adj. Preposi′tional.—adv. Preposi′tionally.—adj. Preposi′tive, put before: prefixed.—n. a word or particle put before another word—opp. to Post-positive.—n. Prepos′itor, a school-monitor. [Fr.,—L. præpositio—præ, before, ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Prepossess, prē-poz-zes′, v.t. to possess beforehand: to fill beforehand, as the mind with some opinion: to bias or prejudice.—adj. Prepossess′ing, tending to prepossess in one's favour: making a favourable impression.—adv. Prepossess′ingly.—n. Preposses′sion, previous possession: impression formed beforehand, usually a favourable one.

Preposterous, prē-pos′tėr-us, adj. contrary to nature or reason: wrong: absurd: foolish.—adv. Prepos′terously.—n. Prepos′terousness, unreasonableness. [L. præposterus—præ, before, posterus, after—post, after.]

Prepotent, prē-pō′tent, adj. powerful in a very high degree: excelling others in influence or authority.—ns. Prepō′tence, Prepō′tency.—adj. Prepoten′tial.

Prepuce, prē′pūs, n. the loose skin of the penis covering the glans: the foreskin.—adj. Prepū′tial. [L. præputium.]

Prepunctual, prē-pungk′tū-al, adj. excessively prompt.—n. Prepunctual′ity.

Preraphaelitism, prē-raf′ā-el-ī-tizm, n. a style of painting begun in 1847-49 by D. G. Rossetti, W. Holman Hunt, J. E. Millais, and others in imitation of the painters who lived before Raphael (1483-1523), and characterised by a truthful, almost rigid, adherence to natural forms and effects—also Preraph′aelism.—adj. Preraph′aelite, pertaining to, or resembling, the style of art before the time of Raphael—also n.—adj. Preraph′aelitish.

Prerequisite, prē-rek′wi-zit, n. something previously necessary: something needed in order to gain an end.—adj. required as a condition of something else.

Prerogative, prē-rog′a-tiv, n. a peculiar privilege shared by no other: a right arising out of one's rank, position, or nature.—adj. arising out of, or held by, prerogative.—v.t. to endow with a prerogative.—adj. Prerog′atived (Shak.), having a prerogative or exclusive privilege.—adv. Prerog′atively, by prerogative or exclusive privilege.—Prerogative court, formerly a court having jurisdiction over testamentary matters.—Royal prerogative, the rights which a sovereign has by right of office, which are different in different countries. [Fr.,—L. prærogativus, that is asked before others for his opinion or vote—præ, before, rogāre, -ātum, to ask.]

Presage, prēs′āj, n. something that gives warning of a future event: a foreboding: a presentiment.—v.t. Prēsage′, to forebode: to warn of something to come: to predict.—v.i. to have a presentiment of.—adj. Presage′ful.—ns. Presage′ment, the act of presaging: that which is presaged: prediction; Presag′er. [Fr. présage—L. præsagium—præsagīre—præ, before, sagīre, to perceive quickly.]

Presartorial, prē-sär-tō′ri-al, adj. before the age of tailoring. [L. sartor—sarcīre, to patch.]

Presbyopia, pres-bi-ō′pi-a, n. long-sightedness, together with diminished power of distinguishing things near, common in old age—also Pres′byopy.—n. Pres′byope, one so affected.—adj. Presbyop′ic.—n. Pres′byte, one affected with presbyopia. [Gr. presbys, old, ōps, ōpos, the eye.]

Presbyter, prez′bi-tėr, n. an elder, a priest: a minister or priest in rank between a bishop and a deacon: a member of a presbytery.—adjs. Presbyt′eral, Presbytē′rial, Presbytē′rian, pertaining to, or consisting of, presbyters: pertaining to Presbytery or that form of church government in which all the clergy or presbyters are equal—opp. to Episcopacy.—n. Presbyt′erāte, the office of a presbyter: a presbytery.—adv. Presbytē′rially.—ns. Presbytē′rian; Presbytē′rianism, the form of church government by presbyters; Pres′bytership; Pres′bytery, a church court ranking between the Kirk-session and the Synod, consisting of the ministers and one elder, a layman, from each church within a certain district: that part of the church reserved for the officiating priests: (R.C.) a clergyman's house.—Reformed Presbyterian Church, a religious body in Scotland, called also Cameronians, who remained separate from the Church of Scotland and maintained the perpetual obligation of the Covenants—the greater part joined the Free Church in 1876; United Presbyterian Church, a religious body formed by the union of the Secession and Relief Churches in 1847—itself uniting with the Free Church in 1900. [L.,—Gr. presbyteros, comp. of presbys, old.]

Prescience, prē′shi-ens, n. knowledge of events beforehand: foresight.—adj. Prē′scient, knowing things beforehand.—adv. Prē′sciently. [L. præsciens, pr.p. of præscīre—præ, before, scīre, to know.]

Prescientific, prē-sī-en-tif′ik, adj. before the scientific age, before knowledge was systematised.

Prescind, prē-sind′, v.t. to abstract from other facts or ideas.—v.i. to withdraw the attention (from).—adj. Prēscin′dent.—n. Prēscis′sion.

Prescribe, prē-skrīb′, v.t. to lay down as a rule or direction: to give as an order: to appoint: (med.) to give directions for, as a remedy: to render useless or invalid through lapse of time.—v.i. to lay down rules: to claim on account of long possession: to become of no force through time.—ns. Prēscrib′er; Prē′script, something prescribed: direction: model prescribed; Prēscriptibil′ity.—adj. Prēscrip′tible, that may be prescribed.—n. Prēscrip′tion, act of prescribing or directing: (med.) a written direction for the preparation of a medicine: a recipe: (law) custom continued until it becomes a right or has the force of law.—adj. Prēscrip′tive, consisting in, or acquired by, custom or long-continued use: customary.—Prescriptive title, a title established by right of prescription. [L. præscribĕre, -scriptum—præ, before, scribĕre, to write.]

Presence, prez′ens, n. state of being present—opp. of Absence: situation near or within sight, &c., companionship: approach face to face: nearness to the person of a superior: an assembly of great persons: mien: personal appearance: an apparition: calmness, readiness, as of mind: (Shak.) a presence-chamber.—ns. Pres′ence-cham′ber, -room, the chamber or room in which a great personage receives company.—adj. Pres′ent, being in a certain place—opp. to Absent: now under view or consideration: being at this time: not past or future: ready at hand: attentive: not absent-minded: (gram.) denoting time just now, or making a general statement.—n. present time or business: (pl.) the writing of a letter, or a deed of any kind as actually shown at any time: any deed or writing.—adj. Prēsen′tial, having or implying actual presence.—n. Prēsential′ity.—adv. Prēsen′tially.—n. Pres′entness, state of being present.—Presence of mind, a state of mind which enables a person to speak or act with calmness and promptness in circumstances of great and sudden difficulties.—At present, at the present time, now; Real presence, a doctrine or belief that the body and blood of Christ are really and substantially present in the eucharist; The present, the present time. [O. Fr.,—L. præsentia—præsens, -sentis—præ, before, sens, being.]

Present, prē-zent′, v.t. to set before, to introduce into the presence of: to exhibit to view: to offer as a gift: to put into the possession of another: to make a gift of: to appoint to a benefice: to lay before for consideration: to point, as a gun before firing.—n. Pres′ent, that which is presented or given, a gift.—adj. Prēsent′able, fit to be presented: capable of being presented to a church living.—n. Presentā′tion, act of presenting: a setting forth, as of a truth: representation: the act or the right of presenting to a benefice: the appearance of a particular part of the fetus at the superior pelvic strait during labour.—adj. Present′ative, having the right of presentation: pertaining to immediate cognition.—ns. Presentēē′, one who is presented to a benefice; Prēsent′er.—adj. Prēsent′ive, presentative, non-symbolic (of words).—n. Prēsent′iveness.—adv. Pres′ently, after a little, by-and-by, shortly: (arch.) without delay, at once.—n. Present′ment, act of presenting: the thing presented or represented: (law) notice taken of an offence by a grand-jury from their own knowledge or observation: accusation presented to a court by a grand-jury.—Present arms, to bring the gun or rifle to a perpendicular position in front of the body, as a token of respect to a superior officer. [Fr.,—L. præsentāre—præsens.]

Presentient, prē-sen′shi-ent, adj. perceiving beforehand.—n. Prēsen′sion.

Presentiment, prē-sen′ti-ment, n. a sentiment or feeling beforehand: previous opinion: an impression as of something unpleasant soon to happen. [O. Fr.,—L. præsentīre.]

Presentoir, prez-en-twor′, n. a tray or salver: a Japanese lacquered stand for a bowl. [Fr.]

Preserve, prē-zėrv′, v.t. to keep safe from harm or injury: to defend: to keep in a sound state: to season for preservation: to make lasting: to keep up, as appearances.—n. that which is preserved, as fruit, &c.: that which preserves: a place for the protection of animals, as game: (pl.) spectacles to protect the eyes from strong light, &c.—n. Prēservabil′ity.—adj. Prēser′vable.—n. Prēservā′tion, act of preserving or keeping safe: state of being preserved: safety.—adjs. Prēser′vative, Prēser′vatory, tending to preserve: having the quality of preserving.—n. that which preserves: a preventive of injury or decay.—n. Prēserv′er. [Fr. préserver—L. præ, beforehand, servāre, to preserve.]

Preside, prē-zīd′, v.i. to direct or control, esp. at a meeting: to superintend.—ns. Pres′idency, the office of a president, or his dignity, term of office, jurisdiction, or residence: a division of British India, as the Presidency of Bengal; Pres′ident, one who presides over a meeting: a chairman: the chief officer of a college, institution, &c.: an officer elected from time to time, as chief ruler of a republic—also adj. (Milt.).—n.fem. Pres′identess.—adj. Presiden′tial, presiding over: pertaining to a president.—n. Pres′identship.—Lord President, the presiding judge of the Court of Session in Scotland; Lord President of the Council, a member of the House of Lords who presides over the privy council, with especial charge of education, sanitation, &c. [Fr. présider—L. præsidēre—præ, before, sedēre, to sit.]

Presidial, prē-sid′i-al, adj. pertaining to a garrison.—adj. and n. Prēsid′iary.—n. Prēsid′io (Sp. Amer.), a military post: a penitentiary.

Presignify, prē-sig′ni-fī, v.t. to signify beforehand.—n. Prēsignificā′tion, the act of showing beforehand.

Press, pres, v.t. to push on or against with a heavy weight or with great force: to squeeze out, as juice: to clasp or embrace: to bear heavily on: to distress: to urge strongly: to present to the mind with earnestness: to lay stress upon: to hurry on with great speed: to shape or smooth by the application of weight.—v.i. to exert pressure: to push with force: to crowd: to go forward with violence: to urge with vehemence and importunity: to exert a strong influence.—n. Press′er.—adj. Press′ing, urgent: importunate: forcible.—adv. Press′ingly.—n. Pres′sion. [Fr. presser—L. pressāre—premĕre, pressum, to squeeze.]

Press, pres, n. an instrument for squeezing bodies: a printing-machine: the art or business of printing and publishing: act of urging forward: urgency: strong demand: a crowd: a closet for holding articles.—ns. Press′-bed, a bed enclosed in a cupboard, or folding up into it; Press′fat (B.), the vat of an olive or wine press for collecting the liquor; Press′man, one who works a printing-press: a journalist or reporter: a member of a pressgang; Press′mark, a mark upon a book to show its place among others in a library; Press′-room, a room where printing-presses are worked; Press′-work, the operation of taking impressions from type or plates by means of the printing-press.—Press of sail, as much sail as can be carried.—Brahmah press, a hydraulic press called after Mr Brahmah, its inventor; Cylinder press, a printing-press in which the types are laid on a cylinder which revolves, instead of on a flat surface; Hydraulic press (see Hydraulic); Liberty of the press, the right of publishing books, &c., without submitting them to a government authority for permission; The Press, the literature of a country, esp. its newspapers.

Press, pres, v.t. to carry men off by violence to become soldiers or sailors.—ns. Press′gang, a gang or body of sailors under an officer empowered to impress men into the navy; Press′-mon′ey (for prest-money), earnest-money. [Corr. from old form prest, from O. Fr. prester (Fr. prêter), to lend—præstāre, to offer—præ, before, stāre, to stand.]

Pressiroster, pres-si-ros′tėr, n. one of a tribe of wading birds, the Pressiros′tres, having a flattened beak.—adj. Pressiros′tral. [L. pressus, pa.p. of premĕre, to press, rostrum, a beak.]

Pressure, presh′ūr, n. act of pressing or squeezing: the state of being pressed: impulse: constraining force or influence: that which presses or afflicts: difficulties: urgency: strong demand: (physics) the action of force on something resisting it.—Centre of pressure (see Centre). [O. Fr.,—L. pressura—premĕre, to press.]

Prest, prest, adj. ready: neat: at hand.—n. ready-money: a loan.—v.t. to pay out: to lend. [L. præsto, ready.]

Prester John, pres′tėr jon, n. the name applied by medieval credulity (12th-14th cent.) to the supposed Christian sovereign of a vast empire in Central Asia. [O. Fr. prester (Fr. prêtre), priest.]

Prestidigitation, pres-ti-dij-i-tā′shun, n. sleight of hand—also Prestig′iātion.—adj. Prestidig′ital.—ns. Prestidig′itātor, Prestig′iātor, one who practises sleight of hand.

Prestige, pres-tēzh′, or pres′tij, n. influence arising from past conduct or from reputation. [Fr.,—L. præstigium, delusion—præstinguĕre, to deceive.]

Presto, pres′to, adv. quick: at once: (mus.) quickly, quicker than allegro:—superl. Prestis′simo. [It.,—L. præsto, ready.]

Prestriction, prē-strik′shun, n. blindness. [L. præstringĕre, præstrictum, to draw tight.]

Presume, prē-zūm′, v.t. to take as true without examination or proof: to take for granted.—v.i. to venture beyond what one has ground for: to act forwardly or without proper right.—adj. Presūm′able, that may be presumed or supposed to be true.—adv. Presūm′ably.—adj. Presūm′ing, venturing without permission: unreasonably bold.—adv. Presūm′ingly.—n. Presump′tion, act of presuming: supposition: strong probability: that which is taken for granted: confidence grounded on something not proved: conduct going beyond proper bounds: (law) an assuming of the truth of certain facts from the existence of others having some connection with them.—adj. Presump′tive, presuming: grounded on probable evidence: (law) proving circumstantially.—adv. Presump′tively.—Presumptive evidence, evidence for a fact derived from other facts having some connection with it: indirect evidence.—Heir presumptive, the person, not son or daughter, at present next in succession to any living person. [Fr. présumer—L. præsumĕre—præ, before, sumĕre, to take—sub, under, emĕre, to buy.]

Presumptuous, prē-zump′tū-us, adj. full of presumption: going beyond the bounds of right or duty: bold and confident: founded on presumption: wilful.—adv. Presump′tuously.—n. Presump′tuousness. [L. præsumptuosus.]

Presuppose, prē-sup-pōz′, v.t. to suppose before actual knowledge: to assume or take for granted.—n. Presupposi′tion.

Pretend, prē-tend′, v.t. to hold out as a cloak for something else: to lay claim to: to attempt, undertake: to offer as true something that is not so: to affect to feel: (obs.) to offer, present.—v.i. to put in a claim: to make-believe.—ns. Pretence′, something pretended: appearance or show to hide reality: false show or reason: pretext: assumption: claim; Preten′dant, -ent, a pretender.—adjs. Preten′ded, Preten′sed, ostensible, assumed.—adv. Preten′dedly.—ns. Preten′der; Preten′dership.—adv. Preten′dingly.—n. Preten′sion, act of pretending: something pretended: false or fictitious appearance: claim either true or false.—adj. Preten′tious, marked by or containing pretence: claiming more than is warranted: presumptuous: arrogant.—adv. Preten′tiously, in a pretentious manner.—n. Preten′tiousness, the quality of being pretentious. [Fr. prétendre—L. prætendĕre—præ, before, tendĕre, tentum, tensum, to stretch.]

Preterimperfect, prē-tėr-im-pėr′fekt, adj. implying that an event was happening at a certain past time.

Preterite, pret′ėr-it, adj. gone by: past: noting the past tense.—n. the past tense.—ns. Pret′erist, one who holds the prophecies of the Apocalypse already fulfilled; Pret′eriteness.—adj. Preteri′tial (biol.), once active but now latent.—n. Preteri′tion, the act of passing over: the doctrine that God passes over the non-elect in electing to eternal life those predestinated to salvation.—adj. Preter′itive, expressing past times. [L. præteritus—præter, beyond, īre, ītum, to go.]

Pretermit, prē-tėr-mit′, v.t. to pass by: to omit: to leave undone:—pr.p. prētermit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. prētermit′ted.—n. Pretermis′sion, the act of passing by: omission. [L. præter, past, mittĕre, to send.]

Preternatural, prē-tėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. beyond what is natural: out of the regular course of things: extraordinary.—n. Preternat′uralism, belief in the preternatural: preternatural existence.—adv. Preternat′urally.—n. Preternat′uralness.

Preterpluperfect, prē-tėr-plōō′pėr-fekt, adj. denoting the pluperfect tense.

Pretext, prē′tekst, or prē-tekst′, n. an assumed motive or reason put forward to conceal the real one: a pretence. [L. prætextum—prætexĕre—præ, before, texĕre, to weave.]

Pretibial, prē-tib′i-al, adj. situated upon the front of the lower part of the leg.

Pretty, pret′i, adj. tasteful: pleasing to the eye: having attractive but not striking beauty: neat: beautiful without dignity: small: affected: moderately large, considerable: puny, weak (a term of endearment): (in contempt) fine: (obs.) shrewd, cunning: (obs.) strong, warlike.—adv. in some degree: moderately.—v.t. Prett′ify, to make pretty in an excessively ornamental way.—adv. Prett′ily, in a pretty manner: pleasingly: elegantly: neatly.—n. Prett′iness.—adj. Prett′yish, somewhat pretty.—n. Prett′ypretty (coll.), a knick-knack.—adj. Prett′y-spō′ken, speaking or spoken prettily.—Pretty much, very nearly. [A.S. prættig, tricky—prætt, trickery; prob. Low L. practicus—Gr. praktikos—prattein, to do.]

Pretypify, prē-tip′i-fī, v.t. to represent by a type what is to happen: to prefigure.

Pretzel, pret′sel, n. a brittle biscuit, cracknel. [Ger.,—Old High Ger. brizilla, prezitella—Low L. bracellus, also braciolum, a kind of cake.]

Prevail, prē-vāl′, v.i. to be very powerful: to gain the victory: to have the upper hand: to have greater influence or effect: to overcome: to be in force: to succeed.—v.t. (obs.) avail.—adj. Prevail′ing, having great power: controlling: bringing about results: very general or common.—adv. Prevail′ingly.—ns. Prevail′ment (Shak.), prevalence; Prev′alence, Prev′alency, the state of being prevalent or wide-spread: superior strength or influence: preponderance: efficacy.—adj. Prev′alent, prevailing: having great power: victorious: wide-spread: most common.—adv. Prev′alently. [Fr. prévaloir—L. prævalēre—præ, before, valēre, to be powerful.]

Prevaricate, prē-var′i-kāt, v.i. to shift about from side to side, to evade the truth: to quibble: (obs.) to undertake a thing with the purpose of defeating or destroying it: (law) to betray a client by collusion with his opponent.—v.t. (obs.) to pervert, transgress.—ns. Prēvaricā′tion, the act of quibbling to evade the truth; Prēvar′icātor, one who prevaricates to evade the truth: a quibbler. [L. prævaricāri, -ātus—præ, inten., varicus, straddling—varus, bent.]

Prevent, prē-vent′, v.t. to hinder: to check: to render impossible: (orig.) to go before: to be earlier than.—v.t. Prēvene′ (rare), to precede.—n. Prevē′nience.—adj. Prevē′nient (Milt.), going before: preceding: preventive.—n. Preventabil′ity, the quality of being preventable.—adj. Preven′table, that may be prevented or hindered.—ns. Preven′ter, one who, or that which, prevents or hinders: (naut.) an additional rope or spar for strengthening the ordinary one; Preven′tion, act of preventing: anticipation or forethought: obstruction.—adjs. Preven′tive, Preven′tative, tending to prevent or hinder: preservative.—n. that which prevents: a preservative.—adv. Preven′tively.—n. Preven′tiveness.—Preventive service, the service rendered by the coastguard in preventing smuggling. [L. præventus, pa.p. of prævenīre—præ, before, venīre, to come.]

Prevertebral, prē-vėr′te-bral, adj. situated or developing before the vertebræ.

Previous, prē′vi-us, adj. going before in time: former.—adv. Prē′viously.—n. Prē′viousness, antecedence: priority in time.—Previous question, a motion made during a debate, 'that the main question be now put.' If the decision be 'yes,' the debate is ended and the question put and decided; if it be 'no,' the debate is adjourned in the British parliament, but continues in the American assembly. [L. præevius—præ, before, via, a way.]

Previse, prē-viz′, v.t. to foresee: to forewarn.—n. Previ′sion, foresight: foreknowledge. [L. prævidēre, prævisum, to foresee—præ, before, vidēre, to see.]

Prex, preks, n. in U.S. college slang the president of a college.—Also Prex′y.

Prey, prā, n. that which is taken by robbery or force: booty: plunder: that which is or may be seized to be devoured: a victim: depredation: (Shak.) the act of seizing.—v.i. to take plunder: to seize and devour: to waste or impair gradually: to weigh heavily (on or upon), as the mind.—adj. Prey′ful (Shak.), having a disposition to prey on others.—Beast of prey, one who devours other animals. [O. Fr. praie (Fr. proie)—L. præda, booty.]

Priapus, prī-ā′pus, n. an ancient deity personifying male generative power.—adjs. Priap′ic, Priapē′an.—n. Prī′apism.

Price, prīs, n. that at which anything is prized, valued, or bought: excellence: recompense.—v.t. to set value on: (coll.) to ask the price of: (Spens.) to pay the price of.—ns. Price′-curr′ent, -list, a list of the prices paid for any class of goods, &c.—adjs. Priced, set at a value; Price′less, beyond price: invaluable: without value: worthless.—n. Price′lessness.—Price of money, the rate of discount in lending or borrowing capital.—Without price, priceless. [O. Fr. pris (Fr. prix)—L. pretium, price.]

Prick, prik, n. that which pricks or penetrates: a sharp point: the act or feeling of pricking: a puncture: a sting: remorse: (Shak.) a thorn, prickle, skewer, point of time: (Spens.) point, pitch.—v.t. to pierce with a prick: to erect any pointed thing: to fix by the point: to put on by puncturing: to mark or make by pricking: to incite: to deck out as with flowers or feathers: to pain.—v.i. to have a sensation of puncture: to stand erect: to ride with spurs:—pa.t. and pa.p. pricked.—adj. Prick′-eared, having pointed ears.—ns. Prick′er, that which pricks: a sharp-pointed instrument: light-horseman: a priming wire; Prick′ing; Prickle (prik′l), a little prick: a sharp point growing from the bark of a plant or from the skin of an animal.—v.t. to prick slightly.—v.i. (Spens.) to be prickly.—ns. Prick′le-back, the stickle-back; Prick′liness; Prick′ling, the act of piercing with a sharp point: (Shak.) the sensation of being pricked.—adj. prickly.—adj. Prick′ly, full of prickles.—ns. Prick′ly-heat, a severe form of the skin disease known as lichen, with itching and stinging sensations; Prick′ly-pear, a class of plants with clusters of prickles and fruit like the pear; Prick′-me-dain′ty (Scot.), an affected person.—adj. over-precise.—ns. Prick′-song (Shak.), a song set to music: music in parts; Prick′-spur, a goad-spur; Prick′-the-gar′ter (cf. Fast-and-loose); Prick′-the-louse (Scot.), a tailor. [A.S. pricu, a point; Ger. prickeln, Dut. prikkel, a prickle.]

Pride, prīd, n. state or feeling of being proud: too great self-esteem: haughtiness: overbearing treatment of others: a proper sense of what is becoming to one's self: a feeling of pleasure on account of something worthily done: that of which men are proud: that which excites boasting: elevation, loftiness: beauty displayed, ornament, ostentation: high spirit, mettle: (Shak.) lust.—v.t. to have or take pride: to value, as one's self, &c.—adj. Pride′ful.—adv. Pride′fully.—n. Pride′fulness.—adj. Pride′less. [A.S. prýte—prút, proud.]

Pridian, prid′i-an, adj. pertaining to yesterday. [L. pridie—prius, before, dies, day.]

Priest, prēst, n. one who offers sacrifices or officiates in sacred offices: a minister above a deacon and below a bishop: a clergyman:—fem. Priest′ess.—ns. Priest′craft, priestly policy: the schemes of priests to gain wealth or power; Priest′hood, the office or character of a priest: the priestly order.—adjs. Priest′-like, Priest′ly, pertaining to or like a priest.—n. Priest′liness.—adj. Priest′-rid′den, controlled by priests.—High priest, a chief priest, esp. the chief ecclesiastical officer in the ancient Jewish church. [A.S. preóst (O. Fr. prestre, Fr. prêtre)—L. presbyter, an elder.]

Prig, prig, n. a pert fellow who gives himself airs of superior wisdom.—adj. Prig′gish, conceited and affected.—adv. Prig′gishly.—ns. Prig′gishness, Prig′gism. [From prick, to adorn.]

Prig, prig, n. a thief.—v.t. (slang) to filch.—v.i. (Scot.) to plead hard, haggle: to cheapen.—ns. Prig′ger; Prig′gery.—adj. Prig′gish.—n. Prig′gism. [Prob. the same as prick, to spur.]

Prim, prim, adj. exact and precise in manner: affectedly nice.—v.t. to deck with great nicety: to form with affected preciseness:—pr.p. prim′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. primmed.—adv. Prim′ly.—n. Prim′ness. [O. Fr. prim, fem. prime—L. primus, prima, first.]

Primacy, prī′ma-si, n. state of being first in order of time, rank, &c.: the office or dignity of a primate or archbishop.

Prima-donna, prē′ma-don′a, n. the first or leading female singer in an opera. [It.,—L. prima domina.]

Prima facie, prī′ma fā′shi-ē, at first view or sight.—Prima facie case (law), a case established by sufficient evidence: a case consisting of evidence sufficient to go to a jury. [L. prima, abl. fem. of primus, first, facie, abl. of facies, a face.]

Primage, prīm′āj, n. an allowance to the captain of a vessel by the shipper or consignee of goods for care in lading the same (hat-money): amount or percentage of water carried from a boiler in priming. [Prime, first.]

Primary, prī′mar-i, adj. first: original: chief: primitive: elementary, preparatory.—n. that which is highest in rank or importance: a planet in relation to its satellite or satellites.—adv. Prī′marily.—ns. Prī′mariness, the state of being first in time, act, or intention; Prī′mary-ac′cent, the accent immediately after a bar in music.—ns.pl. Prī′mary-col′ours, the colours obtained by passing the sun's rays through a prism: the colours of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet; Prī′mary-plan′ets, planets revolving round the sun—not satellites; Prī′mary-quills, the largest feathers of a bird's wing; Prī′mary-rocks, the rocks which seem to have been first formed and contain no animal remains, as granites, &c.

Primate, prī′māt, n. the first or highest dignitary in a church: an archbishop.—n. Prī′māteship.—adj. Primā′tial.

Prime, prīm, adj. first in order of time, rank, or importance: chief: excellent: original: early: in early manhood: (Shak.) eager, bold: (math.) incapable of being separated into factors.—n. the beginning: the dawn: the spring: the best part: the height of perfection: full health and strength: a religious service during the first hour after sunrise: (fencing) the first guard against sword-thrusts, also the first and simplest thrust.—adj. Prī′mal, first: original: chief.—n. Primal′ity.—adv. Prime′ly.—ns. Prime′-min′ister, the chief minister of state; Prime′-mov′er, the force which puts a machine in motion: a steam-engine or a water-wheel; Prime′ness; Prime′-num′ber, a first number—i.e. one divisible only by itself or unity.—Prime cost (see Cost). [L. prīmus (for pro-i-mus).]

Prime, prīm, v.t. to put powder on the nipple of a firearm: to lay on the first coating of colour: to instruct or prepare beforehand.—v.i. to serve for the charge of a gun: in the steam-engine, to carry over hot water with the steam from the boiler into the cylinder.—ns. Prī′mer; Prī′ming; Prī′ming-pow′der, detonating powder: train of powder connecting a fuse with a charge. [Prime (adj.).]

Primer, prim′ėr, or prī′mer, n. a first book: a work of elementary religious instruction: a first reading-book: an elementary introduction to any subject: a kind of type of two species, long-primer (10 point) and great-primer (18 point). [Orig. a small prayer-book.]

Primeval, prī-mē′val, adj. belonging to the first ages: original: primitive.—adv. Primē′vally. [L. primævus—primus, first, ævum, an age.]

Primigenial, prī-mi-jē′ni-al, adj. first-born or made: primary: constituent—also Primogē′nial.—adjs. Primig′enous, Primigē′nious, first formed; Primogen′ital (obs.), Primogen′itary, Primogen′itive, of or belonging to primogeniture.—ns. Primogen′itor, the first begetter or father: a forefather; Primogen′iture, state of being born first of the same parents: (law) the right of the eldest son to inherit his father's estates; Primogen′itureship. [Fr.,—L. primo-genitus, first-born—primus, first, gignĕre, genitum, to beget.]

Primitiæ, pri-mish′i-ē, n.pl. first-fruits offered to the gods—also Primi′tias (Spens.): the first year's revenue of a benefice. [L.,—primus, first.]

Primitive, prim′i-tiv, adj. belonging to the beginning, or to the first times: original: ancient: antiquated, old-fashioned: not derived: (biol.) rudimentary, primary or first of its kind: (geol.) of the earliest formation.—n. a primitive word, or one not derived from another: (math.) a form from which another is derived.—ns.pl. Prim′itive-col′ours, the colours from which all others are supposed to be derived—viz. red, yellow, and blue; Prim′itive-fa′thers, the Christian writers before the Council of Nice, 325 A.D.—adv. Prim′itively.—n.pl. Prim′itive-Meth′odists, a religious body founded in 1810, whose beliefs are the same as those of other Methodists, but whose working arrangements are nearly Presbyterian.—n. Prim′itiveness.—n.pl. Prim′itive-rocks (see Primary-rocks). [Fr.,—L. primitivus, an extension of primus.]

Primordial, prī-mor′di-al, adj. first in order: original: existing from the beginning: (anat.) in a rudimentary state: (bot.) first formed, as leaves or fruit.—n. first principle or element.—ns. Primor′dialism; Primor′dium. [L. primus, first, ordo, order.]

Primp, primp, v.t. (Scot.) to dress in an affected manner.—v.i. to be affected. [Prink.]

Primrose, prim′rōz, n. an early spring flower common in woods and meadows: a plant of the genus Primula: (Spens.) the first or earliest flower, the first or choicest.—adj. resembling a primrose in colour: flowery, gay.—Primrose League, a political association for the spread of Conservative opinions—formed in 1883 in memory of Lord Beaconsfield, whose favourite flower is said to have been the primrose. [Fr. prime rose—as if L. prima rosa; really through O. Fr. primerole and Low L. dim. forms from L. primus.]

Primula, prim′ū-la, n. the genus of plants to which the primrose belongs. [L. primus, first.]

Primum mobile, prī′mum mob′i-lē, in the Ptolemaic system the outermost of the ten revolving spheres of the universe, supposed to carry the others with it: any great source of motion. [L.]

Primus, prī′mus, n. the bishop in the Scottish Episcopal Church who presides over the meetings of the other bishops, but without metropolitan authority.

Prince, prins, n. one of the highest rank: a sovereign: son of a king or emperor: a title of nobility, as in Germany: the chief of any body of men:—fem. Prin′cess.—v.i. to play the prince (usually with it).—ns. Prince′-bish′op, a bishop who was also the civil ruler or prince of his diocese; Prince′-Con′sort, the husband of a reigning queen; Prince′dom, the estate, jurisdiction, sovereignty, or rank of a prince; Prince′hood, rank or quality of a prince; Prince′-Impē′rial, the eldest son of an emperor; Prince′kin, Prince′let, Prince′ling, a little or inferior prince.—adj. Prince′-like, becoming a prince.—n. Prince′liness.—adj. Prince′ly, prince-like: becoming a prince: grand: august: regal.—adv. in a prince-like manner.—adv. Prin′cessly, like a princess.—n. Prin′cess-Roy′al, the eldest daughter of a sovereign.—adj. Prin′cified, ridiculously dignified.—n. Mer′chant-prince, a merchant who has gained great wealth.—Prince of darkness, Prince of this world, Satan; Prince of Peace, Christ: the Messiah; Prince of Wales, the eldest son of the British sovereign; Prince Rupert's drops (see Drop); Prince's feather, a tall showy annual with spikes of rose-coloured flowers; Prince's metal, a gold-like alloy of 70 parts of copper and 25 of zinc. [Fr.,—L. princeps—primus, first, capĕre, to take.]

Princeps, prin′seps, n. one who, or that which, is foremost, original, &c.: short for editio princeps, the first edition of a book. [L.]

Princesse, prin-ses′, adj. of a woman's garment, close-fitting, the skirt and waist in one, and undraped. [Fr.]

Principal, prin′si-pal, adj. taking the first place: highest in rank, character, or importance: chief.—n. a principal person or thing: a head, as of a school or college: one who takes a leading part: money on which interest is paid: (archit.) a main beam or timber: (law) the person who commits a crime, or one who aids and abets him in doing it: a person for whom another becomes surety, a person who, being sui juris, employs another to do an act which he is competent himself to do: (mus.) an organ-stop: (Shak.) the principal rafter.—n. Principal′ity, supreme power: the territory of a prince or the country which gives title to him: (B.) a prince: (obs.) a power: (pl.) an order of angels, the seventh in the hierarchy of Dionysius.—adv. Prin′cipally.—ns. Prin′cipalness, the state of being principal or chief; Prin′cipalship, position of a principal; Prin′cipate, primary: a principality, esp. the office of the ancient Roman emperors. [L. principalis.]

Principia, prin-sip′i-a, n.pl. first principles: elements, used often as the contracted title of the 'Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica' of Newton.—adj. Princip′ial, elementary. [L., pl. of principium.]

Principle, prin′si-pl, n. a fundamental truth on which others are founded or from which they spring: a law or doctrine from which others are derived: an original faculty of the mind: a settled rule of action: (chem.) a constituent part: (obs.) a beginning.—v.t. to establish in principles: to impress with a doctrine.—adj. Prin′cipled, holding certain principles.—Principle of contradiction, the logical principle that a thing cannot both be and not be; Principle of excluded middle (logic), the principle that a thing must be either one thing or its contradictory; Principle of sufficient reason (see Reason).—First principle, a very general principle not deducible from others. [L. principium, beginning—princeps.]

Princock, prin′kok, n. (Shak.) a conceited fellow: a coxcomb.—Also Prin′cox.

Prink, pringk, v.t. to adorn ostentatiously.—n. Prink′er. [Weakened from prank.]

Print, print, v.t. to press or impress: to mark by pressure: to impress letters on paper, &c.: to publish: (phot.) to produce a positive picture from a negative.—v.i. to practise the art of printing: to publish a book.—n. a mark or character made by impression: the impression of types in general: a copy: a printed picture: an engraving: a newspaper: a printed cloth: calico stamped with figures: that which impresses its form on anything: a cut, in wood or metal: (archit.) a plaster-cast in low relief.—ns. Print′er, one who prints, esp. books, newspapers, &c.; Print′ing, act, art, or practice of printing; Print′ing-ink, ink used in printing; Print′ing-machine′, a printing-press worked by machinery; Print′ing-off′ice, an establishment where books, &c., are printed; Print′ing-pā′per, a paper suitable for printing purposes; Print′ing-press, a machine by which impressions are taken in ink upon paper from types.—adj. Print′less, receiving or leaving no impression.—ns. Print′-sell′er, one who sells prints or engravings; Print′-shop, a shop where prints are sold; Print′-works, an establishment where cloth is printed.—Printer's devil (see Devil); Printer's ink (same as Printing-ink); Printer's mark, an engraved device used by printers as a trade-mark.—In print, published in printed form: in stock, as opposed to books which cannot now be got—Out of print. [Shortened from O. Fr. empreindre, empreint—L. imprimĕre—in, into, premĕre, to press.]

Prior, prī′or, adj. former: previous: coming before in time.—n. the head of a priory: (in Italy) formerly a chief magistrate:—fem. Prī′oress.—ns. Prī′orāte, Prī′orship, the government or office of a prior: the time during which a prior is in office; Prior′ity, state of being prior or first in time, place, or rank: preference; Prī′ory, a convent of either sex, under a prior or prioress, and next in rank below an abbey. [L. prior, former, comp. from pro-, in front.]

Prisage, prī′zāj, n. formerly a right of the English kings to seize for crown purposes, esp. that of taking two tuns of wine from every ship importing twenty tuns or more. [O. Fr.,—prise, taking.]

Prism, prizm, n. (geom.) a solid whose ends are similar, equal, and parallel planes, and whose sides are parallelograms: (opt.) a solid glass, triangular-shaped body, used for resolving rays of light into their separate colours.—adjs. Prismat′ic, -al, resembling or pertaining to a prism: separated or formed by a prism.—adv. Prismat′ically.—ns. Pris′matoid, Pris′moid, a figure in the form of a prism.—adjs. Pris′matoidal, Pris′moidal; Pris′my, prismatic in colour. [L.,—Gr. prisma, -atos.]

Prison, priz′n, n. a building for the confinement of criminals, &c.: a jail: any place of confinement.—v.t. to shut in prison, restrain.—n.pl. Pris′on-bars, whatever confines or restrains.—ns. Pris′oner, one arrested or confined in prison: a captive; Pris′oner's-, Pris′on-base, a game among boys, in which those who are caught in a certain way are confined as prisoners—a corr. of prison-bars; Pris′on-fē′ver, typhus-fever; Pris′on-house, place of confinement; Pris′onment (Shak.), confinement in a prison—usually imprisonment; Pris′on-ship; Pris′on-van, a closed conveyance for carrying prisoners.—State prisoner, one confined for a political offence in a state prison. [Fr.,—L. prensio, -onis, for prehensio, a seizing—prehendĕre, -hensum, to seize.]

Pristine, pris′tin, adj. as at first: former: belonging to the earliest time: ancient. [O. Fr.,—L. pristinus; cf. priscus, antique, prior, former.]

Privacy, prī′va-si, or priv′-, n. state of being private or retired from company or observation: a place of seclusion: retreat: retirement: secrecy.

Privat docent, prē-vat′ dō-tsent′, n. a teacher in connection with a German university, without share in its government or endowment, only receiving fees. [Ger.,—L. privatus, private, docens, -entis, teaching, docēre, to teach.]

Private, prī′vāt, adj. apart from the state: not invested with public office: peculiar to one's self: belonging to an individual person or company: not public: retired from observation: secret: not publicly known: not holding a commission.—n. a common soldier: (Shak.) a person without public office, a secret message, privacy, retirement.—adv. Prī′vately.—n. Prī′vateness.—Private act, &c., an act, &c., which deals with the concerns of private persons—opp. to General act, &c.; Private judgment, the judgment of an individual, esp. on the meaning of a passage or doctrine of Scripture, as distinguished from the interpretation of the church; Private law, that part of law which deals with the rights and duties of persons quâ individuals; Private legislation, legislation affecting the interests of private persons; Private parts, the sexual organs; Private property, rights, the property, rights of individual persons, as distinguished from that which belongs to a public body and is devoted to public use; Private trust, a trust managed in the interest of private parties; Private wrong, an injury done to an individual in his private capacity.—In private, privately, in secret; The private (obs.), the private life of individuals. [L. privatus, pa.p. of privāre, to separate—privus, single.]

Privateer, prī-va-tēr′, n. an armed private vessel commissioned by a government to seize and plunder an enemy's ships: the commander of a privateer.—v.i. to cruise in a privateer: to fit out privateers.—ns. Privateer′ing; Privateer′sman.

Privation, prī-vā′shun, n. state of being deprived of something, esp. of what is necessary for comfort: destitution: (logic) absence of any quality: (obs.) degradation or suspension from an office.—adj. Priv′ative, causing privation: consisting in the absence of something.—n. that which is privative or depends on the absence of something else: (logic) a term denoting the absence of a quality: (gram.) a prefix denoting absence or negation.—adv. Priv′atively.—n. Priv′ativeness. [L.; cf. Private.]

Privet, priv′et, n. a half-evergreen European shrub used for hedges. [Perh. primet—prim.]

Privilege, priv′i-lej, n. an advantage to an individual: a right enjoyed only by a few: freedom from burdens borne by others: prerogative: a sacred and vital civil right: (Shak.) superiority.—v.t. to grant a privilege to: to exempt: to authorise, license.—adj. Priv′ileged.—Breach of privilege, any interference with or slight done to the rights or privileges of a legislative body; Question of privilege, any question arising out of the rights of an assembly or of its members; Writ of privilege, an order for the release of a person from custody. [Fr.,—L. privilegium—privus, single, lex, legis, a law.]

Privy, priv′i, adj. private: pertaining to one person: for private uses: secret: appropriated to retirement: admitted to the knowledge of something secret.—n. (law) a person having an interest in an action: a necessary house.—adv. Priv′ily, privately: secretly.—ns. Priv′ity, secrecy: something kept private: knowledge, shared with another, of something private or confidential: knowledge implying concurrence: relation between different interests, as, for example, in feudal tenure the interests of several persons in the same land, the mutual relationships of contractor and contractee, the relation caused by common knowledge in breaches of contract: (obs.) seclusion, intimacy; Priv′y-cham′ber, private apartment in a royal residence; Priv′y-coun′cil, the private council of a sovereign to advise in the administration of government; Priv′y-coun′cillor, a member of the privy-council; Priv′y-purse, the purse or money for the private or personal use of the sovereign; Priv′y-seal, -sig′net, the seal used by or for the king in subordinate matters, or those which are not to pass the great seal; Priv′y-ver′dict, a verdict given to a judge out of court.—Gentlemen ushers of the privy-chamber, four officials in the royal household who attend certain court ceremonies. [Fr. privé—L. privatus, private.]

Prize, Prise, prīz, v.t. to force open by means of a lever. [Fr.; cf. Prize, below.]

Prize, prīz, n. that which is taken or gained by competition: anything taken from an enemy in war: (hunting) the note of the trumpet blown at the capture of the game: a captured vessel: that which is won in a lottery: anything offered for competition: a gain: a reward: (Shak.) a competition.—adj. worthy of a prize: to which a prize is given.—adjs. Priz′able, -eable, valuable.—ns. Prize′-court, a court for judging regarding prizes made on the high seas; Prize′-fight, a combat in which those engaged fight for a prize or wager; Prize′-fight′er, a boxer who fights publicly for a prize; Prize′-fight′ing; Prize′-list, recorded of the winners in a competition; Prize′man; Prize′-mon′ey, share of the money or proceeds from any prizes taken from an enemy; Priz′er (Shak.), one who competes for a prize; Prize′-ring, a ring for prize-fighting: the practice itself. [Fr. prise—pris, taken, pa.p. prendre—L. prehendĕre, to seize.]

Prize, prīz, v.t. to set a price on: to value: to value highly.—n. valuation, estimate.—n. Priz′er (Shak.), an appraiser. [Fr. priser—O. Fr. pris, price (Fr. prix)—L. pretium, price.]

Pro, prō, Latin prep. meaning before, used in English in many phrases.—Pro and con, abbrev. of pro et contra, for and against.—v.i. to consider impartially.—n.pl. Pros and cons, arguments for and against an opinion.—Pro bono publico, for the public good.

Proa, prō′a, n. a small and swift Malay sailing-vessel, with both ends equally sharp. [Malay prau.]

Probable, prob′a-bl, adj. that can be proved: having more evidence for than against: giving ground for belief: likely: (Shak.) plausible.—n. probable opinion.—ns. Probabil′iorist; Prob′abilism (R.C. theol.), the doctrine in casuistry that of two probable opinions, both reasonable, one may follow his own inclination, as a doubtful law cannot impose a certain obligation—opp. to Probabil′iorism, according to which it is lawful to follow one's inclination only when there is a more probable opinion in its favour; Prob′abilist; Probabil′ity, quality of being probable: appearance of truth: that which is probable: chance or likelihood of something happening:—pl. Probabil′ities.—adv. Prob′ably.—adj. Prō′bal (Shak.), probable.—Probable cause, a reasonable ground that an accusation is true; Probable error, a quantity assumed as the value of an error, such that the chances of the real error being greater are equal to those of it being less than this quantity; Probable evidence, evidence not conclusive, but admitting of some degree of force. [Fr.,—L. probabilis—probāre, -ātum, to prove.]

Probang, prō′bang, n. an instrument for pushing obstructions down the œsophagus of a choking animal.

Probate, prō′bāt, n. the proof before a competent court that a written paper purporting to be the will of a person who has died is indeed his lawful act: the official copy of a will, with the certificate of its having been proved: the right or jurisdiction of proving wills.—adj. relating to the establishment of wills and testaments.—Probate court, a court created in 1858 to exercise jurisdiction in matters touching the succession to personal estate; Probate duty, a tax on property passing by will. [Cf. Probable.]

Probation, prō-bā′shun, n. act of proving: any proceeding to elicit truth, &c.: trial: time of trial: moral trial: noviciate.—adjs. Probā′tional, Probā′tionary, relating to probation or trial.—n. Probā′tioner, one who is on probation or trial: (Scot.) one licensed to preach, but not ordained to a pastorate.—adjs. Prō′bative, Prō′batory, serving for proof or trial: relating to proof.—n. Probā′tor, an examiner.—The doctrine of future probation, the doctrine that the gospel will be preached in another life to the unregenerate dead or to those who never heard it in life. [Fr.,—L.]

Probatum est, prō-bā′tum est, it has been proved. [L., 3d sing. perf. indic. pass. of probāre, to prove.]

Probe, prōb, n. a proof or trial: a long, thin instrument for examining a wound, &c.: that which tries or probes.—v.t. to examine with or as with a probe: to examine thoroughly.—n.pl. Probe′-sciss′ors, scissors used to open wounds, the blade having a button at the end. [L. probāre, to prove.]

Probity, prob′i-ti, n. uprightness: honesty: virtue that has been tested. [Fr.,—L. probitas, probus, good.]

Problem, prob′lem, n. a matter difficult of settlement or solution: (geom.) a proposition in which something is required to be done.—adjs. Problemat′ic, -al, of the nature of a problem: questionable: doubtful.—adv. Problemat′ically.—v.i. Prob′lematise. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. problēma—pro, before, ballein, to throw.]

Proboscis, prō-bos′is, n. the trunk of some animals, as the elephant, for conveying food to the mouth: anything like a trunk:—pl. Probos′cides.—adjs. Probos′cidāte; Proboscid′ean, having a proboscis.—n. a mammal of the Proboscidea.—n. Probos′cis-monk′ey, a monkey of Borneo, having a long mobile and retractile nose. [L.,—Gr. proboskis, a trunk—pro, in front, boskein, to feed.]

Procathedral, prō-ka-thē′dral, n. a church used temporarily as a cathedral.

Proceed, prō-sēd′, v.i. to go forward: to advance: to act according to a method: to go from point to point: to issue: to be produced: to prosecute: to take an academic degree: (Shak.) to be transacted, done.—ns. Procē′dure, the act of proceeding or moving forward: a step taken or an act performed: progress: process: conduct; Proceed′er, one who goes forward or makes progress; Proceed′ing, a going forward: progress: step: operation: transaction: (pl.) a record of the transactions of a society: (Shak.) advancement.—n.pl. Pro′ceeds, the money arising from anything: rent: produce.—Special proceeding, a judicial proceeding other than an action, as, for example, a writ of mandamus; Summary proceedings, certain statutory remedies taken without the formal bringing of an action by process and pleading. [Fr. procéder—L. procedĕre—pro, before, cedĕre, cessum, to go.]

Proceleusmatic, pros-e-lūs-mat′ik, adj. inciting, encouraging.—n. in ancient prosody, a foot consisting of four short syllables. [Gr.,—prokeleuein, to incite before—pro, before, keleuein, to order.]

Procephalic, prō-se-fal′ik, or prō-sef′a-lik, adj. of or pertaining to the forepart of the head.—Procephalic lobes, two lobes in the embryo of the Podophthalmia which develop into the anterior parts of the head. [Gr. pro, before, kephalē, head.]

Procerebrum, prō-ser′ē-brum, n. the fore-brain, consisting of the cerebral hemispheres, corpora striata, and olfactory lobes.—adj. Procer′ebral. [L. pro, before, cerebrum, brain.]

Procerite, pros′e-rīt, n. the last segment of the antennæ in the Crustacea. [Gr. pro, before, keras, a horn.]

Procerity, prō-ser′i-ti, n. tallness, loftiness.—adj. Procē′rous, tall. [L.,—procērus, tall.]

Procès, prō-sā′, n. a law-suit: a trial.—Procès verbal, a written account of facts in connection with a trial or other proceeding. [Fr.]

Process, pros′es, or prō-, n. a gradual progress: manner of acting or happening: operation: the whole proceedings in an action or prosecution: series of measures: a projection on a bone or plant (also Proces′sus): the same as photo-process, the reproduction as a drawing, &c., by any mechanical (esp. photographic) process: (Shak.) a narrative, account.—v.t. to proceed against by legal process: to produce a reproduction of a drawing as above.—n. Proc′ess-serv′er (Shak.), a bailiff. [Fr. procès—L. processus.]

Procession, prō-sesh′un, n. the act of proceeding: a train of persons in a formal march.—adj. Proces′sional, pertaining to a procession: consisting in a procession.—n. a book of the processions of the Romish Church: a hymn sung during a procession, esp. of clergy in a church.—n. Proces′sionalist.—adj. Proces′sionary.—ns. Proces′sioner (U.S.), a county officer in Tennessee and North Carolina whose duty it is to survey lands; Proces′sioning (U.S.), periodical survey and inspection of boundaries.—Procession of the Holy Ghost (theol.), the emanation of the Holy Spirit from the Father (single procession), or from the Father and Son (double procession). [Fr.,—L.]

Prochein, prō′shen, adj. next, nearest.—Prochein ami, amy, next friend, one who undertakes to assist a minor in prosecuting his or her rights. [Fr.,—L. proximus, nearest.]

Prochronism, prō′kron-izm, n. a dating of an event before the right time: a making earlier than it really was—opp. to Parachronism. [Gr. pro, before, chronos, time.]

Procidence, pros′i-dens, n. a falling down, a prolapsus.—adjs. Proc′ident; Procid′uous, falling from its proper place.

Procinct, prō-singkt′, n. (Milt.) complete preparation. [L., pro, before, cingĕre, cinctum, to gird.]

Proclaim, prō-klām′, v.t. to cry aloud: to publish abroad: to announce officially.—ns. Proclaim′; Proclaim′ant; Proclaim′er; Proclamā′tion, the act of proclaiming: official notice given to the public.—Proclaimed district, a district in which some unusually strict law is brought into force by a form of proclamation. [Fr. proclamer—L. proclamāre—pro, out, clamāre, to cry.]

Proclitic, prō-klit′ik, adj. dependent in accent upon the following word.—n. a monosyllabic word which depends so much on the following word as to lose its accent. [Gr. pro, forward, klinein, lean.]

Proclivity, prō-kliv′i-ti, n. an inclining forward: tendency: inclination: aptitude.—adjs. Proclive′, inclining to a thing: having a natural tendency: prone; Proclī′vous, slanting forward and downward. [L. proclivitas—proclivus, having a slope forward—pro, forward, clivus, a slope.]

Procœlian, prō-sē′li-an, adj. hollowed or cupped in front.—Also Procœ′lous. [Gr. pro, before, koilos, hollow.]

Proconsul, prō-kon′sul, n. a Roman official having the authority of a consul without his office: the governor of a province.—adj. Procon′sular, pertaining to, or under the government of, a proconsul.—ns. Procon′sulate, Procon′sulship, the office, or term of office, of a proconsul.

Procrastinate, prō-kras′ti-nāt, v.t. to put off till some future time: to postpone.—v.i. to delay.—n. Procrastinā′tion, a putting off till a future time: dilatoriness.—adjs. Procras′tinātive, Procras′tinātory.—n. Procras′tinātor. [L.—pro, off, crastinus—cras, to-morrow.]

Procreate, prō′krē-āt, v.t. to bring into being: to generate: to propagate: to produce.—n. Prō′creant, one who, or that which, procreates or generates.—adj. procreating, connected with or related to reproduction.—n. Procreā′tion, the act of procreating: generation: production.—adj. Prō′creātive, having the power to procreate: generative: productive.—ns. Prō′creātiveness; Prō′creātor, one who procreates: a father. [L. procreāre, -ātum—pro, forth, creāre, to produce.]

Procrustean, prō-krus′tē-an, adj. violently making conformable to a standard—from Procrustes, a Greek robber, who stretched or cut a piece off the legs of his captives, so as to fit them to an iron bed.

Proctalgia, prok-tal′ji-a, n. pain of the anus or rectum.—n. Proctī′tis, inflammation thereof. [Gr. proktos, the anus, algos, pain.]

Proctor, prok′tor, n. a procurator or manager for another: an attorney in the spiritual courts: a representative of the clergy in Convocation: an official in the English universities who attends to the morals of the students and enforces university regulations.—ns. Proc′torage, Proc′torship.—adj. Proctō′rial, pertaining to a proctor: magisterial.—v.t. Proc′torise (slang), in the English universities, to summon before a proctor. [Procurator.]

Proctucha, prok-tū′ka, n.pl. a group of the Turbellaria in which the digestive canal is furnished with an anal aperture.—adj. Proctū′chous. [Gr. prōktos, the anus, echein, to have.]

Procumbent, prō-kum′bent, adj. leaning forward: lying down or on the face: (bot.) trailing: without putting out roots, as a stem. [L. pro, forward, cumbĕre, to lie down.]

Procure, prō-kūr′, v.t. to obtain for one's self or for another: to bring about: to attract: (Spens.) to urge earnestly.—v.i. to pander, pimp.—adj. Procur′able, that may be procured.—ns. Pro′curācy, office of a procurator; Procurā′tion, the act of managing another's affairs: the instrument giving power to do this: a sum paid by incumbents to the bishop or archdeacon on visitations; Proc′urātor, one who takes care of a thing for another: a lawyer: a financial agent in an imperial province under the Roman emperors; Proc′urator-fis′cal (see Fiscal).—adj. Procuratō′rial.—n. Proc′uratorship.—adj. Proc′urātory.—ns. Procure′ment, the act of procuring: a bringing about: management: agency; Procur′er, one who procures: a pander:—fem. Proc′uress. [Fr. procurer—L. procurāre, to manage—pro, for, curāre, -ātum, to care for.]

Procureur, prō-kü-rer′, n. a procurator.—Procureur général (French law), the public prosecutor-in-chief.

Procyonidæ, prō-si-on′i-dē, n.pl. an American family of plantigrade carnivorous mammals, including raccoons and coatis. [Gr. pro, before, kyōn, a dog.]

Prod, prod, n. a goad, awl: a prick or punch with a pointed instrument.—v.t. to prick. [Perh. brod.]

Prodigal, prod′i-gal, adj. spending without necessity: wasteful: lavish: profuse.—n. one who throws away without necessity: a waster: a spendthrift.—v.t. Prod′igalise, Prod′igāte, to spend lavishly, waste.—n. Prodigal′ity, state or quality of being prodigal: extravagance: profusion: great liberality.—adv. Prod′igally, wastefully. [Fr.,—L. prodigus—prodigĕre, to squander—pro, forth, agĕre, to drive.]

Prodigy, prod′i-ji, n. a portent: any person or thing that causes great wonder: a wonder: a monster.—adj. Prodig′ious, like a prodigy: astonishing: more than usually large in size or degree: monstrous.—adv. Prodig′iously.—n. Prodig′iousness. [Fr. prodige—L. prodigium, a prophetic sign—pro, before, dicĕre, to say.]

Proditor, prod′i-tor, n. a traitor. [L.,—prodĕre, -itum, to betray—pro, forth, dăre, to give.]

Prodromus, prod′rō-mus, n. a sign of approaching disease: a preliminary course or treatise:—pl. Prod′romi (-ī).—adj. Prodrom′ic. [Gr.]

Produce, prō-dūs′, v.t. to bring forward: to make longer: to bring forth: to bear: to exhibit: to yield: to bring about: to cause: (geom.) to extend.—v.i. to yield: to create value.—ns. Prod′uce, that which is produced: product: proceeds: crops: yield; Prod′uce-brok′er, a dealer in natural products, esp. foreign or colonial; Produc′er; Producibil′ity.—adj. Produc′ible, that may be produced: that may be generated or made: that may be exhibited.—n. Produc′ibleness.—adj. Produc′tile, capable of being drawn out in length. [L. producĕre, -ductum—pro, forward, ducĕre, to lead.]

Product, prod′ukt, n. that which grows or is produced: work: composition: effect: (arith.) the result of numbers multiplied together: (Milt.) offspring.—v.t. Product′ (rare), to produce.—ns. Productibil′ity, capability of being produced; Produc′tion, act of producing: that which is produced: fruit: product: (pol. econ.) creation of values: (zool.) extension, protrusion: (pl.) in Scots law, written documents produced in support of the action or defence.—adj. Produc′tive, having the power to produce: generative: fertile: efficient.—adv. Produc′tively.—ns. Produc′tiveness, Productiv′ity.

Proem, prō′em, n. an introduction: a prelude: a preface.—adj. Proē′mial. [Fr. proème—L. proœmium—Gr. prooimion—pro, before, oimos, a way.]

Proembryo, prō-em′bri-ō, n. a cellular structure produced from the spore of some plants, from which the embryo arises.

Proemptosis, prō-emp-tō′sis, n. the addition of a day to a calendar or cycle, to correct error. [Gr.]

Proface, prō′fas, interj. (Shak.) may it profit you!—a phrase of welcome. [O. Fr.,—prou, profit, face, fasse, 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of faire, to do.]

Profane, prō-fān′, adj. not sacred: common: secular: speaking or acting in contempt of sacred things: uninitiated: impious: impure.—v.t. to violate anything holy: to abuse anything sacred: to put to a wrong use: to pollute: to debase.—n. Profanā′tion, desecration: irreverence to what is holy: a treating of anything with disrespect.—adj. Profan′atory.—adv. Profane′ly.—ns. Profane′ness; Profān′er; Profan′ity, irreverence: that which is profane: profane language or conduct. [Fr.,—L. profanus—pro, before, fanum, a temple.]

Profectitious, prō-fek-tish′us, adj. derived from an ancestor or ancestors. [Low L.,—L. proficisci, profectus, to proceed.]

Profess, prō-fes′, v.t. to own freely: to make open declaration of: to declare in strong terms: to announce publicly one's skill in: to affirm one's belief in: (Spens.) to present the appearance of: (R.C.) to receive into a religious order by profession.—v.i. to enter publicly into a religious state: (Shak.) to pretend friendship.—adj. Professed′, openly declared: avowed: acknowledged.—adv. Profess′edly.—n. Profes′sion, the act of professing: open declaration: pretence: an employment not mechanical and requiring some degree of learning: calling or known employment: the collective body of persons engaged in any profession: entrance into a religious order.—adj. Profes′sional, pertaining to a profession: engaged in a profession: undertaken as a means of subsistence, as opposed to Amateur.—n. one who makes his living by an art, as opposed to an amateur who practises it merely for pastime.—n. Profes′sionalism.—adv. Profes′sionally.—ns. Profess′or, one who professes: one who openly declares belief in certain doctrines: one who publicly practises or teaches any branch of knowledge: a public and authorised teacher in a university:—fem. Profess′oress; Profess′orate, Professō′riāte, the office of a professor or public teacher: his period of office: body of professors.—adj. Professō′rial.—adv. Professō′rially.—n. Profess′orship. [Fr. profès, professed, said of a member of a religious order—L. professus, perf. p. of profitēri—pro, publicly, fatēri, to confess.]

Proffer, prof′ėr, v.t. to bring forward: to propose: to offer for acceptance.—n. an offer made: a proposal.—n. Proff′erer. [Fr. proférer—L. proferre—pro, forward, ferre, to bring.]

Proficience, prō-fish′ens, n. state of being proficient: improvement in anything: advancement—also Profi′ciency.—adj. Profi′cient, competent: well skilled: thoroughly qualified.—n. one who has made considerable advancement in anything: an adept: an expert.—adv. Profi′ciently. [L. proficiens, -entis, pr.p. of proficĕre, to make progress—pro, forward, facĕre, to make.]

Profile, prō′fīl, n. an outline: a head or portrait in a side-view: the side-face: the outline of any object without foreshortening: a vertical section of country to show the elevations and depressions.—v.t. to draw in profile: to make an outline of: (mech.) to give a definite form by chiselling, milling, &c.—ns. Prō′filist, one who takes or makes profiles; Profil′ograph, an instrument for automatically recording the profile of the ground it traverses. [It. profilo (Fr. profil)—L. pro, before, filum, a thread.]

Profit, prof′it, n. gain: the gain resulting from the employment of capital: the difference between the selling price and the first cost: advantage: addition to good or value: benefit: improvement.—v.t. to benefit or to be of advantage to: to improve.—v.i. to gain advantage: to receive profit: to improve: to be of advantage: to bring good.—adj. Prof′itable, yielding or bringing profit or gain: lucrative: productive: advantageous: beneficial.—n. Prof′itableness.—adv. Prof′itably.—ns. Prof′iter; Prof′iting, profit, gain, or advantage: (B.) progress or proficiency.—adj. Prof′itless, without profit, gain, or advantage.—adv. Prof′itlessly.—n. Prof′it-shar′ing, a voluntary agreement under which the employee receives a share, fixed beforehand, in the profits of a business.—Profit and loss, gain or loss arising from buying and selling, &c.—Net profits, clear gain after deduction of all outlay and expenses; Rate of profit, the amount of profit compared with the capital used in its production. [Fr.,—L. profectus, progress—proficĕre, profectum, to make progress.]

Profligate, prof′li-gāt, adj. abandoned to vice: without virtue or decency: dissolute: prodigal: (obs.) overthrown, defeated.—n. one leading a profligate life: one shamelessly vicious: an abandoned person.—ns. Prof′ligacy, Prof′ligateness, state or quality of being profligate: a vicious course of life.—adv. Prof′ligately. [L. profligatus, pa.p. of profligāre—pro, forward, fligĕre, to dash.]

Profluent, prof′lū-ent, adj. flowing forth.—n. Prof′luence. [L. pro, forth, fluere, to flow.]

Pro forma, prō for′ma, as a matter of form. [L. pro, for, forma, abl. of forma, form.]

Profound, prō-fownd′, adj. far below the surface: low: very deep: intense: abstruse: mysterious: occult: intellectually deep: penetrating deeply into knowledge.—n. the sea or ocean: an abyss, great depth.—adv. Profound′ly, deeply: with deep knowledge or insight: with deep concern.—ns. Profound′ness, Profund′ity, the state or quality of being profound: depth of place, of knowledge, &c.: that which is profound. [Fr. profond—L. profundus—pro, forward, fundus, bottom.]

Profunda, prō-fun′dä, n. a deep-seated artery, as of the arm, neck, or leg:—pl. Profun′dæ.

Profuse, prō-fūs′, adj. liberal to excess: lavish: extravagant.—adv. Profūse′ly.—ns. Profūse′ness, Profū′sion, state of being profuse: extravagance: prodigality. [L. profusus, pa.p. of profundĕre—pro, forth, fundĕre, to pour.]

Prog, prog, v.t. to thrust.—v.i. to go about, as if picking and plundering: to beg.—n. a pointed instrument: food got by begging. [Prob. related to W. procio, to stab.]

Progenerate, prō-jen′e-rāt, v.t. to beget.—n. Progen′itor, a forefather: an ancestor: a parent: the founder of a family:—fem. Progen′itress, Progen′itrix.—ns. Prōgen′iture, a begetting; Prog′eny, that which is brought forth: descendants: race: children. [Fr.,—L.,—pro, before, genitor, a parent, gignĕre, genitum, to beget.]

Proglottis, prō-glot′is, n. a term applied to the detached segments of the body in the Cestoidea:—pl. Proglott′idēs.—adj. Proglott′ic. [Gr.,—pro, before, glōssa, glōtta, tongue.]

Prognathous, prog′nā-thus, adj. having jaws projecting far forward—also Prognath′ic.—n. Prog′nathism. [Gr. pro, forward, gnathos, a jaw.]

Prognosis, prog-nō′sis, n. foreknowledge: (med.) the act or art of foretelling the course of a disease from the symptoms: the opinion thus formed.—n. Prognos′tic, a foreshowing: a foretelling: an indication: a presage.—adj. foreknowing: foreshowing: indicating what is to happen by signs or symptoms.—v.t. Prognos′ticāte, to foreshow: to foretell: to indicate as future by signs.—n. Prognosticā′tion, the act of prognosticating or foretelling something future by present signs: a foretoken or previous sign.—adj. Prognos′ticātive.—n. Prognos′ticātor, a predictor of future events, esp. a weather prophet. [Gr.,—pro, before, gignōskein, to know.]

Programme, Program, prō′gram, n. a public notice in writing: an outline of subjects and the order in which they are to be taken up at a meeting, exhibition, concert, &c.: a preliminary outline.—n. Prō′grammer, one who makes up a programme.—Programme music, music meant to give the hearers, by means of instruments, without words, the impressions of scenes and incidents. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. programma—pro, before, graphein, to write.]

Progress, prog′res, n. a going forward or onward: advance: improvement of any kind: proficiency: course: passage from place to place: procession: a journey of state: a circuit.—v.i. Prōgress′, to go forward: to make progress: to grow better: to proceed: to advance: to improve.—v.t. (Shak.) to move or push forward.—n. Prōgres′sion, motion onward: act or state of moving onward: progress: regular and gradual advance: increase or decrease of numbers or magnitudes according to a fixed law: (mus.) a regular succession of chords or the movements of the parts in harmony.—adj. Prōgres′sional.—ns. Prōgres′sionist, Prog′ressist, one who believes in the progress of society and its future perfection: one who believes in the development of animals and plants from one simple form.—adj. Prōgress′ive, progressing or moving forward: advancing gradually: improving.—n. one in favour of reform.—adv. Prōgress′ively.—n. Prōgress′iveness.—Arithmetical progression (see Arithmetic); Geometrical progression, a series of numbers or quantities in which each succeeding one is produced by multiplying or dividing the preceding one by a fixed number or quantity, as 1, 4, 16, 64, &c., or 18, 6, 2; Harmonic progression (see Harmonic); Musical progression, the regular succession of chords or the movement of the parts of a musical composition in harmony, where the key continues unchanged. [Fr.,—L. progressus—progredi, to go forward—pro, forward, gradi, to go.]

Progymnasium, prō-jim-nā′zi-um, n. in Germany, a classical school in which the higher classes are wanting: a school preparatory to a gymnasium.

Prohibit, prō-hib′it, v.t. to hinder: to check or repress: to prevent: to forbid: to interdict by authority.—ns. Prohib′iter; Prohibi′tion, the act of prohibiting, forbidding, or interdicting: an interdict: the forbidding by law of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic drinks; Prohib′itionism; Prohibi′tionist, one who favours prohibitory duties in commerce: one who advocates the forbidding by law of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic drinks.—adj. Prohib′itive.—adv. Prohib′itively.—adj. Prohib′itory, that prohibits or forbids: forbidding.—Prohibited degrees (see Forbidden degrees, under Degree).—Writ of prohibition (law), a writ from a superior tribunal staying proceedings in a lower court: (Scots law) a clause in a deed of entail forbidding the heir to sell the estate, contract debt, &c. [L. prohibēre, prohibitum—pro, before, habēre, to have.]

Pro indiviso, prō in-di-vī′so, (law) applied to rights which two or more persons hold in common.

Project, prōj′ekt, n. a plan: a scheme: contrivance. [O. Fr. project (Fr. projet)—L. projectum—pro, before, jacĕre, to throw.]

Project, prō-jekt′, v.t. to throw out or forward: to cast forward in the mind: to contrive or devise: to exhibit (as in a mirror): to draw straight lines from a fixed point through every point of any body or figure, and let these fall upon a surface so as to form the points of a new figure: to exhibit in relief.—v.i. to shoot forward: to jut out: to be prominent.—adj. Projec′tile, projecting or throwing forward: impelling or impelled forward: that can be thrust forward.—n. a body projected by force, esp. through the air: a cannon or rifle ball.—adj. Projec′ting.—n. Projec′tion, the act of projecting: that which juts out: a plan or design: a delineation: a representation of any object on a plane, esp. (geom.) the earth's surface: (alch.) the act of throwing anything into a crucible, hence the act or result of transmutation of metals: the crisis of any process, esp. a culinary process.—adj. Projec′tive, produced by projection: (geom.) capable, as two plane figures, of being derived from one another by a number of projections and sections.—ns. Projectiv′ity; Project′ment (rare), design; Projec′tor, one who projects or forms schemes: a parabolic mirror: a camera for throwing an image on a screen; Projec′ture, a jutting out beyond the main line or surface.—Mercator's projection, a map of the world with meridian lines which are straight and parallel, and with parallels of latitude at distances from each other, increasing towards the poles, invented by the Flemish cosmographer, Mercator, in 1550.

Prolapse, prō-laps′, n. (med.) a falling down, or out, of some part of the body from the position which it usually occupies—also Prolap′sus.—v.i. to fall down: to protrude. [L. prolabi, prolapsus, to fall forward—pro, forward, labi, to fall.]

Prolate, prō′lāt, adj. extended lengthwise: having the diameter between the poles longer than at right angles to it, as a spheroid.—ns. Prolāte′ness, Prolā′tion, a bringing forth: pronunciation: delay: (mus.) a division. [L. prolatus, pa.p. of proferre, to bring forward—pro, forth, ferre, to bear.]

Prolegomena, prō-leg-om′en-a, n.pl. an introduction to a treatise:—sing. Prolegom′enon.—adjs. Prolegom′enary, Prolegom′enous, prefatory: prolix. [Gr.,—pro, before, legein, to say.]

Prolepsis, prō-lep′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure by which objections are anticipated and answered: the dating of an event before its proper time:—pl. Prolep′sēs.—adjs. Prolep′tic, -al.—adv. Prolep′tically. [Gr.,—pro, before, lambanein, to take.]

Proletarian, prō-le-tā′ri-an, adj. belonging to the poorest labouring class: having little or no property: plebeian: vulgar.—n. a member of the poorest class—also Proletaire′, Prō′letary.—adj. Proletā′neous, having numerous offspring.—ns. Proletā′rianism, the condition of the poorest classes; Proletā′riat, -e, the lowest class. [L. proletarius (in ancient Rome), a citizen of the sixth and lowest class, who served the state not with his property, but with his children—proles, offspring.]

Proliferate, prō-lif′e-rāt, v.i. to grow by multiplication of elementary parts: (zool.) to reproduce by proliferation.—v.t. to bear by reproduction.—n. Proliferā′tion, the birth and growth of generative zoöids.—adjs. Prolif′erātive, Prolif′erous.—adv. Prolif′erously. [L. proles, progeny, ferre, to bear.]

Prolific, -al, prō-lif′ik, -al, adj. bringing forth offspring: producing young or fruit: productive: bringing about results: (bot.) applied to a flower from which another is produced.—ns. Prolif′icacy, Prolif′icness.—adv. Prolif′ically.—n. Prolificā′tion, the generation of young animals or plants: (bot.) development of a shoot from an organ normally ultimate. [Fr. prolifique—L. proles (for pro-oles), offspring, facĕre, to make.]

Prolix, prō′liks, adj. tedious: long and wordy: dwelling too long on particulars: (obs.) long.—adj. Prolix′ious (Shak.), dilatory, tedious.—ns. Prolix′ity, Prolix′ness.—adv. Prolix′ly. [Fr. prolixe—L. prolixus—pro, forward, liqui, to flow.]

Prolocutor, prō-lok′ū-tor, n. the chairman of a convocation, or meeting of clergy: (rare) a spokesman:—fem. Prōloc′utrix.—n. Prōloc′utorship. [L., pro, before, loqui, locutus, to speak.]

Prologue, prō′log, n. a preface: the introductory verses before a play: (Shak.) the speaker of a prologue.—v.t. to introduce with a prologue or preface.—v.i. Prō′logise, -uise, to deliver a prologue. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. prologos—pro, before, logos, speech.]

Prolong, prō-long′, v.t. to lengthen out: (Shak.) to put off to another time: to continue.—v.i. to lengthen out.—v.t. Prolong′āte, to lengthen.—ns. Prolongā′tion, act of prolonging in space or time: the additional length made by prolonging; Prolong′er. [Fr. prolonger—L. prolongāre—pro, forward, longus, long.]

Prolonge, prō-lonj′, n. a hemp rope consisting of three pieces joined by two open rings, and having a hook at one end and a toggle at the other. [Fr.]

Prolusion, prō-lū′zhun, n. a prelude, introduction: an essay preparatory to a more solid treatise. [L.,—pro, before, ludĕre, lusum, to play.]

Promachos, prom′a-kos, n. a deity who fights in front of, or champions, some person or state. [Gr.]

Promenade, prom-e-näd′, or -nād′, n. a walk for pleasure, show, or exercise: a place for walking.—v.i. to walk for amusement, show, or exercise.—n. Promenä′der.—Promenade concert, an entertainment in which the audience promenades or dances during the music. [Fr.,—from (se) promener, to walk—L. promināre, to drive forwards—pro, forward, mināre, to drive.]

Promethean, prō-mē′thē-an, adj. pertaining to Prometheus, who stole fire from heaven, for which Zeus chained him to a rock, to be tortured by a vulture.—n. a glass tube containing sulphuric acid and an inflammable mixture: a kind of lucifer-match.—n. Promē′theus, a large silk-spinning moth. [Gr., lit. 'forethinker;' or Sans. pramantha, a fire-stick.]

Prominent, prom′i-nent, adj. standing out beyond the line or surface of something: projecting: most easily seen: conspicuous: principal: eminent: distinguished.—ns. Prom′inence, Prom′inency, state or quality of being prominent: conspicuousness: distinction.—adv. Prom′inently. [Fr.,—L. prominēre, to jut forth—pro, forth, minēre, to jut.]

Promiscuous, prō-mis′kū-us, adj. mixed: confused: collected together without order: indiscriminate: not restricted to one individual: (prov.) casual, accidental.—n. Promiscū′ity, mixture without order or distinction: promiscuous sexual intercourse.—adv. Promis′cuously.—n. Promis′cuousness. [L. promiscuus—pro, inten., miscēre, to mix.]

Promise, prom′is, n. an engagement made by a person either verbally or in writing to do or keep from doing something: expectation or that which causes expectation: a ground for hope of future excellence: (rare) fulfilment of what is promised.—v.t. to make an engagement to do or not to do something: to afford reason to expect: to assure: to engage to bestow.—v.i. to assure one by a promise: to afford hopes or expectations: (rare) to stand sponsor.—ns. Prom′ise-breach (Shak.), violation of promise; Prom′ise-break′er (Shak.), a violator of promises.—adj. Prom′ise-crammed (Shak.), crammed or filled with promises.—ns. Promisēē′, the person to whom a promise is made; Prom′iser, Prom′isor.—adj. Prom′ising, affording ground for hope or expectation: likely to turn out well.—advs. Prom′isingly; Prom′issorily.—adj. Prom′issory, containing a promise of some engagement to be fulfilled.—n. Prom′issory-note, a note by one person promising to pay a sum of money to another, or to bearer, at a certain date, or at sight, or on demand.—Promised land, the land promised by God to Abraham and his seed: Canaan: heaven.—Be promised (rare), to have an engagement; Breach of promise (see Breach); Conditional promise, a promise of which the obligation depends on certain conditions—opp. to Absolute promise; Express promise, a promise expressed orally or in writing; The Promise, the assurance of God to Abraham that his descendants should become the chosen people. [Fr. promesse—L. promissa, promittĕre, to send forward—pro, forward, mittĕre, to send.]

Promontory, prom′on-tor-i, n. a headland or high cape jutting out into the sea: (anat.) a projection on the sacrum: a rounded elevation in the tympanum of the ear. [L. promontorium—pro, forward, mons, montis, a mountain.]

Promote, prō-mōt′, v.t. to move forward: to help on the growth or improvement of anything: to advance: to further: to encourage: to raise to a higher position: to elevate.—ns. Promō′ter; Promō′tion, the act of promoting: advancement in rank or in honour: encouragement: preferment.—adj. Promō′tive.—Be on one's promotion, to have right or hope of promotion: to be on good behaviour with a view to chances of promotion. [L. promotus, pa.p. of promovēre—pro, forward, movēre, to move.]

Prompt, promt, adj. prepared: ready and willing: acting with alacrity: cheerful: unhesitating: (obs.) inclined, disposed.—v.t. to incite: to move to action: to assist a speaker when at a loss for words: to suggest to the mind.—n. a limit of time given for payment for merchandise purchased, the limit being stated on the prompt-note, the note of reminder.—ns. Prompt′-book, a copy of a play arranged for the prompter's use; Prompt′er; Prompt′ing, the act of prompting or suggesting: that which is prompted or suggested; Prompt′itūde, promptness: readiness: willingness: quickness of decision and action.—adv. Prompt′ly.—ns. Prompt′ness; Prompt′ūary, a magazine, repository, a handbook; Prompt′ūre (Shak.), suggestion: instigation. [Fr.,—L. promptus—prōmĕre, to bring forward—pro, forth, emĕre, to bring.]

Promulgate, prō-mul′gāt, v.t. to publish: to proclaim: to make widely known—(arch.) Promulge′.—ns. Promulgā′tion, act of promulgating: publication: open declaration: (law) the first official publication of a new law; Prom′ulgātor. [L. promulgāre, -ātum.]

Promuscis, prō-mus′is, n. a proboscis, esp. of hemipters.—adj. Promus′cidāte, like or having a promuscis.

Pronaos, prō-nā′os, n. the open porch in front of a temple. [Gr., pro, before, naos, a temple.]

Pronation, prō-nā′shun, n. the act of turning the palm of the hand downwards—opp. to Supination.—v.t. Prō′nate, to turn the palm downwards effected by means of the pronator muscle.—n. Pronā′tor, a muscle of the forearm by which pronation is effected. [L. pronāre, -ātum, to lead forward—pronus.]

Prone, prōn, adj. with the face downward: bending forward: headlong: disposed: inclined or sloping.—adv. Prone′ly.—n. Prone′ness. [O. Fr.,—L. pronus; cog. with Gr. prēnēs, prone.]

Prong, prong, n. the spike of a fork or similar instrument: one of several points or projections, as on an antler.—v.t. to stab with a prong.—adj. Pronged, having prongs.—n. Prong′-hoe.—adj. Prong′-horn, having horns with a prong.—n. the prong-buck or cabrit, the American antelope. [Nasalised form of Prov. Eng. prog, to prick—W. procio; cf. Gael. brog, to goad, brog, an awl.]

Prononcé, prō-nong-sā′, adj. decided: self-asserting:—fem. Prononcée. [Fr.; cf. Pronounce.]

Pronotum, prō-nō′tum, n. the tergal portion of the prothorax in the Insecta:—pl. Pronō′ta.—adj. Pronō′tal. [Gr. pro, before, nōtos, back.]

Pronoun, prō′nown, n. a word used instead of a noun.—adj. Pronom′inal, belonging to, or of the nature of, a pronoun.—adv. Pronom′inally.

Pronounce, prō-nowns′, v.t. to make known by speaking: to utter with the proper sound and accent: to speak distinctly: to utter formally: to utter rhetorically: to declare.—v.i. to utter confidently: to utter words.—adjs. Pronounce′able, capable of being pronounced; Pronounced′, marked with emphasis: marked.—adv. Pronoun′cedly.—ns. Pronounce′ment, act of pronouncing: an announcement or proclamation; Pronoun′cer.—adjs. Pronoun′cing, Pronun′cial, giving or marking pronunciation.—n. Pronunciā′tion, act or mode of pronouncing: art of speaking distinctly and correctly: utterance. [Fr. prononcer—L. pronuntiāre—pro, forth, nunciāre, to announce—nuntius, a messenger.]

Pronunciamento, prō-nun-si-a-men′to, n. a manifesto: a formal proclamation. [Sp.]

Proœmium, prō-ē′mi-um, n. same as Proem—also Prœ′mion: (rhet.) exordium.—adj. Proœ′mise.

Proof, prōōf, n. that which proves or establishes the truth of anything: test: (obs.) experience: experiment: any process to discover or establish a truth: that which convinces: demonstration: evidence which convinces the mind: state of having been proved: (pl.) in equity practice, the instruments of evidence in their documentary form: (Scots law) the taking of evidence by a judge upon an issue framed in pleading: a test, hence 'Armour of proof,' armour proved to be trustworthy: (arith.) an operation checking the accuracy of a calculation: firmness of mind: a certain strength of alcoholic spirits: (print.) an impression taken for correction, also 'proof-sheet:' an early impression of an engraving—'proof before letter'=one taken before the title is engraved on the plate: (phot.) the first print from a negative.—adj. firm in resisting: noting alcoholic liquors having the specific gravity 0.920:—pl. Proofs.—ns. Proof′-arm′our, armour proved to be able to resist ordinary weapons; Proof′-charge, an extraordinary amount of powder and shot put into a gun to test its strength; Proof′-house, a house fitted up for proving the barrels of firearms; Proof′-leaf (same as Proof-sheet).—adj. Proof′less, wanting proof or evidence.—ns. Proof′-mark, a mark stamped on a gun to show that it has stood the test; Proof′-read′er, a person who reads printed proofs to discover and correct errors; Proof′-sheet, an impression taken on a slip of paper for correction before printing finally; Proof′-spir′it, a mixture containing fixed proportions of alcohol and water—nearly half its weight and fully half its volume of alcohol; Proof′-text, a passage of Scripture held to prove a certain doctrine.—Artist's proof, a first impression from an engraved plate or block; Burden of proof (see Burden); India proof (see Indian). [O. Fr. prove (Fr. preuve)—L. probāre, to prove.]

Proostracum, prō-os′tra-kum, n. the forward continuation of the guard or rostrum in the Belemnites. [Gr. pro, before, ostrakon, shell.]

Prootic, prō-ot′ik, n. a bone developed in some vertebrata in front of the ear—also adj. [Gr. pro, before, ous, ōtos, ear.]

Prop, prop, n. anything on which a weight rests for support: a support: a stay.—v.t. to keep from falling by means of something placed under or against: to support or to sustain in any way:—pr.p. prop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. propped.—n. Prop′page. [Allied to Sw. propp, Ger. propf, a stopper; some connect also with Ger. pfropf, a graft—L. propago, a set, layer.]

Propædeutic, -al, prō-pē-dū′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to preliminary instruction.—n. Propædeū′tic, a preliminary branch of knowledge: (pl.) the introduction to an art or science. [Gr. pro, before, paideuein, to teach.]

Propagate, prop′a-gāt, v.t. to increase by generation or other natural process: to multiply plants by layers: to extend: to produce: to impel forward in space, as sound, light, energy, &c.: to spread from one to another: to promote: to extend the knowledge of: (obs.) to increase.—v.i. to be produced or multiplied: to have young.—adj. Prop′agable, that can be propagated or increased by generation or other natural process.—ns. Propagan′da, Prop′agand, a committee (congregatio de propaganda fide) at Rome charged with the management of the R.C. missions: any association for the spread of opinions and principles, esp. such as are opposed to the existing government; Propagand′ism, practice of propagating tenets or principles: zeal in spreading one's opinions: proselytism; Propagand′ist, one who devotes himself to propagandism; Propagā′tion, act of propagating: the spreading or extension of anything, as light, sound, energy, &c.: increase: enlargement.—adj. Prop′agātive.—ns. Prop′agātor; Propagatō′rium (biol.), the reproductive apparatus.—adj. Prop′agātory.—ns. Propā′go, a layer or branch laid down to root; Propag′ūlum, a runner or sucker ending in an expanded bud: a gemma or bud affecting asexual propagation in many algæ. [L. propāgāre, -ātum, conn. with pro-pāg-o, a layer.]

Propalinal, prō-pal′i-nal, adj. moving backward and forward, as the under jaw in mastication. [L. pro, forward, Gr. palin, backward.]

Proparoxytone, prō-par-ok′si-tōn, adj. having the acute accent on the antepenultimate or third last syllable.—n. a word having the acute accent on the antepenultimate.

Propel, prō-pel′, v.t. to drive forward: to urge onward by force:—pr.p. propel′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. propelled′.—n. Propel′lant, that which drives forward.—adj. Propel′lent.—ns. Propel′ler, one who, or that which, propels: any kind of mechanism for moving a ship through the water, by a paddle-wheel, oar, screw, &c.: a vessel thus propelled: a spinning-bait; Propel′ment, act of propelling: propelling mechanism. [L. pro, forward, pellĕre, to drive.]

Propend, prō-pend′, v.i. (Shak.) to lean toward: to be in favour of anything.—adj. Propend′ent. [L. propendēre—pro, forward, pendēre, pensum, to hang.]

Propense. prō-pens′, adj. leaning towards in a moral sense: inclined: disposed.—adv. Propense′ly.—ns. Propense′ness, Propens′ity, inclination of mind: tendency to good or evil: disposition; Propen′sion, tendency to move in a certain direction.—adj. Propen′sive. [L. propensus, hanging forward.]

Proper, prop′ėr, adj. one's own: fitted for a person's nature or qualities: peculiar: belonging to only one of a species (as a name): natural: suitable: correct: just: right: becoming: (B.) comely, pretty: in liturgics, used only on a particular day or festival.—n. something set apart for a special use.—adv. (coll.) very, exceedingly.—adv. Prop′erly, in a proper manner: (coll.) entirely, extremely.—n. Prop′erness.—Properly speaking, in the strict sense: speaking without qualification. [Fr. propre—L. proprius, one's own, akin to prope, near.]

Properispomenon, prō-per-i-spōm′e-non, n. a word with the circumflex accent on the penult. [Gr.,—pro, before, peri, round, spān, to draw.]

Property, prop′ėr-ti, n. that which is proper to any person or thing: a quality which is always present: any quality: that which is one's own: an estate: right of possessing, employing, &c.: ownership: (Shak.) individuality: (pl.) articles required by actors in a play.—v.t. (Shak.) to invest with certain properties: to make a tool of, appropriate.—adj. Prop′ertied, possessed of property or possessions.—ns. Prop′erty-man, -mas′ter, one who has charge of the stage properties in a theatre; Prop′erty-room, the room in which the stage properties of a theatre are kept; Prop′erty-tax, a tax paid by persons possessed of property, at the rate of so much per cent. on its value.—Movable or Personal property, property that may attend the person of the owner, movables; Private property, that which belongs to an individual for his personal disposition and use—opp. to Public property; Real property, lands, tenements, and hereditaments, real estate; Qualified property, the right a man has in reclaimed wild animals—also called Special property: such right as a bailee has in the chattel transferred to him by the bailment. [O. Fr. properte—a doublet of propriety.]

Prophecy, prof′e-si, n. a prediction: public interpretation of Scripture: instruction: (B.) a book of prophecies. [O. Fr. prophecie—L. prophetīa—Gr. prophēteia—prophētēs.]

Prophesy, prof′e-sī, v.t. to foretell: to predict.—v.i. (B.) to exhort: to expound religious subjects.—pa.t. and pa.p. proph′esīed.—ns. Proph′esīer; Proph′esying. [s has been arbitrarily substituted for c, to distinguish the verb from the noun.]

Prophet, prof′et, n. one who proclaims or interprets the will of God: one who announces things to come: one who predicts or foretells events: (B.) one inspired by God to warn and teach: (pl.) the writings of the prophets.—n.fem. Proph′etess.—ns. Proph′ethood, Proph′etship, quality, office of a prophet.—adjs. Prophet′ic, -al, pertaining to a prophet: containing prophecy: foreseeing or foretelling events.—adv. Prophet′ically.—n. Proph′etism.—Prophetic office, the office of a prophet.—Former prophets, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings; Latter prophets, the prophets properly so called; Major prophets, the prophets whose books come before that of Hosea; Minor prophets, the prophets from Hosea to Malachi; School of the prophets, a school among the ancient Jews for training young men as teachers of the people; The prophets, one of the three divisions into which the ancient Jews divided their Scriptures—consisting of the former and the latter prophets (see above). [Fr.,—L. prophēta—Gr. prophētēs—pro, before, in behalf of, phē-mi, phanai, to speak.]

Prophylactic, prof-i-lak′tik, adj. guarding against: defending from disease.—n. a medicine which wards off disease.—n. Prophylax′is. [Gr. pro, before, phylassein, to guard.]

Propine, prō-pīn′, v.t. to pledge in drinking: to present, guarantee.—n. (obs.) money given as drink-money, any pledge or gift: the power of giving.—n. Propinā′tion, act of drinking healths. [O. Fr.,—L.,—Gr. propinein, pro, before, pinein, to drink.]

Propinquity, prō-ping′kwi-ti, n. nearness in time, place, or blood: proximity: neighbourhood.—v.i. Propinq′uate, to approach. [L. propinquitas—propinquus, near—prope, near.]

Propitiate, prō-pish′i-āt, v.t. to make propitious: to render favourable.—v.i. to make propitiation: to atone.—adj. Propi′tiable, that maybe propitiated or rendered favourable.—ns. Propitiā′tion, act of propitiating: (theol.) that which propitiates: atonement: the death of Christ as a ground of the forgiveness of sin; Propi′tiātor.—adv. Propi′tiatorily.—adj. Propi′tiātory, having power to propitiate: expiatory.—n. the Jewish mercy-seat.—adj. Propi′tious, favourable: disposed to be gracious or merciful: ready to forgive.—adv. Propi′tiously.—n. Propi′tiousness. [L. propitiāre, -ātum, to make favourable—propitius, well disposed; orig. perh. an augur's term with reference to the flying of birds—pro, forward, petĕre, to seek, orig. fly; by others conn. with prope, near.]

Proplasm, prō′plazm, n. a mould, matrix.—adj. Proplas′tic, forming a mould.

Propodite, prop′ō-dīt, n. the sixth joint of the typical limb of a Crustacean.

Propodium, prō-pō′di-um, n. the anterior division of the foot in some Gasteropoda and Pteropoda. [Gr. pro, before, pous, podos, the foot.]

Propolis, prop′ō-lis, n. a red, resinous, odorous substance like wax collected by bees and used to stop crevices in the hive, strengthen cells, &c. [Gr.,—pro, before, polis, city.]

Proponent, prō-pō′nent, adj. proposing.—n. one who makes a proposal or proposition: (law) one who propounds a will for probate.

Proportion, prō-pōr′shun, n. the relation of one thing to another in regard to magnitude: fitness of parts to each other: symmetrical arrangement: (math.) the identity or equality of ratios: the 'rule of three,' in which three terms are given to find a fourth: equal or just share: (obs.) form, figure.—v.t. to adjust: to form symmetrically: to correspond to: to divide into proper shares.—adj. Propor′tionable, that may be proportioned: having a proper proportion.—n. Propor′tionableness.—adv. Propor′tionably.—adj. Propor′tional, having a due proportion: relating to proportion: (math.) having the same or a constant ratio.—n. (math.) a number or quantity in a proportion.—n. Proportional′ity.—adv. Propor′tionally.—adj. Propor′tionate, adjusted according to a proportion: proportional.—v.t. to make proportional: to adjust in proportion.—adv. Propor′tionately.—ns. Propor′tionateness, the quality of being adjusted according to settled rates or comparative relation; Propor′tioning, adjustment of proportions.—adj. Propor′tionless, without proportion or symmetry of parts.—Proportional representation, representation in a parliament, &c., according to the number of electors in an electoral district.—Compound proportion, a proportion between two quantities, each of which is the product of two or more, those of the first set being in their order proportional to those of the other; In proportion, in the degree or measure, according; Inverse, or Reciprocal, proportion, an equality of ratio between two quantities and the reciprocals of other two, as 6 : 3 = ½ : ¼. [L. proportio—pro, in comparison with, portio, portionis, part, share.]

Propose, prō-pōz′, v.t. to put forward or offer for consideration, &c.: to purpose or intend: (obs.) to place out, state, utter, discourse: (Shak.) to face, confront.—v.i. to form an intention or design: to offer, especially marriage: (Shak.) to converse—n. (obs.) talk, discourse.—n. Propō′sal, anything proposed: terms or conditions proposed.—n. Propō′ser. [Fr.,—pfx. pro-, poser, to place.]

Proposition, prop-ō-zish′un, n. a placing before: offer of terms: that which is proposed: the act of stating anything: that which is stated: (gram. and logic) a complete sentence, or one which affirms or denies something: (math.) a theorem or problem to be demonstrated or solved.—adj. Proposi′tional, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a proposition: considered as a proposition. [Fr.,—L. propositio.]

Propound, prō-pownd′, v.t. to offer for consideration: to exhibit.—n. Propound′er. [Orig. propone—L.,—pro, forth, ponĕre, to place.]

Proprætor, Propretor, prō-prē′tor, n. a magistrate of ancient Rome, who, after acting as prætor in Rome, was appointed to the government of a province.

Proprietor, prō-prī′e-tor, n. one who has anything as his property: an owner:—fem. Proprī′etress, Proprī′etrix.—adjs. Proprī′etary, Proprietō′rial, belonging to a proprietor.—n. Proprī′etary, a proprietor, owner: a body of proprietors: the rights of a proprietor.—n. Proprī′etorship, state or right of a proprietor: ownership.—Proprietary right, the right of a proprietor: the common-law right of a playwright to control production or representation of his drama so long as unpublished: the right when protected by copyright after publication.

Propriety, prō-prī′e-ti, n. a person's right of possession: state of being proper or right: agreement with established principles or customs: fitness: accuracy: property: (obs.) individuality.—The proprieties, conventional customs of society. [Fr.,—L. proprietas—proprius, one's own.]

Propterygium, prō-tē-rij′i-um, n. the anterior basal cartilage of the fins in the Elasmobranchii:—pl. Proptery′gia.—adj. Proptery′gial. [L. pro, before, L.,—Gr. pterygion, a fin, pteron, a wing.]

Propugnation, prō-pug-nā′shun, n. (Shak.) defence. [L., pro, for, pugnāre, to fight.]

Propulsion, prō-pul′shun, n. act of propelling: a driving forward.—adjs. Propul′sive, Propul′sory, tending or having power to propel. [Low L. propulsio—L. propellĕre, propulsum, to push forward.]

Propylæum, prō-pi-lē′um, n. a gateway of architectural importance, leading into a temple, &c.:—pl. Propylæ′a.—n. Prō′pylon, a monumental gateway before the entrance of an ancient Egyptian temple, &c. [Gr. pro, before, pylē, a gate.]

Pro rata, prō rā′ta, according to one's share: in proportion.—v.t. Prorāte′, to assess pro rata.

Pro re nata, prō rē nā′ta, dealing with something that arises unexpectedly or out of due course, for special business. [L. pro, for, re, abl. of res, thing, nata, abl. fem. of natus, born.]

Prorogue, prō-rōg′, v.t. to bring the meetings of parliament to an end for a time: to put off from one session to another:—pr.p. prorōg′uing: pa.t. and pa.p. prorōgued′.—v.t. Prō′rogāte.—n. Prorogā′tion, act of proroguing: a lengthening out: a putting off to another time, esp. the bringing to an end of a session of parliament. [Fr.,—L. prorogāre, -ātum—pro, forward, rogāre, to ask.]

Prorsad, pror′sad, adv. (anat.) forward.—adj. Pror′sal, anterior.

Prosaic, -al, prō-zā′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to prose: like prose: commonplace in style, manner, or thought: dull.—adv. Prosā′ically.—ns. Prosā′icism, Prosā′icness, quality of being prosaic; Prō′saism, a prose idiom: a prosaic phrase; Prō′saist, a writer of prose: a commonplace person.

Proscenium, prō-sē′ni-um, n. the front part of the stage: the curtain and its framework. [L.,—Gr. proskēnion—pro, before, skēnē, the stage.]

Proscribe, prō-skrīb′, v.t. to publish the names of persons to be punished: to put beyond the protection of law: to banish: to prohibit: to denounce, as doctrine.—ns. Prōscrib′er; Prō′script; Proscrip′tion, the act of proscribing or dooming to death or outlawry: utter rejection.—adj. Prōscrip′tive, pertaining to, or consisting in, proscription.—adv. Prōscrip′tively. [L. proscribĕre—pro, before, publicly, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Prose, prōz, n. the direct, straightforward arrangement of words, free from poetical measures: ordinary spoken and written language: all writings not in verse.—adj. pertaining to prose: not poetical: plain: dull.—v.i. to write prose: to speak or write tediously.—v.t. to compose in prose.—ns. Prose′-man, Prō′ser, Prose′-writ′er, a writer of prose.—adv. Prō′sily, in a prosy manner: tediously.—ns. Prō′siness, the state or quality of being prosy; Prō′sing, speaking or writing in a dull or prosy way.—adj. Prō′sy, dull, tedious. [Fr.,—L. prosa—prorsus, straightforward—pro, forward, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Prosect, prō-sekt′, v.t. to dissect beforehand.—v.i. to perform the duties of a prosector, one who dissects a body for the illustration of anatomical lectures.—ns. Prosec′tion; Prosec′tor.—adj. Prosectō′rial.—n. Prosec′torship. [L. pro, before, secāre, to cut.]

Prosecute, pros′ē-kūt, v.t. to follow onwards or pursue, in order to reach or accomplish: to continue: to pursue by law: to bring before a court.—v.i. to carry on a legal prosecution.—ns. Prosecū′tion, the act of prosecuting or pursuing, esp. a civil or criminal suit: the party by which legal proceedings are instituted; Pros′ecūtor, one who prosecutes or pursues any plan or business: one who carries on a civil or criminal suit:—fem. Pros′ecūtrix.—Public prosecutor, a person whose duty it is to conduct prosecutions in the public interest. [L. prosequi—pro, onwards, sequi, secutus, to follow.]

Proselyte, pros′e-līt, n. one who has come over from one religion or opinion to another: a convert, esp. one who left the heathen and joined a Jewish community.—v.t. to convert.—v.t. Pros′elytīse, to make proselytes.—ns. Pros′elytīser, one who proselytises; Pros′elytism, the act of proselytising or of making converts: conversion.—Proselyte of the gate, a convert who was not compelled to submit to the regulations of the Mosaic law. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. prosēlytos—proserchomai, I come to—pros, to, erchomai, ēlthon, to come.]

Prosencephalon, pros-en-sef′a-lon, n. the fore-brain, comprising the cerebral hemispheres and olfactory processes.—adj. Prosencephal′ic. [Gr. pros, before, enkephalon, the brain—en, in, kephalē, the head.]

Prosenchyma, pros-eng′ki-ma, n. the fibro-vascular system or tissue of plants—opp. to Parenchyma, the soft tissues.—adj. Prosenchym′atous. [Gr. pros, to, enchyma, an infusion.]

Proseuche, (-a), pros-ū′kē, (-kä), n. a place of prayer: among the Jews one that was not a synagogue, or the temple, usually roofless:—pl. Proseu′chæ. [Gr. pros, towards, euchesthai, to pray.]

Prosit, prō′sit, interj. good luck to you, a salutation in drinking healths customary among German students. [3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of prodesse, to be of use—pro, for, esse, to be.]

Prosobranchiata, pros-ō-brangk-i-ā′ta, n.pl. an order or sub-class of gasteropods having the gills anterior to the heart.—adj. Prosobranch′iāte. [Gr. prosō, forward, branchia, gills.]

Prosody, pros′ō-di, n. that part of grammar which treats of quantity, accent, and the laws of verse or versification.—adjs. Prosō′dial, Prosod′ic, -al, pertaining to prosody: according to the rules of prosody.—ns. Prosō′dian, Pros′odist, one skilled in prosody.—adv. Prosod′ically. [Fr.,—L. prosōdia, Gr. prosōdia—pros, to, ōdē, a song.]

Prosopopeia, Prosopopœia, pros-ō-pō-pē′ya, n. a rhetorical figure by which inanimate objects are spoken of as persons: personification. [Gr. prosōpopoiia—prosōpon, a person, poiein, to make.]

Prosopulmonata, pros-ō-pul-mō-nā′ta, n.pl. a group of air-breathing gasteropods in which the pulmonary sac occupies a forward position.—adj. Prosopul′monāte. [Gr. prosō, forward, L. pulmo, a lung.]

Prospect, pros′pekt, n. a looking forward: that which the eye takes in at once: a view: object of view: a scene: expectation: a long, straight, wide street: outlook, exposure.—v.i. Prospect′, to make a search, esp. for chances of mining for precious metals.—ns. Prospec′ter, -or, one who explores for valuable minerals; Prospec′ting, searching a district for gold or silver mines with a view to further operations; Prospec′tion, the act of looking forward or of providing for future wants.—adj. Prospec′tive, looking forward: expected: acting with foresight: relating to the future: distant.—n. outlook: prospect.—adv. Prospec′tively.—ns. Prospec′tiveness; Prospec′tus, the outline of any plan submitted for public approval, particularly of a literary work or of a joint-stock concern. [L. prospectus—prospicĕre, prospectum—pro, forward, specĕre, to look.]

Prosper, pros′pėr, v.t. to make fortunate or happy: (B.) to make to prosper.—v.i. to be successful: to succeed: to turn out well.—n. Prosper′ity, the state of being prosperous: success: good fortune.—adj. Pros′perous, according to hope: in accordance with one's wishes: making good progress: favourable: successful.—adv. Pros′perously.—n. Pros′perousness. [L. prosper, prosperus—pro, in accordance with, spes, hope.]

Prosphysis, pros′-fi-sis, n. morbid adhesion of the eyelids to each other or to the eyeball. [Gr.]

Prostate, pros′tāt, adj. standing in front, applied to a gland in males at the neck of the bladder.—n. the gland at the neck of the bladder.—adj. Prostat′ic.—n. Prostatī′tis, inflammation of the prostate gland. [Gr. prostatēs—pro, before, sta, root of histēmi, I set up.]

Prosthesis, pros′the-sis, n. addition, affixion, as of letters at the beginning of a word: the fitting of artificial parts to the body.—adj. Prosthet′ic. [Gr.]

Prostitute, pros′ti-tūt, v.t. to expose for sale for bad ends: to sell to lewdness: to devote to any improper purpose.—adj. openly devoted to lewdness: sold to wickedness.—n. a female who indulges in lewdness, esp. for hire, a whore: a base hireling.—ns. Prostitū′tion, the act or practice of prostituting: lewdness for hire: the being devoted to infamous purposes; Pros′titūtor, one who prostitutes either himself or another. [L. prostituĕre, -ūtum—pro, before, statuĕre, to place.]

Prostrate, pros′trāt, adj. thrown forwards on the ground: lying at length: lying at mercy: bent in adoration.—v.t. to throw forwards on the ground: to lay flat: to overthrow: to sink totally: to bow in humble reverence.—n. Prostrā′tion, act of throwing down or laying flat: act of falling down in adoration: dejection: complete loss of strength. [L. pro, forwards, sternĕre, stratum, to strew.]

Prostyle, prō′stīl, adj. (archit.) having a range of detached columns in front.

Prosyllogism, prō-sil′ō-jizm, n. a syllogism of which the conclusion is the premise of another.

Protagonist, prō-tag′on-ist, n. a leading character, esp. in a play.—n. Prō′tagon, a nitrogenous substance obtained from the brain and other tissues. [Gr. prōtos, first, agōnistēs, a combatant.]

Protamœba, prō-ta-mē′ba, n. a low form of the Monera, which is constantly changing its form by sending out and withdrawing pseudopodia.

Pro tanto, prō tan′to, for so much: to a certain extent: to the extent mentioned.

Protasis, prot′a-sis, n. (rhet.) the first part of a conditional sentence—opp. to Apodosis: the first part of a dramatic composition.—adj. Protat′ic. [Gr.,—pro, before, tasis, a stretching, teinein, to stretch.]

Protean, prō′tē-an, adj. readily assuming different shapes, like Proteus, the sea-god, fabled to have the power of changing himself into an endless variety of forms: variable: inconstant.

Protect, prō-tekt′, v.t. to cover in front: to cover over: to shield from danger: to defend: to shelter.—adv. Protec′tingly.—ns. Protec′tion, act of protecting: state of being protected: preservation: defence: that which protects: guard: refuge: security: a writing guaranteeing against molestation or interference: passport: a fostering of home produce and manufactures by laying taxes on the importation of foreign goods; Protec′tionism, the doctrine of the protectionists; Protec′tionist, one who favours the protection of trade by law.—adj. favouring the economic doctrine of protection.—adj. Protec′tive, affording protection: defensive: sheltering.—n. that which protects.—adv. Protec′tively.—ns. Protec′tiveness; Protec′tor, one who protects from injury or oppression: a guardian: a regent:—fem. Protec′tress, Protec′trix.—adjs. Protec′toral, Protectō′rial, pertaining to a protector or a regent.—n. Protec′torāte, government by a protector: the authority assumed by a superior: relation assumed by a strong nation to a weak one, whereby the latter is protected from hostile or foreign interference.—adj. Protec′torless.—ns. Protec′torship; Protec′tory, an institution for destitute children. [L., pro, in front, tegĕre, tectum, to cover.]

Protégé, prō-tā-zhā′, n. one under the protection of another: a pupil: a ward:—fem. Protégée. [Fr., pa.p. of protéger, to protect—L. protegĕre.]

Protein, prō′tē-in, n. the first element in any compound: formerly the supposed common radical of the group of bodies which form the most essential articles of food, albumen, fibrine, &c.—n. Prō′tēid, a body containing protein: one of several bodies which go to make up the soft tissues of animals and vegetables. [Gr. prōtos, first, suffix -in.]

Pro tempore, prō tem′po-rē, for the time being: temporary—sometimes written pro tem.—adj. Protemporā′neous, temporary.

Protend, prō-tend′, v.t. to stretch or hold out.—ns. Protense′ (Spens.), extension; Proten′sion, duration; Proten′sity.—adj. Proten′sive. [L.,—pro, forth, tendĕre, tensum, to stretch.]

Proteolytic, prō-tē-ō-lit′ik, adj. converting food material into protein.—n. Proteol′ysis. [Proteid, Gr. lyein, to relax.]

Proterandry, prot-e-ran′dri, n. the maturity of the anthers of a perfect flower before its stigma is ready to receive the pollen.—adj. Proteran′drous.

Proteroglypha, prot-e-rog′li-fa, n.pl. a group of snakes having the anterior maxillary teeth grooved. [Gr. proteros, fore, glyphein, to carve.]

Proterogyny, prot-e-roj′i-ni, n. the maturity of the stigmas of a perfect flower before its anthers have matured their pollen.—adj. Proterog′ynous.

Protervity, prō-ter′vi-ti, n. peevishness, wantonness:—pl. Proter′vities. [O. Fr.,—L.,—protervus, wanton—pro, forth, terĕre, to bruise.]

Protest, prō-test′, v.i. to bear witness before others: to declare openly: to give a solemn declaration of opinion (against).—v.t. to make a solemn declaration of: to note, as a bill of exchange, on account of non-acceptance or non-payment: (rare) to call as a witness: (obs.) to publish, make known: (Shak.) to vow.—n. Prō′test, a solemn or formal declaration, esp. in writing, expressing dissent: the noting by a notary-public of an unpaid or unaccepted bill: a written declaration, usually by the master of a ship, stating the circumstances attending loss or injury of ship or cargo, &c.—adj. Prot′estant, protesting: pertaining to the faith of those who protest against the errors of the Church of Rome.—n. one of those who, in 1529, protested against an edict of Charles V. and the Diet of Spires denouncing the Reformation: a member of one of those churches founded by the Reformers: one who protests.—v.t. Prot′estantise.—ns. Prot′estantism, the Protestant religion: state of being a Protestant; Protestā′tion, an act of protesting: a solemn declaration: a declaration of dissent: a declaration in pleading; Prot′estātor; Protest′er.—adv. Protest′ingly. [Fr.,—L. protestāri, -ātus, to bear witness in public—pro, before, testāri—testis, a witness.]

Protevangelium, prō-tē-van-jel′i-um, n. the earliest announcement of the gospel (Gen. iii. 15): an apocryphal gospel ascribed to James, Jesus' brother.

Prothalamium, prō-tha-lā′mi-um, n. a piece written to celebrate a marriage.—Also Prothalā′mion. [Gr. pro, before, thalamos, a bride-chamber.]

Prothallium, prō-thal′i-um, n. the green, leaf-like, cellular expansion which grows from the spore of a fern.—Also Prothall′us. [Gr. pro, before, thallus, a young shoot.]

Prothesis, proth′e-sis, n. in the Greek Church the preliminary oblation of the eucharistic elements before the liturgy: the table used. [Gr.,—pro, before, tithenai, to place.]

Prothonotary, prō-thon′ō-ta-ri, n. a chief notary or clerk: one of the chief secretaries of the chancery at Rome: a chief clerk or registrar of a court, in certain of the United States—also Proton′otary.—adj. Prothonotā′rial.—n. Prothonotā′riat, the college constituted by the twelve apostolical prothonotaries in Rome. [Late L.,—Gr. prōtos, first, L. notarius, a clerk.]

Prothorax, prō-thō′raks, n. the anterior segment of the thorax of insects.—adj. Prothorac′ic (-ras-).

Protista, prō-tis′ta, n.pl. a proposed term for a zoological kingdom including Protozoa and Protophyta. [Gr. prōtistos, superl. of prōtos, first.]

Protococcus, prō-tō-kok′us, n. a microscopic vegetable organism forming the green scum upon trees, tiles, &c. [Gr. prōtos, first, kokkos, a berry.]

Protocol, prō′tō-kol, n. the first copy of any document: the rough draft of an instrument or transaction: the original copy.—v.i. to issue, form protocols.—v.t. to make a protocol of—also Prō′tocolīse.—n. Prō′tocolist, a registrar or clerk. [Fr.,—Low L. protocollum—Late Gr. prōtokollon, the first leaf, containing the writer's name, date, &c.—Gr. prōtos, first, kolla, glue.]

Protogenal, prō-toj′e-nal, adj. primitive.—n. Protogen′esis, abiogenesis.—adjs. Protogenet′ic, Protogen′ic, noting crystalline or fire-formed rocks: noting intercellular spaces formed within undifferentiated plant tissues.—n. Prō′togine, a variety of granite in the Alps.

Protomartyr, prō′tō-mär-tėr, n. St Stephen, the first Christian martyr: the first who suffers in any cause.

Protophyte, prō′tō-fīt, n. the first or lowest order of plants.—n.pl. Protoph′yta.—adj. Protophyt′ic. [Gr. prōtos, first, phyton, a plant.]

Protoplasm, prō′tō-plazm, n. living matter: a homogeneous, structureless substance, forming the physical basis of life, endowed with contractility, with a chemical composition allied to that of albumen.—adj. Protoplasm′ic.—n. Prō′toplast, he who, or that which, was first formed: an original: the first parent.—adj. Protoplast′ic. [Gr. prōtos, first, plasma, form—plassein, to form.]

Prototheria, prō-tō-thē′ri-a, n.pl. the hypothetical primitive mammals, ancestors of the monotremes. [Gr. prōtos, first, thēr, wild beast.]

Prototype, prō′tō-tīp, n. the first or original type or model from which anything is copied: an exemplar: a pattern.—adjs. Prō′totypal, Prōtotyp′ical. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr., prōtos, first, typos, a type.]

Protovertebræ, prō-tō-ver′te-brē, n.pl. the rudimentary segments formed in the vertebrate embryo from the medullary plates, from which the bodies of the vertebræ, spinal nerve-roots, &c. are developed.—adjs. Protover′tebral, Protover′tebrate.

Protoxide, prō-tok′sīd, n. the first oxide—that is, an oxide containing one equivalent of oxygen combined with one equivalent of a base.

Protozoa, prō-tō-zō′ä, n.pl. the first or lowest class of animals:—sing. Protozō′on.—adjs. Protozō′an; Protozō′ic, pertaining to the protozoa: containing remains of the earliest life of the globe. [Gr. prōtos, first, zōon, an animal.]

Protract, prō-trakt′, v.t. to draw out or lengthen in time: to prolong: to put off in time: to draw to a scale.—p.adj. Protrac′ted, drawn out in time: tedious: prolonged: postponed.—adv. Protrac′tedly.—n. Protrac′ter.—adj. Protrac′tile, susceptible of being thrust out.—n. Protrac′tion, act of protracting or prolonging: the delaying of the termination of a thing: the plotting or laying down of the dimensions of anything on paper.—adj. Protrac′tive, drawing out in time: prolonging: delaying.—n. Protrac′tor, one who, or that which, protracts: a mathematical instrument for laying down angles on paper, used in surveying, &c. [L.,—pro, forth, trahĕre, to draw.]

Protrude, prō-trōōd′, v.t. to thrust or push forward: to drive along: to put out.—v.i. to be thrust forward or beyond the usual limit.—adjs. Protrud′able, Protru′sile, protractile; Protru′sible, able to be protruded.—n. Protru′sion, the act of thrusting forward or beyond the usual limit: the state of being protruded: that which protrudes.—adj. Protru′sive, thrusting or impelling forward: protruding.—adv. Protru′sively.—n. Protru′siveness. [L. protrudĕre—pro, forward, trudĕre, to thrust.]

Protuberance, prō-tūb′ėr-ans, n. a prominence: a tumour.—adj. Protū′berant, swelling: prominent.—adv. Protū′berantly.—v.i. Protū′berāte, to bulge out.—n. Protūberā′tion. [L. protuberāre, -ātum—pro, forward, tuber, a swelling.]

Proud, prowd (comp. Proud′er; superl. Proud′est), adj. having excessive self-esteem: arrogant: haughty: having a proper sense of what is becoming: daring: grand: ostentatious: giving reason for pride or boasting.—n. Proud′-flesh, a growth or excrescence of flesh in a wound.—adjs. Proud′-heart′ed (Shak.), having a proud spirit; Proud′ish, somewhat proud.—adv. Proud′ly.—adj. Proud′-mind′ed (Shak.), proud in mind.—n. Proud′ness, the state or quality of being proud: pride.—adjs. Proud′-pied (Shak.), gorgeously variegated; Proud′-stom′ached, of haughty spirit, arrogant. [A.S. prut, proud, prýte, pride.]

Provable, prōōv′a-bl, adj. that may be proved.—n. Prov′ableness.—adv. Prov′ably, in a manner capable of proof. [O. Fr. provable, prouvable—L. probabilis, probable.]

Provand, prov′and, n. (Shak.) provender: provision—also Prov′end.—adj. Prov′ant, belonging to a regular allowance: of common or inferior quality. [O. Fr.,—Low L. præbenda, a payment, pittance.]

Prove, prōōv, v.t. to try by experiment or by a test or standard: to make certain: to try by suffering: to establish or ascertain as truth by argument or other evidence: to demonstrate: to ascertain the genuineness of: to experience or suffer: (math.) to ascertain the correctness of any result.—v.i. to make trial: to turn out: to be shown afterwards.—n. Prov′er.—The exception proves the rule, the exception tests the rule, proving its general truth. [O. Fr. prover (Fr. prouver), which, like A.S. prófian and Ger. proben, is from L. probāre—probus, excellent.]

Provection, prō-vek′shun, n. the transfer of the final consonant from a word to the beginning of the next.—n. Prōvec′tor (math.), a contravariant operator formed by substituting signs of partial differentiation for the facients of a quantic. [L. provehĕre, provectum, to carry forward.]

Proven, prov′n, (Scots law) same as Proved, pa.p. of Prove.—Not proven, a verdict declaring that guilt has not been fully made out, but which leaves the accused still under serious suspicion.

Provenance, prov′e-nans, n. the source from which anything comes or is derived.—Also Provē′nience. [Fr.,—L. pro, forth, venīre, to come.]

Provençal, prō-vang-sal′, adj. of or pertaining to Provence, in France, or to its inhabitants—also Proven′cial.—n. a native, or the language of Provence, the langue d'oc (q.v.).

Provender, prov′en-dėr, n. dry food for beasts, as hay or corn: esp. a mixture of meal and cut straw or hay.—v.t. to feed. [O. Fr.,—L. præbenda, in Late L. a daily allowance of food.]

Proverb, prov′ėrb, n. a short familiar sentence expressing a well-known truth or moral lesson: a byword: (B.) a difficult saying that requires explanation: (pl.) a book of the Old Testament: a dramatic composition in which a proverb gives name and character to the plot.—v.t. to speak of proverbially: make a byword of: to provide with a proverb.—adj. Prover′bial, like or pertaining to proverbs: widely spoken of.—v.t. Prover′bialise, to turn into a proverb.—ns. Prover′bialism, a saying in the form of, or like, a proverb; Prover′bialist.—adv. Prover′bially. [Fr. proverbe—L. proverbium—pro, publicly, verbum, a word.]

Provide, prō-vīd′, v.t. to make ready beforehand: to prepare for future use: to supply: to appoint or give a right to a benefice before it is actually vacant.—v.i. to procure supplies or means of defence: to take measures: to arrange for as a necessary condition or arrangement.—adj. Provī′dable.—conj. Provī′ded, (often with that) on condition: upon these terms: with the understanding.—n. Provī′der. [L. providēre—pro, before, vidēre, to see.]

Providence, prov′i-dens, n. timely preparation: (theol.) the foresight and care of God over all His creatures: God, considered in this relation: something occurring in which God's care is clearly shown: prudence in managing one's affairs.—adjs. Prov′ident, seeing beforehand, and providing for the future: cautious: prudent: economical; Providen′tial, effected by, or proceeding from, divine providence.—advs. Providen′tially; Prov′idently.—n. Prov′identness. [L. provid-ens, -entis, pr.p. of providēre.]

Province, prov′ins, n. a portion of an empire or a state marked off for purposes of government: a part of a country as distinguished from the capital: the district over which a governor or an archbishop has jurisdiction: a region: a business or duty: a person's business or calling: a department of knowledge.—adj. Provin′cial, relating to a province: belonging to a division of a country: local: showing the habits and manners of a province: unpolished: narrow.—n. an inhabitant of a province or country district: (R.C.) the superintendent of the heads of the religious houses in a province.—v.t. Provin′cialise, to render provincial:—pr.p. provin′cialīsing; pa.p. provin′cialīsed.—ns. Provin′cialism, a manner, a mode of speech, or a turn of thought peculiar to a province or a country district: a local expression: narrowness; Provincial′ity.—adv. Provin′cially.—Provincial letters, a series of letters written (1656-57) by Pascal against the doctrines and policy of the Jesuits. [Fr.,—L. provincia, a province; perh. pro, for, vincĕre, to conquer.]

Provincial, prō-vin′shal, adj. pertaining to Provence or Provençal.—Provincial rose, the cabbage-rose—from Provins-rose, Provins in Seine-et-Marne, being famous for its roses: (Shak.) a rosette formerly worn on the shoe.

Provine, prō-vīn′, v.i. to propagate a vine by layering, to form a plant for the next season at a distance from the original plant.

Provision, prō-vizh′un, n. act of providing: that which is provided or prepared: measures taken beforehand: a clause in a law or a deed: a rule for guidance: an appointment by the pope to a benefice not yet vacant: preparation: previous agreement: a store of food: provender.—v.t. to supply with provisions or food.—adjs. Provi′sional, Provi′sionary, provided for the occasion: temporary: containing a provision.—n. Provi′sional-judg′ment, a judgment given as far as the available evidence admits, but subject to correction under more light.—adv. Provi′sionally.—ns. Provi′sional-or′der, an order to do something granted by a secretary of state, which, when confirmed by the legislature, has the force of an act of parliament; Provi′sional-rem′edy, a means of detaining in safety a person or property until a decision upon some point in which they are concerned be come to; Provi′sion-mer′chant, a general dealer in articles of food. [Fr.,—L.,—provisus, pa.p. of providēre.]

Proviso, prō-vī′zō, n. a provision or condition in a deed or other writing: the clause containing it: any condition:—pl. Provisos (prō-vī′zōz).—adv. Provī′sorily.—adj. Provī′sory, containing a proviso or condition: conditional: making provision for the time: temporary. [From the L. law phrase proviso quod, it being provided that.]

Provisor, prō-vī′zor, n. one who provides: a purveyor: a person to whom the pope has granted the right to the next vacancy in a benefice.—Statute of Provisors, an act of the English parliament passed in 1351 to prevent the pope from exercising the power of creating provisors.

Provoke, prō-vōk′, v.t. to call forth: to summon: to excite or call into action: to excite with anger: to offend: (B.) to challenge.—n. Provocā′tion, act of provoking: that which provokes: any cause of danger.—adjs. Provoc′ative, Provoc′atory, tending to provoke or excite.—n. anything that stirs up or provokes.—n. Provoc′ativeness, the quality of being provocative.—adj. Provō′kable.—ns. Provōke′ment (Spens.), provocation; Provō′ker, one who, or that which, provokes, causes, or promotes.—adj. Provō′king, irritating.—adv. Provō′kingly.—The provocation, the sojourn of the Jews in the wilderness, when they provoked God. [Fr. provoquer—L. provocāre, pro, forth, vocāre, to call.]

Provost, prov′ost, n. the dignitary set over a cathedral or collegiate church: the head of a college: (Scotland) the chief magistrate of certain classes of burghs, answering to mayor in England: (Shak.) the keeper of a prison.—ns. Prov′ost-mar′shal (army), an officer with special powers for enforcing discipline and securing prisoners till brought to trial: (navy) an officer having charge of prisoners; Prov′ostry, a district under a provost; Prov′ostship, the office of a provost.—Lord Provost, the style of the chief magistrates of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, Aberdeen, and Dundee. [O. Fr. provost (Fr. prévôt), L. præpositus, pa.p. of præponĕre—præ, over, ponĕre, to place.]

Prow, prow, n. the forepart of a ship: the bow or beak. [Fr. proue (It. prua)—L. prora—Gr. prōra, a prow—pro, before.]

Prowess, prow′es, n. bravery, esp. in war: valour: daring.—adj. Prow (arch.), brave, valiant:—superl. Prow′est. [O. Fr. prou (Fr. preux), perh. from prod in prodesse, to do good.]

Prowl, prowl, v.i. to keep poking about: to rove about in search of prey or plunder.—n. (coll.) the act of prowling: a roving for prey.—n. Prowl′er.—adj. Prowl′ing.—adv. Prowl′ingly. [Prob. for progle=prokle, a freq. form of proke, to thrust; cf. Prog.]

Proximate, proks′i-māt, adj. nearest or next: without any one between, as a cause and its effect: having the most intimate connection: near and immediate.—adj. Prox′imal.—advs. Prox′imally; Prox′imately.—n. Proxim′ity, immediate nearness in time, place, relationship, &c.—adj. Prox′imo, (in) the next (month)—often written prox.—Proximate cause, a cause which immediately precedes the effect; Proximate object, immediate object. [L. proximus, next, superl. from prope, near.]

Proxy, prok′si, n. the agency of one who acts for another: one who acts or votes for another, or the writing by which he is authorised to do so: a substitute.—v.i. to vote or act by proxy.—n. Prox′yship.—adj. Prox′y-wed′ded (Tenn.), wedded by proxy. [Obs. procuracy. Cf. Procurator.]

Prozymite, proz′i-mīt, n. one who uses leavened bread in the eucharist—opp. to Azymite.

Prude, prōōd, n. a woman of affected modesty: one who pretends extreme propriety.—n. Pru′dery, manners of a prude: pretended or overdone strictness of manner or behaviour.—adj. Pru′dish, like a prude: affectedly modest or reserved: stiff: severe.—adv. Pru′dishly.—n. Pru′dishness. [O. Fr. prode, fem. of prou, prod, excellent.]

Prudent, prōō′dent, adj. cautious and wise in conduct: careful: discreet: dictated by forethought: frugal.—n. Pru′dence, quality of being prudent: wisdom applied to practice: attention to self-interest: caution.—adj. Pruden′tial, using or practising prudence.—n. a matter for prudence (generally pl.).—n. Prudential′ity.—advs. Pruden′tially; Pru′dently. [Fr.,—L. prūdens, prūdentis, contr. of providens, pr.p. of providēre, to foresee.]

Prud′-homme, prōō-dom′, n. a prudent man: a skilled workman: in France, one of a board of arbitrators formed from masters and workmen. [Fr. prud or prod, good, homme, a man.]

Pruinose, prōō′i-nōs, adj. powdery, mealy.—Also Pru′inous. [L. pruina, hoar-frost.]

Prune, prōōn, v.t. to trim by lopping off superfluous parts: to divest of anything superfluous: to arrange or dress feathers, as birds do.—ns. Pru′ner; Pru′ning, the act of pruning or trimming; Pru′ning-hook, a hooked bill for pruning with; Pru′ning-knife, a large knife with a slightly hooked point for pruning.—n.pl. Pru′ning-shears, shears for pruning shrubs, &c. [Older form proin, prob. from Fr. provigner, provin, a shoot—L. propago, -inis.]

Prune, prōōn, n. a plum, esp. a dried plum.—adj. Prunif′erous, bearing plums. [Fr.,—L. prunum—Gr. prounon.]

Prunella, prōō-nel′a, n. sore throat: angina pectoris. [Low L., from Teut.; Ger. bräune, quinsy.]

Prunella, prōō-nel′a, n. a genus of plants, the best known of which is Self-heal, formerly used as a medicine. [Perh. from prunella, above.]

Prunella, prōō-nel′a, n. a strong woollen stuff, generally black—also Prunell′o.—n. Prunell′o, a little prune: a kind of dried plum. [Prob. Latinised form of Fr. prunelle, a sloe, dim. of Fr. prune, a plum.]

Prurience, prōō′ri-ens, n. state of being prurient: eager desire—also Pru′riency.—adj. Pru′rient, itching or uneasy with desire: given to unclean thoughts.—adv. Pru′riently. [L. pruriens, pr.p. of prurīre, to itch.]

Prurigo, prōō-rī′gō, n. an eruption on the skin, causing great itching.—adj. Prurig′inous.—n. Prurī′tus. [L. prurio, an itching.]

Prussian, prush′an, adj. of or pertaining to Prussia.—n. an inhabitant of Prussia.—v.t. Pruss′ianise.—n. Pruss′iate, a salt of prussic acid: a cyanide.—adj. Pruss′ic, pertaining to Prussian blue.—Prussian blue, cyanide of potassium and iron; Prussic acid, a deadly poison, an acid first obtained from Prussian blue—also Hydrocyanic acid.

Pry, prī, v.i. to peer or peep into that which is closed: to inspect closely: to try to discover with curiosity:—pa.t. and pa.p. pried.—n. (rare) a peeping glance: one who pries—cf. Paul Pry, in John Poole's (1792-1879) comedy so called, first produced in 1825.—ns. Prī′er, Pry′er.—p.adj. Pry′ing, looking closely into: inquisitive: curious.—adv. Pry′ingly. [M. E. prien=piren, to peer; cf. Peer.]

Prytaneum, prit-an-ē′um, n. the town-hall of an ancient Greek city where ambassadors were received, and citizens who had deserved well of the state were sometimes allowed to dine at the public expense. [Gr.,—prytanis, a presiding magistrate.]

Psalm, säm, n. a sacred song.—ns. Psalm′-book, a book containing psalms for purposes of worship; Psalmist (säm′ist, or sal′mist), a composer of psalms, applied to David and to the writers of the Scriptural psalms.—adjs. Psalmod′ic, -al, pertaining to psalmody.—v.i. Psal′modise, to practise psalmody.—ns. Psal′modist, a singer of psalms; Psalmody (sal′mo-di, or säm′o-di), the singing of psalms, esp. in public worship: psalms collectively.—v.t. to celebrate in psalms.—ns. Psalmog′rapher, Psalmog′raphist, a writer of psalms; Psalmog′raphy, the act or practice of writing psalms; Psalm′-tune, a tune to which a psalm is usually sung.—The Psalms, one of the books of the Old Testament. [A.S. sealm—Low L. psalmus—Gr. psalmos—psallein, to play on a stringed instrument.]

Psalter, sawl′tėr, n. the book of Psalms, esp. when separately printed: (R.C.) a series of 150 devout sentences: a rosary of 150 beads, according to the number of the psalms.—adj. Psaltē′rian, pertaining to a psalter: musical.—ns. Psal′tery, a stringed instrument used by the Jews: psalter; Psal′tress, a woman who plays upon the psaltery. [O. Fr. psaltier—L. psalterium, a song sung to the psaltery.]

Psalterium, sawl-tē′ri-um, n. the third division of a ruminant's stomach, the omasum or manyplies.

Psammitic, sa-mit′ik, adj. in geology, applied to derivative rocks composed of rounded grains, as ordinary sandstone. [Gr. psammos, sand.]

Pschent, pshent, n. the sovereign crown of ancient Egypt, a combination of the white mitre of southern Egypt, with the red crown, square in front and pointed behind, of northern Egypt. [Egyptian.]

Psellism, sel′izm, n. a defect in articulation—also Psellis′mus. [Gr. psellismos—psellos, stammering.]

Pseudo-, sū′dō, a prefix signifying false or spurious, as in ns. Pseudæsthē′sia, imaginary feeling, as in an amputated limb; Pseudepig′rapha (pl.), spurious writings, especially those writings claiming to be Biblical, but not judged genuine or canonical by the consent of scholars.—adjs. Pseudepigraph′ic, -al.—n. Pseudepig′raphy, the ascription to books of false names of authors.—n. Pseu′do-apos′tle, a pretended apostle.—adj. Pseu′do-archā′ic, archaistic.—ns. Pseudoblep′sis, visual illusion; Pseu′do-Christian′ity, counterfeit Christianity; Pseudochrō′mia, false perception of colour; Pseu′do-clas′sicism, false or affected classicism.—adjs. Pseu′dodont, having false teeth, as a monotreme; Pseu′dodox, false.—n. a common fallacy.—ns. Pseudogeu′sia, false taste-perception; Pseu′dograph, a false writing.—v.i. Pseudog′raphise, to write incorrectly.—ns. Pseudog′raphy, bad spelling; Pseudol′ogy, the science of lying; Pseu′do-mar′tyr, a false martyr; Pseudomem′brane, a false membrane, or lining, as in some diseases of the throat.—adj. Pseudomem′branous.—n. Pseu′domorph.—adj. Pseudomor′phous, deceptive in form: (min.) noting crystals which have a form of crystallisation foreign to the species to which they belong.—ns. Pseu′donym, a fictitious name assumed, as by an author; Pseudonym′ity, state of being pseudonymous.—adj. Pseudon′ymous, bearing a fictitious name.—adv. Pseudon′ymously.—n.pl. Pseudopō′dia, the processes alternately thrust forth and drawn back by amœboid cells:—sing. Pseudopō′dium, Pseu′dopod.—n. Pseu′doscope, a species of stereoscope which causes the parts of bodies in relief to appear hollow, and vice versâ.—adj. Pseudoscop′ic.—n. Pseu′doscopy. [Gr. pseudēs, false.]

Pshaw, shaw, interj. expressing contempt.—v.i. to express contempt, as with this word. [Imit.]

Psilanthropism, sī-lan′thrō-pizm, n. the doctrine or belief of the mere human existence of Christ.—adj. Psilanthrop′ic.—ns. Psilan′thropist, one who thinks Christ a mere man; Psilan′thropy. [Gr. psilos, bare, anthrōpos, man.]

Psittaci, sit′a-sī, n.pl. the parrot tribe.—adjs. Psit′tacine, Psittā′ceous. [Gr. psittakos.]

Psoas, sō′as, n. a muscle of the loins and pelvis: the tenderloin.—adj. Psoat′ic. [Gr. psoa, psua, generally in pl. psoai, psuai.]

Psoriasis, sō-rī′a-sis, n. a disease characterised by slight elevations of the surface of the skin covered with whitish scales.—n. Psō′ra.—adj. Psō′ric. [Gr. psōriān, to have the itch, psān, to rub.]

Psychic, -al, sī′kik, -al, adj. pertaining to the soul, or living principle in man: spiritual: pertaining to the mind, or to its faculties and functions.—ns. Psy′che, the personified soul or spirit: the human soul or spirit or mind: a genus of bombycid moths: a cheval-glass; Psychī′ater, Psychī′atrist, one who treats diseases of the mind, an alienist; Psychī′atry, the treatment of mental diseases; Psy′chic, a spiritualistic medium; Psy′chics, the science of psychology; Psy′chism, the doctrine that there is a universal soul animating all living beings; Psy′chist; Psychogen′esis, Psychog′eny, the origination and development of the soul; Psychog′ony, the doctrine of the development of mind; Psy′chograph, an instrument used for so-called spirit-writing.—adj. Psychograph′ic.—n. Psychog′raphy, the natural history of mind: supposed spirit-writing by the hand of a medium.—adjs. Psycholog′ic, -al, pertaining to psychology: pertaining to the mind.—adv. Psycholog′ically.—v.i. Psychol′ogise.—ns. Psychol′ogist, one who studies psychology; Psychol′ogy, the science which classifies and analyses the phenomena or varying states of the human mind; Psychom′achy, a conflict of soul with body; Psy′chomancy, necromancy; Psychom′etry, the science of the measurement of the duration, &c., of mental processes: an occult power claimed by some charlatans of divining the secret properties of things by mere contact.—adj. Psy′chomōtor, pertaining to such mental action as induces muscular contraction.—ns. Psychoneurol′ogy, that part of neurology which deals with mental action; Psychoneurō′sis, mental disease without apparent anatomical lesion; Psychon′omy, the science of the laws of mental action; Psychonosol′ogy, the branch of medical science that treats of mental diseases; Psychopan′nychism, the theory that at death the soul falls asleep till the resurrection; Psychopan′nychist; Psychopar′esis, mental weakness; Psy′chopath, a morally irresponsible person; Psychop′athist, an alienist; Psychop′athy, derangement of mental functions.—adj. Psy′cho-phys′ical.—ns. Psy′cho-phys′icist; Psy′cho-physiol′ogy, Psy′cho-phys′ics, the knowledge of the manifold correspondences of the most intimate and exact kind that exist between states and changes of consciousness on the one hand, and states and changes of brain on the other—the concomitance being apparently complete as respects complexity, intensity, and time-order; Psy′choplasm, the physical basis of consciousness; Psy′chopomp, Hermes, the guide of spirits to the other world; Psychō′sis, mental condition: a change in the field of consciousness: any mental disorder; Psychostā′sia, the weighing of souls; Psy′cho-stat′ics, the theory of the conditions of the phenomena of mind; Psychothē′ism, the doctrine that God is pure spirit; Psychotherapeu′tics, Psychother′apy, the art of curing mental disease.—Psychical research, inquiring into alleged phenomena, apparently implying a connection with another world; Psychic force, a power not physical or mechanical, supposed to cause certain so-called spiritualistic phenomena. [L. psychicus—Gr. psychikos—psychē, the soul—psychēin, to breathe.]

Psychrometer, sī-krom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the tension of aqueous vapour in the atmosphere: a wet and dry bulb hygrometer.—adjs. Psychromet′ric, -al.—ns. Psychrom′etry; Psychrophō′bia, morbid impressibility to cold; Psy′chrophore, a refrigerating instrument like a catheter for cooling the urethra. [Gr. psychros, cold, psychein, to blow, metron, a measure.]

Ptarmigan, tär′mi-gan, n. a species of grouse with feathered toes inhabiting the tops of mountains. [Gael. tarmachan.]

Ptere, tēr, n. (zool.) an alate organ.—ns. Pterid′ium, Pterō′dium, a key-fruit or samara.

Pterichthys, ter-ik′this, n. a genus of fossil ganoid fishes in the Old Red Sandstone strata, with wing-like pectoral fins. [Gr. pteron, wing, ichthys, fish.]

Pterion, tē′ri-on, n. in craniometry, the region where the frontal, squamosal, parietal, and sphenoid bones meet:—pl. Ptē′ria.

Pteris, tē′ris, n. a genus of ferns which includes the brakes.—ns. Pteridol′ogist, one versed in the study of ferns; Pteridol′ogy, the science of ferns; Pteridomā′nia, a passion for ferns; Pterig′raphy, a description of ferns. [Gr. pteris—pteron, a feather.]

Pterodactyl, ter-ō-dak′til, n. an extinct flying reptile with large and bird-like skull, long jaws, and a flying-membrane like that of a bat. [Gr. pteron, wing, daktylos, finger.]

Pterography, ter-og′ra-fi, n. the description of feathers.—n. Pterog′rapher.—adjs. Pterograph′ic, -al; Pterolog′ical.—n. Pterol′ogy, the science of insects' wings.

Pteron, tē′ron, n. a range of columns, portico.—n. Pterō′ma, a peridrome: a side-wall. [Gr.]

Pteropod, ter′ō-pod, n. one of a class of molluscs which move about by means of wing-like appendages attached to the sides of the head, which are not, however, homologous to the foot of other molluscs:—pl. Pterop′oda. [Gr. pteron, wing, pous, podos, foot.]

Pterosauria, ter-ō-saw′ri-a, n.pl. a group of extinct flying reptiles. [Gr. pteron, wing, sauros, lizard.]

Pterygoid, ter′i-goid, n. one of a pair of bones in the facial apparatus of some vertebrata behind the palatines, known in human anatomy as the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone.—adj. aliform or alate.—adj. Pteryg′ian.—n. Pteryg′ium, a generalised limb of a vertebrate.

Pterylæ, ter′i-lē, n.pl. the bands of contour feathers in birds.—adjs. Pterylograph′ic, -al.—adv. Pterylograph′ically.—n. Pterylog′raphy.

Ptilosis, tī-lō′sis, n. plumage or mode of feathering of a bird.—Also Pterylō′sis. [Gr. ptilon, a feather.]

Ptisan, tiz′an, n. a medicinal drink made from barley with other ingredients. [Gr. ptisanē, peeled barley, barley-water—ptissein, to peel.]

Ptochocracy, tō-kok′ra-si, n. the rule of paupers.—n. Ptochog′ony, the production of beggars—wholesale pauperisation. [Gr. ptōchos, a beggar.]

Ptolemaic, tol-e-mā′ik, adj. pertaining to the race of Egyptian kings called the Ptolemies: pertaining to Ptolemy the astronomer (of the 2d century)—also Ptolemæ′an.—n. Ptolemā′ist, one who believes in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.—Ptolemaic system, the method by which Ptolemy, the astronomer, explained the structure of the heavens and the motions of the heavenly bodies (139 A.D.).

Ptomaïne, tō′ma-in, n. a somewhat loosely used generic name for those bodies, usually poisonous, formed from animal tissues during putrefaction—putrescine, cadaverine, creatinin, neurin, choline, muscarine, &c.—Also Ptō′maïn. [Gr. ptōma, a corpse—piptein, to fall.]

Ptosis, tō′sis, n. inability to raise the upper eyelid. [Gr.,—piptein, to fall.]

Ptyalin, -e, tī′a-lin, n. the nitrogenous essential principle of saliva.—v.i. Pty′alise, to salivate.—n. Pty′alism, salivation.—adj. Ptyalogog′ic.—ns. Ptyal′ogogue, Ptys′magogue, a medicine which causes salivation. [Gr.,—ptuein, to spit.]

Puberty, pū′bėr-ti, n. the age of full development: early manhood or womanhood: the period when a plant begins to flower.—adjs. Pū′beral; Pūber′ulent, covered with very fine downy hairs.—ns. Pū′bes, the pubic region, the hair growing thereon at puberty; Pūbes′cence, state of one arrived at puberty: (bot.) the soft, short hair on plants.—adj. Pūbes′cent, arriving at puberty: (bot., zool.) covered with soft, short hair; Pubig′erous, pubescent. [Fr. puberté—L. pubertas, -tatis—pubes, puber, grown up.]

Pubis, pū′bis, n. a bone of the pelvis which in man forms the anterior portion of the os innominatum.—adjs. Pū′bic; Pubofem′oral; Pū′bo-il′iac; Pū′bo-is′chiac; Puboprostat′ic; Pū′bo-urē′thral; Puboves′ical. [For os pubis, gen. of pubes, grown up.]

Public, pub′lik, adj. of or belonging to the people: pertaining to a community or a nation: general: common to or shared in by all: generally known.—n. the people: the general body of mankind: the people, indefinitely: a public-house, tavern.—ns. Pub′lican, the keeper of an inn or public-house: (orig.) a farmer-general of the Roman taxes: a tax-collector; Publicā′tion, the act of publishing or making public: a proclamation: the act of printing and sending out for sale, as a book: that which is published as a book, &c.—ns.pl. Pub′lic-bills, -laws, &c., bills, laws, &c. which concern the interests of the whole people; Pub′lic-funds, money lent to government for which interest is paid of a stated amount at a stated time.—ns. Pub′lic-house, a house open to the public: one chiefly used for selling beer and other liquors: an inn or tavern; Pub′lic-institū′tion, an institution kept up by public funds for the public use, as an educational or charitable foundation; Pub′licist, one who writes on or is skilled in public law, or on current political topics; Public′ity, the state of being public or open to the knowledge of all: notoriety; Pub′lic-law (see International).—adv. Pub′licly.—adjs. Pub′lic-mind′ed, -spir′ited, having a spirit actuated by regard to the public interest: with a regard to the public interest.—ns. Pub′licness; Pub′lic-opin′ion, the view which the people of a district or county take of any question of public interest; Pub′lic-pol′icy, the main principles or spirit upon which the law of a country is constructed; Pub′lic-spir′it, a strong desire and effort to work on behalf of the public interest.—adv. Pub′lic-spir′itedly.—n. Pub′lic-spir′itedness.—n.pl. Pub′lic-works, permanent works or improvements made for public use or benefit.—Public health, the department in any government, municipality, &c. which superintends sanitation; Public holiday, a general holiday ordained by parliament; Public lands, lands belonging to government, esp. such as are open to sale, grant, &c.; Public orator, an officer of English universities who is the voice of the Senate upon all public occasions; Public school (see School).—In public, in open view. [Fr.,—L. publicus—populus, the people.]

Publish, pub′lish, v.t. to make public: to divulge: to announce: to proclaim: to send forth to the public: to print and offer for sale: to put into circulation.—adj. Pub′lishable.—ns. Pub′lisher, one who makes public: one who publishes books; Pub′lishment, publication, esp. of banns.

Puce, pūs, adj. brownish-purple. [Fr. puce—L. pulex, pulĭcis, a flea.]

Pucelle, pū-sel′, n. a maid, virgin, esp. the Maid of Orleans, Jeanne d'Arc (1412-31): a wanton girl.—n. Pū′celage, virginity. [O. Fr. through Low L.,—L. pullus, a young animal.]

Puck, puk, n. a goblin or mischievous sprite: a merry fairy in Midsummer Night's Dream.—adj. Puck′ish. [M. E. pouke—Celt., as Ir. puca, W. pwca, bwg; conn. with Ice. púki. Cf. Pug, Bug.]

Pucka, puk′a, adj. durable, substantial—opp. to Cutcha. [Anglo-Ind.]

Pucker, puk′ėr, v.t. to gather into folds: to wrinkle.—n. a fold or wrinkle: a number of folds or wrinkles, esp. irregular ones: (coll.) agitation, confusion.—adj. Puck′ery, astringent: tending to wrinkle. [Cf. Poke, a bag, and Pock.]

Puddening, pud′ning, n. a thick pad of rope, &c., used as a fender on the bow of a boat.

Pudder, pud′ėr, n. a pother, a bustle, a tumult.—v.i. to make a tumult or bustle.—v.t. to disturb: to perplex or confound. [Pother.]

Pudding, pōōd′ing, n. a skin or gut filled with seasoned minced meat, &c., a sausage: a soft kind of food made of flour, milk, eggs, &c.: a piece of good fortune.—adjs. Pudd′ing-faced, having a fat, round, smooth face; Pudd′ing-head′ed (coll.), stupid.—ns. Pudd′ing-pie, a pudding with meat baked in it; Pudd′ing-sleeve, a large loose sleeve; Pudd′ing-stone, a conglomerate rock made up of rounded pebbles; Pudd′ing-time, dinner-time: (obs.) critical time. [Prob. Celt., as W. poten, Ir. putog—put, a bag. The Low Ger. pudding, Fr. boudin, L. botulus, are prob. all related words.]

Puddle, pud′l, n. an ill-shaped, awkward person. [Cf. Low Ger. purrel, something short and thick.]

Puddle, pud′l, n. a small pool of muddy water: a mixture of clay and sand.—v.t. to make muddy: to stir up mud: to make water-tight by means of clay: to convert into bar or wrought iron.—v.i. to make a dirty stir.—ns. Pudd′ler, one who turns cast-iron into wrought-iron by puddling; Pudd′ling, the act of rendering impervious to water by means of clay: the process of converting cast into bar or wrought iron.—adj. Pudd′ly, dirty. [M. E. podel (prob. for plod-el)—Celt.; Ir. plodach, plod, a pool.]

Pudency, pū′dens-i, n. (Shak.) shamefacedness, modesty.—n.pl. Puden′da, the genitals.—adjs. Puden′dal, Puden′dous, Pū′dic, -al, pertaining to the pudenda.—n. Pudic′ity, modesty. [L., as if pudentia—pudens, pr.p. of pudēre, to be ashamed.]

Pueblo, pweb′lo, n. a town or settlement in Spanish America: one of the communal habitations of the New Mexico aborigines.—adj. Pueb′lan. [Sp., a town—L. populus, a people.]

Puerile, pū′ėr-īl, adj. pertaining to children: childish: trifling: silly.—adv. Pū′erilely.—ns. Pū′erileness, Pūeril′ity, quality of being puerile: that which is puerile: a childish expression. [Fr. puéril—L. puerilis—puer, a child.]

Puerperal, pū-ėr′pėr-al, adj. relating to childbirth—also Pūer′perous.—adv. Pūer′perally.—Puerperal fever, fever occurring in connection with childbirth; Puerperal insanity, insanity occurring in connection with childbirth. [L. puerpera, a woman lately delivered—puer, a child, parĕre, to bear.]

Puff, puf, v.i. to blow in puffs or whiffs: to swell or fill with air: to breathe with vehemence: to blow at, in contempt: to bustle about.—v.t. to drive with a puff: to swell with a wind: to praise in exaggerated terms.—n. a sudden, forcible breath: a sudden blast of wind: a gust or whiff: a fungus ball containing dust: anything light and porous, or swollen and light: a kind of light pastry: a part of a fabric gathered up so as to be left full in the middle: a light ball or pad for dusting powder on the skin, &c.: an exaggerated expression of praise.—ns. Puff′-add′er, a large, venomous African serpent; Puff′-ball, a dried fungus, ball-shaped and full of dust; Puff′-bird, a South American bird resembling the kingfisher in form, but living on insects; Puff′-box, a box for holding powder for the toilet, and a puff for applying it.—adj. Puffed, gathered up into rounded ridges, as a sleeve.—ns. Puff′er, one who puffs: one who raises the prices at an auction in order to excite the eagerness of the bidders to the advantage of the seller; Puff′ery, puffing or extravagant praise.—adv. Puff′ily.—ns. Puff′iness, state of being puffy or turgid: intumescence; Puff′ing, the act of praising extravagantly.—adv. Puff′ingly.—n. Puff′-paste, a short flaky paste for pastry.—adj. Puff′y, puffed out with air or any soft matter: tumid: bombastic: coming in puffs.—Puff up (B.), to inflate. [Imit.; cf. Ger. puffen, &c.]

Puffin, puf′in, n. a water-fowl having a short, thick, projecting beak like that of a parrot: a puff-ball.

Pug, pug, n. a monkey: a fox: a small kind of dog: any small animal (in familiarity or contempt).—n. Pug′-dog, a small, short-haired dog with wrinkled face, upturned nose, and short tail.—adjs. Pug′-faced, monkey-faced; Pug′ging (Shak.), thieving—a misprint for prigging.—n. Pug′-nose (sometimes abbrev. pug), a short, thick nose with the tip turned up. [Puck.]

Pug, pug, n. clay ground and worked with water.—v.t. to grind with water and make plastic: to line spaces between floors with mortar, felt, or other deafening.—ns. Pug′ging, beating or punching, esp. the working of clay for making bricks, in a pug-mill: (archit.) clay, sawdust, plaster, &c. put between floors to deaden sound; Pug′-mill, a machine for mixing and tempering clay. [Prov. Eng. pug, to strike. Cf. Poke.]

Pugilism, pū′jil-izm, n. the art of boxing or fighting with the fists, esp. in the prize-ring.—ns. Pū′gil, a pinch; Pū′gilist, one who fights with his fists.—adj. Pūgilist′ic. [L. pugil, a boxer.]

Pugnacious, pug-nā′shus, adj. fond of fighting: combative: quarrelsome.—adv. Pugnā′ciously.—n. Pugnac′ity, readiness or inclination to fight: fondness for fighting: quarrelsomeness. [L. pugnax, pugnacis, fond of fighting—pugnāre, to fight.]

Pugree, pug′rē, n. a light scarf worn round the hat to keep off the sun.—Also Pug′gree, Pug′gery, Pug′aree. [Hind. pagrī, a turban.]

Puisne, pū′ne, adj. (law) younger or inferior in rank, applied to certain judges in England. [O. Fr. (Fr. puiné), from puis—L. post, after, né, pa.p. of naître—L. nasci, natus, to be born.]

Puissant, pū′is-ant, adj. potent or powerful: strong: forcible.—n. Pū′issance, power, strength, force.—adv. Pū′issantly.—n. Pū′issantness. [Fr., (It. possente)—L. potens, powerful, modified by the influence of L. posse, to be able.]

Puke, pūk, v.i. to spew, vomit: to sicken.—n. vomit: an emetic.—n. Pū′ker, one who vomits. [Perh. for spuke. Cf. Spew.]

Puke, pūk, adj. (Shak.) of a colour between black and russet: reddish-brown: puce.—n. Puke′-stock′ing (Shak.), a dark-coloured stocking.

Pule, pūl, v.i. to pipe or chirp: to cry, whimper, or whine, like a child.—ns. Pū′ler; Pū′ling, the cry as of a chicken: a kind of whine.—adj. whimpering: whining.—adv. Pū′lingly. [From Fr. piauler; imit. like It. pigolare, L. pipilāre and pipāre, to pipe.]

Pulkha, pul′kä, n. a Laplander's sledge, shaped like a boat.—Also Pulk. [Lap.]

Pull, pōōl, v.t. to draw, or try to draw, with force: to draw or gather with the hand: to tear: to pluck: to extract: to move, propel by tugging, rowing, &c.: to transport by rowing: in horse-racing, to check a horse in order to prevent its winning: to produce on a printing-press worked by hand: to raid or seize.—v.i. to give a pull: to draw.—n. the act of pulling: a struggle or contest: exercise in rowing: (slang) influence, a favourable chance, advantage: (coll.) a drink, draught: (print.) a single impression of a hand-press.—ns. Pull′-back, a restraint: a device for making a woman's gown hang close and straight in front; Pull′er.—Pull a face, to draw the countenance into a particular expression: to grimace; Pull apart, to bring asunder by pulling; Pull down, to take down or apart: to demolish; Pull for, to row in the direction of; Pull off, to carry anything through successfully; Pull one's self together, to collect one's faculties; Pull out, to draw out, lengthen; Pull the long bow, to lie or boast beyond measure; Pull through, to get to the end of something difficult or dangerous with some success; Pull up, to tighten the reins: to take to task: to bring to a stop: to halt; Pull up stakes, to prepare to leave a place. [A.S. pullian; conn. with Low Ger. pulen, to pluck.]

Pullet, pōōl′et, n. a young hen.—n. Pull′et-sperm (Shak.), the treadle or chalaza of an egg. [Fr. poulette, dim. of poule, a hen—Low L. pulla, a hen, fem. of L. pullus, a young animal.]

Pulley, pōōl′i, n. a wheel turning about an axis, and having a groove on its rim in which a cord runs, used for raising weights:—pl. Pull′eys.—ns. Pull′ey-block, a shell containing one or more sheaves, the whole forming a pulley; Pull′ey-shell, the casing of a pulley-block. [M. E. poleyne—Fr. poulain—Low L. pullanus—pullus; acc. to Diez, from Fr. poulie, itself from Eng. pull.]

Pullman-car, pōōl′man-kär, n. a railway sleeping-car or palace-car, first made by George M. Pullman (b. 1831) in America.

Pullulate, pul′ū-lāt, v.i. to germinate, bud.—n. Pullulā′tion. [L.,—pullulus, a young animal, sprout—pullus. Cf. Pullet.]

Pulmonary, pul′mō-nā-ri, adj. pertaining to, or affecting, the lungs: done by the lungs: having lungs: pulmonic.—adj. Pulmobranch′iate, breathing by lung-sacs.—n. Pulmom′eter, an instrument for measuring the capacity of the lungs.—adj. Pulmonā′rious, diseased in the lungs.—n.pl. Pulmonā′ta, an order or sub-class of Gasteropoda, air-breathing.—adjs. Pul′monāte, having lungs, lung-sacs, or lung-like organs; Pulmon′ic, pertaining to or affecting the lungs.—n. a medicine for disease of the lungs: one affected by disease of the lungs.—adj. Pulmonif′erous, provided with lungs.—Pulmonary artery, an artery which brings blood from the heart to the lungs; Pulmonary vein, a vein which brings blood from the lungs to the heart. [L. pulmonarius—pulmo, pulmonis, a lung—Gr. pleumōn, pneumōn, lung.]

Pulp, pulp, n. the soft fleshy part of bodies, e.g. of teeth: marrow: the soft part of plants, esp. of fruits: any soft mass: the soft mass obtained from the breaking and grinding of rags, &c., before it is hardened into paper.—v.t. to reduce to pulp: to deprive of pulp: to separate the pulp.—v.i. to become ripe or juicy, like the pulp of fruit.—ns. Pulp′-en′gine, a machine for converting rags, &c., into pulp; Pulp′ifier, an apparatus for reducing fresh meat to a jelly-like pulp, to aid digestion.—v.t. Pulp′ify, to make into pulp. [Fr. pulpe—L. pulpa, flesh without bones.]

Pulpit, pōōl′pit, n. a platform for speaking from: an elevated or enclosed place in a church where the sermon is delivered: a desk.—adj. belonging to the pulpit.—ns. Pulpiteer′, Pul′piter, one who speaks from a pulpit: a preacher.—adj. Pul′pitish.—The pulpit, preachers or preaching collectively. [Fr.,—L. pulpitum, a stage.]

Pulpous, pulp′us, adj. consisting of, or resembling, pulp: soft.—ns. Pulp′iness; Pulp′ousness.—adj. Pulp′y, like pulp: soft.

Pulque, pōōl′kā, n. a fermented drink, made in Mexico. [Sp., from Mex.]

Pulsate, pul′sāt, v.i. to beat, as the heart or as a vein: to throb.—adj. Pul′satile, that can pulsate, as a wound: that may be struck or beaten, as a drum: played by beating: acting by pulsation.—n. Pulsā′tion, a beating or throbbing: a motion of the heart or pulse: any measured beat: a vibration.—adj. Pul′sative.—n. Pulsā′tor, a pulsometer: a jigging-machine, used in South African diamond-digging.—adj. Pul′satory, beating or throbbing.—n. any musical instrument played by being beaten on. [L. pulsāre, -ātum, to beat, freq. of pellĕre, pulsum, to drive.]

Pulse, puls, n. a beating or throbbing: a measured beat or throb: a vibration: the beating of the heart and the arteries: (fig.) feeling, sentiment.—v.i. to beat, as the heart: to throb.—adj. Pulse′less, having no pulsation: without life.—ns. Pulse′lessness; Pulse′-rate, the number of beats of a pulse per minute; Pulse′-wave, the expansion of the artery, moving from point to point, like a wave, as each beat of the heart sends the blood to the extremities.—adj. Pulsif′ic, exciting the pulse.—ns. Pulsim′eter, an instrument for measuring the strength or quickness of the pulse; Pulsom′eter, a pulsimeter: a kind of steam-condensing pump.—Feel one's pulse, to find out by the sense of touch the force of the blood in the arteries: to find out what one is thinking on some point; Public pulse, the movement of public opinion on any question; Quick pulse, a pulse in which the rise of tension is very rapid. [Fr. pouls—L. pulsus—pellĕre, pulsum.]

Pulse, puls, n. grain or seed of beans, pease, &c.—adj. Pultā′ceous, macerated and softened. [L. puls, porridge (Gr. poltos). Cf. Poultice.]

Pulu, pōō′lōō, n. a silky fibre obtained from the Hawaiian tree-ferns, used for stuffing mattresses.

Pulverable, pul′vėr-a-bl, adj. that may be reduced to fine powder—also Pul′verīsable.—adj. Pulverā′ceous, having a powdery surface.—vs.t. Pul′verate, Pul′verise, to reduce to dust or fine powder.—vs.i. to fall down into dust or powder: to roll or wallow in the dust.—ns. Pul′verine, ashes of barilla; Pulverisā′tion; Pul′verīser.—adj. Pul′verous, consisting of, or like, dust or powder.—n. Pulver′ūlence.—adj. Pulver′ūlent, consisting of fine powder: powdery: dusty. [L. pulvis, pulveris, powder.]

Pulvil, pul′vil, n. a bag of perfumed powder.—Also Pulvil′io. [It. polviglio—L. pulvillus, a little cushion—pulvinus, a cushion.]

Pulvillar, pul′vi-lär, adj. cushion or pad-like.—adj. Pulvil′liform, like a pulvillus.—n. Pulvil′lus, a foot-pad between the clavi of the terminal tarsal joint of an insect's leg—also Pulvin′ulus.—adj. Pulvī′nar, padded: formed like a cushion.—n. a pillow or cushion: a peculiar prominence on a part of the human brain.—adjs. Pul′vināte, -d, Pulvin′iform, cushion-shaped. [L. pulvillus, pulvinus, a cushion, pulvinar, a soft couch.]

Pulwar, pul′wär, n. a light keelless boat used on the Ganges.—Also Pal′war.

Pulza-oil, pul′zä-oil, n. an oil obtained from the seeds of Fatropha Curcas, from the Cape Verd Islands.

Puma, pū′ma, n. a carnivorous animal, of the cat kind, of a reddish-brown colour without spots, called also the American lion. [Peruv. puma.]

Pumice, pum′is, or pū′mis, n. a hard, light, spongy substance, formed of lava, from which gas or steam has escaped while hardening.—v.t. to polish or rub with pumice-stone—also Pū′micāte.—adjs. Pumi′ceous, Pum′iciform, of or like pumice.—ns. Pum′ice-stone (same as Pumice); Pū′my (Spens.), a pebble, stone. [A.S. pumic-(-stán), pumice (-stone)—L. pumex, pumicis, for spumex—spuma, foam—spuĕre. Cf. Spume, and Pounce, a fine powder.]

Pump, pump, n. a machine for raising water and other fluids to a higher level: a machine for drawing out or forcing in air.—v.t. to raise with a pump: to draw out information by artful questions.—v.i. to work a pump: to raise water by pumping.—ns. Pump′age, the amount pumped; Pump′-barr′el, the cylinder which forms the body of a pump.—pa.p. Pumped (coll.), out of breath, panting—sometimes with out.—ns. Pump′er; Pump′-gear, the various parts which make up a pump; Pump′-hand′le, the lever by means of which the pump is worked; Pump′-head, -hood, a frame covering the upper wheel of a chain-pump, serving to guide the water into the discharge-spout; Pump′ing-en′gine, any form of motor for operating a pump; Pump′-rod, the rod by which the handle is fixed to the bucket which moves up and down inside; Pump′-room, the apartment at a mineral spring in which the waters are drunk; Pump′-well, a well from which water is got by pumping.—Pump ship, to urinate. [O. Fr. pompe (cf. Ger. pumpe); perh. conn. with plump.]

Pump, pump, n. a thin-soled shoe used in dancing.—adj. Pumped, wearing pumps. [Prob. Fr. pompe, ornament, show, from Teut., cf. Ger. pumphosen, wide pantaloons.]

Pumpernickel, pump′er-nik-el, n. a kind of coarse bread, made of unsifted rye, much used in Westphalia. [Ger., a heavy, stupid fellow, from pumper, a heavy fall, nickel=Nicholas.]

Pumpkin, pump′kin, n. a plant of the gourd family and its fruit.—Also Pump′ion. [A corr. of O. Fr. pompon—L. pepō—Gr. pepōn, ripe.]

Pun, pun, v.i. to play upon words similar in sound but different in meaning so as to produce a ludicrous idea:—pr.p. pun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. punned.—n. a play upon words.—ns. Pun′nage, Pun′ning, the act or habit of punning. [Ety. dub.; prob. to beat words=pound, to beat, from A.S. punian, to pound.]

Punch, punsh, n. contr. of Punchinello, a humpbacked, hook-nosed puppet with a squeaking voice, one of the two main actors in the street puppet-show 'Punch and Judy:' Punch, or the London Charivari, the chief illustrated English comic journal (begun 17th July 1841). [Through the influence of prov. Eng. punch, a variant of bunch, thick.]

Punch, punsh, adj. (prov.) short and fat.—n. a short and fat man: a short-legged, round-bodied horse.—adj. Punch′y. [Prob. a variant of bunch.]

Punch, punsh, n. a drink of five ingredients—spirit, water, sugar, lemon-juice, and spice.—ns. Punch′-bowl, a large bowl for making punch in; Punch′-lād′le, a ladle for filling glasses from a punch-bowl. [Hind. panch, five—Sans. pancha, five.]

Punch, punsh, v.t. to prick or pierce with something sharp or blunt: to make a hole in with a steel tool.—n. a tool either blunt, or hollow and sharp-edged, for stamping or perforating: a kind of awl.—n. Punch′er. [A shortened form of puncheon, a tool.]

Punch, punsh, v.t. to strike or hit: to beat with the fist, as one's head.—n. a stroke or blow with the fist, elbow, &c. [Prob. a corr. of punish.]

Puncheon, punsh′un, n. a steel tool with a die or a sharp point at one end for stamping or perforating metal plates: a short post or slab of wood with the face smoothed. [O. Fr. poinson—L. punctio, -onis—pungĕre, punctum, to prick.]

Puncheon, punsh′un, n. a cask: a liquid measure of from 72 or 84 to 120 gallons. [O. Fr. poinson, a cask; perh. from the above.]

Punchinello, punsh-i-nel′o, n. the short, hump-backed figure of a puppet-show: a buffoon, any grotesque personage. [It. pulcinello, dim. of pulcino, a chicken, child—L. pullus, a young animal.]

Punctate, -d, pungk′tāt, -ed, adj. pointed: (bot.) punctured: full of small holes: pitted: dotted.—ns. Punctā′tion; Punctā′tor, one who marks with dots—esp. applied to the Massoretes who invented the Hebrew vowel-points.—adj. Punc′tiform, pointed. [L. punctum—pungĕre, punctum, to prick.]

Punctilio, pungk-til′yo, n. a nice point in behaviour or ceremony: nicety in forms: exact observance of forms.—adj. Punctil′ious, attending to little points or matters: very nice or exact in behaviour or ceremony: exact or punctual to excess.—adv. Punctil′iously.—ns. Punctil′iousness; Punc′to (Shak.), the point, or a blow with it in fencing: a nice point of ceremony. [Sp. puntillo, dim. of punto, point—L. punctum, a point.]

Punctual, pungk′tū-al, adj. of or pertaining to a point: observant of nice points: punctilious: exact in keeping time and appointments: done at the exact time.—ns. Punc′tualist; Punctual′ity, quality or state of being punctual: the keeping of the exact time of an appointment: exactness.—adv. Punc′tually.—n. Punc′tualness. [Fr. ponctuel—punctum, a point.]

Punctuate, pungk′tū-āt, v.t. to mark with points: to divide sentences by the usual points or marks: to emphasise.—adv. Punc′tuātim, point for point.—n. Punctuā′tion, the act or art of dividing sentences by points or marks.—adj. Punc′tuātive.—n. Punc′tuātor.—Punctuation marks, the comma, semicolon, colon, period, &c.

Punctum, pungk′tum, n. (anat.) a point, dot.—adjs. Punc′tūlate, -d.—ns. Punctūlā′tion; Punc′tūle; Punc′tūlum.—Punctum cæcum, the point of the retina from which the optic nerve fibres radiate, so called because impervious to light.

Puncture, pungk′tūr, n. a pricking: a small hole made with a sharp point.—v.t. to prick: to pierce with a pointed instrument.—n. Puncturā′tion. [L. punctura—pungĕre, to prick.]

Pundit, pun′dit, n. a person who is learned in the language, science, laws, and religion of India: any learned man. [Hind. pandit—Sans. pandita.]

Pundonor, pun′do-nōr′, n. point of honour. [Sp., contr. of punto de honor, point of honour.]

Pungent, pun′jent, adj. sharp: pricking or acrid to taste or smell: keenly touching the mind: painful: keen: sarcastic.—ns. Pun′gency, Pun′gence.—adv. Pun′gently. [L. pungens, -entis, pr.p. of pungĕre, to prick.]

Punic, pū′nik, adj. pertaining to, or like, the ancient Carthaginians: faithless, treacherous, deceitful.—n. the language of ancient Carthage. [L. Punicus—Pœni, the Carthaginians.]

Puniness, pū′ni-nes, n. the state or quality of being puny or feeble: smallness: pettiness. [Puny.]

Punish, pun′ish, v.t. to cause to pay a penalty: to cause loss or pain to a person for a fault or crime: (coll.) to handle or beat severely, maul: (coll.) to consume a large quantity of: to chasten.—ns. Punishabil′ity, Pun′ishableness.—adj. Pun′ishable, that may be punished—said both of persons and crimes.—ns. Pun′isher; Pun′ishment, act or process of punishing: loss or pain inflicted for a crime or fault: the consequences of a broken law.—adjs. Punitive (pū′ni-tiv), pertaining to punishment: inflicting punishment; Pū′nitory, punishing: tending to punishment. [Fr. punir, punis-sant—L. punīre, to punish—pœna, penalty.]

Punjabee, Punjabi, pun-jä′bē, n. a native or inhabitant of the Punjab in India.

Punk, pungk, n. rotten wood used as tinder: (Shak.) a strumpet. [Spunk.]

Punka, Punkah, pung′ka, n. a large fan for cooling the air of an Indian house, consisting of a light framework covered with cloth and suspended from the ceiling of a room, worked by pulling a cord or by machinery. [Hind. pankha, a fan.]

Punt, punt, n. a flat-bottomed boat with square ends.—v.t. to propel, as a boat, by pushing with a pole against the bottom of a river: to kick the ball (in football) before it touches the ground, when let fall from the hands: to knock.—v.i. to pursue water-fowl in a punt with a punt-gun.—ns. Punt′er; Punt′-fishing, angling from a punt in a pond, river, or lake; Punt′-gun, a heavy gun of large bore used for shooting water-fowl from a punt; Punts′man, a sportsman who uses a punt. [A.S.,—L. ponto, a punt—pons, pontis, a bridge.]

Punt, punt, v.i. to play at basset or ombre.—n. Punt′er, one who marks the points in basset or ombre. [Fr., through Sp.—L. punctum, a point.]

Punto, pun′to, n. (Shak.) a point or hit: a pass or thrust made in fencing.—Punto dritto, a direct or straight hit; Punto riverso, a back-handed stroke. [Sp. and It. punto—L. punctum, a point.]

Puny, pū′ni, adj. (comp. Pū′nier; superl. Pū′niest) small: feeble: petty. [Cf. Puisne.]

Pup, pup, v.t. to bring forth puppies, as a bitch: to whelp:—pr.p. pup′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. pupped.—n. Pup.—Be in pup, to be pregnant, said of dogs. [Puppy.]

Pupa, pū′pa, n. an insect enclosed in a case while passing from the caterpillar to the winged stage: a chrysalis—also Pūpe:—pl. Pupæ (pū′pē).—adjs. Pū′pal, Pūpā′rial.—n. Pūpā′rium, a pupa included within the last larval skin.—v.i. Pūpāte′, to become a pupa.—n. Pūpā′tion.—adjs. Pū′piform; Pūpig′erous.—n. Pūpip′ara, a division of dipterous insects having pupæ developed within the body of the mother.—adjs. Pūpip′arous; Pūpiv′orous; Pū′poid. [L. pupa, a girl, a doll, fem. of pupus, a boy, a child; cf. puer, a boy.]

Pupil, pū′pil, n. a little boy or girl: one under the care of a tutor: a scholar: a ward: (law) one under the age of puberty—i.e. under fourteen years for males, and twelve for females.—adj. under age.—ns. Pupilabil′ity (rare), pupilary nature: confidential character; Pū′pilage, Pū′pillage, state of being a pupil: the time during which one is a pupil; Pupilar′ity, Pupillar′ity, the time between birth and puberty.—adjs. Pū′pilary, Pū′pillary, pertaining to a pupil or ward.—Pupil teacher, one who is both a pupil and a teacher. [Fr. pupille—L. pupillus, pupilla, dims. of pupus, boy, pupa, girl.]

Pupil, pū′pil, n. the round opening in the middle of the eye through which the light passes: the apple of the eye, so called from the baby-like figures seen on it: (zool.) the central dark part of an ocellated spot.—adjs. Pū′pilary, Pū′pillary; Pū′pilate (zool.), having a central spot of another colour.—n. Pupillom′eter, an instrument for measuring the size of the pupil of an eye. [Same as above word.]

Puppet, pup′et, n. a small doll or image moved by wires in a show: a marionette: one who acts just as another tells him.—ns. Pupp′etry, finery, affectation: a puppet-show; Pupp′et-show, -play, a mock show or drama performed by puppets; Pupp′et-valve, a valve like a pot-lid attached to a rod, and used in steam-engines for covering an opening. [O. Fr. poupette, dim. from L. pupa.]

Puppy, pup′i, n. a doll: a young dog: a whelp: a conceited young man.—adj. Pupp′y-head′ed (Shak.), stupid.—n. Pupp′yhood, the condition of being a puppy.—adj. Pupp′yish.—n. Pupp′yism, conceit in men. [Fr. poupée, a doll or puppet—L. pupa.]

Purana, pōō-rä′na, n. one of a class of sacred poetical books in Sanscrit literature, forming with the Tantras the main foundation of the actual popular creed of the Brahmanical Hindus.—adj. Puran′ic. [Sans. purāna—purā, ancient.]

Purblind, pur′blīnd, adj. nearly blind, near-sighted: (orig.) wholly blind.—adv. Pur′blindly.—n. Pur′blindness. [For pure-blind—i.e. wholly blind; the meaning has been modified, prob. through some confusion with the verb to pore.]

Purchase, pur′chās, v.t. to acquire by seeking: to obtain by paying: to obtain by labour, danger, &c.: (law) to get in any way other than by inheritance: to raise or move by mechanical means: (Shak.) to expiate by a fine or forfeit.—n. act of purchasing: that which is purchased or got for a price: value, advantage, worth: any mechanical power or advantage in raising or moving bodies.—adj. Pur′chasable, that may be purchased: (hence of persons) venal, corrupt.—n. Pur′chaser.—Purchase money, the money paid, or to be paid, for anything; Purchase shears, a very strong kind of shears, with removable cutters, and a strong spring at the back; Purchase system, the method by which, before 1871, commissions in the British army could be bought.—(So many) years' purchase, a price paid for a house, an estate, &c. equal to the amount of the rent or income during the stated number of years. [O. Fr. porchacier (Fr. pourchasser), to seek eagerly, pursue—pur (L. pro), for, chasser, to chase.]

Purdah, pur′dä, n. a curtain screening a chamber of state or the women's apartments: the seclusion itself. [Hind. parda, a screen.]

Pure, pūr, adj. (comp. Pur′er; superl. Pur′est) clean: unsoiled: unmixed: not adulterated: real: free from guilt or defilement: chaste: modest: mere: that and that only: complete: non-empirical, involving an exercise of mind alone, without admixture of the results of experience.—n. purity.—adv. quite: (obs.) entirely.—v.t. to cleanse, refine.—adv. Pure′ly, without blemish: wholly, entirely: (dial.) wonderfully, very much.—n. Pure′ness.—Pure mathematics (see Mathematics); Pure reason, reason alone, without any mixture of sensibility; Pure science, the principles of any science considered in themselves and their relation to each other, and not in their application to the investigation of other branches of knowledge, as pure mathematics, pure logic, &c. [Fr. pur—L. purus, pure.]

Purée, pü-rā′, n. a soup, such as pea-soup, in which there are no pieces of solids. [Fr.]

Purfle, pur′fl, v.t. to decorate with a wrought or flowered border: (archit.) to decorate with rich sculpture: (her.) to ornament with a border of ermines, furs, &c.—ns. Pur′fle, Pur′flew, a border of embroidery: (her.) a bordure of ermines, furs, &c.; Pur′fling.—adj. Pur′fly (Carlyle), wrinkled. [O. Fr. pourfiler—L. pro, before, filum, a thread.]

Purge, purj, v.t. to make pure: to carry off whatever is impure or superfluous: to clear from guilt or from accusation: to evacuate, as the bowels: to trim, dress, prune: to clarify, as liquors.—v.i. to become pure by clarifying: to have frequent evacuations.—n. act of purging: a medicine that purges.—n. Purgā′tion, a purging: a clearing away of impurities: (law) the act of clearing from suspicion or imputation of guilt, a cleansing.—adj. Pur′gative, cleansing: having the power of evacuating the intestines.—n. a medicine that evacuates.—adv. Pur′gatively.—adjs. Purgatō′rial, Purgatō′rian, pertaining to purgatory; Pur′gatory, purging or cleansing: expiatory.—n. (R.C.) a place or state in which souls are after death purified from venial sins: any kind or state of suffering for a time.—ns. Pur′ger, a person or thing that purges; Pur′ging, act of cleansing or clearing. [Fr. purger—L. purgāre, -ātum—purus, pure, agĕre, to do.]

Purify, pū′ri-fī, v.t. to make pure: to cleanse from foreign or hurtful matter: to free from guilt or uncleanness: to free from improprieties or barbarisms, as language.—v.i. to become pure:—pa.t. and pa.p. pū′rifīed.—n. Purificā′tion, act of purifying: (B.) the act of cleansing ceremonially by removing defilement: a cleansing of the soul from moral guilt or defilement: a crushing of desire after anything evil: the pouring of wine into the chalice to rinse it after communion, the wine being then drunk by the priest.—adj. Pū′rificātive.—n. Pū′rificātor.—adj. Pū′rificātory, tending to purify or cleanse.—n. Pū′rifier.—Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a feast observed in the R.C. Church on February 2d, in commemoration of the purification of the Virgin Mary, according to the Jewish ceremonial (Lev. xii. 2) forty days after the birth of Christ. [Fr. purifier—L. purificāre—purus, pure, facĕre, to make.]

Purim, pū′rim, n. the feast of lots held about 1st of March, in which the Jews commemorated their deliverance from the plot of Haman, as related in Esther. [Heb., pl. of pur, lot.]

Purism, pūr′izm, n. exclusion of mixture of any kind: pure or immaculate conduct or style: the doctrine of a purist: great nicety or care in the use of words.—n. Pūr′ist, one who is excessively pure or nice in the choice of words.—adj. Pūris′tic.

Puritan, pūr′i-tan, n. one aiming at greater strictness in religious life, esp. one of a religious and political party having such aims in the time of Elizabeth and the Stuarts.—adj. pertaining to the Puritans.—adjs. Pūritan′ic, -al, like a Puritan: rigid: exact.—adv. Pūritan′ically.—v.i. Pūr′itanise.—n. Pūr′itanism, a puritan manner of life: strictness of life: simplicity and purity of worship: the notions or practice of Puritans. [L. puritas, purity—purus, pure.]

Purity, pūr′i-ti, n. condition of being pure: freedom from mixture of any kind: freedom from sin or defilement: chastity: sincerity: freedom from foreign or improper idioms or words.

Purl, purl, v.i. to flow with a murmuring sound, as a stream over small stones: to ripple: to flow in eddies: to curl or swirl.—v.t. to whirl about: to unseat.—n. a soft murmuring sound, as of a stream among stones: an eddy or ripple.—n. Purl′ing, the act of flowing with a gentle, murmuring sound: the murmuring sound of a small stream. [Prob. freq. of purr; cf. Sw. porla, Ger. perlen, to bubble.]

Purl, purl, v.t. to fringe with a waved edging, as lace: to invert stitches.—n. an embroidered border: a hem or fringe of twisted gold or silver thread: a ribbed or wavy appearance caused by inverted stitches: a kind of 16th-cent. lace. [Purfle.]

Purlieu, pur′lū, n. the borders or environs of any place: (orig.) the grounds on the borders of a royal forest, illegally added to the forest, but afterwards restored to their rightful owners, and marked out by perambulation. [Acc. to Skeat, a corr. of O. Fr. puralee (a mere translation of L. perambulatio), land severed from a royal forest by perambulation—O. Fr. pur (=L. pro), allee, a going.]

Purlin, Purline, pur′lin, n. a piece of timber stretching horizontally across the rafters underneath to support them in the middle. [Perh. Fr. pour, for, or par, through, ligne, a line.]

Purloin, pur-loin′, v.t. to carry off to a distance: to take for one's own use: to steal: to plagiarise.—v.i. to practise theft.—n. Purloin′er. [O. Fr. purloignier—L. prolongāre.]

Purple, pur′pl, n. a very dark-red colour formed by the mixture of blue and red: a purple dress or robe, originally worn only by royalty: a robe of honour: the dignity of a king or emperor: a cardinalate, so called from the red hat and robes worn by cardinals.—adj. red tinged with blue: blood-red: bloody.—v.t. to dye purple: to clothe with purple.—v.i. to become purple in colour.—n. Pur′ple-fish, a shellfish of genus Purpura.—adjs. Pur′ple-frost′y (Tenn.), purple with frost or cold; Pur′ple-hued (Shak.), having a purple hue.—n.pl. Pur′ples, petechiæ or spots of livid red on the body: a disease of wheat: an early purple-flowered orchid.—adj. Pur′ple-spiked, having purple spikes.—ns. Pur′ple-wood, -heart, the heartwood of Copaifera pubiflora, used for ramrods.—adj. Pur′plish, somewhat purple.—Purple emperor, one of the largest of British butterflies, and one of the most richly coloured.—Born in the purple, of princely rank or birth; Tyrian purple, a fine purple dye for which the people of ancient Tyre were celebrated. [O. Fr. porpre (Fr. pourpre)—L. purpura—Gr. porphyra, the purple-fish.]

Purport, pur′pōrt, n. design: meaning: signification.—v.t. (also Purport′) to give out as its meaning: to convey to the mind: to seem to mean—often with an infinitive clause as its object.—adj. Pur′portless. [O. Fr., from pur (Fr. pour)—L. pro, for, porter—L. portāre, to carry.]

Purpose, pur′pos, n. idea or aim kept before the mind as the end of effort: aim, intention: effect: (Spens.) conversation: (pl.) a sort of conversational game.—Of, or On, purpose, with design, intentionally; To the purpose, to the point, or material to the question. [O. Fr. pourpos, propos—L. propositum, a thing intended—pro, forward, ponĕre, positum, to place.]

Purpose, pur′pos, v.t. to intend (often followed by an infinitive or participial clause as its object).—v.i. to have an intention: (Spens.) to discourse.—adj. Pur′poseful, having an object: full of meaning.—adv. Pur′posefully.—n. Pur′posefulness.—adj. Pur′poseless, without purpose or effect: aimless.—adv. Pur′poselessly.—n. Pur′poselessness.—adj. Pur′pose-like, having a definite purpose: having the appearance of being fit for a purpose.—adv. Pur′posely, with purpose: intentionally.—n. Pur′poser.—adj. Pur′posive, having an aim: (biol.) functional.—n. Pur′posiveness. [O. Fr. purposer, form of proposer, influenced by Fr. propos.]

Purprise, pur-prīz′, n. an enclosure: the whole compass of a manor.—n. Purprest′ure, a private encroachment upon a public highway, &c. [O. Fr. pourpris—pour, for, prendre—L. prehendĕre, to take.]

Purpura, pur′pū-ra, n. a genus of marine gasteropods: an eruption of small purple spots, caused by extravasation of blood in the skin—also called the Purples.—adj. Pur′purāte, of purple colour.—n. Pur′pure, purple.—adjs. Purpū′real, purple; Purpū′ric, relating to purpura. [L.,—Gr. porphyra.]

Purr, Pur, pur, v.i. to utter a low, murmuring sound, as a cat when pleased: to signify by, or as by, purring.—ns. Purr; Purr′ing, the low, murmuring sound of a cat.—adv. Purr′ingly. [Imit.]

Purse, purs, n. a small bag for money, orig. made of skin: a sum of money, esp. a sum given as a present or offered as a prize: a treasury: a person's finances.—v.t. to put into a purse: to contract as the mouth of a purse: to draw into folds or wrinkles.—n. Purse′-bear′er, one who has charge of the purse of another: a treasurer.—adj. Purse′-bear′ing, pouched, marsupiate.—ns. Purse′ful, as much as a purse can hold: enough to fill a purse; Purse′-mouth (Tenn.), a pursed-up mouth; Purse′-net, a kind of net that can be closed like a purse; Purse′-pride.—adj. Purse′-proud, proud of one's purse or wealth: insolent from wealth.—ns. Purs′er, an officer who has charge of the provisions, clothing, and accounts of a ship, now termed a 'paymaster;' Purs′ership; Purse′-seine, a seine which can be pursed into the shape of a bag.—n.pl. Purse′-strings, the strings fastening a purse.—n. Purse′-tak′ing, robbing.—A light, or empty, purse, poverty; A long, or heavy, purse, riches; Privy purse, an allowance for the private expenses of the British sovereign: an officer in the royal household who pays the sovereign the grant of the civil list for his private expenses. [O. Fr. borse (Fr. bourse)—Low L. bursa—Gr. byrsa, a hide.]

Purslane, Purslain, purs′lān, n. an annual plant, frequently used in salads. [O. Fr. porcelaine—L. porcilaca, portulaca.]

Pursue, pur-sū′, v.t. to follow after in order to overtake: to follow with haste: to chase: to follow up: to be engaged in: to carry on: to seek to obtain: to seek to injure: to imitate: to continue.—v.i. to follow: to go on or continue: to act as a prosecutor at law.—n. (Spens.) pursuit.—adj. Pursū′able.—n. Pursū′ance, the act of pursuing or following out: process: consequence.—adj. Pursū′ant, done while pursuing or seeking any purpose, hence agreeable.—adv. agreeably: conformably—also Pursū′antly.—n. Pursū′er, one who pursues: (Scots law) a plaintiff. [O. Fr. porsuir (Fr. poursuivre)—L. prosequi, -secutus—pro, onwards, sequi, to follow.]

Pursuit, pur-sūt′, n. the act of pursuing: endeavour to attain: occupation: employment.

Pursuivant, pur′swi-vant, n. an attendant or follower: a state messenger: an attendant on the heralds: one of four inferior officers in the English College of Arms. [Fr., pr.p. of poursuivre, to pursue.]

Pursy, purs′i, adj. puffy: fat and short: short-breathed.—n. Purs′iness. [O. Fr. pourcif (Fr. poussif), orig. poulsif, broken-winded—O. Fr. poulser (Fr. pousser), to push—L. pulsāre, to push.]

Purtenance, pur′ten-ans, n. that which pertains or belongs to: (B.) the inwards or intestines of an animal. [Appurtenance.]

Purulence, pū′rū-lens, n. the forming of pus or matter: pus—also Pū′rulency.—adj. Pū′rulent, consisting of, full of, or resembling pus or matter.—adv. Pū′rulently. [Pus.]

Purvey, pur-vā′, v.t, to provide, esp. with conveniences: to procure.—v.i. to provide: to buy in provisions for several persons: (with to) to pander.—ns. Purvey′ance, the act of purveying: a procuring of victuals: that which is supplied: the former royal prerogative of pre-emption of necessaries; Purvey′or, one who provides victuals: an officer who formerly exacted provisions for the use of the king's household: a procurer. [O. Fr. porvoir (Fr. pourvoir)—L. providēre, to provide.]

Purview, pur′vū, n. a condition or disposition: the part of a statute beginning with 'Be it enacted:' scope: limits. [O. Fr. pourvieu—pourvoir, to provide.]

Pus, pus, n. a thick yellowish fluid exuded from inflamed tissues: that which has become putrid. [L. pus, puris, matter; akin to Gr. pyon.]

Puseyism, pū′zi-izm, n. a name given to the High Church and Catholic principles of Dr E. B. Pusey (1800-82), and other Oxford divines, as set forth in 'Tracts for the Times.'—adjs. Pūseyist′ic, -al.—n. Pū′seyite, one who holds the views of Dr Pusey.

Push, pōōsh, v.t. to thrust or press against: to drive by pressure: to press forward: to urge: to press hard: to thrust, as with a sword.—v.i. to make a thrust: to make an effort: to press against: to burst out.—n. a thrust: an impulse: assault: effort: exigence: (Bacon) a pustule, a pimple, eruption.—n. Push′er, one who pushes: a stem or rod.—adj. Push′ing, pressing forward in business: enterprising: vigorous.—n. Push′ing-jack, an implement for starting a railway-carriage, &c.—adv. Push′ingly.—n. Push′-pin (Shak.), a children's game in which pins are pushed alternately. [Fr. pousser—L. pulsāre, freq. of pellĕre, pulsum, to beat.]

Pushtu, Pushtoo, push′tōō, n. the language of the Afghans proper.—Also Push′to. [Afghan.]

Pusillanimous, pū-si-lan′i-mus, adj. wanting firmness of mind: of small courage: having a little mind: mean-spirited: cowardly.—adv. Pusillan′imously.—ns. Pusillan′imousness, Pusillanim′ity, state or quality of being weak-minded: lack of spirit or courage: timidity. [L. pusillanimis—pusillus, very little, animus, the mind.]

Puss, pōōs, n. a familiar name for a cat: a hare, in sportsmen's language: a playful name for a child or a girl.—ns. Puss′-clov′er, the rabbit's foot or stone-clover; Puss′-gen′tleman, a dandy; Puss′-moth, a moth of the genus Cerura; Puss′-tail, a common grass with bristly spikes, belonging to the genus Setaria—also called Foxtail; Puss′y, a dim. of puss—also Puss′y-cat; Puss′y-cat, the silky catkin of various willows; Puss′y-will′ow, a common American willow, Salix discolor, with silky spring catkins.—Puss in the corner, a children's game in which the places are continually being changed, while the player who is out tries to secure one of them. [Dut. poes, puss; Ir. and Gael. pus, a cat.]

Pustule, pus′tūl, n. a small pimple containing pus: anything like a pustule, on plants or animals: a small blister.—adjs. Pus′tūlar, Pus′tūlous, covered with pustules.—v.t. Pus′tūlāte, to form into pustules.—n. Pustūlā′tion. [Fr.,—L. pustula, a pimple.]

Put, pōōt, v.t. to push or thrust: to cast, throw: to drive into action: to throw suddenly, as a word: to set, lay, or deposit: to bring into any state or position: to offer: to propose: to express, state: to apply: to oblige: to incite: to add.—v.i. to place: to turn:—pr.p. putting (pōōt′-); pa.t. and pa.p. put.—n. a push or thrust: a cast, throw, esp. of a heavy stone from the shoulder (see Putting): an attempt: a game at cards: a contract by which one person, in consideration of a certain sum of money paid to another, acquires the privilege of selling or delivering to the latter within a certain time certain securities or commodities, at a stipulated price (see Options).—ns. Put′-off, -by, an excuse, a makeshift, evasion; Put′ter, one who puts.—Put about, to change the course, as of a ship: to put to inconvenience, trouble: to publish; Put an end, or stop, to, to check, hinder: cause to discontinue; Put away, to renounce, to divorce; Put back, to push backward: to delay: to say nay; Put by, to lay aside: to divert: to store up; Put down, to crush: to degrade: (Shak.) to confute: to enter, as a name: (rare) to give up: to start for; Put for, to set out vigorously towards a place; Put forth, to extend: to propose: to publish: to exert: to depart; Put in, to introduce: to hand in: to appoint: to insert: to conduct a ship into a harbour; Put in for, to put in an application or claim for; Put in mind, to bring to one's memory; Put off, to lay aside: to baffle or frustrate: to defer or delay: to push from shore: (Shak.) to discard; Put on, or upon, to invest: to impute: to assume: to promote: to instigate: to impose upon: to hasten: to inflict: to deceive, trick: to foist or palm upon; Put out, to expel, to extinguish: to place at interest: to extend: to publish: to disconcert: to offend: to expend: to dislocate; Put over (Shak.), to refer: to send: to defer: to place in authority; Put the case, Put case, suppose the case to be; Put the hand to, to take hold of: to take or seize: to engage in (any affair); Put this and that together, to infer from given premises; Put through, to bring to an end: to accomplish; Put to, to apply, use: to add to: to bring or consign to; Put to death, to kill; Put to it, to press hard: to distress; Put to rights, to bring into proper order; Put to sea, to set sail: to begin a voyage; Put to, or on, trial, to test: to try; Put two and two together, to draw a conclusion from certain circumstances; Put up, to startle from a cover, as a hare: to put back to its ordinary place when not in use, as a sword: to accommodate with lodging: to nominate for election: (with) to bear without complaint: to take lodgings; Put up to, to give information about, to instruct in. [A.S. potian, to push; prob. Celt., as Gael. put, W. pwtio.]

Put, put, n. a rustic, simpleton. [Perh. W. pwt, pytiau, any short thing.]

Put, put, n. a strumpet.—ns. Pū′tāge, a law phrase for a woman's fornication; Pū′tanism, the habit of prostitution. [O. Fr. pute, a whore.]

Putamen, pū-tā′men, n. the hard bony stone of some fruits—cherry, peach, &c.: the soft shell of an egg: the outer and darker portion of the lenticular nucleus of the brain. [L.,—putāre, to prune.]

Putative, pū′tā-tiv, adj. supposed: reputed: commonly supposed to be.—n. Putā′tion, act of considering, estimation.—Putative marriage, a marriage prohibited by canon law, but entered into in good faith by at least one of the parties. [Fr.,—L. putativus—putāre, -ātum, to suppose.]

Putchock, pōō-chok′, n. the fragrant costus-root, exported from India to China—a chief ingredient in the Chinese pastille-rod, commonly called jostick.—Also Putchuk′. [Perh. Telegu pāch'ckāku, 'green leaf;' or more prob. Malay.]

Putid, pū′tid, adj. rotten: stinking: worthless.—n. Pū′tidness. [L. putidus, putrid.]

Put-log, put′-log, n. a cross-piece in a scaffolding, the inner end resting in a hole left in the wall.

Putoo, put′ōō, n. a dish made of palmyra-nut meal, scraped coco-nut, &c.

Putorius, pū-tō′ri-us, n. a large family of Mustelidæ, including weasels, stoats, polecats, ferrets, &c.

Putrefy, pū′tre-fī, v.t. to make putrid or rotten: to corrupt.—v.i. to become putrid: to rot:—pa.t. and pa.p. pū′trefied.—adjs. Pūtred′inous, having an offensive smell; Putrefā′cient (also n.), Putrefac′tive, pertaining to or causing putrefaction.—ns. Putrefac′tion, the act or process of putrefying: rottenness: corruption; Putrefac′tiveness; Putres′cence.—adjs. Putres′cent, becoming putrid: pertaining to putrefaction; Pū′trid, in a state of decay: showing putrefaction: stinking: rotten: corrupt.—ns. Putrid′ity, Pū′tridness, state of being putrid: corrupt matter: rottenness: corruption.—adj. Pū′trifiable, liable to putrefy. [O. Fr. putrefier—L. putrefacĕre, to make putrid—puter, putris, rotten.]

Putt, put, v.i. in golf, to play with a putter.—n. a short stroke made with a putter in attempting to hole a ball.—ns. Putt′er, one who throws a stone: one who takes coal along underground roads: a short, stiff golf-club used in putting; Putt′er-on (Shak.), an instigator; Putt′er-out (obs.), one who deposited money on going abroad, on condition of receiving a larger sum on his return, the money to be forfeited in case of non-return; Putt′ing, the act of hurling a heavy stone from the hand by a sudden push from the shoulder: the act of striking a golf-ball when near a hole, so as to cause it to fall into it; Putt′ing-green, the prepared ground immediately round a hole in a golf-course; Putt′ing-stone, a heavy stone raised by the hand and thrust forward from the shoulder, as a trial of strength and skill. [Put.]

Putties, put′tiz, n.pl. strips of cloth wound round the legs, from ankle to knee, as leggings.

Puttoo, put′ōō, n. a cloth made in Cashmere from the longer and coarser wool of the goat.

Putty, put′i, n. an oxide of tin, or of lead and tin, used in polishing glass, &c.—jewellers' putty: a cement of whiting and linseed-oil, used in glazing windows: a fine cement of lime only—plasterers' putty.—v.t. to fix or fill with putty:—pa.t. and pa.p. putt′ied.—n. Putt′ier, a glazier.—adj. Putt′y-faced, having a face resembling putty in pastiness or colour.—ns. Putt′y-knife, a knife with a blunt, flexible blade for laying on putty; Putt′y-pow′der, an artificially prepared oxide of tin used for polishing glass; Putt′y-root, an American orchid the corm of whose root-stock contains a highly glutinous matter; Putt′y-work, decoration in a soft substance which grows very hard. [O. Fr. potée, properly that which is contained in a pot, Fr. pot.]

Put-up, poot′-up, adj. speciously conceived, planned, or carried out. [Put.]

Puture, pū′tūr, n. the claim to food for man, horse, and dog within the bounds of a forest, &c.—Also Pul′tūre. [O. Fr. peulture.]

Puxi, puk′si, n. the edible larvæ of various flies of the genus Ephydra, found in the alkali lakes of western North America. [Mex. Ind.]

Puzzle, puz′l, n. a difficulty to be solved: perplexity: something to try the ingenuity, as a toy or riddle.—v.t. to set a difficult question to: to pose: to perplex.—v.i. to be bewildered: to think long and carefully (with out, over).—ns. Puzz′ledom (coll.), bewilderment; Puzz′le-head, one who is puzzle-headed.—adj. Puzz′le-head′ed, having the head full of confused notions.—ns. Puzz′le-head′edness; Puzz′lement, the state of being puzzled; Puzz′le-monk′ey (same as Monkey-puzzle, q.v.); Puzz′le-peg, a piece of wood so secured under a dog's jaw as to keep his nose from the ground; Puzz′ler; Puzz′le-ring, a ring made of several small rings intricately linked together, capable of being taken apart and put together again.—adj. Puzz′ling, posing: perplexing.—adv. Puzz′lingly. [From M. E. opposaile (Eng. opposal), an objection—opposen, posen. Cf. Pose and Oppose.]

Puzzolana, puz-ō-lä′na, n. a loosely coherent volcanic sand found at Pozzuoli, near Naples, forming a hydraulic cement with ordinary lime.—Also Puzzolä′no, Pozzuolä′na.

Pyæmia, Pyemia, pī-ē′mi-a, n. a disease caused by the introduction into the blood of decomposing matter, from pus, &c.—adjs. Pyæ′mic, Pyē′mic. [Gr. pyon, pus, haima, blood.]

Pycnid, pik′nid, n. a special receptacle in ascomycetous fungi, resembling a perithecium, in which stylospores or pycnospores are produced—also Pycnid′ium.—n. Pyc′nospore, a stylospore. [Gr. pyknos, thick.]

Pycnogonida, pik-nō-gon′i-da, n.pl. a division of marine arthropods, the sea-spiders.—adj. Pycnog′onoid. [Gr. pyknos, thick, gony, the knee.]

Pycnometer, pik-nom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for determining the specific gravity of solid bodies. [Gr. pyknos, thick, metron, measure.]

Pycnon, pik′non, n. (mus.) a small interval in Greek music, a quarter-tone: in medieval music, a semi-tone. [Gr. pyknos, thick.]

Pycnostyle, pik′nō-stīl, adj. (archit.) noting a lower degree of intercolumniation, usually 1½ diameters. [Gr. pyknos, thick, stylos, a column.]

Pyelitis, pī-e-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney—also Endonephritis.—adjs. Pyelit′ic; Pyelonephrit′ic.—n. Pyelonephrī′tis, inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis. [Gr. pyelos, the pelvis, nephros, the kidney.]

Pyengadu, pī-eng′ga-dōō, n. a large acacia-like tree of Burma, India, &c., with reddish-brown wood of great heaviness and hardness.—Also Pyn′kado.

Pygal, pī′gal, adj. belonging to the rump or posteriors of an animal.—n. the posterior median or supracaudal plate of a chelonian carapace.—n. Py′garg, a kind of antelope: the osprey or sea-eagle. [Gr. pygē, the rump, argos, white.]

Pygmy, Pigmy, pig′mi, n. one of a fabulous dwarfish race of antiquity: a dwarf: any diminutive thing: one of several pygmy races in equatorial Africa and elsewhere: one of the ancient diminutive dwellers in underground houses, &c., in whom David MacRitchie sees the historical originals of the fairies and elves of folklore.—adj. resembling a pygmy: very small.—adj. Pygmē′an, dwarfish: diminutive. [O. Fr. pigme, pygme—L. Pygmæi—Gr. Pygmaioi, the Pygmies, a (Gr.) pygmē—13½ in. long—pygmē, fist.]

Pygostyle, pī′gō-stīl, n. the vomer or ploughshare bone of a bird's tail.—adj. Py′gostyled. [Gr. pygē, the rump, stylos, a column.]

Pyjamas, pe-jä′maz, n.pl. loose drawers or trousers tied round the waist, in India, used also by Europeans.—Also Paijä′mas, Pajä′mas. [Hind. pāëjāma, lit. 'leg-clothing.']

Pylon, pī′lon, n. a gateway to an Egyptian temple: the mass of building through which the gateway was pierced. [Gr. pylōn—pylē, a gate.]

Pylorus, pi-lō′rus, n. the lower opening of the stomach leading to the intestines.—adj. Pylor′ic. [L.,—Gr. pylōros—pylē, an entrance, ouros, a guardian.]

Pyogenesis, pī-ō-jen′e-sis, n. the formation of pus.—adjs. Pyogenet′ic, Pyogen′ic, Py′oid.—ns. Pyopoiē′sis, suppuration; Pyop′tysis, expectoration of pus; Pyorrhē′a, purulent discharge; Pyō′sis, the formation of pus.

Pyramid, pir′a-mid, n. a solid figure on a triangular, square, or polygonal base, with triangular sides meeting in a point: (pl.) 'the Pyramids,' or great monuments of Egypt: a game played on a billiard-table in which the balls are arranged in pyramid shape.—adjs. Pyram′idal, Pyramid′ic, -al, having the form of a pyramid.—advs. Pyram′idally, Pyramid′ically.—ns. Pyramid′icalness; Pyramid′ion, the small pyramidal apex of an obelisk; Pyram′idist, one versed in the history of the Pyramids; Pyr′amis (Shak.), a pyramid:—pl. Pyram′ides.—adjs. Pyr′amoid, Pyram′idoid. [L.,—Gr. pyramis, pyramidos; prob. Egypt. pir-em-us. Some connection with Gr. pyr, fire.]

Pyramidon, pi-ram′i-don, n. in organ-building a stop having wooden pipes in the form of an inverted pyramid, giving very deep notes somewhat like those of a stopped diapason.

Pyrargyrite, pī-rar′ji-rīt, n. an ore of silver consisting of the sulphide of silver and antimony. [Gr. pyr, fire, argyros, silver.]

Pyre, pīr, n. a pile of wood, &c., on which a dead body is burned.—adj. Pyr′al. [L.,—Gr.,—pyr, fire.]

Pyrene, pī′rēn, n. a stone or putamen.—n. Pyrē′nocarp, any drupaceous fruit.—adjs. Pyrē′noid, globular, nucleiform; Pyrē′nous. [Gr. pyrēn.]

Pyrenean, pir-ē-nē′an, adj. of or pertaining to the Pyrenees, the range of mountains between France and Spain.—n. Pyrenē′ite, a grayish-black garnet. [L. Pyrenæi (montes), the Pyrenees.]

Pyrenomycetes, pī-rē-nō-mī-sē′tez, n.pl. an order of ascomycetous fungi, including ergot, black-rot, &c. [Gr. pyren, a stone, mykēs, pl. mycētes, a mushroom.]

Pyrethrum, pir-eth′rum, n. a genus of plants containing the fever-few, or golden-feather, so much used in gardens as a bordering. [L.,—Gr.,—pyr, fire.]

Pyretic, pī-ret′ik, adj. pertaining to fever.—n. a remedy for fever.—ns. Pyretol′ogy, the science of fevers; Pyrex′ia, fever.—adjs. Pyrex′ial, Pyrex′ic. [Gr. pyrektikos—pyretos, fever—pyr, fire.]

Pyrheliometer, pir-hē-li-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of the sun.—adj. Pyrheliomet′ric. [Gr. pyr, fire, hēlios, sun, metron, measure.]

Pyriform, pir′i-form, adj. pear-shaped. [L. pirum, a pear, forma, form.]

Pyrite, pī′rīt, n. native iron disulphide of a pale-yellow colour and very hard—also Iron pyrites.—Copper pyrites, yellow sulphide of copper and iron. [L.,—Gr. pyrites, a flint—pyr, fire.]

Pyrites, pir-ī′tēz, n. a term applied to a large class of mineral compounds of metals with sulphur, or with arsenic, or with both—crystalline, hard, generally brittle, and frequently yellow.—adjs. Pyritā′ceous; Pyrit′ic, -al; Pyritif′erous.—v.t. Pyr′itise, to convert into pyrites.—n. Pyritol′ogy, knowledge of pyrites.—adj. Pyr′itous. [L.,—Gr. pyr, fire.]

Pyritohedron, pī-rī-tō-hē′dron, n. a pentagonal dodecahedron.—adj. Pyritohē′dral. [Gr. pyritēs, pyrites, hedra, a seat.]

Pyro-acetic, pī′rō-a-set′ik, adj. relating to acetic acid under heat.

Pyroballogy, pī-rō-bal′ō-ji, n. the art of throwing fire: (Sterne) the science of artillery. [Gr. pyr, fire, ballein, to throw, logia—legein, to speak.]

Pyroclastic, pī-rō-klas′tik, adj. formed by volcanic agencies. [Gr. pyr, fire, klastos, broken.]

Pyro-electricity, pī′rō-e-lek-tris′i-ti, n. that branch of electricity which deals with electrification as produced by change of temperature in certain crystallised bodies.—adj. Py′ro-elec′tric.

Pyrogallic, pī-rō-gal′ik, adj. obtained from gallic acid by the action of heat.

Pyrogen, pī′rō-jen, n. any substance which causes fever when introduced into the blood.—adjs. Pyrogenet′ic, Pyrog′enous, producing fire: produced by fire; Pyrogen′ic, producing fever. [Gr. pyr, fire, root of gignesthai, to become.]

Pyrognomic, pī-rog-nom′ik, adj. becoming incandescent when heated to a certain degree. [Gr. pyr, fire, gnōmōn, a mark.]

Pyrognostic, pī-rog-nos′tik, adj. pertaining to fire or heat. [Gr. pyr, fire, gnōstikos, knowing.]

Pyrography, pī-rog′ra-fi, n. the art of producing a design on wood by applying heat and pressure. [Gr. pyr, fire, graphein, to write.]

Pyrogravure, pī-rō-grā-vūr′, n. a method of engraving on wood by a red-hot metallic point: a picture so produced.

Pyrola, pī′rō-la, n. a genus of plants of the heath kind, called also Wintergreen: a single plant of this genus. [L., dim. of pirus, a pear-tree.]

Pyrolatry, pī-rol′a-tri, n. fire-worship.—n. Pyrol′ater, a fire-worshipper. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, latreia, worship.]

Pyroleter, pī-rol′e-tėr, n. a fire-extinguishing chemical apparatus by which carbonic acid is generated and thrown on the fire. [Gr. pyr, fire, oletēr, destroyer—ollynai, to destroy.]

Pyroligneous, pī-rō-lig′ne-us, adj. procured by the distillation of wood—applied to a kind of acetic acid.—Also Pyrolig′nic, Pyrolig′nous.

Pyrology, pī-rōl-ō-ji, n. the science of heat: a treatise on heat.—n. Pyrol′ogist. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, logos, discourse.]

Pyromagnetic, pī-rō-mag-net′ik, adj. pertaining to magnetism as modified by the action of heat.

Pyromancy, pī′rō-man-si, n. divination by fire.—adj. Pyroman′tic. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, manteia, divination.]

Pyromania, pī-rō-mā′ni-a, n. a mania for destroying things by fire: insanity which takes this form.—n. Pyromā′niac.—adjs. Pyromā′niac, -al.

Pyrometamorphism, pī-rō-met-a-mor′fizm, n. metamorphism due to heat, as opp. to Hydrometamorphism, that due to water.

Pyrometer, pī-rom′e-tėr, n. an instrument in the form of a metallic bar for measuring the temperature of bodies under heat.—adjs. Pyromet′ric, -al.—n. Pyrom′etry, the science or art of measuring degrees of heat beyond the compass of the mercurial thermometer. [Gr. pyr, fire, metron, a measure.]

Pyromorphous, pī-rō-mor′fus, adj. assuming a crystallised form after fusion by heat. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, morphē, form.]

Pyrope, pī′rōp, n. a gem nearly allied to garnet, of a deep-red colour and translucent, generally occurring in roundish grains. [Gr. pyrōpos, fiery-eyed—pyr, pyros, fire, ōps, opos, the face.]

Pyrophanous, pī-rof′a-nus, adj. made transparent by heat.—n. Py′rophāne, an opal translucent while hot by melted wax. [Gr. pyr, fire, phainein, to show.]

Pyrophone, pī′rō-fōn, n. a musical instrument invented by Eugene Kastner (1873), in which the tones are produced by means of burning jets of hydrogen enclosed in graduated glass tubes. [Gr. pyr, fire, phōnē, sound.]

Pyrophorus, pī-rof′ō-rus, n. a substance which takes fire on exposure to air: a genus of elaterid beetles.—n. Py′rophōre, any composition which takes fire on exposure to air or water.—adjs. Pyrophor′ic, Pyroph′orous. [Gr. pyr, fire, pherein, to carry.]

Pyrophosphoric, pī-rō-fos-for′ik, adj. formed by heating phosphoric acid.

Pyrophotography, pī-rō-fō-tog′ra-fi, n. any photographic process in which heat is applied to fix the picture.

Pyroscope, pī′rō-skōp, n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of radiating heat. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, skopein, to view.]

Pyrosilver, pī-rō-sil′vėr, n. electroplated ware in which the silver is made to sink into the pores of the plated baser metal by the action of heat.

Pyrosoma, pī-rō-sō′ma, n. a genus of compound Tunicates, with brilliant phosphorescence, inhabiting the Mediterranean and the Atlantic—fire-flames. [Gr. pyr, fire, sōma, body.]

Pyrostat, pī′rō-stat, n. an automatic draught-regulator for chimney-stacks, smoke-pipes, &c. [Gr. pyr, fire, statos—histanai, to stand.]

Pyrosulphuric, pī-rō-sul-fū′rik, adj. obtained from sulphuric acid by the action of heat.

Pyrotechnics, pī-rō-tek′niks, n. the art of making fireworks: the use and application of fireworks—also Py′rotechny.—adjs. Pyrotech′nic, -al, pertaining to fireworks.—n. Pyrotech′nist, a maker of fireworks: one skilled in pyrotechny. [Gr. pyr, fire, technikos, artistic—technē, art.]

Pyrotic, pī-rot′ik, adj. burning: caustic.—n. a caustic medicine. [Gr. pyrōtikos—pyr, pyros, fire.]

Pyroxene, pī′rok-sēn, n. an important mineral species, occurring in monoclinic crystals.—adj. Pyroxen′ic. [Gr. pyr, fire, xenos, a guest.]

Pyroxylic, pī-rok-sil′ik, adj. obtained by distilling wood.—ns. Pyrox′yle, Pyrox′ylin, -e, gun-cotton.—Pyroxylic spirit, a mixture of acetone, methyl-alcohol, acetate of methyl, &c., obtained by the destructive distillation of wood in the manufacture of pyroligneous acid. [Gr. pyr, fire, xylon, wood.]

Pyrrhic, pir′ik, n. a kind of war-dance among the ancient Greeks: a poetical foot consisting of two short syllables.—adj. pertaining to the dance or to the poetical foot.—n. Pyr′rhicist, one who dances the pyrrhic. [Gr. pyrrhichē (orchēsis), a kind of war-dance, so called from Pyrrhichos, the inventor.]

Pyrrhic, pir′ik, adj. of or pertaining to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus (318-272 B.C.).—Pyrrhic victory, a victory gained at too great a cost, in allusion to Pyrrhus's exclamation after his victory of Asculum (279), 'Another such victory and we are lost!'

Pyrrhonist, pir′rō-nist, n. one who holds the tenets of Pyrrho, a philosopher of Elis (360-270 B.C.), who taught universal scepticism: a sceptic.—adjs. Pyrrhō′nean, Pyrrhon′ic.—n. Pyr′rhonism, scepticism.

Pyrus, pī′rus, n. a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Rosaceæ, sub-order Pomeæ. [L. pyrus, for pirus, a pear-tree.]

Pythagorean, pi-thag-ō-rē′an, adj. pertaining to Pythagoras (c. 532 B.C.), a celebrated Greek philosopher, or to his philosophy.—n. a follower of Pythagoras.—ns. Pythag′orism, Pythagorē′anism, his doctrines.—Pythagorean proposition, the 47th proposition of Euclid, Book I., said to have been discovered by Pythagoras; Pythagorean system, the astronomical system of Copernicus, erroneously attributed to Pythagoras; Pythagorean triangle, a triad of whole numbers proportional to the sides of a right-angled triangle—e.g. 3, 4, 5.

Pythian, pith′i-an, adj. pertaining to the Pythia, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi, who delivered the oracles of the god there: noting one of the four national festivals of ancient Greece, in honour of Apollo, held every four years at Delphi.—Pythian verse, the dactylic hexameter.

Pythogenic, pī-thō-jen′ik, adj. produced by filth.—n. Pythogen′esis. [Gr. pythein, to rot, root of gignesthai, to become.]

Pythometric, pī-thō-met′rik, adj. pertaining to the gauging of casks. [Gr. pithos, a wine-jar, metron, a measure.]

Python, pī′thon, n. a genus of serpents of the boa family, all natives of the Old World, and differing from the true boas by having the plates on the under surface of the tail double: a demon, spirit.—n. Py′thoness, the priestess of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, in Greece: a witch.—adj. Python′ic, pretending to foretell future events, like the Pythoness: prophetic: like a python.—ns. Py′thonism, the art of predicting events by divination; Py′thonist. [Gr. Pythōn, the serpent slain near Delphi by Apollo.]

Pyx, piks, n. (R.C.) the sacred box in which the host is kept after consecration: the box at the British Mint containing sample coins.—v.t. to test the weight and fineness of, as the coin deposited in the pyx.—Trial of the pyx, final trial by weight and assay of the gold and silver coins of the United Kingdom, prior to their issue from the Mint. [L. pyxis, a box—Gr. pyxis—pyxos (L. buxus), the box-tree.]

Pyxidium, pik-sid′i-um, n. (bot.) a pod or seed-vessel which opens in two halves, the upper one resembling a lid. [Gr. pyxidion, dim. of pyxis.]

the seventeenth letter of our alphabet—absent from the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, in which the sound was expressed by cw; in Scotland replacing hw, now always followed by u: Roman numeral=500.

Quack, kwak, v.i. to cry like a duck: to boast: to practise as a quack.—v.t. to doctor by quackery.—n. the cry of a duck: a boastful pretender to skill which he does not possess, esp. medical skill: a mountebank.—adj. pertaining to quackery: used by quacks.—n. Quack′ery, the pretensions or practice of a quack, esp. in medicine.—adj. Quack′ish, like a quack: boastful: trickish.—n. Quack′ism.—v.i. Quack′le (rare), to quack, croak.—n. Quack′salver, a quack who deals in salves, ointments, &c.: a quack generally.—adj. Quack′salving. [Imit.; cf. Ger. quaken, Dut. kwaken, Gr. koax, a croak.]

Quad, kwod, n. a quadrangle: (slang) a prison.—v.t. (slang) to put in prison.—Also Quod. [Quadrangle.]

Quad, kwod, n. (print.) an abbreviation of quadrat.—v.t. to fill with quadrats.

Quadra, kwod′ra, n. a frame enclosing a bas-relief:—pl. Quad′ræ (-ē). [L. quadrus, square.]

Quadragenarian, kwod-ra-jē-nā′ri-an, adj. consisting of forty: forty years old.—n. Quad′ragene, an indulgence for forty days.

Quadragesima, kwod-ra-jes′i-ma, n. the Latin name for the whole season of Lent, with its forty days: the name commonly assigned to the first Sunday in Lent, by analogy with the three Sundays which precede Lent—Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima.—adj. Quadrages′imal, belonging to or used in Lent. [L.—quadragesimus, fortieth—quadraginta, forty—quatuor, four.]

Quadrangle, kwod′rang-gl, n. a square surrounded by buildings: (geom.) a plane figure having four equal sides and angles: in the jargon of palmistry, the space between the line of the heart and that of the head.—adj. Quadrang′ular, of the form of a quadrangle.—adv. Quadrang′ularly. [Fr.,—L. quadrangulum—quatuor, four, angulus, an angle.]

Quadrans, kwod′ranz, n. a Roman copper coin, the fourth part of the as:—pl. Quadran′tes. [L.]

Quadrant, kwod′rant, n. (geom.) the fourth part of a circle, or an arc of 90°: an instrument used in astronomy for the determination of angular measurements: an instrument of navigation for measuring the altitude of the sun.—adj. Quadrant′al, pertaining to, equal to, or included in a quadrant. [L. quadrans, from quatuor, four.]

Quadrat, kwod′rat, n. a piece of type-metal lower than the letters, used in spacing between words and filling out blank lines (commonly Quad)—distinguished as en (

), em (

), two-em (

), and three-em (

Quadrate, kwod′rāt, adj. squared: having four equal sides and four right angles: divisible into four equal parts: (fig.) balanced: exact: suited.—n. a square or quadrate figure: the quadrate bone, that between the lower jaw and the cranium in birds and reptiles, suspending the lower jaw.—v.i. to square or agree with: to correspond.—adj. Quadrat′ic, pertaining to, containing, or denoting a square.—n. (alg.) an equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is the second: an old instrument for measuring latitudes: (pl.) that branch of algebra which treats of quadratic equations.—adj. Quadratif′erous, having a distinct quadrate bone.—ns. Quadrā′trix, a curve by which may be found straight lines equal to the circumference of circles or other curves; Quad′rāture, a squaring: (geom.) the finding, exactly or approximately, of a square that shall be equal to a given figure of some other shape: the position of a heavenly body when 90° distant from another: (Milt.) a square space; Quadrā′tus, the quadratus femoris, or square muscle of the femur in man, the quadratus lumborum, that of the loins, the depressor labii inferioris, that of the chin, which draws down the upper lip.—Quadrature of the circle, the problem of squaring the circle, insoluble both by the arithmetical and the geometrical method.—Method of quadratures, the name applied to any arithmetical method of determining the area of a curve. [O. Fr. quadrat—L. quadratus, pa.p. of quadrāre, to square—quatuor, four.]

Quadrel, kwod′rel, n. a square stone, brick, or tile: a square piece of turf.

Quadrennial, kwod-ren′yal, adj. comprising four years: once in four years.—adv. Quadrenn′ially.—ns. Quadrenn′iate, Quadrenn′ium, Quadrienn′ium, a period of four years. [L. quadrennis—quatuor, four, annus, a year.]

Quadric, kwod′rik, adj. (alg.) of the second degree, quadratic—esp. in solid geometry and where there are more than two variables.—n. Quad′ricone, a quadric cone.

Quadricentennial, kwod-ri-sen-ten′i-al, adj. pertaining to a period of 400 years.—n. the 400th anniversary of an event or its celebration.

Quadriceps, kwod′ri-seps, n. the great muscle which extends the leg upon the thigh.—adj. Quadricip′ital. [L. quatuor, four, caput, head.]

Quadricorn, kwod′ri-korn, adj. and n. having four horns, antennæ, &c.—Also Quadricorn′ous.

Quadricycle, kwod′ri-sī-kl, n. a four-wheeled vehicle propelled by the feet. [L. quatuor, four, Low L. cyclus—Gr. kyklos, a circle.]

Quadridentate, kwod-ri-den′tāt, adj. having four teeth. Quadridigitate, kwod-ri-dij′i-tāt, adj. having four digits: quadrisulcate.

Quadriga, kwod-rī′ga, n. in Greek and Roman times a two-wheeled car drawn by four horses abreast:—pl. Quadrī′gæ. [L., a contr. of quadrijugæ—quatuor, four, jugum, a yoke.]

Quadrigeminous, kwod-ri-jem′i-nus, adj. fourfold, having four similar parts.—Also Quadrigem′inal, Quadrigem′ināte.

Quadrigenarious, kwod-ri-jē-nā′ri-us, adj. consisting of four hundred.

Quadrijugate, kwod-ri-jōō′gāt, adj. (bot.) pinnate with four pairs of leaflets.—Also Quadriju′gous.

Quadrilateral, kwod-ri-lat′ėr-al, adj. having four sides.—n. (geom.) a plane figure having four sides: the four fortresses—Mantua, Verona, Peschiera, and Legnago—which form the points of a quadrilateral.—n. Quadrilat′eralness. [L. quadrilaterus—quatuor, four, latus, lateris, a side.]

Quadriliteral, kwod-ri-lit′ėr-al, adj. of four letters.—n. a word or a root having four letters. [L. quatuor, four, litera, a letter.]

Quadrille, kwa-dril′, n. a square dance for four couples, consisting of five movements: music for such square dances: a game played by four with forty cards.—v.i. to play at quadrille: to dance quadrilles. [Fr.,—Sp. cuadra, a square—L. quadra, a square—quatuor, four.]

Quadrillion, kwod-ril′yun, n. a million raised to the fourth power, represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers. [Coined from L. quater, four times, on the model of million.]

Quadrilobate, kwod-ri-lō′bāt, adj. having four lobes or lobules.—Also Quad′rilobed.

Quadrilocular, kwod-ri-lok′ū-lar, adj. having four cells, cavities, or compartments.

Quadrinomial, kwod-ri-nō′mi-al, adj. (alg.) consisting of four divisions or terms.—n. an expression of four terms. [L. quatuor, four, Gr. nomē, a division—nemein, to distribute.]

Quadripartite, kwod-ri-par′tīt, adj. divided into four parts: (bot.) deeply cleft into four parts, as a leaf: (archit.) divided, as a vault, into four compartments.—n. a treatise divided into four parts.—adv. Quadripar′titely.—n. Quadriparti′tion. [L.,—quatuor, four, partīre, -ītum, to divide.]

Quadrireme, kwod′ri-rēm, n. a galley with four benches of oars. [L. quadriremis—quatuor, four, remus, an oar.]

Quadrisection, kwod-ri-sek′shun, n. a division into four equal parts. [L. quatuor, four, secāre, sectum, to cut.]

Quadrisyllable, kwod-ri-sil′a-bl n. a word consisting of four syllables.—adjs. Quadrisyllab′ic, -al. [L. quatuor, four, syllaba, a syllable.]

Quadrivalvular, kwod-ri-val′vū-lar, adj. having four valves or valvular parts.—Also Quad′rivalve.

Quadrivium, kwod-riv′i-um, n. the Pythagorean name for the four branches of mathematics—arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy—when preceded by the trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric—together making up the seven liberal arts taught in the schools of the Roman Empire.—adjs. Quadriv′ial, Quadriv′ious. [L., 'the place where four roads meet'—L. quatuor, four, via, a way.]

Quadroon, kwod-rōōn′, n. the offspring of a mulatto and a white person, one 'quarter-blooded.'—Also Quarteroon′. [Sp. cuarteron—cuarto, a fourth.]

Quadrumane, kwod′rōō-mān, n. one of the Quadru′mana, an order of mammalia having four hands, or four feet, with an opposable thumb—also Quad′ruman.—adj. Quadru′manous, having four hands. [L. quatuor, four, manus, a hand.]

Quadruped, kwod′rōō-ped, n. a four-footed animal.—adjs. Quad′ruped, -al, having four feet.—n. Quad′rupedism, the state of being a quadruped. [L. quatuor, four, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Quadruple, kwod′rōō-pl, adj. fourfold.—n. four times the quantity or number.—v.t. to increase fourfold.—v.i. to become four times as many.—n. Quad′ruplet, any combination of four things—also Quart′et: one of four born at a birth.—adj. Quad′ruplex, fourfold, esp. of a telegraphic system capable of sending four messages, two in each direction, simultaneously over one wire.—n. an instrument of this kind.—v.t. to arrange for quadruplex transmission.—adj. Quadru′plicate, fourfold.—n. one of four corresponding things.—v.t. to make fourfold.—ns. Quadruplicā′tion; Quadru′plicāture; Quadruplic′ity.—adv. Quad′ruply, in a fourfold manner.—Quadruple Alliance, a league formed in 1718 between England, France, Austria, and Holland to counteract the ambitious schemes of Alberoni. [Fr.,—L. quadruplus—quatuor, four.]

Quæsitum, kwē-sī′tum, n. something sought or required:—pl. Quæsī′ta. [L. neut. of quæsitus, pa.p. of quærĕre, to seek.]

Quæstor, kwēs′tor, n. a magistrate with charge of the Roman public funds—originally who investigated cases of murder and executed sentence: in the Middle Ages an officer who announced indulgences: a treasurer—also Ques′tor.—ns. Quæs′torship, Ques′torship. [L.,—quærere, quæsitum, to seek.]

Quaff, kwaf, v.t. to drink in large draughts.—v.i. to drink largely.—n. Quaff′er. [Quach, quaich,—Gael. and Ir. cuach, a bowl.]

Quagga, kwag′a, n. one of the three species of striped wild horses, or more properly wild asses, peculiar to Africa, of which the zebra is the type. [Hottentot.]

Quagmire, kwag′mīr, n. wet, boggy ground that yields under the feet.—v.t. to entangle, as in a quagmire.—adj. Quag′miry. [Quake and mire.]

Quahog, kwa-hog′, n. the common round clam of the North American Atlantic coast.—Also Quahaug′. [Amer. Ind. poquauhock.]

Quaigh, kwāh, n. (Scot.) a kind of drinking-cup, usually made of wood. [Gael. cuach, a cup.]

Quail, kwāl, v.i. to cower: to fail in spirit: (Shak.) to slacken.—v.t. to subdue: to terrify.—n. Quail′ing (Shak.), act of one who quails: a failing in courage. [A.S. cwelan, to die; Ger. quälen, to suffer.]

Quail, kwāl, n. a small gallinaceous bird, related to the partridge family: (Shak.) a whore.—ns. Quail′-call, -pipe, a call for alluring quails into a net. [O. Fr. quaille—Low L. quaquila—Old Dut. quakele; cf. Low Ger. quackel, and Quack.]

Quaint, kwānt, adj. unusual: odd: whimsical: (obs.) prim, affectedly nice: fine: (Shak.) clever.—adv. Quaint′ly.—n. Quaint′ness. [O. Fr. coint—L. cognitus, known. Some confusion with L. comptus, neat, is probable.]

Quake, kwāk, v.i. to tremble, esp. with cold or fear: to tremble from want of firmness.—v.t. to cause to tremble:—pr.p. quā′king; pa.t. and pa.p. quāked.—n. a shake: a shudder.—ns. Quā′kiness; Quā′king; Quā′king-grass, a native grass of the genus Briza, so called from the tremulous motion of its spikelets.—adv. Quā′kingly.—adj. Quā′ky, shaky. [A.S. cwacian; perh. allied to quick.]

Quaker, kwā′kėr, n. one of the Society of Friends, a religious sect founded by George Fox (1624-90): a dummy cannon: a collector's name for certain noctuoid moths.—n. Quā′ker-bird, the sooty albatross.—n.pl. Quā′ker-butt′ons, the round seeds of nux vomica.—ns. Quā′ker-col′our, drab; Quā′kerdom, the Quakers as a class; Quā′keress, a female Quaker.—adjs. Quā′kerish, Quā′kerly, like a Quaker.—n. Quā′kerism, the tenets of the Quakers.—Stewed Quaker, molasses or honey, with butter and vinegar, taken hot against colds. [The nickname Quakers was first given them by Judge Bennet at Derby, because Fox bade him and those present quake at the word of the Lord.]

Qualify, kwol′i-fī, v.t. to render capable or suitable: to furnish with legal power: to limit by modifications: to soften: to abate: to reduce the strength of: to vary: (Scots law) to prove, confirm.—v.i. to take the necessary steps to fit one's self for a certain position.—adj. Qual′ifiable.—ns. Qualificā′tion, that which qualifies: a quality that fits a person for a place, &c.: (logic) the attaching of quality, or the distinction of affirmative and negative, to a term: abatement: (Shak.) pacification; Qual′ificātive, that which qualifies, modifies, or restricts: a qualifying term or statement; Qual′ificātor (R.C.), one who prepares ecclesiastical causes for trial.—adj. Qual′ificātory.—p.adj. Qual′ified, fitted: competent: modified: limited.—adv. Qual′ifiedly.—ns. Qual′ifiedness; Qual′ifier.—adj. Qual′ifying.—Property qualification, the holding of a certain amount of property as a condition to the right of suffrage, &c. [Fr.,—Low L. qualificāre—L. qualis, of what sort, facĕre, to make.]

Quality, kwol′i-ti, n. that which makes a thing what it is: property: peculiar power: acquisition: character: rank: superior birth or character: (logic) the character of a proposition as affirmative or negative: (Shak.) character in respect to dryness or moisture, heat or cold: (Shak.) cause, occasion.—adj. Qual′itātive, relating to quality: (chem.) determining the nature of components.—adv. Qual′itātively.—adj. Qual′itied, furnished with qualities.—Accidental quality, a quality whose removal would not impair the identity of its subject, as opposed to an Essential quality; The quality, persons of high rank, collectively. [Fr.,—L. qualitas, qualitatis.]

Qualm, kwäm, n. a sudden attack of illness: a sensation of nausea: a scruple, as of conscience.—adj. Qualm′ish, affected with qualm, or a disposition to vomit, or with slight sickness: uneasy.—adv. Qualm′ishly.—n. Qualm′ishness. [A.S. cwealm, death; Ger. qualm, nausea; Sw. qvalm, a suffocating heat.]

Quandang, kwan′dang, n. a small Australian tree, with edible fruit, the native peach. [Austr.]

Quandary, kwon-dā′ri, or kwon′da-ri, n. a state of difficulty or uncertainty: a hard plight. [Prob. M. E. wandreth, peril—Ice. vandrætdi, trouble.]

Quannet, kwan′et, n. a file for scraping zinc plates: a kind of file used in comb-making.

Quant, kwant, n. a pushing or jumping pole, with a flat cap at the end, used in marshes.

Quantic, kwon′tik, n. (math.) a rational integral homogeneous function of two or more variables.—adj. Quan′tical. [L. quantus, how great.]

Quantify, kwon′ti-fī, v.t. to determine with respect to quantity: to fix or express the quantity of.—n. Quantificā′tion, the art, process, or form by which anything is quantified.—Quantification of the predicate, a phrase belonging to logic, signifying the attachment of the signs of quantity to the predicate. [L. quantus, how great, facĕre, to make.]

Quantity, kwon′ti-ti, n. the amount of anything: bulk: size: a determinate amount: a sum or bulk: a large portion: (logic) the extent of a conception: (gram.) the measure of a syllable: (mus.) the relative duration of a tone: (math.) anything which can be increased, divided, or measured: (Shak.) a small part: (Shak.) proportion.—adj. Quan′titātive, relating to quantity: measurable in quantity: (chem.) determining the relative proportions of components.—advs. Quan′titātively, Quan′titively.—ns. Quan′titātiveness; Quantiv′alence (chem.), the combining power of an atom as compared with that of the hydrogen atom, valence.—adj. Quantiv′alent.—Quantitative logic, the doctrine of probability.—Constant quantity (math.), a quantity that remains the same while others vary. [Fr.,—L. quantitas, quantitatis—quantus, how much—quam, how.]

Quantum, kwon′tum, n. quantity: amount:—pl. Quan′ta.—Quantum sufficit—as much as is sufficient. [L. quantum, neut. of quantus, how great.]

Quaquaversal, kwä-kwä-ver′sal, adj. (geol.) inclining outward in all directions from a centre: facing all ways.—adv. Quaquaver′sally. [L. quaqua, wheresoever, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Quarantine, kwor′an-tēn, n. a forced abstinence from communication with the shore which ships are compelled to undergo when they are last from some port where certain infectious diseases are raging—the time originally forty days: (coll.) the isolation of a person, house, district, &c. afflicted with or recovering from contagious disease.—v.t. to prohibit from intercourse from fear of infection.—adj. Quarantin′able, admitting of, or controlled by, quarantine.—Quarantine flag, a yellow flag displayed by a ship to signify the presence on board of contagious disease. [Fr. quarantaine—L. quadraginta, forty—quatuor, four.]

Quarl, kwärl, n. a segment of fireclay used in making covers for retorts, &c.

Quarrel, kwor′el, n. a square of glass placed diagonally: a lozenge or diamond: a diamond pane of glass: a small square tile: a square-headed arrow for a cross-bow: a graver, glaziers' diamond, or other tool having a several-edged head or point.—ns. Quarr′elet, a small lozenge; Quarr′el-pane. [O. Fr.,—Low L. quadrellus—L. quadrus, square—quatuor, four.]

Quarrel, kwor′el, n. an angry dispute: a breach of friendship: (Shak.) a cause of complaint: a brawl: (Shak.) a quarreller.—v.i. to cavil, find fault: to dispute violently: to fight: to disagree.—v.t. (Scot.) to find fault with: to affect by quarrelling:—pr.p. quarr′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. quarr′elled.—ns. Quarr′eller; Quarr′elling, strife: dissension: brawling.—adjs. Quarr′ellous (Shak.), quarrelsome; Quarr′elsome, disposed to quarrel: brawling: easily provoked.—adv. Quarr′elsomely.—n. Quarr′elsomeness.—Quarrel with one's bread and butter, to act in a way prejudicial to one's means of subsistence.—Pick a quarrel with, to try to get into a dispute with; Take up a quarrel (Shak.), to settle a dispute. [O. Fr. querele—L. querela—queri, questus, to complain.]

Quarry, kwor′i, n. an excavation from which stone is taken for building, &c., by cutting, blasting, &c.—v.t. to dig from a quarry:—pa.t. and pa.p. quarr′ied.—adj. Quarr′iable, capable of being quarried.—ns. Quarr′ier, Quarr′y-man, a man who works in a quarry.—adj. Quarr′y-faced, rough-faced.—ns. Quarr′ying-machine′, a rock-drill; Quarr′y-wa′ter, the water contained in the pores of stone while unquarried, or newly quarried, before its evaporation. [O. Fr. quarriere (Fr. carrière)—Low L. quadraria—L. quadratus, square.]

Quarry, kwor′i, n. the entrails of the game given to the dogs after the chase: the object of the chase: the game a hawk is pursuing or has killed: a heap of dead game. [O. Fr. curee, cuiree—cuir, the skin—L. corium, hide.]

Quarry, kwor′i, n. a small square tile.—adj. Quarr′ied, paved with such. [O. Fr. quarre—L. quadratus, square.]

Quart, Quarte, kärt, n. a sequence of four cards: one of the eight thrusts and parries in fencing.—Quart and tierce, practice between fencers. [Fr. quarte.]

Quart, kwort, or kwawrt, n. the fourth part of a gallon, or two pints: a vessel containing two pints: (Spens.) a quarter: the peck or quarter of a bushel: (mus.) the interval of a fourth.—n. Quartā′tion, the parting of gold and silver by means of nitric acid.—Quart d'écu (Shak.), a cardecu. [Fr. quarte—L. quartus, fourth—quatuor, four.]

Quartan, kwor′tan, adj. occurring every fourth day, as a fever or ague.—n. an ague of this character. [Fr. quartaine—L. quartanus, of the fourth.]

Quarter, kwor′tėr, n. a fourth part: the fourth part of a cwt.=28 lb. avoirdupois (abbrev. qr.): 8 bushels, as a measure of capacity, for grain, &c.: the fourth part of an hour—of the year—of the moon's period—of a carcass (including a limb)—of the horizon, &c.: a cardinal point: (her.) one of the four parts into which a shield is divided by quartering (dexter chief, sinister chief, dexter base, sinister base), an ordinary occupying one-fourth of the field: a region of a hemisphere: a division of a town, &c.: place of lodging, as for soldiers, esp. in pl.: mercy granted to a disabled antagonist, prob. from the idea of the captor sending the prisoner to his quarters: (Shak.) peace, concord: (naut.) the part of a ship's side between the mainmast and the stern.—v.t. to divide into four equal parts: to divide into parts or compartments: to furnish with quarters: to lodge: to allot or share: to furnish with entertainment: (her.) to bear as an appendage to the hereditary arms: to beat the ground for game.—v.i. to be stationed: to shift or change position: to range for game: to drive across a road from side to side.—ns. Quar′terāge, a quarterly payment: quarters, lodging: a name applied to a particular tax; Quar′ter-back, a certain player or position in football (see Back); Quar′ter-bend, a bend in a pipe or rod altering its direction 90°; Quar′ter-bill, a list of the stations for men on board a man-of-war during action; Quar′ter-blank′et, a horse-blanket for the hind quarters.—n.pl. Quar′ter-blocks, blocks fitted under the quarters of a yard, on each side the slings, for the topsail-sheets, &c., to reeve through.—ns. Quar′ter-board, topgallant bulwarks; Quar′ter-boat, any boat hung to davits over the ship's quarter; Quar′ter-boot, a leather boot to protect an overreaching horse's fore feet from being struck by the hind feet.—adj. Quar′ter-bound, having leather or cloth on the back only.—n.pl. Quar′ter-boys, automata which strike the quarter-hours in certain belfries.—adjs. Quar′ter-bred, having only one-fourth pure blood, as horses, cattle, &c.; Quar′ter-cast, cut in the quarter of the hoof.—ns. Quar′ter-day, the first or last day of a quarter, on which rent or interest is paid; Quar′ter-deck, the part of the deck of a ship abaft the mainmast; Quar′ter-deck′er (coll.), a stickler for small points of etiquette on board ship.—adj. Quar′tered, divided into four equal parts: lodged, stationed for lodging: having hind quarters of a particular kind, as a short-quartered horse: sawed into quarters: (her.) having a square piece cut out of the centre.—ns. Quar′ter-ē′vil, -ill, symptomatic anthrax, an infectious and frequently fatal disease of cattle, marked by hemorrhage into the subcutaneous areolar tissue of the limbs—also Black-leg, Quarter, or Spaul, &c.; Quar′terfoil (archit.), an ornamental carving disposed in four segments of circles like an expanded flower; Quar′ter-gall′ery, a projecting balcony on each of the quarters of a large ship: a small structure on a ship's quarters containing the water-closet and bath-tub; Quar′ter-gun′ner, a petty-officer in the United States navy, having care, under the gunner, of arms, ammunition, &c.—adj. Quar′tering, sailing nearly before the wind: striking on the quarter of a ship, as a wind.—n. assignment of quarters to soldiers: (archit.) a series of small upright posts for forming partitions of rooms, lathed and plastered only, or boarded also: (her.) the bearing of two or more coats-of-arms on a shield divided by horizontal and perpendicular lines, denoting the alliances of the family—also, one of the divisions thus formed.—ns. Quar′tering-block, a block on which the body of a person condemned to be quartered was cut in pieces; Quar′ter-line, the position of ships of a column ranged in a line when one is four points forward or abaft another's beam.—adj. Quar′terly, relating to a quarter: consisting of, or containing, a fourth part: once a quarter of a year.—adv. once a quarter: (her.) arranged according to the four quarters of a shield.—n. a periodical published every quarter of a year.—ns. Quar′termaster, an officer who looks after the quarters of the soldiers, and attends to the supplies—he is assisted by a non-commissioned officer named Quar′termaster-ser′geant: (naut.) a first-class petty officer who attends to the helm, signals, &c.; Quar′termaster-gen′eral, in the British army, a staff-officer of high rank (major-general or colonel) who deals with all questions of transport, marches, quarters, fuel, clothing, &c.; Quar′tern, the fourth part of a peck, a stone, or a pint: the quarter of a pound; Quar′tern-loaf, a loaf weighing, generally, four pounds; Quarteroon′ (see Quadroon); Quar′ter-plate, in photography, a size of plate measuring 3¼ by 4¼ inches: a picture of this size; Quar′ter-round, a moulding having an outline approximating to a quadrant, an ovolo: any tool adapted for making such; Quar′ter-seal, the seal kept by the director of the Chancery of Scotland—the testimonial of the Great Seal; Quar′ter-ses′sions, a criminal court held quarterly by Justices of the Peace, established in 1350-51, but having had most of its administrative powers transferred in 1888 to the County Councils: county or borough sessions held quarterly; Quar′ter-staff, a long staff or weapon of defence, grasped at a quarter of its length from the end and at the middle; Quar′ter-tone (mus.), an interval equivalent to one-half of a semitone; Quar′ter-watch (naut.), one-half of the watch on deck; Quartette′, Quartet′, anything in fours: a musical composition of four parts for voices or instruments: a stanza of four lines.—adj. Quar′tic (math.), of the fourth degree or order.—n. an algebraic function of the fourth degree.—n. Quar′tile (astrol.), an aspect of planets when their longitudes differ by 90°.—adj. Quar′to, having the sheet folded into four leaves (abbrev. 4to).—n. a book of a quarto size:—pl. Quar′tos (demy quarto, 8¾ × 11¼ in.; medium quarto, 9¼ × 11¾ in.; royal quarto, 10 × 12½ in.).—Beat up the quarters of, to disturb: to visit unceremoniously; Come to close quarters, to get into a hand-to-hand struggle.—Small quarto, a square octavo: a book having eight leaves to a sheet but the shape of a quarto.—Winter quarters, the quarters or station of an army during the winter. [O. Fr.,—L. quartarius—quartus, fourth.]

Quartodeciman, kwor-tō-des′i-man, n. one of those who celebrated the Paschal festival on the 14th day of Nisan without regard to the day of the week. The western churches kept it on the Sunday after the 14th day—the usage approved by the Council of Nice (325 A.D.). [L. quartodecimus, fourteenth, quatuor, four, decem, ten.]

Quartz, kworts, n. the common form of native silica, or the oxide of silicon, occurring both in crystals and massive, scratching glass easily, and becoming positively electrical by friction, colourless when pure—Rock-crystal, Common, and Compact Quartz.—ns. Quartz′-crush′er, -mill, a machine, mill, where auriferous quartz is reduced to powder, and the gold separated by amalgamation.—adj. Quartzif′erous.—ns. Quartz′ite, Quartz′-rock, a common rock, usually white, gray, or rusty in colour, and composed of an aggregate of quartz-grains welded together.—adjs. Quartzit′ic; Quartz′ose, of or like quartz; Quartz′y. [Ger. quarz.]

Quash, kwosh, v.t. to crush: to subdue or extinguish suddenly and completely: to annul. [O. Fr. quasser (Fr. casser)—L. quassāre, inten. of quatĕre, to shake.]

Quasi, kwā′sī, conj. and adv. as if: in a certain manner, sense, or degree—in appearance only, as 'quasi-historical,' &c. [L.]

Quasimodo, kwas-i-mō′do, n. the first Sunday after Easter, Low Sunday. [From the first words of the introit for the day, 1 Peter, ii. 2; L. Quasi modo geniti infantes, as new-born babes, &c.]

Quassation, kwas-sā′shun, n. the act of shaking: the state of being shaken: concussion.—adj. Quas′sative. [L. quassatio—quassāre, to shake.]

Quassia, kwash′i-a, n. a South American tree, the bitter wood and bark of which are used as a tonic.—ns. Quass′ine, Quass′ite, the bitter principle of quassia-wood, the Bitter-wood of the West Indies. [So called by Linnæus from a negro named Quassi, who first discoverer its value against fever.]

Quaternary, kwa-tėr′nar-i, adj. consisting of four: by fours: pertaining to strata more recent than the Upper Tertiary: (math.) containing four variables.—n. a group of four things.—adjs. Quāt′ern, Quāter′nāte, composed of, or arranged in, sets of four.—n. Quāter′nion, a set or group of four: a word of four syllables: (pl.) in mathematics, a calculus of peculiar power and generality invented by Sir W. R. Hamilton of Dublin, as a geometry, primarily concerning itself with the operations by which one directed quantity or vector is changed into another.—v.t. to divide into quaternions: (Milt.) to divide into companies.—ns. Quāter′nionist, a student of quaternions; Quātern′ity, the state of being four, a group of four.—Quaternary number, ten; so called by the Pythagoreans because equal to 1 + 2 + 3 + 4.

Quatorze, ka-torz′, n. the four aces, kings, queens, knaves, or tens in the game of piquet.—n. Quator′zain, a stanza or poem of fourteen lines. [Fr.]

Quattrocento, kwot-rō-chen′to, n. in Italian, a term for the 15th century, its literature and art: the early Renaissance.—n. Quattrocen′tist. Outstanding quattrocentisti in art are Donatello, Masaccio, Lippo Lippi, and Mantegna. [It., 'four hundred,' contr. for 1400.]

Quaver, kwā′vėr, v.i. to shake: to sing or play with tremulous modulations.—n. a trembling: a vibration of the voice: a note in music=half a crotchet or one-eighth of a semibreve.—n. Quā′verer.—adv. Quā′veringly. [Imit.; cf. Quiver, and Ger. quabbeln.]

Quay, kē, n. a landing-place: a wharf for the loading or unloading of vessels.—n. Quay′age, payment for use of a quay. [O. Fr. quay—Celt., as in Bret. kaé, and W. cae, an enclosure.]

Queachy, kwē′chi, adj. shaking: unsteady. [From queach, a variant of quitch.]

Quean, kwēn, n. a saucy girl or young woman: a woman of worthless character. [Queen.]

Queasy, kwē′zi, adj. sick, squeamish: inclined to vomit: causing nausea: fastidious: ticklish, nice.—adv. Quea′sily.—n. Quea′siness. [Scand.; Norw. kveis, sickness after a debauch, Ice. -kveisa, pains, as in idhra-kveisa, pains in the stomach.]

Quebracho, ke-brä′chō, n. the bark of several hard-wooded South American trees—good in fever. [Port.,—quebrahacho, axe-breaker—quebrar, to break, hacha, facha, axe.]

Queen, kwēn, n. the wife of a king: a female sovereign: the best or chief of her kind: a queen-bee or queen-ant: of playing-cards, one with the queen painted on it: the piece in chess which is the most deadly in attack.—v.i. to play the queen.—ns. Queen′-app′le, Queen′ing, the name of several varieties of apple; Queen′-bee, the sole female of a bee-hive, considerably larger than an ordinary bee; Queen′-con′sort, the wife of the reigning sovereign—opp. to Queen′-reg′nant, holding the crown in her own right; Queen′craft, craft or policy on the part of a queen; Queen′dom, queenly rule or dignity: the realm of a queen; Queen′-dow′ager, the widow of a deceased king; Queen′hood, the state of being a queen; Queen′let, a petty queen.—adjs. Queen′-like, Queen′ly, like a queen: becoming or suitable to a queen.—n. Queen′liness.—adv. Queen′ly, like a queen.—ns. Queen′-moth′er, a queen-dowager, the mother of the reigning king or queen; Queen′-of-the-mead′ows, the meadow-sweet; Queen′-post (archit.), one of two upright posts in a trussed roof, resting upon the tie-beam, and supporting the principal rafters; Queen′-rē′gent, a queen who reigns as regent; Queen's′-arm, a musket; Queen′ship, the state, condition, or dignity of a queen; Queen′-stitch, a square or chequer pattern in embroidery stitch.—Queen Anne's Bounty, a fund for augmenting the incomes of the poorer clergy of England, set aside in 1703; Queen Anne style (archit.), the style popular in the early part of the 18th century, the buildings plain and simple, with classic cornices and details, and frequently with large windows divided by mullions; Queen of heaven, a title often given to the goddess Astarte or Ashtoreth: among Roman Catholics, a title for the Virgin Mary; Queen of the May=May-queen (see May); * Queen's Bench (court of: see King); * Queen's colour, one of the pair of colours belonging to each regiment in our army; * Queen's counsel (see Counsel); * Queen's English, correct use of the English language; * Queen's evidence (see Evident); * Queen's messenger (see Message); Queen's metal, an alloy consisting chiefly of tin; Queen's tobacco pipe, the facetious designation of a peculiarly shaped kiln which used to be situated at the corner of the tobacco warehouses belonging to the London Docks, and in which contraband goods were burned; Queen's ware, a variety of Wedgwood ware, otherwise known as cream-coloured ware; Queen's yellow, the yellow subsulphate of mercury. [A.S. cwén; Goth. kwēns, Ice. kván, kvæn.]

Queer, kwēr, adj. odd, singular, quaint: open to suspicion, dubious: counterfeit: having a sensation of coming sickness.—v.t. (slang) to banter, ridicule.—adj. Queer′ish, somewhat singular.—n. Queer′ity (rare).—adv. Queer′ly.—n. Queer′ness.—Queer Street, the imaginary residence of persons in financial and other difficulties.—A queer fish (see Fish); Shove the queer (slang), to pass bad money. [Low Ger. queer, across, oblique (Ger. quer); cf. Thwart.]

Queez-madam, kwēz′-mad′am, n. (Scot.) the cuisse-madam, a French jargonelle pear.

Quelch, kwelch, v.i. (prov.) to make a sucking sound like that of water in one's boots.

Quell, kwel, v.t. to crush: subdue: to allay.—v.i. to die, perish, (Shak.) abate.—ns. Quell (Shak.), murder: (Keats) power of quelling; Quell′er, one who quells or crushes: a slayer. [A.S. cwellan, to kill, causal of cwelan, to die. Cf. Quail (v.).]

Queme, kwēm, v.t. (Spens.) to please, suit, fit. [A.S. cwéman; cf. Ger. bequem, fit.]

Quench, kwensh, v.t. to put out: to destroy: to check: to allay: to place in water.—v.i. to lose zeal, grow cold.—adj. Quench′able, that may be extinguished.—ns. Quench′er, one who, or that which, quenches: a draught or drink; Quench′ing, act of extinguishing: the act of cooling the surface of molten metal and forming rosettes in the crust.—adj. Quench′less, that cannot be extinguished: irrepressible.—adv. Quench′lessly.—n. Quench′lessness. [A.S. cwencan, to quench, causal of cwincan; cf. Old Fries. kwinka, to go out.]

Quenelle, ke-nel′, n. a forcemeat ball of chicken, veal, or the like. [Fr.]

Quenouille-training, ke-nōō′lye-trā′ning, n. the training of trees in a conical shape with the branches bent downwards. [Fr. quenouille, a distaff—Low L. colucula—L. colus, a distaff.]

Quercetum, kwer-sē′tum, n. a collection of living oaks. [L.,—quercus, an oak.]

Quercitron, kwer′si-tron, n. the name both of a dye-stuff and of the species of oak of which it is the bark—the Quercus coccinea of North America, also called Dyer's oak and Yellow-barked oak.—ns. Quer′cite, a sweet crystalline compound found in acorns; Quer′citin, a yellow crystalline compound derived from quercitrin by the action of mineral acids; Quer′citrin, a glucoside, the colouring-matter of quercitron-bark. [L. quercus, oak, citrus, a tree of the lemon kind.]

Querela, kwe-rē′la, n. a complaint preferred in a court.—n. Quē′rent, a plaintiff. [L.]

Querimonious, kwer-i-mō′ni-us, adj. complaining: discontented.—adv. Querimō′niously.—n. Querimō′niousness. [L. querimonia, a complaining—queri, to complain.]

Quern, kwėrn, n. a stone handmill for grinding grain. [A.S. cwyrn, cweorn; Ice. kvern, Goth, kwairnus.]

Querulous, kwer′ū-lus, adj. complaining: discontented: quarrelsome.—adv. Quer′ulously.—n. Quer′ulousness. [L.,—queri, to complain.]

Query, kwē′ri, n. an inquiry: the mark of interrogation.—v.t. to inquire into: to question: to doubt of: to mark with a query.—v.i. to question:—pa.t. and pa.p. quē′ried.—adj. Ques′itive, interrogatory. [L. quære, imper. of quærĕre, quæsitum, to inquire.]

Quest, kwest, n. the act of seeking: search: pursuit: a searching party: a jury of inquest: inquiry, investigation: request or desire.—v.i. to go in search of, to go begging: to give tongue, as a dog after game.—ns. Quest′ant, Quest′er (Shak.), one who seeks after anything, a candidate.—adj. Quest′ful. [O. Fr. queste (Fr. quête)—L. quæsita (res), a thing sought—quærĕre, quæsitum, to seek.]

Question, kwest′yun, n. a seeking: an inquiry: an examination, esp. by torture: an investigation: dispute: doubt: a subject of discussion, esp. the particular point actually before the house, the measure to be voted upon: (Shak.) conversation.—v.t. to ask questions of: to examine by questions: to inquire of: to regard as doubtful: to challenge, take exception to: to have no confidence in.—v.i. to ask questions: to inquire: to debate, consider, to converse.—adj. Quest′ionable, that may be questioned: doubtful: uncertain: suspicious.—n. Quest′ionableness.—adv. Quest′ionably.—adj. Quest′ionary, asking questions.—n. one who hawks about for sale indulgences or relics.—ns. Quest′ioner; Quest′ioning, a query, doubt, suspicion.—adv. Quest′ioningly.—n. Quest′ionist, a questioner, a doubter: at Cambridge, a student qualified to be a candidate for a degree.—adj. Quest′ionless, unquestioning: beyond question or doubt: certainly.—n. Quest′rist (Shak.), a seeker, a pursuer.—adj. Quest′uary (obs.), greedy of gain, yielding gain.—Question of fact, consideration as to the actual occurrence of an event.—Beg the question (see Beg); Call in question, to challenge, to subject to judicial inquiry; In question, under consideration, referring to a thing just mentioned; Leading-question (see Lead); Out of question, doubtless; Out of the question, not to be thought of; Pop the question (see Pop); Previous question (see Previous). [Fr.,—L. quæstion-em—quærĕre, quæsitum, to seek.]

Quetzal, kwet′sal, n. the resplendent trogon, a native of Central America, the plumage of the male a magnificent golden green.—Also Ques′al, Quij′al.

Queue, kū, n. a pendent braid of hair at the back of the head, a pigtail: a file of persons waiting in the order of arrival: a tailpiece, as of a violin: (her.) the tail of a beast.—v.t. to tie or fasten in a queue or pigtail. [Fr.,—L. cauda, a tail.]

Quey, kwā, n. (Scot.) a young cow or heifer, a cow that has not yet had a calf. [Ice. kvíga; Dan. kvie.]

Quibble, kwib′l, n. a turning away from the point in question into matters irrelevant or insignificant: an evasion, a pun: a petty conceit.—v.i. to evade a question by a play upon words: to cavil: to trifle in argument: to pun.—n. Quibb′ler.—adv. Quibb′lingly. [Freq. of quip.]

Quich, kwich, v.i. (Spens.) to stir, to move.—Also Quinch, Quitch. [A.S. cweccan, causal of cwacian, to quake.]

Quick, kwik, adj. living: lively: speedy: nimble: ready: sensitive: hasty: pregnant: active, piercing.—adv. without delay: rapidly: soon.—n. a living animal or plant: the living: the living flesh: the sensitive parts: a hedge of some growing plant, quickset.—adj. Quick′-an′swered (Shak.), quick at giving an answer.—n. Quick′beam, the mountain-ash or rowan.—adj. Quick′-conceiv′ing, quick at conceiving or understanding.—v.t. Quick′en, to make quick or alive: to revive: to reinvigorate: to cheer: to excite: to sharpen: to hasten.—v.i. to become alive: to move with activity.—n. the couch or quitch-grass.—ns. Quick′ener, one who, or that which, reinvigorates; Quick′ening, the period in pregnancy when the mother first becomes conscious of the movement of the child—from the sixteenth or seventeenth week onwards.—adj. Quick′-eyed, having acute sight.—ns. Quick′-grass=Quitch-grass; Quick′-hedge, a hedge of living plants; Quick′lime, recently burnt lime, caustic and unslaked: carbonate of lime without its carbonic acid.—adv. Quick′ly.—ns. Quick′march (same as Quick′step); Quick′match (see Match); Quick′ness; Quick′sand, a movable sandbank in a sea, lake, &c., any large mass of sand saturated with water, often dangerous to travellers: anything treacherous.—adj. Quick′-scent′ed, having a keen scent.—n. Quick′set, a living plant set to grow for a hedge, particularly the hawthorn.—adj. consisting of living plants.—adj. Quick′-sight′ed, having quick or sharp sight: quick in discernment.—ns. Quick′-sight′edness, sharpness of sight or discernment; Quick′silver, the common name for fluid mercury, so called from its great mobility and its silvery colour.—v.t. to overlay or to treat with quicksilver.—adj. Quick′silvered.—ns. Quick′silvering, the mercury on the back of a mirror; Quick′step, a march in quick time: (mus.) a march written in military quick time.—adj. Quick′-tem′pered, irascible.—n. Quick′-wa′ter, a solution of nitrates of mercury and of gold, for water-gilding.—adj. Quick′-wit′ted, having ready wit.—ns. Quick′-wit′tedness; Quick′-work, the part of a ship under water when laden: the part of the inner upper-works of a ship above the covering board: the short planks worked inside between the ports: spirketting.—Some quick (Spens.), something alive. [A.S. cwic; Ice. kvikr, Goth. kwius, living; allied to L. vivus.]

Quicunque, kwī-kung′kwe, n. the so-called Athanasian Creed, from its first words, Quicunque vult='whosoever will.'

Quid, kwid, n. what, substance: something.—Tertium quid, something distinct from both mind and matter, itself immediately known, mediating between the mind and the reality. [L., what.]

Quid, kwid, n. something chewed or kept in the mouth, esp. a piece of tobacco. [A corr. of cud.]

Quiddany, kwid′a-ni, n. a confection of quince-juice and sugar. [L. cydonium. Cf. Quince.]

Quiddit, kwid′it, n. an equivocation: a subtilty or quibble. [A contr. of quiddity.]

Quiddity, kwid′i-ti, n. the essence of anything: any trifling nicety: a cavil: a captious question.—adjs. Quidd′ative, Quidd′itātive. [Low L. quidditas—L. quid, what.]

Quiddle, kwid′l, v.i. to spend time in trifling.—n. one who does so.—n. Quidd′ler, a trifler.—adj. Quidd′ling. [L. quid.]

Quidnunc, kwid′nungk, n. one always on the lookout for news: one who pretends to know all occurrences. [L., 'what now?']

Quid pro quo, kwid prō kwō, n. something given or taken as equivalent to something else. [L., 'something for something.']

Quien sabe, kien sä′be, who knows? a common reply to a question in the south-western United States, meaning 'I do not know.' [Sp. quien, who—L. quis, who; sabe, 3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of saber, to know—L. sapĕre, to have sense.]

Quiescent, kwī-es′ent, adj. being quiet, resting: not sounded, as a quiescent letter: still: unagitated: silent.—v.i. Quiesce′, to become quiet: to become silent in pronunciation, as a letter.—ns. Quies′cence, Quies′cency, state of being at rest: rest of mind: silence: torpor.—adv. Quies′cently. [L. quiescens, -entis, pr.p. of quiescĕre, to rest.]

Quiet, kwī′et, adj. at rest: calm: smooth: peaceable: gentle, inoffensive: silent, still: free from gaudiness, in good taste: free from bustle or formality.—n. the state of being at rest: repose: calm: stillness: peace.—v.t. to bring to rest: to stop motion: to calm or pacify: to lull: to allay.—v.i. to become quiet, to abate.—n. Quī′etāge (Spens.), quiet.—v.t. Quī′eten, to make quiet, calm.—v.i. to become quiet.—n. Quī′eter (Shak.), a person or thing that quiets.—v.t. Quī′etise, to make quiet.—ns. Quī′etism, rest of the mind: mental tranquillity: apathy: the doctrine that religious perfection on earth consists in passive and uninterrupted contemplation of the Deity; Quī′etist, one who believes in this doctrine (Molinos, Mme. Guyon, &c.).—adj. Quietist′ic, pertaining to quietism.—n. Quī′etive, anything that induces quiet.—adv. Quī′etly, in a quiet manner: without motion or alarm: calmly: silently: patiently.—ns. Quī′etness, Quī′etude, rest: repose: freedom from agitation or alarm: stillness: peace: silence.—adj. Quī′etsome (Spens.), calm, still, undisturbed.—n. Quiē′tus, a final settlement or discharge: ending generally: (slang) a severe blow.—At quiet (B.), peaceful; In quiet, quietly; On the quiet, clandestinely; Out of quiet, disturbed. [L. quietus—quiscĕre, to rest.]

Qui-hi, -hye, kwī′hī′, n. in Bengal, the Anglo-Indian call for a servant: (coll.) an Anglo-Indian in Bengal. [Hind. koī hai, 'who is there?']

Quill, kwil, n. a fold of a plaited or fluted ruff.—v.t. to flute: form with rounded ridges.—adj. Quilled, crimped, fluted.—n. Quill′ing, a narrow bordering of plaited lace or ribbon. [Fr. quille, a keel.]

Quill, kwil, n. a reed-pen: the feather of a goose or other bird used as a pen, hence a pen generally: the profession of letters: anything like a quill: the hollow basal stem of a feather: one of the large hollow sharp spines (modified hairs) of the hedgehog, porcupine, &c.: the reed on which weavers wind their thread: the instrument for striking the strings of certain instruments: the tube of a musical instrument: the hollow shaft or mandril of the seal-engraver's lathe: a train for igniting a blast: bark in a cylindrical roll.—v.t. to plait with small ridges like quills: to wind on a quill: to pluck out quills from.—ns. Quill′-driv′er (slang), one who works with a quill or pen, a clerk; Quill′-driv′ing, writing.—adj. Quilled, furnished with quills, or formed into a quill.—ns. Quill′-nib, a quill-pen shortened for use with a holder; Quill′-turn, the machine in which a weaver's quill is turned; Quill′-work, embroidery with porcupine quills, done by the North American Indians; Quill′-wort, any plant of the genus Isoëtes, esp. Isoëtes lacustris.—In the quill (Shak.), perhaps=penned, though others interpret 'in form and order like a quilled ruff.' [Explained by Skeat as orig. a stalk, hence anything pointed, O. Fr. quille, a peg—Old High Ger. kegil or chegil (Ger. kegel), a cone-shaped object, ninepin.]

Quillet, kwil′et, n. a trick in argument: a petty quibble. [L. quidlibet, 'what you will.']

Quillon, kē-lyong′, n. one of the branches of the cross-guard of a sword.

Quilt, kwilt, n. a bed-cover of two cloths sewed together with something soft between them: a thick coverlet.—v.t. to make into a quilt: to stitch together with something soft between, to stitch in: to sew like a quilt.—adj. Quilt′ed, stitched together as a quilt: (Spens.) padded.—ns. Quilt′er, a person or machine for making quilting; Quilt′ing, the act of making a quilt: that which is quilted: a cotton or linen cloth, like diaper, with raised pattern, for vests, &c.: a kind of coating formed of sinnet, strands of rope, &c., outside any vessel containing water: a thrashing with a rope's end; Quilt′ing-bee, in New England, a gathering of women to help one in quilting a counterpane, followed by a supper to which men are admitted; Quilt′ing-cott′on, cotton-wadding; Quilt′ing-frame, an adjustable frame for holding a fabric for quilting. [O. Fr. cuilte (Fr. couette)—L. culcita, a cushion.]

Quinarian, kwī-nā′ri-an, adj. classified in sets of five: (zool.) relating to the circular or so-called natural system of classification, propounded in 1819 and much elaborated by Swainson in 1835—also Quī′nary.—n. one who supports this theory. [L. quinarius—quini, five each—quinque, five.]

Quinate, kwī′nāt, adj. (bot.) having five leaflets on a petiole. [L. quini, five each.]

Quince, kwins, n. the golden, globose or pear-shaped, fragrant fruit of a large shrub or small tree (Pyrus Cydonia) of the rose family, too austere to be eaten raw, but excellent for jellies, marmalade, and flavouring other fruits. [Pl. of quine—O. Fr. coin (Fr. coing)—L. cydonium—Gr. Cydōnia, in Crete.]

Quincentenary, kwin-sen′te-nā-ri, adj. relating to five hundred, especially five hundred years.—n. a five hundredth anniversary.

Quincunx, kwin′kungks, n. an arrangement of five things, so as to occupy each corner and the centre of a square, esp. of trees or plants.—adj. Quincun′cial.—adv. Quincun′cially. [L. quinque, five, uncia, a twelfth part, an ounce.]

Quindecemvir, kwin-dē-sem′vir, n. one of a college of fifteen men in ancient Rome who had the charge of the Sibylline books:—pl. Quindecem′viri.—ns. Quindec′agon, a plane figure with fifteen sides and angles; Quindecem′virate, the body of the quindecemviri or their office; Quindec′ima (mus.), the interval of a fifteenth, or double-octave. [L.,—quindecim, fifteen (quinque, five, decem, ten), vir, a man.]

Quinible, kwin′i-bl, n. (mus.) an interval of a fifth: a descant sung at the fifth. [L. quinque, five.]

Quinine, kwin′ēn, ki-nēn′, or kwī′nīn, n. a colourless, inodorous, and very bitter alkaloid, obtained from the bark of the Cinchona tree, its salts used for agues and fevers.—ns. Quī′na, the bark of various species of Cinchona; Quinam′ine, a natural white crystalline alkaloid obtained from various Cinchona barks; Quinaquī′na, the bark of various species of Cinchona.—adj. Quin′ic, pertaining to, or derived from, quinine.—ns. Quin′idine, a white crystalline compound, isomeric with quinine, found in some Cinchona barks; Quinol′ogy, the knowledge of quinine and other Cinchona alkaloids. [Fr.,—Sp. and Port. quinina—Peruv. quina, kina, bark.]

Quinisext, kwin′i-sekst, adj. pertaining to five and six, or to the fifth and sixth.

Quinoa, kē′no-a, n. a Chilian and Mexican food-plant, resembling some British species of chenopodium, cultivated for its farinaceous seeds. [Peruv.]

Quinoline, kwin′ō-lin, n. a pungent, colourless liquid obtained by the distillation of bones, coal-tar, and various alkaloids—the base of many organic bodies, isomeric with Leucol.—Also Chin′oline. [Peruv. quina, kina, bark.]

Quinone, kwin′ōn, n. or Benzoquinone, a golden-yellow crystalline compound usually prepared by oxidising aniline with potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid: a general name applied to all benzene derivatives in which two oxygen atoms replace two hydrogen atoms.—Also Kinone (kē′nōn), as Kinic—Quinic.

Quinquagesima, kwin-kwa-jes′i-ma, n. a period of fifty days.—n. Quinquagenā′rian, one who is between fifty and sixty years old.—Quinquagesima Sunday, the Sunday before Ash Wednesday, being the fiftieth day before Easter. [L. quinquaginta, fifty—quinque, five.]

Quinquangular, kwin-kwang′gū-lar, adj. having five angles.—adjs. Quinquartic′ular, of five articles; Quinquecap′sular, having five capsules; Quinquecos′tāte, -d having five ribs; Quinqueden′tate, -d (bot.), five-toothed; Quinquefā′rious, disposed in five sets or rows; Quin′quefid, cleft into five segments; Quinquefō′liate, -d (bot.), having five leaves or leaflets; Quinquelit′eral, consisting of five letters; Quinquelō′bate, having five lobes; Quinqueloc′ular, having five loculi; Quinquepär′tite, five-parted; Quinquesep′tate, having five septa; Quinquesē′rial, arranged in five series; Quinquesyllab′ic, having five syllables; Quinquev′alent, having an equivalence of five; Quin′quevalve, Quinqueval′vular, having five valves.

Quinquenniad, kwin-kwen′i-ad, n. a period of five years—also Quinquenn′ium.—adj. Quinquenn′ial, occurring once in five years: lasting five years.—n. a fifth anniversary or its celebration.

Quinquereme, kwin′kwe-rēm, n. an ancient galley having five banks of oars. [L.,—quinque, five, remus, an oar.]

Quinquino, kin′ki-nō, n. the tree (Myroxylon Pereiræ) which yields the balsam of Peru.

Quinsy, kwin′zi, n. an inflammatory affection of the substance of the tonsils, attended when fully developed by suppuration.—ns. Quin′sy-berr′y, the common black-currant; Quin′sy-wort, a small trailing British herb of the madder family. [O. Fr. squinancie (Fr. esquinancie)—Gr. kynanchē—kyōn, a dog, anchein, to throttle.]

Quint, kwint, n. a set or a sequence of five: (mus.) a fifth: the E string of a violin.—adj. Quint′an, recurring on every fifth day.—n. a malarial fever whose paroxysms recur on every fifth day. [Fr.,—L. quintus, fifth—quinque, five.]

Quintadena, kwin-ta-dē′na, n. in organ-building, a mutation stop yielding a tone one-twelfth above the digital struck.

Quintain, kwin′tān, n. a post with a turning and loaded top or cross-piece, to be tilted at.—Also Quin′tin. [Fr.,—L. quintana, quintus, fifth, the place of recreation in the Roman camp being between the fifth and sixth maniples.]

Quintal, kwin′tal, n. a hundredweight, either 112 or 100 pounds according to the scale.—The Quintal métrique, the modern French quintal, is 100 kilograms=220 lb. avoirdupois. [Fr. and Sp. quintal—Ar. qintăr—L. centum, a hundred.]

Quintessence, kwin-tes′ens, n. the pure concentrated essence of anything, the most essential part of anything: the fifth essence, according to the Pythagoreans, beyond earth, water, fire, air.—adj. Quintessen′tial.—v.t. Quintessen′tialise. [Fr.,—L. quinta essentia, fifth essence, orig. applied to ether, supposed to be purer than fire, the highest of the four ancient elements.]

Quintet, Quintette, kwin-tet′, n. a musical composition for five voices or instruments: a company of five singers or players. [It. quintetto, dim. of quinto, a fifth part—L. quintus, fifth—quinque, five.]

Quintile, kwin′til, n. the aspect of planets distant from each other the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72°.

Quintillion, kwin-til′yun, n. the fifth power of a million, or a unit followed by thirty ciphers: generally, in U.S., the sixth power of one thousand, or a unit followed by eighteen ciphers.

Quintole, kwin′tōl, n. a five-stringed viol common in France in the 18th century: a group of five notes to be played in the time of three, four, or six. [It. quinto—L. quintus, fifth.]

Quintroon, kwin-trōōn′, n. the offspring of a white by one who has one-sixteenth part of negro blood. [Sp. quinteron—L. quintus, fifth—quinque, five.]

Quintuple, kwin′tū-pl, adj. fivefold: (mus.) having five crotchets in a bar.—v.t. to make or to increase fivefold.—ns. Quin′tūplet, a set of five things: (pl.) five young at a birth: (mus.) same as Quintole; Quintū′plicāte, consisting of five: one of five exactly corresponding things.—v.t. to make or to increase a set of fivefold.—n. Quintuplicā′tion. [Fr.,—L. quintuplex—quintus, fifth, plicāre, to fold.]

Quinzaine, kwin′zān, n. the fifteenth day onward from a feast day, counting itself: a stanza of fifteen lines. [Fr. quinze, fifteen—L. quindecim—quinque, five, decem, ten.]

Quinze, kwinz, n. a card-game, like vingt-et-un, the object being to count as nearly to fifteen as possible without going above it.

Quip, kwip, n. a sharp, sarcastic turn, a gibe: a quick retort.—v.i. to use sarcasms.—v.t. to sneer at.—adj. Quip′pish. [W. chwip, a quick turn, chwipio, to move briskly.]

Quipu, kē′pōō, or kwip′ōō, n. the mnemonic language of coloured and knotted cords used by the Incas of ancient Peru—depending on order, colour, and kind.—Also Quip′o. [Peruv., 'a knot.']

Quire, kwīr, n. a collection of paper consisting of twenty-four sheets, the twentieth part of a ream, each having a single fold.—v.t. to fold in quires. [O. Fr. quaier (Fr. cahier), prob. from Low L. quaternum, a set of four sheets,—L. quatuor, four.]

Quirinus, kwi-rī′nus, n. an Italic divinity identified with the deified Romulus.—n. Quirinā′lia, a festival in ancient Rome in honour of Quirinus, on Feb. 17.

Quirites, kwi-rī′tez, n.pl. the citizens of ancient Rome in their civil capacity.

Quirk, kwėrk, n. a quick turn: an artful evasion: a quibble: a taunt or retort: a slight conceit: inclination, turn: fantastic phrase: (archit.) an acute angle or recess.—v.i. to turn sharply.—v.t. to twist or turn: to furnish with a quirk or channel.—adjs. Quirk′ish, consisting of quirks; Quirk′y, abounding in quirks. [Skeat explains as prob. for obs. Eng. quirt, to turn; from W. chwired, a piece of craft, from chwiori, to turn briskly; cf. Gael. cuireid, a turn.]

Quirt, kwėrt, n. a riding-whip much used in the western states of North America.—v.t. to flog with a quirt. [Perh. Sp. cuerda, a rope.]

Quiscalus, kwis′ka-lus, n. a genus of birds, the American grackles or crow-blackbirds.

Quit, kwit, v.t. to pay, requite: to release from obligation, accusation, &c.: to acquit: to depart from: to give up: to clear by full performance: (Spens.) to remove by force: (coll.) to give over, cease:—pr.p. quit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. quit′ted.—adj. (B.) set free: acquitted: released from obligation.—n. Quit′-claim, a deed of release.—v.t. to relinquish claim or title to.—n. Quit′-rent, a rent by which the tenants are discharged from all other services—in old records called white rent, as being paid in silver money.—adj. Quit′table, capable of being quitted.—ns. Quit′tal (Shak.), requital, repayment; Quit′tance, a quitting or discharge from a debt or obligation: acquittance: recompense.—v.t. (obs.) to repay.—Quit cost, to pay expenses; Quit one's self (B.), to behave; Quit scores, to balance accounts.—Be quits, to be even with one; Cry quittance, to get even; Double or quits, in gambling, said when a stake due is either to become double or be reduced to nothing, according to the issue of a certain chance; Notice to quit (law), notice to a tenant of real property that he must surrender possession. [O. Fr. quiter (Fr. quitter)—Low L. quietāre, to pay—L. quietāre, to make quiet—quietus, quiet.]

Qui tam, kwī tam, an action on a penal statute, brought partly at the suit of the state and partly at that of an informer—from the first words. [L. qui, who, tam, as well.]

Quitch, kwich, n. couch-grass.—Also Quitch′-grass, Quick′ens. [Assibilated form of quick.]

Quitch, kwich, v.i. (Spens.) to move. [A.S. cweccan, causative of cwacian, to quake.]

Quite, kwīt, adv. completely: wholly: entirely.—Quite a little, a good few: considerable; Quite so, a phrase denoting assent in conversation. [Merely an adv. use of the adj. quit.]

Quitter, kwit′ėr, n. a fistulous sore on the quarters or the heel of the coronet of a horse's hoof.—v.i. to suppurate.

Quiver, kwiv′ėr, n. a case for arrows.—adj. Quiv′ered, furnished with a quiver: sheathed, as in a quiver. [O. Fr. cuivre; from Old High Ger. kohhar (Ger. köcher); cog. with A.S. cocer.]

Quiver, kwiv′ėr, v.i. to shake with slight and tremulous motion: to tremble: to shiver.—ns. Quiv′er, Quiv′ering, a tremulous motion, shiver.—adv. Quiv′eringly, with quivering.—adj. Quiv′erish, tremulous. [A.S. cwifer, seen in adv. cwiferlíce, eagerly. Cf. Quick and Quaver.]

Qui vive, kē vēv, Who goes there?—the challenge of French sentries to those who approach their posts.—Be on the qui vive, to be on the alert. [Fr.,—qui, who, vive, 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of vivre, to live—L. vivĕre.]

Quixotic, kwiks-ot′ik, adj. like Don Quixote, the knight-errant in the great romance of Cervantes (1547-1616), extravagantly romantic, aiming at an impossible ideal.—adv. Quixot′ically.—ns. Quix′otism, Quix′otry, absurdly romantic, impracticable, and magnanimous notions, schemes, or actions like those of Don Quixote.

Quiz, kwiz, n. a riddle or enigma: one who quizzes another: an odd fellow: a monocular eye-glass, often with a handle: (coll.) an oral examination of a pupil or class by a teacher.—v.t. to puzzle: to banter or make sport of: to examine narrowly and with an air of mockery.—v.i. to practise derisive joking:—pr.p. quiz′zing; pa.t. and pa.p. quizzed.—ns. Quiz′zer; Quiz′zery.—adj. Quiz′zical.—ns. Quizzical′ity; Quizzificā′tion.—v.t. Quiz′zify, to turn into a quiz.—ns. Quiz′ziness, oddness; Quiz′zing, raillery; Quiz′zing-glass, a single eye-glass. [Origin obscure; doubtless framed from question, or direct from L. quæso, I ask.]

Quoad, kwō′ad, prep. as far as, to this extent.—Quoad hoc, as far as this; Quoad omnia, in respect of all things; Quoad sacra, as far as concerns sacred matters, as a parish disjoined for ecclesiastical purposes only. [L.]

Quodlibet, kwod′li-bet, n. a scholastic argument upon a subject chosen at will, almost invariably theological: a humorous fanciful combination of two or more familiar melodies.—n. Quodlibetā′rian, one given to quodlibets.—adjs. Quodlibet′ic, -al. [L., 'what you please'—quod, what, libet, it pleases.]

Quoin, koin, n. (archit.) a wedge used to support and steady a stone: an external angle, esp. of a building: (gun.) a wedge of wood or iron put under the breech of heavy guns or the muzzle of siege-mortars to raise them to the proper level: (print.) a wedge used to fasten the types in the forms.—v.t. to wedge or steady with quoins. [Coin.]

Quoit, koit, n. a heavy flat ring of iron for throwing as near as possible to one hob or pin from the other—18 to 21 yards apart—the points in the game counted as in bowls or curling: (pl.) the game played with such rings.—v.i. to throw quoits: to throw as with a quoit. [Perh. from O. Fr. coiter, to drive, which may be from L. coactāre—cogĕre, to force.]

Quoniam, kwō′ni-am, n. the part of the 'Gloria in Excelsis' beginning 'For Thou only art holy:' the musical setting thereof: (obs.) a kind of drinking-cup. [L., 'since now.']

Quop, kwop, v.i. to move: to throb, as the heart.—Also Quab, Quap.

Quorum, kwō′rum, n. a number of the members of any body sufficient to transact business. [The first word of a commission formerly issued to certain justices, of whom (L. quorum) a certain number had always to be present when the commission met.]

Quota, kwō′ta, n. the part or share assigned to each.—n. Quot′ity (Carlyle), the number of individuals in a collection. [It.,—L. quotus, of what number?—quot, how many?]

Quote, kwōt, v.t. to repeat the words of any one: to adduce for authority or illustration: to give the current price of: to enclose within quotation marks: (Shak.) to set down in writing.—v.i. to make a quotation.—adj. Quō′table, that may be quoted.—ns. Quō′tableness, Quōtabil′ity.—adv. Quō′tably.—ns. Quōtā′tion, act of quoting: that which is quoted: the current price of anything; Quōtā′tion-mark, one of the marks used to note the beginning and the end of a quotation—generally consisting of two inverted commas at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the end of a quotation; but a single comma and a single apostrophe are frequently used; Quō′ter. [O. Fr. quoter, to number—Low L. quotāre, to divide into chapters and verses—L. quotus, of what number?—quot, how many?]

Quoth, kwōth, v.t. say, says, or said—used only in the 1st and 3d persons present and past, and always followed by its subject.—interj. Quō′thä, forsooth, indeed. [A.S. cwethan, pa.t. cwæth, to say. For quoth'a, said he—'a being a corr. of he.]

Quotidian, kwō-tid′i-an, adj. every day: occurring daily.—n. anything returning daily: (med.) a kind of ague that returns daily. [Fr.,—L. quotidianus—quot, as many as, dies, a day.]

Quotient, kwō′shent, n. (math.) the number which shows how often one number is contained in another.—n. Quōtī′ety, the proportionate frequency of an event. [Fr.,—L. quotiens, quoties, how often?—quot, how many?]

Quotum, kwō′tum, n. quota: share: part or proportion. [L., neut. of quotus; cf. Quota.]

Quo warranto, kwō wo-ran′to, n. (law) the title of a writ by which a person or corporate body is summoned to show by what warrant a particular franchise or office is claimed. [So called from these words in the writ. L. quo, by what (abl. sing. neut. of quis, who, which, what), warranto, abl. of Low L. warrantum, warrant.]

the eighteenth letter in our alphabet, belonging to the class of liquids—the 'dog's letter' (littera canina), from the trilling or vibration of the tip of the tongue: as a medieval numeral=80; R=80,000.—The three R's, a humorous term for reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Ra, rä, n. the supreme sun-god of the Memphite system of ancient Egyptian mythology.

Rabanna, ra-ban′a, n. matting made from the fibre of the raffia, in Madagascar. [Malagasy.]

Rabat, ra-bä′, n. a neck-band with flaps worn by French ecclesiastics: a turned-down collar or ruff—(obs.) Rab′atine, Rabā′to. [Fr.]

Rabate, ra-bāt′, v.t. to beat down.—n. abatement. [Fr. rabattre, to beat down—re-, again, abattre—L. ad, to, batuĕre, to beat.]

Rabbet, rab′et, n. a groove cut in the edge of a plank so that another may fit into it.—v.t. to groove a plank thus.—ns. Rabb′eting-machine′, -plane, -saw, for ploughing and cutting grooves; Rabb′et-joint, a joint formed by fitting together timber with rabbets. [O. Fr. raboter, to plane—rabouter—re-, again, aboter, abouter, to thrust against.]

Rabbi, rab′i, or rab′ī, Rabbin, rab′in, n. Jewish title of a doctor or expounder of the law:—pl. Rabbis (rab′īz), Rabb′ins.—ns. Rabb′an ('our master'), a title of greater honour than rabbi; Rabb′inate, the dignity of a rabbi.—adjs. Rabbin′ic, -al, pertaining to the rabbis or to their opinions, learning, and language.—n. Rabbin′ic, the later Hebrew.—adv. Rabbin′ically.—ns. Rabb′inism, the doctrine or teaching of the rabbis: a rabbinical peculiarity of expression: the late Jewish belief which esteemed the oral law equally with the written law of God; Rabb′inist, Rabb′inite, one who adheres to the Talmud and traditions of the rabbis; Rabbō′ni, my great master. [Gr.,—Heb. rabbí—rab, great, master—rābab, to be great. Cf. Ar. rabb, master, the Lord.]

Rabbit, rab′it, n. a small rodent burrowing animal of the hare family: a cony: any member of the hare family.—v.i. to hunt rabbits.—ns. Rabb′it-brush, a North American composite plant; Rabb′it-ear, a long slender oyster; Rabb′iter, one who hunts rabbits; Rabb′it-fish, the 'king of the herrings;' Rabb′it-hutch, a box for the rearing of rabbits; Rabb′it-moth, a moth in United States of a furry appearance; Rabb′it-mouth, harelip; Rabb′it-root, the wild sarsaparilla; Rabb′itry, a rabbit-warren; Rabb′it-squirr′el, a chincha, a South American rodent; Rabb′it-suck′er (Shak.), a sucking rabbit; Rabb′it-warr′en, a place where rabbits are kept and bred.—Snow-shoe rabbit, an American hare found in the Rocky Mountains which turns white in winter; Welsh rabbit, melted cheese with a little ale poured over a slice of hot toast—sometimes written 'Welsh rarebit' by wiseacres. [M. E. rabet, dim. of a form seen in Old Dut. robbe.]

Rabbit, rab′it, v.t. an interjectional expression, like confound. [Perh. a corr. of rabate.]

Rabble, rab′l, n. a disorderly, noisy crowd: a mob: the lowest class of people.—adj. disorderly.—v.i. to utter nonsense.—v.t. (Scot.) to mob.—ns. Rabb′lement, a tumultuous crowd of low people; Rabb′ling (Scot.), the act of assaulting in a disorderly manner, mobbing. [Allied to Old Dut. rabbelen, to gabble, Prov. Ger. rabbeln.]

Rabble, rab′l, n. an iron bar used in puddling.—v.t. to stir with a rabble.—n. Rabb′ler. [O. Fr. roable (Fr. râble)—L. rutabulum, a poker.]

Rabelaisian, rab-e-lā′zi-an, n. characteristic of Rabelais (1490-1553), broadly humorous, coarse.

Rabid, rab′id, adj. furious: mad: affected with rabies, as a dog: foolishly intense.—adj. Rab′ic, pertaining to rabies.—adv. Rab′idly.—ns. Rab′idness; Rā′bies, the disease (esp. of dogs) from which hydrophobia is communicated: canine madness.—adjs. Rābiet′ic, resembling madness; Rābif′ic, communicating hydrophobia; Rā′bious, raging. [L. rabidus—rabĕre, to rave.]

Raca, rā′ka, adj. worthless—a term of contempt used by the Jews of Christ's day; cf. Matt. v. 22. [Chaldee rēkā, worthless; perh. conn. with raq, to spit (Ar. rīq), or with rīqā, empty.]

Raccahout, rak′a-hōōt, n. an Eastern dish made from the edible acorns of the oak. [Fr.,—Ar. rāquat, rāqaout, a nourishing starch.]

Raccoon, Racoon, ra-kōōn′, n. a genus of the bear family of North America, valuable for its fur.—ns. Raccoon′-berr′y, the May apple of the United States; Raccoon′-oys′ter, an oyster growing on the shores of the sea in United States. [Amer. Ind.]

Race, rās, n. the human family: the descendants of a common ancestor: a breed or variety: a tribal or national stock: a line of persons, as of statesmen, or of animals, as the feline race: a herd: peculiar flavour, as of wine, by which its origin may be recognised: (Shak.) intrinsic character, vigour. [Fr.,—Old High Ger. reiza, a line.]

Race, rās, n. rapid motion: trial of speed: progress: course of action: a strong and rapid current: a canal to a water-wheel: a competitive trial of speed in running, walking, &c.: a horse-race, as the Ascot races.—v.i. to run swiftly: to contend in running.—v.t. to cause to race, as steamers, horses, &c.—ns. Race′-card, a card containing information about races; Race′-course, -ground, -track, the course over which races are run; Race′-cup, a piece of plate forming a prize at a race; Race′horse, a horse bred for racing; Race′-meet′ing, a meeting for purposes of horse-racing; Rā′cer, one who races: a racehorse; Race′-way, a mill-race; Rā′cing, the running of races; Rā′cing-bit, a light jointed ring-bit; Consolā′tion-race (see Consolation); Flat′-race, a horse-race over level or clear ground—opp. to a Hurdle-race or Steeplechase, which are called generally Obstacle-races.—Racing calendar, a full list of races to be run. [A.S. rǽs, stream; Ice. rás, rapid course.]

Race, rās, n. (Shak.) a root.—n. Race′-gin′ger, unpulverised ginger. [O. Fr. rais—L. radix, a root.]

Raceme, ra-sēm′, n. a cluster: a flower-cluster, as in the currant.—adjs. Racemed′, having racemes; Racem′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, grapes: an acid obtained from a certain kind of grape; Racemif′erous, bearing racemes; Rac′emōse, Rac′emous, growing in, or resembling, a raceme.—n. Rac′emūle, a small raceme.—adj. Racem′ulōse, bearing small racemes. [Fr.,—L. racemus.]

Rach, Ratch, rach, n. a dog that hunts by scent. [A.S. ræcc, a dog; Ice. rakki.]

Rachianectes, ra-ki-an-ek′tez, n. the gray whale of the North Pacific. [Gr. rhachia, a rocky shore, nēktēs, a swimmer.]

Rachis, rā′kis, n. the spine: (bot.) a branch or axis of inflorescence which proceeds in nearly a straight line from the base to the apex:—pl. Rā′chidēs.—n. Rāchial′gia, pain in the spine.—adjs. Rāchial′gic; Rāchid′ial, Rāchid′ian.—n. Rāchil′la, a secondary rachis in a compound inflorescence.—adj. Rāchit′ic, rickety.—ns. Rāchī′tis, rickets in children (see Rickets): (bot.) a disease which produces abortion in the fruit; Rāch′itome, an anatomical instrument for opening the spinal canal. [Gr. rachis, the spine.]

Racial, rā′si-al, adj. relating to lineage, peculiar to a race.—adv. Rā′cially.

Rack, rak, n. an instrument for racking or extending: an engine for stretching the body in order to extort a confession, hence (fig.) extreme pain, anxiety, or doubt: a framework on which articles are arranged, as hat-rack, plate-rack, letter-rack, &c.: the grating above a manger for hay: (mech.) a straight bar with teeth to work into those of a wheel, pinion, or endless screw, for converting a circular into a rectilinear motion, or vice versâ: (Scot.) the course in curling.—v.t. to stretch forcibly: to strain: to stretch on the rack or wheel: to torture: to exhaust: to worry, agitate: to wrest, overstrain: to practise rapacity: to extort: to place in a rack or frame: (naut.) to seize together with cross-turns, as two ropes.—n. Rack′er, one who tortures.—adj. Rack′ing, tormenting.—ns. Rack′-rail, a railway having cogs which work into similar cogs on a locomotive; Rack′-rent, an annual rent stretched to the utmost value of the thing rented, exorbitant rent.—v.t. to subject to such rents.—ns. Rack′-rent′er, one who exacts or pays rack-rent; Rack′-stick, a stick for stretching a rope; Rack′-tail, a bent arm in a repeating clock connected with the striking mechanism; Rack′work, a strong bar with cogs to correspond with similar cogs on a wheel, which either moves or is moved by the bar.—Live at rack and manger, to live sumptuously and wastefully; On the rack, stretched upon it: tortured by anxiety; Put to the rack, to put to the torture of the rack: to subject to keen suffering. [The radical sense is to stretch, closely allied to reach (q.v.); cf. Ice. rakkr, straight, Ger. rack, a rail, recken, to stretch.]

Rack, rak, n. same as Wrack=Wreck—now used only in the phrases Go to rack, Go to rack and ruin. [Cf. the next word.]

Rack, rak, n. thin or broken clouds drifting across the sky.—v.i. to drift, to drive. [Wrack; cf. Ice. rek.]

Rack, rak, v.t. to strain or draw off from the lees, as wine.—ns. Rack′ing-can, a vessel from which wine can be drawn without disturbing the lees; Rack′ing-cock, -fau′cet, a cock used in drawing off liquour from a cask; Rack′ing-pump, a pump for the transfer of liquor to casks. [O. Fr. raquer, vin raqué; prob. cog. with Sp. rascar, to scrape.]

Rack, rak, n. (prov.) the neck and spine of a fore-quarter of veal or mutton: the neck of mutton or pork.

Rack, rak, n. the gait of a horse between a trot and a gallop.—n. Rack′er, a horse that moves in this gait. [Perh. rack, to drift, or rock.]

Rack, rak, n. same as Arrack.—Rack punch, a punch made with arrack.

Rackarock, rak′a-rok, n. an explosive of potassium chlorate and nitro-benzol.—Also Rend′rock.

Racket, Racquet, rak′et, n. a bat for playing tennis: a snow-shoe: an organ-stop: a 17th-cent. musical instrument: (pl.) a modern variety of the old game of tennis.—v.t. to strike, as with a racket.—ns. Rack′et-, Racq′uet-court, -ground, a court for playing rackets: a tennis-court; Rack′et-tail, a humming-bird with two feathers like rackets.—adj. Rack′et-tailed. [O. Fr. rachete (Fr. raquette)—Sp. raqueta—Ar. rāhat, the palm of the hand.]

Racket, rak′et, n. a clattering noise: hurly-burly.—v.i. to make a clattering noise: to engage in racket of any kind: to be dissipated.—n. Rack′eter.—adj. Rack′ety.—v.t. and v.i. Rack′le (prov.), to rattle.—n. noisy talk. [Gael. racaid—rac, to cackle.]

Racovian, ra-kō′vi-an, n. a 17th-cent. Polish Socinian—their seminary being at Rakow.

Racy, rā′si, adj. having a strong flavour imparted by the soil, as wine: exciting to the mind by strongly characteristic thought or language: spirited: pungent, as a racy story: peculiar to the race.—adv. Rā′cily.—n. Rā′ciness. [Race, a family.]

Raddle, rad′l, v.t. to interweave: to beat.—n. a hedge formed by interweaving the branches of trees: a hurdle: split wood like laths: a wooden bar used in domestic weaving. [Perh. a transposed form of hurdle; or perh. formed from wreathe, or writhe, and confused with hurdle.]

Raddle, rad′l, n. a layer of red pigment—also Redd′le.—v.t. to colour coarsely, as with raddle: to do work in a slovenly way. [Ruddle.]

Radial, rā′di-al, adj. shooting out like a ray or radius: pertaining to the radius of the forearm: (bot.) developing uniformly on all sides.—ns. Rādiā′le, the radiocarpal bone:—pl. Rādiā′lia; Rādiā′lis, a radial muscle, artery, or nerve:—pl. Rādiā′les; Rādialisā′tion, arrangement in radiating forms.—v.t. Rā′dialise, to make ray-like: to cause to radiate.—n. Rādial′ity, radial symmetry.—adv. Rā′dially, in the manner of a radius or of rays.—adjs. Rā′diocar′pal, pertaining to the wrist or carpus; Rā′diomus′cular, pertaining to the radius and to muscles; Rā′dio-ul′nar, pertaining to the radius and the ulna.—Radial artery, the smaller of the branches of the branchial artery at the elbow.

Radian, rā′di-an, n. the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal to the radius.

Radiant, rā′di-ant, adj. emitting rays of light or heat: issuing in rays: beaming with light: shining: (her.) edged with rays.—n. (opt.) the luminous point from which light emanates: (astron.) the centre point from which meteoric showers proceed: (geom.) a straight line from a point about which it is conceived to revolve.—ns. Rā′diance, Rā′diancy, quality of being radiant: brilliancy: splendour.—adv. Rā′diantly.—adj. Rā′dious (obs.), radiant.—Radiant energy, energy in the form of light or radiant heat; Radiant heat, heat proceeding in rays or direct lines from a centre. [L. radians, -antis, pr.p. of radiāre, -ātum, to radiate—radius.]

Radiata, rā-di-ā′ta, n.pl. the lowest of Cuvier's four great divisions of the animal kingdom—the organs of sense and motion disposed as rays round a centre.

Radiate, rā′di-āt, v.i. to emit rays of light: to shine: to proceed in direct lines from any point or surface.—v.t. to send out in rays: to furnish with rays.—adjs. Rā′diāte, -d, formed of rays diverging from a centre: (bot.) consisting of a disc in which the florets are tubular: (min.) having crystals diverging from a centre: belonging to the Radiata: in coins, represented with rays proceeding from a centre, as a head or bust.—adv. Rā′diately, in a radiate manner: with radiation from a centre.—adj. Rādiā′tiform, having the appearance of being radiate.—adv. Rā′diatingly.—n. Rādiā′tion, act of radiating: the emission and diffusion of rays of light or heat.—adj. Rā′diative.—n. Rā′diator, a body which radiates or emits rays of light or heat: a part of a heating apparatus for a room.—adj. Rā′diatory.—ns. Rādioflagell′ata, marine animalcules; Rā′diograph, an instrument by which solar radiation is measured.—adj. Rādiolā′rian, pertaining to the ooze at the bottom of the sea, composed of the shells of Radiolā′rians, a class of marine rhizopod Protozoa, so called from their having thread-like processes of living matter radiating outwards on all sides.—ns. Rādī′olus, one of the barbules of the main shaft of a feather; Rādiom′eter, an instrument consisting of four horizontal arms of very fine glass, carefully poised so as to revolve easily on a point, the whole contained in a glass vessel almost exhausted of air—the arms move round under light or heat, more or less swiftly according to the strength of the rays.—adj. Rādiomet′ric.—ns. Rādiomicrom′eter, an instrument for measuring very small amounts of heat; Rā′diophone, an instrument for producing or transmitting sound by heat-rays.—adj. Rādiophon′ic.—ns. Rādiophon′ics, Rā′diophony, the production of sound by radiant heat; Rā′dium, a rare element whose radiations act upon photographic plates and have properties like the X-rays.

Radical, rad′i-kal, adj. pertaining to the root or origin: original: fundamental: intrinsic: primitive: implanted by nature: not derived: serving to originate: (bot.) proceeding immediately from the root: (politics) ultra-liberal, democratic.—n. a root: a primitive word or letter: one who advocates radical reform, an uncompromising democratic politician: (chem.) the base of a compound.—v.t. Rad′icalise, to make radical.—v.i. to become radical, adopt radical political principles.—n. Rad′icalism, the principles or spirit of a radical or democrat.—adv. Rad′ically.—n. Rad′icalness. [Radix.]

Radicate, rad′i-kāt, adj. deeply rooted: firmly established: (zool.) fixed at the bottom as if rooted: (conch.) adhering like a limpet.—v.t. to root: to plant or fix deeply and firmly:—pr.p. rad′icāting; pa.p. rad′icāted.—adjs. Rad′icant (bot.), sending out roots from the stem above the ground; Radicā′rian, relating to roots; Rad′icated, rooted.—ns. Radicā′tion, the act or process of radicating or taking root deeply: (bot.) the disposition of the root with respect to the ascending or descending stem; Rad′icel, a rootlet.—adjs. Radicic′olous, Radic′olous, living on roots, pertaining to the root-form of the phylloxera; Radiciflō′rous, flowering from the root; Radic′iform, like a root.—n. Rad′icle, a little root: the part of a seed which in growing becomes the root.—adjs. Rad′icōse, having a large root; Radic′ūlar, pertaining to a radicle.—n. Rad′icūle (bot.), that end of the embryo which is opposite to the cotyledons.—adj. Radic′ūlōse (bot.), covered with rootlets: radicose, having a large root. [L. radicāri, -ātus, to take root—radix, a root.]

Radish, rad′ish, n. an annual whose succulent pungent root is eaten raw as a salad.—ns. Rad′ish-fly, an American insect; Sea′side-rad′ish, the wild radish. [Fr. radis—Prov. raditz—L. radix, radicis, a root.]

Radius, rā′di-us, n. (geom.) a straight line from the centre to the circumference of a circle: anything like a radius, as the spoke of a wheel: a ray: (anat.) the exterior bone of the arm: (bot.) the ray of a flower: the movable arm of a sextant: one of the radiating lines of a geometrical spider's web:—pl. Rā′dii (ī).—ns. Rā′dius-bar, -rod, in a steam-engine, a rod pivoted at one end and connected at the other with a concentrically moving part at a fixed distance.—Radius vector (pl. Radii vectores), the distance from a fixed origin to any point of a curve. [L., a rod.]

Radix, rā′diks, n. a root: primitive source: a primitive word from which other words are formed: the base of a system of logarithms:—pl. Radices (rā-dī′sēz). [L. radix, radic-is.]

Radoub, ra-dōōb′, n. the refitting of a ship. [Fr., radouber, to mend. Cf. Redub.]

Radula, rad′ū-la, n. the tongue or lingual ribbon of a mollusc.—adjs. Rad′ūlar; Rad′ūlāte; Radūlif′erous, bearing a radula; Rad′ūliform, rasp-like: like a file. [L.,—radĕre, to scrape.]

Raff, raf, n. the sweepings of society, the rabble: the riff-raff: rubbish: a low worthless fellow, a rowdy.—v.t. (obs.) to snatch, to sweep off.—adj. Raff′ish, worthless. [O. Fr. raffer, to catch; cog. with Ger. raffen, to snatch; cf. Riff-raff.]

Raff, Raffe, raf, n. (naut.) a three-cornered sail set on a schooner when before the wind.—Also Raff′ie.

Raffle, raf′l, n. a kind of sale by chance or lottery in which the price is subscribed equally by all who hope to win.—v.i. to try a raffle.—n. Raff′ler. [Fr. rafle, a certain game of dice—rafler, to sweep away—Ger. raffeln, freq. of raffen (A.S. reafian), to seize.]

Rafflesia, raf-lē′zi-a, n. a remarkable genus of apetalous parasitic plants, named after Sir T. Stamford Raffles (1781-1826), British governor in Sumatra (1818).

Raft, raft, n. (U.S.) a miscellaneous or promiscuous lot. [A variant of Raff (1).]

Raft, raft, n. a collection of pieces of timber fastened together for a support on the water: planks conveyed by water.—v.t. to transport on a raft: to form into a raft.—v.i. to manage a raft, travel by raft.—ns. Raft′-bridge, a bridge supported on rafts; Raft′-dog, an iron bar fitted for securing logs in a raft; Raft′-duck, the black-head duck of the United States; Raft′-port, a square hole in some ships for convenience in loading and unloading timber; Raft′-rope, a rope used in whaling-vessels for stringing blubber; Rafts′man, one who guides a raft. [Ice. raptr (pron. raftr), a rafter—ráf, ræfr, a roof; cf. Old High Ger. rāfo, a spar.]

Rafter, raft′ėr, n. an inclined beam supporting the roof of a house.—v.t. to furnish with rafters.—n. Raft′er-bird, the spotted fly-catcher.—Principal rafter, a main timber in supporting the weight of a roof. [A.S. ræfter, a beam; Ice. raptr (raftr), a beam; Dan. raft, a pole.]

Rag, rag, n. a fragment of cloth: a rock having a rough irregular surface: a remnant, scrap: a beggarly person: anything rent or worn out.—adj. made of rags.—v.t. to make ragged.—v.i. to become ragged, to fray: (U.S. slang) to dress (out).—ns. Rag′abash, a low fellow; Rag′amuffin, a low, disreputable person.—adj. Rag′amuffinly.—ns. Rag′-bush, in some heathen countries, a bush dedicated to some deity and decorated with rags torn from the clothes of pilgrims; Rag′-dust, the refuse of rags used by dyers; Rag′-fair, a fair or market for rags, old clothes, &c.; Rag′gery, rags collectively; Rag′ging, the first rough separation of the ore from dross; Rag′-man, a man who collects or deals in rags; Rag′-mon′ey (slang), paper money; Rag′-pick′er, one who collects rags, &c., from ash-heaps, dung-hills, &c.: a machine for tearing old rags, &c., to pieces; Rag′-shop, a shop where rag-pickers dispose of their finds; Rag′-sort′er, one who sorts out rags for paper-making; Rag′-stone, Ragg, an impure limestone, consisting chiefly of lime and silica; Rag′-tag, the rabble; Rag′weed, any plant of the composite genus Ambrosia; Rag′wheel, a wheel with teeth or cogs on the rim, which fit into the links of a chain or into rackwork: a cutlass polishing-wheel; Rag′-wool, shoddy; Rag′work, mason-work built of small stones about the size of bricks: a manufacture from strips of rag.—Rag-tag and bobtail, a rabble. [Ice. rögg, shagginess.]

Rag, rag, v.t. to banter, torment.—Also n. [Perh. from the previous word; others refer to Ice. rægja, to calumniate; cog. with A.S. wrégan, to accuse.]

Rage, rāj, n. violent excitement: enthusiasm: rapture: furious anger: intensity: any object much sought after, the fashion.—v.i. to be furious with anger: to exercise fury: to prevail fatally, as a disease: to be violently agitated, as the waves.—v.t. to enrage.—adjs. Rage′ful, full of rage, furious; Rā′ging, acting with rage, violence, or fury.—adv. Rā′gingly.—All the rage (coll.), quite the fashion. [Fr.,—L. rabies—rabĕre, to rave.]

Ragged, rag′ed, adj. torn or worn into rags: having a rough edge: ruggedly uneven, jagged: wearing ragged clothes: shabby.—adv. Ragg′edly.—ns. Ragg′edness; Ragg′ed-rob′in, the cuckoo flower; Ragg′ed-sail′or, the prince's feather-plant; Ragg′ed-school, a school for the destitute; Ragg′ed-staff (her.), a knotted stick with short stumps of branches on each side. [Cf. Rag.]

Raggle, rag′l, v.t. to notch irregularly.—n. a ragged piece. [Freq. of rag.]

Raglan, rag′lan, n. a loose, wide-sleeved overcoat. [From Lord Raglan (1788-1855), commander of the English forces in the Crimea.]

Ragman-roll, rag′man-rōl, n. a parchment roll with pendent seals, any important document, esp. the collection of instruments by which the Scotch nobles subscribed allegiance to Edward I. of England, 1291-2-6, and at the parliament of Berwick: a vague story (cf. Rigmarole). [Prob. Ice. ragmenni, a craven—ragr, cowardly (A.S. earg), madhr, man.]

Ragnarök, rag′na-rōōk′, n. the end of the world when the gods (Odin, Thor, &c.) shall be overcome by their enemies and the world burnt up. [Ice. ragna rökr, twilight of the gods—rögn, régin, the gods, rökr, darkness; but orig. ragna rök, the history of the gods—rök, reason, judgment.]

Ragout, ra-gōō′, n. a stew of meat with kitchen herbs, the French equivalent of Irish stew: any spicy mixture or combination, even of persons. [Fr.,—ragoûter, to restore the appetite—L. re, again, Fr. à (=ad), to, goût—L. gustus, taste.]

Raguly, rag′ū-li, adj. (her.) ragged or notched at the edges.—Also Rag′uled.

Ragwort, rag′wurt, n. any one of several herbs of genus Senecio: a large coarse weed with a yellow flower.—Golden ragwort, a North American plant; Woolly ragwort, a plant from one to three feet high, found in the United States, and covered with hoary wool. [Rag, and A.S. wyrt, a plant.]

Rahu, rä′hōō, n. in Hindu mythology, the demon who causes eclipses of sun and moon.

Raid, rād, n. a hostile or predatory invasion: a sudden onset: an irruption, as if for assault or seizure.—v.t. to make a sudden attack.—n. Raid′er, one who makes a raid.—Raid the market, to derange prices by a panic. [A.S. rád, a riding; Ice. reidh.]

Rail, rāl, n. a bar of timber or metal extending from one support to another, as in fences, staircases, &c.: one of those steel bars used on the permanent way of a railway, generally of that form known as the T-rail: a barrier: the railway as a means of travel or transport: (archit.) the horizontal part of a frame and panel: (naut.) the forecastle-rail, poop-rail, and top-rail are bars across the forecastle, &c.—v.t. to enclose with rails: to furnish with rails.—ns. Rail′-bend′er, a screw-press for straightening rails; Rail′-bor′er, a hand-drill for rails; Rail′-chair, an iron block by which the rails are secured to the sleepers; Rail′-clamp, a wedge for clamping a rail firmly; Rail′-coup′ling, a bar by which the opposite rails of a railway are connected at curves, switches, &c.; Rail′-guard, a guard-rail before a front wheel; Rail′ing, a fence of posts and rails: material for rails; Rail′-punch, a machine for punching holes in the webs of rails; Rail′road, Rail′way, a road or way laid with iron rails on which carriages run.—v.t. Rail′road (U.S.), to push forward fast.—ns. Rail′roader, one employed about a railway; Rail′road-worm, the apple maggot; Rail′-saw, a portable machine for sawing off metal rails; Rail′-split′ter (U.S.), one who splits logs into rails for a fence; Rail′way-car, a vehicle for the transportation of passengers and goods; Rail′way-carr′iage, a carriage for the conveyance of passengers; Rail′way-cross′ing, an intersection of railway-lines: an intersection of an ordinary road with a railroad; Rail′way-slide, a turn-table; Rail′way-stitch, a loose and rapid stitch in knitting or crochet-work; Rail′way-train (see Train).—Railway company, a stock company formed for the construction and working of a railway, usually organised by a legislative enactment.—Elevated railway, an elevated bridge-like structure used for railway purposes, to avoid obstruction of surface roadways; Military railway, a railway equipped for military service, the locomotives being armoured, and the carriages armour-plated and provided with portholes for rifles; Portable railway, a light railway made in detachable sections, and so suited for carrying easily from place to place. [Low Ger. regel, prob. through O. Fr. reille; cf. Ger. riegel, a bar. Some refer to L. regula through O. Fr. reille.]

Rail, rāl, v.i. to brawl: to use insolent language.—v.t. to scoff at, affect by railing.—n. Rail′er, one who rails: one who insults or defames by opprobrious language.—adj. Rail′ing, reproachful, insulting.—n. reproachful and insulting language.—adv. Rail′ingly, in a railing manner: scoffingly: insultingly.—n. Raillery (rāl′ėr-i, or ral′-), railing or mockery: banter: good-humoured irony. [Fr. railler—L. rallum, a hoe—radĕre, to scrape.]

Rail, rāl, n. a genus of wading-birds with a harsh cry.—n. Rail′-bird, the Carolina rail.—Golden rail, a rail snipe. [O. Fr. rasle (Fr. râle)—Old Dut. ratelen, to rattle.]

Raiment, rā′ment, n. that in which one is dressed: clothing in general. [For arraiment. Cf. Array.]

Rain, rān, n. water from the clouds in drops: a shower: a fall of any substance through the atmosphere in the manner of rain.—v.i. to fall from the clouds: to drop like rain.—v.t. to pour like rain.—ns. Rain′band, a dark band in the solar spectrum; Rain′-bird, a bird, like the Rain′-crow, supposed to foretell rain by its cries and actions; Rain′bow, the brilliant-coloured bow or arch seen when rain is falling opposite the sun, called lunar rainbow when formed by the moon; Rain′bow-dart′er, the soldier-fish.—adjs. Rain′bowed, formed with, or like, a rainbow; Rain′bow-tint′ed, having tints like those of a rainbow: iridescent.—ns. Rain′bow-trout, a variety of the Californian salmon; Rain′-cham′ber, an attachment to a furnace in which the fumes of any metal are condensed; Rain′-chart, -map, a chart giving information as to the distribution of rain in any part of the world; Rain′-cloud, a cloud in meteorology called nimbus; Rain′drop, a drop of rain; Rain′fall, a fall of rain: the amount of water that falls in a given time in the form of rain; Rain′-gauge, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain that falls; Rain′iness, the state of being rainy.—adj. Rain′less, without rain.—ns. Rain′-mak′er, -doc′tor, a sorcerer, as those of Africa, professing to bring rain; Rain′-pour, a heavy rainfall; Rain′-print, one of the small pits seen on the surfaces of some argillaceous rocks, and believed to be the impressions of raindrops.—adjs. Rain′-proof, -tight, impervious to rain.—ns. Rain′storm; Rain′-tree, the genisaro of South America; Rain′-wa′ter, water which falls in rain from the clouds.—adj. Rain′y, abounding with rain: showery.—Rain cats and dogs (see Cat).—A rainy day (fig.), a time of need or hardship: future want or need; The former and the latter rain, Palestine, the rain in spring and in autumn: rain in its season. [A.S. regn, rén, rain; Dut. and Ger. regen, Ice. regn.]

Raise, rāz, v.t. to cause to rise: to lift up: to hoist: to set upright: to originate or produce: to bring together: to cause to grow or breed: to produce: to give rise to: to exalt: to increase the strength of: to excite: to collect: muster: (Scot.) to rouse, inflame: to recall from death: to cause to swell, as dough: to extol: to bring up: to remove, take off, as a blockade: to collect, as to raise a company: to give rise to, as to raise a laugh.—n. an ascent, a cairn: (coll.) an enlargement, increase.—adj. Rais′able, capable of being raised.—ns. Rais′er, one who, or that which, raises a building, &c.: (archit.) the upright board on the front of a step in a flight of steps; Rais′ing, the act of lifting: the embossing of sheet-metal by hammering or stamping: the process of deepening colours in dyeing: that with which bread is raised; Rais′ing-bee, a gathering of neighbours to help in raising the frame of a house, &c.; Rais′ing-board, a ribbed board by which to raise the grain of leather; Rais′ing-gig, a machine for raising a nap on cloth; Rais′ing-piece, a piece of timber laid on a brick wall, or on a frame, to carry a beam or beams; Rais′ing-plate, a horizontal timber supporting the heels of rafters.—Raise a siege, to relinquish a siege, or cause this to be done; Raise bread, to make it light, as by yeast or leaven; Raise Cain, the devil, hell, the mischief, &c., to create confusion or riot; Raised beach (geol.), a terrace of gravel, &c., marking the margin of an ancient sea; Raised embroidery, that in which the pattern is raised in relief from the ground; Raised work, in lace-making, work having the edge or some other part of the pattern raised in relief; Raise money on, to get money by pawning something; Raise one's dander (see Dander); Raise the market upon (coll.), to charge more than the regular price; Raise the wind, to obtain money by any shift. [M. E. reisen—Ice. reisa, causal of rísa, to rise. Cf. Rise.]

Raisin, rā′zn, n. a dried ripe grape.—Raisin wine, wine made from dried grapes. [Fr.,—L. racemus, a bunch of grapes.]

Raison d'être, rā-zong′ dā′tr, n. reason or excuse for being: rational ground for existence.—adj. Raisonné (rā-zo-nā′), reasoned out, systematic, as in 'catalogue raisonné.' [Fr. raison, reason, de, of, être, to be.]

Rajah, Raja, rä′ja, n. a native prince or king in Hindustan.—ns. Raj (räj), rule; Ra′jahship, the dignity or principality of a rajah; Rajpoot, Rajput (räj-poot′), a member of various tribes in India, descended either from the old royal races of the Hindus or from the warrior caste. [Sans. rājan, a king, cog. with L. rex; Sans. putra, a son.]

Rake, rāk, n. an instrument with teeth or pins for smoothing earth, &c.: any tool consisting of a flat blade at right angles to a long handle.—v.t. to scrape with something toothed: to draw together: to gather with difficulty: to level with a rake: to search diligently: to pass over violently and swiftly: (naut.) to fire into, as a ship, lengthwise: to inter or hide, as by raking earth over a body.—v.i. to work with a rake: to search minutely.—ns. Rā′ker; Rā′king, the act or operation of using a rake: the space raked at once: the quantity collected at once with a rake: sharp criticism.—adj. such as to rake, as a raking fire.—Rake hell, to search even hell to find a person equally bad; Rake up, to cover with material raked or scraped together: to draw from oblivion, to revive. [A.S. raca, a rake; Ger. rechen, Ice. reka, a shovel.]

Rake, rāk, n. (naut.) the projection of the stem and stern of a ship beyond the extremities of the keel: the inclination of a mast from the perpendicular.—v.i. to incline from the perpendicular or the horizontal.—v.t. to cause to incline or slope.—adj. Rā′kish, having a rake or inclination of the masts.—adv. Rā′kishly. [Scand., Sw. raka, to reach.]

Rake, rāk, n. a dissolute person: a libertine.—v.i. to lead a debauched life, esp. to make a practice of lechery.—n. Rake′hell, a rascal or villain: a debauchee.—adjs. Rake′hell, -y, dissolute.—ns. Rakehellō′nian, a rakehell; Rā′kery, dissoluteness; Rake′shame (Milt.), a base, dissolute wretch.—adj. Rā′kish, like a rake: dissolute: debauched.—adv. Rā′kishly.—n. Rā′kishness, dissoluteness: the state of being rakish or dissolute: dissolute practices. [Corr. of M. E. rakel, corr. into rakehell, shortened to rake; Scand., as Sw. rakkel, a vagabond, Ice. reikall, unsettled—reika, to wander.]

Rake, rāk, v.i. (prov.) to wander, to take a course, proceed: (hunting) of a hawk, to fly wide of the game: of a dog, to follow a wrong course.—Rake about (Scot.), to gad or wander about. [M. E. raken—A.S. racian, to run; confused with M. E. raiken—Ice. reika, to wander.]

Raki, rak′ē, n. a spirituous liquor used in the Levant and Greece.—Also Rak′ee. [Turk.]

Rakshas, -a, rak′shas, -ä, n. in Hindu mythology, one of a class of evil spirits or genii, generally hideous, frequenting cemeteries.

Râle, räl, n. (path.) an abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the lungs. [Fr.,—râler, to rattle—Low Ger. ratelen, to rattle.]

Rallentando, ral-len-tan′dō, adj. (mus.) becoming slower.—Also Rallenta′to, and abbrev. Rall. [It., rallentare, to slacken.]

Rallus, ral′us, n. a genus containing the true rails, water-rails, and marsh-hens.—adjs. Rall′iform; Rall′ine. [Rail.]

Rally, ral′i, v.t. to gather again: to collect and arrange, as troops in confusion: to recover.—v.i. to reassemble, esp. after confusion: to recover wasted strength:—pa.t. and pa.p. rallied (ral′id).—n. act of rallying: a mêlée of pantomimists, as at the end of a transformation scene: recovery of order: recovery of prices: the return of the ball in tennis, playing frequently from one side to the other.—n. Rall′ying-point, a place or person at or about whom people come together for action. [O. Fr. rallier—L. re-, again, ad, to, ligāre, to bind. Cf. Ally.]

Rally, ral′i, v.t. to attack with raillery: to banter.—v.i. to exercise raillery:—pa.t. and pa.p. rall′ied.—n. satirical merriment.—adv. Rall′yingly. [Fr. railler. A variant of rail (v.i.).]

Ram, ram, n. a male sheep, a tup: (astron.) Aries (q.v.), one of the signs of the zodiac: an engine of war for battering, with a head like that of a ram: a hydraulic engine, called water-ram: a ship-of-war armed with a heavy iron beak for running down a hostile vessel.—v.t. to thrust with violence, as a ram with its head: to force together: to drive hard down:—pr.p. ram′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. rammed.—n. Ram′-head, an iron lever for raising great stones: a cuckold. [A.S. ram, rom; Ger. ramm.]

Ram, ram, adj. strong-scented: (used as a prefix) very.—n. Ram′-cat, a tom-cat.—adj. Ram′mish, strong-scented: lewd.—n. Ram′mishness.—adj. Ram′my. [Ice. ramr, strong, as Ice. ramliga, strongly.]

Ramadan, Ramadhan, ram-a-dan′, n. the ninth month of the Mohammedan year, throughout which the faithful are required to fast from dawn to sunset—prop. Ramazan′. [Ar.,—ramed, to be hot.]

Ramayana, rä-mä′ya-nä, n. one of the two great epic poems of ancient India—the history of Rama.

Rambade, ram′bād, n. the elevated platform built across the prow of a vessel for boarding. [Fr.]

Ramble, ram′bl, v.i. to go from place to place without object: to visit many places: to be desultory, as in discourse.—n. a roving about: an irregular excursion: a place in which to ramble.—n. Ram′bler.—adj. Ram′bling, moving about irregularly: desultory.—adv. Ram′blingly, in a rambling manner. [Freq. of M. E. ramen, to roam.]

Rambutan, ram-bōō′tan, n. the edible fruit of a lofty Malaysian tree (Nephelium lappaceum).—Also Rambōō′tan, Rambost′an. [Malay.]

Ramed, ramd, adj. framed on the stocks, and adjusted by the Ram′-line, a small rope or line used for setting the frames fair, helping to form the sheer of the ship, &c. [Fr. rame, a branch—L. ramus.]

Ramekin, ram′e-kin, n. toasted cheese and bread. [Fr. ramequin—Old Flem. rammeken.]

Rament, rā-ment′, n. (bot.) a bristle-shaped leaflet in the angle of a petiole:—pl. Rāmen′ta, loose foliaceous scales on plants, esp. on the petioles and leaves of ferns.—adj. Rāmentā′ceous (bot.), covered with ramenta. [L. ramenta, scrapings, pl. of ramentum—radĕre, to scrape.]

Ramicorn, rā′mi-korn, n. the horny sheath of the side of the lower mandible in birds.—adj. possessing ramified antennæ. [L. ramus, branch, cornu, horn.]

Ramie, Ramee, ram′ē, n. China-grass, Bœhmeria nivea, or its fibre, long used in the East for ropes and cordage, and for cloth in China and Japan.—Also Rhea and China-grass. [Malay.]

Ramilie, ram′il-ē, n. a name applied to various 18th-cent. articles or fashions of dress, in honour of Marlborough's victory over the French at Ramillies in Belgium in 1706—esp. to a form of cocked hat, and to a wig with a long plaited tail.

Rammel, ram′el, n. refuse wood.—v.i. to turn to rubbish. [Through Fr. and Low L. forms from L. ramus, a branch.]

Rammer, ram′ėr, n. one who, or that which, rams or drives: an instrument used by founders and pavers for ramming, also by gunners.

Ramollescence, ram-o-les′ens, n. softening, mollifying.—n. Ramollisse′ment, a morbid softening of some organ or tissue of the body.

Ramoon, ra-mōōn′, n. a West Indian mulberry. [Sp.,—L. ramus, a branch.]

Ramose, rā′mōs, adj. branching, much-branched: (bot.) branched as a stem or root.—adv. Rā′mosely.—adj. Rā′mous, branched, branchy.

Ramp, ramp, v.i. to climb or creep up, as a plant: to leap or bound: to adapt a piece of iron to the woodwork of a gate.—n. a leap or bound: a gradual slope or inclined plane between one level and another: a concave bend at the top or cap of a railing, wall, or coping: a romp.—adj. Rampā′cious=Rampageous (q.v.).—ns. Rampā′dgeon, a furious fellow; Ram′pāge, or Rampāge′, a state of passion or excitement.—v.i. to storm or prance violently.—adj. Rampā′geous, unruly: boisterous: glaring.—ns. Rampā′geousness; Rampall′ian (Shak.), a mean wretch; Ramp′er, a ruffian who infests race-courses; Ramps′man (slang), a highway robber. [Fr. ramper, to creep, to clamber; from the Teut.; cf. Low Ger. rappen, to snatch, Ger. raffen.]

Rampant, ramp′ant, adj. overgrowing usual bounds: rank in growth: overleaping restraint: (her.) standing on the hind-legs.—n. Ramp′ancy, state of being rampant.—adv. Ramp′antly.—Rampant arch, an arch whose abutments are not on the same level.

Rampart, ram′part, n. that which defends from assault or danger: (fort.) a mound or wall surrounding a fortified place.—v.t. to fortify with ramparts, to strengthen. [O. Fr. rempart (orig. rempar)—remparer, to defend—re, again, em, to (=en), in, parer, to defend—L. parāre, to prepare.]

Rampick, ram′pik, n. any dead tree—also Ram′pike.—adj. Ram′picked. [Prob. ran, as in roan-tree, rantle-tree, and pick or pike.]

Rampion, ram′pi-on, n. a perennial plant with esculent root. [Prob. through It. and Low L. forms from L. rapum, rapa, a turnip.]

Ramrod, ram′rod, n. a rod used in ramming down the charge in a gun.—n. Ram′rod-bay′onet.—adj. Ram′roddy, stiff like a ramrod.

Ramshackle, ram′shak′l, adj. tumble-down: ill-made: out of repair—also Ram′shackled.—n. (Scot.) a careless fellow.—adj. Ram′shackly. [Ice. ramskakkr, quite wrong—ramr, strong, very, skakkr, wry, unequal.]

Ramshorn, ramz′horn, n. a semicircular work of low profile in the ditch of a fortified place: an ammonite: a fossil cephalopod.

Ramskin, ram′skin, n. a cake made of dough mixed with grated cheese. [Prob. Ramekin.]

Ramsons, ram′zonz, n.pl. broad-leaved garlic. [A.S. hramsan (pl.), with pl. -s added.]

Ramstam, ram′stam, adj. reckless: (Scot.) forward.—adv. headlong.—n. a headstrong, giddy person. [Ram, intens. pfx., stam, a form of stamp.]

Ramus, rā′mus, n. a small spray or twig.—adjs. Rā′mal, Rā′meal, pertaining to a branch; Rā′mēous (bot.), belonging to, or growing on, a branch.—n. Ramificā′tion, division or separation into branches: a branch: a division or subdivision: (bot.) manner of producing branches.—adjs. Ram′ified, branched; Ramiflō′rous, flowering on the branches; Rā′miform (bot.), resembling a branch.—v.t. Ram′ify, to make or divide into branches.—v.i. to shoot into branches: to be divided or spread out:—pa.t. and pa.p. ram′ifīed.—adj. Ramip′arous, producing branches.—ns. Ram′ule, Ram′ulus, a small branch or artery.—adjs. Ramūlif′erous, Ram′ūlose, Ram′ūlous, having small branches.—n. Ramus′cūle, a branchlet. [L. ramus, a branch.]

Rana, rā′na, n. the genus of the frogs.—n. Ranā′rium, a place where frogs are reared. [L., 'a frog.']

Rance, rans, n. a prop, as for the support of a congreve-rocket. [O. Fr. ranche—L. ramex, -icis, a staff—ramus, a branch.]

Ranch, ranch, n. a stock farm in the west part of the United States.—v.i. to manage or work upon a ranch—also Ranche, Ranch′o.—ns. Ranch′er, Ranchero (ran-chā′rō), Ranch′man, one employed in ranching; Rancheria (ran-chā-rē′a), a herdsman's hut: a village of herdsmen: a settlement of Indians; Ranch′ing, the business of cattle-breeding. [Sp. rancho, prop. 'mess' or 'mess-room;' in Mexico, a herdsman's hut, a grazing-farm.]

Rancid, ran′sid, adj. partially decomposed (used of oil or any greasy substance): sour: disgusting.—adj. Rances′cent, becoming rancid.—adv. Ran′cidly.—ns. Ran′cidness, Rancid′ity, the quality of being rancid. [L. rancidus, putrid.]

Rancour, rang′kur, n. deep-seated enmity: spite: virulence: (Shak.) sourness.—adjs. (obs.) Ranck=Rank; Ran′corous, malicious: virulent.—adv. Ran′corously. [Fr.,—L. rancor, an old grudge—rancere, to be rancid.]

Rand, rand, n. a strip of flesh or of leather: one of the slips beneath the heel of the shoe, called the heel-rand: a margin, border, edge, of a stream: a territory, as the Rand in the Transvaal.—ns. Rand′ing-machine′, a machine for fitting rands to heel-blanks; Rand′ing-tool, a tool for cutting out rands for shoes. [A.S. rand, rond, border.]

Randan, ran′dan, n. a noise or uproar: a spree—in phrase, 'On the randan:' the finest part of the bran of wheat: a boat impelled by three oarsmen—also Randan gig. [Prob. from rand, a variant of rant.]

Randle-bar, ran′dl-bar, n. the horizontal bar in an open chimney on which cooking-vessels are hung.—Also Ran′dle-balk.

Random, ran′dum, adj. done or uttered at haphazard: left to chance: aimless—(obs.) Ran′don.—n. something done without aim, chance—now only in phrase, At random, haphazard.—adv. Ran′domly, without direction: by chance. [O. Fr. randon, urgency, haste; from Teut.; Ger. rand, a brim.]

Randy, ran′di, n. a virago: (Scot.) a romping girl: a violent beggar. [Rand, rant.]

Range, rānj, v.t. to rank or set in a row: to place in proper order: to rove or pass over: to sail in a direction parallel to.—v.i. to be placed in order: to lie in a particular direction: to have range or direction: to rove at large: to beat about, as for game: to sail or pass near: to be on a level: to extend.—n. a row or rank: a class or order: a wandering: room for passing to and fro: space occupied by anything moving: capacity of mind: extent of acquirements: the horizontal distance to which a shot is carried: a space through which a body moves, as the range of a thermometer: the long cooking-stove of a kitchen: a fire-grate.—adj. Rangé (her.), arranged in order, said of small bearings set in a row fessewise.—n. Range′-find′er, an instrument for determining the range of an object by sight.—n.pl. Range′-lights, lights placed in line, usually at or near a lighthouse, so as to direct the course of a ship through a channel: lights on board ship so placed as to give a ready indication of changes of course to other vessels.—n. Rang′er, a rover: a dog that beats the ground: an officer who superintends a forest or park.—n.pl. Rang′ers, a body of mounted troops: a name sometimes taken by clubs of football players, &c.—ns. Rang′ership; Range′-stove, a portable cooking-range.—adj. Ran′gy, disposed to roam: roomy. [Fr. ranger, to range—rang, a rank.]

Rangia, ran′ji-a, n. a family of bivalves. [From Rang, a French conchologist.]

Rangifer, ran′ji-fer, n. a genus of Cervidæ, to which the reindeer belongs.—adjs. Ran′gerine, Rangif′erine. [O. Fr. rangier, a reindeer, most prob. the Ice. hreinn, reindeer, L. fera, a wild beast.]

Rani, Ranee, ran′ē, n. the wife of a rajah. [Hind. rānī—Sans. rājñi, queen, fem. of rājan.]

Ranidæ, ran′i-dē, n.pl. the largest family of batrachians, including about 250 species, of several genera.—adjs. Ran′iform, frog-like; Rā′nine, pertaining to frogs; Rāniv′orous, frog-eating. [L. rana, a frog.]

Rank, rangk, n. a row or line, esp. of soldiers standing side by side: class or order: grade or degree: station: high social position or standing.—v.t. to place in a line: to range in a particular class: to place methodically: to take rank over.—v.i. to be placed in a rank or class: to have a certain degree of distinction: to be admitted as a claim against the property of a bankrupt.—n. Rank′er, one who arranges or disposes in ranks: an officer who has risen from the ranks.—Rank and file, the whole body of common soldiers.—Take rank of, to have the right to take a higher place than; Take rank with, to take the same rank as; The ranks, the order of common soldiers. [O. Fr. renc (Fr. rang)—Old High Ger. hring or hrinc, Eng. ring.]

Rank, rangk, adj. growing high and luxuriantly: coarse from excessive growth: raised to a high degree: excessive: very fertile: strong-scented: strong-tasted: rancid: utter, as rank nonsense: coarse: indecent: (Shak.) ruttish: (slang) eager: (law) excessive: (mech.) cutting deeply.—adv. (Spens.) rankly, fiercely.—v.i. Rank′le, to be inflamed: to fester: to be a source of disquietude or excitement: to rage.—v.t. to irritate.—adv. Rank′ly, offensively: to an inordinate degree.—n. Rank′ness, exuberant growth: (Shak.) insolence.—adjs. Rank′-rī′ding, hard-riding; Rank′-scent′ed (Shak.), strong-scented: rancid. [A.S. ranc, fruitful, rank; Ice. rakkr, bold, Dan. rank, lank, slender.]

Ransack, ran′sak, v.t. to search thoroughly: to plunder: to pillage.—n. eager search.—n. Ran′sacker. [Scand. rannsaka—rann, a house, sak (sækja), Eng. seek.]

Ransom, ran′sum, n. price paid for redemption from captivity or punishment: release from captivity: atonement: expiation.—v.t. to redeem from captivity, punishment, or ownership: (Shak.) to set free for a price: (Shak.) to expiate.—adj. Ran′somable.—n. Ran′somer.—adj. Ran′somless, without ransom: incapable of being ransomed. [Fr. rançon—L. redemptio; cf. Redemption.]

Rant, rant, v.i. to use extravagant language: to be noisy in words: to be noisily merry.—n. empty declamation: bombast: (Scot.) a frolic.—ns. Rant′er, a noisy talker: a jovial fellow: a boisterous preacher: a byname for the Primitive Methodists: a nickname applied to the members of a sect of the Commonwealth time; Rant′erism.—adv. Rant′ingly, boisterously.—adj. Rant′ipole, wild.—n. a reckless fellow. [Old Dut. ranten, to rave; Low Ger. randen, Ger. ranzen.]

Rantle-tree, ran′tl-trē, n. (Scot.) a beam built into the gable of a cottage.

Ranula, ran′ū-la, n. a tumour on the tongue of cattle.—adj. Ran′ūlar. [L.]

Ranunculus, rā-nung′kū-lus, n. a genus of plants, including the crowfoot, buttercup, &c.:—pl. Rānun′culī, Rānun′culuses.—adj. Rānunculā′ceous, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the order of which the ranunculus is the typical genus. [L., a dim. of rana, a frog.]

Ranz-des-vaches, rong′-dā-väsh′, n. a melody of the Swiss, played on the alpenhorn. [Swiss Fr., either 'the lowing of the cows' or 'the line of cows.' Vaches, pl. of vache—L. vacca, a cow; ranz, either Swiss dial. ranz (cf. Ger. ranzen), or for rangs, pl. of rang, a line.]

Rap, rap, n. a sharp blow: a knock, or a sound made by knocking: a counterfeit coin current in Ireland for a halfpenny in the time of George I.—hence, 'Not worth a rap.'—v.t. and v.i. to strike with a quick blow: to knock: to utter sharply, as to rap out a lie: to swear falsely:—pr.p. rap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. rapped.—n. Rap′per, one who raps: a door-knocker. [Scand., as Dan. rap; imit.]

Rap, rap, v.t. to seize and carry off: to transport out of one's self: to affect with rapture:—pr.p. rap′ping; pa.p. rapped or rapt. [Scand., as Ice. hrapa, to rush headlong, cog. with Ger. raffen, to snatch.]

Rapacious, ra-pā′shus, adj. seizing by violence: given to plunder: ravenous: greedy of gain.—n. Rapā′ces, the beasts and birds of prey.—adv. Rapā′ciously.—ns. Rapā′ciousness, Rapac′ity, the quality of being rapacious: ravenousness: extortion. [L. rapax, rapacis—rapĕre, raptum, to seize and carry off.]

Rape, rāp, n. the act of seizing and carrying away by force: carnal knowledge of a woman without her consent.—adj. Rape′ful, given to violence or lust. [M. E. rapen, to haste, a variant of rappen, to seize, confused with L. rapĕre, to snatch.]

Rape, rāp, n. a division of the county of Sussex, greater than the hundred. [Ice. hreppr, district.]

Rape, rāp, n. a plant nearly allied to the turnip, cultivated for its herbage and oil-producing seeds: cole-seed.—ns. Rape′-cake, cake made of the refuse, after the oil has been expressed from the rape-seed; Rape′-oil, oil obtained from rape-seed; Rape′-seed, the seed of the rape, cole-seed. [Through Fr. from L. rapa, rapum, a turnip; cog. with Gr. rhapys.]

Rap-full, rap′-fool, adj. full of wind—of sails when close-hauled.—n. a sail full of wind.

Raphaelesque, raf-ā-el-esk′, adj. in the manner of the great Italian painter Raphael, Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483-1520).—ns. Raph′āelism, the principles of art of Raphael; Raph′āelite, one who follows the principles of Raphael; Raph′āelitism.

Raphania, raf-ā′ni-a, n. ergotism, a disease occurring in two forms, a spasmodic and a gangrenous, due to the use of rye, wheat, rice, &c., in which a poisonous fungus has developed.—n. Raph′anus, a genus of Cruciferæ, the radish family.

Raphe, rā′fē, n. (anat.) a seam-like union of two lateral halves, either a median septum of connective tissue or a longitudinal ridge: the fibro-vascular cord joining the hilum of an anatropous or amphitropous ovule or seed with the chalaza: a line or rib connecting the nodules on a diatom-valve. [Gr. rhaphē, a seam.]

Raphia, rā′fi-a, n. a genus of handsome pinnately-leaved palms. [Malagasy.]

Raphides, raf′i-dēz, n.pl. crystals found in the interior of the cells of plants:—sing. Rā′phis.—adjs. Rāphid′ian, Raphidif′erous. [Gr. rhaphis, rhaphidos, a needle—rhaptein, to sew.]

Raphigraph, raf′i-graf, n. a kind of typewriter for the blind, pricking characters in paper by needle-points. [Gr. rhaphis, a needle, graphein, to write.]

Rapid, rap′id, adj. hurrying along: very swift: speedy.—n. that part of a river where the current is most rapid (gen. in pl.).—n. Rapid′ity, quickness of motion or utterance: swiftness: velocity.—adv. Rap′idly.—n. Rap′idness. [Fr. rapide—L. rapidus—rapĕre, to seize.]

Rapidamente, ra-pē-dä-men′te, adv. (mus.) rapidly.—adv. Rap′ido, with rapidity. [It.]

Rapier, rā′pi-ėr, n. a light, highly tempered, edgeless, thrusting weapon, finely pointed, and about 3 feet in length, long the favourite weapon in duelling.—n. Rā′pier-fish, a swordfish. [Fr. rapière, prob. from Sp. raspadera—raspar, rapar, to rasp.]

Rapine, rap′in, n. act of seizing and carrying away forcibly: plunder: violence. [Fr.,—L. rapina—rapĕre, to seize.]

Raping, rā′ping, adj. (her.) tearing its prey: (obs.) transporting, ravishing.

Rapparee, rap-ar-ē′, n. a wild Irish plunderer: a vagabond. [Ir. rapaire, a robber.]

Rappee, ra-pē′, n. a coarse, strong-flavoured snuff. [Fr. râpé, rasped, grated—râper, to rasp.]

Rapper, rap′ėr, n. one who raps, esp. a spiritualistic medium: a swinging knocker for making signals at the mouth of a shaft: a loud oath or bold lie.—adj. Rap′ping (prov.), remarkably large.

Rapport, ra-pōr′, n. accord, as in the French phrase, 'en rapport,' in harmony. [Fr.]

Rapt, rapt, adj. raised to rapture: transported: ravished:—pa.t. and pa.p. of rap (2).—v.t. (obs.) to grasp or carry off.—n. Rap′tor, a ravisher. [Rap, to seize, influenced by L. rapĕre, to snatch.]

Raptores, rap-tō′rēz, n.pl. an order of birds of prey distinguished by a hooked bill and sharp claws, and including the vultures, falcons, and owls—also Raptatō′res.—adjs. Raptō′rial, seizing by violence, as a bird of prey; Raptō′rious. [L. raptor, a plunderer—rapĕre, to seize.]

Rapture, rap′tūr, n. a seizing and carrying away: extreme delight: transport: ecstasy.—adj. Rap′tūred.—n. Rap′tūrist (Spens.), one filled with rapture.—adj. Rap′tūrous, seizing and carrying away: ecstatic.—adv. Rap′tūrously.

Rara avis, rā′ra ā′vis, n. a rare bird: a remarkable person:—pl. Rā′ræ ā′ves. [L.]

Rare, rār, adj. (comp. Rā′rer; superl. Rā′rest) thin: not dense, as rarefied atmosphere: sparse: seldom met with: uncommon: excellent: especially good: extraordinary.—ns. Rāre′bit, an erroneous form of Welsh-rabbit; Rarefac′tion, act of rarefying: expansion of aëriform bodies.—adj. Rar′efiable, capable of being rarefied.—v.t. Rarefy (rar′e-fī, or rā′re-fī), to make rare, thin, or less dense: to expand a body.—v.i. to become less dense:—pa.t. and pa.p. rar′efied.—adv. Rāre′ly, seldom: remarkably well.—ns. Rāre′ness, tenuity: scarcity; Rarity (rar′i-ti), state of being rare: thinness: subtilty: something valued for its scarcity: uncommonness. [Fr.,—L. rārus.]

Raree-show, rar′ē-shō, n. a show carried about in a box: a peep-show. [A corr. of rarity-show.]

Ras, ras, n. the chief vizier in Abyssinia: a headland, cape. [Ar., 'head.']

Rasant, rā′zant, adj. (fort.) sweeping or flanking, applied to fire. [Fr.]

Rascal, ras′kal, n. a dishonest fellow: a knave, rogue, scamp.—adj. worthless: mean.—ns. Ras′caldom, the class of rascals; Ras′calism, Rascal′ity, mean trickery or dishonesty: fraud: villainy: the rabble.—adj. Ras′calliest (Shak., superl. of Rascally).—n. Rascall′ion, a rascal: one of the lowest people: a low, mean wretch.—adjs. Ras′cally, Ras′cal-like, mean: vile: base. [Fr. racaille, scum of the people, through Low L. forms from L. radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Rase, rāz, v.t. to scratch or blot out: to efface: to cancel: to level with the ground, demolish, or ruin (in this sense raze is generally used).—n. a slight wound.—ns. Rā′sing, in shipbuilding, the act of marking figures upon timber; Rā′sing-ī′ron, a caulking-iron for cleaning the pitch, &c., from a vessel's seams; Rā′sing-knife, an edged tool for making marks on timber, &c.; Rā′sion, a scraping: rasure; Rā′sure, act of scraping, shaving, or erasing: obliterating: an erasure. [Fr. raser—L. radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Rash, rash, adj. (comp. Rash′er; superl. Rash′est) hasty: headstrong: incautious.—adj. Rash′-embraced′ (Shak.), rashly undertaken.—ns. Rash′er, a thin slice of broiled bacon, perh. because quickly roasted; Rash′ling, a rash person.—adv. Rash′ly, precipitately.—n. Rash′ness. [Dan. and Sw. rask; Ger. rasch, rapid.]

Rash, rash, n. a slight eruption on the skin. [O. Fr. rasche (Fr. rache)—L. radĕre, to scratch.]

Rash, rash, v.t. (obs.) to tear, to lacerate. [Fr. arracher, to uproot.]

Raskolnik, ras-kol′nik, n. in Russia, a schismatic, a dissenter from the orthodox or Greek Church.

Rasorial, ra-sō′ri-al, adj. belonging to an order of birds which scrape the ground for their food, as the hen.—n.pl. Rasō′res, the Gallinæ. [Rase.]

Rasp, rasp, v.t. to rub with a coarse file: to utter in a grating manner.—v.i. to have a grating effect.—n. a coarse file.—ns. Rasp′atory, a surgeon's rasp; Rasp′er, that which rasps: (coll.) a difficult fence; Rasp′-house, a place where wood is reduced to powder for dyeing; Rasp′ing, a filing.—adj. exasperating.—adv. Rasp′ingly.—ns. Rasp′ing-machine′, a bark-cutting machine; Rasp′ing-mill; Rasp′-punch, a tool for cutting the teeth of rasps.—adj. Rasp′y, rough. [O. Fr. rasper (Fr. râper)—Old High Ger. raspōn, whence Ger. raspeln, to rasp.]

Raspberry, raz′ber-i, n. the fruit of several plants of genus Rubus, the plant producing it—also Rasp.—n. Rasp′berry-bush, the shrub which yields the raspberry.—Raspberry borer, the larvæ of one of the clear-winged sphinxes; Raspberry vinegar, a drink of raspberry juice, vinegar, and sugar.

Rat, rat, n. an animal of the genus Mus, larger and more destructive than the mouse: a renegade, turncoat: a workman who accepts lower than the authorised wages, who declines to join in a strike, or who takes a striker's work: a roll of anything used to puff out the hair which is turned over it.—v.i. (coll.) to desert one's party and join their opponents for gain or power: to take lower than current wages, to refuse to join in a strike, to take a striker's place:—pr.p. rat′ting; pa.p. and pa.t. rat′ted.—ns. Rat′-catch′er, one whose business it is to catch rats; Rat′-catch′ing; Rat′-hole (print.), a pigeon-hole; Rat′-pit, an enclosure where rats are killed; Rat′-poi′son, a preparation of arsenic; Rat's′-bane, poison for rats: arsenious acid; Rat′-tail, an excrescence growing on a horse's leg.—adj. Rat′-tailed, having a tail like a rat.—ns. Rat′ter, a terrier which catches rats; Rat′tery, apostasy; Rat′ting, deserting one's principles: working for less than the usual prices: setting a dog to kill rats in a pit; Rat′-trap, a trap for catching rats.—Rat-tailed larva, the larva of certain syrphid flies.—Smell a rat, to have a suspicion. [A.S. ræt; Ger. ratte.]

Rata, rä′ta, n. a New Zealand tree related to various species of Ironwood, its wood once much used for making clubs, and valuable for shipbuilding.

Ratafia, rat-a-fē′a, n. a flavouring essence made with the essential oil of almonds: a fancy cake. [Fr.,—Malay araqtáfía, from Ar. ‛araq, Malay táfía, rum.]

Ratany, rat′a-ni, n. a perennial procumbent shrub, yielding the medicinal ratany root. [Peruv.]

Rataplan, rat-a-plong′, n. the sound or rattle of the military drum, a tattoo. [Fr.; imit.]

Rat-a-tat, rat′-a-tat′, n. sound of repeated knocks, as of a drumstick.—Also Rat′-tat. [Imit.]

Ratch, rach, n. a rack or bar with teeth into which a click drops: the wheel which makes a clock strike: a white mark on the face of a horse.—v.t. to stretch: to streak.—v.i. to sail by tacks.—ns. Ratch′et, a bar acting on the teeth of a ratchet-wheel: a click or pall; Ratch′et-coup′ling, a device for uncoupling machinery in the event of a sudden stoppage; Ratch′et-drill, a tool for drilling holes, the bit mounted in a stock and rotated by a ratchet-wheel and lever; Ratch′et-jack, a form of screw-jack; Ratch′et-lē′ver, a lever fitted round a ratchet-wheel; Ratch′et-punch, a punch worked by means of a ratchet-lever; Ratch′et-wheel, a wheel having teeth against which a ratchet abuts, for changing a reciprocating into a rotatory motion, &c.; Ratch′et-wrench, a ratchet bed-key wrench.—adj. Ratch′ety, jerky.—n. Ratch′ment (archit.), a flying buttress springing from corner principals. [Rack.]

Ratchel, rach′el, n. (prov.) broken-stone, hard-pan.—Also Ratch′il.

Rate, rāt, n. a ratio or proportion: allowance: standard: value: price: the class of a ship and of seamen: movement, as fast or slow: a tax.—v.t. to calculate: to estimate: to settle the relative rank, scale, or position of.—v.i. to make an estimate: to be placed in a certain class: to ratify.—ns. Rātabil′ity, Rā′tableness, quality of being ratable.—adj. Rā′table, Rā′teable, that may be rated or set at a certain value: subject to taxation.—adv. Rā′tably.—ns. Rāte′-book, a book of valuations; Rāte′payer, one who pays a local tax.—adj. Rāte′paying, paying, or relating to, an assessed local tax.—ns. Rā′ter, one who makes an estimate; Rāte′-tithe, a tithe paid for sheep and cattle; Rā′ting, a fixing of rates: classification according to rank or grade.—At any rate, by any means; By no rate, by no means. [O. Fr.,—Low L. rata, rate—L. rēri, ratus, to think.]

Rate, rāt, v.t. to tax: to scold: to chide: to reprove. [M. E. raten, acc. to Skeat, from O. Fr. aretter, to impute—L. ad, to, reputāre, to count. Others explain as Scand., Sw. rata, to reject.]

Ratel, rā′tel, n. a genus of quadrupeds of the bear family, nearly allied to the gluttons, and very like the badgers. [Fr., dim. of rat.]

Rath, räth, adj. early, soon—also Rathe.—adv. Rath (arch.), early, soon.—adj. Rath′erest (Shak.), superl. of Rath.—adv. Rath′ly, suddenly.—adj. Rath′ripe, early ripe. [A.S. hræth, quickly; Ice. hradhr, swift, Mid. High Ger. hrad, quick.]

Rather, räth′ėr, adv. more willingly: in preference: especially: more so than otherwise: on the contrary: somewhat, in some degree: more properly: (coll.) considerably, very much.—adj. Rath′erish, to a slight degree, somewhat.—Rather better than, somewhat in excess of.—The rather, by so much the more. [A.S. hrathor, comp. of hrathe, early.]

Ratify, rat′i-fī, v.t. to approve and sanction: to settle:—pa.t. and pa.p. rat′ified.—ns. Ratificā′tion, act of ratifying or confirming: confirmation; Rat′ifier, one who, or that which, ratifies or sanctions. [Fr. ratifier—L. ratus, fixed by calculation—rēri, ratus, to think, facĕre, to make.]

Ratio, rā′shi-o, n. the relation or the proportion of one thing to another: reason, cause: (mus.) the relation between the vibration-numbers of two tones. [L. ratio, reason—rēri, ratus, to think.]

Ratiocinate, rash-i-os′i-nāt, v.i. to reason:—pr.p. ratioc′inating; pa.p. ratioc′inated.—n. Ratiocinā′tion, the process of reasoning: deduction from premises.—adjs. Ratioc′inātive, Ratioc′inātory. [L. ratiocināri, -ātus—ratio, reason.]

Ration, rā′shon, n. the quantity of provisions distributed to a soldier or sailor daily: an allowance.—n. Rā′tion-mon′ey, money paid as commutation for rations. [Fr.,—L. ratio.]

Rational, rash′on-al, adj. pertaining to the reason: endowed with reason: agreeable to reason: sane: intelligent: judicious: (arith., alg.) noting a quantity which can be exactly expressed by numbers.—n. Rationabil′ity, the possession of reason.—adj. Rat′ionable, reasonable.—ns. Rationā′le, a rational account of anything, with reasons for its existence: a theoretical explanation or solution; Rationalisā′tion, subjection to rational principles.—v.t. Rat′ionalise, to interpret like a rationalist: to think for one's self.—v.i. to rely entirely or unduly on reason.—ns. Rat′ionalism, the religious system or doctrines of a rationalist; Rat′ionalist, one who believes himself guided in his opinions solely by reason, independently of authority, esp. in regard to religion—denying supernatural revelation.—adjs. Rationalist′ic, -al, pertaining to, or in accordance with, the principles of rationalism.—adv. Rationalist′ically, in a rationalistic manner.—n. Rational′ity, quality of being rational: the possession or due exercise of reason: reasonableness.—adv. Rat′ionally, reasonably.—n. Rat′ionalness.—n.pl. Rat′ionals, dress for women convenient for bicycling, &c.—breeches instead of skirts.

Rational, rash′on-al, n. the breast-plate of the Jewish high-priest: a pectoral worn by a bishop. [L. rationale, a mistaken rendering in the Vulgate of the Gr. logion, oracle.]

Ratitæ, rā-tī′tē, n. a division of birds, including the ostriches, cassowaries, emus, and kiwis.—n. Rā′tite, Rat′itate, raft-breasted, as a bird.

Ratiuncule, rā-shi-ung′kūl, n. a ratio very near unity. [Dim. of L. ratio.]

Ratline, Ratlin, rat′lin, n. one of the small lines or ropes traversing the shrouds and forming the steps of the rigging of ships—also Rat′ling, Ratt′ling.—n. Rat′line-stuff (naut.), a tarred rope from which ratlines are made. [Prob. rat-lines.]

Ratoon, ra-tōōn′, n. a new shoot from the root of a sugar-cane.—v.i. to send up new shoots from the root after cropping. [Hind. ratun.]

Rattan, rat-an′, n. a genus of palms having a smooth, reed-like stem several hundreds of feet in length: a walking-stick made of rattan: stems of rattan palm used as a raft. [Malay rótan.]

Ratten, rat′n, v.t. to break or take away a workman's tools, &c., for disobeying the trades-union—the loss being ironically attributed to rats.

Rattle, rat′l, v.i. to clatter: to move along rapidly, with a clattering noise: to speak eagerly and noisily.—v.t. to cause to make a clatter: to stun with noise: to speak rapidly: to scold loudly.—n. a sharp noise rapidly repeated, as the death-rattle: a clatter: loud empty talk: loud scolding: a toy or instrument for rattling: a brisk jabberer: an annual meadow herb: a lousewort.—adjs. Ratt′le-brained, -head′ed, -pat′ed, noisy: giddy: unsteady.—ns. Ratt′le-mouse, a bat; Ratt′lepate, a noisy chatterer; Ratt′ler, a loud, inconsiderate talker: (coll.) a stunning blow: (coll.) an impudent lie; Ratt′lesnake, a poisonous snake having a number of hard, bony rings loosely jointed at the end of the tail, which make a rattling noise; Ratt′lesnake-grass, an American grass; Ratt′lesnake-mas′ter, -root, an American plant reputed to cure the bite of a rattlesnake; Ratt′lesnake-weed, a hawk-weed of the United States; Ratt′le-trap, a rickety vehicle; Ratt′lewort, a plant of genus Crotalaria; Ratt′ling, a clattering: railing.—adj. making a rattle: smart, lively: (coll.) strikingly great. [A.S. hrætele, hratele, a plant—from the rattling of the seeds in the capsules; Ger. rasseln, Dut. ratelen, to rattle.]

Raucity, raws′i-ti, n. hoarseness: harshness of sound.—adjs. Rauc′id, Raucous (raw′kus), hoarse.—adv. Rauc′ously. [L. raucus, hoarse.]

Ravage, rav′āj, v.t. to lay waste: to destroy: to pillage.—n. devastation: ruin.—n. Rav′ager. [Fr.,—ravir, to carry off by force—L. rapĕre.]

Rave, rāv, v.i. to be mad: to be wild or raging, like a madman: to talk irrationally.—v.t. to utter wildly.—ns. Rā′ver, one who raves or is furious; Rā′ving, furious talk.—adj. delirious: distracted.—adv. Rā′vingly, in a raving manner: with frenzy: with distraction. [O. Fr. râver (Fr. rêver), to be delirious—L. rabies, madness.]

Ravel, rav′el, v.t. to confuse, entangle: to untwist or unweave: to unravel (in this sense usually with out).—v.i. to be untwisted or unwoven: to become entangled: to search (with into):—pr.p. rav′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. rav′elled.—n. a ravelled thread.—adj. Rav′elled, denoting bread made from flour and bran.—ns. Rav′elling, a ravelled thread; Rav′elling-en′gine, a machine for tearing rags.—adv. Rav′elly.—n. Rav′elment, discord. [Dut. ravelen.]

Ravelin, rav′lin, n. a detached work with two embankments raised before the counterscarp. [Fr.,—It. rivellino.]

Raven, rā′vn, n. a kind of crow, noted for its croak and glossy black plumage.—adj. black, like a raven.—adj. Rā′ven-col′oured (Shak.).—ns. Rā′ven's-duck, fine hempen sail-cloth; Rā′venstone, a gallows. [A.S. hræfn; Ice. hrafn, Dut. raaf.]

Raven, Ravin (B.), rav′n, v.t. to obtain by violence: to devour with great eagerness or voracity.—v.i. to prey rapaciously.—n. prey: plunder.—ns. Rav′ener, a plunderer; Rav′ening (B.), eagerness for plunder.—adjs. Rav′enous, Rav′ined, voracious: devouring with rapacity: eager for prey or gratification.—adv. Rav′enously.—n. Rav′enousness. [O. Fr. ravine, plunder—L. rapina, plunder.]

Ravine, ra-vēn′, n. a long, deep hollow, worn away by a torrent: a deep, narrow mountain-pass. [Fr.,—L. rapina, rapine, violence.]

Ravish, rav′ish, v.t. to seize or carry away by violence: to rob: to have sexual intercourse with by force: to fill with ecstasy.—n. Rav′isher.—p.adj. Rav′ishing, delighting to rapture: transporting: ecstatic.—adv. Rav′ishingly, in a ravishing manner: with rapture.—n. Rav′ishment, act of ravishing: abduction: rape: ecstatic delight: rapture. [Fr. ravir—L. rapĕre.]

Raw, raw, adj. not altered from its natural state: not cooked or dressed: unbaked: not prepared or manufactured: not mixed: having the skin abraded: sore, as from abrasion of the skin: unfinished: immature: inexperienced: chilly and damp.—n. a galled place: an inveterate sore: hence (fig.) a point on which one is particularly sensitive.—adjs. Raw′bone (Spens.), Raw′boned, with little flesh on the bones: gaunt; Raw′-cold (Shak.), damp and cold.—ns. Raw′head, a spectre mentioned to frighten children; Raw′hide, an untanned skin: a whip made of twisted, untanned leather.—adj. Raw′ish, rather raw.—adv. Raw′ly.—ns. Raw′ness; Raw′-port, a porthole through which an oar can be worked in a small vessel. [A.S. hreáw; Dut. raauw, Ice. hrár, Ger. roh.]

Ray, rā, n. array.—v.t. to array—hence, ironically, (Shak.) to bedaub. [Array.]

Ray, rā, n. a line of light or heat: a beam or gleam of intellectual light: a radiating part of any structure: (bot.) the outer part of a flower-cluster.—v.t. to radiate: to furnish with rays.—v.i. to shine out.—adjs. Rayed, having rays; Ray′less, without rays: destitute of light. [Fr. raie—L. radius, a rod.]

Ray, rā, n. a popular name for such flat, cartilaginous fishes as the skate, thornback, and torpedo.—n. Ray′-oil, oil prepared from the livers of ray-fish. [Fr. raie—L. raia.]

Rayah, rä′ya, n. a non-Mohammedan subject of Turkey who pays the capitation tax. [Ar. raiya—ra‛a, to pasture.]

Rayonnant, rā′o-nant, adj. (her.) sending forth rays. [Fr., pr.p. of rayonner, to emit rays—rayon, a ray.]

Raze, rāz, v.t. to lay level with the ground: to overthrow: to destroy. [Rase.]

Raze, rāz, n. a swinging fence in a water-course to prevent the passage of cattle.

Razee, ra-zē′, n. a ship-of-war cut down by reducing the number of decks. [Fr. rasé, cut down.]

Razor, rā′zor, n. a keen-edged implement for shaving: a tusk, as the razors of a boar.—adj Rā′zorable (Shak.), fit to be shaved.—ns. Rā′zor-back, a kind of baleen whale, also called Rorqual, Fin-back, or Finner: a hog whose back has the form of a ridge; Rā′zor-bill, a species of auk, common on the coasts of the northern Atlantic; Rā′zor-blade, -clam, -fish, -shell, a bivalve mollusc with an elongated, narrow shell; Rā′zor-hone, a hone for sharpening razors; Rā′zor-paste, a paste for spreading on a razor-strop; Rā′zor-strop, a strop for razors. [Fr. rasoir—L. radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Re, rē, n. a word used in the legal phrase In re, in the case (of). [L., abl. of res, thing, case.]

Reabsorb, rē-ab-sorb′, v.t. to absorb, suck in, or swallow up again.—n. Reabsorp′tion.

Reach, rēch, v.t. to stretch or extend: to attain or obtain by stretching out the hand: to hand over: to extend to: to arrive at: to get at: to gain.—v.i. to be extended: to mount up in quantity or number: to stretch out the hand: to try to obtain: to arrive.—n. act or power of reaching: extent of stretch: extent of force: penetration: artifice: contrivance: a straight portion of a stream between bends: (naut.) the distance traversed between tacks.—adj Reach′able, within reach.—ns. Reach′er, one who reaches; Reach′ing-post, in rope-making, a post fixed at the lower end of a rope-walk.—adjs Reach′less, unattainable; Reach′-me-down, ready-made.—Head reach, the distance to windward traversed by a vessel while tacking. [A.S. rǽcan; Ger. reichen, to reach.]

React, rē-akt′, v.t. to act anew.—v.i. to return an impulse in the opposite direction: to act mutually on each other.—n. Reac′tion, action resisting other action: mutual action: backward tendency from revolution, reform, or progress.—adj Reac′tionary, for or implying reaction.—n. one who attempts to reverse political action.—n. Reac′tionist.—adj Reac′tive.—adv. Reac′tively.—ns. Reac′tiveness, Reactiv′ity.

Read, rēd, v.t. to utter aloud written or printed words: to peruse: to comprehend: to study, as to read law, science: to teach: to make out, from signs: to solve, as to read a dream: to interpret: to understand, as reading the stars: to note the indication of, as to read a barometer: impute by inference, as to read a meaning into a book.—v.i. to perform the act of reading: to practise much reading: to appear on reading: to advise: to speak: to acquire information: to utter the words of a book: (mus.) to render music at first sight: to put a certain expression upon it: to be suitable for perusal:—pa.t. and pa.p. read (red).—n. Read, a reading, perusal: (Spens.) counsel, a saying, an interpretation.—adj Read (red), versed in books: learned.—ns. Readabil′ity, Read′ableness.—adj Readable (rēd′a-bl), that may be read: worth reading: interesting: enabling to read.—adv. Read′ably.—ns. Read′er, one who reads: one whose office it is to read prayers in a church, or lectures in a university, &c.: one who reads or corrects proofs: one who reads much: a reading-book; Read′ership, the office of a reader.—adj. Read′ing, addicted to reading.—n. act of reading: perusal: study of books: public or formal recital: the way in which a passage reads: an interpretation of a passage or work: a version: noting an instrument, as the reading of a barometer.—ns. Read′ing-book, a book of exercises in reading; Read′ing-boy (print.), a reader's assistant; Read′ing-desk, a desk for holding a book or paper while it is read: a church-lectern; Read′ing-lamp, a form of lamp for use in reading; Read′ing-room, a room with papers, periodicals, &c., resorted to for reading.—Read between the lines, to detect a meaning not expressed; Read one's self in, in the Church of England, to read the Thirty-nine Articles and repeat the declaration of assent prescribed by law to a new incumbent.—Penny reading, an entertainment consisting of readings, &c., to which the admission is a penny. [A.S. rǽdan, to discern, read—rǽd, counsel; Ger. rathen, to advise.]

Readeption, rē-a-dep′shun, n. (Bacon) the act of regaining, recovery.—v.t. Readept′. [L. re-, again, adipisci, adeptus, to obtain.]

Readjourn, rē-ad-jurn′, v.t. to adjourn again.—n. Readjourn′ment.

Readjust, rē-ad-just′, v.t. to adjust or put in order again, or in a new way.—n. Readjust′ment.

Readmit, rē-ad-mit′, v.t. to admit again.—ns. Readmis′sion, act of readmitting: state of being readmitted; Readmit′tance, admittance or allowance to enter again.

Ready, red′i, adj. prepared at the moment: in proper time: prepared in mind: willing: not slow or awkward: dexterous: prompt: quick: present in hand: at hand: near: easy: on the point of: opportune: off-hand, as a ready retort.—n. a waiter's answer to a call: the position of a soldier's weapon after the order 'Make ready!' (slang) ready-money.—v.t. to dispose: to arrange.—adv. in a state of readiness or preparation.—adv. Read′ily.—n. Read′iness.—adj. Read′y-made, made and ready for use: not made to order.—ns. Read′y-mon′ey, cash payment; Read′y-pole, a bar across the chimney to support the pot-hook; Read′y-reck′oner, a book of tables giving the value of any number of things from the lowest monetary unit upwards: also the interest on any sum of money from a day upwards.—adj. Read′y-wit′ted, having ready wit: clever: sharp.—Make ready, to prepare. [A.S. rǽde—rídan, to ride; Scot. red, to put in order, Ger. be-reit, ready.]

Reaffirm, re-af-fėrm′, v.t. to affirm again.—n. Reaffirmā′tion.

Reafforest, rē-af-for′est, v.t. to convert anew into a forest.—n. Reafforestā′tion.

Reagent, rē-ā′jent, n. a substance that reacts on and detects the presence of other bodies: a test: one who exerts reflex influence.—n. Reā′gency.

Reaggravation, rē-ag-rav-ā′shun, n. the last monitory before the excommunication.

Real, rē′al, adj. actually existing: not counterfeit or assumed: true: genuine: sincere: authentic: (law) pertaining to things fixed, as lands or houses.—adj. Rē′alisable, that may be realised.—n. Realisā′tion, act of realising or state of being realised: a realising sense or feeling.—v.t. Rē′alise, to make real: to bring into being or act: to accomplish: to convert into real property or money: to obtain, as a possession: to feel strongly: to comprehend completely: to bring home to one's own experience.—n. Rē′aliser, one who realises.—p.adj. Rē′alising, serving to make real or bring home to one as a reality: conversion of property into money.—ns. Rē′alism, the medieval doctrine that general terms stand for real existences—opp. to Nominalism: the doctrine that in external perception the objects immediately known are real existences: the tendency in art to accept and to represent things as they really are—opp. to Idealism—a method of representation without idealisation, raised by modern French writers into a system, claiming a monopoly of truth in its artistic treatment of the facts of nature and life; Rē′alist, one who holds the doctrine of realism: one who believes in the existence of the external world.—adj. Rēalist′ic, pertaining to the realists or to realism: life-like.—adv. Rēalist′ically.—n. Rēal′ity, that which is real and not imaginary: truth: verity: (law) the fixed, permanent nature of real property.—adv. Rē′ally, in reality: actually: in truth.—ns. Rē′alness, the condition of being real; Rē′alty, land, with houses, trees, minerals, &c. thereon: the ownership of, or property in, lands—also Real estate.—Real presence (see Presence); Real school, a modern German preparatory, scientific, or technical school—the highest grade being the Real gymnasium, or first-class modern school, as opp. to the gymnasium proper, or classical school. [Low L. realis—L. res, a thing.]

Real, rē-al′, n. a Spanish coin, 100 of which=£1 sterling. [Sp.,—L. regalis, royal.]

Realgar, rē-al′gar, n. a native sulphuret of arsenic, a mineral consisting of about 70 parts of arsenic and 30 of sulphur, and of a brilliant red colour. [Fr.,—Ar. rahj-al-ghar, 'powder of the mine.']

Really, rē-a-lī′, v.t. (Spens.) to bring together again: to reform.—v.t. to arrange again.—n. Reallī′ance, a renewed alliance.

Realm, relm, n. a regal or royal jurisdiction: kingdom: province: country: dominion. [O. Fr. realme—Low L. regalimen—L. regalis, royal.]

Ream, rēm, n. a quantity of paper consisting of 20 quires of 24 sheets. [O. Fr. raime (Fr. rame)—Sp. resma—Ar. rizma (pl. rizam), a bundle.]

Ream, rēm, v.i. (prov.) to cream: to froth.—n. Ream′iness.—adj. Ream′y.

Ream, rēm, v.t. to stretch: to enlarge by a rotatory cutter.—ns. Ream′er; Ream′ing-bit.

Reanimate, rē-an′i-māt, v.t. to restore to life: to infuse new life or spirit into: to revive.—n. Reanimā′tion.

Reannex, rē-an-neks′, v.t. to annex again, to reunite.—n. Reannexā′tion.

Reanswer, rē-an′sėr, v.t. and v.i. (Shak.) to answer back, to react.

Reap, rēp, v.t. to cut down, as grain: to clear off a crop: to gather by effort: to receive as a reward: to obtain a harvest.—ns. Reap′er, Reap′man; Reap′ing-hook, a hook-shaped instrument, with a handle, for cutting grain: a sickle; Reap′ing-machine′, a machine for cutting grain, drawn by horses, &c.; Reap′-sil′ver, money paid by feudal tenants as a commutation for their services in reaping the crops. [A.S. rípan, to pluck; Goth. raupjan, Ger. raufen.]

Reappear, rē-ap-pēr′, v.i. to appear again or a second time.—n. Reappear′ance, a second appearance.

Reapply, rē-ap-plī′, v.t. and v.i. to apply again.—n. Reapplicā′tion.

Reappoint, rē-ap-point′, v.t. to appoint again.—n. Reappoint′ment.

Reapportion, rē-ap-pōr′shun, v.t. to apportion again.—n. Reappor′tionment.

Rear, rēr, n. the back or hindmost part: the last part of an army or fleet.—ns. Rear′-ad′miral, an officer of the third rank, who commands the rear division of a fleet; Rear′dorse, an open fireplace, without a chimney, against the rear wall of a room; Rear′-front, the rear-rank of a body of troops when faced about; Rear′-guard, troops which protect the rear of an army; Rear′horse, an insect of the family Mantidæ; Rear′ing-bit, a bit to prevent a horse from lifting his head when rearing; Rear′ing-box, in fish-culture, a fish-breeder; Rear′-line, the last rank of a battalion, &c., drawn up in open order; Rear′most, last of all; Rear′-rank, the hindermost rank of a body of troops; Rear′ward, Rere′ward, (B.), the rear-guard, the part which comes last. [O. Fr. riere—L. retro, behind.]

Rear, rēr, v.t. to bring up to maturity: to educate: to erect: (Milt.) to lift upward, as steps: (Spens.) to carry off by force: to stir up.—v.i. to rise on the hind-legs, as a horse.—n. Rear′er, one who rears or raises: in coal-mines, a seam having an inclination of more than 30°. [A.S. rǽran, to raise, the causal of rísan, to rise.]

Rear, rēr, adj. early: underdone.—adjs. Rear′-boiled; Rear′-roast′ed. [Rare.]

Rearrange, rē-ar-rānj′, v.t. to arrange anew.—n. Rearrange′ment.

Reascend, rē-as-send′, v.t. and v.i. to ascend, mount, or climb again.—ns. Reascen′sion, Reascent′.

Reason, rē′zn, n. an idea which supports or justifies an act or belief: a motive: proof: excuse: cause: an explanation: the faculty of the mind by which man draws conclusions, and determines right and truth: the exercise of reason: just view of things: right conduct: propriety: justice: that which is conformable to reason: (logic) a premise placed after its conclusion.—v.i. to exercise the faculty of reason: to deduce inferences from premises: to argue: to debate: (B.) to converse.—v.t. to examine or discuss: to debate: to persuade by reasoning.—adj. Rea′sonable, endowed with reason: rational: acting according to reason: agreeable to reason: just: not excessive: moderate.—n. Rea′sonableness.—adv. Rea′sonably.—ns. Rea′soner; Rea′soning, act of reasoning: that which is offered in argument: course of argument.—adj. Rea′sonless.—n. Rea′son-piece, a wall plate.—By reason of, on account of: in consequence of; Principle of sufficient reason, the proposition that nothing happens without a sufficient reason why it should be as it is and not otherwise; Pure reason, reason absolutely independent of experience. [Fr. raison—L. ratio, rationis—rēri, ratus, to think.]

Reassemble, rē-as-sem′bl, v.t. and v.i. to assemble or collect again.—n. Reassem′blage.

Reassign, rē-as-sīn′, v.t. to assign again: to transfer back what has been assigned.—n. Reassign′ment.

Reassume, rē-as-sūm′, v.t. to assume or take again.—n. Reassump′tion.

Reassure, rē-a-shōōr′, v.t. to assure anew: to give confidence to: to confirm: to insure an insurer.—ns. Reassur′ance, repeated assurance: a second assurance against loss; Reassur′er.—adj. Reassur′ing.—adv. Reassur′ingly.

Reata, Riata, rē-ä′ta, n. a rope of raw hide, used in America for catching animals. [Sp.,—L. re-, back, aptare, to fit on.]

Reave, rēv, v.t. to take away by violence:—pa.t. and pa.p. reft.—n. Reav′er. [A.S. reáfian, to rob—reáf, clothing, spoil; Ger. rauben, to rob.]

Reballing, rē-bawl′ing, n. the catching of eels with earthworms fastened to a ball of lead.

Rebaptise, rē-bap-tīz′, v.t. to baptise again.—ns. Rebap′tiser; Rebap′tism, Rebaptisā′tion; Rebap′tist, one who baptises again: an anabaptist.

Rebate, rē-bāt′, v.t. (Shak.) to beat to obtuseness, to blunt: to beat back: to allow as discount.—n. Rēbāte′ment, deduction: diminution: narrowing: (her.) a shortening, as of one arm of a cross. [Fr. rebattre, to beat back—L. re-, back, battuĕre, to beat.]

Rebate, rē-bāt′, n. same as Rabate—also a hard freestone used in pavements: wood fastened to a handle in beating mortar.

Rebec, Rebeck, rē′bek, n. a musical instrument of the violin kind, with three strings played with a bow, introduced by the Moors into Spain. [O. Fr. rebec (Sp. rabel)—Ar. rabāba.]

Rebeccaite, rē-bek′a-īt, n. one of a set of rioters in South Wales, in 1843-44, who scoured the country by night, the leaders disguised in women's clothes, and threw down the toll-bars on the public roads; they were called 'Rebecca and her daughters,' from Gen. xxiv. 60.—n. Rebecc′aism.

Rebel, reb′el, n. one who rebels.—adj. rebellious.—v.i. (re-bel′) to renounce the authority of the laws and government to which one owes allegiance, or to take up arms and openly oppose them: to oppose any lawful authority:—pr.p. rebel′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. rebelled′.—n. Rebel′ler, one who rebels: a rebel.—adj. Reb′el-like (Shak.), like a rebel.—n. Rebell′ion, act of rebelling: open opposition to lawful authority: revolt: the Great Rebellion in England from 1642 to 1660: the American civil war of 1861-65.—adj. Rebell′ious, engaged in rebellion: characteristic of a rebel or rebellion: (of things) refractory.—adv. Rebell′iously, in a rebellious manner: in opposition to lawful authority.—n. Rebell′iousness.—adj. Reb′elly, rebellious. [Fr. rebelle—L. rebellis, insurgent—re-, again, bellum, war.]

Rebellow, rē-bel′ō, v.i. (Spens.) to bellow in return: to echo back a loud noise.

Rebirth, rē-bėrth′, n. a new entrance into a living form, according to the doctrine of metempsychosis.

Reboant, reb′ō-ant, adj. rebellowing: loudly resounding.—n. Reboā′tion. [L. reboans, -antis, pr.p. of reboāre—re-, again, boāre, to cry aloud.]

Rebound, rē-bownd′, v.i. to bound or start back: to bound repeatedly: to recoil: to reverberate: to re-echo.—v.t. to repeat as an echo.—n. act of rebounding: recoil.

Rebuff, rē-buf′, n. a. beating back: sudden check: defeat: unexpected refusal.—v.t. to beat back: to check: to repel violently: to refuse. [O. Fr. rebuffe—It. rebuffo, a reproof—It. ri (—L. re-), back, buffare, to puff.]

Rebuild, rē-bild′, v.t. to build again: to renew.—n. Rebuild′er.

Rebuke, rē-būk′, v.t. to check with reproof: to chide or reprove: (B.) to chasten.—n. direct reproof: reprimand: reprobation: (B.) chastisement: a severe check.—adjs. Rebūk′able; Rebuke′ful.—adv. Rebuke′fully.—n. Rebūk′er.—adv. Rebūk′ingly. [O. Fr. rebouquer (Fr. reboucher), from re-, back, bouque (Fr. bouche), the mouth—L. bucca, the cheek.]

Rebullition, rē-bul-ish′un, n. a renewed effervescence. [L. rebullīre, to bubble up.]

Reburse, rē-bėrs′, v.t. to pay over again. [L. re-, again, bursa, purse.]

Rebus, rē′bus, n. an enigmatical representation of a name or thing by using pictorial devices for letters, syllables, or parts of words: a riddle: (her.) a coat of arms bearing an allusion to the name of the bearer:—pl. Rē′buses. [L., res, a thing—prob. from the device speaking to the beholder non verbis sed rebus.]

Rebut, rē-but′, v.t. to butt or drive back: to repel: to reject: (law) to oppose by argument or proof.—v.i. (law) to return an answer:—pr.p. rebut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. rebut′ted.—adj. Rēbut′table.—ns. Rēbut′tal; Rēbut′ter, that which rebuts: a plaintiff's answer to a defendant's rejoinder. [O. Fr. rebuter, to repulse—L. re-, back, Mid. High Ger. bōzen, to beat.]

Recalcitrant, rē-kal′si-trant, adj. showing repugnance or opposition: refractory.—v.i. or (rarely) v.t. Recal′citrate, to show repugnance.—n. Recalcitrā′tion. [L. recalcitrans, -antis—re-, back, calcitrāre, -ātum, to kick—calx, calcis, the heel.]

Recalesce, rē-kal-es′, v.t. to show anew a state of glowing heat.—n. Recales′cence (phys.), a peculiar behaviour of iron when cooling from a white-heat. At 1000°, e.g., it glows more brilliantly for a short time. [L. re-, again, calescĕre, to grow hot.]

Recall, rē-kawl′, v.t. to call back: to command to return: to revoke: to call back to mind.—n. act of recalling or revoking: a signal to soldiers to return.—adj. Recall′able, capable of being recalled.—n. Recal′ment, revocation.

Recant, rē-kant′, v.t. to withdraw (a former declaration): to retract.—v.i. to revoke a former declaration: to unsay what has been said, esp. to declare one's renunciation of a religious belief which one formerly maintained.—ns. Rēcantā′tion, act of recanting: a declaration contradicting a former one; Rēcant′er.

Recapitulate, rē-ka-pit′ū-lāt, v.t. to go over again the chief points of anything.—n. Recapitūlā′tion, act of recapitulating: a summary of the main points of a preceding speech, treatise, &c.—adjs. Recapit′ūlātive; Recapit′ūlātory, repeating again: containing a recapitulation. [L. recapitulāre, -ātum—re-, again, capitulum—caput, head.]

Recaption, rē-kap′shun, n. reprisal: (law) taking back goods, wife, or children from one who has no right to detain them.

Recapture, rē-kap′tūr, v.t. to capture back or retake, esp. a prize from a captor.—n. act of retaking: a prize recaptured.—n. Recap′tor.

Recarburise, rē-kär′bū-rīz, v.t. to restore the carbon to metal from which it has been removed.—n. Recarbonisā′tion.

Recarnify, rē-kär′ni-fī, v.t. to convert again into flesh. [L. re-, again, carnify, to change into flesh.]

Recast, rē-kast′, v.t. to cast or throw again: to cast or mould anew: to compute a second time.—n. a moulding or shaping anew, as of a book.

Recede, rē-sēd′, v.i. to go or fall back: to retreat: to bend or tend in a backward direction: to withdraw: to give up a claim.—v.t. to cede back, as to a former possessor.—adj. Reced′ing, sloping backward. [L. recedĕre, recessum—re-, back, cedĕre, to go.]

Receipt, rē-sēt′, n. act of receiving: place of receiving: power of holding: a written acknowledgment of anything received, a legal acknowledgment of money received in discharge of a debt or demand: that which is received: a recipe in cookery.—v.t. to give a receipt for: to sign: to discharge.—adj. Receipt′able, that may be receipted.—ns. Receipt′-book, a book containing receipts; Receipt′or, one who gives a receipt. [O. Fr. recete (Fr. recette)—L. recipere, receptum.]

Receive, rē-sēv′, v.t. to take what is offered: to accept: to embrace with the mind: to assent to: to allow: to give acceptance to: to give admittance to: to welcome or entertain: to hold or contain: (law) to take goods knowing them to be stolen: (B.) to bear with, to believe in.—v.i. to be a recipient: to hold a reception of visitors.—n. Receivabil′ity, Receiv′ableness, the quality of being receivable.—adj. Receiv′able, that may be received: a waiting payment, as bills receivable.—ns. Receiv′edness, the state or quality of being received or current; Receiv′er, one who receives: an officer who receives taxes: a person appointed by a court to hold and manage property which is under litigation, or receive the rents of land, &c.: one who receives stolen goods: (chem.) a vessel for receiving and holding the products of distillation, or for containing gases: the glass vessel of an air-pump in which the vacuum is formed: the receiving part of a telegraph, telephone, &c.; Receiv′er-gen′eral, an officer who receives the public revenue; Receiv′ership, the office of a receiver; Receiv′ing, the act of receiving; Receiv′ing-house, a depôt: a house where letters and parcels are left for transmission; Receiv′ing-in′strument, an appliance by which operators at two telegraph stations can communicate; Receiv′ing-off′ice, a branch post-office for receipt of letters, &c.; Receiv′ing-ship, a stationary ship for recruits for the navy. [O. Fr. recever (Fr. recevoir)—L. recipĕre, receptum—re-, back, capĕre, to take.]

Recension, rē-sen′shun, n. a critical revisal of a text: a text established by critical revision: a review.—n. Recen′sionist. [L. recensio—recensēre—re-, again, censēre, to value.]

Recent, rē′sent, adj. of late origin or occurrence: fresh: modern: (geol.) belonging to the present geological period.—adv. Rē′cently.—n. Rē′centness. [Fr.,—L. recens, recentis.]

Receptacle, rē-sep′ta-kl, n. that into which anything is received or in which it is contained: (bot.) the basis of a flower: (zool.) an organ that receives and holds a secretion.—n. Rē′cept, an idea taken into the mind from without.—adj. Receptac′ular (bot.), pertaining to or serving as a receptacle.—n. Receptibil′ity, receivability.—adj. Recept′ible, receivable.—ns. Recep′tion, the act of receiving: admission: state of being received: acceptance: a receiving officially: (Milt.) capacity for receiving: a receiving of guests for entertainment: welcome: treatment at first coming; Recep′tion-room.—adj. Recept′ive, having the quality of receiving or containing: (phil.) capable of receiving, or quick to receive, impressions.—ns. Recept′iveness; Receptiv′ity, quality of being receptive. [L. recipĕre, receptum, to receive.]

Recess, rē-ses′, n. a going back or withdrawing: retirement: seclusion: a period of remission of business: part of a room formed by a receding of the wall: a retired spot: a nook: a sinus or depressed par.—v.t. to make a recess in: to put into a recess.—adj. Recessed′, having a recess.—Recessed arch, one arch within another. [Recede.]

Recession, rē-sesh′un, n. act of receding: withdrawal: the state of being set back.—adjs. Reces′sional; Recess′ive.—adv. Recess′ively.—n. Recess′us, a recess.

Rechabite, rek′a-bīt, n. one of the descendants of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who abstained from drinking wine, in obedience to the injunction of their ancestor (Jer. xxxv. 6): a total abstainer from intoxicating drinks: a member of the Rechabite order of total abstainers.—n. Rech′abitism.

Réchauffé, rā-shō-fā′, n. a warmed-up dish: a fresh concoction of old literary material. [Fr.]

Recheat, rē-chēt′, n. (Shak.) a recall on the horn when the hounds have lost the scent, or at the end of the chase. [O. Fr. recet.]

Recherché, rē-sher′shā, adj. extremely nice: peculiar and refined: rare. [Fr.]

Recidivate, rē-sid′i-vāt, v.i. to fall again: to backslide.—ns. Recidivā′tion; Recid′ivist (Fr. law), a relapsed criminal.—adj. Recid′ivous, liable to backslide. [Fr.,—L. recidīvus, falling back.]

Recipe, res′i-pē, n. a medical prescription: any formula for the preparation of a compound: a receipt:—pl. Recipes (res′i-pēz). [L., lit. 'take,' the first word of a medical prescription, imper. of recipĕre.]

Recipient, rē-sip′i-ent, adj. receiving.—n. one who receives, that which receives.—ns. Recip′ience, Recip′iency, a receiving: receptiveness. [L. recipiens, -entis, pr.p. of recipĕre, to receive.]

Reciprocal, rē-sip′rō-kal, adj. acting in return: mutual: alternating: interchangeable: giving and receiving.—n. that which is reciprocal: (math.) the quotient resulting from the division of unity by any given quantity.—n. Reciprocal′ity, the state or quality of being reciprocal: mutual return.—adv. Recip′rocally, mutually: interchangeably: inversely.—ns. Recip′rocalness; Recip′rocant (math.), a contravariant expressing a certain condition of tangency: a differential invariant.—adj. Recip′rocantive, relating to a reciprocant.—v.t. Recip′rocāte, to give and receive mutually: to requite: to interchange: to alternate.—v.i. to move backward and forward: (coll.) to make a return or response.—ns. Recip′rocating-en′gine, an engine in which the piston moves forward and backward in a straight line; Reciprocā′tion, interchange of acts: alternation.—adj. Recip′rocātive, acting reciprocally.—n. Reciproc′ity, mutual obligations: action and reaction: equality of commercial privileges.—adjs. Rec′iprock, Rec′iproque (Bacon), reciprocal; Recip′rocous (rare), turning back: reciprocal.—Reciprocal proportion is when, of four terms taken in order, the first has to the second the same ratio which the fourth has to the third; Reciprocal ratio, the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities; Reciprocal terms, those that have the same signification and consequently are convertible; Reciprocating motion, by this the power is transmitted from one part of a machine to another. [L. reciprocus.]

Recision, rē-sizh′un, n. the act of cutting off. [Fr.,—L.,—recidĕre, recisum, to cut off.]

Recite, rē-sīt′, v.t. to read aloud from paper, or repeat from memory: to narrate: to give the particulars of.—v.i. to rehearse in public.—ns. Recī′tal, act of reciting: rehearsal: that which is recited: a narration: a vocal or instrumental performance, as a piano recital: (law) that part of a deed which recites the circumstances; Recitation (res-i-tā′shun), act of reciting: a public reading: rehearsal; Recitā′tionist, a public reciter; Recitative (-tēv′), (mus.) a style of song resembling declamation, a kind of union of song and speech.—adj. in the style of recitative.—adv. Recitative′ly, in the manner of recitative.—ns. Recitati′vo (mus.), recitative; Recit′er; Recit′ing-note, a note in chanting on which several syllables are sung. [Fr. réciter—L. recitāre—L. re-, again, citāre, -ātum, to call.]

Reck, rek, v.t. to care for: to regard.—v.i. (usually with not, and fol. by of) care: heed.—adj. Reck′less, careless: heedless of consequences: rash.—adv. Reck′lessly.—ns. Reck′lessness; Reck′ling, a reckless person: the weakest in a litter: a helpless babe.—adj. stunted.—It recks (Milt.), it concerns. [A.S. récan, from a root seen in Old High Ger. ruoh, care, Ger. ruchlos, regardless.]

Reckon, rek′n, v.t. to count: to place in the number or rank of: to esteem: to think, believe.—v.i. to calculate: to charge to account: to make up accounts: to settle accounts (fol. by with): to count or rely (with on or upon): to have an impression: to think: to suppose.—ns. Reck′oner; Reck′oning, an account of time: settlement of accounts, &c.: charges for entertainment: standing as to rank: (naut.) a calculation of the ship's position: (B.) estimation: value.—Reckon for, to be answerable for; Reckon on, or upon, to count or depend upon; Reckon without his host (see Host).—Day of reckoning, the day when an account must be given and a settlement made: the judgment-day. [A.S. ge-recenian, to explain; Ger. rechnen.]

Reclaim, rē-klām′, v.t. to demand the return of: to regain: to bring back from a wild or barbarous state, or from error or vice: to bring into a state of cultivation: to bring into the desired condition: to make tame or gentle: to reform.—v.i. to cry out or exclaim: (Scots law) to appeal from the Lord Ordinary to the inner house of the Court of Session.—adj. Reclaim′able, that may be reclaimed or reformed.—adv. Reclaim′ably.—ns. Reclaim′ant, one who reclaims; Reclamā′tion, act of reclaiming: state of being reclaimed, as of waste land: demand: recovery. [Fr.,—L. re-, again, clamāre, to cry out.]

Reclinate, rek′li-nāt, adj. reclined: (bot.) bent downward, so as to have the point lower than the base, as a leaf.—n. Reclinā′tion, the act of reclining or leaning: the angle which the plane of a dial makes with a vertical plane, the intersection being a horizontal line: an operation in surgery for the cure of cataract. [L. reclināre, -ātum, to recline.]

Recline, rē-klīn′, v.t. to lean or bend backwards: to lean to or on one side.—v.i. to lean: to rest or repose.—adjs. Recline′ (Milt.), leaning; Reclined′ (bot.), same as Reclinate.—n. Reclī′ner.—adj. Reclī′ning (bot.), bending away from the perpendicular: recumbent.—ns. Reclī′ning-board, a board on which persons recline to gain erectness to the figure; Reclī′ning-chair, an invalid's chair. [Fr.,—L. reclināre—re-, back, clināre, to bend.]

Recluse, rē-klōōs′, adj. secluded: retired: solitary.—n. one shut up or secluded: one who lives retired from the world: a religious devotee living in a single cell, generally attached to a monastery.—adv. Recluse′ly, in retirement or seclusion from society.—ns. Recluse′ness, seclusion from society: retirement; Reclu′sion, religious retirement or seclusion: the life of a recluse.—adj. Reclu′sive (Shak.), affording retirement or seclusion.—n. Reclu′sory, a recluse's cell. [Fr.,—L. reclusus, pa.p. of recludĕre, to open, shut away—re-, away, claudĕre, to shut.]

Recoct, rē-kokt′, v.t. to cook anew, to vamp up.—n. Recoc′tion.

Recognise, rek′og-nīz, v.t. to know again: to recollect: to acknowledge: to see the truth of.—adj. Rec′ognisable, that may be recognised or acknowledged.—adv. Rec′ognisably, in a recognisable manner.—ns. Recog′nisance, a recognition: an avowal: a profession: a legal obligation entered into before a magistrate to do, or not do, some particular act: to enter into recognisances; Rec′ogniser, one who recognises; Recogni′tion, act of recognising: state of being recognised: recollection: avowal: (Scots law) a return of the feu to the superior.—adjs. Recog′nitive, Recog′nitory. [L. recognoscĕre—re-, again, cognoscĕre, to know.]

Recoil, rē-koil′, v.t. to start back: to rebound: to return: to shrink from.—n. a starting or springing back: rebound: an escapement in which after each beat the escape-wheel recoils slightly.—n. Recoil′er, one who recoils.—adj. Recoil′ing.—adv. Recoil′ingly.—n. Recoil′ment. [Fr. reculer—L. re-, back, Fr. cul, the hinder part—L. culus.]

Recoin, rē-koin′, v.t. to coin over again.—ns. Recoin′age; Recoin′er.

Recollect, rek-ol-ekt′, v.t. to remember: to recover composure or resolution (with reflex. pron.).—n. Recollec′tion, act of recollecting or remembering: the power of recollecting: memory: that which is recollected: reminiscence.—adj. Recollec′tive, having the power of recollecting.

Recollect, rek′ol-ekt, n. a member of a congregation of a monastic order following a very strict rule—mostly of the Franciscan order forming a branch of the Observantines.—Also Rec′ollet.

Recombine, rē-kom-bīn′, v.t. to combine again.—n. Recombinā′tion.

Recomfort, rē-kum′furt, v.t. to comfort or console again: (Bacon) to give new strength.—adj. Recom′fortless (Spens.), comfortless.—n. Recom′forture (Shak.), restoration of comfort.

Recommence, rē-kom-ens′, v.t. to commence again.—n. Recommence′ment.

Recommend, rek-o-mend′, v.t. to commend to another: to bestow praise on: to introduce favourably: to give in charge: to commit, as in prayer: to advise.—adj. Recommend′able, that may be recommended: worthy of praise.—n. Recommend′ableness, the quality of being recommendable.—adv. Recommend′ably, so as to deserve recommendation.—n. Recommendā′tion, act of recommending: act of introducing with commendation: repute: letter of recommendation.—adj. Recommend′ātory, that recommends: commendatory.—n. Recommend′er, one who, or that which, recommends.

Recommit, rē-kom-it′, v.t. to commit again: particularly, to send back to a committee.—ns. Recommit′ment, Recommit′tal.

Recommunicate, rē-kom-ūn′i-kāt, v.t. and v.i. to communicate again.

Recompense, rek′om-pens, v.t. to return an equivalent for anything: to repay or requite: to reward: to compensate: to remunerate.—n. that which is returned as an equivalent: repayment: reward: compensation: remuneration.—n. Rec′ompenser. [Fr. récompenser—L. re-, again, compensāre, to compensate.]

Recompile, rē-kom-pīl′, v.t. to compile anew.—ns. Recompilā′tion, Recompile′ment, a new compilation.

Recomplete, rē-kom-plēt′, v.t. to complete anew.—n. Recomplē′tion.

Recompose, rē-kom-pōz′, v.t. to compose again or anew: to form anew: to soothe or quiet.—ns. Recompos′er; Recomposi′tion.

Reconcile, rek′on-sīl, v.t. to restore to friendship or union: to bring to agreement: to bring to contentment: to pacify: to make consistent: to adjust or compose.—adj. Rec′oncilable, that may be reconciled: that may be made to agree: consistent.—n. Rec′oncilableness, possibility of being reconciled: consistency: harmony.—adv. Rec′oncilably, in a reconcilable manner.—ns. Rec′onciler; Reconciliā′tion, Rec′oncilement, act of reconciling: state of being reconciled: renewal of friendship: propitiation: atonement: the bringing to agreement things at variance.—adj. Reconcil′iatory, serving or tending to reconcile. [Fr. réconcilier—L. re-, again, conciliāre, -ātum, to call together.]

Recondense, rē-kon-dens′, v.t. to condense again.—n. Recondensā′tion.

Recondite, rē-kon′dit, or rek′on-dīt, adj. secret: abstruse: profound.—ns. Recondite′ness; Recon′ditory, a storehouse. [L. recondĕre, -itum, to put away—re-, again, condĕre, to put together.]

Reconnaissance, re-kon′i-sans, n. the act of reconnoitring: a survey or examination: the examination of a tract of country with a view to military or engineering operations.—Reconnaissance in force, an attack by a body of troops to discover the strength of the enemy. [Fr.]

Reconnoitre, rek-o-noi′tėr, v.t. to survey or examine: to survey with a view to military operations.—v.i. to make preliminary examination:—pa.t. and pa.p. reconnoi′tred.—n. a preliminary survey. [O. Fr. reconoistre (Fr. reconnaître)—L. recognoscĕre, to recognise.]

Reconquer, rē-kong′kėr, v.t. to conquer again: to recover: to regain.—n. Recon′quest.

Reconsecrate, rē-kon′sē-krāt, v.t. to consecrate anew.—n. Reconsecrā′tion.

Reconsider, rē-kon-sid′ėr, v.t. to consider again, as to reconsider a motion or vote: to review.—n. Reconsiderā′tion.

Reconsolidate, rē-kon-sol′i-dāt, v.t. to consolidate anew.—n. Reconsolidā′tion.

Reconstitute, rē-kon′sti-tūt, v.t. to construct anew.—adj. Reconstit′ūent.—n. Reconstitū′tion.

Reconstruct, rē-kon-strukt′, v.t. to construct again: to rebuild.—n. Reconstruc′tion.—adj. Reconstruc′tionary.—n. Reconstruc′tionist.—adj. Reconstruc′tive, able or tending to reconstruct.

Recontinue, rē-kon-tin′ū, v.t. and v.i. to continue anew.—n. Recontin′ūance.

Reconvene, rē-kon-vēn′, v.t. to convene or call together again.—v.i. to come together again.

Reconvent, rē-kon-vent′, v.t. to assemble together again.—n. Reconven′tion, a counter-action by a defendant against a plaintiff.

Reconvert, rē-kon-vėrt′, v.t. to convert again.—n. Reconver′sion.

Reconvey, rē-kon-vā′, v.t. to transfer back to a former owner, as an estate.—n. Reconvey′ance.

Record, rē-kord′, v.t. to write anything formally, to preserve evidence of it: to bear witness to: to register or enrol: to celebrate.—adj. Record′able, able to be recorded, worthy of record.—ns. Recordā′tion (Shak.), remembrance; Record′er, one who records or registers, esp. the rolls, &c., of a city: a judge of a city or borough court of quarter-sessions: an old musical instrument somewhat like a flageolet, but with the lower part wider than the upper, and a mouthpiece resembling the beak of a bird: a registering apparatus in telegraphy; Record′ership, the office of recorder, or the time of holding it. [O. Fr. recorder—L. recordāre, to call to mind—re-, again, cor, cordis, the heart.]

Record, rek′ord, n. a register: a formal writing of any fact or proceeding: a book of such writings: a witness, a memorial: memory, remembrance: anything entered in the rolls of a court, esp. the formal statements or pleadings of parties in a litigation.—n. Rec′ord-off′ice, a place where public records are kept.—Beat, or Break, the record, to outdo the highest achievement yet done; Close the record, an act of a Scottish judge after each party has said all he wishes to say by way of statement and answer; Public records, contemporary authenticated statements of the proceedings of the legislature, and the judgments of those higher courts of law known as Courts of Record; Trial by record, a common law mode of trial when a disputed former decision of the court is settled by producing the record.

Recount, rē-kownt′, v.t. to count again: to tell over again: to narrate the particulars of: to detail.—n. a second or repeated count.—ns. Recount′al, Recount′ment, relation in detail, recital. [O. Fr. reconter—re-, again, conter, to tell.]

Recoup, rē-kōōp′, v.t. to make good: to indemnify.—adj. Recoupé (her.), divided a second time.—n. Recoup′ment, reimbursement: (law) reduction of the plaintiff's damages by keeping out a part. [Fr. recouper, to cut again—re-, again, couper, to cut, coup, a stroke—Low L. colpus—L. colaphus.]

Recourse, rē-kōrs′, n. a going to for aid or protection: access.—v.i. to return.—adj. Recourse′ful, returning. [Fr. recours—L. recursus—re-, back, currĕre, cursum, to run.]

Recover, rē-kuv′ėr, v.t. to get possession of again: to make up for: to retrieve: to cure: to revive: to bring back to any former state: to rescue: to obtain as compensation: to obtain for injury or debt: to reconcile.—v.i. to regain health: to regain any former state: (law) to obtain a judgment.—n. recovery: the forward movement in rowing, after one stroke to take another.—n. Recoverabil′ity, the state of being recoverable.—adj. Recov′erable, that may be recovered or regained: capable of being brought to a former condition.—ns. Recov′erableness, the state of being recoverable: capability of being recovered; Recoveree′, one against whom a judgment is obtained in common recovery; Recov′erer, one who recovers; Recov′eror, one who recovers a judgment in common recovery; Recov′ery, the act of recovering: the act of regaining anything lost: restoration to health or to any former state: the power of recovering anything: (law) a verdict giving right to the recovery of debts or costs. [O. Fr. recovrer—L. recuperāre—re-, again, and Sabine cuprus, good; some suggest cupĕre, to desire.]

Recreant, rek′rē-ant, adj. cowardly: false: apostate: renegade.—n. a mean-spirited wretch: an apostate: a renegade.—n. Rec′rēancy, the quality of a recreant: a yielding, mean, cowardly spirit.—adv. Rec′rēantly. [O. Fr., pr.p. of recroire, to change belief—Low L. (se) re-credĕre, to own one's self beaten—L. re-, again, credĕre, to believe.]

Recreate, rek′rē-āt, v.t. to revive: to reanimate: to cheer or amuse: to refresh: to delight.—v.i. to take recreation.—n. Recreā′tion, the act of recreating or state of being recreated: refreshment after toil, sorrow, &c.: diversion: amusement: sport.—adjs. Recreā′tional, Rec′reātive, serving to recreate or refresh: giving relief in weariness, &c.: amusing.—adv. Rec′reātively, so as to afford recreation or diversion.—n. Rec′reātiveness, the quality of being refreshing or amusing.

Recrement, rek′rē-ment, n. superfluous matter: dross.—adjs. Recrement′al, Recrementi′tial, Recrementi′tious. [L. recrementum, dross.]

Recriminate, rē-krim′in-āt, v.t. to criminate or accuse in return.—v.i. to charge an accuser with a similar crime.—n. Recriminā′tion, the act of recriminating or returning one accusation by another: a countercharge or accusation.—adjs. Recrim′inātive, Recrim′inātory, recriminating or retorting accusations or charges.—n. Recrim′inātor, one who recriminates.

Recross, rē-kros′, v.t. to cross again.—adj. Recrossed′ (her.), having the ends crossed.

Recrudescent, rē-krōō-des′ent, adj. growing sore or painful again.—v.i. Recrudesce′, to become raw again: to be renewed.—ns. Recrudes′cence, Recru′dency, Recrudes′cency, the state of becoming sore again: a state of relapse: (med.) increased activity after recovery: (bot.) the production of a fresh shoot from a ripened spike. [L. recrudescens, -entis, pr.p. of recrudescĕre, to become raw again—re-, again, crudescĕre, to become raw—crudis, crude.]

Recruit, rē-krōōt′, v.i. to obtain fresh supplies: to recover in health, &c.: to enlist new soldiers.—v.t. to repair: to supply: to supply with recruits.—n. the supply of any want: a substitute for something wanting: a newly enlisted soldier.—ns. Recruit′al, renewed supply; Recruit′er.—adj. Recruit′ing, obtaining new supplies: enlisting recruits.—n. the business of obtaining new supplies or enlisting new soldiers.—ns. Recruit′ing-ground, a place where recruits may be obtained; Recruit′ing-par′ty, a party of soldiers engaged in enlisting recruits; Recruit′ing-ser′geant, a sergeant who enlists recruits; Recruit′ment, the act, business, or employment of raising new supplies of men for an army. [O. Fr. recruter—re-, croître—L. recrescĕre—re-, again, crescĕre, to grow.]

Recrystallisation, rē-kris-tal-īz-ā′shun, n. the process of crystallising again.—v.t. and v.i. Rēcrys′tallise.

Rectangle, rek′tang-gl, n. a four-sided figure with all its angles right angles and its opposite sides equal.—adjs. Rec′tangled, having right angles; Rectang′ūlar, right-angled.—n. Rectangūlar′ity, the state or quality of being right-angled.—adv. Rectang′ūlarly, with, or at, right angles.—n. Rectang′ūlarness.—Rectangular hyperbola, a hyperbola whose asymptotes are at right angles to one another; Rectangular solid, a solid whose axis is perpendicular to its base. [Fr.,—L. rectus, right, angulus, an angle.]

Rectify, rek′ti-fī, v.t. to make straight or right: to adjust: to correct or redress: to purify by repeated crystallisation or sublimation, or by distillations: (math.) to determine the length of a curve included between two limits: to prepare a sun-dial for an observation:—pa.t. and pa.p. rec′tified.—adj. Rectifī′able, that may be rectified or set right.—ns. Rectificā′tion, the act of rectifying or setting right: the process of refining any substance by repeated distillation: rectification of a globe, its adjustment preparatory to the solution of a proposed problem; Rec′tifier, one who corrects: one who refines a substance by repeated distillation.—Rectify the course of a vessel, to determine its true course from indications of the ship's compass, and allowing for magnetic variations, &c.; Rectify the globe, to bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on a globe to the brass meridian. [Fr.,—L. rectus, straight, facĕre, to make.]

Rectigrade, rek′ti-grād, adj. walking straight forward. [L. rectus, straight, gradi, to step.]

Rectilineal, rek-ti-lin′ē-al, adj. bounded by straight lines: straight—also Rectilin′ear.—adv. Rectilin′eally.—n. Rectilinear′ity, the state or quality of being right-lined.—adv. Rectilin′early, in a right line.—n. Rectilin′earness. [L. rectus, straight, linea, a line.]

Rection, rek′shun, n. (gram.) the influence of a word in regard to the number, case, &c. of another word in a sentence.

Rectipetality, rek-ti-pe-tal′i-ti, n. (bot.) the natural tendency of stems to grow in a straight line.

Rectirostral, rek′ti-ros′tral, adj. having a straight bill. [L. rectus, straight, rostrum, a beak.]

Rectiserial, rek-ti-sē′ri-al, adj. placed in a straight line: (bot.) arranged in one or more straight ranks.

Rectitis, rek′tī-tis, n. inflammation of the rectum.—adj. Rectit′ic.

Rectitude, rek′ti-tūd, n. uprightness: correctness of principle or practice: integrity: correctness. [Fr.,—L. rectitudo—rectus, straight.]

Recto, rek′tō, n. (print.) the right-hand page—opp. to Reverso or Verso: (law) a writ of right.

Rector, rek′tor, n. a ruler: in the Church of England, a clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish where the tithes are not impropriate, and who accordingly has the whole right to the ecclesiastical dues therein: a common name for all incumbents in the Episcopal churches of the United States and (since 1890) Scotland: the head-master of a superior public school in Scotland, Germany, &c.: the chief elective officer of certain Scotch and French universities: the head of Lincoln and of Exeter Colleges, Oxford, &c.: (R.C.) an ecclesiastic in charge of a congregation, a college, or religious house, esp. the head of a Jesuit seminary.—adjs. Rec′toral, Rectō′rial, pertaining to a rector or to a rectory—ns. Rec′torate, Rec′torship; Rec′toress, a female rector: a governess; Rec′tory, the province or mansion of a rector.—Rector magnificus, the head of a German university.—Lay rector, a layman who enjoys the great tithes of a parish; Missionary rector (R.C.), a priest appointed to the charge of some important mission in England. [L.,—regĕre, rectum, to rule.]

Rectrix, rek′triks, n. one of the long tail-feathers of a bird, so called because used in steering the bird in its flight:—pl. Rectrices (rek′tri-sēz).

Rectum, rek′tum, n. the lowest part of the large intestine:—pl. Rec′ta.—adj. Rec′tal.—ns. Rec′toscope, a speculum for rectal examination; Rectot′omy, the operation for dividing a rectal stricture.—adjs. Rec′to-urē′thral, pertaining to the rectum and to the urethra; Rec′to-ū′terine, to the rectum and the uterus; Rec′to-vag′inal, to the rectum and the vagina; Rec′to-ves′ical, to the rectum and the bladder. [L. rectus, straight.]

Rectus, rek′tus, n. a muscle so called from the straightness of its course:—pl. Rec′ti.

Recubant, rek′ū-bant, adj. reclining, recumbent—n. Recubā′tion. [L. recubāre, -ātum, to lie back.]

Recultivate, rē-kul′ti-vāt, v.t. to cultivate again.—n. Recultivā′tion.

Recumbent, rē-kum′bent, adj. lying back: reclining: idle.—ns. Recum′bence, Recum′bency.—adv. Recum′bently. [L. recumbĕre—re-, back, cubāre, to lie down.]

Recuperative, rē-kū′pėr-a-tiv, adj. tending to recovery—also Recū′peratory.—adj. Rēcū′perable, recoverable.—v.t. Recū′perāte, to recover, to regain strength.—ns. Recuperā′tion, recovery, as of something lost; Recū′perātor, one who, or that which, recuperates. [L. recuperativus—recuperāre, to recover.]

Recur, rē-kur′, v.i. to return, resort: to happen at a stated interval:—pr.p. recur′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. recurred′.—ns. Recur′rence, Recur′rency, return.—adj. Recur′rent, returning at intervals: (anat.) running back in the opposite to a former direction: (entom.) turned back toward the base.—adv. Recur′rently.—Recurring decimal, a decimal in which after a certain point the digits are continually repeated—repeating, if but one recurring figure; circulating, if more than one. [Fr.,—L. recurrĕre—re-, back, currĕre, to run.]

Recure, rē-kūr′, v.t. to cure again: to recover—also n.—adjs. Recure′ful; Recure′less, incurable.

Recursant, rē-kur′sant, adj. (her.) turned backwards, of an animal with its back toward the spectator. [L. re-, back, cursans, -antis, pr.p. of cursāre, to run.]

Recurve, rē-kurv′, v.t. to curve or bend back—also Recur′vate.—ns. Recurvā′tion, Recur′vity, Recur′vature, the act of recurving: the state of being recurved: a bending backwards.—adjs. Recurved′; Recurviros′tral, having a recurved bill; Rēcur′vous, bent backward.

Recusant, rek′ū-zant, or rē-kū′zant, adj. obstinate in refusal, esp. to comply with the Anglican ritual.—n. a nonconformist: one who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the sovereign in religious matters.—ns. Rec′ūsance, Rec′ūsancy, state of being a recusant: nonconformity, or its tenets; Recusā′tion.—adj. Recū′sative. [Fr.,—L. recusans, pr.p. of recusāre—re-, against, causa, a cause.]

Recussion, rē-kush′un, n. the act of beating or striking back. [L. recutĕre, recussum, to beat back—re-, back, quatĕre, to shake.]

Red, red, adj. (comp. Red′der; superl. Red′dest) of a colour like blood: ultra-radical, revolutionary.—n. one of the primary colours, of several shades, as scarlet, pink, carmine, vermilion, &c.: a red cent, the smallest coin of the United States.—adjs. Red′-backed, having a red back; Red′-beaked, -billed, having a red beak or bill; Red′-bell′ied, having the under parts red.—n. Red′-bell′y, the United States slider, a terrapin: the Welsh torgoch, a char.—adj. Red′-belt′ed, having a red band or bands.—n. Red′-bird, the common European bullfinch: the United States grosbeak, also the tanager.—adj. Red′-blood′ed, having reddish blood.—ns. Red′-book, a book containing the names of all persons in the service of the state: the peerage; Red′breast, a favourite song-bird, so called from the red colour of its breast, the robin; Red′-bud, the Judas-tree of America; Red′-cabb′age, a variety of cabbage, with purplish heads, used for pickling; Red′-cap, a species of goldfinch, having a conical crest of red feathers on the top of the head: a ghost with long teeth who haunts some Scotch castles; Red′-cent, a copper cent; Red′-chalk, -clay (see Reddle); Red′-coat, a British soldier, so called from his red coat; Red′-cock (slang), an incendiary fire; Red′-cor′al, the most important kind of coral in commerce, found off the coasts of Algiers and Tunis and the Italian islands.—adj. Red′-corpus′cled, having red blood-discs.—n. Red′-Crag, a division of the Pliocene.—adjs. Red′-crest′ed, having a red crest; Red′-cross, wearing or distinguished by a cross of a red colour.—n. the badge and flag adopted by every society, of whatever nation, formed for the aid of the sick and wounded in time of war, recognised by the military authorities of its own nation, and enjoying certain privileges and immunities under the Convention of Geneva (1864).—n. Red′-deer, a species of deer which is reddish-brown in summer: the common stag.—v.t. Red′den, to make red.—v.i. to grow red: to blush.—adj. Red′dish, somewhat red: moderately red.—ns. Red′dishness; Red′-dog, the lowest grade of flour in high milling; Red′-drum, the southern red-fish, or red-bass, of the southern Atlantic coast of the United States; Red′-earth, the reddish loam frequently found in regions composed of limestones; Red′-eye, or Rudd, a fresh-water fish of the same genus as the roach, chub, and minnow.—adjs. Red′-faced (Shak.), having a red face; Red′-fig′ured, relating to an ancient Greek ceramic ware, in which a black glaze was painted over the surface so as to leave the design in the red of the body.—n. Red′-gum, strophulus, a skin disease usually occurring in infants about the time of teething, and consisting of minute red pimples with occasional red patches.—adjs. Red′-haired, Red′-head′ed, having red hair.—n. Red′-hand, a bloody hand: (her.) a sinister hand, erect, open, and 'couped,' the distinguishing badge of baronets.—adj. Red′-hand′ed, in the very act, as if with bloody hands.—n. Red′-head, a person with red hair: the pochard, a red-headed duck.—adj. Red′-hot, heated to redness.—ns. Red′-lac, the Japan wax-tree; Red′-latt′ice (Shak.), an alehouse window, then usually painted red; Red′-lead, a preparation of lead of a fine red colour, used in painting, &c.—adj. Red′-legged, having red legs or feet, as a bird.—n. Red′-legs, the European red-legged partridge: the turnstone: the red-shank: (bot.) the bistort.—adj. Red′-lett′er, having red letters: auspicious or fortunate, as a day, the holidays or saints' days being indicated by red letters in the old calendars.—n. Red′-liq′uor, a crude aluminium acetate, used as a mordant in calico-printing.—adjs. Red′-litt′en, showing a red light; Red′-looked (Shak.), having a red look.—adv. Red′ly.—adj. Red′-mad (prov.), quite mad.—n. Red′-met′al, one of several alloys of copper used in silver-ware: a Japanese alloy used in decorative metal-work.—adj. Red′-necked, having a red neck.—n. Red′ness.—adjs. Red′-nose, -nosed, having a red nose, like a habitual drunkard.—ns. Red′-oak, an oak with heavy and durable reddish wood, rising to ninety feet high in eastern North America; Red′-plague, a form of the plague marked by a red spot or bubo; Red′-poll, a small northern finch: the common European linnet: the North American palm-warbler.—adjs. Red′-polled; Red′-ribbed (Tenn.), having red ribs.—ns. Red′-root, a genus of plants of the natural order Rhamnaceæ—New Jersey Tea; Reds, or Red Republicans (see Republic); Red′-saun′ders, the sliced or rasped heart-wood of Pterocarpus santalinus, used for giving colour to alcoholic liquors &c.—v.i. Red′sear, to break when too hot.—ns. Red′seed, small crustaceans which float on the sea; Red′-shank, an aquatic bird of the snipe family, with legs of a bright-red colour: a name given in ridicule to the Scottish Highlanders, and to the Irish.—adj. Red′-short, noting iron that is brittle at red-heat.—ns. Red′-short′ness; Red′skin, a Red Indian; Red′-staff, a miller's straight-edge, used in dressing millstones; Red′start, a bird belonging to the family of the warblers, appearing in Britain as a summer bird of passage; Red′streak, an apple, so called from the colour of its skin; Red′-tail, the red-tailed buzzard, one of the commonest hawks of North America.—adj. Red′-tailed (Shak.), having a red tail.—ns. Red′-thrush, the red-wing; Red′-top, a kind of bent grass; Red′-wa′ter, a disease of cattle, named from the urine being reddened with the red globules of the blood.—adj. Red′-wat′-shod (Scot.), walking in blood over the shoes.—ns. Red′-weed, the common poppy; Red′-wing, a species of thrush well known in Britain as a winter bird of passage, having an exquisite, clear, flute-like song; Red′wood, a Californian timber-tree, growing to nearly three hundred feet high.—adj. Red′-wud (Scot.), stark mad.—Red-cross knight, a knight having on his shield a red cross; Red ensign, the British flag for all vessels not belonging to the navy, consisting of a plain red flag, having the canton filled by the Union-jack (before 1864 also the special flag of the Red Squadron); Red-gum tree, a species of Eucalyptus attaining the height of 200 feet; Red pheasant, a tragopan; Red snow, snow coloured by the minute alga Protococcus nivalis, found in large patches in arctic and alpine regions.—Indian red, a permanent red pigment, orig. a natural earth rich in oxide of iron, now prepared artificially.—Royal Red Cross, a decoration for nurses, instituted by Queen Victoria in 1883. [A.S. reád; Ger. roth, L. ruber, Gr. e-rythros, Gael. ruath.]

Red, red, v.t. to put in order, make tidy: to disentangle: (coll.) to separate two men in fighting.—ns. Red′der (Scot.), one who endeavours to settle a quarrel; Red′ding, the process of putting in order; Red′ding-comb, a large-toothed comb for dressing the hair; Red′ding-straik (Scot.), a stroke received in trying to separate fighters.

Redaction, rē-dak′shun, n. the act of arranging in systematic order, esp. literary materials: the digest so made: an editorial staff.—v.t. Redact′, to edit, work up into literary form.—n. Redact′or, an editor.—adj. Redactō′rial. [Fr.,—L. redactus, pa.p. of redigĕre, to bring back.]

Redan, rē-dan′, n. (fort.) the simplest form of fieldwork, consisting of two faces which form a salient angle towards the enemy, serving to cover a bridge or causeway—quite open at the gorge. [O. Fr. redan, redent—L. re-, back, dens, a tooth.]

Redargue, rē-där′gū, v.t. to disprove.—n. Redargū′tion. [O. Fr. redarguer—L. redarguĕre—re-, back, arguĕre, to argue.]

Reddendum, re-den′dum, n. (law) the clause by which the rent is reserved in a lease:—pl. Redden′da.—n. Redden′do (Scots law), a clause in a charter specifying the services to be rendered by a vassal to his superior. [L., fut. part. pass. of reddĕre.]

Reddition, re-dish′un, n. a giving back of anything: surrender: a rendering of the sense: explanation.—adj. Redd′itive, returning an answer. [Fr.,—L. reddition-em—reddĕre, redditum, to restore.]

Reddle, red′l, n. an impure peroxide of iron (ferric oxide) associated with very variable proportions of clay or chalk—also Red′-clay, Radd′le, Red′-chalk.—n. Redd′leman, a dealer in red clay.

Rede, rēd, v.t. to counsel or advise.—n. advice: a phrase: a motto.—n. Rede′craft, logic.—adj. Rede′less, without counsel or wisdom. [Read.]

Redeem, rē-dēm′, v.t. to ransom: to relieve from captivity by a price: to rescue, deliver: to pay the penalty of: to atone for: to perform, as a promise: to improve, put to the best advantage: to recover, as a pledge.—adj. Redeem′able, that may be redeemed.—ns. Redeem′ableness; Redeem′er, one who redeems or ransoms, esp. Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world.—adjs. Redeem′ing, saving: good, as exceptional to what is bad; Redeem′less, incurable; Redemp′tive, pertaining to redemption: serving or tending to redeem; Redemp′tory, serving to redeem: paid for ransom. [O. Fr. redimer—L. redimĕre—red-, back, emĕre, to buy.]

Redeliver, rē-de-liv′ėr, v.t. to deliver back or again: to liberate a second time.—ns. Redeliv′erance; Redeliv′ery, the act of delivering back: a second delivery or liberation.

Redemand, rē-dē-mand′, v.t. to demand back or again.—n. the repetition of a demand: a demand for the return of a thing.

Redemise, rē-dē-mīz′, v.t. to convey back, as an estate.—n. such a transfer.

Redemption, rē-demp′shun, n. act of redeeming or buying back: ransom: release: the deliverance of mankind from sin and misery by Christ.—ns. Redemp′tionary, one who is set at liberty, or released from a bond, by paying a compensation or fulfilling some stipulated conditions; Redemp′tioner, one who redeemed himself from debt, or the like, by service; Redemp′tionist, one of an order of monks devoted to the redemption of Christian captives from slavery; Redemp′torist, one of a congregation of R.C. missionary priests, founded by Alfonso Liguori in 1732, whose object is the religious instruction of the people and the reform of public morality, by periodically visiting, preaching, and hearing confessions. [Fr.,—L.,—redemptus, pa.p. of redimĕre, to redeem.]

Redented, rē-den′ted, adj. formed like the teeth of a saw. [O. Fr. redent, a double notching—L. re-, again, dens, dentis, a tooth.]

Redescend, rē-dē-send′, v.i. to descend again.—n. Redescent′, a descending again.

Redevelop, rē-dē-vel′op, v.t. to intensify in photography by a second process.—n. Redevel′opment.

Redhibition, red-hi-bish′un, n. (law) an action to oblige the seller to annul the sale because of a defect—also Rehibi′tion.—adjs. Redhib′itory, Rehib′itory.

Redia, rē′di-a, n. a stage in some trematode worms immediately before cercaria:—pl. Rē′diæ. [From Redi, an Italian naturalist.]

Redifferentiate, rē-dif-e-ren′shi-āt, v.i. to differentiate a differential coefficient.—n. Redifferentiā′tion.

Redingote, red′ing-gōt, n. a double-breasted outer coat with long full skirts, worn by men, also a similar outer garment for women.

Redintegrate, rē-din′tē-grāt, v.t. to restore to integrity again: to renew:—pr.p. redin′tegrāting; pa.p. redin′tegrāted.—n. Redintegrā′tion, restoration to integrity or to a whole or sound state: renovation. [L. redintegrāre, -ātum—re-, again, integrāre, to make whole—integer.]

Rediscover, rē-dis-kuv′ėr, v.t. to discover again.—n. Rediscov′ery.

Redispose, rē-dis-pōz′, v.t. to dispose or adjust again.—n. Redisposi′tion.

Redisseize, rē-dis-sēz′, v.t. to disseize anew.—ns. Redisseiz′in (law), a writ to recover seizin of lands; Redisseiz′or.

Redissolve, rē-di-zolv′, v.t. to dissolve again.—n. Redissolū′tion.

Redistribute, rē-dis-trib′ūt, v.t. to apportion anew.—n. Redistribū′tion, a second or renewed distribution.

Redistrict, rē-dis′trikt, v.t. to divide again, as a state into districts.—n. Redis′tricting (U.S.).

Redolent, red′ō-lent, adj. diffusing odour or fragrance: scented.—ns. Red′olence, Red′olency.—adv. Red′olently. [Fr.,—L. redolens, -entis—red-, re-, again, olēre, to emit an odour.]

Redondilla, red-on-dē′lya, n. an early form of versification in which the 1st and 4th and the 2d and 3d lines of the stanza generally rhymed: in later Spanish use, a term applied to verses of 6 and 8 syllables in general, whether making perfect rhymes or assonances only. [Sp.,—L. rotundus, round.]

Redouble, rē-dub′l, v.t. to double again or repeatedly: to increase greatly: to multiply.—v.i. to become greatly increased: to become twice as much.

Redoubt, Redout, rē-dowt′, n. (fort.) a field-work enclosed on all sides, its ditch not flanked from the parapet: a central or retired work within any other works, intended to afford the garrison a last retreat—also Reduit′.—adj. (her.) bent in many angles. [Fr. redoute, réduit, a redoubt—It. ridotto—L. reducĕre, reductum—to bring back.]

Redoubt, rē-dowt′, v.t. (arch.) to fear.—adjs. Redoubt′able, valiant; Redoubt′ed (Spens.).—n. Redoubt′ing. [O. Fr. redouter, to fear greatly—L. re-, back, dubitāre, to doubt.]

Redound, rē-downd′, v.i. to be sent back by reaction, to rebound: to result, turn out: (Spens., Milt.) to overflow, to be in excess.—n. the coming back, as an effect or consequence, return.—n. Redound′ing. [Fr. rédonder—L. redundāre—re-, back, undāre, to surge—unda, a wave.]

Redowa, red′ō-a, n. a Bohemian round dance, one form resembling the waltz, the other the polka: the music for such a dance, usually in quick triple time. [Fr.,—Bohem. rejdowák.]

Redraft, rē-draft′, n. a second draft or copy: a new bill of exchange which the holder of a protested bill draws on the drawer or endorsers, for the amount of the bill, with costs and charges.

Redraw, rē-draw′, v.t. to draw again: to draw a second copy: to draw a new bill: to meet another bill of the same amount.

Redress, rē-dres′, v.t. to set right: to relieve from: to make amends to: to compensate: to dress again.—n. relief: reparation.—n. Redress′er, one who gives redress.—adjs. Redress′ible, that may be redressed; Redress′ive, affording redress; Redress′less, without relief.—n. Redress′ment, the act of redressing.

Red-tape, red′-tāp, n. the red tape used in public, and esp. government, offices for tying up documents, &c.: applied satirically to the intricate system of routine in vogue there: official formality.—adj. pertaining to official formality.—ns. Red′-tā′pism, the system of routine in government and other public offices; Red′-tā′pist, a great stickler for routine.

Redub, rē-dub′, v.t. (obs.) to make amends for.—n. Redub′ber, one who buys stolen cloth and so alters it as not to be recognised.

Reduce, rē-dūs′, v.t. to bring into a lower state, as to reduce the ores of silver: to lessen: to impoverish: to subdue: to arrange: (arith. and alg.) to change numbers or quantities from one denomination into another: to reduce to its proper form, as to reduce a fracture: to bring into a new form, as to reduce Latin to English: to weaken: to bring into a class: (Scots law) to annul by legal means: (mil.) to strike off the pay-roll.—ns. Reduc′er, one who reduces: a joint-piece for connecting pipes of varying diameter; Reducibil′ity, Reduc′ibleness, the quality of being reducible.—adj. Reduc′ible, that may be reduced.—ns. Reduc′ing-scale, a scale used by surveyors for reducing chains and links to acres and roods; Reduc′tion, act of reducing or state of being reduced: diminution: subjugation: a rule for changing numbers or quantities from one denomination to another.—adj. Reduc′tive, having the power to reduce.—Reduce to the ranks, to degrade, for misconduct, to the condition of a private soldier; Reductio ad absurdum, the proof of a proposition by proving the falsity of its contradictory opposite; Reduction works, smelting works. [L. reducĕre, reductum—re-, back, ducĕre, to lead.]

Redundance, rē-dun′dans, n. quality of being superfluous: superabundance—also Redun′dancy.—adj. Redun′dant, superfluous, as in words or images: (Milt.) flowing back, as a wave.—adv. Redun′dantly. [Fr.,—L. redund-ans, -antis, pr.p. of redundāre, to redound.]

Reduplicate, rē-dū′pli-kāt, v.t. to double again: to multiply: to repeat.—adj. doubled.—n. Reduplicā′tion, the act of redoubling: the repetition of a syllable, or of the initial part, in inflection and word-formation, as in L. fefelli, perf. of fallo, Gr. tetupha, perf. of tuptō: (anat.) a folding or doubling of a part or organ.—adj. Redū′plicātive.

Reduviidæ, red-ū-vī′i-dē, n.pl. a family of predacious bugs.—adj. Redū′vioid.—n. Redū′vius, a genus embracing about fifty species, mostly African—the Fly-bug is European.

Redux, rē′duks, adj. led back, as from captivity, &c., as in Dryden's poem on the Restoration entitled Astræa Redux: (med.) noting the reappearance of certain physical signs after interruption in consequence of disease.

Re-echo, rē-ek′ō, v.t. to echo back.—v.i. to give back echoes: to resound.—n. an echo repeated.

Reechy, rēch′i, adj. (Shak.) smoky, sooty, tanned.—n. Reech, smoke—the Scotch reek (q.v.).

Reed, rēd, n. the common English name of certain tall grasses, growing in moist or marshy places, and having a very hard or almost woody culm: a musical pipe anciently made of a reed: the sounding part of several musical instruments, as the clarinet, bassoon, oboe, and bagpipe: the speaking part of the organ, though made of metal: the appliance in weaving for separating the threads of the warp, and for beating the weft up to the web: a tube containing the powder-train leading to the blast-hole: a piece of whalebone, &c., for stiffening the skirt or waist of a woman's dress: (poet.) a missile weapon: reeds or straw for thatch: a measuring reed.—v.t. to thatch.—ns. Reed′-band, a musical band including clarinets and other reed-instruments; Reed′-bird, the bobolink; Reed′-bunt′ing, the black-headed bunting of Europe.—adjs. Reed′ed, covered with reeds: formed with reed-like ridges or channels; Reed′en, consisting of a reed or reeds.—ns. Reed′er, a thatcher; Reed′-grass, any one of the grasses called reeds; Reed′iness, the state of being reedy; Reed′ing, the milling on the edge of a coin: (archit.) ornamental beaded mouldings, &c.; Reed′-in′strument, a musical instrument, the tone of which is produced by the vibration of a reed; Reed′-knife, a metal implement for adjusting the tuning wires in a pipe-organ; Reed′ling, the European bearded titmouse; Reed′-mace, any plant of the genus Typha, esp. either of two species, also called Cat's tail, the most common of which grows to a height of five or six feet, and is sometimes called Bulrush; Reed′-mō′tion, the mechanism which in power-looms moves the batten; Reed′-or′gan, a key-board musical instrument of which the harmonium and the American organ are the principal types; Reed′-pheas′ant, the bearded titmouse or reedling; Reed′-pipe, in organ-building, a pipe whose tone is produced by the vibration of a reed: Reed′-plane, a concave-soled plane used in making beads; Reed′-stop, a set of reed-pipes in organs, the use of which is controlled by a single stop-knob; Reed′-war′bler, a species of the warblers, frequenting marshy places, and building its nest on the reeds which grow there—also Reed′-thrush; Reed′-wren, the greater reed-warbler: an American wren.—adj. Reed′y, abounding with reeds: resembling or sounding as a reed—n. masses of rods of iron imperfectly welded together. [A.S. hreód; Dut. riet, Ger. ried.]

Re-edify, rē-ed′i-fī, v.t. to rebuild.—n. Re-edificā′tion, the act of rebuilding: the state of being rebuilt.

Reef, rēf, n. a chain of rocks lying at or near the surface of the water: a shoal or elevated bank: a lode, vein, or ledge, in Australian mining phraseology. [Dut. rif; Ice. rif.]

Reef, rēf, n. a portion of a sail rolled or folded up.—v.t. to reduce the exposed surface of, as a sail: to gather up any material in a similar way.—ns. Reef′-band, a strong strip of canvas extending across a sail to strengthen it; Reef′er, a reef-oyster: one who reefs: a short jacket worn by sailors: a midshipman; Reef′-goose, the common wild goose of North America; Reef′ing, the gathering up of a curtain in short festoons; Reef′ing-jack′et, a pea-jacket; Reef′-knot, a square knot; Reef′-line, a temporary means of spilling a sail; Reef′-pend′ant, in fore and aft sails, a rope through a sheave-hole in the boom; Reef′-squid, a lashing used aboard the luggers on the south coast of England; Reef′-tack′le, a tackle used to facilitate reefing.—adjs. Reef′y, full of reefs; Close′-reefed, the condition of a sail when all its reefs have been taken in. [Dut. reef, reef; Ice. rif, Dan. reb.]

Reef, rēf, adj. (Scot.) scabby.—n. the itch. [A.S. hreóf, scabby.]

Reek, rēk, n. smoke: vapour.—v.i. to emit smoke or vapour: to steam.—adj. Reek′y, full of reek: smoky: soiled with steam or smoke: foul. [A.S. réc; Ice. reykr, Ger. rauch, Dut. rook, smoke.]

Reel, rēl, n. a lively Scottish dance for two couples or more, its music generally written in common time of four crotchets in a measure, but sometimes in jig time of six quavers: music for such a dance.—v.i. to dance a reel. [Gael. righil.]

Reel, rēl, n. a rolling or turning frame for winding yarn, &c.—v.t. to wind on a reel.—adj. Reel′able, capable of being reeled.—ns. Reel′-click, an attachment to an angler's reel, which checks the line from running out too freely; Reel′-cott′on, sewing cotton thread wound on reels or spools; Reel′er, one who reels: the grasshopper-warbler; Reel′-hold′er, a rotatory frame to hold spools or reels of thread used in sewing: one of the watch in a man-of-war who hauls in the line when the log is heaved to ascertain the ship's speed; Reel′ing-machine′, a machine for winding thread on spools or reels: a machine which winds into hanks the cotton yarn received from the bobbins of the spinning-frames; Reel′-line, a fishing-line used on a reel by anglers, esp. the part reeled, as distinguished from that cast; Reel′-plate, the metal plate of a fishing-reel that fits into the reel-seat; Reel′-seat, the groove on an angler's rod which receives the reel.—Reel off, to give out with rapidity or fluency. [A.S. reól, hreól.]

Reel, rēl, v.i. to stagger: to vacillate.—n. giddiness.—adv. Reel′-rall (Scot.), topsy-turvy. [Conn. with preceding word.]

Re-eligible, rē-el′i-ji-bl, adj. capable of re-election.—n. Re-eligibil′ity.

Reem, rēm, n. an animal mentioned in Job, xxxix. 9—unicorn, wild ox, or ox-antelope.

Re-embark, rē-em-bärk′, v.t. to embark or put on board again.—n. Re-embarkā′tion.

Re-embattle, rē-em-bat′l, v.t. (Milt.) to range again in order of battle.

Re-emerge, rē-ē-mėrj′, v.i. to emerge again.—n. Re-emerg′ence, the act of emerging again.

Reeming, rēm′ing, n. the act of opening the seams between the planks of a vessel with a caulking-iron, in order to admit the oakum.

Re-encouragement, rē-en-kur′āj-ment, n. renewed or repeated encouragement.

Re-engage, rē-en-gāj′, v.t. and v.i. to engage again or a second time.—n. Re-engage′ment, a renewed or repeated engagement.

Re-enter, rē-en′tėr, v.t. and v.i. to enter again or anew: in engraving, to cut deeper where the aqua fortis has not bitten sufficiently.—p.adj. Re-en′tering, entering again: turning inwards.—n. Re-en′trance, the act of entering again.—adj. Re-en′trant (same as Re-entering).—n. Re-en′try, an entering again: the resuming a possession lately lost.—Re-entering angle, an angle pointing inwards.

Re-enthrone, rē-en-thrōn′, v.t. to restore to the throne.—n. Re-enthrone′ment.

Reest, Reist, rēst, v.i. (Scot.) of a horse, suddenly to refuse to move, to baulk.—v.t. to arrest, stop.

Re-establish, rē-es-tab′lish, v.t. to establish again: to restore.—ns. Re-estab′lisher, one who re-establishes; Re-estab′lishment.

Reeve, rēv, n. a steward or other officer (now used only in composition, as in sheriff)—a title applied to several classes of old English magistrates over various territorial areas, as borough-reeves, over boroughs; port-reeves, in trading towns, in ports; high-reeves, &c. [M. E. reve—A.S. geréfa—róf, excellent. Cf. Ger. graf.]

Reeve, rēv, v.t. to pass the end of a rope through any hole, as the channel of a block:—pa.t. and pa.p. reeved, also rove (naut.). [Reef (2).]

Re-examine, rē-eg-zam′in, v.t. to examine again or anew.—n. Re-examinā′tion, a renewed or repeated examination.

Re-exchange, rē-eks-chānj′, v.t. to exchange again or anew.—n. a renewed exchange.

Re-export, rē-eks-pōrt′, v.t. to export again, as what has been imported.—n. Re-exportā′tion, the act of exporting what has first been imported.

Refashion, rē-fash′un, v.t. to fashion or mould again.—n. Refash′ionment.

Refection, rē-fek′shun, n. refreshment: a meal or repast.—n. Refec′tioner.—adj. Refec′tive, refreshing.—n. Refec′tory, the place where refections or meals are taken, esp. in convents or monasteries. [Fr.,—L. refectio—reficĕre, refectum—re-, again, facĕre, to make.]

Refel, rē-fel′, v.t. (Shak.) to refute, to disprove. [O. Fr.,—L. refellĕre—re-, again, fallĕre, to deceive.]

Refer, rē-fėr, v.t. to submit to another person or authority: to assign: to reduce: to carry back: to trace back: to hand over for consideration: to deliver over, as to refer a matter: to appeal: to direct for information.—v.i. to direct the attention: to give a reference: to have reference or recourse: to relate: to allude:—pr.p. refer′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. referred′.—adjs. Ref′erable, Refer′rible, that may be referred or assigned to.—ns. Referēē′, one to whom anything is referred: an arbitrator, umpire, or judge; Ref′erence, the act of referring: a submitting for information or decision: relation: allusion: one who, or that which, is referred to: (law) the act of submitting a dispute for investigation or decision: a testimonial: a direction in a book, a quotation; Ref′erence-Bī′ble, a Bible having references to parallel passages; Ref′erence-book, a book to be referred to or consulted, as an encyclopædia; Ref′erence-Lī′brary, a library containing books to be consulted only in the premises.—n.pl. Ref′erence-marks (print.), the characters *, †, &c., used to refer to notes, &c.—ns. Referendar′, in Germany, a legal probationer who has passed the first of the two examinations for the judicial service; Referen′dary, one to whose decision a cause is referred, a referee: formerly a public official whose duty was to procure, execute, and despatch diplomas and charters, or who served as the medium of communication with a sovereign: the official through whom the patriarch of Constantinople communicates with the civil authorities; Referen′dum, in Switzerland, the right of the people to have all legislative acts passed in the Federal or Cantonal Assemblies referred to them en masse.—adj. Referen′tial, containing a reference: pointing or referring to something else.—adv. Referen′tially, in the way of reference.—ns. Refer′ment; Refer′rer. [O. Fr. referer (référer)—L. referre, to carry back—re-, back, ferre, to carry.]

Refigure, rē-fig′ūr, v.t. to represent anew: (astrol.) to restore the parabolic figure of, as of a parabolic mirror.

Refine, rē-fīn′, v.t. to separate from extraneous matter: to reduce to a fine or pure state: to purify: to clarify: to polish: to make elegant: to purify the manners, morals, language, &c.—v.i. to become fine or pure: to affect nicety: to improve in any kind of excellence.—p.adj. Refined′, made fine: polished: highly cultivated.—adv. Refin′edly, in a refined manner: with affected elegance.—ns. Refin′edness, Refine′ment, act of refining or state of being refined: purification: separation from what is impure, &c.: cultivation: elegance: polish: purity: an excessive nicety; Refin′er, one who refuses anything: a piece of mechanism for refining, as a gas purifier; Refin′ery, a place for refining; Refin′ing, the act or process of refining or purifying, particularly metals. [L. re-, denoting change of state, and fine; cf. Fr. raffiner.]

Refit, rē-fit′, v.t. to fit or prepare again.—v.i. to repair damages.—ns. Refit′, Refit′ment.

Reflect, rē-flekt′, v.t. to bend back: to throw back after striking upon any surface, as light, &c.—v.i. to be thrown back, as light, heat, &c.: to revolve in the mind: to consider attentively or deeply: to ponder: to cast reproach or censure (with on, upon).—p.adj. Reflect′ed, cast or thrown back: turned upward: reflexed.—adjs. Reflect′ible, capable of being reflected; Reflect′ing, throwing back light, heat, &c.: given to reflection: thoughtful.—adv. Reflect′ingly, with reflection: with censure.—Reflecting telescope, a form of telescope in which the image of the object to be viewed is produced by a concave reflector instead of a lens, as in the refracting telescope. [Fr.,—L. reflectĕre, reflexum—re-, again, flectĕre, to bend.]

Reflection, Reflexion, rē-flek′shun, n. the act of reflecting: the change of direction when a ray of light, &c., strikes upon a surface and is thrown back: the state of being reflected: that which is reflected: the action of the mind by which it is conscious of its own operations: attentive consideration: contemplation: censure or reproach: (anat.) the folding of a part, a fold.—adj. Reflect′ive, reflecting: considering the operations of the mind: exercising thought or reflection: (gram.) reciprocal.—adv. Reflect′ively.—ns. Reflect′iveness; Reflect′or, one who, or that which, reflects: a mirror or polished reflecting surface: a censurer.—adj. Reflect′ory.

Reflet, re-flā′, n. iridescent glaze, as on pottery: ware possessing this property.

Reflex, rē′fleks, adj. bent or turned back: reflected: reciprocal: acting and reacting, as reflex influence: (physiol.) said of certain movements which take place independent of the will, being sent back from a nerve-centre in answer to a stimulus from the surface: (paint.) illuminated by light reflected from another part of the same picture.—n. reflection: light reflected from an illuminated surface: a copy.—v.t. Reflex′, to bend back.—p.adj. Reflexed′ (bot.), bent backward or downward.—n. Reflexibil′ity.—adjs. Reflex′ible, Reflect′ible, that may be reflected or thrown back.—n. Reflex′ity.—adj. Reflex′ive, turning backward: reflective: respecting the past: relating to a verb in which the action turns back upon the subject, as I bethought myself.—adv. Reflex′ively.—n. Reflex′iveness, the state or quality of being reflexive.—adv. Rē′flexly (also Reflex′ly).—adj. Reflexogen′ic, tending to increase reflex motions.

Reflorescence, rē-flor-es′ens, n. a blossoming anew.—v.i. Reflour′ish.

Reflow, rē-flō′, v.i. to flow back.—ns. Reflow′, Reflow′ing.

Refluent, ref′lōō-ent, adj. flowing back: ebbing.—ns. Ref′luence, Ref′luency.—adj. Rē′flux, flowing or returning back: reflex.—n. a flowing back: ebb.—n. Reflux′ing. [L. refluens, -entis, pr.p. of refluĕre—re-, back, fluĕre, fluxum, to flow.]

Refocillate, rē-fos′il-āt, v.t. (obs.) to revive.—n. Refocillā′tion. [L. re-, again, focillāre, to cherish—focus, a hearth.]

Reforest, rē-for′est, v.t. to plant again with trees.—n. Reforestā′tion.

Reforge, rē-fōrj′, v.t. to forge again or anew: to make over again.—n. Reforg′er.

Reform, rē-form′, v.t. to form again or anew: to transform: to make better: to remove that which is objectionable from: to repair or improve: to reclaim.—v.i. to become better: to abandon evil: to be corrected or improved.—n. a forming anew: change, amendment, improvement: an extension or better distribution of parliamentary representation, as in the Reform Bill.—adj. Refor′mable.—n. Reformā′tion, the act of forming again: the act of reforming: amendment: improvement: the great religious revolution of the 16th century, which gave rise to the various evangelical or Protestant organisations of Christendom.—adjs. Refor′mātive, forming again or anew: tending to produce reform; Refor′mātory, reforming: tending to produce reform.—n. an institution for reclaiming youths and children who have been convicted of crime.—adj. Reformed′, formed again or anew: changed: amended: improved: denoting the churches formed after the Reformation, esp. those in which the Calvinistic doctrines, and still more the Calvinistic polity, prevail, in contradistinction to the Lutheran.—ns. Refor′mer, one who reforms: one who advocates political reform: one of those who took part in the Reformation of the 16th century; Refor′mist, a reformer.—Reformed Presbyterians, a Presbyterian denomination originating in Scotland (see Cameronian); Reform school, a reformatory. [L. re-, again, formāre, to shape—forma, form.]

Reformade, ref-or-mād′, n. (Bunyan) a reduced or dismissed soldier.—n. Reformā′do, an officer without a command.—adj. degraded: penitent.

Refound, rē-fownd′, v.t. to establish on a new basis: to cast anew.—n. Refound′er.

Refract, rē-frakt′, v.t. to break back or open: to break the natural course, or bend from a direct line, as rays of light, &c.—adj. Rēfrac′table.—p.adjs. Rēfrac′ted, turned out of its straight course, as a ray of light: (bot., &c.) bent back at an acute angle; Rēfrac′ting, serving or tending to refract: refractive.—n. Rēfrac′tion, the act of refracting: the change in the direction of a ray of light, heat, &c., when it enters a different medium.—adj. Rēfrac′tive, refracting: pertaining to refraction.—ns. Rēfrac′tiveness; Rēfractiv′ity; Rēfractom′eter, an instrument for measuring the refractive power of different substances; Rēfrac′tor, a refracting telescope.—Angle of refraction, the angle between a perpendicular and a ray of light after its change of direction, bearing a constant ratio to the sine of the angle of incidence—the index of refraction; Astronomical, or Atmospheric, refraction, the apparent angular elevation of the heavenly bodies above their true places, caused by the refraction of the rays of light in their passage through the earth's atmosphere; Double refraction, the separation of an incident ray of light into two refracted rays, polarised in perpendicular planes. [L. refringĕre, refractum—re-, back, frangĕre, to break.]

Refractory, rē-frak′to-ri, adj. breaking through rules: unruly: unmanageable: obstinate: perverse: difficult of fusion, as metals, &c.: not susceptible, as to disease.—adv. Refrac′torily.—n. Refrac′toriness.

Refragable, ref′ra-ga-bl, adj. that may be resisted: capable of refutation.—ns. Refragabil′ity, Ref′ragableness.—v.i. Ref′ragāte (obs.), to be contrary in effect. [L. refragāri, to resist—re-, again, frangĕre, to break.]

Refrain, rē-frān′, n. a burden or chorus recurring at the end of each division of a poem: the musical form to which the burden of a song is set: an after-taste or other sense impression. [O. Fr. refrain—refraindre—L. refringĕre (refrangĕre).]

Refrain, rē-frān′, v.t. to curb: to restrain.—v.i. to keep from action: to forbear.—ns. Refrain′er; Refrain′ment. [O. Fr. refraindre (Fr. refréner)—Low L. refrenāre—re-, back, frenum, a bridle.]

Refranation, rēf-ra-nā′shun, n. (astrol.) the failure of a planetary aspect to occur.

Refrangible, rē-fran′ji-bl, adj. that may be refracted, or turned out of a direct course, as rays of light, heat, &c.—ns. Refrangibil′ity, Refran′gibleness.

Refresh, rē-fresh′, v.t. to give new strength, spirit, &c. to: to revive after exhaustion: to enliven: to restore a fresh appearance to.—v.i. to become fresh again: (coll.) to take refreshment, as food and drink.—v.t. Rēfresh′en, to make fresh again.—n. Rēfresh′er, one who, or that which, refreshes: a fee paid to counsel for continuing his attention to a case, esp. when adjourned.—adj. Rēfresh′ful, full of power to refresh: refreshing.—adv. Rēfresh′fully.—p.adj. Rēfresh′ing, reviving, invigorating.—adv. Rēfresh′ingly, in a refreshing manner: so as to revive.—ns. Rēfresh′ingness; Refresh′ment, the act of refreshing: new strength or spirit after exhaustion: that which refreshes, as food or rest—(pl.) usually food and drink.—Refreshment, or Refection, Sunday, the fourth Sunday in Lent.

Refrigerant, rē-frij′ė-rant, adj. making cold: cooling: refreshing.—n. that which cools.—v.t. Rēfrig′erāte, to make cold: to cool: to refresh.—n. Rēfrigerā′tion.—adjs. Rēfrig′erātive, Rēfrig′erātory, cooling: refreshing.—ns. Rēfrig′erātor, an apparatus for preserving food by keeping it at a low temperature: an ice-safe; Rēfrig′erātor-car, a freight-car fitted for preserving meat, &c., during transmission, by means of cold; Rēfrig′erātory, a cooler: a vessel or apparatus for cooling, used in brewing, &c.; Rēfrigē′rium (obs.), cooling refreshment. [Fr.,—L. re-, denoting change of state, frigerāre, -ātum, to cool, frigus, cold.]

Refringe, rē-frinj′, v.t. to infringe.—n. Rēfring′ency, refractive power.—adj. Rēfrin′gent.

Refuge, ref′ūj, n. that which affords shelter or protection: an asylum or retreat: a resource or expedient.—v.t. to find shelter for.—v.i. to take shelter.—ns. Refugēē′, one who flees for refuge to another country, esp. from religious persecution or political commotion; Refugēē′ism.—City of refuge (see City); House of refuge, an institution for the shelter of the destitute. [Fr.,—L. refugium—re-, back, frugĕre, to flee.]

Refulgence, rē-ful′jens, n. state of being refulgent: brightness: brilliance—also Rēful′gency.—adj. Rēful′gent, casting a flood of light: shining: brilliant.—adv. Rēful′gently. [Fr.,—L. refulgens, -entis, pr.p. of refulgēre—re-, inten., fulgēre, to shine.]

Refund, rē-fund′, v.t. to repay: to restore: to return what has been taken.—ns. Refund′; Refund′er; Refund′ment. [Fr.,—L. refundĕre, refusum—re-, back, fundĕre, to pour.]

Refurnish, rē-fur′nish, v.t. to furnish again: to supply or provide anew.

Refuse, rē-fūz′, v.t. to reject: to deny, as a request, &c.: to disown: to fail to receive, to repel: (mil.) to hold troops back from the regular alignment.—v.i. to decline acceptance: not to comply.—adj. Refū′sable, capable of being refused.—ns. Refū′sal, denial of anything requested: rejection: the right of taking in preference to others; Rēfū′ser. [Fr. refuser, prob. due to confusion of L. refutāre, to drive back, recusāre, to make an objection against.]

Refuse, ref′ūs, adj. refused: worthless.—n. that which is rejected or left as worthless: dross.

Refuse, rē-fūz′, v.t. to melt again.—n. Rēfū′sion, repeated fusion or melting, as of metals: restoration.

Refute, rē-fūt′, v.t. to repel: to oppose: to disprove.—n. Rēfutabil′ity.—adj. Rēfū′table, that may be refuted or disproved.—adv. Rēfū′tably.—n. Refutā′tion, the act of refuting or disproving.—adj. Rēfū′tātory, tending to refute: refuting.—n. Rēfū′ter, one who, or that which, refutes. [Fr. réfuter—L. refutāre—re-, back, root of fundĕre, futilis.]

Regal, rē′gal, adj. belonging to a king: kingly: royal.—adv. Rē′gally. [Fr.,—L. regalis—rex, a king—regĕre, to rule.]

Regal, rē′gal, n. a small portable organ used to support treble voices.—Also Rig′ole. [Fr.,—It.,—L. regalis, royal.]

Regale, rē-gāl′, v.t. to entertain in a sumptuous manner: to refresh: to gratify.—v.i. to feast.—n. a regal or magnificent feast.—ns. Regale′ment, the act of regaling: entertainment: refreshment; Regā′ler. [Fr. régaler, derived by Diez, like Sp. regalar, from L. regelāre, to thaw. Scheler prefers to connect with O. Fr. galer, to rejoice (cf. Gala), and Skeat follows him.]

Regalia, rē-gā′li-a, n.pl. the ensigns of royalty: the crown, sceptre, &c., esp. those used at a coronation: the rights and privileges of kings: the distinctive symbols of a particular order.—n. Rēgā′lē, the power of the sovereign in ecclesiastical affairs.—adj. Rēgā′lian, regal, sovereign.—ns. Rē′galism, Rēgal′ity, state of being regal: royalty: sovereignty: (Scot.) a territorial jurisdiction formerly conferred by the king.—adv. Rē′gally. [Neut. pl. of L. regalis, royal.]

Regard, rē-gärd′, v.t. to observe particularly: to hold in respect or affection: to pay attention to: to care for: to keep or observe: to esteem: to consider as important or valuable: to have respect or relation to.—n. (orig.) look, gaze: attention with interest: observation: respect: affection: repute: relation: reference: (pl.) good wishes.—adjs. Regar′dable; Regar′dant, looking to: (her.) looking behind or backward.—n. Regar′der.—adj. Regard′ful, full of regard: taking notice: heedful: attentive.—adv. Regard′fully.—n. Regard′fulness.—prep. Regar′ding, respecting, concerning.—adj. Regard′less, without regard: not attending: negligent: heedless.—adv. Regard′lessly.—ns. Regard′lessness; Regard′-ring, a ring set with stones whose initial letters make the word regard, as ruby, emerald, garnet, amethyst, ruby, diamond.—As regards, with regard to; In regard of, in view of; In this regard, in this respect. [Fr. regarder—re-, again, garder, to keep.]

Regatta, rē-gat′a, n. a race of yachts: any rowing or sailing match. [It. regatta, rigatta—Old It. regattare, to haggle, prob. a form of It. recatare, to retail—L. re-, again, captāre, to catch.]

Regelation, rē-jē-lā′shun, n. the act of freezing anew.—v.i. Rē′gelāte, to freeze together. [L. re-, again, gelāre, to freeze.]

Regency, rē′jen-si, n. the office, jurisdiction, or dominion of a regent: a body entrusted with vicarious government.—n. Rē′gence (obs.), government.

Regenerate, rē-jen′ėr-āt, v.t. to produce anew: (theol.) to renew the heart and turn it to the love of God.—adj. regenerated, renewed: changed from a natural to a spiritual state.—ns. Regen′erācy, Regen′erāteness, state of being regenerate.—n. Regenerā′tion, act of regenerating: state of being regenerated: (theol.) new birth, the change from a carnal to a Christian life: the renewal of the world at the second coming of Christ.—adj. Regen′erātive, pertaining to regeneration: renewal.—adv. Regen′erātively.—n. Regen′erātor, a chamber filled with a checker-work of fire-bricks, in which the waste heat is, by reversal of the draught, alternately stored up and given out to the gas and air entering the furnace.—adj. Regen′erātory.—n. Regen′esis, the state of being renewed.—Baptismal regeneration (see Baptise). [L. regenerāre, -ātum, to bring forth again—re-, again, generāre, to generate.]

Regent, rē′jent, adj. invested with interim or vicarious sovereign authority.—n. one invested with interim authority: one who rules for the sovereign: a college professor, as formerly in Scotland and elsewhere: a master or doctor who takes part in the regular duties of instruction and government in some universities.—ns. Rē′gent-bird, an Australian bird related to the bower-birds; Rē′gentess; Rē′gentship, office of a regent: deputed authority. [Fr.,—L. regens, -entis, pr.p. of regĕre, to rule.]

Regerminate, rē-jėr′min-āt, v.i. to germinate or bud again.—n. Regerminā′tion.

Regian, rē′ji-an, n. (obs.) a royalist.—Rē′giam majestā′tem, a collection of ancient laws bearing to have been compiled by order of David I. of Scotland, now generally believed to be a compilation from Glanville's Tractatus de legibus.

Regicide, rej′i-sīd, n. the murderer of a king—applied esp. to the members of the High Court of Justice who sentenced Charles I. to death.—adj. Regicī′dal. [Fr.,—L. rex, regis, a king, cædĕre, to kill.]

Regifugium, rē-ji-fū′ji-um, n. an ancient Roman festival commemorating the expulsion of the Tarquins.

Régime, rā-zhēm′, n. mode of ruling one's diet: form of government: administration.—Ancien régime, the political system that prevailed in France before the Revolution of 1789. [Fr.,—L. regimen—regĕre, to rule.]

Regimen, rej′i-men, n. rule prescribed: orderly government: any regulation for gradual improvement: (med.) rule of diet, habit with regard to food: (gram.) the government of one word by another: words governed:—pl. Regim′ina.—adj. Regim′inal. [L.]

Regiment, rej′i-ment, n. a body of soldiers constituting the largest permanent unit, commanded by a colonel: rule.—v.t. to form into a regiment: to organise.—adj. Regiment′al, relating to a regiment.—n.pl. the uniform of a regiment.—n. Regimentā′tion, classification.—Regimental district, the territory allotted to each regiment for recruiting purposes.

Region, rē′jun, n. a portion of land: country: any area or district, with respect to fauna, flora, &c.: (Shak.) rank, dignity: (Shak.) the elemental space between the earth and the moon's orbit.—adj. Rē′gional, topical: local: topographical.—n. Rē′gionalism, sectionalism.—adv. Rē′gionally.—n. Regionā′rius, a title given to R.C. ecclesiastics who have jurisdiction over certain districts of Rome.—adjs. Rē′gionary; Rēgion′ic. [O. Fr.,—L. regio, regionis—regĕre, to rule.]

Register, rej′is-tėr, n. a written record, regularly kept: the book containing the register: that which registers or records: one who registers, as the Scotch 'Lord Clerk Register:' that which regulates, as the damper of a furnace or stove: a stop or range of pipes on the organ, &c.: the compass of a voice or of a musical instrument: (print.) exact adjustment of position in the presswork of books printed on both sides.—v.t. to enter in a register: to record.—adjs. Reg′isterable, Reg′istrable, capable of being registered; Reg′istered, enrolled, as a registered voter.—ns. Reg′ister-grate, a grate with a shutter behind; Reg′ister-off′ice, a record-office: an employment office; Reg′ister-plate, in rope-making, a disc having holes so arranged as to give the yarns passing through them their proper position for entering into the general twist; Reg′istrant, one who registers, esp. a trade-mark or patent; Reg′istrar, one who keeps a register or official record; Reg′istrar-gen′eral, an officer having the superintendence of the registration of all births, deaths, and marriages; Reg′istrarship, office of a registrar.—v.t. Reg′istrāte.—ns. Registrā′tion, act of registering: in organ-playing, the act of combining stops for the playing of given pieces of music; Reg′istry, act of registering: place where a register is kept: facts recorded.—Registration Act, a statute of 1885 extending the borough system of registration to county towns; Registration of British ships, a duty imposed on ship-owners in order to secure to their vessels the privileges of British ships; Registration of copyright, the recording of the title of a book for the purpose of securing the copyright; Registration of trade-marks, the public system of registering such, with a view to secure their exclusive use.—Parish register, a book in which the births, deaths, and marriages are inscribed; Ship's register, a document showing the ownership of a vessel. [O. Fr. registre—Low L. registrum, for L. regestum, pl. regesta—re-, back, gerĕre, to carry.]

Regius, rē′ji-us, adj. appointed by the Crown, as Rē′gius profess′or, one whose chair was founded by Henry VIII.; in Scotland, any professor whose chair was founded by the Crown.—Rē′gium dō′num, an annual grant of public money to Presbyterian and other nonconformist ministers in England, Scotland, and esp. Ireland, where it only ceased in 1871.

Reglement, reg′l-ment, n. (Bacon) regulation.—adj. Reglemen′tary. [Fr.]

Reglet, reg′let, n. a flat, narrow moulding, used to separate panels, &c.: a fillet: (print.) a ledge of wood thicker than a lead, and used for a like purpose.—n. Reg′let-plane, a plane for making printers' reglets. [Fr., dim. of règle—L. regula, a rule.]

Regma, reg′ma, n. (bot.) a capsule with two or more lobes, each of which dehisces at maturity:—pl. Reg′mata. [Gr. rhēgma, a fracture.]

Regnal, reg′nal, adj. pertaining to the reign of a monarch.—n. Reg′nancy, condition of being regnant: reign: predominance.—adj. Reg′nant, reigning or ruling: predominant: exercising regal authority.—ns. Reg′nicide, the destroyer of a kingdom; Reg′num, a badge of royalty, esp. the early form of the pope's tiara.—Regnal year, the year of a sovereign's reign. [L. regnans, regnantis, pr.p. of regnāre, regĕre, to rule.]

Regorge, rē-gorj′, v.t. to swallow again: (Milt.) to swallow eagerly: to vomit, to throw back.

Regrate, rē-grāt′, v.t. in masonry, to remove the outer surface so as to give a fresh appearance.

Regrate, rē-grāt′, v.t. to buy and sell again in the same market, thus raising the price—once a criminal offence in England.—ns. Regrā′ter, -tor, a huckster who buys and sells provisions in the same fair; Regrā′ting. [O. Fr. regrater—Low L. recatare, to retail—L. re-, back, captāre, to catch.]

Regreet, rē-grēt′, v.t. (Shak.) to greet or salute again.—n. (Shak.) exchange of salutation.

Regress, rē-gres′, n. passage back: return: power of returning: re-entry.—v.i. to go back: to return to a former place or state: (astron.) to move from east to west.—n. Regres′sion, act of going back or returning.—adj. Regress′ive, going back: returning.—adv. Regress′ively, in a regressive manner: by return. [L. regressus, perf. p. of regredi—re-, back, gradi, gressus, to step, go.]

Regret, rē-gret′, v.t. to grieve at: to remember with sorrow:—pr.p. regret′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. regret′ted.—n. sorrow for anything: concern: remorse: a written expression of regret.—adj. Regret′ful, full of regret.—adv. Regret′fully.—adj. Regret′table.—adv. Regret′tably. [O. Fr. regrater, to desire, prob. from L. re-, again, and an Old Low Ger. form, appearing in A.S. grǽtan, Goth. gretan, to weep, Scot. greet. Others explain as from L. re-, in neg. sense, and gratus, pleasing.]

Reguerdon, rē-gėr′dun, v.t. (Shak.) to reward.—n. (Shak.) a reward.—n. Reguer′donment.

Regula, reg′ū-la, n. a book of rules for a religious house: (archit.) one of the bands under a Doric triglyph or between the canals of the triglyphs:—pl. Reg′ulæ (-lē). [L. regula, a rule.]

Regular, reg′ū-lar, adj. according to rule, or to law, order, custom, established practice, or mode prescribed: in accordance with nature or art, or the ordinary form or course of things: governed by rule: uniform: periodical: unbroken: methodical, orderly, systematic: strict: pursued with steadiness: straight: level: instituted according to established forms: normal, natural: consistent: usual, customary: (gram.) according to ordinary rule, as 'regular verbs:' (bot.) symmetrical in form: (geom.) having all the sides and angles equal: belonging to the permanent or standing army—opp. to Militia and Volunteer: (coll.) thorough, out and out, as 'a regular deception:' as opp. to Secular in the R.C. Church, denoting monks, friars, &c. under a monastic rule.—n. a soldier belonging to the permanent army: a member of a religious order who has taken the three ordinary vows: (chron.) a number for each year, giving, added to the concurrents, the number of the day of the week on which the paschal full moon falls: a fixed number for each month serving to ascertain the day of the week, or the age of the moon, on the first day of any month.—n.pl. Regulā′ria, the regular sea-urchins.—n. Regularisā′tion.—v.t. Reg′ularise, to make regular.—n. Regular′ity, conformity to rule: method: uniformity.—adv. Reg′ularly.—n. Reg′ularness.—v.t. Reg′ulāte, to make regular: to adjust by rule: to subject to rules or restrictions: to put in good order.—ns. Reg′ulating-screw, in organ-building, a screw by which the dip of the digitals of the keyboard of an organ may be adjusted; Regulā′tion, act of regulating: state of being regulated: a rule or order prescribed: precept: law.—adj. Reg′ulātive, tending to regulate.—n. Reg′ulātor, one who, or that which, regulates: a lever which regulates the motion of a watch, &c.: anything that regulates motion.—adj. Reg′ulātory.—n.fem. Reg′ulātress. [L. regularis—regula, a rule—regĕre, to rule.]

Regulus, reg′ū-lus, n. an intermediate and impure product in the smelting of metallic ores: antimony: the golden-crested wren.—adj. Reg′uline.—v.t. Reg′ulise. [L., 'little king.']

Regur, rē′gur, n. the rich black cotton soil of India, full of organic matter.—Also Rē′gar. [Hind.]

Regurgitate, rē-gur′ji-tāt, v.t. to throw or pour back from a deep place.—v.i. to be thrown or poured back:—pr.p. regur′gitāting; pa.p. regur′gitāted.—n. Regurgitā′tion, the act of pouring or flowing back. [O. Fr.,—Low L. regurgitāre, -ātum—re-, back, gurges, gurgitis, a gulf.]

Reh, rā, n. a saline efflorescence which comes to the surface in extensive tracts of Upper India.

Rehabilitate, rē-ha-bil′i-tāt, v.t. to reinstate, restore to former privileges.—n. Rehabilitā′tion, the act of restoring to forfeited rights or privileges. [Fr. réhabiliter—L. re-, again, habilitāre—habēre, to have.]

Rehash, rē-hash′, v.t. to hash over again.—n. something made up of materials formerly used.

Rehear, rē-hēr′, v.t. to hear again: to try over again, as a lawsuit.—n. Rehear′ing.

Rehearsal, rē-hėr′sal, n. act of rehearsing: recital: recital and performance for practice previous to public representation.—v.t. Rehearse′, to repeat what has already been said: to narrate: to recite before a public representation.—ns. Rehear′ser; Rehear′sing. [O. Fr. rehercer, reherser—re-, again, hercer, to harrow—herce (Fr. herse), a harrow.]

Reheat, rē-hēt, v.t. to heat anew.—n. Reheat′er, an apparatus for restoring heat to a body.

Rehybridise, rē-hī′bri-dīz, v.t. to cause to interbreed with a different species.

Rehypothecate, rē-hī-poth′ē-kāt, v.t. to lend as security bonds already pledged.—n. Rehypothecā′tion.

Reichsrath, rīhs′rät, n. the chief deliberative body in the western part of the Austrian Empire, excluding Hungary, which has its own parliament.

Reichstag, rīhs′täh, n. the chief deliberative body in the German Empire, exercising legislative power in conjunction with the Bundesrath: the diet of the old German Empire.

Reification, rē-if-i-kā′shun, n. materialisation.—v.t. Rē′ify, to make real or material.

Reign, rān, n. rule: dominion, as Reign of Terror: royal authority: supreme power: influence: time during which a sovereign rules.—v.i. to rule: to have sovereign power: to be predominant. [Fr. règne—L. regnum—regĕre, to rule.]

Reilluminate, rē-il-lū′min-āt, v.t. to illuminate or enlighten again.—n. Reilluminā′tion.

Reimburse, rē-im-burs′, v.t. to refund: to pay an equivalent to for loss or expense.—adj. Reimburs′able, capable of being repaid: intended to be repaid.—ns. Reimburse′ment, act of reimbursing; Reimburs′er, one who reimburses. [Fr. rembourser—re-, back, embourser, to put in a purse—bourse, a purse.]

Reimplant, rē-im-plant′, v.t. to implant again.—n. Reimplantā′tion.

Reimport, rē-im-pōrt′, v.t. to bring back: to import again.—n. Reimportā′tion.

Reimpose, rē-im-pōz′, v.t. to retax.—n. Reimposi′tion, the act of reimposing: a tax levied anew.

Reimpress, rē-im-pres′, v.t. to impress anew.—n. Reimpres′sion, a second or repeated impression: the reprint of a work.—v.t. Reimprint′, to print again.

Reimprison, rē-im-pris′n, v.t. to imprison again.—n. Reimpris′onment.

Rein, rān, n. the strap of a bridle: an instrument for curbing or governing: government.—v.t. to govern with the rein or bridle: to restrain or control: to rein in, to curb.—v.i. to obey the rein.—ns. Rein′-hold′er, a clasp on the dash-board of a carriage for holding the reins; Rein′-hook, a hook on a gig-saddle for holding the bearing-rein.—adj. Rein′less, without rein or restraint.—n. Reins′man, a skilful driver.—Rein up, to bring a horse to a stop.—Give the reins to, to leave unchecked; Take the reins, to take the control. [O. Fr. reine (Fr. rêne), through Late L. retina, from retinēre, to hold back.]

Reincarnate, rē-in-kär′nāt, v.t. to embody anew.—n. Reincarnā′tion.

Reincorporate, rē-in-kor′pō-rāt, v.t. to incorporate or embody again or anew.

Reindeer, rān′dēr, n. a kind of deer in the north, valuable for the chase and for domestic uses.—n. Rein′deer-moss, a lichen, the winter food of the reindeer. [Ice. hreinn, and Eng. deer.]

Reinforce, rē-in-fōrs′, v.t. to enforce again: to strengthen with new force or support: (Spens.) to compel.—ns. Reinforce′ment, the act of reinforcing: additional force or assistance, esp. of troops; Reinfor′cer, any additional strengthening added to a thing.—adj. Reinfor′cible.

Reins, rānz, n.pl. the kidneys: the lower part of the back over the kidneys: (B.) the inward parts: the heart. [O. Fr.,—L. renes.]

Reinsert, rē-in-sėrt′, v.t. to insert a second time.—n. Reinser′tion.

Reinspect, rē-in-spekt′, v.t. to inspect again.—n. Reinspec′tion.

Reinstall, rē-in-stawl′, v.t. (Shak.) to put again in possession: (Milt.) to seat again.—n. Reinstal′ment.

Reinstate, rē-in-stāt′, v.t. to place in a former state.—ns. Reinstāte′ment, Reinstā′tion, act of reinstating: re-establishment.

Reinsure, rē-in-shōōr′, v.t. to insure a second time by other underwriters.—ns. Reinsur′ance; Reinsur′er.

Reintegrate, rē-in′te-grāt, v.t. to bring into harmony.—n. Reintegrā′tion.

Reinterrogate, rē-in-ter′ō-gāt, v.t. to interrogate again.—n. Reinterrogā′tion.

Reintroduce, rē-in-trō-dūs′, v.t. to introduce again.—n. Reintroduc′tion.

Reinvent, rē-in-vent′, v.t. to create anew or independently.—n. Reinven′tion.

Reinvest, rē-in-vest′, v.t. to invest again or a second time.—n. Reinvest′ment, act of reinvesting: a second investment.

Reinvestigate, rē-in-ves′ti-gāt, v.t. to investigate again.—n. Reinvestigā′tion.

Reinvigorate, rē-in-vig′or-āt, v.t. to invigorate again.—n. Reinvigorā′tion.

Reinvite, rē-in-vīt′, to repeat an invitation.—n. Reinvitā′tion.

Reis, rās, n. a Portuguese money, of which 1000 make a milreis—4s. 5d. [Port., pl. of real.]

Reissue, rē-ish′ōō, v.t. to issue again.—n. a second issue.—adj. Reis′suable.

Reiterate, rē-it′e-rāt, v.t. to iterate or repeat again: to repeat again and again.—adj. Reit′erant, reiterating.—adv. Reit′eratedly.—n. Reiterā′tion, act of reiterating.—adj. Reit′erātive (gram.), a word signifying repeated action.

Reject, rē-jekt′, v.t. to throw away: to refuse: to renounce: to despise.—adjs. Rejec′table, Rejec′tible.—n.pl. Rejectamen′ta, excrement.—ns. Rejec′ter, -or; Rejec′tion, act of rejecting: refusal.—adj. Rejec′tive.—n. Reject′ment. [L. rejicĕre, rejectum—re-, back, jacĕre, to throw.]

Rejoice, rē-jois′, v.i. to feel and express joy again and again: to be glad: to exult or triumph.—v.t. to make joyful: to gladden.—ns. Rejoice′ment, rejoicing; Rejoic′er; Rejoic′ing, act of being joyful: expression, subject, or experience of joy.—adv. Rejoic′ingly, with joy or exultation. [O. Fr. resjoir (Fr. réjouir)—re-, again, jouir, to enjoy—joie, joy.]

Rejoin, rē-join′, v.t. to join again: to unite what is separated: to meet again.—v.i. to answer to a reply.—ns. Rejoin′der, an answer joined on to another, an answer to a reply: (law) the defendant's answer to a plaintiff's replication; Rejoin′dūre (Shak.), a joining again.

Rejoint, rē-joint′, v.t. to joint anew: to fill up the joints of, as with mortar.

Rejourn, rē-jurn′, v.t. (Shak.) to adjourn or postpone, to defer.—n. Rejourn′ment. [Fr. réajourner.]

Rejuvenate, rē-jōō′ve-nāt, v.t. to renew: to make young again.—n. Rejuvenā′tion.—v.i. Rejuvenesce′, to grow young again.—n. Rejuvenes′cence, growing young again: (biol.) a transformation whereby the entire protoplasm of a vegetative cell changes into a cell of a different character.—adj. Rejuvenes′cent.—v.t. Reju′venise, to rejuvenate. [L. re-, again, and juvenescent.]

Rekindle, rē-kin′dl, v.t. to kindle again: to set on fire or arouse anew.—v.i. to take fire anew.

Relais, re-lā′, n. (fort.) a walk left within a rampart to keep earth from falling into the ditch. [Fr.]

Relapse, rē-laps′, v.i. to slide, sink, or fall back: to return to a former state of practice: to backslide.—n. a falling back into a former bad state: (med.) the return of a disease after convalescence.—n. Relap′ser.—adj. Relap′sing. [L. relabi, relapsus—re-, back, labi, to slide.]

Relate, rē-lāt′, v.t. to describe: to tell: to ally by connection or kindred.—v.i. to have reference: to refer.—adj. Relā′ted, allied or connected by kindred or blood.—ns. Relā′tedness; Relā′ter, -or, one who relates; Relā′tion, act of relating or telling: recital: that which is related: mutual connection between two things, analogy: resemblance, affinity: connection by birth or marriage: a person related by blood or marriage, a relative.—adj. Relā′tional, having relation: exhibiting some relation.—ns. Relātional′ity; Relā′tionism, the doctrine that relations have a real existence; Relā′tionist; Relā′tionship; Relā′tor (law), an informant on whose behalf certain writs are issued:—fem. Relā′trix. [O. Fr.,—L. referre, relatum—re-, back, ferre, to carry.]

Relative, rel′a-tiv, adj. having relation: respecting: not absolute or existing by itself: considered as belonging to something else: (gram.) expressing relation.—n. that which has relation to something else: a relation: (gram.) a pronoun which relates to something before, called its antecedent.—adj. Relatī′val (or Rel′atival).—adv. Rel′atively.—ns. Rel′ativeness, Relativ′ity.—Relativity of human knowledge, the doctrine that the nature and extent of our knowledge is determined not merely by the qualities of the objects known, but necessarily by the conditions of our cognitive powers.

Relax, rē-laks′, v.t. to loosen one thing away from another: to slacken: to make less close, tense, or rigid: to make less severe: to relieve from attention or effort: to divert: to open or loosen, as the bowels: to make languid.—v.i. to become less close: to become less severe: to attend less.—adj. Relax′able.—ns. Relax′ant, a relaxing medicine; Relaxā′tion, act of relaxing: state of being relaxed: remission of application: unbending: looseness.—adj. Relax′ative. [Fr.,—L. relaxāre, -ātum—re-, away from, laxāre, to loosen—laxus, loose.]

Relay, rē-lā′, n. a supply of horses, &c., to relieve others on a journey: a fresh set of dogs in hunting: a shift of men: a supplementary store of anything: (electr.) an apparatus by which the current of the receiving telegraphic station is strengthened. [O. Fr. relais—relaisser—L. relaxāre, to loosen.]

Release, rē-lēs′, v.t. to grant a new lease of.—ns. Releasēē′, Relessēē′, the one to whom a release is granted; Releas′or, Reless′or, one who grants a release.

Release, rē-lēs′, v.t. to let loose from: to set free: to discharge from: to relieve: to let go, give up a right to.—n. a setting free: discharge or acquittance: the giving up of a claim: liberation from pain.—adj. Releas′able.—ns. Release′ment (Milt.), act of releasing or discharging; Releas′er, -or, Reless′or, one who executes a release. [O. Fr. relaissier—L. laxāre, to relax.]

Relegate, rel′e-gāt, v.t. to send away, to consign: to exile: to dismiss: to remit.—n. Relegā′tion. [L. relegāre, -ātum—re-, away, legāre, to send.]

Relent, rē-lent′, v.i. to slacken, to soften or grow less severe: to grow tender: to feel compassion.—adj. soft-hearted: yielding.—n. (Spens.) relenting.—adjs. Relent′ing, inclining to yield: too soft; Relent′less, without relenting: without tenderness or compassion: merciless.—adv. Relent′lessly.—ns. Relent′lessness; Relent′ment, the state of relenting: relaxation: compassion. [O. Fr. ralentir, to retard—L. relentescĕre—re-, back, lentus, pliant.]

Relevancy, rel′e-van-si, n. state of being relevant: pertinence: applicability: obvious relation: (Scots law) sufficiency for a decision—the arguments and evidence in point of law and of fact against and in favour of the accused—also Rel′evance.—adj. Rel′evant, bearing upon, or applying to, the purpose: pertinent: related: sufficient legally. [Fr., pr.p. of relever, to raise again—L. relevāre, to relieve.]

Reliable, rē-lī′a-bl, adj. that may be relied upon: trustworthy.—ns. Reliabil′ity, Relī′ableness.—adv. Relī′ably.—n. Relī′ance, trust: confidence.—adj. Relī′ant, confident in one's self. [Rely.]

Relic, rel′ik, n. that which is left after loss or decay of the rest: a corpse (gener. pl.): (R.C.) any personal memorial of a reputed saint, to be held in reverence as an incentive to faith and piety: a memorial, a souvenir: a monument.—n. Rel′ic-mong′er, one who traffics in relics. [Fr. relique—L. reliquiæ—relinquĕre, relictum, to leave behind.]

Relict, rel′ikt, n. a woman surviving her husband, a widow. [L. relicta—relinquĕre.]

Relicted, rē-lik′ted, adj. (law) left bare, as land by the permanent retrocession of water.—n. Relic′tion, land left bare by water: the recession of water.

Relief, rē-lēf′, n. the removal of any evil: release from a post or duty, replacement: one who replaces another: that which relieves or mitigates: aid: assistance to a pauper, as outdoor relief: a certain fine or composition paid by the heir of a tenant at the death of the ancestor: (fine art) the projection of a sculptured design from its ground, as low relief (bas-relief, basso-rilievo), middle relief (mezzo-rilievo), and high relief (alto-rilievo), according as the carved figures project very little, in a moderate degree, or in a very considerable degree from the background: a work of art executed in relief: (her.) the supposed projection of a charge from the surface of a field, indicated by shading on the sinister and lower sides: the condition of land surfaces as regards elevations and depressions—as indicated in a Relief′-map, in which the form of the country is expressed by elevations and depressions of the material used.—ns. Relief′-perspec′tive, the art of applying the principles of perspective to relief in painting and sculpture, in theatrical settings, &c.; Relief′-work, public work to provide employment for the poor in times of distress.—Relief Church, a body who left the Established Church of Scotland on account of the oppressive exercise of patronage, organised in 1761, uniting with the United Secession Church in 1847 to form the United Presbyterian Church. [O. Fr. relef—relever, to raise up—L. re-, again, levāre, to raise.]

Relieve, rē-lēv′, v.t. to remove from that which weighs down or depresses: to lessen: to ease: to help: to release: to support: to mitigate: to raise the siege of: (art) to set off by contrast: (law) to redress.—adj. Reliev′able.—n. Reliev′er, one who, or that which, relieves: (slang) a garment kept for being lent out.—adj. Reliev′ing, serving to relieve: (naut.) a temporary tackle attached to the tiller of a vessel in a storm.—Relieving arch, an arch in a wall to relieve the part below it from a superincumbent weight; Relieving officer, a salaried official who superintends the relief of the poor. [O. Fr. relever, to raise again—L. relevāre—re-, again, levāre, to raise—levis, light.]

Relievo, Rilievo, rē-lyā′vō, n. See Alto-relievo, Bas-relief.

Religion, rē-lij′un, n. the recognition of supernatural powers and of the duty lying upon man to yield obedience to these: the performance of our duties of love and obedience towards God: piety: any system of faith and worship: sense of obligation or duty.—ns. Relig′ioner, Relig′ionary.—v.t. Relig′ionise, to imbue with religion.—v.i. to make profession of religion.—ns. Relig′ionism, Religios′ity, religiousness, religious sentimentality; Relig′ionist, one attached to a religion: a bigot.—adj. Relig′ionless, having no religion.—adv. Religiō′so (mus.), in a devotional manner.—Established religion, that form which is officially recognised by the state; Natural religion, that religion which is derived from nature and not revelation; Revealed religion, that which is derived from positive revelation by divinely inspired Scripture, or otherwise. [L. religio, -onis—re-, back, ligāre, to bind.]

Religious, rē-lij′us, adj. pertaining to religion: concerned with or set apart to religion, as a religious society, religious books: pious: godly: (R.C.) bound to a monastic life: strict.—n. one bound by monastic vows.—ns. Religieuse (rė-lē-zhi-ėz′), a nun; Religieux (rė-lē-zhi-ė′), a monk.—adv. Relig′iously.—n. Relig′iousness, the state of being religious.

Relinquish, rē-ling′kwish, v.t. to abandon: to give up: to renounce a claim to.—adj. Relin′quent, relinquishing.—ns. Relin′quisher; Relin′quishment, act of giving up. [O. Fr. relinquir—L. relinquĕre, relictum—re-, away from, linquĕre, to leave.]

Reliquary, rel′i-kwā-ri, n. a small chest or casket for holding relics: (law) one who owes a balance.—Also Reliquaire′. [Fr. reliquaire; cf. Relic.]

Relique, re-lēk′, n. a relic.—n.pl. Reliquiæ (rē-lik′wi-ē), remains, esp. of fossil organisms: (archæology) artifacts, or things made or modified by human art.

Reliquidate, rē-lik′wi-dāt, v.t. to adjust anew.—n. Reliquidā′tion.

Relish, rel′ish, v.t. to like the taste of: to be pleased with: to enjoy.—v.i. to have an agreeable taste: to give pleasure.—n. an agreeable peculiar taste or quality: enjoyable quality: power of pleasing: inclination or taste for: appetite: just enough to give a flavour: a sauce.—adj. Rel′ishable. [O. Fr. relecher, to lick again, from re-, again, lecher—L. re-, again, and Old High Ger. lechōn, lick.]

Relive, rē-liv′, v.i. to live again.—v.t. (Spens.) to bring back to life.

Relocate, rē-lō′kāt, v.t. to locate again.—n. Relocā′tion, the act of relocating: renewal of a lease.

Reluctant, rē-luk′tant, adj. struggling or striving against: unwilling: disinclined.—v.i. Rēluct′, to make resistance.—ns. Reluc′tance, Reluc′tancy, state of being reluctant: unwillingness.—adv. Reluc′tantly.—v.i. Reluc′tāte, to be reluctant.—n. Reluctā′tion, repugnance. [L. reluctans, -antis, pr.p. of reluctāri—re-, against, luctāri, to struggle.]

Relume, rē-lūm′, v.t. to light anew, to rekindle:—pr.p. relūm′ing; pa.p. relūmed′.—v.t. Relū′mine (Shak.), to relume, light anew. [Fr. relumer—L. re-, again, lumen, light.]

Rely, rē-lī′, v.i. to rest or repose: to have full confidence in: to lean:—pa.t. and pa.p. relied′.—n. Relī′er. [Acc. to Skeat, compounded from re-, back, and lie, to rest. Others explain as O. Fr. relier—L. religāre, to bind back.]

Remain, rē-mān′, v.i. to stay or be left behind: to continue in the same place: to be left after or out of a greater number: to continue in an unchanged form or condition: to last.—n. stay: abode: what is left, esp. in pl. Remains′, a corpse: the literary productions of one dead.—n. Remain′der, that which remains or is left behind after the removal of a part: the balance: an interest in an estate to come into effect after a certain other event happens: that which remains of an edition when the sale of a book has practically ceased.—adj. left over. [O. Fr. remaindre—L. remanēre—re-, back, manēre, to stay.]

Remanation, rē-ma-nā′shun, n. the act of returning: reabsorption. [L. remanāre, -ātum, to flow back.]

Remand, rē-mand, v.t. to recommit or send back.—n. state or act of being remanded or recommitted, as a prisoner.—n. Rem′anence, Rem′anency, permanence.—adj. Rem′anent, remaining: (Scot.) additional.—ns. Remanes′cence, a residuum; Rem′anet, a postponed case. [O. Fr. remander—L. remandāre—re-, back, mandāre, to order.]

Remark, rē-märk′, v.t. to mark or take notice of: to express what one thinks or sees: to say.—n. words regarding anything: notice: any distinguishing mark on an engraving or etching indicating a certain state of the plate before completion, also a print or proof bearing this special remark—also Remarque′.—adj. Remark′able, deserving remark or notice: distinguished: famous: that may excite admiration or wonder: strange: extraordinary.—n. Remark′ableness.—adv. Remark′ably.—adj. Remarked′, conspicuous: bearing a remark, as an etching.—n. Remark′er. [O. Fr. remarquer—re-, inten., marquer, to mark.]

Remasticate, rē-mas′ti-kāt, v.t. to ruminate.—n. Remasticā′tion.

Remblai, rong-blā′, n. (fort.) the materials used to form the rampart and parapet: the mass of earth brought to form a railway embankment, &c. [Fr.]

Rembrandtesque, rem-bran-tesk′, adj. like Rembrandt (1607-1669), esp. in his characteristic contrast of high lights and deep shadows, and in his treatment of chiaroscuro.—Also Rem′brandtish.

Remeant, rē′mē-ant, adj. (rare) coming back. [L. remeāre—re-, back, meāre, to go.]

Remedy, rem′e-di, n. any medicine, appliance, or particular treatment that cures disease: that which counteracts any evil or repairs any loss—(obs.) Remēde′.—v.t. to remove, counteract, or repair:—pa.t. and pa.p. rem′edied.—adj. Remē′diable, that may be remedied: curable.—n. Remē′diableness.—adv. Remē′diably.—adj. Remē′dial, tending to remedy or remove.—adv. Remē′dially.—adjs. Remē′diāte (Shak.), remedial; Rem′ediless, without remedy: incurable.—adv. Rem′edilessly.—n. Rem′edilessness.—p.adj. Rem′edying. [O. Fr. remede—L. remedium—re-, back, medēri, to restore.]

Remember, rē-mem′bėr, v.t. to keep in mind: to recall to mind: to recollect: (B.) to meditate on: (Shak.) to mention: to bear in mind with gratitude and reverence: to attend to: to give money for service done.—adj. Remem′berable, that may be remembered.—adv. Remem′berably.—ns. Remem′berer; Remem′brance, memory: that which serves to bring to or keep in mind: a memorial: the power of remembering: the length of time a thing can be remembered; Remem′brancer, that which reminds: a recorder: an officer of exchequer.—Remember one to, to commend one to. [O. Fr. remembrer—L. rememorāre—re-, again, memorāre, to call to mind—memor, mindful.]

Remercie, Remercy, rē-mėr′si, v.t. (Spens.) to thank. [O. Fr. remercier, re-, again, mercier, to thank, merci, thanks.]

Remex, rē′meks, n. one of the flight-feathers of a bird:—pl. Rem′igēs. [L., 'a rower'—remus, an oar, agĕre, to move.]

Remiform, rem′i-form, adj. shaped like an oar.—adj. Rem′igable, capable of being rowed upon. [L. remus, an oar, forma, form, agĕre, to move.]

Remigia, rē-mij′i-a, n. a genus of noctuid moths.—adj. Remig′ial.

Remigrate, rē-mī′grāt, v.i. to migrate again.—n. Remigrā′tion.

Remind, rē-mīnd′, v.t. to bring to the mind of again: to bring under the notice or consideration of.—n. Remind′er, one who, or that which, reminds.—adj. Remind′ful, tending to remind: calling to mind.

Reminiscence, rem-i-nis′ens, n. recollection: an account of what is remembered: the recurrence to the mind of the past.—n. Reminis′cent, one who calls past events to mind.—adj. capable of calling to mind.—adjs. Reminiscen′tial, Reminis′citory, tending to remind. [Fr.,—Low L. reminiscentiæ, recollections—L. reminisci, to recall to mind.]

Remiped, rem′i-ped, adj. oar-footed.—n. one of an order of insects having feet adapted for swimming. [L. remus, an oar, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Remise, rē-mīz′, v.t. to send or give back: to release, as a claim.—n. (law) return or surrender, as of a claim: an effective second thrust after the first has missed: a livery-carriage. [O. Fr.,—Low L. remissa, a pardon—L. remittĕre, remissum, to remit.]

Remiss, rē-mis′, adj. remitting in attention, &c.: negligent: not punctual: slack: not vigorous.—adj. Remiss′ful, tending to remit or forgive: lenient.—n. Remissibil′ity.—adj. Remiss′ible, that may be remitted or pardoned.—n. Remis′sion, slackening: abatement: relinquishment of a claim: release: pardon: remission of sins: the forgiveness of sins.—adj. Remiss′ive, remitting: forgiving.—adv. Remiss′ly.—n. Remiss′ness.—adj. Remiss′ory, pertaining to remission. [O. Fr. remis—L. remissus, slack—remittĕre, to remit.]

Remit, rē-mit′, v.t. to relax: to pardon: to resign: to restore: to transmit, as money, &c.: to put again in custody: to transfer from one tribunal to another: to refer for information.—v.i. to abate in force or violence:—pr.p. remit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. remit′ted.—n. (law) a communication from a superior court to one subordinate.—ns. Remit′ment, act of remitting; Remit′tal, a remitting: surrender; Remit′tance, that which is remitted: the sending of money, &c., to a distance: also the sum or thing sent; Remittēē′, the person to whom a remittance is sent.—adj. Remit′tent, increasing and remitting, or abating alternately, as a disease.—ns. Remit′ter, one who makes a remittance; Remit′tor (law), a remitting to a former right or title—(obs.) Remit′ter. [O. Fr. remettre—L. remittĕre, remissum—re-, back, mittĕre, to send.]

Remnant, rem′nant, n. that which remains behind after a part is removed, of a web of cloth, &c.: remainder: a fragment. [O. Fr. remenant, remainder.]

Remoboth, rem′ō-both, n. a class of isolated hermit societies in Syria which would be bound by no rule, after the regulation of monasticism by Pachomius and Basil—like the Sarabaites in Egypt.

Remodification, rē-mod-i-fi-kā′shun, n. the act of modifying again.—v.t. Remod′ify, to mould anew.

Remoleculisation, rē-mol-ek′u-lī-zā-shun, n. a rearrangement of the molecules leading to the formation of new compounds.

Remonetise, rē-mon′e-tīz, v.t. to restore to circulation in the form of money.—n. Remonetisā′tion.

Remonstrance, rē-mon′strans, n. strong statement of reasons against an act: expostulation.—adj. Remon′strant, inclined to remonstrate.—n. one who remonstrates.—adv. Remon′strantly.—n.pl. Remon′strants, the Dutch Arminians whose divergence from Calvinism was expressed in five articles in the Remonstrance of 1610.—v.i. Remon′strāte, to set forth strong reasons against a measure.—n. Remonstrā′tion.—adjs. Remon′strative, Remon′stratory, expostulatory.—n. Remon′strātor.—Grand Remonstrance, a famous statement of abuses presented to Charles I. by the House of Commons in 1641. [L. re-, again, monstrāre, to point out.]

Remontant, rē-mon′tant, adj. blooming a second time.—n. a flower which blooms twice in a season.

Remora, rem′ō-ra, n. the sucking-fish, a genus not far removed from mackerel: an obstacle: a stoppage: (her.) a serpent.

Remorse, rē-mors′, n. the gnawing pain of anguish or guilt: (obs.) pity, softening.—v.t. Remord′ (obs.), to strike with remorse.—n. Remord′ency, compunction.—adj. Remorse′ful, full of remorse: compassionate.—adv. Remorse′fully.—n. Remorse′fulness, the state of being remorseful.—adj. Remorse′less, without remorse: cruel.—adv. Remorse′lessly.—n. Remorse′lessness. [O. Fr. remors (Fr. remords)—Low L. remorsus—L. remordēre, remorsum, to bite again—re-, again, mordēre, to bite.]

Remote, rē-mōt′, adj. moved back to a distance in time or place: far: distant: primary, as a cause: not agreeing: not nearly related.—adv. Remote′ly.—ns. Remote′ness; Remō′tion (Shak.), act of removing: remoteness. [Remove.]

Remount, rē-mownt′, v.t. and v.i. to mount again.—n. a fresh horse, or supply of horses.

Remove, rē-mōōv′, v.t. to put from its place: to take away: to withdraw: to displace: to make away with.—v.i. to go from one place to another.—n. any indefinite distance: a step in any scale of gradation, as promotion from one class to another, also a class or division: a dish to be changed while the rest remain: (Shak.) the raising of a siege, a posting-stage.—n. Removabil′ity.—adj. Remo′vable, that may be removed.—adv. Remo′vably.—n. Remo′val, the act of taking away: displacing: change of place: a euphemism for murder.—adj. Removed′ (Shak.), remote: distant by degrees of relationship.—ns. Remo′vedness (Shak.), the state of being removed: remoteness; Remo′ver, one who removes: (Bacon) an agitator.—Removal terms (Scot.), Whitsunday and Martinmas. [O. Fr.,—L. removēre, remōtum—re-, away, movēre, to move.]

Rempli, rong-plē′, adj. (her.) having another tincture than its own covering the greater part. [Fr.]

Remunerate, rē-mū′nė-rāt, v.t. to render an equivalent for any service: to recompense.—n. Remunerabil′ity, capability of being rewarded.—adj. Remū′nerable, that may be remunerated: worthy of being rewarded.—n. Remunerā′tion, reward: recompense: requital.—adj. Remū′nerative, fitted to remunerate: lucrative: yielding due return.—n. Remū′nerativeness.—adj. Remū′neratory, giving a recompense. [L. remunerāre, -ātum—re-, in return, munerāre, to give something—munus, munĕris, a gift.]

Remurmur, rē-mur′mur, v.t. to murmur again: to repeat in low sounds.—v.i. to murmur back.

Renaissance, re-nā′sans, n. a new birth: the period (in the 15th century) at which the revival of arts and letters took place, marking the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern world—hence 'Renaissance architecture,' &c.—adj. relating to the foregoing. [Fr.; cf. Renascent.]

Renal, rē-nal, adj. pertaining to the reins or kidneys.—n. Ren, the kidney:—pl. Renes (rē′nez). [L. renalis—renes, the kidneys.]

Renascent, rē-nas′ent, adj. rising again into being.—ns. Renas′cence, Renas′cency, the same as Renaissance.—adj. Renas′cible, capable of being reproduced. [L. renascens, -entis, pr.p. of renasci—re-, again, nasci, to be born.]

Rencounter, ren-kownt′ėr, Rencontre, räng-kong′tr, n. a meeting in contest: a casual combat: a collision.—v.t. to encounter. [Fr. rencontre.]

Rend, rend, v.t. to tear asunder with force: to split: to tear away.—v.i. to become torn: pa.t. and pa.p. rent. [A.S. rendan, to tear.]

Render, ren′dėr, v.t. to give up: to make up: to deliver, furnish, present: to cause to become: to translate into another language: to perform officially, as judgment: to cause to be: to reproduce, as music: to clarify: to plaster without the use of lath.—n. a surrender: a payment of rent: an account given.—adj. Ren′derable.—ns. Ren′derer; Ren′dering, the act of rendering: version: translation: interpretation; Rendi′tion, the act of surrendering, as fugitives from justice: translation.—adj. Rend′ible, capable of being yielded up, or of being translated. [O. Fr. rendre—L. reddĕre—re-, away, dăre, to give.]

Rendezvous, ren′de-vōō, or räng′-, n. an appointed place of meeting, esp. for troops or ships: a place for enlistment: a refuge:—pl. Ren′dezvous.—v.i. to assemble at any appointed place. [Fr. rendez vous, render yourselves—rendre, to render.]

Renegade, ren′ē-gād, n. one faithless to principle or party: an apostate: a deserter—also Renegā′do.—n. Ren′egate, a renegade.—adj. apostate, traitorous.—n. Renegā′tion.—v.t. and v.i. Renēge′ (Shak.), to deny, disown: to revoke at cards—also Renig′ (U.S.).—n. Renē′ger (obs.). [Sp.,—Low L. renegatus—L. re-, inten., negāre, -ātum, to deny.]

Renew, rē-nū′, v.t. to renovate: to transform to new life, revive: to begin again: to make again: to invigorate: to substitute: to regenerate.—v.i. to be made new: to begin again.—n. Renewabil′ity.—adj. Renew′able, that may be renewed.—ns. Renew′al, renovation: regeneration: restoration; Renew′edness; Renew′er; Renew′ing.

Renfierse, ren-fērs′, v.t. (Spens.) to reinforce.—pa.p. Renforst′.

Renidify, rē-nid′i-fī, v.i. to build another nest.—n. Renidificā′tion.

Reniform, ren′i-form, adj. (bot.) kidney-shaped. [L. renes, the kidneys, forma, form.]

Renitence, ren′i-tens, or rē-nī′tens, n. the resistance of a body to pressure: disinclination—also Ren′itency.—adj. Ren′itent. [Fr.,—L. renitens, -entis, pr.p. of reniti, to resist.]

Rennet, ren′et, n. prepared inner membrane of a calf's stomach, used to make milk coagulate—also Runn′et.—v.t. to treat with rennet.—n. Renn′et-bag, the fourth stomach of a ruminant. [A.S. rinnan, to run; Old Dut. rinsel, curds.]

Rennet, ren′et, n. a sweet kind of apple. [O. Fr. reinette, dim. of reine, queen—L. regina, a queen; or rainette, dim. of raine, a frog—L. rana.]

Renominate, rē-nom′i-nāt, v.t. to nominate again.—n. Renominā′tion.

Renounce, rē-nowns′, v.t. to disclaim: to disown: to reject publicly and finally: to forsake.—v.i. to fail to follow suit at cards.—n. a failure to follow suit at cards.—ns. Renounce′ment, act of renouncing, disclaiming, or rejecting; Renoun′cer. [O. Fr.,—L. renuntiāre—re-, away, nuntiāre, -ātum, to announce—nuntius, a messenger.]

Renovate, ren′ō-vāt, v.t. to renew or make new again: to restore to the original state.—ns. Renovā′tion, renewal: state of being renewed: (theol.) regeneration: Renovā′tionist, one who believes in the improvement of society by the spiritual renovation of the individual; Ren′ovātor. [L. re-, again, novāre, -ātum, to make new—novus, new.]

Renown, rē-nown′, n. a great name: celebrity: éclat.—v.t. to make famous.—adj. Renowned′, celebrated: illustrious: famous.—adv. Renown′edly.—n. Renown′er, one who gives renown: a swaggerer.—adj. Renown′less. [O. Fr. renoun (Fr. renom)—L. re-, again, nomen, a name.]

Rent, rent, n. an opening made by rending: fissure: break: tear: a schism, as a rent in a church. [Rend.]

Rent, rent, n. annual payment in return for the use of property held of another, esp. houses and lands: revenue.—v.t. to hold or occupy by paying rent: to let, or to hire, for a rent.—v.i. to be let for rent: to endow.—adj. Rent′able.—ns. Rent′al, a schedule or account of rents, with the tenants' names, &c.: a rent-roll: rent; Rent′aller; Rent′-charge, a rent on a conveyance of land in fee simple; Rent′-day, the day on which rents are paid; Rente (Fr.), annual income; Rent′er, one who holds by paying rent for; Rent′er-ward′en, the warden of a company who receives rents.—adj. Rent′-free, without payment of rent.—ns. Rent′-gath′erer, a collector of rents; Rent′-roll, a roll or account of rents: a rental or schedule of rents. [Fr. rente—L. reddita (pecunia), money paid—reddĕre, to pay.]

Renter, ren′tėr, v.t. to sew together edge to edge, without doubling.—n. Rent′erer. [Fr. rentraire, to sew together.]

Rentier, rong-tyā′, n. one who has a fixed income from stocks, &c.: a fund holder.

Renuent, ren′ū-ent, adj. (anat.) applied to muscles which throw back the head. [L. renuens, pr.p. of renuĕre, to nod the head.]

Renumber, rē-num′bėr, v.t. to affix a new number.—v.t. Renū′merāte, to count again.

Renunciation, re-nun-si-ā′shun, n. disowning: rejection: abandonment: (law) the legal act by which a person abandons a right acquired, but without transferring it to another: in the Anglican baptismal service, the part in which the candidate in person or by his sureties renounces the devil and all his works.—n. Renun′ciance, renunciation.—adj. Renun′ciātory.—Renunciation of a lease, the surrender of a lease. [Renounce.]

Renverse, ren-vėrs′, v.t. (Spens.) to reverse: to upset.—adj. (her.) reversed.—n. Renverse′ment.

Reobtain, rē-ob-tān′, v.t. to obtain again.—adj. Reobtain′able.

Reoccupy, rē-ok′ū-pī, v.t. to occupy anew.—n. Reoccupā′tion.

Reordain, rē-or-dān′, v.t. to ordain again, when the first ordination is defective.—n. Reordinā′tion, a second ordination.

Reorganise, rē-or′gan-īz, v.t. to organise anew: to rearrange.—n. Reorganisā′tion, the act of reorganising, as of troops.

Rep, Repp, rep, n. a kind of cloth having a finely corded surface. [Prob. a corruption of rib.]

Repair, rē-pār′, v.i. to betake one's self to: to go: to resort.—n. a retreat or abode. [O. Fr. repairer, to return to a haunt—Low L. répatriāre, to return to one's country—L. re-, back, patria, native country.]

Repair, rē-pār′, v.t. to restore after injury: to make amends for: to make good, as a loss: to mend: (Spens.) to recover into position, as a weapon.—n. restoration after injury or decay: supply of loss.—ns. Repair′er, one who restores or amends; Repair′ment; Reparabil′ity.—adj. Rep′arable, that may be repaired.—adv. Rep′arably.—n. Reparā′tion, repair: supply of what is wasted: amends.—adj. Repar′ative, amending defect or injury.—n. that which restores to a good state: that which makes amends. [O. Fr. reparer—L. reparāre—re-, again, parāre, to prepare.]

Repand, rē-pand′, adj. bent or curved backward or upward: (bot.) of leaves with uneven, slightly sinuous margin.—adjs. Repandoden′tāte, repand and toothed; Repand′ous, curved convexly upward. [L. repandus—re-, back, pandus, bent.]

Repartee, rep-ar-tē′, n. a smart, ready, and witty reply.—v.i. to make witty replies. [O. Fr. repartie—repartir, to go back again—re-, back, partir, to set out—L. partīri, to divide.]

Repartimiento, re-pär-ti-mi-en′tō, n. a division: an assessment: allotment. [Sp.]

Repartition, rē-par-tish′un, n. a second partition: a division into smaller parts.

Repass, rē-pas′, v.t. to pass again: to travel back.—v.i. to pass or move back.—n. Repass′age, the process of passing a second coat of glue as a finish over unburnished surfaces.

Repassion, rē-pash′un, n. the reception of an effect from one body to another.

Repast, rē-past′, n. a meal: the food taken: victuals: repose—(obs.) Repas′ture.—v.t. to feed.—v.i. to take food.—n. Repast′er, one who takes repast. [O. Fr.,—Low L. repastus (whence Fr. repas)—L. re-, inten. pastus, food—pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Repastination, rē-pas-tin-ā′shun, n. (obs.) a second digging up, as of a garden.

Repatriate, rē-pā′tri-āt, v.t. to restore to one's country.—n. Repatriā′tion.

Repay, rē-pā′, v.t. to pay back: to make return for: to recompense: to pay again or a second time.—v.i. to requite.—adj. Repay′able, that is to be repaid: due, as a bill due in thirty days.—n. Repay′ment, act of repaying: the money or thing repaid.

Repeal, rē-pēl′, v.t. to revoke by authority, as a law: to abrogate: to recall: to dismiss.—n. a revoking or annulling.—ns. Repealabil′ity, Repeal′ableness.—adj. Repeal′able, that may be repealed.—ns. Repeal′er, one who repeals: one who seeks for a repeal, esp. of the union between Great Britain and Ireland; Repeal′ment, recall.—Repeal agitation, a movement for the repeal of the legislative union between Great Britain and Ireland. [O. Fr. rapeler—re-, back, apeler—L. appellāre, to call.]

Repeat, rē-pēt′, v.t. to do again: to speak again, to iterate: to quote from memory: to rehearse: (Scots law) to refund.—v.i. to strike the hours, as a watch: to recur: the act of repeating.—n. (mus.) a part performed a second time: a mark directing a part to be repeated.—adjs. Repeat′able; Repeat′ed, done again: frequent.—adv. Repeat′edly, many times repeated: again and again: frequently.—ns. Repeat′er, one who, or that which, repeats: a decimal in which the same figure or figures are continually repeated: a watch that strikes again the previous hour at the touch of a spring: a frigate appointed to attend an admiral in a fleet, and to repeat any signal he makes: (teleg.) an instrument for automatically retransmitting a message: in calico-printing, a figure repeated at equal intervals in a pattern; Repeat′ing, the fraud of voting at an election for the same candidate more than once.—Repeating firearm, a firearm that may be discharged many times in quick succession; Repeat one's self, to say again what one has said already; Repeat signals, to repeat those of the senior officer: to make a signal again. [O. Fr. repeter (Fr. répéter)—L. repetĕre, repetitum—re-, again, petĕre, to seek.]

Repel, rē-pel′, v.t. to drive back: to repulse: to check the advance of, to resist.—v.i. to act with opposing force: (med.) to check or drive inwards:—pr.p. repel′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. repelled′.—ns. Repel′lence, Repel′lency.—adj. Repel′lent, driving back: able or tending to repel.—n. that which repels.—n. Repel′ler.—adj. Repel′less. [O. Fr.,—L. repellĕre—re-, back, pellĕre, to drive.]

Repent, rē-pent′, v.i. to regret or sorrow for what one has done or left undone: to change from past evil: (theol.) to feel such sorrow for sin as produces newness of life.—v.t. to remember with sorrow—often used impersonally, as 'it repenteth me.'—adj. Repent′able.—n. Repent′ance, sorrow for what has been done or left undone: contrition for sin, producing newness of life.—adj. Repent′ant, repenting or sorry for past conduct: showing sorrow for sin.—n. a penitent.—adv. Repent′antly.—n. Repent′er.—adv. Repent′ingly.—adj. Repent′less. [O. Fr. repentir—re-, and O. Fr. pentir—L. pœnitēre, to cause to repent.]

Repercept, rē-pėr-sept′, n. a represented percept.—n. Repercep′tion.

Repercolation, rē-pėr-ko-lā′shun, n. in pharmacy, the successive application of the same menstruum to fresh parts of the substance to be percolated.

Repercussion, rē-pėr-kush′un, n. a striking or driving back: reverberation: (mus.) frequent repetition of the same sound.—v.t. Repercuss′.—adj. Repercuss′ive, driving back: causing to reverberate. [L. repercussio—re-, back, percutĕre—per, through, quatĕre, to strike.]

Repertoire, rep′ėr-twor, n. the list of musical works which a performer is ready to perform.

Repertory, rep′ėr-tō-ri, n. a place where things are kept to be brought forth again: a treasury: a magazine. [Fr.,—Low L. repertorium—L. reperīre, to find—re-, again, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Repetition, rep-ē-tish′un, n. act of repeating: recital from memory.—ns. Rep′etend, that part of a repeating decimal which recurs continually: the burden of a song; Repetent′, a tutor or private teacher in Germany.—adjs. Repeti′tional, Repeti′tionary.—n. Repeti′tioner.—adj. Repeti′tious, using undue repetitions.—n. Repeti′tiousness.—adj. Repet′itive.—n. Repet′itor, a repetent.

Repine, rē-pīn′, v.i. to fret one's self (with at or against): to feel discontent: to murmur: to envy.—n. (Shak.) a repining.—ns. Repī′ner; Repī′ning, the act of one who repines: (Spens.) a failing, as of courage.—adv. Repī′ningly.

Repique, rē-pēk′, n. at piquet, the winning of thirty points or more from combinations or in one's own hand, before playing begins.—v.t. to score a repique.

Replace, rē-plās′, v.t. to place back: to put again in a former place, condition, &c.: to repay: to provide a substitute for: to take the place of.—adj. Replace′able.—ns. Replace′ment, act of replacing: the removal of an edge of crystal, by one plane or more; Replac′er, a substitute; Car′-replac′er, a device on American railways for replacing derailed wheels on the track.—Replacing switch, a pair of iron plates fitting over the rails, used as a bridge to replace on the track derailed railway stock.

Replant, rē-plant′, v.t. to plant anew: to reinstate.—adj. Replant′able.—n. Replantā′tion.

Replead, rē-plēd′, v.t. and v.i. to plead again.—n. Replead′er, a second course allowed for the correction of mispleading.

Repledge, rē-plej′, v.t. to pledge again: to demand judicially.—n. Repled′ger.

Replenish, rē-plen′ish, v.t. to fill again: to fill completely: to stock abundantly.—p.adj. Replen′ished (Shak.), complete, consummate.—ns. Replen′isher, one who replenishes: (electr.) a static induction machine used for maintaining the charge of a quadrant electrometer; Replen′ishment. [O. Fr. replenir, from replein, full—re-, again, plenus, full.]

Replete, rē-plēt′, adj. full: completely filled, abounding.—v.t. to fill to repletion.—ns. Replete′ness, Replē′tion, superabundant fullness: surfeit: (med.) fullness of blood: plethora.—adj. Replē′tive.—adv. Replē′tively.—adj. Replē′tory. [O. Fr.,—L. repletus, pa.p. of replēre—re-, again, plēre, to fill.]

Replevy, rē-plev′i, v.t. (law) to recover goods distrained upon giving a pledge or security to try the right to them at law.—n. replevin.—adjs. Replev′iable, Replev′isable.—ns. Replev′in, an action for replevying; Replev′isor, a plaintiff in replevin. [O. Fr. replevir—re-, back, plevir, to pledge.]

Replica, rep′li-ka, n. (paint.) a copy of a picture done by the same hand that did the original: (mus.) the same as repeat. [It.,—L. replicāre, to repeat.]

Replicate, rep′li-kāt, adj. folded: (bot.) folded outward as in vernation, inward as in æstivation: (mus.) a tone one or more octaves from a given tone.—adj. Rep′licātile.—n. Replicā′tion.—adj. Rep′licātive.

Replum, rep′lum, n. (bot.) the frame-like placenta across which the septum stretches.

Reply, rē-plī′, v.t. to fold back: to answer.—v.i. to make response: to meet an attack, as to reply to the enemy's fire—(law) to a defendant's plea.—n. an answer: the power of answering: a counter-attack: (mus.) the answer of a figure.—ns. Rep′licant; Replicā′tion, a reply: repetition: (law) the plaintiff's answer to a plea.—adj. Replicā′tive. [O. Fr. replier—L. replicāre, re-, back, plicāre, to fold.]

Repone, rē-pōn′, v.t. to replace: to reply. [O. Fr.,—L. reponĕre, re-, back, ponĕre, to put.]

Repopulate, rē-pop′ū-lāt, v.t. to repeople.—n. Repopulā′tion.

Report, rē-pōrt′, v.t. to bring back, as an answer or account of anything: to give an account of: to relate: to circulate publicly: to write down or take notes of, esp. for a newspaper: to lay a charge against: to echo back.—v.i. to make a statement: to write an account of occurrences.—n. a statement of facts: description: a formal or official statement, esp. of a judicial opinion or decision: rumour: sound: noise: (B.) repute: hearsay: reputation.—adj. Report′able, fit to be reported on.—ns. Report′age, report; Report′er, one who reports, esp. for a newspaper; Report′erism, the business of reporting; Report′ing, the act of drawing up reports—newspaper reporting.—adv. Report′ingly (Shak.), by common report.—adj. Reportō′rial.—Report one's self, to give information about one's self, one's whereabouts, &c.—Be reported of, to be spoken well or ill of. [O. Fr.,—L. reportāre—re-, back, portāre, to carry.]

Repose, rē-pōz′, v.t. to lay at rest: to compose: to place in trust (with on or in): to deposit: to tranquillise.—v.i. to rest: to sleep: to rest in confidence (with on or upon): to lie.—n. a lying at rest: sleep: quiet: rest of mind: (fine art) that harmony which gives rest to the eye.—n. Repō′sal (Shak.), the act of reposing: that on which one reposes.—adj. Repōsed′, calm: settled.—adv. Repō′sedly.—n. Repō′sedness.—adj. Repōse′ful.—n. Repō′ser.—v.t. Repos′it, to lodge, as for safety—also n.—ns. Repōsi′tion, reduction; Repos′itor, an instrument for restoring a displaced organ; Repos′itory, a place where anything is laid up for safe keeping: a place where things are kept for sale: a shop. [Fr. reposer—re-, back, poser, to pose.]

Repossess, rē-poz-zes′, v.t. to possess again: to regain possession of.—n. Reposses′sion.

Repoussage, rē-pōō′säj, n. the hammering from behind of ornamental patterns upon a metal plate: or of etched plates making hollows which would show as spots in printing.

Repoussé, rē-pōō′sā, adj. raised in relief by means of the hammer.—Repoussé work, vessels ornamented by hammering on the reverse side.

Reprehend, rep-rē-hend′, v.t. to blame: to reprove.—n. Reprehen′der.—adj. Reprehen′sible, worthy of being reprehended or blamed.—n. Reprehen′sibleness.—adv. Reprehen′sibly, culpably.—n. Reprehen′sion, reproof: censure.—adj. Reprehen′sive, containing reproof: given in reproof.—adv. Reprehen′sively.—adj. Reprehen′sory. [O. Fr.,—L. reprehendĕre, -hensum—re-, inten., prehendĕre, to lay hold of.]

Represent, rep-rē-zent′, v.t. to exhibit the image of: to serve as a sign of: to personate or act the part of: to stand in the place of: to bring before the mind: to describe: to portray: to exemplify.—n. Representabil′ity.—adj. Represent′able, that may be represented.—ns. Representā′men, representation; Represent′ance (obs.), likeness.—adj. Represent′ant, having vicarious power.—n. Representā′tion, act of representing or exhibiting: that which represents: an image: picture: dramatic performance: part performed by a representative: share, participation: statement: delegation.—adj. Representā′tional.—ns. Representā′tionism, the doctrine of Descartes, that in the perception of the external world the immediate object represents another object beyond the sphere of consciousness; Representā′tionist.—adj. Represent′ative, representing: showing a likeness: bearing the character or power of others: replacing: presenting the full character of a class: (logic) mediately known.—n. one who stands for another, a deputy, delegate: (law) an heir.—adv. Represent′atively.—ns. Represent′ativeness; Represent′er; Represent′ment.—Representative faculty, the imagination.—House of Representatives, the lower branch of the United States Congress, consisting of members chosen biennially by the people. [O. Fr.,—L. repræsentāre, -ātum—re-, again, præsentāre, to place before.]

Repress, rē-pres′, v.t. to restrain, quell—also n.—ns. Repress′er, -or.—adj. Repress′ible, that may be restrained.—adv. Repress′ibly.—n. Repres′sion, act of repressing.—adj. Repress′ive, tending or able to repress.—adv. Repress′ively.

Repress, rē-pres′, v.t. to press a second time.—n. Repress′ing-machine′, a machine for making pressed bricks: a press for compressing cotton bales.

Reprieve, rē-prēv′, v.t. to delay the execution of a criminal: to give a respite to: (obs.) acquit, release.—n. a suspension of a criminal sentence: interval of ease or relief.—n. Repriev′al. [O. Fr. reprover (Fr. réprouver)—L. reprobāre, to reprove.]

Reprimand, rep′ri-mand, or -mand′, n. a severe reproof.—v.t. to chide: to reprove severely: to administer reproof publicly or officially. [O. Fr.,—L. reprimendum—reprimĕre, repressum, to press back—re-, back, primĕre, to press.]

Reprimer, rē-prī′mėr, n. an instrument for setting a cap upon a cartridge shell.

Reprint, rē-print′, v.t. to print again: to print a new impression of: printed matter from some other publication.—n. Rē′print, another impression of a printed book or paper.

Reprisal, rē-prī′zal, n. a seizing back or in retaliation: the retaking of goods captured by an enemy: anything seized, or inflicted, in retaliation: that which is seized for injury inflicted: (rare) a restitution. [O. Fr. represaille—It. ripresaglia—ripreso (Fr. reprise), retaken—L. re-pre(he)ndĕre, to seize again.]

Reprise, rē-prīz′, v.t. (Spens.) to take again, retake.—n. in maritime law, a ship recaptured from an enemy: in masonry, the return of a moulding in an internal angle: (law) yearly deductions, as annuities, &c.: (mus.) the act of repeating a passage. [Fr. reprise—reprendre—L. reprehendĕre.]

Reproach, rē-prōch′, v.t. to cast in one's teeth: to censure severely: to upbraid: to revile: to treat with contempt.—n. the act of reproaching: reproof: censure: blame in opprobrious language: disgrace: occasion of blame: an object of scorn.—adj. Reproach′able, deserving reproach: opprobrious.—n. Reproach′ableness.—adv. Reproach′ably.—n. Reproach′er.—adj. Reproach′ful, full of reproach or blame: abusive: scurrilous: bringing reproach: shameful: disgraceful.—adv. Reproach′fully.—n. Reproach′fulness.—adj. Reproach′less, without reproach.—The Reproaches, antiphons chanted in R.C. churches on Good Friday after the prayers which succeed the Gospel of the Passion, their subject the ingratitude of the Jews in rejecting and crucifying Christ. [Fr. reprocher—re-, back, proche, near—L. propius, comp. of prope, near.]

Reprobate, rep′rō-bāt, adj. condemned: base: given over to sin: depraved: vile: (B.) that will not stand proof or trial: (Sterne) condemnatory.—n. an abandoned or profligate person: one lost to shame.—v.t. to disapprove: to censure: to disown.—ns. Rep′rōbācy, state of being a reprobate; Rep′robance (Shak.), reprobation; Rep′robāteness; Rep′robāter; Reprobā′tion, the act of reprobating: rejection: the act of abandoning to destruction: state of being so abandoned: the doctrine of the fore-ordination of the impenitent to eternal perdition: (mil.) disqualification to bear office; Reprobā′tioner, one who maintains the doctrine of reprobation by divine decree.—adj. Reprobā′tive, criminatory.—n. Rep′robātor (Scots law), an old form of action to prove a witness to be perjured or biassed.—adj. Rep′robātory, reprobative. [L. reprobatus, pa.p. of reprobāre, to reprove.]

Reproduce, rē-prō-dūs′, v.t. to produce again: to form anew: to propagate: to represent.—n. Reprodū′cer, one who reproduces: the diaphragm used in producing speech in the phonograph.—adj. Reprodū′cible.—n. Reproduc′tion, the act of producing new organisms—the whole process whereby life is continued from generation to generation: repetition.—adj. Reproduc′tive, tending to reproduce.—ns. Reproduc′tiveness, Reproductiv′ity.—adj. Reproduc′tory.—Reproductive faculty, the faculty of the association of ideas; Reproductive organs (bot.), the organs appropriate to the production of seeds or spines: (zool.) the generative system.

Repromulgate, rē-prō-mul′gāt, v.t. to republish.—n. Repromulgā′tion.

Reproof, rē-prōōf′, n. a reproving or blaming: rebuke: censure: reprehension.—adj. Reprovable (-ōōv′-), deserving reproof, blame, or censure.—n. Reprov′ableness.—adv. Reprov′ably.—n. Repro′val, the act of reproving: reproof.—v.t. Reprove′, to condemn: to chide: to convict: to censure: to disprove or refute.—ns. Repro′ver; Repro′ving.—adv. Repro′vingly. [O. Fr. reprover (Fr. réprouver)—L. reprobāre, the opposite of approbāre (cf. Approve)—re-, off, probāre, to try.]

Reptant, rep′tant, adj. crawling: pertaining to the Reptantia, those gasteropod mollusca adapted for crawling.—n. Reptā′tion, the act of creeping: (math.) the motion of one plane figure around another, so that the longest diameter of one shall come into line with the shortest of the other.—adjs. Reptatō′rial, creeping or crawling; Rep′tatory (zool.), creeping.

Reptile, rep′tīl, adj. moving or crawling on the belly or with very short legs: grovelling: low.—n. an animal that moves or crawls on its belly or with short legs: an oviparous quadruped: one of the class of Reptil′ia (n.pl.) occupying a central position in the Vertebrate series, beneath them Amphibians and Fishes, above them Birds and Mammals: a grovelling, low person.—adjs. Reptil′ian, belonging to reptiles; Reptilif′erous, producing reptiles; Reptil′iform, related to reptiles; Reptil′ious, like a reptile.—n. Reptil′ium, a place where reptiles are kept.—adjs. Reptiliv′orous, feeding upon reptiles; Rep′tiloid, reptile form.—Reptilian age (geol.), the Mesozoic age, during which reptiles attained great development. [Fr.,—L. reptilis—repĕre, to creep.]

Republic, rē-pub′lik, n. a commonwealth: a form of government without a monarch, in which the supreme power is vested in representatives elected by the people.—adj. Repub′lican, belonging to a republic: agreeable to the principles of a republic.—n. one who advocates a republican form of government: a democrat: one of the two great political parties in the United States, opposed to the Democrats, favouring a high protective tariff, a liberal expenditure, and an extension of the powers of the national government.—v.t. Repub′licanise.—n. Repub′licanism, the principles of republican government: attachment to republican government.—n. Republicā′rian.—Republic of Letters, a name for the general body of literary and learned men.—Republican era, the era adopted by the French after the downfall of the monarchy, beginning with 22d September 1792.—Red republican, a violent republican, from the red cap affected by such. [Fr. république—L. respublica, commonwealth.]

Republish, rē-pub′lish, v.t. to publish again or anew.—ns. Republicā′tion, act of republishing: that which is republished, esp. a reprint of a book, &c.: a second publication of a former will; Repub′lisher.

Repudiate, rē-pū′di-āt, v.t. to reject: to disclaim, as liability for debt: to disavow: to divorce.—adj. Repū′diable, that may be repudiated: fit to be rejected.—ns. Repudiā′tion, the act of repudiating: rejection: an unprincipled method for the extinction of a debt by simply refusing to acknowledge the obligation: the state of being repudiated; Repudiā′tionist; Repū′diātor. [L. repudiāre, -ātum—repudium—re-, away, pudēre, to be ashamed.]

Repugn, rē-pūn′, v.t. (Shak.) to fight against, to oppose.—adj. Repugnable (rē-pū′-, or rē-pug′-na-bl), capable of being resisted.—ns. Repugnance (rē-pug′-, like all the succeeding words), the state of being repugnant: resistance: aversion: reluctance; Repug′nancy.—adj. Repug′nant, hostile: adverse: contrary: distasteful: at variance.—adv. Repug′nantly.—n. Repug′nantness.—v.t. Repug′nate, to oppose: to fight against.—adj. Repugnatō′rial, serving as a means of defence.—n. Repugner (rē-pū′nėr), one who rebels. [Fr.,—L. repugnāre—re-, against, pugnāre, to fight.]

Repullulate, rē-pul′ū-lāt, v.i. to sprout again.—n. Repullulā′tion.—adj. Repullules′cent.

Repulse, rē-puls′, v.t. to drive back: to repel: to beat off: to refuse, reject.—n. the state of being repulsed or driven back: the act of repelling: refusal.—ns. Repul′ser; Repul′sion, act of repulsing or driving back: state of being repelled: aversion: the action by which bodies or their particles repel each other.—adj. Repul′sive, that repulses or drives off: repelling: cold, reserved, forbidding: causing aversion and disgust.—adv. Repul′sively.—n. Repul′siveness.—adj. Repul′sory. [L. repulsus, pa.p. of repellĕre—re-, back, pellĕre, to drive.]

Repurchase, rē-pur′chās, v.t. to purchase or buy back or again.—n. the act of buying again: that which is bought again.

Reputation, rep-ū-tā′shun, n. state of being held in repute: estimation: character in public opinion: credit: fame.—adj. Rep′ūtable, in good repute: respectable: honourable: consistent with reputation.—n. Rep′ūtableness.—adv. Rep′ūtably.—adj. Rep′ūtātive, reputed: putative.—adv. Rep′ūtātively, by repute. [Fr.,—L. reputation-em, consideration—re-putāre, to think over.]

Repute, rē-pūt′, v.t. to account or estimate: to hold.—n. estimate: established opinion: character.—adv. Repūt′edly, in common repute or estimation.—adj. Repute′less (Shak.), without good repute, disreputable.—Reputed owner, a person who has to all appearance the title to the property. [Fr.,—L. reputāre, -ātum—re-, again, putāre, to reckon.]

Request, rē-kwest′, v.t. to ask for earnestly: to entreat: to desire.—n. petition: prayer: desire: demand: that which is requested: a want: a question: the state of being desired.—n. Request′er.—Request note, in the inland revenue, an application to obtain a permit for removing excisable articles: programme.—Court of Requests, a former Court of Equity in England, inferior to the Court of Chancery, abolished in 1641: a local tribunal instituted in London by Henry VIII. for the recovery of small debts—called also Court of Conscience: Letters of Request, the formal instrument by which in English ecclesiastical law an inferior judge waives his jurisdiction over a cause, and refers it to a higher court. [O. Fr. requeste (Fr. requête)—L. requisitum, pa.p. of requirĕre—re-, away, quærĕre, to seek.]

Requiem, rē′kwi-em, n. a hymn or mass sung for the rest of the soul of the dead: a grand musical composition in honour of the dead: (obs.) rest, peace.—n. Requies′cence, repose.—Requiescat in pace, may he (or she) rest in peace, often abbreviated R.I.P. [L., accus. of requies—(re-, inten., quies, rest); so called from the initial words of the introit, Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine! 'Give eternal rest to them, O Lord!']

Require, rē-kwīr′, v.t. to ask: to demand: to need: to exact: to direct.—adj. Requir′able, that may be required: fit or proper to be required.—ns. Require′ment, act of requiring: claim: demand; Requir′er; Requir′ing. [Fr.,—L. requirĕre.]

Requisite, rek′wi-zit, adj. required: needful: indispensable.—n. that which is required: anything necessary or indispensable.—adv. Req′uisitely.—ns. Req′uisiteness, state of being requisite; Requisi′tion, the act of requiring: an application—for a public meeting, for a person to become a candidate for Parliament, &c.: a demand, as for necessaries for a military force: a written request or invitation.—v.t. to make a requisition or demand upon, to seize.—n. Requisi′tionist, one who makes a requisition.—adj. Requis′itive.—n. Requis′itor.—adj. Requis′itory.—n. Requis′itum, that which a problem asks for.

Requite, rē-kwīt′, v.t. to repay: to retaliate.—adjs. Requit′ (Spens.), requited, returned; Requī′table.—ns. Requī′tal, the act of requiting: payment in return: recompense: reward; Requite′, requital.—adjs. Requite′ful; Requite′less, without requital: free.—ns. Requite′ment; Requī′ter.

Rerebrace, rēr′brās, n. the armour of the upper arm from shoulder to elbow.—Also Arrière-bras.

Rerebrake, rēr-brāk′, n. an appurtenance of a mounted warrior in the fifteenth century.

Reredos, rēr′dos, n. the wall or screen at the back of an altar, usually in the form of a screen detached from the east wall, adorned with niches, statues, &c., or with paintings or tapestry: the back of an open fire-hearth, in medieval halls. [O. Fr., rere, rear, dos—L. dorsum, back.]

Re-reiterated, rē-rē-it′ėr-āt-ed, p.adj. (Tenn.) reiterated or repeated again and again.

Reremouse, rēr′mows, n. a bat. [A.S. hréremús—hréran, to move, mús, a mouse.]

Res, rēz, n. a thing, a point.—Res angusta domi, straitened circumstances; Res gestæ, things done; Res judicāta, a matter decided.

Rescind, rē-sind′, v.t. to cut away or off: to annul: to repeal: to reverse.—adj. Rescind′able.—ns. Rescind′ment; Rescis′sion, the act of rescinding: the act of annulling or repealing.—adj. Rescis′sory.—Rescissory actions (law), those actions whereby deeds are declared void. [Fr.,—L. rescindĕre, rescissum—re-, back, scindĕre, to cut.]

Rescore, rē-skōr′, v.t. to rearrange music for voices and instruments.

Rescribe, rē-skrīb′, v.t. to write again.—n. Rescrib′endāry, a papal official who determines what documents are to be copied and registered, &c.

Rescript, rē′skript, n. the official answer of a pope or an emperor to any legal question: an edict or decree.—n. Rescrip′tion, the answering of a letter.—adj. Rescrip′tive.—adv. Rescrip′tively. [Fr.,—L. rescriptum—re-, back, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Rescue, res′kū, v.t. to free from danger or violence: to deliver: to liberate:—pr.p. res′cūing; pa.t. and pa.p. res′cūed.—n. the act of rescuing: deliverance from violence or danger: forcible release from arrest or imprisonment.—adj. Res′cuable.—ns. Res′cuer; Rescūssēē′, the party rescued; Rescus′sor, one who makes an unlawful rescue. [M. E. rescous, a rescue—O. Fr. rescousse—rescourre—L. re-, away, excutĕre, to shake out—ex, out, quatĕre, to shake.]

Rescue-grass, res′kū-gras, n. a species of brome-grass, native to South America.

Research, rē-sėrch′, n. a careful search: diligent examination or investigation: scrutiny.—v.i. to examine anew.—n. Research′er.—adj. Research′ful, inquisitive, prone to investigation.

Resection, rē-sek′shun, n. act of cutting off: removal of a bone's articular extremity.—v.t. Resect′, to cut off. [L. resecāre, re-, again, secāre, to cut.]

Reseda, rē-sē′da, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, the mignonette family.

Reseize, rē-sēz′, v.t. (Spens.) to seize again: to reinstate.—ns. Reseiz′er; Reseiz′ūre.

Resemble, rē-zem′bl, v.t. to be similar to: to have the likeness of: to possess similar qualities or appearance: to compare: to make like.—adj. Resemblable, admitting of being compared.—n. Resem′blance, the state of resembling: similitude: likeness: similarity: that which is similar.—adj. Resem′blant.—n. Resem′bler.—adj. Resem′bling.—adv. Resem′blingly. [O. Fr. resembler (Fr. ressembler)—re-, again, sembler, to seem—L. simulāre, to make like—similis, like.]

Resent, rē-zent′, v.t. to take ill: to consider as an injury or affront: to be indignant at: to express indignation: to have a strong perception of: to perceive by the sense of smell—v.i. to be indignant.—n. Resent′er.—adj. Resent′ful, full of, or prone to, resentment.—advs. Resent′fully; Resent′ingly.—adj. Resent′ive.—n. Resent′ment, the act of resenting: displeasure: anger. [O. Fr. resentir, ressentir—L. re-, in return, sentīre, to feel.]

Reserve, rē-zėrv′, v.t. to keep back: to keep for future or other use: to retain, except: to keep safe.—n. that which is reserved: that which is kept for future use: a part of an army or a fleet reserved to assist those engaged in action: that which is kept back in the mind: mental concealment: absence of freedom in words or action: caution: that part of capital which is retained to meet average liabilities.—n. Reservā′tion, the act of reserving or keeping back: the withholding from a statement of a word or clause necessary to convey its real meaning: something withheld: safe keeping: a clause, proviso, or limitation by which something is reserved: (U.S.) a tract of public land reserved for some special purpose, as for Indians, schools, &c.: the practice of reserving part of the consecrated bread of the eucharist for the communion of the sick: the act of the pope to reserve to himself the right to nominate to certain benefices.—adj. Reserv′ative.—n. Reserv′atory.—n.pl. Reserves′, the reserve forces of a country, the men composing such.—n. Reser′vist, a soldier who belongs to the reserves.—Mental reservation, the act of reserving or holding back some word or clause which is necessary to convey fully the meaning really intended by the speaker—distinct from equivocation (L. equivocatio or amphibolia).—Without reserve, a phrase implying that a property will be sold absolutely, neither the vendor nor any one acting for him bidding it in. [O. Fr. reserver—L. reservāre—re-, back, servāre, to save.]

Reserved, rē-zėrvd′, adj. characterised by reserve: not free or frank in words or behaviour: shy: cold.—adv. Reser′vedly.—ns. Reser′vedness; Reser′ver.—Reserved case, a sin, the power to absolve from which is reserved to the pope, or his legate, &c.; Reserved list, formerly a list of officers on half-pay, who might be called upon in an emergency; Reserved power, a reservation made in deeds, &c.; Reserved powers (U.S.), powers pertaining to sovereignty, but not delegated to a representative body.

Reservoir, rez′ėr-vwor, n. a place where anything is kept in store: a place where water and other liquids are stored for use.—Also v.t. [Fr.]

Reset, rē-set′, v.t. and v.i. to set again.—n. printed matter set over again.—adj. Reset′table (Tenn.), that may be reset.

Reset, re-set′, v.t. (Scot.) to receive and hide, as stolen goods, or a criminal.—n. Reset′ter, one who receives and hides stolen goods. [Perh. receipt.]

Resettle, rē-set′l, v.t, and v.i. to settle again.—n. Resett′lement.

Reship, rē-ship′, v.t. to ship again.—n. Reship′ment, the act of reshipping: things reshipped.

Resiant, rez′i-ant, adj. (obs.) resident, always residing in a place.—n. Res′iance. [Doublet of resident.]

Reside, rē-zīd′, v.i. to remain sitting: to dwell permanently: to abide: to live: to inhere.—ns. Res′idence, act of dwelling in a place: place where one resides, a domicile: that in which anything permanently inheres: the settling of liquors; Res′idency, residence: the official dwelling of a government officer in India.—adj. Res′ident, dwelling in a place for some time: residing on one's own estate: residing in the place of one's duties: not migratory.—n. one who resides: a public minister at a foreign court.—n. Res′identer (Scot.).—adjs. Residen′tial, residing: having actual residence—(rare) Resident′al; Residen′tiary, residing, esp. of one bound to reside for a certain time every year at a cathedral church.—n. one who keeps a certain residence, esp. an ecclesiastic.—ns. Residen′tiaryship; Res′identship; Resī′der. [O. Fr.,—L. residēre—re-, back, sedēre, to sit.]

Residue, rez′i-dū, n. that which is left behind after a part is taken away: the remainder: the residuum of an estate after payment of debts and legacies.—adj. Resid′ual, remaining as residue.—n. that which remains after a subtraction, as the difference between one of a series of observed values and the mean of the series, &c.—ns. Resid′ual-air, that portion of air which cannot be expelled by the most violent efforts from the lungs; Resid′ual-charge, a charge of electricity spontaneously acquired by coated glass; Resid′ual-mag′netism, remanent magnetism; Resid′ual-quan′tity, a binomial connected with the sign - (minus).—adj. Resid′uary, pertaining to the residue: receiving the remainder, as residuary estate.—ns. Resid′uary-clause, that part of a will which disposes of whatever may be left after satisfying the other provisions of the will; Resid′uary-legatēē′, the legatee to whom is bequeathed the residuum.—v.t. Resid′uate, to find the residual of.—ns. Residuā′tion, the act of finding the residual; Resid′uent, a by-product left after the removal of a principal product.—adj. Resid′uous, residual.—n. Resid′ūum, that which is left after any process of purification: a residue. [O. Fr. residu—L. residuum—residēre, to remain behind.]

Resign, rē-zīn′, v.t. to yield up to another: to submit calmly: to relinquish: to entrust.—v.i. to submit one's self: to give up an office, &c.—n. Resignā′tion, act of giving up: state of being resigned or quietly submissive: acquiescence: patience: (Scots law) the form by which a vassal returns the feu into the hands of a superior.—p.adj. Resigned′, calmly submissive: uncomplaining.—adv. Resigned′ly, with submission.—ns. Resignēē′, the person to whom a thing is resigned; Resign′er; Resign′ment. [O. Fr.,—L. resignāre, -ātum, to annul—re-, sig. reversal, signāre—signum, a mark.]

Resile, rē-zīl′, v.i. to leap back: to fly from: to recoil, to recede:—pr.p. resīl′ing; pa.p. resīled′.—ns. Resile′ment; Resil′ience, Resil′iency, act of springing back or rebounding.—adj. Resil′ient, springing back or rebounding.—ns. Resili′tion; Resiluā′tion, renewed attack. [O. Fr.,—L. resilīre, to leap back—re-, back, salīre, to leap.]

Resin, rez′in, n. an amorphous substance that exudes from plants, supposed to be the product of oxidation of volatile oils secreted by the plant: the precipitate obtained from a vegetable tincture by treatment with water.—v.t. to coat with resin.—adj. Resinā′ceous, resinous.—n. Res′ināte, a salt of the acids obtained from turpentine.—adj. Resinif′erous, yielding resin.—n. Resinificā′tion, the process of treating with resin.—adj. Res′iniform.—vs.t. Res′inify, to change into resin; Res′inise, to treat with resin.—adjs. Res′ino-elec′tric, containing negative electricity; Res′inoid; Res′inous, having the qualities of, or resembling, resin.—adv. Res′inously.—n. Res′inousness.—adj. Res′iny, like resin.—Gum resins, the milky juices of certain plants solidified by exposure to air; Hard resins, at ordinary temperatures solid and brittle, easily pulverised, containing little or no essential oil (copal, lac, jalap, &c.); Soft resins, mouldable by the hand—some are viscous and semi-fluid balsams (turpentine, storax, Canada balsam, &c.). [Fr.,—L. resīna.]

Resinata, rez-i-nā′ta, n. the common white wine in Greece, its peculiar odour due to the resin of the wine.—v.t. Res′ināte.

Resipiscence, res-i-pis′ens, n. change to a better frame of mind.—adj. Resipis′cent, right-minded. [Fr.,—L. resipiscentia—resipiscĕre, to repent—re-, again, sapĕre, to be wise.]

Resist, rē-zist′, v.t. to strive against: to oppose.—v.i. to make opposition.—n. a composition applied to a surface to enable it to resist chemical action: a material, as a paste, applied to a fabric to prevent the action of a dye or mordant from affecting the parts not to be coloured.—ns. Resis′tal (obs.); Resis′tance, act of resisting: opposition: (mech.) the power of a body which acts in opposition to the impulse of another: (electr.) that property of a conductor in virtue of which the passage of a current through it is accompanied with a dissipation of energy; Resis′tance-box, a box containing one or more resistance-coils; Resis′tance-coil, a coil of wire which offers a resistance to the passage of a current of electricity; Resis′tant, one who, or that which, resists.—adjs. Resis′tant, Resis′tent, making resistance.—ns. Resis′ter; Resistibil′ity, Resis′tibleness.—adj. Resis′tible.—advs. Resis′tibly; Resis′tingly.—adj. Resis′tive.—adv. Resis′tively.—n. Resistiv′ity.—adj. Resist′less, irresistible: unresisting, unable to resist.—adv. Resist′lessly.—ns. Resist′lessness; Resist′-style, in calico printing, the process of dyeing in a pattern by the use of a resist; Resist′-work, calico printing, in which the pattern is produced by means of resist which preserves parts uncoloured. [Fr.,—L. resistĕre—re-, against, sistĕre, to make to stand.]

Resoluble, rez′ō-lū-bl, adj. that may be resolved, soluble.—n. Res′olubleness.

Resolute, rez′ō-lūt, adj. resolved: determined: having a fixed purpose: constant in pursuing a purpose: bold.—n. a determined person.—adv. Res′olūtely.—n. Res′olūteness.

Resolution, rez-o-lū′shun, n. act of resolving: analysis: solution: state of being resolved: fixed determination: steadiness: that which is resolved: certainty: (mus.) the relieving of a discord by a following concord: a formal proposal put before a public assembly, or the formal determination of such on any matter: (math.) reduction, solution: (med.) the disappearance or dispersion of a tumour or inflammation.—n. Resolū′tioner, one of a party in Scotland who approved of the resolutions of the Commission of General Assembly (1650) admitting to take part in the struggle against Cromwell all persons except those excommunicate and hostile to the Covenant—opp. to the Protesters.—adj. Res′olūtive.—Resolution of forces, or of velocities, the application of the principle of the parallelogram of forces or velocities to the separation of a force or velocity into parts.

Resolve, rē-zolv′, v.t. to separate into parts: to analyse: to free from doubt or difficulty: to explain: to decide: to fix by resolution or formal declaration: (math.) to solve: (med.) to disperse, as a tumour: (mus.) to carry a discord into a concord.—v.i. to determine.—n. anything resolved or determined: resolution: fixed purpose.—n. Resolvabil′ity.—adj. Rosol′vable, that may be resolved or reduced to its elements.—n. Resol′vableness.—adv. Resol′vably.—adj. Resolved′, fixed in purpose.—adv. Resol′vedly, firmly: clearly.—n. Resol′vedness.—adj. Resol′vent, having power to resolve.—n. that which causes solution: (med.) a substance which resolves tumours: (math.) an equation upon whose solution the solution of a given problem depends.—n. Resol′ver. [Fr.,—L. resolvĕre, resolutum—re-, inten., solvĕre, to loose.]

Resonance, rez′ō-nans, n. act of resounding: the returning of sound by reflection or by the production of vibrations in other bodies: the sound discovered by means of auscultation—also Res′onancy.—n. Res′onance-box, a chamber in a musical instrument for increasing its sonority.—adj. Res′onant, returning sound: vibrating.—adv. Res′onantly.—v.i. Res′onāte, to resound.—n. Resonā′tor, a vessel for the analysis of complex sounds. [L. resonāre, re-, back, sonāre, to sound.]

Resorb, rē-sorb′, v.t. to reabsorb, to swallow up.—adj. Resorb′ent. [L. resorbĕre, to suck back.]

Resorcin, rē-sor′sin, n. a colourless crystalline phenol.—adj. Resor′cinal.—n. Resor′cinism. [Fr.]

Resorption, rē-sorp′shun, n. the disappearance of an organ by absorption.—adj. Resorp′tive.

Resort, rē-zort′, v.i. to go: to betake one's self: to have recourse: to apply.—n. act of resorting: a place much frequented: a haunt: resource: company.—n. Resort′er, a frequenter.—Last resort, the last means of relief, the final tribunal—the French dernier ressort. [Fr. ressortir—L. re-, back, sortīri, to cast lots—sors, sortis, a lot.]

Resound, rē-zownd′, v.t. to sound back: to echo: to praise or celebrate with sound: to spread the fame of.—v.i. to be sent back or echoed: to echo: to sound loudly: to be much mentioned.—ns. Resound′; Resound′er, a monotelephone.

Resource, re-sōrs′, n. a source of help: an expedient: (pl.) means of raising money: means of any kind: funds.—adj. Resource′ful, shifty.—n. Resource′fulness.—adj. Resource′less. [O. Fr. resource—resourdre—L. resurgĕre, to rise again.]

Respect, rē-spekt′, v.t. to esteem for merit: to honour: to relate to: to regard unduly: to heed.—n. act of esteeming highly: regard: expression of esteem: deportment arising from esteem: relation: reference: point of view, any particular: (B.) good-will, also undue regard: partiality: reflection: decency: reputation.—n. Respectabil′ity, state or quality of being respectable.—adj. Respec′table, worthy of respect or regard: moderate in excellence or number: not mean or despicable: reputable: moderately well-to-do.—n. Respec′tableness.—adv. Respec′tably, moderately: pretty well.—adj. Respec′tant (her.), facing one another—said of figures of animals.—n. Respec′ter.—adj. Respect′ful, full of respect: marked by civility.—adv. Respect′fully.—n. Respect′fulness.—prep. Respec′ting, regarding: considering.—n. Respec′tion, respect.—adj. Respec′tive, having respect or reference to: relative: relating to a particular person or thing: particular.—adv. Respec′tively.—ns. Respec′tiveness; Respec′tivist (obs.), a captious critic.—adjs. Respect′less, regardless; Respec′tūous (obs.), causing respect: respectful.—Have respect of persons, unduly to favour certain persons, as for their wealth, &c.; In respect of, in comparison with; With respect to, with regard to. [O. Fr.,—L. respicĕre, respectum—re-, back, specĕre, to look.]

Respire, rē-spīr′, v.i. to breathe again and again: to breathe: to take rest.—v.t. to breathe out—in the higher animals there is an absorption of oxygen and a discharge of carbonic acid, also in plants.—n. Respīrabil′ity, quality of being respirable.—adj. Respīr′able, that may be breathed: fit for respiration.—n. Respīr′ableness; Respirā′tion, the function of breathing: relief from toil.—adjs. Respirā′tional; Respīr′ative.—ns. Res′pirātor, a network of fine wire for respiring or breathing through; Respiratō′rium, a gill-like organ used by certain insects to draw water from the air.—adj. Rēspi′ratory (or res′pi-rā-tō-ri), pertaining to, or serving for, respiration.—ns. Respīr′ing; Respirom′eter, an apparatus for supplying air to a diver under water.—Artificial respiration, respiration induced by artificial means. [Fr.,—L. respirāre—re-, sig. repetition, spirāre, -ātum, to breathe.]

Respite, res′pit, n. temporary cessation of anything: pause: interval of rest: (law) temporary suspension of the execution of a criminal.—v.t. to grant a respite to: to relieve by a pause: to delay.—adj. Res′piteless. [O. Fr. respit (Fr. répit)—L. respectus, respect.]

Resplendent, rē-splen′dent, adj. very splendid, shining brilliantly: very bright: (her.) issuing rays.—ns. Resplen′dence, Resplen′dency, state of being resplendent.—adv. Resplen′dently. [L. resplendēre—re-, inten., splendēre, to shine.]

Respond, rē-spond′, v.i. to answer or reply: to correspond to or suit: to be answerable: to make a liturgical response: to be liable for payment.—v.t. to satisfy.—n. a versicle, &c., occurring at intervals, as in the responses to the commandments in the Anglican service: (archit.) a pilaster, &c., in a wall for receiving the impost of an arch.—ns. Respon′dence, Respon′dency, act of responding: reply: (Spens.) correspondence.—adj. Respon′dent, answering: corresponding to expectation.—n. one who answers, esp. in a law-suit: one who refutes objections.—ns. Responden′tia, a loan on the cargo of a vessel; Respon′sal, a liturgical response: a proctor for a monastery; Response′, a reply: an oracular answer: the answer made by the congregation to the priest during divine service: reply to an objection in a formal disputation: a short anthem sung at intervals during a lection; Responsibil′ity, Respon′sibleness, state of being responsible: what one is responsible for: a trust.—adj. Respon′sible, liable to be called to account or render satisfaction: answerable: capable of discharging duty: able to pay.—adv. Respon′sibly.—n.pl. Respon′sions, the first of the three examinations for the B.A. degree at Oxford, familiarly called 'smalls.'—adj. Respon′sive, inclined to respond: answering: correspondent.—adv. Respon′sively.—n. Respon′siveness, the state of being responsive.—adj. Responsō′rial, responsive.—n. an office-book containing the responsories.—adj. Respon′sory, making answer.—n. a portion of a psalm sung between the missal lections: the answer of the people to the priest in church service: a response book.—n. Respon′sūre (obs.), response. [Fr.,—L. respondēre, responsum—re-, back, spondēre, to promise.]

Ressaut, res-awt′, n. (archit.) a projection of one part from another. [Fr.,—L. resilīre, to leap back.]

Rest, rest, n. cessation from motion or disturbance: peace: quiet: sleep: the final sleep, or death: place of rest, as an inn, &c.: repose: release: security: tranquillity: stay: that on which anything rests or is supported: a pause of the voice in reading: (mus.) an interval between tones, also its mark: in ancient armour, a projection from the cuirass to support the lance: a quick and continued returning of the ball at tennis: in the game of primero, the final stake made by the player.—v.i. to cease from action or labour: to be still: to repose: to sleep: to be dead: to be supported: to lean or trust: to be satisfied: to come to an end: to be undisturbed: to take rest: to lie: to trust: (law) to terminate voluntarily the adducing of evidence: to be in the power of, as 'it rests with you.'—v.t. to lay at rest: to quiet: to place on a support.—n. Rest′-cure, the treatment of exhaustion by isolation in bed.—adj. Rest′ful (Shak.), being at rest, quiet, giving rest.—adv. Rest′fully, in a state of rest.—ns. Rest′fulness, the state or quality of being restful: quietness; Rest′-house a house of rest for travellers in India, a dak-bungalow Rest′iness (obs.), sluggishness.—adj. Rest′ing-ow′ing (Scots law), indebted.—ns. Rest′ing-place, a place of security, or of rest, the grave: in building, a landing in a staircase; Rest′ing-spore, a spore which germinates after a period of dormancy; Rest′ing-stage, -state, a state of suspended activity, as of woody plants, bulbs; Rest′ing-while, a period of leisure.—At rest, applied to a body, means, having no velocity with respect to that on which the body stands. [A.S. rest, ræst; Ger. rast, Dut. rust.]

Rest, rest, n. that which remains after the separation of a part: remainder: others: balance of assets above liabilities.—v.i. to remain.—For the rest, as regards other matters. [Fr. reste—L. restāre, to remain—re-, back, stāre, to stand.]

Restaur, res-tawr′, n. the remedy which assurers have against each other, or a person has against his guarantor. [Fr.]

Restaurant, res′tō-rang, or res′tō-rant, n. a house for the sale of refreshments: an eating-house.—n. Restaurateur (res-tō′ra-tėr), the keeper of a restaurant. [Fr.,—restaurer, to restore.]

Restem, rē-stem′, v.t. (Shak.) to force back against the current: to move back against, as a current.

Rest-harrow, rest′-har′ō, n. a half-shrubby plant with a spiny stem and tough, woody roots, common in ill-cleaned land: a small moth.

Restibrachium, res-ti-brā′ki-um, n. (anat.) the inferior peduncle of the cerebellum.—adj. Restibrā′chial.

Restiform, res′ti-form, adj. cord-like.—Restiform body, the inferior peduncle of the cerebellum. [L. restis, a net, forma, form.]

Restinction, rē-stingk′shun, n. the act of extinguishing.—v.t. Resting′uish, to quench.

Restio, res′ti-ō, n. a genus of glumaceous plants.—n. Restioi′deæ.

Restipulate, rē-stip′ū-lāt, v.i. to stipulate anew.—n. Restipulā′tion.

Restitution, res-ti-tū′shun, n. act of restoring what was lost or taken away: indemnification: making good: (law) the restoration of what a party had gained by a judgment.—v.t. Res′titūte (obs.), to restore.—adj. Res′titūtive.—n. Res′titūtor. [L. restitutio—restituĕre, to set up again—re-, again, statuĕre, to make to stand.]

Restive, res′tiv, adj. unwilling to go forward: obstinate: jibbing back like a restive horse.—adv. Res′tively.—n. Res′tiveness. [O. Fr. restif—L. restāre, to rest.]

Restless, rest′les, adj. in continual motion: uneasy: passed in unquietness: seeking change or action: unsettled: turbulent.—adv. Rest′lessly.—n. Rest′lessness. [Rest, cessation from motion.]

Restore, rē-stōr′, v.t. to repair: to replace: to return: to bring back to its former state: to revive: to cure: to compensate: to mend: (mus.) to bring a note back to its original signification.—adj. Restōr′able, that may be restored to a former owner or condition.—ns. Restōr′ableness, the state or quality of being restorable; Restōrā′tion, act of restoring: replacement: recovery: revival: reparation: renewal: restoration of a building to its original design: (theol.) receiving of a sinner to the divine favour: the final recovery of all men: (palæont.) the proper adjustment of the bones of an extinct animal; Restōrā′tionist, one who holds the belief that after a purgation all wicked men and angels will be restored to the favour of God, a universalist.—adj. Restōr′ative, able or tending to restore, esp. to strength and vigour.—n. a medicine that restores.—adv. Restōr′atively.—ns. Restōre′ment; Restōr′er.—The Restoration, the re-establishment of the monarchy with the return of Charles II. in 1660. [Fr. restaurer—L. restaurāre, -ātum—re-, again, root stāre, to stand.]

Restrain, rē-strān′, v.t. to hold back: to check: to withhold, to forbid: to hinder: to limit.—adj. Restrain′able, capable of being restrained.—adv. Restrain′edly.—n. Restrain′er (phot.), a chemical used to retard the act of the developer in an overexposed plate, &c.—p.adj. Restrain′ing.—ns. Restrain′ment; Restraint′, act of restraining: state of being restrained: want of liberty: limitation: hinderance: reserve; Restraint′-bed, -chair, used for the insane. [O. Fr. restraindre—L. restringĕre, restrictum—re-, back, stringĕre, to draw tightly.]

Restriall, rē-strī′al, adj. (her.) divided barwise, palewise, and pilewise.

Restrict, rē-strikt′, v.t. to limit: to confine: to repress: to attach limitations.—adv. Restric′tedly.—n. Restric′tion, act of restricting: limitation: confinement.—adj. Restric′tive, having the power or tendency to restrict: astringent.—adv. Restric′tively.—n. Restric′tiveness, the state or quality of being restrictive. [Restrain.]

Restringe, rē-strinj′, v.t. to contract: to astringe.—ns. Restrin′gend, Restrin′gent, an astringent.

Resty, rest′i, adj. (Spens.) restive: (Milt.) disposed to rest, indolent.

Resublime, rē-sub-līm′, v.t. to sublime again.—n. Resublimā′tion.

Result, rē-zult′, v.i. to issue (with in): to follow as a consequence from facts: to rebound: to be the outcome: to terminate.—n. consequence: conclusion: decision: resolution, as the result of a council.—n. Resul′tance, act of resulting.—adj. Resul′tant, resulting from combination.—n. (phys.) a force compounded of two or more forces.—n. Resul′tāte (obs.), a result.—adjs. Result′ful, having results or effect; Resul′tive; Result′less, without result.—n. Result′lessness.—Resultant tone, a tone produced by the simultaneous sounding of two sustained tones; Resulting force, a motion which is the result of two or more motions combined. [Fr.,—L. resultāre—resilīre. Cf. Resilient.]

Resume, rē-zūm′, v.t. to take back what has been given: to take up again: to begin again after interruption.—adj. Resū′mable, liable to be taken back again, or taken up again. [L. resumĕre—re-, back, sumĕre, sumptum, to take.]

Résumé, rā-zū-mā′, n. a summing up: a summary.—v.t. Resume′. [Fr.,—L. resumĕre, to resume.]

Resummon, rē-sum′un, v.t. to summon again: to recover.—n. Resumm′ons, a second summons.

Resumption, rē-zump′shun, n. act of resuming or taking back again, as the resumption of a grant: the return to special payments.—adj. Resump′tive.—n. a restoring medicine.

Resupinate, rē-sū′pin-āt, adj. lying on the back: (bot.) inverted in position by a twisting of the stalk upside down—also Resūpine′.—n. Resupinā′tion. [L. resupinatus, pa.p. pass. of resupināre, to bend back—re-, back, supinus, bent backward.]

Resurge, rē-surj′, v.i. to rise again.—n. Resur′gence.—adj. Resur′gent, rising again or from the dead.—v.t. Resurrect′ (coll.), to restore to life.—n. Resurrec′tion, the rising again from the dead: the life thereafter: a restoration: body-snatching.—adj. Resurrec′tionary.—v.t. Resurrec′tionise.—ns. Resurrec′tionist, Resurrec′tion-man, one who steals bodies from the grave for dissection. [L. re-, again, surgĕre, surrectum, to rise.]

Resurvey, rē-sur-vā′, v.t. to survey again, to review.—n. a second or renewed survey.

Resuscitate, rē-sus′i-tāt, v.t. to revive, to revivify.—v.i. to revive: to awaken and come to life again.—adjs. Resus′citable; Resus′citant.—n. one who, or that which, resuscitates.—n. Resuscitā′tion, act of reviving from a state of apparent death: state of being revivified.—adj. Resus′citātive, tending to resuscitate: reviving: revivifying: reanimating.—n. Resus′citātor, one who resuscitates.—Resuscitative faculty, the reproductive faculty of the mind. [L. re-, again, suscitāre—sus-, sub-, from beneath, citāre, to put into quick motion—ciēre, to make to go.]

Retable, rē-tā′bl, n. a shelf behind the altar for the display of lights, vases of flowers, &c. [Fr.]

Retail, rē-tāl′, v.t. to sell or deal out in small parts: to sell in broken parts, or at second hand: to hand down by report.—adj. pertaining to retail.—ns. Rē′tail, the sale of goods in small quantities; Retail′er; Retail′ment. [Fr. retailler, to cut again—re-, again, tailler, to cut.]

Retain, rē-tān′, v.t. to keep in possession: to detain: to employ by a fee paid: to restrain: to keep up, as to retain a custom: to keep in mind.—adj. Retain′able, that may be retained.—ns. Retain′er, one who is retained or kept in service: a dependant, but higher than a servant: a sutler: a retaining fee; Retain′ership; Retain′ment.—Retaining fee, the advance fee paid to a lawyer to defend a cause; Retaining wall, a wall to prevent a bank from slipping down.—General retainer, a fee to secure a priority of claim on a counsel's services; Special retainer, a fee for a particular case. [Fr.,—L. retinēre—re-, back, tenēre, to hold.]

Retaliate, rē-tal′i-āt, v.t. to return like for like: to repay.—v.i. to return like for like.—n. Retaliā′tion, act of retaliating: 'lex talionis:' retribution.—adjs. Retal′iātive, Retal′iātory, returning like for like. [L. retaliāre, -ātum—re-, in return, talio, -onis, like for like—talis, of such a kind.]

Retama, re-tä′mä, or re-tā′mä, n. a group of yellow-flowered shrubs, with rush-like branches.

Retard, rē-tärd′, v.t. to keep back: to delay: to defer.—adj. Retar′dant.—n. Retardā′tion, delay: hinderance: obstacle: (phys.) a continuous decrement in velocity: in acoustics, the distance by which one wave is behind another: (mus.) the act of diminishing the rate of speed: (teleg.) decrease in the speed of telegraph signalling.—adjs. Retar′dātive, tending or serving to retard; Retar′dātory.—ns. Retar′der; Retard′ment.—Retardation of mean solar time, the change of the sun's right ascension in a sidereal day. [Fr.,—L. retardāre—re-, inten., tardāre, to make slow—tardus, slow.]

Retch, rech, v.i. to try to vomit: to strain: to reach. [A.S. hrǽcan—hrǽc, a cough; Ice. hrækja.]

Retchless, rech′les, adj. (obs.) reckless.—adv. Retch′lessly.—n. Retch′lessness.

Rete, rē′tē, n. a network of blood-vessels, a plexus.—adjs. Retē′cious; Rē′tial.

Retention, rē-ten′shun, n. act or power of retaining: memory: restraint: custody: preservation: (med.) power of retaining, inability to void: (Scots law) a lien, the right of withholding a debt until a debt due to the claimant is paid.—n. Retent′, that which is retained.—adj. Reten′tive, having power to retain.—adv. Reten′tively.—ns. Reten′tiveness, Retentiv′ity; Reten′tor, a muscle which serves to retain an organ in place.—Magnetic retentiveness, coercive force.

Retiary, rē′shi-ā-ri, adj. net-like: constructing a web to catch prey: provided with a net.—n. a gladiator who fights with a net—also Retiā′rius.—n.pl. Rē′tiāriæ, the spinning spiders. [L. retiarius—rete, a net.]

Reticence, ret′i-sens, n. concealment by silence: reserve in speech—also Ret′icency.—adj. Ret′icent, concealing by silence: reserved in speech. [Fr.,—L. reticēre—re-, tacēre, to be silent.]

Reticule, ret′i-kūl, Reticle, ret′i-kl, n. a little network bag: a lady's workbag: an attachment to a telescope consisting of a network of lines ruled on glass.—adj. Retic′ular, having the form of network: formed with interstices: (anat.) cellular.—ns. Reticulā′rē; Reticulā′ria, a genus of the myxomycetous fungi.—n.pl. Reticulariā′ceæ.—adjs. Reticulā′rian; Reticulā′rious.—adv. Retic′ularly.—adjs. Retic′ulary; Retic′ulāte, -d, netted: having the form or structure of a net: having veins crossing like network, as a reticulate leaf.—n. Reticulā′tion, a method of copying a painting by the help of threads stretched across a frame.—adj. Retic′ulōse, finely reticulate.—n. Retic′ulum, a network: the second stomach of a ruminant: a southern constellation.—Reticular cartilage, a cartilage in which the matrix is permeated with elastic fibres; Reticular layer of skin, the deeper part of the corium; Reticulated glass, ware made from glass, in which one set of coloured lines meets with another; Reticulated micrometer, a micrometer for an optical instrument with a reticule in the focus of an eyepiece; Reticulated moulding, a fillet interlaced in various ways; Reticulated work, masonry constructed with diamond-shaped stones. [L. reticulum—rete, net.]

Retiercé, rē-tyār′sā, adj. (her.) divided fesswise into three equal parts.

Retiform, rē′ti-form, adj. having the form or structure of a net. [L. rete, net, forma, form.]

Retina, ret′i-na, n. the innermost coating of the eye, consisting of a fine network of optic nerves.—adj. Ret′inal, pertaining to the retina of the eye.—n. Retinī′tis, inflammation of the retina. [Fr.,—L. rete, a net.]

Retinaculum, ret-i-nak′ū-lum, n. (anat.) a connecting band: one of the annular ligaments which hold the tendons close to the bones of the larger joints: (zool.) one of the retractor muscles of the proboscis of certain worms: (bot.) a small viscid gland.

Retinophora, ret-i-nof′ō-ra, n. a cell of the embryonic eye of anthropods.

Retinoscopy, ret′in-ō-skō-pi, n. examination of the retina with an ophthalmoscope.

Retinospora, ret-in-os′pō-ra, n. a genus of coniferous trees, in use for lawn decoration.

Retinue, ret′i-nū, n. the body of retainers who follow a person of rank: a suite: a cortege. [Retain.]

Retinula, rē-tin′ū-la, n. (entom.) a group of pigmented cells.—adj. Retin′ular.

Retirade, ret-i-räd′, n. a retrenchment in the body of a bastion which a garrison may defend. [Fr.]

Retire, rē-tīr′, v.i. to draw back: to retreat: to recede: to go to bed.—v.t. to withdraw from circulation, as to retire a bill: to cause to retire.—n. a call sounded on a bugle: act of retiring: retreat: (obs.) a place of retreat.—n. Retī′ral, the act of taking up a bill when due.—adj. Retired′, withdrawn: secluded: private: withdrawn from business.—adv. Retired′ly.—ns. Retired′ness; Retire′ment, act of retiring or withdrawing from society or from public life, or of an army: state of being retired: solitude: privacy.—p.adj. Retir′ing, reserved: unobtrusive: retreating: modest: given to one who retires from a public office or service.—Retired list, a list of officers who are relieved from active service but receive a certain amount of pay. [O. Fr. retirer—re-, back, tirer, to draw.]

Retitelæ, ret-i-tē′lē, n.pl. a group of spiders which spin irregular webs.—n. Retitelā′rian.

Retort, rē-tort′, v.t. to throw back: to return: to retaliate: to separate by means of a retort.—v.i. to make a sharp reply.—n. a ready and sharp reply: a witty answer: a vessel used in distillation, properly a spiral tube.—p.adj. Retor′ted (her.), interlaced.—ns. Retor′ter; Retor′tion.—adj. Retor′tive.—n. Retort′-seal′er, an instrument for removing the encrustation in coal-gas retorts. [Fr.,—L. retortum, pa.p. of retorquēre—re-, back, torquēre, to twist.]

Retouch, rē-tuch′, v.t. to improve, as a picture, by new touches.—n. the reapplication of the artist's hand to a work: (phot.) the act of finishing and correcting.—ns. Retouch′er; Retouch′ment.—Retouching frame, a desk formed of fine ground glass, used for retouching negatives.

Retour, rē-tōōr′, n. a returning: (Scots law) an extract from chancery of the service of an heir to his ancestor.—adj. Retoured′.

Retrace, rē-trās′, v.t. to trace back: to go back by the same course: to renew the outline of: to repeat.—adj. Retrace′able.

Retract, rē-trakt′, v.t. to retrace or draw back: to recall: to recant.—v.i. to take back what has been said or granted.—adjs. Retrac′table, Retrac′tible, capable of being retracted or recalled.—n. Retractā′tion.—p.adj. Retrac′ted (her.), couped by a line diagonal to the main direction: (bot.) bent back.—adj. Retrac′tile, that may be drawn back, as claws.—n. Retrac′tion, act of retracting or drawing back: recantation.—adj. Retrac′tive, able or ready to retract.—adv. Retrac′tively.—n. Retrac′tor, one who, or that which, retracts or draws back: in breech-loading firearms, a device for withdrawing a cartridge-shell from the barrel: (surg.) an instrument for holding apart the edges of a wound during operation: a bandage to protect the soft parts from injury by the saw: (zool.) a muscle serving to draw in any part. [Fr.,—L. retrahĕre, retractum—re-, back, trahĕre, to draw.]

Retrahens, rē′trā-henz, n. (anat.) a muscle which draws the ear backward.—adj. Rē′trāhent.

Retrait, rē-trāt′, n. (Spens.) a picture, a portrait: aspect.—adj. retired. [O. Fr.,—retraire, to draw back, to take a portrait—L. retrahĕre—re-, back, trahĕre, to draw.]

Retranché, re-trong-shā′, adj. (her.) divided bend-wise twice or into three parts.

Retransfer, rē-trans-fėr′, v.t. to transfer back.—n. Retrans′fer.

Retransform, rē-trans-form′, v.t. to transform or change back again.—n. Retransformā′tion, a second or renewed transformation: a change back to a former state.

Retranslate, rē-trans-lāt′, v.t. to translate anew: to translate back into the original languages.—n. Retranslā′tion.

Retransmission, rē-trans-mish′un, n. a repeated transmission.—v.t. Rē′transmit.

Retraxit, rē-trak′sit, n. (law) the open renunciation of a suit in court.

Retreat, rē-trēt′, n. a drawing back or retracing one's steps: retirement: place of privacy: withdrawal: a place of security: a shelter: (mil.) the act of retiring in order from before the enemy, or from an advanced position: the signal for retiring from an engagement or to quarters: a special season of religious meditation.—v.i. to draw back: to recede: to consider: to retire, esp. to a place of shelter: to retire before an enemy or from an advanced position: in fencing, to move back so as to avoid the point of the adversary's sword: to slope back, as a retreating forehead.—ns. Retreat′er; Retreat′ment. [O. Fr. retrete—L. retractus, pa.p. of retrahĕre.]

Retrench, rē-trensh′, v.t. to cut off or away: to render less: to curtail.—v.i. to live at less expense: to economise.—n. Retrench′ment, cutting off: lessening or abridging: reduction: economy: (fort.) a work within another for prolonging the defence. [O. Fr. retrencher (Fr. retrancher)—re-, off, trencher, to cut, which, acc. to Littré, is from L. truncāre, to cut off.]

Retribute, rē-trib′ūt, v.t. to give back: to make repayment of.—ns. Rētrib′ūter, -or; Retribū′tion, repayment: suitable return: reward or punishment: retaliation.—adjs. Rētrib′ūtive, repaying: rewarding or punishing suitably; Rētrib′ūtory. [L. retributio—retribuĕre, to give back—re-, back, tribuĕre, to give.]

Retrieve, rē-trēv′, v.t. to recover: to recall or bring back: to bring back to a former state: to repair: to search for and fetch, as a dog does game—also n. (obs.).—adj. Retriev′able, that may be recovered.—n. Retriev′ableness, the state of being retrievable.—adv. Retriev′ably.—ns. Retriev′al; Retrieve′ment; Retriev′er, a dog trained to find and fetch game that has been shot. [O. Fr. retreuver (Fr. retrouver)—re-, again, trouver, to find—Low L. tropare—L. tropus, a song—Gr. tropos, a trope.]

Retroact, rē-trō-akt′, v.i. to act backward, or in return or opposition, or on something past or preceding.—n. Retroac′tion.—adj. Retroac′tive.—adv. Retroac′tively, in a retroactive manner: by operating on something past.—Retroactive law, a retrospective law. [L. retroactus, retroagĕre—retro, backward, agĕre, actum, to do.]

Retrocede, rē-trō-sēd′, v.t. to go back: to relapse: to retire: to give back.—adj. Retrocē′dent.—n. Retroces′sion (med.), the disappearance of a tumour inwardly: a retreating outline: (Scots law) the act of retroceding, or giving back, as of a right by an assignee. [Fr.,—L. retrocedĕre, -cessum—retro, backward, cedĕre, to go.]

Retrochoir, rē′trō-kwīr, n. (archit.) an extension of a church behind the high altar, as a chapel.

Retroclusion, rē-trō-klōō′zhun, n. a method of using the pin in acupressure.

Retrodate, rē′trō-dāt, v.t. to assign a date to a book earlier than its actual publication.

Retroduct, rē-trō-dukt′, v.t. to draw back: to withdraw.—n. Retroduc′tion.

Retroflex, rē′trō-fleks, adj. reflexed, bent backward—also Rē′troflexed.—n. Retroflec′tion. [L. retro, backward, flectĕre, flexum, to bend.]

Retrofract, -ed, rē′trō-frakt, -ed, adj. (bot.) bent sharply back, so as to appear as if broken. [L. retro, backward, fractus, pa.p. of frangĕre, fractum, to break.]

Retrograde, ret′rō-, or rē′trō-grād, adj. going backward: falling from better to worse: contrary: (biol.) becoming less highly organised, as 'a retrograde theory:' swimming backwards, as many animals: (astron.) moving westwards relatively to the fixed stars.—v.i. to go backwards.—ns. Retrogradā′tion, deterioration; Rē′trogress, falling off; Rētrogres′sion, a going backward: a decline in quality or merit.—adjs. Rētrogres′sional, Rētrogress′ive.—adv. Rētrogress′ively.—n. Rētrogress′iveness. [L. retrogradus, going backward—retro, backward, gradi, gressus, to go.]

Retromingent, rē-trō-min′jent, adj. urinating backward.—n. Retromin′gency.—adv. Retromin′gently.

Retropulsion, rē-trō-pul′shun, n. a disorder of locomotion: repulsion.—adj. Retropul′sive.

Retrorse, rē-trors′, adj. turned back or downward—adv. Retrorse′ly.

Retroserrate, rē-trō-ser′āt, adj. (entom.) armed with minute retrorse teeth.

Retrospect, ret′rō-spekt, or rē′-, n. a looking back: a contemplation of the past: the past.—n. Retrospec′tion, the act or faculty of looking back on the past.—adj. Retrospec′tive.—adv. Retrospec′tively. [L. retrospectus, pa.p. of retrospicĕre—retro, back, specĕre, to look.]

Retrotracheal, rē-trō-trā′kē-al, adj. being at the back of the trachea.

Retroussage, re-trōō-sazh′, n. a method of producing effective tones in the printing of etchings by skilful treatment of the ink in certain parts.

Retrovaccinate, rē-trō-vak′si-nāt, v.t. to vaccinate a cow with human virus.—ns. Retrovaccinā′tion; Retrovac′cine.

Retrovert, rē′trō-vėrt, v.t. to turn back.—n. one who returns to his original creed.—n. Retrover′sion, a turning or falling back. [L. retro, backward, vertĕre, to turn.]

Retrovision, rē-trō-vizh′un, n. the power of mentally seeing past events.

Retrude, rē-trōōd′, v.t. to thrust back.—adj. Retruse′.—n. Retru′sion. [L. retrudĕre, retrusum.]

Retting, ret′ing, n. the act or process of preparing flax for use by rotting the useless part of the plant.—n. Rett′ery. [Conn. with rot.]

Return, rē-turn′, v.i. to come back to the same place or state: to answer: to retort: to turn back: to repeat: to revert: to recur: to reappear.—v.t. to bring or send back: to transmit: to give back: to repay: to give back in reply: to report: to give an account: to cast back: to reflect: to re-echo: to revolve: to restore: to requite: to return a call: to elect, as a member of parliament: in card-playing, to lead back in response to the lead of one's partner: in tennis, to bat the ball back over the net: in fencing, to give a thrust or cut after parrying a sword-thrust.—n. the act of going back: revolution: periodic renewal: the act of bringing or sending back: restitution: repayment: the profit on capital or labour: a reply: a report or account, esp. official: (pl.) a light-coloured and mild kind of tobacco: (law) the rendering back of a writ to the proper officer: (mil.) the return of the men fit for duty: (archit.) the continuation in a different direction of the face of a building, as a moulding.—adj. Retur′nable, legally requiring to be returned.—ns. Return′-bend, a pipe-coupling in the shape of the letter

; Return′-car′go, a cargo brought back in place of merchandise previously sent out; Return′-check, a ticket for readmission; Return′-day, the day fixed when the defendant is to appear in court; Retur′ner; Retur′ning-off′icer, the officer who makes returns of writs, &c.: the presiding officer at an election.—adj. Return′less.—ns. Return′-match, a second match played by the same set of players; Return′-shock, an electric shock due to the action of induction sometimes felt after a lightning-flash; Return′-tag, a tag attached to a railway-car as evidence of its due arrival; Return′-tick′et, a ticket issued by a company for a journey and its return, usually at a reduced charge; Return′-valve, a valve which opens to allow reflux of a fluid in case of overflow. [Fr. retourner—re-, back, tourner, to turn—L. tornāre, to turn.]

Retuse, rē-tūs′, adj. (bot.) terminating in a round end, with a centre somewhat depressed. [L. retusus—retundĕre, to blunt.]

Reune, rē-ūn′, v.t. (obs.) to reunite.—v.i. to hold a reunion.—adjs. Reū′nient; Reū′nitive.

Reunion, rē-ūn′yun, n. a union after separation: an assembly or social gathering. [Fr. réunion—re-, again, union, union.]

Reunite, rē-ū-nīt′, v.t. to join after separation: to reconcile after variance.—v.i. to become united again: to join again.—v.t. Reū′nify.—adv. Reunī′tedly.—n. Reuni′tion.—adj. Reū′nitive.

Rev., an abridgment of Reverend, in addressing clergymen, as 'Rev. Thomas Davidson;' deans are styled 'Very Reverend,' also principals of universities in Scotland, if clergymen, and the moderator of the General Assembly for the time being; bishops are styled 'Right Reverend,' and archbishops, 'Most Reverend.'

Revaccinate, rē-vak′si-nāt, v.t. to vaccinate again.—n. Revaccinā′tion.

Revalescent, rev-a-les′ent, adj. beginning to grow well.—n. Revales′cence.

Reveal, rē-vēl′, v.t. to unveil: to make known, as by divine agency: to disclose.—n. Revealabil′ity.—adj. Reveal′able.—ns. Reveal′ableness; Reveal′er; Reveal′ment, revelation.—Revealed religion, that which has been supernaturally revealed. [O. Fr. reveler (Fr. révéler)—L. revelāre—re-, back, velāre, to veil—velum, a veil.]

Reveal, rē-vēl′, n. (archit.) the square ingoing of a window, doorway, or the like, between the frame and the outer surface of the wall.—Also Revel′.

Reveille, re-vāl′ye, n. the sound of the drum or bugle at daybreak to awaken soldiers. [O. Fr. reveil—re-, again, esveiller, to awake—L. vigilāre, to watch.]

Revel, rev′el, v.i. to feast in a riotous or noisy manner: to carouse.—v.i. to draw back:—pr.p. rev′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. rev′elled.—n. a riotous feast: carousal: a kind of dance: a wake.—ns. Rev′el-coil, Rev′el-dash (obs.), a wild revel; Rev′eller, one who takes part in carousals: a low liver; Rev′el-mas′ter, the director of Christmas revels: the lord of misrule; Rev′elment; Rev′el-rout, lawless revelry; Rev′elry, riotous or noisy festivity. [O. Fr. reveler—L. rebellāre, to rebel.]

Revelation, rev-ē-lā′shun, n. the act of revealing: that which is revealed: the revealing divine truth: that which is revealed by God to man: the Apocalypse or last book of the New Testament.—adj. Revelā′tional.—n. Revelā′tionist.—adj. Rev′elātory. [Fr.,—L. revelatio—revelāre, to reveal.]

Revenant, rev′ē-nant, n. one who returns after a long absence, esp. from the dead: a ghost. [Fr.]

Revenge, rē-venj′, v.t. to punish in return: to avenge.—v.i. to take vengeance.—n. the act of revenging: injury inflicted in return: a malicious injuring in return for an injury received: the passion for retaliation.—adj. Revenge′ful, full of revenge or a desire to inflict injury in return: vindictive: malicious.—adv. Revenge′fully.—n. Revenge′fulness.—adj. Revenge′less.—ns. Revenge′ment; Reveng′er.—adv. Reveng′ingly.—Give one his revenge, to play a return match with a defeated opponent. [O. Fr. revenger, revencher (Fr. revancher)—L. re-, in return, vindicāre, to lay claim to.]

Revenue, rev′en-ū (earlier rē-ven′ū), n. the receipts or rents from any source: return, as a revenue of praise: income: the income of a state.—n. Rev′enue-cut′ter, an armed vessel employed by custom-house officers in preventing smuggling.—adj. Rev′enued.—ns. Rev′enue-en′sign, a distinctive flag authorised in 1798 in United States; Rev′enue-off′icer, an officer of the customs or excise; In′land-rev′enue, revenue derived from stamps, excise, income-tax, &c. [Fr. revenue, pa.p. of revenir, to return—L. revenīre—re-, back, venīre, to come.]

Reverberate, rē-vėr′bėr-āt, v.t. to send back, echo: to reflect: to drive from side to side: to fuse.—v.i. to echo: to resound: to bound back: to be repelled: to use heat, as in the fusion of metals.—v.t. Reverb′ (Shak.).—adj. Rever′berant, resounding, beating back.—n. Reverberā′tion, the reflection of sound, &c.—adj. Rever′berātive.—n. Rever′berātor.—adj. Rever′berātory.—Reverberatory furnace, a furnace in which the flame is reflected on the substance to be burned. [L.,—re-, back, verberāre, -ātum, to beat—verber, a lash.]

Revere, rē-vēr′, v.t. to regard with respectful awe: to venerate.—adj. Revēr′able, worthy of reverence.—n. Rev′erence, fear arising from high respect: respectful awe: veneration: honour: an act of revering or obeisance: a bow or courtesy: a title of the clergy.—v.t. to regard with reverence: to venerate or honour.—n. Rev′erencer.—adjs. Rev′erend, worthy of reverence: a title of the clergy (see Rev.): (B.) awful: venerable; Rev′erent, showing reverence: submissive: humble; Reveren′tial, proceeding from reverence: respectful: submissive.—advs. Reveren′tially; Rev′erently.—n. Re′verer, one who reveres.—Do reverence, to do honour; Make reverence, to worship; Saving your reverence, with all due respect to you. [O. Fr. reverer (Fr. révérer)—L. reverēri—re-, inten., verēri, to feel awe.]

Reverie, Revery, rev′e-ri, n. an irregular train of thoughts or fancies in meditation: voluntary inactivity of the external senses to the impressions of surrounding objects during wakefulness: mental abstraction: a waking dream: a brown study.—n. Rev′erist. [O. Fr. resveri (Fr. rêverie)—resver, rever, to dream.]

Revers, re-vār′ (gener. rē-vēr′), n. that part of a garment which is turned back, as the lapel of a coat.

Reverse, rē-vėrs′, v.t. to place in the contrary order or position: to change wholly: to overthrow: to change by an opposite decision: to annul: to revoke, as a decree: to recall.—n. that which is reversed: the opposite: the back, esp. of a coin or medal: change: misfortune: a calamity: in fencing, a back-handed stroke: (her.) the exact contrary of what has been described just before, as an escutcheon.—adj. turned backward: having an opposite direction: upset.—n. Rever′sal, act of reversing.—adj. Reversed′, turned or changed to the contrary: inside out: (bot.) resupinate.—adv. Rever′sedly.—adj. Reverse′less, unalterable.—adv. Reverse′ly, in a reverse order: on the other hand: on the opposite.—ns. Rever′ser (Scots law), a mortgager of land; Rever′si, a game played by two persons with sixty-four counters; Reversibil′ity, the capability of being reversed, as of heat into work and work into heat.—adj. Rever′sible, that may be reversed, as in a fabric having both sides well finished.—ns. Rever′sing-cyl′inder, the cylinder of a small auxiliary steam-engine; Rever′sing-gear, those parts of a steam-engine by which the direction of the motion is changed; Rever′sing-lē′ver, a lever in a steam-engine which operates the slide-valve; Rever′sing-machine′, a moulding-machine in founding, in which the flask can be reversed; Rever′sing-mō′tion, any mechanism for changing the direction of motion of an engine; Rever′sing-shaft, a shaft which permits a reversal of the order of steam passage through the ports; Rever′sing-valve, the valve of a reversing-cylinder; Rever′sion, the act of reverting or returning: that which reverts or returns: the return or future possession of any property after some particular event: the right to future possession: (biol.) return to some type of ancestral character: return to the wild state after domestication.—adj. Rever′sionary, relating to a reversion: to be enjoyed in succession: atavic.—ns. Rever′sioner; Rever′sis, an old French game of cards in which the aim was to take the fewest tricks.—adj. Rever′sive.—n. Rever′so (print.), any one of the left-hand pages of a book.—Reverse a battery, to turn the current of electricity by means of a commutator; Reverse shell, a univalve shell which has its volutions the reversed way of the common screw; Reversionary annuity, a deferred annuity. [L. reversus, pa.p. of revertĕre, to turn back—re-, back, vertĕre, to turn.]

Revert, rē-vėrt′, v.t. to turn or drive back: to reverse.—v.i. to return: to fall back: to refer back: to return to the original owner or his heirs.—adjs. Rēver′tant (her.), flexed, bent twice at a sharp angle; Rēver′ted, reversed; Rēver′tible, that may revert or be reverted; Rēver′tive, tending to revert: changing: turning to the contrary.—adv. Rēver′tively, by way of reversion. [Fr.,—L. revertĕre.]

Revest, rē-vest′, v.t. (Spens.) to clothe again: to vest again in a possession or office.—v.i. to take effect again: to return to a former owner. [Fr.,—L.,—revestīre—re-, again, vestīre, to clothe.]

Revestiary, rē-ves′ti-ā-ri, n. an apartment in a church in which ecclesiastical garments are kept.

Revestu, rē-ves′tū, adj. (her.) covered by a square set diagonally, the corners of which touch the edges of the space covered. [O. Fr.]

Revet, rē-vet′, v.t. (fort.) to face with masonry, &c., as an embankment with a steep slope.—n. Revet′ment, a retaining wall, a facing of stone, wood, &c. [Fr. revêtir, to reclothe.]

Revibrate, rē-vī′brāt, v.i. to vibrate back or in return.—n. Revibrā′tion.

Revict, rē-vikt′, v.t. (obs.) to reconquer.—n. Revic′tion, return to life, revival.

Revie, rē-vī′, v.t. to vie with, or rival: to stake a larger sum at cards: to outdo.—v.i. to exceed an adversary's wager in card-playing: to retort.

Review, rē-vū′, v.t. to re-examine: to revise: to examine critically: to see again: to retrace: to inspect, as a body of troops.—n. a viewing again: a reconsideration: a revision: a careful or critical examination: a critique: a written discussion: a periodical with critiques of books, &c.: the inspection of a body of troops or a number of ships: (law) the judicial revision of a higher court.—adj. Review′able, capable of being reviewed.—ns. Review′age, the work of reviewing; Review′al, a review of a book: a critique on a new publication; Review′er, an inspector: a writer in a review.—Court of Review, the court of appeal from the commissioners of bankruptcy. [Fr. revue, pa.p. of revoir—L. re-, again, vidēre, to see.]

Revigorate, rē-vig′or-āt, v.t. to give new vigour to:—pr.p. revig′orāting: pa.p. revig′orāted.—p.adj. Revig′orāted, endued with new vigour or strength. [L. re-, again, vigorātus, vigorāre—vigor, vigour.]

Revile, rē-vīl′, v.t. to reproach: to calumniate.—v.i. to speak contemptuously.—ns. Revile′ment, the act of reviling, reproach; Revil′er.—adv. Revil′ingly. [Pfx. re-, again, O. Fr. aviler, to make vile, from a—L. ad, vil—L. vilis, cheap.]

Revindicate, rē-vin′di-kāt, v.t. to reclaim, to claim what has been illegally taken away.—n. Revindicā′tion. [Low L. revindicāre, -ātum—L. re-, again, vindicāre, -ātum, to lay claim to.]

Revire, rē-vīr′, v.t. (obs.) to revive.—n. Revires′cence (Swinburne), renewal of youth or vigour.

Revise, rē-vīz′, v.t. to review and amend: to examine with a view to correction.—n. review: a second proof-sheet.—ns. Revī′sal, Revi′sion, review: re-examination; Revīsed′-ver′sion, a fresh English translation of the Bible, issued, the New Testament in 1881, the Old in 1885; Revī′ser, -or (print.), one who examines proofs; Revī′sing-barr′ister, a barrister appointed annually by the English judges to revise the list of voters for members of parliament, the revision generally taking place between August and October of each year.—adjs. Revi′sional, Revi′sionary, pertaining to revision.—n. Revi′sionist.—adj. Revī′sory. [Fr. reviser—L. revisĕre—re-, back, visĕre, inten. of vidēre, to see.]

Revisit, rē-viz′it, v.t. to visit again.—ns. Revis′it; Revis′itant.—adj. revisiting.—n. Revisitā′tion.

Revitalise, rē-vī′tal-īz, v.t. to restore vitality to.—n. Revitalisā′tion.

Revive, re-vīv′, v.i. to return to life, vigour, or fame: to recover from neglect, oblivion, or depression: to regain use or currency: to have the memory refreshed.—v.t. to restore to life again: to reawaken in the mind: to recover from neglect or depression: to bring again into public notice, as a play: to recall, to restore to use: to reproduce: (chem.) to restore to its natural state.—n. Revīvabil′ity.—adj. Revī′vable, capable of being revived.—adv. Revī′vably.—ns. Revī′val, recovery from languor, neglect, depression, &c.: renewed performance of, as of a play: renewed interest in or attention to: a time of extraordinary religious awakening: restoration: quickening: renewal, as of trade: awakening, as revival of learning: (law) reinstatement of an action; Revī′valism; Revī′valist, one who promotes religious revivals: an itinerant preacher.—adj. Revīvalis′tic.—ns. Revīve′ment; Revī′ver, one who, or that which, revives: a compound for renovating clothes; Revivificā′tion (chem.), the reduction of a metal from a state of combination to its natural state.—v.t. Reviv′ify, to cause to revive: to reanimate: to enliven.—v.i. to become efficient again as a reagent.—adv. Revī′vingly.—n. Revivis′cence, an awakening from torpidity, after hibernation.—adj. Revivis′cent.—n. Revī′vor (law), the revival of a suit which was abated by the death of a party or other cause.—The Anglo-Catholic revival, a strong reaction within the Church of England towards the views of doctrine and practice held by Laud and his school (see Tractarianism). [O. Fr. revivre—L. re-, again, vivĕre, to live.]

Revoke, rē-vōk′, v.t. to annul by recalling: to repeal: to reverse: to neglect to follow suit (at cards).—n. revocation, recall: act of revoking at cards.—adj. Rev′ocable, that may be revoked.—ns. Rev′ocableness, Revocabil′ity.—adv. Rev′ocably.—n. Revocā′tion, a recalling: repeal: reversal.—adj. Rev′ocātory.—n. Revoke′ment (Shak.), revocation.—Revocation of the edict of Nantes, the taking away by Louis IV., in 1685, of the Huguenot privileges granted by Henry IV. in 1598. [Fr.,—L. revocāre—re-, back, vocāre, to call.]

Revolt, rē-vōlt′, v.i. to renounce allegiance: to be grossly offended: to mutiny: to be shocked.—v.t. to cause to rise in revolt: to shock.—n. a rebellion: insurrection, desertion: a change of sides: fickleness.—n. Revol′ter.—adj. Revol′ting, causing a turning away from: shocking: repulsive.—adv. Revol′tingly. [O. Fr. revolte—It. rivolta—L. revolvĕre, to roll back, re-, back, volvĕre, volutum, to turn.]

Revolution, rev-ō-lū′shun, n. act of revolving: motion round a centre: course which brings to the same point or state: space measured by a revolving body: a radical change, as of one's way of living: fundamental change in the government of a country: a revolt: a complete rotation through 360°: a round of periodic changes, as the revolutions of the seasons: the winding of a spiral about its axis: change of circumstances: consideration.—adj. Revolū′tionary, pertaining to, or tending to, a revolution in government.—v.t. Revolū′tionise, to cause a revolution or entire change of anything.—ns. Revolū′tionism; Revolū′tionist, one who promotes or favours a revolution.—The American Revolution, the change from the position of colonies to that of national independence effected by the thirteen American colonies of England in 1776; The French Revolution, the downfall of the old French monarchy and the old absolutism (1789); The Revolution, the expulsion of James II. from the throne of England (1689), and the establishment of a really constitutional government under William III. and Mary. [Revolve.]

Revolve, rē-volv′, v.i. to roll back: to roll round on an axis: to move round a centre: to rotate, as the planets: to meditate.—v.t. to cause to turn: to consider.—n. a radical change.—v.i. Rev′olute, to revolve.—adj. rolled backward.—adjs. Rev′olūtive, cogitating; Revol′vable.—ns. Revolve′ment, reflection; Revol′vency, revolution.—adj. Revol′ving, turning, moving round.—ns. Revol′ving-fur′nace, a furnace used in making black ash; Revol′ving-light, a lamp in a lighthouse so arranged as to appear and disappear at intervals. [Fr.,—L. revolvĕre, revolūtum—re-, back, volvĕre, to roll.]

Revolver, rē-volv′ėr, n. that which revolves: a firearm having barrels or chambers which revolve upon a common centre, and are fired in turn by one lock mechanism: a revolving cannon.

Revulsion, rē-vul′shun, n. disgust: the diverting of a disease from one part to another: forced separation: a sudden change, esp. of feeling: a counter-irritant.—adj. Revul′sive, tending to revulsion.—n. Revul′sor, an apparatus for applying heat and cold in turns for medical purposes. [L. revulsio—revellĕre, revulsum—re-, away, vellĕre, to tear.]

Reward, rē-wawrd′, n. that which is given in return for good or evil: recompense: retribution: the fruit of one's own labour: regard: requital: remuneration: guerdon: consideration.—v.t. to give in return: to requite, whether good or evil: to punish: (B.) to recompense: to compensate: to notice carefully: to watch over.—adj. Rewar′dable, capable or worthy of being rewarded.—n. Rewar′dableness.—adv. Rewar′dably.—n. Rewar′der, one who rewards.—adjs. Reward′ful, yielding reward; Reward′less, having or receiving no reward. [O. Fr. rewarder, reswarder, regarder—re-, again, warder, guarder, to guard; of Teut. origin.]

Reword, rē-wurd′, v.t. to repeat in the same words, to re-echo: to put into different words.

Rex, reks, n. a king.—Play rex (obs.), to handle roughly. [L.; cf. Sans. rājan, Gael. righ.]

Reynard, rā′nard, or ren′ard, n. a fox, from the name given to the fox in the famous beast epic of Low Ger. origin, Reynard the Fox—also Ren′ard.—adj. Ren′ardine. [Fr.,—Old Flem. Reinaerd, Reinaert—Mid. High Ger. Reinhart (Old High Ger. Reginhart), lit. 'strong in counsel.']

Rhabarbarate, ra-bär′ba-rāt, adj. (obs.) impregnated with rhubarb.—n. Rhabar′barum, rhubarb.

Rhabdamminina, rab-da-mi-nī′na, n. a group of marine imperforate foraminiferous protozoans. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, ammos, sand.]

Rhabdite, rab′dīt, n. a smooth, rod-like structure found in the cells of the integument of most turbellarian worms: one of the hard parts composing the ovipositor of some insects.—adj. Rhabdit′ic. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod.]

Rhabdocœla, rab-dō-sē′la, n. a prime division of turbellarian worms.—adjs. Rhabdocœ′lidan, Rhabdocœ′lous. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, koilos, hollow.]

Rhabdocrepida, rab-dō-krep′i-da, n. a sub-order of lithistidan sponges. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, krēpis, a foundation.]

Rhabdoid, rab′doid, n. a spindle-shaped body chemically related to the plastids, found in certain cells of irritable plants like Drosera, Dionæa, &c.—adj. Rhabdoid′al, rod-like: (anat.) sagittal. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod.]

Rhabdolith, rab′dō-lith, n. a minute rhabdoidal concretion of calcareous matter forming the armature of a rhabdosphere.—adj. Rhabdolith′ic.

Rhabdology, rab-dol′ō-ji, n. the art of computing by Napier's bones or rods.—Also Rabdol′ogy.

Rhabdom, rab′dom, n. (entom.) a tubular rod-like structure in the eye, the central axis of a retinula.—adj. Rhab′dōmal.

Rhabdomancy, rab′dō-man-si, n. divination by means of rods, esp. the impudent imposture of finding water, &c., by means of the divining-rod.—n. Rhab′domancer.—adj. Rhabdoman′tic. [Gr. rhabdos, rod, manteia, divination.]

Rhabdome, rab′dōm, n. in sponges, the shaft of a cladose rhabdus, bearing the cladome.

Rhabdomesodon, rab-dō-mes′ō-don, n. a genus of polyzoans. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, mesos, middle, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Rhabdomyoma, rab-dō-mī-ō′ma, n. a myoma consisting of striated muscular fibres.

Rhabdonema, rab-dō-nē′ma, n. a genus of small nematoid worms. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, nēma, a thread.]

Rhabdophane, rab′dō-fān, n. a rare phosphate of the yttrium and cerium earths. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, phanēs, appearing.]

Rhabdophora, rab-dof′ō-ra, n. a group of fossil organisms.—adjs. Rhabdoph′ōran, Rhabdoph′ōrous.

Rhabdopleura, rab-dō-plōō′ra, n. a marine polyzoan. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, pleuron, a rib.]

Rhabdosphere, rab′dō-sfēr, n. a minute spherical body found in the depths of the Atlantic. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod, sphaira, sphere.]

Rhabdosteidæ, rab-dos-tē′i-dē, n. a family of fossil-toothed cetaceans—its typical genus, Rhabdos′tēus. [Gr. rhabdos, rod, osteon, bone.]

Rhabdostyla, rab-dō-stī′la, n. a genus of peritrichous ciliate infusorians. [Gr. rhabdos, rod, stylos, pillar.]

Rhabdus, rab′dus, n. a simple, straight spicule.—adj. Rhab′dous. [Gr. rhabdos, a rod.]

Rhachiomyelitis, rā-ki-ō-mī-e-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the spinal cord—myelitis.—ns. Rhachiot′omy, incision into the spinal canal; Rhachis′chisis, defective formation of the spinal canal—spina bifida. [Gr. rhachis, the spine, myelos, marrow.]

Rhacochilus, rak-ō-kī′lus, n. a genus of embiotocoid fishes. [Gr. rhakos, a rag, cheilos, the lip.]

Rhacophorus, rā-kof′ō-rus, n. a genus of batrachians, with long and webbed feet, adapting it for long leaps. [Gr. rhakos, a rag, pherein, to bear.]

Rhadamanthine, ra-da-man′thin, n. of Rhadamanthus, judge of the lower world, with Minos and Æacus—applied generally to a solemn and final judgment.—Also Rhadaman′tine.

Rhætian, rē′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the ancient Rhætians or their country Rhætia, a Roman province between the Po and the Danube—also Rhæ′tic.—adj. and n. Rhæ′to-Roman′ic, pertaining to a group of Romance dialects spoken in south-eastern Switzerland.—Rhætic beds, a series of strata forming the uppermost portion of the Trias, extensively developed in the Rhætian Alps.

Rhagades, rag′a-dēz, n.pl. fissures of the skin. [Gr. rhagas (pl. rhagades), a crack.]

Rhagodia, ra-gō′di-a, n. a genus of apetalous plants. [Gr. rhagōdēs, like grapes—rhax, rhagos, a grape.]

Rhagon, rag′on, n. a form of sponge with clustered spherical flagellated endodermal chambers.—adjs. Rhag′onāte, Rhag′ose. [Gr. rhax, rhagos, a grape.]

Rhamnaceæ, ram-nā′sē-ē, n. an order of polypetalous plants.—adj. Rhamnā′ceous.

Rhamnus, ram′nus, n. a genus of polypetalous shrubs and trees, including the buckthorn. [Gr.]

Rhamphastidæ, ram-fas′ti-dē, n. a family of picarian birds, toucans. [Gr. rhamphos, a beak.]

Rhamphocelus, ram-fō-cē′lus, n. a remarkable genus of tanagers, native to South America.

Rhamphodon, ram′fō-don, n. the saw-billed humming-bird. [Gr. rhamphos, a curved beak, odous, a tooth.]

Rhampholeon, ram-fō′lē-on, n. a genus of chameleons. [Gr. rhamphos, a curved beak, leōn, lion.]

Rhamphomicron, ram-fō-mik′ron, n. a genus of humming-birds. [Gr. rhamphos, a beak, mikros, little.]

Rhamphorhynchus, ram-fō-ring′kus, n. a genus of pterodactyls. [Gr. rhamphos, a curved beak, rhyngchos, a beak.]

Rhamphotheca, ram-fō-thē′ka, n. (ornith.) the integument of the whole beak. [Gr. rhamphos, a curved beak, thēkē, a sheath.]

Rhapidophyllum, ra-pi-dō-fil′um, n. a genus of palms—the blue palmetto of Florida.—n. Rhā′pis, a genus of Chinese palms. [Gr. rhapis, rod, phyllon, leaf.]

Rhapsodic, -al, rap-sod′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling rhapsody: gushing.—adv. Rhapsod′ically.—v.t. and v.i. Rhap′sodise, to write or utter rhapsodies: to express with poetic feeling:—pr.p. rhap′sodīsing; pa.p. rhap′sodīsed.—n. Rhap′sodist, one who recites or sings rhapsodies, esp. one of a class of men in ancient Greece who travelled from place to place reciting Homer and other epic poetry—also Rhap′sode: one who composes verses extempore: one who speaks or writes disjointedly.—adj. Rhapsodis′tic.—ns. Rhap′sodomancy, divination by means of verses; Rhap′sody, any wild unconnected composition: a part of an epic poem for recitation at one time: a jumble: (mus.) composition irregular in form. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. rhapsōdia, rhaptein, to sew, ōdē, a song.]

Rhea, rē′a, n. the daughter of Uranus and Ge, wife and sister of Kronos: the only three-toed ostrich: the fifth satellite of Jupiter.

Rheic, rē′ik, adj. pertaining to rhubarb.—n. Rhē′ine, rheic acid.

Rhein-berry, rīn′ber-i, n. the common buckthorn.—Also Rhine′-berr′y.

Rhematic, rē-mat′ik, adj. derived from a verb.—n. the doctrine of propositions.

Rhemish, rē′mish, adj. pertaining to Rheims in north-eastern France.—Rhemish version, the English translation of the New Testament used by Roman Catholics, prepared at Rheims in 1582, forming part of the Douay Bible—Old Testament part prepared at Douay in 1609-10.

Rhenish, ren′ish, adj. pertaining to the river Rhine.—n. Rhine wine, hock, light and still. [L. Rhenus.]

Rheocord, rē′ō-kord, n. a metallic wire used in measuring the resistance of an electric current. [Gr. rhein, to flow, chordē, a cord.]

Rheometer, Reometer, rē-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the strength of currents, as of electricity: a galvanometer.—adj. Rheomet′ric.—n. Rheom′etry, fluxions. [Gr. rhein, to flow, metron, measure.]

Rheoscope, rē′ō-skōp, n. an electroscope.—adj. Rheoscop′ic. [Gr. rhein, to flow, skopein, to view.]

Rheostat, rē′o-stat, n. the name given by Wheatstone to an instrument for varying an electric resistance between given limits.—adj. Rheostat′ic.—n. Rheostat′ics, the statics of fluids. [Gr. rhein, to flow, statos, verbal adj. of histanai, to stand.]

Rheotome, rē′ō-tōm, n. a means by which an electric current can be periodically interrupted. [Gr. rhein, to flow, temnein, to cut.]

Rheotrope, rē′ō-trōp, n. an instrument for periodically changing the direction of an electric current.—n. Rheot′rōpism, the effect of a current of water upon the direction of plant growth. [Gr. rhein, to flow, trepein, to turn.]

Rhesus, rē′sus, n. the boonder, one of the most widely distributed Indian monkeys, much venerated by the natives: (entom.) a genus of coleopterous insects.—adj. Rhē′sian. [Gr.]

Rhetoric, ret′or-ik, n. the theory and practice of eloquence, whether spoken or written, the whole art of using language so as to persuade others: the art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and force: artificial oratory: declamation.—adj. Rhetor′ical, pertaining to rhetoric: oratorical.—adv. Rhetor′ically.—v.i. Rhetor′icāte (obs.), to act the orator.—ns. Rhetoricā′tion (obs.); Rhetori′cian, one who teaches the art of rhetoric: an orator.—v.i. Rhet′orise, to play the orator. [Fr.,—L. rhetorica (ars)—Gr. rhētorikē (technē), the rhetorical (art)—rhētōr, a public speaker—erein, to speak.]

Rheum, rōōm, n. the mucous discharge from the lungs or nostrils caused by cold: (obs.) spleen, choler: a genus of apetalous plants.—n. Rheumat′ic, one who suffers from rheumatism: (pl.) rheumatic pains (coll.).—adjs. Rheumat′ic, -al, pertaining to or affected with rheumatism: choleric.—n. Rheum′atism, a name still used somewhat loosely, but applying specially to an acute febrile disease, with swelling and pain in and around the larger joints.—adjs. Rheumatis′mal; Rheum′atoid, resembling rheumatism.—n. Rheumophthal′mia, rheumatic ophthalmia.—adj. Rheum′y, full of or causing rheum. [L.,—Gr. rheuma—rhein, to flow.]

Rhexia, rek′si-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, native to North America, of the tribe Rhexieæ (rek-sī′ē-ē). [L.,—Gr. rhēxis—rhēgnynai, to break.]

Rhigolene, rig′ō-lēn, n. a volatile product of petroleum distillation. [Gr. rhigos, cold, elaion, oil.]

Rhinacanthus, rī-na-kan′thus, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants in tropical Africa, India, &c. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, akanthos, acanthus.]

Rhinæ, rī′nē, n.pl. one of the main divisions of sharks. [L.,—Gr. rhinē, a file.]

Rhinæsthesia, rī-nez-thē′si-a, n. sense of smell. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, aisthēsis, perception.]

Rhinal, rī′nal, adj. pertaining to the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose.]

Rhinalgia, rī-nal′ji-a, n. neuralgic pains in the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, algos, pain.]

Rhinanthus, rī-nan′thus, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, anthos, flower.]

Rhinarium, rī-nā′ri-um, n. (entom.) the nostril-piece. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose.]

Rhinaster, rī-nas′tėr, n. the two-horned rhinoceros: the star-nosed moles. [Gr. rhis, nose, astēr, star.]

Rhinencephalon, rī-nen-sef′a-lon, n. the olfactory lobe of the brain.—adjs. Rhinencephal′ic, Rhinenceph′alous. [Gr. rhis, nose, enkephalos, brain.]

Rhinestone, rīn′stōn, n. an imitation gem-stone made of paste or strass.

Rhineurynter, rī-nū-rin′tėr, n. a small inflatable bag used for plugging the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, eurynein, to widen.]

Rhinichthys, rī-nik′this, n. a North American genus of cyprinoid fishes. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, ichthys, fish.]

Rhinidæ, rī′ni-dē, n. a family of plagiostomous fishes. [L. rhina, shark—Gr. rhinē.]

Rhinitis, ri-nī′tis, n. inflammation of the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose.]

Rhinobatus, rī-nob′a-tus, n. the typical genus of the Rhinobatidæ, or shark-rays: (entom.) a genus of coleopterous insects.

Rhinoblennorrhea, rī-nō-blen-ō-rē′a, n. mucous discharges from the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, blennos, mucus, rhoia, flow.]

Rhinocaul, rī′nō-kawl, n. the support of the olfactory bulb. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, kaulos, stalk.]

Rhinoceros, rī-nos′ėr-os, n. a genus forming a family of ungulate mammals, found in Africa and India, having a very thick skin lying in enormous folds, clumsy, and with one or two horns on the nose:—pl. Rhinoc′eroses.—adjs. Rhinocē′rial, Rhinocē′rical.—ns. Rhinoc′eros-auk, a bird belonging to the family Alcidæ; Rhinoc′eros-bee′tle, a beetle of the genus Dynastes having a large up-curved horn on the head; Rhinoc′eros-bird, a beefeater, the hornbill; Rhinoc′eros-tick, the tick which infests rhinoceroses; Rhinoc′erot (obs.), a rhinoceros.—adjs. Rhinocerot′ic; Rhinocerot′iform, shaped like a rhinoceros. [L.,—Gr. rhinokerōs—rhis, rhinos, nose, keras, a horn.]

Rhinochilus, rī-nō-kī′lus, n. a genus of harmless serpents. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, cheilos, a lip.]

Rhinocleisis, rī-nō-klī′sis, n. nasal obstruction. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, kleisis, klēsis, a closing.]

Rhinocrypta, rī-nō-krip′ta, n. a remarkable genus of rock-wrens. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, kryptos, hidden.]

Rhinoderma, rī-nō-der′ma, n. a genus of batrachians, some species bearing a large pouch for the young. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, derma, skin.]

Rhinodon, rī′nō-don, n. an immense shark in the Indian Ocean. [Gr. rhinē, a shark, odous, tooth.]

Rhinodynia, rī-nō-din′i-a, n. pain in the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, odynē, pain.]

Rhinolith, rī′nō-lith, n. a stony concretion found in the nose.—n. Rhinolithī′asis. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, lithos, a stone.]

Rhinology, rī-nol′ō-ji, n. the knowledge of the nose.—adj. Rhinolog′ical.—n. Rhinol′ogist, a specialist in diseases of the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose—logia—legein, to speak.]

Rhinolophus, rī-nol′ō-fus, n. a genus of horse-shoe bats. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, lophos, crest.]

Rhinomacer, rī-nom′a-sėr, n. a genus of rhynchophorous beetles. [Gr. rhis, nose, makros, long.]

Rhinopharyngitis, rī-nō-far-in-jī′tis, n. inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pharyngx.]

Rhinophis, rī′nō-fis, n. a genus of shield-tailed serpents. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, ophis, a serpent.]

Rhinophore, rī′nō-fōr, n. an organ bearing an olfactory sense. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pherein, to bear.]

Rhinophryne, rī-nō-frī′nē, n. a genus of spade-footed toads. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, phrynē, a toad.]

Rhinophylla, rī-nō-fil′a, n. a genus of South American small tailless bats. [Gr. rhis, nose, phyllon, a leaf.]

Rhinophyma, rī-nō-fī′ma, n. hyperemia of nose-skin. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, phyma, a tumour.]

Rhinoplastic, rī-nō-plas′tik, adj. noting a surgical operation for affixing an artificial nose.—ns. Rhī′noplast, one who undergoes this operation; Rhī′noplasty, plastic surgery of the nose. [Gr. rhis, nose, plastikos, moulding—plassein, to mould.]

Rhinopoma, rī-nō-pō′ma, n. a genus of Old World bats. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pōma, a cover.]

Rhinopomastes, rī-nō-pō-mas′tēz, n. a genus of African wood-hoopoes. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pōmatērion, dim. of pōma, a cover.]

Rhinoptera, rī-nop′te-ra, n. a genus of rays. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, pteron, wing.]

Rhinorrhagia, rī-nō-rā′ji-a, n. hæmorrhage from the nose. [Gr. rhis, nose, rhagia—rhegnynai, break.]

Rhinorrhea, rī-nō-rē′a, n. mucous discharge from the nose.—adj. Rhinorrhē′al. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, rhoia—rhein, to flow.]

Rhinortha, rī-nor′tha, n. a genus of cuckoos: a genus of hemipterous insects. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, orthos, straight.]

Rhinoscleroma, rī-nō-sklē-rō′ma, n. a disease with reddish swelling and thickening of nose, lips, and pharynx. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, sklēros, hard.]

Rhinoscope, rī′nō-skōp, n. an instrument for examining the nose.—adj. Rhinoscop′ic.—n. Rhī′noscopy. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, skopein, to see.]

Rhinotheca, rī-nō-thē′ka, n. the integument of a bird's upper mandible. [Gr. rhis, rhinos, nose, thēkē, a sheath.]

Rhipicera, rī-pis′e-ra, n. a genus of serricorn beetles native to South America and Australia. [Gr. rhipis, a fan, keras, horn.]

Rhipidate, rip′i-dāt, adj. fan-shaped.—n. Rhīpid′ion, in the Greek Church, the eucharistic fan or flabellum. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan.]

Rhipidistia, rip-i-dis′ti-a, n. an order of rhipidopterygian fishes.—adj. Rhipidis′tious. [Gr. rhipis, a fan, histion, a sail.]

Rhipidoglossa, rip-i-dō-glos′a, n. a group of prosobranchiate gasteropods. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan, glōssa, the tongue.]

Rhipidogorgia, rip-i-dō-gor′ji-a, n. a genus of alcyonarian polyps of fan-like shape. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan, gorgos, fierce.]

Rhipidoptera, rip-i-dop′te-ra, n.pl. fan-winged insects—a group of the coleoptera.—adj. Rhipidop′terous. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan, pteron, a wing.]

Rhipidopterygia, rip-i-dop-te-rij′i-a, n.pl. a superorder of teleostomous fishes.—adj. Rhipidopteryg′ian. [Gr. rhipis, a fan, pteryx, a wing.]

Rhipidura, rip-i-dū′ra, n. the posterior pair of pleopods of a crustacean: the fan-tailed fly-catcher. [Gr. rhipis, rhipidos, a fan, oura, a tail.]

Rhipiphorus, rī-pif′o-rus, n. a genus of heteromerous beetles. [Gr. rhipis, a fan, pherein, to carry.]

Rhipiptera, rī-pip′te-ra, n.pl. an order of insects.—n. Rhipip′teran, a rhipipter.—adj. Rhipip′terous. [Rhipidoptera.]

Rhiptoglossa, rip-tō-glos′a, n. a sub-order of lizards.—adj. Rhiptogloss′ate. [Gr. rhiptein, to throw, glōssa, the tongue.]

Rhizanth, rī′zanth, n. a plant that seems to flower from the root.—n.pl. Rhizantheæ (rī-zan′thē-ē), one of the five classes into which Lindley divides the vegetable kingdom.

Rhizic, rī′zik, adj. pertaining to the root of an equation. [Gr. rhizikos—rhiza, a root.]

Rhizocarpic, rī-zō-kär′pik, adj. with annual stem and perennial root—also Rhizocar′pous.—n.pl. Rhizocar′peæ, a group of cryptogams.—adj. Rhizocar′pēan. [Gr. rhiza, root, karpos, fruit.]

Rhizocaul, rī′zō-kawl, n. the root-stock of a polyp. [Gr. rhiza, root, kaulos, stalk.]

Rhizocephala, rī-zō-sef′a-la, n. a group of small parasitic crustaceans.—adj. Rhizoceph′alous. [Gr. rhiza, root, kephalē, head.]

Rhizocrinus, rī-zok′ri-nus, n. a genus of crinoids.—n. Rhizoc′rinoid, a crinoid of this genus. [Gr. rhiza, root, krinon, lily.]

Rhizodont, rī′zō-dont, n. having teeth rooted or ankylosed to the jaw in sockets, as crocodiles. [Gr. rhiza, root, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Rhizoflagellata, rī-zō-flaj-e-lā′ta, n. an order of flagellate infusoria.—adj. Rhizoflag′ellate. [Gr. rhiza, root, and Eng. flagellum.]

Rhizogen, rī′zō-jen, n. a parasitic plant growing on the root of another plant.—adjs. Rhizogen′ic, Rhizog′enous. [Gr. rhiza, root, genēs, producing.]

Rhizoid, rī′zoid, adj. root-like.—n. a filamentous organ like a root developed on all kinds of thalli, and on moss-stems.—adjs. Rhizoi′dal, Rhizoi′dēous. [Gr. rhizō-dēs, root-like—rhiza, a root.]

Rhizomania, rī-zō-mā′ni-a, n. an abnormal development of adventitious roots, as in the ivy, fig, &c. [Gr. rhiza, root, mania, madness.]

Rhizome, rī′zōm, n. a root-stock, an underground stem when its shape is cylindrical, ending in a bud and bearing leaves or scales.—Also Rhizō′ma. [Gr. rhizōma—rhiza, root.]

Rhizomorph, rī′zō-morf, n. (bot.) a term for the peculiar mycelial growths by which certain fungi attach themselves to higher plants.—adjs. Rhizomor′phoid, Rhizomor′phous. [Gr. rhiza, root, morphē, form.]

Rhizomys, rī′zō-mis, n. a genus of mole-rats, including the Asian bay bamboo-rat. [Gr. rhiza, root, mys, mouse.]

Rhizonychium, rī-zō-nik′i-um, n. a claw-joint.—adj. Rhizonych′ial. [Gr. rhiza, root, onyx, a claw.]

Rhizophagous, rī-zof′a-gus, adj. root-eating: pertaining to the Rhizophaga.—n. Rhizoph′aga, a class of marsupials, as the wombat. [Gr. rhiza, root, phagein, to eat.]

Rhizophore, rī′zō-fōr, n. the structure bearing the true roots in certain species of Selaginella.—adj. Rhizoph′orous. [Gr. rhiza, root, pherein, to bear.]

Rhizophydium, rī-zō-fid′i-um, n. a genus of unicellular fungi.—adj. Rhizophyd′ial. [Gr. rhiza, root, pheidos, sparing.]

Rhizopod, rī′zō-pod, n. one of the Rhizop′oda, a division of the Protozoa, esp. a class with pseudopodia for locomotion and the ingestion of food.—adjs. Rhizop′odal, Rhizop′odous. [Gr. rhiza, a root, pous, podos, a foot.]

Rhizoristic, rī-zō-ris′tik, adj. (math.) pertaining to the separation of the roots of an equation. [Gr. rhiza, root, horizein, to limit.]

Rhizostomata, rī-zō-stō′ma-ta, n.pl. an order of discomedusans:—sing. Rhizos′toma.—adjs. Rhizostō′matous, Rhizostō′mean. [Gr. rhiza, root, stoma, stomatos, mouth.]

Rhizota, rī-zō′ta, n. an order of Rotifera.—adj. Rhī′zote, rooted. [Gr. rhiza, root.]

Rhizotaxis, rī-zō-tak′sis, n. the arrangement of roots.—Also Rhī′zotaxy. [Gr. rhiza, root, taxis, order.]

Rhizotrogus, rī-zō-trō′gus, n. a genus of melolonthine beetles. [Gr. rhiza, root, trōgein, to gnaw.]

Rhodanic, rō-dan′ik, adj. (chem.) producing a rose-red colour. [Gr. rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodeina, rō-dē-ī′na, n. a group of cyprinoid fishes—its typical genus, Rhō′dēus. [Gr. rhodon, rose.]

Rhodeoretin, rō-dē-or′e-tin, n. one of the elements of resin of jalap.—adj. Rhodeoretin′ic. [Gr. rhodon, rose, rhētinē, resin.]

Rhodian, rō′di-an, adj. pertaining to Rhodes.—Rhodian laws, the earliest system of marine law; Rhodian school, a school of Hellenistic sculpture, of which the Laocoon is the greatest product.

Rhodites, rō-dī′tēz, n. a genus of gallflies infesting the rose. [Gr. rhoditēs, rosy—rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodium, rō′di-um, n. a white, very hard metal, resembling aluminium, extracted from the ore of platinum, and so called from the rose-colour of its salts. [Gr. rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodocrinus, rō-dok′ri-nus, n. a genus of paleozoic encrinites. [Gr. rhodon, rose, krinon, lily.]

Rhododendron, rō-dō-den′dron, n. a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Ericaceæ, having evergreen leaves and large, beautiful flowers like roses. [Gr. rhodon, rose, dendron, tree.]

Rhodomela, rō-dom′e-la, n. a genus of marine algæ. [Gr. rhodon, rose, melas, black.]

Rhodonite, rō′dō-nīt, n. a native manganese silicate. [Gr. rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodope, rō′dō-pē, n. a genus of the family Rhodopidæ, marine invertebrates of dubious relationships. [Rhodopē, a Thracian nymph.]

Rhodophane, rō′dō-fān, n. a red pigment found in the retinal cones of the eyes of certain fishes, reptiles, and birds. [Gr. rhodon, rose, phanēs, appearing.]

Rhodophyl, rō′dō-fil, n. the compound pigment found in the red algæ.—adj. Rhodophyl′lous. [Gr. rhodon, rose, phyllon, leaf.]

Rhodopsin, rō-dop′sin, n. a purple pigment found in the retina. [Gr. rhodon, rose, opsis, view.]

Rhodora, rō-dō′ra, n. a handsome shrub with terminal clusters of pale purple flowers preceding the deciduous leaves: a genus of Ericaceæ, now included in Rhododendron. [Gr. rhodon, a rose.]

Rhodostaurotic, rō-dō-staw-rot′ik, adj. (obs.) rosicrucian. [Gr. rhodon, rose, stauros, a cross.]

Rhodostethia, rō-dō-stē′thi-a, n. a genus of Laridæ, with rose-tinted breast and wedge-shaped tail. [Gr. rhodon, rose, stēthos, the breast.]

Rhodothamnus, rō-dō-tham′nus, n. a genus of small shrubs, the ground Cistus. [Gr. rhodon, rose, thamnos, bush.]

Rhodymenia, rō-di-mē′ni-a, n. a genus of marine algæ. [Gr. rhodon, rose, hymēn, membrane.]

Rhœadic, rē-ad′ik, adj. pertaining, to or derived from, the red poppy, Papaver Rhœas.—n. Rhœ′adine, a non-poisonous alkaloid found in the same. [Gr. rhoias, rhoiados, a poppy.]

Rhomb, romb, n. a quadrilateral figure having its sides equal but its angles not right angles: (crystal.) a rhombohedron: (Milt.) a material circle—also Rhom′bus.—adj. Rhom′bic.—ns. Rhombicosidodecahē′dron, a solid having sixty-two faces; Rhombicuboctahē′dron, a solid having twenty-six faces.—adjs. Rhom′biform, Rhom′boid, shaped like a rhomb.—Fresnel's rhomb, a rhomb of crown glass so cut that a ray of light entering one of its faces at right angles shall emerge at right angles at the opposite face, after undergoing two total reflections. [L. rhombus—Gr. rhombos—rhembein, to turn round and round.]

Rhombocœlia, rom-bō-sē′li-a, n. a dilatation of the spinal cord in the sacral region.—adj. Rhombocœ′lian. [Gr. rhombos, rhomb, koilia, a cavity.]

Rhombogen, rom′bō-jen, n. the infusoriform embryo of a nematoid worm.—adjs. Rhombogen′ic, Rhombog′enous. [Gr. rhombos, rhomb, genēs, producing.]

Rhombohedron, rom-bō-hē′dron, n. a solid bounded by six rhombic planes.—adj. Rhombohē′dral.—adv. Rhombohē′drally. [Gr. rhombos, rhomb, hedra, a base.]

Rhomboid, rom′boid, n. a figure of the form of a rhomb: a quadrilateral figure having only its opposite sides and angles equal.—adj. Rhomboid′al, having the shape of a rhomboid. [Gr. rhombos, rhomb, eidos, form.]

Rhomboideum, rom-boi′dē-um, n. (anat.) the ligament which unites the sternal end of the clavicle with the cartage of the first rib.

Rhonchus, rong′kus, n. a râle, esp. when bronchial.—adjs. Rhonch′al, Rhonch′ial. [L.,—Gr. rhengchos, a snoring—rhengkein, to snore.]

Rhopalic, rō-pal′ik, n. a hexameter in which each succeeding word contains one syllable more than what precedes it. [Gr. rhopalikos, club-like, rhopalon, a club.]

Rhopalocera, rō-pa-los′e-ra, n.pl. an order of Lepidoptera, with clubbed antennæ.—adjs. Rhopaloc′eral, Rhopaloc′erous. [Gr. rhopalon, a club, keras, a horn.]

Rhotacism, rō′ta-sizm, n. erroneous pronunciation of the letter r: burring: the tendency of s to change into r.—v.i. Rhō′tacise.

Rhubarb, rōō′bärb, n. a plant, the tender acidulous leaf-stalks of which are much used in cooking, and the root in medicine: the root of any medicinal rhubarb, with cathartic properties.—adj. Rhu′barby.—Monk's rhubarb, the patience dock. [O. Fr. rheubarbe—Low L. rheubarbarum—Gr. rhēon barbaron—rhēon, adj. of rha, the rha-plant, from the Rha, the Volga.]

Rhumb, rumb, or rum, n. any vertical circle, hence any point of the compass.—ns. Rhumb′-line, a line which cuts all the meridians at the same angle; Rhumb′-sail′ing, the course of a vessel keeping straight on a rhumb-line. [Fr. rumb, a by-form of rhombe, through L., from Gr. rhombos, rhomb.]

Rhus, rus, n. a genus of shrubs and trees, the cashew-nut family. [L.,—Gr. rhous, sumac.]

Rhusma, rus′ma, n. a mixture of quicklime and orpiment, used as a depilatory.—Also Rus′ma.

Rhyacolite, rī-ak′ō-līt, n. a glassy feldspar found at Mt. Somma in Italy. [Gr. rhyax, rhyakos, a stream, lithos, stone.]

Rhyacophilidæ, rī-a-kō-fil′i-dē, n. a family of neuropterous insects.—n. Rhyacoph′ilus, a genus of Scolopacidæ—the green or solitary sandpiper. [Gr. rhyax, a stream, philein, to love.]

Rhyme, Rime, rīm, n. the recurrence of similar sounds at certain intervals: (orig.) words arranged in numbers or verse: poetry: metre: a short poem.—v.i. to correspond in sound: to harmonise: to chime: to make rhymes or verses.—v.t. to put into rhyme.—adj. Rhyme′less, without rhyme or reason: without sound or sense: neither pleasant to the mind nor to the ear.—ns. Rhyme′-lett′er, the repeated letters in alliteration (q.v.); Rhy′mer, Rhy′mist, Rī′mist, an inferior poet: a minstrel; Rhyme′-roy′al (so called from its use by King James I. of Scotland in the King's Quair), a seven-line stanza borrowed by Chaucer from the French—its formula, a b a b b c c; Rhyme′ster, a poetaster: a would-be poet.—adjs. Rhy′mic, Rī′mic.—Feminine rhyme (see Feminine); Male, or Masculine, rhyme, a rhyme in which the accent and rhyme fall on the final syllable only.—Neither rhyme nor reason, without either sound or sense.—The Rhymer, Thomas the Rhymer, the earliest poet of Scotland (flor. 1286). [Properly rime (the hy being due to the influence of Rhythm)—A.S. rim, number, cog. with Old High Ger. rīm (Ger. reim).]

Rhynchænus, ring-kē′nus, n. a genus of coleopterous insects, of the family of snout-beetles. [Gr. rhyngchaina, having a large snout.]

Rhynchea, ring-kē′a, n. the painted snipe.—adj. Rhynchæ′an. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout.]

Rhynchetidæ, ring-ket′i-dē, n.pl. a family of suctorial infusorians—its typical genus, Rhynchē′ta. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, chaitē, a mane.]

Rhynchites, ring-kī′tēz, n.pl. a genus of weevils. [Gr. rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhynchocœla, ring-kō-sē′la, n.pl. a group of proctuchous turbellarians, the nemerteans.—adj. Rhynchocœ′lan. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, koilos, hollow.]

Rhynchocyonidæ, ring-kō-sī-on′i-dē, n.pl. a family of small insectivorous mammals, native to eastern Africa.—n. Rhynchoc′yon. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, kyōn, a dog.]

Rhynchodont, ring′kō-dont, adj. having the beak toothed, as the falcon. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, odous, odontos, tooth.]

Rynchoflagellate, ring-kō-flaj′e-lāt, adj. having a flagellum like a snout.

Rhyncholite, ring′kō-līt, n. the fossil beak of a tetrabranchiate cephalopod. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, lithos, stone.]

Rhynchonella, ring-kō-nel′a, n. a typical genus of Rhynchonellidæ, a family of arthropomatous brachiopods. [Gr rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhynchophora, ring-kof′ō-ra, n.pl. a section of tetramerous coleopterous insects: the weevils.—adjs. Rhynchoph′oran, Rhynchoph′orous. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, pherein, to bear.]

Rhynchops, ring′kops, n. the skimmers or scissor-bills. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, ōps, ōpos, an eye.]

Rhynchosia, ring-kō′si-a, n. a genus of leguminous plants. [Gr. rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhynchospora, ring-kos′pō-ra, n. a genus of sedge-like plants—the beak-rush or beak-sedge. [Gr. rhyngchos, snout, sporos, seed.]

Rhynchota, ring-kō′ta, n. an order of true hexapod insects.—adjs. Rhynch′ōte, beaked; Rhynchō′tous, belonging to the Rhynchota. [Gr. rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhynchotus, ring-kō′tus, n. a genus of the South American tinamous, including the ynambu. [Gr. rhyngchos, a snout.]

Rhyolite, rī′ō-līt, n. an igneous rock, called also Liparite and Quartz-trachyte.—adj. Rhyolit′ic. [Gr. rhyax, a stream, lithos, a stone.]

Rhyparography, rip-a-rog′ra-fi, n. genre or still-life pictures, esp. of low subjects.—adj. Rhyparograph′ic. [Gr. rhyparos, dirty, graphein, to write.]

Rhypticus, rip′ti-kus, n. a genus of serranoid fishes—the soap-fishes. [Gr. rhyptikos—rhypein, to cleanse—rhypos, dirt.]

Rhysimeter, rī-sim′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the velocity of fluids and the speed of ships. [Gr. rhysis, a flowing, metron, a measure.]

Rhyssa, ris′a, n. a genus of long-tailed ichneumon flies. [Gr. rhyssos, wrinkled, eryein, to draw.]

Rhyssodes, ri-sō′dēz, n.pl. a genus of clavicorn beetles. [Gr. rhyssodēs, wrinkled-looking—rhyssos, wrinkled, eidos, form.]

Rhythm, rithm, or rithm, n. flowing motion: metre: regular recurrence of accents: harmony of proportion: a measure, or foot: (mus.) the regular succession of heavy and light accents: (phys.) the succession of alternate and opposite states.—adjs. Rhyth′mic, -al, having or pertaining to rhythm or metre.—adv. Rhyth′mically.—n. Rhyth′mics, the science of rhythm.—v.t. and v.i. Rhyth′mise, to subject to rhythm: to observe rhythm.—n. Rhyth′mist, one who composes in rhythm.—adj. Rhythm′less, destitute of rhythm.—ns. Rhythmom′eter, an instrument for marking rhythms for music, a metronome; Rhythmopœ′ia, the art of composing rhythmically. [L.,—Gr. rhythmos—rhein, to flow.]

Rhytina, ri-tī′na, n. a genus of Sirenia, akin to the dugong and the manatee, once plentiful in the northern Pacific. [Gr. rhytis, a wrinkle.]

Rhyton, rī′ton, n. a Greek drinking-vase, with one handle, generally ending in a beast's head:—pl. Rhy′ta. [Gr.]

Rialto, ri-al′tō, n. a famous bridge over the Grand Canal, Venice, [It., rio, stream—L. rivus, a stream—It. alto, deep—L. altus, deep.]

Riant, rī′ant, adj. laughing: gay.—n. Rī′ancy. [Fr.,—L. ridens, pr.p. of ridēre, to laugh.]

Rib, rib, n. one of the bones from the backbone which encircle the chest: anything like a rib in form or use: a piece of meat containing one or more ribs: a piece of timber which helps to form or strengthen the side of a ship: a vein of a leaf, or an insect's wing: a prominence running in a line: a ridge: (archit.) a moulding or projecting band on a ceiling: one of the rods on which the cover of an umbrella is extended: (coll.) a wife (from Gen. ii., 21-23).—v.t. to furnish or enclose with ribs: to form with rising lines—as corduroy: to enclose:—pr.p. rib′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. ribbed.—ns. Rib′-band, a piece of timber bolted longitudinally to the ribs of a vessel to hold them in position; Rib′bing, an arrangement of ribs; Rib′-grass, the ribwort plantain.—adj. Rib′less, having no ribs.—n. Rib′let, a rudimentary rib.—adjs. Rib′-like, like a rib: resembling a rib; Rib′-nosed, having the snout ribbed, as a baboon.—v.t. Rib′-roast, to beat soundly.—ns. Rib′-roast′er (coll.), a severe blow on the ribs; Rib′-roast′ing, a severe beating; Rib′-vault′ing. [A.S. ribb; Ger. rippe.]

Ribald, rib′ald, n. a loose, low character.—adj. low, base, mean: licentious: foul-mouthed—also Rib′aud (Spens.).—adjs. Rib′aldish, Rib′aldrous, ribald.—n. Rib′aldry, obscenity: filthiness: low and vulgar scurrility—also Rib′audry (obs.). [O. Fr. ribald, ribaut (Fr. ribaud, It. ribaldo)—Old High Ger. hrīpā, Mid. High Ger. ribe, a whore.]

Ribaudequin, ri-baw′de-kin, n. a movable cheval-de-frise. [O. Fr.; of doubtful origin.]

Ribble-rabble, rib′l-rab′l, n. a mob: indecent language.—n. Ribb′le-row, a list of rabble.

Ribbon, rib′on, n. a fillet or strip of silk: a narrow strip: (pl.) reins for driving: a shred: a watch-spring: an endless saw: (her.) a bearing considered usually as one of the subordinaries: (naut.) a painted moulding on the side of a ship—also Rib′and, Ribb′and.—adj. made of ribbon: having bands of different colours.—v.t. to adorn with ribbons: to stripe: to streak.—ns. Ribb′on-brake, a brake having a band which nearly surrounds the wheel whose motion is to be checked; Ribb′on-fish, a long, slender, compressed fish, like a ribbon; Ribb′on-grass, a variety of striped canary-grass: Lady's Garter; Ribb′onism, a system of secret associations among the lower classes in Ireland, at its greatest height from about 1835 to 1855—from the green badge worn; Ribb′onman, a member of a Ribbon society; Ribb′on-map, a map printed on a long strip which winds on an axis within a case; Ribb′on-seal, a North Pacific seal, banded and striped; Ribb′on-snake, a harmless striped snake abundant in the United States; Ribb′on-stamp, a simple form of printing-press for transferring colours to paper; Ribb′on-wave, a common geometrid moth; Ribb′on-weed, a seaweed whose frond has a long, flat blade; Ribb′on-wire, a strong tape with wire threads for strengthening garments; Ribb′on-worm, tapeworm.—Blue Ribbon, the ribbon of the Order of the Garter: anything which marks the attainment of some ambition, also the object itself: the badge adopted by a teetotal society; Red Ribbon, the ribbon of the Order of the Bath. [O. Fr. riban (Fr. ruban), perh. Celt.; cf. Ir. ribin, Gael. ribean. Diez suggests Dut. ring-band, necktie, collar.]

Ribes, ribz, n.sing. and pl. a currant, currants.—n.sing. Ribes (rī′bēz), a genus of shrubs belonging to the natural order Ribesiaceæ, familiar examples of which are the garden Gooseberry and the Currant. [O. Fr. ribes—Low L. ribus—Ar. rībēs, rībās.]

Ribibe, rib-īb′, n. (obs.) a rebec: an old woman.—v.i. to play on a ribibe. [Rebec.]

Ribston-pippin, rib′ston-pip′in, n. a fine variety of winter apple—from Ribston in Yorkshire, where Sir Henry Goodricke (1642-1705) first introduced them.

Ricardian, ri-kär′di-an, adj. pertaining to the political economist David Ricardo (1772-1823), or his theory.

Ricasso, ri-kas′ō, n. that part of a rapier-blade next to the hilt. [Ety. unknown.]

Riccia, rik′si-a, n. a genus of cryptogamous plants. [From the Italian botanist P. Francisco Ricci.]

Rice, rīs, n. one of the most useful and extensively cultivated of grains, like oats when ripe.—ns. Rice′-bird, the reed-bird: the paddy bird or Java sparrow; Rice′-bis′cuit, a sweet biscuit made of flour mixed with rice; Rice′-dust, Rice′-meal, the refuse of rice, a valuable food for cattle; Rice′-field-mouse, the rice-rat; Rice′-flour, a ground rice for puddings, for a face-powder, &c.; Rice′-glue, a cement made by boiling rice-flour in soft water; Rice′-hen, the common American gallinule; Rice′-milk, milk boiled and thickened with rice; Rice′-pā′per, a white smooth paper, made by the Chinese from the pith of Fatsia (Aralia) papyrifera, a tree peculiar to Formosa; Rice′-plant′er, an implement for sowing rice; Rice′-pound′er, a rice-mill; Rice′-pudd′ing, a pudding made of rice and milk, sweetened, often with eggs, raisins, &c.; Rice′-soup, a soup of rice with flour, &c.; Rice′-stitch, an embroidery-stitch resembling rice in grain; Rice′-wa′ter, water in which rice has been boiled—a nourishing drink for invalids; Rice′-wee′vil, a weevil that destroys stored rice, &c. [O. Fr. ris—L. oryza—Gr. oryza, from Old Pers., whence also Ar. uruzz, ruzz.]

Ricercata, rē-cher-kä′ta, n. a very elaborate form of fugue. [It. ricercare, to search out.]

Rich, rich (comp. Rich′er, superl. Rich′est), adj. abounding in possessions: wealthy: valuable: sumptuous: fertile: full of agreeable or nutritive qualities: affluent: productive, as a rich mine: costly: mighty: ruling: ample: of superior quality: luxurious: of great moral worth: highly seasoned or flavoured, as rich pastry: bright, as a colour: full of harmonious sounds, as a rich voice: full of beauty, as a rich landscape: of a vivid colour: extravagant, as a rich joke.—v.t. (Shak.) to enrich.—v.i. to grow rich.—v.i. Rich′en, to become rich, or of higher quality of any kind.—adj. Rich′-left (Shak.), left with much wealth, richly endowed.—adv. Rich′ly.—n. Rich′ness, wealth: abundance: fruitfulness: value: costliness: abundance of imagery. [A.S. ríce, rich; Ger. reich, Dut. rijk, Goth. reiks.]

Richardia, ri-chär′di-a, n. a small genus of South African herbs of the Arum family, including the calla-lily. [From the French botanists, L. C. M. Richard (1754-1821) and his son.]

Richardsonia, rich-ärd-sō′ni-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, belonging to the madder family, native to the warmer parts of America. [Named from the 17th-cent. Eng. botanist, Richard Richardson.]

Riches, rich′ez, n.pl. (in B. sometimes n.sing.) wealth: richness: abundance: an intellectual treasure, as the riches of wisdom: the pearl, flower, or cream of anything. [M. E. richesse (n.sing.)—O. Fr. richesse—Mid. High Ger. ríche.]

Riciniæ, rī-sin′i-ē, n. a division of mites or acarines. [L. ricinus, a tick.]

Ricinium, rī-sin′i-um, n. a mantle, chiefly worn by women, among the ancient Romans.

Ricinus, ris′i-nus, n. a genus of apetalous plants, whose one species is Ricinus communis, the castor-oil plant.—adj. Ricinol′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, castor-oil. [L. ricinus, the castor-oil plant.]

Rick, rik, n. a pile or heap, as of hay.—n.pl. Rick′ers, the stems of young trees cut up for spars, &c.—ns. Rick′le (Scot.), a pile of stones loosely thrown together: a small rick of grain; Rick′-rack, a kind of open-work edging made of serpentine braid; Rick′-stand, a flooring on which a rick is made; Hay′-rick′er, a horse-rake for cocking up hay. [A.S. hreác; Ice. hraukr.]

Rickets, rik′ets, n.sing. a disease of children, characterised by softness and curvature of the bones.—adv. Rick′etily, shakily.—n. Rick′etiness, unsteadiness.—adjs. Rick′etly, shaky; Rick′ety, affected with rickets: feeble, unstable. [From M. E. wrikken, to twist, allied to A.S. wringan, to twist. The medical term rachitis was coined about 1650, with a punning allusion to Gr. rhachis, the spine.]

Ricochet, rik-ō-shā′, or -shet′, n. a rebound along the ground, as of a ball fired at a low elevation.—v.i. to skip along the ground:—pr.p. ricochet′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. ricochet′ted. [Fr.; ety. unknown.]

Ricolite, rē′kō-līt, n. a stratified ornamental stone. [Rico in New Mexico, Gr. lithos, a stone.]

Rictus, rik′tus, n. the gape of the bill: the throat of the calyx.—adj. Ric′tal. [L., a gaping.]

Rid, rid, v.t. to free: to deliver: to remove by violence: to clear: to disencumber: to expel: to separate: to despatch: (obs.) to banish, to kill:—pr.p. rid′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. rid.—ns. Rid′dance, act of ridding or freeing: destruction: the earth thrown up by a burrowing animal; Rid′der, one who rids or relieves.—A good riddance, a welcome relief; Get rid of, to get deliverance from. [A.S. hreddan, to snatch away; Ger. retten.]

Riddle, rid′l, n. an obscure description of something which the hearer is asked to name: a puzzling question: an enigma: anything puzzling, even a person.—v.i. to make riddles: to speak obscurely: to plait.—adj. Ridd′le-like (Shak.), like a riddle or enigma.—ns. Ridd′ler; Ridd′ling (Spens.), skill in explaining riddles.—adv. Ridd′lingly. [A.S. rǽdelse—rǽdan, to guess, to read—rǽd, counsel; cog. with Dut. raad, Ger. rath.]

Riddle, rid′l, n. a large sieve for separating coarser materials from finer.—v.t. to separate with a riddle, as grain from chaff: to make full of holes like a riddle, as with shot.—n.pl. Ridd′lings, siftings. [A.S. hridder; Gael. criathar.]

Ride, rīd, v.i. to be borne, as on horseback or in a carriage: to practise riding: to manage a horse: to float, as a ship at anchor: to move easily: to domineer: to overlap.—v.t. to do or perform by riding, as a race: to be carried through: to gallop through: to rest on so as to be carried: to control, esp. harshly:—pa.t. rōde; pa.p. rid′den.—n. act of riding: an excursion on horseback or in a vehicle: the course passed over in riding, a place for riding: a district inspected by an excise-officer: (print.) a fault caused by the overlapping of leads, &c.—adjs. Rī′dable, Rī′deable, capable of being ridden: passable on horseback.—n. Rī′der, one who rides on a horse: one who manages a horse: one who breaks a horse: a commercial traveller: an addition to a document after its completion, on a separate piece of paper: an additional clause: a mounted robber: a knight: a small forked weight which straddles the beam of a balance to measure the weight: a Dutch gold coin.—adjs. Rī′dered, having stakes laid across the bars; Rī′derless, without a rider; Rī′ding, used to ride or travel: suitable for riding on, as a horse.—n. a road for riding on: a district visited by an excise-officer.—n.pl. Rī′ding-bitts, the bitts to which a ship's cable is secured when riding at anchor.—ns. Rī′ding-boot, a high boot worn in riding; Rī′ding-clerk, a mercantile traveller; Rī′ding-commit′tee, a committee of ministers sent by the General Assembly to carry out an ordination or induction, where the local presbytery refused to act, under the Moderate domination in Scotland in the 18th century; Rī′ding-glove, a gauntlet; Rī′ding-hab′it, the long upper habit, garment, or skirt worn by ladies when riding; Rī′ding-hood, a hood formerly worn by women when riding.—n.pl. Rī′ding-in′terests (Scots law), interests depending on other interests.—ns. Rī′ding-light, a light hung out in the rigging at night when a vessel is riding at anchor; Rī′ding-mas′ter, one who teaches riding; Rī′ding-rhyme, the iambic pentameter, heroic verse—from its use in Chaucer's Tales of the Canterbury pilgrims; Rī′ding-robe, a riding-habit; Rī′ding-rod, a light cane for equestrians; Rī′ding-sail, a triangular sail; Rī′ding-school, a place where riding is taught, esp. a military school; Rī′ding-skirt, a skirt fastened round a woman's waist in riding; Ri′ding-spear, a javelin; Rī′ding-suit, a suit adapted for riding; Rī′ding-whip, a switch with short lash, used by riders; Bush′-rī′der, in Australia, a cross-country rider.—Ride a hobby, to pursue to excess a favourite theory; Ride and tie, to ride and go on foot alternately; Ride down, to overthrow, treat with severity; Ride easy, when a ship does not pitch—opp. to Ride hard, when she pitches violently; Ride in the marrow-bone coach(slang), to go on foot; Ride out, to keep afloat throughout a storm; Ride over, to domineer; Ride rough-shod, to pursue a course regardless of the consequences to others; Ride shank's mare (slang), to walk; Ride the high horse, to have grand airs; Ride the marches (see March); Ride the Spanish mare, to be put astride a boom as a punishment; Ride the wild mare (Shak.), to play at see-saw; Ride to hounds, to take part in a fox-hunt, esp. to ride close behind the hounds; Riding the fair, the ceremony of proclaiming a fair. [A.S. ridan; Dut. rijden, Ger. reiten.]

Rideau, rē-dō′, n. an eminence commanding a plain, covering the entrance to a camp, &c. [Fr.]

Ridge, rij, n. the back, or top of the back: anything like a back, as a long range of hills: an extended protuberance: a crest: the earth thrown up by the plough between the furrows, a breadth of ground running the whole length of the field, divided from those on either side by broad open furrows, helping to guide the sowers and reapers and effecting drainage in wet soils: the upper horizontal timber of a roof: the highest portion of a glacis.—v.t. to form into ridges: to wrinkle.—ns. Ridge′-band, that part of the harness of a cart which goes over the saddle; Ridge′-bone, the spine.—adj. Ridged, having ridges on a surface: ridgy.—ns. Ridge′-fill′et, a fillet between two flutes of a column; Ridge′-harr′ow, a harrow made to lap upon the sides of a ridge over which it passes; Ridge′-plough, a plough with a double mould-board; Ridge′-pole, the timber forming the ridge of a roof; Ridge′-rope, the central rope of an awning.—adj. Ridg′y, having ridges. [A.S. hrycg; Ice. hryggr, Ger. rücken, back.]

Ridgel, rij′el, n. a male animal with but one testicle.—Also Ridg′il, Ridg′ling—(Scot.) Rig′lan, Rig′got.

Ridicule, rid′i-kūl, n. wit exposing one to laughter: derision: mockery.—v.t. to laugh at: to expose to merriment: to deride: to mock.—n. Rid′i cūler.—v.t. Ridic′ūlise.—n. Ridicūlos′ity.—adj. Ridic′ūlous, deserving or exciting ridicule: absurd: (obs.) outrageous.—adv. Ridic′ūlously.—n. Ridic′ūlousness. [L. ridiculus—ridēre, to laugh.]

Riding, rī′ding, n. one of the three divisions of the county of York. [A corr. of thriding—Ice. þridjungr, the third, þriði, third, þrir, three.]

Ridotto, ri-dot′ō, n. a house of public entertainment: a dancing party.—v.i. to frequent such. [It.]

Riesel-iron, rē′zel-ī′urn, n. a kind of nipper used to remove irregularities from the edges of glass.

Rifacimento, rē-fä-chi-men′tō, n. a recasting of literary works:—pl. Rifacimen′ti. [It.]

Rife, rīf, adj. prevailing: abundant: plentiful: well supplied: current: manifest.—adv. Rife′ly.—n. Rife′ness. [A.S. rífe; Dut. rijf, Ice. rífr.]

Riffle, rif′l, n. in mining, the lining of the bottom of a sluice: in seal engraving, a small iron disc at the end of a tool.—n. Riff′ler, a curved file for working in depressions. [Dan. rifle, a groove.]

Riff-raff, rif′-raf, n. sweepings: refuse: the rabble, the mob. [Explained by Skeat as M. E. rif and raf—O. Fr. rif et raf, also rifle et rafle. Rifler, to rifle, ransack—Ice. hrífa, to catch; rafler—Teut., cf. Ger. raffen, to seize.]

Rifle, rī′fl, v.t. to carry off by force: to strip, to rob: to whet, as a scythe.—n. Rī′fler. [O. Fr. rifler—Scand., Ice. hrífa, to seize.]

Rifle, rī′fl, v.t. to groove spirally, as a gun-barrel.—n. a musket with a barrel spirally grooved—many varieties, the Enfield, Minié, Martini-Henry, Chassepot, Mannlicher-repeating, Remington, Lee-Metford, &c.—ns. Rī′fle-bird, an Australian bird-of-Paradise; Rī′fle-corps, a body of soldiers armed with rifles; Rī′fleman, a man armed with a rifle; Rī′fle-pit, a pit dug to shelter riflemen; Rī′fle-range, a place for practice with the rifle; Rī′fling, the act of cutting spiral grooves in the bore of a gun; Rī′fling-machine′. [Scand.; Dan. rifle, to groove, freq. of rive, to tear.]

Rift, rift, n. an opening split in anything: a fissure: a veil: a fording-place.—v.t. to rive: to cleave.—v.i. to split: to burst open. [Rive.]

Rig, rig, v.t. to clothe, to dress: to put on: to equip: (naut.) to fit with sails and tackling:—pr.p. rig′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. rigged.—n. sails and tackling: an equipage, or turn-out, for driving, &c.: fishing-tackle: (coll.) costume, dress.—ns. Rig′ger, one who rigs or dresses: in machinery, a large cylindrical pulley, or narrow drum; Rig′ging, tackle: the system of cordage which supports a ship's masts and extends the sails: the roof; Rig′ging-loft, the place in a theatre from which the scenery is raised; Rig′ging-screw, a machine formed of a clamp worked by a screw; Rig′ging-tree, a roof-tree; Rig′-out, an outfit.—Rig out, to furnish with complete dress, &c.; Rig the market, to raise or lower prices artificially. [Scand.; Norw. rigga, to bandage, to put on sails, rigg, rigging.]

Rig, rig, n. a frolic, trick: (obs.) a wanton.—v.i. to romp, act the wanton.—adj. Rig′gish (Shak.), wanton, lewd.—n. Rig′gite, one who plays rigs, a jester.—Run a rig, to play a trick; Run the rig upon, to play a trick upon. [Prob. wriggle.]

Rigadoon, rig-a-dōōn′, n. a lively dance for one couple, or its music: formerly in the French army, a beat of drum while culprits were being marched to punishment. [Fr. rigaudon.]

Right, rīt, adj. straight: most direct: upright: erect: according to truth and justice: according to law: true: correct: just: fit: proper: exact: most convenient: well performed: most dexterous, as the hand: on the right-hand: on the right-hand of one looking towards the mouth of a river: righteous: duly genuine: correct in judgment: equitable: not crooked: to be preferred: precise: in good health: denoting the side designed to go outward, as cloth: opposed to left, as the right-hand: (math.) upright from a base: containing 90 degrees.—n. Right′ness. [A.S. riht; Ger. recht, L. rectus.]

Right, rīt, adv. in a straight or direct line: in a right manner: according to truth and justice: correctly: very: in a great degree.

Right, rīt, n. that which is right or correct: truth: justice: virtue: freedom from error: what one has a just claim to: privilege: property: the right side.—n. Right′-about′, in the opposite direction.—adj. Right′-ang′led, having a right angle or angles; Right′-drawn (Shak.), drawn in a right or just cause.—v.t. Right′en, to set right.—n. Right′er, one who sets right or redresses wrong.—adj. Right′ful, having a just claim: according to justice: belonging by right.—adv. Right′fully.—ns. Right′fulness, righteousness: justice; Right′-hand, the hand which is more used, convenient, and dexterous than the other.—adj. chiefly relied on.—adj. Right′-hand′ed, using the right-hand more easily than the left: dextral: clockwise.—ns. Right′-hand′edness; Right′-hand′er, a blow with the right-hand.—adjs. Right′-heart′ed, having right or kindly dispositions: good-hearted; Right′less, without right.—adv. Right′ly, uprightly: suitably: not erroneously.—adj. Right′-mind′ed, having a right or honest mind.—ns. Right′-mind′edness, the state of being right-minded; Right′ness, the character of being right, correctness: the state of being on the right-hand; Right-of-way, the right which the public has to the free passage over roads or tracks, esp. such as are not statutory roads.—advs. Rights (obs.); Right′ward.—n. Right′-whale, the Greenland whale, the most important species of the true whales.—Right and left, on both sides; Right ascension (see Ascension); Right bank of a river, the bank on the right hand of a person looking in the direction the water flows; Right down, plainly; Right of action, a right which will sustain a civil action; Right off, immediately; Right the helm, to put it amidships, in a line with the keel.—Absolute rights, those which belong to human beings as such; At all rights, in all points; Base right (Scots law), the right which a disposer acquires when he disposes of feudal property; By right, or rights, rightfully; Claim of Right, the statement of the right of the church to spiritual independence and liberty from the interference of the civil courts in her spiritual functions, adopted by an immense majority of the General Assembly in 1842; Contingent rights, such as are distinguished from vested rights; Declaration and Bill of Rights, the instrument drawn up by the Convention Parliament which called the Prince and Princess of Orange to the throne of England in 1689, stating the fundamental principles of the constitution; Declaration of the Rights of Man, a famous statement of the constitution and principles of civil society and government adopted by the French National Assembly in August 1789; Do one right, to do one justice; Have a right, to be under a moral necessity; Have right, to be right; In one's own right, by absolute and personal right; In the right, free from error; Natural rights, those which exist by virtue of natural law—liberty, security of person and property; Petition of right, an action by which a subject vindicates his rights against the Crown; Public rights, the rights which the state has over the subject, and the subject against the state; Put to rights, to arrange; The Right, among continentals, the conservatives, from their usually sitting on the president's right in legislative assemblies; The right side, the place of honour; Writ of right, an action to establish the title to real property.

Righteous, rī′tyus, adj. living and acting according to right and justice: free from guilt or sin: equitable: merited.—adv. Right′eously, in a righteous manner: (arch.) justly.—n. Right′eousness, purity of life: rectitude: conformity to a right standard: a righteous act or quality: holiness: the coming into spiritual reconciliation with God by means of the righteousness of Christ being imputed to a man in consequence of faith.—Original righteousness, the condition of man before the Fall as made in the image of God. [A.S. rihtwís—riht, right, wís, wise.]

Rigid, rij′id, adj. not easily bent: stiff: severe: strict: unyielding: harsh: without delicacy: wanting in ease.—n. Rigid′ity, the quality of resisting change of form: stiffness of manner.—adv. Rig′idly.—n. Rig′idness.—adj. Rigid′ūlous, rather stiff. [L. rigidus—rigēre, to be stiff with cold.]

Rigmarole, rig′ma-rōl, n. a repetition of foolish words: a long story: balderdash.—adj. prolix, tedious. [A corr. of ragman-roll, a document with a long list of names, or with numerous seals pendent.]

Rigol, rig′ol, n. (Shak.) a ring, a circle of a crown or coronet. [It. rigolo—Teut.; Ger. ringel, a ring.]

Rigor, rī′gur, n. the same as Rigour: (med.) a sense of chilliness with contraction of the skin, a preliminary symptom of many diseases.—n. Rī′gor-mor′tis, the characteristic stiffening of the body caused by the contraction of the muscles after death.

Rigour, rig′ur, n. the quality of being rigid or severe: stiffness of opinion or temper: strictness: exactness: violence: relentlessness: severity of climate: (med., spelt Rigor; see above).—adj. Rig′orous, exercising rigour: allowing no abatement: marked by severity: harsh: scrupulously accurate: very severe.—adv. Rig′orously.—ns. Rig′orousness; Rig′ourism (R.C.), the opposite of Probalilism; Rig′ourist, a person of strict principles: a purist. [L. rigor—rigēre.]

Rigveda, rig-vā′da, n. the first of the four Vedas. [Sans., rich, a hymn, veda, knowledge.]

Rigwiddie, rig-wid′i, n. (Scot.) the rope that goes over a horse's back to support the shafts of the vehicle it draws. [Rig, the back, widdie, withy, a rope.]

Rill, ril, n. a small murmuring brook: a streamlet.—v.i. to flow in small streams.—ns. Rill′et (Tenn.), a rivulet, a little rill; Rill′-mark, a marking produced by the oozing of water on sand. [Low Ger. rille, a channel; Ger. rille, a furrow.]

Rim, rim, n. a raised margin, border, brim: in a wheel, the circular part farthest from the nave.—v.t. to put a rim to:—pr.p. rim′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. rimmed.—n. Rim′-fire, a cartridge which has a detonating substance placed in some part of the rim of its base.—adjs. Rim′iform; Rim′less.—ns. Rim′mer, an instrument for ornamenting pastry; Rim′-plān′er, a machine for dressing wheel-fellies; Rim′-saw, a saw, the cutting part of which is annular. [A.S. rima.]

Rimbase, rim′bās, n. a short cylinder connecting a trunnion with the body of a cannon.

Rime, rīm, n. hoar-frost: frozen dew.—adj. Rī′my. [A.S. hrím; Dut. rijm, Ger. reif.]

Rime, rīm, n. a rent, chink, or fissure—also Rī′ma:—pl. Rī′mæ.—adj. Rīmose′, full of rimes or chinks: having numerous minute fissures, mostly parallel, like the bark of a tree.—n. Rimos′ity, state of being rimose or chinky.—adj. Rī′mous, rimose. [L. rima.]

Rimula, rim′ū-la, n. (conch.) a genus of fossil keyhole limpets.—adjs. Rim′ūliform, shaped like a crack; Rim′ūlose. [L., dim. of rima, a crack.]

Rind, rīnd, n. the external covering, as the skin of fruit, the bark of trees, &c.—v.t. to strip the rind from.—adj. Rind′ed.—n. Rind′-gall, a defect in timber. [A.S. rinde; Dut. and Ger. rinde; prob. Old High Ger. rinta, rinda.]

Rinderpest, rin′dėr-pest, n. a malignant and contagious disease of cattle. [Ger., 'cattle-plague.']

Rine, rīn, v.t. to touch.—n. the same as Rind. [A.S. hrínan; Ice. hrína, to hurt.]

Rine, rīn, n. (prov.) a ditch or water-course.—Also Rhine, Rone, Rune. [A.S. ryne, a run, flow—rinnan, to run; Ger. ronne, a channel.]

Rinforzando, rin-for-tsan′dō, adj. (mus.) with special emphasis. [It.]

Ring, ring, n. a circle: a small hoop, usually of metal, worn on the finger or in the ear as an ornament: a circular area for races, &c.: a circular course, a revolution: a clique organised to control the market: an arena or prize-ring: the commercial measure of staves for casks: (archit.) a cincture round a column: (anat.) an annulus: a group or combination of persons.—v.t. to encircle: to fit with a ring: to surround: to wed with a ring: (hort.) to cut out a ring of bark from a tree.—v.i. to move in rings.—ns. Ring′-ar′mature, an armature in which the coils of wire are wound round a ring; Ring′-arm′our, armour made of metal rings (see Chain-mail).—v.t. Ring′-bark, to strip a ring of bark round a tree to kill it.—ns. Ring′bill, the ring-necked duck; Ring′-bolt, an iron bolt with a ring through a hole at one end; Ring′bone, in farriery, a bony callus on a horse's pastern-bone, the result of inflammation: the condition caused by this; Ring′-bunt′ing, the reed-bunting; Ring′-carr′ier, a go-between; Ring′-dī′al, a portable sun-dial; Ring′-dog, an iron apparatus for hauling timber; Ring′-dott′erel, the ringed plover; Ring′dove, the cushat or wood-pigeon, so called from a white ring or line on the neck; Ring′-drop′ping, a trick practised by rogues upon simple people.—adj. Ringed, surrounded as with a ring, annulose, annulate: wearing a wedding-ring.—ns. Ringed′-car′pet, a British geometrid moth; Ring′-fence, a fence continuously encircling an estate, a limit; Ring′-fing′er, the third finger of the left hand, on which women wear their marriage-ring.—adj. Ring′-formed, annular.—ns. Ring′-frame, any one of a class of spinning-machines with vertical spindles; Ring′-gauge, a measure consisting of a ring of fixed size used for measuring spherical objects; Ring′leader, the head of a riotous body: one who opens a ball; Ring′let, a little ring: a curl, esp. of hair.—adj. Ring′leted.—ns. Ring′lock, a puzzle-lock; Ring′-mail, chain-armour; Ring′man, the third finger of the hand: one interested in the prize-ring; Ring′-mas′ter, one who has charge of a circus-ring and the performances in it; Ring′-mon′ey, rudely formed rings anciently used for money; Ring′-neck, a kind of ring-plover: the ring-necked duck; Ring′-net, a net for catching butterflies; Ring′-ou′sel, a species of thrush, with a white band on the breast; Ring′-parr′ot, a common Indian parrot; Ring′-perch, the perch of North America; Ring′-plov′er, a ring-necked plover; Ring′-rope, a rope for hauling the cable in rough weather; Ring′-saw, a scroll-saw with annular web; Ring′-small, broken stones of such a size as to pass through a ring two inches in diameter; Ring′-snake, the collared snake, a harmless serpent of the United States; Ring′ster, a member of a ring; Ring′-stop′per, a piece of rope by which the ring of an anchor is secured to the cat-head.—adjs. Ring′-straked (B.), -streaked, streaked with rings.—n. Ring′-tail (naut.), a studding-sail set upon the gaff of a fore-and-aft sail: a light sail set abaft and beyond the spanker: the female of the hen-harrier, named from a rust-coloured ring formed by the tips of the tail-feathers when expanded.—adj. Ring′-tailed, having the tail marked with bars or rings of colour, as a lemur: having a tail curled at the end.—ns. Ring′-thrush, the ring-ousel; Ring′-time (Shak.), time for marrying; Ring′-valve, a hollow cylindrical valve; Ring′-work, a material composed of rings interlinked; Ring′worm, a skin disease in which itchy pimples appear in rings.—Ring the changes (see Change).—Ride, or Tilt, at the ring, to practise the sport of riding rapidly, spear in hand, and carrying off with it a ring hung up; The ring, pugilism and the persons connected with it. [A.S. hring; Ice. hring-r, Ger., Dan., and Sw. ring.]

Ring, ring, v.i. to sound as a bell when struck: to tinkle: to practise the art of ringing bells: to continue to sound: to be filled with report: to resound: to echo.—v.t. to cause to sound, as a metal: to produce by ringing:—pa.t. rang, rung; pa.p. rung.—n. a sound, esp. of metals: the sound of many voices: a chime of many bells.—ns. Ring′er; Ring′ing, the act of causing to sound, as music-bells: resounding.—adv. Ring′ingly.—Ring backward, to change the order of ringing; Ring down, to conclude; Ring in (theat.), to signal the conductor to begin; Ringing of the ears, a sound in the ears; Ring up, to rouse by the ringing of a bell. [A.S. hringan; cog. with Ice. hringja, to ring bells, hringla, to clink, Dan. ringle, to tinkle.]

Rink, ringk, n. the area where a race is run or games are played: a place artificially prepared for skating: a certain piece of ice marked off for curling—about 40 yards in length, and 9 in breadth. [Simply a variant of ring, a circle.]

Rinse, rins, v.t. to cleanse by introducing water: to cleanse with clean water.—ns. Rins′er; Rins′ing-machine′, in cotton manufacture, a series of tanks for cleansing. [O. Fr. rinser (Fr. rincer)—Ice. hreinsa; Ger. and Dut. rein, pure.]

Riot, rī′ot, n. uproar: tumult: a disturbance of the peace: excessive feasting: luxury.—v.i. to brawl: to raise an uproar: to run to excess in feasting, behaviour, &c.: to be highly excited: to throw into a tumult: to annoy.—ns. Rī′oter; Rī′oting; Rī′otise (Spens.), riot, extravagance.—adj. Rī′otous, engaging in riot: seditious: tumultuous: luxurious: wanton.—adv. Rī′otously.—ns. Rī′otousness; Rī′otry.—Riot Act, a statute designed to prevent riotous assemblies.—Run riot, to act without restraint or control. [Fr. riotte; ety. dub.]

Rip, rip, v.t. to divide by cutting or tearing: to cut open: to take out by cutting or tearing: to tear up for search or alteration: to explode, give vent to.—v.i. to break out violently.—v.t. to utter violently (with out):—pr.p. rip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. ripped.—n. a tear: a rent: a place torn: (slang) a vicious person: a worthless horse: a ripple. [Scand., Norw. ripa, to scratch; Ice. rífa, to rive.]

Riparian, rī-pā′ri-an, adj. belonging to a river-bank: of animals, shore-loving.—adj. Ripā′rial.—Riparian nations, nations possessing opposite banks of the same river; Riparian proprietor, an owner who has property in the soil to the centre of the stream; Riparian rights, the right of fishery belonging to the proprietor of a stream. [L. ripa, a river-bank.]

Ripe, rīp, adj. ready for harvest: arrived at perfection: fit for use: developed to the utmost: finished: ready: resembling ripe fruit: mature, as ripe judgment.—v.i. to grow ripe, to ripen.—v.t. (Shak.) to make ripe.—adv. Ripe′ly.—v.i. Rī′pen, to grow ripe: to approach or reach perfection.—v.t. to make ripe: to bring to perfection.—n. Ripe′ness. [A.S. ripe, conn. with rip, harvest; cog. with Dut. riip, Ger. reif; akin to A.S. ripan, to reap.]

Ripidolite, rī-pid′ō-līt, n. the commonest member of the chlorite family of minerals.

Ripieno, ri-pyā′nō, adj. (mus.) supplementary.—n. a supplementary instrument or performer:—pl. Ripie′ni.—n. Ripienist (ri-pyā′nist), a supplementary instrumentalist. [It.]

Ripper, rip′ėr, n. a tool used in shaping roof-slates: a ripping-tool: one who does his work well: a robber.

Ripper, rip′ėr, n. one who brings fish from the coast inland. [L. riparius.]

Ripple, rip′l, n. the light fretting of the surface of water: a little curling wave.—v.t. to cause a ripple in.—v.i. to curl on the surface, as running water.—ns. Ripp′le-barr′el, a drum used in theatres; Ripp′le-grass, the rib-grass; Ripp′le-mark, a mark produced on sand at the bottom by the gentle flow of water: (geol.) the mark left on a sea-beach by receding waves, and left impressed on the surface of rocks.—adj. Ripp′le-marked.—ns. Ripp′let, a small ripple: rippling: an eddy; Ripp′ling, an eddy caused by conflicting currents or tides—also adj.—adv. Ripp′lingly.—adj. Ripp′ly, rippling. [Variant of earlier rimple, A.S. hrimpan, to wrinkle, pa.p. hrumpen.]

Ripple, rip′l, v.t. to pluck the seeds from stalks of flax by drawing them through an iron comb.—n. the comb for rippling.—n. Ripp′ler, an apparatus for rippling flax. [Low Ger. repel, reppel, a ripple, hoe, Ger. riffel.]

Rip-saw, rip′-saw, n. a hand-saw, with large but narrow-set teeth, for sawing timber lengthwise.

Risaldar, ris-al-där′, n. the native commander of a troop of cavalry in the British Indian army.—n. Ris′ala, a troop of native irregular cavalry.

Risban, ris′ban, n. a piece of ground upon which a fort is constructed for defence of a post. [Fr.,—Ger. rissbank.]

Risberm, ris-berm′, n. a glacis in jetties to withstand the violence of the sea.

Rise, rīz, v.i. to move from a lower to a higher position: to stand up: to ascend: to grow upward: to swell in quantity or extent: to take an upright position: to leave the place of rest: to tower up: to appear above the horizon: to break forth: to appear: to have its source: to increase in size, value, &c.: to become excited or hostile: to break forth into commotion or insurrection: to increase in rank, fortune, or fame: to be promoted: to be perceptible to other senses: to excavate upward: to come to mind: to close a session: (B.) to ascend from the grave:—pa.t. rōse; pa.p. risen (riz′n).—n. act of rising: ascent: degree of elevation: a steep: origin: increase: (archit.) the upright piece of a step from tread to tread: (mining) a shaft excavated from below: (mus.) elevation of the voice.—n. Rī′ser, a rebel: one who, or that which, rises.—Rise from the ranks, to win a commission; Rise to the occasion, to be equal to an emergency.—Take a rise out of, to take the conceit out of a person by making him ridiculous. [A.S. rísan; Ice. rísa, Goth. reisan, Ger. reisen.]

Rise, rīs, n. a twig, a small bush.—ns. Rise′bush, a faggot; Rī′sel, a support for a climbing vine; Rise′-wood, small wood cut for hedging. [A.S. hrís; Ger. reis.]

Rishi, rish′i, n. a sage or poet, the author of a Vedic hymn.—The seven rishis, the stars of the Great Bear. [Sans.]

Risible, riz′i-bl, adj. capable of exciting laughter: laughable: amusing.—ns. Risibil′ity, quality of being risible; Ris′ibleness.—adv. Ris′ibly. [L. risibilis—ridēre, risum, to laugh.]

Rising, rī′zing, n. act of rising: a revolt: resurrection: the quantity of dough set to rise at one time: (B.) a tumour.—adj. increasing in importance: advancing: approaching a specified amount, as rising three years old.—ns. Rī′sing-lark, the skylark; Rī′sing-line, a line drawn to determine the sweep of the floor-heads throughout the ship's length; Rī′sing-main, the column of pumps in a mine through which water is lifted to the surface; Rī′sing-seat, in a Friends' meeting, that occupied by ministers and elders.

Risk, risk, n. hazard: chance of loss or injury.—v.t. to expose to hazard: to venture, to take the chance of.—n. Risk′er, one who risks.—adj. Risk′y, dangerous: venturesome.—Run a risk, to incur hazard. [Fr. risque (It. risico)—Sp. risco, a rock—L. resecāre, to cut off—re-, off, secāre, to cut.]

Risley, riz′li, n. a Risley performer is an acrobat who lies on his back and carries burdens on his feet.

Risorial, rī-sō′ri-al, adj. risible, causing laughter.—n. Risō′rius, the laughing muscle. [Risible.]

Rissole, ris′ōl, n. fish or meat minced and fried with bread-crumbs and egg. [Fr.]

Ristori, ris-tō′ri, n. a woman's loose open jacket—from Madame Ristori, the famous actress.

Rit, rit, v.t. (Scot.) to strike.—n. a scratch, tear, &c. [Dut. ritten, to tear.]

Rite, rīt, n. a religious usage or ceremony.—adv. Rite′ly, with due rites.—Ambrosian rite, the Ambrosian office and liturgy; Mozarabic rite (see Mozarabic). [L. ritus.]

Ritornelle, rē-tor-nel′, n. (mus.) an instrumental prelude belonging to a vocal work.—Also Ritornel′lo. [It.]

Ritter, rit′ėr, n. a knight.—n. Ritt′-mas′ter, a captain of cavalry. [Ger. ritter.]

Ritual, rit′ū-al, adj. consisting of or prescribing rites.—n. manner of performing divine service, or a book containing it: the body of rites employed in the church: the code of ceremonies observed by an organisation, as the ritual of the Freemasons.—ns. Rit′ūalism, systems of rituals or prescribed forms of religion: the observance of them: the name popularly given to the great increase of ceremonial and symbolism by means of special vestments, &c., in the Church of England since about 1860-65: Rit′ūalist, one skilled in or devoted to a ritual: one of the party devoted to ritualism in the Church of England.—adj. Ritūalist′ic, pertaining to the ritual.—adv. Rit′ūally. [L. ritualis; cf. Rite.]

Rival, rī′val, n. one pursuing the same object as another: one who strives to equal or excel another: a competitor.—adj. having the same claims: standing in competition.—v.t. to stand in competition with: to try to gain the same object as another: to try to equal or excel:—pr.p. rī′valling; pa.t. and pa.p. rī′valled.—n. Rī′valess, a female rival.—adj. Rī′val-hāt′ing, jealous.—v.i. Rī′valise, to enter into rivalry.—ns. Rival′ity (Shak.), rivalry, equality in rank or authority; Rī′valry, act of rivalling: competition: emulation; Rī′valship, emulation. [Fr.,—L. rivalis—rivus, a brook.]

Rive, rīv, v.t. to tear asunder: to split: to pierce: to explode.—v.i. to be split asunder:—pa.t. rīved; pa.p. rīved, riv′en.—n. that which is torn. [Scand., Ice. rífa, to rive; Dut. rijven, Ger. reiben.]

Riveling, riv′ling, n. a rough shoe once worn in Scotland: (obs.) a Scotchman. [A.S. rifeling.]

River, riv′ėr, n. a large running stream of water.—adj. Riv′erain, riparian.—ns. Riv′er-bank, the bank of a river; Riv′er-bās′in, the whole region drained by a river and its affluents; Riv′er-bed, the channel in which a river flows; Riv′er-birch, the red birch; Riv′er-bott′om, the alluvial land along the margin of a river; Riv′er-carp, the common carp; Riv′er-chub, the horny-head or jerker; Riv′er-course, the bed of a river; Riv′er-crab, a fresh-water crab; Riv′er-craft, small vessels which ply on rivers; Riv′er-cray′fish, a crayfish proper; Riv′er-dol′phin, a Gangetic dolphin; Riv′er-drag′on (Milt.), a crocodile; Riv′er-duck, a fresh-water duck; Riv′eret, Riv′erling, a small river; Riv′er-flat, alluvial land along a river; Riv′er-god, the tutelary deity of a river; Riv′er-head, the spring of a river; Riv′er-hog, the capybara; Riv′er-horse, the hippopotamus.—adj. Riv′erine, pertaining to, or resembling, a river.—ns. Riv′er-jack, the common water-snake of Europe; Riv′er-man, one who makes his livelihood by dragging the river for sunken goods; River-muss′el, a fresh-water mussel; Riv′er-ott′er, the common European otter; Riv′er-perch, a Californian surf-fish; Riv′er-pie, the water-ousel; Riv′er-shore, the shore or bank of a river; Riv′er-side, the bank of a river; Riv′er-smelt, the gudgeon; Riv′er-snail, a pond snail; Riv′er-swall′ow, the sand-martin; Riv′er-tide, the tide from the sea rising or ebbing in a river; Riv′er-tor′toise, a soft-shelled turtle; Riv′er-wall, a wall made to confine the waters of a river within definite bounds.—adj. Riv′ery, pertaining to rivers, like rivers. [Fr. rivière (It. riviera, shore, river)—Low L. riparia, a shore district—L. ripa, a bank.]

Rivesaltes, rēv′salt, n. a sweet wine made from Muscat grapes. [Rivésaltes in southern France.]

Rivet, riv′et, n. a bolt of metal fastened by being hammered at both ends.—v.t. to fasten with a rivet: to make firm or immovable:—pr.p. riv′eting; pa.t. and pa.p. riv′eted.—ns. Riv′et-cut′ter, a tool for cutting off the ends of rivets; Riv′eter, Riv′etter; Riv′et-hearth, a light portable furnace for heating rivets; Riv′eting; Riv′eting-hamm′er; Riv′eting-machine′, a power-machine for forcing hot rivets into position in metal-work, and heading them; Riv′eting-set, a hollow-faced punch for swaging rivet-heads; Riv′et-knob, a tool for swaging rivet-heads; Riv′et-machine′, a machine for making rivets from rod-iron. [O. Fr. rivet; acc. to Diez from the root of Ice. rífa, Dan. rive, Ger. reiben, Eng. rive.]

Rivière, rē-viār, n. a necklace of precious stones, particularly diamonds. [Fr.]

Riving, rī′ving, n. the act of separating.—ns. Ri′ving-knife, a tool for splitting shingles; Rī′ving-machine′, a machine for splitting wood for hoops.

Rivulet, riv′ū-let, n. a small stream, brook: a geometrid moth.—adj. Riv′ūlose (bot.), marked with irregular lines. [L. rivulus—rivus, a stream.]

Rixy, rik′si, adj. quarrelsome.—n. Rixā′tion, a brawl. [Fr. rixe—L. rixa, a quarrel.]

Rizom, riz′om, n. a plume, as of oats.—adj. Riz′omed (her.), having grains, as an oat-stalk.

Rizzer, riz′ėr, v.t. (Scot.) to dry in the sun.—n. a rizzered haddock.

Roach, rōch, n. a silvery fresh-water fish: a concave curve in the foot of a square sail.—v.t. to arch: to cut short. [O. Fr. roche—Teut.; Ger. roche.]

Roach, rōch, n. a rock: refuse gritty stone.—As sound as a roach, perfectly sound.

Road, rōd, n. a highway for traffic: (B.) a plundering excursion.—ns. Road, Road′stead, Roads, a place where ships ride at anchor; Road′-āg′ent, a highwayman: a commercial traveller; Road′-bed, the bed or foundation of a road: the whole superstructure thereon; Road′-book, a guide-book; Road′-car, a kind of omnibus; Road′-harr′ow, a machine for dragging over roads out of repair; Road′ing, the act of running races with teams; Road′-lev′el, a plumb-level used in the construction of roads; Road′-locomō′tive, a road-steamer; Road′-machine′, a scraper used in road-making; Road′man, Roads′man, one who keeps a road in repair; Road′-met′al, broken stones for roads; Road′-roll′er, a heavy roller used on a macadamised road; Road′-run′ner, a large ground-cuckoo; Road′-scrāp′er, an implement for levelling roads and clearing them of loose stones, &c.; Road′side, footpath: wayside; Road′stead, a place near a shore where vessels may anchor; Road′-steam′er, a locomotive with broad wheels for roads; Road′ster, a horse for driving or riding on the road: a coach-driver: a bicycle, or tricycle; Road′-survey′or, one who supervises roads; Road′way, the way or part of a road or street travelled by carriages; Road′-weed, a plant of the genus Plantago.—adj. Road′worthy, fit for the road.—By the road, by the highway; On the road, travelling; Rule of the road, the custom of the country in passing on a highway; Take to the road, to become a highwayman. [A.S. rád, a riding—rád, pa.t. of rídan, to ride.]

Roam, rōm, v.i. to rove about: to ramble.—v.t. to wander over: to range.—n. Roam′er, a wanderer. [M. E. romen, ramen; allied to A.S. á-rǽman, to spread out, Old High Ger. rāman, rāmen, to direct one's course; the meaning influenced by M. E. Rome-rennere, a pilgrim.]

Roan, rōn, adj. having a bay or dark colour, with spots of gray and white: of a mixed colour, with a decided shade of red.—n. a roan colour: a roan horse: grained sheepskin leather. [O. Fr. roan (Fr. rouan)—Low L. rufanus—L. rufus, red.]

Roar, rōr, v.i. to utter a full, loud sound: to bellow, as a beast: to cry aloud: to bawl: to guffaw.—n. a full, loud sound: the cry of a beast: an outcry of mirth, esp. of laughter.—ns. Roar′er; Roar′ing, act or sound of roaring: a disease of horses causing them to roar in breathing.—adv. Roar′ingly.—Roaring boys, swaggerers; Roaring forties, the stormy tract between 49° and 50° N. latitude; Roaring game, curling. [A.S. rárian; Mid. High Ger. rēran, Ger. röhren, to cry as a stag, to bellow.]

Roast, rōst, v.t. to cook before a fire, or in an oven: to expose a person to ridicule: to parch by exposure to heat: to heat to excess: to dissipate the volatile parts of by heat.—n. that which is roasted.—ns. Roas′ter, anything suitable for roasting: a furnace used in making ball soda; Roas′ter-slag, slag from the fifth stage of copper-smelting; Roas′ting; Roas′ting-cyl′inder, a furnace for roasting ore; Roas′ting-ear, an ear of maize fit for roasting; Roas′ting-jack, an apparatus for turning the spit on which meat is roasted; Roas′ting-kiln; Roas′ting-ov′en; Roast′-ī′ron, a gridiron.—Roastbeef plant, an iris of Western Europe.—Rule the roast, to domineer. [A.S. róstian; cog. with Dut. roosten, Ger. rösten; or O. Fr. rostir (Fr. rôtir)—Old High Ger. rōstan; or Celt., as Gael. rost, W. rhostio, Bret. rosta, all meaning to roast.]

Rob, rob, v.t. to take away from by force or theft: to plunder: to steal: to deprive: (B.) to withhold what is due.—v.i. to commit robbery:—pr.p. rob′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. robbed.—ns. Rob′ber, one who robs; Rob′ber-coun′cil (Latrocinium Ephesinum), the council which met at Ephesus in August 449, under the presidency of Dioscurus, whose horde of fanatical monks by sheer violence carried the restoration of Eutyches—its resolutions were annulled at Chalcedon in 451; Rob′ber-crab, a hermit-crab; Rob′ber-fly, any dipterous insect of the family Asilidæ; Rob′ber-gull, the skua; Rob′bery, theft from the person, aggravated by violence or intimidation: plundering.—Robbing Peter to pay Paul, paying and repaying out of the same fund: taking what is due to one to pay another. [O. Fr. rober—Old High Ger. roubōn, Ger. rauben.]

Rob, rob, n. the juice of ripe fruit mixed with honey or sugar. [Fr.,—Sp.,—Ar. robb, purified syrup of boiled fruit.]

Robalo, rob′a-lō, n. a fish of the genus Centropomus. [Sp.,—L. labrus—Gr. labrax.]

Robbin, rob′in, n. a short piece of spun-yarn to fasten the head of a sail: the spring of a carriage: the package in which spices, &c., are exported from the East Indies.

Robe, rōb, n. a gown or outer garment: a dress of dignity or state: a rich dress: a dressed skin: the largest and strongest tobacco-leaves: the early form of the chasuble.—v.t. to dress, clothe.—v.i. to assume official vestments.—ns. Robe′-de-cham′bre, a dressing-gown; Robe′-māk′er, a maker of official robes; Rob′ing, the act of putting on ceremonious apparel: a trimming on women's garments; Rob′ing-room, a room in which those wearing official robes, as lawyers, &c., put them on.—Master of the robes, an officer having the charge of the sovereign's robes; The robe, or The long robe, the legal profession. [Fr. robe, robbe; from Old High Ger. raup (Ger. raub), booty.]

Robin, rob′in, n. the Rob′in-red′breast, a well-known and widely-spread singing bird of the family Sylviidæ, with a reddish-orange breast: the red-breasted thrush of North America: the sea-robin or red-breasted merganser: a trimming in front of a dress.—ns. Rob′in-breast, the robin-snipe; Rob′in-dip′per, the buffle-headed duck; Rob′inet, a chaffinch: a little robin: a tap; Rob′in-Good′fellow, the English name of a domestic spirit or brownie, described as the offspring of a woman and Oberon, king of the fairies: an elf or fairy generally, Puck; Rob′in-run-in-the-hedge, the ground-ivy: the bed-straw; Rob′in-snipe, the red-breasted sandpiper; Rob′in's-rye, the hair-cap moss. [A familiar form of Robert; cf. Jack-daw, Mag-pie.]

Robinia, rō-bin′i-a, n. a genus of leguminous trees and shrubs—the Locust-tree, the False Acacia, Thorn Acacia, often simply Acacia. [From the Paris gardener Jean Robin (1550-1629).]

Roble, rō′bl, n. one of the white oaks of California. [Sp.,—L. robur, oak.]

Roborant, rob′or-ant, adj. giving strength.—n. a strengthening medicine.—adj. Robō′reous, like oak, strong. [L. roborāre, to strengthen.]

Roburite, rob′ū-rīt, n. a flameless explosive, composed of chlorinated dinitro-benzene mixed with sufficient ammonium nitrate to completely oxidise it.

Robust, rō-bust′, adj. of great strength or vigour: requiring strength: rude, rough.—adj. Robust′ious (Milt.), violent, rough.—adv. Robust′iously.—n. Robust′iousness.—adv. Robust′ly.—n. Robust′ness. [Fr.,—L. robustus—robur, oak.]

Roc, rok, n. an immense fabulous bird, able to carry off an elephant—also Rok, Ruc, Rukh.—Roc's egg, a mare's nest. [Pers. rukh.]

Rocambole, rok′am-bōl, n. a plant of the same genus with garlic, onion, leek, &c., long cultivated in kitchen-gardens.—Also Rok′ambole.

Roccella, rok-sel′a, n. a genus of parmeliaceous lichens, yielding dyers' archil or orchil.—adjs. Roccel′lic, Roccel′line. [Cf. Archil.]

Roccus, rok′us, n. a genus of serranoid fishes, including the rock-fish or striped bass of the United States.

Rochea, rō′kē-a, n. a genus of plants of the order Crassulaceæ. [From the botanist Laroche.]

Rochelle-powder, rō-shel′-pow′dėr, n. seidlitz-powder.—n. Rochelle′-salt, the popular name of the tartrate of soda and potash discovered in 1672 by a Rochelle apothecary named Seignette.

Rochet, roch′et, n. a close-fitting fine linen or lawn vestment proper to bishops and abbots: a mantlet worn by the peers of England during ceremonies. [O. Fr., dim. of Low L. roccus—Old High Ger. roch (A.S. rocc, Ger. rock), a coat.]

Roches moutonnées, rosh mōō-to-nā, n.pl. smooth, rounded, hummocky bosses and undulating surfaces of rock, common in regions overflowed by glacier-ice. [Fr., roche, a rock, moutonnée, masc. moutonné, rounded like a sheep's back.]

Rock, rok, n. a large mass of stone: (geol.) a natural deposit of sand, earth, or clay: that which has the firmness of a rock, foundation, support, defence: (Scot.) a distaff: a hard sweetmeat.—v.t. to throw stones at.—ns. Rock′-al′um, alum stone; Rock′-away, a four-wheeled North American pleasure-carriage; Rock′-bad′ger, a ground-squirrel of North America; Rock′-bās′in, a lacustrine hollow in a rock, excavated by glacier-ice; Rock′-bass, a centrarchoid fish, the goggle-eye; Rock′-bird, a cock of the rock.—adj. Rock′-bound, hemmed in by rocks.—ns. Rock′-break′er, a machine for breaking stones for road-metal; Rock′-butt′er, an impure alum efflorescence of a butter-like consistency found oozing from some alum slates; Rock′-can′dy, pure sugar in large crystals: candy-sugar; Rock′-cist, a plant of the genus Helianthemum; Rock′-cook, the small-mouthed wrasse; Rock′-cork, mountain cork, a variety of asbestos; Rock′-crab, a crab found at rocky sea-bottoms.—adj. Rock′-crowned, surmounted with rocks.—ns. Rock′-crys′tal, the finest and purest quartz, the name being generally applied, however, only to crystals in which the six-sided prism is well developed; Rock′-dol′phin, the sea-scorpion; Rock′-dove, the rock-pigeon or blue-rock; Rock′-drill, a machine-drill worked by steam, &c.; Rock′-eel, a fish of the family Xiphidiontidæ; Rock′-elm, an American elm; Rock′er, the rock-dove; Rock′ery, Rock′work, a mound made with pieces of rock, earth, &c. for the cultivation of ferns, &c.; Rock′-fē′ver, intermittent fever; Rock′-fire, in pyrotechny, a composition of resin, sulphur, nitre, regulus of antimony, and turpentine, burning slowly; Rock′-fish, a name applied to various different varieties of wrasse, the striped bass, black goby, &c.; Rock′-goat, an ibex; Rock′-hawk, the merlin; Rock′-head, bed-rock; Rock′-hop′per, a curl-crested penguin; Rock′ie (Scot.), the rock-lintie or twite; Rock′iness; Rock′-leath′er, rock-cork; Rock′-lil′y, a tropical American cryptogamous plant: a white-flowered Australian orchid; Rock′-lim′pet, a limpet which adheres to rocks; Rock′ling, a genus of fishes of the cod family Gadidæ, of which several species frequent the British seas; Rock′-lin′tie (Scot.), the twite: the Rock′-lark; Rock′-man′ikin, a rock-bird; Rock′-moss, lichen which yields archil; Rock′-oil, petroleum; Rock′-ou′sel, the ring-ousel; Rock′-oys′ter, an oyster-like bivalve; Rock′-pi′geon, a pigeon inhabiting rocks and caves: the sand-pigeon; Rock′-pip′it, the British tit-lark.—n.pl. Rock′-plants, a term applied in gardening to a very miscellaneous group of plants which by their habit of growth are adapted to adorn rockeries.—ns. Rock′-plov′er, the rock-snipe; Rock′-rabb′it, a hyrax; Rock′-rose, a plant of either of the genera Cistus and Helianthemum of the rock-rose family (Cistaceæ); Rock′-ru′by, a ruby-red garnet; Rock′-salm′on, the coal-fish: an amber-fish; Rock′-salt, salt in solid form; Rock′-ser′pent, a venomous Indian serpent, allied to the cobra; Rock′-slāt′er, a wood-louse; Rock′-snake, a python or anaconda; Rock′-snipe, the purple sandpiper; Rock′-soap, a deep-black mineral used for crayons, consisting of silica, alumina, peroxide of iron, and water; Rock′-sparr′ow, a finch: the ring-sparrow; Rock′-star′ling, the rock-ousel; Rock′-swift, the white-throated rock-swift of North America; Rock′-tar, petroleum; Rock′-tem′ple, a temple hewn out of the solid rock; Rock′-thrush, any bird of the genus Monticola or Petrocincla; Rock′-tripe, lichens of the genus Umbilicaria; Rock′-trout, the common American brook-trout: sea-trout; Rock′-vī′olet, an alga growing on moist rocks in the Alps; Rock′-war′bler, a small Australian bird; Rock′-win′kle, a periwinkle; Rock′-wood, ligniform asbestos; Rock′work (archit.), masonry in imitation of masses of rock: a rockery; Rock′-wren, a wren which frequents rocks.—adj. Rock′y, full of rocks: resembling a rock: hard: unfeeling. [O. Fr. roke, roche; prob. Celt., as in Gael. roc, W. rhwg, a projection.]

Rock, rok, n. a distaff.—n. Rock′ing, an evening party in the country. [Ice. rokkr; Ger. rocken.]

Rock, rok, v.t. to move backward and forward: to lull or quiet.—v.i. to be moved backward and forward, to reel.—ns. Rock′er, the curved support on which a cradle or rocking-chair rocks: a rocking-horse or chair: a mining cradle; Rock′-cam, a cam keyed to a rock-shaft; Rock′ing, a swaying backward and forward: the abrading of a copper plate with a rocker, preparatory to mezzo-tinting: the motion by which the design on a steel mill is transferred to a copper cylinder; Rock′ing-beam, an oscillating beam in an automatic transmitter; Rock′ing-chair, a chair mounted on rockers; Rock′ing-horse, the figure of a horse, of wood or other material, mounted on rockers for children: a hobby-horse; Rock′ing-pier, a pier fastened by a movable joint so as to allow it to rock slightly; Rock′ing-stone, a logan, or large mass of rock so finely poised as to move backward and forward with the slightest impulse; Rock′ing-tree, in weaving, the axle from which the lay of a loom is suspended; Rock′-shaft, in steam-engines, a shaft that oscillates instead of revolving.—adj. Rock′y, disposed to rock: tipsy. [A.S. roccian; cf. Dan. rokke, to rock, Ger. rücken, to pull.]

Rocket, rok′et, n. a firework which is projected through the air, used for making signals in war, and for saving life at sea by conveying a line over a stranded vessel.—v.i. to fly straight up rapidly when flushed.—ns. Rock′et-case, a case for holding the materials of a rocket; Rock′eter. [Old It. rocchetto; of Teut. origin. Cf. Rock, a distaff.]

Rocket, rok′et, n. any one of several ornamental Old World herbs of the genus Hesperis, of the mustard family. [O. Fr. roquette—L. eruca, cole-wort.]

Rococo, rō-kō′kō, n. a debased style of architecture and decoration in the 18th century, marked by endless multiplication of ornamental details. [Fr., prob. from Fr. rocaille, rockwork.]

Rod, rod, n. a long twig: a slender stick: anything long and slender, as a magic rod, a lightning-rod, a fishing-rod, &c.: an instrument of correction: an emblem of power or authority: a pole or perch (5½ yards, or 16½ feet)—the square rod, generally called rood, is employed in estimating masonry-work, and contains 16½ × 16½, or 272¼ sq. feet: (fig.) punishment: authority: oppression: (B.) race or tribe: one of the layers of rods composing the retina of the eye: any bar connecting parts of a machine.—v.t. to furnish with rods, esp. lightning-rods.—ns. Rod′-fish′er; Rod′-fish′ing, fly-fishing: angling; Rod′-line, a fishing-line not wound on a reel; Rod′-machine′, in wood-working, a machine for cutting cylindrical sticks such as broom-handles; Rod′-ring, one of the rings along a fishing-rod through which the line runs; Rod′ster, an angler.—Napier's rods (see Napierian). [A.S. ród; Dut. roede, Ger. ruthe; L. rudis.]

Rode, rōd, n. (Spens.) a raid, an incursion: also, a roadstead. [Road.]

Rodent, rō′dent, adj. gnawing: belonging to the Rodentia.—n. a rodent mammal.—n.pl. Roden′tia, an order of mammals including squirrels, beavers, rats, rabbits, &c. [L. rodĕre, to gnaw.]

Rodeo, rō-dā′ō, n. a gathering of cattle to be branded. [Sp., rodar, to go round—L. rotāre, to wheel.]

Rodomel, rod′ō-mel, n. the juice of roses mixed with honey. [Gr. rhodon, rose, meli, honey.]

Rodomontade, rod-ō-mon-tād′, n. vain boasting, like that of Rodomonte in the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto (earlier Rod′omont).—v.i. to bluster or brag.—ns. Rodomontā′dist, Rodomontā′do (obs.).

Roe, rō, n. the eggs or spawn of fishes: a mottled appearance in wood, esp. mahogany.—adj. Roed, containing roe. [Ice. hrogn; Ger. rogen.]

Roe, rō, n. a species of deer, smaller than the fallow-deer: also the female of the hart.—ns. Roe′buck, the male of the roe, having usually one front antler and two hinder ones; Roe′buck-berr′y, the stone-bramble; Roe′-deer, a roebuck or roe. [A.S. ráh; Ger. reh, Dut. ree.]

Rogation, rō-gā′shun, n. an asking: supplication.—n.pl. Rogā′tion-days, the three days before the festival of Ascension, the Litany being anciently recited in procession then.—ns. Rogā′tion-flow′er, the milk-wort; Rogā′tion-Sun′day, that before Ascension-day; Rogā′tion-week, the week in which the rogation-days occur.—adj. Rog′atory. [L.,—rogāre, to ask.]

Roger, roj′ėr, n. (prov.) ram: a rogue.—(Sir) Roger-de-Coverley, an English country-dance.

Roggenstein, rog′en-stīn, n. a kind of oolite in which the grains are cemented by argillaceous matter. [Ger., roggen, rye, stein, stone.]

Rogue, rōg, n. a dishonest person: a knave: a mischievous or frolicsome person: a vagrant, a sturdy beggar: a wag: a playful person: a plant that falls short of a standard.—v.i. to play the rogue.—v.t. to cheat.—ns. Rogue′-el′ephant, one which lives solitarily, and is of dangerous temper; Rogue′-house, a lock-up; Rogue′-mon′ey, an assessment formerly levied in every county in Scotland for the expenses of catching and prosecuting criminals; Rog′uery, knavish tricks: fraud: mischievousness: waggery; Rogue′ship; Rogue's′-march, music played when drumming a soldier from a regiment, or driving any one away in disgrace.—adj. Rog′uish, knavish: mischievous: waggish.—adv. Rog′uishly.—n. Rog′uishness.—adj. Rō′guy (obs.).—Rogues' gallery, a collection of photographs of criminals kept at police headquarters. [O. Fr. rogue, proud; either from Bret. rok, proud, or acc. to Diez, from Ice. hrók-r, proud.]

Rohan, rō′han, n. an East Indian timber-tree—called also Red-wood and East Indian mahogany.

Roil, roil, v.t. to render turbid: to vex: to rile: to salt fish with a machine called a Roil′er—also Royle.—adj. Roil′y, muddy. [O. Fr. roeler, roler, to disturb, cog. with roll; or O. Fr. roille—L. robigo, rust.]

Roinish, roi′nish, adj. (Shak.) mangy, mean.—Also Roi′nous. [O. Fr. roigneux—L. robiginosus, rusty—robigo, rust.]

Roist, roist, Roister, rois′tėr, v.i. to bluster, swagger, bully.—ns. Rois′ter (arch.), Rois′terer.—adj. Rois′terous.—p.adj. Rois′ting (Shak.), blustering, bullying. [O. Fr. rustre, a rough, rude fellow—O. Fr. ruste—L. rusticus, rustic.]

Roitelet, roi′te-let, n. a petty king: (ornith.) a kinglet or gold-crest.

Rokeage, rō′kāj, n. parched and sweetened Indian corn—also Rō′kee.—Also called Pinole.

Roland, rō′land, n. a chivalrous hero, from Roland in the Charlemagne legend, slain by the Gascons at Roncesvalles in 778.—A Roland for an Oliver, a blow for a blow, anything done or said to match something else.

Rôle, rōl, n. the part performed by an actor in a play: any important part played in public life. [Fr.]

Role, rōl, n. an ancient unit of quantity, seventy-two sheets of parchment.

Roll, rōl, v.i. to turn like a wheel: to turn on an axis: to be formed into a roll or cylinder: to move, as waves: to be tossed about: to move tumultuously: to be hurled: to rock, or move from side to side: to wallow: to spread under a roller: to sound as a drum beaten rapidly: to move onward.—v.t. to cause to roll: to turn on an axis: to wrap round on itself: to enwrap: to drive forward: to move upon wheels: to press or smooth with rollers: to beat rapidly, as a drum.—n. act of rolling: that which rolls: a revolving cylinder making sheets, plates, &c.: a roller: that which is rolled up—hence parchment, paper, &c. wound into a circular form: a document: a register: a kind of fancy bread: the continued sound of a drum, of thunder, &c.: a swagger or rolling gait.—adj. Roll′-about′, podgy.—ns. Roll′-call, the calling of the roll or list of names, as in the army; Roll′-cū′mūlus, a form of strato-cumulus cloud; Roll′er, that which rolls: a cylinder used for rolling, grinding, &c.: one of a family of Picarian birds: a long, broad bandage: (pl.) long heavy waves; Roll′er-skate, a skate mounted on wheels or rollers for use on asphalt or some other smooth surface.—adj. Roll′ing, modulating: moving on wheels: making a continuous sound.—ns. Roll′ing-mill, a place in which metal is made into sheets, bars, rails, or rods, by working it between pairs of rolls: a machine for rolling metal, &c., into any required form, or for crushing materials between rollers; Roll′ing-pin, a cylindrical piece of wood for rolling dough, paste, &c. to any required thickness; Roll′ing-press, a press of two cylinders for rolling or calendering cloth; Roll′ing-stock, the stock or store of locomotive-engines, carriages, &c. of a railway; Roll′way, an incline: a shoot.—Master of the Rolls, the head of the Record-office. [O. Fr. roler, roeler (Fr. rouler)—Low L. rotulāre—L. rotula, a little wheel—rota, a wheel.]

Rollick, rol′lik, v.i. to move or act with a careless, swaggering, frolicsome air:—pr.p. rol′licking; pa.p. rol′licked.—adj. Rol′licking, careless, swaggering. [Prob. roll, with dim. suffix.]

Roly-poly, rōl′i-pōl′i, n. a pudding made of a sheet of paste, covered with sweetmeats, and rolled up: a stout podgy person: an old game in which balls are bowled into holes or thrown into hats placed on the ground.—adj. round, podgy.

Romaic, ro-mā′ik, n. modern Greek, the language of the descendants of the Eastern Romans: Hellenic.—adj. pertaining to the foregoing.—n. Romā′ika, a modern Greek dance. [Fr. Romaïque—modern Gr. Rhōmaikos—Rhōmē, Rome.]

Romal, rō-mal′, n. a braided thong of leather, serving as a horseman's whip. [Sp. ramal—L. ramale—ramus, a branch.]

Romalea, rō-mā′lē-a, n. a genus of large-bodied, short-winged locusts. [Gr. rhōmē, strength.]

Roman, rō′man, adj. pertaining to Rome or to the Romans: pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion, papal: (print.) noting the letters commonly used, as opposed to Italics: written in letters (as IV.), not in figures (as 4).—n. a native or citizen of Rome: a Romanist in religion: a Roman letter or type.—adj. Roman′ic, pertaining to Rome or its people.—n. Romanisā′tion.—v.t. Rō′manīse, to convert to the Roman Catholic religion: to Latinise: to represent by Roman letters or types.—v.i. to conform to Roman Catholic opinions or practices: to print in Roman letters.—n. Romanī′ser.—adj. Rō′manish, pertaining to Romanism.—ns. Rō′manism, the tenets of the Roman Catholic Church; Rō′manist, a Roman Catholic.—adj. Roman Catholic.—adj. Rō′mano-Byzan′tine, pertaining to an early medieval style of architecture in which Byzantine and Western elements are combined.—ns. Rome′-penn′y, -scot, Peter's pence.—adv. Rome′ward, toward the Roman Catholic Church.—adj. Rō′mish, belonging to Rome, or to the Roman Catholic Church.—n. Rō′mist.—Roman architecture, a style characterised by the size and boldness of its round arches and vaults, &c.—baths, aqueducts, basilicas, amphitheatres, &c.; Roman candle, a firework discharging a succession of white or coloured stars; Roman Catholic, denoting those who recognise the spiritual supremacy of the Pope or Bishop of Rome—as a noun, a member of the Roman Catholic Church; Roman Catholicism, the doctrines and polity of the Roman Catholic Church collectively; Roman cement, a cement which hardens under water; Roman collar, a collar made of lawn or fine linen, bound and stitched, worn by priests over a black collar, by bishops over a purple, and cardinals over a scarlet; Roman Empire, the ancient empire of Rome, divided in the 4th century into the Eastern and Western Empires; Roman law, the civil law.—Holy Roman Empire (see Holy). [L. Romanus—Roma, Rome.]

Romance, rō-mans′, n. a general name for those modern languages in southern Europe which sprang from a corruption of the Roman or Latin language—Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Provençal, French, Roumanian, Romansch, &c.: a tale written in one of these dialects: any fictitious and wonderful tale: a fictitious narrative in prose or verse which passes beyond the limits of real life: a ballad.—adj. belonging to the dialects called Romance.—v.i. to write or tell romances: to talk extravagantly: to build castles in the air.—ns. Roman′cer, Roman′cist.—adjs. Roman′cical (Lamb), dealing with romance; Roman′ic, Romance: derived from the Roman alphabet. [O. Fr. romans—Low L. adv. (loqui) romanice, (to speak) in the Roman or Latin tongue—L. Romanicus, Roman.]

Romanesque, rō-man-esk′, n. that which pertains to romance: (archit.) the style of round-arched and vaulted architecture which succeeded Roman architecture, from about the time of Constantine (c. 350 A.D.) till it was gradually superseded by Gothic in the 12th century: the dialect of Languedoc. [Fr.,—Sp. Romanesco—L. Romanicus.]

Romansch, rō-mansh′, n. the language spoken from the Grisons to Friuli on the Adriatic.—Also Rhæ′to-Roman′ic.

Romant, rō-mant′, v.i. to romance: to exaggerate.—n. a romance—generally Rōmaunt′.

Romantic, rō-man′tik, adj. pertaining to or resembling romance: fictitious: extravagant, wild: fantastic: sentimental: imaginative.—adv. Roman′tically.—ns. Roman′ticism, the revolt from the severity, pedanticism, and commonplaceness of a classical or pseudo-classical to a more picturesque, original, free and imaginative style in literature and art, marking the close of the 18th century: romantic feeling; Roman′ticist; Roman′ticness.

Romany, Rommany, rom′a-ni, n. a gipsy: the language of the gipsies.—adj. belonging to the gipsies.—Romany rye, a gentleman who affects the society of gipsies. [Gipsy, rom, man.]

Romic, rō′mik, n. a phonetic notation devised by Henry Sweet, based upon the original Roman values of the letters, supplemented by turned and ligatured letters and diagraphs—in part a recasting of Ellis's Glossic.

Romp, romp, v.i. to play noisily: to skip about in play.—n. a girl who romps: rude frolic.—adv. Romp′ingly, in a romping manner: boisterously: rudely.—adj. Romp′ish, fond of romping or noisy play.—adv. Romp′ishly.—n. Romp′ishness. [Ramp.]

Roncador, rong′ka-dōr, n. one of several sciænoid fishes of the Pacific coast. [Sp.,—L. rhonchus, a snoring.]

Rondeau, ron′dō, n. a form of poem characterised by closely-knit rhymes and a refrain, and, as defined in the 17th century, consisting of thirteen lines, divided into three unequal strophes—the two or three first words of the first line serving as the burden, recurring after the eighth and thirteenth lines—brought into vogue by Swinburne: (mus.) a rondo.—ns. Ron′del, a form of French verse, earlier than the rondeau, consisting of thirteen octosyllabic or decasyllabic lines on two rhymes—practised by Charles of Orleans, &c.; Ron′delet, a poem of five lines and two refrains; Ron′do, a musical composition of several strains, during which the first part or subject is repeated several times—often occurring as one of the movements of a sonata: the musical setting of a rondeau: a game of hazard played with small balls; Rondolet′to, a simple rondo. [Fr., from rond, round.]

Rondelle, ron-del′, n. anything round: one of the successive crusts formed on molten metal when cooling, a rosette.—n. Rond′le, a round, step of a ladder (same as Rondelle). [O. Fr., dim. of rond, round.]

Rondure, ron′dūr, n. (Shak.) a round, a circle, the globe. [Fr. rondeur—rond, round.]

Rone, rōn, n. the gutter which collects the rain from the roof—a dial. form of rine.

Ronin, rō′nin, n. a discharged Japanese samurai, an outcast or outlaw. [Jap., lit. 'wave-man.']

Ronion, Ronyon, run′yun, n. a mangy, scabby animal or person. [Fr. rogneux—rogne, mange.]

Ronquil, rong′kil, n. a fish of the North Pacific.—Also Ron′chil. [Sp. ronquillo—ronco—L. raucus, hoarse.]

Rood, rōōd, n. the fourth part of an acre, or forty perches—from the rod used in measuring: a figure of Christ's cross, and often of the crucifix, esp. that placed at the entrance to the choir in medieval churches.—ns. Rood′-beam (archit.), a beam across the chancel of a church for supporting the rood; Rood′-loft, a gallery over the rood-screen; Roodmas-day, Holy-rood-day; Rood′-screen, an ornamental partition separating the choir from the nave; Rood′-steep′le, a spire built over the entrance to the chancel; Rood′-tree, the cross; Hō′ly-rood, a crucifix. [Same as rod. A.S. ród.]

Roodebok, rōōd′e-bok, n. the bush-buck. [Dut. rood, red, bok, buck.]

Roof, rōōf, n. the top covering of a house or building: a vault or arch, or the inner side of it: a house or dwelling: the upper part of the palate: the loftiest part, the roof and crown of things: the top of a subterraneous excavation: (geol.) the overlying stratum.—v.t. to cover with a roof: to shelter.—ns. Roof′er, one who roofs; Roof′ing, covering with a roof: materials for a roof: the roof itself: shelter.—adj. Roof′less, without a roof: having no house or home: unsheltered.—ns. Roof′let, a small roof or covering; Roof′-plate, a wall-plate which receives the lower ends of the rafters of a roof.—adj. Roof′-shaped, shaped like a gable roof.—ns. Roof′-stā′ging, a scaffold used in working on an inclined roof; Roof′-tree, the beam at the peak of a roof: the roof.—adj. Roof′y, having a roof or roofs.—French roof, a form of roof with almost vertical sides; Gothic roof, a very high-pitched roof; Mansard roof (see Mansard); Square roof, one in which the chief rafters meet at a right angle. [A.S. hróf; Dut. roef.]

Rook, rook, n. a species of crow—from its croak: the ruddy duck: a cheat: a simpleton.—v.i. to cheat.—ns. Rook′er, a swindler; Rook′ery, a group of trees on which rooks build: a cluster of mean tenements: a resort of thieves: a disturbance.—adj. Rook′y (Shak.), inhabited by rooks. [A.S. hróc; Goth. hrukjan, to croak.]

Rook, rook, n. a castle or piece used in playing chess. [O. Fr. roc—Pers. rokh.]

Room, rōōm, n. space: a chamber: extent of place: space unoccupied: freedom to act: fit occasion: place of another: stead: (B.) a seat: a particular place: a box in a theatre: office: the inner room of a cottage: a garret.—v.i. to occupy a room, to lodge.—adv. (naut.) off from the wind.—n. Room′age, capacity.—adj. Roomed, containing rooms.—ns. Room′er, a lodger; Room′ful, as much or as many as a room will hold.—adv. Room′ily.—n. Room′iness.—adsj. Room′-rid′den, confined to one's room; Room′some, roomy.—adv. Room′y, having ample room: wide: spacious.—Give room, to withdraw so as to leave space for others; Make room, to open a way. [A.S. rúm; Ger. raum, Dut. ruim.]

Roop, rōōp, v.i. (obs.) to roar.—n. hoarseness.—adsj. Roop′it, Roop′y (Scot.), hoarse. [A.S. hrópan, pa.t. hreóp; cf. Ger. rufen, to cry out.]

Roose, rōōz, v.t. (Scot.) to praise highly. [M. E. rosen—Scand., Ice. hrósa, to praise.]

Roost, rōōst, n. a pole or support on which a bird rests at night: a number of fowls resting together: (Scot.) the inner roof of a cottage.—v.i. to sit or sleep on a roost.—n. Roost′er, the male of the domestic fowl, cock: any bird that roosts.—At roost, roosting, asleep. [A.S. hróst; Dut. roest.]

Root, rōōt, n. the part of a plant which is fixed in the earth, and which draws up sap from the soil: an edible root: anything like a root, a growing plant together with its root: the bottom: a word from which others are derived: the cause, occasion, or basis of anything: the source: the lowest place: the first ancestor, or progenitor: (math.) the factor of a quantity which multiplied by itself produces that quantity: any value of the unknown quantity in an equation which will render both sides of it identical.—v.i. to fix the root: to be firmly established: to tear up: to eradicate: to exterminate.—v.t. to plant in the earth: to implant deeply.—ns. Root′age, the act of striking roots; Root′-beer, a drink made from roots of dandelion, sassafras, &c.; Root′-bōr′er, an insect which bores the roots of plants.—adj. Root′-bound (Milt.), fixed in the earth by, or as by, the root.—ns. Root′-cap, a cap-like layer of cells at the tip of roots; Root′-crop, a crop of esculent roots, esp. of single-rooted plants, as turnips, &c.; Root′-dig′ger, a form of tongs for raising carrots, &c.; Root′-eat′er, any animal feeding habitually on roots.—adj. Root′ed, firmly planted: fixed by the roots: deep-seated, as a rooted dislike.—adv. Root′edly.—ns. Root′edness; Root′er.—adj. Root′-fast, firmly rooted.—ns. Root′-fī′bril, one of the fine divisions of a root; Root′-form, a form assumed by an insect when feeding on roots; Root′-graft′ing, the process of grafting scions on a part of the root of some appropriate stock; Root′-hair, a delicate filament developed from a single cell.—adj. Root′-head′ed, fixed as if rooted by the head.—ns. Root′-house, a rustic-house: a storehouse for potatoes, &c.; Root′-knot, an abnormal knot of a root.—adj. Root′less, destitute of roots.—ns. Root′let, a little root: a radicle; Root′-louse, one of the plant-lice; Root′-par′asite, a plant which grows upon, and derives its nourishment from, the root of another plant; Root′-pres′sure, an upward flow of sap, 'bleeding;' Root′-pulp′er, a mill for grinding roots; Root′-sheath, the sheath of the root of a hair or feather; Root′-stock (bot.), a prostrate rooting stem, either fleshy or woody, which yearly produces young branches or plants: origin.—adj. Root′y, abounding in roots: rank.—Root and branch, completely; Root of bitterness, a dangerous error drawing away to apostasy; Root of the matter, that which is essential.—Strike, or Take, root, to root, to become fixed. [Scand.; Ice. rót; Dan. rod; Goth. waurts, A.S. wyrt.]

Root, rōōt, v.t. to turn up with the snout.—v.i. to turn up the earth with the snout.—n. Root′er.—v.t. Root′le. [A.S. wrótan—wrót, a snout.]

Rope, rōp, n. a thick twisted cord: a string consisting of a number of things united, as a rope of pearls: anything glutinous and stringy: a local lineal measure, 20 feet.—v.i. to fasten with a rope, to restrain: to catch with a noosed rope: to tether: to enclose: to extend into a thread, as by a glutinous quality.—ns. Rope′-clamp, a pair of clamping jaws for securing the end of a cord; Rope′-danc′er, one who performs acrobatic feats on a rope: a rope-walker; Rope′-drill′ing, a method of boring holes in which a rope is used; Rope′-house, an evaporating-house in salt manufacture; Rope′-ladd′er, a ladder made of ropes; Rope′-machine′, a machine for making ropes from yarn; Rope′-māk′er, Rō′per, a maker of ropes; Rope′-māk′ing; Rope′-por′ter, a pulley to save the ropes of steam-ploughs from friction; Rope′-pull′ing, the sport of pulling at a rope, each party endeavouring to draw the other over a line; Rope′-pump, a machine for raising water by an endless rope; Rō′per, a crafty fellow: one who throws the lasso; Rope′-rail′way, a cable-railway.—adj. Rope′-ripe, deserving to be hanged.—ns. Rope′-run′ner, a railway brakesman; Rō′pery, a place where ropes are made; Rope′-spin′ner, one who spins ropes by a revolving wheel; Rope′-stitch, a kind of work in which the stitches are laid diagonally side by side; Rope′-trick, a juggling trick in which a man is firmly tied with ropes from which he extricates himself: (Shak.) a trick deserving the gallows; Rope′-walk, a long narrow shed used for the spinning of ropes; Rope′-winch, a set of three whirlers for twisting simultaneously the three yarns of a rope; Rope′-yarn, a yarn of many fibres for ropes.—adv. Rō′pily.—n. Rō′piness, stringiness: viscosity.—adjs. Rō′ping, Rō′pish, Rō′py, stringy, glutinous.—Rope in, to gather in, to enlist; Rope of sand, a tie easily broken; Rope's end, an instrument of punishment.—Be at the end of one's rope, to have exhausted one's powers or resources; Give a person rope, to allow a person full scope; On the high rope, elated, arrogant. [A.S. ráp; Ice. reip, Dut. reep, Ger. reif.]

Roquet, rō-kā′, n. in the game of croquet, a stroke by which a player strikes another's ball.—v.t. to make this shot. [Prob. formed from croquet.]

Roric, rō′rik, adj. pertaining to dew: dewy—(obs.) Rō′ral.—n. Rorid′ula, a genus of polypetalous plants of the Sundew family.—adjs. Rorif′erous, producing dew; Rorif′luent, flowing with dew; Rō′rulent, full of dew: covered with bloom which may be rubbed off. [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Rorqual, ror′kwal, n. a genus of whales of the largest size. [Sw. rörhval—rör, round, hval, whale.]

Rosaceous, rō-zā′shus, adj. (bot.) pertaining to the rose family: with the petals arranged like the rose.—ns. Rosā′rian, a rose-fancier; Rosā′rium, a rose-garden; Rō′sa-sō′lis, a cordial made with spirits and various flavourings.—adj. Rō′sāted, crowned with roses. [L. rosaceous—rosa, a rose.]

Rosalia, rō-zā′li-a, n. a form of melody in which a phrase is repeated, each time being transposed a step forward. [It.]

Rosary, rō′za-ri, n. the string of beads by which Roman Catholics count their prayers: a series of devotions, aves, paternosters, and glorias: a rose-garden: a chaplet: an anthology.—Festival of the Rosary, a festival on the first Sunday in October, commemorating the victory over the Turks at Lepanto in 1571. [O. Fr. rosarie—Low L. rosarium—L. rosa, a rose.]

Rose, rōz, n. any shrub of the genus Rosa, having stems generally prickly, flowers terminal, often corymbose, in colour white, yellow, pink, or red: a flower of one of these shrubs: any one of various plants resembling the true rose: a rosette: a perforated nozzle of a pipe, &c.: light crimson, the colour of the rose: an ornamental tie: erysipelas: (her.) a conventional representation of the flower.—v.t. to flush.—n. Rose′-acā′cia, the moss-locust, a tree with deep rose-coloured flowers.—adjs. Rō′seal, like a rose in smell or colour; Rō′seāte, rosy: full of roses: blooming: red.—ns. Rose′-bee′tle, -bug, a coleopterous insect about an inch long, which is destructive to flowers, esp. roses: the rose-chafer; Rose′-berr′y, the fruit of the rose: a hip; Rose′-bit, a cylindrical bit, the oblique surface of which is cut into teeth.—adj. Rose′-breast′ed, having rose-colour on the breast.—ns. Rose′-bud, the bud of the rose: a young girl; Rose′-burn′er, Rosette′-burn′er, a gas-burner in which the gas issues from a series of openings arranged radially round a centre; Rose′-bush, the shrub which bears roses; Rose′-cam′phor, one of the two volatile oils composing attar-of-roses; Rose′-cam′pion, a red flower, Lychnis coronaria; Rose′-carnā′tion, a carnation striped with rose-colour; Rose′-chāf′er, an injurious beetle whose grubs destroy the roots of strawberries, &c.; Rose′-col′our, the colour of a rose, pink: fancied beauty or attractiveness.—adj. Rose′-col′oured, having the colour of a rose.—n. Rose′-cross, a cross within a circle: a Rosicrucian.—adj. Rose′-cut, cut with a smooth, round surface, as a precious stone, and not in facets.—p.adj. Rosed (Shak.), crimsoned, flushed.—ns. Rose′-dī′amond, a diamond nearly hemispherical, cut into twenty-four triangular facets; Rose′-drop, a rose-flavoured orange: a pimply eruption on the nose caused by tippling; Rose′-en′gine, a form of lathe combining the rotary motion of the mandrel with a radial movement of the tool-rest; Rose′-fes′tival, a festival celebrated on 8th June, at Salency in France; Rose′-fly′catcher, an American fly-catching warbler; Rose′-gall, a gall produced on roses by an insect; Rose′-gerā′nium, a house-plant with rose-scented leaves; Rose′-haw, the fruit of the wild-rose: a Rose′-hip.—adj. Rose′-hued, rose-coloured.—n. Rose′-knot, a rosette of ribbon or other soft material.—adj. Rose′-lipped, having red lips.—ns. Rose′-mall′ow, a plant of the same genus, but larger, and having a finer flower than the common mallow, the hollyhock; Rose′-mould′ing (archit.), a moulding ornamented with roses; Rose′-nō′ble, an ancient English gold coin, stamped with the figure of a rose, and current at the value of 6s. 8d. (see Noble, a coin).—adj. Rose′-pink, having a pink or rose colour: sentimental.—n. a crimson-pink colour.—ns. Rose′-quartz, a transparent quartz; Rose′-rash (see Roseola).—adjs. Rose′-red, red as a rose; Rose′-ringed, with a collar of red feathers, as a parrot.—ns. Rose′-root, a succulent herb, having a rose-scented root; Rō′sery, a place where roses are cultivated; Rose′-saw′fly, a sawfly which attacks the rose; Rose′-tan′ager, the summer red-bird; Rose′-tō′paz, an artificial colour of the true topaz produced by heat; Rose′-tree, a standard rose; Rose′-vin′egar, an infusion made by steeping roses in vinegar; Rose′-wa′ter, water distilled from rose-leaves.—adj. sentimental, as 'rose-water philosophy.'—ns. Rose′-win′dow, a circular window with its compartments branching from a centre, like a rose; Rose′wood, the wood of a Brazilian tree having a fragrance like that of roses; Rose′wood-oil, oil obtained from rosewood; Rose′-worm, the larva of a moth which feeds on the leaves of the rose, &c.; Rose′-yard, a rose-garden.—adj. Rō′sied, decorated with roses or the colour of roses.—n. Rō′sier (Spens.), a rose tree or bush.—adv. Rō′sily.—n. Rō′siness.—adjs. Rō′sy, like a rose: red: blooming: blushing: charming; Rō′sy-bos′omed, -col′oured; Rō′sy-bright, bright like a rose: blooming.—n. Rō′sy-drop, acne rosacea: a grog-blossom.—adjs. Rō′sy-fing′ered, Homer's favourite epithet of the dawn: with rosy fingers; Rō′sy-kin′dled, blushing with a rosy colour; Rō′sy-mar′bled, marbled with rosy colour.—ns. Rō′sy-marsh, -rus′tic, -wave, names of moths.—adj. Rō′sy-tint′ed, tinted of a rose-colour.—Under the rose (L., sub rosâ), under the pledge of secrecy, the rose being, among the ancients, the symbol of secrecy; Wars of the Roses, a disastrous dynastic struggle between the Houses of Lancaster and York, which desolated England during the 15th century, from the first battle of St Albans (1455) to that of Bosworth (1485). [A.S. róse—L. rosa, Gr. rhodon.]

Roselite, rō′ze-līt, n. a mineral occurring in small red crystals, being a native arseniate of cobalt. [Ger. roselith, from the mineralogist Gustav Rose (1798-1873), Gr. lithos, a stone.]

Rosemary, rōz′mā-ri, n. a small fragrant evergreen shrub of a pungent taste, growing in the countries round the Mediterranean—an ancient emblem of fidelity. [O. Fr. rosmarin—L. ros-marinus—ros, dew, marinus—mare, the sea.]

Rosetta-stone, rō-zet′a-stōn, n. a slab of black basalt found at Rosetta in Egypt in 1799, having inscribed upon it, in hieroglyphics, demotic or enchorial, and Greek, a decree in honour of Ptolemy V.—the first clue to the decipherment of hieroglyphics.

Rosetta-wood, rō-zet′a-wōōd, n. a handsome orange-wood used in cabinet-making.

Rosette, rō-zet′, n. an imitation of a rose by means of a ribbon: a form of knot: (archit.) a rose-shaped ornament: a disc formed by throwing water on melted metal.—adj. Roset′ted.—Red rosette, or button, the rosette worn by officers of the Legion of Honour. [Fr., dim. of rose.]

Rosicrucian, roz-i-krōō′shi-an, n. one of a secret society of the 17th century, the members of which made great pretensions to an acquaintance with the secrets of Nature, the transmutation of metals, power over elemental spirits, magical signatures, &c.—n. Rosicru′cianism. [Prob. Latinised from Christian Rosenkreuz ('rose cross,' L. rosa, rose, crux, cross), the alleged founder in 1459; or from L. roscidus, dewy—ros, dew, crux, crucis, a cross.]

Rosin, roz′in, n. the solid left after distilling off the oil from crude turpentine.—v.t. to rub or cover with rosin.—adj. Ros′ined.—ns. Ros′in-oil, an oil from pine resin for lubricating machinery; Ros′in-wood, any plant of the genus Silphium.—adj. Ros′iny, like or containing rosin. [Resin.]

Rosing, rō′zing, n. the operation of imparting a pink tint to raw white silk.

Rosmarine, roz′ma-rēn, n. (Spens.) a sea-monster supposed to lick dew off the rocks: rosemary: the walrus. [Rosemary.]

Rosminianism, ros-min′i-an-izm, n. the philosophical system of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797-1855), founder of the Institute of the Brethren of Charity—its fundamental conception, being considered as the form of the intelligence.—n. Rosmin′ian, a member of the foregoing.

Rosolio, Rosoglio, rō-zō′li-ō, n. a red wine of Malta: a sweet cordial from raisins. [Fr.,—It.,—L. ros solis, dew of the sun.]

Ross, ros, n. the scaly matter on the surface of trees: (Scot.) the refuse of plants.—v.t. to strip the bark from.—n. Ross′ing-machine′, a machine for removing the bark of a tree. [Norw. ros, scale.]

Rostellaria, ros-te-lā′ri-a, n. a genus of marine univalves.—adj. and n. Rostellā′rian.—adjs. Ros′tellate; Rostel′liform.—n. Rostel′lum, any small beak-shaped process, as in the stigma of many violets: the forepart of the head of tapeworms—also Ros′tel. [L. rostellum, a little beak.]

Roster, ros′tėr, n. the list of individuals, or corps, kept by the various staff officers of the army to ensure the allotment of duties in proper rotation: (coll.) any roll of names. [Dut. rooster—L. register, a list.]

Rostrum, ros′trum, n. in ancient Rome, an erection for public speakers in the Forum, adorned with the beaks or heads of ships taken in war: the platform from which a speaker addresses his audience: the snout of an animal, or the beak of a bird: the beak of a ship, an ancient form of ram:—pl. Ros′trums, Ros′tra.—adjs. Ros′tral, like a rostrum or beak; Ros′trāte, -d, beaked.—n.pl. Rostrif′era, a suborder of gasteropods, with contractile rostrum or snout.—adjs. Rostrif′erous, having a rostrum; Ros′triform, shaped like a rostrum; Ros′tro-anten′nary, pertaining to the rostrum and antennæ of a crustacean; Ros′troid, resembling a rostrum; Rostrolat′eral, situated alongside the rostrum.—n. Ros′trulum, the mouth part of a flea. [L. rostrum, the beak—rodĕre, rosum, to gnaw.]

Rosula, roz′ū-la, n. a small rose: a genus of Echinoderms.—adjs. Ros′ūlar, Ros′ūlate, having the leaves in rose-like clusters.

Rot, rot, v.i. to putrefy: to become decomposed: to become morally corrupt: to become affected with sheep-rot.—v.t. to cause to rot: to bring to corruption:—pr.p. rot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. rot′ted.—n. decay: putrefaction: a special disease of the sheep, as of the potato: a decay (called dry-rot) which attacks timber: (slang) rant, bosh.—ns. Rot′-grass, the soft grass: the butterwort: the penny-rot; Rot′gut, bad liquor; Rot′-steep, the process of steeping cottons to remove impurities. [A.S. rotian, pa.p. rotod; cf. Ice. rotinn, putrid.]

Rota, rō′ta, n. a wheel: a course: a school or military roll: an ecclesiastical tribunal in the R.C. Church, consisting of twelve prelates called auditors, having its seat at the papal court.—adj. Rō′tal.—n.pl. Rotā′lia, the typical genus of Rotaliidæ, small foraminifers of rotate figure.—adjs. Rotā′lian; Rotal′iform; Rō′taline.—n. Rō′talite, a fossil rotalian.—adj. Rō′tary, turning round like a wheel: rotatory: held in rotation.—v.t. Rō′tāte, to turn anything round like a wheel: to cause to turn or to pass in rotation.—v.i. to turn round like a wheel: to go round in succession.—adj. wheel-shaped.—ns. Rotā′ting-ring, a band of brass, &c., placed round a projectile to give it rotation; Rotā′tion, a turning round like a wheel: series or appropriate succession, as of crops: recurrent order.—adjs. Rotā′tional, Rō′tātive.—adv. Rō′tātively.—n. Rotā′tor, any rotational agency: a muscle producing rotatory motion.—n.pl. Rotatō′ria, the wheel-animalcules—also Rotif′era.—adjs. Rotatō′rial, Rotatō′rian; Rō′tatory, turning round like a wheel: following in succession. [L. rota, a wheel.]

Rotche, roch, n. the little auk, or sea-dove.—Also Rotch′ie. [Prob. Dut. rotje, a petrel.]

Rote, rōt, n. the mechanical repetition of words without knowledge of the meaning: a row or rank.—v.t. (Shak.) to learn by rote. [O. Fr. rote, a track—Low L. rupta, a road—rumpĕre, to break.]

Rote, rōt, n. a musical instrument with strings.—n. Rō′tour. [O. Fr. rote, a fiddle (cf. Old High Ger. hrotā), from Celt.; W. crwth, Gael. cruit.]

Rotella, rō-tel′a, n. a disc, a round shield: a genus of gasteropods. [Dim. of L. rota, a wheel.]

Rother, roth′ėr, adj. (Shak.) roaring, lowing, denoting cattle generally, or horned or black cattle.—n. Roth′er-beast. [A.S. hrýther, an ox, a cow; cf. Ger. pl. rinder, horned cattle.]

Rotifer, rōt′if-ėr, n. one of a class of minute aquatic animals, popularly called wheel-animalcules, with an anterior equipment of cilia whose movements suggest a rapidly rotating wheel:—pl. Rotif′era.—adjs. Rotif′eral; Rotif′erous; Rō′tiform, wheel-shaped: (bot.) having a short tube and spreading limb. [L. rota, a wheel, ferre, to carry.]

Rotonde, rō-tond′, n. a ruff worn during the beginning of the 17th century: a cope. [Fr.]

Rotor, rō′tor, n. a quantity having magnitude, direction, and position. [Rotator.]

Rotten, rot′n, adj. putrefied: corrupt: decomposed: unsound: treacherous: fetid: friable, as rottenstone.—adv. Rott′enly, in a rotten manner: defectively.—ns. Rott′enness; Rott′enstone, a soft and earthy stone powdered to polish brass, &c.—v.t. to polish with rottenstone. [Rot.]

Rottlera, rot′ler-a, n. a genus of Indian euphorbiaceous plants now included under Mallotus, yielding kamila (q.v.) dye.

Rotula, rot′ū-la, n. the patella or knee-pan: one of the five radial pieces in the dentary apparatus of the sea-urchin.—adjs. Rot′ūlar; Rot′ūliform.

Rotund, rō-tund′, adj. round: spherical: convexly protuberant.—ns. Rotun′da, Rotun′do, a round building, esp. with a dome, as the Pantheon at Rome.—adjs. Rotun′dāte, rounded off, specifically noting bodies rounded off at the end; Rotundifō′lious, having round leaves; Rotun′dious, Rotundō′vate (bot.), egg-shaped.—ns. Rotund′ness, Rotun′dity, globular form.—adj. Rotund′-point′ed, bluntly pointed. [L. rotundus—rota, a wheel.]

Roture, rō-tūr′, n. in Canadian law, a grant made of feudal property: plebeian rank in France.—n. Roturier (ro-tü-ri-ā′), a plebeian. [Fr.,—Low L. ruptura, ground broken by the plough—L. rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Roué, rōō-ā′, n. a fashionable profligate: a rake, debauchee.—n. Rou′erie, debauchery. [A name given by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 1715-23, to his dissolute companions—Fr. roué, one broken on the wheel—pa.p. of rouer—roue—L. rota, a wheel.]

Rouelle, rōō-el′, n. a wheel-like amulet of the ancient Gauls, intended to symbolise the sun.—n. Rouelle′-guard, a guard having the shape of a disc, as on some old daggers. [Fr.]

Rouge, rōōzh, n. a powder used to give artificial colour to the cheeks or lips.—v.t. to colour with rouge.—v.i. to use rouge: to blush.—ns. Rouge′-berr′y, a shrub of tropical America, whose berries supply a cosmetic; Rouge′-dish, a saucer containing a thin layer of dry rouge; Rouge-et-noir, a modern game of chance, played by the aid of packs of cards on a table covered with green cloth—also Trente-un and Trente-et-quarante.—Rouge croix, one of the four pursuivants of the English College of Heralds; Rouge dragon, one of the pursuivants of the Heralds' College. [Fr. rouge (It. roggio, robbio)—L. rubeus, red.]

Rouget, rōō-zhā′, n. an infectious disease of swine. [Fr.,—rouge, red.]

Rough, ruf, adj. not smooth: uneven: uncut: unpolished: unfinished: boisterous: tempestuous: violent: harsh: severe: rude: coarse: disordered in appearance: hasty, as a rough guess: stale: astringent: in Greek grammar, marking the stronger aspiration, equivalent to Eng. h.—n. rough condition, crudeness: a piece inserted in a horse's shoe to keep him from slipping: a bully, a ruffian, a rowdy.—v.t. to make rough: to roughen a horse's shoes to keep him from slipping: to shape roughly: to roughen.—v.i. to break the rules in boxing by too great violence.—n. Rough′age, coarse material for bedding cattle, &c.—adj. Rough′-billed, having a rough, horny excrescence on the beak.—v.t. Rough′-cast, to mould in a rough, unfinished way: to form anything in its first rudiments.—n. a rude model: a form in its rudiments: a kind of semi-fluid mortar containing fine gravel, thrown in a thin coating on outer walls.—vs.t. Rough′-cull, to cull oysters hastily; Rough′-draft, -draw, to trace roughly; Rough′-dry, to dry without smoothing.—adj. dry without having been smoothed.—v.t. Rough′en, to make rough.—v.i. to become rough.—n. Rough′er, a workman who shapes something preparatory to a finishing operation: a piece of woollen cloth in preparation for fulling.—adjs. Rough′-foot′ed, having feathered feet, as a grouse; Rough′-grained, coarse-grained.—v.t. Rough′-grind, to grind roughly.—n. Rough′-head, the iguanoid lizard.—v.t. Rough′-hew, to hew coarsely: (Shak.) to give to anything the first appearance of form.—n. Rough′-hew′er.—p.adj. Rough′-hewn, not yet nicely finished: unpolished: unrefined.—ns. Rough′-hound, the dogfish: a kind of shark; Rough′ie (Scot.), dried heath; Rough′ing-mill, a metal disc charged with wet emery, &c., for grinding gems.—adjs. Rough′ish, rather rough; Rough′-legged, having legs covered with feathers.—adv. Rough′ly, coarsely: harshly: rudely.—ns. Rough′ness, crudeness: rawness: harshness: asperity: physical or mental rudeness: (U.S.) fodder consisting of dried corn-stalks: (Scot.) plenty, esp. of food.—adj. Rough′-per′fect, of an actor when nearly perfect in the memorising of a part.—ns. Rough′-rid′er, one who rides rough or untrained horses: a horse-breaker; Rough′-scuff, a coarse fellow: the rabble.—adj. Rough′-shod, shod with roughened shoes, as a horse in frosty weather.—n. Rough′-slant, a shed partially enclosed, for shelter.—adj. Rough′-spun, rude, homely.—ns. Rough′-string, one of the supports for the steps of a wooden stairway; Rough′-stuff, coarse paint laid on after the priming, and before the finish; Rough′-tail, a shield-tail snake.—adj. Rough′-tailed.—n. Rough′-wing, a British moth: a rough-winged swallow.—adj. Rough′-winged.—v.t. Rough′-work, to work over hastily without attention to execution in detail—also n.—Rough and ready, rough in manner but prompt in action; Rough and tumble, said of fighting in any style or by any means: indiscriminate, confused, not too particular about decorum, fairness, &c.; Rough diamond (see Diamond); Rough it, to take what comes.—Cut up rough, to become quarrelsome or violent; In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; Ride rough-shod (see Ride). [A.S. rúh, rough; Ger. rauch, rauh, Dut. ruig.]

Roulade, rōō-lad′, n. (mus.) a melodic embellishment: a run. [Fr.,—rouler, to roll.]

Rouleau, rōō-lō′, n. a roll of paper containing a certain number of coins: a large piping or trimming: one of a bundle of fascines to cover besiegers:—pl. Rouleaux′. [Fr.]

Roulette, rōōl-et′, n. a little ball or roller: a game of chance played on an oblong table divided into numbered and coloured spaces, and having in the centre a rotating disc on which a ball is rolled until it drops into one of the spaces, the player winning if he has staked his money on that space or its colour: an engraver's tool: a cylindrical object used to curl hair upon: (geom.) a particular kind of curve. [Fr.,—rouler, to roll.]

Rounceval, rown′se-val, n. (obs.) a giant: anything large and strong: the marrow-fat pea.

Round, rownd, v.t. (Spens.) to address in a whisper. [A.S. runian, to whisper.]

Round, rownd, adj. circular: globular: cylindrical: whole: complete: plump: large: not inconsiderable, as a sum: whole, unbroken: smooth-flowing, continuous, as a sound: full, expressive: open: plain: positive: bold, brisk, without hesitation or delicacy, plain-spoken: candid, as a 'round unvarnished tale': severe: well turned, in a literary sense: periodic: (archit.) vaulted.—adv. on all sides: every way: circularly: in a revolution: from one side or party to another: not in a direct line, circuitously: in a round manner: from beginning to end.—prep. around: on every side of: all over.—n. that which is round: a circle or globe: a series of actions: the time of such a series: a turn: routine: revolution: cycle: an accustomed walk: a rundle or step of a ladder: a song or dance having a frequent return to the same point: a volley or general discharge of firearms, a single charge of ammunition for a musket or field-piece: that in which a whole company takes part, as a treat of liquor, &c.: prescribed circuit, as a policeman's round: the whole scope, as the round of science: one of a series, as rounds of applause: a bout in a boxing match: a brewer's vessel for holding beer while undergoing fermentation.—v.t. to make round: to surround: to go round: to complete: to make full and flowing: to encircle: to make a course round.—v.i. to grow or become round or full: to go round: to go the rounds, as a guard.—adj. Round′about, encircling: circuitous: indirect.—n. a horizontal revolving wheel on which children ride: a round-dance: a short jacket.—adv. Round′aboutly.—ns. Round′aboutness; Round′-all, an acrobatic feat.—adjs. Round′-arched, of a style characterised by semicircular arches; Round′-arm, in cricket, swinging the arm more or less horizontally; Round′-backed, having a round or curved back: round-shouldered; Round′-crest′ed, fan-crested.—ns. Round′-dance, a dance in a circle, or in which the couples wheel; Round′er, one that frequents a place: a tool for making an edge round: (pl.) an English game out of which base-ball grew, played with a small ball and a bat about two feet long.—adj. Round′-faced, having a round face.—ns. Round′-fish, the common carp: the shadwaiter; Round′hand, a style of penmanship in which the letters are well rounded and free; Round′head, a Puritan, so called in the time of Charles I. from the Puritan fashion of having the hair cut close to the head.—adj. Round′headed.—ns. Round′-house, in ships, a cabin or house on the after-part of the quarterdeck: on American railways, an engine-house; Round′ing, in bookbinding, the shaping the folded and sewed sheets into a convex form at the back; Round′ing-machine′, various machines for producing round forms, as a machine for sawing out circular heads for casks; Round′ing-plane, a woodworking tool for rounding the handles of rakes, &c.; Round′ing-tool, an instrument used in forging for rounding a rod: a kind of draw-plate in saddlery for shaping round leather straps; Round′-ī′ron, a plumber's tool for finishing soldered work.—adj. Round′ish, somewhat round.—ns. Round′ishness; Round′le (Spens.), a roundelay; Round′let, a little circle.—adv. Round′ly, in a round manner: fully: completely: boldly: openly: plainly: briskly: generally.—adj. Round′-mouthed (zool.), having a mouth without any lower jaw.—n. Round′ness, quality of being round, globular, or cylindrical: cylindrical form: fullness: smoothness of flow: plainness: boldness: a kind of muff.—n.pl. Round′-num′bers, an indefinite or approximate statement of a number, as a population, say, of 10,000.—v.t. Round′-ridge, to plough into round ridges.—ns. Rounds′man (U.S.), a policeman who acts as inspector; Round′-stone, small stones used for paving; Round′-tā′ble, the group of twelve knights, the bravest of all the throng, who form the centre of the mythical King Arthur's retinue, sitting with the king at a round table; Round′-top, a round platform at the mast-head.—n.pl. Round′-tow′ers, tall narrow circular towers tapering gradually from the base to the summit, found abundantly in Ireland, and occasionally in Scotland, now generally believed to be the work of Christian architects and built for religious purposes.—n. Round′-up, the forming of upward curves: the bringing together of all the cattle in a ranch: a finishing of an arrangement: the convexity of a deck.—adj. Round′-winged, having rounded wings, as some British moths.—n. Round′-worm, one of a class of worms (Nematoda) in which the body is elongated and more or less cylindrical, most of them parasitic—opposed to the flatworms or Plathelminthes, such as tapeworms and flukes.—Round about, in an opposite direction: an emphatic form of round; Round of beef, a cut of the thigh, through and across the bone; Round off, to finish completely; Round to, to turn the head of a ship to the wind.—All round, in all respects; Bring round (see Bring); Come round (see Come); Scold roundly, to bring to book. [O. Fr. roond (Fr. rond)—L. rotundus—rota, a wheel.]

Roundel, rown′del, n. anything of a round form or figure: a circle: a ring-dance, a rondel.—n. Roun′delay, a round: a song in which parts are repeated: a dance in a ring. [O. Fr. rondel (Fr. rondeau), dim. of rond, round.]

Roundrobin, rownd-rob′in, n. a name given to a protest signed by a number of persons in a circular form, so that no one shall be obliged to head the list. [Fr. rond ruban, round ribbon.]

Roup, rōōp, n. an infectious disease of the respiratory passages of poultry.

Rouse, rowz, v.t. to raise up: to stir up: to awaken: to excite to anything: to put into action: to startle or start, as an animal: to work about in salt, to roil.—v.i. to awake: to be excited to action.—n. the reveille.—adv. (obs.) vehemently.—adj. Rous′ant (her.), starting up, as a bird in the attitude of rising.—ns. Rouse′ment, an awakening religious discourse; Rous′er, one who, or that which, rouses, anything astonishing.—adj. Rous′ing, having power to awaken: great, violent.—adv. Rous′ingly.—adj. Rous′y, noisy, riotous. [Scand., Sw. rusa, Dan. ruse, to rush.]

Rouse, rowz, n. a carousal: a bumper. [Scand., Sw. rus, drunkenness, Ice. rúss; cf. Dut. roes, Ger. rausch.]

Roustabout, rowst′a-bowt′, n. (Amer.) a common wharf labourer: a shiftless vagrant.—Also Rous′ter.

Rout, rowt, n. a tumultuous crowd, a rabble: a large party: a fashionable evening assembly.—n. Rout′-cake, a rich sweet cake for evening parties.—adjs. Rout′ish, clamorous: disorderly; Rout′ous. [O. Fr. route, a band—Low L. rupta, thing broken—L. rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Rout, rowt, n. the defeat of an army or body of troops: the disorder of troops defeated: a pack of wolves.—v.i. to assemble together.—v.t. to put to disorderly flight: to defeat and throw into confusion: to conquer: to drag out, or into the light.—Put to rout, to put to flight. [O. Fr. route—L. ruptus, rupta, pa.p. of rumpĕre, to break.]

Rout, rowt, v.i. to roar like a cow: to snore: to howl like the wind. [A.S. hrútan, to roar.]

Rout, rowt, v.t. to root up, as a pig: to scoop out.—v.i. to poke about—also Wrout.—n. Rout′er, a sash-plane, as Rout′er-gauge, for inlaid work.—v.t. Rout′er, to cut out, leaving some parts in relief.—ns. Rout′er-plane, a plane for the bottoms of rectangular cavities; Rout′er-saw; Rout′ing-machine′, a shaping-machine for wood, metal, or stone. [Root.]

Route, rōōt, n. a course to be traversed: a line of march: road: track.—n. Route′-step, an order of march in which soldiers are not required to keep step.—Star route, in the United States, a post route by means other than steam, the blank contracts for which have three groups of four stars. [Fr.,—L. rupta (via), 'a broken way.']

Routh, rowth, adj. (Scot.) plentiful, abundant—also n.—adj. Routh′ie, plentiful, well filled.

Routier, rōō-ti-ā′, n. a French brigand of the 12th century: any brigand or armed robber.

Routine, rōō-tēn′, n. course of duties: regular course of action: an unvarying round.—adj. keeping an unvarying round.—adj. Routi′nary, customary, ordinary.—ns. Routineer′; Routi′nism; Routi′nist. [Fr.]

Rove, rōv, v.t. to wander over: to plough into ridges.—v.i. to wander about: to ramble: to range: to aim, as in archery, at some casual mark: to be light-headed: to be full of fun.—n. a wandering.—ns. Rō′ver, one who roves: a robber or pirate: a wanderer: an inconstant person: in archery, a person shooting with a long bow and arrow: an arrow used by a rover: an irregular point to be aimed at: in croquet, a ball that has gone through all the hoops; Rō′very; Rō′ving, the act of wandering.—adv. Rō′vingly.—n. Rō′vingness.—Shoot at rovers, to shoot at random. [M. E. rover, a robber—Dut. roover, a pirate, rooven, to rob—roof. The verb rove is from the noun roof, plunder.]

Rove, rōv, v.t. to draw through an eye: to bring wool into the form it receives before being spun into thread: to ravel out thread: to undo what has been knit: to card.—n. a roll of wool or cotton drawn out and twisted.—ns. Rō′ving, the process of giving the first twist to yarn: a slightly twisted sliver of carded fibre; Rō′ving-frame, a machine for the manufacture of cotton and worsted; Rō′ving-machine′, a machine for winding on bobbins; Rō′ving-plate, a scraper used for giving a grindstone a true circular form; Rō′ving-reel, a device for measuring a hank of yarn. [Prob. a variant of reeve or of rive.]

Rove-beetle, rōv′-bē′tl, n. a brachelytrous coleopterous insect, as the devil's coach-horse.—n. Rō′ver-bee′tle, a salt-water insect.

Row, rō, n. a line: a rank: persons or things in a line.—v.t. to arrange in a line. [A.S. ráw, ráwe; Ger. reihe, Dut. rij.]

Row, rō, v.t. to impel with an oar: to transport by rowing.—v.i. to work with the oar: to be moved by oars.—n. an excursion in a rowing-boat.—adj. Row′able.—ns. Row′boat, a boat moved by rowers; Row′er; Row′-port, a small square hole in small vessels near the water-line for the oars in a calm. [A.S. rówan; Ger. rudern, Ice. róa.]

Row, row, n. a noisy squabble: uproar: an outbreak: a brawl.—v.t. to injure by wild treatment: to abuse, scold.—v.i. to behave in a riotous way.—adj. Row′dy, noisy and turbulent, given to quarrelling.—n. a rough, disreputable fellow.—n. Row′dy-dow, a sustained noise or hubbub, a row.—adjs. Row′dy-dow′dy, given to raising rows, uproarious; Row′dyish.—ns. Row′dyism, the conduct of a rowdy or rough, turbulence; Row′er, one given to quarrels. [Put for rouse (q.v.).]

Row, row, n. (Scot.) a form of roll.—n. Row′-cloth, a folding cloak of warm cloth.

Rowan, row′an, n. the mountain-ash, or quicken-tree, a British tree belonging to the natural order Rosaceæ, whose acid fruit—Rowan berries—is sometimes used for preserves.—Also Roan-tree. [Scand., Sw. röun, Dan. rön, Ice. reynir.]

Rowel, row′el, n. the little wheel in a spur, set with sharp points: a little flat wheel or ring on horses' bits: a seton inserted in the flesh of an animal.—v.t. to put spurs on: to apply the spur to.—ns. Row′el-head, the axis on which a rowel turns; Row′eling-need′le, a needle used for inserting a rowel or seton; Row′eling-scis′sors, a farrier's instrument for inserting rowels; Row′el-spur, a spur having several radiating points. [Fr. rouelle—Low L. rotella, dim. of L. rota, a wheel.]

Rowen, row′en, n. the aftermath, or second crop of hay: (prov.) a stubble-field.

Rowlock, rō′lok, or rul′uk, n. a contrivance on the wale of a boat, to rest the oar in rowing.—Also Roll′ock, Rull′ock. [Prob. A.S. árlóc.]

Roxburghe, roks′bur-ō, n. a style of binding for books, with cloth or paper sides, plain leather back, gilt-top, other sides untrimmed, named from the Duke of Roxburghe (1740-1804).

Royal, roi′al, adj. regal, kingly: magnificent: illustrious: magnanimous: enjoying the favour or patronage of the sovereign: of more than common size or excellence.—n. a large kind of paper (19 by 24 in. for writing-paper, 20 by 25 for printing-paper): (obs.) a royal person, a king: a gold coin: a sail immediately above the topgallant sail: one of the shoots of a stag's head: a small mortar: a tuft of beard on the lower lip, an imperial.—n. Roy′alet, a petty king.—v.t. Roy′alise (Shak.), to make royal.—ns. Roy′alism, attachment to kings or to kingly government; Roy′alist, an adherent of royalism: a cavalier during the English civil war: in American history, an adherent of the British government: in French history, a supporter of the Bourbons—also adj.—adv. Roy′ally.—n. Roy′al-mast, the fourth and highest part of the mast from the deck, commonly made in one piece with the topgallant mast.—adj. Roy′al-rich (Tenn.), rich as a king.—n. Roy′alty, kingship: the character, state, or office of a king: majesty: the person of the king or sovereign: fixed sum paid to the Crown or other proprietor, as on the produce of a mine, &c.: kingdom: royal authority: a royal domain: (Scot.) the bounds of a royal burgh.—Royal bounty, a fund from which the sovereign grants money to the female relatives of officers who die of wounds; Royal cashmere, a thin material of pure wool; Royal fern (Osmunda regalis), the most striking of British ferns; Royal horned caterpillar, a large bombycid moth of the United States; Royal household, the body of persons in the service of the sovereign.—The Royals, a name formerly given to the first regiment of foot in the British army. [Fr.,—L. regalis, regal.]

Royena, roi′e-na, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the ebony family. [From the 18th-century Dutch botanist Adrian van Royen.]

Royne, roin, v.t. to bite, to gnaw.—adj. Roy′nish (Shak.), scurvy, mangy: mean. [O. Fr. rogne, mange—L. rubigo, rust.]

Royne, roin, v.i. to whisper, mutter.—Also Roin, Rownd. [Cf. Round, to whisper.]

Rub, rub, v.t. to move something over the surface of with pressure or friction: to clean, polish, or smooth, by passing something over: to wipe: to scour: to remove by friction (with off, out): to erase or obliterate (with out): to touch hard, fret: at bowls, to touch the jack with the bowl.—v.i. to move along with pressure, friction, or difficulty: to get through difficulties: to grate, to fret:—pr.p. rub′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. rubbed.—n. the act of rubbing: that which rubs: a collision: an obstruction: difficulty: a pinch: a joke: a sarcasm: a flaw: a rubber at cards.—ns. Rub′-a-dub, the sound of the drum when beaten; Rub′-ī′ron, a wheel-guard, or wheel-guard plate; Rub′stone, a whetstone: a coarse-grained sandstone used for sharpening instruments.—Rubbed work, work in stone smoothed by rubbing with gritstone; Rub down, to rub from top to bottom; Rub in, to force into the pores of by friction: to reiterate or emphasise; Rub out, to erase; Rub the wrong way, to irritate by opposition; Rub up, to polish: to freshen the memory. [Most prob. Celt.; Gael. rub, W. rhwbio, to rub, to grind.]

Rubasse, rōō-bas′, n. a beautiful variety of rock-crystal. [Fr.,—L. rubeus, reddish.]

Rubato, rōō-bä′to, adj. (mus.) in modified or distorted rhythm. [It., pa.p. of rubare, to steal.]

Rubber, rub′ėr, n. one who rubs down horses: one who practises massage: a coarse towel for rubbing the body: a piece of caoutchouc for erasing pencil-marks, india-rubber: a brush for erasing marks of chalk: the cushion of an electric machine: a whetstone, a file: an emery-cloth: an overshoe: a rub, as 'One who plays with bowls must expect to meet with rubbers': a contest of three games, as at whist—also the deciding game in such a series.—adj. made of caoutchouc or india-rubber.—ns. Rubb′er-cloth, a fabric coated with caoutchouc; Rubb′er-dam, a sheet of caoutchouc used by dentists to keep saliva out of a tooth while being filled; Rubb′er-gauge, a device for measuring the amount of india-rubber needed to make a given article; Rubb′er-mould, a vulcanite mould used by dentists in shaping the plates for artificial teeth; Rubb′er-mount′ing, in saddlery, harness-mounting with vulcanite in imitation of leather-work.—n.pl. Rubb′ers, a disease in sheep, with great heat and itchiness.—ns. Rubb′er-saw, a circular rotatory knife for cutting india-rubber; Rubb′er-stamp, an instrument for stamping by hand with ink, the letters, &c., being in flexible vulcanised rubber; Rubb′er-type, a type cast in rubber; Rubb′ing, an application of friction: a copy of an inscribed surface produced by rubbing heel-ball or plumbago upon paper laid over it.—ns. Rubb′ing-machine′, a machine used in linen bleaching; Rubb′ing-post, a stone or wooden post set up for cattle to rub themselves against; Rubb′ing-stone, a gritstone for erasing the marks on a stone.

Rubbish, rub′ish, n. waste matter: the fragments of ruinous buildings: any mingled mass: nonsense: trash: trumpery: litter.—n. Rubb′ish-heap, a pile of rubbish.—adj. Rubb′ishing, trashy: paltry.—n. Rubb′ish-pull′ey, a gin-block.—adj. Rubb′ishy, worthless. [M. E. robows, robeux—O. Fr. robeux, pl. of robel, dim. of robe, robbe, trash, whence also rubble; cf. It. roba, rubbish, spoil.]

Rubble, rub′l, n. the upper fragmentary decomposed matter of a mass of rock: water-worn stones: small, undressed stones used in coarse masonry.—ns. Rubb′le-stone (same as Rubble): also (geol.) a kind of conglomerate rock; Rubb′le-work, a coarse kind of masonry of stones left almost as they come from the quarry, or only dressed a little with the hammer.—adj. Rubb′ly. [O. Fr. robel, pl. robeux, dim. of robe, robbe, rubbish; cf. It. roba, and the cognate rob.]

Rubecula, rōō-bek′ū-la, n. a genus of birds, such as the robin redbreast. [L. rubēre, to be red.]

Rubedity, rōō-bed′i-ti, n. ruddiness.—adj. Rubed′inous. [L. rubedo, redness—rubēre, to be red.]

Rubefacient, rōōb-e-fā′shent, adj. making ruby or red.—n. (med.) an external application which stimulates and consequently reddens the skin.—n. Rubefac′tion, the effect or action of a rubefacient. [L. rubēre, to be red, faciens, -entis, pr.p. of facĕre, to make.]

Rubella, rōō-bel′a, n. a contagious disease, with rose-coloured eruption.—Also Rubē′ola, and German measles.

Rubescent, rōō-bes′ent, adj. tending to a red colour.—n. Rubes′cence, a growing or becoming red: tendency to redness. [L. rubescĕre, to grow red—ruber, red.]

Rubia, rōō′bi-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, including the madder.—n. Ru′bian, a colour-producing matter of madder.—adj. Rubian′ic.—n. Ru′biate. [L.,—rubeus, reddish, rubēre, to be red.]

Rubican, rōō′bi-kan, adj. of a bay, sorrel, or black colour, with some light-gray or white on the flanks: of a red predominant over gray colour. [Fr.,—L. rubricāre, to colour red.]

Rubicel, Rubicelle, rōō′bi-sel, n. an orange or flame-coloured variety of spinel.

Rubicon, rōōb′i-kon, n. a stream of Central Italy, forming the boundary in the republican period of ancient Roman history between the province of Gallia Cisalpina and Italia proper.—Pass the Rubicon, to take a decisive, irrevocable step, as Julius Cæsar's crossing this stream, the limit of his province—a virtual declaration of war against the republic.

Rubicund, rōō′bi-kund, adj. inclining to redness: ruddy.—n. Rubicun′dity. [Fr.,—L. rubicundus, very red—rubēre, to be red.]

Rubidium, rōō-bid′i-um, n. a soft silvery-white metallic element. [L. rubidus, red.]

Rubify, rōō′bi-fī, v.t. to make red.—adj. Rubif′ic.—n. Rubificā′tion.—adj. Ru′biform. [Fr.,—L. rubefacĕre—rubēre, to be red, facĕre, to make.]

Rubigo, rōō-bī′gō, n. a kind of rust on plants: mildew.—adjs. Rubig′inose, brown-red; Rubig′inous. [L., rust.]

Rubine, rōō′bin, n. an aniline dye.—adj. Rubin′eous, of a glassy semi-transparent crimson. [L. rubeus, red.]

Rubiretin, rōō-bi-ret′in, n. a resinous colouring matter in madder. [L. rubeus, red, Gr. hrētinē, resin.]

Ruble, Rouble, rōō′bl, n. the unit of the Russian money system, divided into 100 copecks—the present silver ruble is equivalent to 2s. 1½d. [Russ. rublĭ—rubitĭ, cut off, prob. from Pers. rūpīya, a rupee.]

Rubric, rōō′brik, n. the directions for the service, in office-books, formerly in red letters: any heading, guiding, rule, &c. printed conspicuously in red: a flourish after a signature: a thing definitely settled: red ochre.—v.t. to enjoin services.—adjs. Ru′bric, -al, agreeing with a rubric.—adv. Ru′brically, over formally.—v.t. Ru′bricate, to illuminate with red letters: to formulate as a rubric.—adj. represented in red.—ns. Rubricā′tion, that which is illuminated; Rubricā′tor, one who rubricates; Rubric′ian, one versed in the rubric; Rubric′ity, accordance with the rubric.—adj. Ru′bricose (bot.), marked with red.—n. Ru′brisher (obs.), a painter of ornamental letters in early manuscripts. [L. rubrica, red earth—ruber, red.]

Rubus, rōō′bus, n. a genus of rosaceous plants including the raspberry, &c. [L., a bramble-bush.]

Ruby, rōō′bi, n. a pure transparent red-coloured corundum, inferior in hardness to the diamond only among gems: redness, anything red: (her.) the tincture red or gules: (print.) a type smaller than nonpareil and larger than pearl—5½ points in the new system: the red bird of Paradise: the ruby hummer of Brazil.—adj. red.—v.t. to make red:—pa.t. and pa.p. ru′bied.—adj. Ru′bied (Shak.), red as a ruby.—n. Ru′bine (Spens.), same as Ruby.—adj. Ru′bious (Shak.), ruby, red, ruddy.—ns. Ru′by-blende, a clear red variety of zinc sulphide: ruby silver; Ru′by-tail, a gold-wasp, or cuckoo-fly.—adj. Ru′by-throat′ed, like a humming-bird, with a ruby gorget.—ns. Ru′by-tī′ger, a British moth; Ru′by-wood, red sandalwood.—Rock ruby, a ruby-red garnet. [O. Fr. rubi—L. rubeus—ruber, red.]

Rucervus, rōō-ser′vus, n. a genus of East Indian Cervidæ.—adj. Rucer′vine.

Ruche, rōōsh, n. a plaited frilling.—Also Ruch′ing. [Fr., prob. Celt., Bret. rusk.]

Ruck, ruk, n. a wrinkle, fold, or crease.—v.t. to wrinkle, to crease: to annoy, ruffle.—v.i. to have a folded, wrinkled, or ridgy surface. [Ice. hrukka, a wrinkle.]

Ruck, ruk, v.i. to squat: to crouch down: to cower: to huddle together.—v.t. to perch, to roost.

Ruck, ruk, n. a crowd: a press: the common run: trash, nonsense.—v.t. to gather in heaps. [Prob. Scand.; Old Sw. ruka, a heap.]

Ruckle, ruk′l, n. (Scot.) a rattling noise in the throat, as from suffocation.—v.i. to emit such a sound. [Prob. cog. with Dut. rogchelen, to hawk.]

Ructation, ruk-tā′shun, n. the act of belching: eructation. [L. ructāre, to belch.]

Ruction, ruk′shun, n. (slang) a vexation: a disturbance: a rumpus. [Prob. a corr. of eruption.]

Rud, rud, n. redness: blush: flush: red ochre for marking sheep.—v.t. to make red. [A.S. rudu, redness, reódan, to redden.]

Rudas, rōō′das, n. (Scot.) a foul-mouthed old woman: a randy, a hag.—adj. bold, coarse.

Rudbeckia, rud-bek′i-a, n. a genus of composite plants, abundant in the eastern and central United States, the cone-flowers. [Named from the Swedish botanist Olaus Rudbeck (1630-1702).]

Rudder, rud′ėr, n. the instrument by which a ship is rowed or steered, its primitive form an oar working at the stern: that which guides anything: a bird's tail-feather.—ns. Rudd′er-band, a gearing with which the rudder is braced when the ship is at anchor; Rudd′er-brace, a strap to receive a pintle of the rudder; Rudd′er-brake, a compressor for controlling the rudder in a seaway; Rudd′er-chain, a strong chain often shackled to the after-part of a rudder to prevent its loss; Rudd′er-coat, a covering of tarred canvas used to prevent water rushing in at the rudder-hole; Rudd′er-fish, the pilot-fish: the amber-fish: the barrel-fish.—adj. Rudd′erless, having no rudder.—ns. Rudd′er-post, the shank of a rudder, having the blade at one end and the attachments at the other; Rudd′er-stock, the blade of the rudder, connected by hinges with the sternpost of a vessel; Rudd′er-trunk, a casing of wood fitted into the post, through which the rudder-stock is inserted; Rudd′er-wheel, a small wheel at the end of a plough helping to guide it. [A.S. róther; Ger. ruder, an oar.]

Rudder, rud′ėr, n. a riddle or sieve.—v.t. Rudd′le, to sift together: to mix, as through a sieve.

Ruddle, rud′l, v.t. to interweave: to cross-plait, as in making lattice-work. [Raddle.]

Ruddle, rud′l, n. a species of red earth, red ochre: (obs.) ruddiness.—v.t. to mark with ruddle—also Radd′le, Redd′le.—n. Rudd′leman=Reddleman. [A.S. rudu, redness—reád, red.]

Ruddoc, Ruddock, rud′uk, n. (Spens.) the redbreast: a gold coin: a kind of apple. [A.S. rudduc—rudu, redness—reád, red.]

Ruddy, rud′i (comp. Rudd′ier, superl. Rudd′iest), adj. red: of the colour of the skin in high health: rosy, glowing, bright.—v.t. to make red.—adv. Rudd′ily.—ns. Rudd′iness; Rudd′y-div′er, -duck, an American duck with wedge-shaped tail; Rudd′y-rudd′er, the long-eared sun-fish. [A.S. rudig, rudi—rudu, redness—reád, red.]

Rude, rōōd (comp. Ru′der, superl. Ru′dest), adj. crude: uncultivated: barbarous: rough: harsh: ignorant: uncivil: not smoothed: of low rank: mean: savage: brutal: ferocious: ill-bred: boorish: stormy: robust: not in good taste.—adj. Rude′-grow′ing, rough: wild.—adv. Rude′ly.—ns. Rude′ness; Rudes′by (Shak.), an uncivil fellow. [Fr.,—L. rudis, rough.]

Rudenture, rōō-den′tūr, n. the figure of a rope with which the flutings of columns are sometimes filled.—adj. Ruden′ted. [Fr.]

Ruderal, rōō′de-ral, adj. (bot.) growing in waste places or among rubbish.—n. Ruderā′tion, the act of paving with small stones and mortar. [L. rudus, rubbish.]

Rudesheimer, rü′des-hī-mėr, n. one of the white Rhine wines highly esteemed—named from Rüdesheim on the Rhine, opposite Bingen.

Rudge-wash, ruj′-wash, n. kersey cloth made of fleece wool as it comes from the sheep's back.

Rudiment, rōōd′i-ment, n. anything in its rude or first state: a first principle or element: (pl.) the introduction to any science: (biol.) that which is in its first stage of development: the beginning of any part or organ, that which is vestigial, an aborted part.—v.t. to ground: to settle in first principles.—adjs. Rudimen′tal, Rudimen′tary, pertaining to, consisting in, or containing rudiments or first principles: initial: elementary: undeveloped: (biol.) beginning to be formed: arrested in development.—adv. Rudimen′tarily.—n. Rudimentā′tion.

Rue, rōō, n. a plant of any species of genus Ruta, with bitter leaves and greenish-yellow flowers—an emblem of bitterness and grief—called Herb of grace: any bitter infusion.—ns. Rue′-anem′one, an American wild-flower; Rue′-wort, a plant of the rue family. [Fr. rue—L. ruta—Gr. rhytē.]

Rue, rōō, v.t. to be sorry for: to lament: to repent of: to compassionate: to try to withdraw from, as a bargain.—v.i. to be sorrowful: to suffer: to have pity upon:—pr.p. rue′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. rued.—n. sorrow.—n. Rue′-bar′gain, a forfeit for withdrawing from a bargain.—adj. Rue′ful, sorrowful: piteous: deplorable: mournful: melancholy.—adv. Rue′fully.—ns. Rue′fulness; Ru′ing, repentance. [A.S. hreówan, to be sorry for—hreów, sorrow; Ger. reue, Old High Ger. hriuwa, mourning.]

Ruelle, rōō-el′, n. the space between the bed and the wall, a bed-chamber where great French ladies held receptions in the morning in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Fr., a lane—L. ruga, a wrinkle.]

Ruellia, rōō-el′i-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, tropical and American—the manyroot, spiritleaf, Christmas-pride of Jamaica, &c. [From the 16th-century French botanist, Jean Ruel.]

Rufescence, rōō-fes′ens, n. reddishness.—adj. Rufes′cent. [L. rufescĕre, to grow reddish—rufus, red.]

Ruff, ruf, n. an ornament of frills formerly worn round the neck: anything plaited: a bird belonging to the sandpiper sub-family of the Snipe family, the male with an erectile ruff during the breeding season—fem. Reeve: a band of long hair growing round the neck of some dogs: (mach.) an annular ridge formed on a shaft to prevent motion endwise: a breed of domestic pigeons: (obs.) a display.—v.t. to pucker: to draw up in folds: to ruffle, disorder: in falconry, to hit without trussing: (Scot.) to applaud by making noise with hands or feet.—adj. Ruffed, having a ruff, as the ruffed grouse. [Prob. ruffle.]

Ruff, ruf, n. an old game at cards: the act of trumping when the player has no cards of the suit left.—v.t. to trump in this way. [Perh. conn. with It. ronfa, a card-game.]

Ruff, ruf, n. ruggedness.—v.t. to heckle flax on a coarse heckle: to nap hats.—n. Ruff′er, a coarse heckle for flax.—adj. Ruff′y-tuff′y, disordered, rough.—adv. helter-skelter, pell-mell.

Ruff, ruf, n. a small fresh-water fish of the Perch family, abundant in England, about six inches long, with only one dorsal fin.—Also Pope.

Ruffian, ruf′i-an, n. a brutal, boisterous fellow: a robber: a murderer: a pander.—adj. brutal: boisterous: licentious: stormy.—v.i. to play the ruffian, to rage.—n. Ruff′ianage.—adj. Ruff′ianish, having the qualities or manners of a ruffian.—n. Ruff′ianism, conduct of a ruffian.—adjs. Ruff′ianly, like a ruffian: violent; Ruff′inous (obs.), ruffianly, outrageously. [O. Fr. ruffian (Fr. rufien; It. rufiano), prob. from Old Dut. roffen, roffelen, a pander.]

Ruffle, ruf′l, v.t. to make like a ruff, to wrinkle: to form into plaits: to form with ruffles: to disorder: to agitate.—v.i. to grow rough: to flutter.—n. annoyance: a quarrel: a plaited article of dress: a tumult: agitation.—adj. Ruff′led.—ns. Ruff′lement; Ruff′ler, a machine for making ruffles; Ruff′ling, ruffles generally.—Ruffle one's feathers, to make one angry. [Cf. Dut. ruifelen, to wrinkle, ruyffel, a wrinkle.]

Ruffle, ruf′l, v.i. to act turbulently: to swagger.—v.t. to bully.—n. Ruff′ler, a bully. [Ruffian.]

Rufous, rōō′fus, adj. reddish or brownish-red: having reddish hair.—adj. Ru′fūlous, somewhat rufous. [L. rufus, akin to ruber, red.]

Rug, rug, n. a coarse, rough woollen cloth or coverlet: a soft, woolly mat: a cover for a bed: a blanket or coverlet: a covering for the floor: a travelling robe: a rough, shaggy dog: a kind of strong liquor.—n. Rug′ging, heavy napped cloth for rugs: a coarse cloth for horse-boots. [Scand., Sw. rugg; cf. Rough.]

Rug, rug, v.t. (Scot.) to pull roughly.—n. a tug.—Get a rug, to get a haul at something desirable.

Ruga, rōō′ga, n. a fold: a crease: a corrugation.—adj. Ru′gate. [L., a fold.]

Rugby, rug′bi, n. the game of football according to the rules of the Rugby Football Union (1871), the sides numbering 15 each, played on ground 110 by 75 yards.

Rugged, rug′ed, adj. rough: uneven: shaggy: sour: stormy: grating to the ear: wrinkled: ruffled: homely: unpolished: rough: ungentle: (U.S.) robust.—adv. Rugg′edly.—n. Rugg′edness.—adjs. Rugg′y, rough: uneven; Rug′-head′ed, shock-headed. [Scand.; cf. Rug.]

Rugine, rōō′jin, n. a surgeon's rasp, a nappy cloth.—v.t. to use a rugine. [Fr.]

Rugose, rōō′gōs, adj. wrinkled: full of wrinkles: (bot.) having the veinlets sunken and the spaces between them elevated, as the leaves of the sage—also Ru′gous.—adv. Ru′gosely.—n. Rugos′ity.—adj. Ru′gūlose. [L. rugosus—ruga, a wrinkle.]

Ruin, rōō′in, n. a rushing or falling down violently: destruction: overthrow: that which destroys: the remains of a building demolished or decayed (usually in pl.): the state of being ruined: wreck, material or moral.—v.t. to demolish: to destroy: to defeat: to impoverish: to bring to ruin: to undo: to spoil: to seduce, debauch.—v.i. to run to ruin: to fall into decay: to do irreparable harm.—adj. Ru′inable (Bacon), capable of being ruined.—v.t. Ru′ināte (Shak.), to ruin, to destroy: to demolish: to reduce to poverty.—v.i. (Spens.) to fall:—pr.p. ru′ināting; pa.p. ru′ināted.—adj. (obs.) falling to ruin: ruined.—ns. Ruinā′tion, overthrow: subversion; Ru′iner.—adjs. Ru′iniform, having the appearance of ruins; Ru′inous, fallen to ruins: decayed: pernicious.—adv. Ru′inously.—n. Ru′inousness, the state or quality of being ruinous: mischievousness. [Fr.,—L. ruina—ruĕre, to tumble down.]

Rule, rōōl, n. government: a principle: a standard: a statute, a maxim, formula, or order: an instrument used in drawing lines or making calculations mechanically: a minor law, something established for guidance and direction, esp. the regulations of monasteries, corporate societies, &c.: the limits of a prison (esp. in pl.): conformity to rule, uniformity: in American parliamentary law, the regulations adopted by a deliberative body for the regulation of its proceedings: (gram.) the expression of some established form of construction: the description of a process for solving a problem: a general proposition, as 'Failure is the rule, success the exception': (law) an order regulating the court: (print.) a thin strip of rolled brass, cut type high, used for printing: in plastering, a strip of wood on the face of the wall as a guide to assist in keeping the plane surface.—v.t. to dispose: to regulate: to dominate: to govern: to manage: to prevail upon: to settle as by a rule: to establish by decision: to determine, as a court: to mark with lines.—v.i. to exercise power (with over): to decide: to lay down and settle: to stand or range, as prices.—adj. Ru′lable, governable: allowable.—ns. Rule′-case (print.), a tray with partitions for rules; Rule′-cut′ter (print.), a machine for cutting brass rules into short lengths; Rule′-drill′er, a teacher who teaches by rote; Rule′-joint, a pivoted joint used by surveyors, &c.—adj. Rule′less, lawless.—ns. Rule′lessness; Rule′-mong′er, a stickler for rules; Ru′ler, a sovereign: a governor: an instrument used in drawing lines: in engraving, a straight steel bar employed in engraving the lines; Ru′lership; Rule′-work (print.), work with many rules, as tables of figures, &c.—adj. Ru′ling, predominant: prevailing: reigning.—n. the determination by a judge, esp. an oral decision: the act of making ruled lines.—n. Ru′ling-en′gine, a machine for ruling diffraction gratings.—adv. Ru′lingly.—ns. Ru′ling-machine′, a machine used by engravers for ruling in flat tints: a machine for ruling parallel coloured lines upon writing-paper; Ru′ling-pen, a form of pen for drawing lines of even thickness; Slid′ing-rule, a rule having one or more scales which slide over others for the purpose of facilitating calculations.—Rule of faith, not the sum of the Christian faith as laid down in creeds and confessions, but, in polemical theology, the sources whence the doctrines of the faith are to be authoritatively derived—the Scriptures, the tradition of the Church, the teaching of the Fathers, &c.; Rule of the road, the regulations to be observed in the movements of conveyances either on land or at sea—thus in England drivers, riders, and cyclists take the left side in meeting, and the right in passing; Rule of three, the method of finding the fourth term when three are given; Rule of thumb, any rough process of measurement.—A rule to show cause, or A rule nisi, a rule which is conditional (see Nisi); As a rule, on the whole; One hour rule, a rule prohibiting members of the United States House of Representatives speaking more than an hour. [O. Fr. reule (Fr. règle)—L. regula—regĕre, to rule.]

Rullion, rul′yon, n. a shoe made of untanned leather: a coarse woman: (Scot.) an ill-conditioned beast. [A.S. rifeling, a kind of shoe.]

Rum, rum, n. a spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the sugar-cane, or from molasses.—ns. Rum′-barge, a warm drink; Rum′-bloss′om, -bud, a pimple on the nose; Rum′-cherr′y, the wild black cherry of North America; Rum′-sell′er (U.S.), the keeper of a rum-shop; Rum′-shop; Rum′-shrub, a liqueur of rum, sugar, lime or lemon juice, &c. [Abbrev. of rumbullion; prob. related to rumble.]

Rum, rum, adj. good: queer, droll, odd.—n. any odd person or thing.—adv. Rum′ly, finely (used ironically). [A Gipsy word, rom, a husband.]

Rumal, rōō′mal, n. a handkerchief: a small shawl or veil.—Also Roo′mal, Ro′mal. [Hind.]

Rumble, rum′bl, v.i. to make a confused noise from rolling heavily: to roll about.—v.t. to rattle.—n. a low, heavy, continued sound: a jarring roar, rumour: confusion: a seat for servants behind a carriage: a revolving box in which articles are polished by mutual attrition.—ns. Rum′bler; Rum′ble-tum′ble, a rumble-seat; Rum′bling, a low, heavy, continued sound.—adv. Rum′blingly. [Teut.; found in Dut. rommelen, rummeln.]

Rumbo, rum′bō, n. a strong liquor.—n. Rumbooze′, a tipple: a mixed drink. [Rum.]

Rumbullion, rum-bul′yon, n. a great tumult: a strong liquor.—Also Rumboul′ing.

Rumen, rōō′men, n. the paunch and first stomach of a ruminant:—pl. Ru′mina. [L.]

Rumex, rōō′meks, n. a genus of apetalous plants to which belong dock and sorrel, &c.

Rumgumption, rum-gump′shun, n. (Scot.) rough and homely common-sense: shrewdness of intellect—also Rum′blegump′tion.—adj. Rumgump′tious, shrewd: sharp.

Ruminant, rōō′mi-nant, adj. having the power of ruminating or chewing the cud—also Ru′minal.—n. an animal that chews the cud, as the ox, &c.—n.pl. Ruminan′tia, the even-toed or Artiodactyl Ungulates, which chew the cud—the Tragulidæ, often called musk-deer; the Cotylophora, including antelopes, sheep, goats, oxen, giraffes, deer; the Camelidæ, or camels and llamas.—adv. Ru′minantly.—v.i. Ru′mināte, to chew the cud: to meditate.—v.t. to chew over again: to muse on.—adj. (bot.) appearing as if chewed, as in the nutmeg, &c.—adv. Ru′minātingly.—n. Ruminā′tion, act of chewing the cud: calm reflection.—adj. Ru′minative, well-considered.—n. Ru′minātor. [L. rumināre, -ātum—rumen, the gullet.]

Rummage, rum′āj, v.t. to turn things over in search: to clear a ship's hold of goods: to pack: to stow closely: to ransack: to explore: to bring to light: to stir.—v.i. to make a search.—n. a careful search: an upheaval.—n. Rumm′ager.—Rummage sale, a sale of unclaimed goods. [Room-age.]

Rummer, rum′ėr, n. a large drinking-glass. [Dut. roemer; Ger. römer—prob. from such being used in the Römersaal at Frankfurt.]

Rumour, rōō′mur, n. flying report; a current story.—v.t. to report: to circulate by report.—adj. Ru′morous, vaguely heard.—n. Ru′mourer (Shak.), a reporter, a spreader of news. [Fr.,—L. rumor, a noise.]

Rump, rump, n. the end of the backbone of an animal with the parts adjacent.—n. Rum′per.—adj. Rump′-fed (Shak.), fattened in the rump, fat-bottomed.—adj. Rump′less, having no tail.—ns. Rump′-post, the share bone or pygostyle of a bird; Rump′-steak, steak cut from the thigh near the rump.—The rump, the remnant of the Long Parliament, after Col. Pryde's expulsion of about a hundred Presbyterian royalist members. [Ice. rumpr, Ger. rumpf, Dut. rumpe.]

Rumple, rum′pl, v.t. to crush out of shape: to make uneven.—n. a fold or wrinkle. [A variant of rimple. A.S. hrimpan, to wrinkle; Dut. rompelen.]

Rumswizzle, rum′swiz′l, n. a cloth made in Ireland from pure wool undyed.

Run, run, v.i. to move swiftly on the legs, to hasten, rush on: to move, travel, ply regularly to: to pass by: to have a certain form: (law) to have legal authority: to be current, as money: to average: to reach, have course in any direction: to make a fault, to slip, as thread in knitting: to stand as a candidate: to pass from one state to another: to pass quickly in thought, to dwell repeatedly upon in thought: to continue in operation, be in constant motion, to be carried, to extend: to move swiftly: to pass quickly on the ground: to flee: to go, as ships, &c.: to have course in any direction, to extend, spread: to flow: to dart: to turn: to extend through a period: to pierce: to fuse or melt: to turn or rotate: to be busied: to become: to be in force: to discharge matter, as a sore: to have a general tendency: to pass, fall: to creep: to press with immediate demands for payment, as a bank.—v.t. to cause to move swiftly, to keep running: to force forward: to push: to cause to pass: to fuse: to discharge, as a sore: to pursue in thought: to incur: to pour forth: to execute: to chase: to break through, as to run the blockade: to pierce: to sew: to fish in: to evade: to manage: to tease:—pr.p. run′ning; pa.t. ran; pa.p. run, as 'run brandy,' that which has been smuggled in.—n. act of running: course: flow: discharge from a sore: distance sailed: voyage: continued series: general reception: prevalence: popular clamour: an unusual pressure, as on a bank, for payment: a trip: the run of events: a small stream: the quantity run: the act of migrating: in base-ball, the complete circuit made by the player which enables him to score one: in cricket, a passing from one wicket to another, by which one point is scored: a range of pasturage: a pair of millstones: the aftermost part of a ship's bottom: (mus.) a succession of consecutive notes: a roulade.—ns. Run′about, a gadabout: a vagabond: an open wagon; Run′away, one who runs away from danger or restraint: a fugitive.—adj. fleeing from danger or restraint: done by or in flight.—ns. Run′let, Run′nel, a little run or stream: a brook; Run′man, a deserter from a ship-of-war; Run′ner, one who, or that which, runs: a racer: a messenger, agent, one employed to solicit patronage: a rooting stem that runs along the ground: a rope to increase the power of a tackle: a deserter: a smuggler: a manager of an engine: a Bow Street officer: in saddlery, a loop of metal through which a rein is passed: that on which anything slides: in moulding, a channel cut in a mould: the rotating-stone of a grinding-mill: the movable piece to which the ribs of an umbrella are attached: a tool in which lenses are fastened for polishing: a vessel for conveying fish, oysters, &c.—adj. Run′ning, kept for the race: successive: continuous: flowing: easy: cursive: discharging matter.—prep. (coll.) approaching or about.—n. act of moving swiftly: that which runs or flows, the quantity run: a discharge from a wound: the act of one who risks dangers, as in running a blockade: strength to run: the ranging of any animal.—n. Run′ning-block, a block in an arrangement of pulleys.—n.pl. Run′ning-days, the days occupied on a voyage, &c., under a charter, including Sundays.—ns. Run′ning-fight, a fight kept up between one party that flees and another that pursues; Run′ning-fire (mil.), a rapid succession of firing; Run′ning-gear, the wheels and axles of a vehicle; Run′ning-hand, a style of rapid writing without lifting the pen; Run′ning-knot, a knot made so as to form a noose when the rope is pulled.—n.pl. Run′ning-lights, the lights shown by vessels between sunset and sunrise.—adv. Run′ningly.—ns. Run′ning-or′nament, an ornament in which the design is continuous; Run′ning-rein, a form of driving-rein; Run′ning-rig′ging, all the rigging except the shrouds, stays, and lower mast-head pendants; Run′ning-thrush, a disease in the feet of horses; Run′ning-tī′tle, the title of a book, &c., continued from page to page on the upper margin; Run′ning-trap, a pipe so formed as to be a seal against the passage of gases; Run′way, a trail, track, or passage-way.—Run across, to come upon by accident; Run away with, to carry away in uncontrollable fright: to carry off in fleeing; Run down, to chase to exhaustion: to run against and sink, as a ship: to overbear, to crush; Run down a coast, to sail along it; Run hard, to press hard behind in a race or other competition; Run in, to go in: to arrest and take to a lock-up: (print.) to insert a word, &c., without making a break or new paragraph: to alter the position of matter to fill vacant space; Run into debt, to get into debt; Run in the blood, family, to belong to one by natural descent; Run off, to cause to flow out: to take impressions of, to print: to repeat, recount; Run on (print.), to continue in the same line, and not a new paragraph; Run out, to come to an end; Run over, to overflow: to go over cursorily; Run riot (see Riot); Run the chance, to encounter all risks; Run through, to expend, to waste, to pierce through and through; Run together, to mingle or blend; Run to seed, to shoot up too rapidly, to become exhausted, to go to waste; Run up, to make or mend hastily: to build hurriedly: to string up, hang.—In the long-run, in the end or final result; In the running, or Out of the running, competing, or not competing, in a contest, with good hopes of success in a candidature, &c., or the opposite; Make good one's running, to keep abreast with others; Take up the running, to go off at full speed; The common run, The run, or The run of mankind, ordinary people. [A.S. rinnan; Ger. rennen, Ice. renna, to run.]

Runagate, run′a-gāt, n. a vagabond: renegade: an apostate: a fugitive. [A corr. of renegade, but modified both in form and meaning by run.]

Runch, runch, n. the charlock: the wild radish.—n.pl. Runch′-balls, dried charlock.

Runcinate, runs′in-āt, adj. (bot.) having the lobes convex before and straight behind, or pointing backward as in the dandelion. [L. runcinatus, pa.p. of runcināre, to plane off—runcina, a plane.]

Rundale, run′dāl, n. a system of holding land in single holdings made up of detached pieces.

Rundle, run′dl, n. a round, a rung or step of a ladder: a ring, an orbit: a ball.—adj. Run′dled. [Roundel.]

Rune, rōōn, n. one of the characters or letters used by the peoples of northern Europe down to the 16th century: (pl.) the ancient Scandinavian alphabet or futhorc—from its first six letters f, u, th, o, r, c (the writing is called Runic, the individual letters Rune-staves, or less correctly Runes): a secret, a mystic sentence: any song mystically expressed.—n. Rune′craft.—adj. Runed.—n. Ru′ner.—adj. Ru′nic, relating to runes, to the ancient Teutonic nations, or to their characters.—ns. Runol′ogist, one versed in Runic remains; Runol′ogy.—Runic knots, a form of interlaced ornament. [A.S. rún, a secret. The word is found in M. E. rounen, to whisper, and is cog. with Old High Ger. runa, a secret, Goth. runa, secret.]

Rung, rung, n. one of the floor-timbers of a ship: one of the rounds of a ladder: a bar: a heavy staff: a cudgel: one of the radial handles of a steering-wheel. [A.S. hrung, a beam; Ger. runge.]

Rung, rung, pa.t. and pa.p. of ring.—adj. having a ring through the nose, as a hog.

Runn, run, n. in India, a tract of sandy or boggy land—often overflowed by the tide. [Hind. rān.]

Runnel, run′el, n. a little brook. [A.S. rynel, dim. of ryne, a stream—rinnan, to run.]

Runrig, run′rig, n. a species of ownership under which the alternate ridges of a field belong to different owners—also Run′ridge, Run′dale, a survival of the simple form of open-field husbandry, under the tribal system once universally prevalent in the western districts of Britain.

Runt, runt, n. a young ox or cow: an undersized animal: a dwarf: a bow: a breed of domestic pigeons: the dead stump of a tree: the stem of a cabbage.—adj. Runt′y.

Rupee, rōō-pē′, n. an East Indian silver coin, nominally worth about 2s.—at present about 1s. 4½d. [Hind. rūpīyah—Sans. rūpya, silver.]

Rupert's-drop, rōō′perts-drop, n. a detonating bulb, or glass bubble—probably discovered by Prince Rupert (1619-82).

Rupia, rōō′pi-a, n. a severe form of skin disease, with flattish distinct bullæ or blebs, containing a serous, purulent, or sanious fluid, becoming thick scabs. [Gr. hrypos, filth.]

Rupicola, rōō-pik′ō-la, n. a genus of rock-manikins or cocks of the rock.—adjs. Rupic′oline, Rupic′olous, growing or living among rocks. [L. rupes, a rock, colĕre, to inhabit.]

Ruppia, rup′i-a, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Naiadaceæ—to which Ditch or Tassel grass belongs. [From the 18th-cent. German botanist H. B. Ruppius.]

Rupture, rup′tūr, n. the act of breaking or bursting: the state of being broken: a breach of the peace: hernia (q.v.), esp. abdominal.—v.t. to break or burst: to part by violence.—v.i. to suffer a breach: (bot.) to dehisce irregularly.—adj. Rup′tile (bot.), dehiscent by an irregular splitting of the walls.—n. Rup′tion, a breach.—adj. Rup′tive.—n. Rup′tūary, a member of the plebeian class. [Fr.,—Low L. ruptura—L. rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Rural, rōō′ral, adj. of or belonging to the country: suiting the country: rustic: pertaining to agriculture.—n. (obs.) a countryman.—ns. Ru′ral-dean, an ecclesiastic under the bishop and archdeacon, with the peculiar care of the clergy of a district; Ru′ral-dean′ery.—v.t. Ru′ralise, to render rural.—v.i. to become rural: to rusticate.—ns. Ru′ralism; Ru′ralist; Rural′ity.—adv. Ru′rally.—n. Ru′ralness.—adj. Ruridec′anal, pertaining to a rural dean or deanery. [Fr.,—L. ruralis—rus, ruris, the country.]

Ruscus, rus′kus, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Liliaceæ—containing Butcher's broom, Shepherd's myrtle, &c. [L. ruscum.]

Ruse, rōōz, n. a turning or doubling, as of animals to get out of the way of dogs: a trick, fraud, or the use of such.—n. Ruse-de-guerre, a stratagem of war. [O. Fr. ruse—ruser, reūser, to get out of the way—L. recusāre, to decline.]

Rush, rush, v.i. to move with a shaking, rustling noise, as the wind: to move forward violently: to enter rashly and hastily.—v.t. to drive: to push, to secure by rushing.—n. a rushing or driving forward: an eager demand: urgent pressure, as of business: a stampede of cattle: in football, when a player forces his way by main strength.—n. Rush′er, in football, a player whose special duty it is to force the ball toward his opponents' goal: a go-ahead person. [Skeat explains M. E. ruschen as from Sw. ruska, to rush, to shake, an extension of Old Sw. rusa, to rush. Cf. Rouse.]

Rush, rush, n. a genus (Juncus) of marshy plants, some absolutely destitute of leaves, but with barren scapes resembling leaves: the name esp. of those species with no proper leaves, the round stems known as rushes: a wick: the merest trifle.—n. Rush′-bear′ing, a country feast, when the parish church was strewn with rushes, between haymaking and harvest: the day of the festival.—adj. Rush′-bott′omed, having a seat or bottom made with rushes.—ns. Rush′-buck′ler (obs.), a swash-buckler; Rush′-can′dle, -light, a candle or night-light having a wick of rush-pith: a small, feeble light.—adj. Rush′en, made of rushes.—ns. Rush′-hold′er, a clip-candlestick used for rush-lights; Rush′iness.—adj. Rush′-like, resembling a rush: weak.—ns. Rush′-lil′y, a plant of the species of blue-eyed grass; Rush′-nut, the Cyperus esculentus, whose tubers are eaten in southern Europe; Rush′-toad, the natterjack.—adjs. Rush′y, full of, or made of, rushes; Rush′y-fringed.—n. Rusk′ie, any utensil made of straw, &c., as a basket, &c.—Flowering rush, an aquatic plant; Marry with a rush, to wed in jest. [A.S. risce, like Ger. risch, from L. ruscum, rustum.]

Rusk, rusk, n. a kind of light hard cake: a kind of light soft cake or sweetened biscuit. [Sp. rosca, a roll; cf. Rosca de mar, a sea-rusk; origin unknown.]

Russel, rus′el, n. (obs.) a fox: a twilled woollen material.—n. Russ′el-cord, a kind of rep made of cotton and wool. [O. Fr. roussel—L. russus, red.]

Russet, rus′et, adj. rusty or reddish-brown: coarse: rustic: of russet-leather.—n. a coarse homespun dress.—ns. Russ′eting, an apple of a russet colour and rough skin; Russ′et-leath′er.—adj. Russ′ety. [O. Fr. rousset—L. russus, red.]

Russian, rush′yan, adj. relating to Russia, a country of Europe, or to its people.—n. a native of Russia: the Russian language.—adj. Russ, belonging to the Russians.—n. a Russian: the Russian language.—v.t. Russ′ianise, to give Russian characteristics to.—n. Russificā′tion.—v.t. Rus′sify, to Russianise.—ns. Rus′so-Byzan′tine, the national art of Russian architecture; Rus′sophile, one who favours Russian policy (also adj.); Rus′sophilism; Rus′sophilist; Rus′sophobe, one who dreads or hates the Russians—also Rus′sophobist; Russophō′bia, the dread of Russian policy.—Russia leather (see Leather).

Russula, rus′ū-la, n. a genus of hymenomycetous fungi—so called from the colour of the pileus in some. [Low L. russulus, reddish—L. russus, red.]

Rust, rust, n. the reddish-brown coating on iron exposed to moisture: anything resembling rust: a disease of cereals and grasses, with brown spots on the leaves, caused by fungi: a corrosive: an injurious habit: any foul matter.—v.i. to become rusty: to become dull by inaction.—v.t. to make rusty: to impair by time and inactivity.—adjs. Rust′-col′oured; Rust′ful.—adv. Rust′ily.—ns. Rust′iness; Rust′-mite, certain mites of the family of gall-mites.—adjs. Rust′-proof, not liable to rust; Rust′y, covered with rust: impaired by inactivity, out of practice: dull: affected with rust-disease: time-worn: of a rusty black: rough: obstinate: discoloured.—ns. Rust′y-back, a fern; Rust′y-black′bird, the grackle; Black′-rust, a fungus with dark-coloured spores.—Ride, or Turn, rusty, to become obstinate or stubborn in opposition. [A.S. rust; Ger. rost.]

Rustic, rus′tik, adj. pertaining to the country: rural: rude: awkward: simple: coarse: artless: unadorned: made of rustic-work.—n. a peasant: a clown: a noctuoid moth.—adj. Rus′tical.—adv. Rus′tically.—n. Rus′ticalness.—v.t. Rus′ticate, to send into the country: to banish for a time from town or college.—v.i. to live in the country.—n. Rusticā′tion.—v.i. Rus′ticise.—ns. Rustic′ity, rustic manner: simplicity: rudeness; Rustic′ola, the European woodcock; Rus′tic-ware, a terra-cotta of a light-brown paste, having a brown glaze; Rus′tic-work, various stonework, as frosted work, punctured work, &c.: in woodwork, summer-houses, &c. [Fr. rustique—L. rusticus—rus, the country.]

Rustle, rus′l, v.i. to make a soft, whispering sound, as silk, straw, &c.: (U.S.) to stir about.—n. a quick succession of small sounds, as that of dry leaves: a rustling, a movement with rustling sound.—ns. Rus′tler, one who, or that which, rustles: (U.S.) an active fellow; Rus′tling, a quick succession of small sounds, as that of dry leaves.—adv. Rus′tlingly. [Skeat makes it a freq. of Sw. rusta, to stir, a variant of Old Sw. ruska, to shake. Cf. Rush; and cf. Ger. rauschen, ruschen, to rustle.]

Rustre, rus′tėr, n. (her.) a lozenge pierced with a circular opening.—adj. Rus′tred. [Fr.]

Rut, rut, n. a track left by a wheel: an established course.—v.t. to form ruts in:—pr.p. rut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. rut′ted.—adj. Rut′ty, full of ruts. [O. Fr. route—Low L. rupta, a way.]

Rut, rut, n. the noise made by deer during sexual excitement: the periodic time of heat of animals.—v.i. to be in heat.—v.t. (rare) to copulate with.—adj. Rut′tish, inclined to rut: lustful.—n. Rut′tishness, libidinousness. [O. Fr. ruit, rut—L. rugitus—rugīre, to roar.]

Ruta, rōō′ta, n. a genus of polypetalous plants—the general name of the species is Rue.—adj. Rutā′ceous. [Gr. hrytē, rue.]

Rutela, rōō′te-la, n. a genus of lamellicorn beetles. [L. rutilus, red.]

Ruth, rōōth, n. pity, tenderness, sorrow: cruelty.—adj. Ruth′ful, pitiful, sorrowful: piteous, causing pity.—adv. Ruth′fully, in a sorrowful manner.—adj. Ruth′less, without pity: insensible to misery: cruel.—adv. Ruth′lessly.—n. Ruth′lessness. [M. E. ruthe, reuth—Scand.; Ice. hryggth, hrygth, sorrow.]

Ruthenian, rōō-thē′ni-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Ruthenians, a branch of the little Russian division of the Slav race, on both sides of the Carpathians.—n. one of this race.

Ruthenium, rōō-thē′ni-um, n. a hard brittle metal discovered in 1843 by Claus in the ore of platinum, forming no fewer than four different oxides. [Ruthenia, a name of Russia.]

Rutilant, rōō′ti-lant, adj. shining: glittering.—v.i. Ru′tilāte, to emit rays of light. [L. rutilans, pr.p. of rutilāre, to be reddish.]

Rutile, rōō′til, n. one of the three forms in which titanium dioxide occurs. [Fr.,—L. rutilus, red.]

Rutter, rut′ėr, n. (obs.) a trooper: a mercenary horse-soldier: a man of fashion. [O. Fr. routier—Low L. ruptarius—rupta, a troop.]

Rutter, rut′ėr, n. a direction specially for a course by sea: a marine chart. [O. Fr. routier, a chart.]

Ruttle, rut′l, v.i. (prov.) to gurgle. [M. E. rotelen, ratelen, to rattle.]

Ryal, rī′al, n. an old English gold coin worth about ten shillings, called a Rose-noble.—Also Rī′al.

Rye, rī, n. a genus of grasses allied to wheat and barley, one species of which is cultivated as a grain: (her.) a bearing representing a stalk of grain with the ear bending down.—ns. Rye′-grass, a variety of grass cultivated for pasture and fodder; Rye′-moth, an insect whose larva feeds on stems of rye; Rye′-wolf, an evil creature of German folklore lurking in the rye-fields; Rye′-worm, an insect which devours the stems of rye. [A.S. ryge; Ice. rúgr, Ger. rocken, roggen.]

Rynd, rind, n. in a burstone mill, the iron which supports the upper stone. [A.S. hrindan, to thrust.]

Ryot, rī′ut, n. a Hindu cultivator or peasant.—ns. Ry′otwar, Ry′otwari, the arrangement about rent made annually in India, esp. in Madras, between the government officials and the ryots. [Hind. raiyat—Ar. ra‛iya, a subject.]

Rypeck, rī′pek, n. (prov.) a pole used to move a punt while fishing.—Also Rī′peck, Rē′peck.

PRONOUNCING, EXPLANATORY, ETYMOLOGICAL, WITH COMPOUND PHRASES,
TECHNICAL TERMS IN USE IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES,
COLLOQUIALISMS, FULL APPENDICES, AND
COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED

EDITED BY
Rev. THOMAS DAVIDSON
ASSISTANT-EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA'
EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY'

London: 47 Paternoster Row
W. & R. CHAMBERS, Limited
EDINBURGH: 339 High Street
1908

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

CONTENTS.

the nineteenth letter in our alphabet, its sound that of the hard open sibilant: as a medieval Roman numeral—7—also 70; S—70,000.—Collar of ss, a collar composed of a series of the letter s in gold, either linked together or set in close order.

Sabadilla, sab-a-dil′a, n. a Mexican plant, whose seeds yield an officinal alkaloid, veratrine, employed chiefly in acute febrile diseases in strong healthy persons.—Also Cebadill′a, Cevadill′a.

Sabaism, sā′bā-izm. Same as Sabianism.—Also Sā′bæism, Sā′beism, Sā′bæanism.

Sabaoth, sa-bā′oth, n.pl. armies, used only in the B. phrase, 'the Lord of Sabaoth': erroneously for Sabbath. [Heb. tsebāōth, pl. of tsābā, an army—tsābā, to go forth.]

Sabbath, sab′ath, n. among the Jews, the seventh day of the week, set apart for the rest from work: among Christians, the first day of the week, in memory of the resurrection of Christ, called also Sunday and the Lord's Day: among the ancient Jews, the seventh year, when the land was left fallow: a time of rest.—adj. pertaining to the Sabbath.—n. Sabbatā′rian, a very strict observer of the Sabbath: one who observes the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath.—adj. pertaining to the Sabbath or to Sabbatarians.—ns. Sabbatā′rianism; Sabb′ath-break′er, one who profanes the Sabbath; Sabb′ath-break′ing, profanation of the Sabbath.—adjs. Sabb′athless (Bacon), without Sabbath or interval of rest: without intermission of labour; Sabbat′ic, -al, pertaining to, or resembling, the Sabbath: enjoying or bringing rest.—n. Sabbat′ical-year, every seventh year, in which the Israelites allowed their fields and vineyards to lie fallow.—adj. Sabb′atine, pertaining to the Sabbath.—v.i. and v.t. Sabb′atise, to keep the Sabbath: to convert into a Sabbath.—n. Sabb′atism, rest, as on the Sabbath: intermission of labour.—Sabbath-day's journey, the distance of 2000 cubits, or about five furlongs, which a Jew was permitted to walk on the Sabbath, fixed by the space between the extreme end of the camp and the ark (Josh. iii. 4); Sabbath School (see Sunday school).—Witches' Sabbath, a midnight meeting of Satan with witches, devils, and sorcerers for unhallowed orgies and the travestying of divine rites. [L. Sabbatum, gener. in pl. Sabbata—Gr. Sabbaton—Heb. Shabbāth, rest.]

Sabbatia, sa-bā′ti-a, n. a genus of small North American herbaceous plants of the gentian family. [From Sabbati, an 18th-cent. Italian botanist.]

Sabbaton, sab′a-ton, n. a strong, armed covering for the foot, worn in the 16th century. [Sabot.]

Sabean, sā-bē′an, n. an Arabian, native of Yemen.—adj. pertaining to Saba in Arabia.

Sabeline, sab′e-lin, adj. pertaining to the sable.—n. the skin of the sable.

Sabella, sā-bel′ä, n. a genus of tubiculous annelids or sea-worms.—ns. Sabellā′ria; Sabellarī′idæ.

Sabellian, sā-bel′i-an, n. a follower of Sabellius, a 3d-century heretic, banished from Rome by Callistus.—adj. pertaining to Sabellius or his heresy.—n. Sabell′ianism, the heresy about the distinction of Persons in God held by Sabellius and his school—the Trinity resolved into a mere threefold manifestation of God to man, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit not distinct subsistences, but merely one and the same person in different aspects.

Sabian, sā′bi-an, n. a worshipper of the host of heaven—sun, moon, and stars—also Tsā′bian.—ns. Sā′bianism, Sā′baism, the worship of the host of heaven, an ancient religion in Persia and Chaldea: the doctrines of the Sabians or Mandæans (see Mandæan). [Heb. tsābā, a host.]

Sabine, sā′bīn, n. one of an ancient people of central Italy, ultimately subjected by Rome, 241 B.C.

Sable, sā′bl, n. a Siberian species of Marten, with lustrous dark-brown or blackish fur: its fur: a fine paint-brush made of sable: the colour black: (pl.) black clothes, mourning clothes.—adj. of the colour of the sable's fur: blackish, dark-brown: made of the fur of the sable.—v.t. to sadden.—adjs. Sā′ble-stoled; Sā′ble-vest′ed. [O. Fr. sable—Russ. sabolĭ.]

Sabot, sä-bō′, n. a wooden shoe, worn by the French peasantry: a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling.—n. Sabotier′, a wearer of wooden shoes: a Waldensian. [Fr. sabot—Low L. sabbatum, a shoe.]

Sabre, sā′bėr, n. a heavy one-edged sword, slightly curved towards the point, used by cavalry.—v.t. to wound or kill with a sabre.—ns. Sā′bre-bill, a South American bird: a curlew; Sā′bre-fish, the hair-tail or silver eel.—adj. Sā′bre-toothed, having extremely long upper canine teeth.—n. Sā′bre-wing, a humming-bird. [Fr. sabre—Ger. säbel, prob. from the Hung. szablya.]

Sabre-tache, sā′bėr-tash, n. an ornamental leather case worn by cavalry officers at the left side, suspended from the sword-belt.—Also Sā′bre-tash. [Fr. sabre-tache—Ger. säbeltasche, säbel, a sabre, Ger. tasche, a pocket.]

Sabulous, sab′ū-lus, adj. sandy, gritty.—n. Sabulos′ity, sandiness, grittiness. [L. sabulum, sand.]

Saburra, sā-bur′ä, n. a foulness of the stomach.—adj. Saburr′al.—n. Saburrā′tion, sand-baking: the application of a hot sand-bath.

Sac, sak, n. (bot., zool.) a sack or bag for a liquid.—adjs. Sac′cāte, -d, pouched: pouch-like; Sac′cular, like a sac, sacciform; Sac′culate, -d, formed in a series of sac-like expansions: encysted.—ns. Sacculā′tion, the formation of a sac: a series of sacs; Sac′cule, Sac′culus, a small sac:—pl. Sac′culi. [Fr.,—L. saccus, a bag.]

Sac, sak, n. (law) the privilege of a lord of manor of holding courts. [A.S. sacu, strife.]

Saccade, sa-kād′, n. a violent twitch of a horse by one pull: a firm pressure of the bow on the violin-strings so that two are sounded at once. [Fr.]

Saccharine, sak′a-rin, adj. pertaining to, or having the qualities of, sugar.—n. Sac′charāte, a salt of a saccharic acid.—adjs. Sacchar′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, sugar and allied substances; Saccharif′erous, producing sugar, as from starch.—v.t. Sac′charify, to convert into sugar.—ns. Saccharim′eter, Saccharom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of saccharine matter in a liquid; Saccharim′etry, Saccharom′etry; Sac′charin, a white crystalline solid slightly soluble in cold water, odourless, but intensely sweet; Saccharin′ity.—v.t. Sac′charise, to convert into sugar:—pr.p. sac′charīsing; pa.p. sac′charīsed.—adjs. Sac′charoid, -al, having a texture resembling sugar, esp. loaf-sugar.—n. Sac′charose, the ordinary pure sugar of commerce.—adj. Sac′charous.—n. Sac′charum, a genus of grasses, including the sugar-cane. [Fr. saccharin—L. saccharum, sugar.]

Saccharocolloid, sak-a-rō-kol′oid, n. one of a large group of the carbohydrates.

Saccharomyces, sak-a-rō-mī′sēz, n. a genus of the yeast fungi. [Low L. saccharum, sugar, Gr. mykēs, a mushroom.]

Sacciform, sak′si-form, adj. having the form of a sac: baggy.—adj. Saccif′erous.

Saccobranchia, sak-ō-brang′ki-a, n.pl. a division of tunicates with saccate gills.—adj. and n. Saccobranch′iāte. [Gr. sakkos, a sack, brangchia, gills.]

Saccolabium, sak-ō-lā′bi-um, n. a genus of orchids. [L. saccus, a sack, labium, a lip.]

Saccomyoid, sak-ō-mī′oid, adj. having cheek-pouches. [Gr. sakkos, sack, mys, a mouse.]

Saccopharyngidæ, sak-o-fā-rin′ji-dē, n. a family of lyomerous fishes, including the bottle-fish, noted for swallowing fishes larger than themselves.

Saccos, sak′os, n. a tight sleeveless vestment worn by Oriental patriarchs and metropolitans during divine service, corresponding to the Western dalmatic. [Gr. sakkos, a sack.]

Sacellum, sā-sel′um, n. a little sanctuary, a small uncovered place consecrated to a divinity: a canopied altar-tomb:—pl. Sacell′a. [L., dim. of sacrum, neut. of sacer, consecrated.]

Sacerdotal, sas-ėr-dō′tal, adj. priestly.—v.t. Sacerdō′talise, to render sacerdotal.—ns. Sacerdō′talism, the spirit of the priesthood: devotion to priestly interests, priestcraft: the belief that the presbyter is a priest in the sense of offering a sacrifice in the eucharist; Sacerdō′talist, a supporter of sacerdotalism.—adv. Sacerdō′tally. [L. sacerdos, a priest—sacer, sacred, dăre, to give.]

Sachem, sā′chem, n. a chief of a North American Indian tribe, a sagamore: one of the Tammany leaders.—ns. Sā′chemdom, Sā′chemship.

Sack, sak, n. a large bag of coarse cloth for holding grain, flour, &c.: the contents of a sack: (also Sacque) a woman's gown, loose at the back, a short coat rounded at the bottom: a measure of varying capacity.—v.t. to put into a sack: (slang) to dismiss.—ns. Sack′-bear′er, any bombycid moth of the family Psychidæ; Sack′cloth, cloth for sacks: coarse cloth formerly worn in mourning or penance.—adj. Sack′clothed.—ns. Sacked′-frī′ar, a monk who wore a coarse upper garment called a saccus; Sack′er, a machine for filling sacks; Sack′-fil′ter, a bag-filter; Sack′ful, as much as a sack will hold; Sack′-hoist, a continuous hoist for raising sacks in warehouses; Sack′ing, coarse cloth or canvas for sacks, bed-bottoms, &c.; Sack′-pack′er, in milling, a machine for automatically filling a flour-sack; Sack′-race, a race in which the legs of competitors are encased in sacks.—Get the sack, to be dismissed or rejected; Give the sack, to dismiss. [A.S. sacc—L. saccus—Gr. sakkos—Heb. saq, a coarse cloth or garment, prob. Egyptian.]

Sack, sak, v.t. to plunder: to ravage.—n. the plunder or devastation of a town: pillage.—ns. Sack′age; Sack′ing, the storming and pillaging of a town.—adj. bent on pillaging.—Sack and fork (Scot.), the power of drowning and hanging. [Fr. sac, a sack, plunder (saccager, to sack)—L. saccus, a sack.]

Sack, sak, n. the old name of a dry Spanish wine of the sherry genus, the favourite drink of Falstaff.—n. Sack′-poss′et, posset made with sack.—Burnt sack, mulled sack. [Fr. sec (Sp. seco)—L. siccus, dry.]

Sackbut, sak′but, n. a kind of trumpet, the predecessor of the trombone: (B.) a kind of stringed instrument resembling the guitar. [Fr. saquebute—Sp. sacabuche—sacar, to draw out, buche, the maw or stomach, prob. Old High Ger. būh (Ger. bauch), the belly.]

Sackless, sak′les, adj. (Scot.) guiltless: innocent: guileless. [A.S. sacleás, without strife, sacu, strife, -leás, -less.]

Sacodes, sā-kō′dēz, n. a genus of beetles of the family Cyphonidæ. [Gr. sakos, a shield, eidos, form.]

Sacrament, sak′ra-ment, n. an holy ordinance instituted by Christ as an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace (Baptism and the Lord's Supper—amongst Roman Catholics, also Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Matrimony, and Extreme Unction): the Lord's Supper specially: an oath of obedience taken by Roman soldiers on enlistment: any solemn obligation: materials used in a sacrament.—v.t. to bind by an oath.—adj. Sacramen′tal, belonging to or constituting a sacrament.—ns. Sacramen′talism, the attachment of excessive importance to the sacraments: the doctrine that there is in the sacraments themselves a special direct spiritual efficacy to confer grace; Sacramen′talist, one who holds this view.—adv. Sacramen′tally.—ns. Sacramentā′rian, one who holds a high or extreme view of the efficacy of the sacraments: (obs.) one who rejects the doctrine of the real presence in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; Sacramentā′rianism, the holding of extreme views with regard to the efficacy of sacraments.—adj. Sacramen′tary, pertaining to the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or to the sacramentarians.—n. a book containing all the prayers and ceremonies used at the celebration of the R.C. sacraments: a sacramentarian. [L. sacramentum, a sacred thing—sacrāre, to consecrate—sacer, sacred.]

Sacrarium, sā-krā′ri-um, n. the part of a church where the altar is, the sanctuary: in ancient Rome, any sacred place, the place where the Penates were stored.—n. Sac′rary (obs.), a holy place.—v.t. Sā′crate (obs.), to consecrate.

Sacred, sā′kred, adj. set apart or dedicated, esp. to God: made holy: proceeding from God: religious: entitled to respect or veneration: inviolable: devoted to destruction: opposed to secular, as sacred music or history: not liable to punishment.—adv. Sā′credly.—n. Sā′credness.—Sacred ape, the hanuman of India; Sacred beetle, an Egyptian scarab; Sacred cat, the house cat of Egypt, sacred to Pasht; Sacred fish, one of the fresh-water fishes of the Nile; Sacred Heart (R.C.), the physical heart of Christ, adored with special devotion since the 18th century. [O. Fr. sacrer—L. sacrāre—L. sacer, sacred.]

Sacrificati, sak-ri-fi-kā′tī, n.pl. in the early church, those who sacrificed to idols in persecution, but returned as penitents afterwards.

Sacrifice, sak′ri-fīs, v.t. to offer up, esp. on the altar of a divinity: to destroy or give up for something else: to devote or destroy with loss or suffering: to kill.—v.i. to make offerings to God.—n. the fundamental institution of all natural religions, primarily a sacramental meal at which the communicants are a deity and his worshippers, and the elements the flesh and blood of a sacred victim: the act of sacrificing or offering to a deity, esp. a victim on an altar: that which is sacrificed or offered: destruction or loss of anything to gain some object: that which is given up, destroyed, or lost for some end: mere loss of profit.—n. Sacrif′icant, one who offers a sacrifice.—adj. Sacrif′icātory, offering sacrifice.—n. Sac′rificer, a priest.—adj. Sacrifi′cial, relating to, or consisting in, sacrifice: performing sacrifice.—adv. Sacrifi′cially.—Sacrifice hit, in base-ball, a hit to enable another player to score or to gain a base.—Eucharistic sacrifice, the supposed constant renewal of the sacrifice of Christ in the mass. [O. Fr.,—L. sacrificium—sacer, sacred, facĕre, to make.]

Sacrilege, sak′ri-lej, n. profanation of a sacred place or thing: the breaking into a place of worship and stealing therefrom.—n. Sac′rileger (obs.).—adj. Sacrilē′gious, polluted with sacrilege: profane: violating sacred things.—adv. Sacrilē′giously.—ns. Sacrilē′giousness; Sac′rilēgist, one guilty of sacrilege. [Fr. sacrilège—L. sacrilegium—sacer, sacred, legĕre, to gather.]

Sacrist, sā′krist, n. a sacristan: a person in a cathedral who copies out music for the choir and takes care of the books.—ns. Sā′cring, consecration; Sā′cring-bell, in R.C. churches, a small bell rung to call attention to the more solemn parts of the service of the mass; Sac′ristan, an officer in a church who has charge of the sacred vessels and other movables: a sexton; Sac′risty, an apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, &c. are kept: vestry. [Low L. sacristia, a vestry, sacristanus, sacrista, a sacristan—L. sacer.]

Sacrosanct, sak′rō-sangkt, adj. very sacred or inviolable.—n. Sacrosanc′tity. [L. sacrosanctus—sacer, sacred, sanctus, pa.p. of sancīre, to hallow.]

Sacrum, sā′krum, n. a triangular bone situated at the lower part of the vertebral column (of which it is a natural continuation), and wedged between the two innominate bones, so as to form the keystone to the pelvic arch.—adj. Sā′cral.—n. Sācral′gia, pain in the region of the sacrum.—adjs. Sācrocos′tal, connected with the sacrum and having the character of a rib (also n.); Sācroil′iac, pertaining to the sacrum and ilium; Sācrolum′bar, pertaining to sacral and lumbar vertebræ; Sācropū′bic, pertaining to the sacrum and to the pubes; Sācrorec′tal, pertaining to the sacrum and the rectum; Sācrosciat′ic, pertaining to the sacrum and the hip; Sācrover′tebral, pertaining to the sacrum and that part of the vertebral column immediately anterior to it. [L. sacrum (os, bone), sacred.]

Sad, sad (comp. Sad′der, superl. Sad′dest), adj. sorrowful: serious: cast down: calamitous: weary: sombre: stiff: doughy: dejected: troublesome: sober, dark-coloured: (obs.) ponderous, heavy.—v.t. to grieve.—v.t. Sad′den, to make sad: to render heavy: to grow hard.—v.i. to grow sad.—adjs. Sad′-eyed (Shak.), having an expression of sadness in the eyes; Sad′-faced (Shak.), having an expression of sadness in the face; Sad′-heart′ed (Shak.), having the heart full of sadness.—adv. Sad′ly.—n. Sad′ness. [A.S. sæd, sated, weary; cf. Dut. zat, Ger. satt; L. sat, satis.]

Saddening, sad′n-ing, n. a method of applying mordants in dyeing and printing cloths, so as to give duller shades to the colours employed.

Saddle, sad′l, n. a seat or pad, generally of leather, for a horse's back: anything like a saddle, as a saddle of mutton, veal, or venison—a butcher's cut, including a part of the backbone with the ribs on one side: a part of the harness used for drawing a vehicle: the seat on a bicycle: (naut.) a block of wood fastened to some spar, and shaped to receive the end of another spar.—v.t. to put a saddle on, to load: to encumber.—n. Sadd′le-back, a hill or its summit when shaped like a saddle: a raccoon oyster: the great black-backed gull: the harp-seal: a variety of domestic geese: the larva of the bombycid moth: (archit.) a coping thicker in the middle than at the edges.—adj. Sadd′le-backed, having a low back and an elevated head and neck.—ns. Sadd′le-bag, one of two bags united by straps for carrying on horseback; Sadd′le-bar, a bar for sustaining glass in a stained-glass window; Sadd′le-blank′et, a small blanket folded under a saddle; Sadd′le-bow, the arched front of a saddle from which the weapon often hung; Sadd′le-cloth, the housing or cloth placed under a saddle.—n.pl. Sadd′le-feath′ers, the long slender feathers which droop from the saddle or rump of the domestic cock.—ns. Sadd′le-girth, a band passing round the body of a horse to hold the saddle in its place; Sadd′le-horse, a horse suitable for riding; Sadd′le-joint, a joint made in plates of sheet-iron so that the margins interlock: (anat.) a joint admitting movement in every direction except axial rotation; Sadd′le-lap, the skirt of a saddle; Sadd′le-plate, the bent plate which forms the arch of the furnace in locomotive steam-boilers; Sadd′le-quern, an ancient quern for grinding grain; Sadd′ler, a maker of saddles: the harp-seal; Sadd′le-rock, a variety of the oyster; Sadd′le-roof, a roof having two gables; Sadd′ler-cor′poral, a non-commissioned officer in the household cavalry, with the charge of the saddles; Sadd′ler-ser′geant, a sergeant in the cavalry who has charge of the saddlers: (U.S.) a non-commissioned staff-officer of a cavalry regiment; Sadd′lery, occupation of a saddler: materials for saddles: articles sold by a saddler.—adjs. Sadd′le-shaped, shaped like a saddle: (bot.) bent down at the sides: (geol.) bent down at each side of a ridge; Sadd′le-sick, galled with much riding.—ns. Sadd′le-tree, the frame of a saddle.—Put the saddle on the right horse, to impute blame where it is deserved. [A.S. sadol, sadel; cf. Dut. zadel, Ger. sattel.]

Sadducee, sad′ū-sē, n. one of a Jewish sceptical school or party of aristocratic traditionists in New Testament times.—adj. Saddūcē′an, of or relating to the Sadducees.—ns. Saddūcee′ism, Sadd′ūcism, scepticism. [Gr. Saddoukaios—Heb. Tsedūqīm, from their supposed founder Zadok, or from the race of the Zadokites, a family of priests at Jerusalem since the time of Solomon.]

Sadina, sa-dē′na, n. a clupeoid fish resembling a sardine. [Sp. sardina.]

Safe, sāf, adj. unharmed: free from danger or injury: secure: securing from danger or injury: no longer dangerous: clear: trusty: sound: certain.—n. a chest or closet for money, &c., safe against fire, thieves, &c., generally of iron: a chest or cupboard for meats: (coll.) a safety-bicycle.—v.t. to safeguard.—v.t. Safe′-conduct′ (Spens.).—ns. Safe′-con′duct, a writing, passport, or guard granted to a person to enable him to travel with safety; Safe′-depos′it, a safe storage for valuables; Safe′guard, he who, or that which, guards or renders safe: protection: a guard, passport, or warrant to protect a traveller: a rail-guard at railway switches: (zool.) a monitor lizard.—v.t. to protect.—n. Safe′-keep′ing, preservation from injury or from escape.—adv. Safe′ly, in a safe manner.—ns. Safe′ness; Safe′-pledge, a surety for one's appearance at a day assigned; Safe′ty, freedom from danger or loss: close custody: a safeguard: Safe′ty-arch (archit.), an arch built in the body of a wall to relieve the pressure, as over a door or window; Safe′ty-belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or capable of being inflated, for helping a person to float; Safe′ty-bī′cycle, a low-wheeled bicycle; Safe′ty-buoy, a buoy for helping a person to float: a life-preserver; Safe′ty-cage (mining), a cage by which a fall would be prevented in case of the breakage of the rope by means of safety-catches; Safe′ty-chain, a check-chain of a car-truck: a safety-link; Safe′ty-fuse, a waterproof woven tube enclosing an inflammable substance which burns at a regular rate; Safe′ty-hoist, a hoisting-gear so arranged as to prevent its load being thrown precipitately down in case of accident; Safe′ty-lamp, a lamp surrounded by wire-gauze, used for safety in mines on account of the inflammable gases; Safe′ty-lock, a lock that cannot be picked by ordinary means: in firearms, a lock with some device for preventing accidental discharge; Safe′ty-match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose; Safe′ty-pā′per, a paper so prepared as to resist alteration by chemical or mechanical means; Safe′ty-pin, a pin in the form of a clasp with a guard covering its point; Safe′ty-plug, a plug of soft metal in an opening in a steam-boiler, so as to melt when the temperature rises to its fusing-point, and allow of an escape of steam; Safe′ty-rein, a rein for preventing a horse from running away; Safe′ty-stop, a contrivance for preventing accidents in machinery; Safe′ty-tube, a tube used in chemical operations to prevent the bursting of vessels by gas, and for other purposes; Safe′ty-valve, a valve in the top of a steam-boiler, which lets out the steam when the pressure is too great for safety. [O. Fr. sauf—L. salvus; prob. allied to solus.]

Saffian, saf′i-an, n. a name applied to skins tanned with sumac and dyed in bright colours. [Russ.]

Safflower, saf′flow-ėr, n. an annual herbaceous composite plant, cultivated all over India for its red dye—Carthamine. [O. Fr. saflor, through It. from Ar. usfūr—safrā, yellow.]

Saffron, saf′run, n. a bulbous plant of the crocus kind with deep-yellow flowers: a colouring substance prepared from its flowers.—adj. having the colour of saffron: deep yellow.—adj. Saff′rony.—n. Saf′ranine, a coal-tar producing yellowish colour used in dyeing. [O. Fr. safran (It. zafferano)—Ar. za‛farān—safrā, yellow.]

Sag, sag, v.i. to bend, sink, or hang down: to yield or give way as from weight or pressure: to hang heavy: to make leeway.—n. a droop.—adj. loaded. [M. E. saggen, from Scand.; Sw. sacka, to sink down; cf. Ger. sacken, to sink.]

Saga, sä′ga, n. a tale, historical or fabulous, in the old prose literature of Iceland.—n. Sä′gaman, a narrator of sagas. [Ice. saga, pl. sögur—segja, say.]

Sagacious, sa-gā′shus, adj. keen or quick in perception or thought: acute: discerning and judicious: wise.—adv. Sagā′ciously.—ns. Sagā′ciousness, Sagac′ity, acuteness of perception or thought: acute practical judgment: shrewdness. [L. sagax, sagacis—sagīre, to perceive quickly.]

Sagamore, sag′a-mōr, n. a chief among some tribes of American Indians—prob. conn. with sachem.

Sagapenum, sag-a-pē′num, n. a fetid gum-resin, the concrete juice of a Persian species of Ferula, formerly used in hysteria, &c. [Gr. sagapēnon.]

Sagathy, sag′a-thi, n. (obs.) a woollen stuff. [Fr. sagatis—L. saga, a mantle.]

Sage, sāj, n. any plant of genus Salvia, of the mint family, esp. Common or Garden Sage, used for flavouring meats.—ns. Sage′-app′le, a gall formed on a species of sage; Sage′-bread, bread baked from dough mixed with a strong infusion of sage in milk; Sage′-brush, a collective name of various shrubby species of Artemisia in the western United States; Sage′-cock, -grouse, a large North American grouse; Sage′-green, a gray slightly mixed with pure green; Sage′-rabb′it, a small hare or rabbit abounding in North America; Sage′-rose, a plant of the genus Cistus: an evergreen shrub of tropical America; Sage′-sparr′ow, a fringilline bird characteristic of the sage-brush of North America; Sage′-thresh′er, the mountain mocking-bird of west North America; Sage′-will′ow, a dwarf American willow.—adj. Sā′gy, full of, or seasoned with, sage.—Apple-bearing sage, a native of southern Europe, with large reddish or purple bracts, and bearing on its branches large gall-nuts; Meadow Sage, or Meadow clary, a common ornament of meadows in the south of England, with bluish-purple flowers; Oil of sage, an essential oil, yielded by the sage, once much used in liniments against rheumatism. [O. Fr. sauge (It. salvia)—L. salvia—salvus, safe.]

Sage, sāj, adj. discriminating, discerning, wise: well judged.—n. a wise man: a man of gravity and wisdom.—adv. Sage′ly.—n. Sage′ness.—Seven sages, or wise men (see Seven). [Fr. sage (It. saggio, savio), from a L. sapius (seen in ne-sapius), wise—sapĕre, to be wise.]

Sagene, sā′jēn, n. a Russian unit of long measure, of seven English feet.

Sagenite, sāj′en-īt, n. acicular crystals of rutile occurring in reticulated forms embedded in quartz.—adj. Sagenit′ic. [Gr. sagēnē, a drag-net.]

Sageretia, saj-e-rē′ti-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants belonging to the buckthorn order. [Named from Aug. Sageret, 1763-1852.]

Saggar, Sagger, sag′ar, -ėr, n. a box of hard pottery in which porcelain is enclosed for baking—also v.t.—ns. Sagg′ard; Sagg′ar-house, a house in which unbaked vessels are put into saggars. [Safeguard.]

Sagina, sa-jī′na, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the pink family.—v.t. Sag′inate, to pamper: to fatten.—n. Saginā′tion. [L. sagināre, to fatten.]

Sagitta, saj′it-a, n. a northern constellation—the Arrow: a genus of small pelagic worms.—adj. Sag′ittal, arrow-shaped: (anat.) straight, pertaining to the sagittal suture.—adv. Sag′ittally.—ns. Sagittā′ria, a genus of aquatic plants, some species with sagittate leaves and white flowers; Sagittā′rius, the Archer, one of the signs of the zodiac; Sag′ittary, a centaur: a public building in Venice.—adj. of or like an arrow.—adjs. Sag′ittāte, -d, Shaped like an arrow-head, as a leaf; Sagittiling′ual, having a long slender tongue, as a woodpecker. [L. sagitta, an arrow.]

Sago, sā′go, n. a nutritive farinaceous substance produced from the pith of several East Indian palms.—n. Sā′go-palm. [Malay sāgu.]

Saguin, sag′win, n. a South American monkey.—Also Sag′oin, Sag′ouin.

Sagum, sā′gum, n. a military cloak worn by ancient Roman soldiers. [L., prob. of Celt. origin.]

Sahib, sä′ib, n. a term of respect given in India to persons of rank and to Europeans. [Hind. sāhib—Ar. sāhib.]

Sahlite, sä′līt, n. a variety of augite, from the silver-mines of Sahla in Sweden.

Saic, sä′ik, n. a Turkish or Grecian vessel common in the Levant. [Fr. saïque—Turk. shāīqa.]

Said, sed, pa.t. and pa.p. of say: the before-mentioned, as the said witness.

Sail, sāl, n. a sheet of canvas, &c., spread to catch the wind, by which a ship is driven forward: a ship or ships: a trip in a vessel: a fleet: arm of a windmill: speed: a journey.—v.i. to be moved by sails: to go by water: to begin a voyage: to glide or float smoothly along.—v.t. to navigate: to pass in a ship: to fly through.—adj. Sail′able, navigable.—n. Sail′-boat, a boat propelled by a sail.—adjs. Sail′-borne; Sail′-broad (Milt.), broad or spreading like a sail.—n. Sail′-cloth, a strong cloth for sails.—adj. Sailed, having sails set.—ns. Sail′er, a sailor: a boat or ship with respect to its mode of sailing, or its speed; Sail′-fish, the basking shark: the quill-back; Sail′-fluke, the whiff; Sail′-hoop, a mast-hoop; Sail′ing, act of sailing: motion of a vessel on water: act of directing a ship's course: the term applied to the different ways in which the path of a ship at sea, and the variations of its geographical position, are represented on paper, as great circle sailing, Mercator's sailing, middle latitude sailing, oblique sailing, parallel sailing, plane sailing; Sail′ing-ice, an ice-pack through which a sailing-vessel can force her way.—n.pl. Sail′ing-instruc′tions, written directions by the officer of a convoy to the masters of ships under his care.—n. Sail′ing-mas′ter, a former name for the navigating officer of a war-ship.—adj. Sail′less, destitute of sails.—ns. Sail′-liz′ard, a large lizard having a crested tail; Sail′-loft, a loft where sails are cut out and made; Sail′-māk′er, a maker of sails: in the United States navy, an officer who takes charge of the sails; Sail′or, one who sails in or navigates a ship: a seaman; Sail′or-fish, a sword-fish; Sail′or-man, a seaman; Sail′or-plant, the strawberry geranium; Sail′or's-choice, the pin-fish: the pig-fish; Sail′or's-purse, an egg-pouch of rays and sharks; Sail′-room, a room in a vessel where sails are stowed.—adj. Sail′y, like a sail.—n. Sail′-yard, the yard on which sails are extended.—n.pl. Stay′-sails, triangular sails, suspended on the ropes which stay the masts upon the foresides—from the jib-boom, bowsprit, and deck in the case of the foremast, and from the deck in the case of the mainmast.—Sail close to the wind, to run great risk; Sailors' Home, an institution where sailors may lodge, or aged and infirm sailors be permanently cared for.—After sail, the sails carried on the mainmast and mizzen-mast; Fore-and-aft sails, those set parallel to the keel of a ship, as opp. to Square sails, those set across the ship; Full Sail, with all sails set; Make sail, to spread more canvas, in sailing; Set sail, to spread the sails, to begin a voyage; Shorten sail, to reduce its extent; Strike sail, to lower the sail or sails: (Shak.) to abate one's pretensions of pomp or superiority; Take the wind out of one's sails, to deprive one of an advantage; Under sail, having the sails spread. [A.S. segel, cf. Dut. zeil, Ger. segel.]

Sain, sān, v.t. (Scot.) to bless so as to protect from evil. [A.S. segnian—L. signāre—signum, mark.]

Sainfoin, sān′foin, n. a leguminous fodder-plant.—Also Saint′foin. [Fr., sain, wholesome, foin, hay—L. sanum fœnum.]

Saint, sānt, n. a sanctified or holy person: one eminent for piety: one of the blessed dead: one canonised by the R.C. Church: an image of a saint: an angel: (pl.) Israelites as a people: Christians generally.—v.t. to salute as a saint.—adj. Saint′ed, made a saint: holy: sacred: gone to heaven: canonised.—n. Saint′hood.—adj. Saint′ish, somewhat saintly, or affectedly so.—n. Saint′ism, the character or quality of a saint: sanctimoniousness.—adjs. Saint′-like, Saint′ly, like or becoming a saint.—adv. Saint′lily.—n. Saint′liness.—adj. Saint′-seem′ing, appearing like a saint.—n. Saint′ship, the character of a saint.—Saint's day, a day set apart for the commemoration of a particular saint; St Agnes's flower, the snowflake; St Andrew's cross, a North American shrub; St Andrew's Day, 30th November; St Anthony's fire, erysipelas; St Anthony's nut, the pig-nut or hawk-nut; St Audrey's necklace, a string of holy stones; St Barbara's cress, the yellow rocket; St Barnaby's thistle, the English star-thistle; St Bennet's herb, the herb bennet; St Bernard, a kind of dog; St Blase's disease, quinsy; St Cassian beds, a division of the Triassic series; St Crispin's Day, 25th October; St David's Day, 1st March; St Domingo duck, a West Indian duck; St Domingo grebe, the smallest grebe in America; St Elmo's fire (see Elmo's fire); St George's Day, 23d April; St George's ensign, the distinguishing flag of the British navy, a red cross on a white field; St Hubert's disease, hydrophobia; St John's bread, the carob bean: ergot of rye; St John's Day, 27th December; St John's hawk, a blackish variety of the rough-legged buzzard; St Julien, an esteemed red Bordeaux wine from the Médoc region; St Leger, the name of a race run at Doncaster, so called since 1778 from Col. St Leger; St Luke's summer, a period of pleasant weather about the middle of October; St Martin's evil, drunkenness; St Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather in late autumn; St Nicholas's Day, 6th December; St Patrick's Day, 17th March; St Peter's finger, a belemnite; St Peter's fish, the dory; St Peter's wort, a name of several plants; St Pierre group, a thick mass of shales in the upper Missouri region; St Swithin's Day, 15th July; St Valentine's Day, 14th February; St Vitus's dance, chorea.—All-Saints' Day, a feast observed by the Latin Church on 1st November, in the Greek Church on the first Sunday after Pentecost; Communion of the Saints, the spiritual fellowship of all true believers, the blessed dead as well as the faithful living, mystically united in each other in Christ; Intercession, Perseverance, of saints (see Intercession, Perseverance); Latter-day saints, the Mormons' name for themselves; Patron saint, a saint who is regarded as a protector, as St George of England, St Andrew of Scotland, St Patrick of Ireland, St David of Wales, St Denis of France, St James of Spain, St Nicholas of Russia, St Stephen of Hungary, St Mark of Venice, &c. [Fr.,—L. sanctus, holy.]

Saint-Simonism, sānt-sī′mon-izm, n. the socialistic system founded by the Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825).—ns. Saint-Simō′nian (also adj.); Saint-Simō′nianism; Saint-Sī′monist.

Sair, sār, v.t. to serve: to fit: to satisfy: to give alms.—n. Sair′ing, as much as serves the turn: enough.

Sake, sak′e, n. a Japanese fermented liquor made from rice: a generic name for all spirituous liquors.

Sake, sāk, n. cause: account: regard, as 'for my sake': contention: fault: purpose.—For old sake's sake, for the sake of old times, for auld langsyne. [A.S. sacu, strife, a lawsuit; Dut. zaak, Ger. sache; A.S. sacan, to strive, Goth. sakan. Seek is a doublet.]

Saker, sā′kėr, n. a species of falcon: a species of cannon. [Fr.,—Low L. falco sacer, sacred falcon.]

Sakieh, sak′i-e, n. a Persian wheel used in Egypt for raising water.—Also Sak′ia, [Ar. saqieh.]

Sal, sal, n. a large gregarious timber tree of north India, with hard, dark-brown, coarse-grained, durable wood. [Hind. sāl.]

Sal, sal, n. salt, used in chemistry and pharmacy with various adjectives, as Sal′-alem′broth, a solution of equal parts of corrosive sublimate and ammonium chloride—also Salt of wisdom; Sal′-ammō′niac, chloride of ammonium, with a sharp, saline taste; Sal′-seignette′, Rochelle salt; Sal′-volat′ile, a solution of carbonate of ammonia in alcohol—a common remedy for faintness. [L.]

Salaam, Salam, sa-läm′, n. a word of salutation in the East, chiefly among Mohammedans: homage.—v.i. to perform the salaam. [Ar. salām, peace; Heb. shalām, to be safe.]

Salable, Salableness, Salably. Same as Saleable, &c. See Sale.

Salacious, sal-ā′shi-us, adj. lustful: lecherous.—adv. Salā′ciously, lustfully: lecherously.—ns. Salā′ciousness, Salac′ity, lust, lecherousness. [L. salax—salīre, to leap.]

Salad, sal′ad, n. a preparation of raw herbs (lettuce, endive, chicory, celery, mustard and cress, water-cress, onions, radishes, tomatoes, chervil, &c.) cut up and seasoned with salt, vinegar, &c.: a dish of some kind of meat, chopped, seasoned, and mixed with a salad.—ns. Salad-bur′net, the common burnet, used as a salad; Sal′ading, herbs for salads: the making of salads; Sal′ad-oil, olive-oil, used in dressing salads; Sal′ad-plate, a small plate for salad; Sal′ad-rock′et, the garden rocket; Sal′ad-spoon, a large and long-handled spoon for stirring and mixing salads, made of wood or other material not affected by vinegar.—Salad days, days of youthful inexperience. [Fr. salade—Old It. salata—salare, to salt—L. sal, salt.]

Salal-berry, sal′al-ber′i, n. a berry-like plant of California, about the size of a common grape.

Salamander, sal′a-man-dėr, n. a genus of tailed Amphibians, nearly related to the newts, harmless, but long dreaded as poisonous, once supposed able to live in fire: (her.) a four-legged creature with a long tail surrounded by flames: a poker used red-hot for kindling fires: a hot metal plate for browning meat, &c.—adjs. Salaman′driform; Salaman′drine, like a salamander: enduring fire; Salaman′droid—also n. [Fr. salamandre—L.,—Gr. salamandra; of Eastern origin.]

Salamba, sa-lam′ba, n. a contrivance for fishing used at Manila and elsewhere in the East.

Salangane, sal′ang-gān, n. a Chinese swift which constructs edible nests.

Salary, sal′a-ri, n. a recompense for services: wages.—v.t. to pay a salary.—adj. Sal′aried, receiving a salary. [O. Fr. salarie (Fr. salaire, It. salario)—L. salarium, salt-money, sal, salt]

Sale, sāl, n. act of selling: the exchange of anything for money: power or opportunity of selling: demand: public showing of goods to sell: auction.—adj. Sale′able, that may be sold: in good demand.—n. Sale′ableness.—adv. Sale′ably.—ns. Sale′room, an auction-room; Sales′man, a man who sells goods:—fem. Sales′woman.—adj. Sale′-tongued, mercenary.—n.pl. Sale′wares, merchandise.—n. Sale′work, work or things made for sale, or merely for sale: work carelessly done.—Forced sale, a sale compelled by a creditor; Terms of sale, the conditions imposed on a purchaser. [Scand., Ice. sala.]

Sale, sāl, n. (Spens.) a kind of basket-like net, made of sallows or willows. [A.S. sealh, willow.]

Salebrous, sal′ē-brus, adj. rough, rugged.—n. Salebros′ity. [Fr.,—L. salebrosus, rough.]

Salep, sal′ep, n. the dried tubers of Orchis mascula: the food prepared from it.—Also Sal′op. [Ar.]

Saleratus, sal-e-rā′tus, n. sodium bicarbonate, used in baking-powders.—Also Salærā′tus. [L. sal aeratus, aerated salt.]

Salian, sā′li-an, adj. pertaining to a tribe of Franks on the lower Rhine.—n. one of this tribe.—adj. Sal′ic, denoting a law among the Salian Franks limiting the succession of certain lands to males—extended in the 14th century to the succession to the crown of France. [Fr. salique—Low L. Lex salica.]

Salian, sā′li-an, adj. pertaining to the Salii or priests of Mars in ancient Rome.—Salian hymns, songs sung by these, with dances, &c.

Salicetum, sal-i-sē′tum, n. a thicket of willows:—pl. Salicē′tums, Salicē′ta.

Salicin, -e, sal′i-sin, n. a bitter crystalline glucoside, obtained from the bark of willows and poplars.—n. Sal′icylāte, a salt of salicylic acid.—adjs. Sal′icylāted, combined with salicylic acid; Salicy′lic, obtained from the willow.—Salicylate of sodium, a product occurring in small white crystals, used very largely in acute rheumatism. [L. salix, salicis, a willow.]

Salicornia, sal-i-kor′ni-a, n. a genus of apetalous plants—the glass-wort, marsh-samphire. [Fr.,—L. sal, salt, cornu, a horn.]

Salient, sā′li-ent, adj. leaping or springing: (fort.) projecting outwards, as an angle: prominent: striking: (geom.) denoting any angle less than two right angles: (her.) of a beast of prey nearly rampant.—n. Sā′lience, the quality or condition of being salient: projection: (Spens.) a leaping, assaulting, onslaught.—adv. Sā′liently. [Fr.,—L. saliens, -entis, pr.p. of salīre, to leap.]

Saliferous, sā-lif′ėr-us, adj. bearing salt.—Saliferous system, the Triassic, from its rich deposits. [L. sal, salis, salt, ferre, to bear.]

Salify, sal′i-fī, v.t. to combine with an acid in order to make a salt:—pa.t. and pa.p. sal′ified.—adj. Salifī′able.—n. Salificā′tion, the act of salifying.

Saline, sā′līn, or sā-līn′, adj. consisting of, or containing, salt: partaking of the qualities of salt.—n. an effervescent powder used as a gentle aperient: a salt-spring.—ns. Salī′na, salt-works; Salinā′tion, the act of washing in salt liquor; Sal′ine, Sal′in, a salt, reddish substance obtained from the ashes of potato-leaves; Saline′ness.—adjs. Salinif′erous; Salin′iform.—ns. Salin′ity; Salinom′eter, Salim′eter, a hydrometer for measuring the amount of salt in any given solution.—adj. Salī′no-terrene′, composed of salt and earth.—v.t. Sal′ite, to season with salt.—n. Sal′itral, a place where saltpetre occurs. [Fr.,—L. salinus—sal, salt.]

Saliva, sa-lī′va, n. the spittle, one of the digestive fluids, mainly the product of the salivary glands.—adjs. Salī′val, Sal′ivant, producing salivation.—n. Salī′va-pump, a device for carrying off the accumulating saliva.—adj. Sa′livary, pertaining to, secreting, or containing saliva.—n. that which produces salivation.—v.t. Sal′ivāte, to produce an unusual amount of saliva.—n. Salivā′tion, an unusual flow of saliva.—adj. Sal′ivous, like spittle. [Fr.,—L., allied to Gr. sialon, saliva.]

Salix, sā′liks, n. a genus of apetalous trees and shrubs, the willows. [L.]

Sallee-man, sal′ē-man, n. a Moorish pirate.—Also Sall′ee-rō′ver. [Sallee, on the coast of Morocco.]

Sallet, sal′et, n. a light kind of helmet of the 15th century, with projection behind, used by foot-soldiers. [O. Fr. salade, through It. celata, a helmet, from L. cælata, figured—cælāre, to engrave.]

Sallow, sal′ō, n. a tree or low shrub of the willow kind—(Scot.) Sauch.—adj. Sall′owy, abounding in sallows. [A.S. sealh; Ger. sahl.]

Sallow, sal′ō, adj. of a pale, yellowish colour.—v.t. to tinge with a sallow colour.—adj. Sall′owish, somewhat sallow.—ns. Sall′ow-kitt′en, a kind of puss-moth; Sall′ow-moth, a British moth of a pale-yellow colour; Sall′owness.—adj. Sall′owy. [A.S. salo, salu; cf. Dut. zaluw, and Old High Ger. salo.]

Sally, sal′i, n. a leaping or bursting out: a sudden rushing forth of troops to attack besiegers: excursion: outburst of fancy, wit, &c.: levity: a projection.—v.i. to rush out suddenly: to mount:—pa.t. and pa.p. sall′ied.—n. Sall′y-port, a passage by which a garrison may make a sally: a large port for the escape of a crew when a fire-ship is set on fire. [Fr. saillie—saillir (It. salire)—L. salire, to leap.]

Sally, sal′i, n. a kind of stone-fly: a wren.—n. Sall′ypick′er, one of several different warblers.

Sally-lunn, sal′i-lun, n. a sweet spongy tea-cake. [From the name of a girl who sold them in the streets of Bath about the close of the 18th century.]

Salmagundi, sal-ma-gun′di, n. a dish of minced meat with eggs, anchovies, vinegar, pepper, &c.: a medley, miscellany.—Also Salmagun′dy. [Fr. salmigondis—It. salami, pl. of salame, salt meat—L. sal, salt, conditi, pl. of condito, seasoned—L. condīre, -ītum, to pickle.]

Salmi, Salmis, sal′mi, n. a ragout of roasted woodcocks, &c., stewed with wine, morsels of bread, &c. [Fr. salmis—It. salame, salt meat.]

Salmon, sam′un, n. a large fish, brownish above, with silvery sides, the delicate flesh reddish-orange in colour—ascending rivers to spawn: the upper bricks in a kiln which receive the least heat.—ns. Sal′mō, the leading genus of Salmonidæ; Salm′on-col′our, an orange-pink; Salm′onet, a young salmon; Salm′on-fish′ery, a place where salmon-fishing is carried on; Salm′on-fly, any kind of artificial fly for taking salmon; Salm′on-fry, salmon under two years old; Salm′oning, the salmon industry, as canning; Salm′on-kill′er, a sort of stickleback; Salm′on-leap, -ladd′er, a series of steps to permit a salmon to pass up-stream.—adj. Salm′onoid.—ns. Salm′on-peal, -peel, a grilse under 2 lb.; Salm′on-spear, an instrument used in spearing salmon; Salm′on-spring, a smolt or young salmon of the first year; Salm′on-tack′le, the rod, line, and fly with which salmon are taken; Salm′on-trout, a trout like the salmon, but smaller and thicker in proportion; Salm′on-weir, a weir specially designed to take salmon.—Black salmon, the great lake trout; Burnett salmon, a fish with reddish flesh like a salmon; Calvered salmon, pickled salmon; Cornish salmon, the pollack; Kelp salmon, a serranoid fish; Kippered Salmon, salmon salted and smoke-dried; Quoddy salmon, the pollack; Sea salmon, the pollack; White salmon, a carangoid Californian fish. [O. Fr. saulmon—L. salmo, from salīre, to leap.]

Salon, sa-long′, n. a drawing-room: a fashionable reception, esp. a periodic gathering of notable persons, in the house of some social queen: the great annual exhibition of works by living artists at the Palais des Champs Elysées in Paris. [Fr.]

Saloon, sa-lōōn′, n. a spacious and elegant hall or apartment for the reception of company, for works of art, &c.: a main cabin: a drawing-room car on a railroad: a liquor-shop.—ns. Saloon′ist, Saloon′-keep′er, one who retails liquor. [Fr. salon—salle; Old High Ger. sal, a dwelling, Ger. saal.]

Saloop, sa-lōōp′, n. a drink composed of sassafras tea, with sugar and milk. [Salep.]

Salopian, sal-ō′pi-an, adj. pertaining to Shropshire (L. Salopia), as the ware, a name given to Roman pottery found in Shropshire.

Salpa, sal′pa, n. a remarkable genus of free-swimming Tunicates.—adjs. Sal′pian; Sal′piform.

Salpiglossis, sal-pi-glos′is, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, native to Chili, with showy flowers resembling petunias, [Gr. salpingx, a trumpet, glōssa, tongue.]

Salpinctes, sal-pingk′tes, n. the rock-wrens. [Gr. salpingktēs, a trumpeter.]

Salpingitis, sal-pin-jī′tis, n. inflammation of a Fallopian tube.—adjs. Salpingit′ic, Salpin′gian, pertaining to a Fallopian or to a Eustachian tube.—n. Sal′pinx, a Eustachian tube or syrinx. [Gr. salpingx, a trumpet.]

Salpornis, sal-por′nis, n. a genus of creepers inhabiting Asia and Africa. [Gr. salpingx, a trumpet, ornis, a bird.]

Salse, sals, n. a mud volcano: a conical hillock of mud. [Fr.,—L. salsus, salīre, to salt.]

Salsify, sal′si-fi, n. a biennial plant growing in meadows throughout Europe, whose long and tapering root has a flavour resembling asparagus—also Sal′safy—often called Oyster-plant.—Black salsify, the related scorzonera. [Fr.,—It. sassefrica, goat's-beard—L. saxum, a rock, fricāre, to rub.]

Salsilla, sal-sil′a, n. one of several species of Bomarea, with edible tubers. [Sp., dim. of salsa, sauce.]

Salsola, sal′sō-la, n. a genus of plants, including the salt-wort and prickly glass-wort.—adj. Salsolā′ceous. [L. salsus—salīre, to salt.]

Salt, sawlt, n. chloride of sodium, or common salt, a well-known substance used for seasoning, found either in the earth or obtained by evaporation from sea-water: anything like salt: seasoning: piquancy: abatement, modification, allowance: an experienced sailor: that which preserves from corruption: an antiseptic: (chem.) a body composed of an acid and a base united in definite proportions, or of bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or iodine, with a metal or metalloid: (obs.) lust.—v.t. to sprinkle or season with salt: to fill with salt between the timbers for preservation.—adj. containing salt: tasting of salt: overflowed with, or growing in, salt-water: pungent: lecherous: (coll.) costly, expensive—ns. Salt′-block, a salt-evaporating apparatus; Salt′-bott′om, a flat piece of ground covered with saline efflorescences: Salt′-bush, an Australian plant of the goose-foot family; Salt′-cake, the crude sodium sulphate occurring as a by-product in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid; Salt′-cat, a mixture given as a digestive to pigeons; Salt′er, one who salts, or who makes, sells, or deals in salt, as in Drysalter: a trout leaving salt-water to ascend a stream; Sal′tern, salt-works; Salt′-foot, a large saltcellar marking the boundary between the superior and inferior guests; Salt′-gauge, an instrument for testing the strength of brine; Salt′-glaze, a glaze produced upon ceramic ware by putting common salt in the kilns after they have been fired.—adj. Salt′-green (Shak.), sea-green.—ns. Salt′-group, a series of rocks containing salt, as the Onondaga salt-group; Salt′-hold′er, a saltcellar; Salt′-horse, salted beef; Salt′ie, the salt-water fluke or dab; Salt′ing, the act of sprinkling with salt: the celebration of the Eton 'Montem.'—adj. Salt′ish, somewhat salt.—adv. Salt′ishly, so as to be moderately salt.—ns. Salt′ishness, a moderate degree of saltness; Salt′-junk, hard salt beef for use at sea.—adj. Salt′less, without salt: tasteless.—n. Salt′-lick, a place to which animals resort for salt.—adv. Salt′ly.—ns. Salt′-marsh, land liable to be overflowed by the sea or the waters of estuaries; Salt′-marsh cat′erpillar, the hairy larva of an arctiid moth; Salt′-marsh hen, a clapper-rail; Salt′-marsh terr′apin, the diamond-backed turtle; Salt′-mine, a mine where rock-salt is obtained; Salt′ness, impregnation with salt; Salt′-pan, a pan, basin, or pit where salt is obtained or made; Salt′-pit, a pit where salt is obtained; Salt′-rheum, a cutaneous eruption; Salts, Epsom salt or other salt used as a medicine.—adj. Salt′-sliv′ered, slivered and salted, as fish for bait.—ns. Salt′-spoon, a small spoon for serving salt at table; Salt′-spring, a brine-spring; Salt′-wa′ter, water impregnated with salt, sea-water; Salt′-works, a place where salt is made; Salt′-wort, a genus of plants of many species, mostly natives of salt-marshes and sea-shores, one only being found in Britain, the Prickly S., which was formerly burned for the soda it yielded.—adj. Salt′y (same as Saltish).—Salt a mine, to deposit ore in it cunningly so as to deceive persons who inspect it regarding its value; Salt of lemon, or sorrel, acid potassium oxalate, a solvent for ink-stains; Salt of soda, sodium carbonate; Salt of tartar, a commercial name for purified potassium carbonate; Salt of vitriol, sulphate of zinc; Salt of wormwood, carbonate of potash.—Above the salt, at the upper half of the table, among the guests of distinction; Attic salt, wit; Below the salt, at the lower half of the table; Be not worth one's salt, not to deserve even the salt that gives relish to one's food; Bronzing salt, used in burning gun-barrels; Epsom salts, magnesium sulphate, a cathartic; Essential salts, those produced from the juices of plants by crystallisation; Glauber's salt, or Horse salts, a well-known cathartic, used in woollen dyeing; Lay salt on the tail of, to catch; Neutral salt, a salt in which the acid and the base neutralise each other; Rochelle salt, sodium potassium tartrate, a laxative; Spirits of salt, the old name for muriatic or hydrochloric acid; Take with a grain of salt, to believe with some reserve. [A.S. sealt; cf. Ger. salz, also L. sal, Gr. hals.]

Saltant, sal′tant, adj. leaping: dancing: (her.) salient.—v.i. Sal′tāte, to dance.—n. Saltā′tion, a leaping or jumping: beating or palpitation: (biol.) an abrupt variation.—n.pl. Saltatō′ria, a division of orthopterous insects including grass-hoppers, locusts, and crickets.—adjs. Saltatō′rial, Saltatō′rious; Sal′tatory, leaping: dancing: having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing. [L. saltans, pr.p. of saltāre, -ātum, inten. of salīre, to leap.]

Saltarello, sal-ta-rel′ō, n. a lively Italian dance in triple time, diversified with skips, for a single couple—also the music for such: an old form of round dance. [It.,—L. saltāre, to dance.]

Saltcellar, sawlt′sel-ar, n. a small table vessel for holding salt. [For salt-sellar, the last part being O. Fr. saliere—L. salarium—sal, salt.]

Saltierra, sal-tyer′a, n. a saline deposit in the inland lakes of Mexico. [Sp.,—L. sal, salt, terra, land.]

Saltigrade, sal′ti-grād, adj. formed for leaping, as certain insects.—n. one of a certain tribe of spiders which leap to seize their prey. [L. saltus, a leap, gradi, to go.]

Saltire, Saltier, sal′tēr, n. (her.) an ordinary in the form of a St Andrew's Cross.—adj. Sal′tierwise. [O. Fr. saultoir, sautoir—Low L. saltatorium, a stirrup—L. saltāre, to leap.]

Saltpetre, sawlt-pē′tėr, n. the commercial name for nitre.—adj. Saltpē′trous. [O. Fr. salpestre—Low L. salpetra—L. sal, salt, petra, a rock.]

Saltus, sal′tus, n. a break of continuity in time: a leap from premises to conclusion. [L., a leap.]

Salubrious, sa-lū′bri-us, adj. healthful: wholesome.—adv. Salū′briously.—ns. Salū′briousness, Salū′brity, [L. salubris—salus, salutis, health.]

Salutary, sal′ū-tar-i, adj. belonging to health: promoting health or safety: wholesome: beneficial.—n. Salūdador′ (obs.), a quack who cures by incantations.—adv. Sal′ūtarily, in a salutary manner: favourably to health.—n. Sal′ūtariness.—adj. Salūtif′erous, health-bearing.—adv. Salūtif′erously. [L. salutaris—salus, health.]

Salute, sal-ūt′, v.t. to address with kind wishes: to greet with a kiss, a bow, &c.: to honour formally by a discharge of cannon, striking colours, &c.—n. act of saluting: the position of the hand, sword, &c. in saluting: greeting: a kiss: a complimentary discharge of cannon, dipping colours, presenting arms, &c., in honour of any one.—ns. Salūtā′tion, act of saluting: that which is said in saluting, any customary or ceremonious form of address at meeting or at parting, or of ceremonial on religious or state occasions, including both forms of speech and gestures: (obs.) quickening, excitement: the Angelic Salutation (see Ave); Salūtatō′rian, in American colleges, the member of a graduating class who pronounces the salutatory oration.—adv. Salū′tatorily.—adj. Salū′tatory, pertaining to salutation.—n. a sacristy in the early church in which the clergy received the greetings of the people: an oration in Latin delivered by the student who ranks second.—n. Salū′ter. [L. salutāre, -ātum—salus, salutis.]

Salvage, sal′vāj, n. compensation made by the owner of a ship or cargo in respect of services rendered by persons, other than the ship's company, in preserving the ship or cargo from shipwreck, fire, or capture: the goods and materials so saved.—n. Salvabil′ity, the possibility or condition of being saved.—adj. Sal′vable.—n. Sal′vableness.—adv. Sal′vably. [Fr.,—L. salvāre, -ātum, to save.]

Salvation, sal-vā′shun, n. act of saving: means of preservation from any serious evil: (theol.) the saving of man from the power and penalty of sin, the conferring of eternal happiness: (B.) deliverance from enemies.—v.t. to heal, to cure: to remedy: to redeem: to gloss over.—ns. Salvā′tionism; Salvā′tionist.—Salvation Army, an organisation for the revival of evangelical religion amongst the masses, founded by William Booth about 1865, reorganised on the model of a military force in 1878; Salvation Sally, a girl belonging to the Salvation Army.

Salve, säv, n. (B.) an ointment: anything to cure sores.—v.t. to heal, help.—ns. Salv′er, a quacksalver, a pretender; Salv′ing, healing, restoration. [A.S. sealf; Ger. salbe, Dut. zalf.]

Salve, sal′vē, v.t. (Spens.) to salute.—Salve Regina (R.C.), an antiphonal hymn to the Blessed Virgin said after Lauds and Compline, from Trinity to Advent—from its opening words. [L. salve, God save you, hail! imper. of salvēre, to be well.]

Salvelinus, sal-ve-lī′nus, n. a genus of Salmonidæ, the chars. [Prob. Latinised from Ger. salbling, a small salmon.]

Salver, sal′vėr, n. a plate on which anything is presented.—adj. Sal′ver-shaped, in the form of a salver or tray. [Sp. salva, a salver, salvar, to save—Low L. salvāre, to save.]

Salvia, sal′vi-a, n. a large genus of gamopetalous Labiate plants, including the sage.

Salvinia, sal-vin′i-a, n. a genus of heterosporous ferns—formerly called Rhizocarpeæ or Pepperworts.

Salvo, sal′vō, n. an exception: a reservation. [L., in phrase, salvo jure, one's right being safe.]

Salvo, sal′vō, n. a military or naval salute with guns: a simultaneous discharge of artillery: the combined cheers of a multitude:—pl. Salvos (sal′vōz). [It. salva, a salute—L. salve, hail!]

Salvor, sal′vor, n. one who saves a cargo from wreck, fire, &c. [See Salvage.]

Sam, sam, adv. (Spens.) together.—v.t. to collect, to curdle milk. [A.S. samnian—samen, together.]

Samara, sā-mar′a, or sam′-, n. a dry indehiscent, usually one-sided fruit, with a wing, as in the ash, elm, and maple—the last a double samara.—adjs. Sam′ariform; Sam′aroid. [L.]

Samaritan, sa-mar′i-tan, adj. pertaining to Samaria in Palestine.—n. an inhabitant of Samaria, esp. one of the despised mixed population planted therein after the deportation of the Israelites: the language of Samaria, an archaic Hebrew, or rather Hebrew Aramaic, dialect: a charitable person—from Luke, x. 30-37.—n. Samar′itanism, charity, benevolence.—Samaritan Pentateuch, a recension of the Hebrew Pentateuch, in use amongst the Samaritans, and accepted by them as alone canonical.

Sambo, sam′bō, n. a negro: properly the child of a mulatto and a negro. [Sp. zambo—L. scambus, bow-legged.]

Sambucus, sam-bū′kus, n. a genus of gamopetalous trees and shrubs of the honeysuckle family—the elders. [L.]

Sambuke, sam′būk, n. an ancient musical instrument, probably a harp.—Also Sambū′ca. [Gr. sambykē—Heb. sabeka.]

Sambur, sam′bur, n. the Indian elk.—Also Sam′boo. [Hind. sambre.]

Same, sām, adj. identical: of the like kind or degree: similar: mentioned before.—adj. Same′ly, unvaried.—n. Same′ness, the being the same: tedious monotony.—All the same, for all that; At the same time, still, nevertheless. [A.S. same; Goth. samana; L. similis, like, Gr. homos.]

Samia, sā′mi-a, n. a genus of bombycid moths, belonging to North America.

Samian, sā′mi-an, adj. pertaining to, or from, the island of Samos, in the Greek Archipelago.—n. (also Sā′miot, Sā′miote) a native of Samos.—Samian earth, an argillaceous astringent earth; Samian stone, a goldsmiths' polishing-stone; Samian ware, an ancient kind of pottery, brick-red or black, with lustrous glaze.

Samiel, sā′mi-el, n. the simoom. [Turk. samyeli—Ar. samm, poison, Turk. yel, wind.]

Samite, sam′it, n. a kind of heavy silk stuff. [O. Fr. samit—Low L. examitum—Gr. hexamiton, hex, six, mitos, thread.]

Samlet, sam′let, n. a parr: a salmon of the first year. [Prob. salmon-et.]

Sammy, sam′i, v.t. to moisten skins with water.—n. a machine for doing this.

Samnite, sam′nīt, adj. and n. pertaining to an ancient Sabine people of central Italy, crushed by the Romans after a long struggle: a Roman gladiator armed with shield, sleeve on right arm, helmet, shoulder-piece, and greave.

Samoan, sa-mō′an, adj. and n. pertaining to Samoa in the Pacific.—Samoan dove, the tooth-billed pigeon.

Samolus, sam′ō-lus, n. a genus of herbaceous plants of the primrose family. [L.]

Samosatenian, sam-ō-sa-tē′ni-an, n. a follower of Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, the Socinus of the 3d century.

Samothracian, sam-ō-thrā′si-an, adj. belonging to the island of Samothrace in the Ægean Sea.

Samovar, sam′ō-vär, n. a tea-urn used in Russia, commonly of copper, the water in it heated by charcoal in a tube extending from top to bottom. [Russ. samovarŭ, prob. Tartar.]

Samoyed, sa-mō′yed, n. one of a Ural-Altaic race between the Obi and the Yenisei.—adj. Samoyed′ic.

Samp, samp, n. Indian corn coarsely ground: a kind of hominy, also porridge made from it.

Sampan, sam′pan, n. a small boat used in China and Japan.—Also San′pan. [Chin. san, sam, three, pan, a board.]

Samphire, sam′fīr, or sam′fėr, n. an herb found chiefly on rocky cliffs near the sea, used in pickles and salads. [Corr. from Fr. Saint Pierre, Saint Peter.]

Sampi, sam′pī, n. a character,

representing a sibilant in early Greek use, later obsolete except as a numeral sign for 900.

Sample, sam′pl, n. a specimen: a part to show the quality of the whole: an example.—v.t. to make up samples of: to place side by side with: to match: to test by examination.—ns. Sam′pler, one who makes up samples (in compounds, as wool-sampler); Sam′ple-room, a room where samples are shown: (slang) a grog-shop; Sam′ple-scale, an accurately balanced lever-scale for weighing ten-thousandths of a pound. [Short for esample, from O. Fr. essample—L. exemplum, example.]

Sampler, sam′plėr, n. a pattern of work: a piece of ornamental embroidery, worsted-work, &c., containing names, figures, texts, &c.—n. Sam′plary (obs.), a pattern, an example. [Formed from L. exemplar.]

Samshoo, Samshu, sam′shōō, n. an ardent spirit distilled by the Chinese from rice: any kind of spirits. [Chin. san, sam, three, shao, to fire.]

Samson-post, sam′son-pōst, n. a strong upright stanchion or post for various uses on board ship.

Samurai, sam′ōō-rī, n. sing. (also pl.) a member of the military class in the old feudal system of Japan, including both daimios, or territorial nobles, and their military retainers: a military retainer, a two-sworded man. [Jap.]

Samyda, sam′i-da, n. a genus of shrubs, native to the West Indies. [Gr. sēmyda, the birch.]

Sanable, san′a-bl, adj. able to be made sane or sound: curable.—ns. Sanabil′ity, San′ableness, capability of being cured; Sanā′tion (obs.), a healing or curing.—adj. San′ative, tending, or able, to heal: healing.—ns. San′ativeness; Sanatō′rium (see Sanitary).—adj. San′atory, healing: conducive to health. [L. sanabilis—sanāre, -ātum, to heal.]

Sanbenito, san-be-nē′tō, n. a garment grotesquely decorated with flames, devils, &c., worn by the victims of the Inquisition—at an auto-de-fe—for public recantation or execution. [Sp., from its resemblance in shape to the garment of the order of St Benedict—Sp. San Benito.]

Sancho, sang′kō, n. a musical instrument like the guitar, used by negroes.

Sancho-pedro, sang′kō-pē′drō, n. a game of cards—the nine of trumps called Sancho, the five Pedro.

Sanctify, sangk′ti-fī, v.t. to make sacred or holy: to set apart to sacred use: to free from sin or evil: to consecrate: to invest with a sacred character: to make efficient as the means of holiness: to secure from violation:—pa.t. and pa.p. sanc′tifīed.—n. Sanctanim′ity, holiness of mind.—v.t. Sanctif′icāte.—n. Sanctificā′tion, act of sanctifying: state of being sanctified: that work or process of God's free grace whereby the new principle of spiritual life implanted in regeneration is developed until the whole man is renewed in the image of God: consecration.—adj. Sanc′tified, made holy: sanctimonious.—adv. Sanctifī′edly, sanctimoniously.—n. Sanc′tifier, one who sanctifies: the Holy Spirit.—adv. Sanc′tifyingly.—adj. Sanctimō′nious, having sanctity: holy, devout: affecting holiness.—adv. Sanctimō′niously.—ns. Sanctimō′niousness, Sanc′timony, affected devoutness, show of sanctity; Sanc′titude, holiness, goodness, saintliness: affected holiness; Sanc′tity, quality of being sacred or holy: purity: godliness: inviolability: a saint, any holy object.—v.t. Sanc′tuarise (Shak.), to shelter by sacred privileges, as in a sanctuary.—ns. Sanc′tūary, a sacred place: a place for the worship of God: the most sacred part of the Temple of Jerusalem: the Temple itself: the part of a church round the altar: an inviolable asylum, refuge, a consecrated place which gives protection to a criminal taking refuge there: the privilege of taking refuge in such a consecrated place; Sanc′tum, a sacred place: a private room; Sanc′tus, the ascription, 'Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Hosts,' from Isa. vi.: a musical setting of the same.—Sanctum sanctorum, the Holy of Holies: any specially reserved retreat or room.—Odour of sanctity, the aroma of goodness. [Fr.,—L. sanctificāre, -ātum—sanctus, sacred, facĕre, to make.]

Sanction, sangk′shun, n. act of ratifying, or giving authority to: confirmation: support: a decree, a law.—v.t. to give validity to: to authorise: to countenance.—adjs. Sanc′tionable; Sanc′tionary. [Fr.,—L. sanctīre.]

Sand, sand, n. fine particles of crushed or worn rocks, used in founding: force of character: (pl.) lands covered with sand: a sandy beach: moments of time, from the use of sand in the hour-glass.—v.t. to sprinkle with sand.—ns. Sand′-bag (fort.), a canvas bag filled with sand or earth, forming a ready means of giving cover against an enemy's fire, or of tamping the charge in a mine: an engraver's leather cushion, &c.; Sand′-bag′ger, a robber who uses a sand-bag to stun his victims; Sand′-ball, a ball of soap mixed with fine sand for the toilet; Sand′-band, a guard-ring to keep sand from working into the axle-box; Sand′-bank, a bank of sand formed by tides and currents; Sand′-bath, a vessel of hot sand for heating vessels without direct exposure to the fire: a bath in which the body is covered with warm sea-sand: saburration; Sand′-bear, the Indian badger; Sand′-bed, the bed into which the iron from the blast-furnace is run; Sand′-bird, a sandpiper: a shore bird; Sand′-blast, sand driven by a blast of air or steam for cutting and engraving figures on glass or metal.—adj. Sand′-blind, afflicted with partial blindness, in which particles of sand seem to float before the eyes.—ns. Sand′-blind′ness; Sand′-blow′er, a sand bellows; Sand′-box, a box with a perforated top for sprinkling sand on writing, a contrivance formerly used by way of blotting-paper: a box with sand to prevent the wheels of a rail from slipping; Sand′-brake, a device for stopping trains automatically; Sand′-bug, a burrowing crustacean: a digger-wasp; Sand′-bur, a weed found in the plains of the western United States; Sand′-canal′, the stone canal of an echinoderm; Sand′-cherr′y, the dwarf cherry; Sand′-cock, the redshank; Sand′-crab, the lady-crab; Sand′-crack, a crack in a horse's hoof: a crack in a moulded brick before burning; Sand′-crick′et, a name applied to certain large crickets in the western United States; Sand′-dab, a kind of plaice; Sand′-dart, a British noctuid moth; Sand′-dart′er, -div′er, a small etheostomine fish of the Ohio valley; Sand′-doll′ar, a flat sea-urchin; Sand′-drift, a mound of drifted sand; Sand′-dune, a ridge of loose sand drifted by the wind.—adj. Sand′ed (Shak.), marked with yellow spots: sprinkled with sand: short-sighted.—ns. Sand′-eel, a small eel-like fish, which buries itself in the sand when the tide retires; Sand′erling, a genus of birds of the snipe family, characterised by the absence of a hind-toe, common on the coast, eating marine worms, small crustaceans, and bivalve molluscs; Sand′-fence, a barrier in a stream of stakes and iron wire; Sand′-fish, a fish of the genus Trichodon; Sand′-flag, sandstone which splits up into flagstones; Sand′-flea, the chigoe or jigger; Sand′-flood, a moving mass of desert sand; Sand′-floun′der, a common North American flounder; Sand′-fly, a small New England biting midge; Sand′-glass, a glass instrument for measuring time by the running out of sand; Sand′-grass, grass that grows by the sea-shore; Sand′-grouse, a small order of birds, quite distinct from the true grouse, having two genera, Pterocles and Syrrhaptes, with beautiful plumage, heavy body, long and pointed wings, very short legs and toes; Sand′-heat, the heat of warm sand in chemical operations; Sand′-hill, a hill of sand; Sand′-hill crane, the brown crane of North America; Sand′-hill′er, one of the poor whites living in the sandy hills of Georgia; Sand′-hop′per, a small crustacean in the order Amphipoda, often seen on the sandy sea-shore, like swarms of dancing flies, leaping up by bending the body together, and throwing it out with a sudden jerk: a sand-flea; Sand′-horn′et, a sand-wasp; Sand′iness, sandy quality, esp. as regards colour; Sand′ing, the process of testing the surface of gilding, after it has been fired, with fine sand and water: the process of burying oysters in sand.—adj. Sand′ish (obs.).—ns. Sand′-jet (see Sand′-blast); Sand′-lark, a wading-bird that runs along the sand: a sandpiper; Sand′-liz′ard, a common lizard; Sand′-lob, the common British lug or lob worm; Sand′-mar′tin, the smallest of British swallows, which builds its nest in sandy river-banks and gravel-pits; Sand′-mā′son, a common British tube-worm; Sand′-mole, a South African rodent; Sand′-mouse, the dunlin: a sandpiper; Sand′-natt′er, a sand-snake; Sand′-pā′per, paper covered with a kind of sand for smoothing and polishing; Sand′-peep, the American stint: the peetweet; Sand′-perch, the grass-bass; Sand′piper, a wading-bird of the snipe family, which frequents sandy river-banks, distinguished by its clear piping note.—n.pl. Sand′-pipes, perpendicular cylindrical hollows, tapering to a point, occurring in chalk deposits, and so called from being usually filled with sand, gravel, or clay.—ns. Sand′-pit, a place from which sand is extracted; Sand′-plov′er, a ring-necked plover; Sand′-pride, a very small species of lamprey found in the rivers of Britain; Sand′-pump, a long cylinder with valved piston for use in drilling rocks—a Sand′-sludg′er: a sand-ejector, modified from the jet-pump, used in caissons for sinking the foundations of bridges; Sand′-rat, a geomyoid rodent, esp. the camass rat; Sand′-reed, a shore grass; Sand′-reel, a windlass used in working a sand-pump; Sand′-ridge, a sand-bank; Sand′-roll, a metal roll cast in sand; Sand′-run′ner, a sandpiper; Sand′-sau′cer, a round mass of agglutinated egg-capsules of a naticoid gasteropod, found on beaches; Sand′-scoop, a dredge for scooping up sand; Sand′-screen, a sand-sifter; Sand′-screw, an amphipod which burrows in the sand; Sand′-shark, a small voracious shark; Sand′-shot, small cast-iron balls cast in sand; Sand′-shrimp, a shrimp; Sand′-skink, a European skink found in sandy places; Sand′-skip′per, a beach flea; Sand′-snake, a short-tailed boa-like serpent; Sand′-snipe, the sandpiper; Sand′-spout, a moving pillar of sand; Sand′star, a starfish: a brittle star; Sand′-stone, a rock formed of compacted and more or less indurated sand (Old Red Sandstone, a name given to a series of strata—along with the parallel but nowhere coexisting Devonian—intermediate in age between the Silurian and Carboniferous systems); Sand′-storm, a storm of wind carrying along clouds of sand; Sand′-suck′er, the rough dab; Sand′-throw′er, a tool for throwing sand on newly sized or painted surfaces; Sand′-trap, a device for separating sand from running water; Sand′-vī′per, a hog-nosed snake; Sand′-washer, an apparatus for separating sand from earthy substances; Sand′-wasp, a digger-wasp.—v.t. Sand′-weld, to weld iron with sand.—ns. Sand′-worm, a worm that lives in the sand; Sand′-wort, any plant of the genus Arenaria.—adj. Sand′y, consisting of, or covered with, sand: loose: of the colour of sand.—n. a nick-name for a Scotsman (from Alexander).—ns. Sand′y-car′pet, a geometrid moth; Sand′y-lav′erock (Scot.), a sand-lark. [A.S. sand; Dut. zand, Ger. sand, Ice. sand-r.]

Sandal, san′dal, n. a kind of shoe consisting of a sole bound to the foot by straps: a loose slipper: a half-boot of white kid: a strap for fastening a slipper: an india-rubber shoe.—adj. San′dalled, wearing sandals: fastened with such. [Fr.,—L. sandalium—Gr. sandalon, prob. from Pers.]

Sandalwood, san′dal-wōōd, n. a compact and fine-grained tropical wood, remarkable for its fragrance. [Fr. sandal—Low L. santalum—Late Gr. santalon.]

Sandarac, san′da-rak, n. a friable, dry, almost transparent, tasteless, yellowish-white resin, imported from Mogador, Morocco: red sulphuret of arsenic—also San′darach.—n. San′darac-tree, a native of the mountains of Morocco. [Fr. sandaraque—L. sandaraca—Gr. sandarakē—Sans. sindūra, realgar.]

Sandemanian, san-de-mā′ni-an, n. a follower of Robert Sandeman (1718-71), a Glassite (q.v.).

Sandiver, san′di-vėr, n. the saline scum which forms on glass during its first fusion: glass-gall: product of glass-furnaces.—Also San′dever. [O. Fr. suin de verre, suint de verre—suin, grease, de, of, verre, glass—L. vitrum.]

Sandix, san′diks, n. red lead.—Also San′dyx. [L.,—Gr. sandix, vermilion.]

Sandwich, sand′wich, n. two slices of bread with ham, &c., between, said to be named from the fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-92), who had such brought to him at the gaming-table that he might play on without stopping.—v.t. to lay or place between two layers, to fit tight between two objects.—n. Sand′wich-man, a man who perambulates the streets between two advertising boards.

Sane, sān, adj. sound in mind or body: healthy: not disordered in intellect.—adv. Sane′ly.—n. Sane′-ness. [L. sanus; akin to Gr. saos, sōs, sound.]

Sang, sang, n. blood, in heraldic use.—adj. Sang′lant, bloody or dropping blood.—n. Sang-de-bœuf, a deep-red colour peculiar to Chinese porcelain.

Sangar, sang′gar, n. a stone breastwork: a low wall of loose stones, used as cover for soldiers. [Hindi sangar, war, entrenchment; from the Sanskrit.]

Sangaree, sang-ga-rē′, n. a West Indian beverage, of wine, sugar or syrup, water, and nutmeg, drunk cold.—v.t. and v.i. to make or drink such. [Sp. Sangría.]

Sang-froid, sang-frwo′, n. coolness, indifference, calmness. [Fr., sang, blood, froid, cold.]

Sanglier, sang′li-ėr, n. (her.) a wild boar used as a bearing. [Fr., orig. porc sanglier—Low L. singularis (porcus), the wild boar.]

Sangraal, san-grāl′, n. in medieval legends, the holy cup supposed to have been used at the Last Supper.—Also Sang′real. [Cf. Grail.]

Sangrado, san-grä′do, n. one who lets blood—from the leech in Gil Blas.

Sanguine, sang′gwin, adj. abounding with blood, bloody: bloodthirsty: ruddy, red: ardent, hopeful, confident: characterised by a fullness of habit.—n. the colour of red.—v.t. (obs.) to stain with blood.—n. Sang′sue, a leech—also Sang′uisuge.—adjs. Sanguic′olous, living in the blood, as a parasite; Sanguif′erous, receiving and conveying blood, circulatory.—ns. Sanguificā′tion; San′guifier.—adj. Sanguif′luous, flowing with blood.—v.i. San′guify, to make blood.—v.t. to convert into blood.—n. Sanguinā′ria, a genus of the poppy family, one species, the Blood-root or Puccoon of North America, much used by the Indians for staining.—adv. San′guinarily.—n. San′guinariness.—adj. San′guinary, bloody: attended with much blood-shed: bloodthirsty.—n. the yarrow: the blood-root.—adj. San′guineless, destitute of blood.—adv. San′guinely, hopefully, confidently.—n. San′guineness, sanguine character, ardour: ruddiness: plethora.—adj. Sanguin′eous, sanguine: resembling or constituting blood.—ns. Sanguin′ity, sanguineness; Sanguin′olence, Sanguin′olency.—adj. Sanguin′olent, tinged with blood: sanguine.—ns. Sanguisorbā′ceæ, Sanguisor′beæ, a sub-order of Rosaceæ, containing about 150 species; Sanguisū′ga, a genus of leeches.—adjs. Sanguisū′gent, Sanguisū′gous, blood-sucking; Sanguiv′olent, bloodthirsty; Sanguiv′orous, feeding on blood, as a vampire—also Sanguiniv′orous. [Fr.,—L. sanguineus—sanguis, sanguinis, blood.]

Sanhedrim, Sanhedrin, san′hē-drim, -drin, n. the supreme ecclesiastical and judicial tribunal of the Jews down to 425 A.D.: any similar assembly, a parliament. [Heb. sanhedrin—Gr. synedrion—syn, together, hedra, a seat.]

Sanhitâ, san′hi-ta, n. the name of that portion of the Vedas which contains the Mantras or hymns.

Sanicle, san′ik′l, n. a plant of the genus Sanicula, the common wood-sanicle long supposed to have healing power. [Fr.,—L. sanāre, to heal.]

Sanidine, san′i-din, n. a clear glassy variety of orthoclase. [Gr. sanis, sanidos, a board.]

Sanies, sā′ni-ēz, n. a thin discharge from wounds or sores.—adj. Sā′nious. [L.]

Sanify, san′i-fī, v.t. to make healthy. [L. sanus, sound, facĕre to make.]

Sanitary, san′i-tar-i, adj. pertaining to, tending, or designed to promote health.—n. Sanitā′rian, a promoter of sanitary reforms.—adv. San′itarily.—ns. San′itary-ware, coarse-glazed earthenware for sewer-pipes; Sanitā′tion, the science of sanitary conditions and of preserving health, synonymous with Hygiene—usually restricted, however, to the methods and apparatus for making and maintaining houses healthy; Sanitō′rium (incorrectly, Sanitā′rium), a health station, particularly for troops.—Sanitary science, such science as conduces to the preservation of health.

Sanity, san′i-ti, n. state of being sane: soundness of mind or body. [L. sanitas—sanus, sane.]

Sanjak, san′jak, n. an administrative subdivision of a Turkish vilayet or eyalet.—Also San′jakāte. [Turk.]

Sankhya, san′kyä, n. one of the six great systems of orthodox Hindu philosophy.

Sannup, san′up, n. the husband of a squaw: a brave.—Also Sann′op. [Amer. Ind.]

Sans, sanz, prep. (Shak.) without, wanting.—n. Sans′-appel′, a person from whose decision there is no appeal.—Sans nombre (her.), repeated often, and covering the field; Sans souci, without care: free and easy. [O. Fr. sans, senz—L. sine, without.]

Sansculotte, sanz-kōō-lot′, n. a name given in scorn, at the beginning of the French Revolution, by the court party to the democratic party in Paris.—n. Sansculot′terie.—adj. Sansculot′tic.—ns. Sansculot′tism; Sansculot′tist. [Fr. sansculotte, sans, without—L. sine, without, culotte, breeches, cul, breech—L. culus, the breech.]

Sansevieria, san-sev-i-ē′ri-a, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Hæmodoraceæ, native to southern Africa and the East Indies, yielding bowstring-hemp. [Named after the Neapolitan Prince of Sanseviero (1710-71).]

Sanskrit, sans′krit, n. the ancient literary language of India, the easternmost branch of the great Indo-Germanic (Indo-European, Aryan) stock of languages.—n. Sans′kritist, one skilled in Sanskrit. [Sans. samskrita, perfected, polished, from Sans. sam, together, krita, done, perfected, from kri, cog. with L. creāre, to create.]

Santa Claus, san′ta klawz, n. a famous nursery hero, a fat rosy old fellow who brings presents to good children on Christmas Eve.

Santalaceæ, san-ta-lā′sē-ē, n. an order of apetalous plants, the sandalwood family.—adjs. Santalā′ceous; Santal′ic, pertaining to sandalwood.—ns. San′talin, the colouring matter of red sandalwood; San′talum, the type genus of the sandalwood family.

Santir, san′tėr, n. a variety of dulcimer used in the East.—Also San′tur.

Santolina, san-tō-lī′na, n. a genus of composite plants, of the Mediterranean region, of tribe Anthemideæ, including the common lavender-cotton.

Santon, san′ton, n. an Eastern dervish or saint. [Sp. santon—santo, holy—L. sanctus, holy.]

Santonine, son′to-nin, n. a colourless crystalline poisonous compound contained in Santonica. [Gr. santonicon, a wormwood found in the country of the Santones in Gaul.]

Sap, sap, n. the vital juice of plants: (bot.) the part of the wood next to the bark: the blood: a simpleton: a plodding student.—v.i. to play the part of a ninny: to be studious.—ns. Sap′-bee′tle a beetle which feeds on sap; Sap′-col′our, a vegetable juice inspissated by slow evaporation, for the use of painters.—adj. Sap′ful, full of sap.—ns. Sap′-green, a green colouring matter from the juice of buckthorn berries; Sap′head, a silly fellow.—adj. Sap′less, wanting sap: not juicy.—ns. Sap′ling, a young tree, so called from being full of sap: a young greyhound during the year of his birth until the end of the coursing season which commences in that year; Sap′ling-cup, an open tankard for drinking new ale; Sap′piness.—adj. Sap′py, abounding with sap: juicy: silly.—ns. Sap′-tube, a vessel that conveys sap; Sap′-wood, the outer part of the trunk of a tree, next the bark, in which the sap flows most freely: albumen.—Crude sap, the ascending sap. [A.S. sæp; Low Ger. sapp, juice, Ger. saft.]

Sap, sap, v.t. to destroy by digging underneath: to undermine: to impair the constitution.—v.i. to proceed by undermining:—pr.p. sap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. sapped.—n. a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made from the foremost parallel towards the glacis or covert-way of a besieged place.—n. Sap′per, one who saps. [O. Fr. sappe—Low L. sapa, a pick, prob. from Gr. skapanē, a hoe.]

Sapajou, sap′a-zhōō, n. a name sometimes applied to all that division of American monkeys which have a prehensile tail, and sometimes limited to those of them which are of a slender form, as the genera Ateles or spider-monkey, Cebus, &c.—Also Sajou′.

Saperda, sā-pėr′da, n. a genus of long-horned beetles, mostly wood-borers. [Gr. saperdēs, a fish.]

Saphenous, sa-fē′nus, adj. prominent, as a vein of the leg.—n. Saphē′na, a prominent vein or nerve. [Gr. saphēnēs, plain.]

Sapid, sap′id, adj. well-tasted: savoury: that affects the taste.—n. Sapid′ity, savouriness.—adj. Sap′idless, insipid.—n. Sap′idness. [Fr.,—L. sapidus—sapĕre, to taste.]

Sapience, sā′pi-ens, n. discernment: wisdom: knowledge: reason.—adjs. Sā′pient, wise: discerning: sagacious, sometimes used ironically; Sāpien′tial.—adv. Sā′piently. [L. sapiens, sapientis, pr.p. of sapĕre, to be wise.]

Sapindus, sā-pin′dus, n. a genus of polypetalous trees, as Soapberry. [L. sapo Indicus, Indian soap.]

Sapium, sā′pi-um, n. a genus of apetalous plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceæ, including the Jamaica milkwood or gum-tree, &c.

Sapi-utan, sap′i-ōō′tan, n. the wild ox of Celebes.—Also Sap′i-ou′tan. [Malay, sapi, cow, ūtān, woods.]

Sapodilla, sap-ō-dil′a, n. a name given in the West Indies to the fruit of several species of Achras, the seeds aperient and diuretic, the pulp subacid and sweet. [Sp. sapotilla—sapota, the sapota-tree.]

Saponaceous, sap-o-nā′shus, adj. soapy: soap-like.—n. Sapōnā′ria, a genus of polypetalous plants, including the soapwort.—adj. Sapon′ifīable.—n. Saponificā′tion, the act or operation of converting into soap.—v.t. Sapon′ify, to convert into soap:—pr.p. sapon′ifying; pa.p. sapon′ified.—n. Sap′onin, a vegetable principle, the solution of which froths when shaken, obtained from soapwort, &c. [L. sapo, saponis, soap.]

Saporific, sap-o-rif′ik, adj. giving a taste.—ns. Sā′por; Saporos′ity.—adj. Sap′ōrous. [L. sapor, saporis, taste, facĕre, to make.]

Sapotaceæ, sap-o-tā′sē-ē, n. a natural order of trees and shrubs, often abounding in milky juice, including the gutta-percha tree—one species yields the star-apple, another the Mammee-Sapota or American marmalade. [Sapodilla.]

Sappan-wood, sa-pan′-wōōd, n. the wood of Cæsalpinia sappan, used in dyeing.

Sapper, sap′ėr, n. a soldier employed in the building of fortifications, &c.

Sapphic, saf′ik, adj. pertaining to Sappho, a passionate Greek lyric poetess of Lesbos (c. 600 B.C.): denoting a kind of verse said to have been invented by Sappho.—ns. Sapph′ic-stan′za, a metre of Horace, the stanzas of four verses each, three alike, made up of four trochees, with a dactyl in the third place; Sapph′ism, unnatural passion between women; Sapph′ō, a humming-bird.

Sapphire, saf′īr, or saf′ir, n. a highly transparent and brilliant precious stone, a variety of Corundum, generally of a beautiful blue colour—the finest found in Ceylon: (her.) a blue tincture.—adj. deep pure blue.—n. Sapph′ire-wing, a humming-bird.—adj. Sapph′irine, made of, or like, sapphire.—Green sapphire, the Oriental emerald; Red sapphire, the Oriental ruby; Violet sapphire, the Oriental amethyst. [Fr.,—L. sapphirus—Gr. sappheiros—Heb. sappīr, sapphire.]

Sapremia, sap-rē′mi-a, n. a condition of blood-poisoning.—adjs. Saprē′mic, Sapræ′mic. [Gr. sapros, rotten, haima, blood.]

Saprogenous, sap-roj′e-nus, adj. engendered in putridity.—Also Saprogen′ic. [Gr. sapros, rotten, -genēs, producing.]

Saproharpages, sap-rō-här′pa-jēz, n. a group of vultures. [Gr. sapros, rotten, harpax, a vulture.]

Saprolegnia, sap-rō-leg′ni-a, n. a genus of fungi, causing a destructive salmon-disease. [Gr. sapros, rotten, legnon, an edge.]

Sap-roller, sap′-rōl′ėr, n. a gabion employed by sappers in the trenches.

Sapromyza, sap-rō-mī′za, n. a large group of reddish-yellow flies. [Gr. sapros, rotten, myzein, to suck.]

Saprophagous, sap-rof′a-gus, adj. feeding on decaying matter.—n. Saproph′agan, one of the saprophagous beetles. [Gr. sapros, rotten, phagein, to eat.]

Saprophyte, sap′rō-fīt, n. a plant that feeds upon decaying vegetable matter.—adjs. Saprophyt′ic, Saproph′ilous.—adv. Saprophyt′ically.—n. Sap′rophytism. [Gr. sapros, rotten, phyton, a plant.]

Saprostomous, sap-ros′tō-mus, adj. having a foul breath. [Gr. sapros, rotten, stoma, mouth.]

Sap-sucker, sap′-suk′ėr, n. the name in the United States of all the small spotted woodpeckers.—adj. Sap′-suck′ing.

Sapucaia, sap-ōō-kī′a, n. a Brazilian tree, whose urn-shaped fruit contains a number of finely-flavoured oval seeds or nuts.

Saraband, sar′a-band, n. a slow Spanish dance, or the music to which it is danced; a short piece of music, of deliberate character, and with a peculiar rhythm, in ¾-time, the accent being placed on the second crotchet of each measure. [Sp. zarabanda; from Pers. sarband, a fillet for the hair.]

Saracen, sar′a-sen, n. a name variously employed by medieval writers to designate the Mohammedans of Syria and Palestine, the Arabs generally, or the Arab-Berber races of northern Africa, who conquered Spain and Sicily and invaded France.—adjs. Saracen′ic, -al.—n. Sar′acenism.—Saracenic architecture, a general name for Mohammedan architecture. [O. Fr. sarracin, sarrazin—Low L. Saracenus—Late Gr. Sarakēnos—Ar. sharkeyn, eastern people, as opposed to maghribe, 'western people'—i.e. the people of Morocco.]

Sarangousty, sar-an-gōōs′ti, n. a material used as a preservative of walls, &c., from damp.

Sarcasm, sär′kazm, n. a bitter sneer: a satirical remark in scorn or contempt: irony: a gibe.—adjs. Sarcas′tic, -al, containing sarcasm: bitterly satirical.—adv. Sarcas′tically. [Fr.,—L. sarcasmus—Gr. sarkasmos—sarkazein, to tear flesh like dogs, to speak bitterly—sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarcel, sär′sel, n. the pinion of a hawk's wing.—adjs. Sar′celled (her.), cut through the middle—also Sar′celé, Sar′cellée; Dem′i-sar′celed, -sar′celled, partly cut through. [O. Fr. cercel—L. circellus, dim. of circulus, a circle.]

Sarcenchyme, sar-seng′kīm, n. one of the soft tissues of sponges.—adj. Sarcenchym′atous. [Gr. sarx, flesh, enchyma, an infusion.]

Sarcina, sar-sī′na, n. a genus of schizomycetous fungi, in which the cocci divide in three planes forming cubical clumps:—pl. Sarcī′næ (-nē).—adjs. Sarcī′næform, Sarcin′ic.—n. Sarcin′ūla. [L. sarcina, a package.]

Sarcine, sär′sin, n. a nitrogenous substance obtained from the muscular tissue of the horse, ox, hare, &c.—same as Hypoxanthine. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarciophorus, sär-si-of′ō-rus, n. a genus of spur-winged plovers, including the crested wattled lapwings, &c. [Gr. sarkion, a piece of flesh, sarx, flesh, pherein, to bear.]

Sarcobasis, sär-kob′a-sis, n. a fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells. [Gr. sarx, flesh, basis, a base.]

Sarcobatus, sär-kob′a-tus, n. an anomalous genus of North American shrubs of the goose-foot family—the only species the greasewood of the western United States. [Gr. sarx, flesh, batis, samphire.]

Sarcoblast, sär′kō-blast, n. the germ of sarcode.—adj. Sarcoblas′tic. [Gr. sarx, flesh, blastos, a germ.]

Sarcocarp, sär′kō-karp, n. (bot.) the fleshy part of a drupaceous pericarp or a stone-fruit. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, karpos, fruit.]

Sarcocele, sär′kō-sēl, n. a fleshy tumour of the testicle. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kēlē, tumour.]

Sarcocephalus, sär-kō-sef′-a-lus, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the natural order Rubiaceæ, native to the tropics of Asia and Africa—including the country-fig, Guinea peach, African cinchona, &c. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kephalē, the head.]

Sarcocol, sär′kō-kol, n. a semi-transparent resin or gum imported from Arabia.—n. Sarcōcol′la, a genus of apetalous shrubs of the order Penæaceæ, native to South Africa. [Gr., a Persian gum.]

Sarcocystis, sär-kō-sis′tis, n. a genus of parasitic sporozoa or Gregarinida, common but apparently harmless in butcher-meat.—n. Sarcocystid′ia, the division of sporozoa including the foregoing.—adj. Sarcocystid′ian. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kystis, the bladder.]

Sarcode, sär′kōd, n. another term for protoplasm.—n. Sarcō′des, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Monotropeæ; including the Californian snow-plant.—adjs. Sarcod′ic, Sar′codous; Sar′coid, resembling flesh. [Gr. sarkodēs, from sarx, flesh, eidos, resemblance.]

Sarcolemma, sär-kō-lem′a, n. a membrane which invests striped muscular tissue.—adj. Sarcolemm′ic. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, lemma, a skin.]

Sarcolemur, sär′kō-lē-mur, n. a genus of extinct Eocene mammals found in North America. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, and lemur.]

Sarcolobe, sär′kō-lōb, n. a thick fleshy cotyledon, as of the bean. [Gr. sarx, flesh, lobos, a lobe.]

Sarcology, sär-kol′o-ji, n. the division of anatomy which treats of the soft parts of the body.—adjs. Sarcolog′ic, -al.—n. Sarcol′ogist. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, logos, discourse.]

Sarcoma, sär-kō′ma, n. a tumour or group of tumours, often malignant: any fleshy excrescence: (bot.) a fleshy disc:—pl. Sarcō′mata.—n. Sarcomatō′sis, sarcomatous degeneration.—adj. Sarcom′atous. [Gr. sarkōma—sarx, flesh.]

Sarcophaga, sär-kof′a-ga, n. a genus of dipterous insects, the flesh-flies: a former division of marsupials.—adjs. Sarcoph′agal, flesh-devouring; Sarcoph′agous, feeding on flesh.—n. Sarcoph′agy.

Sarcophagus, sär-kof′a-gus, n. a kind of limestone used by the Greeks for coffins, and so called because it was thought to consume the flesh of corpses: any stone receptacle for a corpse: an 18th-century form of wine-cooler:—pl. Sarcoph′agī, Sarcoph′aguses. [L.,—Gr. sarkophagos—sarx, flesh, phagein, eat.]

Sarcophilus, sär-kof′i-lus, n. a genus of carnivorous marsupials containing the Tasmanian devil.—n. Sar′cophile, any animal of this genus.—adj. Sarcoph′ilous, fond of flesh. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, philein, to love.]

Sarcophyte, sär-kof′i-tē, n. a monotypic genus of parasitic and apetalous plants native to South Africa. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, phyton, a plant.]

Sarcopsylla, sär-kop-sil′a, n. a genus of American insects, including the jigger or chigoe. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, psylla, a flea.]

Sarcoptes, sär-kop′tēz, n. the itch-mites.—adj. Sarcop′tic. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, koptein, to cut.]

Sarcoseptum, sär-kō-sep′tum, n. a soft septum. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, and septum.]

Sarcosis, sär-kō′sis, n. flesh formation: a fleshy tumour. [Gr. sarkōsis.]

Sarcostemma, sär-kō-stem′a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Asclepiadeæ, native to Africa, Asia, and Australia—including the flesh crown-flower. [Gr. sarx, flesh, stemma, wreath.]

Sarcostigma, sär-kō-stig′ma, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the order Olacineæ—including the odal-oil plant. [Gr. sarx, flesh, stigma, a point.]

Sarcostyle, sär′kō-stīl, n. the mass of sarcode in the sarcotheca of a cœlenterate. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, stylos, a pillar.]

Sarcotheca, sär-kō-thē′ka, n. the cup of a thread-cell: a cnida or nematophore. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, thēkē, a sheath.]

Sarcotic, sär-kot′ik, adj. causing flesh to grow.—adj. Sar′cous, fleshy. [Gr. sarkōtikos—sarkousthai, to produce flesh—sarx, flesh.]

Sard, särd, n. a variety of quartz, differing from cornelian only in its very deep-red colour, blood-red by transmitted light.—n. Sar′dachāte, a kind of agate containing layers of sard. [Gr. sardios (lithos), the Sardian (stone)—Sardeis, Sardis, in Lydia.]

Sarda, sär′da, n. a genus of scombroid fishes, the bonitos. [Gr. sardē, a fish.]

Sardel, Sardelle, sär′del, n. a slender herring-like fish. [O. Fr. sardelle—L. sarda.]

Sardine, sär-dēn′, n. a small fish of the herring family, abundant about the island of Sardinia, potted with olive-oil for export, the pilchard: a petty character. [Fr., (It. sardina)—L. sarda, sardina—Gr. sardēnē.]

Sardine, sär′din, n. the same as Sard.—Also Sar′dius. [O. Fr. sardine.]

Sardonic, sär-don′ik, adj. forced, heartless, or bitter, said of a forced unmirthful laugh—(obs.) Sardō′nian.—adv. Sardon′ically. [Fr. sardonique—L. sardonius, sardonicus—Gr. sardanios, referred to sardonion, a plant of Sardinia (Gr. Sardō), which was said to screw up the face of the eater, but more prob. from Gr. sairein, to grin.]

Sardonyx, sär′dō-niks, n. a variety of onyx consisting of layers of light-coloured chalcedony alternating with reddish layers of cornelian or sard: (her.) a tincture of sanguine colour when the blazoning is done by precious stones. [Gr. sardonyx—Sardios, Sardian, onyx, a nail.]

Sargasso, sär-gas′o, n. a genus of seaweeds, of which two species are found floating in immense quantities in some parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans—gulf-weed.—n. Sargass′um. [Sp.]

Sargus, sär′gus, n. a genus of sparoid fishes of the sub-family Sargi′na. [Gr. sargos, a mullet.]

Sari, sär′i, n. a Hindu woman's chief garment, consisting of a long piece of silk or cotton cloth wrapped round the middle: any long scarf. [Hind.]

Sark, särk, n. a shirt or chemise: the body garment. [A.S. syrce; Ice. serkr.]

Sarking, sär′king, n. (Scot.) thin boards for lining, the boarding on which slates are laid.

Sarkinite, sär′ki-nīt, n. a hydrous arseniate of manganese. [Gr. sarkinos, fleshy, sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarmatian, sär-mā′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the race who spoke the same language as the Scythians, and who are believed to have been of Median descent and so Iranian in stock, though some authorities think they belonged to the Ural-Altaic family: Polish, the term Sarmatia being sometimes rhetorically applied to Poland.

Sarment, sär′ment, n. (bot.) a prostrate filiform stem or runner, as of a strawberry.—adjs. Sarmen′tose, Sarmen′tous, having sarmenta or runners.—n. Sarmen′tum, a runner. [L. sarmentum, a twig—sarpĕre, to prune.]

Sarong, sa-rong′, n. a garment covering the lower half of the body. [Malay.]

Saros, sā′ros, n. a Babylonian numeral=3600: an astronomical cycle of 6585 days and 8 hours.

Sarothrum, sa-rō′thrum, n. a brush of stiff hairs on the leg of a bee:—pl. Sarō′thra. [Gr. sarōtron, a broom.]

Sarplar, sär′plär, n. (obs.) packing-cloth: a large bale of wool containing 2240 pounds.—Also Sar′pler, Sar′plier. [O. Fr. serpilliere—Low L. serapellinus—L. xerampelinæ (vestes), of the colour of dead vine-leaves, dark-red (clothes)—Gr. xērampelinos, xēros, dry, ampelinos—ampelos, a vine.]

Sarracenia, sär-a-sē′ni-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants—the side-saddle flower, pitcher-plant. [Named from Dr Sarrazin, who first sent them to Europe from Quebec.]

Sarrusophone, sa-rus′ō-fōn, n. a musical instrument of the oboe class. [From the inventor, a French bandmaster named Sarrus.]

Sarsaparilla, sär-sa-pa-ril′a, n. the dried root of several species of Smilax, native to tropical America, yielding a medicinal decoction.—Also Sar′sa. [Sp.,—zarza, bramble (prob. Basque, sartzia), parilla, a dim. of parra, a vine.]

Sarsen, sär′sen, n. a local name for the old inhabitants who worked the tin-mines in Cornwall and Devonshire—(the piles of old mining refuse are called attal-Sarsen and Jews' leavings).—Also Sars′den-stone, Sar′acen's-stone, a name given to the Greywethers of Cornwall.

Sarsenet, särs′net, n. a thin tissue of fine silk, plain or twilled, used for ladies' dresses and for linings, said to have been introduced from the East in the 13th century.—Also Sar′cenet, Sars′net. [O. Fr. sarcenet—Low L. Saracenatus, and Saracenicus (pannus), Saracen (cloth)—Saracenus, Saracen.]

Sarsia, sär′si-a, n. a genus of jelly-fishes. [Named from Professor Sars of Christiania.]

Sartage, sär′tāj, n. the clearing of woodland for agricultural purposes.—n. Sart, a strip of such.

Sartorius, sär-tō′ri-us, n. the muscle of the thigh by which the one leg is thrown across the other.—n. Sar′tor, a tailor.—adj. Sartō′rial, pertaining to a tailor or tailoring. [L. sartor, a tailor.]

Sash, sash, n. a band, ribbon, or scarf, worn as a badge or ornament, or a badge of distinction worn by officers—also v.t.—n. Sash′ery, sashes collectively. [Pers. shast, a turban.]

Sash, sash, n. a case or frame for panes of glass.—v.t. to furnish with sashes.—ns. Sash′-door, a door having panes of glass; Sash′-frame, the frame in which the sash of a window is suspended; Sash′-window, a glazed window in which the glass is set in a sash.—French sash, a casement swinging on hinges. [Fr. châsse—L. capsa, a case.]

Sasine, sā′sin, n. (Scots law) the act of giving legal possession of feudal property, infeftment: a form of seizin. [Fr. saisine—saisir, occupy.]

Sass, sas, n. (coll.) impudence: vegetables used in making sauces.—v.i. to be insolent in replies.

Sassafras, sas′a-fras, n. a tree of the laurel family, common in North America; also the bark of its root, a powerful stimulant.—Sassafras oil, a volatile aromatic oil distilled from the sassafras. [Fr. sassafras—Sp. sasafras—L. saxifraga—saxum, a stone, frangĕre, to break.]

Sassanid, sas′a-nid, n. one of the Sassanidæ, the dynasty which ruled Persia from 218 A.D. to 639.—adj. Sassā′nian.

Sassenach, sas′e-nah, n. a Saxon: an Englishman: a Lowlander. [Gael. Sasunnach.]

Sassolin, sas′ō-lin, n. native boracic acid—first found near Sasso in Florence.—Also Sass′olite.

Satan, sā′tan, n. the enemy of men: the devil: the chief of the fallen angels.—adjs. Sātan′ic, -al, pertaining to, or like, Satan: devilish.—adv. Sātan′ically, diabolically: with malice or wickedness suiting the devil.—ns. Sātan′icalness, the quality of being fiendishly malicious or wicked; Sā′tanism, the devilish disposition; Sātanoph′any, an appearance or incarnation of Satan; Sātanophō′bia, fear of the devil; Sāth′anas, Satan; Sātan′ity. [O. Fr. Sathan, Sathanas—Low L. Satan, Satanas—Heb. sātān, enemy—sātan, to be adverse.]

Satchel, sach′el, n. a small sack or bag, esp. for papers, books, &c. [Older form sachel—O. Fr. sachel—L. saccellus, dim. of saccus.]

Sate, sāt, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: to glut.—adj. Sate′less, insatiable. [L. satiāre, -ātum—satis, enough.]

Sateen, sa-tēn′, n. a glossy worsted, cotton, or even woollen fabric.—Also Satteen′.

Satellite, sat′el-līt, n. an obsequious follower: one of the small members of the solar system, attendant on the larger planets, by which their motions are controlled.—ns. Sat′ellite-sphinx, a large hawk-moth; Sat′ellite-vein, a vein accompanying an artery; Satelli′tium, an escort. [Fr.,—L. satelles, satellitis, an attendant.]

Satiate, sā′shi-āt, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: to gratify fully: to glut.—adj. glutted.—n. Sātiabil′ity.—adj. Sā′tiable, that may be satiated.—ns. Sātiā′tion; Sātī′ety, state of being satiated: surfeit. [L. satiāra, -ātum—satis, enough.]

Satin, sat′in, n. a closely woven silk with a lustrous and unbroken surface, sometimes figured.—adj. made of satin: resembling satin.—v.t. to make smooth and glossy like satin.—ns. Sat′in-bird, the satin bower-bird; Sat′in-car′pet, a particular kind of moth; Sat′in-dam′ask, a satin with an elaborate flower or arabesque pattern, sometimes raised in velvet pile; Sat′in-de-laine′, a thin glossy woollen fabric, a variety of cassimere; Sat′inet, a thin species of satin: a cloth with a cotton warp and woollen weft; Sat′inet-loom, a loom used for heavy goods, as twills, satinets, &c.; Sat′in-fin′ish, a finish resembling satin: a lustrous finish produced on silver by the scratch-brush, by the process called Satining; Sat′ining-machine′, a machine for giving a smooth surface to paper; Sat′in-leaf, the common alum-root; Sat′in-lisse, a cotton dress-fabric with satiny surface, usually printed with delicate patterns; Sat′in-pā′per, a fine, glossy writing-paper; Sat′in-sheet′ing, twilled cotton fabric with a satin surface; Sat′in-spar, a variety of calcite with a pearly lustre when polished; Sat′in-sparr′ow, an Australian fly-catcher; Sat′in-stitch, an embroidery stitch, flat or raised, repeated in parallel lines, giving a satiny appearance and making both sides alike; Sat′in-stone, a fibrous gypsum used by lapidaries; Sat′inwood, a beautiful ornamental wood from East and West Indies, having a smooth, satiny texture.—adj. Sat′iny, like, or composed of, satin. [Fr. satin (It. setino)—Low. L. setinus, adj.—L. seta, hair.]

Satire, sat′īr, or sat′ir, n. a literary composition, orig. in verse, essentially a criticism of man and his works, whom it holds up either to ridicule or scorn—its chief instruments, irony, sarcasm, invective, wit and humour: an invective poem: severity of remark, denunciation: ridicule.—adjs. Satir′ic, -al, pertaining to, or conveying, satire: sarcastic: abusive.—adv. Satir′ically.—n. Satir′icalness, the state or quality of being satirical.—v.t. Sat′irīse, to make the object of satire: to censure severely.—n. Sat′irist, a writer of satire. [Fr.,—L. satira, satura (lanx, a dish), a full dish, a medley.]

Satisfy, sat′is-fī, v.t. to give enough to: to supply fully: to please fully: to discharge: to free from doubt: to convince.—v.i. to give content: to supply fully: to make payment:—pa.t. and pa.p. sat′isfied.—n. Satisfac′tion, state of being satisfied: gratification: comfort: that which satisfies: amends: atonement: payment, quittance: conviction: repairing a wrong, as by a duel.—adj. Satisfac′tive (obs.).—adv. Satisfac′torily.—n. Satisfac′toriness.—adjs. Satisfac′tory, satisfying: giving contentment: making amends or payment: atoning: convincing; Satisfī′able, capable of being satisfied.—n. Sat′isfīer.—adj. Sat′isfying, satisfactory.—adv. Sat′isfyingly.—Satisfaction theory (of the Atonement), the ordinary theory of Catholic orthodoxy that Christ made satisfaction to Divine justice for the guilt of human sin by suffering as the human representative, and that thus Divine forgiveness was made possible. [Fr. satisfaire—L. satisfacĕre, satis, enough, facĕre, to make.]

Sative, sā′tiv, adj. sown as in a garden. [L. sativus—serĕre, to sow.]

Satrap, sā′trap, or sat′rap, n. a Persian viceroy or ruler of one of the greater provinces:—fem. Sā′trapess.—adjs. Sat′rapal, relating to a satrap or to a satrapy; Sā′trap-crowned, crested, like the golden-crested wren of North America.—n. Sat′rapy, the government of a satrap. [Gr. satrapēs, from Old Pers. khshatrapā or Zend shōithra-paiti—ruler of a region—shōithra, a region, paiti, a chief.]

Saturate, sat′ū-rāt, v.t. to fill: to unite with till no more can be received: to fill to excess: to soak: (opt.) to render pure, or of a colour free from white light.—adjs. Sat′ūrable, that may be saturated; Sat′ūrant, saturating; Sat′ūrate, saturated: (entom.) very intense, as 'saturate green.'—ns. Sat′ūrāter; Satūrā′tion, act of saturating: state of being saturated: the state of a body when quite filled with another. [L. saturāre, -ātum—satur, full, akin to satis, enough.]

Saturday, sat′ur-dā, n. the seventh or last day of the week, dedicated by the Romans to Saturn: the Jewish Sabbath. [A.S. Sæter-dæg, Sætern-dæg, day of Saturn—L. Saturnus.]

Satureia, sat-ū-rē′i-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Labiatæ—savory.

Saturn, sat′urn, or sā′-, n. the ancient Roman god of agriculture: one of the planets: (her.) a tincture, in colour black.—n.pl. Saturnā′lia, the annual festival in honour of Saturn, a time of unrestrained license and enjoyment.—adjs. Saturnā′lian, pertaining to the Saturnalia: riotously merry: dissolute; Satur′nian, pertaining to Saturn, whose fabulous reign was called 'the golden age:' happy: pure: simple: denoting the verse in which the oldest Latin poems were written; Sat′urnine, grave: gloomy: phlegmatic—those born under the planet Saturn being so disposed: pertaining to lead.—n. Sat′urnist (obs.), a gloomy person.—Saturn's ring, a ring round and near the planet; Saturn's tree, an arborescent deposit of lead from a solution of lead acetate. [Saturnus—serĕre, satum, to sow.]

Satyr, sat′ėr, or sā′tėr, n. a silvan deity, represented as part man and part goat, and extremely wanton: a very lecherous person: a species of butterfly.—ns. Sat′yral (her.), a monster with a human head and the limbs of different animals; Satyrī′asis, morbid lasciviousness in men, corresponding to nymphomania in women—also Satyromā′nia.—adjs. Satyr′ic, -al, pertaining to satyrs.—ns. Satyrī′næ, the argus butterflies; Satyr′ium, a genus of small flowered orchids; Sat′yrus, the genus of orangs—simia. [L. satyrus—Gr. satyros.]

Sauce, saws, n. a liquid seasoning for food, consisting of salt, &c.: fruit stewed with sugar: a relish: impudence.—v.t. to put sauce in to relish: to make poignant: to gratify the palate: to treat with bitter or pert language: to make suffer.—ns. Sauce′-alone′, a cruciferous plant with a strong garlic smell, Jack-by-the-hedge; Sauce′-boat, a vessel with a spout for holding sauce; Sauce′-box, an impudent person; Sauce′-cray′on, a soft, black pastel used for backgrounds; Sauce′pan, a pan in which sauce or any small thing is boiled; Sauce′pan-fish, the king-crab.—Poor man's sauce, hunger; Serve one with the same sauce, to requite one injury with another, to make to suffer. [Fr. sauce—L. salsa, neut. pl. of salsus, pa.p. of salīre, salsum, to salt—sal, salt.]

Saucer, saw′sėr, n. the shallow platter for a tea or coffee cup: anything resembling a saucer, as a socket of iron for the pivot of a capstan: (orig.) a small vessel to hold sauce.—adj. Sau′cer-eyed, having large round eyes. [O. Fr. saussiere—Low L. salsarium—L. salsa, sauce.]

Saucisse, sō-sēs′, n. a bag filled with powder for use in mines.—Also Saucisson′. [Fr.]

Saucy, saw′si, adj. (comp. Sau′cier, superl. Sau′ciest) sharp: pungent: insolent: overbearing: wanton: impudent, pert.—adv. Sau′cily.—n. Sau′ciness. [Sauce.]

Sauer-kraut, sour′-krout, n. a German dish consisting of cabbage sliced fine and suffered to ferment in a cask with salt, juniper-berries, cumin-seed, caraway-seeds, &c. [Ger.]

Saunter, sawn′tėr, v.i. to wander about idly: to loiter: to lounge: to stroll: to dawdle.—n. a sauntering: a place for sauntering: a leisurely ramble.—ns. Saun′terer; Saun′tering.—adv. Saun′teringly. [M. E. saunteren—Anglo-Fr. sauntrer, to adventure out. Cf. Adventure. Sometimes erroneously explained as from Fr. sainte terre, holy land, from pilgrimages.]

Saurian, saw′ri-an, n. a reptile or animal covered with scales, as the lizard.—adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a saurian.—n.pl. Sau′ria, a division of reptiles formerly including lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurians, pterodactyls, &c.: a scaly reptile with legs, a lacertilian: one of the sauropsida.—n. Sauran′odon, a genus of toothless reptiles, whose fossil remains are found in the Rocky Mountains.—adj. Sauran′odont.—ns. Saurich′nite, the fossil track of a saurian; Saur′ōdon, a genus of fossil fishes of the Cretaceous age.—adj. Saur′oid, resembling the lizard: reptilian.—n. Saurom′alus, a genus of plump lizards, including the alderman-lizard.—n.pl. Saurop′oda, an order of lizards containing gigantic dinosaurs.—adj. Saurop′odous.—n.pl. Saurop′sida, the monocondyla, including birds and reptiles.—adj. Saurop′sidan.—n.pl. Sauropteryg′ia, an order of fossil saurians, usually called Plesiosauria.—adj. Sauropteryg′ian. [Gr. saura, sauros, the lizard.]

Saurognathæ, saw-rog′nā-thē, n.pl. a family of birds containing the woodpeckers and their allies.—n. Saurog′nāthism, the peculiar arrangement of the bones of their palates.—adj. Saurog′nāthous. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, gnathos, the jaw.]

Saurophagous, saw-rof′a-gus, adj. feeding on reptiles. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, phagein, to eat.]

Saurotherinæ, saw-rō-thē-rī′nē, n.pl. the ground-cuckoos, a sub-family of Cuculidæ, the typical genus Saurothē′ra. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, thēr, a beast.]

Saururæ, saw-rōō′rē, n.pl. a sub-class or order of Aves, of Jurassic age, based upon the genus Archæopteryx—also called Sauror′nithes.—adj. Sauru′rous, lizard-tailed, as the foregoing birds.

Saururus, saw-rōō′rus, n. a genus of apetalous plants of the order Piperaceæ.—n.pl. Sauru′rēæ, a family of these. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, oura, a tail.]

Saury, saw′ri, n. the skipper, a species of the family Scomberesocidæ, with elongated body and head, the jaws produced into a sharp beak.

Sausage, saw′sāj, n. a gut stuffed with chopped meat salted and seasoned.—n. Sau′sage-poi′soning, poisoning by spoiled sausages. [Fr. saucisse—Low L. salcitia—L. salsus, salted.]

Saussurea, saw-sū′rē-a, n. a genus of composite plants of the order Cynaroideæ. [Named after the Swiss botanists, H. B. de Saussure (1740-99), and his son, Nic. Théodore de Saussure (1767-1845).]

Saussurite, saw-sū′rīt, n. a fine-grained compact mineral, of grayish colour.—adj. Saussurit′ic.

Sauterne, sō-tėrn′, n. an esteemed white wine produced at Sauterne, in the Gironde, France.

Sautoire, Sautoir, sō-twor′, n. (her.) a ribbon worn diagonally. [Saltier.]

Sauvagesia, saw-vā-jē′si-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the violet family. [Named from the French botanist P. A. Boissier de la Croix de Sauvages (1710-95).]

Savage, sav′āj, adj. wild: uncivilised: fierce: cruel: brutal: (her.) nude: naked.—n. a human being in a wild state: a brutal, fierce, or cruel person: a barbarian.—v.t. and v.i. to make savage, to play the savage.—n. Sav′agedom, a savage state: savages collectively.—adv. Sav′agely.—ns. Sav′ageness; Sav′agery, fierceness: ferocity: wild growth of plants; Sav′agism. [O. Fr. salvage—L. silvaticus, pertaining to the woods—silva, a wood.]

Savanna, Savannah, sa-van′a, n. a tract of level land, covered with low vegetation: a treeless plain.—ns. Savann′a-flow′er, a genus of the milk-weed family, West Indies; Savann′a-sparr′ow, the sparrow common through North America; Savann′a-watt′le, a name of certain West Indian trees, also called Fiddlewood. [Sp. savana, sabana, a sheet, a meadow—Low L. sabanum—Gr. sabanon, a linen cloth.]

Save, sāv, v.t. to bring safe out of evil: to rescue: to reserve: to spare: to deliver from the power of sin and from its consequences: to husband: to hoard: to be in time for: to obviate, to prevent something worse.—v.i. to be economical.—prep. except.—adjs. Sav′able, Save′able.—ns. Sav′ableness; Save′-all, a contrivance intended to save anything from being wasted.—v.t. Save′guard (Spens.), to protect.—ns. Sā′ver, one who saves; Save′-rev′erence, or Sir-reverence, an apologetic phrase in conversation to cover anything offensive.—adj. Sā′ving, disposed to save or be economical: incurring no loss: preserving from wrong: frugal: implying a condition, as a saving clause: exceptional: (theol.) securing salvation.—prep. excepting.—n. that which is saved: (pl.) earnings.—adv. Sā′vingly, so as to secure salvation.—ns. Sā′vingness; Sā′vings-bank, a bank for the receipt of small deposits by poor persons, and their accumulation at compound interest.—Save appearances, to keep up an appearance of wealth, comfort, or propriety. [Fr. sauver—L. salvāre—salvus, safe.]

Saveloy, sav′e-loi, n. a kind of sausage made of meat chopped and seasoned, orig. of brains. [Fr. cervelat, cervelas, a saveloy—It. cervelata—cervello, brain—L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum, the brain.]

Savin, Savine, sav′in, n. a low much-branched and widely-spreading shrub (Juniperus Sabina), with very small imbricated evergreen leaves, its fresh tops yielding an irritant volatile oil, anthelmintic and abortifacient: the American red cedar. [O. Fr. sabine—L. sabina (herba), Sabine herb.]

Saviour, sā′vyur, n. one who saves from evil: a deliverer, a title applied to Jesus Christ, who saves men from the power and penalty of sin.

Savoir-faire, sav-wor-fār′, n. the faculty of knowing just what to do and how to do it: tact. [Fr.]

Savoir-vivre, sav-wor-vē′vr, n. good breeding: knowledge of polite usages. [Fr.]

Savonette, sav-ō-net′, n. a kind of toilet soap: a West Indian tree whose bark serves as soap.

Savory, sā′vor-i, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Labiatæ, nearly allied to thyme. The Common Savory gives an aromatic pungent flavour to viands. [Savour.]

Savour, Savor, sā′vur, n. taste: odour: scent: (B.) reputation: characteristic property: pleasure.—v.i. to have a particular taste or smell: to be like: to smack.—v.t. to smell: to relish: to season.—adv. Sā′vourily.—n. Sā′vouriness.—adjs. Sā′vourless, wanting savour; Sā′vourly, well seasoned: of good taste; Sā′voury, having savour or relish: pleasant: with gusto: morally pleasant. [Fr. saveur—L. sapor—sapĕre, to taste.]

Savoy, sa-voi′, n. a cultivated winter variety of cabbage, forming a large close head like the true cabbage, but having wrinkled leaves—originally from Savoy.—ns. Savoy′ard, a native of Savoy, since 1860 part of France; Savoy′-med′lar, a tree related to the June-berry or shad-bush.

Savvy, Savvey, sav′i, v.t. to know: to understand.—v.i. to possess knowledge.—n. general ability. [Sp. sabe—saber, to know—L. sapĕre, to be wise.]

Saw, saw, n. an instrument for cutting, formed of a blade, band, or disc of thin steel, with a toothed edge.—v.t. to cut with a saw.—v.i. to use a saw: to be cut with a saw:—pa.t. sawed; pa.p. sawed or sawn.—ns. Saw′-back, the larva of an American bombycid moth; Saw′-bones, a slang name for a surgeon; Saw′dust, dust or small pieces of wood, &c., made in sawing; Saw′er; Saw′-file, a three-cornered file used for sharpening the teeth of saws; Saw′-fish, a genus of cartilaginous fishes distinguished by the prolongation of the snout into a formidable weapon bordered on each side by sharp teeth; Saw′-fly, the common name of a number of hymenopterous insects, injurious to plants; Saw′-frame, the frame in which a saw is set; Saw′-grass, a marsh plant of the southern states of the American Union, with long slender leaves; Saw′-horn, any insect with serrate antennæ; Saw′mill, a mill for sawing timber; Saw′pit, a pit where wood is sawed; Saw′-set, an instrument for turning the teeth of saws alternately right and left; Saw′-sharp′ener, the greater titmouse; Saw′-tā′ble, the platform of a sawing-machine; Saw′-tem′pering, the process by which the requisite hardness and elasticity are given to a saw.—adj. Saw′-toothed, having teeth like those of a saw: (bot.) having tooth-like notches, as a leaf.—ns. Saw′-whet, the Acadian owl; Saw′-whet′ter, the marsh titmouse; Saw′yer, one who saws timber: a stranded tree in a river in America: any wood-boring larva: the bowfin fish. [A.S. saga; Ger. säge.]

Saw, saw, n. a saying: a proverb: a degree: a joke. [A.S. sagu—secgan, to say.]

Sawney, Sawny, saw′ni, n. a Scotchman. [For Sandy from Alexander.]

Sax, saks, n. a knife, a dagger: a slate-cutter's hammer. [A.S. seax, a knife.]

Saxatile, sak′sa-til, adj. rock inhabiting. [L. saxatilis—saxum, a rock.]

Saxhorn, saks′horn, n. a brass wind-instrument having a long winding tube with bell opening, invented by Antoine or Adolphe Sax, of Paris, about 1840.

Saxicava, sak-sik′a-va, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs.—adj. Saxic′avous. [L. saxum, a rock, cavus, hollow.]

Saxicola, sak-sik′ō-la, n. the stone-chats: the wheat-ear.—adjs. Saxic′ōline, Saxic′ōlous, living among rocks. [L. saxum, a rock, colĕre, inhabit.]

Saxifrage, sak′si-frāj, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Saxifrageæ or Saxifragaceæ, its species chiefly mountain and rock plants.—adjs. Saxifragā′ceous, Saxif′rāgal, Saxif′rāgant, Saxif′rāgous.—n. Saxif′rāgine, a gunpowder in which barium nitrate takes the place of sulphur.—adj. Saxig′enous, growing on rocks.—Burnet saxifrage, the Pimpinella Saxifraga, whose leaves are eaten as a salad; Golden saxifrage, a low half-succulent herb with yellow flowers. [Fr.,—L. saxum, a stone, frangĕre, to break.]

Saxon, saks′un, n. one of the people of North Germany who conquered England in the 5th and 6th centuries: the language of the Saxons: one of the English race: a native or inhabitant of Saxony in its later German sense: a Lowlander of Scotland: modern English.—adj. pertaining to the Saxons, their language, country, or architecture.—n. Sax′ondom, the Anglo-Saxon world.—adj. Saxon′ic.—v.t. Sax′onise, to impregnate with Saxon ideas.—ns. Sax′onism, a Saxon idiom; Sax′onist, a Saxon scholar.—Saxon architecture, a style of building in England before the Norman Conquest, marked by the peculiar 'long and short' work of the quoins, the projecting fillets running up the face of the walls and interlacing like woodwork, and the baluster-like shafts between the openings of the upper windows resembling the turned woodwork of the period; Saxon blue, a deep liquid blue used in dyeing; Saxon green, a green colour; Saxon shore (Litus Saxonicum), in Roman times, the coast districts of Britain from Brighton northwards to the Wash, peculiarly exposed to the attacks of the Saxons from across the North Sea, and therefore placed under the authority of a special officer, the 'Count of the Saxon Shore.' [A.S. Seaxe—seax, Old High Ger. sahs, a knife, a short sword.]

Saxophone, sak′sō-fōn, n. a brass wind-instrument, with about twenty finger-keys, like the clarinet. [Sax, the inventor—Gr. phōnē, the voice.]

Say, sā, v.t. to utter in words: to speak: to declare: to state: to answer: to rehearse: to recite: to take for granted.—v.i. to speak: to relate: to state:—pa.t. and pa.p. said (sed).—n. something said: a remark: a speech: a saw.—ns. Say′er, one who says: a speaker: one who assays; Say′ing, something said: an expression: a maxim; Say′-so, an authoritative declaration: a rumour, a mere report.—Say to, to think of.—It is said, or They say, it is commonly reputed; It says, equivalent to 'it is said;' That is to say, in other words. [A.S. secgan (sægde, gesægd); Ice. segja, Ger. sagen.]

Say, sā, n. (Spens.) assay, proof, temper (of a sword): (Shak.) taste, relish: a sample: trial by sample.—v.t. to assay, to try.—n. Say′master, one who makes proof. [A contr. of assay.]

Say, sā, n. a thin kind of silk: a kind of woollen stuff.—adj. (Shak.) silken. [O. Fr. saie—Low L. seta, silk—L. seta, a bristle.]

Sayette, sā-et′, n. a kind of serge: a woollen yarn. [Fr. sayette, dim. of saye, serge.]

Sayon, sā′on, n. a medieval peasant's sleeveless jacket. [O. Fr.,—saye, serge.]

Sayornis, sā-or′nis, n. the pewit fly-catchers. [Thomas Say, an American ornithologist.]

Sbirro, sbir′rō, n. an Italian police-officer:—pl. Sbirri (sbir′rē). [It.]

Scab, skab, n. a crust formed over a sore: a disease of sheep resembling the mange: a disease of potatoes, or a fungous disease of apples, &c.: a mean fellow: a workman who refuses to join a trades-union or to take part in a strike, or who takes the place of a man out on strike.—v.i. to heal over, to cicatrise: to form a new surface by encrustation.—n. (print.) a scale-board.—adj. Scab′bed, affected or covered with scabs: diseased with the scab: vile, worthless.—ns. Scab′bedness; Scab′biness.—adj. Scab′by, scabbed: injured by the attachment of barnacles to the carapace of a shell: (print.) of matter that is blotched or uneven.—n. Scab′-mite, the itch-mite. [A.S scæb (Dan. scab, Ger. schabe)—L. scabies—scabĕre, to scratch.]

Scabbard, skab′ard, n. the case in which the blade of a sword is kept: a sheath.—v.t. to provide with a sheath.—n. Scabb′ard-fish, a fish of the family Lepidopodidæ. [M. E. scauberk, prob. an assumed O. Fr. escauberc—Old High Ger. scala, a scale, bergan, to protect.]

Scabble, skab′l, v.t. to hew a stone to a level surface without making it smooth.—Also Scapp′le. [Prob. A.S. scafan, to shave.]

Scabellum, skā-bel′um, n. an ancient musical appliance, consisting of plates of metal, &c., fastened to the feet to be struck together. [L., also scabillum, dim. of scamnum, a bench.]

Scaberulous, skā-ber′ū-lus, adj. (bot.) slightly roughened. [Scabrous.]

Scabiosa, skā-bi-ō′sa, n. a genus of herbaceous plants of the teasel family, as the Devil's-bit scabious, the Sweet scabious, &c.—the former long thought efficacious in scaly eruptions.

Scabious, skā′bi-us, adj. scabby: scurfy: itchy.—n. Scabred′ity, roughness: ruggedness.—adj. Scā′brid, rough.—n. Scabrit′ies, a morbid roughness of the inner surface of the eyelid.—adj. Scā′brous, rough to the touch, like a file: rugged: covered with little points: harsh: unmusical.—n. Scā′brousness. [L. scabiosus—scabies, the itch.]

Scad, skad, n. a carangoid fish, also called Horse-mackerel: (Scot.) the ray. [Prob. shad.]

Scaddle, skad′l, adj. (prov.) mischievous, hurtful.—n. hurt.—Also Scath′el, Skadd′le. [Scathe.]

Scæan, sē′an, adj. western, from the Scæan gate in Troy. [Gr. skaios, left.]

Scaffold, skaf′old, n. a temporary platform for exhibiting or for supporting something, and esp. for the execution of a criminal: a framework.—v.t. to furnish with a scaffold: to sustain.—ns. Scaff′oldage (Shak.), a scaffold, a stage, the gallery of a theatre; Scaff′older, a spectator in the gallery: one of the 'gods;' Scaff′olding, a scaffold of wood for supporting workmen while building: materials for scaffolds: (fig.) a frame, framework: disposing of the bodies of the dead on a scaffold or raised platform, as by the Sioux Indians, &c. [O. Fr. escafaut (Fr. échafaud, It. catafalco); from a Romance word, found in Sp. catar, to view—L. captāre, to try to seize, falco (It. palco), a scaffold—Ger. balke, a beam. Doublet catafalque.]

Scaglia, skal′ya, n. an Italian calcareous rock, corresponding to the chalk of England.

Scagliola, skal-yō′la, n. a composition made to imitate the more costly kinds of marble and other ornamental stones.—Also Scal′iola. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia, a scale, a chip of marble or stone.]

Scaith, skāth, n. (Scot.) damage.—adj. Scaith′less. [Scathe.]

Scala, skā′la, n. (surg.) an instrument for reducing dislocation: a term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea:—pl. Scā′læ.—adj. Scā′lable, that may be scaled or climbed.—ns. Scālade′, an assault, as an escalade—also Scalä′do; Scā′lar (math.), in the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude but not direction.—adj. of the nature of a scalar.—n.pl. Scalā′ria, the ladder-shells or wentle-traps.—adjs. Scālar′iform, shaped like a ladder; Scā′lary, formed with steps. [L., a ladder.]

Scalawag, Scallawag, skal′a-wag, n. an undersized animal of little value: a scamp: a native Southern Republican, as opposed to a carpet-bagger, during the period of reconstruction after the American Civil War. [From Scalloway in the Shetland Islands, in allusion to its small cattle.]

Scald, skawld, v.t. to burn with hot liquid: to cook slightly, as fruit, in hot water or steam: to cleanse thoroughly by rinsing with very hot water.—n. a burn caused by hot liquid.—ns. Scald′er, one who scalds vessels: a pot for scalding; Scald′-fish, a marine flat fish; Scald′ing, things scalded; Scald′-rag, a nickname for a dyer.—Scalding hot, so hot as to scald. [O. Fr. escalder (Fr. échauder)—Low L. excaldāre, to bathe in warm water—ex, from, calidus, warm, hot.]

Scald, Skald, skald, n. one of the ancient Scandinavian poets.—adj. Scald′ic, relating to, or composed by, the Scalds. [Ice. skáld.]

Scald, skawld, n. scurf on the head.—adj. scurfy, paltry, poor.—ns. Scald′berry, the blackberry; Scald′-crow, the hooded crow; Scald′-head, a fungous parasitic disease of the scalp, favus. [Scall.]

Scaldino, skal-dē′nō, n. an Italian earthenware brazier:—pl. Scaldi′ni. [It.]

Scale, skāl, n. a ladder: series of steps: a graduated measure: (mus.) a series of all the tones ascending or descending from the keynote to its octave, called the gamut: the order of a numeral system: gradation: proportion: series.—v.t. to mount, as by a ladder: to ascend: to draw in true proportion: to measure logs: to decrease proportionally, as every part.—v.i. to lead up by steps: (Scot.) to disperse, to spill, to spread as manure.—ns. Scale′-board (print.), a thin slip of wood for extending a page to its true length, making types register, securing uniformity of margin, &c.; Scale′-pipette′, a tubular pipette with a graduated scale for taking up definite quantities of liquid; Scal′ing-ladd′er, a ladder used for the escalade of an enemy's fortress: a fireman's ladder: (her.) a bearing representing a ladder, with two hooks and two ferrules. [L. scala, a ladder—scandĕre, to mount.]

Scale, skāl, n. one of the small, thin plates on a fish or reptile: a thin layer: a husk: the covering of the leaf-buds of deciduous trees: a piece of cuticle that is squamous or horny: a flake: an encrustation on the side of a vessel in which water is heated.—v.t. to clear of scales: to peel off in thin layers.—v.i. to come off in thin layers.—ns. Scale′-arm′our, armour consisting of scales of metal overlapping each other: plate-mail; Scale′-back, a marine worm covered with scales.—adjs. Scale′-bear′ing, having scales, as the sea-mice; Scaled, having scales: covered with scales.—ns. Scale′-dove, an American dove having the plumage marked as with scales; Scale′-fish, a dry cured fish, as the haddock; Scale′-foot, the scabbard-fish; Scale′-in′sect, any insect of the homopterous family Coccidæ.—adj. Scale′less, without scales, as the scaleless amphibians.—n. Scale′-moss, certain plants which resemble moss.—adj. Scale′-patt′ern, having a pattern resembling scales.—ns. Scale′-quail, an American quail having scale-like markings of the plumage; Scā′ler, one who makes a business of scaling fish: an instrument used by dentists in removing tartar.—adjs. Scale′-tailed, having scales on the under side of the tail; Scale′-winged, having the wings covered with minute scales, as a butterfly.—ns. Scale′-work, scales lapping over each other; Scale′-worm, a scale-back: Scal′iness, the state of being scaly: roughness; Scal′ing, the process of removing scales from a fish, or encrustations from the interior of a boiler; Scal′ing-fur′nace, a furnace in which plates of iron are heated for the purpose of scaling them, as in tinning.—adj. Scal′y, covered with scales: like scales: shabby: (bot.) formed of scales. [A.S. sceale, scale, the scale of a fish; Ger. schale, shell.]

Scale, skāl, n. the dish of a balance: a balance, as to turn the scale—chiefly in pl.: (pl.) Libra, one of the signs of the zodiac.—v.t. to weigh, as in scales: to estimate.—ns. Scale′-beam, the beam or lever of a balance; Scale′-microm′eter, in a telescope, a graduated scale for measuring distances; Scāl′ing, the process of adjusting sights to a ship's guns.—Beam and scales, a balance; Gunter's scale, a scale for solving mechanically problems in navigation and surveying. [A.S. scále, a balance; Dut. schaal, Ger. schale; allied to preceding word.]

Scalene, skā-lēn′, adj. (geom.) having three unequal sides; (anat.) obliquely situated and unequal-sided.—n. a scalene triangle: one of several triangular muscles.—ns. Scālenohē′dron, a pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, enclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle; Scālē′num, a scalene triangle; Scālē′nus, a scalene muscle. [Fr.,—L. scalenus—Gr. skalēnos, uneven.]

Scall, skawl, n. (B.) a scab: scabbiness: in mining, loose ground.—adj. mean.—adjs. Scalled, Scald, scabby: mean. [Ice. skalli, bald head.]

Scallion, skal′yun, n. the shallot: the leek: the onion. [L. Ascalonia (cæpia), Ascalon (onion).]

Scallop, skol′up, n. a bivalve having a sub-circular shell with sinuous radiating ridges: one of a series of curves in the edge of anything: a shallow dish in which oysters, &c., are cooked, baked, and browned.—v.t. to cut the edge or border into scallops or curves: to cook in a scallop with crumbs of bread, &c.—p.adj. Scall′oped, having the edge or border cut into scallops or curves.—ns. Scall′op moth, a name applied to several geometrid moths; Scall′op-shell, a scallop, or the shell of one, the badge of a pilgrim. [O. Fr. escalope—Old Dut. schelpe, a shell; cf. Ger. schelfe, a husk.]

Scalma, skal′ma, n. a disease of horses. [Old High Ger. scalmo, pestilence; cf. Schelm.]

Scalops, skā′lops, n. a genus of American shrew-moles. [Gr. skalops, a mole—skallein, to dig.]

Scalp, skalp, n. the outer covering of the skull or brain-case, including the skin, the expanded tendon of the occipito-frontalis muscle, with intermediate cellular tissue and blood-vessels: the skin on which the hair grows: the skin of the top of the head, together with the hair, torn off as a token of victory by the North American Indians: the skin of the head of a noxious wild animal: (her.) the skin of the head of a stag with the horns attached: a bed of oysters or mussels (Scot. Scaup).—v.t. to cut the scalp from: to flay: to lay bare: to deprive of grass: to sell at less than recognised rates: to destroy the political influence of.—ns. Scal′per, one who scalps; a machine for removing the ends of grain, as wheat or rye, or for separating the different grades of broken wheat, semolina, &c.: one who buys and sells railroad tickets, &c., at less than the official rates, a ticket-broker: an instrument used by surgeons for scraping carious bones (also Scal′ping-ī′ron); Scal′ping-knife, a knife, formerly a sharp stone, used by the Indians of North America for scalping their enemies; Scal′ping-tuft, a scalp-lock.—adj. Scalp′less, having no scalp, bald.—n. Scalp′-lock, a long tuft of hair left by the North American Indians as a challenge. [Old Dut. schelpe, a shell; cf. Ger. schelfe, a husk; a doublet of scallop.]

Scalpel, skalp′el, n. a small surgical knife for dissecting and operating.—n. Scalpel′lum, one of the four filamentous organs in the proboscis of hemipterous insects:—pl. Scalpel′la.—adj. Scal′priform, chisel-shaped, specifically said of the incisor teeth of rodents. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum, a knife—scalpĕre, to cut.]

Scamble, skam′bl, v.i. (obs.) to scramble: to sprawl.—v.t. to mangle: to squander.—ns. Scam′bler, a meal-time visitor; Scam′bling, a hasty meal.—n.pl. Scam′bling-days, days in which meat is scarce.—adv. Scam′blingly, strugglingly. [Ety. dub.; prob. related to shamble.]

Scamillus, skā-mil′us, n. a second plinth under a column:—pl. Scamill′i (ī). [L.]

Scammony, skam′o-ni, n. a cathartic gum-resin obtained from a species of convolvulus in Asia Minor.—adj. Scammō′niate, made with scammony. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. skammōnia; prob. Persian.]

Scamp, skamp, n. a vagabond: a mean fellow.—v.i. Scam′per, to run with speed and trepidation.—n. a rapid run.—adj. Scam′pish, rascally. [O. Fr. escamper, to flee—It. scampare, to escape—L. ex, out, campus, a battlefield.]

Scamp, skamp, v.t. to do work in a dishonest manner without thoroughness—also Skimp.—n. Scam′per. [Prob. Ice. skamta, to dole out, to stint.]

Scan, skan, v.t. to count the feet in a verse: to examine carefully: to scrutinise.—v.i. to agree with the rules of metre:—pr.p. scan′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. scanned.—ns. Scan′ning; Scan′sion, act of counting the measures in a verse. [Fr. scander, to scan—L. scandĕre, scansum, to climb.]

Scandal, skan′dal, n. something said which is false and injurious to reputation: disgrace: opprobrious censure.—v.t. to defame, to aspire.—ns. Scan′dal-bear′er, a propagator of malicious gossip; Scandalisā′tion, defamation.—v.t. Scan′dalise, to give scandal or offence to: to shock: to reproach: to disgrace: to libel.—n. Scan′dal-mong′er, one who deals in defamatory reports.—adj. Scan′dalous, giving scandal or offence: calling forth condemnation: openly vile: defamatory.—adv. Scan′dalously.—ns. Scan′dalousness; Scan′dalum-magnā′tum, speaking slanderously of high personages, abbrev. Scan. Mag. [Fr. scandale—L. scandalum—Gr. skandalon, a stumbling-block.]

Scandalise, skan′da-līz, v.t. to trice up the tack of the spanker in a square-rigged vessel, or the mainsail in a fore-and-aft rigged one. [Scantle.]

Scandinavian, skan-di-nā′vi-an, adj. of Scandinavia, the peninsula divided into Norway and Sweden, but, in a historical sense, applying also to Denmark and Iceland.—n. a native of Scandinavia. [L. Scandinavia, Scandia.]

Scandium, skan′di-um, n. an element discovered in 1879 in the Scandinavian mineral euxenite.

Scandix, skan′diks, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants, including shepherd's purse, Venus's comb, &c. [L.,—Gr., chervil.]

Scansores, skan-sō′rēz, n.pl. an old order of birds generally characterised by having two toes before opposed by two behind, by which they are enabled to climb.—adj. Scansō′rial, habitually climbing, as a bird: formed for climbing.—n. Scansō′rius, a muscle passing from the ilium to the femur in some vertebrata. [Low L., pl. of scansor, scansoris, a climber—L. scandĕre, scansum, to climb.]

Scant, skant, adj. not full or plentiful; scarcely sufficient: deficient.—n. scarcity: lack.—adv. scarcely: scantily.—v.t. and v.i. to limit: to stint: to begrudge.—adv. Scan′tily.—ns. Scan′tiness; Scan′-tity (obs.).—adv. Scant′ly, not fully or sufficiently, scarcely: narrowly: penuriously: scantily.—ns. Scant′ness, the condition or quality of being scant: smallness: insufficiency; Scant′-of-grace, a good-for-nothing fellow: a scapegrace.—adj. Scant′y, scant, not copious or full: hardly sufficient: wanting extent: narrow: small. [Ice. skamt, short, narrow, neut. of skammr, short.]

Scantle, skan′tl, v.t. to divide into pieces: to partition.—ns. Scant′let, a small pattern; Scant′ling, a little piece: a piece or quantity cut for a particular purpose: a certain proportion.—Scantling number, a number computed from the known dimensions of a ship. [O. Fr. eschantillon, a small cantle, escanteler, to break into cantles—es—L. ex, out, cantel, chantel, a cantle.]

Scantle, skan′tl, v.i. to fail: to be deficient.—n. a gauge by which slates are measured. [Prob. scant.]

Scapanus, skap′a-nus, n. a genus of North American shrew-moles. [Gr. skapanē, a mattock.]

Scape, skāp, n. an escape: a freak or fault.—v.t. to escape from: to miss: to shun.—ns. Scape′gallows, one who deserves hanging: a villain; Scape′grace, a graceless hare-brained fellow. [A contr. of escape.]

Scape, skāp, n. (bot.) a long, naked, radical peduncle: (entom.) the basal joint of antennæ: (ornith.) the stem of a feather: (archit.) the shaft of a column.—adjs. Scape′less (bot.), wanting a scape; Scap′iform, scape-like; Scapig′erous, scape-bearing. [L., scapus, Gr. skapos, a shaft; cf. skēptron, a staff.]

Scape, skāp, n. the cry of the snipe when flushed: the snipe itself. [Prob. imit.]

Scapegoat, skāp′gōt, n. a goat on which, once a year, the Jewish high-priest laid symbolically the sins of the people, and which was then allowed to escape into the wilderness (Levit. xvi.): one who is made to bear the misdeeds of another. [Escape and goat.]

Scapement, skāp′ment, n. the same as Escapement.—n. Scape′-wheel, the wheel which drives the pendulum of a clock. [Escapement.]

Scapha, skā′fa, n. the scaphoid fossa of the helix of the ear. [L., a skiff.]

Scaphander, skā-fan′dėr, n. a diver's water-tight suit; a genus of gasteropods. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, anēr, andros, a man.]

Scapharca, skā-far′ka, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs. [L. scapha, a skiff.]

Scaphidium, skā-fid′i-um, n. a genus of clavicorn beetles. [Gr. skaphidion, dim. of skaphē, a skiff.]

Scaphiopod, skaf′i-ō-pod, adj. spade-footed.—n. a spade-footed toad. [Gr. skaphion, a spade, pous, podos, a foot.]

Scaphirhynchus, skaf-i-ring′kus, n. a genus of tyrant-flycatchers: the shovel-heads or shovel-nosed sturgeons. [Gr. skaphē, a skiff, rhyngchos, snout.]

Scaphism, skaf′izm, n. a Persian punishment by which the victim was fastened in a hollow tree, and smeared over with honey to attract wasps, &c. [Gr. skaphē, anything hollowed out.]

Scaphites, skā-fī′tez, n. a genus of fossil cephalopods of the ammonite family. [Gr. skaphē, a boat.]

Scaphium, skā′fi-um, n. the keel of papilionaceous flowers: a genus of coleopterous insects. [L.,—Gr. skaphion, a basin.]

Scaphocephalic, skaf-ō-se-fal′ik, adj. boat-shaped, a term applied to a certain kind of deformed skull. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, kephalē, a head.]

Scaphoid, skaf′oid, adj. boat-like in form, noting two bones, one in the wrist and the other in the foot. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, eidos, form.]

Scaphopod, skaf′ō-pod, adj. having the foot fitted for burrowing, as a mollusc. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, pous, podos, a foot.]

Scapinade, skap-i-nād′, n. a process of trickery—from the name of the tricky valet in Molière's comedy, Les Fourberies de Scapin.

Scap-net, skap′-net, n. a net for catching minnows, &c. [Same as scoop-net.]

Scapolite, skap′ō-līt, n. a silicate of alumina and lime, occurring in long rod-like crystals. [Gr. skapos, a rod, lithos, a stone.]

Scapple, skap′l, v.t. to work without finishing, as stone before leaving the quarry. [Scabble.]

Scapula, skap′ū-la, n. the shoulder-blade.—adj. Scap′ūlar, pertaining to the shoulder.—n. a bandage for the shoulder-blade: (ornith.) the shoulder feathers: a long strip of cloth worn by some orders: two little pieces of cloth tied together by strings passing over the shoulders, worn by lay persons in token of devotion: a short cloak with a hood, a monastic working dress.—adj. Scap′ūlary, in form like a scapular.—n. a scapular.—adj. Scap′ūlated, having the scapular feathers notable in size or colour, as the scapulated crow.—n. Scap′ūlimancy. divination by means of shoulder-blades.—adj. Scapuliman′tic. [L. scapulæ, the shoulder-blades, prob. cog. with scapus, a shaft.]

Scapus, skā′pus, n. (archit.) the shaft of a column: (ornith.) the scape of a feather: a genus of Cœlenterates:—pl. Scā′pi (ī). [L., a shaft.]

Scar, skär, n. the mark left by a wound or sore: any mark or blemish: a cicatrice: (fig.) any mark resulting from injury, material or moral: (bot.) a mark on a stem after the fall of a leaf: in shells, an impression left by the insertion of a muscle: in founding, an imperfect place in a casting: a disfigurement.—v.t. to mark with a scar.—v.i. to become scarred:—pr.p. scar′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. scarred.—adjs. Scar′less, without scars: unwounded; Scarred. [O. Fr. escare—L. eschara—Gr. eschara, a scar produced by burning.]

Scar, skär, n. a precipitous bank or rock: a bare rocky place on the side of a hill.—n. Scar′-lime′stone, a mass of calcareous rock crowded with marine fossils. [Scand., Ice. sker—skera, to cut.]

Scarab, skar′ab, n. an insect with wing-sheaths, a beetle: a gem, usually emerald, cut in the form of a beetle—also Scarabæ′us, Scar′abee.—n. Scar′aboid, an imitation scarab.—adj. like a scarab. [L. scarabæus; Gr. karabos.]

Scaramouch, skar′a-mowch, n. a buffoon: a bragging, cowardly fellow. [Fr.,—It. Scaramuccia, a famous Italian zany of the 17th century.]

Scarbroite, skär′brō-īt, n. a hydrous silicate of aluminium—from Scarborough.

Scarce, skārs, adj. not plentiful: not equal to the demand: rare: not common: parsimonious: deficient: short: scanty.—adj. Scarce′-beard′ed (Shak.), having a scanty beard.—adv. Scarce′ly, Scarce (B.), hardly, barely.—ns. Scarce′ment (archit.), a plain set-off or projection in a wall; Scarce′ness; Scarc′ity, state of being scarce: deficiency: rareness: niggardliness: want: famine.—Make one's self scarce, to decamp. [O. Fr. escars (Fr. échars), niggardly—Low L. scarpsus=ex-carpsus, for L. excerptus, pa.p. of excerpēre—ex, out of, carpēre, to pick.]

Scardafella, skär-da-fel′a, n. an American genus containing the ground-doves.

Scare, skār, v.t. to drive away by frightening: to strike with sudden terror: to startle, to affright.—n. an imaginary alarm: a sudden panic.—adj. lean, scanty.—ns. Scare′-babe, a bugbear; Scare′-bug; Scare′crow, anything set up to scare away crows or other birds: a vain cause of terror: a person meanly clad: the black tern; Scare′-fire, a fire-alarm: a conflagration. [M. E. skerren—skerre, frightened—Ice. skjarr, timid.]

Scarf, skärf, n. a light decorative piece of dress worn loosely on the shoulders or as a band about the neck: a light handkerchief for the neck: a cravat:—pl. Scarfs, Scarves (obs.).—v.t. to cover, as if with a scarf.—adj. Scarfed, decorated with pendants.—ns. Scarf′-pin, an ornamental pin worn in a scarf; Scarf′-ring, an ornamental ring through which the ends or a scarf are drawn. [A.S. scearfe, a piece; Dut. scherf, a shred.]

Scarf, skärf, v.t. to join two pieces of timber endwise, so that they may appear to be used as one: to flay the skin from a whale.—n. in carpentry, a joint whose ends are united so as to form a continuous piece.—ns. Scar′fing; Scarf′ing-machine′, a machine for shaving the ends of leather belting to a feather edge; Scarf′-joint, a joint made by overlapping two pieces of timber that will fit each other; Scarf′-loom, a figure loom for weaving fabrics. [Scand., Sw. skarf, Norw. skarv, a joint; cf. Ger. scherben, to cut small; conn. with shear, v.]

Scarf, skärf, n. the cormorant—(Scot.) Scart, Skart. [Ice. skarfr.]

Scaridæ, skar′i-dē, n.pl. a family of fishes including the parrot-fish.—Also Scā′rus. [Gr. skaros.]

Scarify, skar′i-fī, v.t. to scratch or slightly cut the skin, to make small cuts with a lancet, so as to draw blood: to loosen and stir together the soil: to harrow the feelings:—pa.t. and pa.p. scar′ifīed.—ns. Scarificā′tion, act of scarifying; Scarificā′tor, an instrument with several lancets for scarifying or making slight incisions in the operation of cupping; Scar′ifier, one who scarifies: an instrument used for scarifying the soil, esp. a grubber with prongs. [Fr. scarifier—L. scarificāre, -ātum—Gr. skariphasthai—skariphos, an etching tool.]

Scarious, skā′ri-us, adj. (bot.) thin, dry, membranaceous: (zool.) scaly, scurfy.

Scaritid, skär′i-tid, adj. pertaining to carabid beetles of Scarites or related genera.

Scarlatina, skär-la-tē′na, n. a dangerous and highly-contagious fever, so named from the scarlet rash or eruption which accompanies it—also Scar′let-fēver.—adjs. Scarlati′nal, Scarlati′nous.

Scarlet, skär′let, n. a bright-red colour: scarlet cloth.—adj. of the colour called scarlet: dressed in scarlet.—v.t. to redden.—ns. Scar′let-ad′miral, the red-admiral, a butterfly; Scar′let-bean, the scarlet-runner; Scar′let-fē′ver, a contagious febrile disease (see Scarlatina); Scar′let-hat, a cardinal's hat; Scar′let-light′ning, the scarlet lychnis: the red valerian; Scar′let-run′ner, a bean with scarlet flowers which runs up any support; Scar′let-snake, a bright-red harmless snake of the southern states of the American Union; Scar′let-tī′ger, a British moth; Scar′let-wom′an, the woman referred to in Rev. xvii. 4, 5—Pagan Rome, Papal Rome, or a personification of the World in its anti-Christian sense. [O. Fr. escarlate (Fr. écarlate), through Low L. scarlatum—Pers. saqalāt, scarlet cloth.]

Scarmage, skär′māj, n. (Spens.) same as Skirmish.—Also Scar′moge.

Scarp, skärp, n. (her.) a diminutive of the bend sinister, half its width: (obs.) a shoulder-belt. [O. Fr. escarpe, escharpe: cf. Scarf (1).]

Scarp, skärp, n. (fort.) any steep slope (same as Escarp).—v.t. to cut down a slope so as to render it impassable.—adj. Scarped. [O. Fr. escarpe—It. scarpa—Old High Ger. scharf; cf. Sharp.]

Scarpines, skär′pinz, n.pl. an instrument of torture resembling the boot. [Fr. escarpins, shoes.]

Scarred, skärd, adj. marked by scars.—n. Scar′ring, a scar: a mark.—adj. Scar′ry, bearing or pertaining to scars: having scars.

Scart, skärt, v.t. (Scot.) to scratch: to scrape.—n. a slight wound: a dash or stroke: a niggard: a poor-looking creature.—adj. Scart′-free.

Scarus, skā′rus, n. a genus of fishes including the parrot-wrasses. [Scaridæ.]

Scat, Scatt, skat, n. a tax in the Shetland Islands.—ns. Scat′hold, open ground for pasture; Scat′land, land which paid duty for rights of pasture and peat. [A.S. sceat, a coin; Dut. schat, Ger. schatz.]

Scat, skat, n. (prov.) a brisk shower of rain.—adj. Scat′ty, showery. [Prob. conn. with scud.]

Scatches, skach′ez, n.pl. stilts used for walking in dirty places. [O. Fr. eschace—Old Flem. schætse, a high shoe; Dut. schaats, pl. schaatsen, skates.]

Scath, Scathe, skāth, n. damage, injury: waste.—v.t. to injure.—adj. Scathe′ful, destructive.—n. Scathe′fulness, disadvantage: destructiveness.—adj. Scā′thing, damaging; blasting: scorching.—adv. Scā′thingly.—adjs. Scāth′less, without injury; Scā′thy (Scot.), mischievous: dangerous. [A.S. sceathu; Ger. schade, injury.]

Scatology, skā-tol′ō-ji, n. the knowledge of fossil excrement or coprolites: knowledge of the usages of primitive peoples about excrements, human and other.—adj. Scatolog′ical.—ns. Scat′omancy, Scatos′copy, divination of disease by inspection of excrement; Scatoph′aga, the dung-flies.—n.pl. Scatophag′idæ, a family of acanthopterygian fishes.—adj. Scatoph′agous, feeding on excrement. [Gr. skōr, skatos, dung, logia—legein, to speak; manteia, divination; skopein, to view; phagein, to eat.]

Scatter, skat′ėr, v.t. to disperse in all directions: to throw loosely about: to strew: to sprinkle: to dispel: to put to flight: to drop: to throw shot too loosely.—v.i. to be dispersed or dissipated.—n. Scatt′erbrain, a thoughtless, giddy person.—adjs. Scatt′er-brained, giddy; Scatt′ered, widely separated: wandering: distracted: irregular.—ns. Scatt′erer, one who or that which scatters; Scatt′er-good, a spendthrift; Scatt′er-gun, a shot-gun; Scatt′ering, something scattered: dispersion: that which has been scattered: the irregular reflection of light from a surface not perfectly smooth.—adj. dispersing: rare, sporadic: diversified.—adv. Scatt′eringly, in a dispersed manner: here and there.—ns. Scatt′erling (Spens.), one who has no fixed abode: a vagabond; Scatt′ermouch, any Latin or Levantine, in Pacific slang.—adj. Scatt′ery, dispersed: sparse: few and far between. [A.S. scateran, scaterian; cf. Shatter.]

Scaturient, skā-tū′ri-ent, adj. gushing like water from a fountain. [L. scaturīre, to gush out.]

Scaup, skawp, n. a sea-duck of genus Aythya, of northern regions, related to the pochard. [Ice. skálp—in skálp-hæna.]

Scauper, skaw′pėr, n. a tool with semicircular face, used by engravers. [Prob. scalper.]

Scavage, skav′āj, n. a duty or toll anciently exacted by mayors, &c., on goods exposed for sale.

Scavenger, skav′en-jėr, n. one who cleans the streets: an animal which feeds on carrion: a child employed to pick up loose cotton from the floor in a cotton-mill.—ns. Scav′agery, street-cleansing; Scav′aging.—v.t. Scav′enge, to cleanse.—ns. Scav′enger-bee′tle, a beetle which acts as a scavenger; Scav′enger-crab, any crab which feeds on decaying animal matter; Scav′engering; Scav′engerism; Scav′engery.—Scavenger's daughter, an instrument of torture by pressure with an iron hoop, invented by Sir W. Skevington, Lieutenant of the Tower under Henry VIII. [Orig. scavager, an inspector of goods for sale, and also of the streets; from scavage, duty on goods for sale—A.S. sceawian, to inspect; cf. Show.]

Scavilones, skav′i-lōnz, n.pl. men's drawers worn in the sixteenth century under the hose.

Scazon, skā′zon, n. in ancient prosody, a metre, the rhythm of which is imperfect toward the close of the line or period. [Gr. skazōn, limping.]

Scelerate, sel′e-rāt, adj. (obs.) wicked, villainous.—n. a villain—also Scel′erat.—adjs. Scel′erous, Sceles′tic. [O. Fr.—L. sceleratus—scelus, crime.]

Scelides, sel′i-dēz, n.pl. the posterior limbs of a mammal.—n. Scel′idosaur, a dinosaur of the genus Scelidosaurus.—adjs. Scelidosau′rian; Scelidosau′roid.—n.pl. Scelidosau′ridæ, a family of mailed dinosaurs.—ns. Scelidosau′rus, the typical genus of Scelidosauridæ; Scelio (sē′li-ō), a genus of hymenopterous insects parasitic in the eggs of grasshoppers and locusts; Scelop′orus (U.S.), the common brown fence-lizard. [Gr. skelis, skelidos, a leg.]

Scelp, skelp, n. long strips of iron used in forming a gun-barrel.—Also Skelp.

Scena, sē′na, n. the stage of an ancient theatre (pl. Scenæ, sē′nē): an elaborate dramatic solo (It., pron. shā′nä; pl. Sce′ne).—n. Scenario (she-nä′ri-ō), a skeleton libretto of a dramatic work. [L.]

Scend, send, n. the upward angular displacement of a vessel—opposed to Pitch, the correlative downward movement.—v.i. to heave upward. [A corr. of send, influenced by ascend.]

Scene, sēn, n. a picture of the place of an action: a large painted view: place of action, occurrence, or exhibition: the part of a play acted without change of place: (orig.) the stage of a theatre on which the actors perform: a series of landscape events connected and exhibited: a number of objects presented to the view at once: spectacle: view: any unseemly or ill-timed display of strong feeling between persons.—v.t. to exhibit: to display.—ns. Scene′-dock, the space in a theatre adjoining the stage, where scenery is stored when not in use; Scene′-man, one who manages the scenery in a theatre; Scene′-paint′er, one whose employment it is to paint scenery for theatres; Scē′nery, the painted representation on a stage: the appearance of anything presented to the eye: general aspect of a landscape; Scene′-shift′er (same as Scene-man).—adjs. Scē′nic, -al, pertaining to scenery: dramatic: theatrical.—adv. Scē′nically.—adjs. Scēnograph′ic, -al, drawn in perspective.—adv. Scēnograph′ically.—n. Scēnog′raphy, the art of perspective: representation in perspective.—Behind the scenes, at the back of the visible stage; Make a scene, to make a noisy or otherwise unwelcome exhibition of feeling. [L. scena—Gr. skēnē, a covered place, a stage.]

Scent, sent, v.t. to discern by the sense of smell: to perfume: to have some suspicion of.—v.i. to become odoriferous: to smell.—n. a perfume: odour: sense of smell: chase followed by the scent: course of pursuit: scraps of paper strewed on the ground by the pursued in the boys' game of hare and hounds.—ns. Scent′-bag, the pouch of an animal which secretes an odoriferous substance; Scent′-bott′le, a small bottle for holding perfume; Scent′-box.—adjs. Scent′ed, perfumed; Scent′ful, highly odoriferous: quick of scent: having a good nose, as a dog.—n. Scent′-gland, a glandular organ which secretes such substances as musk or castoreum.—adv. Scent′ingly, allusively: not directly.—adj. Scent′less, having no scent or smell: destructive of scent.—ns. Scent′-or′gan, a scent-gland; Scent′-vase, a vessel with a pierced cover designed to contain perfumes. [Fr. sentir—L. sentīre, to feel.]

Sceptic, -al, Skeptic, -al, skep′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to the philosophical school in ancient Greece of Pyrrho and his successors: doubting: hesitating to admit the certainty of doctrines or principles: (theol.) doubting or denying the truth of revelation.—ns. Scep′sis, Skep′sis, philosophic doubt; Scep′tic, one who is sceptical: (theol.) one who doubts or denies the existence of God or the truths of revelation.—adv. Scep′tically.—n. Scep′ticalness.—v.i. Scep′ticise, to act the sceptic.—n. Scep′ticism, that condition in which the mind is before it has arrived at conclusive opinions: doubt: the doctrine that no facts can be certainly known: agnosticism: (theol.) doubt of the existence of God or the truth of revelation. [L. scepticus—Gr. skeptikos, thoughtful, skeptesthai, to consider.]

Sceptre, sep′tėr, n. the staff or baton borne by kings as an emblem of authority: royal power.—v.t. to invest with royal power.—adjs. Scep′tral, regal; Scep′tred, bearing a sceptre: regal.—n. Scep′tredom, reign.—adjs. Scep′treless, powerless, as a sceptreless king; Scep′try, bearing a sceptre, royal. [L. sceptrum—Gr. skēptron—skēptein, to lean.]

Sceuophylacium, skū-ō-fi-lā′shi-um, n. (Gr. Church) the repository of the sacred vessels.—n. Sceuoph′ylax, a sacristan, church treasurer. [Gr. skeuos, a vessel, phylax, a watcher.]

Schæfferia, shef-fē′ri-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, the yellow-wood. [Named from Schaeffer, an 18th-cent. German botanist.]

Schalenblende, shä′len-blend, n. a variety of native zinc-sulphide. [Ger., schale, shell, blende, blende.]

Schediasm, skē′di-azm, n. cursory writing on a loose sheet. [Gr. schediasma—schedon, near.]

Schedule, shed′ūl, n. a piece of paper containing some writing: a list, inventory, or table.—v.t. to place in a schedule or list. [O. Fr. schedule (Fr. cédule)—L. schedula, dim. of scheda, a strip of papyrus—L. scindĕre, to cleave; or from Gr. schedē, a leaf.]

Scheelite, shē′līt, n. native calcium tungstate. [From the Swedish chemist, K. W. Scheele (1742-86).]

Schelm, skelm, n. (Scot.) a rascal.—Also Schel′lum, Shelm, Skel′lum. [O. Fr. schelme—Old High Ger. scalmo, plague; cf. Ger. schelm, a rogue.]

Schema, skē′ma, n. the image of the thing with which the imagination aids the understanding in its procedure: scheme, plan, outline generally: a diagrammatic outline or synopsis of anything: (Gr. Church) the monastic habit.—adj. Schemat′ic.—v.t. Schē′matise, to arrange in outline.—v.i. to make a plan in outline.—ns. Schē′matism, form or outline of a thing: (astrol.) the combination of the heavenly bodies; Schē′matist, a projector.

Scheme, skēm, n. plan: something contrived to be done: purpose: plot: a combination of things by design: a specific organisation for some end: an illustrative diagram: a system: a statement in tabular form: a representation of the aspect of the heavenly bodies at a given time.—v.t. to plan: to contrive.—v.i. to form a plan.—n. Scheme′-arch, an arch less than a semicircle.—adj. Scheme′ful.—n. Schē′mer.—adj. Schē′ming, given to forming schemes: intriguing.—adv. Schē′mingly, by scheming.—n. Schē′mist, a schemer: an astrologer.—adj. Schē′my, cunning: intriguing. [L. schema—Gr. schēma, form—echein, schēsein, to hold.]

Scheroma, ske-rō′ma, n. inflammation of the eye without discharge. [Gr. xēros, dry.]

Scherzo, sker′tsō, n. (mus.) a passage or movement of a lively character, forming part of a musical composition of some length, as a symphony, quartette, or sonata.—adj. Scherzan′do, playful. [It. scherzo, a jest, scherzare, to play—Teut.; Mid. High Ger. scherz (Ger. scherz, Dut. scherts), jest.]

Schesis, skē′sis, n. habitude.—adj. Schet′ic, constitutional: habitual. [Gr.,—echein, to have.]

Schiavone, ski-a-vō′ne, n. a backed, hilted broadsword of the 17th century. [It., the Doge's bodyguard, the Schiavoni or Slavs being armed with it.]

Schiedam, skē-dam′, n. Hollands gin, named from the town near Rotterdam where it is chiefly made.

Schiller, shil′ėr, n. the peculiar bronze-like lustre observed in certain minerals, as hypersthene, &c., due to internal reflection.—ns. Schillerisā′tion, the process by which microscopic crystals have been developed in other minerals so as to give a submetallic sheen by internal reflection; Schill′erite, or Schill′er-spar rock, enstatite schillerised. [Ger.]

Schindylesis, skin-di-lē′sis, n. an articulation formed by the fitting of one bone into a groove in another, as in the sphenoid bone and vomer.—adj. Schindylet′ic. [Gr.,—schindylein; to cleave, schizein, to cleave.]

Schinus, skī′nus, n. a genus of South American trees, of order Anacardiaceæ, the leaves yielding abundantly a fragrant, resinous, or turpentine-like fluid. [Gr. schinos, the mastic-tree.]

Schipperke, ship′pėr-ke, n. a breed of dogs of the same group as the Eskimo and Pomeranian dog, but with almost no tail, favourites of the Belgian bargees. [Flem., 'little skipper.']

Schisiophone, skiz′i-ō-fōn, n. an induction balance for detecting flaws in iron rails. [Gr. schisis, a cleaving, phōnē, sound.]

Schism, sizm, n. a separation in a church, from diversity of opinion or discipline, breach of unity without justifiable cause, also the tendency towards such.—ns. Schis′ma (mus.), the difference between a pure and an equally tempered fifth; Schismat′ic, one who separates from a church on account of difference of opinion.—adjs. Schismat′ic, -al, tending to, or of the nature of, schism.—adv. Schismat′ically.—n. Schismat′icalness.—v.i. Schis′matise, to practise schism: to make a breach in the communion of the church:—pr.p. schis′matīsing; pa.p. schis′matīsed.—Great, or Greek, schism, the separation of the Greek Church from the Latin, finally completed in 1054; Western schism, the division in the Western Church on the appointment by the Romans of Urban VI. to the papal chair in 1378, while the French cardinals elected Clement VII.—healed on the election of Martin V. by the Council of Constance in 1417. [L. schisma—Gr. schizein, to split.]

Schist, shist, n. a term properly applied to crystalline rocks with a foliated structure, as mica-schist, hornblende-schist, &c.—indurated clay-rocks with a fissile structure are sometimes erroneously described as schists.—adjs. Schistā′ceous, slate-gray; Schist′ic, Schist′ous, Schist′ose, like schist: slaty.—n. Schistos′ity, quality of being schistose. [Fr. schiste—Gr. schistos—schizein, to split.]

Schizæa, skī-zē′a, n. a genus of ferns, with sporangia ovate, sessile, and arranged in spikes or panicles. [Gr. schizein, to split.]

Schizocarp, skiz′ō-kärp, n. a dry fruit which splits at maturity into several closed one-seeded portions.—adj. Schizocar′pous. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, karpos, fruit.]

Schizocephaly, skiz-ō-sef′a-li, n. the practice of preserving the heads of warriors among Maoris, &c. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, kephalē, the head.]

Schizocœle, skiz′ō-sēl, n. a term applied to the perivisceral cavity of the Invertebrata, when formed by a splitting of the mesoblast.—adj. Schizocœ′lous. [Gr, schizein, to cleave, koilia, a hollow.]

Schizodon, skiz′ō-don, n. a genus of South American octodont rodents. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Schizogenesis, skiz-ō-jen′e-sis n. reproduction by fission.—adjs. Schizogen′ic, Schizogenet′ic.—n. Schizog′ony. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, genesis, production.]

Schizognathous, skī-zog′nā-thus, adj. having the maxillo-palatine bones separate from each other and from the vomer, as in the gulls, plovers, &c.—n.pl. Schizog′nāthæ, a subdivision of the carinate birds.—n. Schizog′nāthism. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, gnathos, the jaw.]

Schizomycetes, skiz-ō-mī-sē′tēz, n. a botanical term for Bacteria, in reference to their commonest mode of reproduction—by transverse division. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, mykēs (pl. mykētes), a mushroom.]

Schizonemertea, skiz-ō-nē-mer′tē-a, n.pl. the sea-worms which have the head fissured.—adjs. Schizonemer′tean, Schizonemer′tine.

Schizoneura, skiz-ō-nū′ra, n. a genus of plant lice. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, neuron, a nerve.]

Scizophora, skī-zof′ō-ra, n.pl. a division of dipterous insects. [Gr. schizein, cleave, pherein, bear.]

Schizopoda, skī-zop′ō-da, n.pl. a group of crustaceans, having the feet cleft or double, including the opossum-shrimps and their allies.—adj. and n. Schiz′opod. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, pous, podos, the foot.]

Schizorhinal, skiz-ō-rī′nal, adj. having the nasal bones separate: having the anterior nostrils prolonged in the form of a slit. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, rhis, rhinos, the nose.]

Schizothecal, skiz-ō-thē′kal, adj. having the tarsal envelope divided, as by scutella—opp. to Holothecal. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, thēkē, a case.]

Schizotrochous, skī-zot′rō-kus, adj. with a divided disc, as a rotifer.—n.pl. Schizot′rocha. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, trochos, a wheel.]

Schläger, shlā′gėr, n. the modern duelling-sword of German university students. [Ger.,—schlagen, to beat.]

Schegalia, shle-gā′li-a, n. a genus of birds of Paradise. [Named from the Dutch ornithologist Hermann Schlegel (1805-84).]

Schlich, shlik, n. the finer portions of crushed ore, separated by water. [Ger.]

Schmelze, schmel′tse, n. glass used in decorative work. [Ger. schmelz, enamel.]

Schnapps, Schnaps, shnaps, n. Holland gin, Hollands. [Ger. schnapps, a dram.]

Schneiderian, shnī-dē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the mucous membrane of the nose—first described by the German anatomist C. V. Schneider (1614-80).

Schœnus, skē′nus, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the sedge family. [Gr. schoinos, a rush.]

Scholar, skol′ar, n. a pupil: a disciple: a student: one who has received a learned education: a man of learning: a savant: in the English universities, an undergraduate partly supported from the revenues of a college.—ns. Schol′arch, the head of a school of philosophy; Schol′arism, the affectation of scholarship.—adjs. Schol′ar-like, Schol′arly, like or becoming a scholar.—n. Schol′arship, the character of a scholar: learning: maintenance for a scholar, a benefaction, the annual proceeds of a bequest permanently invested for this purpose.—adj. Scholas′tic, pertaining to a scholar or to schools: scholar-like: pertaining to the schoolmen: excessively subtle: pedantic.—n. one who adheres to the method or subtleties of the schools of the middle ages.—adv. Scholas′tically, in a scholastic manner: according to the methods of the schools of philosophy.—n. Scholas′ticism, the aims, methods, and products of thought which constituted the main endeavour of the intellectual life of the middle ages: the method or subtleties of the schools of philosophy: the collected body of doctrines of the schoolmen. [Low L. scholaris—L. schola.]

Scholiast, skō′li-ast, n. one of a class of ancient grammarians, mostly anonymous, who wrote short notes on the margins of the MSS. of ancient Greek and Roman classics, a writer of scholia: an annotator: a commentator.—adj. Scholias′tic, pertaining to a scholiast or to scholia.—ns. Schō′lion, Schō′lium, one of the marginal notes of the old critics on the ancient classics: (math.) an explanation tion added to a problem:—pl. Schō′lia, Schō′liums. [Gr. scholiastēs—scholion, a scholium.]

School, skōōl, n. a place for instruction: an institution of learning, esp. for children: the pupils of a school: exercises for instruction: the disciples of a particular teacher, or those who hold a common doctrine: a large number of fish migrating together, a shoal: a system of training: any means of knowledge, esp. (mus.) a treatise teaching some particular branch of the art: a large hall in English universities, where the examinations for degrees, &c., are held—hence, one of these examinations (gen. pl.) also the group of studies taken by a man competing for honours in these: a single department of a university: (pl.) the body of masters and students in a college.—v.t. to educate in a school: to instruct: to admonish, to discipline.—adj. School′able, of school age.—ns. School′-board, a board of managers, elected by the ratepayers, whose duty it is to see that adequate means of education are provided for the children of a town or district; School′-boy, a boy attending a school: one learning the rudiments of a subject; School′-clerk, one versed in the learning of schools; School′-craft, learning; School′-dame, a schoolmistress.—n.pl. School′-days, the time of life during which one goes to school.—ns. School′-divine′; School′-divin′ity, scholastic or seminary theology; School′-doc′tor, a schoolman; School′ery (Spens.), something taught, precepts; School′-fell′ow, one taught at the same school: an associate at school; School′girl a girl attending school.—n.pl. School′-hours, time spent at school in acquiring instruction.—ns. School′-house, a house of discipline and instruction: a house used as a school: a schoolmaster's house; School′ing, instruction in school: tuition: the price paid for instruction: reproof, reprimand; School′-inspec′tor, an official appointed to examine schools; School′-ma'am, a schoolmistress; School′-maid, a school-girl; School′man, one of the philosophers and theologians of the second half of the middle ages; School′master, the master or teacher of a school, a pedagogue:—fem. School′mistress, a woman who teaches or who merely governs a school; School′-mate, one who attends the same school; School′-name, an abstract term, an abstraction; School′-pence, a small sum paid for school-teaching; School′-point, a point for scholastic disputation; School′-room, a room for teaching in: school accommodation; School′-ship, a vessel used for teaching practical navigation.—adj. School′-taught, taught at school or in the schools.—ns. School′-teach′er, one who teaches in a school; School′-teach′ing; School′-time, the time at which a school opens; School′-whale, one of a school of whales; Board′-school, a school under the control of a school-board.—Grammar school, High school, a school of secondary instruction, standing between the primary school and the university; National schools, those schools in Ireland which are under the commissioners of national education; Oxford school, a name given to that party which adopted the principles contained in the Tracts for the Times (cf. Tractarianism); Parochial schools, in Scotland, schools in every parish for general education; Primary school, a school for elementary instruction; Public school, an elementary or primary school: a school under the control of a school-board: an endowed classical school for providing a liberal education for such as can pay high for it—Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester, Westminster, Shrewsbury, Charterhouse, St Paul's, and Merchant Taylors′, &c.; Ragged school, a free school for destitute children's education and often maintenance, supported by voluntary efforts; Sunday school, a school held on Sunday for religious instruction; Tübingen school, a rationalistic school of theologians founded by F. C. Baur (1792-1860), which explained the origin of the Catholic Church as due to the gradual fusion of an antagonistic Judaistic and Gentile party, the various stages of fusion being capable of being traced in the extant documents.—The schoolmaster is abroad, a phrase of Brougham's implying that education and intelligence are now widely spread. [L. schola—Gr. scholē, leisure, a school.]

Schooner, skōōn′ėr, n. a sharp-built, swift-sailing vessel, generally two-masted, rigged either with fore-and-aft sails on both masts, or with square top and topgallant sails on the foremast: an old form of covered emigrant-wagon: a large drinking-glass.—n. Schoon′er-smack, a sharp-bowed schooner. [Coined in New England from the prov. Eng. scoon (Scot. scon), to make a flat stone skip along the surface of water; A.S. scúnian.]

Schorl, shorl, n. black tourmaline—also Shorl.—adjs. Schorlā′ceous, Schor′lous, Schor′ly. [Ger. schörl, prob. from Sw. skör, brittle.]

Schottische, sho-tēsh′, n. a dance resembling a polka, danced by a couple: music adapted for the dance.—Also Schottish′. [Ger., 'Scottish.']

Schout, skout, n. a municipal officer in the North American Dutch colonies. [Dut.]

Schrankia, shrang′ki-a, n. a genus of leguminous plants, whose six species are all American—including the sensitive-briar. [Named from the German naturalist F. von Paula Schrank (1747-1835).]

Schweinitzia, shwī-nit′zi-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the Indian-pipe family, including the sweet pine-sap or Carolina beech-drops. [The Amer. botanist L. D. von Schweinitz (1780-1834).]

Schwenkfelder, shwengk′fel-dėr, n. a member of a religious sect, founded by Caspar von Schwenkfeld (1490-1561), still found in Pennsylvania.—Also Schwenk′feldian.

Sciadiaceæ, sī-ad-i-ā′sē-ē, n. a family of fresh-water algæ, its typical genus Sciadium.

Sciagraphy, sī-ag′ra-fi, n. the art of casting and delineating shadows as they fall in nature: (archit.) the vertical section of a building to show its interior structure: the art of dialling.—ns. Scī′agraph; Scīag′rapher.—adjs. Scīagraph′ic, -al.—adv. Scīagraph′ically. [Gr. skiagraphia—skia, a shadow, graphein, to write.]

Sciametry, sī-am′e-tri, n. the doctrine of eclipses. [Gr. skia, shadow, metrein, to measure.]

Sciara, sī′a-ra, n. a genus of gnats or midges. [Gr. skiaros, shady—skia, a shadow.]

Sciath, sī′ath, n. an oblong shield of wicker-work formerly used in Ireland. [Ir. sciath.]

Sciatheric, -al, sī-a-ther′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to a sundial. [Gr. skiathēron—skia, shadow, theran, catch.]

Sciatica, sī-at′i-ka, n. a neuralgic affection of the great sciatic nerve.—adjs. Sciat′ic, -al, pertaining to, or affecting, the hip, ischiac.—adv. Sciat′ically. [Low L. sciatica—Gr. ischion.]

Science, sī′ens, n. knowledge systematised: truth ascertained: pursuit of knowledge or truth for its own sake: knowledge arranged under general truths and principles: that which refers to abstract principles, as distinguished from 'art:' pre-eminent skill: trade: a department of knowledge.—n. Scib′ile, something capable of being known.—adjs. Scī′enced, versed, learned; Scī′ent, knowing; Scien′tial (Milt.), producing science: skilful; Scientif′ic, -al (obs.), producing or containing science: according to, or versed in, science: used in science: systematic: accurate.—adv. Scientif′ically.—ns. Scī′entism, the view of scientists; Scī′entist, one who studies science, esp. natural science.—adjs. Scientis′tic.—adv. Scī′ently, knowingly.—n. Scient′olism, false science, superficial knowledge.—Scientific frontier, a term used by Lord Beaconsfield in 1878 in speaking of the rectification of the boundaries between India and Afghanistan, meaning a frontier capable of being occupied and defended according to the requirements of the science of strategy, in opposition to 'a hap-hazard frontier.'—Absolute science, knowledge of things in themselves; Applied science, when its laws are exemplified in dealing with concrete phenomena; Dismal science, political economy; Gay science, a medieval name for belles-lettres and poetry generally, esp. amatory poetry; Inductive science (see Induct); Liberal science, a science cultivated from love of knowledge, without view to profit; Mental science, mental philosophy, psychology; Moral science, ethics, the science of right and wrong, moral responsibility; Occult science, a name applied to the physical sciences of the middle ages, also to magic, sorcery, witchcraft, &c.; Sanitary science (see Sanitary); The exact sciences, the mathematical sciences; The science, the art of boxing; The seven liberal sciences, grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy—these were the seven Terrestrial sciences, as opposed to the seven Celestial sciences, civil law, Christian law, practical theology, devotional theology, dogmatic theology, mystic theology, and polemical theology. [Fr.,—L. scientia—sciens, -entis, pr.p. of scīre, to know.]

Scilla, sil′a, n. a genus of liliaceous plants, as the squill. [L.,—Gr. skilla, a sea-onion.]

Scillocephalus, sil-ō-sef′a-lus, n. a person with a conical cranium.—adjs. Scilloceph′alous. [Gr. skilla, a squill, kephalē, a head.]

Scimitar, sim′i-tar, n. a short, single-edged curved sword, broadest at the point end, used by the Turks and Persians.—n. Scim′itar-pod, a strong, shrubby climber of the tropics. [O. Fr. cimeterre—Old It. cimitara—Turk.,—Pers. shimshīr (perh. 'lion's claw,' sham, a claw, shīr, sher, a lion); or perh. through Sp. cimitarra, from Basque cimeterra, something 'with a fine edge.']

Scincoid, sing′koid, n. one of a family of saurian reptiles, the typical genus of which is the Scin′cus or skink.—adjs. like a skink. [L. scincus—Gr. skingkos, a kind of lizard, eidos, form.]

Scintilla, sin-til′a, n. a spark: a glimmer: the least particle: a trace: a genus of bivalve molluscs: a genus of lepidopterous insects.—adjs. Scin′tillant; Scin′tillante (mus.), brilliant.—v.i. Scin′tillate, to throw out sparks: to sparkle.—n. Scintillā′tion, act of throwing out sparks: shining with a twinkling light.—adj. Scintilles′cent, scintillating feebly.—n. Scintillom′eter, an instrument for measuring the intensity of scintillation of the stars. [L., a spark.]

Sciolism, sī′ō-lizm, n. superficial knowledge.—n. Scī′olist, one who knows anything superficially: a pretender to science.—adjs. Scīolis′tic, pertaining to, or partaking of, sciolism: pertaining to, or resembling, a sciolist; Scī′olous. [L. sciolus, dim. of scius, knowing—scīre, to know.]

Sciomachy, sī-om′a-ki, n. a battle or fighting with shadows: imaginary or futile combat.—Also Sciam′achy. [Gr. skiamachia, skiomachia—skia, shadow, machē, battle.]

Sciomancy, sī′ō-man-si, n. divination by means of the shades of the dead.

Scion, sī′on, n. a cutting or twig for grafting: a young member of a family: a descendant. [O. Fr. sion, cion—L. section-em, a cutting—secāre, to cut.]

Scioptic, sī-op′tik, adj. noting a certain optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened room, consisting of a globe with a lens fitted to a camera, and made to turn like the eye—also Sciop′tric.—ns. Sciop′ticon; Sciop′tics. [Gr. skia, shadow, optikos, pertaining to sight.]

Scire facias, sī′re fā′shi-as, n. (law) a writ to enforce the execution of judgments, or to quash them.

Scirpus, sir′pus, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants, including the bulrushes. [L., a rush.]

Scirrhus, skir′us, or sir′us, n. (med.) a hardened gland forming a tumour: a hardening, esp. that preceding cancer.—adjs. Scirr′hoid, resembling scirrhus; Scirr′hous, hardened, proceeding from scirrhus. [L.,—Gr. skirros, skiros, a tumour.]

Scirtopod, sir′tō-pod, adj. having limbs fitted for leaping.—n.pl. Scirtop′oda, an order of saltatorial rotifers. [Gr. skirtan, leap, pous, foot.]

Sciscitation, sis-i-tā′shun, n. (obs.) the act of inquiry: demand. [L.,—sciscitāri, to inquire—sciscĕre, to seek to know—scīre, to know.]

Scissel, sis′el, n. the clippings of various metals: scrap—also Sciss′il. [O. Fr. cisaille—ciseler—cisel, a chisel (q.v.). The spelling has been adapted in the interests of a fancied connection with L. scindĕre, scissum, to divide.]

Scissors, siz′orz, n.pl. a cutting instrument consisting of two blades fastened at the middle: shears.—v.i. Scise, sīz (obs.), to cut: to penetrate.—adjs. Sciss′ible, Sciss′ile, capable of being cut.—ns. Scis′sion, the act of cutting: division: splitting; Scissipar′ity, reproduction by fission.—v.t. Sciss′or, to cut with scissors.—ns. Sciss′or-bill, a skimmer; Sciss′or-tail, an American bird, the scissor-tailed fly-catcher; Sciss′or-tooth, the sectorial tooth of a carnivore which cuts against its fellow; Scissū′ra (anat.), a fissure, a cleft; Scis′sure, a cleft: a fissure: a rupture: a division; Scissurel′la, a genus of gasteropods with a shell deeply cut. [Formerly written cisors—O. Fr. cisoires, conn. with Fr. ciseaux, scissors, from Late L. cisorium, a cutting instrument—L. cædĕre, cæsum, to cut.]

Sciuridæ, sī-ū′ri-dē, n. a family of rodent mammals containing the squirrels and their allies.—adjs. Scī′ūrine, Scī′ūroid.—ns. Sciūrop′terus, one of two genera of flying squirrels; Sciū′rus, a genus of Sciuridæ, the arboreal squirrels. [Gr. skiouros.]

Sclera, sklē′ra, n. the sclerotic coat of the eye-ball.—n. Sclē′ragogy, severe discipline.—adj. Sclē′ral.—ns. Sclēran′thus, a genus of apetalous plants, including the knawel or German knot-grass; Sclere, in sponges, a skeletal element; Sclērench′yma, the hard parts of corals or plants.—adj. Sclerenchym′atous.—ns. Sclē′ria, a genus of monocotyledonous plants, of the sedge family; Sclerī′asis, sclerodermia; Sclē′rite, any hard part of the integument of arthropods.—adj. Sclerit′ic.—n. Sclē′robase, a dense corneous mass, as in red coral.—adj. Sclerobā′sic.—ns. Sclērobrā′chia, an order of brachiopods; Sclē′roderm, hardened integument or exo-skeleton, esp. of a coral: a madrepore.—n.pl. Scleroder′mata, the scaly reptiles: the madrepores.—n. Sclēroder′mia, a chronic non-inflammatory affection of the skin, which becomes thick and rigid.—adjs. Scleroder′mic, Scleroder′mous, Sclerodermit′ic.—ns. Scleroder′mite; Sclē′rogen, the thickening matter of woody cells, as in walnut-shells, &c.—adjs. Sclerog′enous, producing sclerous tissue: mail-cheeked, as a fish; Sclē′roid, hard, scleritic.—ns. Sclērō′ma, sclerosis; Sclēromē′ninx, the dura mater; Sclērom′eter, an instrument for measuring the hardness of a mineral.—adjs. Sclērō′sal, Sclē′rosed.—ns. Sclērō′sis, a hardening: (bot.) the induration of a tissue; Sclēros′toma, a genus of nematode worms; Sclērō′tal, a bone of the eye-ball.—adj. relating to such.—adj. Sclērot′ic, hard, firm, applied esp. to the outer membrane of the eye-ball: pertaining to sclerosis: relating to ergot.—n. the outermost membrane of the eye-ball.—ns. Sclērotī′tis, inflammation of the sclerotic; Sclērō′tium, a hard, multicellular tuber-like body formed towards the end of the vegetative season by the close union of the ordinary mycelial filaments of Fungi.—adjs. Sclē′rous, hard or indurated: ossified or bony; Sclērur′ine, having stiff, hard tail-feathers, as a bird of the genus Sclerurus. [Gr. sklēros, hard.]

Scoat, skōt, v.t. to prop, to block, to scotch, as a wheel.—Also Scote. [O. Fr. ascouter—ascot, a branch—Teut., Old High Ger. scuz, a shoot; Ger. schuss.]

Scobs, skobz, n. sawdust: shavings: dross of metals.—adj. Scob′iform, resembling sawdust or raspings.—n. Scobī′na, the pedicle of the spikelets of grasses. [L. scobis—scabĕre, to scrape.]

Scoff, skof, v.t. to mock: to treat with scorn.—v.i. to show contempt or scorn: to deride, taunt, gibe.—n. an expression of scorn or contempt: an object of scoffing.—n. Scoff′er.—adv. Scoff′ingly, in a scoffing manner: with mockery or contempt. [Old Fris. schof; Ice. skaup, cf. Old Dut. schoppen, to scoff.]

Scoganism, skō′gan-izm, n. a scurrilous jesting. [From Scogan, the name of a famous jester.]

Scold, skōld, v.i. to rail in a loud and violent manner: to find fault.—v.t. to chide rudely: to rebuke in words.—n. a rude, clamorous woman: a termagant.—ns. Scold′er; Scold′ing, railing: a rating; Scold′ing-stool, a cucking-stool. [Old Dut. scheldan; Ger. schelten, to brawl, to scold.]

Scolecida, skō-les′i-da, n. a class of worms consisting of the wheel-animalcules, turbellarians, trematode worms, &c.—adj. Scolec′iform.—ns. Scolecī′na, a group of annelids typified by the earth-worm—also Scoleī′na; Scol′ecīte, a hydrous silicate of aluminium and calcium.—adjs. Scolē′coid, like a scolex; Scolēcoph′agous, worm-eating, as a bird.—n. Scolecoph′agus, a genus of birds including the maggot-eaters or rusty grackles.—n.pl. Scolecophid′ia, a division of angiostomous serpents.—adj. Scolecophid′ian, worm-like, as a snake.—n. Scō′lex, the embryo of an entozoic worm. [Gr. skōlēx, a worm.]

Scolia, skō-li-a, n. a genus of fossorial hymenopterous insects. [Gr. skōlos, a prickle.]

Scoliodon, skō-lī′ō-don, n. the genus containing the oblique-toothed sharks. [Gr. skolios, oblique, odous, odontis, a tooth.]

Scolisois, skol-i-ō′sis, n. lateral curvature of the spinal column.—adj. Scoliot′ic. [Gr.,—skolios, oblique.]

Scolite, skō′līt, n. a fossil worm or its trace. [Gr. skolios, oblique.]

Scolopaceous, skol-ō-pā′shi-us, adj. resembling a snipe.—n.pl. Scolopac′idæ, a family of wading-birds containing snipes, &c.—adjs. Scol′opacine, Scol′opacoid.—n. Scol′opax. [L. scolopax, a snipe.]

Scolopendra, skol-ō-pen′dra, n. a genus of Myriapoda, having a long, slender, depressed body, protected by coriaceous plates, and having at least twenty-one pairs of legs: (Spens.) an imaginary fish or sea-monster.—adj. Scolopen′driform, Scolopen′drine.—n. Scolopen′drium, a genus of asplenioid ferns, generally called Hart's-tongue. [L.,—Gr. skolopendra, a milliped.]

Scolytus, skol′i-tus, n. typical genus of Scolyt′idæ, a family of bark beetles.—adj. Scol′ytoid. [Gr. skolyptein, to strip.]

Scomber, skom′bėr, n. a genus of acanthopterygian fishes typical of the family Scombridæ, to which belong mackerel, tunnies, bonitos, &c.—ns. Scomber′esox, the mackerel pikes, saury pikes, or sauries; Scomberom′orus, the Spanish mackerel and related species.—adjs. Scom′briform, Scom′brid, -al, Scom′broid. [L.,—Gr. skombros, a mackerel.]

Scomfish, skom′fish, v.t. (Scot.) to suffocate by bad air: to nauseate: to discomfit.—v.i. to be suffocated. [A corr. of obs. scomfit=discomfit.]

Scomm, skom, n. (obs.) a flout: a buffoon. [L. scomma—Gr. skōmma, a jest.]

Sconce, skons, n. a bulwark: a small fort: a protective headpiece, hence the head, the skull, brains, wits: a covered stall: a fine: a seat in an old-fashioned open chimney-place, a chimney-seat: a fragment of an icefloe.—v.t. to fortify: to tax, to fine lightly, at Oxford and Cambridge, for some irregularity. [O. Fr. esconcer, to conceal—L. abscondĕre, absconsum.]

Sconce, skons, n. the part of a candlestick for the candle: a hanging candlestick with a mirror to reflect the light: a lantern. [O. Fr. esconse—Low L. absconsa, a dark-lantern—abscondĕre, to hide.]

Scone, skōn, n. (Scot.) a soft cake fired on a griddle. [Perh. Gael. sgonn, a shapeless mass.]

Scoon, skōōn, v.t. to skim along like a vessel: (Scot.) to skip flat stones on the surface of water. [Scun.]

Scoop, skōōp, v.t. to lift up, as water, with something hollow: to empty with a ladle: to make hollow: to dig out: to dredge for grain: to get before a rival newspaper in publishing some important piece of news.—n. anything hollow for scooping: a large hollow shovel or ladle: a banker's shovel: a coal-scuttle: a haul of money made in speculation: a place hollowed out: a sweeping stroke: (Scot.) the peak of a cap: the act of beating another newspaper in publishing some news.—ns. Scoop′er, an engraver's tool; Scoop′ing, the action of the right whale in feeding; Scoop′-net, a hand-net; Scoop′-wheel, a wheel having buckets attached to its circumference, used for raising water. [Prob. Scand., Sw. skopa, a scoop; or Old Dut. schœpe, a shovel, Ger. schüppe, a shovel.]

Scoot, skōōt, v.i. to make off with celerity.—v.t. (Scot.) to squirt.—n. a sudden flow of water: a squirt. [A variant of shoot.]

Scopa, skō′pa, n. (entom.) a mass of stiff hairs like a brush.—n. Scopā′ria, a genus of pyralid moths: a genus of gamopetalous plants—the West Indian sweet bromweed.—adjs. Scopā′rious, scopiform; Scō′pate, covered with stiff hairs; Scōpif′erous, brushy; Scō′piform, broom-shaped.—ns. Scop′ula (entom.), a small brush-like organ; Scopulā′ria, in a sponge, the besom-shaped spicule.—adjs. Scop′ūlate, broom-shaped; Scop′ūliform, scopiform; Scop′ūliped, Scō′piped, having brushy feet, as solitary bees. [L. scopa, twigs.]

Scope, skōp, n. that which one sees, space as far as one can see: room or opportunity for free outlook: space for action: the end before the mind: intention: length of cable at which a vessel rides at liberty: a target.—adjs. Scope′ful, with a wide prospect; Scope′less, purposeless, useless. [It. scopo—Gr. skopos—skopein, to view.]

Scopelidæ, skō-pel′i-dē, n.pl. a family of deep-water teleostean fishes, the typical genus Scop′elus. [Gr. skopelos, a rock.]

Scopidæ, skop′i-dē, n.pl. an African family of wading-birds, as the shadow-birds, the typical genus Scō′pus.

Scopperil, skop′e-ril, n. a top: teetotum: the bone-foundation of a button. [Ice. skoppa, to spin.]

Scopulous, skop′ū-lus, adj. full of rocks. [L. scopulus—Gr. skopelos, a high rock.]

Scorbutic, -al, skor-bū′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to, resembling, or diseased with scurvy. [Low L. scorbutus, scurvy, prob. from Old Low Ger. schorbock, scurvy, Old Dut. scheurbuyck, scurvy. Prob. orig. meaning 'rupture of the belly,' for Old Dut. scheuren, to tear, buyck (mod. Dut. buik), the belly.]

Scorch, skorch, v.t. to burn slightly: to roast highly: to affect painfully with heat: to singe: to attack with virulence.—v.i. to be burned on the surface: to be dried up: (slang) to ride a bicycle furiously on a public highway.—ns. Scorched′-car′pet, -wing, British geometrid moths; Scorch′er, anything that scorches, a very caustic rebuke, criticism, &c.: one who rides a bicycle furiously on a road; Scorch′ing.—p.adj. burning superficially: bitterly sarcastic, scathing.—adv. Scorch′ingly.—n. Scorch′ingness. [O. Fr. escorcher, from Low L. excorticare—L. ex, off, cortex, corticis, bark; or prob. Scand., Norw. skrekka, to shrink.]

Scordato, skōr-dä′tō, adj. (mus.) put out of tune.—n. Scordatū′ra, in stringed musical instruments, an intentional departure from the normal tuning. [It.]

Score, skōr, n. a mark or notch for keeping count: a line drawn: the number twenty, once represented by a larger notch: a reckoning: a debt: the register of the various points of play in a game: account: reason: the original draught of a musical composition with all the parts, or its transcript.—v.t. to mark with notches or lines: to furrow: to set down: to charge: to engrave: to braid: to note: to enter: to make points, &c., in certain games.—v.i. to keep, or to run up, a score: to succeed in making points, &c., in a game.—ns. Scōr′er, one who keeps the marks in a game; Scōr′ing, the act of one who, or that which, scores: a deep groove made by glacial action: the act of repeatedly bringing a racer and his rider to the starting-point, so as to get a fair start.—Go off at score, to make a spirited start; Pay off old scores, to repay old grudges; Run up a score, to run up a debt. [A.S. scor—sceran (pa.p. scoren), to shear.]

Scoria, skō′ri-a, n. dross or slag left from metal or ores after being under fire: a genus of geometrid moths:—pl. Scō′riæ, volcanic ashes.—adjs. Scō′riac, Scoriā′ceous.—ns. Scorificā′tion, the act or operation of reducing a body to scoria: a method of assaying by fusing the ore with metallic lead and borax in a scorifier; Scor′ifīer, a flat dish used in such a form of assaying.—adj. Scō′riform, like scoria.—v.t. Scō′rify, to reduce to slag.—adj. Scō′rious. [L.,—Gr. skōria.]

Scorn, skorn, n. disdain caused by a mean opinion of anything: extreme contempt: object of contempt.—v.t. to hold in extreme contempt: to disdain: to make a mock of.—v.i. to scoff: to jeer.—n. Scor′ner, one who scorns: (B.) one who scoffs at religion: a scoffer.—adj. Scorn′ful, full of scorn: contemptuous: disdainful.—adv. Scorn′fully.—ns. Scorn′fulness; Scor′ning.—Laugh to scorn (B.), to deride; Think scorn, to disdain or despise. [O. Fr. escarn, mockery—Old High Ger. skern, mockery.]

Scorodite, skor′ō-dīt, n. a hydrous arseniate of iron.—Also Skor′odite. [Gr. skorodon, skordon, garlic.]

Scorpæna, skor-pē′na, n. a genus of fishes, the typical genus of Scorpæ′nidæ, a family including the rose-fish, the Californian rock-fish, and their allies. [L.,—Gr. skorpaina, a fish.]

Scorpion, skor′pi-un, n. a name applicable to any member of the family Scorpionidæ, included along with spiders, mites, &c. in the heterogeneous class Arachnida—they have an elongated body, claws like the lobster, and a poisonous sting in the tail: one of the signs of the zodiac: (B.) a whip with points like a scorpion's tail: an old military engine: any person of virulent hatred or animosity.—n. Scor′pio, a scorpion: (astron.) a constellation and the eighth sign of the zodiac.—adj. Scor′pioid, curled like the tail of a scorpion.—n. Scor′pion-bug, a large predacious water-beetle.—n.pl. Scorpiō′nes, true scorpions, a sub-order of Arachnida.—ns. Scor′pion-fish, a sea-scorpion; Scor′pion-fly, an insect having its abdomen curled like a scorpion; Scor′pion-grass, the forget-me-not: the mouse-ear; Scorpion′ida, an order of Arachnida, containing the Scorpiones or true scorpions; Scor′pion-lob′ster, a long-tailed crustacean; Scor′pion-plant, a Javan orchid with large creamy flower supposed to resemble a spider; Scor′pion-shell, a gasteropod distinguished by long, channelled spines; Scor′pion-spī′der, a whip-scorpion; Scor′pion-wort, a leguminous plant native of southern Europe; Scorpiū′rus, a genus of leguminous plants named scorpion's tail. [Fr.,—L. scorpio—Gr. skorpios.]

Scortatory, skor′ta-tō-ri, adj. pertaining to lewdness. [L. scortator, a fornicator—scortum, a whore.]

Scorzonera, skor-zō-nē′ra, n. a genus of Old World herbs of the Aster family—Viper's Grass. [It., scorza, bark, nera, black, fem. of nero—L. niger, black.]

Scot, skot, n. a payment, esp. a customary tax—also Shot.—adj. Scot′-free, free from scot or payment: untaxed: unhurt, safe.—Scot and lot, an old legal phrase embracing all parochial assessments for the poor, the church, lighting, cleansing, and watching. [A.S. scot, sceot—scéotan, to shoot.]

Scot, skot, n. a native of Scotland: one of the Scoti or Scots, a Celtic race who migrated from Ireland—the original Scotia—before the end of the 5th century.—n. Scō′tia, Scotland.—Scots Greys, a famous regiment of dragoons, established in 1683; Scots Guards, the Scottish force which served the kings of France from 1418 down to the battle of Minden (1759), nominally retained, however, down to 1830: a well-known regiment of Guards in the British army, formerly Scots Fusiliers.—Pound Scots, 1s. 8d. [A.S. Scottas, the Scots. Further ety. quite uncertain, whether Gael. sguit, a wanderer, Gr. Skythēs, a Scythian, &c.]

Scotch, skoch, adj. pertaining to Scotland, its people, language, customs, products, &c.—also Scot′tish, Scots.—n. the dialect of English spoken in Lowland Scotland: (coll.) Scotch whisky.—ns. Scotch′-hop, a child's game: hop-scotch; Scotch′man, Scots′man, a native of Scotland.—Scotch amulet, a British geometrid moth; Scotch and English, the boys' game of prisoner's base; Scotch barley, pot or hulled barley; Scotch bluebell, the harebell; Scotch bonnets, the fairy-ring mushroom; Scotch broth, broth made with pot-barley and plenty of various vegetables chopped small; Scotch cap, the wild black raspberry; Scotch catch, or snap, the peculiarity in Scotch music of the first of two tones played to the same beat being the shorter; Scotch curlies, a variety of kale; Scotch fir, or pine, the only species of pine indigenous to Britain, valuable for its timber, turpentine, tar, &c.; Scotch kale, a variety of kale; Scotch mist, a mist like fine rain; Scotch pebbles, varieties of agate and jasper; Scotch thistle, the national emblem of Scotland.

Scotch, skoch, v.t. to cut or wound slightly: to notch.—n. a notch, scratch.—n. Scotch′ing, a method of dressing stone with a pick.—Scotched-collops, or (erroneously) Scotch-collops, beef-steaks fried with onions. [Related to scutch, scratch.]

Scotch, skoch, n. a strut or drag for a wheel.—v.t. to prop or block with such.—n. Scote, a prop.—v.t. to stop or block.

Scoter, skō′tėr, n. a genus of northern sea-ducks, with bill gibbous at the base. [Prob. Ice. skoti—skjóta, to shoot.]

Scotia, skō′ti-a, n. a concave moulding, as the base of a pillar. [Gr. skotia,—skotos, darkness.]

Scotice, skot′i-sē, adv. in the Scotch language or manner.—n. Scot′icism=Scotticism.

Scotism, skō′tizm, n. the metaphysical system of Johannes Duns Scotus, a native of Dunstane in Northumberland, Dun or Down in the north of Ireland, or Dunse in Berwickshire (1265 or 1274-1308), the great assailant of the method of Aquinas in seeking in speculation instead of in practice the foundation of Christian theology—his theological descendants were the Franciscans, in opposition to the Dominicans, who followed Aquinas.—n. Scō′tist, a follower of Duns Scotus.—adj. Scotis′tic.

Scotograph, skot′ō-graf, n. an instrument for writing in the dark, or for the use of the blind.—ns. Scotō′ma, a defect in the vision (obs. Scot′omy); Scot′ophis, a genus of carinated serpents of North America; Scotor′nis, a genus of African birds with very long tails; Scot′oscope, a night-glass. [Gr. skotos, darkness, graphein, to write.]

Scotticism, skot′i-sizm, n. a Scotch idiom.—v.t. Scott′icise.—n. Scottificā′tion.—v.t. Scott′ify (coll.), to give Scotch character to.

Scoundrel, skown′drel, n. a low worthless fellow: a rascal: a man without principle.—ns. Scoun′dreldom, scoundrels collectively; Scoun′drelism, baseness, rascality.—adv. Scoun′drelly. [For scunner-el, one who scunners, or who causes scunnering—A.S. scunian, to shun.]

Scour, skowr, v.t. to clean by rubbing with something rough: to cleanse from grease or dirt: to remove by rubbing: to cleanse by a current: to search thoroughly by scrubbing: to cleanse by brushing: to purge drastically.—n. the action of a strong current in a narrow channel: violent purging.—ns. Scour′age, refuse water after scouring; Scour′er, drastic cathartic; Scour′ing, in angling, the freshening of angle-worms for bait by putting them in clean sand; Scour′ing-ball, a ball composed of soap, &c., for removing stains of grease.—n.pl. Scour′ing-drops, a mixture of oil of turpentine and oil of lemon used for removing stains.—ns. Scour′ing-rush, one of the horse-tails; Scour′ing-stock, in woollen manufacture, an apparatus in which cloths are treated to remove the oil and to cleanse them in the process of manufacture. [O. Fr. escurer—L. excurāre, to take great care of.]

Scour, skowr, v.i. to run with swiftness: to scurry along.—v.t. to run quickly over.—n. Scour′er, a footpad. [O. Fr. escourre—L. excurrĕre, to run forth.]

Scourge, skurj, n. a whip made of leather thongs: an instrument of punishment: a punishment: means of punishment.—v.t. to whip severely: to punish in order to correct.—n. Scour′ger, a flagellant. [O. Fr. escorgie (Fr. écourgée)—L. (scutia) excoriata, (a whip) made of leather—corium, leather.]

Scourse, skōrs, v.i. (Spens.) to run: to hurry. [O. Fr. escourser—L. excurrĕre, excursum, to run out.]

Scourse, skōrs, v.t. to barter, exchange.—v.i. to make an exchange.—n. (Spens.) discourse.—Also Scorse, Scoss. [Prob. discourse.]

Scout, skowt, n. one sent out to bring in tidings, observe the enemy, &c.: a spy: a sneak: in cricket, a fielder: the act of watching: a bird of the auk family: a college servant at Oxford, the same as gyp in Cambridge and skip in Dublin.—v.t. to watch closely.—n. Scout′-mas′ter, an officer who has the direction of army scouts. [O. Fr. escoute—escouter (It. ascoltare)—L. auscultāre, to listen—auris, the ear.]

Scout, skowt, v.t. to sneer at: to reject with disdain.—adv. Scout′ingly, sneeringly. [Scand.,—Ice. skúta, skúti, a taunt—skjóta, to shoot.]

Scout, skowt, v.i. (Scot.) to pour forth a liquid forcibly, esp. excrement.—n. the guillemot.

Scouter, skowt′ėr, n. a workman who uses jump-drills, wedges, &c. to scale off large flakes of stone.

Scouther, skow′thėr, v.t. (Scot.) to scorch: to fire hastily, as on a gridiron.

Scove, skōv, v.t. to cover with clay so as to prevent the escape of heat in burning.

Scowl, skowl, v.i. to wrinkle the brows in displeasure: to look sour or angry: to look gloomy.—n. the wrinkling of the brows when displeased.—p.adj. Scow′ling.—adv. Scow′lingly. [Scand., Dan. skule, to scowl; Low Ger. schulen, to look slyly.]

Scrabble, skrab′l, v.i. to scrape or make unmeaning marks, to scrawl: to scramble or crawl along with difficulty.—v.t. to gather hastily.—n. a scramble.—v.t. Scrab, to scratch, to scrape.—Scrabbed eggs, a dish of hard-boiled eggs chopped up and seasoned. [A form of scrapple, freq. of scrape.]

Scraffle, skraf′l, v.i. to scramble: to wrangle: to be industrious: to shuffle. [A form of scrabble or scramble.]

Scrag, skrag, n. anything thin or lean and rough: the bony part of the neck.—v.t. to put to death by hanging.—adjs. Scrag′ged, Scrag′gy, lean and rough: uneven, rugged.—ns. Scrag′gedness, Scrag′giness.—adv. Scrag′gily.—adjs. Scrag′gly, rough-looking; Scrag′-necked, having a long, thin neck.—n. Scrag′-whale, a finner whale, having the back scragged. [Scand., Sw. prov. shraka, a tall tree or man, shrokk, anything shrivelled—Norw. skrekka, to shrink.]

Scraich, Scraigh, skrāh, v.i. (Scot.) to scream hoarsely: to screech, to shriek.—n. Scraich. [Gael. sgreach.]

Scramb, skramb, v.t. (prov.) to scrape together with the hands. [A variant of scramp.]

Scramble, skram′bl, v.i. to struggle to seize something before others: to catch at or strive for rudely: to wriggle along on all-fours.—v.t. to throw down to be scrambled for: to advance or push.—n. act of scrambling: a struggle for office.—n. Scram′bler.—adj. Scram′bling, confused and irregular.—adv. Scram′blingly, in a scrambling manner: irregularly: unceremoniously. [Prov. Eng. scramb, to rake together with the hands, or scramp, to snatch at; nearly allied to scrabble and scrape.]

Scran, skran, n. broken victuals: refuse—also Skran.—n. Scran′ning, the act of begging for food.—Bad scran to you! bad fare to you! an Irish imprecation. [Prob. Ice. skran, rubbish.]

Scranch, skransh, v.t. to grind with the teeth: to crunch.—Also Scraunch, Scrunch. [Prob. Dut. schransen, to eat heartily.]

Scrannel, skran′l, adj. (Milt.) producing a weak, screeching noise: thin: squeaking.

Scrap, skrap, n. a small piece: a remnant: a picture suited for preservation in a scrap-book: wrought-iron clippings: an unconnected extract.—v.t. to consign to the scrap-heap.—ns. Scrap′-book, a blank book for scraps or extracts, prints, &c.; Scrap′-heap, a place where old iron is collected; Scrap′-ī′ron, old iron accumulated for reworking; Scrap′-met′al, scraps or fragments of any kind of metal, which are only of use for remelting.—adv. Scrap′pily, in fragments, desultorily.—n. Scrap′piness, fragmentariness, disconnectedness.—adj. Scrap′py.—Go to the scrap-heap, to go to ruin. [Scand., Ice. skrap, scraps—skrapa, to scrape.]

Scrape, skrāp, v.t. to make a harsh or grating noise on: to rub with something sharp: to remove by drawing a sharp edge over: to collect by laborious effort: to save penuriously: to erase.—v.i. to grub in the ground: to rub lightly: to draw back the foot in making obeisance: to play on a stringed instrument.—n. a perplexing situation: difficulty: a shave.—adj. Scrape′-good, miserly, stingy.—ns. Scrape′-penn′y, a miser; Scrap′er, an instrument used for scraping, esp. the soles of shoes outside the door of a house: a hoe: a tool used by engravers and others: a fiddler; Scrap′ing, that which is scraped off, as the scrapings of the street: shavings, hoardings; Scrap′ing-plane, a plane used by workers in metal and wood.—Scrape acquaintance with, to get on terms of acquaintance. [Scand., Ice. skrapa, to scrape; Dut. schrapen; A.S. scearpian.]

Scrapple, skrap′l, v.i. to grub about.—n. a mixture of meat-scraps, herbs, &c. stewed, pressed in cakes, sliced and fried. [Dim. of scrap.]

Scrat, skrat, n. a devil.—Also Old Scratch, the devil. [Cf. Ger. schratt, Ice. skratti, a goblin.]

Scratch, skrach, v.t. to mark the surface with something pointed, as the nails: to tear or to dig with the claws: to write hurriedly: to erase.—v.i. to use the claws in tearing or digging: to delete a name on a voting-paper.—n. a mark or tear made by scratching: a slight wound: the line in a prize-ring up to which boxers are led—hence test, trial, as in 'to come up to the scratch:' (pl.) a disease in horses: the time of starting of a player: in billiards, a chance stroke which is successful: a kind of wig, a scratch-wig: a scrawl.—adj. taken at random, as a 'scratch crew:' without handicap, or allowance of time or distance.—ns. Scratch′-back, a kind of toy, which, when drawn over a person's back, makes a sound as if his coat was torn; Scratch′-brush, a name given to various forms of brushes; Scratch′-coat, the first coat of plaster; Scratch′er, a bird which scratches for food.—adv. Scratch′ingly.—n.pl. Scratch′ings, refuse matter strained out of fat when melted.—ns. Scratch′-weed, the goose-grass; Scratch′-wig, a wig that covers only part of the head; Scratch′-work, a kind of wall decoration.—adj. Scratch′y, ragged: scratching: of little depth.—Scratch out, to erase. [Explained by Skeat as due to the confusion of M. E. skratten, to scratch, with M. E. cracchen, to scratch: skratten standing for skarten, an extended form from Ice. sker-a, to shear; cracchen, again, stands for kratsen—Sw. kratsa, to scrape.]

Scrawl, skrawl, v.t. and v.i. to scrape, mark, or write irregularly or hastily.—n. irregular or hasty writing: bad writing: a broken branch of a tree: the young of the dog-crab.—n. Scrawl′er.—adj. Scrawl′y, ill-formed. [A contr. of scrabble.]

Scrawm, skrawm, v.t. (prov.) to tear, to scratch. [Prob. Dut. schrammen, schram, a rent.]

Scrawny, skraw′ni, adj. wasted: raw-boned.—n. Scraw′niness. [Scranny.]

Scream, skrēm, v.i. to cry out with a shrill cry, as in fear or pain: to shriek.—n. a shrill, sudden cry, as in fear or pain: a shriek.—n. Scream′er, one who screams: a genus of South American birds about the size of the turkey, with loud, harsh cry: (U.S. slang) a bouncer.—Screaming farce, one highly ludicrous. [Scand., Ice. skræma, Sw. skrämma, to fear; cf. Screech, Shriek.]

Scree, skrē, n. débris at the base of a cliff.—Also Screes. [Ice. skritha, a landslip—skrítha, creep.]

Screech, skrēch, v.i. to utter a harsh, shrill, and sudden cry.—n. a harsh, shrill, and sudden cry.—ns. Screech′er, the swift; Screech′-hawk, the night-jar; Screech′-mar′tin, the swift; Screech′-owl, a kind of screeching owl: the missel-thrush: the barn-owl; Screech′-thrush, the missel-thrush.—adj. Screech′y, shrill and harsh, like a screech: loud-mouthed. [M. E. scriken—Scand., Ice. shrækja, to shriek; cf. Gael. sgreach, to shriek.]

Screed, skrēd, n. a piece torn off: a shred: a long tirade: (Scot.) a strip of mortar: a rent, a tear.—v.t. to repeat glibly. [A.S. screáde, a shred.]

Screen, skrēn, n. that which shelters from danger or observation, that which protects from heat, cold, or the sun: (Scot.) a large scarf: an enclosure or partition of wood, stone, or metal work, common in churches, shutting off chapels from the nave, separating the nave from the choir, &c.: a coarse riddle for sifting coal, &c.—v.t. to shelter or conceal: to pass through a coarse riddle.—n. Screen′ing-machine′, an apparatus for sifting coal.—n.pl. Screen′ings, the refuse matter after sifting. [O. Fr. escren (Fr. écran), from Old High Ger. scranna, a court; Ger. schranne, a bench.]

Screever, skrēv′ėr, n. one who writes begging letters.—v.t. Screeve, to write such.—n. Screev′ing, the writing of begging letters: drawing with coloured chalks on the pavement for coppers.

Screw, skrōō, n. a cylinder with a spiral groove or ridge on either its outer or inner surface, used as a fastening and as a mechanical power: a screw-propeller: a turn or twist to one side: a penny packet of tobacco put up in a paper twisted at both ends: a stingy fellow, an extortioner, a skinflint: a broken-winded horse: pressure: (U.S. slang) a professor who requires students to work hard: salary,

wages.—v.t. to apply a screw to: to press with a screw: to twist: to oppress by extortion: to force: to squeeze.—ns. Screw′-bolt, a bolt threaded at one end for a nut; Screw′-cut′ter, a hand-tool for cutting screws; Screw′-driv′er, an instrument for driving or turning screw-nails.—adj. Screwed (slang), tipsy, tight.—ns. Screw′-el′evator, a dentist's instrument: a surgeon's instrument for forcing open the jaws; Screw′er.—adj. Screw′ing, exacting: close.—ns. Screw′-jack (same as Jackscrew); Screw′-key, a lever for turning the nut of a screw; Screw′-machine′, a machine for making screws; Screw′-nail, a nail made in the form of a screw; Screw′-pile, a pile forced into the ground, and held there by a peculiar kind of screw at the lower extremity; Screw′-pine, a plant of the tropical genus Pandanus, or of the screw-pine family—from the screw-like arrangement of the clustered leaves; Screw′-plate, a plate of steel in which are a

graduated series of holes, with internal screws used in forming external screws; Screw′-pod, the screw-bean Screw′-press, a press in which the force is applied by means of a screw; Screw′-propel′ler, a screw or spiral-bladed wheel at the stern of steam-vessels for propelling them: a steamer so propelled; Screw′-rudd′er, an application of the screw for the purpose of steering; Screw′-stair, a spiral staircase: a hanging stair; Screw′-steam′er, a steamer propelled by a screw; Screw′stone, a wheelstone: a fossil screw; Screw′-thread, the spiral ridge on the cylinder of a male screw, or on the inner surface of a female screw; Screw′-valve, a stop-cock opened and shut by means of a screw instead of a spigot; Screw′-ven′tilator, a ventilating

apparatus; Screw′-worm, the larva of a blow-fly; Screw′-wrench, a tool for grasping the flat sides of the heads of large screws.—adj. Screw′y, exacting: close: worthless.—A screw loose, something defective. [Earlier scrue. O. Fr. escrou, prob. L. scrobem, accus. of scrobs, a hole; or Low Ger. schruve, Dut. schroef, Ice. skrufa, Ger. schraube.]

Scribble, skrib′l, v.t. to scratch or write carelessly: to fill with worthless writing.—v.i. to write carelessly: to scrawl.—n. careless writing: a scrawl.—ns. Scribb′ler, a petty author; Scribb′ling, the act of writing hastily or carelessly.—adv. Scribb′lingly.—n.pl. Scribb′lings. [A freq. of scribe.]

Scribble, skrib′l, v.t. to card roughly, as wool.—ns. Scribb′ler, a machine for doing this, or a person who tends such; Scribb′ling, the first carding of wool or cotton; Scribb′ling-machine′, a coarse form of carding-machine. [Scand., Sw. skrubbla, to card.]

Scribble-scrabble, skrib′l-skrab′l, n. an ungainly fellow. [Reduplicated from scrabble.]

Scribe, skrīb, n. a writer: a public or official writer: a clerk, amanuensis, secretary: (B.) an expounder and teacher of the Mosaic and traditional law: a pointed instrument to mark lines on wood, &c.—v.t. to write: to record: to mark.—adjs. Scrī′bable, capable of being written upon; Scribā′cious, given to writing.—n. Scribā′ciousness.—adj. Scrī′bal, pertaining to a scribe.—ns. Scrī′bing; Scrī′bing-com′pass, an instrument used in saddlery and cooper-work; Scrī′bism. [Fr.,—L. scriba—scribĕre, to write.]

Scrieve, skrēv, v.i. (Scot.) to glide swiftly along. [Scand., Ice. skrefa—skref, a stride.]

Scriggle, skrig′l, v.i. to writhe: to wriggle.—n. a wriggling. [Prob. Ice. shrika, to slip; Ger. schrecken, Dut. schrikken, to terrify.]

Scrime, skrīm, v.i. to fence.—n. Scrī′mer (Shak.), a fencer. [Fr. escrimer, to fence; cf. Skirmish.]

Scrimmage, skrim′āj, n. a skirmish: a general fight: a tussle. [Prob. a corr. of skirmish.]

Scrimp, skrimp, v.t. to make too small or short: to limit or shorten: to straiten.—adj. short, scanty.—adj. Scrimp′ed, pinched.—adv. Scrimp′ly, hardly: scarcely.—n. Scrimp′ness.—adj. Scrimp′y, scanty. [A.S. scrimpan; allied to scrimman, to shrink, and scrincan, to shrivel up.]

Scrimshaw, skrim′shaw, v.t. to engrave fanciful designs on shells, whales' teeth, &c.—n. any shell or the like fancifully engraved.

Scrine, skrīn, n. (Spens.) a cabinet for papers, a shrine. [O. Fr. escrin—L. scrinium, a shrine.]

Scrip, skrip, n. that which is written: a piece of paper containing writing: a certificate of stock or shares in any joint-stock company subscribed or allotted.—ns. Scrip′-com′pany, a company having shares which pass by delivery; Scrip′-hold′er, one whose title to stock is a written certificate. [A variant of script—L. scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Scrip, skrip, n. a small bag: a satchel: a pilgrim's pouch: (her.) a bearing representing a pouch.—n. Scrip′page (Shak.), contents of a scrip. [Ice. skreppa, a bag; Ger. scherbe, a shred.]

Script, skript, n. (print.) type like written letters: a writing: (law) an original document: handwriting.—n. Scrip′tion, a handwriting. [O. Fr. escript—L. scriptum—scribĕre, to write.]

Scriptorium, skrip-tō′ri-um, n. a writing-room, esp. that in a monastery.—adj. Scrip′tory, written.

Scripture, skrip′tūr, n. sacred writing: the Bible: a writing: a deed: any sacred writing.—adj. Scrip′tural, contained in Scripture: according to Scripture: biblical: written.—ns. Scrip′turalism, literal adherence to the Scriptures; Scrip′turalist, a literalist in his obedience to the letter of Scripture, a student of Scripture.—adv. Scrip′turally.—ns. Scrip′turalness; Scrip′ture-read′er, an evangelist who reads the Bible in cottages, barracks, &c.; Scrip′turist, one versed in Scripture.—The Scriptures, the Bible. [L. scriptura—scribĕre, to write.]

Scritch, skrich, n. a screech or shrill cry: a thrush. [A variant of screech.]

Scrive, skrīv, v.t. to describe: to draw a line with a pointed tool. [Scribe.]

Scrivener, skriv′en-ėr, n. a scribe: a copyist: one who draws up contracts, &c.: one who receives the money of others to lay it out at interest.—n. Scriv′enership. [O. Fr. escrivain (Fr. écrivain)—Low L. scribanus—L. scriba, a scribe.]

Scrobe, skrōb, n. a groove in the rostrum of weevils or curculios, or on the outer side of the mandible.—adjs. Scrobic′ulate, -d, having numerous shallow depressions.—n. Scrobic′ulus (anat.), a pit or depression. [L. scrobis, a ditch.]

Scrod, skrod, v.t. to shred.—n. a young codfish.—n. Scrod′gill, an instrument for taking fish. [Shred.]

Scroddle, skrod′l, v.t. to variegate, as pottery in different colours.—Scroddled ware, mottled pottery.

Scrofula, skrof′ū-la, n. a disease with chronic swellings of the glands in various parts of the body, esp. the neck, tending to suppurate: the king's evil.—adjs. Scrofulit′ic, Scrof′ulous, pertaining to, resembling, or affected with scrofula.—adv. Scrof′ulously.—n. Scrof′ulousness. [L. scrofulæ—scrofula, a little pig, dim. of scrofa, a sow.]

Scrog, skrog, n. (Scot.) a stunted bush: a thicket: brushwood: (her.) a branch.—adjs. Scrog′gie, Scrog′gy, covered with underwood. [Scrag.]

Scroll, skrōl, n. a roll of paper or parchment: a writing in the form of a roll: a rough draft of anything: a schedule: a flourish added to a person's signature as a substitute for a seal: in hydraulics, a spiral water-way placed round a turbine to regulate the flow of water: (anat.) a turbinate bone: (archit.) a spiral ornament, the volute of the Ionic and Corinthian capitals.—v.t. to draft: to write in rough outline.—adj. Scrolled, formed into a scroll: ornamented with scrolls.—ns. Scroll′-head, an ornamental piece at the bow of a vessel; Scroll′-wheel, a cog-wheel in the form of a scroll; Scroll′-work, ornamental work of scroll-like character. [O. Fr. escroue, acc. to Skeat from Old Dut. schroode, a shred.]

Scroop, skrōōp, v.i. to emit a harsh sound: to creak.—n. any crisp sound like that made when a bundle of yarn is tightly twisted. [Imit.]

Scrophularia, skrof-ū-lā′ri-a, n. the figwort genus of herbs, type of the Scrophulariaceæ or Scrophularineæ, a natural order containing almost 2000 known species, chiefly herbaceous and half-shrubby plants—Digitalis or Fox-glove, Calceolaria, Mimulus, Antirrhinum or Snap-dragon, Veronica or Speedwell, and Euphrasia or Eye-bright, &c.

Scrotum, skrō′tum, n. the bag which contains the testicles.—adjs. Scrō′tal, relating to the scrotum; Scrō′tiform, formed like a double bag.—ns. Scrotī′tis, inflammation of the scrotum; Scrō′tocele, a scrotal hernia. [L.]

Scrouge, skrowj, v.t.. to squeeze: to crowd—also Scrooge, Scrudge.—n. Scrou′ger, a whopper: something large. [Variant forms of shrug.]

Scrow, skrow, n. a roll: a scroll: a writing: clippings from hides. [Scroll.]

Scroyle, skroil, n. (Shak.) a scabby fellow: a mean fellow. [O. Fr. escrouelles, scrofula—L. scrofulæ.]

Scrub, skrub, v.t.. to rub hard, esp. with something rough.—v.i. to be laborious and penurious:—pr.p. scrub′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. scrubbed.—n. one who works hard and lives meanly: anything small or mean: a worn-out brush: low underwood: a bush: a stunted shrub: a worthless horse.—p.adj. Scrubbed (Shak.)=Scrubby.—ns. Scrub′ber, in Australia, an animal which breaks away from the herd: a machine for washing leather after the tanpit; Scrub′bing; Scrub′bing-board, a wash-board; Scrub′bing-brush, a brush with short, stiff bristles; Scrub′-bird, an Australian bird.—adj. Scrub′by, laborious and penurious: mean: small: stunted in growth: covered with scrub.—ns. Scrub′-grass, the scouring-rush; Scrub′-oak, a name of three low American oaks; Scrub′-rid′er, one who rides in search of cattle that stray from the herd into the scrub; Scrub′-rob′in, a bird inhabiting the Australian scrub; Scrub′stone, a species of calciferous sandstone; Scrub′-tur′key, a mound-bird; Scrub′-wood, a small tree. [A.S. scrob, a shrub.]

Scruff, skruf, n. the nape of the neck.—Also Skruff. [A variant of scuff, scuft.]

Scrunch, skrunsh, v.t.. to crunch: to crush.—n. a harsh, crunching sound. [A variant of crunch.]

Scruple, skrōō′pl, n. a small weight—in apothecaries' weight, 20 troy grains, ⅓ drachm, 1⁄24 ounce, and 1⁄288 of a troy pound: a very small quantity: reluctance to decide or act, as from motives of conscience: difficulty.—v.i. to hesitate in deciding or acting.—n. Scru′pler.—adj. Scru′pulous, having scruples, doubts, or objections: conscientious: cautious: exact: captious.—adv. Scru′pulously.—ns. Scru′pulousness, Scrupulos′ity, state of being scrupulous: doubt: niceness: precision. [Fr. scrupule—L. scrupulus, dim. of scrupus, a sharp stone, anxiety.]

Scrutiny, skrōō′ti-ni, n. careful or minute inquiry: critical examination: an examination of the votes given at an election for the purpose of correcting the poll: in the early Church, the examination in Lent of the Catechumens: (R.C.) one of the methods of electing a pope, the others being acclamation and accession.—adj. Scru′table.—ns. Scrutā′tion, scrutiny; Scrutā′tor, a close examiner.—v.t.. Scru′tinate, to examine: to investigate.—n. Scrutineer′, one who makes a scrutiny, or minute search or inquiry.—v.t.. Scru′tinise, to search minutely or closely: to examine carefully or critically: to investigate.—n. Scru′tiniser.—adj. Scru′tinous.—adv. Scru′tinously.—Scrutin-de-liste, a method of voting for the French Chamber of Deputies, in which the voter casts his ballot for the whole number of deputies allotted to his department, choosing the candidates in any combination he pleases—opp. to Scrutin d'arrondissement, in which method the voter votes only for his local candidate or candidates, the arrondissement being the basis of representation. [O. Fr. scrutine—L. scrutinium—scrutāri, to search even to the rags—scruta, rags, trash.]

Scry, skrī, v.t. (Spens.) to descry:—pa.t. scryde. [Formed by aphæresis from descry.]

Scry, skrī, v.t. (Scot.) to proclaim.—n. a cry: a flock of wild-fowl.

Scud, skud, v.i. to run quickly: (naut.) to run before the wind in a gale: (Scot.) to throw flat stones so as to skip along the water.—v.t. to skelp: (Scot.) to slap:—pr.p. scud′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. scud′ded.—n. act of moving quickly: loose, vapoury clouds driven swiftly along: a swift runner: a beach flea: a form of garden hoe: a slap, a sharp stroke.—n. Scud′der, one who, or that which, scuds. [Scand., Dan. skyde, to shoot; cf. A.S. scéōtan, to shoot.]

Scuddick, skud′ik, n. (slang) anything of small value: a shilling.—Also Scutt′ock.

Scuddle, skud′l, v.i. (Scot.) to drudge.—v.t. to cleanse: to wash.—n. Scud′ler, a scullion.

Scudo, skōō′dō, n. an Italian silver coin of different values, usually worth about 4s.: the space within the outer rim of the bezel of a ring:—pl. Scu′di. [It.,—L. scutum, a shield.]

Scuff, skuf, v.i. to shuffle along the ground.—v.t. (Scot.) to graze slightly. [Sw. skuffa, to shove.]

Scuffle, skuf′l, v.i. to struggle closely: to fight confusedly.—n. a struggle in which the combatants grapple closely: any confused contest.—n. Scuff′ler, one who, or that which, scuffles. [A freq. of Sw. skuffa, to shove, skuff, a blow.]

Scuffy, skuf′i, adj. having lost the original freshness: shabby, out of elbows, seedy.

Scuft, skuft, n. (prov.) the nape of the neck.—Also Scuff, Scruff. [Ice. skopt, skoft, the hair.]

Sculduddery, skul-dud′e-ri, n. (Scot.) grossness, obscenity, bawdry.—adj. bawdy.

Scull, skul, n. a short, light, spoon-bladed oar: a small boat: a cock-boat.—v.t. to propel a boat with a pair of sculls or light oars by one man—in fresh water: to drive a boat onward with one oar, worked like a screw over the stern.—ns. Scull′er, one who sculls: a small boat rowed by two sculls pulled by one man; Scull′ing. [Scand.; Ice. scál, a hollow, Sw. skålig, concave.]

Scullery, skul′ėr-i, n. the place for dishes and other kitchen utensils. [Skeat explains as sculler-y, sculler being a remarkable variant of swiller, due to Scand. influence. Others refer to O. Fr. escuelier—Low L. scutellarius—L. scutella, a tray.]

Scullion, skul′yun, n. a servant in the scullery: a servant for drudgery-work: a mean fellow.—adj. Scull′ionly (Milt.), like a scullion: low, base. [Not allied to scullery. O. Fr. escouillon, a dish-clout—L. scopa, a broom.]

Sculp, skulp, v.t. to carve: to engrave: to flay.—Sculp′sit, he engraved or carved it—often abbreviated to Sc.

Sculpin, skul′pin, n. (slang) a mischief-making fellow: a name given to the Dragonet, and also in the United States to various marine species of Cottus or Bull-head.—Also Skul′pin.

Sculpture, skulp′tūr, n. the act of carving figures in wood, stone, &c.: carved-work: an engraving.—v.t. to carve: to form, as a piece of sculpture.—n. Sculp′tor, one who carves figures:—fem. Sculp′tress.—adj. Sculp′tūral, belonging to sculpture.—adv. Sculp′tūrally.—adjs. Sculp′tūred, carved, engraved: (bot., zool.) having elevated marks on the surface; Sculptūresque′, chiselled: clean cut: statue-like. [Fr.,—L. sculptura—sculpĕre, sculptum, to carve.]

Scum, skum, n. foam or froth: the extraneous matter rising to the surface of liquids, esp. when boiled or fermented: refuse: offscourings, dregs.—v.t. to take the scum from: to skim:—pr.p. scum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. scummed.—n. Scum′mer, an implement used in skimming.—n.pl. Scum′mings, skimmings.—adj. Scum′my, covered with scum. [Scand., Dan. skum, froth; Ger. schaum, foam.]

Scumber, skum′bėr, v.i. to defecate, a hunting term applied to foxes.—n. fox-dung.—Also Scom′ber. [Prob. O. Fr. escumbrier, to disencumber.]

Scumble, skum′bl, v.t. to apply opaque or semi-opaque colours very thinly over other colours, to modify the effect.—n. Scum′bling, a mode of obtaining a softened effect in painting by overlaying too bright colours with a very thin coating of a neutral tint. [Freq. of scum.]

Scun, skun, v.i. to skim, as a stone thrown aslant on the water.—v.t. to cause to skip.—Also Scon, Scoon. [Scand., prob. skunna; Dan. skynde, to hasten.]

Scunner, skun′ėr, v.i. (Scot.) to become nauseated: to feel loathing.—n. a loathing, any fantastic prejudice. [A.S. scunian, to shun.]

Scup, skup, n. (Amer.) a swing.—v.i. to swing. [Dut. schop, a swing; Ger. schupf, a push.]

Scupper, skup′ėr, n. a hole in the side of a ship to carry off water from the deck (often pl.).—ns. Scupp′er-hole, a scupper; Scupp′er-hose, a pipe of leather, &c., attached to the mouth of a scupper on the outside, to let the water run out and keep water from entering; Scupp′er-plug, a plug to stop a scupper. [O. Fr. escopir, to spit out—L. exspuĕre—ex-, out, spuĕre, to spit; or prob. from Dut. schoppen, to scoop away.]

Scuppernong, skup′ėr-nong, n. a cultivated variety of the muscadine, bullace, or southern fox-grape of the United States. [Amer. Ind.]

Scur, skur, v.t. to graze, to jerk: to scour over.—v.i. to flit hurriedly.—Also Skirr. [A variant of scour.]

Scurf, skurf, n. the crust or flaky matter formed on the skin: anything adhering to the surface: scum: a gray bull trout.—n. Scurf′iness.—adj. Scurf′y, having scurf: like scurf. [A.S. scurf—sceorfan, to scrape; cf. Ger. schorf.]

Scurrilous, skur′ril-us, adj. using scurrility or language befitting a vulgar buffoon: indecent: vile: vulgar: opprobrious: grossly abusive.—adjs. Scur′ril, Scur′rile, buffoon-like: jesting: foul-mouthed: low.—n. Scurril′ity, buffoonery: low or obscene jesting: indecency of language: vulgar abuse.—adv. Scur′rilously.—n. Scur′rilousness. [L. scurrilis—scurra, a buffoon.]

Scurry, skur′i, v.i. to hurry along: to scamper.—n. a flurry—also Skurr′y.—n. Hurr′y-scurr′y, heedless haste. [An extended form of scour.]

Scurvy, skur′vi, adj. scurfy: affected with scurvy: scorbutic: shabby: vile, vulgar, contemptible.—n. a disease marked by livid spots on the skin and general debility, due to an improper dietary, and particularly an insufficient supply of fresh vegetable food.—adv. Scur′vily, in a scurvy manner: meanly, basely.—ns. Scur′viness, state of being scurvy: meanness; Scur′vy-grass, a genus of cruciferous plants, efficacious in curing scurvy. [Scurf.]

Scutage, skū′tāj, n. a tax, instead of personal service, which a vassal or tenant owed to his lord, sometimes levied by the crown in feudal times.—Also Es′cuage. [O. Fr. escuage—L. scutum, shield.]

Scutate, skūt′āt, adj. (bot.) shaped like a round shield: (zool.) having the surface protected by large scales. [L. scutātus—scutum, shield.]

Scutch, skuch, v.t. to beat: to separate from the core, as flax.—n. a coarse tow that separates from flax in scutching.—ns. Scutch′er, one who dresses hedges: an implement used in scutching, esp. a beater in a flax-scutching machine, &c.; Scutch′ing-sword, a beating instrument in scutching flax by hand. [Prob. O. Fr. escousser, to shake off—Low L. excussāre—L. excutĕre, to shake off.]

Scutcheon, Scutchin, skuch′un, -in, n. (Spens.) escutcheon, shield, device on a shield. [Escutcheon.]

Scute, skūt, n. a shield: (zool.) a large scale, a plate, as the dermal scutes of a ganoid fish, a turtle, &c. [O. Fr. escut—L. scutum, a shield.]

Scutella, skū-tel′a, n. a genus of flat sea-urchins.—adj. Scū′tellar.—n. Scutellā′ria, a genus of gamopetalous plants, known as skullcaps.—adjs. Scū′tellate, -d, noting the foot of a bird when it is provided with the plates called scutella.—ns. Scutellā′tion; Scutell′era, a group-name for the true bugs (Scutelleridæ).—adjs. Scutell′iform, scutellate; Scutellig′erous, provided with a scutellum; Scutelliplan′tar, having the back of the tarsus scutellate.—n. Scutell′um (bot., entom.), a little shield:—pl. Scutell′a.—n.pl. Scutibranchiā′ta, an order of gasteropod mollusca.—n. Scū′tifer, a shield-bearer.—adjs. Scutif′erous, bearing a shield: (zool.) scutigerous; Scū′tiform, having the form of a shield.—n. Scutig′era, a common North American species of centipede.—adjs. Scutig′erous, provided with a scute or scuta; Scū′tiped, having the shanks scaly, of birds. [L., dim. of scutra, a platter.]

Scutter, skut′ėr, v.i. to run hastily: to scurry.—n. a hasty run. [A variant of Scuttle (3).]

Scuttle, skut′l, n. a shallow basket: a vessel for holding coal. [A.S. scutel—L. scutella, a salver, dim. of scutra, a dish.]

Scuttle, skut′l, n. the openings or hatchways of a ship: a hole through the hatches or in the side or bottom of a ship.—v.t. to cut holes through any part of a ship: to sink a ship by cutting holes in it.—ns. Scutt′le-butt, -cask, a cask with a hole cut in it for the cup or dipper, for holding drinking-water in a ship; Scutt′le-fish, a cuttle-fish. [O. Fr. escoutille, a hatchway (Sp. escotilla), from Dut. schoot, the lap; Ger. schoss, bosom, a lap.]

Scuttle, skut′l, v.i. to scud or run with haste: to hurry.—n. a quick run: a mincing gait.—Also Scudd′le, Skutt′le. [Scud.]

Scutulum, skū′tū-lum, n. one of the shield-shaped crusts of favus. [L., dim. of scutum, a shield.]

Scutum, skū′tum, n. a shield belonging to the heavy-armed Roman legionaries: a penthouse: (anat.) the knee-pan: (zool.) a large scale. [L.]

Scye, sī, n. the armhole of a garment. [Prob. sey—O. Fr. sier, to cut—L. secāre, to cut.]

Scylla, sil′a, n. a six-headed monster who sat over a dangerous rock on the Italian side of the Straits of Messina, over against the whirlpool of Charyb′dis on the Sicilian side.—n. Scyllæa (sil-ē′a), a genus of nudibranchiate gasteropods.—n.pl. Scyllar′idæ (-dē), a family of long-tailed, ten-footed marine crustaceans.

Scyllidæ, sil′i-dē, n.pl. a family of selachians, the typical genus Scyllium, including the dog-fish. [Gr. skylion, a dog-fish.]

Scymnidæ, sim′ni-dē, n.pl. the sleeper-sharks.—n. Scym′nus, a genus of lady-birds: a genus of sharks. [Gr. skymnos, a whelp.]

Scyphidium, sif-id′i-um, n. a genus of ciliate infusorians. [Gr. skyphos, a cup.]

Scyphomedusæ, sif-o-med′ū-sē, n.pl. a prime division of hydrozoans or a sub-class of Hydrozoa.

Scyphus, sīf′us, n. in Greek antiquities, a large drinking-cup: (bot.) a cup-shaped appendage to a flower.—adj. Scyph′iform.

Scytale, sit′a-lē, n. in Greek antiquities, a strip of parchment used for secret messages: the name of a coral snake.—n. Scytalī′na, a remarkable genus of eel-like fishes. [Gr. skytalē, a staff.]

Scythe, sīth, n. a kind of sickle: an instrument with a large curved blade for mowing grass, &c.—v.t. to cut with a scythe, to mow.—adj. Scythed, armed with scythes.—ns. Scythe′man, one who uses a scythe; Scythe′-stone, a whet for scythes. [A.S. síthe; Ice. sigdhr. Low Ger. seged.]

Scythian, sith′i-an, adj. pertaining to an ancient nomadic race in the northern parts of Asia.—n. one belonging to this race.—adj. Scyth′ic.

Scythrops, sī′throps, n. a genus of Australian horn-billed cuckoos. [Gr. skythros, angry, ōps, face.]

Scytodepsic, skī-tō-dep′sik, adj. pertaining to tanning. [Gr. skytos, skin, depsein, to soften.]

Scytodermatous, skī-tō-der′ma-tus, adj. having a tough, leathery integument. [Gr. skytos, hide, derma, skin.]

Scytodes, skī-tō′dez, n. a genus of spiders.—adj. Scytō′doid. [Gr. skytos, skin, eidos, form.]

Scytonema, sī-tō-nē′ma, n. a genus of fresh-water algæ.—adj. Scytonem′atoid. [Gr. skytos, skin, nēma, a thread.]

Scytosiphon, sī-tō-sīf′n, n. a genus of marine algæ. [Gr. skytos, skin, siphōn, a tube.]

Sdain, Sdeign, sdān, n. and v.t. (Spens.) same as Disdain.—adj. Sdeign′ful=Disdainful.

Sea, sē, n. the great mass of salt water covering the greater part of the earth's surface: any great expanse of water less than an ocean: the ocean: the swell of the sea in a tempest: a wave: any widely extended mass or quantity, a flood: any rough or agitated place or element.—ns. Sea′-ā′corn, a barnacle; Sea′-add′er, the fifteen-spined stickle-back; Sea′-an′chor, a floating anchor used at sea in a gale; Sea′-anem′one, a kind of polyp, like an anemone, found on rocks on the seacoast; Sea′-ape, the sea-otter; Sea′-ā′pron, a kind of kelp; Sea′-arr′ow, a flying squid: an arrow-worm; Sea′-aspar′agus, a soft-shelled crab; Sea′-bank, the seashore; an embankment to keep out the sea; Sea′-bar, the sea-swallow or tern; Sea′-barr′ow, the egg-case of a ray or skate; Sea′-bass, a name applied to some perch-like marine fishes, many common food-fishes in America—black sea-bass, bluefish, &c.; Sea′-bat, a genus of Teleostean fishes allied to the Pilot-fish, and included among the Carangidæ or horse-mackerels—the name refers to the very long dorsal, anal, and ventral fins; Sea′-beach, the seashore; Sea′-bean, the seed of a leguminous climbing plant: a small univalve shell: the lid of the aperture of any shell of the family Turbinidæ, commonly worn as amulets; Sea′-bear, the polar bear: the North Pacific fur-seal; Sea′-beast (Milt.), a monster of the sea.—adjs. Sea′-beat, -en, lashed by the waves.—n. Sea′-beav′er, the sea-otter.—n.pl. Sea′-bells, a species of bindweed.—ns. Sea′-belt, the sweet fucus plant; Sea′-bird, any marine bird; Sea′-bis′cuit, ship-biscuit; Sea′-blubb′er, a jelly-fish; Sea′-board, the border or shore of the sea; Sea′-boat, a vessel considered with reference to her behaviour in bad weather.—adjs. Sea′-born, produced by the sea; Sea′-borne, carried on the sea.—ns. Sea′-bott′le, a seaweed; Sea′-boy (Shak.), a boy employed on shipboard: a sailor-boy; Sea′-brant, the brent goose; Sea′-breach, the breaking of an embankment by the sea; Sea′-bream, one of several sparoid fishes: a fish related to the mackerel; Sea′-breeze, a breeze of wind blowing from the sea toward the land, esp. that from about 10 a.m. till sunset; Sea′-buckthorn, or Sallow-thorn, a genus of large shrubs or trees with gray silky foliage and entire leaves; Sea′-bum′blebee, the little auk; Sea′-bun, a heart-urchin; Sea′-bur′dock, clotbur; Sea′-cabb′age, sea-kale; Sea′-calf, the common seal, so called from the supposed resemblance of its voice to that of a calf; Sea′-canā′ry, the white whale; Sea′-cap (Shak.), a cap worn on shipboard: a basket-shaped sponge; Sea′-cap′tain, the captain of a ship, as distinguished from a captain in the army; Sea′-card, the card of the mariners' compass: a map of the ocean; Sea′-carnā′tion, a sea-pink; Sea′-cat, a name of various animals, as the wolf-fish, the chimæra, any sea-cat-fish; Sea′-cat′erpillar, a scale-back; Sea′-cat′-fish, a marine siluroid fish; Sea′-cat′gut, a common seaweed—sea-lace; Sea′-caul′iflower, a polyp; Sea′-cen′tiped, one of several large marine annelids; Sea′-change (Shak.), a change effected by the sea; Sea′-chart, a chart or map of the sea, its islands, coasts, &c.; Sea′-chest′nut, a sea-urchin; Sea′-chick′weed, a seaside species of sandwort; Sea′-clam, the surf clam used for food: a clamp for deep-sea sounding-lines; Sea′-coal, coal brought by sea, as distinguished from charcoal; Sea′coast, the coast or shore of the sea: the land adjacent to the sea; Sea′-cob, a sea-gull; Sea′-cock, a gurnard: the sea-plover: a valve communicating with the sea through a vessel's hull: a sea-rover or viking; Sea′-col′ander, a large olive seaweed; Sea′-cole′wort, sea-kale; Sea′-com′pass, the mariners' compass; Sea′-cook, a cook on shipboard; Sea′-coot, a black sea-duck; Sea′-cor′morant, a sea-crow; Sea′-corn, the string of egg-capsules of the whelk or similar gasteropod—also Sea′-ruff′le, Sea′-hon′eycomb, Sea′-neck′lace, &c.; Sea′-cow, the walrus: the rhytina: the dugong or manatee: the hippopotamus; Sea′-crab, a marine crab; Sea′-craft, skill in navigation; Sea′-craw′fish, a prawn or shrimp; Sea′-crow, a name of various birds, as the common skua, the chough, the coot, &c.; Sea′-cū′cumber, trepang or bêche-de-mer; Sea′-dace, a sea-perch: the common English bass; Sea′-daff′odil, a plant producing showy, fragrant flowers; Sea′-dai′sy, the lady's cushion; Sea′-dev′il, a name of various fishes, as the ox-ray, the angel-fish, &c.; Sea′-dog, the harbour-seal: the dog-fish: an old sailor: a pirate: (her.) a bearing representing a beast nearly like a talbot; Sea′-dott′erel, the turnstone; Sea′-dove, the little auk; Sea′-drag′on, a flying sea-horse; Sea′-drake, a sea-crow; Sea′-duck a duck often found on salt waters, having the hind-toe lobate: the eider-duck; Sea′-ea′gle, the white-tailed eagle: the bald eagle: the osprey: the eagle-ray; Sea′-ear, a mollusc, an ormer or abalone; Sea′-eel, a conger-eel; Sea′-egg, a sea-urchin: a sea-hedgehog: a whore's egg; Sea′-el′ephant, the largest of the seal family, the male about 20 feet long, an inhabitant of the southern seas; Sea′-fan, an alcyonarian polyp with a beautiful much-branched fan-like skeleton; Sea′fārer, a traveller by sea, a sailor.—adj. Sea′fāring, faring or going to sea: belonging to a seaman.—ns. Sea′-feath′er, a polyp, a sea-pen; Sea′-fenn′el, samphire; Sea′-fight, a battle between ships at sea; Sea′-fir, a sertularian polyp; Sea′-fire, phosphorescence at sea; Sea′-fish, any salt-water or marine fish; Sea′-foam, the froth of the sea: meerschaum; Sea′-fog, a fog, occurring near the coast.—n.pl. Sea′-folk, seafaring people.—ns. Sea′-fowl, a sea-bird; Sea′-fox, or Fox-shark, the thresher, the commonest of the larger sharks occasionally seen off British coasts, over 12 feet long, following shoals of herrings, pilchards, &c.; Sea′front, the side of the land, or of a building, which looks toward the sea; Sea′-froth, the foam of the sea, seaweeds; Sea′-gage, -gauge, the depth a vessel sinks in the water: an instrument for determining the depth of the sea.—n.pl. Sea′-gates, a pair of gates in a tidal basin as a safeguard against a heavy sea.—ns. Sea′-gher′kin, a sea-cucumber; Sea′-gill′iflower, the common thrift; Sea′-gin′ger, millipore coral.—adj. Sea′-girt, girt or surrounded by the sea.—ns. Sea′-god, one of the divinities ruling over or inhabiting the sea:—fem. Sea′-god′dess.—adj. Sea′-gō′ing, sailing on the deep sea, as opposed to coasting or river vessels.—ns. Sea′-goose, a dolphin: a phalarope; Sea′-gown (Shak.), a short-sleeved garment worn at sea; Sea′-grape, a genus of shrubby plants of the natural order Gnetaceæ, closely allied to the Conifers, and sometimes called Joint-firs: a glasswort: the clustered egg-cases of sepia and some other cuttle-fish; Sea′-grass, the thrift: grasswrack: a variety of cirrus cloud.—adj. Sea′-green, green like the sea.—ns. Sea′-grove, a grove in the bottom of the sea; Sea′-gull (same as Gull); Sea′-haar (Scot.), a chilling, piercing mist arising from the sea; Sea′-hall, a hall in the bottom of the sea; Sea′-hare, a name given to the genus Aplysia of nudibranch gasteropods; Sea′-hawk, a rapacious, gull-like bird: a skua; Sea-hedge′hog, a sea-urchin: a globe-fish: a sea-egg: a porcupine-fish; Sea′-hen (Scot.), the common guillemot: the great skua: the piper gurnard; Sea′-hog, a porpoise; Sea′-holl′y, the eryngo; Sea′-holm, a small uninhabited island: sea-holly; Sea′horse, the walrus: the hippopotamus or river-horse: the hippocampus; Sea′-hound, the dog-fish; Sea′-island cott′on, a fine long-stapled variety grown on the islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia; Sea′-jell′y, a sea-blubber; Sea′kale, a perennial plant with large, roundish, sinuated sea-green leaves, found on British seashores, the blanched sprouts forming a favourite esculent; Sea′-kid′ney, a polyp of the genus Renilla, so called from its shape; Sea′-king, a name sometimes given to the leaders of the early Scandinavian piratical expeditions; Sea′-kitt′ie, a kittiwake; Sea′-lace, a species of algæ—sea-catgut; Sea′-lam′prey, a marine lamprey; Sea′-lark, a sandpiper, as the dunlin: a ring-plover, as the ring-dotterel: the sea-titling; Sea′-lav′ender, a salt-marsh plant: marsh rosemary; Sea′-law′yer, a captious sailor, an idle litigious ′long-shorer, more given to question orders than to obey them: the mangrove snapper: a tiger-shark; Sea′-leech, a marine suctorial annelid.—n.pl. Sea′-legs, ability to walk on a ship's deck when it is pitching or rolling.—ns. Sea′-lem′on, a doridoid; Sea′-len′til, the gulf-weed; Sea′-leop′ard, a seal of the southern seas, with spotted fur; Sea′-lett′er, -brief, a document of description that used to be given to a ship at the port where she was fitted out; Sea′-lev′el, the level or surface of the sea, generally the mean level between high and low water.—adj. Sea′-like, like or resembling the sea.—ns. Sea′-lil′y, a lily-star: a living crinoid; Sea′-line, the line where sky and sea seem to meet: lines used for fishing in deep water; Sea′-lin′tie (Scot.), the sea-titling: a sea-lark: the rock-lintie; Sea′-lī′on, a species of otary—from its barking-roar and the mane of the male: (her.) a monster consisting of the upper part of a lion combined with the tail of a fish; Sea′-liq′uor, brine; Sea′-liz′ard, a nudibranchiate gasteropod: a fossil reptile; Sea′-loach, a gadoid fish, a Motella; Sea′-long′worm, a nemertean worm; Sea′-louse, a parasitic isopod crustacean: the horse-shoe crab; Sea′-luce, the hake; Sea′-lungs, a comb-jelly; Sea′-mag′pie, a sea-pie: the oyster-catcher; Sea′maid (Shak.), a mermaid: a sea-nymph; Sea′-mall a sea-gull; Sea′man, a man below the rank of officer, employed in the navigation of a ship at sea: a sailor: a merman.—adjs. Sea′man-like, showing good seamanship; Sea′manly, characteristic of a seaman.—ns. Sea′manship, the art of navigating ships at sea; Sea′-man′tis, a squill; Sea′-marge, the marge or shore of the sea; Sea′mark, any mark or object on land serving as a guide to those at sea: a beacon; Sea′-mat, a very common genus of polyzoa; in the wrack of the seashore—also Hornwrack; Sea′-mel′on, a pedate holothurian; Sea′-mew, the common gull, any gull—also Sea′-maw (Scot.); Sea′-mile, a geographical mile, 6080 feet in length; Sea′-mink, a kind of American whiting; Sea′-monk, the monk-seal; Sea′-mon′ster, any huge marine animal; Sea′-moss, a kind of compound polyzoan: Irish moss, or carrageen; Sea′-mouse, a genus of Chætopod worms, covered with iridescent silky hairs; Sea′-mud, a rich saline deposit from salt-marshes; Sea′-muss′el, a marine bivalve; Sea′-need′le, the garfish; Sea′-nett′le, any of the stinging species of acalephæ; Sea′-nurse, a shark; Sea′-nymph, a goddess of the sea, esp. one of the Oceanids; Sea′-on′ion, the officinal squill; Sea′-ooze, sea-mud; Sea′-or′ange, a large, globose, orange-coloured holothurian; Sea′-orb, a globe-fish; Sea′-ott′er, a marine otter; Sea′-owl, the lump-fish or lump-sucker; Sea′-ox, the walrus; Sea′-ox′eye, a fleshy seashore plant; Sea′-pad, a star-fish; Sea′-pan′ther, a South African fish, brown with black spots; Sea′-parr′ot, a puffin: an auk; Sea′-pars′nip, an umbelliferous plant; Sea′-par′tridge, the English conner, a labroid fish; Sea′-pass, a passport, or document carried by neutral merchant-vessels to secure them against molestation; Sea′-pea, the beach-pea; Sea′-peach, a sea-squirt or ascidian; Sea′-pear, a sea-squirt; Sea′-pen, one of the radiate zoophytes somewhat resembling a quill; Sea′-perch, a sea-dace: a bass: the red-fish or rose-fish; Sea′-pert, the opah; Sea′-pheas′ant, the pintail or sprigtail duck; Sea′-pie, a sailor's dish made of salt-meat, vegetables, and dumplings baked: the oyster-catcher or sea-magpie: (her.) a bearing representing such a bird; Sea′-piece, a picture representing a scene at sea; Sea′-pig, a porpoise: the dugong; Sea′-pi′geon, the black guillemot; Sea′-pike, an edible American fish found on the Florida and Texas coasts, allied to the perches: the garfish or belone: the hake; Sea′-pin′cushion, the mermaid's purse: a star-fish; Sea′-pink, a sea-carnation; Sea′-plant, an alga; Sea′-poach′er, the armed bull-head; Sea′-por′cupine, any fish of the genus Diodon, whose body is covered with spines; Sea′-pork, an American compound ascidian; Sea′port, a port or harbour on the seashore: a town near such a harbour; Sea′-pudd′ing, a sea-cucumber; Sea′-pump′kin, a sea-melon; Sea′-purse, a sea-barrow: a skate-barrow; Sea′-quail, the turnstone; Sea′-rat, the chimera: a pirate; Sea′-rā′ven, the cormorant: the North American bull-head; Sea′-reed, the mat grass; Sea′-reeve, an officer in maritime towns; Sea′-risk, hazard of injury by sea; Sea′-rob′ber, a pirate; Sea′-rob′in, a common American name for fishes of the genus Prionotus, which represents in America the European gurnards: the red-breasted merganser; Sea′-rock′et, a cruciferous plant of genus Cakile; Sea′-rod, a kind of sea-pen, a polyp; Sea′-roll, a holothurian; Sea′-room, room or space at sea for a ship to be navigated without running ashore; Sea′-rose, a sea-anemone; Sea′-rose′mary, sea-lavender; Sea′-rō′ver, a pirate: a vessel employed in cruising for plunder; Sea′-rō′ving, piracy; Sea′-ruff, a sea-bream; Sea′-salt, common salt obtained from sea-water by evaporation; Sea′scape, a sea-piece; Sea′-scor′pion, a scorpion-fish: a cottoid-fish; Sea′-ser′pent, an enormous marine animal of serpent-like form, frequently seen and described by credulous sailors, imaginative landsmen, and common liars: a name applied to various marine venomous serpents; Sea′-serv′ice, service on board ship; Sea′-shark, the man-eater shark; Sea′-shell, a marine shell; Sea′shore, the land adjacent to the sea: (law) the ground between high-water mark and low-water mark; Sea′-shrub, a sea-fan.—adj. Sea′sick, affected with sickness through the rolling of a vessel at sea.—ns. Sea′sickness; Sea′side, the land beside the sea; Sea′-skim′mer, the skimmer bird; Sea′-slāt′er, the rock-slater; Sea′-sleeve, a cuttle-fish; Sea′-slug, a nudibranch, as a doridoid: a marine gasteropod with the shell absent or rudimentary; Sea′-snail, a fish of the genus Liparis, the sucker, the periwinkle; Sea′-snake, a sea-serpent; Sea′-snipe, a sandpiper: the snipe-fish; Sea′-sol′dier, a marine; Sea′-spī′der, a spider-crab; Sea′-spleen′wort, a fern—Asplenium marinum; Sea′-squid, a cuttle-fish; Sea′-squirt, any tunicate or ascidian—also Sea′-perch, Sea′-pear, Sea′-pork; Sea′-stick, a herring cured at sea at once; Sea′-stock, fresh provisions for use at sea; Sea′-straw′berry, a kind of polyp; Sea′-sun′flower, a sea-anemone; Sea′-sur′geon, one of a family of spiny-rayed Teleostean fishes living in tropical seas, esp. near coral-reefs—the name refers esp. to the members of the genus Acanthurus, characterised by a lancet-like spine ensheathed on each side of the tail; Sea′-swall′ow, a tern: the stormy petrel; Sea′-swine, a porpoise: the sea-hog: the ballan-wrasse; Sea′-tang, sea-tangle; Sea′-tan′gle, one of several species of seaweeds, esp. of genus Laminaria; Sea′-tench, the black sea-bream; Sea′-term, a word used by sailors or peculiar to ships or sailing; Sea′-thong, a cord-like seaweed; Sea′-tit′ling, the shore-pipit or sea-lark; Sea′-toad, the sea-frog: the sculpin: the great spider-crab; Sea′-tor′toise, a sea-turtle.—adj. Sea′-tost (Shak.), tossed upon or by the sea.—ns. Sea′-trout, a popular name for various species of the genus Salmo, but esp. for the common Salmo trutta; Sea′-trum′pet, a medieval musical instrument similar to the monochord: (bot.) a large seaweed; Sea′-turn, a gale from the sea; Sea′-tur′tle, the sea-pigeon: a tortoise; Sea′-umbrell′a, a pennatulaceous polyp; Sea′-ū′nicorn, the narwhal; Sea′-ur′chin, one of a class of Echinoderms, some with the body symmetrical and nearly globular (Echinus), others heart-shaped (Spatangus), others shield-shaped and flattened (Clypeaster)—in all cases the body walled in by continuous plates of lime; Sea′-vam′pire, a devil-fish or manta; Sea′view, a picture of a scene at sea; Sea′-wall, a wall to keep out the sea.—adj. Sea′-walled, surrounded by the sea.—n. Sea′-wane, wampum.—adj. Sea′ward, towards the sea.—adv. towards or in the direction of the sea.—adjs. Sea′ward-bound, outward-bound, as a vessel leaving harbour; Sea′ward-gaz′ing, gazing or looking towards the sea.—n. Sea′-ware, that which is thrown up by the sea on the shore, as seaweed, &c.—n.pl. Sea′-wash′balls, the egg-cases of the common whelk.—ns. Sea′-wa′ter, water from the sea; Sea′-way, progress made by a vessel through the waves; Sea′weed, a general and popular name applied to a vast collection of lower plant-forms growing on the seacoast from high-water mark (or a little above that limit) to a depth of from 50 to 100 fathoms (rarely deeper), and all belonging to the sub-class of the Thallophyta, to which the name Algæ has been given; Sea′-whip, any alcyonarian like black coral; Sea′-whip′cord, a common form of seaweed, sea-thong; Sea′-whis′tle, the seaweed whose bladders are used by children as whistles; Sea′-wife, a kind of wrasse; Sea′-will′ow, a polyp with slender branches like the osier; Sea′-wing, a wing-shell: a sail; Sea′-with′-wind, a species of bindweed; Sea′-wold, an imaginary tract like a wold under the sea; Sea′-wolf, the wolf-fish: the sea-elephant: a viking, a pirate; Sea′-wood′cock, the bar-tailed godwit; Sea′-wood′louse, a sea-slater: a chiton; Sea′-worm, a marine annelid; Sea′-worm′wood, a saline plant found on European shores.—adj. Sea′worthy, fit for sea, able to endure stormy weather.—ns. Sea′worthiness; Sea′-wrack, coarse seaweeds of any kind.—At full sea, at full tide; At sea, away from land: on the ocean: astray; Go to sea, to become a sailor; Half-seas over, half-drunk; Heavy sea, a sea in which the waves run high; High seas, the open ocean; In a sea-way, in the position of a vessel when a heavy sea is running; Main sea, the ocean; Molten sea, the great brazen laver of 1 Kings, vii. 23-26; Ship a sea, to have a large wave washing in; Short sea, a sea in which the waves are choppy, irregular, and interrupted; The four seas, those bounding Great Britain. [A.S. sǽ; Dut. zee, Ger. see, Ice. sær, Dan. sö.]

Seah, sē′a, n. a Jewish dry-measure containing nearly fourteen pints. [Heb.]

Seal, sēl, n. an engraved stamp for impressing the wax which closes a letter, &c.: the wax or other substance so impressed: that which makes fast or secure: that which authenticates or ratifies: assurance: the water left standing in the trap of a drain or sewer, preventing the upward flow of gas: the sigil or signature of a plant, &c., in medieval medicine: the sign of the cross, baptism, confirmation, the ineffaceable character supposed to be left on the soul by some sacraments.—v.t. to fasten with a seal: to set a seal to: to mark with a stamp: to make fast: to confirm: to keep secure: to close the chinks of: to secure against an escape of air or gas by means of a dip-pipe: to accept: to sign with the cross, to baptise or confirm.—adj. Sealed, certified by a seal: inaccessible.—ns. Seal′-engrav′ing, the art of engraving seals; Seal′er, one who seals: an inspector of stamps; Seal′ing, confirmation by a seal; Seal′ing-day (Shak.), a day for sealing anything; Seal′ing-wax, wax for sealing letters, &c.—also Seal′-wax; Seal′-pipe, a dip-pipe; Seal′-press, a stamp bearing dies for embossing any device upon paper or lead; Seal′-ring (Shak.), a signet-ring; Seal′-wort, Solomon's seal.—Seal of the fisherman, the papal privy seal impressed on wax, representing St Peter fishing.—Great seal, the state seal of the United Kingdom; Leaden seal, a disc of lead pierced with two holes through which are passed the ends of a twisted wire; Privy Seal, the seal appended to grants, and in Scotland authenticating royal grants of personal rights; Set one's seal to, to give one's authority or assent to; Under seal, authenticated. [O. Fr. seel—L. sigillum, dim. of signum, a mark.]

Seal, sēl, n. the name commonly applied to all the Pinnipedia except the morse or walrus—carnivorous mammals adapted to a marine existence; the two great families are Phocidæ (without external ears) and Otariidæ (having distinct though small external ears): (her.) a bearing representing a creature something like a walrus.—v.t. to hunt seals.—ns. Seal′-bird, the slender-billed shear-water; Seal′er, a man or a ship engaged in the seal-fishery; Seal′ery, a seal-fishing station: seal-fishery; Seal′-flow′er, the bleeding heart; Seal′ing, Seal′-fish′ing, the act of catching seals; Seal′-rock′ery, a place where many seals breed; Seal′skin, the prepared fur of the fur-seal used for women's jackets, a garment made of this.—Sealskin cloth, a cloth made of mohair with a nap, and dyed to resemble the fur of the seal. [A.S. seolh; Ice. selr, Sw. själ.]

Seam, sēm, n. (Shak.) grease, hog's lard.—v.t. to grease. [O. Fr. sain—L. sagina, grease.]

Seam, sēm, n. that which is sewed: a piece of plain sewing: the line formed by the sewing together of two pieces: a line of union: a vein or stratum of metal, ore, coal, &c.: a suture: (geol.) a thin layer between thicker strata.—v.t. to unite by a seam: to sew: to make a seam in.—ns. Seam′er, one who seams; Seam′ing-lace, a galloon, braiding, gold lace, &c. to sew upon seams in upholstery; Seam′ing-machine′, a power-tool for bending sheet-metal as required: a machine used to join fabrics lengthwise preparatory to printing, &c.—adj. Seam′less, without a seam: woven throughout.—ns. Seam′-press′er, an implement used to press down the newly-ploughed furrow: a goose or iron used by tailors to flatten the seams of cloth; Seam′-rent, a rent along a seam; Seam′-roll′er, in leather-working, a rubber for flattening down the edges of seams; Seam′-rubb′er; Seam′-set, a grooved punch used by tinmen; Seam′ster, one who sews:—fem. Seam′stress; Seam′stressy (Sterne), sewing.—adj. Seam′y, having a seam or seams.—n. Seam′y-side, the worst side or view of anything.—White seam (Scot.), underclothing in the process of making. [A.S. séam—síwian, to sew; Dut. zoom, Ger. saum.]

Seam, sēm, n. a load for a pack-horse, eight bushels of grain. [A.S. séam, a burden—L. sagma—Gr. sagma, a pack-saddle.]

Seamed, sēmd, adj. in falconry, not in good condition. [Prob. related to Seam (1).]

Séance, sā′ängs, n. a sitting, as of some public body: a sitting for consideration or inquiry, esp. a meeting of spiritualists for the consultation of spirits. [Fr.,—L. sedēre, to sit.]

Seannachie, sen′a-hē, n. a bard among the Scottish Highlanders who recited the traditions of a clan.—Also Seann′achy, Senn′achie. [Gael. seanachaidh.]

Sear, sēr, n. the catch in a gun-lock by which it is held at cock or half-cock: a part of a gun-lock.—n. Sear′-spring, a spring in a gun-lock. [O. Fr. serre—L. sera, a bar.]

Sear, sēr, v.t. to dry up: to burn to dryness on the surface: to scorch: to cauterise: to render callous or insensible.—adj. dry, withered.—adj. Seared, dried up: burned: hardened.—ns. Seared′ness, hardness, insensibility; Sear′ness, dryness; Sear′wood, wood dry enough to burn. [A.S. seár, dry, seárian, to dry up; Low Ger. soor, Dut. zoor.]

Search, sėrch, v.t. to look round to find: to seek; to examine: to inspect: to explore: to put to the test: to probe.—v.i. to seek for: to make inquiry.—n. the act of seeking or looking for: examination: inquiry: investigation: pursuit.—adj. Search′able, capable of being searched.—ns. Search′ableness, the state or quality of being searchable; Search′er, a seeker: an inquirer or examiner: a custom-house officer: an officer who formerly apprehended idlers on the street during church hours in Scotland: a sieve or strainer.—adj. Search′ing, looking over closely: penetrating: trying: severe.—adv. Search′ingly.—n. Search′ingness, the quality of being searching, penetrating, or severe.—adj. Search′less, unsearchable.—ns. Search′-light, an electric arc-light used on board ship and in military operations; Search′-warr′ant, a legal warrant authorising a search for stolen goods, &c.—Right of search, the right claimed by one nation to authorise the commanders of their cruisers to search private merchant-vessels for articles contraband of war. [O. Fr. cercher (Fr. chercher)—L. circāre, to go about—circus, a circle.]

Season, sē′zn, n. one of the four periods of the year: the usual or proper time for anything: any particular time: any period of time, esp. of some continuance, but not long: seasoning, relish.—v.t. to mature: to prepare for use: to accustom or fit for use by any process: to fit for the taste: to give relish to: to mingle: to moderate, temper, or qualify by admixture: to inure, imbue, tinge, or taint: to preserve from decay.—v.i. to become seasoned or matured: to grow fit for use: to become inured.—adj. Sea′sonable, happening in due season: occurring in good, suitable, or proper time: timely, opportune.—n. Sea′sonableness.—adv. Sea′sonably.—adj. Sea′sonal.—adv. Sea′sonally.—n. Sea′soner, one who, or that which, seasons: a sailor, &c., who hires for the season: a loafer, a beach-comber.—Season ticket (see Ticket).—Close season, close time; In season, ripe, fit and ready for use: allowed to be killed, fit to be eaten, edible; In season and out of season, at all times; Out of season, inopportune; The four seasons, the ember or fast days of the Church on days set apart in each of the four seasons. [O. Fr. seson (Fr. saison)—L. satio, -onis, seedtime.]

Seasoning, sē′zn-ing, n. that which is added to food to give it greater relish: anything added to increase enjoyment: in diamond-cutting, the charging of the laps or wheels with diamond dust and oil.—n. Sea′soning-tub, a trough in which dough is set to rise.—adj. Sea′sonless, without relish: insipid.

Seat, sēt, n. that on which one sits: a chair, bench, &c.: the place or room where one sits, as in church, at a theatre, &c.: site: a place where anything is settled or established: post of authority: station: abode: a mansion: that part of the body or of a garment on which one sits: posture or situation on horseback: a right to sit: membership: sitting-room: a sitting: a sitting of eggs.—v.t. to place on a seat: to cause to sit down: to place in any situation, site, &c.: to establish: to fix: to assign a seat to: to furnish with seats: to fit accurately: to repair by making a seat new.—v.i. to lie down.—ns. Seat′-back, a loose ornamental covering for the back of a sofa or chair; Seat′-earth, in coal-mining, the bed of clay by which many coal-seams are underlain.—p.adj. Seat′ed, fixed, confirmed, located.—ns. Seat′-fas′tener, in a wagon, the screw-clamp for securing the seat to the body; Seat′ing, the act of furnishing with seats: haircloth: in shipbuilding, that part of the floor which rests on the keel; Seat′-lock, the lock of a reversible seat in railroad cars; Seat′-rail, a cross-piece between the legs, below the seat, of a chair, &c.; Seat′-worm, a pin-worm.—Seat of the soul, the sensorium.—Take a seat, to sit down. [A.S. sǽt, an ambush—sittan, to seat; or more prob. Ice. sæti, a seat—sat, pa.t. of sitja, to sit.]

Seave, sēv, n. a wick made of rush.—adj. Seav′y, overgrown with rushes.

Seax, sē′aks, n. a curved, one-edged sword, used by Germanic and Celtic peoples: (her.) a bearing representing a weapon like the seax. [A.S. seax.]

Sebaceous, sē-bā′shus, adj. pertaining to or secreting fat or fatty matter: (bot.) like tallow or wax, as the secretions of certain plants.—adj. Sēbac′ic, pertaining to or obtained from fat.—n. Sē′bāte, a salt formed by the combination of sebacic acid with a base.—adj. Sēbif′erous, sebaceous.—n. Sēborrhē′a, a disease of the sebaceous glands with excessive secretion—also Sēborrhœ′a.—adj. Sēborrhē′ic.—n. Sē′bum, the secretion of the sebaceous glands. [Low L. sebaceus—sebum, tallow.]

Sebastomania, sē-bas-tō-mā′ni-a, n. religious insanity. [Gr. sebastos, reverenced, mania, madness.]

Sebat, sē-bat′, n. the fifth month of the Jewish civil year, and the eleventh of the ecclesiastical year, falling in part of January and February.

Sebesten, sē-bes′ten, n. a tree with plum-like fruit.—Also Sebes′tan. [Fr.,—Ar.]

Sebilla, sē-bil′a, n. in stone-cutting, a wooden bowl for holding the water used in sawing, &c. [Fr.]

Sebundy, sē-bun′di, n. a native soldier or local militiaman in India.—Also Sebun′dee. [Hind.]

Sec., sek, n. an abbreviation of secretary, secant, second; also of secundum, according to.

Secability, sek-a-bil′i-ti, n. capability of being divided. [L. secāre, to cut.]

Secant, sē′kant, adj. cutting: dividing.—n. a line that cuts another: a straight line from the centre of a circle to one extremity of an arc, produced till it meets the tangent to the other extremity.—n. Sē′cancy. [L. secans, secantis, pr.p. of secāre, to cut.]

Secede, sē-sēd′, v.i. to go away: to separate one's self: to withdraw from fellowship or association.—ns. Secē′der, one who secedes: one of a body of Presbyterians who seceded from the Church of Scotland about 1733; Seces′sion, the act of seceding: withdrawal: departure; Seces′sionism, the doctrine of secession; Seces′sionist, one who maintains the principle of secession.—War of Secession, in United States history, the civil war (1860-65) which resulted from the attempted withdrawal of eleven Southern States from the United States. [L. secedĕre, secessum—se-, away, cedĕre, to go.]

Secern, sē-sern′, v.i. and v.t. to separate: to distinguish: to secrete.—adj. Secer′nent.—n. Secern′ment. [L. secernĕre, secretum, to separate.]

Secesh, sē-sesh′, n. and adj. (U.S. slang) secessionist.—n. Secesh′er.

Sechium, sē′ki-um, n. a genus of gourds. [Prob. Gr. sēkos, an enclosure.]

Seclude, sē-klōōd′, v.i. to shut apart: to keep apart.—adj. Sēclud′ed, retired: withdrawn from observation.—adv. Sēclud′edly.—ns. Sēclu′sion, the act of secluding: a shutting out: the state of being secluded or apart: separation: retirement: privacy: solitude; Sēclu′sionist.—adj. Sēclu′sive. [L. secludĕre, seclusum—se-, apart, claudĕre, to shut.]

Secohm, sek′ōm, n. the practical unit of electrical self-induction—now more commonly Henry.—n. Sec′ohmmēter, an instrument for measuring the coefficient, of electrical self-induction. [Sec (ond) and ohm, the unit of resistance.]

Second, sek′und, adj. immediately following the first: the ordinal of two: next in position: inferior: other: another: favourable.—n. one who, or that which, follows or is second: one who attends another in a duel or a prize-fight: a supporter: the 60th part of a minute of time, or of a degree.—v.t. to follow: to act as second: to assist: to encourage: to support the mover of a question or resolution: (mus.) to sing second to: to put into temporary retirement in the army, as an officer when holding civil office (usually sēcond′).—n. Sec′ond-ad′ventist, one who lives in expectation of a second coming of Christ to establish a personal kingdom on earth, a premillenarian.—adv. Sec′ondarily, in a secondary manner or degree: (B.) secondly.—n. Sec′ondariness.—adj. Sec′ondary, following or coming after the first: second in position: inferior: subordinate: deputed.—n. a subordinate: a delegate or deputy.—adjs. Sec′ond-best, next to the best: best except one—(Come off second-best, to get the worst of a contest); Sec′ond-class, inferior to the first, as a second-class carriage.—ns. Sec′onder, one who seconds or supports; Sec′ond-flour, flour of a coarser quality, seconds.—adj. Sec′ond-hand, received as it were from the hand of a second person: not new: that has been used by another.—n. a hand for marking seconds on a clock or watch.—adv. Sec′ondly, in the second place.—ns. Sec′ond-mark, the character ″ as the mark in mathematics for a second of arc, in architecture for inches, and as a sign for a second of time; Secon′do, the lower part in a duet.—adj. Sec′ond-rate, being second in power, size, rank, quality, or value.—ns. Sec′ond-sight (see Sight); Sec′onds-pen′dulum, a pendulum which makes one oscillation per second of mean time.—Secondary education, that which is higher than primary or elementary; Secondary formation, rocks, strata, the Mesozoic strata; Secondary planet, a moon or satellite; Secondary school, a school for higher education; Second childhood, a condition of mental weakness often accompanying old age; Second coming, the second coming of Christ, or Second Advent; Second cousin, the child of a cousin; Second estate, the House of Lords; Second guard, an additional guard to a sword; Second story, in America, the second range of rooms from the first level, called in England the first floor; Second thoughts, reconsideration. [Fr.,—L. secundus—sequi, secutus, to follow.]

Secret, sē′kret, adj. concealed from notice: removed from sight: unrevealed: hidden: secluded: retired: private: keeping secrets: reserved.—n. that which is concealed: anything unrevealed or unknown: privacy: the key or principle by which something is made clear: a form of steel skull-cap: one of the prayers in the Mass, immediately following the 'Orate, fratres,' said inaudibly by the celebrant: (pl.) any prayers said secretly and not aloud: the parts of the body which are concealed.—ns. Sē′crecy, the state of being secret: separation: concealment: retirement: privacy: fidelity to a secret: the keeping of secrets; Sē′cretage, a process in dressing furs.—adj. Sē′cret-false (Shak.), secretly false, while apparently sincere.—adv. Sē′cretly, in a secret manner: privately: unknown to others: inwardly.—n. Sē′cretness, the state of being secret.—Secret service, a department of government service.—Open secret, a secret which all may inquire into. [Fr.,—L. secretus—secernĕre, secretum—se-, apart, cernĕre, to separate.]

Secretary, sek′rē-tā-ri, n. one employed to write for another: a public officer entrusted with the affairs of a department of government, or of a company, &c.: a piece of furniture for writing, with drawers, pigeon-holes, &c. (also Secretaire′).—adj. Secretā′rial, pertaining to a secretary or his duties.—ns. Secretā′riate, the official position of secretary; Sec′retary-bird a raptorial serpent-eating bird resembling the crane, found in South Africa and the East—from the tufts of feathers at the back of its head like pens stuck behind the ear; Sec′retaryship.

Secrete, sē-krēt′, v.t. to make secret: to hide: to conceal: to produce from the circulating fluids, as the blood in animals, the sap in vegetables.—adj. separate, distinct.—n.pl. Sēcrē′ta, the products of secretion.—n. Sēcrē′tion, the act of secreting or separating from a circulating fluid: that which is so secreted.—adj. Sēcrē′tional.—n. Sē′cretist, a dealer in secrets.—adjs. Sēcreti′tious, produced by secretion; Sēcrē′tive, tending to, or causing, secretion: given to secrecy or to keeping secrets.—adv. Sēcrē′tively.—ns. Sēcrē′tiveness, a phrenological organ supposed to indicate a turn for secrecy and concealment; Sēcrē′tor, a secreting organ.—adj. Sēcrē′tory, performing the office of secretion.—Secreting glands, true glands; Secreting organs, certain specialised organs of plants. [L. secernĕre, secretum.]

Sect, sekt, n. a body of men who unite in holding some particular views, esp. in religion and philosophy: those who dissent from an established church: a denomination: a school of philosophy: a party: faction: apparel: a part cut off.—adj. Sectā′rian, pertaining to, or peculiar to, a sect: bigotedly devoted to the interests of a sect, narrow, exclusive (also Sectā′rial).—n. one of a sect: one strongly imbued with the characteristics of a sect.—v.t. Sectā′rianise.—ns. Sectā′rianism, quality or character of a sectarian: excessive devotion to a sect; Sec′tarist; Sec′tary, one of a sect: a dissenter; Sectā′tor (obs.), an adherent of a school or party; Sec′tist; Sect′-mas′ter, the leader of a sect.—Sectarial marks, emblems marked on the foreheads of the different sects in India. [Fr. secte—L. secta, a school of philosophy—secāre, sectum, to cut off.]

Sectant, sek′tant, n. a portion of space cut off from the rest by three planes, but extending to infinity.

Section, sek′shun, n. act of cutting: a division: a portion: a distinct part of a book: the plan of any object cut through, as it were, to show its interior: the line formed by the intersection of two surfaces: the surface formed when a solid is cut by a plane: one of the squares, each containing 640 acres, into which the public lands of the United States are divided: (zool.) a group: the sign §, as a mark of reference.—v.t. to divide into sections, as a ship; to reduce to the degree of thinness required for study with the microscope.—adjs. Sec′tile, Sec′tive, capable of being cut.—n. Sectil′ity.—adj. Sec′tional, pertaining to a section or distinct part: local.—n. Sec′tionalism, the spirit of a class, commercial or political.—adv. Sec′tionally.—ns. Sec′tion-beam, in warping, a roller which receives the yarn from the spools; Sec′tion-cut′ter, an instrument used for making sections for microscopic work.—v.t. Sec′tionise, to render sectional in scope or spirit.—ns. Sec′tion-lin′er, a draftsman's instrument for ruling parallel lines; Sec′tion-plane, a cut surface; Sec′tioplanog′raphy, a method of laying down the sections of engineering work in railways; Sec′tiuncle, a petty sect.

Sector, sek′tur, n. that which cuts: that which is cut off: a portion of the circle between two radii and the intercepted arc: a mathematical instrument for finding a fourth proportional: an astronomical instrument: (mech.) a toothed gear, the face of which is the arc of a circle.—adjs. Sec′toral; Sectō′rial, adapted or intended for cutting.—n. a scissor-tooth. [L. sector—secāre, to cut.]

Secular, sek′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to an age or generation: coming or observed only once in a century: permanent: lay or civil, as opposed to clerical: (geol.) gradually becoming appreciable in the course of ages: pertaining to the present world, or to things not spiritual: not bound by monastic rules.—n. a layman: an ecclesiastic, as a parish priest, not bound by monastic rules.—n. Secularisa′tion, the state of being secularised.—v.t. Sec′ularise, to make secular: to convert from spiritual to common use.—ns. Sec′ularism; Sec′ularist, one who, discarding religious belief and worship, applies himself exclusively to the things of this life: one who holds that education should be apart from religion; Secular′ity, state of being secular or worldly: worldliness.—adv. Sec′ularly.—n. Sec′ularness. [L. secularis—seculum, an age, a generation.]

Secundate, sē-kun′dāt, v.t. to make prosperous.—n. Secundā′tion.

Secundine, sek′un-din, n. the afterbirth: (bot.) inner coat of an ovule, within the primine.

Secundogeniture, sē-kun′do-jen′i-tūr, n. the right of inheritance pertaining to a second son.

Seoundum, sē-kun′dum, prep. according to.—Secundum artem, artificially: skilfully: professionally; Secundum naturam, naturally; Secundum quid, in some respects only; Secundum veritatem, universally valid.

Secure, sē-kūr′, adj. without care or anxiety, careless (B.): free from fear or danger: safe: confident: incautious: in safe keeping: of such strength as to ensure safety.—v.t. to make safe: to guard from danger: to seize and confine: to get hold of: to make one's self master of: (obs.) to plight or pledge: to render certain: to guarantee: to fasten.—adj. Secūr′able, that may be secured.—n. Secur′ance, assurance, confirmation.—adv. Secūre′ly.—ns. Secūre′ment; Secūre′ness; Secūr′er, one who, or that which, secures or protects; Secūr′itan, one who dwells in fancied security; Secūr′ity, state of being secure: freedom from fear: carelessness: protection: certainty: a pledge: (pl.) bonds or certificates in evidence of debt or property.—Secure arms, to guard the firearms from becoming wet. [L. securus—se- (for sine), without, cura, care.]

Securicula, sek-ū′-rik′ū-la, n. a little ax, a votive offering in this form.

Securifer, sē-kū′ri-fėr, n. a sawfly.—adjs. Secūrif′erous; Secū′riform, axe-shaped.

Securigera, sek-ū-rij′e-ra, n. a genus of leguminous plants—the hatchet-vetch, axe-fitch.

Securite, sek′ūr-īt, n. a modern high explosive in the form of a yellowish powder.

Sedan, sē-dan′, n. a covered chair for one, carried on two poles, generally by two bearers: a hand-barrow for fish. [Invented at Sedan, in France.]

Sedate, sē-dāt′, adj. quiet: serene: serious.—adv. Sedāte′ly.—n. Sedāte′ness, composure: tranquillity.—adj. Sed′ative, tending to make sedate: moderating: allaying irritation or pain.—n. a medicine that allays irritation or pain. [L. sedāre, -ātum, to seat, akin to sedēre, to sit.]

Se defendendo, sē dē-fen-den′dō, n. the plea of a person charged with slaying another, that it was in his own defence.

Sedentaria, sed-en-tā′ri-a, n.pl. the tubicolous worms: the sedentary spiders.

Sedentary, sed′en-tā-ri, adj. sitting much: passed chiefly in sitting: requiring much sitting: inactive: (zool.) not migratory: not errant: lying in wait, as a spider: not free-swimming: motionless, as a protozoan.—adj. Sē′dent, at rest.—adv. Sed′entarily.—n. Sed′entariness. [L. sedentarius—sedēre, to sit.]

Sederunt, sē-dē′runt, n. in Scotland, the sitting of a court.—Acts of sederunt, ordinances of the Scottish Court of Session. [L., 'they sat'—sedēre, to sit.]

Sedes impedita, sē′dez im-pē-dī′ta, a term for a papal or episcopal see when there is a partial cessation by the incumbent of his episcopal duties.—Sedes vacans (sē-dez vā′kanz), a term of canon law to designate a papal or episcopal see when vacant.

Sedge, sej, n. a kind of flag or coarse grass growing in swamps and rivers.—adj. Sedged, composed of sedge or flags.—ns. Sedge′-hen, a marsh-hen; Sedge′-war′bler, a reed-warbler, the sedge-wren.—adj. Sedg′y, overgrown with sedge. [Older form seg—A.S. secg; cf. Low Ger. segge.]

Sedge, sej, n. a flock of herons, bitterns, or cranes. [A variant of siege.]

Sedilium, sē-dil′i-um, n. one of a row of seats in a Roman amphitheatre: a seat in the chancel of a church near the altar for the officiating clergyman—sometimes Sēdī′le:—pl. Sēdil′ia. [L.]

Sediment, sed′i-ment, n. what settles at the bottom of a liquid: dregs.—adj. Sedimen′tary, pertaining to, consisting of, or formed by sediment.—n. Sedimentā′tion. [L. sedimentum—sedēre, to sit.]

Sedition, sē-dish′un, n. insurrection: any offence against the State next to treason.—n. Sēdi′tionary, an inciter to sedition.—adj. Sedi′tious, pertaining to, or exciting, sedition: turbulent.—adv. Sēdi′tiously.—n. Sedi′tiousness. [Fr.,—L. seditio—se-, away, īre, ītum, to go.]

Seduce, sē-dūs′, v.t. to draw aside from rectitude: to entice: to corrupt: to cause a woman to surrender her chastity through persuasion, entreaty, under promise of marriage, &c.—ns. Sēdūce′ment, act of seducing or drawing aside: allurement; Sēdū′cer.—adj. Sēdū′cible.—adv. Sēdū′cingly.—n. Sēduc′tion, act of seducing or enticing from virtue, any enticement to evil: the act of fraudulently depriving an unmarried woman of her chastity.—adj. Sēduc′tive, tending to seduce or draw aside: assiduous.—adv. Sēduc′tively.—ns. Sēduc′tiveness; Sēduc′tor, one who leads astray. [L. seducĕre—se-, aside, ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Sedulous, sed′ū-lus, adj. diligent: constant.—ns. Sēdū′lity, Sed′ulousness.—adv. Sed′ulously. [L. sedulus—sedēre, to sit.]

Sedum, sē′dum, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, as stone-crop. [L., a house-leek.]

See, sē, n. the seat or jurisdiction of a bishop or archbishop: a throne.—Holy See, the papal court. [O. Fr. se, siet—L. sedes—sedēre, to sit.]

See, sē, v.t. to perceive by the eye: to observe: to discover: to remark: to bring about as a result: to wait upon, escort: to receive: to consult for any particular purpose: to suffer, experience: to meet and accept by staking a similar sum: to visit: to discern: to understand.—v.i. to look or inquire: to be attentive: to apprehend: to consider:—pa.t. saw; pa.p. seen.—interj. look! behold!—adj. See′able, capable of being seen.—n. Sē′er, one who sees or who foresees, a prophet.—See about a thing, to consider it; See one through, to aid in accomplishing or doing, esp. something difficult or dangerous; See out, to see to the end: to outdo; See through one, to understand one thoroughly; See to, to look after: (B.) to behold; See to it, look well to it.—Have soon one's best days, to be now on the decline; Let me see, a phrase employed to express consideration. [A.S. séon; Ger. sehen, Dut. zien.]

Seed, sēd, n. the thing sown: the male fecundating fluid, semen, sperm, milt, spat, the substance produced by plants and animals from which new plants and animals are generated: first principle: original: descendants: children: race: red-seed: a small bubble formed in imperfectly fused glass.—v.i. to produce seed: to grow to maturity.—v.t. to sow: to plant: to graft.—ns. Seed′-bag, a bag for seeds; Seed′-bed, a piece of ground for receiving seed; Seed′-bird, the water-wagtail; Seed′-bud, the bud or germ of the seed; Seed′-cake, a sweet cake containing aromatic seeds; Seed′-coat, the exterior coat of a seed; Seed′-cod, a basket for holding seed; Seed′-cor′al, coral in small and irregular pieces; Seed′-corn, corn to be used for sowing; Seed′-crush′er, an instrument for crushing seeds to express the oil; Seed′-down, the down on cotton, &c.; Seed′-drill, a machine for sowing seed in rows; Seed′-eat′er, a granivorous bird.—adj. Seed′ed, bearing seed, full-grown: sown: (her.) having the stamens indicated.—ns. Seed′-embroi′dery, embroidery in which seeds form parts of the design; Seed′er, a seed-drill: an apparatus for removing seeds from fruit: a seed-fish; Seed′-field, a field in which seed is raised; Seed′-finch, a South American finch; Seed′-fish, roe or spawn; Seed′-fowl, a bird that feeds on grain.—adj. Seed′ful, rich in promise.—ns. Seed′-gall, a small gall; Seed′-grain, corn for seed.—adv. Seed′ily.—ns. Seed′iness, the state of being seedy: shabbiness: exhaustion; Seed′ing; Seed′ing-machine′, an agricultural machine for sowing; Seed′ing-plough, a plough fitted with a hopper from which seed is automatically deposited; Seed′-lac (see Lac, 2); Seed′-leaf, a cotyledon; Seed′-leap, a seed-basket.—adj. Seed′less, having no seeds.—ns. Seed′ling a plant reared from the seed—also adj.; Seed′-lobe, a cotyledon or seed-leaf; Seed′ness (Shak.), seedtime; Seed′-oil, oil expressed from seeds.—ns.pl. Seed′-oy′sters, very young oysters; Seed′-pearls, very small or imperfect pearls strung together on horse-hair and attached to mother-of-pearl, &c., for ornament—used also in the composition of electuaries, &c.—ns. Seed′-plant′er, a seeder for planting seed on hills; Seed′-plot, a piece of nursery-ground, a hot-bed; Seed′-sheet, the sheet containing the seed of the sower; Seeds′man, one who deals in seeds: a sower:—pl. Seeds′men; Seed′-sow′er, a broadcast seeding-machine; Seed′-stalk, the funiculus; Seed′-tick, a young tick; Seed′time, the time or season for sowing seed; Seed′-vess′el, the pericarp which contains the seeds; Seed′-weev′il, a small weevil which infests seeds; Seed′-wool, cotton-wool from which the seeds have not been removed.—adj. Seed′y, abounding with seed: run to seed: having the flavour of seeds: worn out: out of sorts, looking or feeling unwell: shabby.—n. Seed′y-toe, a diseased condition of a horse's foot. [A.S. sǽd—sáwan, to sow; Ice. sádh, Ger. saat.]

Seeing, sē′ing, n. sight: vision.—conj. since: because: taking into account.—n. See′ing-stone (obs.), a looking-glass, a divining crystal.

Seek, sēk, v.t. to go in search of: to look for: to try to find or gain: to ask for: to solicit: to pursue: to consult.—v.i. to make search or inquiry: to try: to use solicitation: (B.) to resort to:—pa.t. and pa.p. sought.—ns. Seek′er, an inquirer: one of a sect in the time of Cromwell: (anat.) tracer; Seek′-no-far′ther, a reddish winter apple; Seek′-sorr′ow (obs.), a self-tormentor.—Sought after, in demand, desired; To seek, to be sought: at a loss, without knowledge or resources, helpless. [A.S. sécan; cf. Dut. zoeken, Ger. suchen.]

Seel, sēl, v.t. to close the eyes of by sewing the eyelids together, as a hawk: to blind, hoodwink. [O. Fr. siller, ciller—cil—L. cilium, eyelash.]

Seel, sēl, n. (prov.) good fortune, happiness: opportunity, season.—n. Seel′iness.—adj. Seel′y (Spens.), silly, innocent: fortunate, happy, good: simple: trifling.—n. good fortune: bliss: (Scot.) opportunity. [A.S. sǽl, time—sǽl, propitious.]

Seel, sēl, v.i. to lean to one side, to pitch or roll.—n. a roll of a ship. [Prob. related to sail.]

Seem, sēm, v.i. to appear: to have a show: to look: to pretend, to assume an air: to appear to one's self.—v.t. (B.) to befit: to become.—n. Seem′er.—adj. Seem′ing, apparent: specious: ostensible.—n. appearance: semblance: a false appearance: way of thinking.—adv. Seem′ingly.—n. Seem′ingness.—adj. Seem′less (Spens.), unseemly: indecorous.—n. Seem′liness.—adj. Seem′ly (comp. Seem′lier, superl. Seem′liest), becoming: suitable: decent: handsome.—adv. in a decent or suitable manner.—n. Seem′lyhed (Spens.), decent comely appearance.—It seems, it appears: it seems to me. [A.S. séman, to satisfy, to suit; or prob. direct from Scand., Ice. sæma, to honour, conform to.]

Seep, sēp, v.i. to ooze gently: to trickle: to drain off.—n. Seep′age.—adj. Seep′y. [Sipe.]

Seer, sēr, n. one who foresees events: a prophet: a soothsayer.—n. Seer′ship.

Seer-fish, sēr′-fish, n. a longish scombroid fish, valuable for food.—Also Seir′-fish.

Seesaw, sē′saw, n. motion to and fro, as in the act of sawing: a play among children, in which two seated at opposite ends of a board supported in the centre move alternately up and down.—adj. moving up and down, or to and fro: reciprocal.—v.i. to move backwards and forwards. [Prob. a redup. of saw.]

Seethe, sēth, v.t. to boil: to cook in hot liquid: to soak.—v.i. to be boiling: to be hot:—pa.t. seethed or sod; pa.p. seethed or sodd′en.—n. Seeth′er. [A.S. seóthan; Ice. sjótha, Ger. sieden.]

Seetulputty, sē′tul-put-i, n. a Bengalese grass mat for sleeping on. [Hind.]

Seg, seg, n. sedge: the yellow flower-de-luce.—n. Seg′gan (Scot.).

Seggar, seg′ar, n. a case of clay in which fine pottery is enclosed while baking in the kiln. [Saggar.]

Seghol, se-gōl′, n. a vowel-point in Hebrew with sound of e in pen, placed under a consonant, thus

.—n. Segh′ōlāte, a dissyllabic noun form with tone-long vowel in the first and a short seghol in the second syllable.

Segment, seg′ment, n. a part cut off: a portion: (geom.) the part of a circle cut off by a straight line: the part of a sphere cut off by a plane: a section: one of the parts into which a body naturally divides itself: (her.) a bearing representing one part only of a rounded object.—v.t. and v.i. to divide or become divided.—adj. Segmen′tal, being a segment: in embryology, noting the rudimental venal organs.—adv. Segmen′tally.—adjs. Seg′mentary, Seg′mentate.—n. Segmentā′tion, the act of cutting into segments.—adj. Segmen′ted.—ns. Seg′ment-gear, a gear extending over an arc only of a circle, providing a reciprocating motion; Seg′ment-rack, a rack having a cogged surface; Seg′ment-saw, a circular saw used for cutting veneers; Seg′ment-shell, a modern form of projectile for artillery. [L. segmentum—secāre, to cut.]

Segnitude, seg′ni-tūd, n. sluggishness, inactivity, [L. segnitia, slowness, segnis, slow.]

Segno, sā′nyō, n. (mus.) a sign to mark the beginning or end of repetitions—abbreviated

. [It.,—L. signum, a mark.]

Segreant, seg′rē-ant, adj. an epithet of the griffin: (her.) equivalent to rampant and salient.

Segregate, seg′rē-gāt, v.t. to separate from others.—adj. separate from others of the same kind: (geol.) separate from a mass and collected together along lines of fraction.—n. Segregā′tion. [L. segregāre, -ātum—se-, apart, grex, gregis, a flock.]

Seguidilla, seg-i-dēl′yä, n. a lively Spanish dance for two: music for such a dance.

Seiche, sāsh, n. a remarkable fluctuation of the level observed on the Lake of Geneva and other Swiss lakes, probably due to local variations in the barometric pressure. [Fr.]

Seidlitz, sēd′litz, adj. saline water of or from Seidlitz in northern Bohemia, also a saline aperient powder.

Seignior, Seigneur, sē′nyor, n. a title of honour and address in Europe to elders or superiors: the lord of a manor.—ns. Seign′iorage, Seign′orage, a royalty: a share of profit: a percentage on minted bullion; Seignioral′ty, the authority or the territory of a seignior or lord.—adjs. Seigniorial (sē-nyō′ri-al), Seigneu′rial, Signō′rial, manorial.—v.t. Seign′iorise, to lord it over.—ns. Seign′iory, Seign′ory, the power or authority of a seignior or lord: a domain, a lordship without a manor, or that of manor whose lands were held by free tenants: the elders forming the municipal council in a medieval Italian republic.—Grand Seignior, the Sultan of Turkey. [Fr. seigneur—L. senior—senex, old. In Late. L. senior is sometimes equivalent to dominus, lord.]

Seine, sān, or sēn, n. a large net for catching fish.—v.t. to catch with such.—ns. Seine′-boat; Seine′-en′gine, a steam-engine used in hauling seines; Seine′-gang, a body of men engaged in seining, with their boats and other gear; Sein′er, one who seines: a vessel engaged in purse-seining for mackerel; Sein′ing, the art of using the seine. [Fr.,—L. sagena—Gr. sagēnē, a fishing-net.]

Seirospore, sī′rō-spōr, n. one of the non-sexual spores arranged in a chain in certain florideous algæ.—adj. Seirospor′ic.

Seised, sēzd, adj. (Spens.) taken possession of.—n. Seis′in (Spens.), possession.

Seismograph, sīs′mō-graf, n. an instrument for registering the shocks and concussions of earthquakes, a seismometer.—adjs. Seis′mal; Seis′mic, belonging to an earthquake.—ns. Seis′mogram, the record made by a seismometer; Seismog′rapher.—adjs. Seismograph′ic, -al, connected with the seismograph.—n. Seismog′raphy, the study of earthquake phenomena.—adjs. Seismolog′ic, -al.—ns. Seismol′ogist, a student of earthquake phenomena; Seis′mologue, a catalogue of earthquake observations; Seismol′ogy, the science of earthquakes and volcanoes; Seismom′eter, an instrument for measuring shakings, tremors, and tiltings of the earth.—adjs. Seismom′etric, -al.—ns. Seismom′etry, the measuring the phenomena of earthquakes; Seis′moscope, a name of the simpler form of seismometer.—adj. Seismoscop′ic. [Gr. seismos, an earthquake, graphein, to write.]

Seiurus, sī-ū′rus, n. the genus of birds including the American wagtails.

Seize, sēz,—v.t. to take possession of forcibly: to take hold of: to grasp: to apprehend by legal authority: to come upon suddenly: to lash or make fast.—v.i. to lay hold of with the claws: in metallurgy, to cohere.—adj. Seiz′able.—ns. Seiz′er; Seiz′ing, the act of taking hold: (naut.) the operation of lashing with several turns of a cord. [O. Fr. saisir (Prov. sazir, to take possession of)—Old High Ger. sazzan, to set, Ger. setzen, Eng. set.]

Seizin, Seisin, sē′zin, n. the taking possession of an estate as of freehold: the thing possessed—the same as Sasine (q.v.).—n. Seiz′or, one who takes legal possession.

Seizure, sē′zhūr, n. act of seizing: capture: grasp: the thing seized: a sudden attack.

Sejant, Sejeant, sē′jant, adj. (her.) sitting. [Fr. séant, pr.p. of seoir—L. sedēre, to sit.]

Sejoin, sē-join′, v.t. (obs.) to separate.—n. Sejunc′tion, separation.

Sejugous, sē′jōō-gus, adj. (bot.) having six pairs of leaflets. [L. sejugis—sex, six, jugum, a yoke.]

Sekos, sē′kos, n. in Greek antiquities, any sacred enclosure, a sanctuary, cella of the temple.

Selache, sel′a-kē, n. a genus of sharks.—adjs. Selā′chian, Sel′achioid. [Gr. selachos, a sea-fish.]

Selaginella, sē-laj-i-nel′a, n. a genus of heterosporous cryptogams, allied to club-moss.

Selah, sē′lä, n. in the Psalms, a transliterated Hebrew word (connected by Gesenius with sālāh, rest), supposed to be a direction in the musical rendering of a passage, probably meaning 'pause.'

Selcouth, sel′kōōth, adj. (Spens.) rarely known, uncommon.—adv. Sel′couthly. [A.S. selcúth for seldcúth—seld, seldom, cúth—known, cunnan, to know.]

Seld, seld, adj. (Spens.) rare, uncommon.—adv. seldom, rarely.—adjs. Seld′seen, rarely seen; Seld′-shown (Shak.), rarely shown. [Seldom.]

Seldom, sel′dum, adv. rarely: not often.—n. Sel′domness.—adv. Sel′dom-times. [A.S. seldum, seldan—seld (adj.), rare; Ger. selten.]

Select, sē-lekt′, v.t. to pick out from a number by preference: to choose: to cull.—adj. picked out: nicely chosen: choice: exclusive.—adj. Selec′ted.—adv. Selec′tedly.—ns. Selec′tedness; Selec′tion, act of selecting: things selected: a book containing select pieces.—adj. Selec′tive.—adv. Selec′tively, by selection.—ns. Select′man, in New England towns, one of a board of officers chosen annually to manage various local concerns; Select′ness; Select′or.—Select meeting, in the Society of Friends, a meeting of ministers and elders.—Natural selection, the preservation of some forms of animal and vegetable life and the destruction of others by the ordinary operation of natural causes. [L. seligĕre, selectum—se-, aside, legĕre, to choose.]

Selene, sē-lē′nē, n. (Gr. myth.) the goddess of the moon, the Latin Luna—also Phœbe: a genus of carangoid fishes, the moon-fishes.—n. Selē′niscope, an instrument for observing the moon.—adj. Selēnocen′tric, having relation to the centre of the moon.—ns. Selē′nograph, a delineation of the moon; Selēnog′rapher, a student of selenography.—adjs. Selēnograph′ic, -al.—ns. Selēnog′raphist, a selenographer; Selēnog′raphy, description of the moon.—adj. Selēnolog′ical, pertaining to the physiography of the moon.—ns. Selēnol′ogist, a selenographer; Selēnol′ogy, selenography.—adj. Selēnōtrop′ic, turning to the moon.—ns. Selēnot′ropism, Selēnot′ropy. [Gr. selēnē.]

Selenite, sel′en-īt, n. a transparent and beautiful variety of gypsum: a salt of selenium: a supposed inhabitant of the moon.—adjs. Selenit′ic; Selenitif′erous. [Gr. selēnitēs (lithos, stone), moon-like—selēnē, the moon.]

Selenium, sē-lē′ni-um, n. an element discovered by Berzelius in the refuse of a sulphuric-acid factory in 1817.—n. Sel′ēnate, a compound of selenic acid with a base.—adjs. Selen′ic, Selē′nious.—n. Sel′enide, a compound of selenium with one other element or radical—also Selē′niuret.—adjs. Selenif′erous; Selē′niuretted, containing selenium. [Gr. sēlēne, the moon.]

Selenodont, sē-lē′nō-dont, adj. having crescentic ridges on the crown, as molar teeth.

Seleucidæ, se-lū′si-dē, n.pl. the descendants of Seleucus I., surnamed Nicator, who governed Syria from 312 B.C. to 65 B.C.

Seleucides, se-lū′si-dēz, n. a genus containing the twelve-wired bird of Paradise.

Self, self, n. one's own person: one's personal interest: one's own personal interest, selfishness: a flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated:—pl. Selves (selvz).—adj. very: particular: one's own: simple, plain, unmixed with any other.—ns. Self′-aban′donment, disregard of self; Self′-abase′ment, abasement through consciousness of unworthiness.—adj. Self′-absorbed′, absorbed in one's own thoughts.—ns. Self′-abuse′, the abuse of one's own person or powers: self-pollution; Self′-accusā′tion, the act of accusing one's self.—adjs. Self′-accus′atory; Self′-act′ing, acting of, or by, itself, specially denoting a machine or mechanism which does of itself something that is ordinarily done by manual labour.—n. Self′-activ′ity, an inherent power of acting.—adj. Self′-adjust′ing, requiring no external adjustment.—n. Self′-admis′sion (Shak.), admission of one's self.—n.pl. Self′-affairs′ (Shak.), one's own affairs.—adjs. Self′-affect′ed (Shak.), affected well towards one's self; Self′-affright′ed (Shak.), frightened at one's self.—n. Self′-applause′, applause of one's self.—adjs. Self′-appoint′ed, nominated by one's self; Self′-approv′ing, implying approval of one's own conduct; Self′-assert′ing, given to asserting one's opinion: putting one's self forward.—n. Self′-asser′tion.—adj. Self′-assumed′, assumed by one's own act.—n. Self′-assump′tion, conceit.—adj. Self′-begot′ten, generated or originated by one's own powers.—n. Self′-bind′er, the automatic binding apparatus attached to some reaping-machines.—adj. Self′-blind′ed, led astray by one's self.—n. Self′-blood′ (obs.), direct progeny: suicide.—adj. Self′-born′, born or produced by one's self.—n. Self′-boun′ty (Shak.), native goodness.—adj. Self′-cen′tred, centred in self.—n. Self′-char′ity (Shak.), love of one's self.—adjs. Self′-clō′sing, shutting automatically; Self′-collect′ed, self-possessed: self-contained; Self′-col′oured, of the natural colour: dyed in the wool: coloured with a single tint: (hort.) uniform in colour.—ns. Self′-command′, self-control; Self′-complā′cency, satisfaction with one's self, or with one's own performances.—adj. Self′-complā′cent, pleased with one's self: self-satisfied.—n. Self′-conceit′, an over-high opinion of one's self, one's own abilities, &c.: vanity.—adj. Self′-conceit′ed, having a high opinion of one's self, of one's own merits, abilities, &c.: vain.—ns. Self′-conceit′edness; Self′-condemnā′tion, condemnation by one's own conscience: a self-condemning.—adjs. Self′-condemned′; Self′-condemn′ing.—n. Self′-con′fidence, confidence in, or reliance on, one's own powers: self-reliance.—adj. Self′-con′fident, confident of one's own powers: in the habit of relying on one's own powers.—adv. Self′-con′fidently.—adj. Self′-confī′ding, relying on one's own powers.—n. Self′-congratulā′tion, the act of felicitating one's self.—adjs. Self′-con′jugate, conjugate to itself; Self′-con′scious, conscious of one's acts or states as originating in one's self: conscious of being observed by others.—n. Self′-con′sciousness, the act or state of being self-conscious: consciousness of being observed by others.—adj. Self′-consid′ering, considering in one's own mind, deliberating.—n. Self′-consist′ency, consistency with one's self, or principles.—adjs. Self′-consist′ent; Self′-con′stituted, constituted by one's self; Self′-consū′ming, consuming one's self, or itself: Self′-contained′, wrapped up in one's self, reserved: of a house, not approached by an entrance common to others: complete in itself.—ns. Self′-contempt′, contempt for one's self; Self′-content′, self-complacency; Self′-contradic′tion, the act or fact of contradicting one's self: a statement of which the terms are mutually contradictory.—adj. Self′-contradict′ory.—n. Self′-control′, control or restraint exercised over one's self: self-command.—adj. Self′-convict′ed, convicted by one's own inner consciousness, or avowal.—n. Self′-convic′tion.—adjs. Self′-correspond′ing, corresponding to itself; Self′-cov′ered, clothed in one's native semblance.—ns. Self′-creā′tion, the act of coming into existence by the vitality of one's own nature; Self′-crit′icism, criticism of one's self; Self′-cult′ure, culture or education of one's self without the aid of teachers; Self′-dān′ger (Shak.), danger from one's self; Self′-deceit′, deception respecting one's self; Self′-deceiv′er, one who deceives himself; Self′-decep′tion, the act of deceiving one's own self; Self′-defence′, the act of defending one's own person, property, &c. (Art of self-defence, boxing, pugilism); Self′-delā′tion, accusation of one's self; Self′-delū′sion, delusion respecting one's self; Self′-denī′al, the denial of one's self: the non-gratifying of one's own appetites or desires.—adj. Self′-deny′ing.—adv. Self′-deny′ingly.—n. Self′-depend′ence, reliance on one's self.—adj. Self′-depend′ent.—n. Self′-depreciā′tion, depreciation of one's self.—adj. Self′-deprē′ciātive.—ns. Self′-despair′, a despairing view of one's prospects, &c.; Self′-destruc′tion, the destruction of one's self: suicide.—adj. Self′-destruc′tive.—n. Self′-determinā′tion, determination by one's self without extraneus impulse.—adjs. Self′-deter′mined; Self′-deter′mining.—n. Self′-devel′opment, spontaneous development.—adj. Self′-devō′ted.—n. Self′-devō′tion, self-sacrifice.—adj. Self′-devour′ing, devouring one's self.—ns. Self′-dispar′agement, disparagement of one's self; Self′-dispraise′, censure of one's self; Self′-distrust′, want of confidence in one's own powers.—adjs. Self′-ed′ucated, educated by one's own efforts alone; Self′-elect′ive, having the right to elect one's self.—n. Self-end′ (obs.), an end for one's self alone.—adj. Self′-endeared′, self-loving.—ns. Self′-enjoy′ment, internal satisfaction; Self′-esteem′, the esteem or good opinion of one's self; Self′-estimā′tion; Self′-ev′idence.—adj. Self′-ev′ident, evident of itself or without proof: that commands assent.—adv. Self′-ev′idently.—ns. Self′-evolū′tion, development by inherent power; Self′-exaltā′tion, the exaltation of self; Self′-exam′inant, one who examines himself; Self′-examinā′tion, a scrutiny into one's own state, conduct, &c., esp. with regard to one's religious feelings and duties; Self′-exam′ple, one's own example.—adj. Self′-ex′ecuting, needing no legislation to enforce it.—n. Self′-exist′ence.—adjs. Self′-exist′ent, existing of or by himself or itself, independent of any other cause; Self′-explan′atory, obvious, bearing its meaning in its own face.—n. Self′-explicā′tion, the power of explaining one's self.—adjs. Self-faced′, undressed or unhewn; Self-fed′, fed by one's self.—n. Self′-feed′er, a self-feeding apparatus.—adj. Self′-feed′ing, feeding automatically.—ns. Self′-fertilisā′tion; Self′-fertil′ity, ability to fertilise itself.—adjs. Self′-fig′ured, figured or described by one's self; Self′-flatt′ering, judging one's self too favourably.—n. Self′-flatt′ery, indulgence in reflections too favourable to one's self.—adjs. Self′-foc′using, focusing without artificial adjustment; Self′-forget′ful, devoted to others, and forgetful of one's own interests.—adv. Self′-forget′fully.—adjs. Self′-gath′ered, wrapped up in one's self; Self-glazed′, covered with glass of a single tint; Self′-glō′rious, springing from vainglory or vanity: boastful; Self′-gov′erning.—ns. Self′-gov′ernment, self-control: government by the joint action of the mass of the people: democracy; Self′-gratulā′tion, congratulation of one's self.—adj. Self′-harm′ing, injuring one's self.—n. Self-heal′, prunella: the burnet saxifrage.—adj. Self′-heal′ing, having the power of healing itself.—ns. Self-help′, working for one's self; Self′hood, existence as a separate person: conscious personality.—adj. Self′-ī′dolised, regarded with extreme complacency by one's self.—n. Self′-import′ance, a high estimate of one's own importance: egotism: pomposity.—adjs. Self′-import′ant; Self′-imposed′, taken voluntarily on one's self; Self′-im′potent (bot.), unable to fertilise itself.—n. Self′-indul′gence, undue gratification of one's appetites or desires.—adj. Self′-indul′gent.—n. Self′-infec′tion, infection of the entire organism from a local lesion.—adj. Self′-inflict′ed, inflicted by one's self.—n. Self′-in′terest, private interest: regard to one's self.—adj. Self′-in′terested.—n. Self′-involū′tion, mental abstraction.—adjs. Self′-involved′, wrapped up in one's self; Self′ish, chiefly or wholly regarding one's own self: void of regard to others (Selfish theory of morals, the theory that man acts from the consideration of what will give him the most pleasure).—adv. Self′ishly.—ns. Self′ishness; Self′ism; Self′ist; Self′-justificā′tion, justification of one's self.—adjs. Self′-kin′dled, kindled of itself; Self′-know′ing, knowing of one's own self: possessed of self-consciousness.—n. Self′-knowl′edge, the knowledge of one's own character, abilities, worth, &c.—adjs. Self-left′, left to one's self; Self′less, having no regard to self, unselfish.—ns. Self′lessness, freedom from selfishness; Self-life′, a life only for one's own gratification.—adjs. Self′-like, exactly similar; Self′-lim′ited (path.), tending to spontaneous recovery after a certain course.—n. Self-love′, the love of one's self: tendency to seek one's own welfare or advantage: desire of happiness.—adjs. Self′-lov′ing, full of self-love; Self′-lum′inous, possessing the property of emitting light; Self-made′, made by one's self; denoting a man who has risen to a high position from poverty or obscurity by his own exertions.—ns. Self′-mas′tery, self-command: self-control; Self′-met′tle (Shak.), mettle or spirit which is natural to one, and not artificially inspired; Self′-mō′tion, spontaneous motion.—adj. Self-moved′, moved spontaneously from within.—ns. Self′-mur′der, the killing of one's self: suicide; Self′-mur′derer; Self′-neglect′ing (Shak.), the neglecting of one's self; Self′ness, egotism: personality; Self′-offence′, one's own offence; Self′-opin′ion, the tendency to form one's own opinion irrespective of that of others.—adjs. Self′-opin′ionated, obstinately adhering to one's own opinion; Self′-orig′inating, springing from one's self.—ns. Self′-partial′ity, overestimate of one's own worth; Self′-percep′tion, the faculty of immediate perception of the soul by itself.—adjs. Self′-perplexed′, perplexed by one's own thoughts; Self′-pī′ous, hypocritical.—n. Self′-pit′y, pity for one's self.—adjs. Self-pleached′ (Tenn.), interwoven by natural growth; Self′-pleas′ing, gratifying one's own wishes; Self-poised′, kept well balanced by self-respect.—n. Self′-pollū′tion, self-abuse, masturbation.—adj. Self′-possessed′, calm or collected in mind or manner: undisturbed.—ns. Self′-posses′sion, the possession of one's self or faculties in danger: calmness; Self-praise′, the praise of one's self; Self′-preservā′tion, the preservation of one's self from injury, &c.—adjs. Self′-preser′vative, Self-preser′ving.—ns. Self-pride′, self-esteem; Self′-prof′it, self-interest.—adj. Self′-prop′agating, propagating one's self or itself.—ns. Self′-protec′tion, self-defence; Self′-realisā′tion, the attainment of such development as one's mental and moral nature is capable of.—adjs. Self′-recip′rocal, self-conjugate; Self′-record′ing, making, as an instrument, a record of its own state.—n. Self′-regard′, regard for one's own self.—adjs. Self′-regard′ing; Self′-reg′istering, registering itself: denoting an instrument or machine having a contrivance for recording its own operations; Self′-reg′ulated, regulated by one's self or itself; Self′-reg′ulating, regulating itself; Self′-reg′ulative.—n. Self′-relī′ance, reliance on one's own abilities.—adj. Self′-relī′ant.—n. Self′-renunciā′tion, self-abnegation.—adj. Self′-repel′ling, repelling by its own inherent power.—ns. Self′-repres′sion, the keeping of one's self in the background; Self′-reproach′, the act of reproaching or condemning one's self.—adj. Self′-reproach′ing, reproaching one's self.—adv. Self′-reproach′ingly.—n. Self′-reproof′, the reproof of one's own conscience.—adjs. Self′-reprov′ing, reproving one's self, from conscious guilt; Self′-repug′nant, self-contradictory: inconsistent.—n. Self′-respect′, respect for one's self or one's character.—adjs. Self′-respect′ful; Self′-respect′ing; Self′-restrained′, restrained by one's own will.—ns. Self′-restraint′, a restraint over one's appetites or desires: self-control; Self′-rev′erence, great self-respect.—adjs. Self′-rev′erent; Self′-right′eous, righteous in one's own estimation: pharisaical.—n. Self′-right′eousness, reliance on one's supposed righteousness: sense of one's own merit or goodness, esp. if overestimated.—adjs. Self′-right′ing, that rights itself when capsized; Self′-rolled′, coiled on itself.—n. Self′-sac′rifice, the act of yielding up one's life, interests, &c. for others.—adjs. Self′-sac′rificing, yielding, or disposed to yield, up one's life, interests, &c.; Self′-same, the very same.—ns. Self′-same′ness, sameness as regards self or identity; Self′-satisfac′tion, satisfaction with one's self.—adjs. Self′-sat′isfied, satisfied with the abilities, performances, &c. of one's self; Self′-sat′isfying, giving satisfaction to one's self.—ns. Self-scorn′, a mood in which one entertains scorn for a former mood of self; Self′-seek′er, one who looks only to his own interests.—adj. Self′-seek′ing, seeking unduly one's own interest or happiness.—n. the act of doing so.—adj. Self′-shin′ing, self-luminous.—n. Self′-slaugh′ter (Shak.), the slaughter of one's self: suicide.—adjs. Self′-slaugh′tered, killed by one's self; Self′-ster′ile (bot.), unable to fertilise itself; Self-styled′, called by one's self: pretended; Self′-subdued′ (Shak.), subdued by one's own power; Self′-substan′tial (Shak.), composed of one's own substance.—n. Self′-suffi′ciency.—adjs. Self′-suffi′cient, confident in one's own sufficiency: haughty: overbearing; Self′-suffic′ing.—ns. Self′-sugges′tion, determination by causes inherent in the organism; Self′-support′, the maintenance of one's self.—adjs. Self′-support′ed; Self′-support′ing.—n. Self′-surren′der, the yielding up of one's self to another.—adj. Self′-sustained′, sustained by one's own power.—ns. Self′-sus′tenance, self-support; Self-sustentā′tion.—adjs. Self′-taught, taught by one's self; Self′-think′ing, forming one's own opinions: of independent judgment; Self′-tor′turable (Shak.), capable of being tortured by one's self.—ns. Self′-tor′ture; Self-trust′, self-reliance; Self-view′, regard for one's own interest; Self′-vī′olence, violence inflicted upon one's self; Self-will′, obstinacy.—adj. Self-willed′, governed by one's own will.—ns. Self′-willed′ness; Self′-wor′ship, the idolising of one's self; Self′-wor′shipper; Self-wrong′ (Shak.), wrong done by a person to himself.—Be beside one's self (see Beside); Be one's self, to be in full possession of one's powers; By one's self, or itself, apart, alone: without aid of another person or thing. [A.S. self, seolf, sylf; Dut. zelf, Ger. selbe, Goth. silba.]

Selictar, sē-lik′tär, n. the sword-bearer of a Turkish chief. [Turk. silihdār—Pers. silahdār—Ar. silāh, arms, pl. of silh, a weapon.]

Selinum, sē-lī′num, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants—milk-parsley. [Gr. selinon, parsley.]

Selion, sel′yon, n. a ridge of land rising between two furrows. [O. Fr. seillon, Fr. sillon, a furrow.]

Seljuk, sel-jōōk′, n. a member of a Turkish family which, under Togrul Beg, grandson of a chief named Seljuk, overthrew the Abbaside califs of Bagdad about 1050, and gave way before the Osmanli or Ottoman princes.—adj. Selju′kian.

Sell, sel, n. a seat, a throne: (Spens.) a saddle: a saddler.—adj. Sell′iform, saddle-shaped. [O. Fr. selle—L. sella, for sedula, dim. of sedes, a seat.]

Sell, sel, v.t. to deliver in exchange for something paid as equivalent: to betray for money: to impose upon, cheat.—v.i. to have commerce: to be sold, to be in demand for sale:—pa.t. and pa.p. sōld.—n. a deception.—adj. Sell′able, that can be sold.—n. Sell′er, a furnisher: a vender: a small vessel for holding salt.—Sell one's life dearly, to do great injury to the enemy before one is killed; Sell one up, to sell a debtor's goods; Sell out, to dispose entirely of: to sell one's commission. [A.S. sellan, to hand over; cf. Ice. selja, Goth. saljan.]

Sellanders, sel′an-dėrs, n. an eruption in the tarsus of the horse. [Fr. solandre.]

Seltzer, selt′zėr, n. an effervescing alkaline mineral water brought from Nieder-Selters in Prussia.—n. Selt′zogene, a gazogene (q.v.).

Selvage, sel′vāj, n. that part of cloth which forms an edge of itself without hemming: a border: in mining, that part of a lode adjacent to the walls on either side: the edge-plate of a lock—also Sel′vedge.—adjs. Sel′vaged, Sel′vedged.—n. Selvagēē′, an untwisted skein of rope-yarn marled together. [Old Dut. selfegge, self, self, egge, edge.]

Semantron, sē-man′tron, n. in the Greek Church, a long bar of wood struck with a mallet to summon worshippers. [Gr.,—sēmainein, to give a signal.]

Semaphore, sem′a-fōr, n. a contrivance for conveying signals, consisting of a mast with arms turned on pivots by means of cords or levers.—adjs. Semaphor′ic, -al, telegraphic—adv. Semaphor′ically. [Gr. sēma, a sign, pherein, to bear.]

Semasiology, sē-mā-si-ol′ō-ji, n. the science of the development of the meanings of words. [Gr. sēmasia—sēmainein, to signify, legein, to speak.]

Semasphere, sem′a-sfēr, n. an aerostatic signalling apparatus. [Gr. sēma, a sign, sphaira, a ball.]

Sematic, sē-mat′ik, adj. significant: indicative, as of danger: ominous.—n. Sematol′ogy, the science of verbal signs in the operations of thinking and reasoning. [Gr. sēma, a sign.]

Sematrope, sem′a-trōp, n. an adaptation of the heliotrope for transmitting military signals. [Gr. sēma, a sign, trepein, to turn.]

Semblable, sem′bla-bl, adj. (Shak.) resembling, similar, like.—n. likeness, resemblance.—adv. Sem′blably (Shak.) in like manner.—n. Sem′blance, likeness: appearance: figure.—adj. Sem′blant, resembling, like.—n. (Spens.) resemblance, figure.—adj. Sem′blative (Shak.), resembling, fit, suitable.—v.i. Sem′ble (obs.), to appear: to dissemble: to practise the art of imitation.—adj. like. [Fr.,—sembler, to seem, to resemble—L. similis, like.]

Semé, se-mā′, adj. (her.) strewn or scattered over with small bearings, powdered. [Fr., sown, semer—L. semināre, to sow.]

Semeiology, Semiology, sē-mī-ol′ō-ji, n. the sum of knowledge of the signs and symptoms of morbid conditions, symptomatology: the science of gesture or sign-language.—n. Semeiog′raphy, the description of the signs or symptoms of disease.—adjs. Semeiolog′ic, -al, pertaining to semeiology; Semeiot′ic, relating to signs, symptomatic.—n. Semeiot′ics, the science of signs: semeiology or symptomatology. [Gr. sēmeion, a mark, legein, to say.]

Semeion, sē-mī′on, n. in ancient prosody, the unit of time: one of the two divisions of a foot: a mark in paleography indicating metrical or other divisions:—pl. Semei′a. [Gr. sēmeion, a mark.]

Semele, sem′e-lē, n. a genus of bivalves. [Gr. Semelē, the mother of Bacchus.]

Semen, sē′men, n. the impregnating fluid of male animals, usually whitish, viscid, containing innumerable spermatozoa. [L.]

Semese, se-mēs′, adj. half-eaten. [L. semesus, half-eaten, semi-, half, esus—edĕre, to eat.]

Semester, sē-mes′tėr, n. one of the half-year courses in German universities.—adj. Semes′tral. [L. semestris—sex, six, mensis, a month.]

Semi-, sem′i, a prefix of Latin origin, meaning 'half,' and also less accurately 'partly,' 'incompletely.'—n. and adj. Semiac′id, half-acid, sub-acid.—n. Sem′iangle, the half of a given angle.—adj. Semi-an′nual, half-yearly.—adv. Sem′i-an′nually, once every six months.—adj. Semian′nular, semicircular.—ns. Sem′i-an′thracite, coal intermediate between anthracite and semi-bituminous coal; Sem′i-ape, a lemur.—adjs. Sem′i-aquat′ic (zool., bot.), entering the water, but not necessarily existing by it; Sem′i-Ā′rian, relating to the Christology of the so-called Semi-Arians (Eusebius of Cæsarea, &c.) who held a middle ground between the Arian hetero-ousia and the orthodox homo-ousia or co-equality of the Son with the Father, asserting the homoi-ousia, or similarity of essence.—n. Sem′i-Ā′rianism.—adjs. Sem′i-artic′ulate, loose-jointed; Sem′i-attached′, partially bound by affection or interest; Semibarbā′rian, half-barbarian or savage: partially civilised.—n.

Semibar′barism.—adj. Sem′i-bitū′minous, partly bituminous, as coal.—ns. Sem′ibrēve, a musical note, half the length of a breve = 2 minims or 4 crotchets; Sem′ibull, a bull issued by a pope between the time of his election and that of his coronation.—adjs. Sem′icalcā′reous, partly chalky; Sem′i-cal′cined, half-calcined; Semicartilag′inous, gristly; Semicentenn′ial, occurring at the completion of fifty years.—n. a celebration at the end of fifty years.—adj. Semichō′ric.—ns. Semichō′rus, a small number of selected singers; Sem′icircle, half a circle: the figure bounded by the diameter of a circle and half the circumference.—adjs. Sem′icircled; Semicir′cular.—adv. Semicir′cularly.—ns. Semicircum′ference, half of the circumference of a circle; Sem′icirque, a semicircular hollow; Semiclō′sure, half-closure; Sem′icolon, the point (;) marking a division greater than the comma; Semicō′lon-butt′erfly, a butterfly with a silver mark on the under side; Sem′i-col′umn, a half-column.—adjs. Sem′i-colum′nar, flat on one side and rounded on the other; Sem′i-complete′ (entom.), incomplete; Sem′i-con′fluent (path.), half-confluent; Sem′i-con′jugate, conjugate and halved; Sem′i-con′scious, half or imperfectly conscious; Sem′i-conver′gent, convergent as a series, while the series of moduli is not convergent.—n. Sem′icope, an outer garment worn by some of the monastic clergy in the Middle Ages.—adjs. Sem′icor′neous, partly horny; Semicor′onate.—n. Sem′icor′onet (entom.), a line of spines half surrounding a part.—adjs. Sem′i-costif′erous, half-bearing a rib; Semicrit′ical, related to a differential equation and its criticoids.—n. Sem′icrome (mus.), a sixteenth note.—adjs. Sem′icrustā′ceous, half-hard; Semicrys′talline, imperfectly crystallised.—n. Semicū′bium, a half-bath.—adjs. Semicylin′drical, resembling a cylinder divided longitudinally; Semidef′inite, half-definite: Sem′i-depend′ent, half-dependent; Sem′ides′ert, half-desert; Sem′idetached′, partly separated: noting one of two houses joined by a party-wall, but detached from other buildings.—ns. Sem′i-diam′eter, half the diameter of a circle: a radius; Sem′i-diapā′son, a diminished octave; Sem′i-diaphanē′ity, half-transparency.—adj. Semi′-diaph′anous, half-transparent.—n. Semidiur′na, a group of lepidopterous insects including the hawk-moth.—adj. Semidiur′nal, accomplished in half a day: (entom.) flying in twilight.—n. Sem′i-dome′, half a dome, esp. as formed by a vertical section.—adj. Sem′idoub′le, having the outermost stamens converted into petals.—n. a festival on which half the antiphon is repeated before and the whole antiphon after the psalm.—n. Sem′i-ef′figy, a representation of a figure seen at half-length only.—adj. Sem′i-ellip′tical, having the form of an ellipse which is cut transversely.—ns. Sem′i-fā′ble, a mixture of truth and fable; Sem′i-faience′, pottery having a transparent glaze instead of the opaque enamel of true faience; Sem′i-fig′ure, a partial human figure in ornamental design.—v.t. Sem′i-flex, to half-bend.—n. Sem′i-flex′ion.—adj. Sem′i-flos′cular.—n. Sem′i-flos′cule, a floret with a strap-shaped corolla.—adjs. Sem′i-flos′culōse, Sem′i-flos′culous, having the corolla split, flattened out, and turned to one side, as in the ligular flowers of composites; Semiflu′id, half or imperfectly fluid; Sem′i-formed, half-formed.—n. Sem′i-frā′ter, a secular benefactor of a religious house, having a share in its intercessory prayers and masses.—adjs. Sem′i-fused′, half-melted; Semiglō′bōse, Semiglob′ular, having the shape of half a sphere.—adv. Semiglob′ularly.—ns. Sem′i-god, a demi-god; Sem′i-independ′ence.—adjs. Sem′i-independ′ent, not fully independent; Sem′i-in′finite, limited at one end and extending to infinity; Sem′i-lig′neous, partially woody: (bot.) having a stem woody at the base and herbaceous at the top; Semi-liq′uid, half-liquid.—n. Semi-liquid′ity.—adjs. Sem′i-log′ical, half-logical, partly logical; Sem′i-lū′cent, half-transparent; Semi-lū′nar, half-moon shaped, as the semi-lunar bone of the wrist; Sem′i-lū′nate, having the form of a half-moon; Sem′i-malig′nant, not very malignant, said of tumours; Sem′i-matūre′, half-ripe.—n. Semimembranō′sus, a long muscle of the back of the thigh.—adjs. Semimem′branous (anat.), partly membranous; Sem′i-men′strual, half-monthly, esp. of an inequality of the tide.—n. Sem′i-met′al, in old chemistry, a metal that is not malleable, as zinc.—adjs. Sem′i-metal′lic; Sem′i-month′ly, occurring twice a month.—n. Semi-mūte′, one who, having lost the faculty of hearing, has also lost the faculty of speech—also adj.—adj. Sem′i-nūde′, half-naked.—n. Sem′inymph, the pupa of an insect which undergoes only semi-metamorphosis.—adjs. Sem′i-obscure′, noting the wings of insects when deeply tinged with brownish-gray, but semi-transparent; Sem′i-offic′ial, partly official.—adv. Sem′i-offic′ially.—n. Sem′i-ō′pal, a variety of opal not possessing opalescence.—adj. Sem′i-opaque′, partly opaque.—n. Sem′i-op′tera, a genus of birds—the standard-wings.—adj. Sem′i-orbic′ular, having the shape of half a sphere.—n. Sem′i-or′dinate, half a chord bisected by the transverse diameter of a conic.—adjs. Sem′i-oss′eous, partly bony; Semiō′val, having the form of an oval; Semiovip′arous, imperfectly viviparous; Semipal′mate, half-webbed, as the toes of a bird.—ns. Semipalmā′tion; Semiparab′ola, one branch of a parabola being terminated at the principal vortex of the curve; Sem′iped, in prose, a half-foot.—adjs. Sem′ipedal; Sem′i-Pelā′gian, relating to the theology of the Semi-Pelagians (John Cassianus, &c.), who tried to find a middle course between the Augustinian doctrine of predestination and the Pelagian doctrine of the free-will of man.—n. Sem′i-Pelā′gianism.—adjs. Sem′i-pellū′cid, imperfectly transparent; Sem′ipen′niform, half-penniform; Sem′i-per′fect, nearly perfect; Sem′i-pis′cine, half-fish; Sem′i-plant′igrade, incompletely plantigrade: partly digitigrade; Sem′i-plas′tic, imperfectly plastic.—ns. Semiplotī′na, a group or sub-family of cyprinoid fishes; Sem′iplume, a feather of partly downy structure;

Semiquad′rate, an aspect of two planets when distant from each other 45 degrees; Sem′iquāver, a musical note, half the length of a quaver: something of short duration.—adjs. Sem′i-recon′dite, half-hidden; Sem′i-rē′flex, involuntarily performed, but not entirely independent of the will; Sem′i-reg′ular, pertaining to a quadrilateral having four equal sides, but only pairs of equal angles; Sem′i-retrac′tile, retractile to some extent.—n. Sem′i-ring, a bronchial half-ring.—adjs. Sem′i-sag′ittate (entom.), shaped like the barbed end of a fish-hook; Sem′i-sav′age, semi-barbarian; Sem′i-Sax′on, early Middle English (c. 1150-1250); Sem′i-sep′tate, half-partitioned.—ns. Sem′i-sex′tile, the position of planets when they are distant from each other the twelfth part of a circle, or 30°; Sem′i-smile, a faint smile.—adjs. Sem′i-solid, partially solid; Semispher′ical, having the figure of a half-sphere.—ns. Sem′i-spinā′lis, a deep muscular layer of the back; Sem′i-square, an aspect of two planets when 45 degrees from each other; Sem′i-steel, puddled steel.—adjs. Sem′i-supernat′ural, half-divine and half-human; Sem′i-sū′pinated, placed between supination and pronation.—ns. Sem′i-tan′gent, the tangent of half an arc; Sem′i-tendinō′sus, a fusiform muscle on the back of the thigh.—adjs. Semiten′dinous, tendinous for half its length; Semitērē′te, half-round; Semiter′tian, partly tertian and partly quotidian.—n. Sem′itone, half a tone: one of the lesser intervals of the musical scale, as from B to C.—adj. Semiton′ic.—n. Sem′i-transpā′rency.—adjs. Sem′i-transpārent, half or imperfectly transparent; Sem′i-trop′ical, subtropical; Sem′i-tū′bular, like the half of a tube divided longitudinally; Sem′i-tychon′ic, approximating to Tycho Brahe's astronomical system; Sem′i-un′cial, intermediate between uncial and minuscule.—n. a method of writing Latin and Greek in use in the sixth and seventh centuries.—adjs. Semivit′reous, partially vitreous; Semivit′rified, half-vitrified; Sem′ivive (obs.) half-alive; Sem′i-vō′cal, pertaining to a semivowel: imperfectly sounding.—n. Semivow′el, a half-vowel, a letter possessing the character of both a vowel and a consonant, usually only w and y, but sometimes including also the liquids l and r and the nasals m and n.—adj. Sem′i-week′ly, issued twice a week.—Semicylindrical leaf, a leaf elongated, flat on one side, round on the other.

Seminal, sem′in-al, adj. pertaining to seed: radical: rudimentary.—n. (obs.) a seed.—n. Seminal′ity, the germinating principle.—v.t. Sem′ināte, to sow: to propagate: to disseminate.—n. Seminā′tion, act of sowing: natural dispersion of seed: propagation.—adjs. Seminif′erous, seed-bearing: producing seed; Seminif′ic, producing seed.—ns. Seminificā′tion; Sem′inist, one who holds that the admixture of the male and female seed originates the new individual. [L. semen, seminis, seed—serĕre, to sow.]

Seminary, sem′in-ar-i, n. the original place whence anything is derived, a nursery: a place of education, esp. in branches of knowledge to be afterwards applied in practice, as theology, &c.: a group of advanced students working in some specific subject of study under a teacher—also and more commonly Seminär′ (the German name): a seminary priest.—n. Sem′inarist, a student at a seminary: a R.C. priest educated in a foreign seminary.

Seminole; sem′i-nōl, n. one of a tribe of American Indians, originally a vagrant branch of the Creeks, now mostly confined to the Indian Territory.

Semiography, Semiology, Semiotics. See Semeiography, Semeiology, Semeiotics.

Semiotellus, sē-mi-ō-tel′us, n. a widely distributed genus of hymenopterous parasites.

Semis, sē′mis, n. a bronze coin of the ancient Roman republic, half the value of an as.

Semispata, sem-i-spā′ta, n. a Frankish dagger. [L. semi-, half, spatha, a sword.]

Semita, sem′i-ta, n. a fasciole of the spatangoid sea-urchins.—adj. Sem′ital. [L., a path.]

Semitaur, sem′i-tawr, n. a fabulous animal, half-bull, half-man. [L. semi-, half, taurus, a bull.]

Semitic, sem-it′ik, adj. pertaining to the Semites, or supposed descendants of Shem, or their language, customs, &c.—also Shemit′ic.—ns. Sem′ite; Semitisā′tion.—v.t. Sem′itise, to render Semitic in language or religion.—ns. Sem′itism, a Semitic idiom; Sem′itist, a Hebrew scholar.—Semitic languages, Assyrian, Aramean, Hebrew, Phœnician, together with Arabic and Ethiopic. [Applied by J. G. Eichhorn in 1817 to the closely allied peoples represented in Gen. x. as descended from Shem.]

Semnopithecinæ, sem-nō-pith-ē-sī′nē, n. a sub-family of catarrhine monkeys.—adjs. Semnopith′ecine, Semnopith′ecoid.—n. Semnopithē′cus, the typical genus of the foregoing sub-family, the sacred monkeys of Asia. [Gr. semnos, honoured, pithēkos, an ape.]

Semolina, sem-ō-lē′na, n. the particles of fine, hard wheat which do not pass into flour in milling: an article of food consisting of granules of the floury part of wheat.—Also Sem′ōla, Semōli′nō. [It. semola—L. simila, the finest wheat flour.]

Semostomæ, sē-mos′tō-mē, n.pl. a sub-order of Discomedusæ, containing jelly-fishes.—adj. Sēmos′tomous, having long oral processes. [Gr. sēma, a mark, stoma, mouth.]

Semotilus, sē-mot′i-lus, n. an American genus of leuciscine fishes, including the chub and dace. [Gr. sēma, a mark, ptilon, a feather.]

Sempervirent, sem-pėr-vī′rent, adj. evergreen. [L. semper, always, virens—virēre, to be green.]

Semper vivum, sem′pėr vī′vum, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, including the house-leek. [L.]

Sempiternal, sem-pi-tėr′nal, adj. everlasting: endless—also Semp′itern.—v.t. Sempiter′nise, to perpetuate.—n. Sempiter′nity.—adj. Sempiter′nous.—n. Sempiter′num, a durable twilled woollen material. [L. sempiternus—semper, ever, æternus, eternal.]

Semple, sem′pl, adj. a Scotch form of simple, esp. meaning of low birth, the opposite of Gentle.

Semplice, sem′plē-che, adj. (mus.) simple, without embellishments. [It.]

Sempre, sem′pre, adv. (mus.) in the same style throughout. [It.,—L. semper, always.]

Sempster, sem′stėr, Sempstress, sem′stres, n. a woman who sews. [Seamstress.]

Semuncia, sē-mun′shi-a, n. a Roman coin of four drachmas weight, the twenty-fourth part of the Roman pound.—adj. Semun′cial.

Senary, sen′ar-i, adj. containing six: of or belonging to six.—n. Senā′rius, in Latin prosody, a verse of six feet. [L. senarius—seni, six each—sex, six.]

Senate, sen′āt, n. a legislative or deliberative body, esp. the upper house of a national legislature, as of France, the United States, &c.: a body of venerable or distinguished persons: the governing body of the University of Cambridge.—ns. Sen′ate-house, a house in which a senate meets; Sen′ator, a member of a senate: in Scotland, the lords of session are called Senators of the College of Justice.—adj. Senatō′rial, pertaining to, or becoming, a senate or a senator.—adv. Senatō′rially, with senatorial dignity.—ns. Sen′atorship; Senā′tus, a governing body in certain universities.—Senātus academicus, the governing body of a Scotch university, consisting of the principal and professors; Senātus consult, a decree of the senate of ancient Rome. [L. senatus—senex, senis, an old man.]

Send, send, v.t. to cause to go: to cause to be conveyed: to despatch: to forward: to compel: to throw: to hurl: to authorise: to grant: to drive: to dismiss: to commission: to diffuse: to bestow.—v.i. to despatch a message or messenger: (naut.) to pitch into the trough of the sea:—pa.t. and pa.p. sent.—n. (Scot.) a messenger, esp. one sent for the bride: a present: the impulse of a wave on a ship.—ns. Sen′der, one who sends: (teleg.) the instrument by which a message is transmitted; Sen′ding, despatching: pitching bodily into the trough of the sea; Send′-off, a start as on a journey.—Send for, to require by message to come or be brought; Send forth, or out, to give, put, or bring forth; Send to Coventry, to cut: to exclude from society. [A.S. sendan; Ice. senda, Goth. sandjan, Ger. senden.]

Sendal, sen′dal, n. a thin silk or linen. [O. Fr.,—Low L. cendalum—L. sindon—Gr. sindōn.]

Seneca-oil, sen′ē-kä-oil, n. crude petroleum.—Seneca's microscope, a glass globe filled with water.

Senecio, sē-nē′si-o, n. a genus of composite plants—ragwort, &c.—adj. Senē′cioid.

Senega, sen′ē-ga, n. the seneca snakeroot, the dried root of Polygala Senega, good for snake-bites.

Senescence, sē-nes′ens, n. the state of growing old or decaying: decay by time.—n. Senec′titude.—adj. Senes′cent, growing old: decaying with the lapse of time. [L. senescens, -entis, pr.p. of senescĕre, to grow old—senex, old.]

Seneschal, sen′e-shal, n. a steward: a major-domo.—n. Sen′eschalship. [O. Fr., (Fr. sénéchal)—sin-s, old, skalks, a servant.]

Sengreen, sen′grēn, n. the house-leek: (her.) a figure resembling it. [A.S. singrene; Ger. singrün.]

Senhor, se-nyōr′, n. the Portuguese form corresponding to the Spanish señor and Italian signor.

Senile, sē′nil, adj. pertaining to old age or attendant on it: aged.—n. Senil′ity, old age: the imbecility of old age. [L. senilis—senex, senis, old.]

Senior, sēn′yor, adj. elder: older in office.—n. one older than another, the elder of two persons in one family bearing the same name: one older in office: an aged person: one of the older fellows of a college, a student in the fourth year of the curriculum.—v.i. Sē′niorise, to lord it over.—n. Sēnior′ity, priority of birth, or of service: a body of seniors—also Sē′niory (Shak.). [L., comp. of senex.]

Senna, sen′a, n. the purgative dried leaflets of several species of cassia. [Fr.,—Ar. sena.]

Sennet, sen′et, n. (Shak.) a particular set of notes on the trumpet or cornet.

Senonian, sē-nō′ni-an, n. (geol.) a division of the upper Cretaceous in France and Belgium.

Señor, se-nyōr′, n. a gentleman: in address, sir: as a title, Mr:—fem. Señora (se-nyō′ra), a lady: in address, madam: as a title, Mrs.—n. Señorita (sen-yō-rē′ta), a young lady: in address, miss: as a title, Miss. [Sp.]

Sensation, sen-sā′shun, n. perception by the senses: the change in consciousness which results from the transmission of nervous impulses to the brain, feeling excited by external objects, by the state of the body, or by immaterial objects: a state of excited feeling.—adjs. Sen′sāte, -d, perceived by the senses; Sensā′tional, pertaining to sensation: having sensation: intended as a literary work to excite violent emotions: adhering to a philosophical sensationalism.—ns. Sensā′tionalism, the doctrine that our ideas originate solely in sensation, and that there are no innate ideas: sensualism: sensational writing; Sensā′tionalist, a believer in sensationalism: a sensational writer.—adj. Sensātionalist′ic.—adv. Sensā′tionally.—adjs. Sen′sative; Sensatō′rial, pertaining to sensation.—Sensation novels, novels that deal in violent effects, strained emotion, and usually improbable situations.

Sense, sens, n. a faculty by which objects are perceived: perception: discernment: understanding: power or soundness of judgment: reason: opinion: conviction: import: immediate consciousness.—ns. Sense′-bod′y, a sense-organ in acalephs supposed to have a visual or an auditory function; Sense′-cap′sule, a receptive chamber for sensory perception, connected with the ear, eye, and nose; Sense′-cen′tre, a centre of sensation.—adj. Sensed, chosen as to sense or meaning.—ns. Sense′-el′ement, an external sensation, as an element of perception; Sense′-fil′ament, a filament having the function of an organ of sense.—adjs. Sense′ful (Spens.), full of sense or meaning, reasonable, judicious, perceptive; Sense′less, without sense: incapable of feeling: wanting sympathy: foolish: unreasonable.—adv. Sense′lessly.—ns. Sense′lessness; Sense′-or′gan, any organ of sense, as the eye, ear, or nose; Sense′-percep′tion, perception by means of the senses; Sense′-rhythm, Hebrew parallelism; Sense′-skel′eton, the framework of a sense-organ; Sensibil′ity, state or quality of being sensible: actual feeling: capacity of feeling: susceptibility: acuteness of feeling: delicacy: mental receptivity.—adj. Sen′sible, capable of being perceived by the senses or by the mind: capable of being affected: easily affected: delicate: intelligent, marked by sense, judicious: cognisant: aware: appreciable: sensitive: amenable to.—n. Sen′sibleness.—adv. Sen′sibly.—adjs Sensifā′cient, producing sensation; Sensif′erous, Sensif′ic, Sensificā′tory; Sensig′enous, giving rise to sensation; Sen′sile, capable of affecting the senses.—ns Sen′sion, the becoming aware of being affected from without in sensation; Sen′sism, sensualism in philosophy; Sen′sist, a sensationalist.—n. Sensitisā′tion.—v.t. Sen′sitise, to render sensitive, to render capable of being acted on by actinic rays of light.—n. Sen′sitiser.—adj. Sen′sitive, having sense or feeling: susceptible to sensations: easily affected: pertaining to, or depending on, sensation.—adv. Sen′sitively.—ns Sen′sitiveness, Sen′sitivity, the state of being sensitive: keen sensibility: the state of being delicately adjusted, as a balance: (chem.) the state of being readily affected by the action of appropriate agents; Sensitom′eter, an apparatus for testing the degrees of sensitiveness of photographic films.—adjs Sensō′rial, pertaining to the sensorium, sensory; Sensoridigest′ive, partaking of digestive functions and those of touch, as the tongue of a vertebrate animal.—ns Sensō′rium, Sen′sory, the organ which receives the impressions made on the senses: the nervous centre to which impressions must be conveyed before they are received: the whole sensory apparatus of the body, the nervous system, &c.—adj. Sen′sual, pertaining to, affecting, or derived from the senses, as distinct from the mind: not intellectual or spiritual: given to the pleasures of sense: voluptuous: lewd: carnal: worldly.—n. Sensualisā′tion.—v.t. Sen′sualise, to make sensual: to debase by carnal gratification.—ns Sen′sualism, sensual indulgence: the doctrine that all our knowledge is derived originally from sensation: the regarding of the gratification of the senses as the highest end; Sen′sualist, one given to sensualism or sensual indulgence: a debauchee: a believer in the doctrine of sensualism.—adj. Sensualist′ic, sensual: teaching the doctrines of sensualism.—n. Sensual′ity, indulgence in sensual pleasures: lewdness.—adv. Sen′sually, in a sensual manner.—ns Sen′sualness; Sen′suism; Sen′suist.—adj. Sen′suous, pertaining to sense: connected with sensible objects: easily affected by the medium of the senses.—adv. Sen′suously.—n. Sen′suousness.—Sensitive flames, flames easily affected by sounds; Sensitive plant, one of certain species of Mimosa—from the peculiar phenomena of irritability which their leaves exhibit when touched or shaken; Sensuous cognition, cognition through the senses.—A sensitive person, one sensitive to mesmeric influence; The senses, or Five senses, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. [Fr.,—L. sensus—sentīre, to feel.]

Sentence, sen′tens, n. opinion: a judgment pronounced on a criminal by a court or judge: a maxim: (gram.) a number of words containing a complete thought: sense: meaning: matter.—v.t. to pronounce judgment on: to condemn.—n. Sen′tencer, one who sentences.—adj. Senten′tial, pertaining to a sentence: comprising sentences.—adv. Senten′tially.—adj. Senten′tious, abounding with sentences or maxims: short and pithy in expression: bombastic, or affected in speech.—adv. Senten′tiously.—n. Senten′tiousness, brevity with strength.—Master of the Sentences, the great 12th-century schoolman, Peter Lombard (died 1160), from his work Sententiarum Libri IV., an arranged collection of sentences from Augustine, &c. [Fr.,—L. sententia—sentīre, to feel.]

Sentient, sen′shi-ent, adj. discerning by the senses: having the faculty of perception and sensation: (phys.) noting those parts which on stimulation give rise to sensation.—n. the mind as capable of feeling.—ns Sen′tience, Sen′tiency.—adv. Sen′tiently, in a sentient or perceptive manner.

Sentiment, sen′ti-ment, n. a thought occasioned by feeling: opinion: judgment: sensibility: feeling: a thought expressed in words: a maxim: a toast: emotion: an exhibition of feeling, as in literature or art: (pl., phren.) the second division of the moral faculties.—adj. Sentimen′tal, having or abounding in sentiments or reflections: having an excess of sentiment or feeling: affectedly tender.—v.t. Sentimen′talise, to talk sentiment.—ns Sentimen′talism, Sentimental′ity, quality of being sentimental: affectation of fine feeling; Sentimen′talist, one who affects sentiment or fine feeling: one guided by mere sentiment: one who regards sentiment as more important than reason.—adv. Sentimen′tally. [Fr.,—Late L.,—L. sentīre, to feel.]

Sentinel, sen′ti-nel, n. a soldier or soldier-marine at a point with the duty of watching for the approach of an enemy, or guarding the gun-park, camp, magazine, or other locality: a sentry.—adj. acting as a sentinel.—v.t. to watch over, as a sentinel.—adj. Sen′tinelled, furnished with a sentinel.—Sentinel crab, a crab of the Indian Ocean with long eye-stalks. [Fr. sentinelle—It. sentinella, a watch, prob. the L. sentinator, one who pumps bilge-water out of a ship—sentina, the hold of a ship. Others explain Fr. sentinelle as a dim. of sentier, a path—Low L. semitarius—L. semita, a footpath.]

Sentisection, sen-ti-sek′shun, n. painful vivisection—opp. to Callisection.

Sentry, sen′tri, n. a sentinel: a soldier on guard to observe the approach of danger: a watch-tower.—ns Sen′try-box, a box to shelter a sentry; Sen′try-go, any active military duty. [Prob. a corr. of sentinel—Low L. semitarius—L. semita, a path.]

Senvy, sen′vi, n. (obs.) mustard-seed. [O. Fr. seneve—L. sinapi—Gr. sinapi, mustard.]

Sepal, sep′al, or sē′pal, n. a leaf or division of the calyx of a flower.—adjs. Sep′aline, Sep′aloid, Sep′alous.—n. Sepal′ody, change of petals into sepals. [Fr. sépale—L. separ, separate.]

Separate, sep′a-rāt, v.t. to divide: to part: to withdraw: to set apart for a certain purpose: to sever.—v.i. to part: to withdraw from each other: to become disunited.—adj. separated: divided: apart from another: distinct.—n. Separabil′ity.—adj. Sep′arable, that may be separated or disjointed.—n. Sep′arableness.—advs. Sep′arably; Sep′arately.—ns Sep′arateness; Sep′arating-disc, an emery-wheel for cutting a space between teeth; Separā′tion, act of separating or disjoining: state of being separate: disunion: chemical analysis: divorce without a formal dissolution of the marriage-tie; Separā′tionist; Sep′aratism, act of separating or withdrawing, esp. from an established church; Sep′aratist, one who separates or withdraws, esp. from an established church, a dissenter: a name applied by the Unionists to those Liberals in favour of granting Home Rule to Ireland.—adj. Sep′arātive, tending to separate.—ns. Sep′arātor, one who, or that which, separates: a divider; Sep′arātory, a chemical vessel for separating liquids of different specific gravities; Sep′arātrix, the line separating light from shade on any partly illuminated surface; Separā′tum, a separate copy of a paper which has been published in the proceedings of a scientific society.—Separate estate, property of a married woman over which her husband has no right of control; Separate maintenance, a provision made by a husband for the sustenance of his wife where they decide to live apart. [L. separāre, -ātum—se-, aside, parāre, to put.]

Sephardim, se-fär′dēm, n.pl. the Spanish-Portuguese Jews, descended from those expelled from Spain in 1492—as distinguished from Ashkenazim, or German-Polish Jews.—adj. Sephar′dic.

Sephiroth, sef′i-roth, n. in the cabbala, the first ten numerals identified with Scripture names of God.

Sepia, sē′pi-a, n. a fine, brown pigment used as a water-colour—from the ink-bag of a few species of cuttle-fish: Indian or China ink: a genus of cuttle-fishes.—n.pl. Sēpiā′cea, a group of cephalopods, same as Sēpiidæ.—n. Sēpiadā′rium, a genus of cuttles.—adjs. Sēpiā′rian, Sē′piāry, Sēpidā′ceous, Sē′pioid; Sē′pic, done in sepia, as a drawing.—ns. Sē′piost, Sepiostaire′, Sē′pium, cuttle-bone. [L.,—Gr. sēpia, the cuttle-fish.]

Sepose, sē-pōz′, v.t. (obs.) to set apart.—v.i. to go apart.—n. Sēposi′tion.

Sepoy, sē′poi, n. a native soldier, whether Hindu or Mohammedan, in the British army in India. [Hind. sipāhī, a soldier—Pers. sipāhī, a horseman.]

Sepsis, sep′sis, n. putridity, rot: a genus of dipterous insects. [Gr. sēpsis, putrefaction.]

Sept, sept, n. in Ireland, a subdivision of a tribe: an enclosure, a railing.—adj. Sep′tal, belonging to a sept: partitional. [Probably a corr. of sect.]

Septangle, sep′tang-gl, n. a figure with seven angles and seven sides.—adj. Septang′ūlar, having seven angles. [L. septem, seven, angulus, angle.]

Septarium, sep-tā′ri-um, n. an ovate flattened nodule of argillaceous limestone or ironstone—turtle-stone:—pl. Septā′ria.—adj. Septā′rian.

September, sep-tem′bėr, n. the ninth month of the year.—adj. Septem′bral.—n. Septem′brist, one of the perpetrators of the atrocious massacres in the prisons of Paris, Sept. 2-7, 1792.—September thorn, a British geometrid moth. [L. septem, seven.]

Septemvir, sep-tem′vir, n. one of a board of seven men associated for certain duties.—n. Septem′virate, the office of septemvir.

Septenarius, sep-te-nā′ri-us, n. in Latin prosody, a verse consisting of seven feet.

Septenary, sep′te-nā-ri, adj. consisting of seven: lasting seven years: occurring once in seven years.—n.pl. Sep′tenaries, the number seven, the heptad. [L. septenarius—septem, seven.]

Septennial, sep-ten′i-al, adj. lasting seven years: happening every seven years.—n. Septenn′ate, a period of seven years.—adv. Septenn′ially.—n. Septenn′ium.—Septennial Act, a statute of 1716 fixing the existence of a parliament at seven years. [L. septennis—septem, seven, annus, a year.]

Septentrion, sep-ten′tri-on, n. (Shak.) the north.—adjs. Septen′trion, -al, northern.—adv. Septen′trionally.—n.pl. Septentriō′nes, the constellation of the Great Bear, or the seven stars near the north pole-star, called Charles's Wain.

Septet, Septette, sep-tet′, n. a work for seven voices or instruments: a company of seven musicians.

Sept-foil, sept′-foil, n. a plant, the roots of which are used in medicine, tanning, &c.: a figure of seven equal segments of a circle used in the R.C. Church as a symbol of her seven sacraments, the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, &c. [Fr. sept—L. septem, seven, foil—L. folium, a leaf.]

Septicemia, sep-ti-sē′mi-a, n. sepsis, blood-poisoning—also Septicæ′mia.—n. Sep′tic, a substance that promotes the putrefaction of bodies.—adjs. Sep′tic, -al, promoting putrefaction.—adv. Sep′tically.—adj. Septicē′mic.—n. Septic′ity, tendency to promote putrefaction.—adj. Septif′erous, conveying putrid poison. [Formed from Gr. sēptikos, putrefying, haima, blood.]

Septicidal, sep-ti-sī′dal, adj. dividing the partitions, as when fruit splits asunder—also Sep′ticide.—adv. Sep′ticidally. [L. sæptum, a fence, cædĕre, to cut.]

Septiform, sep′ti-form, adj. sevenfold, having seven parts: like a septum, septal.

Septifragal, sep-tif′rā-gal, adj. (bot.) breaking away from the partitions, said of the valves of a pod. [L. septum, a partition, frangĕre, fractum, to break.]

Septilateral, sep-ti-lat′ėr-al, adj. having seven sides. [L. septem, seven, latus, lateris, a side.]

Septillion, sep-til′yun, n. the product of a million raised to the seventh power, or a unit with forty-two ciphers affixed: in the United States, France, &c., the eighth power of a thousand.

Septimanarian, sep-ti-mā-nā′ri-an, n. a monk on duty for a week. [L. septimanus—septem, seven.]

Septime, sep′tēm, n. the seventh position assumed by a fencer after drawing his weapon from the scabbard. [L. septimus, seventh—septem, seven.]

Septimole, sep′ti-mōl, n. a group of seven notes to be played in the time of four or six: sign

.—Also Sep′tōle.

Septinsular, sept-in′sū-lar, adj. consisting of seven islands. [L. septem, seven, insula, island.]

Septomaxillary, sep-tō-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. combining characters of a nasal septum and a maxillary bone.—n. a bone in some birds uniting the maxillopalatines of opposite sides.

Septonasal, sep-tō-nā′zal, adj. forming a nasal septum.—n. a bone of this kind.

Septuagenarian, sep-tū-aj-e-nā′ri-an, n. a person seventy years old.—adj. Septūag′enary, consisting of seventy.—n. one seventy years old. [L. septuagenarius—septuageni, seventy each—septem, seven.]

Septuagesima, sep-tū-a-jes′i-ma, n. the third Sunday before Lent—the seventieth day before Easter (the common but dubious explanation).—adj. Septuages′imal, consisting of seventy: counted by seventies. [L. septuagesimus—septem, seven. The name, like Quinquagesima and Sexagesima, was most probably adopted on a false analogy with Quadragesima, the Latin name of Lent.]

Septuagint, sep′tū-a-jint, n. the version in Hellenistic Greek of the Old Testament, said to have been made by 72 translators at Alexandria by command of Ptolemy Philadelphus (284-247 B.C.)—usually expressed by LXX.—adj. Septuagin′tal. [L. septuaginta—septem, seven.]

Septum, sep′tum, n. (bot., anat.) a partition separating two cavities: one of the radial plates of a coral:—pl. Sep′ta.—adj. Sep′tulate, having imperfect or spurious septa.—n. Sep′tulum, a little septum or small partition. [L.,—sæpīre, sepīre, to enclose.]

Septuple, sep′tū-pl, adj. sevenfold.—v.t. to make sevenfold: to multiply by seven.—n. Sep′tūplet, a septimole. [Low L. septuplus—septem, seven; on the analogy of quadruple.]

Sepulchre, sep′ul-kėr, n. a place of burial: tomb: a burial vault: a recess in some early churches in which the reserved sacrament, &c., were laid from Good Friday till Easter.—v.t. (Milt.) to place in a sepulchre: to bury or entomb.—adj. Sepul′chral, pertaining to a sepulchre, or to monuments erected for the dead: (fig.) deep, hollow in tone.—n. Sep′ulture, act of burying the dead: interment: burial.—v.t. to entomb. [Fr.,—L. sepulchrum—sepelīre, sepultum, to bury.]

Sepurture, sep′ur-tūr, adj. (her.) raised above the back and opened, of a bird's wings.

Sequacious, sē-kwā′shus, adj. inclined to follow a leader: attendant: manageable: pliant: observing logical sequence or consistence.—ns. Sequā′ciousness, Sequac′ity, disposition to follow. [L. sequax, sequacis—sequi, to follow.]

Sequel, sē′kwel, n. that which follows, the succeeding part: result, consequence: (obs.) descendants: (Scots law) thirlage. [Fr.,—L. sequela—sequi; Gr. hepesthai, to follow.]

Sequela, sē-kwē′la, n. that which follows: an inference, a corollary:—pl. Sē′quelæ.

Sequence, sē′kwens, n. state of being sequent or following: order of succession: a series of things following in a certain order, as a set of three or more cards in order of value: that which follows: consequence: (mus.) a regular succession of similar chords: in liturgics, a hymn in rhythmical prose, sung after the gradual and before the gospel.—adjs. Sē′quent, following, succeeding; Sēquen′tial.—n. Sēquential′ity.—adv. Sēquen′tially. [Fr.,—L. sequens, pr.p. of sequi, to follow.]

Sequester, sē-kwes′tėr, v.t. to separate: to withdraw from society: to seclude: to set apart: (law) to place anything contested into the hands of a third person till the dispute is settled: to hold the property of another till the profits pay the demands: to take possession of the estate of a bankrupt in order to distribute it among the creditors: to confiscate.—v.i. to renounce any interest in the estate of a husband.—n. (Shak.) the act of sequestering: an umpire.—adjs. Sēques′tered, retired, secluded; Seques′trable.—v.t. Sēques′trate (law), to sequester.—ns. Sēquestrā′tion, the Scotch legal term for bankruptcy: the act of sequestering, esp. the seizure of any one's property for the use of the state during dispute, or for the benefit of creditors: state of being separated: seclusion from society; Sēquestrā′tor, one who sequesters another's property: one to whom property is committed during dispute. [O. Fr. sequestrer—Low L. sequestrāre, -ātum—L. sequester, a depositary—sequi, to follow.]

Sequestrum, sē-kwes′trum, n. a necrosed section of bone.—n. Sequestrot′omy, the operation of removing such.

Sequin, sē′kwin, n. a gold Venetian coin of the 13th century=9s. 4d. [Fr.,—It. zecchino—zecca, the mint; of Ar. origin.]

Sequoia, sē-kwoi′a, n. a small genus of gigantic evergreen coniferous trees belonging to California—Wellingtonia. [A Latinised form of the name of the Cherokee chief Sequoiah.]

Sérac, sā-rak′, n. a name for the cuboidal masses into which the névé breaks when passing down a steep incline. [Swiss Fr.]

Seraglio, se-ral′yō, n. the ancient residence of the Sultan at Constantinople, enclosing within its walls a variety of mosques, gardens, and large edifices, the chief of which is the Harem: a place where women are kept, a place of licentious pleasure: an enclosure. [It. serraglio—Low L. serāre, to lock up, from L. sera, a door-bar. The word was confused with Pers. serai, a palace.]

Serai, se-rä′i, n. a khan, a caravansary: a seraglio for women. [Pers. serai, a palace.]

Serang, se-rang′, n. the skipper of a small East Indian vessel, the boatswain of a lascar crew. [Pers. sarhang, a commander.]

Serapeum, Serapeium, ser-a-pē′um, n. a temple of Serapis, esp. that near Memphis.

Seraph, ser′af, n. an angel of the highest rank in the traditional angelology of the church, due to Dionysius the Areopagite, who places the seraphim at the head of the nine choirs of angels, the first rank being formed by the seraphim, cherubim, and throni:—pl. Seraphs (ser′afs), Seraphim (ser′af-im), celestial beings on either side of the throne of Jehovah, seen in prophetic vision by Isaiah, and by him alone (vi. 2-6): a geometrid moth.—adjs. Seraph′ic, -al, pertaining to, or becoming, a seraph: angelic: pure: sublime: refined.—adv. Seraph′ically. [Heb. Serāphīm—sāraph, to burn.]

Seraphine, ser′a-fēn, n. a coarse-toned musical reed-instrument, played with a key-board—the precursor of the harmonium.

Serapis, ser-ā′pis, n. Apis honoured by the Romans under the attributes of Osiris: a genus of gasteropods: a genus of hymenopterous insects.

Seraskier, ser-as′kēr, n. a Turkish general, esp. the commander-in-chief or the minister of war.—n. Seras′kierate, the office of a seraskier. [Turk.,—Pers. sar, ser, head, Ar. ‛asker, army.]

Serbonian, ser-bō′ni-an, adj. relating to a dangerous bog in Egypt, hence to any difficult situation.

Serdab, ser′dab, n. a secret chamber within the masonry of an ancient Egyptian tomb in which images of the deceased were stored. [Ar. serdāb.]

Serenade, ser-e-nād′, n. evening music in the open air, esp. given by a lover to his mistress under her window at night: a piece of music suitable for such an occasion.—v.t. to entertain with a serenade.—ns. Serenā′der, one who serenades; Serenä′ta, an instrumental work for performance in the open air; Ser′enāte (Milt.), a serenade. [Fr.,—It. serenata, sereno, serene—L. serenus.]

Serene, sē-rēn′, adj. calm: unclouded: unruffled: an adjunct to the titles of certain German princes—a translation of Durchlaucht.—v.t. to tranquillise.—n. the chilly damp of evening: blight.—adv. Serēne′ly, calmly, coolly.—ns. Serēne′ness; Seren′itude; Seren′ity, state or quality of being serene, calmness, peace.—v.t. Serenise′, to make bright: to glorify. [L. serenus, clear.]

Serf, sėrf, n. a slave attached to the soil and sold with it: a labourer rendering forced service in Russia: a menial.—ns. Serf′age, Serf′dom, condition of a serf. [Fr.,—L. servus, a slave.]

Serge, sėrj, n. a strong twilled fabric, once of silk, now usually of worsted.—n. Sergette′, a thin serge. [Fr.,—L. serica, silk—Seres, the Chinese.]

Sergeant, Serjeant, sär′jent, n. a non-commissioned officer of the army and marines next above a corporal, overlooking the soldiers in barracks, and assisting the officers in all ways in the field: a bailiff: a constable: a servant in monastic offices: a police-officer of superior rank.—ns. Ser′geancy, Ser′geantcy, Ser′geantship, office of a sergeant; Ser′geant-at-arms, an officer of a legislative body for keeping order, &c.; Ser′geant-fish, the cobra, so called from the lateral stripes; Ser′geant-mā′jor, the highest non-commissioned officer, employed to assist the adjutant: the cow-pilot, a fish; Ser′geantry, Ser′geanty, a kind of feudal tenure on condition of service due to the king only; Ser′jeant-at-arms, an officer who attends upon the Lord Chancellor with the mace, and who executes various writs of process in the course of a Chancery suit: a similar officer who attends on each House of Parliament, and arrests any person ordered by the House to be arrested; Ser′jeant-at-law, formerly in England the highest degree of barrister, once with exclusive audience in the Court of Common Pleas, their proper dress a violet-coloured robe with a scarlet hood, and a black coif, represented in modern times by a patch of silk at the top of the wig.—Grand sergeanty, a tenure of lands by special honorary service to the king; Petit sergeanty, a tenure of lands by a rent or tender. [Fr. sergent—L. serviens, -entis, pr.p. of servīre, to serve.]

Serial, sē′ri-al, adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a series: appearing periodically.—n. a tale or other composition appearing in successive parts, as in a periodical: a publication issued in successive numbers, a periodical.—n. Sērial′ity.—advs. Sē′rially, Sē′riately, in a series or regular order.—adj. Sē′riāte, arranged in a series.—adv. Sē′riātim, one after another.—n. Sēriā′tion.

Serian, sē′ri-an, adj. Chinese—also Ser′ic.—ns. Ser′ica, a genus of melolonthine beetles; Sericā′ria, a genus of bombycid moths, containing the mulberry silkworm.—adjs. Ser′icate, -d, silky, covered with silky down; Sericeous (sērish′i-us), pertaining to, or consisting of, silk: (bot.) covered with soft silky hairs, as a leaf.—n.pl. Seric′ides, a section of melolonthine beetles.—ns. Ser′icin, the gelatinous substance of silk; Ser′icite, a variety of potash mica.—adj. Sericit′ic.—ns. Sericocar′pus, a genus of composite plants of the United States; Sericos′tōma, the typical genus of caddis-flies; Serictē′rium, a spinning gland; Ser′iculture, the breeding of silkworms—also Ser′iciculture; Sericul′turist. [Gr. Sēres, the Seres, an Asiatic people who supplied the Greeks and Romans with their silk.]

Sericon, ser′i-kon, n. in the jargon of alchemy, a red tincture—opp. to Bufo, a black.

Seriema, ser-i-ē′ma, n. a long-legged, crested Brazilian bird.—Also Caria′ma.

Series, sē′ri-ēz, n.sing. and pl. a succession of things connected by some likeness: sequence: order: (math.) a progression of numbers or quantities according to a certain law.—Arithmetical series, a series whose terms progress by the addition or subtraction of a constant difference; Geometrical series, a series whose successive terms progress by a constant multiplier or divisor—the common ratio; Reciprocal series, a series each of whose terms is the reciprocal of the corresponding term of another series. [L.,—serĕre, sertum, to join.]

Serif, ser′if, n. the short cross-line at the ends of unconnected Roman types, as in H, l, d, y, &c.—Also Cer′iph and Ser′iph.

Seriform, sē′ri-form, adj. noting a section of the Altaic family of languages, comprising Chinese, &c.

Serilophus, sē-ril′ō-fus, n. an Indian genus of broadbills. [Gr. sērikos, silky, lophos, a crest.]

Serin, ser′in, n. a small fringilline bird like the canary.—n. Serinette′, a bird-organ. [Fr.,—L. citrinus, citrine, yellow.]

Seringa, se-ring′gä, n. a name of several Brazilian trees yielding india-rubber. [Port.]

Seringhi, ser-ing-gē′, n. a musical instrument of the viol class used in India.

Serinus, sē-rī′nus, n. a genus of birds of the fringilline family, including canaries. [Fr. serin.]

Serious, sē′ri-us, adj. solemn: in earnest: important: attended with danger: weighty: professedly religious.—adjs. Sē′rio-com′ic, -al, partly serious and partly comical.—adv. Sē′riously, gravely, deeply: without levity.—n. Sē′riousness. [Fr. serieux—L. serius, akin to severus, severe.]

Sermocination, ser-mos-i-nā′shun, n. (obs.) speech-making: (rhet.) a form of prosopopœia in which one answers a question he has himself asked.

Sermon, sėr′mon, n. a discourse on a text of Scripture delivered during divine service: any serious address, any serious counsel, admonition, or reproof.—v.t. to tutor, to lecture.—ns. Sermol′ogus, a volume containing sermons by the Church fathers; Sermoneer′, a sermoniser; Ser′moner, a preacher; Ser′monet, a little sermon.—adjs. Sermon′ic, -al, having the character of a sermon.—n. Ser′moning, the act of preaching: a homily.—v.i. Ser′monise, to compose or preach sermons: to lecture: to lay down the law.—v.t. to preach a sermon to.—ns. Sermonī′ser, one who preaches or writes sermons; Sermō′nium, a historical play, formerly acted by the inferior orders of the Roman Catholic clergy; Sermun′cle, a little sermon. [L. sermo, sermonis—serĕre, to join.]

Seroon, se-rōōn′, n. a crate or hamper in which Spanish and Levantine figs, raisins, &c. are usually packed.—n. Ser′on, a bale of about 200 lb. of Paraguay tea wrapped in hide. [Sp. seron.]

Seropurulent, sē-rō-pū′rōō-lent, adj. composed of serum mixed with pus.—adj. Serosanguin′olent, pertaining to bloody serum.

Serotine, ser′ō-tin, n. a small reddish vespertilionine bat. [L. serotinus—sero, late.]

Serotinous, sē-rot′i-nus, adj. (bot.) appearing late the season. [L. serotinus—sero, late.]

Serous, sē′rus, adj. resembling serum, thin, watery: secreting serum.—n. Seros′ity. [Serum.]

Serpent, sėr′pent, n. any member of the genus Ophidia, more popularly known as snakes—any reptile without feet which moves by means of its ribs and scales: a snake: a person treacherous or malicious: one of the constellations in the northern hemisphere: (mus.) a bass musical wind-instrument, entirely obsolete except in a few Continental churches, a tapered leather-covered wooden tube 8 feet long, twisted about like a serpent.—v.i. to wind along: to meander.—v.t. to girdle, as with the coils of a serpent.—ns. Serpentā′ria, the Virginia snakeroot; Serpentā′rius, the secretary-birds: the constellation Ophiuchus; Ser′pent-charm′er, one who charms or has power over serpents; Ser′pent-charm′ing, the art of charming or governing serpents; Ser′pent-cū′cumber, a long-fruited variety of the musk-melon; Ser′pent-dē′ity, the god of the Ophites, Abraxas; Ser′pent-eat′er, the secretary-bird: a wild goat in India and Cashmere; Ser′penteau, an iron circle with spikes to which squibs are attached, used in a breach.—n.pl. Serpent′es, the second order of the third class of limbless reptiles.—ns. Ser′pent-fish, the snake-fish; Ser′pent-grass, the alpine bistort.—adjs. Serpent′iform, ophidian in structure: snake-like; Ser′pentine, resembling a serpent: winding, tortuous: spiral: crooked.—n. a kind of firework: a 16th-cent. form of cannon: a mineral composed of silica and manganese, generally occurring massive, colour some shade of green, also red and brownish-yellow.—v.i. to wind or wriggle like a serpent.—adv. Ser′pentinely.—adjs. Serpentin′ic, Ser′pentinous.—adv. Serpentī′ningly, with a serpentine motion.—v.t. Ser′pentinise, to convert into serpentine.—v.i. Ser′pentise, to wind: meander.—adj. Ser′pent-like, like a serpent.—ns. Ser′pent-liz′ard, a lizard of the genus Seps; Ser′pent-moss, a greenhouse plant from the West Indies; Ser′pentry, serpentine motion: a place infested by serpents: serpents collectively; Ser′pent-star, a brittle star; Ser′pent-stone, snake-stone, adder-stone; Ser′pent's-tongue, the adder's-tongue fern; Ser′pent-tur′tle, an enaliosaur; Ser′pent-withe, a twining plant of tropical America; Ser′pent-wood, an East Indian shrub; Ser′pent-wor′ship, one of the most ancient and widespread forms of primitive religion, and still existing amongst many savage peoples; Sea′-ser′pent (see Sea).—Serpentine verse, a verse which begins and ends with the same word.—The old serpent, Satan. [L. serpens, -entis, pr.p. of serpĕre, to creep; akin to Gr. herpein.]

Serpigo, sėr-pī′go, n. (Shak.) a skin eruption, herpes.—adj. Serpig′inous (-pij′-). [L. serpĕre, to creep.]

Serpula, ser′pū-la, n. a genus of sedentary Chætopod worms, living in twisted calcareous tubes fastened to shells and rocks in the sea, or even to other animals, such as crabs.—adj. Serpū′lian.—n. Ser′pulite, a fossil of the family Serpulidæ.—adjs. Serpulit′ic, Ser′puloid. [L. serpĕre, to creep.]

Serranus, ser-rā′nus, n. the genus containing sea-perches or sea-bass.—n.pl. Serran′idæ, the family of fishes containing among its genera Sea-bass, Rockfish, &c. [L. serra, a saw.]

Serrasalmo, ser-a-sal′mo, n. a genus of characinoid fishes, with compressed belly fringed with projecting scales. [L. serra, a saw, salmo, a salmon.]

Serrate, -d, ser′rāt, -ed, adj. notched or cut like a saw: (bot.) having small sharp teeth along the margin.—n. Serrā′tion, state of being serrated.—adj. Serratiros′tral, saw-billed, as a bird.—ns. Ser′rāture, a notching like that between the teeth of a saw; Serrā′tus, one of several muscles of the thorax.—adj. Ser′ricorn, having separate antennæ.—n.pl. Serrif′era, a group of insects, including the sawflies and horntails.—adjs. Serrif′erous, having a serra or serrate organ; Ser′riform, toothed like a saw; Ser′riped, having the feet serrate; Serriros′trate, having the bill serrated with tooth-like processes.—n. Ser′ro-mō′tor, a steam reversing-gear, in marine engines.—adj. Ser′rous, like the teeth of a saw: rough.—n. Ser′rula, one of the serrated appendages of the throat of the mudfish:—pl. Ser′rulæ.—adjs. Ser′rulate, -d, finely serrate.—ns. Serrulā′tion, the state of being serrulate; Serrurerie′, ornamental wrought-metal work. [L. serratus—serra, a saw.]

Serried, ser′rid, adj. crowded: pressed together.—v.t. Ser′ry, to crowd. [Fr. serrer, to crowd—L. sera, a door-bar.]

Sertularia, ser-tū-lā′ri-a, n. a common genus of Hydroids in which the branched horny investment of the plant-like colony forms a sessile cup around each polyp.—adj. Sertulā′rian. [L. serĕre, sertum, to plait.]

Serum, sē′rum, n. the watery part of curdled milk, whey: the thin fluid which separates from the blood when it coagulates. [L.]

Serval, sėr′val, n. a South African animal of the cat tribe, yellowish with black spots, valued for its fur—the Bush-cat, Tiger-cat. [Ger.]

Servant, sėr′vant, n. one who is in the service of another: a labourer: a domestic: one dedicated to God: (B.) a slave: one of low condition or spirit: a professed lover: a word of mere civility, as in 'your humble' or 'obedient servant' in letters, petitions, &c.—v.t. to subject.—ns. Ser′vant-girl, Ser′vant-maid, a female domestic servant; Ser′vant-man, a male servant; Ser′vantry, servants collectively; Ser′vantship, position or relation of a servant.—Servant out of livery, a servant of a higher grade, as a major-domo or butler; Servants' call, a whistle to call attendants; Servants' hall, the room in a house where the servants eat together. [Fr., pr.p. of servir, to serve—L. servīre, to serve.]

Serve, sėrv, v.t. to be a servant to, to work for and obey: to attend or wait upon: to work for: to obey: to be subservient or subordinate to: to wait upon at table, &c.: to do duty for: to treat, behave towards: to render worship to: to aid by good offices: to minister to a priest at mass: to comply with: to requite: to handle, manipulate: to furnish: (naut.) to bind with small cord: (law) to deliver or present formally: to furnish: to cover, of stallions, &c.: to deliver the ball in tennis.—v.i. to be employed as a servant, to discharge any regular duty: to be in subjection: to suffice, to avail, to be suitable or favourable.—n. in tennis, the act of the first player in striking the ball, or the style in which this is done.—ns. Ser′vage (obs.), servitude: the service of a lover; Ser′ver, one who serves: an attendant on the priest at the celebration of the Eucharist: the player who strikes the tennis-ball first: a salver, any utensil for distributing or helping at table.—Serve an office, to discharge the duties of an office; Serve a process or writ, to formally communicate a process or writ to the person to whom it is addressed; Serve an attachment, to levy such a writ on the person or goods by seizure; Serve an execution, to levy an execution on the person or goods by seizure; Serve a sentence, to undergo the punishment prescribed by a judicial sentence; Serve one a trick, to play a trick on one; Serve one out, to take revenge on some one; Serve one right, to treat one as he deserves; Serve one's time, to complete one's apprenticeship; Serve out, to deal or distribute; Serve the purpose of, to answer adequately an end for which something else is designed; Serve the turn, to suffice for one's immediate purpose or need; Serve time, to undergo a period of imprisonment, &c.; Serve up, to bring to table. [Fr. servir—L. servīre, to serve.]

Servian, ser′vi-an, n. a native of Servia: the language of Servia, belonging to the southern division of the Slav tongues, its nearest congeners Bulgarian, Slovenian, and Russian.

Service, sėr′vis, n. condition or occupation of a servant: a working for another: duty required in any office: military or naval duty: any liturgical form or office, public religious worship, religious ceremonial: a musical composition for devotional purposes: labour, assistance, or kindness to another: benefit: profession of respect: order of dishes at table, or a set of them: official function, use, employment: that which is furnished: a tree of rarely more than 30 feet high, with leaves and flowers like the Rowan-tree, but the former downy beneath—also Sorb.—ns. Serviceabil′ity, Ser′viceableness.—adj. Ser′viceable, able or willing to serve: advantageous: useful: capable of rendering long service, durable.—adv. Ser′viceably.—ns. Ser′vice-berr′y, a berry of the service-tree: (Scot.) the fruit of the white beam: a North American shrub, the shadbush; Ser′vice-book, a book of forms of religious service: a prayer-book; Ser′vice-box, a form of expansion joint, used in street-mains of steam-heating systems; Ser′vice-clean′er, a portable air-compressing pump and receiver for service-pipes; Ser′vice-line, one of two lines drawn across the court twenty-one feet from the net, in lawn-tennis; Ser′vice-mag′azine, a magazine for storing ammunition for immediate use; Ser′vice-pipe, a smaller pipe from a main-pipe to a dwelling; Ser′vice-tree, a tree of the pear family, with close-grained wood and an edible fruit; Ser′ving-mall′et, a piece of wood having a groove on one side to fit the convexity of a rope; Din′ner-ser′vice, a full set of dishes for dinner; Tā′ble-ser′vice, a set of utensils for the table; Wild′-ser′vice, a small species of service-tree, cultivated in England for its fruit and wood.—Service of an heir (Scots law), a proceeding before a jury to determine the heir of a person deceased.—Active service, service of a soldier, &c., in the field, against an enemy; At your service, a phrase of civility; Have seen service, to have been in active military service: to have been put to hard use; Plain service, in Anglican usage, an office which is simply read. [Fr.,—L. servitium.]

Servile, sėr′vīl, adj. pertaining to a slave or servant: slavish: meanly submissive: cringing: obedient: (gram.) secondary or subordinate.—n. a slave, a menial.—adv. Ser′vilely.—ns. Ser′vilism, the spirit of a servile class; Servil′ity (obs. Ser′vileness), state or quality of being servile: slavery: obsequiousness; Ser′ving-maid, a female domestic servant; Ser′ving-man, a male servant: a professed lover.—adj. Ser′vious, obsequious.—ns. Ser′vīte, one of a mendicant order of monks and nuns founded in Italy in the 13th century; Servit′ium (law), service; Ser′vitor, one who serves: a servant: a follower or adherent: a male servant, a menial: soldier: formerly in Oxford, an undergraduate partly supported by the college, his duty to wait on the fellows and gentlemen commoners at table; Ser′vitorship, the office or condition of a servitor; Ser′vitūde, state of being a slave: slavery: state of slavish dependence: menial service: compulsory servitude: (law) a burden affecting land or other heritable subjects, by which the proprietor is either restrained from the full use of his property or is obliged to suffer another to do certain acts upon it: service rendered in the army or navy: (obs.) servants collectively; Ser′vitūre (Milt.), servants collectively.—v.i. Ser′vulate.

Sesame, ses′a-mē, n. an annual herbaceous plant of Southern Asia, whose seed yields the valuable gingili-oil.—adjs. Ses′amoid, -al, denoting certain small bones found in the substance of the tendons at the articulations of the great toes, and in other parts of the body.—n. Ses′amum, the genus to which sesame belongs.—Open sesame, the charm by which the door of the robbers' cave flew open in the tale of 'Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves' in the Arabian Nights. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr.]

Sesban, ses′ban, n. a shrub of the bean family, with yellow flowers, native to Egypt.—Also Jyntee. [Fr.,—Ar. seisebān.]

Seseli, ses′el-i, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants, usually perennial, with erect branching stems—including the mountain meadow-saxifrage. [Gr.]

Sesha, sā′sha, n. the king of the serpents in Hindu mythology, having a thousand heads, the buttresses of the world.

Sesia, sē′shi-a, n. a genus of clear-winged moths. [Gr. sēs, seos, a moth.]

Sesquialteral, ses-kwi-al′te-ral, adj. one and a half more—also Sesquial′terate, Sesquial′terous.—n. Sesquial′tera (mus.), the interval of a perfect fifth, having the ratio of 2 to 3: a rhythm in which three minims are made equal to a preceding two. [L. sesquialter.]

Sesquiduple, ses-kwi-dū′pl, adj. of two and a half times.—adj. Sesquidū′plicate, being in the ratio of 2½ to 1, or 5 to 2.

Sesquipedalian, ses-kwi-pē-dā′li-an, adj. containing a foot and a half: often humorously said of a very long word—also Ses′quipedal.—ns. Sesquipedā′lianism, Sesquipedal′ity. [L. sesquipedalis—sesqui, one-half more, pes, ped-is, a foot.]

Sesquiplicate, ses-kwip′li-kāt, adj. noting the ratio of a cube to a square.

Sesquitertia, ses-kwi-ter′shi-a, n. (mus.) a perfect fourth, an interval having the ratio of 1 to 1⅓, or 3 to 4.—adjs. Sesquiter′tial, Sesquiter′tian, -al.

Sesquitone, ses′kwi-tōn, n. (mus.) a minor third, an interval equal to a tone and a half.

Sessa, ses′a, interj. (Shak.) prob. a cry to urge to swiftness in running.

Sessile, ses′il, adj. (bot.) growing directly from the stem, without a foot-stalk, as some leaves. [L. sessilis, low—sedēre, sessum, to sit.]

Session, sesh′un, n. the sitting of a court or public body: the time it sits: the period of time between the meeting and prorogation of Parliament: the act of sitting, esp. the enthronement of Christ at the right hand of God the Father: (Scot.) the lowest Presbyterian church court, the kirk-session.—adj. Ses′sional, pertaining or belonging to a session or sessions.—n. Ses′sion-clerk, the official who officially records the transactions of a kirk-session.—Court of Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland. [Fr.,—L. sessio, sessionis—sedēre, sessum, to sit.]

Sestertius, ses-tėr′shi-us, n. a Roman silver coin, a quarter denarius, worth 2½ asses: a brass coin under the Empire, worth 4 asses—also Ses′terce:—pl. Sester′tii.—n. Sester′tium, a money of account equal to 1000 sestertii. [L., 'two-and-a-half'—semis, half, tertius, third.]

Sestet, Sestette, ses′tet, n. the last six lines of a sonnet forming two stanzas of three lines each: (mus.) same as Sextet. [It. sestetto—sesto—L. sextus, sixth.]

Sestina, ses-tē′na, n. an old French form of verse, originally consisting of six stanzas of six unrhymed lines, with a final triplet, the same terminal words being used in each stanza, but arranged differently. Modern sestinas are written on two or three rhymes.—Also Ses′tine. [It.,—L. sextus, sixth.]

Sestole, ses′tōl, n. (mus.) same as Sextuplet (q.v.).—Also Ses′tolet.

Set, set, v.t. to make to sit: to place: to fix: to put in a condition for use, to make ready, to arrange, prepare, furnish, draw up: to render motionless: to determine beforehand: to obstruct: to plant, place so as to promote growth: to place a brooding fowl on a nest containing eggs: to fix in metal: to put and fix in its proper place, as a broken limb, &c.: to assign, as a price: to sharpen: to spread, as sails: to pitch, as a tune: to adapt music to: to frame, mount, or adorn with something fixed: to stud: to point, as a dog: to accompany part or the whole of the way: (Scot.) to let to a tenant: to compose, put into type: (prov.) to become, as a dress, &c.—v.i. to sink below the horizon: to decline: to become fixed: to congeal: to begin the growth of fruit: to have a certain direction in motion: to acquire a set or bend: to point out game: to apply (one's self):—pr.p. set′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. set.—n. Set′-back, a check to progress: an overflow.—adj. Set-by′ (Scot.), proud, reserved.—ns. Set′-down, a rebuke, snubbing; Set′-off, a claim set up against another: a counterbalance: an ornament; Set′-out, preparations: a display of dishes, dress, &c.: a company, clique; Set′-to, a conflict in boxing, argument, &c.; Set′-up, bearing of a person.—adj. hilarious, tipsy.—Set about, to begin; Set abroach, to tap and leave running: to give publicity to; Set against, to oppose; Set agoing, to make begin to move; Set apart, to separate from the rest, to reserve: (B.) to promote; Set aside, to put away, to omit or reject; Set at ease, to quiet, content; Set at naught (see Naught); Set at work, to put to a task; Set before, to put in front of one; Set by, to put aside: (B.) to value or esteem; Set by the compass, to note the bearing by the compass; Set down, to lay on the ground: to put down in writing: to fix in one's mind: to attribute, charge: to lay down authoritatively: to give a severe rebuke to; Set eyes on, to see, fix one's eyes on; Set forth, to exhibit, display: to praise, recommend: to publish: (B.) to set off to advantage: to set out on a journey; Set forward (B.), to further, promote; Set free, to release, put at liberty; Set in, to put in the way: to begin; Set in order, to adjust or arrange; Set little, much, &c., by, to regard, esteem little, much, &c.; Set off, to adorn: to place against as an equivalent; Set on (B.), to attack; Set on, or upon, to instigate: to employ: to fix upon: (B.) to attack; Set one's face, to turn one's self resolutely towards; Set one's hand to, to sign; Set one's self, to bend one's energies toward anything; Set one's self against, to discountenance, oppose; Set one's teeth, to set one's teeth together, as in a strong resolution; Set on fire, to apply fire; Set on foot, to set agoing, to start; Set out, to mark off, to assign: (Bacon) to publish, to adorn: to equip, to furnish: to recommend: to prove: to start; Set over, to appoint as ruler over; Set sail (see Sail); Set the fashion, to lead or establish the fashion; Set the teeth on edge (see Edge); Set to, to affix: to apply one's self; Set up, to erect, to exalt: to begin: to enable to begin: to place in view: (print.) to put in type: to begin a new course: to make pretensions. [A.S. settan; cog. with Ger. setzen, Ice. setja, Goth. satjan; settan is the weak causative of sittan, to sit.]

Set, set, adj. fixed: firm: determined: regular: established: having reached the full growth: (B.) seated.—n. a number of things similar or suited to each other, set or used together: a group of games played together: the full number of eggs set under a hen: the couples that take part in a square dance, also the movements in a country-dance or quadrille: a number of persons associated: direction, drift, tendency: act of setting: a young plant ready for setting out, a cutting, slip: the appearance of young oysters in a district in any season: a mine or set of mines on lease, a distance set off for excavation, a system of pumps in a mine (also Sett): a tool for dressing forged iron: any permanent change of shape or bias of mind: fit, way in which a dress hangs: the pattern of a tartan, &c.: bearing, carriage, build.—n. Set′-square, a triangular piece of wood having one of its angles a right angle, used in mechanical drawing.—Set fair, a barometric indication of steady, fair weather; Set piece, a piece of theatrical scenery with a supporting framework, as distinguished from a side-scene or drop-scene; Set speech, a speech carefully premeditated.

Seta, sē′tä, n. a bristle, stiff hair, a prickle.—adj. Sētā′ceous, consisting of bristles: bristle-shaped.—n. Setā′ria, a genus of grasses with flat leaves and tail-like bristly spikes.—adjs. Sētif′erous; Sē′tiform, having the form of a bristle; Sētig′erous (tij′), bearing bristles; Sētip′arous, producing bristles; Sētose′, Sē′tous, bristly. [L. seta, a bristle.]

Seton, sē′tn, n. (surg.) an artificially produced sinus or channel, through which some substance, as a skein of cotton or silk, or a long flat piece of india-rubber or gutta-percha, is passed so as to excite suppuration, and to keep the artificially formed openings patent: also the inserted material. [Fr. séton (It. setone)—Low L. seto—L. seta, a bristle.]

Settee, se-tē′, n. a long seat with a back, esp. a sofa for two. [Prob. a variant of settle (3).]

Settee, se-tē′, n. a single-decked Mediterranean vessel with long prow and lateen sails. [Prob. It. saettia.]

Setter, set′ėr, n. one who sets, as music to words: a dog which crouches when it scents the game: one who finds out the victims for thieves.—Setter forth, one who proclaims or promotes anything; Setter off, one who decorates; Setter on, an instigator; Setter out, one who expounds; Setter up, one who establishes.

Setter, set′ėr, v.t. (prov.) to cut an ox's dewlap, and treat with a seton.—ns. Sett′ering, the foregoing process; Sett′er-wort, the fetid hellebore.

Settima, set′ti-ma, n. (mus.) the interval of a seventh—(obs.) Set′timo. [It.,—L. septem.]

Setting, set′ing, n. act of setting: direction of a current of wind: the hardening of plaster: that which holds, as the mounting of a jewel: the mounting of a play, &c., for the stage: act of adapting to music.

Settle, set′l, v.t. to set or place in a fixed state: to fix: to establish in a situation or business: to render quiet, clear, &c.: to decide: to free from uncertainty: to quiet: to compose: to fix by gift or legal act: to adjust: to liquidate or pay: to colonise.—v.i. to become fixed or stationary: to fix one's residence or habits of life (often with down): to grow calm or clear: to sink by its own weight: to sink to the bottom: to cease from agitation.—adj. Sett′led, fixed, firmly seated or decided: quiet, sober.—ns. Sett′ledness; Sett′lement, act of settling: state of being settled: payment: arrangement: a colony newly settled: a subsidence or sinking of a wall, &c.: a sum newly settled on a woman at her marriage; Sett′ler, one who settles: a colonist; Sett′ling, the act of making a settlement: the act of subsiding: the adjustment of differences: sediment: dregs; Sett′ling-day, a date fixed by the Stock Exchange for the completion of transactions—in consols, once a month; in all other stocks, twice a month, each settlement occupying three days (contango-day, name-day, and pay-day). [A.S. setlan, to fix—setl, a seat.]

Settle, set′l, v.t. to decide, conclude: to fix, appoint: regulate: to pay, balance: to restore to good order.—v.i. to adjust differences or accounts: to meet one's pecuniary obligations fully. [A.S. sahtlian, to reconcile, saht, reconciliation—sacan, to contend. Confused in both form and meaning with the preceding.]

Settle, set′l, n. a long high-backed bench for sitting on: (B.) also, a platform lower than another part.—n. Sett′le-bed, a bed which is folded or shut up so as to form a seat by day. [A.S. setl—sittan, to sit; Ger. sessel.]

Setule, set′ūl, n. a setula or little bristle.—adjs. Set′ūliform, Set′ūlose.

Setwall, set′wawl, n. the common European valerian. [O. Fr. citoual—Low L. zedoaria—Pers. zadwar.]

Setwork, set′wurk, n. in plastering, two-coat work on lath: boat-building in which the strakes are placed edge to edge and secured by inside battens.

Seven, sev′n, adj. and n. six and one.—adj. Sev′en-fold, folded seven times: multiplied seven times.—n. Sev′en-night, seven days and nights: a week, the time from one day of the week to the same again—also contr. Sennight (sen′nīt).—adj. Sev′enth, last of seven, next after the sixth.—n. one of seven equal parts.—adv. Sev′enthly.—Seven cardinal, chief, or principal virtues (see Cardinal); Seven champions of Christendom, St George for England, St Andrew for Scotland, St Patrick for Ireland, St David for Wales, St Denis for France, St James for Spain, St Anthony for Italy; Seven deadly sins, pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy, and sloth; Seven dolours of the Blessed Virgin Mary (see Dolour); Seven free arts (see Arts); Seven gifts of the Holy Ghost, wisdom, understanding, counsel, ghostly strength or fortitude, knowledge, godliness, and the fear of the Lord; Seven sages, or wise men, Solon of Athens, Thales of Miletus, Pittacus of Mitylene, Bias of Priene in Caria, Chilon of Sparta, Cleobulus tyrant of Lindus in Rhodes, and Periander tyrant of Corinth; Seven Sleepers, seven Christian youths at Ephesus who took refuge in a cave about 250 A.D. in the persecution of Decius, were walled up by their pursuers, fell into a deep sleep, and only awoke in 447 under Theodosius II.; Seven stars, the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn: the constellation Ursa Major: the Pleiades; Seven wise masters, the most common title given to a famous medieval collection of stories grouped round a central story of the birth, education, and trials of a young prince. Accused like Joseph, he is sentenced to death, but each one of the seven viziers gains a day, out of the fated seven during which the prince may not open his mouth, by two tales against women. At the end of the seventh day the prince is free to speak, and quickly clears his character; Seven wonders of the world, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Hanging (i.e. terraced) Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, the Statue of Jupiter at Athens by Phidias, the Mausoleum, erected by Artemisia at Halicarnassus, the Colossus at Rhodes, and the Pharos of Alexandria; Seven years' war (1756-63), the third and severest struggle for the possession of Silesia between Frederick the Great and the Empress Maria Theresa, together with the allies on both sides; it gave Silesia to Frederick, and to England the mastery of North America and India. [A.S. seofon; Dut. zeven, Ger. sieben, Goth. sibun, Gr. hepta, L. septem.]

Seventeen, sev′n-tēn, adj. and n. seven and ten.—adj. and n. Sev′enteenth, the seventh after the tenth. [A.S. seofontíene—seofon, tíen, ten.]

Seventy, sev′n-ti, adj. and n. seven times ten.—adj. Sev′entieth, last of seventy: the ordinal of 70.—n. a seventieth part.—The Seventy, the Jewish sanhedrim: the disciples sent out in Luke x.: the authors of the Septuagint—often LXX. [A.S. seofontig—seofon, seven; Dut. zeventig, Ger. siebenzig.]

Sever, sev′ėr, v.t. to separate with violence: to cut apart: to divide: (B.) to keep distinct.—v.i. to make a separation, to act independently: to be rent asunder.—adj. Sev′erable.—n. Sev′erance, act of severing: separation. [Fr. sevrer, to wean—L. separāre, to separate.]

Several, sev′ėr-al, adj. distinct: particular: different: various: consisting of a number: sundry.—n. a woman's loose outer garment, capable of being worn as a shawl, or in other forms.—adv. Sev′erally.—n. Sev′eralty, sole tenancy of property. [O. Fr.,—L. separāre, to separate.]

Severe, sē-vēr′, adj. serious: grave: austere: strict: not mild: strictly adhering to rule: free from florid ornamentation, simple: sharp: distressing: inclement: searching: difficult to be endured.—adv. Sēvēre′ly.—ns. Sēvēre′ness; Sēver′ity, quality of being severe: gravity: harshness: exactness: inclemency. [Fr. sévère—L. severus.]

Sew, sō, v.t. to join or fasten together with a needle and thread.—v.i. to practise sewing.—ns. Sew′er; Sew′ing; Sew′ing-cott′on, cotton thread for sewing; Sew′ing-machine′, a machine for sewing and stitching upon cloth, leather, &c., operated by any power.—Sew up one's stocking, to put one to silence.—Be sewed, or sewed up, to be stranded, of a ship: (coll.) to be brought to a stand-still, to be ruined: to be tipsy. [A.S. síwian, séowian; Old High Ger. siwan, Goth. siujan.]

Sewel, sū′el, n. a scarecrow.—Also Shew′el. [Prob. related to shy.]

Sewer, sū′ėr, n. an officer who set down and removed the dishes at a feast. [O. Fr. asseour—asseoir, to set down—L. ad, to, sedēre, to sit. Skeat makes it from M. E. sewen, to set meat, sew, pottage—A.S. seaw, juice.]

Sewer, sū′ėr, n. an underground passage for draining off water and filth.—ns. Sew′age, refuse carried off by sewers; Sew′erage, the whole sewers of a city: drainage by sewers; Sew′er-gas, the contaminated air of sewers.—Open sewer, a sewer of which the channel is exposed to the air. [O. Fr. seuwiere, a canal—L. ex, out, aqua, water.]

Sex, seks, n. the distinction between male and female: the characteristics by which an animal or plant is male or female, gender: the female sex, women generally, usually with the definite article.—adj. Sex′less, having no sex.—n. Sex′lessness.—adj. Sex′ūal, pertaining to sex: distinguished or founded on the sex: relating to the distinct organs of the sexes.—v.t. Sex′ūalise, to distinguish as sexed.—ns. Sex′ūalist, one who classifies plants according to the differences of the sexes; Sexūal′ity, state or quality of being sexual.—adv. Sex′ūally.—Sexual affinity, the instinctive attraction of one sex for another; Sexual organs, the organs of generation; Sexual selection, that province of natural selection in which sex comes into play. [Fr. sexe—L. sexus—secāre, to cut.]

Sexagenarian, sek-sa-je-nā′ri-an, n. a person sixty years old.—adj. Sexag′enary, designating the number sixty.—n. a sexagenarian: something containing sixty.—ns. Sex′agene, an arc or angle of 60°; Sexages′ima, the second Sunday before Lent (see Septuagesima).—adj. Sexages′imal, pertaining to the number sixty: proceeding by sixties.—adv. Sexages′imally. [L. sexagenarius—sexaginta, sixty.]

Sexangle, sek′sang-gl, n. a figure with six angles, a hexagon.—adjs. Sex′angled, Sexang′ular.—adv. Sexang′ularly.

Sexcentenary, sek-sen′te-nā-ri, n. that which consists of 600: a 600th anniversary.—Also adj.

Sexdigitate, seks-dij′i-tāt, adj. having six fingers or toes.—n. Sexdig′itist.

Sexennial, seks-en′yal, adj. lasting six years: happening once in six years—also Sextenn′ial.—adv. Sexenn′ially. [L. sex, six, annus, a year.]

Sexisyllabic, sek-si-si-lab′ik, adj. having six syllables.—n. Sex′isyllable, a word of six syllables.

Sexivalent, sek-siv′a-lent, adj. (chem.) having an equivalent of six. [L. sex, six, valens—valēre, to have strength.]

Sexpartite, seks′pär-tīt, adj. divided into six parts. [L. sex, six, partitus, divided.]

Sext, Sexte, sekst, n. (eccles.) the office of the sixth hour, originally said at midday: (mus.) the interval of a sixth.—adj. Sex′tan, recurring every sixth day. [L. sextus, sixth—sex, six.]

Sextans, seks′tanz, n. an ancient Roman bronze coin, worth one-sixth of the as.—adjs. Sex′tantal; Sex′tic, of the sixth degree. [L.,—sex, six.]

Sextant, seks′tant, n. (math.) the sixth part of a circle: an optical instrument having an arc=the sixth part of a circle, and used for measuring angular distances.

Sextet, Sextette, seks-tet′, n. (mus.) a work for six voices or instruments: a musical company of six.

Sextile, seks′til, n. the position of two planets when at the distance of the sixth part of a circle (60°), marked thus *. [L.,—sex, six.]

Sextillion, seks-til′yun, n. a million raised to the sixth power, expressed by a unit with 36 ciphers attached: 1000 raised to the seventh power.

Sexto, seks′to, n. a size of book made by folding a sheet of paper into six leaves.—n. Sex′to-dec′imo, a size of book made by folding a sheet of paper into sixteen leaves: a book of this size.

Sexton, seks′tun, n. an officer who has charge of a church, attends the clergyman, digs graves, &c.: a burying-beetle.—ns. Sex′ton-bee′tle, a coleopterous insect of the genus Necrophorus; Sex′tonship, the office of a sexton. [A corr. of sacristan.]

Sextuple, seks′tū-pl,—adj. sixfold: (mus.) having six beats to the measure.—v.t. to multiply by six.—n. Sex′tūplet (mus.), a note divided into six parts instead of four.

'Sfoot, sfōōt, interj. (Shak.) a minced imprecation. [Abbrev. from God's foot. Cf. 'sblood.]

Sforzando, sfor-tsän′dō, adj. (mus.) forced, with sudden emphasis. Abbrev. sf. and sfz., or marked

.—Also Sforzato (sfor-tsä′tō). [It., pr.p. of sforzare, to force—L. ex, out, Low L. fortia, force.]

Sgraffito, sgraf-fē′tō, n. (same as Graffito, q.v.): a kind of decorative work in pottery and superimposed metals, in which clays, &c., of different colours are laid one upon another, and the pattern is produced by cutting away the outer layers:—pl. Sgraffi′ti.

Shabby, shab′i,—adj. threadbare or worn, as clothes: having a look of poverty: mean in look or conduct: low: paltry.—adv. Shabb′ily.—n. Shabb′iness.—adj. Shabb′y-genteel′, keeping up or affecting an appearance of gentility, though really shabby. [An adj. formed from shab, an old by-form of scab—thus a doublet of scabby.]

Shabrack, shab′rak, n. a trooper's housing or saddle-cloth. [Fr.,—Ger. shabracke—Pol. czaprak.]

Shack, shak, v.i. to shed or fall out, as ripe grain from the ear: to feed on stubble: (U.S.) to hibernate, to go into winter quarters.—n. grain, &c., fallen on the ground: liberty of winter pasturage: a hastily-built cabin, a rickety house.—ns. Shack′-bait, such bait as may be picked up at sea; Shack′le, stubble. [Shake.]

Shackle, shak′l, n. a curved bar, as of iron: a link or staple: a link securing two ankle-rings or two wrist-rings together, and so (pl.) fetters, manacles: a hinderance.—v.t. to fetter: to tie the limbs of: to confine.—ns. Shack′le-bolt, a bolt having a shackle on the end: (her.) a bearing representing a fetlock for hobbling a horse; Shack′le-joint, a peculiar kind of articulation seen in the exoskeleton of some fishes. [A.S. sceacul, scacul, a shackle—sceacan, to shake; cog. with Old Dut. schakel, a link of a chain, Ice. skökull, the pole of a cart.]

Shad, shad, n. a fish of the herring kind, but having the upper jaw deeply notched, and ascending rivers to spawn.—adj. Shad′-bell′ied, flat-bellied—opp. to Pot-bellied: sloping away gradually in front, cut away.—ns. Shad′-bird, the common American snipe: the sandpiper; Shad′-bush, the June-berry or service-berry; Shad′-fly, a May-fly; Shad′-frog, a large and very agile American frog; Shad′-wait′er, the pilot-fish or round-fish. [A.S. sceadda.]

Shaddock, shad′ok, n. a tree of the same genus as the orange, having larger leaves, flowers, and fruit. [Named from Captain Shaddock, who introduced it to the West Indies from China about 1810.]

Shade, shād, n. partial darkness: interception of light: obscurity: a shady place: protection: shelter: a screen: degree of colour: a very minute change: (paint.) the dark part of a picture: the soul separated from the body: a ghost: (obs., poet.) a bodily shadow: (pl.) the departed spirits, or their unseen abode, Hades.—v.t. to screen from light or heat: to shelter: to mark with gradations of colour: to darken: (Spens.) to foreshadow, represent.—adjs. Shā′ded, marked with gradations of colour: sheltered; Shade′ful, shady; Shade′less, without shade.—n. Shā′der.—adv. Shā′dily.—ns. Shā′diness; Shā′ding, the act of making a shade: the effect of light and shade, as in a picture; Shā′ding-pen, a pen with a broad flat nib.—adj. Shā′dy, having, or in, shade: sheltered from light or heat: (coll.) not fit to bear the light, of dubious honesty or morality. [A.S. sceadu—scead, shade.]

Shadoof, sha-dōōf′, n. a contrivance for raising water by means of a long rod pivoted near one end, the shorter arm weighted to act as the counterpoise of a lever, the longer carrying a bucket which is lowered into the water—much used on the Nile for irrigation purposes.—Also Shaduf′. [Ar. shādūf.]

Shadow, shad′ō, n. shade caused by an object: darkness: shelter: security: favour: the dark part of a picture: an inseparable companion: a mystical representation: faint appearance: a ghost, spirit: something only in appearance.—v.t to shade: to cloud or darken: to shade, as a painting: to represent faintly: to hide, conceal: (coll.) to attend like a shadow, watch continuously and carefully.—ns. Shad′ow-fig′ure, a silhouette; Shad′owiness, the state of being shadowy or unsubstantial; Shad′owing, shading: gradation of light and colour.—adj. Shad′owless.—n. Shad′ow-stitch, in lace-making, a very delicate kind of ladder-stitch used in fine open-work.—adj. Shad′owy, full of shadow: dark: obscure: typical: unsubstantial: (rare) indulging in fancies.—Shadow of death, approach of death: terrible disaster. [A.S. sceadu; cog. with Old High Ger. scato, and perh. Gr. skotos, darkness, skia, shadow.]

Shafiite, shaf′i-īt, n. a member of one of the four principal sects of the Sunnites, or orthodox Muslims. [Ar. Shāfi'ī, the name of the founder.]

Shaft, shaft, n. anything long and straight, as the stem of an arrow, &c.: a long arrow, anything like an arrow in form or effect: the part of a column between the base and capital: the stem of a feather: the pole or thill of a carriage: the handle of a tool of any kind.—adj. Shaft′ed, having a shaft or handle.—ns. Shaft′-horse, the horse that is harnessed between the shafts of a carriage; Shaft′ing (mach.), the system of shafts connecting machinery with the prime mover.—Make a shaft or a bolt of it (Shak.), to take the risk and make the best of it—the shaft and the bolt being the arrows of the long-bow and the cross-bow respectively. [A.S. sceaft; prob. orig. pa.p. of scafan, to shave.]

Shaft, shaft, n. a well-like excavation sunk into a mine for pumping, hoisting, &c.: the tunnel of a blast-furnace. [Prob. in this sense from Ger. schacht, a shaft; cog. with foregoing.]

Shag, shag, n. woolly hair: cloth with a rough nap: a kind of tobacco cut into shreds.—adj. rough, hairy.—v.t. to roughen, make shaggy.—v.i. (Spens.) to hang in shaggy clusters.—adjs. Shag′-eared (Shak.), having shaggy or rough ears; Shag′ged, shaggy, rough.—n. Shag′gedness.—adv. Shag′gily.—n. Shag′giness.—adjs. Shag′gy, covered with rough hair or wool: rough: rugged; Shag′-haired, having long, rough hair. [A.S. sceacga, a head of hair; Ice. skegg, beard, skagi, cape (in Shetland, skaw).]

Shagreen, sha-grēn′, n. the skin of various sharks, rays, &c., covered with small nodules, used for covering small caskets, boxes, cigar and spectacle cases, &c.: a granular leather prepared by unhairing and scraping the skin of horses, asses, &c.—formerly Chagrin′.—adj. (also Shagreened′) made of, or covered with, shagreen. [Fr. chagrin—Turk. sāghrī, the back of a horse.]

Shairl, shārl, n. a fine cloth woven from the hair of a Tibetan variety of the Cashmere goat.

Shaitan, shī′tan, n. the devil, any evil spirit or devilish person. [Ar.]

Shake, shāk, v.t. to move with quick, short motions: to agitate: to make to tremble: to threaten to overthrow: to cause to waver: to give a tremulous note to.—v.i. to be agitated: to tremble: to shiver: to lose firmness:—pa.t. shook, (B.) shāked; pa.p. shāk′en,—n. a rapid tremulous motion: a trembling or shivering: a concussion: a rent in timber, rock, &c.: (mus.) a rapid repetition of two notes: (slang) a brief instant.—n. Shake′down, a temporary bed, named from the original shaking down of straw for this purpose.—adj. Shāk′en, weakened, disordered.—ns. Shāk′er, one of a small communistic religious sect founded in Manchester about the middle of the 18th century, so nicknamed from a peculiar dance forming part of their religious service; Shake′-rag (obs.), a ragged fellow; Shāk′erism.—adv. Shāk′ily.—n. Shāk′iness.—adj. Shāk′y, in a shaky condition: feeble: (coll.) wavering, undecided: of questionable ability, solvency, or integrity: unsteady: full of cracks or clefts.—Shake down, or together, to make more compact by shaking; Shake hands, to salute by grasping the hand: (with) to bid farewell to; Shake off the dust from one's feet, to renounce all intercourse with; Shake the head, to move the head from side to side in token of reluctance, disapproval, &c.; Shake together (coll.), to get friendly with; Shake up, to restore to shape by shaking: (Shak.) to upbraid.—Great shakes (coll.), a thing of great account, something of value (usually 'No great shakes'). [A.S. sceacan, scacan.]

Shakespearian, shāk-spē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare, or his works—also Shakespē′rian, Shakspear′ean, Shakspē′rian.—n. a student of Shakespeare (1564-1616).—n.pl. Shakespeariā′na, details or learning connected with Shakespeare and his writings.—n. Shakespea′rianism, anything peculiar to Shakespeare.

Shako, shak′ō, n. a military cap of cylindrical shape, worn mostly by infantry, and generally plumed. [Hung. csako.]

Shale, shāl, n. clay or argillaceous material, splitting readily into thin laminæ.—adj. Shā′ly. [Ger. schale, a scale.]

Shall, shal, v.t. (obs.) to be under obligation: now only auxiliary, used in the future tense of the verb, whether a predictive or a promissive future (in the first person implying mere futurity; in the second and third implying authority or control on the part of the speaker, and expressing promise, command, or determination, or a certainty about the future. In the promissive future 'will' is used for the first person, and 'shall' for the second and third). [A.S. sceal, to be obliged; Ger. soll, Goth. skal, Ice. skal, to be in duty bound.]

Shalloon, sha-lōōn′, n. a light kind of woollen stuff for coat-linings, &c., said to have been first made at Châlons-sur-Marne in France.

Shallop, shal′op, n. a light boat or vessel, with or without a mast. [O. Fr. chaluppe; Ger. schaluppe; prob. of East Ind. origin.]

Shallot, sha-lot′, n. a species of onion with a flavour like that of garlic.—Also Shalot′. [O. Fr. eschalote, formed from eschalone, escalone, whence Eng. scallion (q.v.).]

Shallow, shal′ō, n. a sandbank: a place over which the water is not deep: a shoal.—adj. not deep: not profound: not wise: trifling.—v.t. to make shallow.—v.i. to grow shallow.—adjs. Shall′ow-brained, -pā′ted, weak in intellect; Shall′ow-heart′ed, not capable of deep feelings.—adv. Shall′owly (Shak.), simply, foolishly.—n. Shall′owness. [Scand., Ice. skjálgr, wry; cf. Ger. scheel.]

Sham, sham, n. a pretence: that which deceives expectation: imposture.—adj. pretended: false.—v.t. to pretend: to feign: to impose upon.—v.i. to make false pretences:—pr.p. sham′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. shammed.—ns. Sham′-fight, a fight in imitation of a real one; Sham′mer, one who shams.—Sham Abraham (see Abraham-man). [Shame.]

Shamanism, sham′an-izm, n. a name applied loosely to the religion of the Turanian races of Siberia and north-eastern Asia, based essentially on magic and sorcery.—n. Sham′an, a wizard priest.—adj. Shaman′ic.—n. Sham′anist.—adj. Shamanis′tic. [Perh. Hind. shaman, idolater.]

Shamble, sham′bl, v.i. to walk with an awkward, unsteady gait.—n. a shambling gait.—adj. Sham′bling. [Skeat refers to Dut. schampelen—O. Fr. s'escamper, to decamp.]

Shambles, sham′blz, n.pl. stalls on which butchers exposed their meat for sale, hence a flesh-market: a slaughter-house. [A.S. scamel (Ger. schämel), a stool—Low L. scamellum, for L. scabellum, dim. of scamnum, a bench.]

Shame, shām, n. the feeling caused by the exposure of that which ought to be concealed, or by a consciousness of guilt: the cause of shame, a person or thing to be ashamed of: disgrace, dishonour: (B.) the parts of the body which modesty requires to be concealed.—v.t. to make ashamed: to cause to blush: to cover with reproach: to drive or compel by shame.—adj. Shame′faced (properly Shame′fast, A.S. sceam-fæst), very modest or bashful.—adv. Shame′facedly.—ns. Shame′facedness, Shame′fastness, modesty.—adj. Shame′ful, disgraceful.—adv. Shame′fully.—n. Shame′fulness.—adj. Shame′less, immodest: done without shame: audacious.—adv. Shame′lessly.—n. Shame′lessness.—adj. Shame′-proof (Shak.), insensible to shame.—ns. Shā′mer, one who, or that which, makes ashamed; Shame′-reel, the first dance after the celebration of marriage, the bride being the best man's partner, the best maid the bridegroom's.—For shame, an interjectional phrase, signifying 'you should be ashamed!'—Put to shame, to cause to feel shame. [A.S. sceamu, scamu, modesty; Ice. skömm, a wound, Ger. scham.]

Shammatha, sha-mä′tha, n. the severest form of excommunication among the ancient Jews. [Heb.]

Shammy, sham′i, same as Chamois.—v.t. Sham′oy, to prepare leather by working oil into the skin.—n. Sham′oying.

Shampoo, sham-pōō′, v.t. to squeeze and rub the body, in connection with the hot bath: to wash thoroughly with soap and water.—ns. Shampoo′; Shampoo′er. [Hind. chāmpnā, squeeze.]

Shamrock, sham′rok, n. the national emblem of Ireland, a leaf with three leaflets, or plant having such leaves, sometimes supposed to be the Wood-sorrel, but the name is more frequently applied to some species of Clover, or to some common plant of some of the nearly allied genera, as the Bird's Foot Trefoil or the Black Medick. The Lesser Yellow Trefoil is the plant usually sold in Dublin on St Patrick's Day. [Ir. seamrog, Gael. seamrag, trefoil, dim. of seamar, trefoil.]

Shan, shan, adj. pertaining to the Shans, a number of tribes of common origin, who live on the borders of Burma, Siam, and China.

Shand, shand, n. (obs.) shame: (Scot.) base coin.—adj. worthless. [A.S. sceand, scand.]

Shandrydan, shan′dri-dan, n. a light two-wheeled cart: any rickety conveyance.—Also Shan′dry. [Ir.]

Shandygaff, shan′di-gaf, n. a mixture of bitter ale or beer with ginger-beer. [Ety. dub.]

Shanghai, shang-hī′, n. a long-legged hen with feathered shanks, said to have been introduced from Shanghai in China: (U.S.) a tall dandy.—v.t. (naut. ) to hocus a sailor and ship him while insensible: (U.S.) to get a person by some artifice into a jurisdiction where he can lawfully be arrested.

Shangti, shang′tē′, n. a Christian name in China for God. [Chin. shang, high, ti, ruler.]

Shank, shangk, n. the leg below the knee to the foot: the long part of any instrument, as of an anchor between the arms and ring: the part of a tool connecting the handle with the acting part: the part of a shoe connecting the sole with the heel.—v.i. to be affected with disease of the footstalk: to take to one's legs (with it).—v.t. (Scot.) to despatch unceremoniously.—adj. Shanked, having a shank: affected with disease of the shank or footstalk.—ns. Shank′-ī′ron, a shaping-tool for shoe-shanks: an iron plate inserted as a stiffening between the leather parts of a shank; Shank′-paint′er, a painter or small rope for fastening the shank of an anchor, when catted, to a ship's side. [A.S. sceanca, leg—sceacan, to shake; Dut. schonk, Low Ger. schake.]

Shanty, shant′i, n. a mean dwelling or hut, a temporary house: a grog-shop. [Perh. from Ir. sean, old, tig, a house; others derive through Fr. chantier, a timber-yard, from L. cantherius, a rafter.]

Shanty, shant′i, n. a song with boisterous drawling chorus, sung by sailors while heaving at the capstan, or the like—also Chant′y, Chant′ie.—n. Shant′yman, the leader of such a chorus. [Prob. from Fr. chanter, to sing.]

Shape, shāp, v.t. to form: to fashion: to adapt to a purpose: to regulate: to direct: to conceive.—v.i. (Shak.) to take shape, to become fit:—pa.p. shāped, (B.) shāp′en.—n. form or figure: external appearance: that which has form or figure: an appearance: particular nature: expression, as in words: a pattern: (cook.) a dish of rice, jelly, or the like cast in a mould and turned out when it has grown firm.—adjs. Shā′pable, Shape′able; Shaped, having a varied ornamental form; Shape′less, having no shape or regular form: (Shak.) effecting nothing.—ns. Shape′lessness; Shape′liness.—adj. Shape′ly, having shape or regular form: symmetrical.—ns. Shā′per, a metal planing machine, the tool with reciprocating motion; Shā′ping, representation, imagination.—Take shape, to assume a definite form or plan. [A.S. sceapan, scapan, to form, make; Ice. skapa, Ger. schaffen.]

Shard, shärd, n. (Spens.) a boundary, division: (obs.) the leaves of the artichoke whitened. [Perh. from Ice. skardh (Ger. scharte, a notch), and ult. conn. with A.S. sceran, to divide.]

Shard, shärd, n. a fragment, as of an earthen vessel: the wing-case of a beetle.—adjs. Shard′-borne (Shak.), borne on shards, as beetles; Shar′ded (Shak.), provided with elytra or wing-cases. [A.S. sceard, a fragment—sceran, to divide.]

Share, shār, n. a part cut off: a portion: dividend: one of a number of equal portions of anything: a fixed and indivisible section of the capital of a company.—v.t. to divide into parts: to partake with others.—v.i. to have a part: to receive a dividend.—ns. Share′-brok′er, a broker or dealer in shares of railways, &c.; Share′holder, one who holds or owns a share in a joint fund or property; Share′-list, a list of the prices of shares of railways, banks, &c.; Shār′er.—Share and share alike, in equal shares.—Deferred shares (see Defer); Go shares, to divide equally; Ordinary shares, shares forming the common stock of a company. [A.S. scearu—sceran, to shear.]

Share, shār, n. the iron blade of a plough which cuts the ground.—v.t. to cut, cleave.—n. Share′-beam, the part of the plough to which the share is fixed. [A.S. scear—sceran, to shear.]

Shark, shärk, n. a common name for most of the Elasmobranch fishes included in the sub-order Selachoidei—voracious fishes, mostly carnivorous, with large sharp teeth on the jaws—most numerous in the tropics. [Perh. L. carcharus—Gr. karcharos, jagged.]

Shark, shärk, n. a sharper, a cheat or swindler: an extortionate rogue.—v.i. to live like a swindler.—v.t. to pick up (with up or out).—ns. Shark′er; Shark′ing. [Prob. from preceding word.]

Sharn, shärn, n. (Scot.) dung of cattle. [A.S. scearn; cf. Ice. skarn.]

Sharp, shärp, adj. having a thin cutting edge or fine point: peaked or ridged: affecting the senses as if pointed or cutting: severe: keen, keenly contested: alive to one's interests, barely honest: of keen or quick perception: vigilant, attentive: pungent, biting, sarcastic: eager: fierce: impetuous: shrill: (phon.) denoting a consonant pronounced with breath and not voice, surd—as the sharp mutes, p, t, k.—n. an acute or shrill sound: (mus.) a note raised a semitone in the scale, also the character directing this: a long and slender sewing-needle—opp. to a blunt and a between: a small sword or duelling sword: a sharper, cheat: (pl.) the hard parts of wheat, middlings: an oysterman's boat—also Sharp′ie, Sharp′y.—v.t. (obs.) to sharpen.—v.i. to play the sharper, cheat.—adj. Sharp′-cut, cut sharply or definitely: well-defined: clear.—v.t. Sharp′en, to make sharp or keen, pungent or painful, active or acute.—v.i. to grow sharp.—ns. Shar′pener, one who sharpens; Sharp′er, a trickster: a swindler: a cheat.—adjs. Sharp′-eyed, sharp-sighted; Sharp′-ground, ground to a sharp edge; Sharp′-look′ing (Shak.), hungry-looking.—adv. Sharp′ly, quickly: to the moment: (mus.) above the true pitch.—n. Sharp′ness.—adjs. Sharp′-nosed, having a pointed nose: keen of scent, as a dog; Sharp′-set, ravenous.—ns. Sharp′-shoot′er, an old term applied in the army to riflemen when skirmishing or specially employed as marksmen; Sharp′-shoot′ing.—adjs. Sharp′-sight′ed, having acute sight: shrewd; Sharp′-vis′aged, having a thin face; Sharp′-wit′ted, having an acute wit.—Look sharp, to show eagerness, to act quickly. [A.S. scearp; Ice. skarpr, Gr. scharf.]

Shaster, shas′tėr, n. a text-book, an authoritative religious and legal book among the Hindus.—Also Shas′tra. [Sans. çāstra—çās, to teach.]

Shatter, shat′ėr, v.t. to break or dash to pieces: to crack: to disorder: to render unsound.—v.i. to break into fragments.—n. a fragment: impaired state.—adjs. Shatt′er-brained, -pā′ted, disordered in intellect; Shatt′ery, brittle. [Scatter.]

Shauchle, shawh′l, v.i. (Scot.) to walk with shuffling, loose gait.—v.t. to distort, deform. [Perh. conn. with Ice. skjálgr, wry, squinting.]

Shave, shāv, v.t. to cut off the hair with a razor: to pare closely: to make smooth by paring: to cut in thin slices: to skim along the surface: to strip, swindle.—v.i. to remove hair by a razor:—pa.p. shāved or shā′ven.—n. the act of shaving: a paring: a narrow miss or escape: a piece of financial knavery.—ns. Shave′-grass, the scouring-rush; Shave′ling, a monk or friar, from his shaven crown; Shā′ver, one who shaves: a barber: a sharp or extortionate dealer: (coll.) a chap, youngster; Shā′ving, the act of shaving: that which is shaved or pared off; Shā′ving-bā′sin, -bowl, -brush, a basin, bowl, brush, used by persons shaving.—Close, or Near, shave, a very narrow escape. [A.S. sceafan, scafan; Dut. schaven, Ger. schaben, L. scabĕre, to scrape, Gr. skaptein, to dig.]

Shavie, shā′vi, n. (Scot.) a trick or prank.—Also Skā′vie. [Perh. Dan. skæv, crooked; cf. Ger. schief, oblique.]

Shaw, shaw, n. a thicket, a small wood: (Scot.) a stem with the leaves, as of a potato. [A.S. scaga; Ice. skógr, Dan. skov.]

Shawl, shawl, n. a wrap made of wool, cotton, silk, or hair, used particularly by women as a loose covering for the shoulders: a kind of mantle.—v.t. to wrap in a shawl.—ns. Shawl′-dance, a graceful Oriental dance in which the dancer waves a scarf; Shawl′-matē′rial, a textile of silk and wool, soft and flexible, usually with Oriental designs, employed for dresses and parts of dresses for women; Shawl′-patt′ern, a coloured pattern, supposed to resemble an Eastern shawl, and applied to material of plainer design; Shawl′-pin, a pin used for fastening a shawl; Shawl′-strap, a pair of leather straps, fitted to a handle, used for carrying shawls, rugs, &c.; Shawl′-waist′coat, a vest or waistcoat with a large staring pattern like that of a shawl. [Pers. shāl.]

Shawm, Shalm, shawm, n. a musical instrument of the oboe class, having a double reed enclosed in a globular mouthpiece. [O. Fr. chalemie—L. calamus, a reed-pipe.]

Shaya-root, shā′ä-rōōt, n. the root of the so-called Indian madder, yielding a red dye.—Also Ché-root, Choy-root. [Tamil chaya.]

She, shē, pron. fem. the female understood or previously mentioned: sometimes used as a noun for a woman or other female. [Orig. the fem. of the def. art. in A.S.—viz. seó, which in the 12th century began to replace heó, the old fem. pron.]

Shea, shē′ä, n. the tree yielding the Galam butter or shea-butter.—Also Shē′a-tree and Karite.

Sheading, shē′ding, n. one of the six divisions or districts of the Isle of Man. [Shed.]

Sheaf, shēf, n. a quantity of things, esp. the stalks of grain, put together and bound: a bundle of arrows, usually 24 in number: any bundle or collection:—pl. Sheaves (shēvz).—v.t. to bind in sheaves.—v.i. to make sheaves.—adj. Sheaf′y. [A.S. sceáf—A.S. scúfan, to shove; Ger. schaub, Dut. schoof.]

Sheal, shēl, v.t. (Shak.) to shell, as peas.—n. Sheal′ing, the shell, pod, or husk, as of peas. [Shell.]

Sheal, Shiel, shēl, n. (Scot.) a hut used by shepherds, sportsmen, &c.: a shelter for sheep.—ns. Sheal′ing, Sheel′ing, Shiel′ing. [Either Ice. skáli, a hut, or Ice. skjól, a shelter; both cog. with sky, shade.]

Shear, shēr, v.t. to cut or clip: to clip with shears or any other instrument: (Scot.) to reap with a sickle.—v.i. to separate, cut, penetrate: in mining, to make a vertical cut in the coal:—pa.t. sheared, (obs.) shore; pa.p. sheared or shorn.—n. a shearing or clipping: a strain where compression is answered by elongation at right angles: curve, deviation.—ns. Shear′-bill, the scissor-bill, cut-water, or black skimmer; Shear′er; Shear′-hog, a sheep after the first shearing; Shear′ing, the act or operation of cutting with shears: what is cut off with shears: (Scot.) the time of reaping: the process of preparing shear-steel: (geol.) the process by which shear-structure (q.v.) has been produced; Shear′ling, a sheep only once sheared; Shear′man, one whose occupation is to shear cloth; Shears (pl. and sing.), an instrument for shearing or cutting, consisting of two blades that meet each other: a hoisting apparatus (see Sheers): anything resembling shears, as even a pair of wings (Spens.); Shear′-steel, steel suitable for the manufacture of shears and other edge-tools; Shear′-struc′ture (geol.), a structure often seen in volcanic rocks, due to the reciprocal compression and elongation of various parts under great crust movements; Shear′-wa′ter, a genus of oceanic birds allied to the petrels, and varying from 8½ to 14 inches in length. [A.S. sceran; Ice. skera, to clip, Ger. scheren, to shave.]

Sheat-fish, shēt′-fish, n. a fish of the family Siluridæ, the great catfish of central Europe.

Sheath, shēth, n. a case for a sword or other long instrument: a scabbard: any thin defensive covering: a membrane covering a stem or branch: the wing-case of an insect.—v.t. Sheathe (th), to put into a sheath: to cover with a sheath or case: to enclose in a lining.—adj. Sheathed (th), provided with, or enclosed in, a sheath: (bot., zool., and anat.) having a sheath, vaginate.—ns. Sheath′ing (th), that which sheathes, esp. the covering of a ship's bottom; Sheath′-knife, a knife carried in a sheath from the waist.—adjs. Sheath′less; Sheath′-winged, having the wings encased in elytra: coleopterous; Sheath′y, sheath-like.—Sheathe the sword, to put an end to war. [A.S. scéth, scǽth; Ger. scheide, Ice. skeithir.]

Sheave, shēv, n. the wheel of a pulley over which the rope runs: a sliding scutcheon for covering a keyhole.—n. Sheave′-hole. [Shive.]

Shebang, shē-bang′, n. (Amer.) a place, a store, a saloon, a gaming-house: a brothel.

Shebeen, she-bēn′, n. a place where intoxicating drinks are privately and unlawfully sold.—ns. Shebēē′ner, one who keeps a shebeen; Shebēē′ning. [Ir.]

Shed, shed, v.t. to part, separate: to scatter, cast off: to throw out: to pour: to spill.—v.i. to let fall, cast:—pr.p. shed′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. shed.—n. a division, parting, as of the hair, and in watershed.—ns. Shed′der; Shed′ding. [A.S. sceádan, to separate; Ger. scheiden.]

Shed, shed, n. a slight erection, usually of wood, for shade or shelter: an outhouse: a large temporary open structure for reception of goods. [Shade.]

Sheen, shēn, n. brightness or splendour.—adj. (obs.) bright, shining.—v.i. (arch.) to shine, glitter.—adj. Sheen′y, shining, beautiful. [A.S. scéne, scýne, fair; Dut. schoon, Ger. schön, beautiful; prob. from the root of A.S. sceáwian, to look at.]

Sheeny, shēn′i, n. (slang) a sharp fellow, a cheat, a Jewish dealer.—adj. cheating.

Sheep, shēp, n.sing. and pl. the well-known ruminant mammal covered with wool: leather made from sheep-skin: a silly and timid fellow.—ns. Sheep′-bīt′er (Shak.), one who practises petty thefts; Sheep′-bīt′ing, robbing those under one's care, like an ill-trained shepherd-dog; Sheep′-cote, an enclosure for sheep; Sheep′-dog, a dog trained to watch sheep: (slang) a chaperon.—adj. Sheep′-faced, sheepish, bashful.—ns. Sheep′-farm′er, Sheep′-fold, a fold or enclosure for sheep: a flock of sheep; Sheep′-head, Sheep's′-head, a fool, a stupid and timid person: an American fish of the family Sparidæ, allied to the perches, so called from the shape and colour of the head; Sheep′-hook, a shepherd's crook.—adj. Sheep′ish, like a sheep: bashful: foolishly diffident.—adv. Sheep′ishly.—ns. Sheep′ishness; Sheep′-louse, a parasitic dipterous insect; Sheep′-mar′ket, a place where sheep are sold; Sheep′-mas′ter, a master or owner of sheep; Sheep′-pen, an enclosure for sheep; Sheep′-pest, the sheep-tick; Sheep′-pox, a contagious eruptive disease of sheep, variola ovina; Sheep′-run, a tract of grazing country for sheep; Sheep's′-eye, a modest, diffident look: a loving, wishful glance; Sheep's′-foot, a printer's tool with a claw at one end for prizing up forms; Sheep′-shank (Scot.), the shank of a sheep—hence something slender and weak: a nautical knot for temporarily shortening a rope; Sheep′-shearer, one who shears sheep; Sheep′-shearing; Sheep′-shears, a kind of shears used for shearing sheep; Sheep′-sil′ver, money formerly paid by tenants for release from the service of washing the lord's sheep; Sheep′-skin, the skin of a sheep: leather prepared from the skin of a sheep: a deed engrossed on sheep-skin parchment; Sheep′-steal′er; Sheep′-steal′ing; Sheep's′-wool, a valuable Florida sponge; Sheep′-tick, an insect which attacks the sheep, sucking its blood and raising a tumour; Sheep′walk, the place where the sheep pasture; Sheep′-wash, a lotion for vermin on the sheep, or to preserve its wool—also Sheep′-dip; Sheep′-whis′tling, tending sheep.—Black sheep, the disreputable member of a family or group. [A.S. sceáp; Ger. schaf.]

Sheer, shēr, adj. pure: unmingled: simple: without a break, perpendicular.—adv. clear: quite: at once. [Ice. skærr, bright; Ice. skírr, A.S. scír.]

Sheer, shēr, v.i. to deviate from the line of the proper course, as a ship: to turn aside.—n. the deviation from the straight line, or the longitudinal curve or bend of a ship's deck or sides.—ns. Sheer′-hulk, an old dismasted ship with a pair of sheers mounted on it for masting ships; Sheer′-leg, one of the spars.—n.pl. Sheers, an apparatus for hoisting heavy weights, having usually two legs or spars spread apart at their lower ends, and bearing at their tops, where they are joined, hoisting-tackle. [Perh. Dut. scheren, to cut, withdraw.]

Sheet, shēt, n. a large, thin piece of anything: a large, broad piece of cloth in a bed: a large, broad piece of paper: a sail: the rope fastened to the leeward corner of a sail to extend it to the wind.—v.t. to cover with, or as with, a sheet: to furnish with sheets: to form into sheets.—ns. Sheet′-copp′er, -ī′ron, -lead, -met′al, copper, iron, lead, metal in thin sheets.—adj. Sheet′ed, with a white band or belt.—ns. Sheet′-glass, a kind of crown-glass made at first in the form of a cylinder, cut longitudinally, and opened out into a sheet; Sheet′ing, cloth used for bed-sheets: the process of forming into sheets; Sheet′-light′ning, lightning appearing in sheets or having a broad appearance; Sheet′-work, press-work.—A sheet (or Three sheets) in the wind, fuddled, tipsy; In sheets (print.), not folded, or folded but not bound. [A.S. scéte, scýte, a sheet—sceótan (pa.t. sceát), to shoot, project.]

Sheet-anchor, shēt′-angk′ur, n. the largest anchor of a ship, shot or thrown out in extreme danger: chief support: last refuge. [Shoot and anchor.]

Sheik, Sheikh, shēk, n. a man of eminence, a lord, a chief: a title of learned or devout me n. [Ar. sheikh—shākha, to be old.]

Shekel, shek′l, n. a Jewish weight (about half-an-ounce avoirdupois) and coin (about 2s. 6d. sterling): (pl.) money (slang). [Heb. from shāqal, to weigh.]

Shekinah, Shechinah, shē-kī′na, n. the Divine presence which rested like a cloud or visible light over the mercy-seat. [Heb.,—shākhan, to dwell.]

Sheldrake, shel′drāk, n. a genus of birds of the Duck family Anatidæ, having the hind-toe free:—fem. Shel′duck. [A.S. scyld, a shield, and drake.]

Shelf, shelf, n. a board fixed on a wall, &c., for laying things on: a flat layer of rock: a ledge: a shoal: a sandbank:—pl. Shelves (shelvz).—adj. Shelf′y.—Put, Lay, on the Shelf, to put aside from duty or service. [A.S. scylfe, a plank, Ice. skjálf, a bench.]

Shell, shel, n. a term applied to the hard outer covering or skeleton of many animals, to the internal skeleton of some invertebrates, and to the outer covering-of the eggs of various animals: any framework: the outer ear: a testaceous mollusc: any frail structure: a frail boat: a rough kind of coffin: an instrument of music: a bomb: a hollow projectile containing a bursting charge of gunpowder or other explosive ignited at the required instant by means of either time or percussion fuses: the thin coating of copper on an electrotype: an intermediate class in some schools.—v.t. to break off the shell: to remove the shell from: to take out of the shell: to throw shells or bombs upon, to bombard.—v.i. to fall off like a shell: to cast the shell.—ns. Shellac (she-lak′, shel′ak), Shell′-lac, lac prepared in thin plates for making varnish, &c.—v.t. to coat with shellac.—ns. Shell′-back, an old sailor, a barnacle; Shell′-bark, either of two North American hickories.—adj. Shelled, having a shell, testaceous.—ns. Shell′er, one who shells or husks; Shell′fish, a popular term for many aquatic animals not fishes, esp. oysters, clams and all molluscs, and crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters; Shell′-gun, a cannon used for throwing shells, esp. horizontally: Shell′-heap, a prehistoric accumulation of shells, &c., pointing back to a race that lived on shellfish; Shell′-ice, ice no longer supported by the water beneath; Shell′-jack′et, an undress military jacket; Shell′-lime, lime procured from the shells of shellfish by burning; Shell′-lime′stone, a limestone largely consisting of shells; Shell′-marl, a white earthy deposit, resulting from the accumulation of fragments of shells; Shell′-mound, a shell-heap; Shell′-or′nament, decoration in which any shell-form is prominent.—adj. Shell′proof, proof against, or able to resist, shells or bombs.—ns. Shell′-room, a magazine on board ship where shells are stored; Shell′-sand, sand consisting in great part of fragments of shells, and often containing a small proportion of organic matter, a very useful manure for clay soils, heavy loams, and newly-reclaimed bogs; Shell′work, work composed of or adorned with shells.—adj. Shell′y, consisting of a shell: testaceous.—Shell out, (slang), to hand over, as money. [A.S. scell, scyl; Dut. schel, Ice. skel.]

Shelta, shel′ta, n. a secret jargon of great antiquity spoken by Irish tinkers, beggars, and pipers.—Also Shelrū, Cainnt cheard, Gam cant, Bog-latin. [Shelrū, a perversion of the Irish béulra, language.]

Shelter, shel′tėr, n. that which shields or protects: a refuge: a retreat, a harbour: protection.—v.t. to cover or shield: to defend: to conceal.—v.i. to take shelter.—n. Shel′terer.—adjs. Shel′terless; Shel′tery, affording shelter. [Orig. sheltron—A.S. scyld-truma, shield-troop—scyld, shield, truma, troop—trum, firm.]

Shelty, Sheltie, shel′ti, n. a Shetland pony. [Perh. a dim. of Shetland pony.]

Shelve, shelv, v.t. to furnish with shelves: to place on a shelf; to put aside.—n. Shel′ving, the furnishing with shelves: the act of placing on a shelf: shelves or materials for shelves.

Shelve, shelv, v.i. to slope, incline.—n. a ledge.—n. Shel′ving, a shelving place: (rare) a bank.—adj. Shel′vy, sloping, shallow. [Prob. ult. from Ice. skelgja-sk, to come askew—skjálgr, wry.]

Shend, shend, v.t. (Spens.) to disgrace, to reproach, to blame, also to overpower, to surpass:—pa.t. and pa.p. shent. [A.S. scendan, to disgrace—A.S. scand, sceand (Ger. schande), shame.]

She-oak, shē′-ōk, n. one of several shrubs of the Australian genus Casuarina.

Sheol, shē′ōl, n. the place of departed spirits. [Heb. she'ōl, a hollow place—shā'al, to dig out.]

Shepherd, shep′ėrd, n. one who herds sheep: a swain: a pastor:—fem. Shep′herdess.—v.t. to tend as a shepherd: to watch over, protect the interests of, or one's own interests in.—ns. Shep′herdism, pastoral life; Shep′herdling, a little shepherd; Shep′herd's-crook, a long staff, its upper end curved into a hook; Shep′herd's-dog, a dog specially trained to help in tending sheep, the collie or Scotch sheep-dog, &c.; Shep′herd's-flute, a flageolet or the like; Shep′herd's-nee′dle, an annual plant, called also Venus's comb; Shep′herd's-plaid, -tar′tan, a woollen cloth made with black and white checks: this form of pattern itself; Shep′herd's-pouch, -purse, an annual cruciferous plant, with compressed, somewhat heart-shaped seed-vessel; Shep′herd's-rod, -staff, a small kind of teasel.—Shepherd kings (see Hyksos).—The Good Shepherd, a title of Jesus Christ (John, x. 11); The Shepherds, a sect of fanatical shepherds in France about 1251 A.D., eager to deliver the imprisoned Louis IX. [A.S. sceáp-hyrde. Sheep and herd.]

Sherbet, shėr′bet, n. a drink of water and fruit juices, sweetened and flavoured. [Through Turk. from Ar. sharbat, a drink—shariba, he drinks.]

Sherif, Shereef, she-rēf′, n. a descendant of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima: a prince or ruler: the chief magistrate of Mecca. [Ar. sharīf, noble, lofty.]

Sheriff, sher′if, n. the governor of a shire: (English law) the chief officer of the crown in every county or shire, his duties being chiefly ministerial rather than judicial: (Scots law) the chief magistrate and judge of the county: in the United States the office of sheriff is mainly ministerial, his principal duties to maintain peace and order, attend courts, guard prisoners, serve processes, and execute judgments.—ns. Sher′iffalty, Sher′iffdom, Sher′iffship, the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff; Sher′iff-clerk, in Scotland the registrar of the sheriff's court, who has charge of the records of the court; Sher′iff-dep′ute (Scot.), the sheriff proper, so called since the abolition of the heritable jurisdictions in 1748 to distinguish him from the earlier heritable Sher′iff-prin′cipal, whose title is now merged in that of the Lord-lieutenant; Sher′iff-off′icer, in Scotland, an officer connected with the sheriff's court, who is charged with arrests, the serving of processes, &c.; Sher′iff-sub′stitute, the acting sheriff in a Scotch county or city, like the sheriff-depute appointed by the crown, but unlike the sheriff-depute forced to reside within his judicial district, and forbidden to take other employment; Un′der-sher′iff, the deputy of an English sheriff who performs the execution of writs. [A.S. scir-geréfa—scir (Eng. shire), geréfa, a governor; cog. with Ger. graf, a count.]

Sherry, sher′i, n. a name derived from Xeres or Jerez de la Frontera, near Cadiz, and applied to the better kind of white wines grown in the neighbourhood of Xeres.—Sherry cobbler, a cobbler made with sherry.—Natural sherry, a sherry having from two to four per cent. of spirit added to make it keep.

Shetlander, shet′land-ėr, n. a native or inhabitant of Shetland.—Shetland lace, an open-work ornamental trimming made with woollen yarn for shawls, &c.; Shetland pony, a small sturdy and shaggy horse, usually nine to ten hands high, a shelty; Shetland wool, a thin but strong undyed worsted, spun from the wool of the sheep in the Shetland Islands, much used for knitting fine shawls, &c.

Sheva, she-vä′, n. a Hebrew point (:) written below its consonant, and indicating properly the absence of a vowel (simple sheva). It is either unsounded, as at the close of a syllable (silent sheva), or given a short breathing or neutral sound, as at the beginning of a syllable (vocal sheva). Sometimes it is compounded with the short vowels, forming compound shevas.

Shiah, shē′ä, n. a member of that Mohammedan sect which maintains that Ali, first cousin of Mohammed and husband of his daughter Fatima, was the first legitimate successor of the Prophet, rejecting the three califs of their opponents the Sunnis, as usurpers.—n. Shiism (shē′izm). [Ar. shī'a, sect.]

Shibboleth, shib′bō-leth, n. (B.) a test-word used by the Gileadites under Jephthah to detect the fleeing Ephraimites, who could not pronounce the sh (Judges, xii. 4-6): the criterion or watchword of a party. [Heb., an ear of corn, or a stream.]

Shield, shēld, n. a broad plate worn for defence on the left arm: anything that protects: defence: a person who protects: the shield-shaped escutcheon used for displaying arms.—v.t. to defend: (Shak.) to forfend, avert.—v.i. to be a shelter.—ns. Shiel′der; Shield′-fern, a fern, so called from its shape.—adj. Shield′less, defenceless.—adv. Shield′lessly.—n. Shield′lessness.—adj. Shield′-shaped, scutate. [A.S. scyld; Ger. schild, Ice. skiöldr, protection.]

Shift, shift, v.t. to change in form or character: to put out of the way: to dress in fresh clothes.—v.i. to change about: to remove: to change one's clothes: to resort to expedients for some purpose: in violin-playing, to move the left hand from its original position next to the nut.—n. a change: in violin-playing, any position of the left hand except that nearest the nut: a squad or relay of men: a contrivance: an artifice: last resource: a chemise or woman's undermost garment (orig. signifying a change of body-linen).—adj. Shift′able, capable of being shifted.—ns. Shift′er, one who shifts: a trickster; Shift′iness, the character of being shifty.—adj. Shift′ing, unstable: shifty.—adv. Shift′ingly.—adj. Shift′less, destitute of shifts or expedients: unsuccessful, for want of proper means.—adv. Shift′lessly.—n. Shift′lessness.—adj. Shift′y, full of, or ready with, shifts, contrivances, or expedients.—Shift about, to vacillate: to turn quite round to the opposite point; Shift for one's self, to provide for one's self; Shift of crops, rotation of crops; Shift off, to defer: to put away.—Make shift, to find ways and means of doing something, contrive. [A.S. sciftan, to divide, Ice. skipta.]

Shiite, shē′īt, n. the same as Shiah (q.v.).—adj. Shiit′ic.

Shikar, shi-kär′, n. in India, hunting, sport.—ns. Shikar′ee, Shikar′i, a hunter. [Hind.]

Shillalah, shi-lā′la, n. an oak sapling, the oak or blackthorn cudgel of the conventional Irishman.—Also Shille′lah, Shillā′ly. [Prob. Shillelagh, an oak-wood in County Wicklow.]

Shilling, shil′ing, n. an English silver coin=12 pence.—Take the shilling, to enlist as a soldier by accepting the recruiting-officer's shilling—discontinued since 1879. [A.S. scilling; Ger. schilling.]

Shilly-shally, shil′i-shal′i, adv. in silly hesitation.—n. foolish trifling: irresolution.—v.i. to hesitate.—n. Shill′y-shall′ier, an irresolute person. [A reduplication of 'Shall I?']

Shilpit, shil′pit, adj. (Scot.) weak, washy: feeble-looking. [Ety. dub.]

Shim, shim, n. (mach.) a thin slip used to fill up space caused by wear.—v.t. to wedge up. [Ety. dub.]

Shimmer, shim′ėr, v.i. to gleam tremulously, to glisten.—ns. Shimm′er, Shimm′ering, a tremulous gleam. [A.S. scimrian—scíman, to shine; Ger. schimmern.]

Shin, shin, n. the large bone of the leg or the forepart of it: a bird's shank.—v.i. to climb a tree (with up): to tramp, trudge.—v.t. to climb a tree by swarming up it: to kick on the shins.—ns. Shin′-bone, the tibia; Shin′-piece, a piece of armour defending the forepart of the leg; Shin′-plas′ter (U.S.), a patch of brown-paper steeped in vinegar, &c., laid on a sore: a small paper note or promise to pay. [A.S. scina, the shin (esp. in the compound scin-bán, shin-bone); Dut. scheen, Ger. schiene.]

Shin, shin, n. a god, or the gods: the term used by Protestant missionaries in Japan and China for the Supreme Being.

Shindy, shin′di, n. the game of shinty, shinny, bandy-ball, or hockey: (slang) a row, disturbance.—Kick up a shindy, to make a disturbance.

Shine, shīn, v.i. to beam with steady radiance: to glitter: to be bright or beautiful: to be eminent.—v.t. to cause to shine:—pa.t. and pa.p. shone (shon), (B.) shīned.—adj. (Spens.) bright.—n. brightness: splendour: fair weather: (slang) disturbance, row, a trick.—n. Shī′ner, that which shines: (slang) a coin, esp. a sovereign: a small American fresh-water fish.—adj. Shī′ning.—adv. Shī′ningly.—n. Shī′ningness.—adj. Shī′ny, clear, unclouded: glossy.—Cause, or Make, the face to shine (B.), to be propitious; Take the shine out of (slang), to outshine, eclipse. [A.S. scínan; Ger. scheinen.]

Shingle, shing′gl, n. wood sawed or split thin, used instead of slates or tiles, for roofing houses: (U.S.) a small sign-board or plate.—v.t. to cover with shingles: to crop the hair very close.—adjs. Shing′led, Shing′le-roofed, having the roof covered with shingles.—ns. Shing′ler; Shing′ling. [Low L. scindula, a wooden tile—L. scindĕre, to split.]

Shingle, shing′gl, n. the coarse gravel on the shores of rivers or of the sea.—adj. Shing′ly. [Orig. single—Norw. singel, singling, shingle—singla, freq. of singa, to ring.]

Shingles, shing′glz, n. popular name for the disease Herpes zoster. [A corr. of L. cingulum, a belt or girdle—cingĕre, to gird.]

Shinny, shin′i, n. the game of bandy-ball or hockey. [Prob. Gael, sinteag, a bound.]

Shinti-yan, shin′ti-yan, n. the loose drawers worn by Moslem women.—Also Shin′tigan.

Shinto, shin′tō, n. the system of nature and hero worship forming the indigenous religion of Japan.—ns. Shin′tōism; Shin′tōist. [Jap.,=Chin. shin tao—shin, god, tao, way, doctrine.]

Ship, ship, n. a vessel having three masts, with tops and yards to each: generally, any large sea-going vessel.—v.t. to put on board a ship: to engage for service on board a ship: to transport by ship: to fix in its place.—v.i. to engage for service on shipboard:—pr.p. ship′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. shipped.—ns. Ship′-bis′cuit, hard biscuit for use on shipboard; Ship′board, the deck or side of a ship; Ship′-boy, a boy that serves on board a ship; Ship′-break′er, one who breaks up vessels no longer fit for sea; Ship′-brok′er, a broker who effects sales, insurance, &c. of ships; Ship′builder, one whose occupation is to construct ships; Ship′building; Ship′-canal′, a canal large enough to admit the passage of sea-going vessels; Ship′-cap′tain, one who commands a ship; Ship′-car′penter, a carpenter who works at shipbuilding; Ship′-chand′ler, a dealer in cordage, canvas, and other ship furniture or stores; Ship′-chand′lery, the business wares of a ship-chandler; Ship′-fē′ver, typhus fever, as common on board crowded ships; Ship′ful, as much or as many as a ship will hold; Ship′-hold′er, a ship-owner; Ship′-lett′er, a letter sent by a vessel which does not carry mails; Ship′-load, the load or cargo of a ship; Ship′man, a sailor:—pl. Ship′men; Ship′master, the captain of a ship; Ship′mate, a companion in the same ship; Ship′ment, act of putting on board ship: embarkation: that which is shipped; Ship′-mon′ey, a tyrannical tax imposed by the king on seaports, revived without authorisation of parliament by Charles I. in 1634-37; Ship′-of-the-line, before steam navigation, a man-of-war large enough to take a place in a line of battle; Ship′-own′er, the owner of a ship or ships.—adj. Shipped (Shak.), furnished with a ship or ships.—ns. Ship′per; Ship′ping, ships collectively: tonnage: (Shak.) a voyage; Ship′ping-āg′ent, the agent of a vessel or line of vessels to whom goods are consigned for shipment.—n.pl. Ship′ping-art′icles, articles of agreement, between the captain and his crew.—ns. Ship′ping-bill, invoice of goods embarked; Ship′ping-mas′ter, the official who witnesses signature by the sailors of the articles of agreement; Ship′ping-off′ice, the office of a shipping-agent, or of a shipping-master; Ship′-pound, a unit of weight in the Baltic ports; Ship′-rail′way, a railway by means of which vessels can be carried overland from one body of water to another.—adjs. Ship′-rigged (naut.), rigged like a ship, having three masts with square sails and spreading yards; Ship′shape, in a seaman-like manner: trim, neat, proper.—ns. Ship's′-hus′band, the owner's agent in the management of a ship; Ship′-tire (Shak.), a sort of head-dress, whether from its streamers or its general likeness to a ship; Ship′-way, the supports forming a sliding-way for the building, repairing, and launching of vessels; Ship′-worm, a genus (Teredo) of worm-like molluscs which perforate and live in timber, lining the cavity or tube with a calcareous encrustation; Ship′wreck, the wreck or destruction of a ship: destruction.—v.t. to destroy on the sea: to make to suffer wreck.—ns. Ship′wright, a wright or carpenter who constructs ships; Ship′yard, a yard where ships are built or repaired.—Ship a sea, to have a wave come aboard; Ship's papers, documents required for the manifestation of the property of a ship and cargo; Ship the oars (see Oar).—About ship! an exclamation to pull in the sheet preparatory to changing a ship's course during a tack; Make shipwreck of, to ruin, destroy; On shipboard, upon or within a ship; Take ship, or shipping, to embark. [A.S. scip—scippan, to make—scapan, to shape; Goth. skip, Ice. skip, Ger. schiff.]

Shipton, ship′ton, n. usually 'Mother Shipton,' a famous prophetess of popular English tradition, born near Knaresborough in 1488.

Shire, shīr, shir (in county-names), n. a county, one of the larger divisions of England for political purposes—originally a division of the kingdom under a sheriff, the deputy of the ealdorman: a term also surviving as applied to certain smaller districts in England, as Richmondshire and Hallamshire.—ns. Shire′man, a sheriff; Shire′-moot, Shire′-mote, formerly in England a court of the county held periodically by the sheriff together with the bishop or the ealdorman. [A.S. scir, scire, a county, sciran, a secondary form of sceran, to cut off.]

Shirk, shėrk, v.t. to avoid, get off or slink away from.—n. Shir′ker.—adj. Shir′ky. [A form of shark.]

Shirr, Shir, shėr, n. a puckering made in a fabric by parallel gathering-threads.—v.t. to produce such.—adj. Shirred, having lines or cords inserted between the threads, as in certain elastic fabrics.—ns. Shirr′ing, decorative-shirred needlework; Shirr′ing-string, a cord used to gather the threads together in shirred-work. [Ety. dub.]

Shirt, shėrt, n. a short garment worn next the body by men: an interior lining in a blast-furnace.—v.t. to cover as with a shirt.—ns. Shirt′-frill, a fine cambric frill worn in the early years of the 19th century on the breast of the shirt; Shirt′-front, that part of the shirt which is open and covers the breast, generally of finer material, starched stiffly; Shirt′ing, cloth for shirts: shirts collectively.—adj. Shirt′less, without a shirt.—ns. Shirt′-sleeve, the sleeve of a shirt; Shirt′-waist, a woman's overgarment or blouse, coming to the waist and belted there.—Bloody shirt, a blood-stained shirt, as the symbol of murder; Boiled shirt, a white shirt clean washed; In one's shirt-sleeves, without the coat. [Scand.; Ice. skyrta—skortr, shortness.]

Shittah, shit′a, n. a tree whose durable wood—Shittim wood—was used in the construction of the Jewish Tabernacle and its furniture—prob. the Acacia seyal. [Heb. shittah, pl. shittīm.]

Shivaree, shiv′a-rē, v.t. (U.S.) to give a mock serenade to.—Also n. [A corr. of charivari.]

Shive, shīv, n. (Shak.) a slice, as of bread: a small bung for closing a wide-mouthed bottle. [Scand., Ice. skífa, a slice; Dut. schijf, Ger. scheibe.]

Shiver, shiv′ėr, n. a splinter, or small piece into which a thing breaks by sudden violence.—v.t. to shatter.—v.i. to fall into shivers.—n. Shiv′er-spar, a slaty calcite or calcium carbonate.—adj. Shiv′ery, brittle.—Shiver my timbers, a nautical imprecation. [Skeat explains shiver as a dim. of the foregoing shive, a thin slice, the same as prov. Eng. sheave, a thin disc of wood, wheel of a pulley—Ice. skífa, a slice; Dut. schijf, Ger. scheibe.]

Shiver, shiv′ėr, v.i. to shake or tremble: to shudder.—v.t. to cause to shake in the wind, as sails.—n. Shiv′ering.—adv. Shiv′eringly, with shivering or trembling.—adj. Shiv′ery, inclined to shiver.—The shivers (coll.), the ague, chills. [M. E. chiveren, a softened form of kiveren, supposed by Skeat to be a Scand. form of quiver, and a freq. of Ice. kippa, to pull, the spelling with sh being due to confusion with shiver (n.).]

Shizoku, shē-zō′kōō, n. the two-sworded men of Japan, the gentry proper.

Shoal, shōl, n. a great multitude of fishes swimming together.—v.i. to crowd.—adv. Shoal′wise, in shoals. [A.S. scólu, company—L. schola, school.]

Shoal, shōl, n. a shallow: a place where the water of a river, sea, or lake is not deep: a sandbank.—adj. shallow.—v.i. to grow shallow: to come upon shallows.—ns. Shoal′er, a coasting vessel; Shoal′iness; Shoal′ing, filling up with shoals; Shoal′-mark, a mark set up to indicate shoal-water; Shoal′ness, shallowness.—adj. Shoal′y, full of shoals or shallows: not deep. [Scand.; Ice. skálgr, oblique; cf. Shallow.]

Shock, shok, n. a violent shake: a sudden dashing of one thing against another: violent onset: an offence: a condition of prostration of voluntary and involuntary functions caused by trauma, a surgical operation, or excessive sudden emotional disturbance: (coll.) a sudden attack of paralysis, a stroke: an electrical stimulant to sensory nerves, &c.: any very strong emotion.—v.t. to shake by violence: to offend: to disgust: to dismay.—v.i. to collide with violence.—n. Shock′er (coll.), a very sensational tale.—adj. Shock′ing, offensive, repulsive.—adv. Shock′ingly.—n. Shock′ingness. [Prof. Skeat explains M. E. schokken, to shock, as from O. Fr. choc, a shock, choquer, to give a shock—Old High Ger. scoc, a shock, shaking movement. Cf. A.S. scóc, pa.t. of sceacan, to shake.]

Shock, shok, n. a heap or pile of sheaves of corn.—v.t. to make up into shocks or stooks.—n. Shock′er. [M. E. schokke—Old Dut. schocke.]

Shock, shok, n. a dog with long, shaggy hair: a mass of shaggy hair.—n. Shock′-dog, a rough-haired dog, a poodle.—adjs. Shock′-head, -ed, having a thick and bushy head of hair. [A variant of shag.]

Shoddy, shod′i, n. (orig.) the waste arising from the manufacture of wool: now applied to the wool of old woven fabrics reduced to the state in which it was before being spun and woven, and thus fit for remanufacture: the inferior cloth made from this substance: worthless goods: (coll.) pretence, sham, vulgar and baseless assumption.—adj. made of shoddy: inferior, trashy: pretentious, sham, counterfeit: ambitious by reason of newly-acquired wealth.—n. Shodd′yism. [Shed, to part—A.S. sceádan, to part.]

Shoe, shōō, n. a covering for the foot, not coming above the ankle: a rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to keep it from injury: anything in form or use like a shoe:—pl. Shoes (shōōz).—v.t. to furnish with shoes: to cover at the bottom:—pr.p. shoe′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. shod.—ns. Shoe′-bill, the whalehead (Balæniceps); Shoe′black, one who blacks and cleans shoes or boots; Shoe′-black′ing, blacking for boots and shoes; Shoe′-boy, a boy who cleans shoes; Shoe′-brush, a brush for cleaning boots or shoes; Shoe′-buck′le, a buckle for fastening the shoe on the foot, by means of a latchet passing over the instep; Shoe′-hamm′er, a broad-faced hammer for pounding leather and for driving pegs, &c.; Shoe′horn, a curved piece of horn or metal used in putting on a shoe; Shoe′ing-horn, a shoehorn: (obs.) anything by which a transaction is facilitated; Shoe′-lace, a shoe-string; Shoe′-latch′et, a thong for holding a shoe, sandal, &c. on the foot; Shoe′-leath′er, leather for shoes: shoes or shoeing generally.—adj. Shoe′less, destitute of shoes.—ns. Shoe′maker, one whose trade or occupation is to make shoes or boots; Shoe′making; Shoe′-peg, a small peg of wood or metal for fastening different parts of a shoe together; Sho′er, one who furnishes shoes, a horse-shoer; Shoe′-stretch′er, a last having a movable piece for distending the leather of the shoe in any part; Shoe′-string, a string used to draw the sides of the shoe or boot together; Shoe′-tie, a cord or string for lacing a shoe: (Shak.) a traveller; Shoe′-work′er, one employed in a shoe-factory.—Another pair of shoes (coll.), quite a different matter; Be in one's shoes, or boots, to be in one's place; Die in one's shoes, to die by violence, esp. by hanging; Put the shoe on the right foot, to lay the blame where it rightly belongs. [A.S. sceó; Goth. skohs, Ger. schuh.]

Shog, shog, v.i. to shake, jog, move on, be gone.—v.t. to shake.—n. a jog, shock. [Celt., W. ysgogi, to wag, ysgog, a jolt.]

Shogun, shō′gōōn, n. the title of the commander-in-chief of the Japanese army during the continuance of the feudal system in Japan.—adj. Shō′gunal.—n. Shō′gunate. [Jap.,—sho, to hold, gun, army.]

Shoo, shōō, interj. off! away! to scare away fowls, &c.—v.i. to cry 'Shoo!'—v.t. to drive away by calling 'Shoo!' [Cf. Fr. chou, Gr. sou.]

Shooldarry, shōōl-där′i, n. a small tent with steep sloping roof and low sides. [Hind.]

Shoot, shōōt, v.t. to dart: to let fly with force: to discharge from a bow or gun: to strike with a shot: to thrust forward: to pass rapidly through: to lay out, place in position: to hunt over, to kill game in or on: to send forth new parts, as a plant.—v.i. to perform the act of shooting: to variegate, to colour in spots or threads: to be driven along: to fly, as an arrow: to jut out: to germinate: to advance or grow rapidly: to hunt birds, &c., with a gun:—pa.t. and pa.p. shot.—n. act of shooting: a match at shooting, shooting-party: a young branch: (Shak.) a sprouting horn: a passage-way in a mine for letting one down: a sloping trough used for discharging articles or goods from a height: a river-fall, rapid.—adj. Shoot′able, that may be shot, or shot over.—ns. Shoot′er, one who, or that which, shoots; Shoot′ing, act of discharging firearms or an arrow: sensation of a quick pain: act or practice of killing game: right to kill game with firearms on a certain area: the district so limited; Shoot′ing-box, a small house in the country for use in the shooting season; Shoot′ing-gall′ery, a long room used for practice in the use of firearms; Shoot′ing-ī′ron (slang), a revolver; Shoot′ing-jack′et, a short kind of coat for shooting in; Shoot′ing-range, a place for practising shooting at targets at measured distances; Shoot′ing-star, a meteor or falling star; Shoot′ing-stick, a printer's tool of wood or metal, to be struck with a mallet, for driving quoins.—Shoot ahead, to get to the front among a set of competitors; Shoot over, to go out shooting: to hunt upon.—I′ll be shot (slang), a mild imprecation. [A.S. sceótan; Dut. schieten, Ger. schiessen, to dart.]

Shop, shop, n. a building in which goods are sold by retail: a place where mechanics work, or where any kind of industry is pursued: one's own business or profession, also talk about such.—v.i. to visit shops for the purpose of buying.—v.t. (slang) to imprison:—pr.p. shop′ping; pa.p. shopped.—ns. Shop′-bell, a small automatic bell hung to give notice of the opening of a shop-door; Shop′-board, a bench on which work, esp. that of tailors, is done; Shop′-boy, -girl, a boy or girl employed in a shop; Shop′-keeper, one who keeps a shop for the sale of goods by retail; Shop′keeping, the business of keeping a shop; Shop′-lift′er; Shop′-lift′ing, lifting or stealing anything from a shop; Shop′man, one who serves in a shop: a shopkeeper; Shopoc′racy, shopkeepers collectively; Shop′ping, the act of visiting shops to see and buy goods.—adj. Shop′py, commercial: abounding in shops: given to talking shop: concerning one's own pursuit.—ns. Shop′-walk′er, one who walks about in a shop and sees the customers attended to; Shop′woman, a woman employed in a shop.—adj. Shop′-worn, somewhat tarnished by being exposed in a shop.—Fancy shop, a shop where fancy goods are sold.—Shut up shop (coll.), to abandon any enterprise; The other shop (slang), a rival institution or establishment; The whole shop (slang), entirely; Talk shop (coll.), to converse unseasonably about one's own profession. [A.S. sceoppa, a treasury (influenced by O. Fr. eschoppe, a stall.)]

Shore, shōr, n. the coast or land adjacent to the sea, to a river, or lake.—v.t. (Shak.) to set on shore.—ns. Shor′age, duty on goods when brought on shore from a ship; Shore′-anch′or, the anchor lying towards the shore; Shore′-cliff, a cliff at the water's edge; Shore′-land, land bordering on a shore.—adj. Shore′less, having no coast: indefinite or unlimited.—n. Shores′man, a fisherman along shore: a sole or part owner of a vessel: a longshoreman.—adv. Shore′ward, towards the shore.—n. Shore′-whāl′ing, the pursuit of the whale near the shore. [A.S. score—sceran, to shear.]

Shore, shōr, n. a prop or support for the side of a building, or to keep a vessel in dock steady on the slips.—v.t. to prop (often with up).—ns. Shōr′er; Shōr′ing, the act of supporting with props: a set of props. [Skeat refers to Ice. skortha, a prop, esp. under a boat—skor-inn, pa.p. of skera, to shear.]

Shore, shōr, v.t. (Scot.) to warn, threaten: to offer. [Perh. a form of score, or another form of sure, equivalent to assure.]

Shorn, shorn, pa.p. of shear.—n. Shōr′ling, Shōre′ling, a newly-shorn sheep.

Short, short, adj. (comp. Short′er, superl. Short′est) not long in time or space: not tall: near at hand, early in date: scanty, lacking, insufficient: in error, deficient in wisdom, grasp, memory, &c.: narrow: abrupt, curt, sharp, uncivil: brittle, crumbling away readily: not prolonged in utterance, unaccented: (coll.) undiluted with water, neat: falling below a certain standard (with of): of stocks, &c., not having in possession when selling, not able to meet one's engagements, pertaining to short stocks or to those who have sold short.—adv. not long.—n. a summary account: a short time or syllable: whatever is deficient in number, quantity, &c.: a short sale, one who has made such: (pl.) small clothes, knee-breeches: the bran and coarse part of meal, in mixture.—ns. Short′age, deficiency; Short′-allow′ance, less than the regular allowance; Short′-and, the character '&,' the ampersand.—adj. Short′-armed, having short arms, not reaching far.—ns. Short′-bill, one having less than ten days to run; Short′-cake, a rich tea-cake made short and crisp with butter or lard and baked—also Short′-bread (Scot.): (U.S.) a light cake, prepared in layers with fruit between, served with cream; Short′-cir′cuit (electr.), a path of comparatively low resistance between two points of a circuit.—n.pl. Short′-clothes, small clothes, the dress of young children after the first long clothes.—v.t. Short′-coat, to dress in short-coats.—n.pl. Short′-coats, the shortened skirts of a child when the first long clothes are left off.—n. Short′coming, act of coming or falling short of produce or result: neglect of, or failure in, duty.—n.pl. Short′-comm′ons (see Common).—n. Short′-cross, the short cross-bar of a printer's chase.—adjs. Short′-cut, cut short instead of in long shreds—of tobacco, &c.—also n.; Short′-dāt′ed, having short or little time to run from its date, as a bill.—n. Short′-divi′sion, a method of division with a divisor not larger than 12—opp. to Long-division.—v.t. Short′en, to make short: to deprive: to make friable.—v.i. to become short or shorter: to contract.—n. Short′-gown, a loose jacket with a skirt, worn by women, a bed-gown.—adj. Short′-grassed (Shak.), provided or covered with short grass.—n. Short′hand, an art by which writing is made shorter and easier, so as to keep pace with speaking.—adj. Short′-hand′ed, not having the proper number of servants, work-people, &c.—ns. Short′hander, a stenographer; Short′-horn, one of a breed of cattle having very short horns—Durham and Teeswater.—adj. Short′-horned.—n. Short′-hose, the stockings of the Highland dress, reaching to the knee, as opposed to the long hose formerly worn by Englishmen.—adjs. Short′-joint′ed, short between the joints: having a short pastern; Short′-legged (Shak.), having short legs; Short′-lived, living or lasting only for a short time.—adv. Short′ly, in a short time: in a brief manner: quickly: soon.—ns. Short′-mē′tre (see Metre); Short′ness; Short′-pull, a light impression on a hand-press; Short′-rib, one of the lower ribs, not reaching to the breast-bone, a false or floating rib.—adj. Short′-sight′ed, having sight extending but a short distance: unable to see far: of weak intellect: heedless.—adv. Short′-sight′edly.—n. Short′-sight′edness.—adjs. Short′-spō′ken, sharp and curt in speech; Short′-stā′ple, having the fibre short.—n. Short′-stop, the player at base-ball between the second and third base.—adjs. Short′-tem′pered, easily put into a rage; Short′-wind′ed, affected with shortness of wind or breath; Short′-wit′ted, having little wit, judgment, or intellect.—At short sight, meaning that a bill is payable soon after being presented; Be taken short (coll.), to be suddenly seized with a desire to evacuate fæces; Come, Cut, Fall, short (see Come, Cut, Fall); In short, in a few words; Make short work of, to settle some difficulty or opposition promptly; Take up short, to check or to answer curtly; The long and short, the whole. [A.S. sceort; Old High Ger. scurz; the Dut. and Sw. kort, Ger. kurz, are borrowed from L. curtus.]

Shot, shot, adj. (Spens.) advanced in years.—n. a young pig. [Perh. pa.p. of shoot.]

Shot, shot, n. act of shooting: a marksman: a missile: flight of a missile, or the distance passed by it: small globules of lead: (gun.) solid projectiles generally: a small pellet, of which there are a number in one charge: range of shot, reach: one cast or set of fishing-nets: the act of shooting, one who shoots, a marksman: a plot of land, a square furlong: a stroke in billiards, &c.—v.t. to load with shot:—pr.p. shot′ting; pa.p. shot′ted.—ns. Shot′-belt, a belt with a pouch for carrying shot; Shot′-cart′ridge, a cartridge containing small shot; Shot′-gauge, an instrument for measuring the size of round-shot; Shot′-gun, a smooth-bore gun for small shot, a fowling-piece; Shot′-hole, a hole made by a shot or bullet: a blasting-hole ready for a blast; Shot′-of-a-cā′ble, a length of rope as it comes from the rope-walk; Shot′-pouch, a pouch for small shot.—adjs. Shot′-proof, proof against shot; Shot′ted, loaded with ball and powder: having a shot or weight attached.—ns. Shot′-tow′er, a place where small shot is made by dropping molten lead through a colander in rapid motion from a considerable height into water; Shot′-win′dow, a projecting window in the staircases of old Scotch wooden houses.—A bad shot, a wrong guess; A shot in the locker, a last reserve of money, food, &c.

Shot, shot, adj. having a changeable colour, chatoyant, as silk, alpaca, &c.

Shot, shot, n. a reckoning, a share of a tavern-bill, &c.—adj. Shot′-free (Shak.), exempted from paying one's share of the reckoning or of expense. [Scot.]

Shotten, shot′n, p.adj. (Shak.) having ejected the spawn: shooting out into angles: dislocated, as a bone. [From shoot.]

Should, shood, pa.t. of shall. [A.S. sceolde, pa.t. of sceal; cf. Shall.]

Shoulder, shōl′dėr, n. the part of the trunk between the neck and the free portion of the arm or fore-limb, the region about the scapula: the upper joint of the foreleg of an animal cut for market: anything resembling the shoulder, a rising part, a prominence: that which sustains, support, the whole might or effort: the whole angle of a bastion between the face and flank.—v.t. to push with the shoulder or violently: to take upon the shoulder: to fashion with a shoulder or abutment.—v.i. to force one's way forward.—ns. Shoul′der-belt, a belt that passes across the shoulder; Shoul′der-blade, the broad, flat, blade-like bone (scapula) of the shoulder; Shoul′der-block, a pulley-block left nearly square at the upper end and cut away towards the sheave; Shoul′der-bone, the humerus, shoulder-blade; Shoul′der-clap′per (Shak.), one who claps another on the shoulder or uses great familiarity, a bailiff.—adj. Shoul′dered, having shoulders of a specified kind.—ns. Shoul′der-knot, a knot worn as an ornament on the shoulder, now confined to servants in livery; Shoul′der-piece, a strap passing over the shoulder and joining the front and back part of a garment; Shoul′der-slip, a sprain of the shoulder.—adjs. Shoul′der-slipped, Shoul′der-shot′ten (Shak.), having the shoulder-joint dislocated.—n. Shoul′der-strap, a strap worn on or over the shoulder: (U.S.) a narrow strap of cloth edged with gold-lace worn on the shoulder to indicate military and naval rank.—Shoulder-of-mutton sail, a kind of triangular sail of peculiar form, used mostly in boats, very handy and safe, particularly as a mizzen; Shoulder to shoulder, with hearty and united action or effort.—Give, Show, or Turn the cold shoulder (see Cold); Put, or Set, one's shoulder to the wheel, to give personal help heartily; With one shoulder, with one consent. [A.S. sculder, sculdor; Ger. schulter, Dut. schouder.]

Shout, showt, n. a loud and sudden outcry expressing strong emotion, or to attract attention.—v.i. to utter a shout: (slang) to order drink for others by way of treat.—v.t. to utter with a shout.—n. Shout′er.—adv. Shout′ingly. [Ety. unknown.]

Shout, showt, n. (prov.) a light flat-bottomed boat used in duck-shooting.

Shove, shuv, v.t. to drive along by continuous pressure: to push before one.—v.i. to push forward: to push off.—n. act of shoving: a strong push, a forward movement of packed river-ice.—Shove off, to push off a boat with oar or boat-hook. [A.S. scofian; Dut. schuiven, Ger. schieben.]

Shovel, shuv′l, n. an instrument consisting of a broad blade or scoop with a handle, used for lifting loose substances.—v.t. to lift up and throw with a shovel: to gather in large quantities.—v.i. to use a shovel:—pr.p. shov′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. shov′elled.—ns. Shov′el-board, Shove′-groat, Shuff′le-board, a game in which a piece of money or metal is driven with the hand toward a mark on a board: the board used in the game; Shov′elful, as much as a shovel will hold:—pl. Shov′elfuls; Shov′el-hat, a hat with a broad brim, turned up at the sides, and projecting in front—affected by Anglican clergy; Shov′el-head, the bonnet-headed shark: the shovel-headed sturgeon; Shov′eller, one who shovels: a genus of ducks, with mandibles very broad at the end; Shov′el-nose, a sturgeon with broad, depressed, shovel-shaped snout. [A.S. scofl, from scúfan, to shove; Ger. schaufel.]

Show, shō, v.t. to present to view: to enable to perceive or know: to inform: to teach: to guide: to prove: to explain: to bestow.—v.i. to appear, come into sight: to look:—pa.p. shōwn or shōwed.—n. act of showing: display: a sight or spectacle: parade: appearance: plausibility, pretence: a sign, indication.—ns. Show′-bill, a bill for showing or advertising the price, merits, &c. of goods; Show′-box, a showman's box out of which he takes his materials; Show′bread, among the Jews, the twelve loaves of bread shown or presented before Jehovah in the sanctuary; Show′-card, a placard with an announcement: a card of patterns; Show′-case, a case with glass sides in which articles are exhibited in a museum, &c.; Show′-end, that end of a piece of cloth which is on the outside of the roll for exhibition to customers; Show′er; Show′ing, appearance: a setting forth, representation; Show′man, one who exhibits shows; Show′-place, a place for exhibition: a gymnasium: (Shak.) a place where shows are exhibited; Show′-room, a room where a show is exhibited: a room in a warehouse, &c., where goods are displayed to the best advantage, a room in a commercial hotel where travellers' samples are exhibited.—Show a leg (vul.), to get out of bed; Show fight, to show a readiness to resist; Show forth, to give out, proclaim; Show off, to display ostentatiously; Show of hands, a raising of hands at a meeting to show approval of any proposal; Show one's hand (see Hand); Show one the door, to dismiss a person from one's house or presence; Show up, to expose to blame or ridicule. [A.S. scéawian; Dut. schouwen, Ger. schauen, to behold.]

Shower, show′ėr, n. a fall of rain or hail, of short duration: a copious and rapid fall: a liberal supply of anything.—v.t. to wet with rain: to bestow liberally.—v.i. to rain in showers.—ns. Show′er-bath, a bath in which water is showered upon one from above: the apparatus for giving a bath by showering water on the person; Show′eriness, the state of being showery.—adjs. Show′erless, without showers; Show′ery, abounding with showers. [A.S. scúr; Ice. skúr, Ger. schauer.]

Showy, shō′i, adj. making a show: cutting a dash: ostentatious: gay.—adv. Show′ily.—n. Show′iness.

Shrab, shrab, n. sherbet, liquor generally, spirits. [Hind. sharāb, wine.]

Shrapnel, shrap′nel, n. a shell filled with musket-balls—from General Shrapnel (died 1842).

Shred, shred, n. a long, narrow piece cut or torn off: a strip, fragment, particle.—v.t. to cut or tear into shreds.—n. Shred′ding, the act of cutting into shreds: a shred.—adjs. Shred′dy, consisting of shreds, ragged; Shred′less.—n. Shred′-pie, mince-pie. [A.S. screáde; Ger. schrot, Scot. screed.]

Shrew, shrōō, n. a brawling, troublesome woman: a scold: a family of insectivorous mammals closely resembling, in general form and appearance, the true mice and dormice—the head long, muzzle long and pointed.—adj. Shrewd, of an acute judgment: biting, keen: sly, malicious, wicked, cunning, vixenish.—adv. Shrewd′ly.—n. Shrewd′ness.—adj. Shrew′ish, having the qualities of a shrew: peevish and troublesome: clamorous.—adv. Shrew′ishly.—ns. Shrew′ishness; Shrew′-mole, a genus of insectivorous mammals of the family Talpidæ, very closely allied to the moles.—adj. Shrew′-struck, poisoned or blasted by a shrew. [A.S. screáwa, a shrew-mouse, its bite having been supposed venomous; cf. Ger. scher-maus, a mole.]

Shriek, shrēk, v.i. to utter a shriek: to scream.—v.t. to utter shriekingly.—n. the shrill outcry caused by terror or anguish—(Spens.) Schriech, Shright, Shrike.—ns. Shriek′er; Shriek′-owl (same as Screech-owl). [Screech.]

Shrieve, shrēv, v.t. (Spens.) same as Shrive.—n. Shriev′alty (same as Sheriffalty).

Shrift, shrift, n. a confession made to a priest: absolution—esp. of a dying man. [A.S. scrift—scrífan, to shrive.]

Shrike, shrīk, n. a genus of passerine birds which prey on insects and small birds, impaling its prey on thorns—hence called the Butcher-bird. [Ice. skríkja; cf. Shriek.]

Shrill, shril, adj. piercing: sharp: uttering an acute sound.—adjs. Shrill′-gorged (Shak.), shrill-throated; Shrill′ing (Spens.), sounding shrill.—n. Shrill′ness.—adjs. Shrill′-tongued, Shrill′-voiced (Shak.), having a shrill voice; Shrill′y, somewhat shrill.—adv. Shrill′y. [Skeat explains M. E. shril (Scotch skirl) as from Scand., Norw. skryla, skräla, to cry shrilly; cf. Low Ger. schrell.]

Shrimp, shrimp, n. a genus of edible crustaceans, of the order Decapoda, allied to lobsters, crayfish, and prawns: a little wizened or dwarfish person.—v.i. to catch shrimps.—ns. Shrimp′er, one who catches shrimps; Shrimp′ing, the act of catching shrimps; Shrimp′-net, a small-meshed net, on a hoop and pole, for catching shrimps. [Parallel to shrink; cf. Scotch scrimpit, pinched.]

Shrine, shrīn, n. a case or reliquary for relics: a sacred place: an altar: anything hallowed by its associations.—v.t. to enshrine.—adj. Shrī′nal. [A.S. scrín—L. scrinium—scribĕre, to write.]

Shrink, shringk, v.i. to contract: to wither: to occupy less space: to become wrinkled by contraction: to recoil, as from fear, disgust, &c.—v.t. to cause to shrink or contract: to withdraw:—pa.t. shrank, shrunk; pa.p. shrunk.—n. act of shrinking: contraction: withdrawal or recoil.—adj. Shrink′able.—ns. Shrink′age, a contraction into a less compass: the extent of the reduction of anything in bulk by shrinking, evaporation, &c.; Shrink′er.—adv. Shrink′ingly, in a shrinking manner: by shrinking. [A.S. scrincan; akin to Ger. schränken, to place obliquely.]

Shrive, shrīv, v.t. to hear a confession from and give absolution to.—v.i. to receive confession: to make such:—pa.t. shrōve or shrīved; pa.p. shriv′en.—ns. Shrī′ver, one who shrives: a confessor; Shrī′ving (Spens.), shift, confession; Shrīving-time (Shak.), time for confession. [A.S. scrífan, to write, to prescribe penance—L. scribĕre.]

Shrivel, shriv′l, v.i. and v.t. to contract into wrinkles: to blight:—pr.p. shriv′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. shriv′elled. [Perh. conn. with Old Northumbrian screpa, to become dry; cf. Norw. skrypa, to waste.]

Shroff, shrof, n. a banker or money-changer in India.—v.t. to inspect the quality of coins.—n. Shroff′age, such examination. [Hind. sarrāf—Ar. sarrāf.]

Shroud, shrowd, n. the dress of the dead, a winding-sheet: that which clothes or covers: any underground hole, a vault, burrow, &c.: (pl.) a set of ropes from the mast-heads to a ship's sides, to support the masts.—v.t. to enclose in a shroud: to cover: to hide: to shelter.—v.i. to take shelter.—adjs. Shroud′less, without a shroud; Shroud′y, giving shelter. [A.S. scrúd; Ice. skrúdh, clothing.]

Shroud, shrowd, v.t. (prov.) to lop the branches from, as a tree.—n. a cutting, a bough or branch, the foliage of a tree. [A variant of shred.]

Shrove-tide, shrōv′-tīd, n. the name given to the days immediately preceding Ash-Wednesday, preparatory to Lent—given up to football, cock-fighting, bull-baiting, &c.—ns. Shrove′-cake, a pancake for Shrove-tide; Shrove′-Tues′day, the day before Ash-Wednesday. [A.S. scrífan, to shrive.]

Shrub, shrub, n. a woody plant with several stems from the same root: a bush or dwarf tree.—v.t. (prov.) to win all a man's money at play.—adj. Shrub′beried, abounding in shrubbery.—ns. Shrub′bery, a plantation of shrubs; Shrub′biness, the state or quality of being shrubby.—adjs. Shrub′by, full of shrubs: like a shrub: consisting of shrubs; Shrub′less. [A.S. scrob; prov. Eng. shruff, light rubbish wood.]

Shrub, shrub, n. a drink prepared from the juice of lemons, currants, raspberries, with spirits, as rum. [A variant of shrab.]

Shrug, shrug, v.t. to draw up: to contract.—v.i. to draw up the shoulders, expressive of doubt, surprise, indifference, &c.:—pr.p. shrug′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. shrugged.—n. an expressive drawing up of the shoulders. [Scand., Dan. skrugge, to stoop.]

Shuck, shuk, n. a husk, shell, or pod.—v.t. to remove such, to strip off.—ns. Shuck′er, one who shucks; Shuck′ing, the act of taking off the shuck: a shucking-bee.—interj. Shucks (slang), expressive of contempt or disappointment.

Shudder, shud′ėr, v.i. to tremble from fear or horror.—n. a trembling from fear or horror.—adj. Shudd′ering, trembling, tremulous.—adv. Shudd′eringly. [Cf. Old Dut. schudden; Ger. schaudern, to shudder.]

Shuffle, shuf′l, v.t. to change the positions of: to confuse: to remove or introduce by purposed confusion.—v.i. to change the order of cards in a pack: to shift ground: to evade fair questions: to move by shoving the feet along.—n. act of shuffling: an evasion or artifice.—n. Shuff′ler.—p.adj. Shuff′ling, evasive, as an excuse.—adv. Shuff′lingly, in a shuffling manner: with an irregular gait: evasively.—To shuffle off, to thrust aside, put off. [A by-form of scuffle, thus conn. with shove and shovel.]

Shun, shun, v.t. to avoid: to keep clear of: to neglect:—pr.p. shun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. shunned.—adj. Shun′less (Shak.), not able to be shunned: unavoidable.—ns. Shun′ner; Shun′pike, a byroad. [A.S. scunian; Ice. skunda, to speed.]

Shunt, shunt, v.t. to turn aside, to turn off upon a side-rail: to shove off, free one's self from.—v.i. to turn aside: to use a switch or shunt in railways and electrics.—n. a short side-rail for allowing the main-line to be kept free: (electr.) a conductor joining two points of a circuit, through which a part of the current is diverted.—ns. Shun′ter; Shun′ting. [A.S. scyndan, to hasten. Skeat derives from Ice. skunda, to speed.]

Shut, shut, v.t. to close, as a door: to forbid entrance into: to contract, close, or bring together the parts of: to confine: to catch in the act of shutting something.—v.i. to close itself: to be closed.—pr.p. shut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. shut.—p.adj. made fast, closed: not resonant, dull: formed by closing the mouth and nose passages completely, said of consonants, as t, d, p: having the sound cut off sharply by a succeeding consonant, as the i in pin, &c.: freed from (with of).—ns. Shut′down, a discontinuance of work in a factory, &c.; Shut′ter, one who, or that which, shuts: a close cover for a window or aperture: (phot.) a device for opening and closing a lens.—v.t. to cover with shutters.—n. Shut′ter-dam, a form of movable dam having large gates opened and closed by a turbine.—Shut down, to stop working; Shut in, to enclose, to confine: to settle down, or fall (said, e.g., of evening); Shut off, to exclude; Shut out, to prevent from entering; Shut up, to close, to confine: (coll.) to cease speaking, to make one do so, to make it impossible to answer. [A.S. scyttan, to bar—sceótan, to shoot.]

Shuttle, shut′l, n. an instrument used for shooting the thread of the woof between the threads of the warp in weaving.—v.t. and v.i. to move to and fro, like a shuttle.—n. Shutt′lecock, a rounded cork stuck with feathers, driven with a battledore: the game itself.—adv. Shutt′lewise, in the manner of a shuttle.—adj. Shutt′le-wit′ted, flighty. [From base of A.S. sceótan, shoot; Dan. and Sw. skyttel.]

Shwanpan, shwän′pan, n. the Chinese abacus or reckoning board.—Also Swan′pan.

Shy, shī, adj. timid: reserved: cautious: suspicious: elusive, hard to find.—v.i. to start aside, as a horse from fear.—v.t. to avoid:—pa.t. and pa.p. shīed.—n. a sudden swerving aside.—advs. Shy′ly, Shi′ly.—ns. Shy′ness, Shī′ness (obs.); Shy′ster, a tricky lawyer.—Fight shy of (see Fight); Look shy at, or on, to regard with distrust. [A.S. sceóh; Ger. scheu, Dan. sky.]

Shy, shī, v.t. to fling, throw, toss.—v.i. to jerk.—n. a throw, a fling: a gibe, sneer: a trial.

Si, sē, n. the syllable used for the seventh tone of the scale, or the leading tone.

Sialogogue, sī-al′o-gog, n. a drug which increases the secretion of saliva—also Sial′agogue.—adjs. Sialogog′ic (-goj′-); Sī′aloid.—n. Sialorrhē′a, excessive flow of saliva. [Gr. sialon, saliva, agōgos, leading—agein, to lead.]

Siamang, sē′a-mang, n. the largest of the gibbons, found in Sumatra and Malacca. [Malay.]

Siamese, sī-am-ēz′, adj. pertaining or belonging to Siam, a country of Asia.—n. a native of Siam.—Siamese twins, two famous Siamese men (1811-74), joined from their birth by a cartilaginous band.

Sib, Sibbe, sib, adj. (Spens.) related by blood, akin.—n. a blood relation: a close ally. [A.S. sibb, relationship; Gr. sippe.]

Siberian, sī-bē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Siberia, a country of Asia.—n. a native of Siberia.—n. Sibē′rite, rubellite from Siberia.

Sibilance, sib′i-lans, n. a hissing sound—also Sib′ilancy.—adj. Sib′ilant, making a hissing sound.—n. a sibilant letter, as s and z.—v.t. Sib′ilāte, to pronounce with a hissing sound.—n. Sibilā′tion, a hissing sound.—adjs. Sib′ilatory, Sib′ilous, hissing, sibilant. [L. sibilāre, -ātum, to hiss.]

Sibyl, sib′il, n. in ancient mythology, one of certain women possessing powers of divination and prophecy: a prophetess, an old sorceress.—adjs. Sibyl′lic, Sib′ylline, pertaining to, uttered, or written by sibyls: prophetical.—n. Sib′yllist, a believer in the so-called sibylline prophecies.—Sibylline Oracles, a series of pretended prophecies in Greek hexameters, written by Alexandrian Jews and Christians, and supposed to date from the 2d century B.C. down to the 3d century A.D., or, according to Ewald, even the 6th. [L.,—Gr. sibylla, not 'she who reveals the will of Zeus,' Dios boulē. The root is sib-, as in L. per-sibus, acute, Gr. sophos, wise.]

Sic, sik, adv. so, thus—printed within brackets in quoted matter to show that the original is being correctly reproduced, even though incorrect or wrong.—Sic passim, so throughout.

Sic, sik, Siccan, sik′an, adj. Scotch forms of such.—adj. Sic′-like, for such-like, of the same kind.

Sicanian, si-kā′ni-an, adj. pertaining to the Sicanians, an aboriginal pre-Aryan race in Sicily.

Siccate, sik′āt, v.t. to dry.—n. Siccā′tion.—adj. Sicc′ative, drying: causing to dry.—n. Siccity (sik′si-ti), dryness. [L. siccāre, -ātum—siccus, dry.]

Sice, Syce, sīs, n. a groom, a mounted attendant.—Also Saice. [Hind, sāis—Ar. sāis.]

Siceliot, si-sel′i-ot, adj. pertaining to the Siceliots, the colonies of immigrant Greeks in Sicily, who gradually became assimilated with the native Siculi—also Sikel′iot.—n. a Greek settler in Sicily: a Siculian.

Sicilian, si-sil′yan, adj. of or pertaining to Sicily, an island south of Italy.—n. a native of Sicily.—ns. Siciliä′no, a Sicilian popular dance in slow movement, also the music for such; Sicilienne′, a ribbed silk fabric.—Sicilian Vespers, the massacre of the French in Sicily on Easter Monday 1282—at the first stroke of the vesper-bell.

Sick, sik, adj. affected with disease: ill: inclined to vomit: disgusted: infirm: disordered: pining: depressed: indicating sickness: poor in quality: out of repair.—v.i. (Shak.) to grow sick.—ns. Sick′-bay, -berth, a compartment on a troop-ship, &c., for sick and wounded; Sick′-bed, a bed on which a person lies sick.—adj. Sick′-brained, mentally deranged.—v.t. Sick′en, to make sick: to disgust: to make weary of anything.—v.i. to become sick: to be disgusted: to become disgusting or tedious: to become weakened.—n. Sick′ener, any cause of disgust.—adj. Sick′ening, causing sickness or disgust, loathsome.—n. a scum which forms on the surface of mercury from grease, sulphides, arsenides, &c.—adv. Sick′eningly.—adj. Sick′-fall′en (Shak.), struck down with sickness.—ns. Sick′-flag, a yellow flag indicating disease on board a ship; Sick′-head′ache, headache accompanied with nausea.—adj. Sick′ish, somewhat sick.—adv. Sick′ishly.—ns. Sick′ishness; Sick′-leave, leave of absence from duty owing to sickness.—adj. Sick′lied (Shak.), tainted with the hue of sickness or disease.—adv. Sick′lily, in a sickly manner.—ns. Sick′liness, the state of being sickly, or of appearing so; Sick′-list, a list containing the names of the sick.—adjs. Sick′-listed, entered on the sick-list; Sick′ly, inclined to sickness: unhealthy: somewhat sick: weak: languid: producing disease: mawkish: feeble, mentally weak.—adv. in a sick manner: feebly.—v.t. (obs.) to make sickly or sickly-looking.—ns. Sick′ness, state of being sick, disease: disorder of the stomach: an enfeebled state of anything; Sick′-report′, a return regularly made of the state of the sick; Sick′-room, a room to which a person is confined by sickness.—adj. Sick′-thought′ed (Shak.), love-sick. [A.S. seóc; Ger. siech, Dut. ziek.]

Sick, sik, v.t. to set upon, chase: to incite to attack. [A variant of seek.]

Sicker, sik′ėr, adj. (Scot.) sure, certain, firm.—adv. (Spens.) surely, certainly—also Sicc′ar.—n. Sick′erness (Spens.), the state of being sicker or certain. [A.S. siker—L. securus; Ger. sicher.]

Sickle, sik′l, n. a hooked instrument for cutting grain.—n. Sic′kle-bill, a name applied to various birds with sickle-shaped bill.—adj. Sic′kled, bearing a sickle.—ns. Sic′kle-feath′er, one of the sickle-shaped middle feathers of the domestic cock; Sic′kleman, one who uses a sickle, a reaper.—adj. Sic′kle-shaped.—n. Sic′kle-wort, the self-heal. [A.S. sicol, sicel—L. secula, a sickle—secāre, to cut.]

Sicsac, sik′sak, n. the Egyptian courser, crocodile-bird, or black-headed plover.—Also Ziczac.

Siculian, si-kū′li-an, adj. pertaining to the Siculi, an ancient and most probably Aryan race of southern Italy who colonised Sicily.—adjs. Sic′ulo-Arā′bian; Sic′ulo-Pū′nic.

Sicyos, sis′i-os, n. a genus of plants of the order Cucurbitaceæ, the gourd family.

Siddha, sid′da, n. one who has attained to Sid′dhi, accomplishment or perfection.—n. Siddhar′ta, an epithet of Buddha. [Sans.]

Side, sīd, n. the edge or border of anything: the surface of a solid: a part of a thing as seen by the eye: region, part: the part of an animal between the hip and shoulder: any party, interest, or opinion opposed to another: faction: line of descent: at billiards, a certain bias or kind of spinning motion given to a ball by striking it sidewise: (slang) a pretentious and supercilious manner, swagger.—adj. being on or toward the side: lateral: indirect.—v.i. to embrace the opinion or cause of one party against another.—v.t. (Spens.) to be on the same side with, to support: to cut into sides: to push aside, to set aside.—n.pl. Side′arms, arms or weapons worn on the side, as a sword or bayonet.—ns. Side′-beam, either of the working-beams of a marine engine, placed below the crank-shaft, on each side of the cylinder, instead of a central beam above the crank-shaft; Side′board, a piece of furniture on one side of a dining-room for holding dishes, &c.: (pl.) side-whiskers, stiff standing collars (slang).—n.pl. Side′-bones, enlargements situated above the quarters of a horse's feet, resulting from the conversion into bone of the elastic lateral cartilages.—ns. Side′box, a box or seat at the side of a theatre; Side′-chap′el, a chapel in an aisle or at the side of a church; Side′-comb, a small comb used to keep a lock of hair in place at the side of a woman's head; Side′-cous′in, a distant relative; Side′-cut, a cut from the side, an indirect attack; Side′-cut′ting, an excavation of earth along the side of a railway or canal to obtain material for an embankment.—adj. Sid′ed, having a side: flattened on one or more sides.—ns. Side′-dish, any supplementary dish at a dinner, &c., specially flavoured; Side′-drum, a small double-headed drum in military bands; Side′-glance, a glance to one side; Side′-is′sue, a subordinate issue aside from the main business; Side′light, light coming from the side, any incidental illustration: a window, as opposed to a sky-light, a window above or at the side of a door: one of the red or green lights carried on the side of a vessel under way at night; Side′-line, a line attached to the side of anything: any additional or extra line of goods sold by a commercial traveller: (pl.) the ropes binding the fore and hind feet on the same side of a horse.—adj. Side′ling, inclining to a side, sloping.—adv. sidewise, aslant.—n. Side′lock, a separate lock of hair worn at the side of the head.—adj. Side′long, oblique: not straight.—adv. in the direction of the side: obliquely.—n. the slope of a hill.—ns. Side′-note, a marginal note on a page, as opposed to a foot-note; Side′-part′ner (U.S.), one who shares a duty or employment with another alongside or alternately; Sid′er, a partisan: one living in any particular quarter of a city; Side′-rod, a coupling-rod of a locomotive: either of the rods of a side-beam engine connecting the cross-head on the piston-rod with the working-beam: either of the rods of a side-beam engine connecting the working-beams with the cross-head of the air-pump; Side′sadd′le, a saddle for women sitting, not astride, but with both feet on one side; Side′saddle-flower, a name sometimes given to a plant of the genus Sarracenia; Side′-screw, a screw on the front edge of a carpenter's bench to hold the work fast: one of the screws fastening the lockplate of a gun to the stock; Side′-scrip′tion (Scots law), an old method of authenticating deeds written on several sheets of paper pasted together, by signing the name across each junction; Side′-seat, a seat in a vehicle with the back against its side; Side′-show, an exhibition subordinate to a larger one; Side′-sleeve (Shak.), a loose hanging sleeve; Side′-slip, an oblique offshoot: a bastard; Sides′man, a deputy churchwarden: (Milt.) a partisan.—adj. Side′-split′ting, affecting the sides convulsively, as in boisterous laughter.—ns. Side′-stroke, a stroke given sideways; Side′-tā′ble, a table placed usually against the wall; Side′-view, a view on or from one side; Side′-walk, a foot-walk beside a street or road.—advs. Side′ways, Side′wise, toward or on one side.—adj. Side′-wheel, having side or paddle wheels.—ns. Side′-wind, a wind blowing laterally: any indirect influence or means; Sīd′ing, a short line of rails on which wagons are shunted from the main-line.—v.i. Sī′dle, to go or move side-foremost.—v.t. to cause to move sideways.—Side by side, placed with sides near each other.—Choose sides, to pick out opposing parties to contend with each other; Right, or Wrong, side, the side of anything (cloth, leather, &c.) intended to be turned outward or inward respectively; Take a side, to join one party in opposition to another; Take sides, to range one's self with one or other of contending parties; To one side, having a lateral inclination: out of sight. [A.S. síde; Ger. seite, Dut. zijde.]

Sidereal, sī-dē′rē-al, adj. relating to a star or stars: starry: (astron.) measured by the apparent motion of the stars.—adj. Sid′eral (Milt.), relating to the stars: baleful, from astrology.—n. Siderā′tion, a sudden deprivation of sense, as a stroke of apoplexy: a blast of plants.—Sidereal day, the time between two successive upper culminations of a fixed star or of the vernal equinox, shorter than a solar day; Sidereal year (see Year). [L. sidus, sideris, a star.]

Siderite, sid′ėr-īt, n. the lodestone: native iron protocarbonate—also Chalybite, Spathic or Sparry iron, Junckerite. [L. sideritis, the lodestone—Gr. sidēritēs, of iron—sidēros, iron.]

Siderography, sid-ėr-og′ra-fi, n. steel-engraving.—adjs. Siderograph′ic, -al.—n. Siderog′raphist. [Gr. sidēros, iron, graphein, engrave.]

Siderolite, sid′e-rō-līt, n. a meteorite composed chiefly of iron. [Gr. sidēros, iron, lithos, stone.]

Sideromancy, sid′ėr-ō-mans-i, n. divination by burning straws, &c., on a red-hot plate of iron. [Gr. sidēros, iron, manteia, divination.]

Sideroscope, sid′ėr-o-skōp, n. an instrument for detecting minute degrees of magnetism by means of a combination of magnetic needles. [Gr. sidēros, iron, skopein, to view.]

Siderostat, sid′e-rō-stat, n. a heliostat adapted to sidereal time.—adj. Siderostat′ic. [L. sidus, sideris a star, Gr. statos, standing.]

Siege, sēj, n. a sitting down with an army round or before a fortified place in order to take it by force: a continued endeavour to gain possession: (Shak.) a seat, throne, station: (Shak.) excrement: the floor of a glass-furnace: a workman's bench.—v.t. to lay siege to.—ns. Siege′-piece, a coin, generally of unusual shape and rude workmanship, issued in a besieged place during stress of siege; Siege′-train, the materials carried by an army for the purpose of laying siege to a place.—State of siege, a condition of things in which civil law is suspended or made subordinate to military law; Minor state of siege, a modification of the more severe rule in cases of merely domestic trouble. [O. Fr. sege (Fr. siège), seat—Low L. assedium=L. obsidium, a siege—sedēre, to sit.]

Sienese, si-e-nēz′, adj. pertaining to Siena, or Sienna, in central Italy, or its school of painting in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Sienna, si-en′a, n. a fine orange-red pigment used in oil and water-colour painting. [It. terra di Siena, Sienna earth.]

Sierra, sē-er′ra, n. a ridge of mountains: a scombroid fish. [Sp., usually derived from L. serra, a saw. Some suggest Ar. sehrah, a desert place, whence also Sahara.]

Siesta, si-es′ta, n. a short sleep taken about midday or after dinner. [Sp.,—L. sexta (hora), the sixth (hour) after sunrise, the hour of noon.]

Sieur, sièr, n. a French title of respect, obsolete except in law-courts. [Fr.,—L. senior.]

Sieve, siv, n. a vessel with a bottom of woven hair or wire to separate the fine part of anything from the coarse: a person who cannot keep a secret.—v.t. to put through a sieve: to sift. [A.S. sife; Ger. seib.]

Siffle, sif′l, n. a sibilant râle.—v.i. to whistle, hiss.—ns. Siff′let, a theatrical whistle; Siff′leur, a whistler. [Fr. siffler—L. sibilāre.]

Sift, sift, v.t. to separate with, or as with, a sieve: to examine closely.—n. Sift′er, one who, or that which, sifts. [A.S. siftan—sife, a sieve.]

Sigh, sī, v.i. to inhale and respire with a long, deep, and audible breathing, as in love or grief: to sound like sighing.—v.t. to express by sighs.—n. a long, deep, audible respiration.—n. Sigh′er.—adj. Sigh′ful.—adv. Sigh′ingly. [A.S. sícan; Sw. sucka.]

Sight, sīt, n. act of seeing: view: faculty of seeing: that which is seen: a spectacle: an object of especial interest: space within vision: examination: a small opening for looking through at objects: a metal pin on the top of a barrel of a gun to guide the eye in taking aim: (slang) a great many or a great deal.—v.t. to catch sight of: to present to sight or put under notice.—adjs. Sight′ed, having sight of some special character, as short-sighted: fitted with a sight, as a firearm; Sight′less, wanting sight: blind: (Shak.) invisible: (Shak.) unsightly, ugly.—adv. Sight′lessly.—ns. Sight′lessness; Sight′liness.—adjs. Sight′ly, pleasing to the sight or eye: comely; Sight′-outrun′ning (Shak.), running faster than the eye can follow.—ns. Sight′-read′er, one who reads at sight, as musical notes, passages in a foreign tongue, &c.; Sight′-reading; Sight′-see′ing, the act of seeing sights: eagerness to see novelties or curiosities; Sight′-sē′er, one who is eager to see novelties or curiosities; Sights′man, a local guide; Sec′ond-sight, a gift of prophetic vision, long supposed in the Scottish Highlands and elsewhere to belong to particular persons.—At sight, without previous study or practice; At sight, After sight, terms applied to bills or notes payable on, or after, presentation; Lose sight of, to cease to see: to overlook; Out of sight, too far away to be seen: not in sight: (coll.) beyond comparison; Put out of sight, to remove from vision: (slang) to consume, as food. [A.S. siht, ge-siht—ge-segen, pa.p. of seón, to see; Ger. sicht.]

Sigil, sij′il, n. a seal: a signature: an occult or magical mark.—adjs. Sig′illary, pertaining to a seal; Sig′illate, decorated, as pottery, with impressed patterns: (bot.) marked with seal-like scars.—ns. Sigillā′tion; Sigillog′raphy, knowledge of seals.—n.pl. Sig′la, abbreviations of names, &c., on seals. [L. sigillum, dim. of signum, sign.]

Sigillaria, sij-il-ā′ri-a, n. a family of fossil lycopods, abundant in Carboniferous strata, with pillar-like trunks, the columnar stems ribbed and fluted longitudinally, the fluting marked by rows or whorls of scars left by fallen leaves.—adjs. Sigillā′rian, Sig′illaroid, Sigillā′rioid. [L. sigillum, a seal.]

Sigma, sig′ma, n. the Greek letter corresponding to our s—written Σ (capital), σ (small initial) or ς (small final).—adjs. Sig′mate, Sigmat′ic.—ns. Sigmā′tion, the adding of s at the end of a word or syllable; Sig′matism, repetition of s or the s-sound: defective pronunciation of this sound.—adjs. Sig′moid, -al, formed like s.

Sign, sīn, n. mark, token: proof: that by which a thing is known or represented: a word, gesture, symbol, or mark, intended to signify something else: a remarkable event: an omen: a miraculous manifestation: a memorial: something set up as a notice in a public place: (math.) a mark showing the relation of quantities or an operation to be performed: (med.) a symptom: (astron.) one of the twelve parts of the zodiac, each comprising 30 degrees of the ecliptic.—v.t. to represent or make known by a sign: to attach a signature to.—v.i. to give one's signature: to make a particular sign.—adj. Sign′able, capable of being, or requiring to be, signed.—ns. Sign′board, a board with a sign telling a man's occupation or articles for sale; Sign′er; Sig′net, the privy-seal: (B.) a seal.—adj. Sig′neted, stamped or marked with a signet.—n. Sig′net-ring, a ring with a signet or private seal.—adj. Sign′less, making no sign.—ns. Sign′-man′ual, the royal signature, usually only the initial of the sovereign's name, with R. for Rex or Regina; Sign′-paint′er, one who paints signs for shops, &c.; Sign′post, a post on which a sign is hung: a direction-post. [Fr. signe—L. signum.]

Signal, sig′nal, n. a sign for giving notice, generally at a distance: token: the notice given: any initial impulse.—v.t. and v.i. to make signals to: to convey by signals:—pr.p. sig′nalling; pa.t. and pa.p. sig′nalled.—adj. having a sign: remarkable: notable: eminent.—ns. Sig′nal-book, a book containing a system of signals; Sig′nal-box, -cab′in, &c., a small house in which railway-signals are worked: the alarm-box of a police or fire-alarm system; Sig′nal-code, a code or system of arbitrary signals, esp. at sea, by flags or lights; Sig′nal-fire, a fire used for a signal; Sig′nal-flag, a flag used in signalling, its colour, shape, markings, and combinations indicating various significations; Sig′nal-gun, a gun fired as a signal.—v.t. Sig′nalise, to make signal or eminent: to signal.—ns. Sig′nal-lamp, a lamp by which signals are made by glasses or slides of different colours, &c.; Sig′nalling, the means of transmitting intelligence to a greater or less distance by the agency of sight or hearing.—adv. Sig′nally.—ns. Sig′nalman, one who makes signals and who interprets those made; Sig′nalment, the act of communicating by signals: description by means of marks; Sig′nal-post, a pole on which movable flags, arms, lights, are displayed as signals; Sig′nal-ser′vice, the department in the army occupied with signalling. [Fr.,—L. signalis, signum.]

Signature, sig′na-tūr, n. a sign or mark: the name of a person written by himself: (mus.) the flats and sharps after the clef to show the key: a sheet after being folded, the figure or letter at the foot of the page indicating such.—adj. Sig′nāte, designate: bearing spots resembling letters.—ns. Signā′tion, anything used as a sign, an emblem; Sig′natory, Sig′natary, Sig′nitary, one bound by signature to some agreement.—adj. having signed, bound by signature.—Doctrine of signatures, an inveterate belief in early medicine that plants and minerals bore certain symbolical marks which indicated the diseases for which nature had intended them as special remedies. [Fr.,—Low L. signatura—L. signāre, -ātum, to sign.]

Signify, sig′ni-fī, v.t. to make known by a sign or by words: to mean: to indicate or declare: to have consequence.—v.i. to be of consequence:—pa.t. and pa.p. sig′nifīed.—adj. Sig′nifiable, that may be signified or represented by symbols.—n. Signif′icance, that which is signified: meaning: importance: moment—also Signif′icancy.—adj. Signif′icant, signifying: expressive of something: standing as a sign.—adv. Signif′icantly.—ns. Signif′icate, in logic, one of several things signified by a common term; Significā′tion, act of signifying: that which is signified: meaning.—adj. Signif′icātive, signifying: denoting by a sign: having meaning: expressive.—adv. Signif′icātively, in a significative manner: so as to betoken by an external sign.—ns. Signif′icātiveness, the quality of being significative; Signif′icātor, one who signifies: (astrol.) a planet ruling a house.—adj. Signif′icatory. [L. significāre, -ātum, signum, a sign, facĕre, to make.]

Signor, sē′nyor, n. an Italian word of address equivalent to Mr—also Signior.—ns. Signora (sē-nyō′ra), feminine of signor; Signorina (sē-nyō-rē′na), the Italian equivalent of Miss; Sig′nory, Sig′niory (same as Seigniory). [It. signore.]

Sike, sīk, n. (Scot.) a small stream of water.—Also Syke. [Ice. sík, síki, a ditch.]

Sikh, sēk, n. one of a religious sect of northern India, which became a great military confederacy—founded by Baba Nának (born 1469).—n. Sikh′ism. [Hind. Sikh, lit. follower or disciple.]

Silage, sī′laj, n. the term applied to fodder which has been preserved by ensilage in a silo.

Sile, sīl, v.t. (prov.) to strain.—n. a sieve, a strainer or colander. [Low Ger. silen; Ger. sielen, to filter.]

Silence, sī′lens, n. state of being silent: absence of sound or speech: muteness: cessation of agitation: calmness: oblivion.—v.t. to cause to be silent: to put to rest: to stop.—interj. be silent!—adj. Sī′lent, free from noise: not speaking: habitually taciturn: still: not pronounced: of distilled spirit, without flavour or odour.—n. Silen′tiary, one who keeps order in an assembly.—adv. Sī′lently.—n. Sī′lentness=Silence. [L. silēre, to be silent.]

Silene, sī-lē′nē, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Caryophyllaceæ—the Bladder Campion, whose young shoots eat like asparagus—the Catchfly, a general name for many British species.

Silenus, sī-lē′nus, n. the foster-father of Bacchus, a little pot-bellied old man, bald-headed and snub-nosed, generally astride of an ass, drunk, and attended by a troop of satyrs.

Silesia, si-lē′shi-a, n. a thin brown holland for window-blinds, &c.: a thin twilled cotton.—adj. Silē′sian, pertaining to Silesia.

Silex, sī′leks, n. silica, as found in nature, occurring as flint, quartz, rock-crystal, &c. [L. silex, silicis, flint.]

Silhouette, sil-ōō-et′, n. a shadow-outline of the human figure or profile filled in of a dark colour.—v.t. to represent in silhouette: to bring out a shaded profile or outline view of. [Étienne de Silhouette (1709-67), French minister of finance for four months in 1759, after whom everything cheap was named, from his excessive economy. According to Littré, the making of such shadow-portraits was a favourite pastime of his; hence the name.]

Silica, sil′i-ka, n. silicon dioxide, or silicic anhydride, a white or colourless substance, the most abundant solid constituent of our globe, existing both in the crystalline and in the amorphous form, the best examples of the former being rock-crystal, quartz, chalcedony, flint, sandstone, and quartzose sand; of the latter, opal.—n. Sil′icate, a salt of silicic acid.—adjs. Sil′icāted, combined or impregnated with silica; Silic′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, silica; Silicif′erous, producing or containing silica.—n. Silicificā′tion, conversion into silica.—v.t. Silic′ify, to convert into silica: to render silicious.—v.i. to become silicious or flinty:—pr.p. silic′ifying; pa.p. silic′ifīed.—adjs. Silic′ious, Silic′eous, pertaining to, containing, or resembling silica.—n. Sil′icon, or Silic′ium, the base of silica, a non-metallic elementary substance, obtainable in three different forms, the amorphous, the graphitoid, and the crystalline. [L. silex, silicis, flint.]

Silicle, sil′i-kl, n. (bot.) a seed-vessel shorter and containing fewer seeds than a silique—also Sil′icule, Silic′ula.—adj. Silic′ulōse (bot.), having, pertaining to, or resembling silicles: husky.—ns. (bot.) Silique (si-lēk′), Sil′iqua, the two-valved elongated seed-vessel of the Cruciferæ.—adjs. Sil′iquiform, Sil′iquose, Sil′iquous (bot.), pertaining to, resembling, or bearing siliques. [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua, a pod.]

Silk, silk, n. the delicate, soft thread produced by the larvæ of certain bombycid moths which feed on the leaves of the mulberry, &c.: thread or cloth woven from it: anything resembling silk, the styles of maize, the silky lustre in the ruby, &c.—adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, silk.—n. Silk′-cott′on, the silky seed-covering of various species of Bombax.—adjs. Silk′en, made of silk: dressed in silk: resembling silk: soft: delicate; Silk′-fig′ured, having the ornamental pattern in silk.—ns. Silk′-gown, or The silk, the robe of a queen's or king's counsel, instead of the stuff-gown of the ordinary barrister—hence 'to take silk'=to be appointed Q.C.; Silk′-grass, Adam's needle, or bear-grass; Silk′iness; Silk′-man (Shak.), a dealer in silks; Silk′-mer′cer, a mercer or dealer in silks; Silk′-mill, a mill for the manufacture of silks; Silk′-pa′per, tissue-paper; Silk′-reel, a machine in which raw silk is unwound from the cocoons, and wound into a thread; Silk′-throw′er, -throw′ster, one who manufactures thrown-silk or organzine, silk thread formed by twisting together two or more threads or singles; Silk′-weav′er, a weaver of silk stuffs; Silk′worm, the bombycid moth whose larva produces silk; Silk′worm-gut, a material used by anglers for dressing the hook-end of the fishing-line, consisting of the drawn-out glands of the silkworm when these are fully distended.—adj. Silk′y, like silk in texture: soft: smooth: glossy. [A.S. seolc—L. sericum—Gr. sērikon, neut. of adj. Sērikos, pertaining to the Sēres—Sēr, a native of China.]

Sill, sil, n. the timber or stone at the foot of a door or window: the lowest piece in a window-frame: (fort.) the inner edge of the bottom of an embrasure: the floor of a mine-passage, also a miner's term for bed or stratum. [A.S. syl; Ice. sylla, Ger. schwelle.]

Silladar, sil′a-där, n. a member of a troop of irregular cavalry. [Hind.]

Sillery, sil′e-ri, n. a celebrated still white wine produced near Rheims—one of the most esteemed champagnes. [Sillery in Marne.]

Sillibub, sil′i-bub, n. a dish made of wine or cider mixed with milk into a curd, flavoured, whipped into a froth, or made solid by gelatine and water, and boiling.—Also Sill′abub.

Sillograph, sil′ō-graf, n. a satirist. [From the Silloi of Timon of Phlius, c. 280 B.C.]

Sillometer, si-lom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the speed of a ship without a log-line. [Fr. siller, to make way, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Sillon, sil′on, n. (fort.) a. work raised in the middle of a very wide ditch, an envelope. [Fr.]

Sillsallat, sil′sal-at, n. a salad of pickled herring, with morsels of meat, eggs, onion, and beet. [Sw.]

Silly, sil′i, adj. simple: harmless: foolish: witless: imprudent: absurd: stupid.—n. a silly person.—adv. Sill′ily.—ns. Sill′iness; Sill′y-how, a caul. [Orig. 'blessed,' and so 'innocent,' 'simple,' A.S. sǽlig, gesælig, timely—sǽl, time; Ger. selig, blest, happy, Goth. sels, good.]

Silo, sī′lō, n. a pit for packing and storing green crops for fodder in the state known as ensilage.—v.t. to preserve in a silo. [Sp.,—L. sirus—Gr. siros, a pit.]

Silpha, sil′fa, n. a genus of clavicorn beetles, the carrion-beetles. [Gr. silphē, a beetle.]

Silphium, sil′fi-um, n. a genus of American composites with resinous juice—prairie-dock, cup-plant, rosin-weed: an umbelliferous plant whose juice the ancient Greeks used—the Latin laserpitium.

Silphology, sil-fol′ō-ji, n. the science of larval forms. [Gr. silphē, a beetle, logia—legein, to say.]

Silt, silt, n. that which is left by straining: sediment: the sand, &c., left by water.—v.t. to fill with sediment (with up).—v.i. to percolate through pores: to become filled up.—adj. Silt′y, full of, or resembling, silt. [Prov. Eng. sile, allied to Low Ger. sielen, Sw. sila, to let water off, to strain.]

Silurian, si-lū′ri-an, adj. belonging to Siluria, the country of the Silures, the ancient inhabitants of the south-eastern part of South Wales: applied by Murchison in 1835 to a series of rocks well developed in the country of the Silures, a subdivision of the Palæozoic, containing hardly any vertebrates and land plants.—adjs. Silū′ridan, Silū′rine, Silū′roid.—ns. Silū′rist, a Silurian, a name applied to the poet Henry Vaughan (1621-95); Silū′rus, Silūre′, the typical genus of Siluridæ, a family of physostomous fishes—the cat-fishes, &c.

Silvan, sil′van, adj. pertaining to woods, woody: inhabiting woods.—ns. Sil′va, Syl′va, the forest-trees collectively of any region. [Fr.,—L. silva.]

Silver, sil′vėr, n. a soft white metal, capable of a high polish: money made of silver: anything having the appearance of silver.—adj. made of silver: resembling silver: white: bright: precious: gentle: having a soft and clear tone: of high rank, but still second to the highest.—v.t. to cover with silver: to make like silver: to make smooth and bright: to make silvery.—v.i. to become silvery.—ns. Sil′ver-bath (phot.), a solution of silver-nitrate for sensitising collodion-plates for printing; Sil′ver-beat′er, one who beats out silver into thin foil.—adjs. Sil′ver-black, black silvered over with white; Sil′ver-bright (Shak.), as bright as silver; Sil′ver-bus′kined, having buskins adorned with silver.—ns. Sil′ver-fir, a coniferous tree of the genus Abies, whose leaves show two silvery lines on the under side; Sil′ver-fish, a name given to the atherine, to artificially bred gold-fish, the sand-smelt, the tarpon: any species of Lepisma, a thysanurous insect—also Bristletail, Walking-fish, Silver-moth, Shiner, &c.; Sil′ver-fox, a species of fox found in northern regions, having a rich and valuable fur; Sil′ver-glance, native silver sulphide; Sil′ver-grain, the medullary rays in timber.—adjs. Sil′ver-gray, having a gray or bluish-gray colour; Sil′ver-haired, having white or lustrous gray hair; Sil′ver-head′ed, having a silver head: with white hair.—ns. Sil′veriness, the state of being silvery; Sil′vering, the operation of covering with silver: the silver so used.—v.t. Sil′verise, to coat or cover with silver:—pr.p. sil′verīsing; pa.p. sil′verīsed.—ns. Sil′verite, one who opposes the demonetisation of silver; Sil′ver-leaf, silver beaten into thin leaves; Sil′verling (B.), a small silver coin.—adv. Sil′verly (Shak.), with the appearance of silver.—adjs. Sil′vern, made of silver; Sil′ver-plā′ted, plated with silver.—n. Sil′ver-print′ing, the production of photographic prints by the use of a sensitising salt of silver.—adj. Sil′ver-shaft′ed, carrying silver arrows, as Diana.—ns. Sil′versmith, a smith who works in silver; Sil′ver-stick, an officer of the royal palace—from his silvered wand.—adjs. Sil′ver-tongued, plausible, eloquent; Sil′ver-voiced (Shak.), having a clear, sweet voice like the sound of a silver musical instrument; Sil′ver-white (Shak.), white like silver; Sil′very, covered with silver: resembling silver: white: clear, soft, mellow. [A.S. silfer, seolfor; Ice. silfr, Ger. silber.]

Simar, Simarre, si-mär′, n. a woman's robe: a scarf. [Fr. simarre—O. Fr. chamarre—Sp. chamarra, a sheep-skin coat, prob. Basque.]

Simarubaceæ, sim-a-rōō-bā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of tropical trees and shrubs—bitter, used in dysentery, &c.—including quassia, bitterwood, and ailanto.—adj. Simarubā′ceous.

Simeonite, sim′ē-on-īt, n. a follower of the famous Cambridge evangelical preacher Charles Simeon (1759-1836), whose influence is perpetuated by the Simeon Trust, established for purchasing advowsons: a low-churchman—often Sim.

Simia, sim′i-a, n. an anthropoid ape: a monkey generally: the typical genus of Simiidæ, containing the orang-utans—the Simiidæ includes the anthropoid apes; Simiinæ is the higher of the two sub-families of Simiidæ, comprising the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orang.—adjs. Sim′ial, Sim′ian, Sim′ious, like an ape: anthropoid. [L.]

Similar, sim′i-lar, adj. like: resembling: uniform: (geom.) exactly corresponding in shape, without regard to size.—n. Similar′ity.—adv. Sim′ilarly.—n. Simil′itude, the state of being similar or like: resemblance: comparison: simile: (B.) a parable.—adj. Similitū′dinary. [Fr.,—L. similis, like.]

Simile, sim′i-le, n. something similar: similitude: (rhet.) a comparison to illustrate anything.—n.pl. Simil′ia, things alike.—v.t. Sim′ilise, to liken, compare.—v.i. to use similitudes.—adv. Simil′liter, in like manner. [L., neut. of similis, like.]

Similor, sim′i-lōr, n. a yellow alloy used for cheap jewellery. [Fr.,—L. similis, like, aurum, gold.]

Simkin, sim′kin, n. the usual Anglo-Indian word for champagne.—Also Simp′kin.

Simmer, sim′ėr, v.i. to boil with a gentle, hissing sound: to be on the point of boiling out, as into anger.—n. a gentle heating. [Imit.; cf. Sw. dial. summa, to hum, Ger. summen.]

Simnel, sim′nel, n. a sweet cake of fine flour for Christmas, Easter, or Mothering Sunday.—Also Sim′lin. [O. Fr. simenel—L. simila, fine flour.]

Simon-pure, sī′mon-pūr, adj. authentic, genuine. [From Simon Pure, a character in Mrs Centlivre's comedy, A Bold Stroke for a Wife, who is counterfeited by an impostor.]

Simony, sim′on-i, n. the crime of buying or selling presentation to a benefice, so named from Simon Magus, who thought to purchase the gift of the Holy Spirit with money (Acts, viii.).—n. Simō′niac, one guilty of simony.—adjs. Simonī′acal, Simō′nious (obs.), pertaining to, guilty of, or involving simony.—adv. Simonī′acally.—n. Sī′monist, one who practises or defends simony.

Simoom, si-mōōm′, n. a hot suffocating wind which blows in northern Africa and Arabia and the adjacent countries from the interior deserts.—Also Simoon′. [Ar. samûm—samm, to poison.]

Simorhynchus, sim-ō-ring′kus, n. a genus of small North Pacific birds, the snub-nosed auklets. [Gr. simos, flat-nosed, hryngchos, snout.]

Simous, sī′mus, adj. flat or snub nosed: concave.—n. Simos′ity.

Simper, sim′pėr, v.i. to smile in a silly, affected manner.—n. a silly or affected smile.—n. Sim′perer, one who simpers.—adj. Simp′ering.—adv. Sim′peringly, in a simpering manner: with a foolish smile. [Prob. Scand.; Norw. semper, smart.]

Simple, sim′pl, adj. single: undivided: resisting decomposition: elementary, undeveloped: plain, single, entire: homogeneous: open: unaffected: undesigning: true: clear: straightforward: artless: guileless: unsuspecting: credulous: not cunning: weak in intellect: silly: of mean birth—opposed to Gentle.—n. something not mixed or compounded: a medicinal herb: a simple feast—opposed to a double or semidouble.—v.i. to gather simples or medicinal plants.—adjs. Sim′ple-heart′ed, having a simple heart: guileless; Sim′ple-mind′ed, having a simple mind: unsuspecting: undesigning.—ns. Sim′ple-mind′edness, the state or quality of being simple-minded: artlessness; Sim′pleness, the state or quality of being simple: artlessness: simplicity: folly; Sim′pler, a gatherer of simples; Sim′pless (Spens.), simplicity; Sim′pleton, a weak or foolish person.—adv. Simplic′iter, simply, not relatively.—ns. Simplic′ity, the state or quality of being simple: singleness: want of complication: openness: clearness: freedom from excessive adornment: plainness: sincerity: artlessness: credulity, silliness, folly; Simplificā′tion, the act of making simple.—adj. Sim′plificātive.—n. Sim′plificātor, one who simplifies.—v.t. Sim′plify, to make simple: to render less difficult: to make plain:—pa.t. and pa.p. sim′plified.—ns. Sim′plism, affected simplicity; Sim′plist, one skilled in simples.—adj. Simplis′tic.—adv. Sim′ply, in a simple manner: artlessly: foolishly: weakly: plainly: considered by itself: alone: merely: solely. [Fr.,—L. simplex, the same—sim- (L. semel), root of plicāre, to fold.]

Simson, Simpson, sim′son, n. (prov.) groundsel. [Earlier sencion—O. Fr. senecion—L. senecio.]

Simulacrum, sim-ū-lā′krum, n. an image, unreal phantom: a formal sign:—pl. Simulā′cra. [L.]

Simulate, sim′ū-lāt, v.t. to imitate: to counterfeit: to pretend: to assume the appearance of without the reality.—adjs. Sim′ulant, simulating: replacing, or having the form or appearance of, esp. in biology; Sim′ular, counterfeit, feigned.—n. one who pretends to be what he is not.—ns. Simulā′tion, the act of simulating or putting on what is not true: imitation in form of one word by another: resemblance, similarity; Sim′ulātor, one who simulates.—adj. Sim′ulātory. [L. simulāre, -ātum, to make (something) similar to (another thing)—similis, like.]

Simultaneous, sim-ul-tā′nē-us, adj. acting, existing, or happening at the same time: (math.) satisfied by the same values of the variables or unknown quantities—of a set of equations.—ns. Simultanē′ity, Simultā′neousness.—adv. Simultā′neously. [Low L. simultaneus—L. simul, at the same time.]

Simurg, si-mōōrg′, n. a monstrous bird of Persian fable.—Also Simorg′, Simurgh′.

Sin, sin, n. wilful violation of law: neglect of duty: neglect of the laws of morality and religion, any want of conformity unto, or transgression of, the law of God: wickedness, iniquity.—v.i. to commit sin: to violate or neglect the laws of morality or religion: to do wrong:—pr.p sin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. sinned.—adjs. Sin′-born, born of sin; Sin′-bred, produced by sin.—ns. Sin′-eat′er, one of a class of men formerly employed in Wales to eat a piece of bread and drink a cup of ale placed on a bier, and so symbolically take upon themselves the sins of the deceased—due to the notion of the Levitical scapegoat (Levit. xvi. 21, 22); Sin′-eat′ing.—adj. Sin′ful, full of, or tainted with, sin: iniquitous: wicked: depraved: criminal: unholy.—adv. Sin′fully.—n. Sin′fulness.—adj. Sin′less, without sin: innocent: pure: perfect.—adv. Sin′lessly.—ns. Sin′lessness; Sin′ner, one who sins: an offender or criminal: (theol.) an unregenerate person.—v.i. (Pope) to act as a sinner (with indefinite it).—n. Sin′-off′ering, an offering for, or sacrifice in expiation of, sin.—adjs. Sin′-sick, morally sick from sin; Sin′-worn, worn by sin.—Like sin (slang), very much, very hard; Mortal, or Deadly, sin, such as wilfully violates the divine law and separates the soul from God—seven deadly sins, pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy, and sloth; Original sin, the innate depravity and corruption of the whole nature due to the sin of Adam as federal representative of the human race, and transmitted by ordinary generation to all his posterity; Venial sin, any transgression due to inadvertence, not alienating the friendship of God. [A.S. syn, sinn; Ice. syn-d, Ger. sünde, L. sons.]

Sinaitic, sī-na-it′ik, adj. pertaining to, made, or given at Mount Sinai.—Also Sinā′ic.

Sinapis, si-nā′pis, n. the officinal name of mustard.—n. Sin′apism, a mustard-plaster. [L.,—Gr. sinapi.]

Since, sins, adv. from the time that: past: ago.—prep. after: from the time of.—conj. seeing that: because: considering. [M. E. sins, sithens—A.S. síth-thám, lit. 'after that,' from síth, late (Ger. seit), and thám, dat. of thæt, that.]

Sincere, sin-sēr′, adj. clean: pure: (B.) unadulterated: being in reality what it is in appearance: unfeigned: frank: honest: true, virtuous.—adv. Sincēre′ly.—ns. Sincēre′ness, Sincer′ity, state or quality of being sincere: honesty of mind: freedom from pretence. [Fr.,—L. sincerus, clean, generally derived from sine, without, cera, wax; better from sin-, single, -cerus for an assumed scerus, bright.]

Sinciput, sin′si-put, n. the forepart of the head from the forehead to the vertex.—adj. Sincip′ital. [L., semi-; half, caput, the head.]

Sindon, sin′don, n. (Bacon) a wrapper. [L.,—Gr. sindōn, fine Indian cloth, muslin, a garment, prob. from India, or Sinde in India.]

Sine, sīn, n. a straight line drawn from one extremity of an arc perpendicular to the diameter that passes through the other extremity. [L. sinus, a curve.]

Sine, sī′ne, prep. without, as in Sine die, without day, of an adjournment; Sine quâ non, an indispensable condition, &c. [L.]

Sinecure, sī′nē-kūr (or sin′-), n. an ecclesiastical benefice without the cure or care of souls: an office with salary but without work.—adj. pertaining to such an office.—ns. Sī′necurism, the state of having a sinecure; Sī′necurist, one who holds a sinecure. [L. sine, without, cura, care.]

Sinew, sin′ū, n. that which joins a muscle to a bone, a tendon: muscle, nerve: that which supplies vigour.—v.t. to bind as by sinews: to strengthen.—adj. Sin′ewed, furnished with sinews: (Shak.) strong, vigorous.—n. Sin′ewiness, the state or quality of being sinewy.—adjs. Sin′ewless, having no sinews: without strength or power; Sin′ew-shrunk, applied to a horse which has become gaunt-bellied from being overdriven; Sin′ewy, Sin′ewous, furnished with sinews: consisting of, belonging to, or resembling sinews: strong: vigorous.—Sinews of war, money. [A.S. sinu; Ice. sin, Ger. sehne.]

Sing, sing, v.i. to utter melodious sounds in musical succession: to make a small, shrill sound: to relate in verse: to squeal: to ring: to be capable of being sung.—v.t. to utter musically: to chant: to celebrate: to attend on: to effect by singing: to celebrate or relate in verse:—pa.t. sang or sung; pa.p. sung.—adj. Sing′able.—ns. Sing′ableness; Sing′er, one who sings: one whose occupation is to sing; Sing′ing, the act or art of singing; Sing′ing-bird, a bird that sings, a songster; Sing′ing-book, a song-book; Sing′ing-gall′ery, a gallery occupied by singers; Sing′ing-hinn′y, a currant cake baked on a girdle.—adv. Sing′ingly.—ns. Sing′ing-man (Shak.), one employed to sing, as in a cathedral; Sing′ing-mas′ter, a master who teaches singing; Sing′ing-school, a place where singing is taught; Sing′ing-voice, the voice as used in singing; Sing′ing-wom′an, a woman employed to sing.—Sing another song, or tune, to change one's tone or attitude, esp. to a humbler manner; Sing out, to call out distinctly, to shout; Sing small, to assume a humble tone: to play a minor part. [A.S. singan; Ger. singen, Goth. siggwan.]

Singe, sinj, v.t. to burn on the surface: to scorch:—pr.p. singe′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. singed.—n. a burning of the surface: a slight burn.—Singed cat, a person who is better than he looks. [A.S. besengan, the causative of singan, to sing, from the singing noise produced by scorching.]

Single, sing′gl, adj. consisting of one only: individual, unique: separate, private: alone: unmarried: not combined with others: unmixed: having one only on each side: straightforward: sincere: simple, normal: pure.—v.t. to separate: to choose one from others: to select from a number.—adjs. Sing′le-act′ing, acting effectively in one direction only—of any reciprocating machine or implement; Sing′le-breast′ed, with a single row of buttons or loops only, of a coat, corsage, &c.—n. Single-en′try, a system of book-keeping in which each entry appears only once on one side or other of an account.—adj. Sing′le-eyed, having but one eye: devoted, unselfish.—ns. Sing′le-flow′er, a flower containing a single set of petals, as a wild rose; Sing′le-foot, a gait of horses, the amble.—adjs. Sing′le-hand′ed, by one's self: unassisted: having only one workman; Sing′le-heart′ed, having a single or sincere heart: without duplicity.—adv. Sing′le-heart′edly.—adj. Sing′le-mind′ed, having a single or sincere mind: upright.—ns. Sing′le-mind′edness; Sing′leness, state of being single or alone: freedom from deceit: sincerity: simplicity.—adj. Sing′le-soled, having a single sole, as a shoe: poor.—ns. Sing′le-stick, a stick or cudgel for one hand: a fight or game with singlesticks; Sing′let, an undershirt or waistcoat; Sing′leton, in whist, a hand containing one card only of some suit; Sing′letree (the same as Swingletree); Sing′le-wom′an, an unmarried woman: (obs.) a whore.—adv. Sing′ly, one by one: particularly: alone: by one's self: honestly: sincerely. [O. Fr.,—L. sin-gulus, one to each, separate, akin to sem-el, once, Gr. ham-a.]

Singsong, sing′song, n. bad singing: drawling: a convivial meeting where every one must sing.—adj. monotonously rhythmical, drawling.—v.t. and v.i. to make songs: to chant monotonously.

Singspiel, sing′spēl, n. a semi-dramatic representation in which a series of incidents are set forth in alternate dialogue and song, now a kind of opera in which the music is subordinated to the words. [Ger., singen, to sing, spiel, play.]

Singular, sing′gū-lar, adj. alone: (gram.) denoting one person or thing: single: not complex or compound: standing alone, rare, unusual, uncommon: of more than common value or importance: unique, extraordinary, strange, odd: (B.) particular.—n. that which is singular: (logic) that which is not general, that which is here and now, that which is determinate in every respect.—n. Singularisā′tion.—v.t. Sing′ularise, to make singular.—ns. Sing′ularist, one who affects singularity; Singular′ity, the state of being singular: peculiarity: anything curious or remarkable: particular privilege or distinction: (math.) an exceptional element or character of a continuum.—adv. Sing′ularly, in a singular manner: peculiarly: strangely: so as to express one or the singular number. [Fr.,—L. singularis.]

Singult, sin′gult, n. a sigh.—adjs. Singul′tient, Singul′tous, affected with hiccup.—n. Singul′tus, a hiccup. [L. singultus, a sob.]

Sinhalese, sin′ha-lēz, n. and adj. the same as Cingalese and Singhalese.

Sinic, sin′ik, adj. Chinese.—adj. Sin′ian, a widely spread series of rocks in China, containing many trilobites and brachiopods.—ns. Sin′icism, Chinese manners and customs; Sin′ism, customs of China generally, esp. its ancient indigenous religion. [L. Sina, China, Sinæ, the Chinese, Gr. Sinai, the Chinese.]

Sinical, sin′ik-al, adj. pertaining to, employing, or founded upon sines.

Sinister, sin′is-tėr, adj. left: on the left hand: evil: unfair: dishonest: unlucky: inauspicious, malign.—adj. Sin′ister-hand′ed, left-handed.—advs. Sin′isterly; Sinis′tra (mus.), with the left hand; Sin′istrad, towards the left.—adj. Sin′istral, belonging or inclining to the left: reversed.—n. Sinistral′ity.—adv. Sin′istrally.—n. Sinistrā′tion, a turning to the left.—adj. Sin′istrous, on the left side: wrong: absurd: perverse.—adv. Sin′istrously. [L.]

Sinistrorse, sin′is-trors, adj. rising from left to right, as a spiral line.—Also Sinistrors′al. [L. sinistrorsus, sinistroversus, towards the left side—sinister, left, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Sink, singk, v.i. to fall to the bottom: to fall down: to descend lower: to fall gradually: to fall below the surface: to enter deeply: to be impressed: to be overwhelmed: to fail in strength.—v.t. to cause to sink: to put under water: to keep out of sight: to suppress: to degrade: to cause to decline or fall: to plunge into destruction: to make by digging or delving: to pay absolutely: to lower in value or amount: to lessen:—pa.t. sank, sunk; pa.p. sunk, sunk′en.—n. a drain to carry off dirty water: a box or vessel connected with a drain for receiving dirty water: an abode of degraded persons: a general receptacle: an area in which a river sinks and disappears: a depression in a stereotype plate: a stage trap-door for shifting scenery: in mining, an excavation less than a shaft.—ns. Sink′er, anything which causes a sinking, esp. a weight fixed to a fishing-line; Sink′-hole, a hole for dirty water to run through; Sink′ing, a subsidence: a depression.—adj. causing to sink.—n. Sink′ing-fund, a fund formed by setting aside income every year to accumulate at interest for the purpose of paying off debt.—adj. Sink′ing-ripe (Shak.), dead-ripe, about to fall off.—n. Sink′room, a scullery. [A.S. sincan; Ger. sinken, Dut. zinken.]

Sinologue, sin′ō-log, n. one versed in Chinese.—adj. Sinolog′ical (-loj′-).—ns. Sinol′ogist; Sinol′ogy.

Sinople, sin′ō-pl, n. a ferruginous clay yielding the fine red pigment Sinō′pia or Sinō′pis. [Gr. sinōpis, a red earth brought from Sinope.]

Sinter, sin′tėr, n. a name given to rocks precipitated in a crystalline form from mineral waters. [Ger.]

Sintoc, sin′tok, n. a Malayan tree with aromatic bark.—Also Sin′doc.

Sinuate, -d, sin′ū-āt, -ed, adj. curved: (bot.) with a waved margin.—v.t. to bend in and out.—ns. Sinuā′tion; Sinuos′ity, quality of being sinuous: a bend or series of bends and turns.—adjs. Sin′uous, Sin′uōse, bending in and out, winding, undulating: morally crooked.—adv. Sin′uously. [L. sinuatus, pa.p. of sinuāre, to bend.]

Sinupalliate, sin-ū-pal′i-āt, adj. having a sinuous pallial margin on the shell along the line of attachment of the mantle.—Also Sinupall′ial. [L. sinus, a fold, pallium, a mantle.]

Sinus, sī′nus, n. a bending: a fold: an opening: a bay of the sea: a recess on the shore: (anat.) a cavity or hollow of bone or other tissue, one of the air-cavities contained in the interior of certain bones: a channel for transmitting venous blood: a narrow opening leading to an abscess, &c.—n. Sī′nusoid, the curve of sines in which the abscisses are proportional to an angle, and the ordinates to its sine.—adj. Sinusoi′dal.—adv. Sinusoi′dally. [L. sinus, a curve.]

Sioux, sōō, n. (pl. Sioux, sōō or sōōz) the principal tribe of the Dakota family of American Indians in South Dakota and Nebraska—also adj.—Also Siouan (sōō′an).

Sip, sip, v.t. to sup or drink in small quantities: to draw into the mouth: to taste: to drink out of.—v.i. to drink in small quantities: to drink by the lips:—pr.p. sip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. sipped.—n. the taking of a liquor with the lips: a small draught.—n. Sip′per. [A.S. syppan (assumed), sipian, to soak. Related to súpan, to sup, taste.]

Sipe, sīp, v.i. (prov.) to soak through.—Also Seep. [A.S. sipian, to soak; Dut. zijpen, to drop.]

Siphon, sī′fun, n. a bent tube for drawing off liquids from one vessel into another.—v.t. to convey by means of a siphon.—n. Sī′phonage.—adjs. Sī′phonal, Sī′phonate, Sīphon′ic, pertaining to, or resembling, a siphon.—n. Sī′phon-bott′le, a glass bottle for containing aerated liquid, fitted with a glass tube reaching nearly to the bottom and bent like a siphon at the outlet.—adjs. Siphonif′erous; Sī′phoniform; Siphonostō′matous, having a siphonate mouth.—ns. Sī′phonostome, a siphonostomatous animal, as a fish-louse; Sī′phuncle, the siphon or funnel of tetrabranchiate cephalopods: a nectary.—adjs. Sī′phuncled, Siphunc′ular, Siphunc′ulate, -d.—ns. Siphunc′ulus; Sipunc′ulus, a genus of worms belonging to the class Gephyrea. [Fr.,—Gr., siphōn—siphlos, hollow.]

Sippet, sip′et, n. a small sop: (pl.) morsels of bread served in broth, &c.—v.i. Sipp′le, to sup in sips.

Sipylite, sip′i-līt, n. a niobite of erbium. [From Gr. Sipylos, one of the children of Niobe.]

Sir, sėr, n. a word of respect used in addressing a man: a gentleman: the title of a knight or baronet, used along with the Christian name and surname, as 'Sir David Pole:' formerly a common title of address for the clergy as a translation of L. dominus, the term used for a bachelor of arts, originally in contradistinction from the magister, or master of arts—hence Sir John=a priest.—v.t. to address as 'sir.' [O. Fr. sire, through O. Fr. senre, from L. senior, an elder, comp. of senex, old. Cf. the parallel forms Sire, Senior, Seignior, Signor.]

Sircar, sėr-kär′, n. a Hindu clerk.—Also Sirkar′, Circar′. [Hind. sarkār, a superintendent—sar, head, kār, Sans. kara, work.]

Sirdar, sėr-där′, n. a chief or military officer. [Hind. sardār—sar, head, -dār, holding.]

Sire, sīr, n. one in the place of a father, as a sovereign: an elder, a progenitor: the male parent of a beast, esp. of a horse: (pl.) ancestors (poetry).—v.t. to beget, used of animals. [Sir.]

Siren, sī′ren, n. (Gr. myth.) one of certain sea-nymphs who sat on the shores of an island between Circe's isle and Scylla, near the south-western coast of Italy, and sang with bewitching sweetness songs that allured the passing sailor to draw near, only to meet with death: a fascinating woman, any one insidious and deceptive: an instrument which produces musical sounds by introducing a regularly recurring discontinuity into an otherwise steady blast of air: an instrument for demonstrating the laws of beats and combination tones: an eel-like, amphibious animal, with only one pair of feet, inhabiting swamps in the southern states of North America.—adj. pertaining to, or like, a siren: fascinating.—n. Sirē′nia, an order of aquatic mammals now represented by the dugong (Halicore) and the manatee (Manatus).—adj. Sirē′nian.—v.i. Sī′renise, to play the siren. [L. siren—Gr. seirēn, prob. seira, a cord.]

Sirius, sir′i-us, n. the Dogstar or Canicula, the brightest star in the heavens, situated in the constellation of Canis Major, or the Great Dog.—n. Sirī′asis, sunstroke. [L.,—Gr. seirios.]

Sirloin, sėr′loin, n. the loin or upper part of the loin of beef. [Fr. surlonge—sur (—L. super, above) and longe (cf. Loin). The first syllable has been modified by confusion with Eng. sir, and an absurd etymology constructed to suit.]

Sirocco, si-rok′o, n. a name given in Italy to a dust-laden dry wind coming over sea from Africa; but also applied to any south wind, often moist and warm, as opposed to the Tramontana or north wind, from the hills.—Also Sir′oc. [It. sirocco (Sp. siroco)—scharq, the east.]

Sirop, sir′op, n. a form of syrup: a kettle used in making sugar by the open-kettle process.

Sirrah, sėr′a, n. sir, used in anger or contempt. [An extension of sir.]

Sirvente, sir-vont′, n. a satirical song of the 12th-13th century trouvères and troubadours. [Fr.]

Sisal-grass, sis′al-gras, n. the prepared fibre of the agave or American aloe, supplying cordage.—Also Sis′al-hemp.

Siscowet, sis′kō-et, n. a Lake Superior variety of the great lake trout.—Also Sis′kiwit, Sis′kowet.

Siserary, sis′e-rā-ri, n. a stroke, blow, originally a legal writ transferring a cause to a higher court.—With a siserary, with suddenness or vehemence. [A corr. of certiorari.]

Siskin, sis′kin, n. a genus of perching birds belonging to the family Fringillidæ, the true finches. [Dan. sisgen, Sw. siska, Ger. zeisig.]

Sist, sist, v.t. (Scots law) to present at the bar: cause to appear, summon: to delay, stop.—n. the act of staying diligence or execution on decrees for civil debts. [L. sistĕre, to make to stand.]

Sister, sis′tėr, n. a female born of the same parents: a female closely allied to or associated with another.—adj. closely related, akin.—v.t. and v.i. to resemble closely: to be a sister to: to be allied.—ns. Sis′terhood, state of being a sister, the duty of a sister: a society of females, a community of women living together under a religious rule, and with a common object for their united life; Sis′ter-hook, in a ship's rigging, one of a pair of hooks fitting closely together and working on the same axis—also Clip-hook and Clove-hook; Sis′ter-in-law, a husband's or wife's sister, or a brother's wife.—adjs. Sis′terless, having no sister; Sis′ter-like, Sis′terly, like or becoming a sister: kind: affectionate. [A.S. sweostor; Dut. zuster, Ger. schwester.]

Sistine, sis′tin, adj. pertaining to a pope of the name of Sixtus, esp. Sixtus IV. (1471-84) and Sixtus V. (1585-90)—also Six′tine.—Sistine Chapel, the Pope's chapel in the Vatican, built in 1473 by Sixtus IV., covered with magnificent frescoes by Michael Angelo and the great Florentine masters; Sistine Madonna, or Madonna of San Sisto, a famous painting by Raphael Santi, now at Dresden, representing the Virgin and Child in glory, St Sixtus on the left, St Barbara on the right, and two cherubs below.

Sistrum, sis′trum, n. a form of rattle used in ancient Egypt in connection with the worship of Isis.

Sisyphean, sis-i-fē′an, adj. relating to Sisyphus: incessantly recurring. [From Sisyphus, a king of Corinth, who was condemned in Tartarus to roll to the top of a hill a huge stone, which constantly rolled down again, making his task incessant.]

Sit, sit, v.i. to rest on the haunches: to perch, as birds: to rest: to remain, abide: to brood: to occupy a seat, esp. officially: to be officially engaged: to blow from a certain direction, as the wind: to be worn, to fit, to be becoming: to take an attitude of readiness, or for any special purpose: to hold a deliberative session.—v.t. to keep a seat, or good seat, upon: to seat, place on a seat:—pr.p. sit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. sat.—n. a subsidence of the roof of a coal-mine: (slang) a situation.—adj. Sit′-fast, fixed, stationary.—n. a callosity of the skin under the saddle, often leading to ulcer.—ns. Sit′ter; Sit′ting, state of resting on a seat: a seat, a special seat allotted to a seat-holder, at church, &c.; also the right to hold such: the part of the year in which judicial business is transacted: the act or time of resting in a posture for a painter to take a likeness: an official meeting to transact business: uninterrupted application to anything for a time: the time during which one continues at anything: a resting on eggs for hatching, the number hatched at one time; Sit′ting-room, the parlour or most commonly used room in many houses.—Sit down, to take a seat: to pause, rest: to begin a siege; Sit loose, or loosely, to be careless or indifferent; Sit on, or upon, to hold an official inquiry regarding: (slang) to repress, check; Sit out, to sit, or to sit apart, during: to await the close of; Sit under, to be in the habit of hearing the preaching of; Sit up, to raise the body from a recumbent to a sitting position: to keep watch during the night (with). [A.S. sittan; Ger. sitzen, L. sedēre.]

Site, sīt, n. the place where anything is set down or fixed: situation: a place chosen for any particular purpose: posture.—adj. Sī′ted (Spens.), placed, situated. [Fr.,—L. situs—situm, pa.p. of sinĕre, to set down.]

Sith, sith, adv., prep., and conj. since—(obs.) Sith′ence, Sith′ens. [M. E. sithen—A.S. síth thám, after that, also written siththan. Cf. Since.]

Sithe, sīth, n. (Shak.) a scythe.—v.t. (Shak.) to cut with a scythe.

Sitology, sī-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of the regulation of diet.—Also Sitiol′ogy. [Gr. sitos, food, logia—legein, to say.]

Sitophobia, sī-tō-fō′bi-a, n. morbid aversion to food. [Gr. sitos, food, phobia, fear.]

Sitta, sit′a, n. the genus of nut-hatches.—adj. Sit′tine. [Gr. sittē, a woodpecker.]

Situate, -d, sit′ū-āt, -ed, adj. set or permanently fixed: placed with respect to other objects: residing.—ns. Situā′tion, the place where anything is situated: position: temporary state: condition: any group of circumstances, a juncture: a critical point in the action of a play or the development the plot of a novel: office, employment; Sī′tus, site: the proper place of an organ, &c.: locality in law. [Low L. situatus—L. situĕre, to place.]

Sitz-bath, sitz′-bäth, n. a hip-bath: a tub adapted for such. [Ger. sitz-bad.]

Sium, sī′um, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants—the water-parsnips. [Gr. sion.]

Siva, sē′va, n. the third god of the Hindu Trimúrti or triad, representing the principle of destruction and of reproduction.—adj. Sivaist′ic.—n. Si′vaite. [Sans. çiva, happy.]

Sivan, siv′an, n. the third month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to part of May and June. [Heb.]

Sivatherium, siv-a-thē′ri-um, n. a very large fossil ruminant found in India.

Six, siks, adj. and n. five and one: a figure denoting six units (6, or vi.): a playing-card with six spots, the face of a die bearing six spots, or that die itself: beer sold at six shillings a barrel, small beer: (pl.) in hymnology, a quatrain in trochaic measure, the lines of three feet or six syllables.—adj. Six′fold, folded or multiplied six times.—ns. Six′footer, a person six feet high; Six′pence, a silver coin=six pence.—adj. Six′penny, worth sixpence: cheap, worthless.—ns. Six′-shoot′er, a six-chambered revolver; Sixte, a parry in which the hand is on guard opposite the right breast, the point of the sword raised and moved a little to the right.—adjs. and ns. Six′teen, six and ten; Six′teenth, the sixth after the tenth.—adj. Sixth, the last of six: the ordinal of six.—n. the sixth part: (mus.) an interval of four tones and a semitone, or six intervals.—adv. Sixth′ly, in the sixth place.—Sixth hour, noon-tide.—Be at sixes and sevens, to be in disorder; Long sixes, candles weighing six to the pound, about 8 inches long; Short sixes, candles weighing six to the pound, about 4 inches long. [A.S. siex; Ger. sechs, Gael. se; also L. sex, Gr. hex, Sans. shash.]

Sixty, siks′ti, adj. and n. six times ten.—adj. and n. Six′tieth, the sixth tenth: the ordinal of sixty. [A.S. sixtig.]

Sizar, sī′zar, n. the name of an order of students at Cambridge and Dublin—from the allowance of victuals made to them from the college buttery.—n. Sī′zarship. [Size, fixed quantity.]

Size, sīz, n. extent of volume or surface: magnitude: an allotted portion: (pl.) allowances (Shak.).—v.t. to arrange according to size: at Cambridge, to buy rations at a certain fixed rate: to measure.—v.i. to increase in size.—adjs. Sī′zable, Size′able, of suitable size: of considerable size or bulk; Sized, having a particular size.—ns. Sī′zer, one who, or that which, sizes or measures, a kind of gauge; Sī′zing, act of sorting articles according to size, esp. crushed or stamped ores in mining: an order for extra food from a college buttery.—Size up, to measure, consider carefully. [Contr. of assize (q.v.).]

Size, sīz, Sizing, sī′zing, n. a kind of weak glue, used as varnish: any gluey substance.—v.t. to cover with size.—adj. Sized, having size in its composition.—n. Sī′ziness.—adj. Sī′zy, size-like: glutinous.

Sizzle, siz′l, v.i. to make a sound as if frying.—n. a hissing sound; extreme heat.—n. Sizz′ling, a hissing.

Skat, skat, n. a game played with thirty-two cards as in Piquet, and said to have been invented in 1817 in Altenburg. Each of three players receives ten cards, the two others being laid aside (hence the name from O. Fr. escart, laying aside).

Skate, skāt, n. a kind of sandal or frame of wood on a steel blade for moving on ice.—v.i. to slide on, skates.—ns. Skā′ter; Skā′ting; Skā′ting-rink. [Dut. schaats; cf. also Dan. sköite.]

Skate, skāt, n. the popular name of several species of Ray, esp. those of the family Raiidæ and genus Raia, with greatly extended pectoral fins. [Ice. skata—Low L. squatus—L. squatina; cf. Shad.]

Skaw, skä, n. a promontory.—Also Scaw. [Ice. skagi—skaga, to jut out.]

Skean, skēn, n. a dagger.—n. Skean-dhu (skēn′-dōō), the knife stuck in the stocking of the Highland dress. [Gael, sgian, a knife.]

Skedaddle, skē-dad′l, v.t. (prov.) to spill, scatter.—v.i. (coll.) to scamper off.—n. a scurrying off. [Ety. unknown. Prob. conn. somehow with shed—A.S. sceádan, to pour.]

Skee, skē, n. a wooden runner for sliding down a declivity.—v.i. to slide on skees. [Dan. ski—Ice. skídh.]

Skeel, skēl, n. (Scot.) a milking-pail, a washing-tub. [Scand., Ice. skjóla.]

Skein, skān, n. a knot or number of knots of thread or yarn. [O. Fr. escagne, from Celt.; cf. Ir. sgainne, a skein.]

Skeleton, skel′e-tun, n. the bones of an animal separated from the flesh and preserved in their natural position: the framework or outline of anything: a very lean and emaciated person: a very thin form of light-faced type.—adj. pertaining to a skeleton—also Skel′etal.—ns. Skeletog′eny (-toj′-); Skeletog′raphy; Skeletol′ogy.—v.t. Skel′etonise, to reduce to a skeleton.—n. Skel′eton-key, a key for picking locks, without the inner bits.—Skeleton in the cupboard, closet, house, &c., some hidden domestic source of sorrow or shame. [Gr. skeleton (sōma), a dried (body)—skeletos, dried—skellein, to dry, to parch.]

Skelloch, skel′oh, v.i. (Scot.) to cry out with a shrill voice.—n. a squeal.

Skelly, skel′i, v.i. (Scot.) to squint. [Cf. Dan. skele, Sw. skela, Ger. schielen, to squint.]

Skelp, skelp, v.t. (Scot.) to slap.—v.i. to move briskly along, to bound along.—n. a slap: a heavy fall of pelting rain: a large portion.—adj. Skelp′ing, very big or full. [Gael. sgealp, a slap.]

Skep, skep, n. a grain-basket, or beehive made of straw or wicker-work.—n. Skep′ful, as much as a skep will hold. [A.S. scep—Scand., Ice. skeppa.]

Sketch, skech, n. a first draft of any plan or painting: an outline, a short and slightly constructed play, essay, &c.: a short dramatic scene for representation by two persons: an artist's preliminary study of a work to be elaborated.—v.t. to make a rough draft of: to draw the outline: to give the principal points of.—v.i. to practise sketching.—adj. Sketch′able, capable of being sketched effectively.—ns. Sketch′book, a blank book used for sketching by an artist or writer: a printed volume of literary sketches; Sketch′er, one who sketches.—adv. Sketch′ily.—n. Sketch′iness.—adj. Sketch′y, containing a sketch or outline: incomplete, slight. [Dut. schets, It. schizzo—L. schedium—schedius, made off-hand—Gr. schedios, sudden.]

Skew, skū, adj. oblique: intersecting a road, river, &c. not at right angles, as a bridge.—adv. awry: obliquely.—v.t. to turn aside.—n. a deviation, a mistake: a squint: (archit.) the sloping top of a buttress slanting off against a wall.—ns. Skew′-arch, an arch standing obliquely on its abutments; Skew′-back (archit.), the course of masonry on the top of an abutment with a slope for the base of the arch to rest against.—adj. Skew′-bald, spotted irregularly, piebald.—n. Skew′-bridge, a bridge having its arch or arches set obliquely on its abutments, as when a railway crosses a road, &c., at an oblique angle.—adjs. Skewed, distorted; Skew-gee′ (coll.), crooked.—n. Skew′-wheel, a bevel-wheel with teeth formed obliquely on the rim. [Old Dut. schūwen (Dut. schuwen); Ger. scheuen, to shun; cf. Shy.]

Skewer, skū′ėr, n. a pin of wood or iron for keeping meat in form while roasting.—v.t. to fasten with skewers. [Prov. Eng. skiver, prob. the same as shiver, a splinter of wood.]

Skiascopy, skī′a-skō-pi, n. the shadow-test for measuring the refraction of an eye.—Also Scī′ascopy. [Gr. skia, a shadow, skopein, to view.]

Skid, skid, n. a piece of timber hung against a ship's side to protect it from injury: a sliding wedge or drag to check the wheel of a wagon on a steep place: a slab put below a gun to keep it off the ground.—v.t. to check with a skid.—v.i. to slide along without revolving.—n. Skid′der, one who uses a skid. [Scand., Ice. skídh; A.S. scíd, a piece split off.]

Skill, skil, n. knowledge of anything: dexterity in practice.—v.i. to understand, to be dexterous in: to make a difference, to signify.—adj. Skil′ful, having or displaying skill: dexterous.—adv. Skil′fully.—n. Skil′fulness.—adjs. Skilled, having skill: skilful: expert; Skil′less (Shak.), wanting skill, artless. [Scand., as Ice. skil, a distinction, skilja, to separate.]

Skillet, skil′et, n. a small metal vessel with a long handle, used for boiling water, in cooking, &c. [Prob. from O. Fr. escuellette, dim of escuelle (Fr. écuelle)—L. scutella, dim. of scutra, a dish.]

Skilligalee, skil-i-ga-lē′, n. thin watery soup.—Also Skilligolee′, Skill′y. [Ety. dub.]

Skilling, skil′ing, n. a small coin formerly current in North Germany and Scandinavia, in value from ¼d. to 1d. [Dan.]

Skim, skim, v.t. to clear off scum: to take off by skimming: to brush the surface of lightly.—v.i. to pass over lightly: to glide along near the surface: to become coated over:—pr.p. skim′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. skimmed.—n. the act of skimming: what is skimmed off.—ns. Skim′mer, a utensil for skimming milk: a bird that skims the water; Skim′-milk, skimmed milk: milk from which the cream has been skimmed; Skim′ming, the act of taking off that which floats on the surface of a liquid, as cream: that which is taken off, scum.—adv. Skim′mingly, by skimming along the surface. [Scum.]

Skimble-skamble, skim′bl-skam′bl, adj. wandering, wild, rambling, incoherent.—adv. in a confused manner. [A reduplication of scamble.]

Skimmington, skim′ing-ton, n. a burlesque procession intended to ridicule a henpecked husband: a riot generally.—Also Skim′ington, Skim′merton, Skim′itry. [Ety. unknown.]

Skimp, skimp, v.t. to give scanty measure, to stint: to do a thing imperfectly.—v.i. to be parsimonious.—adj. scanty, spare.—adj. Skim′ping, sparing: meagre: done inefficiently.—adv. Skim′pingly.—adj. Skim′py. [A variant of scamp.]

Skin, skin, n. the natural outer covering of an animal body: a hide: the bark or rind of plants, &c.: the inside covering of the ribs of a ship: a drink of whisky hot.—v.t. to cover with skin: to cover the surface of: to strip the skin from, to peel: to plunder, cheat: to answer an examination paper, &c., by unfair means.—v.i. to become covered with skin: to sneak off:—pr.p. skin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. skinned.—adj. Skin′-deep, as deep as the skin only: superficial.—ns. Skin′flint, one who takes the smallest gains: a very niggardly person; Skin′ful, as much as one can hold, esp. of liquor.—adj. Skin′less, having no skin, or a very thin one.—ns. Skin′ner; Skin′niness.—adjs. Skin′ny, consisting of skin or of skin only: wanting flesh; Skin′-tight, fitting close to the skin.—n. Skin′-wool, wool pulled from the skin of a dead sheep.—By, or With, the skin of one's teeth, very narrowly; Clean skins, unbranded cattle; Save one's skin, to escape without injury. [A.S. scinn; Ice. skinn, skin, Ger. schinden, to flay.]

Skink, skingk, n. drink.—v.i. and v.t. to serve drink.—n. Skink′er, one who serves drink, a tapster.—adj. Skink′ing (Scot.), thin, watery. [A.S. scencan, to pour out drink; Ger. schenken.]

Skink, skingk, n. an African lizard. [L. scincus—Gr. skingkos, the adda.]

Skink, skingk, n. (Scot.) a shin-bone of beef, soup made from such. [Cf. Dut. schonk, a bone; cf. Shank.]

Skio, skyō, n. in Orkney, a fisherman's hut.—Also Skeo. [Norw. skjaa, a shed.]

Skip, skip, v.i. to leap: to bound lightly and joyfully: to pass over.—v.t. to leap over: to omit:—pr.p. skip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. skipped.—n. a light leap: a bound: the omission of a part: the captain of a side at bowls and curling: a college servant.—ns. Skip′jack, an impudent fellow: the blue-fish, saurel, &c.; Skip′-ken′nel, one who has to jump the gutters, a lackey; Skip′per, one who skips: a dancer: (Shak.) a young thoughtless person: a hesperian butterfly.—adj. Skip′ping, flighty, giddy.—adv. Skip′pingly, in a skipping manner: by skips or leaps.—n. Skip′ping-rope, a rope used in skipping. [Either Celt., according to Skeat, from Ir. sgiob, to snatch, Gael. sgiab, to move suddenly, W. ysgipio, to snatch away; or Teut., conn. with Ice. skopa, to run.]

Skip, skip, n. an iron box for raising ore running between guides, or in inclined shafts fitted with wheels to run on a track, a mine-truck.

Skipetar, skip′e-tär, n. an Albanian: the Albanian language. [Albanian skipetar, a mountaineer.]

Skipper, skip′ėr, n. the master of a merchant-ship.—Skipper's daughters, white-topped waves. [Dut. schipper; Dan. skipper.]

Skipper, skip′ėr, n. a barn, a shed in which to shelter for the night.—v.i. to shelter in such a place.—n. Skipp′er-bird, a tramp. [Prob. W. ysguber, a barn.]

Skippet, skip′et, n. (Spens.) a small boat. [Dim. of A.S. scip, ship.]

Skippet, skip′et, n. a round flat box for holding a seal, which used to be attached to the parchment by ribbons passing through the lid.

Skirl, skirl, v.t. and v.i. (Scot.) to shriek shrilly.—n. a shrill cry.—n. Skir′ling, a shrill sound.

Skirmish, skėr′mish, n. an irregular fight between two small parties: a contest.—v.i. to fight slightly or irregularly.—ns. Skir′misher, a soldier belonging to troops dispersed to cover front or flank, and prevent surprises; Skir′mishing. [O. Fr. escarmouche—Old High Ger. skerman, scirman, to fight.]

Skirr, skėr, v.t. (Shak.) to ramble over, to scour.—v.i. to run in haste. [Scurry.]

Skirret, skir′et, n. an edible water-parsnip: a perennial plant, native to China and Japan. [Sugar-root.]

Skirt, skėrt, n. the part of a garment below the waist: a woman's garment like a petticoat: the edge of any part of the dress: border: margin: extreme part.—v.t. to border: to form the edge of.—v.i. to be on the border: to live near the extremity.—ns. Skirt′-danc′ing, a form of ballet-dancing in which the flowing skirts are waved about in the hands; Skir′ter, a huntsman who dodges his jumps by going round about; Skir′ting, strong material made up in lengths for women's skirts: skirting-board; Skir′ting-board, the narrow board next the floor round the walls of a room.—Divided skirt, a skirt in the form of loose trousers. [Scand., Ice. skyrta, a shirt. A doublet of shirt.]

Skit, skit, n. any sarcastic squib, lampoon, or pamphlet. [Ice. skúti, a taunt.]

Skite, skīt, v.i. (Scot.) to glide or slip—also Skyte.—n. a sudden blow: a trick.—vs.i. Skit, to leap aside: to caper; Skit′ter, to skim lightly over: to void thin excrement: to draw a baited hook along the surface of water. [Scand., Sw. skutta, to leap, skjuta, to shoot.]

Skittish, skit′ish, adj. unsteady, light-headed, easily frightened: hasty, volatile, changeable: wanton.—adv. Skitt′ishly.—n. Skitt′ishness. [Skite.]

Skittles, skit′lz, n.pl. a game of ninepins in which a flattened ball or thick rounded disc is thrown to knock down the pins—played in a Skitt′le-all′ey, or -ground. In American Bowls, the game is played with ten pins arranged in the form of a triangle, the missile being rolled along a carefully constructed wooden floor.—v.t. Skitt′le, to knock down.—n Skitt′le-ball, the ball thrown in playing at skittles. [A variant of shittle or shuttle.]

Skiver, skī′vėr, n. a kind of leather made of split sheep-skins, used for bookbinding, &c.—n. a machine for skiving leather.—v.t. Skive, to cut, pare off.—n. Skī′ving, the act of skiving: a piece skived off—of leather, usually on the flesh side. [From root of shive, shiver.]

Skoal, skōl, interj. hail! a friendly exclamation of salutation before drinking, &c. [Ice. skál; Norw. skaal, a bowl, Sw. skål.]

Skolion, skō′li-on, n. a short drinking-song in ancient Greece, taken up by the guests in turn:—pl. Skō′lia. [Gr.]

Skua, skū′a, n. a bird of the family Laridæ, esp. the Great Skua (Stercorarius catarrhactes), a rapacious bird about two feet long, the plumage predominantly brown, breeding in the Shetlands.—n. Skū′a-gull. [Norw.]

Skug, Scug, skug, n. (prov.) shelter.—v.t. to shelter: to expiate.—n. Skug′gery, Scug′gery, secrecy.—adjs. Skug′gy, Scug′gy, shady. [Ice. skuggi, a shade.]

Skulk, skulk, v.i. to sneak out of the way: to lurk.—ns. Skulk, Skulk′er, one who skulks.—adv. Skulk′ingly.—n. Skulk′ing-place. [Scand., as in Dan. skulke, to sneak; conn. with Ice. skjöl, cover, hiding-place; also with Eng. scowl.]

Skull, skul, n. the bony case that encloses the brain: the head, the sconce, noddle: a crust formed on the ladle, &c., by the partial cooling of molten metal: in armour, the crown of the head-piece: (Scot.) a shallow, bow-handled basket.—n. Skull′cap, a cap which fits closely to the head: the sinciput.—adj. Skull′-less.—Skull and cross-bones, a symbolic emblem of death and decay. [Ice. skál, a shell; conn. with shell and scale, a thin plate.]

Skunk, skungk, n. a small North American carnivorous quadruped allied to the otter and weasel, defending itself by emitting an offensive fluid: a low fellow: (U.S.) a complete defeat.—v.t. to inflict such.—ns. Skunk′-bird, -black′bird, the male bobolink in full plumage. [Indian seganku.]

Skupshtina, skoopsh′ti-na, n. the national assembly of Servia, having one chamber and 178 deputies, three-fourths elected and one-fourth nominated by the crown.—Great Skupshtina, specially elected for discussing graver questions.

Sky, skī, n. the apparent canopy over our heads: the heavens: the weather: the upper rows of pictures in a gallery.—v.t. to raise aloft, esp. to hang pictures above the line of sight.—adjs. Sky′-blue, blue like the sky; Sky′-born, of heavenly birth.—n. Sky′-col′our, the colour of the sky.—adjs. Sky′-col′oured, blue, azure; Skyed, surrounded by sky; Sky′ey, like the sky: ethereal; Sky′-high, very high; Sky′ish (Shak.), like or approaching the sky, lofty.—n. Sky′lark, a species of lark that mounts high towards the sky and sings on the wing.—v.i. to engage in any kind of boisterous frolic.—ns. Sky′larking, running about the rigging of a ship in sport: frolicking; Sky′-light, a window in a roof or ceiling towards the sky for the admission of light; Sky′line, the horizon; Sky′-par′lour, a lofty attic; Sky′-pī′lot, a clergyman.—adj. Sky′-plant′ed, placed in the sky.—n. Sky′-rock′et, a rocket that ascends high towards the sky and burns as it flies.—v.i. to move like a sky-rocket, to rise and disappear as suddenly.—ns. Sky′sail, the sail above the royal; Sky′scape, a view of a portion of the sky, or a picture of the same; Sky′-scrāp′er, a sky-sail of a triangular shape: anything shooting high into the sky.—adj. Sky′-tinc′tured, of the colour of the sky.—adv. Sky′ward, toward the sky. [Ice. ský, a cloud; akin to A.S. scúa, Gr. skia, a shadow.]

Slab, slab, n. a thin slip of anything, esp. of stone, having plane surfaces: a piece sawed from a log.—v.t. to cut slabs from, as a log.—adj. Slab′-sid′ed, having long flat sides, tall and lank.—n. Slab′stone, flagstone. [Scand., Ice. sleppa, to slip, Norw. sleip, a slab of wood.]

Slab, slab, adj. thick.—n. mud.—adj. Slab′by, muddy. [Celt., Ir., and Gael. slaib, mud.]

Slabber, slab′ėr, v.i. to slaver: to let the saliva fall from the mouth: to drivel.—v.t. to wet with saliva.—n. Slabb′erer.—adj. Slabb′ery.—n. Slabb′iness.—adj. Slabb′y. [Allied to Low Ger. and Dut. slabbern; imit. Doublet slaver.]

Slack, slak, adj. lax or loose: not firmly extended or drawn out: not holding fast, weak: not eager or diligent, inattentive: not violent or rapid, slow.—adv. in a slack manner: partially: insufficiently.—n. that part of a rope, belt, &c. which is slack or loose: a period of inactivity: a slack-water haul of a net.—vs.i. Slack, Slack′en, to become loose or less tight: to be remiss: to abate: to become slower: to fail or flag.—v.t. to make less tight: to loosen: to relax: to remit: to abate: to withhold: to use less liberally: to check: (B.) to delay.—v.t. Slack′-bake, to half-bake.—adj.—Slack′-hand′ed, remiss.—n. Slack′-jaw (slang), impudent talk.—adv. Slack′ly.—n. Slack′ness.—adj.—Slack′-salt′ed, insufficiently salted.—n. Slack′-wa′ter, ebb-tide: slow-moving water, as that above a dam.—adj. pertaining to slack-water.—Slack away, to ease off freely; Slack-in-stays, slow in going about, of a ship; Slack off, to ease off; Slack up, to ease off: to slow. [A.S. sleac; Sw. slak, Ice. slakr.]

Slack, slak, n. (Scot.) a cleft between hills: a common: a boggy place. [Scand., Ice. slakki, a hill-slope.]

Slade, slād, n. a little valley or dell; a piece of low, moist ground. [A.S. slæd, a plain; prob. Celt., Ir. slad.]

Slag, slag, n. vitrified cinders from smelting-works, &c.: the scoriæ of a volcano.—v.i. to cohere into slag.—adj. Slag′gy, pertaining to, or like, slag. [Sw. slagg; cf. Ger. schlacke, dross.]

Slaister, slās′tėr, n. (Scot.) a slobbery mess, slovenly work.—v.t. to bedaub.—v.i. to slabber: to move about in a dirty, slovenly manner.—adj. Slais′tery. [Prob. Sw. slaska, to dabble, slask, wet.]

Slake, slāk, v.t. to quench: to extinguish: to mix with water: to make slack or inactive.—v.i. to go out: to become extinct.—adj. Slake′less, that cannot be slaked: inextinguishable. [A.S. sleacian, to grow slack—sleccan, to make slack—sleac, slack.]

Slake, slāk, n. a channel through a swamp or morass: slime. [Ice. slakki, a hill-slope.]

Slake, slāk, v.t. (Scot.) to besmear.—n. a slabbery daub. [Prob. conn. with Ice. sleikja, to lick; Ger. schlecken, to lick.]

Slam, slam, v.t. or v.i. to shut with violence and noise: to throw down with violence: to win all the tricks in a card-game:—pr.p. slam′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. slammed.—n. the act of slamming: the sound so made: the winning of all the tricks at whist, &c. [Scand., Norw. slemma, Ice. slamra.]

Slamkin, slam′kin, n. a loose 18th-century women's morning-gown.—Also Slam′merkin.

Slander, slan′dėr, n. a false or malicious report: malicious defamation by words spoken: calumny.—v.t. to defame: to calumniate.—n. Slan′derer.—adj. Slan′derous, given to, or containing, slander: calumnious.—adv. Slan′derously.—n. Slan′derousness, the state or quality of being slanderous. [O. Fr. esclandre—L. scandalum—Gr. skandalon.]

Slang, slang, n. a conventional tongue with many dialects, which are, as a rule, unintelligible to outsiders, such as Gypsy, Canting or Flash, Back-slang, and Shelta or Tinkers' Talk: any kind of colloquial and familiar language serving as a kind of class or professional shibboleth.—adj. pertaining to slang.—v.i. to use slang, and esp. abusive language.—v.t. to scold.—adv. Slang′ily.—n. Slang′iness.—adj. Slang′ular, slangy.—v.i. Slang′-whang, to talk slangily or boisterously.—n. Slang′-whang′er, an abusive and wordy fellow.—adj. Slang′y. [Explained by Skeat as Scand., Norw. sleng, a slinging, a device, a burthen of a song, slengja, to sling. Leland boldly makes it Romany, and orig. applied to everything relating to shows—in Hindustani, Swangi, also often Slangi.]

Slang, slang, n. a narrow strip of land.—Also Slank′et. Slang, slang, n. (slang) a counterfeit weight or measure: a travelling show, or a performance of the same: a hawker's license: a watch-chain: (pl.) convicts' leg-irons.

Slant, slant, adj. sloping: oblique: inclined from a direct line—also Slan′ting.—n. a slope: a gibe: (slang) a chance.—v.i. to turn in a sloping direction.—v.i. to slope, to incline towards: (Scot.) to exaggerate, to lie.—adj. Slantendic′ūlar, oblique: indirect.—advs. Slan′tingly, in a slanting direction: with a slope or inclination; Slant′ly, Slant′wise, in a sloping, oblique, or inclined manner.—Slant-of-wind, a transitory breeze of favourable wind. [Scand., Sw. slinta, to slide.]

Slap, slap, n. a blow with the hand or anything flat.—v.t. to give a slap to:—pr.p. slap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. slapped.—adv. with a slap: suddenly, violently.—adj. (slang) first-rate.—adv. Slap′-bang, violently, all at once.—adj. dashing, violent.—n. a cheap eating-house.—adv. Slap′-dash, in a bold, careless way.—adj. off-hand, rash.—n. rough-cast harling: carelessly done work.—v.t. to do anything in a hasty, imperfect manner: to rough-cast with mortar.—n. Slap′per (slang), anything big of its kind.—adjs. Slap′ping, very large; Slap′-up, excellent, very grand. [Allied to Low Ger. slapp, Ger. schlappe; imit.]

Slap, slap, n. (Scot.) a gap in a fence: a narrow cleft between hills.—v.t. to break an opening in.

Slape, slāp, adj. (prov.) slippery, crafty. [Ice. sleipr, sleppr, slippery—slípa, to be smooth.]

Slash, slash, v.t. to cut by striking with violence and at random: to make long cuts: to ornament by cutting slits in the cloth in order to show some fine material underneath.—v.i. to strike violently and at random with an edged instrument: to strike right and left: to move rapidly.—n. a long cut: a cut at random: a cut in cloth to show colours underneath: a stripe on a non-commissioned officer's sleeve: a clearing in a wood.—adj. Slashed, cut with slashes: gashed.—ns. Slash′er, anything which slashes; Slash′ing, a slash in a garment: the felling of trees as a military obstacle, also the trees so felled.—adj. cutting mercilessly, unsparing: dashing: very big, slapping. [O. Fr. eslecher, to dismember—Old High Ger. slīzan, to split.]

Slash, slash, v.i. (Scot.) to work in wet.—n. a large quantity of watery food, as broth, &c.—adj. Slash′y, dirty, muddy. [Sw. slaska, dabble—slask, wet.]

Slat, slat, v.t. to strike, beat.—v.i. to flap violently.—n. a sudden sharp blow. [Scand., Ice. sletta, to slap, Norw. sletta, to cast.]

Slat, slat, n. a thin piece of stone, a slate: a strip of wood.—adj. made of slats.—adj. Slat′ted, covered with slats. [O. Fr. esclat—Old High Ger. slīzan, to slit.]

Slatch, slach, n. the slack of a rope: an interval of fair weather: a short breeze. [Slack.]

Slate, slāt, n. a highly metamorphosed argillaceous rock, fine-grained and fissile, and of a dull blue, gray, purple, or green colour—used in thin slabs of small size for ordinary roofs, and in larger slabs for dairy-fittings, wash-tubs, cisterns, tables, &c., and when polished for writing-slates and 'black-boards:' a piece of slate for roofing, or for writing upon: a preliminary list of candidates before a caucus.—adj. bluish-gray, slate-coloured.—v.t. to cover with slate: to enter on a slate.—ns. Slate′-axe, a slater's tool, a sax; Slate′-clay, a fissile shale.—adjs. Slā′ted, covered with slates; Slate′-gray, of a light slate colour.—ns. Slate′-pen′cil, a cut or turned stick of soft slate, or of compressed moistened slate-powder, for writing on slate; Slā′ter; Slā′tiness, the quality of being slaty; Slā′ting, the act of covering with slates: a covering of slates: materials for slating.—adj. Slā′ty, resembling slate: having the nature or properties of slate. [O. Fr. esclat—Old High Ger. slīzan, Ger. schleissen, to split.]

Slate, slāt, v.t. to abuse, criticise severely: (prov.) to set a dog at.—n. Slā′ting, a severe criticism. [A.S. slítan, to slit.]

Slater, slā′tėr, n. a terrestrial oniscid isopod, as the common Porcellio scaber.

Slattern, slat′ėrn, n. a woman negligent of her dress: an untidy woman.—v.i. Slatt′er (prov.), to be untidy or slovenly.—n. Slatt′ernliness.—adj. Slatt′ernly, like a slattern: negligent of person: slovenly: dirty: sluttish.—adv. negligently: untidily.—adj. Slatt′ery (prov.) wet. [From slatter, a freq. of slat, to strike (q.v.).]

Slaughter, slaw′tėr, n. a killing: a great destruction of life: carnage: butchery.—ns. Slaugh′terer; Slaugh′terhouse, a place where beasts are killed for the market; Slaugh′terman, a man employed in killing or butchering animals.—adj. Slaugh′terous, given to slaughter: destructive: murderous.—adv. Slaugh′terously. [Prob. Ice. slátr, butchers' meat, whence slátra, to slaughter cattle. The A.S. is sleaht—sleán, to slay.]

Slav, Slave, släv, n. one belonging to any of the Slavonic groups of Aryans—Bulgarians, Czechs, Poles, Russians, Servians, Wends, &c.—adj. Slav′ic. [Slovene or Slovane, from Polish slovo, a word, thus meaning the people who spoke intelligibly, as distinguished from their neighbour, Niemets, the German, lit. the dumb man. Miklosich considers both to be tribal names.]

Slave, slāv, n. a captive in servitude: any one in bondage: a serf: one who labours like a slave: a drudge: one wholly under the will of another: one who has lost all power of resistance.—v.i. to work like a slave: to drudge.—adj. Slave′-born, born in slavery.—ns. Slave′-drī′ver, one who superintends slaves at their work; Slave′-fork, a long and heavy branch into the forked end of which a slave's neck is fixed to prevent his escaping from the slave-trader's gang.—adj. Slave′-grown, grown on land worked by slaves.—ns. Slave′-hold′er, an owner of slaves; Slave′-hold′ing; Slave′-hunt, a hunt after runaway slaves; Slā′ver, a ship employed in the slave-trade; Slā′very, the state of being a slave: serfdom: the state of being entirely under the will of another: bondage: drudgery; Slave′-ship, a ship used for transporting slaves.—n.pl. Slave′-states, those states of the American Union which maintained domestic slavery before the Civil War—Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee.—ns. Slave′-trade, the trade of buying and selling slaves; Slave′-trā′der, a trader in slaves; Slā′vey (slang), a domestic drudge, a maid-servant.—adj. Slā′vish, of or belonging to slaves: becoming slaves: servile: mean: base: laborious.—adv. Slā′vishly.—ns. Slā′vishness; Slāvoc′racy, slave-owners collectively, or their interests, &c.; Slā′vocrat, a member of the slavocracy. [O. Fr. esclave—Mid. High Ger. slave (Ger. sclave), from Slav, above.]

Slaver, slav′ėr, n. spittle or saliva running from the mouth.—v.i. to let the saliva run out of the mouth.—v.t. to smear with saliva.—n. Slav′erer.—adv. Slav′eringly, in a slavering manner.—adj. Slav′ery, slabbery. [Slabber.]

Slavonic, sla-von′ik, adj. of or belonging to the Slavs, or their language—also Sclavon′ic, Slavō′nian, Sclavō′nian.—vs.t. Slavon′icise, Slav′onise, to render Slavonic in character, language, &c.—ns. Slav′ophil, one devoted to promoting the interests of the Slavonic peoples; Slav′ophilism, Slavophil feelings and aims; Slav′ophōbist, one who dreads the growth of Slav influence.

Slay, slā, v.t. to strike: to kill: to put to death: to destroy:—pa.t. slew (slōō); pa.p. slain (slān).—n. Slay′er. [A.S. sleán; Ice. slá, Goth. slahan, Ger. schlagen, to strike.]

Sleave, slēv, n. the ravelled, knotty part of silk thread: (Shak.) floss-silk.—v.t. to separate, as threads:—pr.p. sleav′ing; pa.p. sleaved. [Cf. Dan. slöife, a loose knot, Sw. slejf, a knot of ribbon, Ger. schleife, a loop.]

Sleazy, slā′zi, or slē′zi, adj. thin and flimsy.—n. Slea′ziness. [Prob. Ger. schleissig, worn out, readily split—schleissen, to split.]

Sled, sled, Sledge, slej, n. a carriage with runners made for sliding upon snow: a sleigh: anything dragged without wheels along the ground.—v.t. and v.i. to convey, or to travel, in a sled.—p.adj. Sled′ded (Shak.), sledged.—ns. Sled′ding, the act of transporting on a sled; Sledge′-chair, a chair mounted on runners for ice. [Ice. sledhi; from a root seen in A.S. slídan, to slide.]

Sledge, slej, n. an instrument for striking: a large heavy hammer used chiefly by ironsmiths. [A.S. slecg—sleán, to strike, slay (cf. Ger. schlägel, a beater—schlagen).]

Sleek, slēk, adj. smooth: glossy: soft, not rough: insinuating, plausible: dexterous.—v.t. to make smooth or glossy: to calm or soothe.—v.i. to glide.—advs. Sleek, Slick, neatly.—v.t. Sleek′en, to make smooth or sleek.—ns. Sleek′er, Slick′er, a tool for dressing the surface of leather.—adj. Sleek′-head′ed, having a smooth head.—n. Sleek′ing, the act of making smooth.—adj. Sleek′it (Scot.), having a smooth skin: sly, cunning, fair-spoken.—adv. Sleek′ly.—ns. Sleek′ness; Sleek′-stone, a smooth stone used for polishing anything.—adj. Sleek′y, smooth: sly, untrustworthy. [Scand., Ice. slíkr, sleek; cf. Dut. slijk, Ger. schlick, grease.]

Sleep, slēp, v.i. to take rest by relaxation: to become unconscious: to slumber: to rest: to be motionless or inactive: to remain unnoticed: to live thoughtlessly: to be dead: to rest in the grave:—pa.t. and pa.p. slept.—n. the state of one who, or that which, sleeps: slumber: rest: the dormancy of some animals during winter: (bot.) nyctitropism.—n. Sleep′er, one who sleeps: a horizontal timber supporting a weight, rails, &c.—adv. Sleep′ily.—n. Sleep′iness.—p.adj. Sleep′ing, occupied with, or for, sleeping: dormant.—n. the state of resting in sleep: (Shak.) the state of being at rest or in abeyance.—ns. Sleep′ing-car, -carriage, a railway-carriage in which passengers have berths for sleeping in; Sleep′ing-draught, a drink given to bring on sleep; Sleep′ing-part′ner (see Partner).—adj. Sleep′less, without sleep: unable to sleep.—adv. Sleep′lessly.—ns. Sleep′lessness; Sleep′-walk′er, one who walks while asleep: a somnambulist; Sleep′-walking.—adj. Sleep′y, inclined to sleep: drowsy: dull: lazy.—n. Sleep′yhead, a lazy person.—On sleep (B.), asleep. [A.S. slǽpan—slǽp; Ger. schlaf, Goth. sleps.]

Sleet, slēt, n. rain mingled with snow or hail.—v.i. to hail or snow with rain mingled.—n. Sleet′iness.—adj. Sleet′y. [Scand., Norw. sletta, sleet.]

Sleeve, slēv, n. the part of a garment which covers the arm: a tube into which a rod or other tube is inserted.—v.t. to furnish with sleeves.—ns. Sleeve′-band (Shak.), the wristband; Sleeve′-butt′on, a button or stud for the wristband or cuff.—adjs. Sleeved, furnished with sleeves; Sleeve′less, without sleeves.—ns. Sleeve′-link, two buttons, &c., joined by a link for holding together the two edges of the cuff or wristband; Sleeve′-nut, a double-nut for attaching the joint-ends of rods or tubes; Sleeve′-waist′coat, Sleeved′-waist′coat, a waistcoat with long sleeves, worn by porters, boots, &c.—Hang on the sleeve, to be dependent on some one; Have in one's sleeve, to have in readiness for any emergency; Laugh in one's sleeve, to laugh behind one's sleeve, to laugh privately or unperceived; Leg-of-mutton sleeve, a woman's sleeve full in the middle, tight at arm-hole and wrist. [A.S. sléfe, sléf, a sleeve—slúpan, to slip; cog. with Ger. schlauf.]

Sleigh, slā, n. same as Sled.—ns. Sleigh′-bell, a small bell attached to a sleigh or its harness; Sleigh′ing, the act of riding in a sleigh or sled.

Sleight, slīt, n. cunning: dexterity: an artful trick.—n. Sleight′-of-hand, legerdemain. [Ice. slægth, cunning, slægr, sly.]

Slender, slen′dėr, adj. thin or narrow: feeble: inconsiderable: simple: meagre, inadequate, poorly furnished.—adv. Slen′derly.—n. Slen′derness. [Old Dut. slinder, thin, slinderen, to drag; cf. Ger. schlendern, to saunter.]

Sleuth-hound, slōōth′-hownd, n. a dog that tracks game by the scent, a blood-hound. [Slot.]

Sley, slā, n. the reed of a weaver's loom. [A.S. slǽ—sleán, to strike.]

Slice, slīs, v.t. to slit or divide into thin pieces.—n. a thin broad piece: a broad knife for serving fish.—n. Slī′cer, one who, or that which, slices: a broad, flat knife. [O. Fr. esclice—Old High Ger. slīzan, to split.]

Slick, slik, adj. smooth: smooth-tongued: dexterous in movement or action.—adv. in a smooth manner, deftly. [Sleek]

Slickensides, slik′en-sīdz, n. the smooth, polished, or striated, and generally glazed surfaces of joints and faults in rocks, considered to have been produced by the friction of the two surfaces during the movement of the rock.—adj. Slick′ensided. [Sleek.]

Slidder, slid′ėr, v.i. to slip, slide.—adj. Slidd′ery, slippery. [A.S. sliderian, to slip, slidor, slippery:—slídan, to slide.]

Slide, slīd, v.i. to slip or glide: to pass along smoothly: to fall: to slip away quietly, to disappear: (slang) to slope, slip away from the police, &c.—v.t. to thrust along: to slip:—pa.t. slid; pa.p. slid or slidd′en.—n. a smooth passage: the fall of a mass of earth or rock: a smooth declivity: anything, as a lid, that slides, a glass that slides in a frame in front of a magic-lantern, bearing the picture to be thrown on the screen, that part of a photographic plate-holder which serves to cover and uncover the negative: (mus.) a melodic embellishment, two notes sliding into each other: (slang) a biscuit covered with ice-cream.—adj. Slī′dable, capable of sliding or of being slid.—ns. Slī′der, one who, or that which, slides: the part of an instrument or machine that slides; Slide′-rest, an apparatus adapted to a turning-lathe for carrying the cutting-tool; Slide′-valve, a valve in a steam-engine, made to slide backward and forward to cover and uncover the openings through which steam enters the cylinder; Slī′ding, act of one who slides: falling: backsliding.—p.adj. slippery: movable, changing.—ns. Slī′ding-keel, an oblong frame let down vertically through the bottom of a vessel in order to deepen the draught and sustain against a side-wind; Slī′ding-rule (see Rule); Slī′ding-scale, a scale of duties which slide or vary according to the value or market prices: a sliding-rule; Slī′ding-seat, a kind of seat for racing-boats, moving with the swing of the rower's body; Slīdom′eter, an instrument indicating the strain put on a railway-carriage by sudden stoppage. [A.S. slídan, to slide; Dut. slidderen, to slip.]

Slight, slīt, adj. weak: slender: of little value: trifling: small: negligent: not decided, superficial, cursory: slighting, disdainful.—v.t. to disregard, as of little value: to neglect: (obs.) to demolish, smooth.—n. neglect: disregard, an act of discourtesy.—advs. Slight′ingly; Slight′ly.—n. Slight′ness. [Old Low Ger. slicht, plain; Dut. slecht, bad, Ger. schlecht, straight.]

Slim, slim, adj. (comp. Slim′mer, superl. Slim′mest) very thin, weak, slender: slight, trivial, unsubstantial: delicate: crafty.—adv. Slim′ly.—adj. Slim′mish, somewhat slim.—n. Slim′ness.—adj. Slim′sy (U.S.), frail, flimsy. [Old Low Ger. slim, crafty; Dan. slem, worthless, Ger. schlimm, bad.]

Slime, slīm, n. glutinous mud: (B.) probably bitumen.—n. Slime′-pit, a pit of slime or viscous mire.—adv. Slīm′ily.—n. Slīm′iness.—adj. Slīm′y, abounding with, or consisting of, slime: glutinous. [A.S. slím; Ger. schleim.]

Sling, sling, n. a strap or pocket with a string attached to each end, for hurling a stone: a throw: a hanging bandage for a wounded limb: a rope with hooks, used in hoisting and lowering weights: a sweep or swing: a stroke as from a missile thrown from a sling.—v.t. to throw with a sling: to hang so as to swing: to move or swing by means of a rope: to cast.—v.i. to bound along with swinging steps: (slang) to blow the nose with the fingers:—pa.t. and pa.p. slung.—ns. Sling′er; Sling′stone, a stone to be thrown from a sling. [A.S. slingan, to turn in a circle; Ger. schlingen, to move or twine round.]

Slink, slingk, v.i. to creep or crawl away, as if ashamed: to sneak:—pa.t. and pa.p. slunk. [A.S. slincan, to creep; Low Ger. sliken, Ger. schleichen.]

Slink, slingk, v.t. to cast prematurely, as a calf.—v.i. to miscarry.—n. a calf prematurely born: the flesh of such: a bastard child.—adj. prematurely born: unfit for food: lean, starved: mean.—ns. Slink′-butch′er, one who kills and dresses for sale the carcasses of diseased animals; Slink′skin, the skin of a slink, or leather made from it.—adj. Slink′y, lean.

Slip, slip, v.i. to slide or glide along: to move out of place: to escape: to err: to slink: to enter by oversight.—v.t. to cause to slide: to convey secretly: to omit: to throw off: to let loose: to escape from: to part from the branch or stem:—pr.p. slip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. slipped.—n. act of slipping: that on which anything may slip: an error, a fault, a slight transgression: an escape: a twig: a strip, a narrow piece of anything: a leash: a smooth inclined plane, sloping down to the water, on which a ship is built: anything easily slipped on: (print.) a long galley-proof before being made up into pages.—ns. Slip′-board, a board sliding in grooves; Slip′-dock, a dock having a floor that slopes so that the lower end is submerged; Slip′-knot, a knot which slips along the rope or line round which it is made; Slip′per, a loose shoe easily slipped on.—adj. (Spens.) slippery.—adj. Slip′pered, wearing slippers.—adv. Slip′perily, in a slippery manner.—ns. Slip′periness, Slip′piness.—adjs. Slip′pery, Slip′py, apt to slip away: smooth: not affording firm footing or confidence: unstable: uncertain; Slip′shod, shod with slippers, or shoes down at the heel like slippers: careless.—n. Slip′stitch.—Slip off, to take off noiselessly or hastily; Slip on, to put on loosely or in haste; Slip one's breath, or wind, to die; Slip the leash, to disengage one's self from a noose.—Give a person the slip, to escape stealthily from him. [A.S. slípan; Sw. slippa, Dut. slippen, to glide, Ger. schliefen.]

Slipslop, slip′slop, adj. slipshod, slovenly.—n. thin, watery food: a blunder.—v.i. to slip loosely about.—adj. Slip′sloppy, slushy, sloppy.

Slit, slit, v.t. to cut lengthwise: to split: to cut into strips:—pr.p. slit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. slit.—n. a long cut: a narrow opening.—n. Slit′ter, anything which slits, a slitting-shears for sheet-metal.—adj. Slit′tered, cut into strips with square ends.—n. Slit′ting-mill, an establishment in which metal plates are cut into strips for nail-making: a rotating disc used by gem-cutters for slitting: a gang-saw used for resawing lumber for blind-slats, fence-pickets, &c. [A.S. slítan; Ger. schleissen.]

Slither, slith′ėr, v.i. to slide.—adj. slippery.—n. a limestone rubble.—adjs. Slith′ering, slow, deceitful; Slith′ery, slippery. [A variant of slidder.]

Sliver, sliv′ėr, or slī′vėr, v.t. to split, to tear off lengthwise, to slice.—n. a piece cut or rent off, a slice: a continuous strand of loose untwisted wool or other fibre.—v.i. Slive, to slide, skulk. [A.S. slífan, to cleave.]

Slobber, slob′ėr, same as Slabber.—n. Slob, mire, muddy land.—adj. Slobb′ery, moist, wet.

Slocken, slok′n, v.t. to quench, extinguish.—Also Slok′en. [Ice. slokna, to go out.]

Sloe, slō, n. the blackthorn, producing white flowers before the leaves, the shoots making excellent walking-sticks: the austere fruit, a good preserve. [A.S. slá; Dut. slee, a sloe.]

Slogan, slō′gan, n. a war-cry among the ancient Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael., contracted from sluagh-gairm, an army-cry.]

Slombry, slom′bri, adj. (Spens.) sleepy.—v.i. Sloom (prov.), to slumber.—adj. Sloom′y, lazy, inactive.

Sloop, slōōp, n. a light boat: a one-masted cutter-rigged vessel, differing from a cutter, according to old authorities, in having a fixed bowsprit and somewhat smaller sails in proportion to the hull.—n. Sloop′-of-war, formerly a vessel, of whatever rig, between a corvette and a gun-vessel, constituting the command of a commander, carrying from ten to eighteen guns. [Dut. sloep, prob. O. Fr. chaloupe, shallop.]

Slop, slop, n. water carelessly spilled: a puddle: mean liquor or liquid food: (pl.) dirty water.—v.t. to soil by letting a liquid fall upon:—pr.p. slop′ping; pa.p. slopped.—ns. Slop′-bā′sin, -bowl, a basin for slops, esp. for the dregs of tea and coffee cups at table; Slop′-dash, weak cold tea, &c.: Slop′-pail, a pail for collecting slops; Slop′piness.—adj. Slop′py, wet: muddy. [A.S. sloppe, slyppe, cow-droppings—slúpan, to slip.]

Slope, slōp, n. any incline down which a thing may slip: a direction downward.—v.t. to form with a slope, or obliquely.—v.i. to be inclined, to slant: (slang) to decamp, disappear.—adv. in a sloping manner.—adv. Slope′wise, obliquely.—p.adj. Slō′ping, inclining from a horizontal or other right line.—adv. Slō′pingly, in a sloping manner: with a slope.—adj. Slō′py, sloping, inclined: oblique. [A.S. slípan, pa.t. sláp, to slip.]

Slops, slops, n.pl. any loose lower garment that slips on easily, esp. trousers: ready-made clothing, &c.—ns. Slop′-sell′er, one who sells cheap ready-made clothes; Slop′-shop, a shop where ready-made clothes are sold; Slop′-work, the making of cheap cloth, any work superficially done; Slop′-work′er, one who does slop-work. [Scand., Ice. sloppr, a long robe—sleppa, to slip.]

Slosh, slosh, n. a watery mess.—v.i. to flounder in slush: to go about in an easy way.—adj. Slosh′y. [A form of slush.]

Slot, slot, n. a bar or bolt: a broad, flat, wooden bar which holds together larger pieces. [Allied to Low Ger. slot, Dut. slot, a lock.]

Slot, slot, n. a hollow, narrow depression, to receive some corresponding part in a mechanism: a ditch, the continuous opening between the rails in a cable tramway along which the shank of the grip moves.—n. Slot′ting-machine′, a machine for cutting slots or square grooves in metal. [Slit.]

Slot, slot, n. the track of a deer. [Ice. slóth, track, path; Scot. sleuth, track by the scent.]

Sloth, slōth, or sloth, n. laziness, sluggishness: a sluggish arboreal animal of tropical America, of two genera (Cholœpus, the two-toed sloth, and Bradypus, the three-toed sloth).—adj. Sloth′ful, given to sloth: inactive: lazy.—adv. Sloth′fully.—n. Sloth′fulness. [A.S. slǽwth—sláw, slow.]

Slotter, slot′ėr, n. filth.—v.t. to foul.—adj. Slott′ery, foul.

Slouch, slowch, n. a hanging down loosely of the head or other part: clownish gait: a clown.—v.i. to hang down: to have a clownish look or gait.—v.t. to depress.—n. Slouch′-hat, a soft broad-brimmed hat.—p.adj. Slouch′ing, walking with a downcast, awkward manner: hanging down.—adj. Slouch′y, somewhat slouching. [Scand., Ice. slókr, a slouching fellow; slakr, slack.]

Slough, slow, n. a hollow filled with mud: a soft bog or marsh.—adj. Slough′y, full of sloughs: miry. [A.S. slóh, a hollow place; perh. from Ir. sloc—slugaim, to swallow up.]

Slough, sluf, n. the cast-off skin of a serpent: the dead part which separates from a sore.—v.i. to come away as a slough (with off): to be in the state of sloughing.—v.t. to cast off, as a slough.—adj. Slough′y, like, or containing, slough. [Scand.; Sw. dial. slug; cf. Ger. slauch, a skin.]

Slovak, slō-vak′, adj. pertaining to the Slovaks, a branch of the Slavs in the mountainous districts of N.W. Hungary, their language little more than a dialect of Czech.—n. one of this race, or his language.—adjs. Slovak′ian, Slovak′ish.

Sloven, sluv′n, n. a man carelessly or dirtily dressed:—fem. Slut.—n. Slov′enliness.—adj. Slov′enly, like a sloven: negligent of neatness or cleanliness: disorderly: done in an untidy manner.—adv. negligently.—n. Slov′enry (Shak.), slovenliness. [Old Dut. slof, sloef, Low Ger. sluf, slow, indolent.]

Slovenian, slō-vē′ni-an, adj. pertaining to the Slovenes, a branch of the South Slavonic stock to which the Serbs and Croats belong.

Slow, slō, adj. not swift: late: behind in time: not hasty: not ready: not progressive.—v.t. to delay, retard, slacken the speed of.—v.i. to slacken in speed.—n. Slow′back, a lazy lubber.—p.adj. Slow′-gait′ed (Shak.), accustomed to walk slowly.—ns. Slow′-hound, sleuth-hound; Slow′ing, a lessening of speed.—adv. Slow′ly.—ns. Slow′-match, generally rope steeped in a solution of saltpetre and lime-water, used for firing guns before the introduction of friction tubes, and sometimes for firing military mines, now superseded by Bickford's fuse, a train of gunpowder enclosed in two coatings of jute thread waterproofed; Slow′ness.—adj. Slow′-sight′ed, slow to discern; Slow′-winged, flying slowly.—n. Slow′-worm, a scincoid lizard, same as Blind-worm—by popular etymology 'slow-worm,' but, according to Skeat, really 'slay-worm,' A.S. slá-wyrm. [A.S. sláw; Dut. slee, Ice. sljór.]

Sloyd, Sloid, sloid, n. the name given to a certain system of manual instruction which obtains in the schools of Finland and Sweden, the word properly denoting work of an artisan kind practised not as a trade or means of livelihood, but in the intervals of other employment. [Sw. slöjd, dexterity.]

Slubber, slub′ėr, v.t. to stain, to daub, slur over.—n. Slubb′er-degull′ion, a wretch.—adv. Slubb′eringly. [Dut. slobberen, to lap, Low Ger. slubbern.]

Sludge, sluj, n. soft mud or mire: half-melted snow.—adj. Sludg′y, miry: muddy. [A form of slush.]

Slue, Slew, slū, v.t. (naut.) to turn anything about its axis without removing it from its place: to turn or twist about.—v.i. to turn round:—pr.p. slū′ing; pa.p. slūed.—n. the turning of a body upon an axis within its figure.—adj. Slued, tipsy. [Scand., Ice. snua, to turn.]

Slug, slug, n. a heavy, lazy fellow: a name for land-molluscs of order Pulmonata, with shell rudimentary or absent—they do great damage to garden crops: any hinderance.—ns. Slug′-a-bed (Shak.), one who is fond of lying in bed, a sluggard; Slug′gard, one habitually idle or inactive.—v.t. Slug′gardise (Shak.), to make lazy.—adj. Slug′gish, habitually lazy: slothful: having little motion: having little or no power.—adv. Slug′gishly.—n. Slug′gishness. [Scand., Dan. slug, sluk, drooping, Norw. sloka, to slouch; Low Ger. slukkern, to be loose; allied to slack.]

Slug, slug, n. a cylindrical or oval piece of metal for firing from a gun: a piece of crude metal. [Prob. from slug above, or slug=slog, to hit hard.]

Slugga, slug′a, n. a deep cavity formed by the action of subterranean streams common in some limestone districts of Ireland. [Ir. slugaid, a slough.]

Slughorn, slug′horn, n. a word used to denote a kind of horn, but really a corruption of slogan.

Sluice, slōōs, n. a sliding gate in a frame for shutting off or regulating the flow of water: the stream which flows through it: that through which anything flows: a source of supply: in mining, a board trough for separating gold from placer-dirt carried through it by a current of water: the injection-valve in a steam-engine condenser.—v.t. to wet or drench copiously: to wash in or by a sluice: to flush or clean out with a strong flow of water.—adj. Sluic′y, falling in streams, as from a sluice. [O. Fr. escluse (Fr. écluse)—Low L. exclusa (aqua), a sluice (water) shut out, pa.p. of L. ex-cludĕre, to shut out.]

Slum, slum, n. a low street or neighbourhood.—v.i. to visit the slums of a city, esp. from motives of curiosity.—ns. Slum′mer, one who slums; Slum′ming, the practice of visiting slums.

Slumber, slum′bėr, v.i. to sleep lightly: to sleep: to be in a state of negligence or inactivity.—n. light sleep: repose.—ns. Slum′berer; Slum′bering.—adv. Slum′beringly, in a slumbering manner.—n. Slum′berland, the state of slumber.—adjs. Slum′berless, without slumber: sleepless; Slum′berous, Slum′brous, inviting or causing slumber; sleepy; Slum′bery, sleepy: drowsy. [With intrusive b from M. E. slumeren—A.S. sluma, slumber; cog. with Ger. schlummern.]

Slump, slump, v.i. to fall or sink suddenly into water or mud: to fail or fall through helplessly.—n. a boggy place: the act of sinking into slush, &c., also the sound so made: a sudden fall or failure.—adj. Slump′y, marshy. [Cf. Dan. slumpe, to stumble upon by chance; Ger. schlumpen, to trail.]

Slump, slump, v.t. to throw into a lump or mass, to lump.—n. a gross amount, a lump.—n. Slump′-work, work in the lump. [Cf. Dan. slump, a lot, Dut. slomp, a mass.]

Slung, pa.t. and pa.p. of sling.—n. Slung′-shot, a weight attached to a cord, used as a weapon.

Slunk, pa.t. and pa.p. of slink.—adj. Slunk′en (prov.), shrivelled.

Slur, slur, v.t. to soil; to contaminate: to disgrace: to pass over lightly: to conceal: (mus.) to sing or play in a gliding manner.—v.i. (print.) to slip in making the impression, causing the printing to be blurred:—pr.p. slur′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. slurred.—n. a stain: slight reproach or disparagement: (mus.) a mark showing that notes are to be sung to the same syllable.—p.adj. Slurred (mus.), marked with a slur, performed in a gliding style like notes marked with a slur. [Old Dut. slooren, sleuren, Low Ger. slüren, to drag along the ground.]

Slurry, slur′i, n. any one of several semi-fluid mixtures, esp. of ganister, used to make repairs in converter-linings.

Slush, slush, n. liquid mud: melting snow: a mixture of grease for lubrication: the refuse of the cook's galley in a ship.—v.t. to apply slush to, to grease: to wash by throwing water upon: to fill spaces in masonry with mortar (with up): to coat with a mixture of white-lead and lime the bright parts of machinery.—adj. Slush′y. [Cf. Slosh.]

Slut, slut, n. (fem. of Sloven) a dirty, untidy woman: a wench, a jade: a bitch.—adj. Slut′tish, resembling a slut: dirty: careless.—adv. Slut′tishly.—ns. Slut′tishness, Slut′tery. [Scand., Ice. slöttr, a dull fellow—slota, to droop.]

Sly, slī, adj. dexterous in doing anything so as to be unobserved: cunning: wily: secret: done with artful dexterity: illicit.—n. Sly′boots, a sly or cunning person or animal.—advs. Sly′ly, Slī′ly.—ns. Sly′ness, Slī′ness.—On the sly, slyly, secretly. [Prob. from Ice. slæg-r; cf. Ger. schlau.]

Slype, slīp, n. a. covered passage from the transept of a cathedral to the chapter-house, &c. [Slip.]

Smack, smak, n. taste: flavour: a pleasing taste: a small quantity: a flavour of something.—v.i. to have a taste: to have a quality. [A.S. smæc.]

Smack, smak, n. a generic name for small decked or half-decked coasters and fishing-vessels, most rigged as cutters, sloops, or yawls. [Dut. smak; Ger. schmacke, Ice. snekja.]

Smack, smak, v.t. to strike smartly, to slap loudly: to kiss roughly and noisily.—v.i. to make a sharp noise with, as the lips by separation.—n. a sharp sound: a crack: a hearty kiss.—adv. sharply, straight.—p.adj. Smack′ing, making a sharp, brisk sound, a sharp noise, a smack. [Prob. imit., Dut. smakken, to smite, Ger. schmatzen, to smack.]

Small, smawl, adj. little in quantity or degree: minute: not great: unimportant: ungenerous, petty: of little worth or ability: short: having little strength: gentle: little in quality or quantity.—adv. in a low tone; gently.—ns. Small′-ale, ale with little malt and unhopped; Small′-and-earl′y (coll.) an informal evening-party.—n.pl. Small′-arms, muskets, rifles, pistols, &c., including all weapons that can be actually carried by a man.—n. Small′-beer, a kind of weak beer.—adj. inferior generally.—n.pl. Small′-clothes, knee-breeches, esp. those of the close-fitting 18th-century form.—ns. Small′-coal, coal not in lumps but small pieces; Small′-craft, small vessels generally.—n.pl. Small′-debts, a phrase current in Scotland to denote debts under £12, recoverable in the Sheriff Court.—n. Small′-hand, writing such as is ordinarily used in correspondence.—n.pl. Small′-hours, the hours immediately following midnight.—adj. Small′ish, somewhat small.—ns. Small′ness; Small′-pī′ca (see Pica); Small′pox, or Variola, a contagious, febrile disease, of the class known as Exanthemata, characterised by small pocks or eruptions on the skin; Smalls, the 'little-go' or previous examination: small-clothes; Small′-talk, light or trifling conversation.—n.pl. Small′-wares (see Ware).—In a small way, with little capital or stock: unostentatiously. [A.S. smæl; Ger. schmal.]

Smallage, smawl′āj, n. celery. [Small, Fr. ache—L. apium, parsley.]

Smalt, smawlt, n. glass melted, tinged blue by cobalt, and pulverised when cold.—n. Smal′tine, an arsenide of cobalt, often containing nickel and iron. [Low L. smaltum—Old High Ger. smalzjan (Ger. schmelzen), to melt.]

Smaragdine, sma-rag′din, adj. of an emerald green.—n. Smarag′dite, a peculiar variety of Amphibole, light grass-green in colour, with a foliated, lamellar or fibrous structure—occurring as a constituent of the rock called Eklogite. [L. smaragdinus—smaragdus—Gr. smaragdos, the emerald.]

Smart, smärt, n. quick, stinging pain of body or mind: smart-money: a dandy.—v.i. to feel a smart: to be punished.—adj. causing a smart: severe: sharp: vigorous, brisk: acute, witty, pert, vivacious: well-dressed, fine, fashionable: keen in business: creditable, up-to-the-mark.—v.t. Smart′en, to make smart, to brighten (with up).—adv. Smart′ly.—ns. Smart′-mon′ey, money paid by a recruit for his release before being sworn in: money paid for escape from any unpleasant situation or engagement: excessive damages: money allowed to soldiers and sailors for wounds; Smart′ness; Smart′-tick′et, a certificate granted to one entitled to smart-money; Smart′-weed, a name given to some of the Milkworts from their acrid properties, esp. Polygonum Hydropiper, or Waterpepper; Smart′y, a would-be smart fellow. [A.S. smeortan; Dut. smarten, Ger. schmerzen.]

Smash, smash, v.t. to break in pieces violently: to crush: to dash violently.—v.i. to act with crushing force: to be broken to pieces: to be ruined, to fail: to dash violently.—n. act of smashing, destruction, ruin, bankruptcy.—ns. Smash′er, one who smashes: (slang) one who passes bad money, bad money itself: anything great or extraordinary; Smash′ing.—adj. crushing: dashing.—n. Smash′-up, a serious smash. [Prob. Sw. dial. smaske, to smack.]

Smatch, smach, n. (Shak.) taste or tincture.—v.t. and v.i. to have a taste. [Smack.]

Smatter, smat′ėr, v.i. to talk superficially: to have a superficial knowledge.—ns. Smatt′erer; Smatt′ering, a superficial knowledge.—adv. Smatt′eringly, in a smattering manner. [M. E. smateren, to rattle, to chatter—Sw. smattra, to clatter; Ger. schnattern.]

Smear, smēr, v.t. to overspread with anything sticky or oily, as grease: to daub.—n. Smear′iness.—adj. Smear′y, sticky: showing smears. [A.S. smeru, fat, grease; Ger. schmeer, grease, Ice. smjör, butter.]

Smectite, smek′tīt, n. a greenish clay. [Gr. smēktis—smēchein, to rub.]

Smectymnuus, smek-tim′nū-us, n. a name compounded of the initials of the five Puritan divines—Stephen Marshall, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew Newcomen, and William Spurstow, joint authors of An Answer (1641) to Bishop Hall's Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament (1641) in defence of the liturgy and episcopal government.

Smeddum, smed′um, n. fine powder: sagacity, spirit, mettle: ore small enough to go through the sieve. [A.S. smedema, fine flour.]

Smegma, smeg′ma, n. a sebaceous secretion, esp. that under the prepuce: an unguent.—adj. Smegmat′ic. [Gr. smēgma.]

Smell, smel, v.i. to affect the nose: to have odour: to use the sense of smell.—v.t. to perceive by the nose:—pa.t. and pa.p. smelled or smelt.—n. the quality of bodies which affects the nose: odour: perfume: the sense which perceives this quality.—ns. Smell′er; Smell′-feast, a greedy fellow; Smell′ing, the sense by which smells are perceived; Smell′ing-bott′le, a bottle containing smelling-salts, or the like; Smell′ing-salts, a preparation of ammonium carbonate with lavender, &c., used as a stimulant in faintness, &c.; Smell′-trap, a drain-trap.—adj. Smell′y, having a bad smell.—Smell a rat (see Rat); Smell out, to find out by prying. [Allied to Low Ger. smelen, Dut. smeulen, to smoulder.]

Smelt, smelt, n. a fish of the salmon or trout family, having a cucumber-like smell and a delicious flavour. [A.S. smelt.]

Smelt, smelt, v.t. to melt ore in order to separate the metal.—ns. Smel′ter; Smel′tery, a place for smelting; Smel′ting; Smel′ting-fur′nace, -house, -works. [Scand., Sw. smälta, to smelt.]

Smew, smū, n. a bird of the family Anatidæ, in the same genus as the goosander and mergansers.

Smicker, smik′ėr, v.i. (obs.) to look amorously.—n. Smick′ering, an inclination for a woman.—adv. Smick′ly, amorously.

Smift, smift, n. a piece of touchwood, &c., formerly used to ignite the train in blasting.—Also Snuff.

Smilax, smī′laks, n. a genus of liliaceous plants, type of the tribe Smilaceæ—the roots of several species yield sarsaparilla.

Smile, smīl, v.i. to express pleasure by the countenance: to express slight contempt: to look joyous: to be favourable.—n. act of smiling: the expression of the features in smiling: favour: (slang) a drink, a treat.—ns. Smī′ler, one who smiles; Smī′let (Shak.), a little smile.—adj. Smī′ling, wearing a smile, joyous.—adv. Smī′lingly, in a smiling manner: with a smile or look of pleasure.—n. Smī′lingness, the state of being smiling. [Scand., Sw. smila, to smile.]

Smirch, smirch, v.t. to besmear, dirty: to degrade in fame, dignity, &c.—n. a stain. [A weakened form of smer-k, from M. E. smeren, to smear.]

Smirk, smėrk, v.i. to smile affectedly: to look affectedly soft.—n. an affected smile.—adjs. Smirk (obs.), Smirk′y, smart. [A.S. smercian; akin to smile.]

Smit, smit, v.t. (prov.) to infect.—n. a stain: infection.—v.t. Smit′tle, to infect.—adj. infectious.—n. infection. [A.S. smittian, to spot, smitta, a spot, an intens. of smítan, to smite.]

Smite, smīt, v.t. to strike with the fist, hand, or weapon: to beat: to kill: to overthrow in battle: to affect with feeling: (B.) to blast: to afflict.—v.i. to strike:—pa.t. smōte; pa.p. smitt′en.—n. Smī′ter.—Smite off, to cut off; Smite out, to knock out; Smite with the tongue (B.), to reproach, to revile. [A.S. smítan; Dut. smijten, Ger. schmeissen.]

Smith, smith, n. one who forges with the hammer: a worker in metals: one who makes anything.—ns. Smith′ery, the workshop of a smith: work done by a smith—also Smith′ing; Smith′y, the workshop of a smith; Smith′y-coal, a kind of small coal much used by smiths. [A.S. smith; Ger. schmied.]

Smithsonian, smith-sō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to James Macie Smithson (1765—1829), founder of a great institution at Washington for ethnological and scientific investigations, organised by Congress in 1846.

Smock, smok, n. a woman's shift: a smock-frock.—v.t. to clothe in a smock or smock-frock.—adj. Smock′-faced, pale-faced.—ns. Smock′-frock, an outer garment of coarse white linen worn over the other clothes in the south of England; Smock′-race, a race for the prize of a smock. [A.S. smoc, perh. from A.S. smeógan, to creep into.]

Smoke, smōk, n. the vapour from a burning body—a common term for the volatile products of the imperfect combustion of such organic substances as wood or coal.—v.i. to emit smoke: to smoke out instead of upward, owing to imperfect draught: to draw in and puff out the smoke of tobacco: to raise smoke by moving rapidly: to burn, to rage: to suffer, as from punishment.—v.t. to apply smoke to: to dry, scent, or medicate by smoke: to inhale the smoke of: to use in smoking: to try to expel by smoking: to scent out, discover: to quiz, ridicule: to thrash.—ns. Smoke′-black, lampblack; Smoke′-board, a board suspended before the upper part of a fireplace to prevent the smoke coming out into the room; Smoke′-box, part of a steam-boiler where the smoke is collected before passing out at the chimney; Smoke′-consū′mer, an apparatus for burning all the smoke from a fire.—adj. Smoke′-dried.—v.t. Smoke′-dry, to cure or dry by means of smoke.—ns. Smoke′-house, a building where meat or fish is cured by smoking, or where smoked meats are stored; Smoke′-jack, a contrivance for turning a jack by means of a wheel turned by the current of air ascending a chimney.—adj. Smoke′less, destitute of smoke.—adv. Smokel′essly.—ns. Smoke′lessness; Smō′ker, one who smokes tobacco: a smoking-carriage: one who smoke-dries meat: an evening entertainment at which smoking is permitted; Smoke′-sail, a small sail hoisted between the galley-funnel and the foremast when a vessel rides head to the wind; Smoke′-shade, a scale of tints ranging from 0 to 10, for comparison of different varieties of coal, according to the amount of unburnt carbon in their smoke; Smoke′-stack, an upright pipe through which the combustion-gases from a steam-boiler pass into the open air.—adj. Smoke′-tight, impervious to smoke.—ns. Smoke′-tree, an ornamental shrub of the cashew family, with long light feathery or cloud-like fruit-stalks; Smoke′-wash′er, an apparatus for removing soot and particles of unburnt carbon from smoke by making it pass through water; Smoke′-wood, the virgin's bower (Clematis Vitalba), whose porous stems are smoked by boys.—adv. Smō′kily.—ns. Smō′kiness; Smō′king, the act of emitting smoke: the act or habit of drawing into the mouth and emitting the fumes of tobacco by means of a pipe or cigar—a habit of great sedative value: a bantering; Smō′king-cap, -jack′et, a light ornamental cap or jacket often worn by smokers; Smō′king-carr′iage, -room, a railway-carriage, -room, supposed to be set apart for smokers.—adj. Smō′ky, giving out smoke: like smoke: filled, or subject to be filled, with smoke: tarnished or noisome with smoke: (obs.) suspicious.—On a smoke (B.), smoking, or on fire. [A.S. smocian, smoca; Ger. schmauch.]

Smolt, smōlt, n. a name given to young river salmon when they are bluish along the upper half of the body and silvery along the sides. [Smelt.]

Smooth, smōōth, adj. having an even surface: not tough: evenly spread: glossy: gently flowing: easy: regular: unobstructed: bland: mild, calm.—v.t. to make smooth: to palliate: to soften: to calm: to ease: (Shak.) to exonerate.—v.i. to repeat flattering words.—n. (B.) the smooth part.—adj. Smooth′-bore, not rifled.—n. a gun with smooth-bored barrel.—adjs. Smooth′-browed, with unwrinkled brow; Smooth′-chinned, having a smooth chin: beardless; Smooth′-dit′tied, sweetly sung, with a flowing melody.—v.t Smooth′en, to make smooth.—n. Smooth′er, one who, or that which, smooths: in glass-cutting, an abrading-wheel for polishing the aces of the grooves cut by another wheel: (obs.) a flatterer.—adj. Smooth′-faced, having a smooth air, mild-looking.—ns. Smooth′ing-ī′ron, an instrument of iron for smoothing clothes; Smooth′ing-plane, a small fine plane used for finishing.—adv. Smooth′ly.—n. Smooth′ness.—adjs. Smooth′-paced, having a regular easy pace; Smooth′-shod, having shoes without spikes; Smooth′-spō′ken, speaking pleasantly: plausible: flattering; Smooth′-tongued, having a smooth tongue: flattering. [A.S. smóthe, usually sméthe; Ger. ge-schmeidig, soft.]

Smother, smuth′ėr, v.t. to suffocate by excluding the air: to conceal.—v.i. to be suffocated or suppressed: to smoulder.—n. smoke: thick floating dust: state of being smothered: confusion.—ns. Smotherā′tion, suffocation: a sailor's dish of meat buried in potatoes; Smoth′eriness.—adv. Smoth′eringly.—adj. Smoth′ery, tending to smother: stifling. [M. E. smorther—A.S. smorian, to smother; cf. Ger. schmoren, to stew.]

Smoulder, smōl′dėr, v.i. to burn slowly or without vent.—adjs. Smoul′dring, Smoul′dry. [M. E. smolderen—smolder=smor-ther, stifling smoke; cf. Smother.]

Smout, smowt, n. (slang) a printer who gets chance jobs in various offices.—v.i. to do occasional work.

Smudge, smuj, n. a spot, a stain: a choking smoke—v.t. to stifle: to fumigate with smoke.—n. Smud′ger, one who smudges: a plumber.—adj. Smud′gy, stained with smoke. [Scand., Sw. smuts, dirt, Dan. smuds, smut; Ger. schmutz.]

Smug, smug, adj. neat, prim, spruce: affectedly smart: well satisfied with one's self.—n. a self-satisfied person.—adj. Smug′-faced, prim or precise-looking.—adv. Smug′ly.—n. Smug′ness. [Dan. smuk, handsome; cf. Ger. schmuck, fine.]

Smug, smug, v.t. to seize without ceremony, to confiscate: (slang) to hush up.

Smuggle, smug′l, v.t. to import or export without paying the legal duty: to convey secretly.—ns. Smugg′ler, one who smuggles: a vessel used in smuggling; Smugg′ling, defrauding the government of revenue by the evasion of custom-duties or excise-taxes. [Low Ger. smuggeln, cog. with Ger. schmuggeln; Dut. smuigen, to eat secretly.]

Smur, smur, n. (Scot.) fine misty rain.—v.i. to drizzle.—adj. Smur′ry.

Smut, smut, n. a spot of dirt, soot, &c.: foul matter, as soot: Bunt, sometimes also Dust-brand, the popular name of certain small fungi which infest flowering land-plants, esp. the grasses, the name derived from the appearance of the spores, which are nearly black and very numerous: obscene language.—v.t. to soil with smut: to blacken or tarnish.—v.i. to gather smut: to be turned into smut:—pr.p. smut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. smut′ted.—n. Smut′-ball, a fungus of genus Tilletia: a puff-ball.—adj. Smut′tied, made smutty.—adv. Smut′tily.—n. Smut′tiness.—adj. Smut′ty, stained with smut: affected with smut or mildew: obscene, filthy. [Scand., Sw. smuts; Ger. schmutz, prob. from root of smite.]

Smutch, smuch, v.t. to blacken, as with soot.—n. a dirty mark. [A form of smut.]

Smyrniot, -e, smėr′niot, -ōt, n. a native or inhabitant, of Smyrna.—adj. of or pertaining to Smyrna.

Smyterie, Smytrie, smit′ri, n. (Scot.) a large number of individuals of small size.

Snabble, snab′l, v.t. (prov.) to plunder: to kill.—v.i. to gobble up.

Snack, snak, n. a share: a slight, hasty meal.—v.t. to snatch, to bite: to share. [A form of snatch.]

Snaffle, snaf′l, n. a bridle which crosses the nose and has a slender mouth-bit without branches.—v.t. to bridle: to clutch by the bridle.—ns. Snaff′le-bit, a kind of slender bit; Snaff′ling-lay, the trade of highwayman. [Dut. snavel, the muzzle; cf. Snap.]

Snag, snag, n. a sharp protuberance: a short branch: a projecting tooth or stump: a tree lying in the water so as to impede navigation—hence any stumbling-block or obstacle.—v.t. to catch on a snag: to entangle: to fill with snags, or to clear from such.—n. Snag′boat, a steamboat with appliances for removing snags.—adjs. Snag′ged, Snag′gy, full of snags. [Akin to Gael. and Ir. snaigh, to cut.]

Snag, snag, v.t. to lop superfluous branches from a tree.—n. Snag′ger, the tool for this.

Snail, snāl, n. a term for the species of terrestrial Gasteropoda which have well-formed spiral shells—the more typical snails belonging to the genus Helix, of the family Helicidæ, having the shell of many whorls, globose, depressed, or conical.—ns. Snail′-clov′er, -trē′foil, a species of medic; Snail′-fish, a fish of genus Liparis, sticking to rocks; Snail′-flow′er, a twining bean.—adjs. Snail′-like (Shak.), in the manner of a snail, slowly; Snail′-paced (Shak.), as slow-moving as a snail; Snail′-slow, as slow as a snail.—n. Snail′-wheel, in some striking time-pieces, a rotating piece with a spiral periphery having notches so arranged as to determine the number of strokes made on the bell.—Snail's pace, a very slow pace. [A.S. snegl, snægl; Ger. schnecke.]

Snake, snāk, n. a serpent—Snakes (Ophidia) form one of the classes of reptiles, in shape limbless and much elongated, embracing tree-snakes, the water-snakes, and the very venomous sea-snakes (Hydrophidæ), the burrowing-snakes (Typhlopidæ) and the majority, which may be called ground-snakes.—ns. Snake′-bird, a darter: the wryneck; Snake′-eel, a long Mediterranean eel, its tail without a tail-fin.—adj. Snake′-like (Tenn.), like a snake.—ns. Snake′-root, the popular name of various plants of different genera, whose roots are considered good for snake-bites; Snake's′-head, the guinea-hen flower; Snake′-stone, a small rounded piece of stone or other hard substance, popularly believed to be efficacious in curing snake-bites; Snake′-weed, the bistort; Snake′wood (same as Letter-wood).—adjs. Snak′ish, having the qualities of a snake: cunning, deceitful; Snak′y (Spens.), belonging to, or resembling, a serpent: (Milt.) cunning, deceitful: covered with, or having, serpents. [A.S. snaca, prob. from snícan, to creep; Ice. snák-r.]

Snap, snap, v.t. to break short or at once: to bite, or catch at suddenly: to crack: to interrupt sharply (often with up): to shut with a sharp sound: to take an instantaneous photograph of, esp. with a hand camera.—v.i. to break short: to try to bite: to utter sharp words (with at): to flash:—pr.p. snap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. snapped.—n. act of snapping, or the noise made by it: a small catch or lock: a hasty repast, a snack: a crack, the spring-catch of a bracelet, &c., an earring: a crisp kind of gingerbread nut or cake: crispness, pithiness, epigrammatic point or force: vigour, energy: (slang) a brief theatrical engagement, an easy and profitable place or task: a sharper, a cheat: a riveter's tool, also a glass-moulder's tool: the act of taking a snapshot.—adj. sudden, unpremeditated, without preparation.—ns. Snap′dragon, a plant, so called because the lower lip of the corolla when parted shuts with a snap like a dragon's jaw: a Christmas pastime in which raisins are snatched out of a dish in which brandy is burning, in a room otherwise dark—also the raisins so taken; Snap′per; Snap′per-up (Shak.), one who snaps up; Snap′ping-tur′tle, a large fresh-water tortoise of the United States—from its habit of snapping at things.—adjs. Snap′pish, Snap′py, inclined to snap: eager to bite: sharp in reply.—adv. Snap′pishly, in a snappish manner: peevishly: tartly.—ns. Snap′pishness; Snap′shot, an instantaneous photograph. [Dut. snappen, to snap; Ger. schnappen.]

Snaphance, snaf′ans, n. a term originally applied to the spring-lock of a gun or pistol, but afterwards applied to the gun itself, a Dutch firelock of the 17th century: a snappish retort.—Also Snaph′aunce. [Dut. snaphaan—snappen, to snap, haan, a cock.]

Snare, snār, n. a running noose of string or wire, &c., for catching an animal: a trap: that by which any one is entrapped: a cord, esp. that stretched across the lower head of a drum: a surgical instrument for removing tumours, &c., by an ever-tightening loop.—v.t. same as Ensnare (q.v.).—v.i. to use snares.—n. Snār′er.—adj. Snār′y. [A.S. snear; Dut. snaar.]

Snarl, snärl, v.i. to growl, as a surly dog: to speak in a surly manner.—v.t. to utter snarlingly.—n. a growl, a jealous quarrelsome utterance.—n. Snar′ler.—adjs. Snar′ling, growling, snappish; Snar′ly. [Prob. imit.; Low Ger. snarren, Ger. schnarren; conn. with Eng. snore.]

Snarl, snärl, v.t. to twist, entangle, confuse.—v.i. to become entangled.—n. a knot or any kind of complication: a squabble.—adj. Snarled, twisted.—ns. Snar′ling-ī′ron, -tool, a curved tool for snarling or fluting hollow metal-ware, &c.

Snash, shash, n. (Scot.) insolence, abusive language.—v.i. to talk impudently.

Snatch, snach, v.t. to seize quickly: to take without permission: to seize and carry away.—v.i. to try to seize hastily.—n. a hasty catching or seizing: a short time of exertion: a small piece or fragment: a catching of the voice: a hasty snack of food: a quibble.—ns. Snatch′-block, a kind of pulley-block, having an opening in the side to receive the bight of a rope; Snatch′er, one who snatches.—adv. Snatch′ingly.—adj. Snatch′y, irregular. [M. E. snacchen; cog. with Dut. snakken, Prov. Eng. sneck, a bolt; also conn. with snap.]

Snead, snēd, n. the handle of a scythe, a snathe. [A.S. snǽd—sníthan, to cut.]

Sneak, snēk, v.i. to creep or steal away privately or meanly: to behave meanly.—v.t. (slang) to steal.—n. a mean, servile fellow: a mean thief.—ns. Sneak′-cup (Shak.), one who balks his glass: a cowardly, insidious scoundrel; Sneak′er.—adj. Sneak′ing, mean, crouching: secret, underhand, not openly avowed.—adv. Sneak′ingly.—ns. Sneak′ingness, Sneak′iness, the quality of being sneaking: meanness; Sneaks′by (obs.), a sneak.—adj. Sneak′y, somewhat sneaking. [A.S. snícan, to creep; Dan. snige. Cf. Snake.]

Sneap, snēp, v.t. to check, to rebuke: to nip.—n. a check, a reprimand, taunt, sarcasm.—Also Snape.

Sneck, snek, n. (Scot.) the catch of a door or a lid.—v.t. to latch or shut a door.—n. Sneck′-draw′er, one who lifts the latch for thievish ends, a mean thief.—adjs. Sneck′-draw′ing, Sneck′-drawn, crafty, cunning.—interj. Sneck-up′ (Shak.), go hang! [Prob. snack, to catch.]

Snee, snē, n. a large knife. [Dut. snee, snede, a slice; Ger. schneide, edge.]

Sneer, snēr, v.i. to show contempt by the expression of the face, as by turning up the nose: to insinuate contempt.—v.t. to utter sneeringly.—n. an indirect expression of contempt.—n. Sneer′er.—adj. Sneer′ing.—adv. Sneer′ingly. [Scand., Dan. snærre, to grin like a dog; cf. Snarl.]

Sneeze, snēz, v.i. to make a sudden and involuntary violent expiration, preceded by one or more inspirations, the fauces being generally closed so that the current of air is directed through the nose.—n. a sneezing.—ns. Sneeze′weed, any species of Helenium; Sneeze′wood, the durable wood of a small South African tree whose sawdust causes sneezing: Sneeze′wort, the white hellebore: the Achillea Ptarmica; Sneez′ing.—Not to be sneezed at, not to be despised, of very considerable value or importance. [M. E. snesen, fnesen—A.S. fneósan, to sneeze; Dut. fniezen.]

Snell, snel, adj. (Scot.) keen, sharp, severe. [A.S. snel, snell, active; Ger. schnell, swift.]

Snick, snik, v.t. to cut, snip, nick.—n. a small cut: a knot in yarn when too tightly twisted.—n. Snick′ersnee, a knife.—Snick and snee, a fight with knives, also a knife. [Ice. snikka, to nick, cut.]

Snicker, snik′ėr, v.i. to laugh, to giggle in a half-suppressed way.—v.t. to say gigglingly.—n. a giggle, a half-smothered laugh. [Low Ger. snukken, to sob, Dut. snikken, to gasp; cf. Neigh and Scot. nicker; all imit.]

Sniff, snif, v.t. to draw in with the breath through the nose.—v.i. to snuff or draw in air sharply through the nose: to snuff.—n. perception of smell: a short sharp inhalation, or the sound made by such.—v.i. Snif′fle, to snuffle.—n. Snif′fler, a slight breeze.—adj. Snif′fy, inclined to be disdainful.—vs.i. Snift, to sniff, snivel; Snift′er, to sniff.—n. a sniff: (pl.) stoppage of the nasal passages in catarrh: (slang) a dram: (U.S.) a severe storm.—n. Snift′ing-valve, an air-valve connecting with a steam-cylinder, as in a condensing engine—also Tail-valve, Blow-valve.—adj. Snift′y (slang), having a tempting smell. [Scand.; Dan. snive, snuff; Ger. schnieben.]

Snigger, snig′ėr, v.i. to laugh in a half-suppressed, broken manner.—n. a half-suppressed laugh. [Imit.]

Sniggle, snig′l, v.i. to fish for eels by thrusting the bait into their hiding-places.—v.t. to catch by this means: to ensnare.—n. Snig (prov.), an eel.

Snip, snip, v.t. to cut off at once with scissors: to cut off the nib of: to cut off: to make signs with, as the fingers:—pr.p. snip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. snipped.—n. a single cut with scissors: a clip or small shred: a share, snack: a tailor.—ns. Snip′per, one who snips, a tailor; Snip′per-snap′per, a little trifling fellow; Snip′pet, a little piece snipped off.—adj. Snip′pety, trivial, fragmentary.—n. Snip′ping, a clipping.—adj. Snip′py, fragmentary: stingy.—n.pl. Snips, a pair of strong hand-shears for sheet-metal.—n. Snip′-snap, tart dialogue with quick replies.—adj. (Shak.) quick, short. [Dut. snippen; Ger. schnippen; closely conn. with snap.]

Snipe, snīp, n. the name of a genus (Gallinago) and of a family (Scolopacidæ) of birds, order Grallæ, having a long straight flexible bill, frequenting marshy places all over Europe: a fool: a simpleton: (U.S.) a half-smoked cigar picked up on the street: a long bill or account. [Scand., Ice. snípa; Dut. snip, snep, Ger. schnepfe.]

Snipe, snīp, v.i. to pick off stealthily by a long rifle-shot, as from the surrounding hills into a camp, &c.—n. Snīp′ing, the foregoing practice.

Snirt, snirt, n. a smothered laugh.—v.i. Snirt′le, to snicker. [A variant of snortle.]

Snivel, sniv′l, v.i. to run at the nose: to cry, as a child:—pr.p. sniv′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. sniv′elled.—n. snot: cant, an affected tearful state.—n. Sniv′eller, one prone to snivelling: one who cries for slight causes.—adjs. Sniv′elling, snotty: weakly tearful; Sniv′elly, snotty, whining. [A.S. snofel, mucus from the nose; akin to sniff, snuff.]

Snob, snob, n. a vulgar person, esp. one who apes gentility, a tuft-hunter: a shoemaker: a workman who works for lower wages than his fellows, a rat, one who will not join a strike: a townsman, as opposed to a gownsman, in Cambridge slang.—n. Snob′bery, the quality of being snobbish.—adj. Snob′bish.—adv. Snob′bishly.—ns. Snob′bishness; Snob′bism.—adj. Snob′by.—ns. Snob′ling, a little snob; Snoboc′racy, snobs as a powerful class; Snobog′rapher; Snobog′raphy, the description of snobs and snobbery. [Prob. prov. snap, a boy, from Ice. snápr, a dolt; Sw. dial. snopp, a boy.]

Snod, snod, adj. (Scot.) neat, trim.—v.t. to trim, set in order (with up). [Conn. with A.S. snǽdan, to cut, prune.]

Snood, snōōd, n. the fillet which binds a maiden's hair: the hair-line, gut, &c. by which a fish-hook is fixed to the line.—adj. Snood′ed, having, or wearing, a snood. [A.S. snód; cf. Ice. snúa, Sw. sno, to twist.]

Snook, snōōk, v.i. to lurk, prowl about: to smell out—(Scot.) Snouk. [Low Ger. snoken, to search for; Ice. snaka, to snuff about.]

Snook, snōōk, n. one of several fishes—the cobia, a robalo, a garfish, a Cape carangoid fish. [Dut. snoek, a pike.]

Snool, snōōl, v.i. (Scot.) to submit tamely to wrong or oppression.—n. one who does so. [Contr. of snivel.]

Snooze, snōōz, v.i. to doze.—n. a nap.—n. Snooz′er. [Prob. the same as snore, influenced by sneeze.]

Snooze, snōōz, v.i. to doze: to slumber.—n. a quiet nap.—n. Snooz′er. [Prob. the same as snore, influenced by sneeze.]

Snore, snōr, v.i. to breathe roughly and hoarsely in sleep.—n. a noisy breathing in sleep.—ns. Snōr′er; Snō′ring, an abnormal and noisy mode of respiration produced by deep inspirations and expirations through the nose and open mouth, the noise being caused by the vibration of the soft palate and uvula. [A.S. snora, a snore; allied to snarl.]

Snort, snort, v.i. to force the air with violence and noise through the nostrils, as horses: to laugh boisterously.—v.t. to express by a snort: to force out, as by a snort.—ns. Snort′er; Snort′ing.—adv. Snort′ingly. [Scand., Dan. snorke, to snort; Dut. snorken, Ger. schnarchen.]

Snot, snot, n. mucus of the nose: a mean fellow.—v.i. to blow the nose.—v.i. Snot′ter, to breathe through an obstruction in the nostrils, to sob, cry.—n. the wattles of a turkey-cock: (Scot.) snot.—n. Snot′tery, snot, filthiness.—adv. Snot′tily.—n. Snot′tiness.—adjs. Snot′ty; Snot′ty-nosed. [M. E. snotte; cf. Dut. snot; allied to snout.]

Snout, snowt, n. the projecting nose of a beast, as of a swine: any similar projecting proboscis, beak, &c.—v.t. to furnish with a snout.—adjs. Snout′ed; Snout′y. [Scand., Sw. snut; Ger. schnauze, Dut. snuit.]

Snow, snō, n. the crystalline form into which the excess of vapour in the atmosphere is condensed when the temperature is below freezing: a snowfall: a winter: (her.) white argent.—v.i. and v.t. to fall in snow, to cover with snow.—n. Snow′ball, a ball made of snow pressed hard together: a shrub bearing a round white flower, the guelder-rose: a round pudding of rice with an apple in the centre, a mass of boiled rice shaped in a cup: white of egg beaten stiff and placed on the surface of a custard.—v.t. to throw snowballs at.—v.i. to throw snowballs.—ns. Snow′-ber′ry, a bushy, deciduous shrub, bearing white berries; Snow′-bird, a North American bird of the Finch family, the upper parts lead-colour, the lower parts white.—adj. Snow′-blind, affected with snow-blindness.—ns. Snow′-blind′ness, amblyopia caused by the reflection of light from snow; Snow′-blink, a peculiar reflection arising from fields of snow, like ice-blink; Snow′-boot, a boot made to protect the feet while walking in snow; Snow′-box, a theatrical apparatus for representing a snowfall; Snow′-break, a melting of snow; Snow′-broth, snow and water mixed, any very cold liquid; Snow′-bunt′ing, Snow′-flick, a bird of the Finch family, Bunting sub-family, abounding in the Arctic regions.—adjs. Snow′-capped, -capt, covered with snow; Snow′-cold, as cold as snow.—ns. Snow′-drift, a bank of snow drifted together by the wind; Snow′drop, a genus of plants of the natural order Amaryllis, with bell-shaped flower arising from a spathe, bulbous root, two leaves and one single-flowered leafless stem.—ns.pl. Snow′-eyes, -gogg′les, an Eskimo contrivance to prevent snow-blindness.—n. Snow′fall, a quiet fall of snow: the amount falling in a given time.—adj. Snow′-fed, begun or increased by melted snow, as a stream.—ns. Snow′field, a wide range of snow, esp. where permanent; Snow′-finch, the stone- or mountain-finch; Snow′flake, a feathery flake of snow: the snow-bunting: a bulbous-rooted garden flower, resembling the snowdrop, but larger; Snow′-fly, a perlid insect or kind of stone-fly found leaping on the snow; Snow′-ice, ice formed from freezing slush.—adv. Snow′ily.—n. Snow′iness.—adjs. Snow′ish, resembling snow; Snow′less; Snow′-like; Snow′-limbed, with limbs white as snow.—ns. Snow′line, the line upon a mountain that marks the limit of

perpetual snow; Snow′-owl, the great white owl of northern regions; Snow′-plough, a machine for clearing roads and railways from snow; Snow′shoe, a great flat shoe worn to prevent sinking in the snow.—v.i. to walk or travel on such.—ns. Snow′-slip, a mass of snow which slips down a mountain's side; Snow′storm, a storm accompanied with falling snow.—adj. Snow′-white, as white as snow: very white.—n. Snow′-wreath (Scot.), a snowdrift.—adj. Snow′y, abounding or covered with snow: white, like snow: pure. [A.S. snáw; Ger. schnee, L. nix, nivis.]

Snow, snō, n. a vessel once much in use, differing only from a brig in having the boom-mainsail traversing on the trysail-mast, instead of hooped to the mainmast. [Dut. snaauw, a boat.]

Snub, snub, v.t. to check, to reprimand: to slight intentionally, to rebuff by a cutting remark or retort:—pr.p. snub′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. snubbed.—n. an act of snubbing, any deliberate slight.—adjs. Snub, flat and broad, with the end slightly turned up; Snub′bish, inclined to snub or check; Snub′by, somewhat snub.—n. Snub′-nose, a short or flat nose.—adj. Snub′-nosed.—ns. Snub′-, Snub′bing-post, a post round which a rope is wound to check the motion of a horse or boat.—Snub a cable, to check it suddenly in running out. [Scand., Dan. snibbe, to reprove, Sw. snubba.]

Snuff, snuf, v.i. to draw in air violently and noisily through the nose: to sniff: to smell at anything doubtfully: to take snuff into the nose.—v.t. to draw into the nose: to smell, to examine by smelling.—n. a powdered preparation of tobacco or other substance for snuffing, a pinch of such: a sniff: resentment, huff.—ns. Snuff′-box, a box for snuff; Snuff′-dip′ping, the habit of dipping a wetted stick into snuff and rubbing it on the gums; Snuff′er, one who snuffs; Snuff′iness, state of being snuffy.—v.i. Snuf′fle, to breathe hard through the nose.—n. the sound made by such: a nasal twang: cant.—n. Snuf′fler, one who snuffles or speaks through his nose when obstructed.—n.pl. Snuf′fles, nasal catarrh and consequent stoppage of the nose.—ns. Snuff′ling; Snuff′-mill, a machine for grinding tobacco into snuff; Snuff′-mull, a snuff-box; Snuff′-spoon, a spoon for taking snuff from a snuff-box; Snuff′-tāk′er, one who snuffs habitually; Snuff′-tāking.—adj. Snuff′y, soiled with, or smelling of, snuff.—Take a thing in snuff (Shak.), to take offence; Up to snuff, knowing, not likely to be taken in. [Dut. snuffen, snuf; Ger. schnaufen, to snuff.]

Snuff, snuf, v.t. to crop or pinch the snuff from, as a burning candle.—n. the charred portion of a candle or lamp-wick: a candle almost burnt out.—ns.pl. Snuff′-dishes (B.), dishes for the snuff of the lamps of the tabernacle; Snuff′ers, an instrument for taking the snuff off a candle.—Snuff out, to extinguish by snuffing, to end by a sudden stroke. [M. E. snuffen, for snuppen—Scand., Sw. dial. snóppa, to snip off, Dan. snubbe, to nip off.]

Snug, snug, adj. lying close and warm: comfortable: not exposed to view or notice: being in good order: compact: fitting close.—v.i. to move so as to lie close.—v.t. to make smooth.—n. Snug′gery, a cosy little room.—v.i. Snug′gle, to cuddle, nestle.—v.t. Snug′ify (Lamb), to make snug.—adv. Snug′ly.—n. Snug′ness. [Scand., Ice. snögg-r, smooth.]

Sny, snī, n. a gentle bend in timber, curving upwards. [Prob. Ice. snúa, to turn.]

So, sō, adv. in this manner or degree: thus: for like reason: in such manner or degree: in a high degree: as has been stated: on this account: an abbrev. for Is it so? be it so.—conj. provided that: in case that.—interj. stand as you are! steady! stop! by way of command.—adj. So′-called, generally styled thus—usually implying doubt.—So and so, an undetermined or imaginary person; So as, in such a manner as, with such a purpose as: if only, on condition that; So far, to that extent, degree, or point; So forth, denoting more of the same or a like kind; So much, as much as is implied or mentioned: such an amount not determined or stated; So much as, to whatever extent; So on, so forth; So so, only thus, only tolerably; So that, with the purpose that: with the result that: if only; So then, thus then it is, therefore; So to say, or speak, to use that expression.—Or so, or thereabouts; Quite so, just as you have said, exactly. [A.S. swá; Ice. svá, Goth. swa, Ger. so.]

Soak, sōk, v.t. to steep in a fluid: to wet thoroughly: to drench: to draw in by the pores.—v.i. to be steeped in a liquid: to enter into pores: to drink to excess, to guzzle.—n. process or act of soaking: a hard drinker, a carouse.—ns. Soak′age, act of soaking: the amount soaked in; Soak′er, a habitual drunkard.—p.adj. Soak′ing, that wets thoroughly: drenching, as rain.—adv. Soak′ingly.—adj. Soak′y, steeped, wet. [A.S. súcan, to suck, pa.t. seác, pa.p. socen.]

Soap, sōp, n. a compound of oils or fats with soda (hard soaps) or potash (soft soaps), used in washing: (slang) soft words, flattery: (U.S. slang) money used for bribery and other secret political purposes.—v.t. to rub or wash with soap: to flatter.—ns. Soap′-ball, soap made into a ball, often with starch, as an emollient; Soap′berry, the fruit of several species of trees belonging to the genus Sapindus, containing a pulp useful as a substitute for soap in washing; Soap′-boil′er, one whose occupation is to make soap; Soap′-boil′ing, the occupation of making soap; Soap′-bub′ble, a bubble made from soap-suds by blowing through a pipe; Soap′iness; Soap′-lock, a lock of hair brushed apart from the rest: a rowdy; Soap′-pan, a large tank for boiling the ingredients in soap-making; Soap′-plant, a plant the bulb of which makes a thick lather when rubbed on clothes, and is used as soap; Soap′-stone, a soft kind of magnesian rock having a soapy feel, also called Steatite; Soap′-suds (s. and pl.), soapy water, esp. when worked into a foam; Soap′-test, a test for determining the degree of hardness of water; Soap′-works, a place where soap is made; Soap′wort, a genus of plants, some of the species of which have very beautiful flowers, and the root and leaves of which contain saponin, and hence are sometimes used in washing.—adj. Soap′y, like soap: having the qualities of soap: covered with soap: flattering, or pertaining to flattery. [A.S. sápe; Dut. zeep, Ger. seife.]

Soar, sōr, v.i. to mount into the air: to fly aloft: to rise to a height, also mentally or morally.—n. act of soaring: the height reached in soaring.—adjs. Soar′ant (her.), flying aloft; Soar′ing.—adv. Soar′ingly, having an upward direction. [O. Fr. essorer, to expose to air—L. ex, out of, aura, air.]

Sob, sob, v.i. to sigh in a convulsive manner, with tears: to weep with convulsive catchings of the breath, due to contractions of the diaphragm, accompanied by a closure of the glottis, preventing the entrance of air into the lungs.—v.t. to utter with sobs:—pr.p. sob′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. sobbed.—n. a short, convulsive sigh, any similar sound.—n. Sob′bing.—adv. Sob′bingly. [Conn. with A.S. seófian, to sigh; Ger. seufzen.]

Sober, sō′bėr, adj. not wild or passionate: self-possessed: sedate: grave: calm: regular: simple in colour, sombre: not drunk: temperate, esp. in the use of liquors: (Scot.) poor, feeble.—v.t. to make sober: to free from intoxication.—adj. Sō′ber-blood′ed, cool.—v.t. Sō′berise, to make sober.—adv. Sō′berly.—adj. Sō′ber-mind′ed, habitually calm and temperate.—ns. Sō′ber-mind′edness, the state of being sober-minded: freedom from inordinate passion: calmness; Sō′berness; Sō′bersides, a sedate and solemn person.—adj. Sō′ber-suit′ed, dressed in a suit of sad-coloured clothes.—n. Sōbrī′ety, state or habit of being sober: calmness: gravity. [Fr. sobre—L. sobrius—se, apart, not, ebrius, drunk.]

Soboles, sob′ō-lēz, n. (bot.) a shoot or sucker.—adj. Sobolif′erous. [L. suboles—sub, under, olēre, to grow.]

Sobranje, sō-brän′ye, n. the national assembly of Bulgaria.—Also Sobran′ye. [Bulg.]

Sobriquet, sō-brē-kā′, n. a contemptuous nickname: an assumed name.—Also Soubriquet′. [Fr.,—O. Fr. soubzbriquet, a chuck under the chin, soubz, sous—L. sub, under, briquet, breast; cf. Brisket.]

Socage, Soccage, sok′āj, n. the tenure of lands by service fixed and determinate in quality.—ns. Soc′ager, Soc′man, a tenant by socage; Soc′manry, tenure by socage. [A.S. sóc, a right of holding a court—sóc, pa.t. of sacan, to contend.]

Sociable, sō′sha-bl, adj. inclined to society: fit for company: companionable: affording opportunities for intercourse.—n. a four-wheeled open carriage with seats facing: a tricycle for two persons side by side: a couch with a curved S-shaped back: (U.S.) an informal party, a social church meeting.—ns. Sōciabil′ity, Sō′ciableness, quality of being sociable: good-fellowship.—adv. Sō′ciably.—adj. Sō′cial, pertaining to society or companionship: relating to men united in a society: inclined for friendly intercourse: consisting in mutual converse: convivial: associating together, gregarious: growing in patches.—v.t. Sō′cialise, to reduce to a social state: to render social.—ns. Sō′cialism, the name given to any one of various schemes for regenerating society by a more equal distribution of property, and esp. by substituting the principle of association for that of competition; Sō′cialist, an adherent of socialism.—adj. Socialist′ic.—ns. Social′ity, Sō′cialness.—adv. Sō′cially.—adjs. Sō′ciātive, expressing association; Societā′rian, Socī′etary, of or pertaining to society.—ns. Socī′ety, fellowship, companionship: a number of persons associated for a common interest: a community or partnership: the civilised body of mankind, those who are recognised as the leaders in fashionable life, the fashionable world generally: persons who associate: any organised association for purposes literary, scientific, philanthropic, or ecclesiastical; Socī′ety-house, a printing office which conforms to the rules of a trade-union; Socī′ety-verse, poetry light and entertaining, treating of the topics of society so called.—Social science, sociology, esp. the branch treating of the existing institutions of men as members of society, the science which treats of social relations; Social War, the war (90-88 b.c.) in which the Italian tribes known as the allies (Socii) fought for admission into Roman citizenship.—Socialism of the Chair, a term first applied about 1872 in ridicule to the doctrines of a school of political economists in Germany whose aim was mainly to better the condition of the working-classes through remedial state-legislation, by factory-acts, savings-banks, insurances against sickness and old age, shortening the hours of labour, sanitation, &c.—also called Professorial socialism, and having much the same ends and methods as the State socialism of Bismarck.—Christian socialism, a movement for applying Christian ethics to social reform, led by Maurice, Kingsley, and others about 1848-52.—The societies, bodies that began to be organised in 1681 for the maintenance of Presbyterian worship in the face of persecution—ultimately forming the Reformed Presbyterian Church. [Fr.,—L. sociabilis—sociāre, to associate—socius, a companion.]

Socinian, sō-sin′i-an, adj. pertaining to Socinus, the name of two celebrated heresiarchs, uncle and nephew, who in the 16th century denied the doctrine of the Trinity, the deity of Christ, &c.—n. a follower of Lælius and Faustus Socinus, one who refuses to accept the divinity of Christ, a Unitarian.—n. Socin′ianism, the doctrines of Socinus.

Sociology, sō-shi-ol′ō-ji, n. the science that treats of man as a social being, in the origin, organisation, and development of human society and human culture, esp. on the side of social and political institutions, including ethics, political economy, &c.—ns. Sociog′eny, the science of the origin of society; Sociog′raphy, the branch of sociology devoted to noting and describing the results of observation.—adjs. Sociolog′ic, -al.—adv. Sociolog′ically.—ns. Sociol′ogist, one devoted to the study of sociology; Sō′cius, an associate: a fellow of an academy, &c. [A hybrid from L. socius, a companion, and Gr. logia—legein, to speak.]

Sock, sok, n. a kind of half-stocking: comedy, originally a low-heeled light shoe, worn by actors of comedy. [A.S. socc—L. soccus.]

Sock, sok, n. a ploughshare. [O. Fr. soc—Celt., Bret. souc'h, Gael. soc.]

Sock, sok, v.t. (prov. and slang) to throw: to strike hard, to give a drubbing.

Sockdologer, sok-dol′ō-jėr, n. (Amer. slang) a conclusive argument: a knock-down blow: anything very big, a whopper: a form of fish-hook. [A corr. of doxology as the closing act of a service.]

Socket, sok′et, n. a hollow into which something is inserted, the receptacle of the eye, &c.: a hollow tool for grasping and lifting tools dropped in a well-boring: the hollow of a candlestick: a steel apparatus attached to the saddle to protect thighs and legs.—v.t. to provide with or place in a socket.—n. Sock′et-bolt, a bolt for passing through a thimble placed between the parts connected by the bolt.—p.adj. Sock′eted, provided with, placed in, or received in a socket. [A dim. of sock.]

Socle, sō′kl, n. (archit.) a plain, square, flat member used instead of a pedestal to support a column, &c.: a plain face or plinth at the foot of a wall. [Fr.—It. zoccolo—L. socculus, dim. of soccus, a high-heeled shoe, as if a support.]

Socratic, -al, sō-krat′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to Socrates, a celebrated Greek philosopher (469-399 B.C.), to his philosophy, or to his manner of teaching, which was an art of inducing his interlocutors to discover their own ignorance and need of knowledge by means of a series of simple questions.—adv. Socrat′ically.—ns. Soc′ratism, the philosophy of Socrates; Soc′ratist, a disciple of Socrates.

Sod, sod, n. any surface of earth grown with grass, &c.: turf.—adj. consisting of sod.—v.t. to cover with sod.—adj. Sod′dy, covered with sod: turfy.—The old sod, one's native soil. [Low Ger. sode; Ger. sode; perh. conn. with A.S. seáth, a well—seóthan (pa.p. soden), to boil.]

Soda, sō′da, n. oxide of sodium, or its hydrate: the alkali obtained from the ashes of marine vegetables, or by decomposing sea-salt: (coll.) soda-water.—ns. Sō′da-ash, sodium carbonate; Sō′da-crack′er, a biscuit made of flour and water, with salt, bicarbonate of soda, and cream of tartar; Sō′da-fount′ain, a metal or marble case for holding water charged with carbonic-acid gas.—adj. Sodā′ic, pertaining to, or containing, soda.—ns. Sō′da-lime, a mixture of caustic soda and quicklime; Sō′dalite, a mineral composed chiefly of soda, along with silica, alumina, and hydrochloric acid; Sō′da-pā′per, a paper saturated with sodium carbonate; Sō′da-salt, a salt having soda for its base; Sō′da-wa′ter, water containing soda charged with carbonic acid; Sō′dium, a yellowish-white metal, the base of soda. [It. soda—L. solida, firm.]

Sodality, sō-dal′i-ti, n. a fellowship or fraternity. [L. sodalitas—sodalis, a comrade.]

Sodden, sod′n, pa.p. of seethe, boiled: soaked thoroughly: boggy: doughy, not well baked: bloated, saturated with drink.—n. Sod′denness.—adj. Sod′den-wit′ted (Shak.), heavy, stupid.

Sodomy, sod′om-i, n. unnatural sexuality, so called because imputed to the inhabitants of Sodom.—n. Sod′omite, an inhabitant of Sodom: one guilty of sodomy.—adj. Sodomit′ical.—adv. Sodomit′ically.

Soever, sō-ev′ėr, adv. generally used to extend or render indefinite the sense of who, what, where, how, &c.

Sofa, sō′fa, n. a long seat with stuffed bottom, back and arms—formerly Sō′pha.—n. Sō′fa-bed, a piece of furniture serving as a sofa by day, capable of being made into a bed at night. [Fr.,—Ar. suffah—saffa, to arrange.]

Soffit, sof′it, n. a ceiling, now generally restricted to the ornamented under-sides of staircases, entablatures, archways, &c.; also the larmier or drip. [Fr.,—It.,—L. suffixa, pa.p. of suffigĕre, to fasten beneath—sub, under, figĕre, to fix.]

Soft, soft, adj. easily yielding to pressure: easily cut or acted upon: malleable: not rough to the touch: smooth: pleasing or soothing to the senses: easily yielding to any influence: mild: sympathetic: gentle: effeminate: gentle in motion: easy: free from lime or salt, as water: bituminous, as opposed to anthracitic, of coal: unsized, of paper: wet, rainy: warm enough to melt ice, thawing: (phon.) pronounced with a somewhat sibilant sound, not guttural or explosive: vocal or sonant: not bony, cartilaginous, not spinous: soft-rayed, soft-shelled: of silk, having the natural gum cleaned or washed off—opp. to Hard.—n. a silly person, a fool.—adv. gently: quietly.—interj. hold! not so fast!—adjs. Soft′-bod′ied, having a soft body; Soft′-con′scienced, having a sensitive conscience.—v.t. Soft′en, to make soft or softer: to mitigate: to tone down, make less glaring, make smoother in sound.—v.i. to grow soft or softer.—ns. Soft′ener; Soft′ening.—adjs. Soft′-eyed, having gentle or tender eyes; Soft′-finned, having no fin-spines.—n.pl. Soft′-goods, cloth, and cloth articles, as opposed to hardware, &c.—adjs. Soft′-hand′ed, having soft hands, unused to work, slack in discipline; Soft′-head′ed, of weak intellect; Soft′-heart′ed, kind-hearted: gentle: meek.—n. Soft-heart′edness.—adj. Soft′ish, rather soft.—adv. Soft′ly.—n. Soft′ness.—v.t. Soft′-saw′der (U.S.), to flatter, blarney.—n. flattery.—v.t. Soft′-soap, to flatter for some end.—n. flattery.—adj. Soft-spō′ken, -voiced, having a mild or gentle voice: mild, affable.—n. Soft′y, a silly person, a weak fool.—A soft thing, a snug place where the pay is good and the work light. [A.S. sófte, séfte; Dut. zacht, Ger. sanft.]

Softa, sof′ta, n. a Moslem theological student, attached to a mosque. [Turk.]

Soger, sō′jėr, n. (naut.) one who skulks his work.—v.i. to shirk one's work.

So-ho, sō-hō′, interj. (Shak.) a form of call from a distance, a sportsman's halloo.

Soil, soil, n. the ground: the mould on the surface of the earth which nourishes plants: country.—adj. Soil′-bound, attached to the soil.—n. Soil′-cap, the covering of soil on the bed-rock.—adj. Soiled, having soil. [O. Fr. soel, suel, sueil—Low L. solea, soil, ground, L. solea, sole, allied to L. solum, ground, whence Fr. sol, soil.]

Soil, soil, n. dirt: dung: foulness: a spot or stain: a marshy place in which a hunted boar finds refuge.—v.t. to make dirty: to stain: to manure.—v.i. to take a soil: to tarnish.—n. Soil′iness, stain: foulness.—adj. Soil′less, destitute of soil.—ns. Soil′-pipe, an upright discharge-pipe which receives the general refuse from water-closets, &c., in a building; Soil′ure (Shak.), stain: pollution. [O. Fr. soil, souil (Fr. souille), wallowing-place—L. suillus, piggish—sus, a pig, a hog.]

Soil, soil, v.t. to feed at the stall for the purpose of fattening. [O. Fr. saouler—saol, saoul—L. satullus—satur, full.]

Soirée, swä-rā′, n. an evening party: an evening social meeting with tea, &c. [Fr.,—soir, evening (Prov. sera)—L. serus, late.]

Sojourn, sō′jurn, v.t. to stay for a day: to dwell for a time.—n. a temporary residence.—ns. Sō′journer; Sō′journing, Sō′journment, the act of dwelling in a place for a time. [O. Fr. sojourner—L. sub, under, diurnāre, to stay—Low L. jornus—L. diurnus, relating to day—dies, a day.]

Soke, sōk, n. the same as Soc (q.v.).—ns. Soke′man=Socman; Sō′ken, a district held by tenure of socage: a miller's right to the grinding of all the corn within a certain manor.

Sol, sol, n. the sun, Phœbus: (her.) a tincture, the metal or, or gold, in blazoning by planets. [L.]

Sol, sol, n. an old French coin, 1⁄20th of a livre, equal to 12 deniers, now superseded by the sou. [O. Fr. sol—L. solidus, solid.]

Sola, sō′lä, n. the hat-plant or sponge-wood, also its pith.—Also Sō′lah. [Hind. sholā.]

Solace, sol′ās, n. consolation, comfort in distress: relief: (obs.) pleasure, amusement.—v.t. to comfort in distress: to console: to allay.—n. Sol′acement, the act of solacing: the state of being solaced.—adj. Solā′cious (obs.), affording pleasure. [O. Fr. solas—L. solatium—solāri, -ātus, to comfort in distress.]

Solander, sō-lan′dėr, n. a case or box, usually in the form of a book, opening on the side or front with hinges, for holding prints, drawings, or pamphlets—named from the inventor, Daniel Solander (1736-81).

Solan-goose, sō′lan-gōōs, n. the gannet.—Also Sō′land. [Ice. súla.]

Solano, sō-lä′no, n. a hot south-east wind which occasionally visits Spain. [Sp.,—L. solanus (ventus), the east wind—sol, the sun.]

Solanum, sō-lā′num, n. a genus of plants of the order Solanaceæ or Solaneæ, the nightshade family—almost all the species containing a poisonous alkaloid, Sol′anine.—adjs. Solanā′ceous, belonging to the Solanaceæ; Sol′anoid, potato-like, said of cancers. [L. solanum, the nightshade.]

Solar, sō′lar, adj. pertaining to the sun: measured by the progress of the sun: produced by the sun.—n. Sōlarisā′tion, exposure to the action of the sun's rays: the effect in photography of over-exposure.—v.t. Sō′larise, to injure by exposing too long to the sun's light in a camera.—v.i. to take injury by too long exposure to the sun's light in a camera:—pr.p. sō′larīsing; pa.p. sō′larīsed.—ns. Sō′larism, excessive use of solar-myths in the explanation of mythology; Sō′larist, one addicted to solarism; Sōlā′rium, a sun-dial: a place suited to receive the sun's rays—in a hospital or sanatorium; Sō′lar-mī′croscope, an apparatus for projecting upon a screen by means of sunlight an enlarged view of any object—essentially the same as the combination of lenses used in the magic-lantern taken in conjunction with a heliostat; Sō′lar-myth, a myth allegorising the course of the sun, by some mythologists constantly invoked to explain the problems of mythology; Sō′lar-print, a photographic print made in a solar camera from a negative; Sō′lar-sys′tem, the planets and comets which circle round the sun—also called Planetary-system.—Solar flowers, flowers which open and shut daily at certain hours; Solar spots=Sun-spots (see Sun); Solar time (see Time); Solar year (see Year). [L. sol, the sun, solaris, pertaining to the sun.]

Solaster, sō-las′tėr, n. the typical genus of Solasteridæ, a family of star-fishes, having more than five rays. [L. sol, the sun, aster, a star.]

Solatium, sō-lā′shi-um, n. any compensation, a sum legally awarded, over and above actual damages, by way of compensation for wounded feelings. [L.]

Sold, sold, n. (Spens.) pay, remuneration. [Fr. solde—L. solidus, a piece of money.]

Soldanel, sol′da-nel, n. a plant of the genus Soldanella, of the order Primulaceæ—the blue moonwort.

Soldatesque, sol-da-tesk′, adj. soldier-like, [Fr.,—soldat, a soldier.]

Solder, sod′ėr, or sol′dėr, v.t. to unite two metallic surfaces by a fusible metallic cement: to cement.—n. a fusible alloy for uniting metals.—ns. Sol′derer; Sol′dering; Sol′dering-bolt, -ī′ron, a tool with pointed or wedge-shaped copper bit for use in soldering. [O. Fr. soudre, souldure—souder, soulder, to consolidate—L. solidāre, to make solid.]

Soldier, sōl′jėr, n. a man engaged in military service: a private, as distinguished from an officer: a man of much military experience or of great valour: a soldier-ant, beetle, hermit-crab, &c.: (slang) a red herring.—v.i. to serve as a soldier: to bully: to shirk one's work or duty: (slang) to take a mount on another man's horse.—ns. Sol′dier-crab, a hermit-crab; Sol′diering, the state of being a soldier: the occupation of a soldier.—adjs. Sol′dier-like, Sol′dierly, like a soldier: martial: brave.—ns. Sol′dier-of-for′tune, one ready to serve anywhere for pay or his own advancement; Sol′diership, state or quality of being a soldier: military qualities: martial skill; Sol′diery, soldiers collectively: the body of military men; Fresh′water-sol′dier, the Stratiotes aloides, a European aquatic plant with sword-shaped leaves.—Come the old soldier over one, to impose on any one.—Old soldier, a bottle emptied at a sitting: a cigar-stump. [O. Fr. soldier (Fr. soldat)—L. solidus, a piece of money, the pay of a soldier.]

Soldo, sol′dō, n. an Italian coin, 1⁄20th of the lira, a sol or sou:—pl. Sol′di. [It.]

Sole, sōl, n. the lowest part or under-side of the foot: the foot: the bottom of a boot or shoe: the bottom of anything.—v.t. to furnish with a sole.—adj. Solē′iform, slipper-shaped.—ns. Sole′-leath′er, strong leather for the soles of boots and shoes; Sole′-tile, a form of tile for the bottoms of sewers, &c.; Sōlē′us, a flat muscle of the calf of the leg beneath the gastrocnemius. [A.S. sole—L. solea—solum, bottom.]

Sole, sōl, n. a genus (Solea) of flat-fish, elongate-oval in form, with flesh firm, white, and excellently flavoured. [Fr. sole—L. solea.]

Sole, sōl, adj. alone: only: being or acting without another: single: (law) unmarried.—advs. Sole; Sole′ly, alone: only: singly.—n. Sole′ness. [Fr.,—L. solus, alone.]

Solecism, sol′ē-sizm, n. a breach of syntax: any absurdity or impropriety: any incongruity, prodigy.—v.i. Sol′ēcise, to commit solecisms.—n. Sol′ēcist, one who commits solecisms.—adjs. Solēcist′ic, -al, pertaining to, or involving, a solecism: incorrect: incongruous.—adv. Solēcist′ically. [Fr. solécisme—L. solœcismus—Gr. soloikismos—soloikos, speaking incorrectly, awkward; dubiously said to come from the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of Soloi in Cilicia.]

Solemn, sol′em, adj. attended with religions ceremonies, pomp, or gravity, originally taking place every year, said esp. of religious ceremonies: impressing with seriousness: awful: devout: having the appearance of gravity: devotional: attended with an appeal to God, as an oath: serious: sober, gloomy, black.—n. Solemnisā′tion.—v.t. Sol′emnise, to perform religiously or solemnly once a year, or periodically: to celebrate with due rites: to render grave.—ns. Sol′emniser; Solem′nity, a solemn religious ceremony: a ceremony adapted to inspire with awe: reverence: seriousness: affected gravity.—adv. sol′emnly.—n. Sol′emnness. [O. Fr. solempne, solemne (Fr. solennel)—L. sollemnis, solennis—sollus, all, every, annus, a year.]

Solen, sō′len, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs—Razor-shell and Razor-fish.—adjs. Solanā′cean, Solanā′ceous.—n. Sol′enite, a fossil razor-shell. [Gr. sōlēn, a channel.]

Solenoid, sō-lē′noid, n. a helix of copper wound in the form of a cylinder, longitudinally magnetised with an intensity varying inversely as the area of the normal section in different parts.—adj. Solēnoi′dal.—adv. Solēnoi′dally. [Gr. sōlēn, a pipe, eidos, form.]

Solenostomous, sol-ē-nos′tō-mus, adj. having a tubular or fistulous snout.—n. Solenos′tomus, the typical genus of the Solenostomidæ, a family of solenostomous lophobranchiate fishes. [Gr. sōlēn, a pipe, stoma, mouth.]

Solert, sol′ert, adj. (obs.) subtle.—n. Soler′tiousness. [L. sollers, crafty, sollertia, skill.]

Sol-fa, sol′-fa, v.i. to sing the notes of the scale in their proper pitch, using the syllables do (or ut), re, mi, fa, sol, la, si;—pr.p. sol-faing (sol′-fa-ing); pa.p. sol-faed (sol′-fad).—ns. Sol′faïsm, singing by syllables, solmisation; Sol′faïst, a teacher or advocate of solmisation; Solfeg′gio, an exercise on the notes of the scale, as represented by do, re, mi, &c. [It.]

Solfatara, sol-fä-tä′ra, n. a volcanic region no longer violently active, but emitting from crevices gases, steam, and chemical vapours, chiefly of sulphurous origin—Fr. soufrière, Ger. schwefelgrube or schwefelsee. [It.,—solfo, sulphur.]

Solferino, sol-fe-rē′nō, n. the colour of rosaniline—from the French victory at Solferino in Italy (1859).

Solicit, sō-lis′it, v.t. to ask earnestly: to petition: to seek or try to obtain: to disturb.—n. solicitation.—ns. Solic′itant, one who solicits; Solicitā′tion, a soliciting: earnest request: invitation; Solic′iting (Shak.), solicitation; Solic′itor, one who asks earnestly: one who is legally qualified to act for another in a court of law, esp. a court of equity: a lawyer who prepares deeds, manages cases, instructs counsel in the superior courts, and acts as an advocate in the inferior courts; Solic′itor-gen′eral, in England, the law-officer of the crown next in rank to the attorney-general—in Scotland, to the lord-advocate; Solic′itorship.—adj. Solic′itous, soliciting or earnestly asking or desiring: very desirous: anxious: careful.—adv. Solic′itously.—ns. Solic′itousness, Solic′itude, state of being solicitous: anxiety or uneasiness of mind: trouble. [Fr. solliciter—L. sollicitāre—sollicitus—sollus, whole, citus, aroused—ciēre, to cite.]

Solid, sol′id, adj. having the parts firmly adhering: hard: compact: full of matter: not hollow: strong: having length, breadth, and thickness (opposed to a mere surface): cubic: substantial, reliable, worthy of credit, satisfactory: weighty: of uniform undivided substance: financially sound, wealthy: unanimous, smooth, unbroken, unvaried.—n. a substance having the parts firmly adhering together: a firm, compact body—opp. to Fluid.—ns. Solidā′go, a genus of composite plants, the goldenrods; Solidare, sol′idār (Shak.), a small piece of money; Solidar′ity, the being made solid or compact: the being bound: a consolidation or oneness of interests.—adj. Sol′idary, marked by solidarity, jointly responsible.—v.t. Sol′idate, to make solid or firm.—adj. Solid′ifiable.—n. Solidificā′tion, act of making solid or hard.—v.t. Solid′ify, to make solid or compact.—v.i. to grow solid: to harden:—pa.p. solid′ified.—ns. Sol′idism, the doctrine that refers all diseases to alterations of the solid parts of the body; Sol′idist, a believer in the foregoing; Solid′ity, the state of being solid: fullness of matter: strength or firmness, moral or physical: soundness: (geom.) the solid content of a body.—adv. Sol′idly.—n. Sol′idness.—Solid colour, a colour covering the whole of an object: a uniform colour; Solid matter (print.), matter set without leads between the lines.—Be solid for (U.S.), to be hearty or unanimous in favour of; Be solid with (U.S.), to have a firm footing with. [Fr.,—L. solidus, solid.]

Solidum, sol′i-dum, n. (archit.) the die of a pedestal: (Scots law) a complete sum. [L.]

Solidungular, sol-id-ung′gū-lar, adj. having hoofs solid, that are not cloven, denoting a certain tribe of mammalia.—Also Solidung′ulous, Solidung′ulate. [L. solidus, solid, ungula, a hoof.]

Solidus, sol′i-dus, n. a Roman gold coin introduced by Constantine in place of the aureus, known later as the bezant: a sign (/) denoting the English shilling, representing the old lengthened form of s—£ s. d. (libræ, solidi, denarii), pounds, shillings, pence.

Solifidian, sol-i-fid′i-an, n. one who holds that faith alone is what is necessary for justification.—adj. holding this view.—n. Solifid′ianism. [L. solus, only, fides, faith.]

Soliloquy, sō-lil′ō-kwe, n. a talking when solitary or to one's self: a discourse of a person, not addressed to any one.—v.i. Solil′oquise, to speak to one's self or utter a soliloquy. [L. soliloquium—solus, alone, loqui, to speak.]

Soliped, sol′i-ped, n. an animal with a single or uncloven hoof on each foot.—adjs. Sol′iped, Solip′edous. [L. solus, alone, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Solipsism, sol′ip-sizm, n. the theory that self-existence is the only certainty, absolute egoism—the extreme form of subjective idealism.—n. Sol′ipsist, one who believes in this.—adj. Solipsis′tic. [L. solus, alone, ipse, self.]

Solisequious, sol-i-sē′kwi-us, adj. following the sun, as the sunflower. [L. sol, the sun, sequi, to follow.]

Solitaire, sol-i-tār′, n. a recluse or one who lives alone: a game played by one person with a board and balls: a card-game for one—patience: an ornament worn singly on the neck or wrist: a black silk tie fixed to the bag of the wig behind, worn in the 18th century.

Solitary, sol′i-tar-i, adj. being the sole person present: alone or lonely: single, separate, simple: living alone, not social or gregarious: without company: remote from society: retired, secluded: gloomy.—n. one who lives alone: a recluse or hermit—(obs.) Solitā′rian.—adv. Sol′itarily.—n. Sol′itariness. [Fr. solitaire—L. solitarius—solus, alone.]

Solitude, sol′i-tūd, n. a being alone: a lonely life: want of company: a lonely place or desert. [Fr.,—L. solitudo—solus, alone.]

Solivagous, sō-liv′a-gus, adj. wandering alone.—Also Soliv′agant. [L., solus, alone, vagus, wandering.]

Solive, so-lēv′, n. a joist or beam of secondary importance. [Fr.,—L. sublevāre, to support.]

Sollar, sol′ar, n. a platform in a mine: an upper gallery or balcony, a garret, loft.—Also Soll′er. [O. Fr. soler, solier—L. solarium, a terrace or flat roof—sol, the sun.]

Solleret, sol′ėr-et, n. the steel shoe worn in medieval armour. [O. Fr. soler, a slipper, sole, a sole.]

Sol-lunar, sol′-lū′nar, adj. pertaining to, or due to the influence of, both sun and moon. [L. sol, sun, luna, moon.]

Solmisation, sol-mi-zā′shun, n. sol-faïng: a recital of the notes of the gamut, do, re, mi, &c.

Solo, sō′lō, n. a musical piece performed by only one voice or instrument:—pl. Sō′lōs.—adj. Sō′lō, unconcerted.—n. Sō′lōist. [It.,—L. solus, alone.]

Solograph, sol′ō-graf, n. a sun-print. [L. sol, the sun, Gr. graphein, to write.]

Solomon, sol′o-mon, n. a person of unusual wisdom, from Solomon, king of Israel (see 1 Kings, iii. 5-15).—adj. Solomon′ic.—n. Sol′omon's-seal, any one of several species of perennial herbs, of the lily family, genus Polygonatum, with simple stems bearing small greenish flowers: a symbol formed of two triangles interlaced or superposed, forming a six-pointed star.

Solonian, sō-lō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to the Athenian lawgiver Solon (c. 640-c. 558 B.C.), or to his legislation.—Also Solon′ic.

Solpuga, sol-pū′ga, n. the typical genus of Solpugida, an order of arachnids.

Solstice, sol′stis, n. that point in the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from the equator, and where it is consequently at the turning-point of its apparent course—the summer solstice, where it touches the tropic of Cancer; the winter solstice, where it touches that of Capricorn: the time when the sun reaches these two points in its orbit, 21st June and about 21st December.—adj. Solsti′tial, pertaining to, or happening at, a solstice, esp. at the north one. [Fr.,—L. solstitium—sol, the sun, sistĕre, to make to stand—stāre, to stand.]

Soluble, sol′ū-bl, adj. capable of being solved or dissolved in a fluid.—ns. Solubil′ity, Sol′ubleness, capability of being dissolved in a fluid. [L. solubilis—solvĕre, to solve.]

Solus, sō′lus, adj. alone, in dramatic directions—feminine form Sō′la. [L., alone.]

Solution, sol-ū′shun, n. act of solving or dissolving, esp. a solid by a fluid: the separating of the parts of any body: the preparation resulting from dissolving a solid in a liquid: explanation: removal of a doubt: construction or solving of a problem: the crisis of a disease.—adj. Solūte′, loose, free: merry, cheerful: (bot.) not adhering.—v.t. (Bacon) to dissolve.—adj. Sol′ūtive, tending to dissolve: loosening.—Solution of continuity (surg.), the separation of parts normally continuous, by fracture, &c. [L. solutio—solvĕre, solutum, to loosen.]

Solve, solv, v.t. to loosen or separate the parts of: to clear up or explain: to remove.—ns. Solvabil′ity, Sol′vableness, capacity of being solved.—adj. Sol′vable, capable of being solved or explained: capable of being paid.—n. Sol′vency, state of being solvent, or able to pay all debts.—adj. Sol′vent, having power to solve or dissolve: able to pay all debts.—n. anything that dissolves another.—n. Sol′ver, one who solves. [O. Fr. solver—L. solvĕre, to loosen, prob. from se-, aside, luĕre, to loosen.]

Soma, sō′ma, n. a certain plant, most prob. of the milkweed family, and its juice used for the preparation of an intoxicating drink—personified and worshipped, esp. in connection with the god Indra, the Jupiter pluvius of the Vedic pantheon. [Sans. soma (Zend haoma, juice)—root su (cf. Gr. ὕω), to press out, distil, extract.]

Somatist, sō′ma-tist, n. one who admits the existence of corporeal beings only.—n. Sō′ma, the trunk of an animal: the body as distinguished from the psyche or soul and the pneuma or spirit.—adjs. Sōmat′ic, -al, physical, corporeal: parietal: pertaining to the body cavity.—n. Sō′matism, materialism.—adjs. Sōmatolog′ic, -al, pertaining to somatology, corporeal, physical.—ns. Sōmatol′ogy, the doctrine or science of bodies or material substances, human anatomy and physiology; Sō′matome, one of the homologous serial segments of which the body of a vertebrate is theoretically composed.—adj. Sōmatopleu′ral, pertaining to the Somat′opleure, the outer one of two divisions of the mesoderm of a four-layered germ.—n. Sōmatot′omy, the dissection of a body.—adj. Sōmatotrop′ic, showing Somatot′ropism, any stimulative influence exerted upon growing organs by the substratum on which they grow. [Gr. sōma, the body.]

Sombre, som′bėr, adj. dull: gloomy: melancholy—also Som′brous.—adv. Som′brely, in a sombre or gloomy manner.—n. Som′breness.—adv. Som′brously.—n. Som′brousness. [Fr. sombre (Sp. sombra, a shade)—L. sub, under, umbra, a shade. So Diez; others explain, on analogy of O. Fr. essombre, a shady place, as from L. ex, out, umbra, a shade.]

Sombrerite, som-brā′rīt, n. a hard impure calcium phosphate—called also Rock-guano, Osite, and loosely Apatite. [Sombrero in the Antilles.]

Sombrero, som-brā′rō, n. a broad-brimmed hat, generally of felt, much worn in Mexico and the south-western United States. [Sp.,—sombre, a shade.]

Some, sum, adj. denoting an indefinite number or quantity: certain, in distinction from others: moderate or in a certain degree: about.—adv. (prov.) somewhat, in some degree.—n. Some′body, some or any body or person: a person of importance.—advs. Some′deal, Some′dele (Spens.), in some degree, somewhat; Some′gate (Scot.), somewhere, somehow; Some′how, in some way or other.—adj. Some′-such, somewhat of that kind.—n. Some′thing, an indefinite thing or event: a portion, an indefinite quantity.—adv. in some degree.—advs. Some′time, at a time not fixed: once: at one time or other; Some′times, at certain times: now and then: at one time: (B.) once, formerly.—n. Some′what, an unfixed quantity or degree.—adv. in some degree.—advs. Some′when, some time or other; Some′where, in some place: in one place or another; Some′while, sometimes, at times; Some′whither, to some place. [A.S. sum; Goth. sums, Ice. sumr.]

Somersault, sum′ėr-sawlt, n. a leap in which a person turns with his heels over his head.—Also Som′erset. [Corr. of Fr. soubresaut (It. soprasalto)—L. supra, over, saltus, a leap—salīre, to leap.]

Somite, sō′mīt, n. a segment of the body of an articulated or vertebrate animal: an arthromere or metamere.—adjs. Sō′mital, Somit′ic.

Somnambulate, som-nam′bū-lāt, v.i. to walk in sleep.—adj. Somnam′būlant, sleep-walking.—n. Somnambūlā′tion.—adj. Somnam′būlic.—ns. Somnam′bulism, act or practice of walking in sleep; Somnam′būlist, Somnam′būlator, a sleep-walker.—adj. Somnambūlis′tic, pertaining to a somnambulist or to somnambulism: affected by somnambulism. [L. somnus, sleep, ambulāre, -ātum, to walk.]

Somniferous, som-nif′ėr-us, adj. bringing or causing sleep.—adjs. Som′nial, pertaining to dreams; Som′niātive, Som′niātory, relating to, or producing, dreams.—n. Somnifā′cient, a soporific.—adjs. Somnifā′cient, Somnif′ic, causing, or tending to induce, sleep.—ns. Somnil′oquence, Somnil′oquism, the act of talking in sleep; Somnil′oquist, one who talks in his sleep.—adj. Somnil′oquous, apt to talk in sleep.—ns. Somnil′oquy, a talking in one's sleep; Somnip′athy, a hypnotic sleep; Somniv′olency, any soporific. [L. somnus, sleep, ferre, to bring, loqui, to speak, velle, to will.]

Somnolence, som′nō-lens, n. sleepiness: inclination to sleep—also Som′nolency.—adj. Som′nolent, sleepy or inclined to sleep.—adv. Som′nolently, in a somnolent or sleepy manner: drowsily.—adj. Somnoles′cent, half-asleep.—ns. Som′nolism, the state of mesmeric sleep; Som′nus, sleep personified. [L. somnolentia—somnus, sleep.]

Son, sun, n. a male child or descendant: any young male person spoken of as a child: a term of affection generally: a disciple: a native or inhabitant: the produce of anything.—n. Son′-in-law, the husband of one's daughter.—adj. Son′less, without a son.—ns. Son′ny, a little son; Son′ship, state or character of a son.—Son of man, Christ as the promised Messiah, the ideal man; The Son, Christ, as the second person in the Trinity. [A.S. sunu; Dut. zoon, Ger. sohn.]

Sonant, sō′nant, adj. sounding: pertaining to sound: uttered with sound, instead of breath alone, as certain alphabetic sounds.—ns. Sō′nance (Shak.), a call; Sō′nancy, sonant character. [L. sonans, -antis, pr.p. of sonāre, to sound.]

Sonata, sō-nä′ta, n. a musical composition usually of three or more movements or divisions, designed chiefly for a solo instrument.—n. Sonatina (sō-nä-tē′na), a short or simplified sonata. [It.,—L. sonāre, to sound.]

Song, song, n. that which is sung: a short poem or ballad, adapted for singing, or set to music: the melody to which it is adapted: a poem, or poetry in general: the notes of birds: a mere trifle: (B.) an object of derision.—ns. Song′-bird, a bird that sings; Song′book, a collection of songs: a hymn-book; Song′craft, the art of making songs, skill in such.—adjs. Song′ful, full of song: disposed to sing; Song′less, wanting the power of song.—ns. Song′man (Shak.), a singer; Song′-sparr′ow, the hedge-sparrow; Song′ster, a singer, or one skilled in singing, esp. a bird that sings:—fem. Song′stress; Song′-thrush, the mavis or throstle.—Song of Songs, or of Solomon, Canticles; Songs of degrees (see Degree).—Old song (see Old). [A.S. sang—singan, to sing; Dut. zang, Ger. gesang, Goth. saggws, Ice. söngr.]

Soniferous, son-if′ėr-us, adj. giving or conveying sound. [L. sonus, sound, ferre, to bring.]

Sonnet, son′et, n. a poem in a stanza mostly iambic in movement, properly decasyllabic or hendecasyllabic in metre, always in fourteen lines—originally composed of an octave and a sestet—properly expressing two successive phases of one thought.—v.t. and v.i. to celebrate in sonnets.—adj. Sonn′etary.—n. Sonneteer′, a composer of sonnets.—v.i. Sonn′etise, to compose sonnets.—v.t. to celebrate in a sonnet.—n. Sonn′etist (Shak.), a sonneteer. [Fr.,—It. sonetto, dim. of sonāre, a sound, song—L. sonus, a sound.]

Sonometer, sō-nom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring sounds or their intervals by means of a sounding-board with strings stretched above it, movable bridges, and weights for varying the tension. [L. sonus, a sound, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Sonorous, sō-nō′rus, adj. sounding when struck: giving a clear, loud sound: high-sounding.—n. Sōnōres′cence, the property possessed by hard rubber of emitting sound under intermittent radiant heat or light.—adj. Sōnōrif′ic, making sound.—ns. Sōnor′ity, sonorousness; Sōnō′rōphone, a kind of bombardon.—adv. Sōnō′rously.—n. Sōnō′rousness, sonorous quality or character. [L. sonorus—sonor, sonus, a sound—sonāre, to sound.]

Sonsy, Soncy, son′si, adj. (Scot.) plump, buxom, good-natured.—Also Son′sie, Son′cie.

Sontag, son′tag, n. a woman's knitted cape, tied down round the waist. [From the famous German singer, Henrietta Sontag (1806-54).]

Sonty, son′ti, n. (Shak.) sanctity—generally in plural, as in the oath, 'By God's sonties!'

Soon, sōōn, adv. immediately or in a short time: without delay: early: readily, willingly.—adj. Soon′-believ′ing (Shak.), believing readily.—Soon at (Shak.), about; Sooner or later, at some time in the future.—As soon as, immediately after; No sooner than, as soon as. [A.S. sóna; Goth. suns.]

Soot, soot, n. the black powder condensed from smoke.—ns. Soot′erkin, a fabulous birth induced by the Dutch women sitting huddled over their stoves—hence anything fruitless or abortive; Soot′flake, a smut of soot; Soot′iness.—adj. Soot′y, consisting of, or like, soot. [A.S. sót; Dan. sod.]

Sooth, sōōth, n. truth, reality.—adj. true: pleasing.—adv. indeed.—adj. Sooth′fast, truthful, honest, faithful.—adv. Sooth′fastly.—n. Sooth′fastness.—advs. Sooth′ly, Sooth′lich (Spens.), truly, indeed.—v.i. Sooth′say, to foretell, to divine.—ns. Sooth′sayer, one who divines, esp. a pretender to the power; Sooth′saying, divination, prediction. [A.S. sóth, true; Ice. sannr, true.]

Soothe, sōōth, v.t. to please with soft words: to flatter: to soften, allay.—ns. Sooth′er, one who, or that which, soothes: (Shak.) one who gains by blandishments, a flatterer; Sooth′ing (Shak.), flattery (also adj.).—adv. Sooth′ingly. [A.S. gesóthian, to confirm as true—sóth, true.]

Sop, sop, n. anything dipped or soaked, esp. in soup, to be eaten: anything given to satisfy or quieten.—v.t. to steep in liquor: to take up by absorption (with up).—v.i. to soak in, percolate: to be soaked:—pr.p. sop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. sopped.—n. Sop-, Sops-, in-wine (Spens.), a flower resembling a carnation. [A.S. sop (in sópcuppa, a dish), from súpan, to sip; Ice. soppa, soup.]

Soph, sof, n. an abbreviation of sophister (q.v.)—also of sophomore (q.v.).

Sopherim, sō′fe-rim, n.pl. the scribes, the expounders of the Jewish oral law.—adj. Sō′pheric. [Heb.]

Sophi, sō′fi, n. (Milt.) a title of the king of Persia. [Pers. sufi, wise, pious.]

Sophic, -al, sof′ik, -al, adj. teaching wisdom, pertaining to wisdom.—adv. Soph′ically.

Sophism, sof′izm, n. a specious fallacy..—n. Soph′ist, one of a class of public teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, &c. in Greece in the 5th century B.C.: a captious or fallacious reasoner—also Soph′ister (Shak.): a student at an English university in his second or third year, the students in these years being called junior and senior sophister respectively.—adjs. Sophis′tic, -al, pertaining to a sophist or to sophistry: fallaciously subtle.—adv. Sophis′tically.—n. Sophis′ticalness, the state or quality of being sophistical.—v.t. Sophis′ticāte, to render sophistical or unsound: to corrupt by mixture.—adj. Sophis′ticāted, adulterated: impure: not genuine.—ns. Sophisticā′tion, act of sophisticating, adulterating, or injuring by mixture; Sophis′ticātor, one who sophisticates or adulterates; Sophis′ticism, the philosophy or the methods of the sophists; Soph′istress, a she-sophist; Soph′istry, specious but fallacious reasoning. [Fr. sophisme—Gr. sophisma—sophizein, to make wise—sophos, wise.]

Sophoclean, sof-ō-klē′an, adj. pertaining to Sophocles, Athenian tragic poet (496-405 B.C.).

Sophomore, sof′ō-mōr, n. (U.S.) a second-year student.—adj. pertaining to such.—adjs. Sophomor′ic, -al, [Gr. sophos, wise, mōros, foolish.]

Sophora, sō-fō′ra, n. a genus of leguminous plants, natives of warm regions of both the Old and New World, with highly ornamental white, yellow, or violet flowers—Sophora Japonica is the Japanese or Chinese pagoda-tree. [Ar. sofāra—asfar, yellow.]

Sopite, sō′pīt, v.t. to put to rest: to quash.—n. Sopi′tion, lethargy.

Soporific, sō-pō-rif′ik, adj. making or causing sleep.—n. anything that causes sleep.—adj. Soporif′erous, bringing, causing, or tending to cause sleep: sleepy.—adv. Soporif′erously.—n. Soporif′erousness.—adjs. Sō′porōse, Sō′porous, sleepy, causing sleep. [Fr. soporifique—L. sopor, sleep, facĕre, to make.]

Soprano, sō-prä′no, n. the highest variety of voice, treble: a singer with such a voice:—pl. Sopra′nos, Sopra′ni.—n. Sopra′nist, a singer of soprano. [It., from sopra—L. supra or super, above.]

Sora, sō′ra, n. a North American short-billed rail.—Also Sō′ree.

Sorage, sōr′āj, n. the time between a hawk's being taken from the aerie and her mewing her feathers. [See Sore (2).]

Sorastrum, sō-ras′trum, n. a genus of fresh-water algæ. [Gr. sōros, a heap; astron, a star.]

Sorb, sorb, n. the mountain-ash or service-tree.—ns. Sorb′-apple, the fruit of the service-tree; Sor′bāte, Sor′bin or Sor′bine, Sor′bite.—adj. Sor′bic, pertaining to, or from, the sorb. [Fr.,—L. sorbus.]

Sorb, sorb, n. one of a Slavonic race in Saxony and the neighbouring parts of Prussia.—Also Wend, or Lusatian Wend.—adj. Sor′bian, pertaining to the Sorbs or their language.—n. a Sorb, or the Sorbian tongue.—adj. and n. Sor′bish.

Sorbefacient, sor-be-fā′shent, adj. producing absorption.—n. a medicine which produces absorption.—n. Sor′bent, an absorbent. [L. sorbĕre, to suck in, faciens, -entis, pr.p. of facĕre, to make.]

Sorbonne, sor-bon′, n. the earliest and the most famous of all the colleges of the medieval university of Paris, founded in 1253 by Robert of Sorbon, in the diocese of Rheims. Exclusively devoted to theology, till the close of the 15th century it controlled by its teaching and its dogmatic decisions the intellectual life of Europe.—adj. Sorbon′ical.—n. Sor′bonist, a doctor of the Sorbonne.

Sorcery, sor′sėr-i, n. divination by the assistance of evil spirits: enchantment: magic: witchcraft.—n. Sor′cerer, one who practises sorcery: an enchanter: a magician:—fem. Sor′ceress, a witch.—adj. Sor′cerous, using sorcery. [O. Fr. sorcerie—Low L. sortiarius, one who tells fortunes by lots—L. sortīri, to cast lots—sors, sortis, a lot.]

Sordamente, sor-da-men′te, adv. (mus.) in a muffled manner, softly. [It.]

Sordid, sor′did, adj. dirty, squalid: of a dull colour: morally foul, vile: mean: meanly avaricious.—n. Sor′des, filth, foul accretions on the teeth in low forms of fever.—adv. Sor′didly.—ns. Sor′didness, state of being sordid; Sor′dor, filth, dregs. [Fr. sordide—L. sordidus—sordēre, to be dirty.]

Sordine, sor′din, n. a mute, damper, or other device to soften or deaden the sound of a stringed instrument.—advs. Sor′do, Sor′da, damped with a mute.—n. Sordō′no, a musical instrument of the oboe family. [It. sordina—L. surdus, deaf.]

Sore, sōr, n. a wounded or diseased spot on an animal body: an ulcer or boil: (B.) grief, affliction.—adj. wounded: tender: susceptible of pain: easily pained or grieved: bringing sorrow or regret: severe, violent, intense: wretched.—adv. painfully: grievously: severely, thoroughly.—n. Sore′head (U.S.), a person discontented with the reward for his political services.—adj. Sore′headed.—adv. Sore′ly, in a sore manner: grievously.—n. Sore′ness. [A.S. sár; Ger. sehr, very, Ice. sárr, sore.]

Sore, sōr, n. (Spens.) a hawk of the first year: (Shak.) a buck of the fourth year. [O. Fr. saur, sor, sorrel, reddish.]

Soredium, sō-rē′di-um, n. one or more algal cells in a lichen with enveloping fungus-threads, a brood-bud:—pl. Sorē′dia.—adjs. Sorē′dial, Sorē′diate, Soredif′erous.

Sorehon, sōr′hon, n. an ancient Irish exaction of a lord from a freeholder or tenant.

Sorex, sō′reks, n. the typical genus of the family Soricidæ and sub-family Soricinæ, one of this genus, a shrew.—adjs. Soric′ident, having teeth like the shrew; Sor′icine, pertaining to the shrew-mouse; Sor′icoid, soricine. [L.,—Gr. hyrax, a shrew-mouse.]

Sorghum, sor′gum, n. a genus of grasses, also called Durra millet and Indian millet, or Sorgho grass. It is closely allied to sugar-cane and beard-grass. [Sp. sorgo—Low L. sorgum, surgum, suricum, prob. an East Ind. word.]

Sorites, sō-rī′tēz, n. an argument composed of an indeterminate number of propositions, so arranged that the predicate of the first becomes the subject of the second, and so on till the conclusion is reached, which unites the subject of the first with the predicate of the last. [Gr.,—sōros, a heap.]

Sorn, sorn, v.i. (Scot.) to obtrude one's self on another as an uninvited guest.—n. Sor′ner, one who takes food and lodging by force or threats. [Prob. sojourn.]

Sororicide, sor-or′i-sīd, n. the murder, or the murderer, of a sister. [L. soror, a sister, cædĕre, to kill.]

Sororise, sō′ror-īz, v.i. to associate as sisters.—adj. Sorō′ral.—adv. Sorō′rially, in a sisterly manner.

Sorosis, sō-rō′sis, n. a compound fleshy fruit, resulting from many flowers, as the pine-apple. [Gr. sōros, a heap.]

Sorotrochous, sō-rot′rō-kus, adj. having the wheel-organ compound, as a rotifer. [Gr. sōros, a heap, trochos, a wheel.]

Sorrel, sor′el, n. one of several species of the genus Rumex, allied to the dock, the leaves impregnated with oxalic acid—the Scotch Sourock. The Wood-sorrel belongs to the genus Oxalis. [O. Fr. sorel (Fr. surelle)—sur, sour; from Old High Ger. sūr (Ger. sauer), sour.]

Sorrel, sor′el, adj. of a reddish-brown colour.—n. a reddish-brown colour. [O. Fr. sor (Fr. saure), sorrel, from Low Ger. soor, dried, withered.]

Sorrow, sor′ō, n. pain of mind: grief: affliction: lamentation: the devil (Irish Sorra).—v.i. to feel sorrow or pain of mind: to grieve.—p.adj. Sorr′owed. (Shak.), accompanied with sorrow.—adj. Sorr′owful, full of sorrow: causing, showing, or expressing sorrow: sad: dejected.—adv. Sorr′owfully.—n. Sorr′owfulness.—adj. Sorr′owless, free from sorrow. [A.S. sorg, sorh; Ger. sorge, Ice. sorg.]

Sorry, sor′i, adj. grieved for something past: melancholy: poor: worthless.—adj. Sorr′iest (Shak.), most sorrowful.—adv. Sorr′ily.—n. Sorr′iness. [A.S. sárig, wounded—sár, pain; Dut. zeerig.]

Sort, sort, n. a number of persons or things having like qualities: class, kind, or species: order or rank: manner.—v.t. to separate into lots or classes: to put together: to select: to procure, adapt: to geld: (Scot.) to adjust, put right, dispose, fix: to punish.—v.i. to be joined with others of the same sort: to associate: to suit.—adj. Sort′able, capable of being sorted: (Bacon) suitable, befitting.—ns. Sort′ance (Shak.), suitableness, agreement; Sort′er, one who separates and arranges, as letters; Sort′es, lots used in divination by passages selected by hazard from the Bible, Homer, Virgil, &c.; Sort′ilege, the act or practice of divination by drawing lots; Sorti′tion, the casting of lots; Sort′ment, act of sorting.—In a sort (Shak.), in a manner; In sort, inasmuch as; Out of sorts, out of order, unwell: (print.) with some sorts of type in the font exhausted. [O. Fr. sorte—L. sors, sortis, a lot—serĕre, to join.]

Sortie, sor′tē, n. the issuing of a body of troops from a besieged place to attack the besiegers. [Fr.,—sortir, to go out, to issue—L. surgĕre, to rise up.]

Sorus, sō′rus, n. a heap:—pl. Sō′ri.—adj. Sō′rose, bearing sori. [Gr. sōros, a heap.]

So-so, sō′-sō, adj. neither very good nor very bad: tolerable: indifferent.

Soss, sos, n. a mess, a puddle: a heavy fall.—v.t. to dirty: to throw carelessly about.—v.i. to tumble into a chair, &c.—adv. plump.—v.t. and v.i. Sos′sle, to dabble. [Prob. Gael. sos, a mixture.]

Sostrum, sos′trum, n. a reward given for saving one's life, a physician's fee. [Gr., sōzein, to save.]

Sot, sot, n. one stupefied by drinking: a habitual drunkard.—v.i. to play the sot, to tipple.—adj. Sot′tish, like a sot: foolish: stupid with drink.—adv. Sot′tishly.—n. Sot′tishness. [O. Fr. sot, perh. of Celt. origin; Bret. sod, stupid.]

Sotadean, sot-a-dē′an, adj. pertaining to Sotades, a lascivious Greek poet at Alexandria about 276 B.C. His Cinœdi were malicious and indecent satires and travesties of mythology written in Ionic dialect and in a peculiar metre.—n. Sotad′ic, a sotadean verse.

Soteriology, sō-tē-ri-ol′ō-ji, n. (theol.) the doctrine of salvation by Jesus Christ.—adjs. Sotē′rial, pertaining to redemption; Sotēriolog′ical. [Gr. sōtērios, saving—sōtēr, saviour, logia—legein, to speak.]

Sothic, sō′thik, adj. of or pertaining to the dog-star Sothis or Sirius.—Sothic cycle, or period, a period of 1460 years; Sothic year, the ancient Egyptian fixed year, according to the heliacal rising of Sirius.

Sotto, sot′tō, adv. under, below, as in Sotto voce, in an undertone, aside. [It.,—L. subter, under.]

Sou, sōō, n. a French copper coin, the five-centime piece=1⁄20th of a franc. [Fr. sou (It. soldo)—L. solidus, a coin.]

Souari, sow-ä′ri, n. a tree of British Guiana yielding a durable timber and edible nuts.

Soubrette, sōō-bret′, n. a maid-servant in a comedy, conventionally pert, coquettish, and intriguing. [Fr.]

Souchong, sōō-shong′, n. a fine sort of black tea. [Fr.,—Chin. siao, small, chung, sort.]

Soufflé, sōō-flā′, n. a light dish, consisting of the whites of eggs, with chocolate, cheese, vanilla, &c., whisked into a creamy froth.—adj. prepared in this way. [Fr., souffler, to blow—L. sufflāre, to blow.]

Sough, sow, suf, or, as Scot., sōōh, v.i. to sigh, as the wind.—v.t. to whine out cantingly.—n. a sighing of the wind: a vague rumour: a whining tone of voice.—Keep a calm sough, to keep quiet. [Prob. Ice. súgr, a rushing sound, or A.S. swógan, to rustle.]

Sough, suf, n. a drain, sewer, mine-adit.—n. Sough′ing-tile, a drain-tile. [Prob. W. soch, a drain.]

Soul, sōl, n. that part of man which thinks, feels, desires, &c.: the seat of life and intellect: life: essence: internal power: energy or grandeur of mind: a human being, a person.—ns. Soul′-bell, the passing bell; Soul′-cūr′er (Shak.), a parson.—adjs. Souled, full of soul or feeling; Soul′-fear′ing (Shak.), soul-terrifying; Soul′ful, expressive of elevated feeling.—adv. Soul′fully.—n. Soul′fulness.—adj. Soul′less, without nobleness of mind, mean, spiritless.—ns. Soul′lessness; Soul′-shot, -scot, a funeral payment.—adj. Soul′-sick, morally diseased.—All-souls' Day, the 2d November, when the souls of the faithful departed are commemorated. [M. E. saule—A.S. sáwol; Ger. seele.]

Soum, Sowm, sowm, n. (Scot.) the proportion of sheep or cattle suitable for any pasture: pasture for a certain number of sheep or cattle.—v.i. to determine such. [A form of sum.]

Sound, sownd, adj. safe, whole, entire: perfect: healthy, strong: profound: correct: orthodox: weighty.—adv. soundly, completely fast, as in sleep.—adv. Sound′ly.—n. Sound′ness. [A.S. gesund; Ger. gesund, and perh. L. sanus, sound.]

Sound, sownd, n. a narrow passage of water: a strait. [A.S. sund, a narrow arm of the sea, from swimman, to swim; Ger. sund, a strait.]

Sound, sownd, n. the air or swimming bladder of a fish. [A.S. sund, swimming.]

Sound, sownd, v.i. to make a noise: to utter a voice: to spread or be spread: to appear on narration.—v.t. to cause to make a noise: to utter audibly: to direct by a sound or audible signal: to examine by percussion: to publish audibly.—n. the impression produced on the ear by the vibrations of air: noise, particular quality of tone: report, hearing-distance: empty or meaningless noise.—p.adj. Sound′ing, making a sound or noise: having a magnificent sound.—ns. Sound′ing-board, Sound′-board, the thin plate of wood or metal which increases and propagates the sound of a musical instrument: the horizontal board or structure over a pulpit, reading-desk, &c., carrying the speaker's voice towards the audience; Sound′ing-post, Sound′-post, a support set under the bridge of a violin, for propagating the sounds to the body of the instrument.—adj. Sound′less, without sound, silent: not capable of being sounded, unfathomable. [M. E. sounen—O. Fr. soner—L. sonāre, to sound, sonus, a sound.]

Sound, sownd, v.t. to measure the depth of, esp. with a line and plummet: to probe: to try to discover a man's secret thoughts, wishes, &c.: to test: to introduce an instrument into the bladder to examine it.—v.i. to use the line and lead in ascertaining the depth of water.—n. a probe, an instrument to discover stone in the bladder.—ns. Sound′ing, the ascertaining the depth of water: (pl.) any part of the ocean where a sounding-line will reach the bottom; Sound′ing-lead, the weight at the end of a sounding-line; Sound′ing-line, a line with a plummet at the end for soundings; Sound′ing-rod, a rod for measuring water in a ship's hold. [O. Fr. sonder, to sound; acc. to Diez, from Low L. subundāre—L. sub, under, unda, a wave.]

Sounder, sown′dėr, n. a herd of swine, a young boar. [A.S. sunor, a herd of swine.]

Soup, sōōp, n. the nutritious liquid obtained by boiling meat or vegetables in stock—named from the chief ingredient, as pea-, tomato-, vermicelli-, hare-, oxtail-soup, &c.—ns. Soup′er, a convert for the sake of material benefits; Soup′-kitch′en, a place for supplying soup to the poor gratis or at a nominal price; Soup′-mai′gre, a thin fish or vegetable soup, originally for fast-days; Soup′-tick′et, a ticket authorising the holder to receive soup at a soup-kitchen.—adj. Soup′y. [O. Fr. soupe—Old Dut. sop, zop, broth, soppe, zoppe, a sop.]

Soupçon, soop-song′, n. a suspicion—hence a very small quantity, as of spirits. [Fr.]

Souple, sōōp′l, adj. a provincial form of supple—denoting raw silk deprived of its silk-glue.

Sour, sowr, adj. having a pungent, acid taste: turned, as milk: rancid: crabbed or peevish in temper: bitter: cold and wet, as soil.—v.t. to make sour or acid: to make cross, peevish, or discontented.—v.i. to become sour or acid: to become peevish or crabbed.—n. Sour′-crout (see Sauer-kraut).—adj. Sour′-eyed, morose-looking.—ns. Sour′-gourd, the cream-of-tartar tree; Sour′ing, vinegar: the crab-apple: the process in bleaching fabrics that follows the treatment with bleaching-powder, consisting in treatment of the fabric with hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, so as to wash out the lime.—adj. Sour′ish, somewhat sour.—adv. Sour′ly, in a sour manner: with acidity: with acrimony: discontentedly.—ns. Sour′ness, the state of being sour: acidity: peevishness: discontent; Sour′-sop, a tree of tropical America and its fruit, closely allied to the custard-apple: (prov.) an ill-natured person. [A.S. súr; Ger. sauer, Ice. súrr.]

Source, sōrs, n. that from which anything rises or originates: origin: the spring from which a stream flows. [O. Fr. sorse (Fr. source), from sourdre (It. sorgere)—L. surgĕre, to raise up, to rise.]

Sourdine, sōōr-dēn′, n. a stop on the harmonium. [Fr.,—It. sordino, sordo, deaf—L. surdus, deaf.]

Souse, sows, v.t. to strike with sudden violence, as a bird its prey.—v.i. to rush with speed, as a bird on its prey.—n. violent attack, as of a bird striking its prey.—adj. (Shak.) sudden, violent.—adv. with sudden violence, with swift descent downwards.

Souse, sows, n. pickle made of salt: anything steeped in pickle: the ear, feet, &c. of swine pickled.—v.t. to steep in pickle: to plunge into water. [Written also souce, a form of sauce.]

Soutane, sōō-tān′, n. a cassock. [Fr.,—Low L. subtana—L. subtus, beneath.]

Souter, sōō′tėr, n. (Scot.) a shoemaker, a cobbler—also Sow′ter, Sou′tar.—adv. Sou′terly. [A.S. sútere (Ice. sútari)—L. sutor—suĕre, to sew.]

South, sowth, n. the direction in which the sun appears at noon to the people north of the Tropic of Cancer: any land opposite the north: the Southern States in U.S. history: the side of a church on the right hand of one facing the altar.—adj. lying towards the south.—adv. towards the south.—v.i. to veer towards the south: to cross the meridian of a place.—n. South′-east′, the direction equally distant from the south and east.—adjs. South′-east′, South′-east′erly, South′-east′ern, pertaining to, in the direction of, or coming from the south-east.—n. South′-east′er, a wind from the south-east.—advs. South′-east′ward, -ly, toward the south-east.—n. Souther (sowth′-), a wind from the south.—v.i. to veer toward the south.—adj. Southering (suth′-), turned toward the south, having a southern exposure.—n. Southerliness (suth′-), the condition of being southerly.—adjs. Southerly (suth′-), Southern (suth′-), pertaining to, situated in, or proceeding from or towards the south:—superls. Southermost (suth′-), Southernmost (suth′-), South′most, most southern, farthest towards the south.—n. Southerner (suth′-), an inhabitant of the south, esp. of the Southern States of America.—v.t. and v.i. Southernise (suth′-), to render southern in qualities or character, or to become such.—n. Southernism (suth′-), a form of expression peculiar to the south, esp. the Southern States of America.—adv. Southernly (suth′-), towards the south.—ns. Southernwood (suth′-), an aromatic plant of southern Europe, closely allied to wormwood; Southing (sowth′-), tendency or motion to the south: the time at which the moon passes the meridian; South′land, the south (also adj.).—adv. South′ly.—n. South′ness, tendency of a magnetic needle to point toward the south.—adj. Southron (suth′-), southern, esp. English.—n. a native or inhabitant of a southern country or district: an Englishman.—advs. South′ward (also suth′ard), toward the south (also n. and adj.); South′wardly (also adj.); South′wards.—n. South′-west′, the direction equally distant from the south and west—adjs. South′-west′, South′-west′erly, South′-west′ern, pertaining to, proceeding from, or lying in the direction of the south-west.—n. South′-west′er, a storm or gale from the south-west: a painted canvas hat with a broad flap behind for the neck (often Sou′west′er).—South Sea, the Pacific Ocean. [A.S. súth; Ger. süd, Ice. sudhr.]

Southcottian, sowth′kot-i-an, n. a follower of Joanna Southcott (1750-1814), whose dropsy was taken by many, and perhaps herself, for the gestation of a second Shiloh or Prince of Peace.

Southdown, sowth′down, adj. pertaining to the South Downs in Hampshire, the famous breed of sheep so named, or their mutton.—n. this breed of sheep, a sheep of the same, or its mutton.

Souvenir, sōō-ve-nēr′, n. a remembrancer, a keepsake.—n. Souv′enance (Spens.), remembrance, memory. [Fr.,—L. subvenīre, to come up, to come to mind—sub, under, venīre, to come.]

Sovereign, suv′rān, or sov′e-rān, adj. supreme: possessing supreme power or dominion: superior to all others: utmost: most efficacious—(Milt.) Sov′ran.—n. a supreme ruler: a monarch: a gold coin=20s.—v.t. to rule over as a sovereign.—adj. Sov′ereignest (Shak.), most effectual.—adv. Sov′ereignly, in a sovereign manner: in the highest degree: supremely.—n. Sov′ereignty, supreme power: dominion. [O. Fr. sovrain—Low L. superanus—L. super, supra, above.]

Sow, sow, n. a female pig: the metal solidified in parallel grooves or pigs, the iron of these being pig-iron: a movable shed for protecting the men using a battering-ram.—ns. Sow′back, a low ridge of sand or gravel; Sow′-bread, a genus of plants, allied to the primrose, natives of the south of Europe, the tubers of which are eaten by swine; Sow′-bug, an air-breathing oniscoid isopod, a pill-bug, slater.—adj. Sow′-drunk (prov.), beastly drunk.—ns. Sow′-geld′er, one who spays sows; Sow′-this′tle, a genus of plants, the tender tops of which are used in the north of Europe as greens. [A.S. sú, sugu; Ger. sau, Ice. sýr; L. sus, Gr. hys.]

Sow, sō, v.t. to scatter seed that it may grow: to plant by strewing: to scatter seed over: to spread, disseminate.—v.i. to scatter seed for growth:—pa.p. sown and sowed.—ns. Sow′er; Sow′ing; Sow′ing-machine′, a hand or horse-power seed-planting machine: a broadcast sower. [A.S. sáwan; Ger. säen, Ice. sá, Goth. saian.]

Sowar, sō-är′, n. a native horse-soldier in the British Indian army, a mounted attendant. [Hind. sawār, a horseman.]

Sowens, sō′enz, n.pl. (Scot.) a dish made from the farina remaining among the husks of oats, flummery.—Also Sow′ans.

Sowth, sowth, v.i. and v.t. (Scot.) to whistle softly, to whistle over a tune.

Soy, soi, n. a thick and piquant sauce made from the seeds of the soy bean or pea, a native of China, Japan, and the Moluccas.—Also Soo′ja. [Jap. si-yan, Chin. shi-yu.]

Sozzle, soz′l, v.t. to make wet or muddy.—n. disorder.—adj. Sozz′ly, sloppy.

Spa, spaw, n. a place where there is a mineral spring of water. [From Spa in Belgium.]

Space, spās, n. extension as distinct from material substances: room: largeness: distance between objects: interval between lines or words in books: quantity of time: distance between two points of time: opportunity, leisure: a short time: interval.—v.t. to make or arrange intervals between.—ns. Spā′cer, one who, or that which, spaces: an instrument by which to reverse a telegraphic current, esp. in a marine cable, for increasing the speed of transmission: a space-bar; Space′-writ′er, in journalism, one paid for his articles according to the space they occupy when printed; Spā′cing, the act of dividing into spaces, placing at suitable intervals, as in printing, &c.: the space thus made: spaces collectively.—adj. Spā′cious, having large space: large in extent: roomy: wide.—adv. Spā′ciously.—n. Spā′ciousness. [Fr. espace—L. spatium; Gr. spān.]

Spadassin, spad′a-sin, n. a swordsman, a bravo. [Fr.,—It. spadaccino—spada, a sword.]

Spade, spād, n. a broad blade of iron with a handle, used for digging: a playing-card of one of the two black suits, shaped like a heart with a triangular handle.—v.t. to dig with a spade.—ns. Spade′-bone, the scapula; Spade′-foot, a scaphiopod or spade-footed toad; Spade′ful, as much as a spade will hold; Spade′-guin′ea, a guinea coined 1787-99, so called from the shield on the reverse side having the shape of the spade in playing-cards.—Call a spade a spade, to call things by their plain names, without softening: to speak out plainly. [A.S. spadu, spædu; L. spatha—Gr. spathē, any broad blade.]

Spade, spād, n. a eunuch: a gelding.—Also Spā′do. [Gr. spadōn, a eunuch.]

Spadille, spa-dil′, n. the ace of spades in the games of ombre and quadrille.—Also Spadil′io. [Fr.,—Sp. espadilla, dim. of espada, the ace of spades.]

Spadix, spā′diks, n. (bot.) a fleshy spike of flowers, usually covered by a leaf called a spathe:—pl. Spādī′ces.—adjs. Spādic′eous, Spad′icose. [Gr.]

Spadone, spa-dō′nē, n. a long heavy sword for both hands.—Also Spadroon′. [It.]

Spae, spā, v.i. and v.t. (Scot.) to foretell, divine—also Spay.—ns. Spae′man; Spā′er; Spae′wife, [Scand., Ice. spá; Ger. spähen, to spy.]

Spaghetti, spa-get′ti, n. an Italian cord-like paste intermediate in size between macaroni and vermicelli. [It., pl. of spaghetto, dim. of spago, a cord.]

Spagiric, -al, spa-jir′ik, -al, adj. chemical, according to the chemistry of Paracelsus and his followers.—n. Spagir′ist, a follower of Paracelsus. [Gr. span, to tear, ageirein, to bring together.]

Spahi, spä′hē, n. one of the irregular cavalry of the Turkish armies before the reorganisation of 1836.—Also Spa′hee. [Sepoy.]

Spalax, spā′laks, n. the typical genus of mole-rats. [Gr., spalax, sphalax, a mole.]

Spale, spāl, n. (Scot.) a splinter of wood—also Spail: in shipbuilding, a temporary brace, cross-band—also Spā′ling.

Spall, spawl, n. (Spens.) the shoulder.—Also Spald. [O. Fr. espaule—L. spatula, a broad blade.]

Spall, spawl, v.t. and v.i. to split, splinter, to chip.—n. a chip or splinter thrown off.—v.t. and v.i. Spalt, to split off splinters.—adj. brittle.

Spalpeen, spal′pēn, n. a rascal, a mischievous fellow. [Ir. spailpīn.]

Spalt, spalt, n. a scaly whitish mineral, used as a flux for metals. [Ger. spalt-stein—spalten, to split.]

Span, span, n. the space from the end of the thumb to the end of the little-finger when the fingers are extended: nine inches: the spread of an arch between its abutments: a space of time, the full duration of anything: extent of stretch, as the spread of a man's arms, in measuring trees, &c.—v.t. to measure by spans: to measure: to embrace:—pr.p. span′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. spanned.—ns. Span′-coun′ter, Span′-far′thing, a game played by one throwing a coin or counter on the ground, and another trying to throw his so near it that he can span the distance between the two.—adjs. Span′less, that cannot be spanned or measured; Span′-long, of the length of a span.—n. Span′ner, one who spans: an iron tool or lever used to tighten the nuts of screws. [A.S. span—spannan; Ger. spanne—spannen.]

Span, span, n. a yoke of horses or oxen. [Borrowed from Dut.; from the same root as above word.]

Spancel, span′sel, n. a tether for a cow's legs.—v.t. to fasten a cow with such.—adj. Span′celed (her.), hobbled. [Old Dut. spansel.]

Spandrel, span′drel, n. the irregular triangular space between the curve of an arch and the enclosing right angle.—Also Span′dril. [Ety. dub.; prob. conn. with span.]

Spane, Spean, spān, v.t. (Scot.) to wean. [A.S. spanan; Ger. spänen.]

Spanemia, spa-nē′mi-a, n. poverty of blood—also Spanæ′mia.—adjs. Spanē′mic, Spanæ′mic. [Gr. spanos, scarce, haima, blood.]

Spang, spang, v.i. (Scot.) to leap.—v.t. to set in violent motion, to hurl.—n. a springing up: a sudden blow.

Spangle, spang′gl, n. a small, thin plate or boss of shining metal: anything sparkling and brilliant, like a spangle.—v.t. to adorn with spangles.—v.i. to glitter.—adjs. Spang′led, Spang′ly.—n. Spang′ler. [A.S. spange; Ger. spange, Ice. spöng.]

Spangolite, spang′gō-līt, n. a rare mineral found in hexagonal green crystals along with cuprite in Arizona. [Norman Spang of Pittsburg.]

Spaniel, span′yel, n. a kind of dog, usually liver-and-white coloured, or black-and-white, with large pendent ears.—adj. (Shak.) like a spaniel, fawning, mean.—n. Span′ielship, obsequious attention.—Blenheim Spaniel, red-and-white, established by the Duke of Marlborough; Clumber Spaniel, handsome lemon-and-white, short in leg, long in body, with a coat like a setter, and massive head with large, drooping ears; King Charles spaniel, black-and-tan, first brought into notice by Charles II.; Sussex spaniel, like the Clumber, golden-liver or brown. [O. Fr. espagneul (Fr. épagneul)—Sp. Español, Spanish.]

Spanish, span′ish, adj. of or pertaining to Spain.—n. the language of Spain.—n. Span′iard, a native or citizen of Spain.—Spanish bayonet, any one of several species of yucca with straight sword-shaped leaves; Spanish broom, a hardy deciduous Mediterranean shrub with showy yellow fragrant flowers; Spanish chalk, a variety of talc; Spanish cress, a species of peppergrass; Spanish fly, a blister-beetle, a cantharid possessing a strong blistering principle, cantharidine: a preparation of cantharides used as a vesicant; Spanish fowl, a breed of the domestic hen—also White-faced black Spanish; Spanish grass, esparto; Spanish juice, extract of liquorice-root; Spanish Main, a name given to the north coast of South America from the Orinoco to Darien, and to the shores of the former Central American provinces of Spain contiguous to the Caribbean Sea—the name is often popularly applied to the Caribbean Sea itself: Spanish sheep, a merino; Spanish soap, Castile soap.—Walk Spanish, to be compelled to walk on tiptoe through being lifted up by the collar and the seat of the trousers—hence to proceed or act under compulsion.

Spank, spangk, v.i. to move with speed or spirit.—n. Spank′er, one who walks with long strides: a fast-going horse: any person or thing particularly striking, a dashing person.—adj. Spank′ing, spirited, going freely: striking, beyond expectation, very large. [Cf. Dan. spanke, to strut.]

Spank, spangk, v.i. to strike with the flat of the hand, to slap.—n. a loud slap, esp. on the backside.

Spanker, spang′kėr, n. the after-sail of a ship or barque, so called from its flapping in the breeze.

Span-roof, span′-rōōf, n. a roof having two equal inclined planes or sides.

Spar, spär, n. a rafter: a general term for masts, yards, booms, and gaffs, &c.—n. Spar′-deck, the upper deck of a vessel. [The A.S. spearra is assumed from the verb sparrian, to fasten with a bar; cf. Ice. sparri, Dut. spar.]

Spar, spär, n. a term applied by miners to any bright crystalline mineral, and adopted by mineralogists in the names of a number of minerals—calcareous spar, fluor spar, Iceland spar, &c.—adj. Spar′ry, resembling spar, spathic. [A.S. spær(-stán), gypsum; cf. Ger. spar(-kalk).]

Spar, spär, v.i. to box with the hands: to fight with showy action: to dispute:—pr.p. spar′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. sparred.—n. a preliminary sparring, boxing-match, or cock-fight.—ns. Spar′rer; Spar′ring. [O. Fr. esparer (Fr. éparer), to kick out, most prob. Teut.; Low Ger. sparre, a struggling.]

Sparable, spar′a-bl, n. a small nail used by shoemakers.—Also Sper′rable. [Sparrow-bill.]

Spare, spār, v.t. to use frugally: to do without: to save from any use: to withhold from: to forbear from harming, to treat tenderly: to part with willingly.—v.i. to be frugal: to forbear: to be tender: to be forgiving.—adj. sparing: frugal: scanty: lean: superfluous.—n. that which has been saved or stored away: in American bowling, a point made by overturning all the pins with the first two balls.—adv. Spare′ly, in a spare manner: sparingly.—ns. Spare′ness; Spār′er, one who spares or avoids expense; Spare′rib, a piece of pork consisting of ribs with the meat adhering to them.—adj. Spā′ring, scarce: scanty: saving: merciful, forgiving.—adv. Spār′ingly, frugally: not abundantly: with abstinence: seldom: cautiously.—n. Spār′ingness, the quality of being sparing: want of liberality: caution. [A.S. sparian, to spare—spær, spare; Ger. spärlich, frugal.]

Sparganium, spär-gā′ni-um, n. a genus of plants of the order Typhaceæ:, the bur-reeds. [Gr.]

Sparge, spärj, v.t. to sprinkle—(Scot.) Spairge.—n. Spar′ger, a sprinkler. [L. spargĕre, to sprinkle.]

Spargosis, spär-gō′sis, n. great distention of the breasts with milk.—Also Sparganō′sis. [Gr. spargōsis—spargan, to swell.]

Spark, spärk, n. a small ignited particle shot off from a burning body: any small shining body or light: a small portion of anything active or vivid: a gay sprightly person, a lover, a beau.—v.i. to emit sparks: to play the gallant.—adj. Spark′ish, gay, jaunty, showy. [A.S. spearca, a spark; Dut. spark.]

Sparkle, spärk′l, n. a little spark: lustre, brilliance: the presence of carbon dioxide, as in a wine, causing effervescence: the emission of sparks.—v.i. to emit sparks: to shine, glitter: to effervesce with glittering bubbles, or to contain much carbon dioxide, as certain wines.—v.t. to throw out sparklingly.—n. Spark′ler, one who, or that which, sparkles.—adj. Spark′less, not giving out sparks.—adv. Spark′lessly.—n. Spark′let, a small spark.—adj. Spark′ling, giving out sparks: glittering: brilliant: lively.—adv. Spark′lingly, in a sparkling manner: with vivid and twinkling lustre.—n. Spark′lingness, the quality of being sparkling: vivid and twinkling lustre. [A freq. of spark.]

Sparrow, spar′ō, n. an Old World genus of birds of fringilline family.—ns. Sparr′ow-bill, a small shoe-nail, so called from its shape—also Spar′able; Sparr′ow-grass, asparagus; Sparr′ow-hawk, a genus of long-legged, short-winged falcons, like the goshawks, but smaller.—adj. Sparr′ow-tail (see Swallow-tail). [A.S. spearwa; Goth. sparwa, Ice. spörr, Ger. sper-ling.]

Sparry, spär′i, adj. consisting of, or like, spar.—n. Sparr′y-ī′ron, a carbonite of iron, siderite.

Sparse, spärs, adj. thinly scattered: scanty.—adv. Sparse′ly.—n. Sparse′ness.—adj. Spar′sile.—n. Spar′sity. [L. sparsum, pa.p. of spargĕre, to scatter; Gr. speirein, to sow.]

Spartan, spär′tan, adj. of or pertaining to Sparta in Greece: hardy, rigorously severe: fearless.

Sparterie, spär′tėr-i, n. articles made from esparto—mats, nets, ropes, &c.

Spasm, spazm, n. an irregular and violent contraction of muscular parts—involuntary even when the voluntary muscles are concerned. When persistent it is tonic spasm or cramp, catalepsy, tetanus; when the relaxations alternate with the contractions, it is clonic spasm, as in epilepsy, convulsive hysteria, chorea, &c.—n. Spasmod′ic, a medicine for removing spasms.—adjs. Spasmod′ic, -al, relating to, or consisting in, spasms: convulsive.—adv. Spasmod′ically, in a spasmodic manner: in fits.—ns. Spas′modist; Spasmol′ogy, scientific knowledge of spasms.—adj. Spas′tic, relating to spasms, spasmodic.—adv. Spas′tically.—n. Spastic′ity, tendency to spasm.—Spasmodic school, a group of English poets, including P. J. Bailey, Sydney Dobell, and Alexander Smith, marked by overstrained and unnatural sentiment and expression. [Fr. spasme—L. spasmus—Gr. spasmos—spaein, to draw.]

Spat, spat, n. the spawn of shellfish.—v.i. to shed spawn. [From root of spit.]

Spat, spat, n. a slap: a large drop, as of rain: a petty quarrel.—v.t. to slap, to strike lightly.—v.i. to engage in a petty quarrel.

Spatangus, spā-tang′gus, n. the typical genus of Spatangidæ, a family of irregular sea-urchins, the heart-urchins.—n.pl. Spatang′ida, the spatangoid sea-urchins.—adj. Spatang′oid, like a cordate urchin.—n. one of these.—ns.pl. Spatangoi′da, Spatangoi′dēa, the Spatangidæ, an order of petalostichous sea-urchins, generally excluding the clypeastroids or flat sea-urchins. [Gr. spatangēs, a sea-urchin.]

Spatch-cock, spach′-kok, n. a fowl killed and immediately roasted or broiled for some sudden occasion. [Prob. a corr. of despatch and cock.]

Spate, Spait, spāt, n. a sudden flood, as in a stream after heavy rain. [Prob. Ir. speid.]

Spathe, spāth, n. (bot.) a sheathing bract, which encloses one or more flowers, as in the narcissus.—adjs. Spathā′ceous, spathe-bearing; Spāthed, having a spathe.—n. Spathil′la, a secondary or diminutive spathe.—adjs. Spā′those, Spā′thous (bot.), having a spathe or sheath-like bract, bursting longitudinally. [L. spatha—Gr. spathē, a broad blade.]

Spathic, spath′ik, adj. (min.) foliated, lamellar.—adj. Spath′iform, spathic. [Ger. spath, spar.]

Spathura, spā-thū′ra, n. a genus of humming-birds with peculiar tail-feathers expanding into a spatule at the end, and leg-muffs. [Gr. spathē, a blade, oura, a tail.]

Spatial, spā′shal, adj. relating to space.—n. Spātial′ity.—adv. Spā′tially.

Spatilomancy, spā-til′ō-man-si, n. divination by means of animal excrements. [Gr. spatilē, excrement, manteia, divination.]

Spatter, spat′ėr, v.t. to throw out or scatter upon: to scatter about: to sprinkle with dirt or anything moist: to defame.—n. the act of spattering: what is spattered.—n.pl. Spatt′er-dash′es, coverings for the legs, to keep them clean from water and mud, a kind of gaiters.—n. Spatt′er-work, a method of producing designs by covering the surface with the pattern and then spattering colouring matter on the parts exposed. [A freq. of spot.]

Spatula, spat′ū-la, Spattle, spat′l, n. a little spade: a broad kind of knife for spreading plasters.—n. Spat′ulamancy, a method of divination by a sheep's shoulder-blade.—adj. Spat′ulāte, shaped like a spatula.—n. Spat′ule, a spatulate formation.—adjs. Spat′uliform, Spatulig′erous. [L. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha—Gr. spathē.]

Spavin, spav′in, n. a disease of horses occurring under two different forms—bog-spavin, in which the hock-joint is distended with dark-coloured synovia or joint-oil, and bone-spavin, in which a bony enlargement occurs towards the inside of the hock, at the head of the shank-bone, or between some of the small bones of the hock.—adj. Spav′ined, affected with spavin. [O. Fr. esparvain (Fr. éparvin)—Old High Ger. sparo, sparwe, a sparrow.]

Spawn, spawn, n. the eggs of fish or frogs when ejected: offspring.—adj. containing spawn.—v.t. to produce, as fishes and frogs do their eggs: to bring forth.—v.i. to deposit eggs, as fishes or frogs: to issue, as offspring.—ns. Spawn′er, the female fish from which the spawn is ejected; Spawn′ing; Spawn′ing-bed, -ground, a bed made in the bottom of a stream on which fish deposit their spawn. [O. Fr. espandre, to shed—L. expandĕre, to spread out.]

Spay, spā, v.t. to make an animal barren by destroying its ovaries.—Also Spāve. [L. spado—Gr. spadōn, a eunuch—Gr. spaein, draw out.]

Speak, spēk, v.i. to utter words or articulate sounds: to say: to talk: to converse: to sound: to give expression by any means, to intimate, to hint.—v.t. to pronounce: to converse in: to address: to declare: to express by signs:—pa.t. spoke or spāke; pa.p. spō′ken.—adj. Speak′able, capable of being spoken: (Milt.) having the power of speech.—ns. Speak′-eas′y (U.S.), an illicit dram-shop, shebeen; Speak′er, one who speaks or proclaims: the person who presides in a deliberative or legislative body, as the House of Commons; Speak′ership, the office of Speaker; Speak′ing, the act of expressing ideas in words: discourse.—adj. seeming to speak: natural: used to assist the voice.—adv. Speak′ingly.—ns. Speak′ing-trum′pet, an instrument for enabling the sound of the voice to be conveyed to a greater distance; Speak′ing-tube, a tube communicating from one room to another for speaking through; Speak′ing-voice, the kind of voice used in speaking.—Speak a ship, to hail and speak to some one on board her; Speak fair, to address one in conciliatory terms; Speak for, to speak on behalf of: to be a proof of: to bespeak, engage; Speaking terms, a relationship between two persons not extending beyond the courtesy of verbal salutation, &c.; Speak of, to talk about: to mention, or to be worth mentioning; Speak one's mind, to say frankly what one thinks; Speak out, to assert boldly or loudly; Speak to, to reprove: to attest, testify to; Speak up, to speak out; Speak well for, to witness favourably to.—So to speak, as one might put it, as it were. [A.S. specan (for sprecan); Dut. spreken, Ger. sprechen.]

Spear, spēr, n. a long weapon used in war and hunting, made of a pole pointed with iron: a lance with barbed prongs used for catching fish.—v.t. to pierce or kill with a spear.—ns. Spear′-fish, a kind of carp-sucker—also Sail-fish and Skimback: the bill-fish, a histiophoroid fish related to the swordfish; Spear′-foot, the off or right hind-foot of a horse; Spear′-grass, a name applied to various grasses, esp. those known as meadow-grass, the Kentucky blue-grass: either of two New Zealand plants of the parsley family with long spinous leaflets; Spear′-head, the iron point of a spear; Spear′-lil′y, a plant of one of the species of the Australian genus Doryanthes of the Amaryllideæ, with sword-shaped leaves; Spear′man, a man armed with a spear; Spear′mint, the common garden-mint; Spear′-this′tle, the common thistle; Spear′-wood, one of two Australian trees whose wood makes good spear-shafts; Spear′-wort, the name of several species of Ranunculus with lance-shaped leaves. [A.S. spere; Ger. speer, L. sparus; cf. Spar.]

Special, spesh′al, adj. of a species or sort; particular: distinctive: uncommon: designed for a particular purpose: confined to a particular subject or application.—n. any special or particular person or thing: any person or thing set apart for a particular duty—a constable, a railway-tram, &c.: a newspaper extra, a despatch from a special correspondent.—n. Specialisā′tion, the act or process of specialising: differentiation, as of organs, functions, &c.—v.t. Spec′ialise, to make specifically distinct, to limit to a particular kind of action or use.—v.i. to act in some particular way, to take a particular direction, as to devote one's self especially to some particular branch of study.—ns. Spec′ialism, devotion to some particular study or pursuit; Spec′ialist, one who devotes himself to a special subject.—adj. Specialist′ic.—n. Special′ity, the particular characteristic of a person or thing: a special occupation or object of attention.—adv. Spec′ially.—ns. Spec′ialty, something special or distinctive: any special product, article of sale or of manufacture: any special pursuit, department of study, &c.: a special contract for the payment of money; Specie (spē′shi), gold and silver coin, metallic money (abl. of L. species, kind); Spē′cies, a group of individuals having common marks or characteristics, specialised from others of the same genus to which it is subordinate: a group under a higher class, a kind or sort, a distinct constituent part, an element: an appearance to the senses, an image of an external object presented to the eye or the mind; Spē′cies-mong′er, one who busies himself with classifications only, indifferent to wider biological relations, one who makes distinctions for distinction's sake; Spēcif′ic, a remedy which has a special power in a particular disease: an infallible remedy.—adjs. Spēcif′ic, -al, pertaining to, or constituting, a species: that specifies: peculiar to: produced by some special cause: precise: infallible.—adv. Spēcif′ically.—ns. Spēcif′icalness, Spēcif′icness, the state or quality of being specific.—Special constable (see Constable); Special license (see License); Special pleading (see Plead); Special verdict (see Verdict).—Specific density, the mass of any given substance contained in unit volume; Specific gravity, the weight of any given substance as compared with the weight of an equal bulk or volume of water or other standard substance at the same temperature and pressure; Specific heat (see Heat).

Specify, spes′i-fī, v.t. to mention particularly: to set down as a requisite:—pa.t. and pa.p. spec′ifīed.—v.t. Specif′icate, to specify.—n. Specificā′tion, the act of specifying: any point or particular specified: the description of his invention presented by an applicant for a patent.—Logical specification is the counterpart of generalisation—implying that beings the most like or homogeneous disagree or are heterogeneous in some respect. [O. Fr.,—Low L. specificāre—L. species, kind, facĕre, to make.]

Specillum, spē-sil′um, n. a surgical probe: a lens, eyeglass. [L.,—specĕre, to look.]

Specimen, spes′i-men, n. a portion of anything to show the kind and quality of the whole: a sample, a typical individual: a preparation in natural history, &c., exemplifying anything noticeable in a species or other group. [L. specimen—specĕre, to see.]

Specious, spē′shus, adj. that looks well at first sight: showy: plausible: appearing actual, not merely imaginary.—ns. Spēcios′ity, Spē′ciousness, plausible appearance.—adv. Spē′ciously. [Fr.,—L. speciosus, showy—species, form—specĕre, to see.]

Speck, spek, n. a spot: a blemish: a mark betokening decay: a separate piece or particle, an atom, the least morsel or quantity: a percoid fish of the United States, a darter.—v.t. to spot. [A.S. specca; Low Ger. spakig, spotted with wet.]

Speck, spek, n. fat, lard.—n. Specktioneer′, the chief harpooner in whale-fishing. [A.S. spic, bacon; Ger. speck, Dut. spek, fat.]

Speckle, spek′l, n. a little speck or spot in anything different in substance or colour from the thing itself: (Scot.) kind, sort.—v.t. to mark with speckles.—adj. Speck′led, variegated, piebald.—n. Speck′ledness.—adjs. Speck′less, spotless, perfectly clean; Speck′y, partially spotted.

Spectacle, spek′ta-kl, n. a sight: show, a pageant, exhibition: (pl.) a pair of lenses mounted in frames to assist the sight, aids to mental vision: a marking resembling spectacles, as in the cobra.—adjs. Spec′tacled, wearing spectacles: marked like spectacles, as the bear, cobra, &c.; Spectac′ular, marked by display.—n. Spectacular′ity.—adv. Spectac′ularly. [L. spectaculum—spectāre, -ātum, intens. of specĕre, to look at.]

Spectant, spek′tant, adj. looking forward.—v.t. Spec′tāte, to survey.—n. Spec′tātion. [L. spectans, -antis, pr.p. of spectāre.]

Spectator, spek-tā′tor, n. one who looks on:—fem. Spectā′tress, Spectā′trix.—adj. Spectatō′rial.—n. Spectā′torship, the office or quality of a spectator: (Shak.) the act of beholding.

Spectre, spek′tėr, n. a ghost.—adj. Spec′tral, relating to, or like, a spectre.—n. Spectral′ity, the state of being spectral, a spectral object.—adv. Spec′trally.—n. Spec′tre-bat, a South American leaf-nosed bat or vampire. [L. spectrum, a vision—specĕre, to see.]

Spectrum, spek′trum, n. the image of something seen continued after the eyes are closed: the colours of light separated by a prism, and exhibited as spread out on a screen:—pl. Spec′tra.—n. Spec′trograph, an apparatus for photographing a spectrum.—adjs. Spectrograph′ic, -al.—n. Spectrog′raphy, the art of using the spectrograph.—adj. Spectrolog′ical.—adv. Spectrolog′ically.—ns. Spectrol′ogy, the division of physical science that embraces spectrum analysis: demonology; Spectrom′eter, an instrument like a spectroscope, by means of which the angular deviation of a ray of light in passing through a prism can be accurately measured.—adj. Spectromet′ric.—n. Spec′trophōne, an adaptation of the spectroscope, in which, on the principle of the radiophone, perception of a succession of sounds takes the place of observation by the eye.—adj. Spectrophon′ic.—ns. Spec′tro-polar′iscope, a polariscope combined with a spectroscope; Spec′troscope, an instrument for forming and examining spectra of luminous bodies, so as to determine their composition.—adjs. Spectroscōp′ic, -al.—adv. Spectroscōp′ically.—ns. Spec′troscōpist, one skilled in spectroscopy; Spec′troscōpy, the use of the spectroscope and the study of spectrum analysis. [L.,—specĕre, to see.]

Specular, spek′ū-lar, adj. resembling a speculum: having a smooth reflecting surface: assisting vision, serving for inspection.—Specular iron ore, a variety of hematite, with a brilliant metallic lustre. [L.]

Specularia, spek-ū-lā′ri-a, n. a genus of plants of the bellwort family (Campanulaceæ), including the Venus's-looking-glass.

Speculate, spek′ū-lāt, v.i. to look at or into with the mind: to consider: to theorise: to traffic for great profit.—ns. Speculā′tion, act of speculating: mental view: contemplation: theory: the buying goods, &c., to sell them at an advance, any more or less risky investment of money for the sake of unusually large profits; Spec′ulātist, a speculative philosopher.—adj. Spec′ūlātive, given to speculation or theory: ideal: pertaining to speculation in business, &c.—adv. Spec′ulātively.—ns. Spec′ulātiveness, the state of being speculative; Spec′ulātor, one who engages in mental speculations, or who practises speculation in trade or business of any kind.—adj. Spec′ūlātory, exercising speculation: adapted for spying or viewing.—n. Spec′ulātrix, a female speculator. [L. speculatus, pa.p. of speculāri—specula, a lookout—specĕre, to look.]

Speculum, spek′ū-lum, n. (opt.) a reflector usually made of polished metal: (surg.) an instrument for bringing into view parts otherwise hidden: an ocellus or eye-spot, the mirror of a wing: a lookout place:—pl. Spec′ula. [L.,—specĕre, to look.]

Speech, spēch, n. that which is spoken: language: the power of speaking: manner of speech, oration: any declaration of thoughts: mention: colloquy: conference.—ns. Speech′-craft, the science of language: the gift of speech; Speech′-crī′er, one who hawked the broadsides containing the dying speeches of persons executed, once common; Speech′-day, the public day at the close of a school year.—adj. Speech′ful, loquacious.—ns. Speechificā′tion, the act of making harangues; Speech′ifīer.—v.i. Speech′ify, to make speeches, harangue (implying contempt).—adj. Speech′less, destitute or deprived of the power of speech.—adv. Speech′lessly.—ns. Speech′lessness; Speech′-māk′er, one accustomed to speak in public; Speech′-māk′ing, a formal speaking before an assembly; Speech′-read′ing, the art of following spoken words by observing the speaker's lips, as taught to deaf-mutes. [A.S. spǽc, sprǽc; Ger. sprache.]

Speed, spēd, n. quickness, velocity: success.—v.i. to move quickly, to hurry: to succeed, to fare.—v.t. to despatch quickly: to hasten, as to a conclusion: to cause to advance, to push forward: to give a certain speed to, regulate the speed of: to send off, to put forth, to rid of, to kill: to cause to be relieved (only in passive): to execute: to aid: to make prosperous:—pr.p. speed′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. sped.—n. Speed′er, one who, or that which, promotes speed.—adj. Speed′ful, speedy.—advs. Speed′fully; Speed′ily.—ns. Speed′iness, speed, haste; Speed′-pull′ey, a pulley having different faces of different diameters giving various speeds according to the face the belt passes over; Speed′well (Veronica), a genus of plants of the natural order Scrophulariaceæ, with blue, white, or pink flowers, the leaves of some species used medicinally.—adj. Speed′y, hasty: quick: nimble. [A.S. spéd; Dut. spœd.]

Speir, Speer, spēr, v.t. and v.i. (Scot.) to ask. [A.S. spyrian, to inquire after, spor, a trace.]

Speiss, spīs, n. the product first obtained (an arsenide of the metal) when arsenical ores are smelted. [Ger. speise.]

Spekboom, spek′bōm, n. a large South African shrub of the purslane family. [Dut.]

Spelæan, Spelean, spē-lē′an, adj. cave-dwelling. [L. spelæum—Gr. spēlaion, a cave.]

Spelding, spel′ding, n. (Scot.) a small fish split and dried in the sun.—Also Spel′drin, Spel′dron.

Spelin, spe-lin′, n. an artificial linguistic system devised by G. Bauer in 1888 for universal use.

Spelk, spelk, n. (prov.) a rod, switch.—v.t. to use a spelk in or upon.

Spell, spel, n. any form of words supposed to possess magical power: fascination.—v.t. to tell or name the letters of: to name, write, or print the proper letters of.—v.i. to form words with the proper letters: to study:—pr.p. spell′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. spelled, spelt.—adjs. Spell′able, capable of being spelled; Spell′-bound, Spell′-stopped (Shak.), entranced, fascinated.—ns. Spell′er, one who spells: one skilled in spelling; Spell′ing, act of spelling or naming the letters of words: orthography; Spell′ing-bee, a competition in spelling; Spell′ing-book, a book for teaching to spell; Spell′-work, that which is wrought by spells or charms: power of magic.—Spell backward, to spell, repeat, or arrange in reverse order: to understand in a contrary sense: to turn wrong-side out, misconstrue one's qualities; Spell baker, to do something difficult, that word being one of the earliest dissyllables in children's books. [A.S. spell, a narrative; Goth. spill, Ice. spjall, a tale.]

Spell, spel, v.t. to take another's place at work:—pr.p. spell′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. spelled.—n. a turn at work: a short period indefinitely: an interval of rest: a bad turn. [A.S. spelian, to act for another; cf. Dut. spelen, Ger. spielen, to play.]

Spelt, spelt, n. a kind of wheat, probably only a race of common wheat, still grown in the mountainous parts of Europe and elsewhere—also called German wheat. [A.S. spelt—Low L. spelta.]

Spence, spens, n. (prov.) a place where provisions are kept: a larder: a pantry.—Also Spense. [O. Fr. despense, a buttery—despendre—L. dispendĕre.]

Spencer, spens′ėr, n. a short over-jacket worn by men or women, named after Earl Spencer (1782-1845).

Spencer, spens′ėr, n. (in ships and barques) a fore-and-aft sail abaft the fore and main masts.

Spencerian, spen-sē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the philosophy of Herbert Spencer (b. 1820).—n. a follower of Spencer.—n. Spencē′rianism, the system of evolutionary cosmology propounded by Herbert Spencer—the so-called synthetic philosophy.

Spend, spend, v.t. to expend or weigh out: to give for any purpose: to consume: to waste: to pass, as time.—v.i. to make expense: to be lost, wasted, or dissipated: to emit milt, semen, &c.:—pr.p. spend′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. spent.—adj. Spen′dable, that may be spent.—ns. Spend′all, a spendthrift; Spen′der; Spen′ding; Spense=Spence (q.v.).—adj. Spent, exhausted: impotent: of fish, exhausted by spawning. [A.S. spendan—L. expendĕre or dispendĕre, to weigh out.]

Spendthrift, spend′thrift, n. one who spends the savings of thrift: a prodigal.—adj. excessively lavish. [Spend and thrift.]

Spenserian, spen-sē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) or his versification, esp. his stanza in The Faerie Queene, a strophe of eight decasyllabic lines and an Alexandrine, having three rhymes, the 1st and 3d, the 2d, 4th, 5th, and 7th, and the 6th, 8th, and 9th.

Sperable, spē′ra-bl, adj. (Bacon) that may be hoped.—adj. Spē′rate, hoped for. [L. sperabilis—sperāre, to hope.]

Spergula, sper′gū-la, n. a genus of polypetalous annuals belonging to the Caryophyllaceæ, with small white or pink flowers—spurry or sandweed.—n. Spergulā′ria, an allied genus, the sand-spurry. [L. spargĕre, to scatter.]

Sperket, spėr′ket, n. a hooked peg for hanging harness upon.—Also Spir′ket.

Sperm, spėrm, n. animal seed: spawn of fishes or frogs: spermaceti.—ns. Sper′maduct, a spermatic duct; Sper′maphore (bot.), a placenta; Sper′mary, the male germ-gland; Spermathē′ca, a spermatic case or sheath—also Spermatothē′ca.—adjs. Spermathē′cal; Spermat′ic, -al, pertaining to, or consisting of, sperm or seed, seminal: connected with the male function, testicular.—v.i. Sper′matise, to yield or to discharge semen.—ns. Sper′matism=Spermism; Sper′matist=Spermist; Spermā′tium, a minute spore within a spermogonium:—pl. Spermā′tia.—adj. Spermatō′al, pertaining to a spermatoon.—n. Sper′matoblast, the germ of a spermatozoon.—adj. Spermatoblas′tic.—ns. Sper′matocele, swelling of the testicle; Sper′matocyst, a seminal vesicle; Spermatocys′tis, inflammation of the seminal vesicles.—adj. Spermatocy′tal.—ns. Sper′matocyte, a mother-cell from which spermatozoids are developed; Spermatogem′ma, a mass of spermatocytes; Spermatogen′esis, the formation of spermatozoa.—adjs. Spermatogenet′ic, Spermatog′enous.—ns. Spermatog′eny, the generation of spermatozoa; Spermatogō′nium, one of the primitive seminal cells that by division form the spermatocytes.—adjs. Sper′matoid, sperm-like; Spermatolog′ical, pertaining to spermatology.—ns. Spermatol′ogist, one versed in spermatology; Spermatol′ogy, the knowledge of the facts about semen; Spermatō′on, the nucleus of a spermatozoon; Spermat′ōphōre, a case which in some Invertebrata encloses the spermatozoa.—adj. Spermatoph′orous.—ns. Spermatorrhē′a, involuntary seminal discharge; Spermatō′vum, a fecundated ovum; Spermatozō′id, Spermatozō′on, one of the male reproductive cells of animals, the physiological complements of the egg-cells or ova:—pl. Spermatozō′a; Sperm′-cell, a spermatozoon: a spermatoblast or a spermatocyte.—adj. Sper′mic=Spermatic—ns. Sper′mism, a seminal discharge: the theory that the male sperm holds the whole germ of the future animal; Sper′mist, one who holds the theory of spermism; Sperm′-nū′cleus, the nucleus of a spermatozoon; Sper′moderm, the whole integument of a seed; Spermogō′nium, the cavity in which, spermatia are produced; Sperm′-oil, oil from the sperm-whale; Spormol′ogy=Spermatology; Spermoph′ōrum, a seminal vesicle.—n.pl. Spermoph′yta, one of the four divisions of the vegetable kingdom including flowering plants.—ns. Sperm′ūle, a sperm-cell; Sperm′-whale, the cachalot, a species of whale from which spermaceti is obtained. [Fr.,—L. sperma—Gr. sperma, spermatos—speirein, to sow.]

Spermaceti, sper-ma-set′i, or-sē′tī, n. a waxy matter obtained mixed with oil from the head of the sperm-whale—purified by draining off the oil and repeatedly washing with hot water and weak boiling potash-lye.—adj. derived from, or yielding, spermaceti.—n. Spermacet′i-whale, the sperm-whale. [L. sperma, cētus, a whale—Gr. kētos.]

Spermophile, sper′mō-fīl, n. a rodent of the genus Spermophilus, a ground-squirrel. [Gr. sperma, seed, philein, to love.]

Sperrylite, sper′i-līt, n. an arsenide of platinum discovered in 1888 in the province of Ontario, Canada.

Spew, Spue, spū, v.t. and v.i. to vomit: to eject with loathing.—ns. Spew′er; Spew′iness, moistness.—adj. Spew′y, boggy. [A.S. spíwan; Dut. spuwen, Ger. speien; also L. spuĕre, Gr. ptyein.]

Sphacelus, sfas′e-lus, n. gangrene.—adjs. Sphac′elate, -d, necrosed.—ns. Sphacelā′tion, Sphacelis′mus, necrosis; Sphacelō′ma, a genus of fungi containing anthracnose. [Gr. sphakelos.]

Sphæridium, sfē-rid′i-um, n. one of the minute spheroidal bodies attached to the ambulacral plates of sea-urchins:—pl. Sphærid′ia. [Gr. sphairidion, dim. of sphaira, a sphere.]

Sphæristerium, sfē-ris-tē′ri-um, n. a tennis-court. [Gr.,—sphaira, a ball.]

Sphagnum, sfag′num, n. a genus of mosses—peat or bog-moss, belonging to the order Sphagnaceæ.—ns. Sphagnol′ogist, one who has studied the foregoing; Sphagnol′ogy, the study of the same.—adj. Sphag′nous. [Gr. sphagnos, moss.]

Sphecius, sfē′shi-us, n. a genus of digger-wasps. [Gr. sphēx, a wasp.]

Sphendone, sfen′dō-nē, n. an ancient Greek form of women's head-band: an elliptical or semi-elliptical auditorium. [Gr., a sling.]

Spheniscus, sfē-nis′kus, n. a genus of penguins, of the family Spheniscidæ, the jackass-penguins.

Sphenodon, sfē′nō-don, n. a genus of South American fossil sloths; a genus of extinct New Zealand lizards.—adj. Sphē′nodont. [Gr. sphēn, a wedge, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Sphenoid, -al, sfē′noid, -al, adj. wedge-shaped: inserted like a wedge, denoting a bone at the base of the skull.—adjs. Spheneth′moid, pertaining to the sphenoid and the ethmoid bone; Sphē′nō-fron′tal, -mā′lar, -pal′atine, -parī′etal, -tem′poral, pertaining to the sphenoid and frontal, malar, palatine, parietal, and temporal bones respectively.—n. Sphē′nogram, a cuneiform character.—adjs. Sphēnograph′ic, -al.—n. Sphēnog′raphy, the art of writing or deciphering cuneiform inscriptions.—adjs. Sphēnot′ic, pertaining to the sphenoid bone and the otic capsule; Sphē′no-tur′binal, sphenoidal and turbinated or whorled. [Gr. sphēn, sphēnos, a wedge, eidos, form.]

Sphere, sfēr, n. a ball or globe: an orb or circle: circuit of motion: province or duty: definite range: rank, position in society: (geom.) a surface every point of which is equidistant from one and the same point, called the centre.—adjs. Sphēr′al; Sphere′less.—ns. Sphere′-met′al (Milt.), metal like that of which the celestial spheres were anciently supposed to be made; Sphere′-mū′sic, the music of the spheres.—adjs. Spher′ic, -al, pertaining to, or like, a sphere.—n. Spherical′ity.—adv. Spher′ically.—ns. Spher′icalness, Spheric′ity, state or quality of being spherical: roundness; Spher′icle, a little sphere; Spher′ics, the geometry and trigonometry of the sphere; Sphē′roid, a body or figure nearly spherical, but not quite so—a species of ellipsoid (prolate spheroid, a slightly lengthened sphere; oblate spheroid, a slightly flattened sphere).—adj. Sphēroi′dal, having the form of a spheroid.—ns. Sphēroidi′city, Sphēroid′ity, the state of being spheroidal; Sphē′romēre, one of the symmetrical segments of a radiate; Sphērom′eter, an instrument for measuring the sphericity of portions of spherical surfaces—for example, lenses; Sphē′rosid′erite, the name given to impure or earthy and frequently concretionary varieties of carbonate of iron.—adj. Spher′ūlar.—ns. Spher′ūle, a little sphere; Spher′ūlite, a radiating spherical group of minute acicular crystals common in silicious volcanic rocks.—adjs. Spherūlit′ic; Sphē′ry, spherical, round: belonging to the celestial spheres. [Fr.,—L. sphæra—Gr. sphaira.]

Sphex, sfeks, n. a genus of hymenopterous insects of the family Sphegidæ, closely allied to the true wasps (Vespidæ). [Gr. sphēx, a wasp.]

Sphincter, sfingk′tėr, n. (anat.) a muscle that contracts or shuts an orifice or opening which it surrounds—around the anus, &c.—adjs. Sphinc′terāte, provided with a sphincter, contracted as if by a sphincter; Sphinctē′rial, Sphincter′ic, relating to a sphincter or its function.—n. Sphincterot′omy, the operation of cutting a sphincter. [Gr. sphingktēr,—sphinggein, to bind tight.]

Sphinx, sfingks, n. a monster of Greek mythology, with the head of a woman and the body of a lioness, that proposed riddles to travellers, and strangled those who could not solve them: an enigmatic or inscrutable person: a hawk-moth: the Guinea baboon. [Gr.,—sphinggein, to throttle.]

Sphragistics, sfrā-jis′tiks, n. knowledge about seals, their age, history, &c. [Gr. sphragistikos, pertaining to seals—sphragis, a seal.]

Sphrigosis, sfri-gō′sis, n. in fruit-trees, excessive growth in wood and leaves at the expense of fruit. [Gr. sphrigan, to be vigorous.]

Sphygmograph, sfig′mō-graf, n. an instrument for ascertaining and recording the form, force, and frequency of the pulse-beat, and the changes it undergoes in certain morbid states.—adj. Sphyg′mic, pertaining to the pulse.—n. Sphyg′mogram, the record made by a sphygmograph.—adj. Sphygmograph′ic.—n. Sphygmog′raphy, the act of taking pulse-tracings.—adj. Sphyg′moid, pulse-like.—ns. Sphygmol′ogy, the science of the pulse; Sphygmōmānom′eter, Sphygmom′eter, an instrument for measuring the tension of blood in an artery; Sphyg′mophone, an instrument by means of which a pulse-beat makes a sound: Sphyg′mōscōpe, an instrument for making arterial pulsations visible; Sphyg′mus, the pulse. [Gr. sphygmos, the pulse, graphein, to write.]

Sphyrna, sfėr′na, n. a genus of hammer-headed sharks.—adj. Sphyr′nine. [Gr. sphyra, a hammer.]

Spica, spī′ka, n. a spiral bandage with reversed turns: (ornith.) a spur.—adjs. Spī′cal, Spī′cāte, -d, arranged in, or having the form of, a spike.—n. Spicā′tum, in ancient masonry, herring-bone work. [L. spicatus, pa.p. of spicāre—spica, ear.]

Spice, spīs, n. an aromatic and pungent vegetable substance used as a condiment and for seasoning food—pepper, cayenne pepper, pimento, nutmeg, mace, vanilla, ginger, cinnamon, cassia, &c.: a characteristic touch or taste, smack, flavour: anything that adds piquancy or interest: an aromatic odour.—v.t. to season with spice: to tincture, vary, or diversify.—ns. Spice′-box, an ornamental box for keeping spices: (coll.) a hot-tempered person; Spice′-bush, an aromatic American shrub of the laurel family; Spice′-cake, a cake flavoured with spice of some kind.—adjs. Spiced, impregnated with a spicy odour: over-scrupulous; Spice′ful, aromatic.—ns. Spī′cer, one who seasons with spice; Spī′cery, spices in general: a repository of spices: spiciness; Spice′-tree, an evergreen tree of the Pacific United States, yielding a fine hard wood—the Mountain-laurel, California-laurel, Olive- or Bay-tree, and Cajeput; Spice′-wood, the spice-bush. [O. Fr. espice (Fr. épice)—Late L. species, kinds of goods, spices—L. species, a particular kind, &c.]

Spick, spik, n. a nail, a spike.—adj. tidy, fresh.—adj. Spick′-and-span, new and fresh, brand-new.—Spick-and-span new, i.e. as new as a spike just made and a chip just split. [Spike, nail.]

Spicknel, spik′nel, n. the baldmoney.—Also Spig′nel. [Prob. spike-nail.]

Spicy, spī′si, adj. producing or abounding with spices: fragrant: pungent: piquant, pointed, racy: showy.—adv. Spī′cily.—n. Spī′ciness.

Spider, spī′dėr, n. an arachnid of the order Araneida, the body divided into two distinct parts—an unsegmented cephalo-thorax, bearing six pairs of appendages, and a soft unsegmented abdomen, at the end of which are the spinnerets from each of which numerous 'spinning-spools' ooze forth the viscid fluid which hardens into the silken thread: a frying-pan with feet, a trivet.—ns. Spī′der-catch′er, the wall-creeper; Spī′der-crab, a spider-like crab, or sea-spider with long thin legs; Spī′der-dīv′er, the little grebe, or dabchick; Spī′derdom, spiders collectively.—adj. Spī′dered, cobwebbed.—n. Spī′der-fly, a pupiparous fly, as a bird-louse, &c.—adj. Spī′der-like, like a spider.—ns. Spī′derling, a young spider; Spī′der-mon′key, an American platyrrine monkey, with long slender legs and tail; Spī′der-stitch, a stitch in lace or netting in which threads are carried diagonally and parallel to each other; Spī′der-wasp, a pompilid wasp which fills its nest with spiders for its young; Spī′der-web, the snare spun by the spider; Spī′der-wheel, in embroidery, a circular pattern with radiating lines; Spī′der-work, lace worked by spider-stitch; Spī′der-wort, any plant of the genus Tradescantia, esp. T. virginica, an American perennial with deep-blue or reddish-violet flowers.—adj. Spī′dery, spider-like. [M. E. spither—A.S. spinnan, to spin; cf. Dan. spinder, Ger. spinne.]

Spiegeleisen, spē′gl-ī-zen, n. a white cast-iron containing from eight to fifteen per cent. of manganese, largely used in the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer process. [Ger.,—spiegel—L. speculum, a mirror, Ger. eisen, iron.]

Spiflicate, spif′li-kāt, v.t. (slang) to suffocate, kill: to beat severely, to confound.—n. Spiflicā′tion.

Spigelia, spī-jē′li-a, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Loganiaceæ, containing the Worm-grass and Carolina-pink, the root—Pink-root—being purgative, narcotic, and poisonous, a powerful vermifuge.—adj. Spigē′lian, denoting the lobulus spigelii, one of the lobes of the liver. [From the Belgian Ad. van der Spiegel (1558-1625).]

Spigot, spig′ut, n. a plug for stopping a small hole in a cask. [Gael. spiocaid, W. ysbigod—L. spica.]

Spike, spīk, n. an ear of corn: (bot.) an inflorescence in which sessile flowers, or flowers having very short stalks, are arranged around an axis: a small pointed rod: a large nail.—v.t. to set with spikes: to stop the vent of with a cast-iron spike driven in hard and then broken off, as by soldiers obliged to abandon their own guns or unable to remove those of the enemy which they have captured.—adjs. Spī′cate, Spī′cose, Spī′cous, having spikes or ears, like corn; Spicif′erous, bearing spikes: having spurs; Spī′ciform, having the form of a spike.—n. Spicos′ity, state of being spicous or eared.—adjs. Spic′ūlar, resembling a dart: in the shape of, or having, sharp points; Spic′ūlate, covered with, or divided into, minute points.—n. Spic′ūle (bot.), a little spike—also Spic′ūla: a minute, slender granule or point.—adjs. Spic′ulīform; Spicūlig′enous, Spicūlif′erous, producing spicules; Spic′ūlōse, Spic′ūlous, having spicules.—ns. Spic′ūlum, a spicule; Spike′bill, a merganser, a sawbill: the marbled godwit.—p.adj. Spiked, furnished, fastened, or stopped with spikes.—ns. Spike′-extract′or, an apparatus for drawing out spikes, as from railway-ties; Spike′-fish, a kind of sail-fish; Spike′-grass, one of several American grasses with conspicuous spikelets of flowers; Spike′let, a little spike; Spike′-nail, a spike; Spike′-oil, the oil of spike, a species of lavender; Spike′-plank, a platform before the mizzen-mast of a vessel, used in Arctic voyages.—adj. Spī′ky, furnished with spikes: having a sharp point. [L. spica, an ear of corn.]

Spikenard, spīk′närd, n. an aromatic oil or balsam yielded by an Indian plant, the Nardus, closely allied to valerian: the plant itself. [L. spica nardi.]

Spile, spīl, n. a wooden plug serving as a spigot, a wooden pin or wedge: a spout driven into a sugar-maple tree, a tapping-gouge: a pile, or large timber driven into the ground for a foundation.—v.t. to pierce and provide with a spile: to drive piles into.—n. Spī′ling, building-piles: the edge-curve of a plank or of a strake in a vessel's hull. [Cf. Spill (2).]

Spill, spil, v.t. to allow to run out of a vessel: to shed: to waste: (coll.) to throw from a vehicle or the saddle: to empty the belly of a sail of wind for reefing.—v.i. to be shed: to be allowed to fall, be lost, or wasted:—pa.t. and pa.p. spilled, spilt.—n. a fall, a throw: a downpour.—ns. Spill′er; Spill′ing-line, a rope for spilling the wind out of a square sail to facilitate reefing or furling; Spill′-stream, a stream formed by overflow water, a bayou; Spill′way, a passage for overflow-water from a dam. [A.S. spillan; Dut. spillen, Ice. spilla, to destroy.]

Spill, spil, n. a small peg or pin to stop a hole: a thin strip of wood or twisted paper for lighting a candle, a pipe, &c.—n. Spill′ikin, one of a number of small pieces of wood, ivory, &c. for playing a game with: the game played—also Spil′kin. [A.S. speld, a torch; cf. Ger. spalten, to cleave, Dut. speld, a splinter.]

Spilosite, spil′o-sīt, n. a greenish schistose rock spotted with chlorite, occurring in the Harz—the German Fleckenschiefer. [Gr. spilos, a spot.]

Spilth, spilth, n. spilling, anything spilt or poured out lavishly, excess of supply.

Spin, spin, v.t. to draw out and twist into threads: to draw out a thread as spiders do: to draw out tediously: to cause to whirl rapidly: to fish with a swivel or spoon-bait: to reject at an examination.—v.i. to practise the art or trade of spinning, to perform the act of spinning: to issue in a small or thread-like current: to whirl, to go fast:—pr.p. spin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. spun.—n. a rapid revolving motion, a spurt at high speed.—ns. Spin′ner, one who spins: (Shak.) a spider: a spinneret;

Spin′neret, an organ, or one of the organs, with which insects form their webs.—adj. Spinner′ular.—ns. Spin′nerule, one of the tubules of a spinneret; Spin′nery, a spinning-mill.—adj. Spin′ning, used in spinning.—ns. Spin′ning-house, a place of correction where lewd and incorrigible women were made to spin; Spin′ning-jenn′y, a machine by which a number of threads can be spun at the same time; Spin′ning-mill, a factory where thread is spun; Spin′ning-wheel, a machine for spinning yarn, consisting of a wheel driven by the hand or by a treadle, which drives one or two spindles.—Spin a yarn, to tell a long story; Spin out, to prolong tediously. [A.S. spinnan; Ger. spinnen.]

Spinach, Spinage, spin′āj, n. an esculent vegetable whose thick succulent young leaves are boiled and seasoned, or fried with butter, forming a wholesome dish.—adj. Spinā′ceous. [It. spinace—Low L. spināceus—spina, a thorn.]

Spinal, spīn′al, adj. pertaining to the spine or backbone.—n. Spī′na, a spine, the backbone: one of the quills of a spinet: a barrier dividing the Roman hippodrome longitudinally.—adj. Spin′āte, covered with spines or spine-like processes.—Spinal column, the backbone; Spinal cord, marrow, the main neural axis of every vertebrate.

Spindle, spin′dl, n. the pin from which the thread is twisted: a pin on which anything turns: the fusee of a watch: anything very slender.—v.i. to grow long and slender.—adjs. Spin′dle-legged, -shanked, having long slender legs, like spindles.—ns.pl. Spin′dle-legs, -shanks, long slim legs—hence an over-long and slender person.—adj. Spin′dle-shaped, shaped like a spindle: thickest in the middle and tapering to both ends.—ns. Spin′dle-shell, a spindle-shaped shell; Spin′dle-tree, a shrub whose hard-grained wood was formerly used for making musical instruments and for spindles, and is now for skewers, &c.; Spin′dling, a person or thing too long and slender: a slender shoot.—adj. long and slender.—adj. Spin′dly, disproportionally long and slender. [A.S. spinl—spinnan, to spin; Ger. spindel.]

Spindrift, spin′drift, n. the spray blown from the crests of waves.—Also Spoon′drift.

Spine, spīn, n. a thorn: a thin, pointed spike, esp. in fishes: the backbone of an animal: any ridge extending lengthways: the heart-wood of trees.—adjs. Spined, having spines; Spine′less, having no spine, weak; Spines′cent, somewhat spiny; Spīnif erous, bearing spines or thorns; Spī′niform, shaped like a spine or thorn; Spīnig′erous, bearing spines, as a hedgehog; Spī′nigrade, moving by means of spines, as an echinoderm.—n. Spī′niness.—adjs. Spīnirec′tor, erecting the spine of the muscles of the back; Spīnispir′ular, spiny and somewhat spiral.—ns. Spīnī′tis, inflammation of the spinal cord in the horse, &c; Spin′ney, Spin′ny, a small thicket with underwood.—adjs. Spī′nose, Spī′nous, full of spines: thorny.—ns. Spinos′ity, thorniness; Spin′ūla, Spin′ūle, a minute spine.—adjs. Spin′ūlāte, Spin′ūlōse, Spin′ūlous, covered with spinules or minute spines; Spī′ny, full of spines: thorny: troublesome: perplexed. [O. Fr. espine (Fr. épine)—L. spina, a thorn.]

Spinel, spin′el, or spi-nel′, n. a mineral composed chiefly of magnesia and alumina, and crystallising in octahedra—ruby, or magnesia spinel, reddish; pleonaste, dark green to black; picotite, or chrome spinel, black; gahnite, or zinc spinel, green to brown; hercynite, or iron spinel, black. [Low L. spinellus, dim. of spina, a thorn.]

Spinet, spin′et, n. (mus.) an old-fashioned keyed instrument like the harpsichord. [O. Fr. espinette—It. spinetta, dim. of spina—L. spina, a thorn.]

Spinifex, spin′i-feks, n. porcupine-grass, a very coarse, hard, and spiny grass which grows in tussocks, and in some interior parts of Australia covers hundreds of square miles together.

Spinnaker, spin′ā-kėr, n. a jib-headed sail sometimes carried on the side opposite the mainsail by racing yachts. [Prob. formed from spin.]

Spinozism, spi-nōz′izm, n. the doctrine of Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677), who taught that God is not only the creator, but also the original matter of the universe, which consists of and is a development of Himself.—n. Spinō′zist, a follower of Spinoza.—adj. Spinōzis′tic.

Spinster, spin′stėr, n. an unmarried female: an old maid: (obs.) a woman of loose character, fit for the spinning-house.—ns. Spin′sterdom, the world of old maids collectively; Spin′sterhood, Spin′stership, the state of being a spinster; Spin′stress, one who spins. [Orig. one who spins.]

Spiracle, spir′a-kl, n. a breathing-hole: any minute passage.—adjs. Spirac′ular; Spirac′ulate; Spiraculif′erous; Spirac′uliform.—n. Spirac′ulum:—pl. Spirac′ula. [L. spiraculum, formed as a double dim. from spirāre, to breathe.]

Spiræa, spī-rē′a, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Rosaceæ, containing many species of herbaceous plants and low deciduous shrubs—Dropwort, Meadow-sweet, &c. [L.,—Gr. speiraia, meadow-sweet—speira, a coil.]

Spiral, spī′ral, adj. pertaining to, or like, a spire: winding like the thread of a screw.—n. a spiral line: a curve which continually recedes from a centre about which it revolves: a screw.—n. Spiral′ity.—adv. Spī′rally, in a spiral form or direction.—adj. Spirā′ted, spiral, whorled.

Spirant, spī′rant, n. a consonant which is fricative or continuable—opp. to explosive, esp. v and f, th, dh; by others made to include the sibilants, and the semi-vowels w and y.

Spiranthy, spī-ranth′i, n. the spiral distortion sometimes occurring in the parts of a flower.—adj. Spiranth′ic. [Gr. speira, a spire, anthos, a flower.]

Spiraster, spī-ras′tėr, n. in sponges, a short curved axial rod-like spicule with thick spines. [Gr. speira, spire, astēr, star.]

Spiration, spī-rā′shun, n. a breathing: (theol.) the procession of the Holy Ghost.

Spire, spīr, n. a winding line like the threads of a screw: a curl: a wreath: a tapering body, a slender stalk, a shoot or sprout: any one of various tall grasses, rushes, or sedges—the Marram, Reed canary-grass, &c.: the top or summit of anything: a very acute pyramidal roof in common use over the towers of churches.—v.i. to sprout, shoot up.—v.t. to furnish with a spire.—adjs. Spīred, having a spire; Spir′ulate, spiral in form or arrangement; Spī′ry, of a spiral form: wreathed: tapering like a spire or a pyramid: abounding in spires. [Fr.,—L. spira; Gr. speira, anything wound round or upon a thing; akin to eirein, to fasten together in rows.]

Spiric, spī′rik, adj. like a tore or anchor-ring.—n. a curve, the plane section of a tore.—n. Spir′icle, one of those threads in the hairs on the surface of certain seeds and achenes which uncoil when wet.

Spirifer, spir′i-fėr, n. a brachiopod of the Carboniferous system.—adjs. Spīrif′erine; Spīrif′eroid; Spīrif′erous. [L. spira, a spire, ferre, to bear.]

Spirillum, spī-ril′um, n. a genus of bacteria with cylindrical spirally twisted cells:—pl. Spirill′a.

Spirit, spir′it, n. vital force: the soul: a ghost: mental disposition: enthusiasm, animation, courage, mettle: real meaning: essence, chief quality: a very lively person: any volatile, inflammable liquid obtained by distillation, as brandy: (pl.) intellectual activity: liveliness: persons with particular qualities of mind: mental excitement: spirituous liquors.—v.t. to inspirit, encourage, cheer: to convey away secretly, to kidnap.—ns. Spir′it-blue, an aniline blue obtained from coal-tar; Spir′it-duck, the buffle-head, from its rapid diving.—adj. Spir′ited, full of spirit, life, or fire: animated.—adv. Spir′itedly.—n. Spir′itedness.—adj. Spir′itful.—n. Spir′iting, the office of a spirit or sprite; Spir′itism=Spiritualism; Spir′itist=Spiritualist; Spir′it-lamp, a lamp in which alcohol is burned, generally used for heating.—adj. Spir′itless, without spirit, cheerfulness, or courage: dejected: dead.—adv. Spir′itlessly.—ns. Spir′itlessness, the state of being spiritless: want of animation or energy; Spir′it-lev′el, in surveying, a cylindrical glass tube, slightly convex on one side, and so nearly filled with alcohol that only a small bubble of air remains inside—from the position of the bubble the amount of variation from perfect levelness is determined.—adj. Spir′itous, of the nature of spirit, pure: ardent, spirituous.—ns. Spir′itousness; Spir′it-rap′per, one to whom spirits convey intelligence by raps or knocks; Spir′it-rap′ping.—adjs. Spir′it-stir′ring, rousing the spirit; Spir′itūal, consisting of spirit: having the nature of a spirit: immaterial: relating to the mind: intellectual: pertaining to the soul: holy: divine: relating to sacred things: not lay or temporal.—n. Spiritualisā′tion.—v.t. Spir′itūalise, to make spiritual: to imbue with spirituality: to refine: to free from sensuality: to give a spiritual meaning to.—ns. Spir′itualiser; Spir′itualism, a being spiritual: the philosophical doctrine that nothing is real but soul or spirit: the doctrine that spirit has a real existence apart from matter: the name applied to a varied series of abnormal phenomena purporting to be for the most part caused by spiritual beings acting upon specially sensitive persons or mediums; Spir′itūalist, one who has a regard only to spiritual things: one who holds the doctrine of spiritualism or spiritism.—adj. Spiritūalist′ic, relating to, or connected with, spiritualism.—n. Spiritūal′ity, state of being spiritual: essence distinct from matter.—adv. Spir′itūally.—ns. Spir′itūal-mind′edness, the state of having holy affections; Spir′itūalness, the state or quality of being spiritual.—adj. Spi′ritūelle, showing great grace and delicacy.—n. Spiritūos′ity, spirituous character: immateriality.—advs. Spirit-uō′so, Spiritō′so (mus.), with spirit or animation.—adj. Spir′itūous, possessing the qualities of spirit: containing much alcohol: volatile.—ns. Spir′itūousness, the quality of being spirituous: stimulating quality: ardour: activity; Spir′itus, a breathing, an aspirate: any spirituous preparation; Spir′itworld, the world of disembodied spirits.—adj. Spir′ity (Scot.), full of spirit, spirited.—Spirit of wine, alcohol; Spiritual court, an ecclesiastical court; Spiritus asper, a rough breathing; Spiritus lenis, a soft or smooth breathing.—Animal spirits, constitutional liveliness of spirits; Holy Spirit (see under Holy); The Spirit, the Holy Spirit: the human spirit under the influence of the Holy Spirit. [L. spiritus, a breath—spirāre, to breathe.]

Spirket, spir′ket, n. a space forward and aft between floor-timbers.—n. Spir′ketting, quick-work.

Spirometer, spī-rom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the capacity of the lungs, or the quantity of air that one can breathe out after a forced inspiration.—n. Spī′rograph, an instrument for marking down the breathing movement.—adj. Spīromet′ric.—ns. Spīrom′etry; Spī′rophore, an apparatus for inducing artificial respiration by means of an air-tight case for the body and an air-pump; Spīroph′yton, a genus of fossil algæ found in the Devonian in New York state; Spīrozō′oid, the filamentous defensive zooid of certain hydroids, coiled spirally when not in action. [L. spirāre, to breathe, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Spirula, spir′ū-la, n. a genus of sepioid cuttle-fishes. [L. spīra, a spire.]

Spissated, spis′ā-ted, adj. inspissated, thickened.—n. Spiss′itūde, density. [L. spissāre, -ātum, thicken.]

Spit, spit, n. an iron prong on which meat is roasted: a long piece of land or a narrow shoal running into the sea: a wire or spindle holding a spool in a shuttle.—v.t. to pierce with a spit: to string on a stick and hang up to dry:—pr.p. spit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. spit′ted.—p.adj. Spit′ted, put upon a spit, impaled: shot out to a point.—n. Spit′ter, one who puts meat on a spit: a young deer whose antlers have shot out but not branched. [A.S. spitu; Dut. spit, Ger. spitze.]

Spit, spit, v.t. to throw out from the mouth: to eject with violence.—v.i. to throw out saliva from the mouth: to fall in scattered drops, as rain at the beginning of a shower: to make a spitting sound, like an angry cat:—pr.p. spit′ting; pa.t. spit, spat; pa.p. spit.—n. saliva, spume: a light fall of rain or snow.—ns. Spit′-box, a spittoon; Spit′-curl (coll.), a soap-lock; Spit′fire, a hot-tempered person; Spit′poison, a venomous calumniator.—pa.p. Spit′ted (B.), thrown out from the mouth.—ns. Spit′ter, one who spits; Spit′ting, the act of one who or that which spits: an appearance on the surface of melted silver or platinum allowed to cool slowly, jets of oxygen forming small cones and sometimes throwing up drops of molten metal—also called Sprout′ing; Spit′tle, the moist matter thrown from the mouth: saliva; Spittoon′, a vessel for the convenience of such smokers as spit. [A.S. spittan, also spǽtan; Ice. spýta, Ger. spützen.]

Spitch-cock, spich′-kok, n. an eel split and broiled.—v.t. to split and broil, as an eel. [Spatch-cock.]

Spite, spīt, n. grudge: lasting ill-will: hatred.—v.t. to vex: to thwart: to hate.—adj. Spite′ful, full of spite: desirous to vex or injure: malignant.—adv. Spite′fully.—n. Spite′fulness.—In spite of, in opposition to all efforts of, in defiance of, in contempt of. [Short for despite.]

Spiza, spī′za, n. a genus of fringilline birds, including the United States dickcissel or black-throated bunting, &c.—adj. Spiz′ine. [Gr., a finch.]

Spizella, spi-zel′a, n. a genus of small American finches or sparrows, the chipping-sparrows.—adj. Spizell′ine.

Splanchnic, splangk′nik, adj. relating to the viscera, intestinal.—ns. Splanch′nocœle, a visceral cavity; Splanchnog′raphy, descriptive splanchnology; Splanchnol′ogy, the knowledge of the viscera; Splanch′no-skel′eton, the visceral skeleton; Splanchnot′omy, the anatomy of the viscera. [Gr. splangchnon (pl. splangchna), bowels.]

Splash, splash, v.t. to spatter with water or mud.—v.i. to dabble in water, to dash about water or any liquid.—n. water or mud thrown on anything: a spot of dirt, a daub: a complexion powder.—ns. Splash′board, a guard to keep those in a vehicle from being splashed with mud; Splash′er, one who, or that which, splashes.—adj. Splash′y, splashing: wet and muddy: full of dirty water. [Plash.]

Splatter, splat′ėr, v.i. to spatter water or the like about.—n. Splatt′er-dash, an uproar, commotion.—adj. Splatt′er-faced, flat-faced. [Spatter.]

Splay, splā, v.t. (archit.) to slope or slant: to dislocate, as the shoulder-bone.—adj. turned outward, as in splay-foot, awkward.—n. Splay′-foot, a flat foot turned outward.—adj. Splay′-footed.—n. Splay′-mouth, a wide mouth, a mouth stretched out in grinning.—adj. Splay′-mouthed. [Display.]

Spleen, splēn, n. a soft, pulpy, blood-modifying gland near the large extremity of the stomach, supposed by the ancients to be the seat of anger and melancholy—hence spite: ill-humour: melancholy.—adj. Spleen′ful, displaying spleen, angry, fretful.—adv. Spleen′fully.—adj. Spleen′ish, affected with spleen, fretful, peevish.—adv. Spleen′ishly, in a spleenish manner.—ns. Spleen′ishness, the state of being spleenish; Spleen′-stone, jade or nephrite; Spleen′wort, any fern of the genus Asplenium.—adj. Spleen′y (Shak.), spleenish.—ns. Splēnal′gia, pain in the region of the spleen; Splen′cule, Splen′cūlus, a supplementary spleen; Splēnec′tomist, one who excises the spleen; Splēnec′tomy, excision of the spleen; Splēnectō′pia, displacement of the spleen; Splēn′etic, a splenetic person.—adjs. Splēnet′ic, -al, affected with spleen: peevish: melancholy.—adv. Splēnet′ically.—adj. Splen′ic, pertaining to the spleen.—n. Splēnisā′tion, a diseased condition of the lung, in which its tissue resembles that of the spleen, in softness, &c.—adj. Splēnit′ic.—n. Splēnī′tis, inflammation of the spleen.—adj. Splen′itive, full of spleen, passionate, irritable.—ns. Splen′ocele, a splenic tumour; Splēnog′raphy, the description of the spleen.—adjs. Splē′noid, like the spleen; Splēnolog′ical.—ns. Splēnol′ogy, knowledge about the spleen; Splēnop′athy, disease of the spleen; Splēnot′omy, splenological anatomy.—Splenic fever (see Anthrax). [L. splen—Gr. splēn.]

Splendid, splen′did, adj. magnificent: famous: illustrious: heroic.—adj. Splen′dent, splendid, bright.—adv. Splen′didly.—ns. Splen′didness; Splen′dour, the appearance of anything splendid: brilliance: magnificence. [L. splendidus—splendēre, to shine.]

Splenial, splē′ni-al, adj. acting like a splint: pertaining to the splenium or the splenius.—ns. Splē′nium, the round pad-like posterior border of the corpus callosum; Splē′nius, a large thick muscle on the back of the neck. [Gr. splēnion, bandage.]

Spleuchan, splōōh′an, n. a pouch, a tobacco-pouch.—Also Spleugh′an. [Gael. spliuchan.]

Splice, splīs, v.t. to unite two ends of a rope by interweaving the strands: to join together two pieces of timber by overlapping.—n. act of splicing: joint made by splicing.—Splice the mainbrace (nautical slang), to serve out an allowance of spirits, to fall to drinking. [Old Dut. splissen—splitsen, splijten; cf. Split, and Ger. splissen.]

Spline, splīn, n. in machines, the slot to receive a feather, the feather itself: a long flexible strip of wood or rubber used by draftsmen in laying out railway-curves, &c.—v.t. to fit with a spline.

Splint, splint, n. a small piece of wood split off: a thin piece of padded wood, &c., for keeping a fractured limb in its proper position: a bony enlargement on the horse's leg, between the knee and the fetlock, usually appearing on the inside of one or both forelegs, frequently situated between the large and small canon bones, depending upon concussion—also Splent.—v.t. to confine with splints.—ns. Splint′age, use of splints; Splint′-arm′our, armour made of splints or narrow overlapping plates; Splint′-coal, cannel-coal of slaty structure; Splint′er, a piece of wood, &c., split off.—v.t. and v.i. to split into splinters.—ns. Splint′er-bar, the cross-bar of a coach, supporting the springs; Splint′er-bone, the fibula.—adjs. Splint′er-proof, proof against the splinters of bursting shells; Splint′ery, made of, or like, splinters: apt to splinter. [Sw. splint—splinta, to splinter; cf. Split.]

Split, split, v.t. to cleave lengthwise: to tear asunder violently: to divide: to throw into discord.—v.i. to divide or part asunder: to be dashed to pieces: to divulge secrets: to vote for candidates of opposite parties: to burst with laughter:—pr.p. split′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. split.—n. a crack or rent lengthwise: a schism: a half-bottle of aerated water, a half-glass of spirits: (pl.) the acrobatic feat of going down to the floor with the legs spread out laterally.—adj. Split′-new (Scot.), brand-new.—n.pl. Split′-pease, husked pease split for making pea-soup, &c.—n. Split′ter, one who, or that which, splits: one who splits hairs in argument, &c.: (U.S.) a wheaten cake split and buttered when hot.—adj. Split′ting, very severe: very rapid.—Split on a rock, to meet some unforeseen and disastrous difficulty, to go to ruin; Split one's sides, to laugh immoderately; Split the difference, to divide equally the sum or matter in dispute, to take the mean. [Scand., Dan. splitte, to split; Dut. splijten; Ger. spleissen.]

Splurge, splurj, n. any boisterous display.—v.i. to make such a display.—adj. Splur′gy, given to such.

Splutter, splut′ėr, v.i. to eject drops of saliva while speaking: to scatter ink upon a paper, as a bad pen.—n. bustle.—n. Splutt′erer, one who splutters. [For sprutter, a freq. of sprout, orig. form of spout.]

Spodium, spō′di-um, n. a powder obtained from calcination, as ivory-black, &c.—n. Spode, animal or bone charcoal, of which ornaments may be made.

Spodogenous, spō-doj′e-nus, adj. caused by waste-products, applied esp. to an enlargement of the spleen caused by waste red blood-corpuscles. [Gr. spodos, ashes, genēs, producing.]

Spodomancy, spod′ō-man-si, n. divination by means of ashes.—adj. Spodoman′tic. [Gr. spodos, ashes, manteia, divination.]

Spodumene, spod′ū-mēn, n. a silicate of aluminium and lithium. [Gr. spodoun, to burn to ashes, spodos, ashes.]

Spoffish, spof′ish, adj. fussy, officious—also Spoff′y.—v.i. Spoff′le, to fuss or bustle.

Spoil, spoil, v.t. to take by force: to plunder.—v.i. to practise robbery.—n. prey, plunder: pillage: robbery.—n. Spoil′er, one who spoils, a plunderer.—n.pl. Spō′lia opī′ma, the most valued spoils—taken by a Roman commander from the enemy's commander in single combat; hence supreme rewards or honours generally. [O. Fr. espoille—L. spolium, spoil.]

Spoil, spoil, v.t. to corrupt: to mar: to make useless.—v.i. to decay: to become useless.—ns. Spoil′er, a corrupter; Spoil′-five, a round game of cards played with the whole pack, each one of the three to ten players receiving five cards.—adj. Spoil′ful (Spens.), wasteful, rapacious.—n. Spoils′man, one who looks for profit out of politics. [Same as above word.]

Spoke, spōk, n. one of the bars from the nave to the rim of a wheel.—Put a spoke in one's wheel, to thwart a person by some impediment. [A.S. spáca; Dut. speek, Ger. speiche.]

Spoken, spōk′n, pa.p. of speak, used as adj. in 'civil-spoken,' &c.

Spokeshave, spōk′shāv, n. a carpenter's tool having a plane-bit between two bandies for curved work, &c.

Spokesman, spōks′man, n. one who speaks for another, or for others, an advocate.

Spole, spōl, n. the small wheel near the distaff in the spinning-wheel. [A variant of spool.]

Spoliate, spō′li-āt, v.t. to spoil, to plunder, to pillage.—v.i. to practise robbery.—ns. Spō′liary, the place in a Roman amphitheatre where the bodies of slaughtered gladiators were dragged to be stripped; Spoliā′tion, act of spoiling: robbery.—adj. Spō′liātive, serving to take away or diminish.—n. Spō′liātor, one who spoliates.—adj. Spō′liātory, tending to spoil: destructive.—n. Spō′lium, the property of a beneficed ecclesiastic not transmissible by will. [L. spoliatus, pa.p. of spoliāre—spolium, spoil.]

Spondee, spon′dē, n. in classical poetry, a foot of two long syllables, as fātō.—adjs. Spondā′ic, -al, pertaining to, or consisting of, spondees. [Fr.,—L. spondēus (pes)—Gr. spondeios (pous), (a foot) of two syllables, so called because much used in the slow solemn hymns sung at a spondē or drink-offering—spendein, to pour out, make a libation.]

Spondyl, -e, spon′dil, n. a joint, joining.—ns. Spondylal′gia, pain in the spine; Spondylī′tis, arthritis of a vertebra.—adj. Spon′dylous, vertebral. [Gr. spondylos, a joint.]

Sponge, spunj, n. a fixed, usually marine, animal with pores in the body-wall and without tentacles: the fibrous framework of such, remarkable for its power of sucking up water: any sponge-like substance, as dough before it is kneaded and formed: any cringing hanger-on or parasite, a drunken fellow: an instrument for cleaning cannon after a discharge: the heel of a horse's shoe.—v.t. to wipe with a sponge: to wipe out, absorb up, with a sponge: to wipe out completely: to destroy.—v.i. to suck in, as a sponge: to gain by mean tricks, to live on others by some mean subterfuge or other.—ns. Sponge′cake, a very light sweet cake of flour, eggs, and sugar; Sponge′let, a little sponge.—adjs. Sponge′ous, Spon′giōse, Spongiolit′ic.—n. Spong′er, one who uses a sponge: a person or vessel engaged in fishing for sponges: an apparatus for sponging cloth by means of a perforated adjustable cylinder: a sponge or parasite.—adjs. Spongic′olous, inhabiting sponges; Spong′iform, resembling a sponge: porous.—ns. Spong′iness, porous quality; Spong′ing-house, a bailiff's lodging-house for debtors in his custody before their committal to prison; Spon′giōle, the spongy tissue of a root-tip; Spon′giolite, a fossil sponge spicule.—adj. Spongoid (spong′goid).—ns. Spongologist (spong-gol′ō-jist), one devoted to the study of sponges; Spongology (spong-gol′ō-ji), the knowledge about sponges.—adj. Spong′y, like a sponge, absorptive: of open texture, porous: wet and soft: drunken.—Set a sponge, to leaven a small mass of dough with which to leaven a large quantity; Throw up the sponge, to acknowledge defeat by throwing into the air the sponge with which a boxer is rubbed down between rounds: to give up any contest. [O. Fr. esponge—L. spongia—Gr. sponggia.]

Sponsal, spon′sal, adj. pertaining to a betrothal, a marriage, or a spouse.—n. Spon′sion, the act of becoming surety for another.—adj. Spon′sional. [L.,—spondēre, sponsum, to promise.]

Sponson, spon′son, n. the curve of the timbers and planking towards the outer part of the wing, before and abaft each of the paddle-boxes of a steamer.—Also Spon′sing. [Ety. dub.]

Sponsor, spon′sur, n. one who promises solemnly for another: a surety: a godfather or godmother.—adj. Sponsō′rial.—n. Spon′sorship. [L.,—spondēre, sponsum, to promise.]

Spontaneous, spon-tā′nē-us, adj. of one's free-will: involuntary: acting by its own impulse or natural law: produced of itself or without interference.—ns. Spontanē′ity, Spontā′neousness, the state or quality of being spontaneous.—adv. Spontā′neously.—Spontaneous combustion, a phenomenon that occasionally manifests itself in mineral and organic substances; Spontaneous generation, a term applied to the real or imaginary development of lowly organisms from non-living matter. [L. spontaneus—sponte, of one's own accord.]

Spontoon, spon-tōōn′, n. a weapon somewhat like a halberd, which used to be carried by certain officers of foot. [Fr. sponton—It. spontone—spuntare, to break off the point—puntone—punto, a point—L. pungĕre, punctum, to point.]

Spook, spōōk, n. a ghost.—v.i. to play the spook.—adjs. Spook′ish, Spook′y, like a ghost, haunted by ghosts: sensitive to the dread of ghosts, suggesting the presence of ghosts. [Dut. spook; Ger. (obs.) spuch, Sw. spöke; not related to puck.]

Spool, spōōl, n. a hollow cylinder for winding yarn, &c., upon.—v.t. to wind on spools. [Low Ger. spole, Dut. spoel; Ger. spule.]

Spoom, spōōm, v.i. to scud before the wind.—adj. Spoom′ing (Keats), foaming.

Spoon, spōōn, n. an instrument with a shallow bowl and handle for use in preparing, serving, or in eating food: anything like a spoon or its bowl, as an oar: in golf, a wooden-headed club of varying length, having the face more or less spooned, used in approaching the holes from varying distances.—v.t. to use a spoon upon: to lie spoon fashion with.—v.i. to fish with a spoon-hook: in croquet, to shove or scoop with the mallet: to be foolishly fond, to indulge in endearments openly.—ns. Spoon′-bait, a revolving metallic lure attached to a fishing-line by a swivel, used in trolling for fish; Spoon′bill, a family of birds (Plataleidæ) allied to the Ibididæ, and more distantly to the storks, with a bill long, flat, and broad throughout, and much dilated in a spoon form at the tip; Spoon′-drift, light spray borne on a gale; Spoon′ful, as much as fills a spoon: a small quantity:—pl. Spoon′fuls.—adv. Spoon′ily, in a spoony or silly way.—n. Spoon′meat, food taken with a spoon, such as is given to young children.—adv. Spoon′ways, applied to a way of packing slaves in ships very closely together.—adjs. Spoon′y, Spoon′ey, silly, weakly affectionate, foolishly fond.—n. a simple fellow: one foolishly fond of a sweetheart.—Apostle spoon (see Apostle); Dessert-spoon (see Dessert); Eucharistic spoon, the cochlear or labis; Tablespoon (see Table).—Be spoons on, to be silly in the manifestation of one's love for a woman. [A.S. spón; Ger. span, a chip, Ice. spánn, a chip, a spoon.]

Spoor, spōōr, n. track or trail of an animal, esp. when hunted as game.—n. Spoor′er, one who tracks game by the spoor. [Dut. spoor, a track; cf. Ger. spur, Ice. spor, a track, Scot. speir, to ask.]

Sporadic, -al, spō-rad′ik, -al, adj. scattered—a term specially applied to any disease usually epidemic or contagious, when it attacks only a few persons in a district and does not spread in its ordinary manner.—adv. Sporad′ically.—n. Sporad′icalness. [Gr. sporadikos—sporas, sporados, scattered—speirein, to sow.]

Spore, spōr, n. the reproductive body in flowerless plants like the fern, analogous to the seeds of ordinary flowering plants, but containing no embryo: a germ, a seed, a source of being generally.—adjs. Sporan′gial; Sporangif′erous; Sporan′giform; Sporan′gioid, like a sporangium.—ns. Sporangī′olum, a small sporangium; Sporan′giophōre, the receptacle which bears the sporangia; Sporan′giospōre, one of the peculiar spores of the Myxomycetes; Sporan′gium (pl. Sporan′gia), a spore-case, the sac in which the spores are produced endogenously—also Spore′-case; Spō′ridesm (bot.), a pluricellular body which becomes free like a simple spore, and in which every cell is capable of germinating; Sporidī′olum, a secondary sporidium; Sporid′ium, a secondary spore borne on a promycelium: an ascospore; Sporificā′tion, spore-production; Sporipar′ity, reproduction by means of spores.—adj. Sporip′arous.—ns. Spō′rocarp, a many-celled form of fruit produced in certain lower cryptogams in consequence of a sexual act; Spō′rocyst, the cyst or capsule developed in the process of sporular encystment.—adj. Sporocyst′ic.—ns. Spō′roderm, the wall or covering of a spore; Sporogen′esis, reproduction by means of spores—also Sporog′eny.—adj. Sporog′enous.—n. Sporogō′nium, the sporocarp, capsule or so-called 'moss-fruit' in mosses.—adj. Spō′roid, like a spore.—ns. Sporol′ogist, a botanist who emphasises the spores in classification; Spō′rophore, the part of the thallus which bears spores: the placenta in flowering plants: a sporophyte.—adjs. Sporophor′ic, Sporoph′orous.—ns. Spō′rophyl, the leaf bearing the spores or spore receptacles; Spō′rophyte, the spore-bearing stage in the life-cycle of a plant.—adj. Sporophyt′ic.—ns. Spō′rosac, one of the gonophores of certain hydrozoans in which the medusoid structure is not developed: a redia or spiro-cyst, in Vermes; Sporostē′gium, the so-called fruit of plants in the Characeæ, consisting of the hard brownish spirally-twisted shell or covering of the spore.—adjs. Spō′rous; Spō′rular.—ns. Sporulā′tion, conversion into spores or sporules—also Sporā′tion; Spō′rule, a small spore.—adjs. Sporulif′erous, Spor′uloid. [Gr. sporos, a sowing, seed—speirein, to sow.]

Sporran, spor′an, n. an ornamental pouch worn in front of the kilt by the Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael, sporan.]

Sport, spōrt, v.i. to play: to frolic: to practise field diversions: to trifle.—v.t. to amuse: to make merry: to represent playfully: to spend in sport or display.—n. that which amuses or makes merry: play: mirth: jest: contemptuous mirth: anything for playing with: a toy: idle jingle: field diversion: an animal or plant, or one of its organs, that varies singularly and spontaneously from the normal type.—n. Sport′er, one who sports: a sportsman.—adj. Sport′ful, full of sport: merry: full of jesting.—adv. Sport′fully.—n. Sport′fulness.—adj. Sport′ing, relating to, or engaging in, sports.—adv. Sport′ingly.—adj. Sport′ive, inclined to sport: playful: merry: amorous, wanton.—adv. Sport′ively.—n. Sport′iveness.—adj. Sport′less, without sport or mirth: sad.—n. Sports′man, one who practises, or one skilled in, field-sports.—adj. Sports′man-like.—ns. Sports′manship, practice or skill of a sportsman; Sports′woman, a she-sportsman.—Sport one's oak (see Oak). [Formed by aphæresis from disport.]

Spot, spot, n. a mark made by a drop of wet matter: a blot: a discoloured place: a small part of a different colour: a small extent of space: any particular place: one of the marked points on a billiard-table, from which balls are played (for Centre-spot, Pyramid-spot, &c., see Billiards): one of the dark places on the surface of the sun, &c.: something that soils: a stain on character or reputation.—v.t. to mark with drops of wet: to stain: to discolour: to taint: to tarnish, as reputation: to note or recognise by some point, to detect: to indicate, name:—pr.p. spot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. spot′ted.—adj. Spot′less, without a spot: untainted: pure.—adv. Spot′lessly.—ns. Spot′lessness; Spot′-stroke, a stroke in billiards when the player pockets the red ball from the 'spot,' leaving his own ball in position to repeat the stroke.—adjs. Spot′ted, Spot′ty, marked with spots or discoloured places.—ns. Spot′tedness, the state of being spotted; Spot′ter, one who spots or detects; Spot′tiness, state of being spotty.—Spot-barred game, a game at billiards when the spot-stroke is forbidden to be played more than twice consecutively. [Cf. Dut. spat, Dan. spætte; prob. conn. with spit.]

Spouse, spowz, n. a husband or wife.—adj. Spous′al, pertaining to a spouse, or to marriage: nuptial: matrimonial.—n. usually in pl. nuptials: marriage.—adj. Spouse′less, destitute of a spouse: unmarried. [O. Fr. espouse (Fr. époux, fem. épouse)—L. sponsus, pa.p. of spondēre, to promise in marriage.]

Spout, spowt, v.t. to throw out, as from a pipe: to utter volubly: to pawn, pledge.—v.i. to issue with violence, as from a pipe: to speak volubly, to speechify.—n. the projecting mouth of a vessel from which a stream issues: a pipe for conducting a liquid: a term applied to the blowing or breathing of whales and other cetaceans.—ns. Spout′er, one who, or that which, spouts: a speechifier: a South Sea whale, a skilful whaler; Spout′-hole, an orifice for discharging a liquid, a whale's spiracle.—adj. Spout′less, wanting a spout. [Skeat explains that spout, like speak, has lost an r, thus standing for sprout, the r being preserved in spurt, with nearly the same sense as spout. Sw. sputa for spruta, to squirt; Dut. spuiten.]

Sprack, sprak, adj. vigorous, sprightly.—Also Sprag. [Ice. sprækr, sparkr, sprightly.]

Sprackle, sprak′l, v.i. (Scot.) to clamber up with difficulty.—Also Sprach′le, Sprauch′le. [Ice. spraukla, to sprawl.]

Sprag, sprag, n. a piece of wood used to lock a wheel: a punch-prop in mining.—v.t. to prop, or to stop, by a sprag.

Sprain, sprān, v.t. to overstrain the muscles of a joint.—n. a term employed in surgery to designate a violent stretching of tendinous or ligamentous parts with or without rupture of some of their fibres. [O. Fr. espreindre (Fr. épreindre), to press—L. exprimĕre, to press out.]

Sprat, sprat, n. a fish of the family Clupeidæ, like the herring, but much smaller.—n. Sprat′-weath′er, the dark days of November and December. [Dut. sprot; Ger. sprotte.]

Sprawl, sprawl, v.i. to toss or kick about the limbs: to stretch the body carelessly when lying: to spread ungracefully.—n. a sprawling posture.—n. Sprawl′er. [There is an A.S. spréawlian, to move convulsively; but the word is most probably for sprattle or sprottle—Sw. sprattla, to sprawl; cf. Dan. sprælle, to toss about the limbs.]

Spray, sprā, n. small particles of water driven by the wind, as from the top of waves, &c.—adj. Spray′ey, consisting of spray. [Skeat suggests that the word is from Dut. spreiden, to spread, scatter.]

Spray, sprā, n. a small shoot of a tree.—adj. Spray′ey, branching. [Akin to Ice. sprek, a twig, Dan. sprag; Doublet sprig.]

Spread, spred, v.t. to scatter abroad or in all directions: to stretch: to extend: to overlay: to shoot out, as branches: to circulate, as news: to cause to affect numbers, as a disease: to diffuse: to set with provisions, as a table.—v.i. to extend or expand in all directions: to be extended or stretched: to be propagated or circulated:—pa.t. and pa.p. spread.—n. extent: compass: expansion of parts: that which is spread out, a feast: a cover for a bed or a table.—adj. having a broad surface: shallower than the standard.—adj. Spread′-ea′gle, like an eagle with the wings stretched out, bombastic, boastful.—n. (naut.) a person seized in the rigging, a passenger thus made to pay his entrance forfeit.—ns. Spread′-ea′gleism, a bombastic and frothy patriotism; Spread′er, one who, or that which, spreads, one who publishes or extends: any machine or implement for helping to scatter.—p.adj. Spread′ing.—adv. Spread′ingly, increasingly.—Spread a fleet, to keep more open order. [A.S. sprǽdan; Dut. spreiden, Ger. spreiten.]

Spreagh, spreh, n. plunder.—n. Spreagh′ery, cattle-lifting. [Gael. spreidh, cattle.]

Spred, spred, pa.p. and n. an obsolete form of spread.—Also Spred′den.

Spree, sprē, n. a merry frolic: a drunken bout.—v.i. to carouse. [Prob. Ir. spre, a spark, spraic, vigour.]

Sprent, sprent, adj. sprinkled. [M. E. sprengen (pa.t. sprente)—A.S. sprengan, to cause to spring.]

Sprig, sprig, n. a small shoot or twig: a scion, a young person: an ornament like a spray: one of various small pointed implements, a headless nail: one of the separate pieces of lace fastened on a ground in appliqué lace.—v.t. to embroider with representations of twigs:—pr.p. sprig′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. sprigged.—adj. Sprig′gy, full of sprigs or young branches. [Cf. Ice. sprek, a stick.]

Spright, sprīt, n. the same as Sprite (q.v.).—adj. Spright′ful (Shak.), full of spirit: brisk, gay.—adv. Spright′fully, in a sprightful manner, briskly, vigorously.—n. Spright′fulness, the quality of being sprightful, briskness, liveliness.—adj. Spright′less, destitute of spirit or life: dull: sluggish.—n. Spright′liness.—adj. Spright′ly, airy: full of life: lively: brisk. [Spright=sprite.]

Spring, spring, v.i. to bound: to leap: to rush hastily: to move suddenly by elastic force: to start up suddenly: to break forth: to appear: to issue: to come into existence: (B.) to rise, as the sun.—v.t. to cause to spring up: to start: to produce quickly, cause to act suddenly: to leap over: to explode, as a mine: to open, as a leak: to crack, as a mast: to bend by force, strain: (archit.) to start from an abutment, &c.: to set together with bevel-joints:—pa.t. sprang, sprung; pa.p. sprung.—n. a leap: a flying back with elastic force: elastic power: an elastic body: any active power: that by which action is produced: cause or origin: a source: an outflow of water from the earth: (B.) the dawn: the time when plants begin to spring up and grow, the vernal season—March, April, May: a starting of a plank in a vessel: a crack in a mast.—ns. Spring′al, Spring′ald, an active springy young man, a youth; Spring′-back, an inner false joint on a bound book, springing upward from the true or outer back when the book is opened flat; Spring′-bal′ance, an instrument for determining the weight of a body by the elasticity of a spiral spring; Spring′-beam, a beam of considerable span, without central support, the tie-beam of a truss; in a steamer, a fore-and-aft beam for connecting the two paddle-beams: an elastic bar at the top of a tilt-hammer, jig-saw, &c.; Spring′-beau′ty, the Claytonia Virginica; Spring′-bed, a mattress formed of spiral springs set in a wooden frame; Spring′-bee′tle, an elater; Spring′-board, a board fastened on elastic supports, used to spring from in performing feats of agility; Spring′bok, a beautiful South African antelope, larger than a roebuck [Dut.]; Spring′-box, a box or barrel in which a spring is coiled: the frame of a sofa, &c., in which the springs are set; Spring′-carr′iage, a wheel-carriage mounted on springs; Spring′-cart, a light cart mounted upon springs; Spring′er, a kind of dog of the spaniel class, useful for springing game in copses: one who springs: the bottom stone of an arch; Spring′-gun, a gun having wires connected with its trigger, and so fixed and planted as to be discharged when trespassers stumble against the wire; Spring′-halt, a jerking lameness in which a horse suddenly twitches up his leg or legs; Spring′-hamm′er, a machine-hammer in which the blow is delivered or augmented by the force of a spring; Spring′-head, a fountain-head, source: a head or end-piece for a carriage-spring.—adj. Spring′-head′ed (Spens.), having heads springing afresh.—ns. Spring′-heeled Jack, one supposed capable of leaping a great height or distance in carrying out mischievous or frolicsome tricks; Spring′-hook, an angler's snap-hook or spear-hook: a latch or door-hook with a spring-catch for keeping it fast in the staple: in a locomotive, a hook fixing the driving-wheel spring to the frame; Spring′-house, a house for keeping meat in, or a dairy, built for coolness over a spring or brook; Spring′iness; Spring′ing, the act of springing, leaping, arising, or issuing: (B.) growth, increase: (archit.) the lowest part of an arch on both sides; Spring′-jack, a device for inserting a loop in a main electric line-circuit, a plug being forced between two spring contacts; Spring′-latch, a latch that snaps into the keeper whenever the door is shut; Spring′let, a little spring: a small stream; Spring′-lig′ament, the inferior calcaneoscaphoid ligament of the sole of the foot; Spring′-lock, a lock which fastens by a spring; Spring′-mat′tress=Spring-bed; Spring′-net, a net that closes with a spring; Spring′-pad′lock, a padlock that snaps itself shut; Spring′-pole, a pole whose elasticity serves as a spring; Spring′-sad′dle, a bent iron bar of

form on the top of a railway carriage journal-box, surrounding the arch-bar and supporting the spring; Spring′-search′er, a steel-pronged tool to search for defects in the bore of a gun; Spring′-shack′le, a shackle closed by a spring: a shackle joining one spring of a vehicle with another or with a rigid piece; Spring′-stay (naut.), a smaller stay, placed above the stays as a duplicate if needed; Spring′-stud, a rod passed through the axis of a coil-spring to keep it in place; Spring′-tail, one of an order of primitive wingless insects (Collembola), so called popularly from a peculiar springing fork usually present on the abdomen; Spring′-tide, the periodical excess of the elevation and depression of the tide, after new and full moon, when both sun and moon act in the same direction; Spring′-tide, -time, the season of spring; Spring′-tool, any tool bearing a spring, as a glass-blower's tongs; Spring′-trap, a trap worked by a spring, a mouse-trap, &c.; Spring′-valve, a valve fitted with a spring: a safety-valve connected with a spring-balance; Spring′-wa′ter, water issuing from a spring; Spring′-wheat, wheat sown in the spring, rather than autumn or winter; Spring′-wort, a plant which draws down lightning—perh. the caperspurge.—adj. Spring′y, pertaining to, or like, a spring, elastic, nimble: abounding with springs.—Spring a leak, to commence leaking; Spring a mine, to cause it to explode—often used figuratively; Spring a rattle, to cause a rattle to sound; Spring at, to leap at; Spring forth, to come forward with a leap: to shoot up rapidly; Spring on, or upon, to attack with violence. [A.S. springan; Ger. springen.]

Springe, sprinj, n. a snare with a spring-noose: a gin.—v.t. to catch in a springe. [Prov. Eng. springle—spring; cf. Ger. sprenkel—springen.]

Sprinkle, spring′kl, v.t. to scatter in small drops or particles: to scatter on: to baptise with a few drops of water: to purify.—v.i. to scatter in drops.—n. an aspersorium or utensil for sprinkling.—ns. Sprin′kle, Sprin′kling, a small quantity sprinkled: in book-binding, the mottling of the edges of trimmed leaves by scattering a few drops of colour on them; Sprin′kler. [Freq. formed from A.S. sprengan, the causal of springan, to spring; cf. Ger. sprenkeln.]

Sprint, sprint, n. a short-distance race at full speed.—v.i. to run at full speed—also Sprent.—ns. Sprin′ter, a short-distance runner in races; Sprin′ting; Sprint′-race; Sprint′-run′ner. [Cf. Spurt.]

Sprit, sprit, n. (naut.) a spar set diagonally to extend a fore-and-aft sail. [A.S. spreót, a pole; Dut. and Ger. spriet, a bowsprit; conn. with sprout.]

Sprite, sprīt, n. a spirit: a shade: a ghost: (obs.) frame of mind, disposition.—Also Spright. [A doublet of spirit.]

Sprocket, sprok′et, n. a projection on the periphery of a wheel or capstan for engaging the chain.

Sprout, sprowt, n. a germ or young shoot: (pl.) young shoots from old cabbages.—v.i. to shoot: to push out new shoots.—adj. Sprout′ed, budded.—Brussels sprouts (see Brussels). [According to Skeat, not from A.S. spreótan, nor sprýtan, but from Old Friesic spruta, to sprout, Low Ger. spruten, Dut. spruiten, Ger. spriessen.]

Spruce, sprōōs, adj. smart: neat, dapper: over-fastidious, finical.—n. Prussian leather.—v.t. to smarten.—v.i. to become spruce or smart.—n. Spruce′-fir, or merely Spruce, any tree of the genus Picea of the pine family (Coniferæ), or the wood of such a tree.—adv. Spruce′ly.—n. Spruce′ness.—v.t. Spru′cify, to smarten. [O. Fr. Pruce—Late L. Prussia, Ger. Preussen.]

Spruce-beer, sprōōs′-bēr, n. beer flavoured with a decoction of the young shoots of the spruce-fir. [Ger. sprossen-bier, sprossen, young shoots, Englished as Pruce-beer, i.e. Prussian beer.]

Sprue, sprōō, n. in casting, one of the passages leading to the mould, also the metal which solidifies in it—deadhead.—n. Sprue′-hole, ingate or pouring-hole in a mould.

Spruit, sprōō′it, n. a small head-stream, a stream flowing through a village, dry in summer. [S. Afr. Dut.]

Sprunt, sprunt, v.i. to spring up: sprout, germinate.—n. a steep bit in a road: a rebellious curl, &c.—adv. Sprunt′ly, gaily, bravely.—Sprunt up, to bristle up.

Spry, sprī, adj. vigorous, lively, gay, pert. [Scand.; Sw. prov. sprygg, very active.]

Spud, spud, n. a small narrow spade with a short handle: any short thick thing, a baby's hand, a potato, &c.—adj. Spud′dy, short and fat. [Prob. Scand., Dan. spyd, a spear.]

Spulzie, Spuilzie, spül′yē, n. (Scot.) spoil.—Also Spul′ye, Spul′yie. [Spoil.]

Spume, spūm, n. scum or froth thrown up by liquid: foam.—v.i. to throw up scum: to foam.—adj. Spū′mēous, frothy.—n. Spūmes′cence, frothiness.—adjs. Spūmes′cent, foaming; Spūmif′erous, producing foam.—n. Spū′miness, the quality of being spumy or frothy.—adjs. Spū′mous, Spū′my, consisting of froth: frothy: foamy. [L. spuma—spuĕre to spew.]

Spun, pa.t. and pa.p. of spin.—adj. Spun′-out, unduly lengthened.—n. Spun′-yarn, rope-yarn twisted into a cord.

Spunk, spungk, n. touchwood, tinder, a fungus from which tinder is made, punk, amadou: (Scot.) a small fire, a fiery spark, a lucifer-match: mettle, spirit, pluck.—v.i. to take fire, flame up.—adj. Spunk′y, spirited: fiery-tempered. [Cf. Ir. sponc, tinder, sponge—L. spongia, a sponge—Gr. sponggia.]

Spur, spur, n. an instrument on a horseman's heels, with sharp points for goading the horse: that which goads or instigates: something projecting: the hard projection on a cock's leg: a small range of mountains extending laterally from a larger range.—v.t. to urge on with spurs: to urge onward: to impel: to put spurs on.—v.i. to press forward: to travel in great haste:—pr.p. spur′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. spurred.—v.t. Spur′-gall (Shak.), to gall or wound with a spur.—ns. Spur′-gear, -gear′ing, gearing in which spur-wheels are used.—adj. Spur′-heeled, having a long straight hind-claw.—n. Spur′-leath′er, the strap by which the spur is fastened to the foot.—p.adj. Spurred, wearing spurs: having shoots like spurs: affected with ergot, as rye.—ns. Spur′rer, one who, or that which, spurs; Spur′rier, one who makes spurs; Spur′-roy′al, an ancient English coin, worth fifteen shillings, so called from having a star on one side resembling the rowel of a spur; Spur′-way, a bridle-road; Spur′-whang=Spur-leather; Spur′-wheel (mech.), a wheel with the cogs on the face of the edge like a spur.—adj. Spur′-winged, with a horny spur on the pinion, as with the plovers, &c. [A.S. spora; Ice. spori, Ger. sporn.]

Spurge, spurj, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Euphorbiaceæ, all the species containing a resinous milky juice mostly very acrid.—n. Spurge′-lau′rel, a European evergreen shrub, with yellowish-green flowers, thick leaves, and poisonous berries. [O. Fr. espurge (Fr. épurge)—L. expurgāre, to purge—ex, off, purgāre, to clear.]

Spuriæ, spū′ri-ē, n.pl. the bastard quills forming the alula in birds.

Spurious, spūr′i-us, adj. illegitimate: bastard: not genuine: false: resembling an organ, but without its function, or having the functions of an organ while morphologically different.—adv. Spūr′iously.—n. Spūr′iousness. [L. spurius, false.]

Spurn, spurn, v.t. to drive away as with the foot: to kick: to reject with disdain.—n. disdainful rejection.—n. Spurn′er, one who spurns. [A.S. speornan; cog. with spur.]

Spurry, spur′i, n. a plant of the genus Spergula. [O. Fr. sporrie, of Teut. origin; cf. Ger. spörgel.]

Spurt, spurt, v.t. to spout, or send out in a sudden stream, as water.—v.i. to gush out suddenly in a small stream: to flow out forcibly or at intervals.—n. a sudden or violent gush of a liquid from an opening: a jet: a sudden short effort, a special exertion of one's self for a short time, in running, rowing, &c. [Formerly spirt—Ice. sprettr, a spurt—spretta, to start, to sprout.]

Spurtle, spur′tl, n. (Scot.) a short stick for stirring porridge, broth, &c.—n. Spur′tle-blade, a sword.

Sputter, sput′ėr, v.i. to spit in small drops, as in rapid speaking: to throw out moisture in scattered drops: to speak rapidly and indistinctly, to jabber.—v.t. to throw out with haste and noise: to utter hastily and indistinctly.—n. moist matter thrown out in particles.—n. Sputt′erer, one who sputters. [The freq. of spout (q.v.).]

Sputum, spū′tum, n. spittle, the matter expectorated:—pl. Spū′ta. [L.,—spuĕre, to spit.]

Spy, spī, n. one sent into an enemy's country or camp to find out their strength, &c.: one who keeps a watch on others: one who secretly conveys information.—v.t. to see: to discover, generally at a distance: to discover by close search: to inspect secretly:—pa.t. and pa.p. spied.—ns. Spy′al=Spial; Spy′-craft, Spy′ism, the art or practice of spying; Spy′glass, a small hand-telescope; Spy′-hole, a peep-hole; Spy′-mon′ey, money paid for secret intelligence. [O. Fr. espier—Old High Ger. spehōn; L. specĕre.]

Squab, skwob, adj. fat, clumsy: curt, abrupt: unfledged, newly hatched: shy, coy.—n. a young pigeon, the young of other animals before the hair or feathers are grown: a short stumpy person: a thickly-stuffed cushion, a sofa padded throughout, an ottoman.—v.t. to stuff thickly and sew through, the stitches being concealed by buttons, &c.—v.i. to fall heavily.—adv. flat: heavily, as a fall.—adjs. Squab′bish, thick, heavy; Squab′by, squat.—ns. Squab′-chick, a fledgling; Squab′-pie, a pie made of strips of mutton, onions, and slices of apple. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Sw. dial. sqvapp, a word imitative of a splash, sqvabb, loose flesh, sqvabbig, flabby.]

Squabble, skwob′l, v.i. to dispute in a noisy manner: to wrangle.—n. a noisy, petty quarrel: a brawl.—n. Squabb′ler. [Scand., Sw. dial. skvabbel, a dispute.]

Squad, skwod, n. a small body of men assembled for drill, any small group or company of men.—n. Squad′ron, a body of cavalry, consisting of two troops, or 120 to 200 men: a body of soldiers drawn up in a square: any regularly ranked body, or a group: section of a fleet, commanded by a flag-officer.—p.adj. Squad′roned, formed into squadrons.—Awkward squad, a body of recruits not yet competent in drill, &c. [O. Fr. esquadre—It. squadra, and L. exquadrāre, to make square.]

Squail, skwāl, n. a disc or counter used in the game of squails: (pl.) a parlour-game in which small discs are snapped from the edge of the table to a centre mark called the process: the game of ninepins.—v.i. to throw a stick, &c., at any object.—v.t. to pelt with sticks, &c.—n. Squail′er, a throwing-stick. [A variant of kail.]

Squalid, skwol′id, adj. filthy, foul.—n. Squalid′ity, the state of being squalid: filthiness.—adv. Squal′idly.—ns. Squal′idness; Squal′or, state of being squalid: dirtiness: filthiness. [L. squalidus—squalēre, to be stiff; akin to Gr. skellein, to dry.]

Squall, skwawl, v.i. to cry out violently.—n. a loud cry or scream: a violent gust of wind.—n. Squall′er.—adj. Squall′y, abounding or disturbed with squalls or gusts of wind: gusty, blustering: threatening a squall.—White squall, a tropical whirlwind, coming on without warning other than a small white cloud. [Scand., Sw. sqvala, to gush out.]

Squally, skwawl′i, adj. irregularly woven: having bare patches, of a field of corn, &c. [Prob. the same as scally. Cf. Scall.]

Squaloid, skwā′loid, adj. resembling a Squā′lus or shark.—n. Squā′lid, one of the Squalidæ, a family of sharks.—adj. Squā′liform, having the form of a shark. [L. squalus, a shark.]

Squama, skwā′ma, n. a scale: the bractea of a deciduous spike, any scaly bracted leaf:—pl. Squā′mæ.—n.pl. Squāmā′ta, a division of reptiles, including lizards and serpents.—adjs. Squā′mate, Squā′mous, Squamā′ceous, Squā′mose, covered with, or consisting of, scales: scaly.—ns. Squāme, a scale or squama; Squāmel′la, a small scale.—adjs. Squāmif′erous, Squāmig′erous, bearing squamæ or scales; Squā′miform, Squā′moid, like a scale.—ns. Squāmō′sal, the squamous portion of the temporal bone; Squam′ula, a very small scale—also Squam′ule.—adjs. Squam′ulate, Squam′uliform. [L. squamosus—squama, a scale.]

Squander, skwon′dėr, v.t. to spend lavishly or wastefully: to waste money or powers.—n. Squan′derer.—adv. Squan′deringly, in a squandering manner, by squandering. [Skeat explains as a nasalised form of Lowland Scotch squatter, to splash water about, prov. Eng. swatter, to throw water about. These are frequentatives from Dan. sqvatte, to splash, spurt, squander; Sw. sqvätta, to squirt, Ice. skvetta, to squirt out water.]

Square, skwār; adj. having four equal sides and angles: forming a right angle: having a straight front or an outline formed by straight lines: exact suitable, fitting: true, that does equal justice, fair, honest: even, leaving no balance, settled, as accounts: directly opposed, complete, unequivocal: solid, full, satisfying.—n. that which is square: a square figure: a four-sided space enclosed by houses: a square body of troops: the length of the side of any figure squared: an instrument for measuring right angles: (arith.) the product of a quantity multiplied by itself: due proportion, order, honesty, equity, fairness.—v.t. to form like a square: to form with four equal sides and angles: (arith.) to multiply by itself: to reduce to any given measure or standard, to adjust, regulate: (naut.) to place at right angles with the mast or keel.—v.i. to suit, fit: to accord or agree: to take an attitude of offence and defence, as a boxer.—adj. Square′-built, of a square build or shape.—adv. Square′ly, in a square form or manner.—ns. Square′-meas′ure,

a system of measures applied to surfaces, of which the unit is the square of the lineal unit; Square′ness.—adj. Square′-pierced (her.), designating a charge perforated with a square opening so as to show the field.—n. Squā′rer, one who, or that which, squares: (Shak.) a fighting, quarrelsome person.—adj. Square′-rigged, having the chief sails square, and extended by yards suspended by the middle at right angles to the masts—opposed to Fore-and-aft.—ns. Square′-root, that root which being multiplied into itself produces the given number or quantity; Square′-sail, a four-sided sail extended by yards suspended by the middle at right angles to the mast.—adj. Square′-toed.—n. Square′-toes, an old-fashioned, punctilious person.—adj. Squā′rish.—Square the circle, to determine the area of a circle in square measure.—On the square, honestly. [O. Fr. esquarre (Fr. équerre)—L. ex-quadrāre, to square—quadrus, conn. with quatuor, four.]

Squarrose, skwär′ōs, adj. rough, with projecting or deflexed scales.—adj. Squarr′ulose, diminutively squarrose.

Squarson, skwär′sn, n. one who is both a beneficed clergyman and a squire or land-owner in a parish.—n. Squar′sonage, the residence of such.

Squash, skwosh, v.t. to press into pulp: to crush flat.—v.i. to form a soft mass as from a fall: to make a noise similar to such.—n. a sudden fall or shock of soft bodies: anything soft and easily crushed, anything soft or unripe, as a peascod.—ns. Squash′er; Squash′iness, state of being squashy.—adj. Squash′y, like a squash: muddy. [O. Fr. esquacher (Fr. écacher), to crush—L. ex, out, coactāre, to restrain—cogĕre, coactum, to drive together.]

Squash, skwosh, n. a term loosely used, esp. in the United States, for two or three kinds of gourd, including the pumpkin. [Amer. Ind. asquash (pl. of asq), green.]

Squat, skwot, v.i. to sit down upon the hams or heels: to cower, as an animal: to settle on new land without title:—pr.p. squat′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. squat′ted.—adj. short and thick, dumpy, clumsy.—ns. Squatoc′racy, the squatters of Australia collectively; Squat′ter, a settler on new land without title: one who leases pasture-land from the government; Squat′tiness.—v.i. Squat′tle (Scot.), to squat down.—adj. Squat′ty, very short and thick. [O. Fr. esquatir, to crush—L. ex-, coactus, pa.p. of cogĕre, to drive together.]

Squaw, skwaw, n. an American Indian woman, esp. a wife.—n. Squaw′man, a white man with an Indian wife.

Squeak, skwēk, v.i. to utter a shrill and usually short cry.—n. a sudden, shrill cry.—v.i. Squawk, to utter a harsh cry: (U.S.) to back out in a mean way.—n. a loud squeak.—n. Squeak′er, one who squeaks: a young bird.—adv. Squeak′ingly.—A narrow squeak, a narrow escape. [Imit.; cf. Sw. sqväka, to croak, Ger. quieken, to squeak.]

Squeal, skwēl, v.i. to utter a shrill and prolonged sound: to turn informer.—n. a shrill loud cry.—n. Squeal′er, a young pigeon: an informer. [Scand.; Sw. dial. sqväla, to cry out.]

Squeamish, skwēm′ish, adj. sickish at stomach: easily disgusted or offended: fastidious in taste.—adv. Squeam′ishly.—n. Squeam′ishness. [Scand.; Ice. sveimr, stir; prob. also influenced by qualmish.]

Squeegee, skwē′jē, n. a wooden implement edged with rubber for clearing water away from decks, floors, windows, &c.: a photographer's roller for squeezing the moisture from a print—also Squil′gee.—v.t. to smooth down with a squeegee.

Squeeze, skwēz, v.t. to crush or press between two bodies: to embrace closely: to force through a small hole: to cause to pass: to extort, oppress, harass.—v.i. to push between close bodies: to press: to crowd.—n. act of squeezing: pressing between bodies: an impression of an inscription, &c., made by taking a rubbing.—n. Squeezabil′ity.—adj. Squeez′able.—ns. Squeez′er, one who, or that which, squeezes: (pl.) playing-cards having the number of spots marked in the right-hand corner of each; Squeez′ing, the act of exerting pressure.—adj. Squeez′y, suggesting squeezing, small, contracted. [M. E. queisen—A.S. cwísan.]

Squib, skwib, n. a paper tube filled with combustibles, thrown up into the air burning and bursting: a petty lampoon.—v.t. to aim squibs at: to lampoon.—v.i. to write lampoons: to use squibs: to sound like a squib exploding. [Scand.; Ice. svipa, to flash.]

Squid, skwid, n. a kind of cuttle-fish or calamary: a lure used in trolling for fish.—v.i. to fish with a squid or spoon-bait.

Squiggle, skwig′l, v.i. (U.S.) to squirm, wriggle: (prov.) to rinse out the mouth with a liquid.

Squill, skwil, n. a genus of bulbous-rooted plants of order Liliaceæ, with radical leaves, and flowers in terminal racemes or loose corymbs—the officinal Squill is diuretic and expectorant.—adj. Squillit′ic. [Fr. squille—L. squilla, scilla—Gr. skilla.]

Squinch, skwinch, n. a small stone arch, or series of arches, across an interior angle of a square tower to support the sides of an octagonal spire.

Squint, skwint, adj. looking obliquely: having the vision distorted.—v.i. to look obliquely: to have the vision distorted.—v.t. to cause to squint.—n. act or habit of squinting: an oblique look: distortion of vision: a hagioscope, a narrow aperture cut in the wall of a church (generally about two feet wide) to enable persons standing in the side-chapels, &c., to see the elevation of the host at the high-altar.—n. Squint′-eye, an eye that squints.—adj. Squint′-eyed, looking obliquely: oblique, malignant.—n. Squint′ing, technically Strabismus, a common deformity which may be defined as a want of parallelism in the visual axes, when the patient endeavours to direct both eyes to an object at the same time.—adv. Squint′ingly. [Scand.; Sw. svinka, to shrink, a nasalised form of svika, to fail.]

Squire, skwīr, n. an esquire, a knight's attendant: a beau or gallant: a country gentleman, an owner of land in England, esp. if of old family: (U.S.) one who has been a justice of the peace, &c.—ns. Squire′age, Squire′archy, landed gentry collectively.—adj. Squire′archal.—ns. Squireen′, a gentleman farmer, one almost a squire; Squire′hood, the state or rank of a squire—also Squire′ship.—adjs. Squire′-like, Squire′ly, like or becoming a squire.—ns. Squire′ling, a squire of small possessions; Squireoc′racy, government by the landed classes; Squīr′ess, a squire's wife. [Esquire.]

Squirm, skwirm, v.i. to wriggle or writhe, to climb by wriggling up: to escape with any awkward evasion or lie. [A variant of squir=whir.]

Squirrel, skwir′el, n. a nimble, reddish-brown, rodent little animal with hairy tail and large eyes, mainly of arboreal habit.—ns. Squirr′el-fish, a holocentroid tropical fish; Squirr′el-tail, any one of several grasses of the genus Hordeum, with long hair-like awns: a cap of squirrel-skins, with a tail hanging down behind. [O. Fr. escurel—Low L. scurellus, dim. of L. sciurus—Gr. skiouros—skia, shade, oura, tail.]

Squirt, skwėrt, v.t. to throw out water in a stream from a narrow opening.—n. a small instrument for squirting: a small, quick stream.—n. Squirt′er. [Skeat says the r appears to be intrusive; allied to prov. Eng. squitter, to squirt, and squitter, diarrhœa. From Sw. dial. skvittär, to sprinkle all round, freq. of skwitta, to squirt, Sw. sqvätta, to squirt; cf. Dan. sqvatte, to splash.]

Sraddha, srä′da, n. the offering of rice and flowers to the manes of a deceased ancestor. [Sans.]

Stab, stab, v.t. to wound with a pointed weapon: to wound: to injure secretly, or by slander: to roughen a brick wall with a pick so as to hold plaster: to pierce folded sheets, near their back edges, for the passage of thread or wire.—v.i. to give a stab or a mortal wound:—pr.p. stab′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. stabbed.—n. a wound with a pointed weapon: an injury given secretly.—n. Stab′ber, one who stabs.—adv. Stab′bingly. [Gael. stob, a stake.]

Stabat Mater, stā′bat mā′tėr, n. a Latin hymn on the seven dolours of the Virgin, ascribed to Jacopone da Todi, a 13th-cent. Minorite: a musical setting of this sequence. [Its opening words.]

Stable, stā′bl, adj. that stands firm: firmly established: durable: firm in purpose or character: constant, unchangeable.—ns. Stabil′ity, state of being stable: steadiness; Stā′bleness.—adv. Stā′bly. [Fr.,—L. stabilis—stāre, to stand.]

Stable, stā′bl, n. a building for horses and cattle.—v.t. to put or keep in a stable.—v.i. to dwell in a stable.—ns. Stā′ble-boy, -man, a boy, or man, who attends in a stable; Stā′bler, a stable-keeper; Stā′ble-room, room for stabling horses or cattle; Stā′bling, act of putting into a stable: accommodation for horses and cattle. [O. Fr. estable (Fr. étable)—L. stabulum—stāre, to stand.]

Stablish, stab′lish, v.t. old form of establish.—n. Stab′lishment=Establishment.

Staccato, stak-kä′to, adj. (mus.) with the notes to be played in an abrupt, disconnected manner—opp. to Legato: marked by abrupt emphasis: giving a clear distinct sound to each note.—adj. Staccatis′simo, as staccato as possible. [It., from staccare, for distaccare, to separate.]

Stachys, stā′kis, n. a genus of Labiatæ, containing the Hedge-nettle, the Woundwort, and according to some botanists the Common Betony or Wood Betony. [L.,—Gr. stachys, an ear of corn.]

Stack, stak, n. a large pile of bay, corn, wood, &c.: a number of chimneys standing together: a pyramid formed by a number of muskets with fixed bayonets interlocked and the stocks spread widely apart.—v.t. to pile into a stack: to make up cards for cheating.—ns. Stack′-stand, a frame of wood, iron, or stone, supported on short props, for building a stack upon; Stack′yard, a yard for stacks. [Scand.; Ice. stakkr, a stack of hay.]

Stactometer, stak-tom′e-tėr, n. a tube with a small hole at the bottom for measuring a liquid in drops.—Also Stalagmom′eter. [Gr. staktos, dropping, metron, a measure.]

Stadda, stad′a, n. a double-bladed hand-saw for cutting the teeth of combs.

Staddle, stad′l, n. anything that serves for support: a staff or crutch: a stack-stand: a small tree. [A.S. stathol, foundation; Ger. stadel.]

Stadia, stā′di-a, n. a temporary surveying station: an instrument for measuring distances.—n. Stadiom′eter, a self-recording theodolite.

Stadium, stā′di-um, n. a Greek measure of length, 600 podes=582 English feet, the Greek foot being .971 of an English foot:—pl. Stā′dia.

Stadtholder, stad-hōl′dėr, n. a barbarous English form of the Dutch Stadhouder, 'stead-holder,' of which the French lieu-tenant is a literal translation, Statthalter being the corresponding German.

Staff, staf, n. a stick carried for support or defence: a prop: a long piece of wood: pole: a flagstaff: the long handle of an instrument: a stick or ensign of authority: the five lines and spaces on which music is written: a stanza (the previous meanings have pl. Staffs or Staves, stāvz): a body of skilled officers whose duty it is, under orders from the commanding officers of various grades, to arrange the movements and supply of the various bodies which go to make up an army: a similar body of persons in any undertaking, acting under a manager or chief (the last two meanings have pl. Staffs, stafs).—ns. Staff′-captain, the senior grade in the navigating branch in the British navy; Staff′-coll′ege, a college where military officers are trained in the higher branches of professional knowledge, and prepared for holding staff-appointments; Staff′-corps, a body of intelligent officers and men who performed engineering and siege duties, made reconnaissances, &c. during the wars of Wellington; (Indian) a body of British officers serving on the permanent Indian establishment, appointed from it to do duty with native regiments, &c.; Staff′-dū′ty, the occupation of an officer who serves on a staff, having been detached from his regiment; Staff′-notā′tion, musical notation in which a staff is used, as opposed to the tonic-solfa system; Staff′-sur′geon, a navy surgeon of senior grade; Staff′-sys′tem, a block-system in use on single-line railways in which the station-master gives the engine-driver a staff authorising him to proceed over a given portion. [A.S. stæf; Ice. stafr, Ger. stab.]

Stag, stag, n. the male deer, esp. one of the red deer:—fem. Hind: a speculator who applies for shares or stock in new concerns quoted at a premium, hoping to obtain an allotment and secure a profit without holding the stock, one who sells new securities quoted at a premium before allotment.—v.t. to follow, to dog, to shadow.—v.i. to act as a stag on the stock-exchange.—ns. Stag′-bee′tle, a genus of Lamellicorn beetles, nearly allied to the Scarabees, the males with large projecting mandibles; Stag′-dance, -part′y, a dance or party of men only; Stag′hound, a name applied both to the buck-hound and the Scottish deer-hound. [Ice. steggr, a male animal, stiga, to mount.]

Stage, stāj, n. an elevated platform, esp. in a theatre: the theatre: theatrical representations, the theatrical calling: any place of exhibition or performance: a place of rest on a journey or road: distance between places: degree of progress.—v.t. to represent or place for representation on the stage.—ns. Stage′-coach, a coach that runs regularly with passengers from stage to stage; Stage′-craft, skill in putting a play on the stage; Stage′-door, the actors' entrance to a theatre; Stage′-driv′er, one who drives a stage; Stage′-effect′, theatrical effect; Stage′-fē′ver, a passion to go on the stage; Stage′-fright, nervousness before an audience, esp. for the first time; Stage′-man′ager, one who superintends the production of plays, and has general charge of everything behind the curtain; Stage′-play, a play for representation on a stage; Stage′-play′er, a player on the stage; Stā′ger, a stage-horse: one who has had much experience in anything.—adj. Stage′-struck, sorely smitten with stage-fever.—ns. Stage′-wag′on, a wagon for conveying goods and passengers at fixed times; Stage′-whis′per, a loud whisper, as that of an actor meant to be heard by the audience.—adjs. Stā′gey, Stā′gy, suggesting the stage, theatrical.—ns. Stā′giness; Stā′ging, a structure for workmen in building. [O. Fr. estage (Fr. étage), a story of a house, through a L. form staticus, from stāre, to stand.]

Stagger, stag′ėr, v.i. to reel from side to side: to begin to give way: to begin to doubt: to hesitate.—v.t. to cause to reel: to cause to doubt or hesitate: to shock.—adv. Stagg′eringly.—n. Stagg′ers, a popular term applied to several diseases of horses.—Grass, or Stomach, staggers, an acute indigestion; Mad, or Sleepy, staggers, an inflammation of the brain. [Ice. stakra, to push, freq. of staka, to push.]

Stagirite, Stagyrite, staj′i-rīt, adj. pertaining to Stageira in Macedonia.—n. a native or inhabitant thereof, esp. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.).

Stagnant, stag′nant, adj. stagnating: not flowing: motionless: impure from being motionless: not brisk: dull.—n. Stag′nancy, the state of being stagnant.—adv. Stag′nantly.—v.i. Stag′nate, to cease to flow: to become dull or motionless.—n. Stagnā′tion, act of stagnating: state of being stagnant or motionless: dullness. [L. stagnans, -antis, pr.p. of stagnāre.]

Stahlianism, stäl′i-an-izm, n. the doctrines of Georg Ernst Stahl, a German physician (1660-1734), who held that there exists a mysterious force residing in, but independent of, matter, not only forming the body, but directing it in all its functions—also Stahl′ism.—adj. Stahl′ian.

Staid, stād, adj. steady: sober: grave.—adv. Staid′ly.—n. Staid′ness. [For stayed—stay.]

Stain, stān, v.t. to tinge or colour: to give a different colour to: to impregnate, as a tissue, with some substance whose reaction colours some parts but not others, thus making form or structure plainly visible: to dye: to mark with guilt or infamy: to bring reproach on: to sully: to tarnish.—v.i. to take or impart a stain.—n. a discoloration: a spot: taint of guilt: cause of reproach: shame.—n. Stain′er, one who stains or blots: a dyer.—adj. Stain′less, without or free from stain.—adv. Stain′lessly.—n. Stain′lessness.—Stained glass, glass painted with certain pigments fused into its surface. [Short for distain—O. Fr. desteindre—L. dis-, away, tingĕre, to dye.]

Stair, stār, n. a series of steps for ascending to a higher level: one of such steps: a flight of steps, only in pl.: (Spens.) a degree.—ns. Stair′-car′pet, carpet suitable for stairs; Stair′case, a flight of stairs with balusters, &c.; Stair′-rod, one of a number of metallic rods for holding a stair-carpet in its place.—adv. Down′stairs, in the lower part of a house—opp. to Upstairs.—Back-stairs, adjectively for secret, underhand; Below stairs, in a lower story, in the basement. [A.S. stǽager—stígan, to ascend; Ger. steigen, to climb, Ice. stegi, a step.]

Staith, Stathe, stāth, n. (prov.) the extremity of a line of rails laid on a platform, for discharging coals, &c., into vessels. [A.S. stæth, steth, bank.]

Stake, stāk, n. a strong stick pointed at one end: one of the upright pieces of a fence: a post to which an animal is tied, esp. that to which a martyr was tied to be burned: martyrdom: a tinsmith's anvil: anything pledged in a wager: a prize, anything to gain or lose.—v.t. to fasten, or pierce with a stake: to mark the bounds of with stakes (often with off and out): to wager, to hazard.—ns. Stake′-hold′er, the person with whom the stakes in a wager are deposited; Stake′-net, a form of fishing-net hung on stakes.—At stake, hazarded, in danger. [A.S. staca, a stake.]

Stalactite, sta-lak′tīt, n. a deposit of carbonate of lime, hanging like an icicle from the roof of a cavern, formed by the dripping of water.—adjs. Stalac′tic, -al, Stalactit′ic, -al, having the form or properties of a stalactite; Stalac′tiform, like a stalactite. [Gr. stalaktos—stalazein, to drip.]

Stalagmite, sta-lag′mīt, n. a deposit of carbonate of lime, &c., on the floor of a cavern, usually cylindrical or conical in form, caused by the dripping from the roof of water holding some substance in solution; it is the counterpart to a Stalactite, and both are often fused together, forming a Stalactitic column.—adjs. Stalagmit′ic, -al, having the form of stalagmites.—adv. Stalagmit′ically. [Gr. stalagmos, a dropping—stalazein, to drip.]

Stale, stāl, adj. too long kept: tainted: vapid or tasteless from age, as beer: not new: worn out by age: decayed: no longer fresh, trite: in athletics, over-trained, hence unfit, as in 'gone stale.'—n. anything become stale: urine of cattle, &c.: (Shak.) a whore.—v.t. to render insipid, to make common.—v.i. to make water, as beasts.—adv. Stale′ly.—n. Stale′ness. [Prov. Eng. stale, conn. with Old Dut. stel, old. Skeat makes stale that which reminds one of the stable, tainted, &c.—Sw. stalla, to put into a stall, also to stale (as cattle)—Sw. stall, a stable.]

Stale, stāl, n. something offered or exhibited as an allurement to draw others to any place or purpose: (Spens.) a decoy, a gull: (Shak.) a dupe, laughing-stock.—n. Stall, a thief's assistant. [A.S. stalu, theft—stelan, to steal.]

Stale, stāl, n. the handle of anything, a stalk. [A.S. stæl, stel, a stalk.]

Stalemate, stāl′māt, n. in chess-playing, the position of the king when he cannot move without being placed in check.—v.t. to put into a condition of stalemate: to bring to a standstill.

Stalk, stawk, n. the stem of a plant: the stem on which a flower or fruit grows: the stem of a quill: the handle of anything, the stem: a tall chimney.—p.adj. Stalked, having a stalk.—adjs. Stalk′-eyed, podophthalmous, as a crustacean; Stalk′less, having no stalk; Stalk′y, hard as a stalk: resembling a stalk. [An extension of A.S. stæl, stel (cf. Ice. stilkr, Dan. stilk); cog. with Ger. stiel, which is allied to, perh. borrowed from, L. stilus, a stake.]

Stalk, stawk, v.i. to walk as on stilts: to walk with long, slow steps: to walk behind a stalking-horse: to pursue game by approaching behind covers.—v.t. to approach secretly in order to kill, as deer.—n. a stately step: the pursuit of game by stealthy approach.—ns. Stalk′er, one who stalks, as a deer-stalker: a kind of fishing-net: (pl.) the Gradatores; Stalk′ing, the act of approaching game warily or behind a cover; Stalk′ing-horse, a horse behind which a sportsman hides while stalking game: a mask or pretence. [A.S. stælcan, to walk cautiously, stealc, high; Dan. stalke, to walk with long steps.]

Stalkoes, staw′kōz, n.pl. walking gentlemen. [Ir. stalcaire, a bully.]

Stall, stawl, n. a place where a horse or other animal stands and is fed: a division of a stable for a single animal: a stable: a bench or table on which articles are exposed for sale: one of the seats in churches reserved for the clergy and choir, usually lining the choir or chancel on both sides, also an office entitling one to such a seat, or its stipend: a reserved seat in a theatre, usually one of those in the front division of the parquet—orchestra stalls.—v.t. to put or keep in a stall.—v.i. to inhabit.—n. Stall′age, liberty of erecting stalls in a fair or market: rent paid for this liberty.—adj. Stalled, kept or fed in a stall, fatted.—v.t. Stall′-feed, to feed and fatten in a stall or stable.—ns. Stall′ing (Tenn.) stabling; Stall′inger (prov.), a keeper of a stall; Stall′man, one who keeps a stall for the sale of any article; Stall′-reader, one who stands and reads books at a bookstall. [A.S. steal; Ice. stallr, Ger. stall.]

Stallion, stal′yun, n. an uncastrated male horse, esp. one kept for breeding. [O. Fr. estalon (Fr. étalon)—Late L. equus ad stallum, a horse at stall.]

Stalwart, stawl′wart, adj. stout, strong, sturdy: determined in one's partisanship.—n. a resolute person.—(arch.) Stal′worth.—adv. Stal′wartly.—n. Stal′wartness—(arch.) Stal′worthiness. [M. E. stalworth—A.S. stæl-wyrthe, serviceable. Prob. stathol,foundation, weorth, good, worth.]

Stamen, stā′men, n. one of the male organs of a flower which produce the pollen:—pl. Stā′mens.—adj. Stā′mened, having stamens.—n. Stam′ina (prop. pl.), the principal strength of anything: the firm part of a body which supports the whole.—adjs. Stam′inal, Stamin′ēous, consisting of or possessing stamens: pertaining to, or attached to, the stamen: apetalous, as certain flowers; Stam′inate, -d, having or producing stamens; Staminif′erous, Staminig′erous, bearing or having stamens.—ns. Stam′inode, Staminō′dium, an abortive stamen; Stam′inody, a condition of flowers in which sepals, pistils, &c. are metamorphosed into stamens. [L. stamen (pl. stamina)—stāre, to stand.]

Stammel, stam′el, n. a kind of woollen cloth, dull red in colour: red colour.—adj. made of stammel, or like it in colour. [Earlier stamin—O. Fr. estamine—Low L. stamina—L. stamineus, stamen, a thread.]

Stammer, stam′ėr, v.i. to halt in one's speech, the result of failure in co-ordinate action of certain muscles and their appropriate nerves: to falter in speaking: to stutter.—v.t. to utter with hesitation.—n. hesitation in speech: defective utterance.—ns. Stamm′erer; Stamm′ering.—adv. Stamm′eringly. [A.S. stamor; Dut. stameren.]

Stamnos, stam′nos, n. an ancient Greek short-necked, two-handled wine-vase. [Gr.]

Stamp, stamp, v.t. to strike with the sole of the foot, by thrusting it down: to impress with some mark or figure: to imprint: to fix deeply: to coin: to form: to pound, bray, crush, bruise.—v.i. to step or plant the foot firmly down.—n. the act of stamping: the mark made by pressing something on a soft body: an instrument for making impressions on other bodies: that which is stamped: an official mark put on things chargeable with duty, as proof that the duty is paid: an instrument for cutting materials into a certain shape by a downward pressure: cast, form, character: distinguishing mark, imprint, sign, evidence: a species of heavy pestle, raised by water or steam power, for crushing and pulverising ores: (pl.) stamp-duties: (slang) money, esp. paper money.—ns. Stamp′-act, an act for regulating stamp-duties; Stamp′-collect′or, an officer who collects stamp-duties: one who makes a collection of postage or other stamps; Stamp′-dū′ty, a tax imposed on the paper on which legal documents are written; Stamp′er; Stamp′ing; Stamp′ing-machine′, a machine used for stamping coins, in the stamping of brass-work, or in crushing metallic ores; Stamp′-, Stamp′ing-mill, a crushing-mill for ores; Stamp′-note, a certificate from a custom-house officer for goods to be loaded as freight of a ship; Stamp′-off′ice, an office where stamp-duties are received and stamps issued.—Stamp out, to extinguish, extirpate. [A.S. stempan; Ger. stampfen.]

Stampede, stam-pēd′, n. a sudden fright seizing a herd of horses or other cattle, causing them to run: flight, or any sudden confused movement of a multitude, caused by panic.—v.i. to scamper off in panic. [Sp. estampido, a crash—estampar, to stamp.]

Stanch, stänsh, v.t. to stop the flowing of, as blood: to quench, allay.—v.i. (B.) to cease to flow.—adj. constant: trusty: zealous: sound, strong, firm.—n. Stanch′er.—adj. Stanch′less (Shak.), that cannot be stanched or stopped.—adv. Stanch′ly.—n. Stanch′ness. [O. Fr. estancher (Fr. étancher)—Low L. stancāre, to stanch—L. stagnāre, to be or make stagnant.]

Stanchion, stan′shun, n. an upright iron bar of a window or screen: (naut.) an upright beam used as a support.—v.t. to fasten by means of or to a stanchion.—A Scotch form is Stan′chel. [O. Fr. estançon—estancer, to stop, estance—Low L. stantia—L. stāre, to stand.]

Stand, stand, v.i. to cease to move: to be stationary: to occupy a certain position: to stagnate: to be at rest: to be fixed in an upright position, to be erect, to be on the feet—as opposed to sit, lie, kneel, &c.: to become or remain erect: to have a position or rank: to be in a particular state, to be with relation to something else: to maintain an attitude: to be fixed or firm: to keep one's ground: to remain unimpaired: to endure, to be consistent: to consist: to depend or be supported: to offer one's self as a candidate: to have a certain direction: to hold a course at sea.—v.t. to endure: to sustain: to suffer: to abide by: to be at the expense of, to offer and pay for:—pa.t. and pa.p. stood.—ns. Stand′er; Stand′er-by (Shak.), a spectator; Stand′er-up, one who stands up or who takes a side.—adj. Stand′ing, established: settled: permanent: fixed: stagnant: being erect.—n. continuance: existence: place to stand in: position in society: a right or capacity to sue or maintain an action.—n. Stand′ing-ground, a place on which to stand, any basis or principle on which one rests.—n.pl. Stand′ing-or′ders, the name given to permanent regulations made by either House of Parliament for the conduct of its proceedings, and enduring from parliament to parliament unless rescinded.—ns. Stand′ing-pool (Shak.), a pool of stagnant water; Stand′ing-rig′ging, the ropes in a ship that remain fixed; Stand′ing-room, place in which to stand.—n.pl. Stand′ing-stones, monoliths of unhewn stone, erected singly or in groups.—n. Stand′ish, a standing dish for pen and ink.—adj. Stand′-off, holding others off, reserved—also Stand′-off′ish.—ns. Stand′-off′ishness, a distant, reserved, and haughty manner; Stand′-pipe, a vertical pipe at a reservoir, into which the water is pumped up so as to give it a head: a small pipe inserted into an opening in a water-main: a pipe permitting expansion, as of hot water: a pipe sufficiently high for its contents to be forced into a boiler against the steam-pressure; Stand′-point, a station or position from which objects are viewed: a basis or fundamental principle according to which things are compared and judged; Stand′still, a standing without moving forward: a stop.—adj. Stand′-up, standing erect: done standing, noting a fair boxing-match.—Stand against, to resist; Stand by, to support; Stand fast, to be unmoved; Stand fire, to remain steady under the fire of an enemy—also figuratively; Stand for, to be a candidate for: (naut.) to direct the course towards; Stand from, to direct the course from; Stand in, to cost; Stand in with, to have a secret understanding with, as policemen with publicans; Stand low (print.), to fall short of the standard height; Stand off, to keep at a distance: to direct the course from: (Shak.) to forbear compliance or intimacy; Stand off and on, to sail away from shore and then towards it; Stand on, to continue on the same tack or course: (Shak.) to be satisfied or convinced of; Stand one's ground, to maintain one's position; Stand out, to project, to be prominent: not to comply, to refuse to yield; Stand to, to agree to, adhere to, abide by, maintain; Stand together, to agree, to be consistent with; Stand trial, not to give up without trial; Stand under (Shak.), to undergo, to sustain; Stand up, to rise from a sitting posture; Stand up for, to support or attempt to defend; Stand upon (B.), to attack; Stand up to, to meet face to face, to fulfil manfully; Stand up with, to dance with as a partner; Stand with, to be consistent. [A.S. standan; Goth. standan, Ger. stehen; cf. Gr. histanai, to place, L. stāre, to stand.]

Stand, stand, n. a place where one stands or remains for any purpose: a place beyond which one does not go, the highest or ultimate point: an erection for spectators at races, &c.: the place of a witness in court: something on which anything rests, a frame for glasses, &c.: a stop, obstruction, rest, quiescence: a state of cessation from action, motion, or business: a state of perplexity or hesitation: a difficulty, resistance.—Be at a stand, to stop on account of doubt or difficulty: to hesitate, to be perplexed; Make a stand, to halt and offer resistance; Put to a stand, to stop, arrest.

Standard, stand′ard, n. that which stands or is fixed, as a rule: the upright post of a truss: that which is established as a rule or model: a grade of classification in English elementary schools: a staff with a flag: an ensign of war: one of the two flags of a heavy cavalry regiment: (hort.) a standing shrub or tree, not supported by a wall.—adj. according to some standard: legal: usual: having a fixed or permanent value.—n. Stand′ard-bear′er, the soldier or junior officer who carries the colours: the spokesman or representative of a movement. [O. Fr. estandart—Old High Ger. standan, to stand, with suff. -art.]

Stang, stang, n. a wooden bar, a pole.—Riding the stang, a popular manner of punishing an unpopular man by carrying him astride of a stang. [A.S. stæng, a pole; Dut. stang.]

Stang, stang, v.i. (prov.) to throb with pain—also a Scotch form of sting.

Stanhope, stan′hōp, n. a light open one-seated carriage without a top, formerly with two wheels, now usually with four.

Staniel, stan′yel, n. the kestrel or windhover.—Also Stan′nel, Stan′yel. [A.S. stángella.]

Stank, stangk, n. (Scot.) a ditch, a pool, a tank. [O. Fr. estang, a pond—L. stagnum, a stagnant pool.]

Stannary, stan′ar-i, adj. of or relating to tin mines or works.—n. a tin-mine.—n. Stann′ate, a salt formed with stannic acid and a base.—adjs. Stann′ic, pertaining to, or procured from, tin; Stannif′erous, producing or containing tin.—n. Stann′ine, a mineral of a grayish-black colour, consisting chiefly of sulphur, tin, copper, and iron.—adj. Stann′ous, containing tin.—Stannary courts, courts in Cornwall for the tin-miners. [L. stannum, tin.]

Stanza, stan′za, n. a series of lines or verses connected with and adjusted to each other in a fixed order of sequence as regards length and metrical form: a division of a poem containing every variation of measure in the poem.—adj. Stanzā′ic. [It. stanza, a stop—Low L. stantia—L. stāre, stand.]

Stapelia, sta-pē′li-a, n. a genus of showy fleshy African plants of the milkweed family. [From J. B. van Stapel.]

Stapes, stā′pēz, n. the inmost of the three auditory ossicles, situated in the tympanum.—adjs. Stapē′dial, stirrup-shaped: pertaining to the stapes; Stapedif′erous, having a stapes.—n. Stapē′dius, a stapedial muscle. [Low L. stapes, a stirrup—Old High Ger. stapf, a step.]

Staphyline, staf′i-lin, adj. of the form of a bunch of grapes.—ns. Staph′yle, the uvula; Staphylō′ma, Staphylō′sis, a protrusion of any of the coats of the eye.—adjs. Staphylomat′ic; Staphylō′matous.—ns. Staph′yloplasty, the operation for replacing the soft palate; Staphylor′aphy, the operation of uniting a cleft palate; Staphylot′omy, the amputation of the uvula. [Gr. staphylē, a bunch of grapes, the uvula.]

Staple, stā′pl, n. a settled mart or market: the principal production or industry of a district or country: the principal element: the thread of textile fabrics: unmanufactured material.—adj. established in commerce: regularly produced for market.—n. Stā′pler, a dealer. [O. Fr. estaple—Low Ger. stapel, a heap.]

Staple, stā′pl, n. a loop of iron, &c., for holding a bolt, &c.: the metallic tube to which the reed is fastened in the oboe, &c. [A.S. stapel, a prop—stapan, step; cf. Ger. stapel.]

Star, stär, n. one of the bright bodies in the heavens, except the sun and moon: one of the heavenly bodies shining by their own light, and which keep the same relative position in the heavens: anything star-like or star-shaped: a representation of a star worn as a badge of rank or honour: a person of brilliant or attractive qualities: the chief actor or actress in a dramatic company: (print.) an asterisk (*).—v.t. to set with stars: to bespangle.—v.i. to shine, as a star: to attract attention: to appear as a star-actor (To Star it, esp. on a provincial tour):—pr.p. star′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. starred.—ns. Star′-ap′ple, the fruit of the West Indian tree Chrysophyllum Cainito; Star′-blast′ing, the noxious influence of the stars.—adjs. Star′-blind, so blind as not to see the stars: half-blind; Star′-broi′dered (Tenn.), embroidered with figures in the shape of stars.—ns. Star′-buzz′ard, an American goshawk; Star′-cat′alogue, a list of stars, with their places, magnitudes, &c.—adj. Star′-crossed, not favoured by the stars.—ns. Star′-drift, a common proper motion of a number of fixed stars in the same region of the heavens; Star′-dust, cosmic dust, matter in fine particles falling upon the earth from some outside source, like meteorites; Star′-finch, the redstart; Star′fish (Asteroidea), an Echinoderm, nearly allied to the Brittle-stars (Ophiuroidea) and to the Sea-urchins (Echinoidea); Star′-flow′er, one of various plants with bright star-shaped flowers, the Star-of-Bethlehem: chickweed; Star′-fort, a fort surrounded with projecting angles, like the points of a star; Star′-fruit, a small water-plant of southern Europe, with long-pointed radiating carpels; Star′-gāz′er, an astrologer: an astronomer; Star′-gāz′ing, astrology; Star′-grass, a grass-like plant, with star-shaped, yellow flowers; Star′-hy′acinth, a bulbous-rooted plant, a species of squill, with pinkish purple flowers, found on the coast in the south of England; Star′-jell′y, the common species of nostoc.—adj. Star′less, having no stars visible: having no light from stars.—n. Star′light, light or lustre of the stars.—adjs. Star′-like, resembling a star: radiated like a star: bright, illustrious; Star′lit, lighted by the stars.—ns. Star′-nose, a North American mole; Star′-of-Beth′lehem, a garden plant of the lily family, with bright white star-like flowers: the miraculous star of the Nativity (Matt. ii. 2, 9, 10).—adj. Star′-proof (Milt.), impervious to starlight.—n. Star′-read (Spens.), knowledge of the stars, astrology.—adj. Starred, adorned or studded with stars.—ns. Star′-reed, a South American plant used in Peru against dysentery, &c.; Star′riness.—adj. Star′ry, abounding or adorned with stars: consisting of, or proceeding from, the stars: like, or shining like, the stars.—n. Stars′-and-stripes, the flag of the United States of America, with thirteen stripes alternately red and white, and a blue field containing as many stars as there are states.—adj. Star′-spang′led, spangled or studded with stars.—n. Star′-stone, a variety of corundum which, when cut in a particular way, exhibits a reflection of light in the form of a star.—adj. Star′-strown (Tenn.), strewn or studded with stars.—ns. Star′-this′tle, a species of centaury, so called from its star-like flowers; Star′-wheel, a spur-wheel with V-shaped teeth; Star′wort, a genus of plants nearly allied to the Asters, with star-like flowers. [A.S. steorra; Ger. stern, L. stella (for sterula), Gr. astēr.]

Starboard, stär′bōrd, n. the right-hand side of a ship, to one looking toward the bow.—adj. pertaining to, or lying on, the right side of a ship. [A.S. steórbord—steór, a rudder, bord, a board, the side of a ship. Cf. Board and Larboard.]

Starch, stärch, n. the pure fecula or white farinaceous matter of vegetables, yielding a translucent jelly used for stiffening clothes in the laundry: stiffness, formality.—adj. stiff, rigid, formal.—adj. Starched, stiffened with starch: formal.—adv. Starch′edly.—ns. Starch′edness; Starch′er; Starch′-hy′acinth, a plant allied to the hyacinth, so called from the smell of the flower.—adv. Starch′ily, in a starch or stiff manner: formally.—ns. Starch′iness, the state or quality of being starchy: stiffness of manner: formality; Starch′-su′gar, glucose.—adj. Starch′y, consisting of, or like, starch: stiff: precise. [A special use of adj. stark; cf. Ger. stärke, starch—stark, strong.]

Star-chamber, stär′-chām′bėr, n. a tribunal with a civil and criminal jurisdiction, which met in the old council chamber of the palace of Westminster, abolished in the reign of Charles I. [Probably named from the gilt stars on the ceiling, hardly from the Jewish bonds (called starrs, from Heb. shetar) kept in the council-room.]

Stare, stār, v.i. to look at with a fixed gaze, as in horror, astonishment, &c.: to look fixedly.—v.t. to influence in some way by staring.—n. a fixed look.—ns. Stārēē′, one who is stared at; Stā′rer, one who stares or gazes; Stā′ring, the act of staring.—adv. Stā′ringly, in a staring manner: with a fixed look. [A.S. starian, from a Teut. root seen in Ger. starr, rigid; also in Eng. stern.]

Stark, stärk, adj. stiff: gross: absolute: entire: naked, an abbreviation of Stark′-nā′ked, quite naked, which is really a corr. of M. E. start-naked=tail-naked (A.S. steort, a tail).—adv. absolutely: completely.—v.t. to make stark, as in death.—v.t. Stark′en, to stiffen, to make obstinate.—adv. Stark′ly.—n. Stark′ness, the state or quality of being stark: stiffness; stoutness. [A.S. stearc, hard, strong; cog. Ice. sterk-r, Ger. stark.]

Starling, stärling, n. a genus Sturnus and family Sturnidæ of Passerine birds: (archit.) a ring of piles supporting the pier of a bridge. [Dim. from obs. stare—A.S. stær; Ger. staar, L. sturnus.]

Starost, stär′ost, n. a Polish noble holding a Star′osty or domain by grant of life-estate from the crown. [Pol. starosta, elder—stary, old.]

Start, stärt, v.i. to move suddenly aside: to wince: to deviate: to begin: to proceed: to give way somewhat.—v.t. to cause to move suddenly: to disturb suddenly: to rouse suddenly from concealment: to set in motion: to call forth: to invent or discover: to move suddenly from its place: to loosen: to empty: to pour out.—n. a sudden movement: a sudden motion of the body: a sudden rousing to action: an unexpected movement: a sally: a sudden fit: a quick spring: the first motion from a point or place: the outset.—n. Start′er, one who starts.—adj. Start′ful, apt to start.—adv. Start′ingly (Shak.), by fits or starts.—ns. Start′ing-point, the point from which anything starts, or from which motion begins; Start′ing-post, the post or barrier from which the competitors in a race start or begin the race.—adj. Start′ish, apt to start, skittish.—ns. Start′-up (Shak.), an upstart; Start′uppe (Spens.), a kind of high shoe or half-boot.—Start after, to set out after, to pursue; Start up, to rise suddenly, to come suddenly into notice.—Get, or Have, the start, to begin before another, to obtain an advantage over another. [M. E. sterten; closely akin to Dut. and Low Ger. storten, to plunge, Ger. stürzen.]

Startle, stärt′l, v.i. to start or move suddenly: to feel sudden alarm.—v.t. to excite suddenly: to shock: to frighten.—n. sudden alarm or surprise.—n. Start′ler.—adj. Start′ling, such as to strike with astonishment or alarm.—adv. Start′lingly.—adj. Start′lish, apt to start. [Extension of start.]

Starve, stärv, v.i. to die of hunger or cold: to suffer extreme hunger or want: to be in want of anything necessary, to deteriorate for want of anything essential.—v.t. to kill with hunger or cold: to destroy by want: to deprive of power.—n. Starvā′tion, act of starving: state of being starved.—adj. Starve′ling, hungry: lean: weak.—n. a thin, weak, pining animal or plant. [A.S. steorfan, to die; Dut. sterven, Ger. sterben, to die.]

Stasimon, stas′i-mon, n. an ode sung by the whole chorus, after the parode:—pl. Stas′ima. [Gr.]

Stasimorphy, stas′i-mor-fi, n. any deviation from the normal form of a bodily organ due to arrested development [Gr. stasis, standing.]

Stasis, stā′sis, n. the arrest of the blood in its circulation: one of the sections of a cathisma or portion of the psalter. [Gr.]

Statant, stā′tant, adj. (her.) standing with all the feet on the ground. [L. stāre, to stand.]

State, stāt, n. position: condition: situation: circumstances at any time: the whole body of people under one government: the public: the civil power: estate, one of the orders or classes of men forming the body politic (as nobles, clergy, commonalty): a body of men united by profession: rank, quality: pomp: dignity: style of living: stability, continuance: (pl.) the bodies constituting the legislature of a country: (obs.) a seat of dignity: a stage, condition, as of an etched or engraved plate at one particular stage of its progress.—adj. belonging to the state: public: royal: ceremonial: pompous: magnificent.—v.t. to set forth: to express the details of: to set down fully and formally: to narrate: to set in order: to settle.—adj. Stāt′able, capable of being stated.—ns. State′-craft, the art of managing state affairs; State′-crim′inal, one who commits an offence against the state, as treason.—adj. Stāt′ed, settled: established: fixed: regular.—adv. Stāt′edly.—ns. State′-house, the building in which the legislature of a state holds its sittings; Stāte′liness.—adj. Stāte′ly, showing state or dignity: majestic: grand.—adv. majestically: (Milt.) loftily.—ns. Stāte′ment, the act of stating: that which is stated: a narrative or recital; State′-pā′per, an official paper or document relating to affairs of state; State′-pris′on; State′-pris′oner, a prisoner confined for offence against the state; State′-relig′ion, the establishment or endowment by the government of a country of some particular form of religion; State′room, a stately room in a palace or mansion: principal room in the cabin of a ship; States′-gen′eral, the name given to the representative body of the three orders (nobility, clergy, burghers) of the French kingdom; States′man, a man acquainted with the affairs of government: one skilled in government: one employed in public affairs: a politician: one who farms his own estate, a small landholder.—adj. States′man-like, like a statesman.—adv. States′manly, in a manner becoming a statesman.—n. States′manship.—State socialism, a scheme of government which would entrust to the state the carrying on of the great enterprises of private industry; States of the Church, the former temporal possessions of the popes. [O. Fr. estat (Fr. état)—L. status, from stāre, stātum, to stand.]

Static, -al, stat′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to statics: pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium: resting: acting by mere weight.—adv. Stat′ically.—n. Stat′ics, the science which treats of the action of force in maintaining rest or preventing change of motion. [Gr. statikē (epistēmē, 'science,' being understood)—histēmi.]

Station, stā′shun, n. the place where a person or thing stands: post assigned: position: office: situation: occupation, business: state: rank: condition in life: the place where railway trains come to a stand in order to take up and set down passengers and goods, the buildings erected at such a place for railway business: a regular stopping-place: a stock farm in Australia: a district or branch police-office: the place in India where the group of English officials or the officers of a garrison reside: a recess in a mine-shaft or passage for a pumping-machine: (pl.) in R.C. usage, applied to certain places of reputed sanctity, appointed to be visited as places of prayer, any one of the fourteen (fifteen, or even eleven) images or pictures ranged round a church, starting from one side of the high altar and ending at the other, representing the several stages of the Passion—the whole series the Way of Calvary.—v.t. to assign a station to: to set: to appoint to a post, place, or office.—adj. Stā′tional.—n. Stā′tionariness.—adj. Stā′tionary, pertaining to a station: standing: fixed: settled: acting from, or in, a fixed position (as an engine): not progressing or retrogressing: not improving.—n. Stā′tioner, one who sells paper and other articles used in writing.—adj. Stā′tionery, belonging to a stationer.—n. the articles sold by a stationer.—ns. Stā′tion-house, a temporary place of arrest; Stā′tion-mas′ter, one who has charge of a station, esp. on a railway.—Stationers' Hall, the hall in London belonging to the Company of the Stationers, who enjoyed until the passing of the Copyright Act in 1842 an absolute monopoly of printing and publishing; Stationery Office, an office in London for providing books, stationery, &c. to the government offices at home and abroad, and for making contracts for the printing of government reports and other public papers. [Fr.,—L. statio—stāre, to stand.]

Statistics, sta-tist′iks, n. a collection of facts and figures regarding the condition of a people, class, &c.: the science which treats of the collection and arrangement of facts bearing on the condition—social, moral, and material—of a people.—adjs. Statist′ic, -al, pertaining to, or containing, statistics.—adv. Statist′ically.—n. Statistic′ian, one skilled in statistics. [Coined (as if from a form statistikē) from Gr. statizein, to set up.]

Stative, stā′tiv, adj. standing still, pertaining to a permanent camp: indicating a physical state or reflex action, of certain Hebrew verbs.

Statue, stat′ū, n. a likeness of a human being or animal carved out of some solid substance: an image—(obs.) Stat′ua.—n. Stat′ūary, the art of carving statues: a statue or a collection of statues: one who makes statues: a dealer in statues.—adj. Stat′ued, furnished with statues.—n. Statuette′, a small statue. [Fr.,—L. statua—statuĕre, to cause lo stand—stāre.]

Statuesque, stat-ū-esk′, adj. like a statue.—adv. Statuesque′ly. [Fr.]

Stature, stat′ūr, n. the height of any animal.—adj. Stat′ured, having a certain specified stature. [L. statura.]

Statute, stat′ūt, n. a law expressly enacted by the legislature (as distinguished from a customary law or law of use and wont): a written law: the act of a corporation or its founder, intended as a permanent rule or law.—adj. Stat′ūtable, made by statute: according to statute.—adv. Stat′ūtably.—ns. Stat′ute-book, a record of statutes or enacted laws; Stat′ute-cap (Shak.), a kind of cap enjoined to be worn by a statute passed in 1571 in behalf of the cap-makers; Stat′ute-roll, an enrolled statute.—adj. Stat′ūtory, enacted by statute: depending on statute for its authority. [L. statutum, that which is set up—statuĕre.]

Staunch, stawnsh, adj. firm in principle, pursuit, or support: trusty, hearty, constant, zealous.—adv. Staunch′ly.—n. Staunch′ness. [Stanch.]

Staurolite, stawr′ō-līt, n. a silicate of alumina with ferrous oxide, magnesia, and water, crystallising in trimetric forms, common as twinned cruciform crystals in certain states.—adj. Staurolit′ic.

Stave, stāv, n. one of the pieces of which a cask is made: a staff or part of a piece of music: a stanza.—v.t. to break a stave or the staves of: to break: to burst: to drive off, as with a staff: to delay:—pa.t. and pa.p. stāved or stōve. [By-form of staff.]

Stavesacre, stāvz′ā-kėr, n. a tall larkspur whose seeds yield delphinin for destroying lice. [O. Fr. stavesaigre—Low L. staphisagria—Gr. staphis, dried grapes, agrios, wild.]

Staw, staw, v.i. (prov.) to stand still, become fixed.—v.t. (Scot.) to surfeit, to scunner at.—n. a surfeit.

Stay, stā, v.i. to remain: to abide for any time: to continue in a state: to wait: to cease acting: to dwell: to trust.—v.t. to cause to stand: to stop: to restrain: to delay: to prevent from falling: to prop: to support, rest, rely:—pa.t. and pa.p. stayed, staid.—n. continuance in a place: abode for a time: stand: stop: a fixed state: a standstill: suspension of a legal proceeding: prop, support: (pl.) a kind of stiff inner waistcoat worn by women.—ns. Stay′-at-home, one who keeps much at home—also adj.; Stay′-bolt, a bolt or rod binding together opposite plates; Stay′er, one who, or that which, stops, holds, or supports: a person or animal of good lasting or staying qualities for a race, &c.; Stay′-lace, a lace for fastening a bodice; Stay′-mā′ker, one whose occupation is to make stays.—Stay the stomach, to allay the cravings of hunger for the time. [O. Fr. estayer, estaye—Old Dut. stade, a stay.]

Stay, stā, n. a large strong rope running from the head of one mast to another mast ('fore-and-aft' stay), or to the side of the ship ('back'-stay): the transverse piece in a chain-cable link.—v.t. to support or to incline to one side by means of stays: to put on the other tack, to cause to go about.—v.i. to change tack, to go about, to be in stays.—ns. Stay′sail, a sail extended on a stay; Stay′-tack′le, a large hoisting tackle fixed by a pendant to the mainstay of a ship.—Miss stays (see Miss). [A.S. stæg; Dut. stag, Ger. stag.]

Stayne, stān, v.t. (Spens.) to dim, deface, or disparage. [A form of stain.]

Stead, sted, n. the place which another had or might have: a fixed place of abode: use, help, service, as in 'To stand in good stead.'—n. Steading, the barns, stables, &c. of a farm. [A.S. stede, place; Ger. stadt, statt, place, Dut. stad, a town.]

Steadfast, sted′fast, adj. firmly fixed or established: firm: constant: resolute: steady.—adv. Stead′fastly.—n. Stead′fastness. [A.S. stedefæst, stede, a place, fæst, firm, fast.]

Steady, sted′i, adj. (comp. Stead′ier, superl. Stead′iest) firm in standing or in place: fixed: stable: constant: resolute: consistent: regular: uniform: sober, industrious.—v.t. to make steady: to make or keep firm:—pa.t. and pa.p. stead′ied.—n. a rest or support, as for the hand, a tool, or a piece of work.—adv. Stead′ily.—n. Stead′iness.—adj. Stead′y-gō′ing, of steady habits or action. [A.S. stæððig—stæð, stead, bank; Ger. stätig, continual.]

Steak, stāk, n. a slice of meat (esp. beef) broiled, or for broiling. [Prob. Ice. steik, steikja, to broil.]

Steal, stēl, v.t. to take by theft or feloniously: to take away without notice: to gain or win by address, insidiously, or by gradual means: to snatch: in golf, to hole a long putt by a stealthy stroke—the opposite of Gobble.—v.i. to practise theft: to take feloniously: to pass secretly: to slip in or out unperceived:—pa.t. stōle; pa.p. stōlen.—ns. Steal′er; Steal′ing, the act of taking another's property without his knowledge or consent: stolen property.—adv. Steal′ingly.—Steal a march on, to gain an advantage unperceived. [A.S. stelan; Ger. stehlen, Dut. stelen.]

Stealth, stelth, n. the act of stealing: a secret manner of bringing anything to pass.—adv. Stealth′ily.—n. Stealth′iness.—adj. Stealth′y, done by stealth: unperceived: secret.

Steam, stēm, n. the vapour of water—when dry, invisible and transparent like air, and not to be confused with the semi-liquid cloud which comes from the chimney of a locomotive; when superheated, changing the characteristics of a vapour for those belonging to what is known as a 'perfect gas:' the mist formed by condensed vapour: any vaporous exhalation: energy, force, spirit.—v.i. to rise or pass off in steam or vapour: to move by steam.—v.t. to expose to steam.—ns. Steam′boat, Steam′ship, Steam′-vess′el, a boat, ship, or vessel propelled by steam; Steam′-boil′er, a boiler for generating steam; Steam′-carriage, a carriage moved by steam on common roads; Steam′-chest, -dome, a chamber above a steam-boiler serving as a reservoir for steam; Steam′-crane, a crane worked by a steam-engine; Steam′-dig′ger, a machine for digging the soil by means of steam-power, the soil being thereby much more thoroughly pulverised than by ploughing; Steam′-en′gine, an engine or machine which changes heat into useful work through the medium of steam; Steam′er, a vessel moved by steam: a road-locomotive, &c.: a vessel in which articles are steamed; Steam′-gauge, an instrument for measuring the pressure of steam in a boiler; Steam′-gov′ernor, the governor of a steam-engine; Steam′-gun, a gun projecting a missile by means of steam; Steam′-hamm′er, a hammer consisting of a steam cylinder and piston placed vertically over an anvil, the hammer moved by the action of the steam; Steam′iness, the quality of being vaporous or misty; Steam′-jack′et, a hollow casing surrounding any vessel and into which steam may be admitted; Steam′-launch (see Launch); Steam′-navigā′tion, the propulsion of vessels by steam; Steam′-nav′vy, an excavator operated by steam in the making of docks, canals, &c.; Steam′-pack′et, a steam-vessel plying between certain ports; Steam′-pipe, a pipe for conveying steam; Steam′-plough, a plough or gang of ploughs worked by a steam-engine; Steam′-pow′er, the force of steam when applied to machinery; Steam′-press, a printing-press worked by steam; Steam′-print′ing, printing in which the presses are operated by steam; Steam′-trap, a contrivance for allowing the passage of water while preventing the passage of steam; Steam′-tug, a small steam-vessel used in towing ships; Steam′-whis′tle, an apparatus attached to a steam-engine through which steam is discharged, producing a sound in the manner of a common whistle.—adj. Steam′y, consisting of, or like, steam: full of steam or vapour.—n. Steam′-yacht, a yacht propelled by steam. [A.S. steám; cog. with Dut. stoom.]

Stean, Steen, stēn, n. a stone or earthenware vessel.—n. Stean′ing, the stone or brick lining of a well, &c. [A.S. stæn, stone.]

Stearine, stē′a-rīn, n. one of the fats occurring in animals and plants, the chief constituent of the more solid fats, such as mutton suet.—n. Stē′arāte, a salt formed by the combination of stearic acid with a base.—adj. Stēar′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, stearine.—n. Stēarrhē′a, an abnormal increase of secretion from the oil-glands of the skin.—Stearic acid, an acid abundant in fats. [Gr. stear, steatos, suet—histanai, to make to stand, to fix.]

Steatite, stē′a-tīt, n. soapstone, a compact or massive variety of talc, a hydrous silicate of magnesia, white or yellow, soft and greasy to the touch—used by tailors for marking cloth, and called Briançon Chalk, French Chalk, and Venice Talc.—adj. Stēatit′ic.—ns. Stēatī′tis, inflammation of the fatty tissue; Stē′atocele, a fatty tumour in the scrotum; Stēatō′ma, a fatty encysted tumour.—adj. Stēatom′atous.—n. Stēatop′yga, an accumulation of fat on the buttocks of the Bushmen women.—adj. Stēatop′ygous, fat-buttocked.—n. Stēatō′sis, fatty degeneration of an organ, as the heart. [Gr. steatitēs—stear, steatos, suet.]

Steboy, ste-boi′, interj. a cry in setting on a dog.—Also Hist′aboy.

Steed, stēd, n. a horse or stallion, esp. a spirited horse. [A.S. stéda, from stód, a stud; Ger. stute, a stud-mare, ge-stüte, a stud.]

Steek, stēk, n. (Scot.) a stitch.—v.t. to pierce, to stitch: to close.

Steel, stēl, n. iron combined in varying proportions with carbon for making edged tools: any instrument or weapon of steel: an instrument of steel for sharpening knives on: a strip of steel for stiffening a corset: a piece of steel for striking fire from a flint: extreme hardness: a chalybeate medicine.—adj. made of steel: hard, unfeeling.—v.t. to overlay or edge with steel: to harden: to make obdurate.—adj. Steel′-clad, clad with steel-mail.—ns. Steel′-engraving, the art of engraving pictures on steel plates from which impressions may be taken, the impression or print so taken; Steel′iness, state of being steely, great hardness; Steel′ing, the welding of a steel edge on a cutting instrument; Steel′-pen, a pen-nib made of steel; Steel′-plate, a plate of steel: a plate of polished steel on which a design is engraved, the print taken from such.—adj. Steel′-plāt′ed, plated with steel.—n.pl. Steel′-toys, small articles of steel as buttons, buckles, &c.—n. Steel′-ware, articles made of steel collectively.—adj. Steel′y, made of steel: steel-like. [A.S. stýle; Ger. stahl.]

Steelbow, stēl′bō, n. (Scots law) a term for goods, such as corn, cattle, straw, and implements of husbandry delivered by the landlord to his tenant, by means of which the latter is enabled to stock and labour the farm, and in consideration of which he becomes bound to return articles equal in quantity and quality at the expiration of the lease.

Steelyard, stēl′yärd, n. the Roman balance, an instrument for weighing, consisting of a lever with unequal arms, in using which a single weight or counterpoise is employed, being moved along a graduated beam. [Orig. the yard in London where steel was sold by German merchants.]

Steenbok, stān′bok, n. one of several small African antelopes. [Dut., steen, stone, bok, buck.]

Steenkirk, stēn′kerk, n. a lace cravat loosely worn, so named from the defeat of William III. by Luxembourg at Steenkerke, August 3, 1692.

Steep, stēp, adj. rising or descending with great inclination: precipitous: difficult, excessive, exorbitant.—n. a precipitous place: a precipice.—adj. Steep′-down (Shak.), deep and precipitous.—v.i. Steep′en, to become steep.—ns. Steep′iness, Steep′ness, the state or quality of being steep.—adv. Steep′ly.—adj. Steep′y, steep. [A.S. steáp; Ice. steypthr.]

Steep, stēp, v.t. to dip or soak in a liquid: to imbue.—n. something steeped or used in steeping: a fertilising liquid for seed: rennet.—n. Steep′er, a vessel in which articles are steeped. [Scand., Ice. steypa, to make to stoop, pour out, causal of stúpa, to stoop.]

Steeple, stēp′l, n. a tower of a church or building, ending in a point: the high head-dress of the 14th century.—adj. Steep′led, furnished with a steeple: adorned with, or as with, steeples or towers.—ns. Steep′le-hat, a high and narrow-crowned hat; Steep′le-house, an old Quaker name for the building in which believers meet for worship; Steep′lejack, one who climbs steeples and chimney-stalks to make repairs. [A.S. stýpel, stepel—steáp, steep.]

Steeplechase, stēp′l-chās, n. a horserace run across the open country, over hedges, ditches, walls, and other obstacles.—n. Steep′lechāser, one who rides such.

Steer, stēr, n. a young ox, esp. a castrated one from two to four years old.—n. Steer′ling, a little or young steer. [A.S. steór; Ger. stier.]

Steer, stēr, v.t. to direct with the helm: to guide: to govern.—v.i. to direct a ship in its course: to be directed: to move.—ns. Steer′age, act or practice of steering: the effect of a rudder on the ship: an apartment in the fore-part of a ship for passengers paying a lower rate of fare; Steer′age-way, sufficient movement of a vessel to enable it to be controlled by the helm; Steer′er, Steers′man, a man who steers a ship; Steer′ing; Steer′ing-wheel, the wheel by which the rudder of a ship is turned. [A.S. steóran, stýran, to steer; Ger. steuern.]

Steeve, stēv, n. a spar with a block at the end for packing close certain kinds of cargo: the angle which the bowsprit of a ship makes with the horizon or the line of her keel.—Also Steev′ing.

Steganography, steg-an-og′ra-fi, n. the art of writing in cipher or secret characters.—n. Steganog′raphist, one who writes in cipher. [Gr. steganos, concealed—stegein, to cover, graphein, to write.]

Steganopus, ste-gan′ō-pus, n. a genus of phalaropes with long slender bill.—adjs. Steg′anopod, Steganop′odous, having all four toes webbed, totipalmate.—n.pl. Steganop′odes, an order of swimming birds, with all four toes webbed and a gular pouch—cormorants, frigate-birds, pelicans, gannets. [Gr. steganos, covered, pous, podos, foot.]

Stegnosis, steg-nō′sis, n. constriction of the pores and vessels: constipation.—adj. Stegnot′ic.

Stegocephalous, steg-ō-sef′a-lus, adj. with the head mailed, loricate, cataphract. [Gr. stegein, to cover, kephalē, the head.]

Stegognathous, ste-gog′nā-thus, adj. having a jaw composed of imbricated plates. [Gr. stegein, to cover, gnathos, the jaw.]

Stegopterous, ste-gop′te-rus, adj. roof-winged, keeping the wings deflexed when at rest. [Gr. stegein, to cover, pteron, a wing.]

Stegosaurian, steg-ō-saw′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the Stegosau′ria, an order or suborder of dinosaurs, represented by the families Stegosauridæ and Scelidosauridæ.—n. Stegosau′rus, the typical genus of Stegosauridæ, with enormous bucklers and spines. [Gr. stegein, to cover, sauros, a lizard.]

Steinberger, stīn-ber′gėr, n. an esteemed Rhenish white wine, produced near Wiesbaden.

Steinbock, Steenbok, stēn′bok, n. the name given in German Switzerland to the ibex of the Alps. [Ger. stein, stone, rock, bock, buck, he-goat.]

Stele, stē′lē, n. an upright stone slab or tablet, either sepulchral or on which laws, decrees, &c. are inscribed—also Stē′la.—adj. Stē′lene.—n. Stelog′raphy, the practice of writing on steles. [L.,—Gr. stēlē—histanai, to set, stand.]

Stellar, stel′ar, Stellary, stel′ar-i, adj. relating to the stars: starry.—n. Stellā′ria, a genus of tufted plants of the pink family—the chickweeds or starworts.—adjs. Stell′āte, -d, like a star: radiated; Stelled (Milt.), starry: (Shak.) set or fixed; Stellif′erous, thickly abounding with stars; Stell′iform, star-shaped; Stell′ular, formed like little stars; Stell′ulate (bot.), like a little star. [L. stellaris—stella, a star.]

Stem, stem, n. the ascending axis of a plant, which usually bears leaves and flowers, and maintains communication between the roots and the leaves: the little branch supporting the flower or fruit: a race or family: branch of a family.—n. Stem′-leaf, a leaf growing from the stem.—adj. Stem′less (bot.), wanting a stem, or having it so little developed as to seem to be wanting.—ns. Stem′let, a little or young stem; Stem′ma, a pedigree or family tree: an ocellus.—adjs. Stem′matous; Stemmed. [A.S. stæfn, stefn, stemn, from stæf, a staff; Ger. stab.]

Stem, stem, n. the prow of a ship: a curved piece of timber at the prow to which the two sides of a ship are united.—v.t. to cut, as with the stem: to resist or make progress against: to stop, to check:—pr.p. stem′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. stemmed.—From stem to stern, from one end of a vessel to the other: completely, throughout. [Same word as above.]

Stempel, stem′pel, n. a timber helping to support a platform.—Also Stem′ple.

Stemson, stem′sun, n. an arching piece of compass-timber behind the apron of a vessel, and supporting its scarfs.

Stench, stensh, n. stink: a strong bad odour or smell.—adj. Stench′y. [A.S. stenc; Ger. stank.]

Stencil, sten′sil, n. a plate of metal, &c., with a pattern cut out, which is impressed upon a surface by drawing a brush with colour over it.—v.t. to print or paint by means of a stencil:—pr.p. sten′cilling; pa.t. and pa.p. sten′cilled.—ns. Sten′ciller, one who does stencil-work; Sten′cilling, a method of printing letters or designs, the pattern cut out on a thin plate, and brushed over so as to mark the surface below. [O. Fr. estinceller, estincelle—L. scintilla, a spark.]

Stend, stend, v.i. (prov.) to rear, leap, walk with long strides.—n. a leap.

Stenochrome, sten′ō-krōm, n. a print from a series of pigment-blocks arranged.—n. Sten′ochromy, the art of printing in several colours at one impression. [Gr. stenos, narrow, chrōma, colour.]

Stenography, sten-og′ra-fi, n. art of writing very quickly by means of abbreviations: shorthand.—n. Sten′ograph, a character used in stenography: a stenographic machine.—v.i. to represent by means of stenography.—ns. Stenog′rapher, Stenog′raphist.—adjs. Stenograph′ic, -al. [Gr. stenos, narrow, graphein, to write.]

Stenopaic, sten-ō-pā′ik, adj. having a narrow opening. [Gr. stenos, narrow, opē, an opening.]

Stenosis, sten-ō′sis, n. constriction of the pores and vessels: constipation.—adjs. Stenosed′, contracted morbidly; Stenot′ic, abnormally contracted. [Gr., stenos, narrow.]

Stenotypy, sten′o-tīp-i, n. a system of shorthand representing by ordinary letters shortened signs of words or phrases.—n. Sten′otype, such a symbolic letter or combination of letters.—adj. Stenotyp′ic.

Stent, stent, v.t. (prov.) to stint, restrain.—n. extent, limit, amount of work required. [Stint.]

Stentor, stent′or, n. a very loud-voiced herald in the Iliad, hence any person with a remarkably loud voice: the ursine howler.—adj. Stentō′rian, very loud or powerful. [Gr.]

Step, step, n. a pace: the distance crossed by the foot in walking or running: a small space: degree: one remove in ascending or descending a stair: round of a ladder: footprint: manner of walking: proceeding: action: the support on which the lower end of a mast, or staff, or a wheel rests: (pl.) walk, direction taken in walking: a self-supporting ladder with flat steps.—v.i. to advance or retire by pacing: to walk: to walk slowly or gravely: to walk a short distance: to move mentally.—v.t. to set, as a foot: to fix, as a mast:—pr.p. step′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stepped.—ns. Step′per, one who steps; Step′ping-stone, a stone for stepping on to raise the feet above the water or mud; Step′stone, a door-step.—Step aside, to walk to a little distance, as from company: to err; Step in, or into, to enter easily or unexpectedly; Step out, to go out a little way: to increase the length of the step and so the speed; Step short, to shorten the length of one's step. [A.S. stæpe—stapan, to go; Dut. stap, Ger. stapfe.]

Step-child, step′-chīld, n. one who stands in the relation of a child through the marriage of a parent—also Step′-bairn. So Step′-broth′er; Step′-daugh′ter; Step′-fa′ther; Step′-moth′er, or -dame; Step′-sis′ter; Step′-son.—n. Step′-coun′try, an adopted country. [A.S. steóp-, as in steóp-módor; Ger. stieb-; orig. an adj. sig. bereft.]

Stephane, stef′a-nē, n. an ancient Greek head-dress like a coronet. [Gr.,—stephein, to crown.]

Stephanite, stef′a-nīt, n. a metallic iron-black silver sulph-antimonite.—Also Brittle silver ore and Sulph-antimonite of silver.

Stephanotis, stef-a-nō′tis, n. a genus of shrubby twining plants of the milkweed family. [Gr. stephanos, a crown, ous, ōtos, the ear.]

Steppe, step, n. one of the vast uncultivated plains in the south-east of Europe and in Asia. [Russ. stepe.]

Stercoral, ster′ko-ral, adj. pertaining to excrement—also Ster′corary, Stercorā′ceous.—ns. Ster′coranist, Stercorā′rian, one who held that the sacramental bread was digested and evacuated like other food; Stercorā′rianism; Stercorā′rius, a genus of Laridæ, the dung-hunters or skuas.—v.t. Ster′corate, to manure.

Sterculia, ster-kū′li-a, n. the typical genus of Sterculiaceæ, a family of large trees and shrubs, with mucilaginous and demulcent properties—Gum-tragacanth, &c. [L. stercus, dung.]

Stere, stēr, n. a cubic unit of metric measure—a cubic mètre, equivalent to 35.3156 English cubic feet.—Decastère=10 steres; Decistère=1⁄10 stere. [Fr. stère—Gr. stereos, solid.]

Stereobate, ster′ē-ō-bāt, n. the substructure on which a building is based.—adj. Stereobat′ic. [Gr. stereos, solid, batos, verbal of bainein, to go.]

Stereochromy, ster′ē-ō-krō-mi, n. a process of painting on stone or plaster-work, the colours rendered permanent by a solution of fluoric acid.—n. Stē′reochrome, a picture of this kind.—adj. Stereochrō′mic.—adv. Stereochrō′mically. [Gr. stereos, hard, chrōma, colour.]

Stereoelectric, ster′ē-ō-ē-lek′trik, adj. pertaining to electric currents produced when two solids are brought together at different temperatures.

Stereograph, stē′rē-ō-graf, n. a double photograph for viewing in a stereoscope—also Stē′rēōgram.—adjs. Sterēograph′ic, -al, pertaining to stereography: made according to stereography: delineated on a plane.—adv. Sterēograph′ically.—n. Sterēog′raphy, the art of showing solids on a plane. [Gr. stereos, hard, graphein, to write.]

Stereometer, stē-re-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the specific gravity of bodies solid and liquid.—adjs. Sterēomet′ric, -al.—adv. Sterēomet′rically.—n. Sterēom′etry, the art of measuring the solid contents of solid bodies. [Gr. stereos, hard, metron, measure.]

Stereopticon, ster-ē-op′ti-kon, n. a double magic-lantern, by means of which the one picture appears to dissolve gradually into the other.

Stereoscope, ster′ē-ō-skōp, n. an instrument in which each of two pictures is examined by a separate lens, and the two lenses are inclined so as to shift the images towards one another, and thus to ensure or to facilitate the blending of the two images into one, standing out in relief with solidity.—adjs. Sterēoscop′ic, -al, pertaining to the stereoscope.—adv. Sterēoscop′ically.—ns. Stē′rēoscopist; Sterēos′copy. [Gr. stereos, solid, skopein, see.]

Stereotomy, ster-ē-ot′ō-mi, n. the art of cutting solids into figures by certain sections.—adjs. Sterēo tom′ic, -al. [Gr. stereos, solid, temnein, to cut.]

Stereotrope, ster′ē-ō-trōp, n. an optical contrivance by which an object is brought into relief and made to appear as if in motion. [Gr. stereos, solid, tropē, a turning.]

Stereotype, stē′rē-ō-tīp, n. a solid metallic plate for printing, cast from an impression of movable types, taken on some plastic substance: art of fabricating solid casts in type-metal from pages of movable type.—adj. pertaining to, or done with, stereotypes.—v.t. to make a stereotype of: to print with stereotypes.—p.adj. Stē′reotyped, transferred as letterpress from set-up movable type to a mould, and thence to a metal plate: fixed; unchangeable, as opinions.—ns. Stē′reotyper, Stē′reotypist, one who makes stereotype plates.—adj. Stēreotyp′ic.—ns. Sterēotypog′rapher, a stereotype printer; Stēreotypog′raphy, the art, practice, or business of printing from stereotype plates; Stē′reotypy, the art or employment of making stereotype plates. [Gr. stereos, solid, and type.]

Sterigma, stē-rig′ma, n. (bot.) a stalk or support.—adj. Sterigmat′ic. [Gr. stērigma, a prop.]

Sterile, ster′il, adj. unfruitful: barren: (bot.) producing no pistil, or no spores: destitute of ideas or sentiment.—n. Sterilisā′tion, act of sterilising.—v.t. Ster′ilise, to cause to be fruitless: to destroy bacteria or other micro-organisms in.—ns. Ster′iliser, anything which sterilises; Steril′ity, quality of being sterile: unfruitfulness, barrenness, in regard to reproduction. [O. Fr.,—L. sterilis, barren.]

Sterling, stėr′ling, adj. a designation of British money—pure, genuine, of good quality—also generally, of value or excellence, authoritative. [Orig. the name of a penny; prob. from the Hanse merchants or Easterlings ('men from the east'), from North Germany, who had probably the privilege of coining money in England in the 13th century.]

Stern, stėrn, adj. severe of countenance, manner, or feeling: austere: harsh: unrelenting: steadfast.—adv. Stern′ly.—n. Stern′ness. [A.S. styrne.]

Stern, stėrn, n. the hind-part of a vessel: the rump or tail of an animal.—v.t. to back a boat, to row backward.—ns. Stern′age (Shak.), the steerage or stern of a ship; Stern′board, backward motion of a ship: loss of way in tacking; Stern′-chase, a chase in which one ship follows directly in the wake of another; Stern′-chās′er, a cannon in the stern of a ship.—adj. Sterned, having a stern of a specified kind.—ns. Stern′-fast, a rope or chain for making fast a ship's stern to a wharf, &c.; Stern′-frame, the sternpost, transoms, and fashion-pieces of a ship's stern.—adj. Stern′most, farthest astern.—ns. Stern′port, a port or opening in the stern of a ship; Stern′post, the aftermost timber of a ship which supports the rudder; Stern′sheets, the part of a boat between the stern and the rowers; Stern′son, the hinder extremity of a ship's keelson, to which the sternpost is bolted; Stern′way, the backward motion of a vessel; Stern′-wheel′er (U.S.), a small vessel with one large paddle-wheel at the stern. [Ice. stjórn, a steering.]

Sternum, stėr′num, n. the breast-bone.—adj. Ster′nal.—n. Sternal′gia, pain about the breast-bone, esp. angina pectoris.—adjs. Sternal′gic; Ster′nebral, pertaining to the Ster′nebra or serial segments of which the sternum of a vertebrate is composed.—n. Ster′nite, the ventral portion of the somite of an arthropod.—adjs. Sternit′ic; Sternocost′al, pertaining to, or connected with, the sternum and ribs: denoting those ribs and muscles attached to the sternum. [Gr. sternon, chest.]

Sternutation, stėr-nū-tā′shun, n. the act of sneezing.—adjs. Sternū′tātive, Sternū′tatory, that causes sneezing.—n. a substance that causes sneezing. [L. sternutatio—sternutāre, -ātum, inten. of sternuĕre, -utum, to sneeze.]

Stertorous, stėr′tō-rus, adj. snoring.—adv. Ster′torously.—n. Ster′torousness. [L. stertĕre, to snore.]

Stet, stet, v.t. to restore—generally on proof-sheets, in imperative, with a line of dots under the words to be retained. [L., 'let it stand,' 3d sing. pres. subj. of stāre, to stand.]

Stethiæum, steth-i-ē′um, n. the anterior half of a bird—opp. to Uræum.—n. Stethid′ium, in insects, the thorax. [Gr., stēthos, the breast.]

Stethometer, steth-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the relative mobility of the different sides of the chest in respiration.—n. Steth′ograph, an instrument for marking the respiratory movements of the thorax.—adj. Stethograph′ic. [Gr. stēthos, chest, metron, measure.]

Stethoscope, steth′ō-skōp, n. an instrument for auscultation, consisting of a tubular piece of wood to be applied to the patient's body—in the binaural form with tubes of rubber, &c., to convey the sounds to the physician's ears.—adjs. Stethoscop′ic, -al, pertaining to, or performed by, the stethoscope.—adv. Stethoscop′ically.—ns. Steth′oscopist; Steth′oscopy. [Gr. stēthos, the breast, skopein, to see.]

Stevedore, stēv′e-dōr, n. one who loads and unloads vessels. [A corr. of Sp. estivador, a wool-packer—estivar, to stow—L. stipāre, to press.]

Steven, stē′vn, n. (Spens.) a cry, a loud clamour. [A.S. stefn, the voice.]

Stew, stū, v.t. to simmer or boil slowly with little moisture.—v.i. to be boiled slowly and gently: (slang) to be in a state of worry or agitation: to read hard for an examination.—n. meat stewed: mental agitation: worry: (slang) one who reads hard: a room for bathing purposes: (pl.) a brothel.—ns. Stew′-pan, -pot, a pan, pot, used for stewing. [O. Fr. estuve (étuve), a stove—Old High Ger. stupā (Ger. stube), a heated room.]

Steward, stū′ard, n. one who manages the domestic concerns of a family or institution: one who superintends another's affairs, esp. an estate or farm: the manager of the provision department, &c., at sea: a manager at races, games, &c.: the treasurer of a congregation, a guild or society, &c.—ns. Stew′ardess, a female steward: a female who waits on ladies on shipboard; Stew′ardship, Stew′ardry, office of a steward: management; Stew′artry (Scot.), a stewardship, or the extent of a stewardship—still applied esp. to the county of Kirkcudbright.—Lord High Steward, one of the great officers of state, and anciently the first officer of the crown in England. [A.S. stíg-weard—stigo, a sty, weard, a ward.]

Sthenic, sthen′ik, adj. attended with increased action of the heart: strong, robust: inspiring.—n. Sthenī′a, strength. [Gr. sthenos, strength.]

Stibbler, stib′lėr, n. one who cuts the handfuls left by the reaper: a clerical locum tenens.

Stibium, stib′i-um, n. antimony.—adj. Stib′ial, like antimony.—n. Stib′ialism, poisoning by antimony.—adj. Stib′iāted, impregnated with antimony.—n. Stib′nite, native antimony trisulphide. [Gr.]

Stibogram, stib′ō-gram, n. a graphic record of footprints. [Gr. stibos, a track, gramma, a letter.]

Stich, stik, n. a verse or line of poetry, of whatever measure—used in composition: a row of trees.—ns. Stichā′rion, a Greek vestment like the Western alb; Stichē′ron, a troparion.—adj. Stich′ic, pertaining to a verse.—n. Stich′omancy, divination by the assumed meaning of a verse, text of Scripture, or literary passage taken at random.—adjs. Stichomet′ric, -al, pertaining to stichom′etry, stating the number of lines.—ns. Stichom′etry, measurement of manuscript by lines: a list stating such; Stichomyth′ia, dialogue in alternate lines; Stich′os, a line of ordinary length in measuring a manuscript: a verse or versicle in the usage of the Greek Church. [Gr. stichos, a row—steichein, to ascend.]

Stick, stik, v.t. to stab: to thrust in: to fasten by piercing: to fix in: to set with something pointed: to cause to adhere.—v.i. to hold to: to remain: to stop: to be hindered: to hesitate, to be embarrassed or puzzled: to adhere closely in affection:—pa.t. and pa.p. stuck.—ns. Stick′er, one who kills pigs, &c.: one who sticks to anything; Stick′ing, the act of stabbing; Stick′ing-place, the point at which a thing sticks or stays; Stick′ing-plas′ter, an adhesive plaster for closing wounds; Stick′-in-the-mud, an old fogy; Stick′it-min′ister (Scot.), a licentiate who never gets a pastoral charge.—Stick at, to hesitate: to persist at; Stick by, to be firm in supporting, to adhere closely to; Stick out, to be prominent, project; Stick pigs, to hunt wild hogs on horseback and transfix them with the spear; Stick to, to persevere in holding to; Stick up, to stand up: to waylay and plunder, as a mail-coach by bushrangers; Stick up for, to speak or act in defence of.—Be stuck on (U.S.), to be enamoured of; Stuck up, conceited. [A.S. stecan (assumed); Ger. stechen, Dut. steken; also A.S. stician, Ger. stecken, to set, stick fast.]

Stick, stik, n. a small shoot or branch cut off a tree: a staff or walking-stick: anything in the form of a stick, a cudgel: a piece of printers' furniture used to lock up a form in a chase, a printer's composing-stick: a stiff, stupidly obstinate person.—v.t. to furnish or set with sticks: to arrange in a composing-stick.—n. Stick′-in′sect, a walking-stick or phasmid insect. [A.S. sticca; Ice. stika.]

Stickle, stik′l, v.i. to interpose between combatants: to contend obstinately: to hesitate.—n. a sharp point, a prickle, a spine.—ns. Stick′leback, a small river-fish so called from the spines on its back; Stick′ler, a second or umpire in a duel: an obstinate contender, esp. for something trifling.—adj. Stick′ler-like (Shak.), in the manner of a stickler. [A dim. of stick (n.).]

Stickle, stik′l, adj. high, rapid.—n. a current below a waterfall. [A.S. sticol, steep.]

Sticky, stik′i, adj. that sticks or adheres: adhesive: glutinous.—n. Stick′iness. [Stick.]

Stiff, stif, adj. not easily bent: rigid: not liquid: rather hard than soft: not easily overcome: obstinate: not natural and easy: constrained: formal: hard to overcome, difficult: firm, of prices, &c.: dead, rigid in death: (naut.) keeping upright.—n. (slang) a corpse: negotiable paper: forged paper.—v.t. Stiff′en, to make stiff.—v.i. to become stiff: to become less impressible or more obstinate.—ns. Stiff′ener, one who, or that which, stiffens; Stiff′ening, something used to make a substance more stiff.—adj. Stiff′-heart′ed (B.), obstinate, stubborn.—adv. Stiff′ly.—n. Stiff′-neck, cervical myalgia, true torticollis.—adj. Stiff′-necked, obstinate, hard to move.—ns. Stiff′-neck′edness; Stiff′ness.—Do a bit of stiff, to accept or discount a bill. [A.S. stíf, stiff; Dut. stijf, Dan. stiv.]

Stifle, stī′fl, v.t. to stop the breath of by foul air or other means: to suffocate, smother: to extinguish: to suppress the sound of: to destroy: to suppress, conceal.—v.i. to suffocate.—adj. Stī′fling, close, oppressive. [Scand., Ice. stífla, to choke up; Norw. stivla.]

Stifle, stī′fl, n. the knee-joint on a horse's hind-leg, a disease of his knee-pan. [Perh. stiff.]

Stigma, stig′ma, n. a brand: a mark of infamy: (bot.) the top of a pistil: any special mark: a place on the skin which bleeds periodically:—pl. Stig′mas or Stig′mata.—n. Stigmā′ria, the root of the fossil plant sigillaria, found in the coal-measures.—n.pl. Stig′mata, the marks of the wounds on Christ's body, or marks resembling them, claimed to have been miraculously impressed on the bodies of certain persons, as Francis of Assisi in 1224.—adjs. Stigmat′ic, -al, marked or branded with a stigma: giving infamy or reproach.—adv. Stigmat′ically.—adj. Stigmatif′erous (bot.), stigma-bearing.—n. Stigmatisā′tion, the operation or effect of producing bleeding spots upon the body, as by hypnotism.—v.t. Stig′matise, to brand with a stigma.—n. Stig′matist, one impressed with the stigmata.—adj. Stig′matose, stigmatic: stigmatised.—n. Stigmatō′sis, a form of inflammation of the skin, occurring in spots.—adj. Stigmatyp′ic, pertaining to the making of impressions by means of scorching-hot plates.—ns. Stig′matypy, a species of printing with points, that consists of their arrangement in pictures; Stig′mē (Gr. paleog.), a dot used as a punctuation mark, esp. at the top of the line, equivalent to a period. [L.,—Gr.,—stizein, to mark.]

Stilbite, stil′bīt, n. a pearly and foliated variety of zeolite. [Gr. stilbein, to shine.]

Stile, stīl, n. a step, or set of steps, for climbing over a wall or fence. [A.S. stigel, a step—stígan; cf. Ger. steigen, to mount.]

Stiletto, sti-let′ō, n. a dagger with a slender and narrow blade: a pointed instrument for making eyelet-holes:—pl. Stilett′os.—v.t. to stab with a stiletto:—pr.p. stilett′oing; pa.t. and pa.p. stilett′oed. [It., dim. of stilo, a dagger—L. stilus, a stake.]

Still, stil, adj. silent: motionless: calm, subdued: not sparkling or effervescing: constant.—v.t. to quiet: to silence: to appease: to restrain.—adv. always, constantly: nevertheless, for all that: even yet: after that.—n. calm.—n. Still′-birth, the state of being still-born: anything born without life.—adj. Still′-born, dead when born.—ns. Still′er, one who stills or quiets; Still′-life, the class of pictures representing inanimate objects; Still′ness; Still′-room, an apartment where liquors, preserves, and the like are kept, and where tea, &c., is prepared for the table: a housekeeper's pantry; Still′-stand (Shak.), absence of motion.—adj. Still′y, still: quiet: calm.—adv. silently: gently. [A.S. stille, firm; Dut. stil, Ger. still.]

Still, stil, v.t. to cause to fall by drops: to distil.—n. an apparatus for distillation, consisting essentially of a vessel in which the liquid to be distilled is placed, the vapour being conducted by means of a head or neck to the condenser or worm, where it is cooled by water or other means, and again forms liquid.—adj. Still′iform, drop-shaped. [L. stillāre, to cause to drop—stilla, a drop, or simply a contr. for distil, like sport from disport.]

Stillage, stil′āj, n. a frame on which things are laid.—n. Still′ing, a stand.

Stillicide, stil′i-sīd, n. an urban servitude among the Romans, where a proprietor was not allowed to build to the extremity of his estate, but must leave a space regulated by the charter by which the property was held, so as not to throw the eavesdrop on the land of his neighbour—same as Eavesdrip.—n. Stillicid′ium, a morbid trickling. [L.]

Stilp, stilp, v.i. (Scot.) to go on crutches.—n.pl. Stilp′ers, crutches.

Stilt, stilt, n. one of a pair of props or poles with steps or supports at a sufficient distance from the lower end to allow a man standing on the steps to walk clear of the ground and with longer strides: a widely distributed genus (Himantopus) of wading-birds belonging to the Snipe family, having long slender bills and very long wings and legs—also Stilt′-bird, -plov′er.—v.t. to raise on stilts: to elevate by unnatural means.—adjs. Stilt′ed, Stilt′y, elevated as if on stilts: pompous.—n. Stilt′edness.—Stilted arch, an arch that does not spring directly from the impost, but from horizontal courses of masonry resting on it. [Scand., Sw. stylta; Dut. stelt, a stilt.]

Stilton, stil′ton, n. a rich white cheese—from Stilton in Huntingdonshire.

Stime, stīm, n. (Scot.) a ray of light, a glimmer.—Also Styme. [A.S. scima, a light.]

Stimulant, stim′ū-lant, adj. stimulating: increasing or exciting vital action.—n. anything that stimulates or excites: a stimulating medicine that increases the activity of the vital functions generally, or of one system or organ.—v.t. Stim′ulāte, to prick with anything sharp: to incite: to instigate: (physiol.) to produce increased action in.—n. Stimulā′tion, act of stimulating, or condition of being stimulated.—adj. Stim′ulātive, tending to stimulate.—n. that which stimulates or excites.—ns. Stim′ulātor, one who stimulates:—fem. Stim′ulātress; Stim′ulism, the practice of treating diseases by stimulation; Stim′ūlus, a goad: anything that rouses the mind, or that excites to action: a stimulant:—pl. Stim′ulī. [L. stimulus (for stigmulus)—Gr. stizein, to prick.]

Sting, sting, v.t. to stick anything sharp into, to pain acutely.—v.i. to have a sting: to give pain:—pa.t. and pa.p. stung.—n. the sharp-pointed weapon of some animals: the thrust of a sting into the flesh: anything that causes acute pain: any stimulus or impulse: the point in the last verse of an epigram.—n. Sting′er, one who, or that which, stings.—adv. Sting′ingly, with stinging.—adj. Sting′less, having no sting.—n. Sting′-ray, a genus of cartilaginous fishes, of the order of Rays, and family Trygonidæ, the long tail bearing dorsally a long bi-serrated spine capable of giving an ugly wound. [A.S. stingan; Ice. stinga.]

Stingy, stin′ji, adj. niggardly: avaricious.—adv. Stin′gily.—n. Stin′giness, [Merely sting-y.]

Stink, stingk, v.i. to give out a strong, offensive smell: to have a bad reputation:—pa.t. stank; pa.p. stunk.—n. a disagreeable smell.—ns. Stink′ard, one who stinks: a base fellow: the stinking badger of Java; Stink′-ball, -pot, a ball or jar filled with a stinking, combustible mixture, used in boarding an enemy's vessel; Stink′er, one who, or that which, stinks; Stink′ing.—adv. Stink′ingly, in a stinking manner: with an offensive smell.—ns. Stink′stone, a variety of limestone remarkable for the fetid urinous odour which it emits when rubbed; Stink′-trap, a contrivance to prevent effluvia from drains; Stink′-wood, the wood of a Cape tree, remarkable for its strong offensive smell, durable, taking an excellent polish resembling walnut. [A.S. stincan.]

Stint, stint, v.t. to shorten: to limit: to restrain.—v.i. to cease, stop: to be saving.—n. limit: restraint, restriction: proportion allotted, fixed amount: one of several species of sandpiper, the dunlin.—adj. Stint′ed, limited.—ns. Stint′edness; Stint′er.—adv. Stint′ingly.—adjs. Stint′less; Stint′y. [A.S. styntan—stunt, stupid.]

Stipa, stī′pa, n. a genus of grasses, the feather-grasses. [L. stipa, tow.]

Stipe, stīp, n. (bot.) the base of a frond of a fern: also a stalk, as of a pistil, of a fungus or mushroom, of the leaf of a fern, or even the trunk of a tree.—n. Stī′pel, the stipule of a leaflet.—adj. Stī′pellate, having stipels.—n. Stī′pes, a stipe: a stalk or stem.—adjs. Stī′piform, Stip′itate, Stipit′iform. [Fr.,—L. stipes, a stem.]

Stipend, stī′pend, n. a salary paid for services, esp. to a clergyman in Scotland: settled pay.—adj. Stipend′iary, receiving stipend.—n. one who performs services for a salary, esp. a paid magistrate.—v.t. Stipen′diate, to provide with a salary. [L. stipendium—stips, donation, pendĕre, weigh.]

Stipple, stip′l, v.t. to engrave or form by means of dots or small points, as distinguished from line-engraving:—pr.p. stipp′ling; pa.p. stipp′led.—n. a mode of execution in engraving and miniature-painting, in which the effect is produced by dots instead of lines: in colour-decoration, a gradation or combination of tones or tints serving as a transition between decided colours.—adj. Stipp′led.—ns. Stipp′ler, one who stipples: a coarse brush for stippling; Stipp′ling, stippled work of any kind. [Dut. stippelen, dim. of stippen, to dot.]

Stipulate, stip′ū-lāt, v.i. to contract: to settle terms.—ns. Stipulā′tion, act of stipulating: a contract; Stip′ulātor. [L. stipulāri, -ātus, prob. from old L. stipulus, firm, conn. with stipāre, to press firm.]

Stipule, stip′ūl, n. (bot.) an appendage or lobe at the base of certain leaves, resembling a small leaf: also, a small appendage at the base of petioles, usually softer than the latter—also Stip′ūla.—adjs. Stip′ular, Stip′ūlary; Stip′ūlate, Stip′ūled. [L. stipula, a stalk, dim. of stipes.]

Stir, stėr, v.t. to move: to rouse: to instigate.—v.i. to move one's self: to be active: to draw notice:—pr.p. stir′ring; pa.p. and pa.t. stirred.—n. tumult: bustle.—n. Stir′about, one who makes himself active: oatmeal porridge.—adj. busy, active.—adj. Stir′less, without stir.—n. Stir′rer.—p.adj. Stir′ring, putting in motion: active: accustomed to a busy life: animating, rousing.—Stir up, to instigate the passions of: to put into motion or action: to enliven: to disturb. [A.S. styrian; Dut. storen, Ger. stören, to drive.]

Stirk, stėrk, n. (Scot.) a yearling ox or cow. [A.S. stirc, a heifer—steór, a steer.]

Stirp, stėrp, n. (Bacon) a family, generation, or race:—pl. Stir′pes. [L. stirps, stirpis.]

Stirrup, stir′up, n. a ring or hoop suspended by a rope or strap from the saddle, for a horseman's foot while mounting or riding: a rope secured to a yard, having a thimble in its lower end for reeving a foot-rope.—ns. Stirr′up-cup, a cup taken by one who is departing on horseback; Stirr′up-ī′ron, the ring of iron attached to the stirrup-leather to receive the foot; Stirr′up-leath′er, -strap, the strap of leather that supports a stirrup. [A.S. stigeráp—stígan, to mount, ráp, a rope.]

Stitch, stich, n. a pass of a needle and thread, the part of the thread left in the fabric, a single loop or link: the kind of work produced by stitching—buttonhole-stitch, cross-stitch, &c.: the space between two double furrows: a fastening, as of thread or wire, through the back of a book to connect the leaves: an acute pain, a sharp spasmodic pain, esp. in the intercostal muscles: a bit of clothing, a rag.—v.t. to sew so as to show a regular line of stitches: to sew or unite.—v.i. to practise stitching.—ns. Stitch′er; Stitch′ery (Shak.), needle-work; Stitch′ing, the act of one who stitches: needle-work done in such a way that a continuous line of stitches appears on the surface; Stitch′wort, a genus of slender plants, including the chickweed, so called because once believed to cure 'stitch' in the side. [A.S. stice, a prick; Ger. sticken, to embroider; conn. with stick.]

Stithy, stith′i, n. an anvil: a smith's shop.—v.t. to forge on an anvil. [Ice. stethi; Sw. städ, an anvil.]

Stive, stīv, v.i. (prov.) to stew, to be stifled.—adj. Stī′vy, close, stuffy.

Stiver, stī′vėr, n. a Dutch coin, worth one penny sterling: any small coin. [Dut. stuiver.]

Stoa, stō′a, n. a portico or covered colonnade round a house, market-place, &c.

Stoat, stōt, n. a kind of weasel, called the ermine when in its winter dress.—Also Stote. [Stot.]

Stob, stob, n. a small post for supporting paling: a wedge in coal-mining. [A variant of stub.]

Stoccade, stok-ād′, Stoccado, stok-ā′do, n. a thrust in fencing—(Shak.) Stocca′ta. [It. stoccata, a thrust—stocco, a rapier—Ger. stock, a stick.]

Stock, stok, n. something stuck or thrust in: the stem of a tree or plant: the trunk which receives a graft: a post, a log: anything fixed solid and senseless: a stupid person: the crank-shaped handle of a centre-bit: the wood in which the barrel of a firearm is fixed: the cross-piece of timber into which the shank of an anchor is inserted: the part to which others are attached: the original progenitor: family: a fund, capital, shares of a public debt: store: the cattle, horses, and other useful animals kept on a farm: the liquor or broth obtained by boiling meat, the foundation for soup: a stiff band worn as a cravat, often fastened with a buckle at the back: (pl.) an instrument in which the legs of offenders were confined: the frame for a ship while building: the public funds.—v.t. to store: to supply: to fill: to supply with domestic animals or stock: to refrain from milking cows for 24 hours or more previous to sale.—adj. kept in stock, standing.—ns. Stock′breed′er, one who raises live-stock; Stock′broker, a broker who deals in stocks or shares; Stock′broking, the business of a stockbroker; Stock′-dove, the wild pigeon of Europe; Stock′-ep′ithet, any ordinary and conventional epithet; Stock′-exchange′, the place where stocks are bought and sold: an association of sharebrokers and dealers; Stock′-farm′er, a farmer who rears live-stock, as cattle, &c.; Stock′-feed′er, one who feeds or fattens live-stock; Stock′holder, one who holds stocks in the public funds, or in a company; Stock′-in-trade, the whole goods a shopkeeper keeps on sale: a person's mental resources; Stock′-job′ber; Stock′-job′bery, -job′bing, speculating in stocks; Stock′-list, a list of stocks and current prices regularly issued; Stock′man, a herdsman who has the charge of stock on a sheep-run in Australia; Stock′-mar′ket, a market for the sale of stocks, the stock-exchange; Stock′-pot, the pot in which the stock for soup is kept; Stock′-rid′er, a herdsman on an Australian station; Stock′-sadd′le, a saddle with heavy tree and iron horn; Stock′-stā′tion, a station where stock and cattle are reared; Stock′-whip, a whip with short handle and long lash for use in herding; Stock′work, a deposit in which the ore is distributed all over it; Stock′yard, a large yard with pens, stables, &c. where cattle are kept for slaughter, market, &c.—Take stock, to make an inventory of goods on hand: to make an estimate of; Take stock in, to take a share in, to put confidence in. [A.S. stocc, a stick; Ger. stock.]

Stock, stok, n. a favourite garden-flower. [Orig. called stock-gillyflower, to distinguish it from the stemless clove-pink, called the gillyflower.]

Stockade, stok-ād′, n. a breastwork formed of stakes fixed in the ground.—v.t. to fortify with such. [Fr. estocade—estoc—Ger. stock, stick.]

Stockfish, stok′fish, n, a commercial name of salted and dried cod and other fish of the same family, esp. ling, hake, and torsk.

Stock-gillyflower, stok′-jil′i-flow-ėr, n. a genus of herbaceous or half-shrubby plants of the natural order Cruciferæ, having their flowers in racemes, and generally beautiful and fragrant. [Stock, wood, and gillyflower.]

Stocking, stok′ing, n. a close covering for the foot and lower leg.—ns. Stockinet′, an elastic knitted fabric for under-garments; Stock′inger, one who knits stockings; Stock′ing-frame, a knitting-machine. [From stock, the stockings being the nether-stocks when the long hose came to be cut at the knee.]

Stockish, stok′ish, adj. (Shak.) like a stock, stupid.—n. Stock′ishness, stupidity.—adj. Stock′-still, still as a stock or post.

Stock-tackle, stok′-tak′l, n. tackle used in hoisting an anchor on board ship to keep its stock clear of the ship's side.

Stock-taking, stok′-tāk′ing, n. a periodical inventory made of the stock or goods in a shop or warehouse.

Stocky, stok′i, adj. short and stout, thick-set: having a strong stem.—adv. Stock′ily.

Stodgy, stoj′i, adj. heavy, lumpy: ill put together: indigestible.—v.t. Stodge, to stuff, cram.—n. Stodg′iness.

Stog, stog, v.t. (prov.) to plunge in mire: to probe a pool with a pole. [Related to stock.]

Stoic, stō′ik, n. a disciple of the philosopher Zeno (340-260 B.C.), who opened his school in a colonnade called the Stoa Poikilē ('painted porch') at Athens—later Roman Stoics were Cato the Younger, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius: one indifferent to pleasure or pain.—adjs. Stō′ic, -al, pertaining to the Stoics, or to their opinions; indifferent to pleasure or pain.—adv. Stō′ically.—ns. Stō′icalness; Stō′icism, the doctrines of the Stoics, a school of ancient philosophy strongly opposed to Epicureanism in its views of life and duty: indifference to pleasure or pain. [L. Stoicus—Gr. Stōïkos—stoa, a porch.]

Stoke, stōk, v.i. to stir or tend a fire.—ns. Stoke′-hole, the space about the mouth of a furnace: the space allotted to the stokers: a hole in a reverberatory furnace for introducing a stirring-tool; Stōk′er, one who, or that which, feeds a furnace with fuel. [Dut.,—stoken, to light a fire, stok, a stick.]

Stole, stōl, n. a long robe reaching to the feet: a narrow vestment, usually black silk, fringed at the ends, sometimes coloured according to the seasons, worn by bishops and priests in the Latin Church during mass.—n. Stō′la, the outer garment of the Roman matron: a chorister's surplice: (her.) a bearing showing a fringed scarf. [L. stola—Gr. stolē, a robe—stellein, to array.]

Stolid, stol′id, adj. dull: heavy: stupid: foolish.—n. Stolid′ity, Stol′idness, state of being stolid: dullness of intellect.—adv. Stol′idly. [L. stolidus.]

Stolon, stō′lon, n. a shoot from the root of a plant: a sucker.—adjs. Stō′lonate, Stōlōnif′erous. [L. stolo, a twig.]

Stoma, stō′ma, n. (bot.) one of the minute openings in the epidermis of leaves and tender green stems of plants, subserving the purpose of respiration: (zool.) one of the breathing-holes in the bodies of certain of the articulata:—pl. Stō′mata.—adjs. Stomat′ic; Stomatif′erous.—n. Stomatī′tis, inflammation of the interior of the mouth.—adj. Stō′matode, having a stoma.—ns. Stomatol′ogy, the scientific knowledge of the mouth; Stō′matoscope, an instrument for examining the interior of the mouth. [Gr. stoma, a mouth.]

Stomach, stum′ak, n. the strong muscular bag into which the food passes when swallowed, and where it is principally digested: the cavity in any animal for the digestion of its food: appetite, relish for food, inclination generally: disposition, spirit, courage, pride, spleen.—v.t. to brook or put up with: to turn the stomach of: to resent.—adj. Stom′achal.—ns. Stom′acher, a part of the dress covering the front of the body, generally forming the lower part of the bodice in front, sometimes richly ornamented: a large brooch; Stomach′ic, a medicine for the stomach.—adjs. Stomach′ic, -al, pertaining to the stomach: strengthening or promoting the action of the stomach; Stom′achous (Spens.), angry, stout, obstinate.—ns. Stom′ach-pump, a syringe with a flexible tube for withdrawing fluids from the stomach, or injecting them into it; Stom′ach-stag′gers, a disease in horses due to a paralytic affection of the stomach. [O. Fr. estomac—L. stomachus—Gr. stomachos, the throat, stomach—stoma, a mouth.]

Stomatopod, stō′ma-to-pod, n. one of the Stomatop′oda, an order of marine crustaceans, having most of their seven or eight pair of legs near the mouth. [Gr. stoma, mouth, pous, podos, foot.]

Stone, stōn, n. a hard mass of earthy or mineral matter, the hard material of which rock consists: a piece of rock of a certain size or form, or for a particular purpose, as grindstone, millstone, &c.: a precious stone or gem, a crystal mirror: a tombstone: a concretion formed in the bladder: a hard shell containing the seed of some fruits: a standard weight of 14 lb. avoirdupois (other stones occur, as that of 24 lb. for wool, 22 lb. for hay, 16 lb. for cheese, &c.): torpor and insensibility.—adj. made of stone, or of stoneware.—v.t. to pelt with stones: to free from stones: to wall with stones.—n. Stone′-age, the condition of a people using stone as the material for the cutting-tools and weapons which, in a higher condition of culture, were made of metals.—adj. Stone′-blind, as blind as a stone, perfectly blind.—ns. Stone′-boil′ing, a primitive method of making water boil by putting hot stones in it; Stone′-bow, a crossbow for shooting stones: a children's catapult; Stone′-brash, a soil made up of finely-broken rock; Stone′-break, the meadow-saxifrage; Stone′-break′er, one who, or that which, breaks stones, a stone-crushing machine; Stone′-bruise, a bruise caused by a stone, esp. on the sole of the foot from walking barefooted; Stone′-cast, Stone's′-cast, Stone′-shot, Stone's′-throw, the distance which a stone may be thrown by the hand; Stone′chat, Stone′chatter, Stone′clink, one of the most common of the British Turdidæ, smaller than the redbreast—the Wheat-ear is the true stonechat.—n.pl. Stone′-cir′cles, or Circles of Standing Stones, popularly but erroneously called Druidical Circles in Britain, and Cromlechs in France, consist of unhewn stones set up at intervals round the circumference of a circular area usually of level ground.—n. Stone′-coal, mineral coal, as opposed to charcoal: any hard coal, anthracite.—adj. Stone′-cold, cold as a stone.—n. Stone′-col′our, the colour of stone, grayish.—adj. Stone′-col′oured.—ns. Stone′-cor′al, massive coral, as distinguished from branching or tree coral; Stone′crop, the wall-pepper, Sedum acre; Stone′-curlew, a large species of plover; Stone′-cut′ter, one whose occupation is to hew stone; Stone′-cut′ting, the business of hewing and carving stones for walls, monuments, &c.—adjs. Stoned, containing stones; Stone′-dead, lifeless; Stone′-deaf, quite deaf.—ns. Stone′-dress′er, one who prepares stones for building; Stone′-fal′con, a species of hawk or falcon which builds its nest among the rocks; Stone′-fly, a genus of insects typical of the order Plecoptera—several species are native to Britain, and furnish good lures to anglers; Stone′-fruit, a fruit whose seeds are enclosed in a hard kernel; Stone′-ham′mer, a hammer for breaking stones.—adjs. Stone′-hard (Shak.), as hard as a stone; Stone′-heart′ed (Shak.), hard-hearted, cruel, pitiless.—ns. Stone′horse, a stallion; Stone′-lil′y, the popular name of an Encrinite; Stone′-mā′son, a mason who works with stone; Stone′-mill, a machine for breaking stone; Stone′-oil, rock-oil, petroleum; Stone′-pine, a Mediterranean nut-pine; Stone′-plov′er, the stone-curlew; Stō′ner, one who strikes or kills with stones; Stone′-rag, -raw, a lichen, Parmelia saxatilis; Stone′-snipe, the greater tell-tale or long-legged tattler, a common North American bird.—adj. Stone′-still (Shak.), as still as a stone, motionless.—ns. Stone′ware, a coarse kind of potter's ware baked hard and glazed; Stone′-work, mason-work.—adv. Stō′nily.—n. Stō′niness, the state of being stony or abounding with stones: hardness of heart or mind.—adjs. Stō′ny, made of, or resembling, stone: abounding with stones: hard: pitiless: obdurate: (B.) rocky; Stō′ny-heart′ed, hard-hearted, cruel, pitiless.—Leave no stone unturned, to do everything that can be done in order to secure the effect desired; Mark with a white stone, to mark as particularly fortunate. [A.S. stán; Ger. stein, Dut. steen.]

Stook, stook, n. (Scot.) a full shock of corn-sheaves, generally twelve, as set up in the field.—v.t. to set up in stooks, as sheaves—also Stouk.—n. Stook′er, one who sets up the corn in stooks. [Cf. Low Ger. stuke, a bundle.]

Stool, stōōl, n. a seat without a back: a low bench for the feet or for kneeling on: the seat used in evacuating the bowels: the act of evacuating the bowels, also that which is evacuated: a root of any kind from which sprouts shoot up: a portable piece of wood to which a pigeon is fastened as a decoy for wild birds.—n. Stool′-pi′geon, a decoy-pigeon: a gambler's decoy.—Stool of repentance, same as Cutty-stool (q.v.).—Fall between two stools, to lose both of two things between the choice of which one was hesitating. [A.S. stól, Ger. stuhl; cf. Ger. stellen, to place.]

Stoop, stōōp, v.i. to bend the body: to lean forward: to submit: to descend from rank or dignity: to condescend: to swoop down on the wing, as a bird of prey.—v.t. to cause to incline downward.—n. the act of stooping: inclination forward: descent: condescension: a swoop.—adj. Stooped, having a stoop, bent.—n. Stoop′er, one who stoops.—p.adj. Stoop′ing.—adv. Stoop′ingly. [A.S. stúpian; Old Dut. stuypen, Ice. stúpa.]

Stoop, stōōp, n. (Shak.) a vessel of liquor, a flagon: liquor for drinking: a basin for holy water. [A.S. stoppa, a cup—steáp, a cup; Low Ger. stoop.]

Stoop, stōōp, n. an open platform before the entrance of a house. [Dut. stoep.]

Stoor, stōōr, adj. (obs.) great, formidable: stiff, harsh, austere.—Also Stour. [A.S. stór, great.]

Stoor, stōōr, n. dust in motion—hence commotion, bustle: a gush of water.—v.t. to stir up, to pour out.—adj. Stoor′y, dusty. [A.S. stýrian, to stir.]

Stop, stop, v.t. to stuff or close up: to obstruct: to render impassable: to hinder from further motion, progress, effect, or change: to restrain, repress, suppress, suspend: to intercept: to apply musical stops to: to regulate the sounds of a stringed instrument by shortening the strings with the fingers: (naut.) to make fast.—v.i. to cease going forward: to cease from any motion or action, to stay, tarry: to leave off: to be at an end: to ward off a blow:—pr.p. stop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stopped.—n. act of stopping: state of being stopped: hinderance: obstacle: interruption: (mus.) one of the vent-holes in a wind instrument, or the place on the wire of a stringed instrument, by the stopping or pressing of which certain notes are produced: a mark used in punctuation: an alphabetic sound involving a complete closure of the mouth-organs: a wooden batten on a door or window-frame against which it closes: a stop-thrust in fencing.—ns. Stop′-cock, a short pipe in a cask, &c., opened and stopped by turning a cock or key; Stop′-gap, that which fills a gap or supplies a deficiency, esp. an expedient of emergency; Stop′-mō′tion, a mechanical arrangement for producing an automatic stop in machinery, as for shutting off steam, &c.; Stop′page, act of stopping: state of being stopped: an obstruction; Stop′per, one who stops: that which closes a vent or hole, as the cork or glass mouthpiece for a bottle: (naut.) a short rope for making something fast.—v.t. to close or secure with a stopper.—ns. Stop′ping, that which fills up, material for filling up cracks, &c., filling material for teeth: Stop′ping-out, the practice in etching of covering certain parts with a composition impervious to acid, to keep the acid off them while allowing it to remain on the other parts to mark them more; Stop′-watch, a watch whose hands can be stopped to allow of time that has elapsed being calculated more exactly, used in timing a race, &c. [M. E. stoppen—O. Fr. estouper (Ice. stoppa, Ger. stopfen, to stuff); all from L. stupa, the coarse part of flax, tow.]

Stope, stōp, v.t. to excavate, to remove the contents of a vein.—n. an excavation for this purpose.—n. Stō′ping.

Stopple, stop′l, n. that which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel: a cork or plug.—v.t. to close with a stopple.

Storax, stō′raks, n. a resin resembling benzoin, obtained from the stem of Styrax officinalis, a native of Greece and the Levant, formerly used as a stimulating expectorant.—Liquid storax, liquidambar. [L.,—Gr. styrax.]

Store, stōr, n. a hoard or quantity gathered: abundance: a storehouse: any place where goods are sold: (pl.) supplies of provisions, ammunition, &c. for an army or a ship.—v.t. to gather in quantities: to supply: to lay up in store: to hoard: to place in a warehouse.—adj. Stō′rable, capable of being stored.—ns. Stō′rage, the placing in a store: the safe-keeping of goods in a store: the price paid or charged for keeping goods in a store; Store′-farm (Scot.), a stock-farm, a cattle-farm; Store′-farm′er; Store′house, a house for storing goods of any kind: a repository: a treasury; Store′-keep′er, a man who has charge of a store: one who owns a store: (U.S.) any unsaleable article; Stō′rer, one who stores; Store′room, a room in which things are stored: a room in a store; Store′-ship, a vessel used for transporting naval stores.—In store (Shak.), in hoard for future use, ready for supply; Set store by, to value greatly. [O. Fr. estor, estoire—L. instaurāre, to provide.]

Stork, stork, n. a long-necked and long-legged wading-bird nearly allied to the heron, spoonbill, and ibis—the Common stork or White stork (Ciconia alba) about 3½ feet long, migratory in habit, common in Holland and northern Germany, often semi-domesticated, nesting on the tops of houses, &c.—n. Stork's′-bill, any plant of the genus Erodium, esp. the heron's-bill: a plant of the genus Pelargonium. [A.S. storc; Ger. stork.]

Storm, storm, n. a violent commotion of the atmosphere producing wind, rain, &c.: a tempest: a fall of snow, a prolonged frost: an outbreak of anger, or the like: violent agitation of society: commotion: tumult: calamity: (mil.) an assault.—v.i. to raise a tempest: to blow with violence: to be in a violent passion.—v.t. to attack by open force: to assault.—n. Storm′-ā′rea, the area covered by a storm.—adjs. Storm′-beat, -beat′en, beaten or injured by storms.—ns. Storm′-belt, a belt of maximum storm frequency; Storm′-bird, a petrel.—adj. Storm′bound, delayed by storms.—ns. Storm′-card, a sailors' chart showing from the direction of the wind the ship's position in relation to a storm-centre, and accordingly the proper course to be shaped; Storm′-cen′tre, the position of lowest pressure in a cyclonic storm; Storm′-cock, the fieldfare: the mistle-thrush; Storm′-cone, a cone of canvas stretched on a frame 3 feet high as a storm-signal; Storm′-door, an outer supplementary door to shelter the interior of a building; Storm′-drum, a canvas cylinder extended on a hoop 3 feet high by 3 feet wide, hoisted in conjunction with the cone as a storm-signal.—adj. Storm′ful, abounding with storms.—ns. Storm′fulness; Storm′-glass, a tube containing a solution of camphor, the amount of the precipitate varying with the weather; Storm′-house, a temporary shelter for men working on a railway, &c.; Storm′iness; Storm′ing-par′ty, the party of men who first enter the breach or scale the walls in storming a fortress.—adj. Storm′less, without storms.—ns. Storm′-sail, a sail of the strongest canvas, for stormy weather; Storm′-sig′nal, a signal displayed on seacoasts, &c., to intimate the approach of a storm by the cone and drum, or by flags and lanterns in the United States; Storm′-stay, a stay on which a storm-sail is set.—adjs. Storm′-stayed, hindered from proceeding by storms; Storm′-tossed, tossed about by storms: much agitated by conflicting passions.—ns. Storm′-wind, a wind that brings a storm, a hurricane; Storm′-win′dow, a window raised above the roof, slated above and at the sides.—adj. Storm′y, having many storms: agitated with furious winds: boisterous: violent: passionate. [A.S. storm; Ice. stormr; from root of stir.]

Stornello, stor-nel′ō, n. an Italian kind of improvised folk-song:—pl. Stornell′i. [It.]

Storthing, stōr′ting, n. the legislative assembly of Norway. [Norw. stor, great, thing, assembly.]

Story, stō′ri, n. history or narrative of incidents in their sequence: an account, report, statement: an anecdote: the plot of a novel or drama: a lie, a fib, a fictitious narrative.—v.t. to tell or describe historically, to relate: to adorn with sculptured or painted scenes from history.—v.i. to relate.—adjs. Storiā′ted, decorated with elaborate ornamental designs; Stō′ried, told or celebrated in a story: having a history: interesting from the stories belonging to it: adorned with scenes from history.—ns. Storiol′ogist, one learned in the comparative study of folk-tales; Storiol′ogy, the scientific study of folk-tales; Stō′ry-book, a book of stories or tales true or fictitious; Stō′ry-tell′er, one who relates tales, a liar; Stō′ry-tell′ing, act of relating stories: lying. [A short form of history.]

Story, Storey, stō′ri, n. a division of a house reached by one flight of stairs: a set of rooms on the same floor.—The upper story, the brain. [O. Fr. estoree—estorer—L. instaurāre, to build.]

Stound, stownd, n. (Spens.) a stunning influence, a blow, amazement: a shooting pain: a noise: sorrow, grief, mishap: effort.—v.t. to stun, astound. [A contr. of astound.]

Stound, stownd, n. (Spens.) a moment of time: time, season, hour. [A.S. stund.]

Stour, stowr, n. a tumult, battle, assault: a paroxysm. [O. Fr. estour, tumult.]

Stout, stowt, adj. strong: robust: corpulent: resolute: proud: (B.) stubborn.—n. extra strong porter.—adj. Stout′-heart′ed, having a brave heart.—adv. Stout′-heart′edly.—n. Stout′-heart′edness.—adv. Stout′ly.—n. Stout′ness (B.), stubbornness. [O. Fr. estout, bold—Old Dut. stolt, stout; Ger. stolz, bold.]

Stouthrief, stowth′rēf, n. (Scots law) theft attended with violence—also Stouth′rie.—n. Stouth′-and-routh (Scot.), plenty, abundance.

Stove, stōv, n. an apparatus with a fire for warming a room, cooking, &c.: a pottery-kiln: an oven for heating the blast of a blast-furnace: a drying-room.—v.t. to heat or keep warm.—ns. Stove′-pipe, a metal pipe for carrying smoke from a stove to a chimney-flue; Stove′pipe-hat, a high silk hat; Stove′-plant, a plant cultivated in a stove; Stove′-plate, a lid or plate covering one of the holes in a cooking-stove. [A.S. stofa; Ger. stube.]

Stover, stōv′ėr, n. (Shak.) fodder for cattle. [O. Fr. estover, necessity—estover, estoveir, to fit.]

Stow, stō, v.t. to place: to arrange: to fill by packing things in: (slang) to put away out of sight: to be silent about.—ns. Stow′age, act of placing in order: state of being laid up: room for articles to be laid away: money paid for stowing goods; Stow′away, one who hides himself in an outward-bound vessel in order to get a passage for nothing; Stow′down, the process of stowing down in a ship's hold; Stow′er, one who stows; Stow′ing, in mining, rubbish thrown into the cavities out of which the ore, coal, &c. have been taken. [M. E. stowen, to place—A.S. stów, a place; cf. Dut. stuwen, to stow, to push, Ger. stauen, to pack.]

Strabismus, strā-bis′mus, n. squint.—adjs. Strabis′mal, Strabis′mic, -al.—ns. Strabismom′eter, Strabom′eter, an instrument for measuring strabismus; Strabot′omy, the surgical operation for the cure of squinting, by the division of the muscle or muscles that distort the eyeball. [Gr.,—strabos, squinting—strephein, to twist.]

Straddle, strad′l, v.i. to stride or part the legs wide: to stand or walk with the legs far apart: to seem favourable to both sides in any question that divides opinion into parties, to trim with regard to any controversy.—v.t. to stand or sit astride of.—n. act of straddling: an attempt to fill a non-committal position: a stock-transaction in which the buyer obtains the privilege of either a put or a call: a vertical mine-timber supporting a set.—adv. astride.—adj. Stradd′le-legged, having the legs wide apart. [A freq. from A.S. strǽd, pa.t. of strídan, stride.]

Stradivarius, strad-i-vā′ri-us, n. a violin, esp. one made by the famous Antonio Stradivari (1649-1737) of Cremona.

Strae, strā, n. (Scot.) straw.—Strae death, death in one's bed from natural causes, as opposed to death by accident, by violence, by the rope, &c.

Straggle, strag′l, v.i. to wander from the course: to ramble: to stretch beyond proper limits: to be dispersed.—ns. Stragg′ler, one who straggles from the course: a wandering fellow: a vagabond: a migratory animal found away from its usual range; Stragg′le-tooth, a misshapen or misplaced tooth.—adv. Stragg′lingly, in a straggling manner.—n. Straggl′ing-mon′ey, money paid for apprehending deserters and men absent without leave: money deducted from the wages of such absentees.—adj. Stragg′ly, straggling, spread out. [For strackle, freq. of M. E. straken—A.S. strícan, to go.]

Stragulum, strag′ū-lum, n. the mantle or pallium in ornithology. [L., a cover.]

Straight, strāt, adj. direct: being in a right line: not crooked: nearest: upright: free from disorder: honourable, fair: unqualified, out-and-out: consisting of a sequence at poker: (slang) undiluted, neat, as a dram of whisky, &c., direct, authoritative, reliable.—adv. immediately: in the shortest time.—v.t. to straighten.—n. Straight′-arch, an arch in the form of two sides of an isosceles triangle.—adjs. Straight′away, straight forward; Straight′-cut, cut lengthwise of the leaf, of tobacco.—n. Straight′-edge, a narrow board or piece of metal having one edge perfectly straight for applying to a surface to ascertain whether it be exactly even.—v.t. Straight′en, to make straight.—ns. Straight′ener, one who, or that which, straightens; Straight′-face, a sober, unsmiling face.—adv. Straight′forth directly: henceforth.—adj. Straightfor′ward, going forward in a straight course: honest: open: downright.—adv. Straightfor′wardly.—n. Straightfor′wardness, direction in a straight course: undeviating rectitude.—adv. Straight′ly, tightly: closely.—n. Straight′ness, narrowness: tightness.—adjs. Straight′-out, out-and-out; Straight′-pight (Shak.), straight, erect.—adv. Straight′way, directly: immediately: without loss of time. [A.S. streht, pa.p. of streccan, to stretch.]

Strain, strān, v.t. to stretch tight: to draw with force: to exert to the utmost: to injure by overtasking: to make tight: to constrain, make uneasy or unnatural: to press to one's self, to embrace: to pass through a filter.—v.i. to make violent efforts: to filter.—n. the act of straining: a violent effort: an injury inflicted by straining, esp. a wrenching of the muscles: a note, sound, or song, stretch of imagination, &c.: any change of form or bulk of a portion of matter either solid or fluid, the system of forces which sustains the strain being called the stress: mood, disposition.—ns. Strain′er, one who, or that which, strains: an instrument for filtration: a sieve, colander, &c.; Strain′ing, a piece of leather for stretching as a base for the seat of a saddle.—Strain a point, to make a special effort: to exceed one's duty; Strain at, in Matt. xxiii. 24, a misprint for Strain out. [O. Fr. straindre—L. stringĕre, to stretch tight. Cf. String and Strong.]

Strain, strān, n. race, stock, generation: descent: natural tendency, any admixture or element in one's character.—n. Strain′ing-beam, a tie-beam uniting the tops of the queen-posts. [M. E. streen—A.S. gestréon, gain; confused in M. E. with the related M. E. strend—A.S. strynd, lineage.]

Strait, strāt, adj. difficult: distressful: (obs. strict, rigorous: narrow, so in B.).—n. a narrow pass in a mountain, or in the ocean between two portions of land: difficulty, distress.—v.t. to stretch, tighten: to distress.—v.t. Strait′en, to make strait or narrow: to confine: to draw tight: to distress: to put into difficulties.—adjs. Straight′-heart′ed, stingy; Strait′-laced, rigid or narrow in opinion.—adv. Strait′ly, narrowly: (B.) strictly.—ns. Strait′ness, state of being strait or narrow: strictness: (B.) distress or difficulty; Strait′-waist′coat, Strait′-jack′et, a dress made with long sleeves, which are tied behind, so that the arms are confined. [O. Fr. estreit, estrait (Fr. étroit)—L. strictus, pa.p. of stringĕre, to draw tight.]

Strake, strāk, n. one breadth of plank in a ship, either within or without board, wrought from the stem to the sternpost: the hoop or tire of a wheel; (obs.) a bushel: the place where ore is assorted on a mine floor.—Also Straik. [A variant of streak.]

Stramash, stra-mash′, n. (Scot.) a tumult, disturbance.—v.t. to beat, destroy.

Strammel, stram′el, n. straw.—adj. Stramin′eous, strawy, light like straw.

Stramonium, strā-mō′ni-um, n. a common narcotic weed of the Nightshade family, called also the Thorn-apple, Stink-weed, and Jimson-weed—Datura Stramonium: a drug prepared from its seeds and leaves, resembling belladonna, good in asthma.—Also Stram′ony.

Strand, strand, n. the margin or beach of the sea or of a lake: (Scot.) a rivulet, a gutter.—v.t. to run aground: to be stopped.—v.i. to drift or be driven ashore.—p.adj. Strand′ed, driven on shore: left helpless without further resource. [A.S. strand; Ger. strand, Ice. strönd, border.]

Strand, strand, n. one of the strings or parts that compose a rope.—v.t. to break a strand: to form by uniting strands. [Dut. streen, a skein; Ger. strähne.]

Strange, strānj, adj. foreign: belonging to another country: not formerly known, heard, or seen: not domestic: new: causing surprise or curiosity, marvellous: unusual, odd: estranged, reserved: unacquainted with, unversed: not lawfully belonging to one.—adv. Strange′ly.—ns. Strange′ness; Strān′ger, a foreigner: one from homed: one unknown or unacquainted: a guest or visitor: one not admitted to communion or fellowship: a popular premonition of the coming of a visitor by a bit of stalk in a cup of tea, guttering in a candle, &c.—Strange woman, a whore. [O. Fr. estrange (Fr. étrange)—L. extraneus—extra, beyond.]

Strangle, strang′gl, v.t. to compress the throat so as to prevent breathing and destroy life: to choke: to hinder from birth or appearance: to suppress.—n. Strang′ler.—n.pl. Strang′les, a contagious eruptive disorder peculiar to young horses.—n. Strang′le-weed, the dodder, the broom-rape.—v.t. Strang′ulate, to strangle: to compress so as to suppress or suspend function.—p.adj. Strang′ulated, having the function stopped by compression: constricted, much narrowed.—n. Strangulā′tion, act of strangling: compression of the throat and partial suffocation: the state of a part abnormally constricted. [O. Fr. estrangler (Fr. étrangler)—L. strangulāre, -ātum—Gr. strangaloein, to strangle, strangos, twisted.]

Strangury, strang′gū-ri, n. painful retention of, or difficulty in discharging, urine.—adj. Strangū′rious. [L. stranguria—Gr. strangx, a drop, from stranggein, to squeeze, ouron, urine.]

Strap, strap, n. a narrow strip of cloth or leather: a razor-strop: an iron plate secured by screw-bolts, for connecting two or more timbers: (naut.) a piece of rope formed into a circle, used to retain a block in its position: (slang) credit, esp. for liquor.—v.t. to beat or bind with a strap: to strop, as a razor: (Scot.) to hang:—pr.p. strap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. strapped.—n. Strap′-game, the swindling game better known as Prick-the-garter, Fast-and-loose.—n.pl. Strap′-mounts, the buckles, &c., fitted on leather straps.—ns. Strap′-oil, a thrashing; Strap′per, one who works with straps, esp. one who harnesses horses: something big, a tall large person; Strap′ping, the act of fastening with a strap: materials for straps: a thrashing.—adj. tall, handsome.—adj. Strap′-shaped, shaped like a strap, ligulate.—n. Strap′-work (archit.), ornamentation consisting of crossed and interlaced fillets or bands. [Orig. strop, from A.S. stropp—L. struppus; cf. Gr. strophos, a twisted band.]

Strappado, strap-ā′do, n. (Shak.) a punishment which consisted in pulling the victim to the top of a beam and letting him fall so as to break his bones.—v.t. (Milt.) to torture or punish by the strappado. [It. strappata—strappare, to pull.]

Stratagem, strat′a-jem, n. an artifice, esp. in war: a plan for deceiving an enemy or gaining an advantage: any artifice generally.—adjs. Strateget′ic, -al, Strateg′ic, -al, pertaining to, or done by, strategy.—adv. Strateget′ically.—ns. Strateget′ics, Strat′egy, generalship, or the art of conducting a campaign and manœuvring an army: artifice or finesse generally.—adv. Strateg′ically.—n. Strat′egist, one skilled in strategy. [Fr.,—L. stratagema—Gr. stratēgēma—stratēgos, a general—stratos, an army, agein, to lead.]

Strath, strath, n. in Scotland, an extensive valley through which a river runs. [Gael. srath, a valley—L. strata, a street.]

Strathspey, strath′spā, n. a Scotch dance, allied to and danced alternately with the reel, differing from it in being slower, and abounding in the jerky motion of dotted notes and semiquavers (when the latter precede the former it constitutes the Scotch snap), while the reel is almost entirely in smooth, equal, gliding motion: the music for a strathspey, or its movement. [Strathspey, valley of the Spey.]

Stratify, strat′i-fī, v.t. to form or lay in strata or layers:—pr.p. strat′ifying; pa.t. and pa.p. strat′ifīed.—adj. Stratic′ulate, arranged in thin layers.—n. Stratificā′tion, act of stratifying: state of being stratified: process of being arranged in layers.—adj. Strat′iform, in the form of strata. [Fr. stratifier—L. stratum, facĕre, to make.]

Stratiotes, strat′i-ō-tēz, n. the water-soldier. See under Soldier. [Gr. stratiōtes, a soldier.]

Stratocracy, strā-tok′ra-si, n. military despotism. [Gr. stratos, an army, kratein, to rule.]

Stratography, strā-tog′ra-fi, n. description of an army and whatever pertains to it.—adjs. Stratograph′ic, -al.—adv. Stratograph′ically. [Gr. stratos, an army, graphein, to write.]

Stratum, strā′tum, n. a bed of earth or rock formed by natural causes, and consisting usually of a series of layers: any bed or layer:—pl. Strā′ta.—adj. Strat′iform, formed like strata.—ns. Stratig′rapher, Stratig′raphist, a student of stratigraphical geology.—adjs. Stratigraph′ic, -al, concerned with the relative position of the strata forming the earth's crust.—adv. Stratigraph′ically.—n. Stratig′raphy, the order and position of the stratified groups: the study or description of these, descriptive geology.—adj. Strā′tose, arranged in layers, stratified.—n.pl. Strat′ūla. thin layers in rock-strata. [L. stratum—sternĕre, stratum, to spread out.]

Stratus, strā′tus, n. the fall or night-cloud, the lowest of clouds, a widely-extended horizontal sheet, of varied thickness.—ns. Strā′to-cir′rus, better Cirro-stratus (see Cirrus); Strā′to-cū′mulus, better Cumulo-stratus (see Cumulus). [L. stratus, a coverlet—sternĕre, stratum, to spread.]

Straunge, strawnj. adj. (Spens.), same as Strange: foreign, borrowed.

Stravaig, stra-vāg′, v.i. (Scot.) to wander about idly.—n. Stravaig′er. [Cf. Extravagant.]

Straw, straw, n. the stalk on which corn grows, and from which it is thrashed: a quantity of these when thrashed: anything worthless, the least possible thing.—ns. Straw′berry, the delicious and fragrant fruit of any of the species of the genus Fragaria, the plant itself; Straw′berry-leaf, a symbolic ornament on the coronets of dukes, marquises, and earls—in pl. a dukedom; Straw′berry-mark, a soft reddish nævus or birth-mark; Straw′berry-tree, a species of Arbutus, which produces a fruit resembling the strawberry; Straw′-board, a kind of mill-board or thick card-board, made of straw after it has been boiled with lime or soda to soften it; Straw′-col′our, the colour of dry straw, a delicate yellow.—adj. Straw′-col′oured, of the colour of dry straw, of a delicate yellowish colour.—ns. Straw′-cut′ter, an instrument for chopping straw for fodder; Straw′-embroi′dery, embroidery done by sewing straw on net; Straw′-house, a house for holding thrashed straw; Straw′ing (slang), the sale of straws on the streets in order to cover the giving to the purchaser of things forbidden to be sold, as indecent books, &c.; Straw′-plait, a narrow band of plaited wheat-straw, used in making straw hats, bonnets, &c.; Straw′-stem, the fine stem of a wine-glass pulled out from the material of the bowl, instead of being attached separately: a wine-glass having such a stem.—adj. Straw′y, made of, or like, straw.—Man of straw (see under Man). [A.S. streaw; Ger. stroh, from the root of strew.]

Stray, strā, v.i. to wander: to go from the enclosure, company, or proper limits: to err: to rove: to deviate from duty or rectitude.—v.t. (Shak.) to cause to stray.—n. a domestic animal that has strayed or is lost: a straggler, a waif, a truant: the act of wandering.—adj. Strayed, wandering, astray.—ns. Stray′er, one who strays, a wanderer; Stray′ling, a little waif or stray. [O. Fr. estraier, to wander—estree, a street—L. strata, a street.]

Strayne, strān, v.t. (Spens.) to stretch out, to embody or express in strains. [Strain.]

Streak, strēk, n. a line or long mark different in colour from the ground, a band of marked colour of some length, a stripe: a slight characteristic, a trace, a passing mood: (min.) the appearance presented by the surface of a mineral when scratched: a strake or line of planking: a short piece of iron forming one section of a pieced tire on the wheel of an artillery-carriage.—v.t. to form streaks in: to mark with streaks.—adj. Streaked, streaky, striped: (U.S.) confused.—n. Streak′iness.—adj. Streak′y, marked with streaks, striped: uneven in quality. [A.S. strica, a stroke—strícan, to go, Ger. strich; cf. Strike. Skeat makes it Scand., Sw. strek, Dan. streg, a dash.]

Streak, strēk, v.t. (Scot.) to lay out a corpse for burial.—v.i. to stretch out.

Stream, strēm, n. a current of water, air, or light, &c.: anything flowing out from a source: anything forcible, flowing, and continuous: drift, tendency.—v.i. to flow in a stream: to pour out abundantly: to be overflown with: to issue in rays: to stretch in a long line.—v.t. to discharge in a stream: to wave.—ns. Stream′er, an ensign or flag streaming or flowing in the wind: a luminous beam shooting upward from the horizon; Stream′-gold, placer-gold, the gold of alluvial districts; Stream′-ice, pieces of drift ice swept down in a current; Stream′iness, streamy quality; Stream′ing, the working of alluvial deposits for the ores contained.—adj. Stream′less, not watered by streams.—ns. Stream′let, Stream′ling, a little stream; Stream′-tin, disintegrated tin-ore found in alluvial ground.—adj. Stream′y, abounding in streams: flowing in a stream. [A.S. streám; Ger. straum, Ice. straumr.]

Street, strēt, n. a road in a town lined with houses, broader than a lane: those who live in a street: the part of the street for vehicles: the body of brokers.—ns. Street′age, toll for the use of a street; Street′car, a passenger-car on the streets of a city, drawn by horses, cable traction, or electricity; Street′-door, the door of a house which opens upon a street; Street′-rail′road, a railroad or tramway constructed on a public street; Street′-sweep′er, one who, or that which, sweeps the streets clean; Street′-walk′er, a whore who prowls about the streets; Street′-ward, an officer who formerly took care of the streets; Street′-way, the roadway. [A.S. strǽt (Dut. straat, Ger. strasse, It. strada)—L. strata (via), a paved (way), from sternĕre, stratum, to strew.]

Streight, strāt, adj. (Spens.) narrow, strict, close.—adv. strictly, closely.—n. same as Strait.—adv. Streight′ly=Straitly.—n. Streight′ness=Straitness.

Strelitz, strel′its, n. one of the ancient Muscovite guards, a kind of hereditary standing army, abolished by Peter the Great.

Strelitzia, strel-it′si-a, n. a genus of South African plants of the banana family, with large showy flowers—Strelitzia Reginæ, also Queen-plant, Bird-of-Paradise flower—with fine orange and purple flowers. [From Queen Charlotte, wife of George III., of the house of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.]

Strength, strength, n. quality of being strong: power of any kind, active or passive: force, vigour, violence: solidity or toughness: power to resist attack: excellence, boldness of conception or treatment: the required consistency or degree of the essential element in any compound: intensity: brightness: validity: vigour of style or expression: security: amount of force: potency of liquors: available force or support: a fortification, stronghold.—v.t. Strength′en, to make strong or stronger: to confirm: to encourage: to increase in power or security.—v.i. to become stronger.—n. Strength′ener, one who, or that which, supplies strength.—adjs. Strength′ening, invigorating; Strength′less, without strength.—On the strength, on the muster-rolls of; On, or Upon, the strength of, in reliance upon.—Proof-strength (see under Proof). [A.S. strengthu—strang, strong.]

Strenuous, stren′ū-us, adj. active: vigorous: urgent: zealous: bold: necessitating exertion.—n. Strenuos′ity, strenuousness: a straining after effect.—adv. Stren′uously.—n. Stren′uousness. [L. strenuus, akin to Gr. strēnēs, strong.]

Strepent, strep′ent, adj. (rare) noisy. [L. strepĕre, to make a noise.]

Strepera, strep′e-ra, n. an Australian genus of corvine passerine birds, the crow-shrikes.—adj. Strep′erine. [L. strepĕre, to make a noise.]

Strephon, stref′on, n. a love-sick shepherd in Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia, hence a love-sick swain generally.—n. Streph′onade, a love-song.

Strepitoso, strep-i-tō′zō, adv. (mus.) in a loud, boisterous manner.

Stress, stres, n. force: pressure: urgency: strain: violence, as of the weather: the relative loudness or emphasis with which certain syllables are pronounced, accent: weight, importance: (mech.) force exerted in any direction or manner between two bodies—the greatest stress which a substance will bear without being torn asunder being its ultimate strength.—v.t. to constrain: lay stress on: to emphasise. [O. Fr. estrecir, from L. strictus, stringĕre, to draw tight.]

Stretch, strech, v.t. to extend: to draw out: to expand: to reach out: to exaggerate, strain, or carry further than is right: to cause to lie at full length: (slang) to hang.—v.i. to be drawn out: to be extended: to extend without breaking: to exaggerate.—n. act of stretching: effort: struggle: reach: extension: state of being stretched: utmost extent of meaning: course: one single uninterrupted sitting, turn, &c.: (slang) a year's imprisonment.—ns. Stretch′er, anything used for stretching, as gloves, hats, &c.: a frame on which a painter's canvas is stretched by means of wedges forced into the corners: a frame for carrying the sick or dead: a footboard for a rower; Stretch′er-bond, a method of building in which bricks or stones are laid lengthwise in successive courses, the joints of the one falling at the middle of that above and below; Stretch′ing-course, a course of bricks or stones having all the faces outward; Stretch′ing-frame, a machine for stretching cotton rovings before being spun into yarn: a frame on which starched fabrics are dried; Stretch′ing-ī′ron, a currier's tool for dressing leather.—adj. Stretch′y, apt to stretch too much: liable to stretch one's self from weariness. [A.S. streccan—strec, stræc, strong; cf. Ger. strack, straight.]

Strew, strōō, v.t. to spread by scattering: to scatter loosely:—pa.p. strewed or strewn.—ns. Strew′ing, act of scattering or spreading over: anything fit to be strewed: (Shak.) litter for cattle; Strew′ment (Shak.), anything strewed or scattered in decoration. [A.S. streowian; Ger. streuen, L. sternĕre.]

Stria, strī′a, n. a stripe or streak, a small channel or thread-like line running parallel to another: (archit.) one of the fillets between the flutes of columns, &c.:—pl. Strī′æ (ē).—v.t. Strīāte′, to score, stripe.—adjs. Strī′āte, -d, marked with striæ or small parallel channels.—ns. Strīā′tion; Strīā′tum, the corpus striatum, the great ganglion of the fore-brain; Strī′ature, mode of striation. [L. stria, a streak, striāre, -ātum, to furrow.]

Strich, Strick, strik, n. (Spens.) the screech-owl. [L. strix, strigis.]

Stricken, strik′n (B.), pa.p. of strike.—Stricken in years, advanced in years.—A stricken hour, an hour as marked by the clock.

Strickle, strik′l, n. a straight-edge for levelling the top of a measure of grain: a template.—Also Strick′ler.

Strict, strikt, adj. exact: extremely nice: observing exact rules, regular: severe: restricted, taken strictly: thoroughly accurate: tense, stiff: closely intimate: absolute, unbroken: constricted.—n. Stric′tion.—adv. Strict′ly, narrowly, closely, rigorously, exclusively.—ns. Strict′ness; Strict′ure (surg.), an unnatural contraction, either congenital or acquired, of a mucous canal, such as the urethra, œsophagus, or intestine: an unfavourable criticism: censure: critical remark. [L. strictus, pa.p. of stringĕre, to draw tight. Cf. Strain and Stringent.]

Stride, strīd, v.i. to walk with long steps: to straddle.—v.t. to pass over at a step: to bestride, ride upon:—pa.t. strōde (obs. strid); pa.p. strid′den.—n. a long step, the space passed over in such. [A.S. strídan, to stride; Ger. streiten, strive.]

Strident, strī′dent, adj. creaking, grating, harsh.—adv. Strī′dently.—n. Strī′dor, a harsh sound.—adj. Strid′ūlant, strident.—n.pl. Stridūlan′tia, a group of hemipterous insects, the cicadas.—v.i. Strid′ūlate, to make a stridulous sound.—ns. Stridūlā′tion, the act of stridulating; Strid′ūlātor, an insect which emits such a sound.—adjs. Strid′ūlātory, stridulant; Strid′ūlous, emitting a harsh creaking sound. [L. stridens, -entis, pr.p. of stridēre, to creak.]

Strife, strīf, n. contention for superiority: struggle for victory: contest: discord.—adj. Strife′ful (Spens.), full of strife, contentious, discordant—also Strif′ful. [M. E. strif—O. Fr. estrif—Scand., Ice. strith, strife; Ger. streit, Dut. strijd, strife.]

Strig, strig, n. the footstalk of a flower or leaf.—v.t. to strip this off.

Striga, strī′ga, n. (bot.) a sharp bristle or hair-like scale: a stripe, stria: the flute of a column:—pl. Strī′gæ.—adjs. Strī′gate, Strī′gose, having strigæ: streaked; Strig′ilose, minutely strigose. [L. striga, a furrow—stringĕre, to contract.]

Striges, strī′jez, n.pl. the owls or Strigidæ, a sub-order of Raptores.—adj. Strig′ine, owl-like. [L. strix, strigis, an owl.]

Strigil, strij′il, n. a flesh-scraper. [L. strigilis, a scraper—stringĕre, to contract.]

Strigilis, strij′i-lis, n. an organ for cleaning the antennæ on the first tarsal-joint of a bee's foreleg.

Strigops, strī′gops, n. a genus containing the kakapo or nocturnal New Zealand parrot, the owl-parrots. [L. strix, strigis, owl, Gr. ōps, face.]

Strike, strīk, v.t. to give a blow to: to hit with force, to smite: to pierce: to dash: to stamp: to coin: to thrust in: to cause to sound: to let down, as a sail: to ground upon, as a ship: to punish: to affect strongly: to affect suddenly with alarm or surprise: to make a compact or agreement, to ratify: to take down and remove: to erase (with out, off): to come upon unexpectedly: to occur to: to appear to: to assume: to hook a fish by a quick turn of the wrist: (slang) to steal: (B.) to stroke.—v.i. to give a quick blow: to hit: to dash: to sound by being struck: to touch: to run aground: to pass with a quick effect: to dart: to take root: to lower the flag in token of respect or surrender: to give up work in order to secure higher wages or the redress of some grievance: (U.S.) to do menial work for an officer: to become saturated with salt: to run, or fade in colour:—pa.t. struck; pa.p. struck (obs. strick′en).—n. act of striking for higher wages: (geol.) the direction of the outcrop of a stratum—the line which it makes when it appears at the surface of the earth, always being at right angles to the dip of the bend: (U.S.) any dishonest attempt to extort money by bringing in a bill in the hope of being bought off by those interested: full measure, esp. of malt: the whole coinage made at one time: an imperfect matrix for type: the metal plate into which a door-latch strikes as the door closes: the crystalline appearance of hard soaps.—ns. Strike′-pay, an allowance paid by a trades-union to men on strike; Strīk′er, one who, or that which, strikes: a green-hand on shipboard.—adj. Strīk′ing, affecting: surprising: forcible: impressive: exact.—adv. Strīk′ingly.—n. Strīk′ingness, quality of being striking, or of affecting or surprising.—Strike a balance, to bring out the relative state of a debtor and creditor account; Strike a tent, to take it down; Strike down, to prostrate by a blow or by illness; Strike for, to start suddenly for; Strike from, to remove with a stroke; Strike hands (B.), to become surety for any one; Strike home, to strike right to the point aimed at; Strike in, to enter suddenly: to interpose; Strike into, to enter upon suddenly, to break into; Strike off, to erase from an account, to deduct: to print: to separate by a blow; Strike oil, to find petroleum when boring for it: to make a lucky hit; Strike out, to efface: to bring into light: to direct one's course boldly outwards: to strike from the shoulder: to form by sudden effort; Strike sail, to take in sail: to stop; Strike up, to begin to beat, sing, or play; Strike work, to cease work. [A.S. strícan; Ger. streichen, to move, to strike.]

String, string, n. a small cord or slip of anything for tying, small cord, twine: a ribbon: nerve, tendon, a vegetable fibre: the chord (slender piece of wire or catgut stretched) of a musical instrument: (pl.) stringed instruments collectively: a cord on which things are filed, a succession or series of things: a drove of horses: in billiards, the buttons strung on a wire by which the score is kept, the score itself: an expedient, object in view or of pursuit: the highest range of planks in a ship's ceiling.—v.t. to supply with strings: to put in tune: to put on a string: to make tense or firm: to take the strings off.—v.i. to stretch out into a long line: to form itself into strings: at billiards, to drive the ball against the end of the table and back, in order to determine which player is to open the game:—pa.t. and pa.p. strung.—ns. String′-band, a band composed chiefly of stringed instruments; String′-board, a board which faces the well-hole of a staircase, and receives the ends of the steps; String′-course, a projecting horizontal course or line of mouldings running quite along the face of a building.—adj. Stringed, having strings.—ns. String′er, one who, or that which, strings: a lengthwise timber on which a rail is fastened resting on a transverse cross-tie or sleeper: any main lengthways timber in a bridge or other building: a small screw-hook to which piano-strings are sometimes attached: (naut.) a shelf-piece, an inside horizontal plank, supporting beam-ends, any heavy timber similarly carried round a vessel to strengthen her for special heavy service, as whaling, &c.; String′iness.—adj. String′less, having no strings.—ns. String′-or′gan, a reed-organ having a graduated set of vibrators or free reeds connected by rods which cause to vibrate corresponding wires or strings stretched over a sounding-board; String′-pea, a pea with edible pods; String′-piece, a supporting timber forming the edge of the framework of a floor or staircase, &c.; String′-plate; a metal plate bearing the spring-block of a pianoforte.—adj. String′y, consisting of strings or small threads: fibrous: capable of being drawn into strings.—n. String′y-bark, one of a class of Australian gum-trees with very fibrous bark.—Harp upon one string (see under Harp); Have one on a string, to gain complete influence or control over some one: to place a person under great anxiety; Have two strings to one's bow, to have more than one expedient for attaining the object in view. [A.S. strenge, cord—strang, strong; Dut. streng, Ice. strengr, Ger. strang; conn. with L. stringĕre, to draw tight.]

Stringent, strin′jent, adj. binding strongly: urgent.—n. Strin′gency, state or quality of being stringent: severe pressure.—advs. Stringen′do (mus.) hastening the time; Strin′gently, in a stringent manner.—n. Strin′gentness. [L. stringens, -entis, pr.p. of stringĕre.]

Stringhalt, string′hawlt, n. a peculiar catching up of a horse's limbs, usually of one or both hind-limbs, a variety of chorea or St Vitus's dance.

Strinkle, string′kl, v.t. and v.i. (Scot.) to sprinkle sparingly.—n. Strink′ling. [Sprinkle.]

Strip, strip, v.t to pull off in strips or stripes: to tear off: to deprive of a covering: to skin, to peel, to husk: to make bare: to expose: to remove the overlying earth from a deposit: to deprive: to impoverish or make destitute: to plunder: to press out the last milk at a milking: to press out the ripe roe or milt from fishes, for artificial fecundation: to separate the leaves of tobacco from the stems.—v.i. to undress: to lose the thread, as a screw: to come off:—pr.p. strip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stripped.—n. a long narrow piece of anything (cf. Stripe).—ns. Strip′leaf, tobacco which has been stripped of the stalks before packing; Strip′per, one who, or that which, strips.—n.pl. Strip′pings, the last milk drawn from a cow at a milking.—Strip off, to pull or take off: to cast off. [A.S. strýpan; Ger. streifen.]

Stripe, strīp, n. a blow, esp. one made with a lash, rod, &c.: a wale or discoloured mark made by a lash or rod: a line, or long narrow division of a different colour from the ground: kind, particular sort: striped cloth.—v.t. to make stripes upon: to form with lines of different colours.—adjs. Strīped, having stripes of different colours; Strī′py, stripelike. [Old Dut. strijpe, a stripe in cloth; Dut. streep, Low Ger. stripe, Ger. streif.]

Strive, strīv, v.i. to make efforts (with with, against, for): to endeavour earnestly: to labour hard: to struggle, to fight: to contend: to aim:—pa.t. strōve; pa.p. striv′en.—ns. Strīv′er; Strīv′ing.—adv. Strīv′ingly, with striving, struggles, or earnest efforts. [O. Fr. estriver—estrif, strife—Scand., Ice. strídh, strife.]

Strix, striks, n. a genus typical of Strigidæ. [L. strix—Gr. strix, a screech-owl.]

Strob, strob, n. the angular velocity of one radian per second.—adj. Strob′ic, seeming to spin. [Gr. strobos—strephein, to twist.]

Strobila, stro-bī′la, n. a discomedusan at the stage succeeding the scyphistoma: a segmented tapeworm.—adj. Strobilā′ceous.—v.i. Strob′ilate.—n. Strobilā′tion. [Gr. strobilē, a twisted plug of lint.]

Strobile, strob′il, n. (bot.) a cone—also Strob′ilus.—adjs. Strobilif′erous; Strobil′iform; Strob′iline; Strob′iloid.

Stroboscope, strob′ō-skōp, n. an apparatus for observing periodic motion by throwing light at intervals on the rotating body.—adj. Stroboscop′ic. [Gr. strobos, a turning, skopein, to see.]

Stroke, strōk, n. a blow: a sudden attack: calamity: the sound of a clock: a dash in writing: the sweep of an oar in rowing, the aftmost oar of a boat: the movement of the piston of a steam-engine: the touch of a pen or pencil: any characteristic feature: an effective action, a feat, a masterly effort: a mental act, the action of any faculty of the mind.—v.t. and v.i. to act as stroke for, to row the stroke-oar of a boat.—n. Stroke′-oar, the aftmost oar in a boat, or its rower, whose stroke leads the rest. [A.S. strác, pa.t. of strícan, to strike.]

Stroke, strōk, v.t. to rub gently in one direction: to rub gently in kindness.—ns. Strōk′er; Strōk′ing. [A.S. strácian, a causal of strícan, as above; cf. Ger. streicheln, to stroke, from streichen, to rub.]

Stroll, strōl, v.i. to ramble idly or leisurely: to wander on foot.—n. a leisurely walk: a wandering on foot.—n. Stroll′er. [Skeat explains as formerly stroule, stroyle, a contracted form, as if for strugle. Freq. of Dan. stryge, to stroll, Sw. stryka, to stroke, also to ramble. Allied to strike.]

Stroma, strō′ma, n. the subtentacular tissue or substance of an organ or cell: in fungi, the substance in which the perithecia are immersed: the solid mass left after all liquid is expressed from protoplasm.—adjs. Stromat′ic; Strō′matiform; Strō′matous. [Gr. strōma, a covering.]

Stromatology, strōm-a-tol′ō-ji, n. the history of the formation of the stratified rocks. [Gr. strōma, a covering, logos, discourse.]

Strombus, strom′bus, n. a genus of marine gasteropods, typical of the family Strombidæ, their shells, often called conch-shells, frequently used as decorative objects and in the manufacture of cameos. [Gr. strombos, a pine-cone.]

Strong, strong, adj. firm: having physical power: hale, healthy: able to endure: solid: well fortified: having wealth or resources: moving with rapidity: impetuous: earnest: having great vigour, as the mind: forcible: energetic, determined, positive: affecting the senses, as smell and taste, forcibly offensive or intense in quality, pungent: loud, stentorian: hard, indigestible: having a quality in a great degree: intoxicating, rich in alcohol: bright: intense: well established, firm, steadily going upward without fluctuation: (gram.) inflecting by a change of radical vowel instead of by syllabic addition.—n. Strong′hold, a place strong to hold out against attack: a fastness or fortified place: a fortress.—adj. Strong′-knit, firmly jointed or compacted.—adv. Strong′ly.—adj. Strong′-mind′ed, having a vigorous mind: unfeminine, applied to women who unsex themselves to obtain the freedom of men.—ns. Strong′-mind′edness; Strong′-room, a firmly secured place where valuables are stored; Strong′-wa′ter, ardent spirits.—Strong escape (Shak.), an escape accomplished by strength. [A.S. strang, strong; Ice. strangr, Ger. streng, tight.]

Strongyle, stron′jil, n. a strongyloid nematode worm.—adj. Stron′gyloid. [Gr. strongylos, round.]

Strontium, stron′shi-um, n. a yellowish, ductile, malleable metal somewhat harder than lead, existing as a carbonate in the mineral Strontianite (first found in 1790 near Strontian in Argyllshire), and as a sulphate in the mineral known as Celestine.—ns. Stron′tia, the oxide of strontium—also Stron′tian; Stron′tianite, carbonate of strontia.

Strop, strop, n. a strip of leather, or of wood covered with leather, &c., for sharpening razors.—v.t. to sharpen on a strop:—pr.p. strop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stropped. [Older form of strap.]

Strophanthus, strō-fan′thus, n. a genus of tropical African and Asiatic plants of order Apocynaceæ, often climbers, the seeds of several species in Africa yielding arrow-poison, those of S. hispidus yielding an extremely poisonous bitter principle, Strophan′thin, whose medicinal action is very similar to that of Digitalis. [Gr. strophos, twisted band, anthos, flower.]

Strophe, strōf′e, n. in the ancient drama, the song sung by the chorus while dancing towards one side of the orchestra, to which its reverse, the antistrophe, answers.—adj. Stroph′ic. [Gr.]

Strophiole, strof′i-ōl, n. (bot.) an aril-like appendage growing from the raphe in the fruits of Viola, &c.—adjs. Stroph′iolate, -d. [Gr. strophion, dim. of strophos, a twisted band.]

Strossers, stros′ėrz, n. (Shak.) trousers. [A form of trossers=trousers.]

Strout, strowt, v.t. (Bacon) to strut, to cause to project or swell out.

Structure, struk′tūr, n. manner of building: construction: a building, esp. one of large size: arrangement of parts or of particles in a substance: manner of organisation: an organic form.—adj. Struc′tūral, morphological.—n. Structūralisā′tion.—adv. Struc′tūrally, in a structural manner.—adjs. Struc′tured, having a certain structure; Struc′tureless.—adv. Struc′turely, in structure, by construction.—n. Struc′tūrist, one who rears structures. [L. structura—struĕre, structum, to build.]

Struggle, strug′l, v.i. to make great efforts with contortions of the body: to make great exertions: to contend: to labour in pain: to be in agony or distress.—n. a violent effort with contortions of the body: great labour: agony.—n. Strugg′ler, one who struggles, strives, or contends. [Skeat explains M. E. strogelen as a weakened form of an assumed strokelen, a freq. verb, from Ice. strok-, stem of strokinn, pa.p. of strjúka, to strike; cf. Ice. strokka, to churn, also Sw. stryka, to strike.]

Struldbrug, struld′brug, n. one of a class of immortals in Gulliver's Travels, born with a special mark in the forehead, kept by the public after eighty.

Strum, strum, v.t. to play on (as a musical instrument) in a coarse, noisy manner:—pr.p. strum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. strummed. [A variant of thrum.]

Struma, strōō′ma, n. scrofula:—pl. Stru′mæ.—adjs. Strumat′ic, Stru′mous, having scrofula: scrofulous—also Strumōse′; Strumif′erous, bearing strumæ or swellings; Stru′miform, having the form of a struma.—ns. Strumī′tis, inflammation of the thyroid gland; Strumō′sis, production of struma; Stru′mousness. [L. strumosus—struma, scrofula.]

Strumpet, strum′pet, n. a whore.—adj. like a strumpet: inconstant: false.—v.t. to make a strumpet of: to call a strumpet. [O. Fr. strupe, stupre—L. stuprum, dishonour, struprāre, to debauch.]

Strut, strut, v.i. to walk in a pompous manner: to walk with affected dignity:—pr.p. strut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. strut′ted.—n. a proud step or walk: affectation of dignity in walking.—n. Strut′ter, one who struts.—adv. Strut′tingly, in a strutting manner. [Scand., Dan. strutte, to strut; Low Ger. strutt, rigid; Ger. strotzen, to be puffed up.]

Strut, strut, n. a support for a rafter: an instrument for adjusting the plaits of a ruff.—v.t. to brace.

Struthio, strōō′thi-ō, n. the sole genus of Struthionidæ, the African ostriches.—adjs. Stru′thionine, Stru′thious. [L.,—Gr. strouthiōn, an ostrich.]

Strychnine, strik′nin, n. a poisonous alkaloid occurring in crystals, intensely bitter, colourless and inodorous, obtained from the seeds of nux vomica—also Strych′nia.—adj. Strych′nic.—ns. Strych′ninism, the condition produced by a poisonous dose of strychnine; Strych′nism, the morbid state of the spinal cord produced by strychnine. [Gr. strychnos, a kind of nightshade.]

Stub, stub, n. the stump left after a tree is cut down: anything short and thick, a stump or truncated end of anything, a worn horse-shoe nail, esp. in pl.: the counterfoil in a cheque-book, &c.—v.t. to take the stubs or roots of from the ground: to cut to a stub: to strike against a stub:—pr.p. stub′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. stubbed.—adj. Stubbed, short and thick like a stump: blunt: obtuse.—ns. Stub′bedness; Stub′biness, state of being stubby: stubbedness.—adj. Stub′by, abounding with stubs: short, thick, and strong.—ns. Stub′-ī′ron, that worked up from stubs for gun-barrels; Stub′-nail, a short thick nail. [A.S. styb; Dut. stobbe, Ice. stubbi.]

Stubble, stub′l, n. the stumps or root-ends of the stalks of corn left in the ground by the reaper or mower: anything like this, as a bristly beard, &c.: the sugar-cane in the field after the first year.—adjs. Stubb′led, covered with stubble; Stubb′le-fed, fed on the natural grass growing among stubble.—ns. Stubb′le-goose, or Harvest-goose, the greylag goose; Stubb′le-rake, a rake with long teeth for raking stubble together.—adj. Stubb′ly, stubbled: having stubble: covered with stubble. [O. Fr. estouble, prob. Teut. (Old High Ger. stupfila), or directly from L. stipula, dim. of stipes, a stalk.]

Stubborn, stub′orn, adj. immovably fixed in opinion: obstinate: persevering: steady: stiff: inflexible: hardy: not easily melted or worked.—v.t. (Keats) to make stubborn.—adv. Stubb′ornly.—n. Stubb′ornness.—adj. Stubb′orn-shaft′ed, having strong shafts or trunks. [A.S. styb, a stub.]

Stucco, stuk′ō, n. a plaster of lime and fine sand, &c., used as a coating for walls, for decorations, &c.: work done in stucco.—v.t. to face or overlay with stucco: to form in stucco.—n. Stucc′ōer, one who works or deals in stucco. [It. stucco; from Old High Ger. stucchi, a crust, a shell.]

Stuck, stuk, pa.t. and pa.p. of stick.—adj. Stuck′-up, affectedly vain, self-important.

Stud, stud, n. a collection of breeding horses and mares, also the place where they are kept: a collection of horses for racing or hunting, also of other animals, even of dogs in America.—ns. Stud′-book, a record of the pedigrees of famous animals, esp. horses; Stud′-farm, a farm where horses are bred; Stud′-groom, a groom at a stud, esp. the head-groom; Stud′-horse, a stallion. [A.S. stód; Ger. gestüt.]

Stud, stud, n. a nail with a large head: an ornamental double-headed button worn in a cuff or shirt-front: one of the intermediate posts in a partition to which laths are nailed: a cross-piece in the links of a chain-cable for strengthening: a small pin in a watch: a trunk, stem.—v.t. to adorn with knobs: to set thickly, as with studs:—pr.p. stud′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. stud′ded.—ns. Stud′-bolt, a bolt with a thread on each end, screwed into a fixed part at one end, receiving a nut upon the other; Stud′ding-sail, a narrow sail set temporarily at the outer edges of a square sail when the wind is light—also Scudding-sail; Stud′dle, a prop supporting a platform in a mine; Stud′-work, brickwork walls between studs: studded leather armour. [A.S. studu, a post.]

Student, stū′dent, n. one who studies, a scholar at a higher school, college, or university: one devoted to the study of any subject: a man devoted to books.—ns. Stū′dentry, students collectively; Stū′dentship, an endowment for a student in a college.

Studio, stū′di-o, n. the workshop of an artist or photographer:—pl. Stū′dios. [It.]

Studious, stū′di-us, adj. given to study: thoughtful: diligent: careful (with of): studied: deliberately planned: favourable for study or meditation.—adv. Stū′diously.—n. Stū′diousness.

Study, stud′i, v.t. to bestow pains upon: to apply the mind to: to examine closely, in order to learn thoroughly: to form and arrange by thought: to con over.—v.i. to apply the mind closely to a subject: to try hard: to muse, meditate, reflect: to apply the mind to books:—pa.t. and pa.p. stud′ied.—n. a setting of the mind upon a subject, earnest endeavour, application to books, &c.: absorbed attention: contrivance: any object of attentive consideration: any particular branch of learning: a room devoted to study: a first sketch from nature, a drawing or painting hastily done to facilitate later and more elaborate work, a student's exercise in painting or sculpture: a composition in music intended to help in acquiring mechanical facility: in theatrical phrase, one who commits a part to memory.—adj. Stud′ied, qualified by, or versed in, study: learned: planned with study or deliberation: premeditated.—adv. Stud′iedly, in a studied or premeditated manner.—n. Stud′ier, one who studies. [O. Fr. estudie (Fr. étude)—L. studium, zeal; Gr. spoudē, zeal.]

Stufa, stōōf′a, n. a jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth. [It.]

Stuff, stuf, n. materials of which anything is made: that which fills anything: essence, elemental part: textile fabrics, cloth, esp. when woollen: something trifling, worthless, or contemptible: a melted mass of turpentine, tallow, &c. used for paying masts, planks, &c.: a medicinal mixture: boards for building: (slang) money: worthless matter: possessions generally, esp. household furniture, &c.—v.t. to fill by crowding: to fill very full: to press in: to crowd: to cram, as with nonsense or lies: to obstruct: to cause to bulge out by filling: to fill with seasoning, as a fowl: to fill the skin of a dead animal, so as to reproduce its living form.—v.i. to feed gluttonously: to practise taxidermy.—ns. Stuff′er, one who stuffs, esp. the skins of animals; Stuff′-gown, a gown of stuff, not silk, esp. that of a junior barrister; Stuff′ing, that which is used to stuff or fill anything—straw, sawdust, feathers, hair, &c.: relishing ingredients put into meat, poultry, &c. in cooking; Stuff′ing-box, a contrivance for keeping a piston-rod, &c., air-tight or water-tight by means of closely-fitting packing, while allowing it free motion. [O. Fr. estoffe (Fr. étoffe)—L. stuppa, tow.]

Stuffy, stuf′i, adj. badly ventilated, musty: causing difficulty in breathing: (Scot.) stout: sturdy: (slang) sulky.—n. Stuff′iness. [O. Fr. estouffer, to choke—estoffe, stuff.]

Stultify, stul′ti-fī, v.t. to make a fool of: to cause to appear foolish: to destroy the force of one's argument by self-contradiction: (law) to allege or prove to be of unsound mind:—pa.t. and pa.p. stul′tified.—ns. Stultificā′tion, act of stultifying or making foolish; Stul′tifier, one who stultifies or makes a fool of; Stultil′oquence, Stultil′oquy, foolish talk or discourse, babbling.—adj. Stultil′oquent.—adv. Stultil′oquently. [L. stultus, foolish, facĕre, to make.]

Stum, stum, n. must, grape-juice unfermented: new wine used to revive dead or vapid wine: a mixture used to impart artificial strength, &c., to weak beer or wine: wine revived by the addition of stum or by a second fermentation.—v.t. to renew or doctor with stum: to fume, as a cask of liquor, with burning sulphur. [Dut. stom, must—stom, mute; Ger. stumm, dumb.]

Stumble, stum′bl, v.i. to strike the feet against something, to trip in walking: to light on by chance (with upon): to slide into crime or error.—v.t. to cause to trip or stop: to puzzle.—n. a trip in walking or running: a blunder: a failure.—ns. Stum′bler, one who stumbles; Stum′bling-block, -stone, a block or stone over which one would be likely to stumble: a cause of error.—adv. Stum′blingly.—adj. Stum′bly, apt to stumble. [Skeat explains the b as excrescent, the M. E. stomblen, stomelen, stumlen, also stomeren being from Ice. stumra, to stumble. It is thus a doublet of stammer.]

Stump, stump, n. the part of a tree left in the ground after the trunk is cut down: the part of a body remaining after a part is cut off or destroyed: (cricket) one of the three sticks forming a wicket.—v.t. to reduce to a stump, to truncate, to cut off a part of: to strike unexpectedly, as the foot against something fixed: (cricket) to knock down the wickets when the batsman is out of his ground: to bring to a stop by means of some obstacle or other, to defeat, ruin: (U.S.) to challenge to do something difficult: to make stump-speeches throughout a district, constituency, &c.: (slang) to pay down, hand over (with up).—v.i. to walk along heavily: to make stump-speeches.—ns. Stump′er, one who stumps; Stump′-or′ator, one who harangues the multitude from a temporary platform, as the stump of a tree: a speaker who travels about the country, and whose appeals are mainly to the passions of his audience; Stump′-or′atory; Stump′-speech, an impromptu speech delivered on any improvised platform, any speech made all round a district by some frothy agitator.—adj. Stump′y, full of stumps, short and thick.—n. (slang) cash.—Stump out (cricket), to put out by knocking down the stump or wicket. [Ice. stumpr; Ger. stumpf, nasalised form of stub.]

Stun, stun, v.t. to stupefy or astonish with a loud noise, or with a blow: to surprise completely: to amaze:—pr.p. stun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. stunned.—n. a stroke, shock, stupefying blow.—ns. Stun′ner, a person or an action that strikes with amazement; Stun′ning, stupefaction.—adj. very striking, astonishing.—adv. Stun′ningly. [A.S. stunian, to make a din—stun, a din.]

Stundist, stun′dist, n. one of a body of Russian dissenters who reject forms and ceremonies, and base their faith and practice on the Bible alone.—n. Stun′dism, the doctrines of the Stundists. [Ger. stunde, an hour, from their stated meetings for Bible-reading.]

Stunt, stunt, v.t. to hinder from growth, to dwarf, check.—n. a check in growth: an animal whose growth is stunted.—adj. Stunt′ed, dwarfed.—n. Stunt′edness, state of being stunted. [A.S. stunt, blunt; Ice. stuttr, short.]

Stupa, stū′pa, n. a Buddhist monument: a dagoba or shrine of Buddha. [Sans.]

Stupe, stūp, n. a fomentation, or rather the tow or cloth dipped in it, and used in its application.—v.t. to treat with a stupe.—adjs. Stū′pēous, covered with long loose filaments or scales—also Stū′pōse; Stū′pulōse, finely stupose. [L.,—Gr. stuppē, tow.]

Stupefy, stū′pe-fī, v.t. to make stupid or senseless: to deaden the perception: to deprive of sensibility:—pa.t. and pa.p. stū′pefied.—adj. Stūpefā′cient, stupefying.—n. anything that stupefies, a narcotic drug.—n. Stūpefac′tion, the act of making stupid or senseless: insensibility: stupidity.—adj. Stūpefac′tive, causing stupefaction or insensibility.—ns. Stū′pefīedness; Stū′pefīer.—adj. Stū′pent, struck with stupor. [L. stupēre, to be struck senseless, facĕre, to make.]

Stupendous, stū-pen′dus, adj. wonderful, amazing, astonishing for its magnitude, force, enormity.—adv. Stūpen′dously.—n. Stūpen′dousness. [L. stupendus.]

Stupid, stū′pid, adj. struck senseless: insensible: deficient or dull in understanding: formed or done without reason or judgment: foolish: unskilful.—ns. Stupe (coll.), a stupid person; Stūpid′ity, Stū′pidness.—adv. Stū′pidly. [Fr.,—L. stupidus.]

Stupor, stū′por, n. the state of being struck senseless: suspension of sense either complete or partial: insensibility, intellectual or moral: excessive amazement or astonishment.—adj. Stū′porous.

Stuprum, stū′prum, n. forcible violation of chastity: rape.—v.t. Stū′prāte, to ravish.—n. Stūprā′tion. [L.,—stuprāre, -ātum, to debauch.]

Sturdy, stur′di, adj. (comp. Stur′dier, superl. Stur′diest) resolute: firm: forcible: strong: robust: stout: (obs.) stubborn or obstinate.—adv. Stur′dily.—n. Stur′diness. [O. Fr. estourdi, pa.p. of estourdir (Fr. étourdir), It. stordire, to stun; acc. to Diez, through an assumed Low L. form from L. torpidus, stupefied.]

Sturdy, stur′di, n. the gid, a disease affecting young sheep with staggering and stupor, caused by a species of tapeworm in the brain.—adj. Stur′died.

Sturgeon, stur′jun, n. a genus of large Ganoid fishes, yielding palatable flesh, caviare from their roe, isinglass from their air-bladders. [O. Fr. esturgeon, from Old High Ger. sturjo—stōren, to spread.]

Sturnidæ, stur′ni-dē, n.pl. a family of oscine passerine birds, its representative genus, Stur′nus, the starlings.—adjs. Stur′niform; Stur′noid.

Sturt, sturt, n. strife, wrath, vexation.—v.t. and v.i. to vex, annoy: start with fear.

Stutter, stut′ėr, v.i. to hesitate in speaking: to stammer.—n. the act of stuttering: a hesitation in speaking.—n. Stutt′erer, one who stutters.—adj. Stutt′ering, hesitating in speaking: stammering.—adv. Stutt′eringly. [A freq. of obs. stut, to stutter, M. E. stoten—Ice. stauta; cog. with Ger. stossen.]

Sty, stī, n. a small inflamed tumour on the eyelid. [A.S. stígend, from stígan, to step up.]

Sty, stī, n. an enclosure for swine: any place extremely filthy, any place of gross debauchery. [A.S. stígo; Ger. steige.]

Stygian, stij′i-an, adj. relating to Styx, one of the rivers of Hades, across which Charon ferries the shades of the departed: hellish, infernal, deadly, impenetrable. [L.,—Gr. stygein, to hate.]

Style, stīl, n. anything long and pointed, esp. a pointed tool for engraving or writing: manner of writing, mode of expressing thought in language: the distinctive manner peculiar to an author: characteristic or peculiar mode of expression and execution (in the fine arts): title: mode of address: practice, esp. in a law-court: manner: form: fashion: mode of reckoning time—Old Style, when the system follows the Julian calendar, as still in Russia, and in England before 2d September 1752; New Style, when the system follows the Gregorian calendar (eleven days were omitted, thus the 3d September became the 14th): the pin of a dial: (bot.) the middle portion of the pistil, between the ovary and the stigma (see Pistil).—v.t. to entitle in addressing or speaking of: to name or designate.—adjs. Sty′lar, pertaining to the pin of a dial; Sty′late, like a style, styliform.—n. Sty′let, a stiletto: the perforator of a trocar, a probe: a little style.—adjs. Sty′letiform, shaped like a stylet; Stylif′erous, having a style, stylate; Sty′liform, style-shaped; Sty′lish, displaying style: fashionable: showy: pretending to style.—adv. Sty′lishly.—ns. Sty′lishness; Sty′list, one with a distinctive and fine literary style.—adj. Stylist′ic.—adv. Stylist′ically.—adj. Sty′loid, resembling a style or pen.—n. Sty′lus, a style, pen. [Fr.,—L. stilus.]

Stylite, stī′līt, n. one of an early class of anchorets who lived unsheltered on the tops of pillars—Simeon Stylites (c. 390-459) is said to have lived thirty years on such. [Gr. stylitēs—stylos, a pillar.]

Stylobate, stī′lō-bāt, n. the substructure of a temple beneath the columns. [Gr. stylobatēs—stylos, a column, bainein, to go.]

Stylography, stī-log′ra-fi, n. a mode of writing or tracing lines with a style or pointed instrument on prepared paper, cards, or tablets.—n. Styl′ograph, a stylographic pen, a pencil-like pen from which ink is fed to a tubular writing-point through which runs a needle which when pressed on the paper releases the ink.—adj. Stylograph′ic.—adv. Stylograph′ically. [Gr. stylos, a style, graphein, to write.]

Stymie, stī′mi, n. in golf, a position on the putting-green when the ball of one player lies between that of his opponent and the hole.

Styptic, stip′tik, adj. drawing together: astringent: that stops bleeding.—n. an agent employed in surgery for the purpose of checking the flow of blood by application to the bleeding surface: an astringent medicine.—n. Styptic′ity. [Fr.,—L. stypticus—Gr. styptikos—styphein, to contract.]

Styrax, stī′raks, n. a genus of plants abounding in resinous and aromatic substances, one species of which produces storax, another benzoin. [L.—Gr.]

Suasion, swā′zhun, n. the act of persuading or advising: advice.—adj. Suā′sive, tending to persuade: persuasive.—adv. Suā′sively.—n. Suā′siveness. [Fr.,—L. suasio—suadēre, to advise.]

Suave, swāv, or swäv, adj. pleasant: agreeable.—adv. Suāve′ly.—n. Suav′ity. [Fr.,—L. suavis, sweet.]

Sub, sub, n. (coll.) a subordinate, a subaltern: subsist money, being a part of a man's wages paid to him while the work is going on.

Subabdominal, sub-ab-dom′i-nal, adj. situated below the abdominal region, in the lower part of the abdomen.

Subacid, sub-as′id, adj. moderately acid, not unpleasantly sour: somewhat sharp or biting.—n. Subacid′ity.—adj. Subacid′ulous, moderately acidulous.

Subaerial, sub-ā-ē′ri-al, adj. beneath the sky: in the open air.—n. Subāē′rialist, one who ascribes the greater inequalities in the earth's surface to atmospheric influences.—adv. Subāē′rially.

Subagent, sub-āj′ent, n. one employed by an agent to transact business in his stead.

Subahdar, sōō′ba-där, n. under the Mogul government, the title of the governor of a province (Su′bah): now a native officer ranking as a captain under European officers.—n. Su′bahdary, the office or jurisdiction of such.

Subalpine, sub-al′pīn, adj. belonging to a mountainous region next below alpine—i.e. near but not below the timber-line, alpestrine.

Subaltern, sub′al-tėrn, or sub-al′tėrn, adj. inferior: subordinate.—n. a subordinate: an officer in the army under the rank of captain: (logic) a specific class as included under a general one, or a particular statement as deducible from a universal one.—adjs. Subalter′nant, universal as opposed to particular; Subalter′nate, succeeding by turns: subordinate.—n. a particular proposition or a species, as opposed to a universal proposition or a genus.—n. Subalternā′tion. [Fr.,—Low L. subalternus—L. sub, under, alternus, one after the other, alter, the other.]

Subapostolic, sub-ap-os-tol′ik, adj. pertaining to the period just after that of the apostles—that of Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hermas, Ignatius, Papias, and Polycarp. Just after these follow Justin Martyr, Irenæus, Clement of Alexandria, &c.

Subaqueous, sub-ā′kwe-us, adj. lying under water: formed under water: living under water.—adj. Subaquat′ic, subaqueous: partially aquatic.

Subarborescent, sub-ar-bor-es′ent, adj. somewhat arborescent or tree-like.

Subarrhation, sub-ar-ā′shun, n. the ancient custom of betrothal by gift of pledges. [L. sub, under, arrha, earnest-money.]

Subaxillary, sub-aks′i-lar-i, adj. below the armpit: under the axil or angle formed by a branch or leaf.

Subbing, sub′ing, n. (print.) the act of working as a substitute: the practice of advancing part of the wages while the work is going on.

Subcarbonate, sub-kär′bon-āt, n. a carbonate containing more than one equivalent of the base for each equivalent of carbonic acid.

Subclavian, sub-klā′vi-an, adj. under the clavicle or collar-bone.—Also Subclavic′ular.

Subcommittee, sub′ko-mit-ē, n. an under-committee: a division of a committee.

Subconscious, sub-kon′shus, adj. faintly conscious, applying to perceptions which are without consciousness or memory.—adv. Subcon′sciously.—n. Subcon′sciousness.

Subcontinuous, sub-kon-tin′ū-us, adj. nearly continuous, with but slight interruptions.

Subcontract, sub-kon′trakt, n. a contract subordinate to another contract, as for the subletting of work.—v.i. Subcontract′.—adj. Subcontract′ed.—n. Subcontract′or.

Subcontrary, sub-kon′tra-ri, adj. contrary in an inferior degree: (geom.) said of a section of an oblique cone on a circular base, which section is itself a circle: (logic) denoting the opposition of two subalternate propositions.—n. a subcontrary proposition.—n. Subcontrarī′ety.

Subcrepitant, sub-krep′i-tant, adj. slightly crepitant.—n. Subcrepitā′tion.

Subculture, sub-kul′tūr, n. in bacteriology, a culture derived from a previous one.

Subcutaneous, sub-kū-tā′ne-us, adj. under the skin.—Subcutaneous syringe, a syringe for injecting substances beneath the skin.

Subdeacon, sub-dē′kn, n. a member of the order of the ministry next below that of deacon, preparing the vessels, &c., at the eucharist.—ns. Subdea′conry, Subdea′conship, Subdiac′onate.

Subdean, sub-dēn′, n. an assistant or substitute dean.—n. Subdean′ery.

Subdentate, sub-den′tāt, adj. imperfectly dentate, having indistinct teeth.

Subderivative, sub-dē-riv′a-tiv, n. a word derived from the derivative, rather than directly from the primitive word.

Subdivide, sub-di-vīd′, v.t. to divide into smaller divisions: to divide again.—v.i. to be subdivided: to separate.—adj. Subdivī′sible.—n. Subdivi′sion, the act of subdividing: the part made by subdividing.—adjs. Subdivi′sional; Subdivī′sive.

Subdominant, sub-dom′i-nant, n. (mus.) the tone next below the dominant.

Subduct, sub-dukt′, v.t. to take away, to withdraw—also Subduce′.—n. Subduc′tion. [L. sub, under, ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Subdue, sub-dū′, v.t. to conquer: to bring under dominion: to render submissive: to tame: to soften.—adj. Subdū′able.—n. Subdū′al, the act of subduing.—adj. Subdued′, toned down.—ns. Subdued′ness; Subdue′ment (Shak.), conquests; Subdū′er. [O. Fr. souduire—L. sub, under, ducĕre, to lead.]

Subduple, sub′dū-pl, adj. in the ratio of one to two.—adj. Subdū′plicate, expressed by the square root.

Subeditor, sub-ed′i-tur, n. an under or assistant editor.—adj. Subeditō′rial.—n. Subed′itorship.

Suberic, sū-bėr′ik, adj. relating to, or extracted from, cork.—n. Sū′berāte, a salt of suberic acid.—adj. Sūbē′rēous.—ns. Sū′berine, the pure cellular tissue of cork; Sūberisā′tion.—v.t. Sū′berise, to render corky.—adjs. Sū′berose, Sū′berous, of the nature of cork, cork-like. [L. suber, the cork-tree.]

Suberose, sub-e-rōs′, adj. appearing as if somewhat gnawed. [L. sub, under, erosus—e, out, rodĕre, rosum, to gnaw.]

Subfamily, sub′fam-i-li, n. a primary division of a family, of one or more genera.

Subfeu, sub-fū′, v.t. to make subinfeudation of.—n. Subfeudā′tion=Subinfeudation (q.v.).—adj. Subfeud′atory.

Subflora, sub′flō-ra, n. a more local flora included within one of wider range.

Subfusc, Subfusk, sub-fusk′, adj. somewhat dark, dusky, tawny.—Also Subfus′cous.

Subgens, sub-jenz′, n. the sociological division of a people next below the gens or clan:—pl. Subgen′tes.

Subgenus, sub-jē′nus, n. a primary division of a genus including one or more species with common characters.—adj. Subgener′ic.—adv. Subgener′ically.

Subglacial, sub-glā′shal, adj. belonging to the under side of a glacier: under a glacier.

Subhastation, sub-has-tā′shun, n. a sale under the lance—a Roman method of auction. [L. sub, under, hasta, a lance.]

Subimago, sub′i-mā-gō, n. a stage in the metamorphosis of certain insects, between the pupa and the imago.—Also Pseudimago.

Subindicate, sub-in′di-kāt, v.t. to indicate by a hint.—n. Subindicā′tion.—adj. Subindic′ātive, suggestive.

Subinfeudation, sub-in-fū-dā′shun, n. the right enjoyed by the inferior lord, in imitation of his superiors, of making similar grants of portions of his land to others, to be held by them as his vassals.—adjs. and ns. Subfeud′atory, Subinfeud′atory.

Subinspector, sub′in-spek-tor, n. a subordinate or assistant inspector.—n. Sub′inspectorship.

Subintrant, sub-in′trant, adj. with paroxysms succeeding one another so fast as to be almost continuous.

Subirrigation, sub-ir-i-gā′shun, n. irrigation by means of channels below the surface.

Subitamente, sub-it-a-men′te, adv. (mus.) suddenly.—Also Sub′ito. [It.]

Subitaneous, sub-i-tā′ne-us, adj. (obs.) sudden.—n. Subitā′neousness.

Subjacent, sub-jā′sent, adj. lying under or below: being in a lower situation.—n. Subjā′cency. [L. subjacens—sub, under, jacēre, to lie.]

Subject, sub′jekt, adj. under the power of another: liable, prone, disposed: exposed: subordinate, tributary: subservient.—n. one under the power of another: one under allegiance to a sovereign: that on which any operation is performed: that which is treated or handled: (anat.) a dead body for dissection: a person supposed to be peculiarly sensitive to hypnotic influence: that which it is the object of the artist to express, the scheme or idea of a work of art: a picture representing action and incident: that of which anything is said or of which a discourse treats, bringing many things under a common head: the mind, regarded as the thinking power, in contrast with the object, that about which it thinks: topic: matter, materials: the general plan of any work of art.—v.t. Subject′, to throw or bring under: to bring under the power of: to make subordinate or subservient: to subdue: to enslave: to expose or make liable to: to cause to undergo.—n. Subjec′tion, the act of subjecting or subduing: the state of being subject to another.—adj. Subject′ive, relating to the subject: derived from one's own consciousness: denoting those states of thought or feeling of which the mind is the conscious subject—opp. to Objective.—adv. Subject′ively.—n. Subject′iveness.—v.t. Subject′ivise.—ns. Subject′ivism, a philosophical doctrine which refers all knowledge to, and founds it upon, subjective states; Subject′ivist, one who holds to subjectivism.—adj. Subjectivist′ic.—adv. Subjectivist′ically.—ns. Subjectiv′ity, state of being subjective: that which is treated subjectively; Sub′ject-matter, a tautological compound for subject, theme, topic; Sub′ject-ob′ject, the immediate object of cognition, or the thought itself; Sub′jectship, the state of being subject. [Fr. sujet—L. subjectus—sub, under, jacĕre, to throw.]

Subjoin, sub-join′, v.t. to join under: to add at the end or afterwards: to fix or annex.—ns. Subjoin′der, a remark following on another; Sub′joint, a secondary joint.

Subjugate, sub′jōō-gāt, v.t. to bring under the yoke: to bring under power or dominion: to conquer.—ns. Subjugā′tion; Sub′jugātor. [L. sub, under, jugum, a yoke.]

Subjunctive, sub-jungk′tiv, adj. subjoined: added to something: denoting that mood of a verb which expresses condition, hypothesis, or contingency.—n. the subjunctive mood. [L. sub, under, jungĕre, to join.]

Subkingdom, sub-king′dum, n. a subordinate kingdom: a division of a kingdom: a subdivision.

Sublapsarian, sub-laps-ā′ri-an, adj. relating to the sublapsarians or to their doctrines.—n. one of a class of moderate Calvinists, who hold that God merely permitted the fall of Adam, without preordaining it.—n. Sublapsā′rianism. [L. sub, under, lapsus, fall.]

Sublate, sub-lāt′, v.t. to deny—opp. to Posit: to remove.—n. Sublā′tion.—adj. Sub′lātive.

Sublease, sub-lēs′, n. an under-lease or lease by a tenant to another.—n. Sub′lessee, the holder of a sublease.

Sublet, sub-let′, v.t. to under-let or lease, as by one himself a tenant to another.

Sublevate, sub′lē-vāt, v.t. to raise, excite—also Sol′levate.—n. Sublēvā′tion. [L. sublevāre, -ātum, to lift up.]

Sublibrarian, sub-līb-rā′ri-an, n. one who acts as an assistant to a librarian.

Sublieutenant, sub-lef-ten′ant, n. formerly mate, or passed midshipman, the intermediate rank in the navy between midshipman and lieutenant.—Second lieutenant, the rank given to officers on first joining the army, corresponding to the former Cornet and Ensign.

Sublimate, sub′lim-āt, v.t. to elevate: to refine and exalt: to purify by raising by heat into vapour which again becomes solid.—n. the product of sublimation.—adj. Sublī′mable.—n. Sublimā′tion, the act of purifying by raising into vapour by heat and condensing by cold: elevation: exaltation.—adj. Sub′limātory.—n. a vessel used in sublimation. [L. sublimāre, -ātum, to lift up.]

Sublime, sub-līm′, adj. high: lofty: majestic: awakening feelings of awe or veneration.—n. that which is sublime: the lofty or grand in thought or style (The sublime): the emotion produced by sublime objects.—v.t. to exalt: to dignify, to ennoble: to improve: to purify, to bring to a state of vapour by heat and condense again by cold.—v.i. to be sublimed or sublimated.—adv. Sublime′ly, in a sublime manner: loftily: with elevated conceptions.—ns. Sublime′ness, Sublim′ity, loftiness: elevation: grandeur: loftiness of thought or style: nobleness of nature or character: excellence. [L. sublimis, high, ety. dub.; perh. sub-limen, up to the lintel.]

Subliminal, sub-lim′i-nal, adj. beneath the level of consciousness, latent. [L. sub, under, limen, liminis, the door.]

Sublineation, sub-lin-e-ā′shun, n. an underlining, as of a word or words.

Sublunar, sub-lū′nar, adj. under the moon: earthly: belonging to this world—also Sub′lunary.—adj. Sublū′nate, approaching the form of a crescent.

Submarine, sub-ma-rēn′, adj. under, or in, the sea.—Submarine boat, one capable of being propelled under water, esp. for carrying and firing torpedoes.—Submarine mine, a mass of explosives sunk in the sea.

Submental, sub-men′tal, adj. under the chin. [L. sub, under, mentum, the chin.]

Submerge, sub-mėrj′, Submerse, sub-mėrs′, v.t. to plunge under water: to overflow with water: to drown.—v.i. to sink under water.—ns. Submerg′ence, Submer′sion.—adjs. Submerged′, Submersed′, being or growing under water. [L. submergĕre, -mersum—sub, under, mergĕre, to plunge.]

Submit, sub-mit′, v.t. to refer to the judgment of another: to surrender to another.—v.i. to yield one's self to another: to surrender: to yield one's opinion: to be subject:—pr.p. submit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. submit′ted.—adj. Submiss′ (Milt.), cast down, prostrate.—n. Submis′sion, act of submitting or yielding: acknowledgment of inferiority or of a fault: humble behaviour: resignation.—adj. Submis′sive, willing or ready to submit: yielding: humble: obedient.—adv. Submis′sively, humbly—(obs.) Submiss′ly.—n. Submis′siveness. [L. submittĕre—sub, under, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Submontane, sub-mon′tān, adj. situated at the foot of a mountain or range.

Submultiple, sub-mul′ti-pl, n. a number or quantity which is contained in another an exact number of times, an aliquot part.

Subneural, sub-nū′ral, adj. situated beneath a main neural axis or nervous cord.

Subnormal, sub-nor′mal, adj. less than normal.—n. Subnormal′ity.

Subobscure, sub-ob-skūr′, adj. somewhat obscure.—adv. Subobscure′ly.

Suboccipital, sub-ok-sip′i-tal, adj. situated behind the occiput, or on the under surface of the occipital lobe of the brain.

Suboctave, sub′ok-tāv, adj. existing in the proportion of 1 to 8.—n. an eighth part: (mus.) the octave below a given tone.

Suboperculum, sub-ō-per′kū-lum, n. a bone of the gill-cover below and partly behind the operculum.—adj. Suboper′cular.

Suborder, sub-or′dėr, n. a subdivision in an order.—adj. Subor′dinal.

Subordinary, sub-or′di-nā-ri, n. (her.) one of a class of armorial charges less honourable than the ordinaries—the bordure, orle, bend sinister, &c.

Subordinate, sub-or′di-nāt, adj. lower in order, rank, nature, power, &c.: descending in a regular series.—n. one in a lower order or rank: an inferior.—v.t. to place in a lower order: to consider of less value: to make subject.—ns. Subor′dinacy, Subor′dinance, the state of being subordinate.—adv. Subor′dinately.—ns. Subor′dinateness; Subordinā′tion, act of subordinating or placing in a lower order: state of being subordinate: inferiority of rank or position; Subordinā′tionism, the doctrine of the inferiority of the second and third Persons of the Trinity to the first.—adj. Subor′dinātive, tending to, or expressing, subordination. [L. sub, under, ordo, ordinis, order.]

Suborn, sub-orn′, v.t. to cause to commit a perjury: to procure indirectly.—ns. Subornā′tion, act of causing a person to take a false oath: crime of procuring any one to do a bad action; Suborn′er. [L. subornāre—sub, under, ornāre, to adorn.]

Subpanation, sub-pā-nā′shun, n. the doctrine that the body and blood of Christ are locally and materially present in the eucharist under the form of bread and wine. [L. sub, under, panis, bread.]

Subperitoneal, sub-per-i-tō-nē′al, adj. situated under the peritoneum.

Subpœna, Subpena, sub-pē′na, n. a writ commanding the attendance of a person in court under a penalty.—v.t. to serve with a writ of subpœna. [L. sub, under, pœna, punishment.]

Subprefect, sub-prē′fekt, n. an assistant or deputy-prefect, esp. the official in France charged with the administration of the arrondissement under the prefect of the department.—n. Sub′prēfecture, the office or jurisdiction of a subprefect.

Subprior, sub′prī-or, n. the vicegerent, deputy, or assistant of a prior.

Subprovince, sub′prov-ins, n. a prime division of a province: in zoogeography, a division subordinate to a subregion.

Subregion, sub′rē-jun, n. a subdivision of a region, esp. of fauna in zoogeography.—adj. Subrē′gional.

Subreption, sub-rep′shun, n. a procuring of some advantage by fraudulent concealment, esp. in Scots law, the gaining of a gift of escheat by concealing the truth: false inference due to misrepresentation.—adj. Subrep′tive, surreptitious, noting conceptions arising out of obscure and unconscious suggestions of experience.

Subrogation, sub-rō-gā′shun, n. the succession or substitution of one person or thing by or for another, in regard to a legal claim, &c.

Subsacral, sub-sā′kral, adj. situated on the anterior or ventral surface of the sacrum.

Subscapular, sub-skap′ū-lar, adj. beneath the scapula.—n. a subscapular vessel or nerve.

Subscribe, sub-skrīb′, v.t. to write underneath: to give consent to something written, or to attest, by writing one's name underneath: to sign one's name: to promise to give or pay, or to take, as a copy of a book, by attaching one's name: to attest by attaching one's signature.—v.i. to promise a certain sum by setting one's name to a paper: to enter one's name for anything.—adj. Subscrīb′able, capable of being subscribed.—n. Subscrīb′er.—adj. Sub′script, written underneath.—n. Subscrip′tion, act of subscribing: a name subscribed: a paper with signatures: consent by signature: sum subscribed. [L. subscribĕre—sub, under, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Subsecive, sub′sē-siv, adj. left over, remaining, extra. [L. subsecivus—sub, under, secāre, to cut.]

Subsequent, sub′sē-kwent, adj. following or coming after.—ns. Sub′sequence, Sub′sequency, state of being subsequent.—adv. Sub′sequently. [L. subsequens, -entis, pr.p. of subsequi—sub, under, after, sequi, to follow.]

Subserous, sub-sē′rus, adj. somewhat serous or watery: below a serous membrane.

Subserve, sub-sėrv′, v.t. to serve subordinately or instrumentally: to help forward.—ns. Subser′vience, Subser′viency, state of being subservient: anything that promotes some purpose.—adj. Subser′vient, subserving: serving to promote: subject: submissive.—adv. Subser′viently. [L. subservīre—sub, under, servīre, to serve.]

Subside, sub-sīd′, v.i. to settle down: to settle at the bottom: to fall into a state of quiet: to sink to a lower level: (coll.) to cease talking, to take a less prominent place.—ns. Subsī′dence (also Sub′sidence), Subsī′dency, act or process of subsiding, settling, or sinking. [L. subsidĕre—sub, down, sidĕre, to settle.]

Subsidy, sub′si-di, n. assistance: aid in money: a sum of money paid by one state to another for assistance in war.—adv. Subsid′iarily.—adj. Subsid′iary, furnishing a subsidy, help, or additional supplies: aiding.—n. one who, or that which, aids or supplies: an assistant.—v.t. Sub′sidīse, to furnish with a subsidy, grant, or regular allowance: to purchase the aid of, to buy over.—Subsidiary troops, mercenaries. [Fr.,—L. subsidium, orig. troops stationed behind in reserve, aid—sub, under, sidĕre, to settle.]

Subsist, sub-sist′, v.i. to have existence: to remain, continue, inhere: to have the means of living.—n. Subsist′ence, state of being subsistent: real being: means of supporting life: livelihood.—adjs. Subsist′ent, subsisting: having real being: inherent; Subsisten′tial.—n. Subsist′er. [Fr.,—L. subsistĕre, to stand still—sub, under, sistĕre, to stand.]

Subsoil, sub′soil, n. the under soil: the bed or stratum of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil.—v.t. to turn up the subsoil of.—n. Sub′soiler.

Subspecies, sub-spē′shēz, n. a division of a species, a geographical variety.—adj. Subspecif′ic.—adv. Subspecif′ically.

Subspherical, sub-sfer′i-kal, adj. not perfectly spherical.—adv. Subspher′ically.

Subspinous, sub-spī′nus, adj. somewhat spinous: under the spinal column, or a spinous process.

Subspiral, sub-spī′ral, adj. somewhat spiral: indistinctly marked with a spiral line.

Substage, sub′stāj, n. an attachment below the stage of the compound microscope, to support the achromatic condenser, &c.

Substance, sub′stans, n. that in which qualities or attributes exist, the existence to which qualities belong: that which constitutes anything what it is: the essential part: body: matter: property: foundation, ground, confidence. [L. substantia—substāre, to stand under—sub, under, stāre, to stand.]

Substantial, sub-stan′shal, adj. belonging to or having substance: actually existing: real: solid: having substance or strength: lasting, likely to be permanent: strong, stout, bulky: corporeal, material: having property or estate: considerable, pretty wealthy: conforming to what is essential: involving the essential rights or merits of.—v.t. Substan′tialīse, to give reality to.—ns. Substan′tialism, the theory that there is a real existence or substratum underlying the phenomena of consciousness; Substantial′ity.—adv. Substan′tially.—n. Substan′tialness.—n.pl. Substan′tials, essential parts.—v.t. Substan′tiāte, to make substantial: to prove or confirm.—n. Substantiā′tion.—adjs. Substantī′val; Sub′stantive, expressing existence: real: of real, independent importance.—n. (gram.) the part of speech denoting something that exists: a noun.—adv. Sub′stantively.—n. Sub′stantiveness.—v.t. Sub′stantivise. [Fr. substantiel—L. substantialis—substantia.]

Substitute, sub′sti-tūt, v.t. to put in place of another.—n. one who, or that which, is put in place of another.—adj. put instead of another.—n. Substitū′tion, act of substituting or putting in place of another: (Shak.) the office of a substitute: the use of one word for another, syllepsis: (alg.) the replacing one quantity by another which is equal to it but differently expressed: (chem.) the replacement of one or more equivalents of a body by a like number of equivalents of another.—adjs. Substitū′tional, Substitū′tionary.—adv. Substitū′tionally.—adj. Sub′stitūtive. [L. substituĕre, -ūtum—sub, under, statuĕre, to set.]

Substratum, sub-strā′tum, n. an under stratum or layer, a fundamental element: the substance in which qualities exist.

Substructure, sub′struk-tūr, n. an under structure or building: foundation.—v.t. Substruct′, to build beneath.—n. Substruc′tion.—adj. Substruc′tural.

Substyle, sub′stīl, n. the right line on which the style or gnomon of a dial is erected.—adj. Sub′stylar.

Subsultive, sub-sul′tiv, adj. bounding, moving by sudden leaps or starts, or by twitches.—adv. Subsul′torily.—n. Subsul′tus, a convulsive movement.

Subsume, sub-sūm′, v.t. to place any one cognition under another as belonging to it, as 'All horses are animals'—the minor premise is a Subsump′tion under the major.—adj. Subsump′tive.

Subtangent, sub′tan-jent, n. (geom.) the part of the axis of a curve contained between the tangent and the ordinate.

Subtemperate, sub-tem′pėr-āt, adj. pertaining to the colder parts of the temperate zone.

Subtenant, sub-ten′ant, n. a tenant who hires or leases from one who is also a tenant.—n. Subten′ancy.

Subtend, sub-tend′, v.t. to extend under or be opposite to.—n. Subtense′ (geom.), a line subtending or stretching across.

Subterfuge, sub′tėr-fūj, n. that to which one resorts for escape or concealment: an artifice to escape censure or the force of an argument: evasion. [Fr.,—L. subterfugĕre—subter, under, fugĕre, to flee.]

Subternatural, sub-tėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. less than, or below, the natural.

Subterposition, sub-tėr-pō-zish′un, n. the state of lying under something else.

Subterranean, sub-te-rā′nē-an, adj. under the earth or ground—also Subterrā′neous, Subterrēne′, Subterres′trial.—adv. Subterrā′neously. [L. sub, under, terra, the earth.]

Subthoracic, sub-thō-ras′ik, adj. situated below the thorax: nearly thoracic in position.

Subtile, sub′til, adj. delicately constructed: fine: thin or rare: piercing: shrewd.—adv. Sub′tilely.—ns. Sub′tileness; Subtilisā′tion.—v.t. Sub′tilise, to make subtile, thin, or rare: to spin into niceties.—v.i. to make nice distinctions: to refine in argument.—ns. Sub′tilism, the quality of being subtile; Sub′tilty, state or quality of being subtile: fineness: extreme acuteness: cunning. [L. subtilis—sub, under, tela, a web.]

Subtitle, sub′tī-tl, n. an additional or second title to a book, a half-title.

Subtle, sut′l (B. Sub′til), adj. subtile in a figurative sense: acute, quick to discern or discriminate: insinuating, sly, artful: cunningly devised, ingenious.—ns. Subt′leness, Subt′lety, quality of being subtle: artfulness: shrewdness: extreme acuteness.—adj. Subt′le-wit′ted, sharp-witted.—adv. Subt′ly (B. Sub′tilly), ingeniously, cleverly: artfully, deceitfully. [Contr. of subtile.]

Subtract, sub-trakt′, v.t. to take away a part from the rest: to take one number or quantity from another to find their difference.—ns. Subtrac′ter; Subtrac′tion, the act or operation of subtracting: the taking a less number or quantity from a greater.—adj. Subtract′ive, subtracting: tending to subtract or lessen.—n. Sub′trahend, the sum or number to be subtracted from another. [L. sub, under, trahĕre, tractum, to draw away.]

Subtribe, sub′trīb, n. a section or division of a tribe.—adj. Sub′trībal.

Subtropical, sub-trop′i-kal, adj. approaching the tropical or torrid zone in temperature: bordering on tropical regions.—Also Subtrop′ic.

Subtype, sub′tīp, n. a type included in another and more general one.—adj. Subtyp′ical.

Subucula, sū-buk′ū-la, n. a man's under-garment or shirt: in the early English church, a kind of cassock worn under the alb.

Subulate, sū′bū-lāt, adj. awl-shaped.—Also Sū′būlāted, Sū′būliform. [L. subula, an awl.]

Subulicorn, sū′bū-li-korn, adj. with subulate antennæ.—n.pl. Sūbūlicor′nia, a division of neuroptera, including dragon-flies, May-flies, &c.

Subungulate, sub-ung′gū-lāt, adj. hoofed, but with several digits.—n. a member of the Subungulata, as the elephant or the hyrax.—n.pl. Subungūlā′ta, a division of hoofed mammals, esp. those having the carpal bones primitive.

Suburb, sub′urb, Suburbs, sub′urbz, n. the district which is near but beyond the walls of a city: the confines, outskirts.—adj. Subur′ban, situated or living in the suburbs.—n. one living in a suburb.—n. Subur′banism, the state of being suburban.—adj. Suburbicā′rian, being near the city, esp. of the provinces of Italy forming the ancient diocese of Rome. [L. suburbium—sub, under, near, urbs, a city.]

Subvene, sub-vēn′, v.i. to occur so as to effect a result.—n. Subven′tion, act of coming to relief, support: a government aid or subsidy. [L. sub, under, venīre, ventum, to come.]

Subvert, sub-vėrt′, v.t. to turn upside down: to overthrow from the foundation: to ruin utterly: to corrupt.—n. Subver′sion, act of subverting or overthrowing from the foundation: entire overthrow: ruin.—adjs. Subver′sionary, Subver′sive, tending to subvert, overthrow, or destroy.—p.adj. Subverst′ (Spens.), subverted, overturned.—n. Subvert′er.—adj. Subvert′ible. [L. sub, under, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Subvirate, sub′vi-rāt, n. one of stunted or imperfectly developed manhood.

Subway, sub′wā, n. an underground way for traffic under railways, &c., or for water-pipes, gas-pipes, sewers, &c.

Subzonal, sub-zō′nal, adj. somewhat zonal: lying below a zone or girdle.

Succedaneous, suk-sē-dā′ne-us, adj. acting as a succedaneum: supplying the place of something else: being a substitute.—n. Succedā′neum, one who, or that which, comes in the place of another; a substitute. [L. succedaneus—succedĕre.]

Succeed, suk-sēd′, v.t. to come after, to follow up or in order: to follow: to take the place of.—v.i. to follow in order: to take the place of: to obtain one's wish or accomplish what is attempted: to end with advantage.—adjs. Succeed′able, capable of success; Succeed′ant (her.), following one another.—ns. Succeed′er, one who succeeds: a successor; Success′, act of succeeding or state of having succeeded: the prosperous termination of anything attempted: one who, or that which, succeeds, a successful person or affair.—adj. Success′ful, resulting in success: having the desired effect or termination: prosperous.—adv. Success′fully.—ns. Success′fulness, state of being successful: success; Succes′sion, act of succeeding or following after: series of persons or things following each other in time or place: series of descendants: race: (agri.) rotation, as of crops: right to take possession: in Roman and Scots law, the taking of property by one person in place of another.—adj. Succes′sional, existing in a regular succession or in order.—adv. Succes′sionally.—n. Succes′sionist, one who regards only that priesthood as valid which can be traced in a direct line of succession from the apostles.—adj. Succes′sive, following in succession or in order.—adv. Succes′sively.—n. Succes′siveness.—adj. Success′less, without success: unprosperous.—ns. Succes′sor, one who succeeds or comes after: one who takes the place of another; Succes′sorship.—adj. Succes′sory.—Succession duty, a tax imposed on any succession to property, varying with the degree of relationship.—Apostolical succession (see Apostle). [L. succedĕre—sub, up, cedĕre, to go.]

Succentor, suk-sen′tor, n. a subcantor: the bass soloist in a choir. [L. succinĕre—sub, under, canĕre, to sing.]

Succiduous, suk-sid′ū-us, adj. on the point of falling. [L.,—succidĕre—sub, under, cadĕre, to fall.]

Succiferous, suk-sif′e-rus, adj. producing sap. [L. succus, juice, ferre, to bear.]

Succin, suk′sin, n. amber.—n. Suc′cinate, a salt of succinic acid.—adj. Succin′ic, of, relating to, or drawn from amber.—n. Suc′cinite, amber.—adj. Suc′cinous, pertaining to amber.—Succinic acid, a natural constituent of amber, pine-resins, leaves of lettuce, and wormwood, &c. [L. succinum, amber.]

Succinct, suk-singkt′, adj. short: concise.—adv. Succinct′ly.—ns. Succinct′ness; Succinctō′rium, a band embroidered with an Agnus Dei, worn hanging from the girdle by the pope on some occasions. [L. succinctus—sub, up, cingĕre, to gird.]

Succivorous, suk-siv′ō-rus, adj. feeding on the sap of plants.—adj. Succose (suk′ōs), full of juice.

Succotash, suk′o-tash, n. a dish consisting of a stew of green Indian corn and beans. [Amer. Ind.]

Succour, suk′ur, v.t. to assist: to relieve.—n. aid: relief.—n. Succ′ourer.—adj. Succ′ourless, destitute of succour. [L. succurrĕre, to run up to—sub, up, currĕre, to run.]

Succubus, suk′ū-bus, n. a demon in female form who consorts with men in their sleep—also Succ′uba.—v.t. Succ′ubāte, to have carnal knowledge of a man by this means.—adj. Succ′ubine, pertaining to a succubus. [L. succuba, a whore, succumbĕre, to lie down.]

Succulent, suk′ū-lent, adj. full of juice or moisture: not dry or barren.—ns. Succ′ūlence, Succ′ūlency.—adv. Succ′ūlently. [L. succulentus—succus, juice—sugĕre, to suck.]

Succumb, suk-kum′, v.i. to lie down under: to sink under: to yield, to submit, to die. [L. sub, under, cumbĕre, to lie down.]

Succursal, suk-ur′sal, adj. subsidiary, of the relation of a minor church to a cathedral, &c.

Succussive, suk-kus′iv, adj. characterised by a shaking motion, as that of an earthquake.—v.t. Succuss′, to shake suddenly.—ns. Succussā′tion, a shaking; Succus′sion, a shaking, a shock: a shaking of the thorax to detect pleural effusion. [L. succutĕre, succussum, to shake below—sub, under, quatĕre, to shake.]

Such, such, adj. of the like kind: of that quality or character mentioned.—pron. denoting a particular person or thing, as in such and such.—adv. Such′wise, in such a manner.—Such and such, Such or such, this or that, some, indefinitely; Such like (B.)=Such. [A.S. swylc, from swa, so, and líc, like, cog. with Goth. swaleiks.]

Suck, suk, v.t. to draw in with the mouth: to draw milk from with the mouth: to imbibe: to drain.—v.i. to draw with the mouth: to draw the breast: to draw in.—n. act of sucking: milk drawn from the breast: (slang) a short drink, esp. a dram of spirits.—n. Suck′er, one who, or that which, sucks, a sucking-pig: one of various kinds of fish: the organ by which an animal adheres to other bodies: the piston of a suction-pump: a shoot rising from a subterranean stem: a leather disc to the middle of which a string is attached, used by children as a toy: a parasite, toady, sponge: a hard drinker: (U.S.) a native of Illinois.—v.t. to strip off suckers from: to provide with suckers.—n. Suck′et, a sugar-plum.—adj. Suck′ing, still nourished by milk: young and inexperienced.—ns. Suck′ing-bot′tle, a bottle of milk used for infants as a substitute for the breast; Suck′ing-fish, a name sometimes given to the Remora or Echineis, which has a dorsal sucker, and to other fishes which have a sucker formed by the union of the ventral fins, as the Lumpsucker.—Suck in, to draw in, imbibe, absorb (n. a fraud); Suck out, to draw out with the mouth; Suck the monkey (see Monkey); Suck up, to draw up into the mouth. [A.S. súcan, súgan; Ger. saugen.]

Sucken, suk′n, n. (Scots law) the district round a mill, the tenants farming which must grind their corn therein.—n. Suck′ener, a tenant so bound. [Soken.]

Suckle, suk′l, v.t. to give suck to: to nurse at the breast.—n. Suck′ler, a mammal that suckles its young, a suckling.—n.pl. Suck′lers, red clover.—n. Suck′ling, a young child or animal being nursed at the breast.—adj. sucking. [Dim. of suck.]

Sucrose, sū′krōs, n. the white crystalline compound known variously as cane-sugar, beet-sugar, maple-sugar.

Suction, suk′shun, n. act or power of sucking: act of drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air.—n. Suc′tion-pump, the common house-pump—not the force-pump.—adj. Suctō′rial, adapted for sucking: living by sucking—also Suctō′rious.

Sudamina, sū-dam′i-na, n.pl. also called Military eruption, one of the vesicular diseases of the skin almost always occurring in association with febrile disorders, particularly acute rheumatism.—adj. Sudam′inal. [L. sudāre, to sweat.]

Sudatory, sū′da-tor-i, adj. sweating.—n. a sweating-bath.—ns. Sūdā′rium, a cloth for wiping off sweat, esp. that of St Veronica on which the features of Jesus on His way to the Cross were miraculously impressed—also Sū′dary; Sūdā′tion, excessive sweating; Sūdatō′rium, a sweating-bath. [L. sudatorius—sudāre, -ātum.]

Sudden, sud′en, adj. unexpected: hasty: abrupt.—adv. Sud′denly.—n. Sud′denness, (Scot.) Sud′denty.—On a sudden, Of a sudden, suddenly, sooner than was expected. [O. Fr. sodain—L. subitaneus, sudden—subitus, coming stealthily—sub, up, īre, ītum, to go.]

Sudorific, sū-dor-if′ik, adj. causing sweat.—n. a medicine producing sweat: a diaphoretic.—n. Sū′dor, sweat.—adjs. Sū′doral; Sūdorif′erous. [L. sudor, sweat, facĕre, to make.]

Sudra, sū′dra, n. a member of the fourth and lowest of the Hindu castes. [Hind.,—Sans. çūdra.]

Suds, sudz, n.pl. boiling water mixed with soap. [A.S. soden, pa.p. of seóthan, to seethe; cog. with Ger. sod—sieden.]

Sue, sū, v.t. to prosecute at law: to seek after, to try to win.—v.i. to make legal claim: to make application: to entreat: to demand (with for).—Sued, (naut.) to be left high and dry.—n. Sū′ing, the act of bringing a legal suit: wooing.—Sue out, to petition for and take out. [M. E. suen—O. Fr. sevre, suir (Fr. suivre)—L. sequi, secutus, to follow.]

Suède, swād, n. undressed kid—often adj., as 'suède gloves.' [Fr. Suède, Swede.]

Suet, sū′et, n. a solid fatty tissue, accumulating about the kidneys and omentum of the ox, sheep, &c.—adj. Sū′ety. [O. Fr. seu (Fr. suif)—L. sebum, fat.]

Suffer, suf′ėr, v.t. to undergo: to endure: to be affected by: to permit.—v.i. to feel pain or punishment: to sustain loss: to be injured.—adj. Suff′erable, that may be suffered: allowable.—n. Suff′erableness.—adv. Suff′erably.—ns. Suff′erance, state of suffering: endurance: permission: toleration; Suff′erer; Suff′ering, distress, loss, or injury. [L. sufferre—sub, under, ferre, to bear.]

Suffete, suf′ēt, n. one of the suffetes or chief administrative officials of ancient Carthage. [L. sufes, -ĕtis—Punic; cf. Heb. shôphet, a judge.]

Suffice, suf′fīs, v.i. to be enough: to be equal to the end in view.—v.t. to satisfy.—n. Suffi′ciency, state of being sufficient: competence: ability: capacity: conceit.—adj. Suffi′cient, sufficing: enough: equal to any end or purpose: competent.—adv. Suffi′ciently.—n. Suf′fisance (Spens.), sufficiency. [Fr.,—L. sufficĕre, to take the place of—sub, under, facĕre, to make.]

Suffioni, suf-ē-ō′ni, n.pl. a name given to the exhalations of hot sulphurous vapours, which are common in volcanic regions. [It.]

Suffix, suf′iks, n. a particle added to the root of a word.—v.t. Suffix′, to add a letter or syllable to a word to mark different notions and relations.—adj. Suff′ixal.—n. Suffix′ion. [L. suffixus, sub, under, figĕre, to fix.]

Sufflaminate, suf-flam′i-nāt, v.t. (obs.) to impede. [L. sufflamināre, -ātum—sufflāmen, a clog.]

Sufflate, suf-flāt′, v.t. to blow up, inflate.—n. Sufflā′tion. [L. sufflāre, -ātum.]

Suffocate, suf′ō-kāt, v.t. to choke by stopping the breath: to stifle:—pa.p. suff′ocāted.—p.adj. (Shak.) suffocated.—p.adj. Suff′ocāting, choking.—adv. Suff′ocātingly.—n. Suffocā′tion, act of suffocating: state of being suffocated.—adj. Suff′ocātive, tending to suffocate. [L. suffocāre, -ātum—sub, under, fauces, the throat.]

Suffragan, suf′ra-gan, adj. assisting.—n. a coadjutor-bishop: any bishop in relation to his metropolitan.—n. Suff′raganship.

Suffrage, suf′rāj, n. a vote: a vote in approbation of any proposal, hence approval, assent: testimony, witness: any short intercessory prayer.—n. Suff′ragist, one who votes: one holding particular opinions about the right of voting. [L. suffragium, saffragāri, to vote for.]

Suffrago, suf-frā′gō, n. the joint between the tibia and tarsus, as the hock of a horse's hind-leg, the heel of a bird.—adj. Suffrag′inous. [L. suffrago, the hock—sub, under, frangĕre, to break.]

Suffrutescent, suf-rōō-tes′ent, adj. somewhat woody at the base.—n. Suff′rutex, an under-shrub, a herb with permanent woody base.—adj. Suffru′ticōse, shrubby at base, small with woody stem—also Suffru′ticous.—adj. Suffrutic′ūlose, somewhat fruticulose. [L. sub, under, frutex, a shrub.]

Suffulted, su-ful′ted, adj. gradually blending into another colour. [L. suffulcīre, suffultum, to support.]

Suffumigate, suf-fū′mi-gāt, v.t. to apply fumes to.—n. Suffumigā′tion, the act of fumigating or burning perfumes.

Suffuse, suf-fūz′, v.t. to pour underneath: to overspread or cover, as with a fluid.—n. Suffū′sion, act or operation of suffusing: state of being suffused: that which is suffused. [L. sub, underneath, fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Sufism, sū′fizm, n. a form of pantheistic mysticism within Islam.—ns. Sū′fi, Sō′fi, one of such mystics.—adjs. Sū′fic, Sufis′tic. [Ar. sūfi—Gr. sophos, wise.]

Sugar, shoog′ar, n. a sweet substance obtained chiefly from a kind of cane: anything sugary, honeyed words, flattery.—v.t. to sprinkle or mix with sugar: to compliment.—ns. Sug′ar-bak′er, a sugar-refiner; Sug′ar-beet, any one of several varieties of the common garden beet, grown for sugar; Sug′ar-can′dy, sugar candied or in large crystals; Sug′ar-cane, the saccharine grass (Saccharum officinarum) from which sugar is chiefly obtained.—adj. Sug′ar-coat′ed, coated with sugar.—p.adj. Sug′ared, sweetened with sugar.—ns. Sug′ar-gum, a large Australian eucalyptus yielding good timber, with sweetish foliage; Sug′ar-house, a factory where sugar is made; Sug′ariness, state or quality of being sugary or sweet; Sug′ar-loaf, a loaf or mass of sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone; Sug′ar-mā′ple, the hard maple; Sug′ar-mill, a machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar-cane; Sug′ar-mite, a mite infesting unrefined sugar; Sug′ar-plum, a species of sweetmeat made up in small ornamental balls or lumps like a plum: any very pleasing piece of flattery; Sug′ar-refī′ner, one who refines raw sugar; Sug′ar-refī′nery.—n.pl. Sug′ar-tongs, an implement for lifting pieces of sugar at table.—adj. Sug′ary, sweetened with, tasting of, or like sugar: fond of sweets.—Sugar of lead, acetate of lead. [Fr. sucre—Sp. azucar—Ar. assokhar—Pers. shakar—Sans. carkarā, sugar, orig. grains of sand, applied to sugar because occurring in grains.]

Suggest, suj-jest′, v.t. to introduce indirectly to the thoughts: to hint.—v.i. to make suggestions.—ns. Sugges′ter; Suggestibil′ity, capability of being suggested.—adj. Sugges′tible.—n. Sugges′tion, act of suggesting: hint: proposal: incitement, temptation: (law) information without oath, not being pleadable: the act of exercising control over a hypnotised subject by communicating some belief or impulse by means of words or gestures, also the idea so suggested; Sugges′tionism, the theory that hypnotic effects are entirely due to the action of suggestion upon weak persons; Sugges′tionist, one who holds this view.—adj. Sugges′tive, containing a hint: fitted to suggest: pertaining to hypnotic suggestion.—adv. Sugges′tively.—ns. Sugges′tiveness, state of being suggestive; Sugges′tor; Sugges′tress; Sugges′tum, a raised platform. [L. sub, under, gerĕre, gestum, to carry.]

Suggil, suj′il, v.t. (obs.) to beat black and blue—also Sugg′ilāte.—n. Suggilā′tion, a livid mark, a blow. [L. sugillatio.]

Suicide, sū′i-sīd, n. one who dies by his own hand: self-murder.—adj. Sūicī′dal, pertaining to, or partaking of, the crime of suicide.—adv. Sūicī′dally.—n. Su′icidism, a tendency towards suicide. [Coined from L. sui, of himself, cædĕre, to kill.]

Suidæ, sū′i-dē, n.pl. a family of even-toed, non-ruminant Ungulates, including pigs, hogs, or boars, the Babiroussa, and the wart-hogs (Phacochœrus).—adjs. Sū′iform, like the Suidæ; Sū′illine, swinish.

Suit, sūt, n. act of suing: an action at law: a petition: a series: a set: a number of things of the same kind or made to be used together, as clothes or armour: courtship.—v.t. to fit: to become: to please.—v.i. to agree: to correspond.—p.adj. Suit′ed (Shak.), dressed, clothed.—ns. Suit′ing, cloth suitable for making suits of clothes, usually in pl.; Suit′or, one who sues in love or law: a petitioner: a wooer:—fem. Suit′ress.—v.i. to play the suitor.—adj. Suit′orcide, suitor-killing. [Fr.,—Low L. secta, a suit—L. sequi, to follow.]

Suitable, sūt′a-bl, adj. that suits: fitting: agreeable to: adequate.—ns. Suitabil′ity, Suit′ableness.—adv. Suit′ably.

Suite, swēt, n. a train of followers or attendants: a regular set, particularly of rooms: a series of dances arranged for instruments in the same or relative keys, and usually preceded by a prelude: a sequel. [Fr. Cf. Suit.]

Suivez, swē-vā′, n. (mus.) a direction to the accompanist to adapt his time and style to the soloist. [Fr., 'follow.']

Sujee, sōō′jē, n. fine flour made from the heart of the wheat, for English tables in India—Also Soo′jee, Sou′jee. [Hind. sūjī.]

Sulcate, -d, sul′kāt, -ed, adj, furrowed, grooved.—n. Sulcā′tion.—adj. Sul′ciform.—n. Sul′cus:—pl. Sul′ci. [L. sulcus, a furrow.]

Sulk, sulk, v.i. to be sullen.—adv. Sulk′ily, in a sulky, sullen, or morose manner.—n. Sulk′iness.—n.pl. Sulks, a fit of sullenness.—adj. Sulk′y, silently sullen.—n. a light two-wheeled vehicle for one person, sometimes having no body. [A.S. solcen, slow—seolcan, to be slow.]

Sullage, sul′āj, n. the floating scum on molten metal: silt: anything which sullies.

Sullen, sul′en, adj. gloomily angry and silent: malignant, baleful: dark: dull.—adv. Sull′enly.—n. Sull′enness.—n.pl. Sull′ens, sullen fits. [O. Fr. solain—L. solus, alone.]

Sully, sul′i, v.t. to soil: to spot: to tarnish.—v.i. to be soiled:—pa.t. and pa.p. sull′ied.—n. spot: tarnish. [A.S. sylian, to defile—sol, mud.]

Sulphur, sul′fur, n. a yellow mineral substance, very brittle, fusible, and inflammable: brimstone.—n. Sul′phate, a salt formed by sulphuric acid with a base.—v.t. to form a deposit of lead sulphate on.—adj. Sulphat′ic.—ns. Sul′phatile, native sulphuric acid; Sul′phide, a combination of sulphur with a metal; Sul′phite, a salt formed by sulphurous acid.—v.t. Sul′phūrāte, to combine with, or subject to, the action of sulphur.—ns. Sulphūrā′tion, the act or operation of subjecting to the action of sulphur or sulphurous acid; Sulphurā′tor, an apparatus for sulphurating.—adj. Sulphū′rēous, consisting of, containing, or having the qualities of sulphur.—adv. Sulphū′reously.—ns. Sulphū′reousness; Sul′phūret, a combination of sulphur with an alkali, earth, or metal.—adjs. Sul′phūretted, having sulphur in combination; Sulphū′ric, pertaining to, or obtained from, sulphur: denoting a certain well-known strong acid, formerly called oil of vitriol; Sul′phūrous, pertaining to, resembling, or containing sulphur: denoting the pungent acid given out when sulphur is burned in air; Sul′phury, partaking of the qualities of sulphur.—Sulphuretted hydrogen, a compound of sulphur and hydrogen, stinking and noxious; Sulphurous acid, an acid formed by one equivalent of sulphur combined with two of oxygen. [L. sulphur; said to be conn. with Sans. çulvāri.]

Sultan, sul′tan, n. a Mohammedan sovereign, esp. the supreme head of the Ottoman empire: a purple or hyacinthine gallinule, or porphyrio: a small white variety of the domestic hen:—fem. Sultana (sul-tä′na), the mother, a wife, or a daughter of a sultan—also Sul′taness.—ns. Sultana (sul-tä′na), a king's mistress: a kind of viol: an old form of necklace: a small kind of raisin; Sul′tanate, the authority or jurisdiction of a sultan.—adj: Sultan′ic.—n. Sul′tanship. [Ar. sultān, victorious, a ruler.]

Sultry: sul′tri, adj. sweltering: very hot and oppressive: close.—adv. Sul′trily.—n. Sul′triness. [Another form is sweltry, from root of swelter.]

Sum, sum, n. the amount of two or more things taken together: the whole of anything: a quantity of money: a problem in arithmetic: chief points: substance or result of reasoning: summary: height: completion.—v.t. to collect into one amount or whole: to count: to bring into a few words:—pr.p. sum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. summed.—adj. Sum′less, not to be summed or counted: incalculable.—ns. Sum′mer, one who sums; Sum′ming, the act of one who sums, arithmetic; Sum′ming-up, a recapitulation or review of the leading points, a judge's summary survey of the evidence given to a jury before it withdraws to consider its verdict; Sum′mist, one who makes a summary, esp. a theological compendium. [Fr.,—L. summa—summus, supremus, highest, superl. of superus, on high—super, above.]

Sumac, Sumach, sū′mak, n. a genus of small trees and shrubs of the natural order Anacardiaceæ—the leaves of some species used in dyeing. [Fr. sumac—Sp. zumaque—Ar. summāq.]

Sumerian, sū-mē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Sumir, one of the two divisions of ancient Babylonia.

Summary, sum′a-ri, adj. summed up or condensed: short: brief: compendious: done by a short method.—n. an abstract, abridgment, or compendium.—adv. Summ′arily.—n. Summ′ariness.—v.t. Summ′arise, to present in a summary or briefly.—ns. Summ′arist; one who summarises; Summ′ūla, a brief educational text-book.—Summary diligence (Scots law), the process by which execution may proceed without the need of further application to the court, in the case of bonds and other instruments registered for execution.

Summation, sum-ā′shun, n. act of summing or forming a total amount: an aggregate.—adjs. Summā′tional, Summ′ative.

Summer, sum′ėr, n. the second and warmest season of the year—June, July, August.—v.i. to pass the summer.—v.t. to keep through the summer.—adj. Summ′er-dried, dried by the heat of summer.—n. Summ′er-duck, a beautiful North American duck.—adj. Summ′er-fall′ow, lying fallow during the summer.—ns. Summ′er-house, a house in a garden used in summer: a summer residence; Summ′ering, a kind of early apple.—adv. Summ′er-like.—adj. Summ′erly, warm and bright like summer.—ns. Summ′er-shine, the summer colour of a bird, insect, &c.; Summ′er-tide, Summ′er-time, the summer season.—adj. Summ′ery, like summer.—Indian summer (see Indian); St Luke's, St Martin's, summer (see Saint). [A.S. sumer, sumor; Dut. zomer, Ger. sommer.]

Summer, sum′ėr, n. the first stone laid over columns or pilasters to form a cross vault: the central beam of a floor which receives the joists: any large piece of timber supported on two strong piers or posts, and serving as a lintel to a door, window, &c.; (obs.) a pack-horse, a sumpter-horse. [Sumpter.]

Summit, sum′it, n. the highest point or degree: the top.—adj. Summ′itless, having no summit or top.—n. Summ′it-lev′el, the highest level. [O. Fr. som, the top of a hill—L. summum, highest.]

Summon, sum′un, v.t. to call with authority: to command to appear, esp. in court: to rouse to exertion.—ns. Summ′oner; Summ′ons, a summoning or an authoritative call: a call to appear, esp. in court: a call to surrender.—v.t. to serve with a summons. [O. Fr. somoner—L. summonēre—sub, secretly, monēre, to warn.]

Sump, sump, n. a round pit of stone lined with clay, for receiving metal on its first fusion or reduction: the reservoir at the lowest point of a mine, from which the water is pumped: (prov.) a bog, a puddle. [Dut. somp; Ger. sumpf.]

Sumph, sumf, n. (prov.) a blockhead, a soft sheepish fellow.—adj. Sumph′ish.—n. Sumph′ishness.

Sumpit, sum′pit, n. the poisoned arrow thrown from the Sum′pitan, or Malay blow-gun.

Sumpsimus, sump′si-mus, n. a correct expression displacing an incorrect but common one (see Mumpsimus). [L., 1st pers. pl. perf. indic. of sumĕre, to take.]

Sumpter, sump′tėr, n. a horse for carrying burdens. [With inserted p from O. Fr. somier—Low L. sagmarius—Gr. sagma, a pack-saddle—Gr. sattein, to pack.]

Sumptuary, sumpt′ū-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or regulating expense, as in Sumptuary Laws, which sought to prevent extravagance in banquets, dress, &c. [L. sumptuarius—sumĕre, sumptum, to take, contr. of sub, up, emĕre, to buy.]

Sumptuous, sumpt′ū-us, adj. costly: magnificent.—ns. Sumptūos′ity, Sumpt′ūousness.—adv. Sumpt′ūously. [L. sumptuosus, costly—sumptus, cost.]

Sun, sun, n. the body which is the source of light and heat to our planetary system: a body which forms the centre of a system of orbs: that which resembles the sun in brightness or value: the sunshine: a revolution of the earth round the sun, a year: sunrise, day: (her.) a bearing representing the sun.—v.t. to expose to the sun's rays.—v.i. to become warm in the sunshine:—pr.p. sun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. sunned.—n. Sun′beam, a beam or ray of the sun.—adjs. Sun′-beat, -en, smitten by the rays of the sun.—ns. Sun′-bird, a family of small tropical birds, the male with resplendent metallic plumage; Sun′-bitt′ern, a South American bird about the size of a small curlew, long-legged and long-necked, with brilliant many-coloured markings; Sun′-bonn′et, a light bonnet projecting beyond the face to protect from the sun; Sun′bow, an iris formed by the sun, esp. in the spray of a cataract; Sun′burn, a burning or scorching by the sun, esp. the browning of the skin of the face, hands, &c. exposed to the sun.—adjs. Sun′burned, Sun′burnt, burned or discoloured by the sun.—n. Sun′burst, a strong outburst of sunlight.—adj. Sun′-clad, clothed in radiant light.—ns. Sun′-crack, one of the superficial markings frequently seen on the surfaces of thin-bedded flagstones and argillaceous sandstones; Sun′dawn, the light of the dawning sun; Sun′dew, a plant of the genus Drosera, found in bogs and moist heathy ground; Sun′-dī′al, an instrument for measuring time by means of the motion of the sun's shadow cast by a style erected on its surface; Sun′-dog, a mock sun or parhelion; Sun′down, sunset: a hat with a wide brim to shade the eyes; Sun′downer, in Australia, a loafer who saunters from station to station in the interior, arriving about sundown in the hope of getting free rations and lodging for the night: a physician in government employment who practises for private fees after his official hours.—adj. Sun′-dried, dried by exposure to the sun.—ns. Sun′-fish, a fish whose body resembles the forepart of a larger fish cut short off, supposed to be so called from its nearly circular form; Sun′flower, a plant so called from its flower, which is a large disc with yellow rays; Sun′god, the sun considered as a deity; Sun′hat, a light hat with wide brim to shade the face from the sun.—adj. Sun′less, without the sun: deprived of the sun or its rays: shaded: dark.—ns. Sun′lessness; Sun′light, the light of the sun.—adjs. Sun′like, like the sun; Sun′lit, lighted up by the sun.—n. Sun′-myth, a solar myth (see Solar).—p.adj. Sunned, exposed to the sun.—n. Sun′niness.—adj. Sun′ny, pertaining to, coming from, or like the sun: exposed to, warmed, or coloured by the sun's rays.—ns. Sun′-pict′ure, -print, a photograph; Sun′rise, Sun′rising, the rising or first appearance of the sun above the horizon: the time of this rising: the east; Sun′set, Sun′setting, the setting or going down of the sun: the west; Sun′shade, a ladies' parasol: an awning; Sun′shine, the shining light of the sun: the place on which it shines: warmth.—adjs. Sun′shine, Sun′shiny, bright with sunshine: pleasant: bright like the sun; Sun′-smitt′en, smitten by the rays of the sun.—ns. Sun′spot, one of the dark irregular spots appearing on the surface of the sun; Sun′stone, aventurine feldspar.—adj. Sun′-strick′en.—n. Sun′stroke, a nervous disease, from exposure to the sun.—adv. Sun′ward, toward the sun.—ns. Sun′-wor′ship, adoration of the sun; Sun′-wor′shipper.—Be in the sunshine, Have the sun in one's eyes, to be in liquor, to be drunk; Take the sun, to ascertain the latitude from the sun; Under the sun, in the world, on earth. [A.S. sunne; Ice. sunna, Ger. sunne.]

Sundari, sun′da-ri, n. a tree abundant in Burma and Borneo, with dark durable timber.—Also Sun′dra-tree, Sun′der-tree.

Sunday, sun′dā, n. the first day of the week, so called because anciently dedicated to the sun or its worship.—ns. Sun′day-best, one's best clothes; Sun′day-saint, one whose religion is confined to Sundays; Sun′day-school, a school for religious instruction for children, held on Sunday. [A.S. sunnan dæg; Ger. sonntag.]

Sunder, sun′dėr, v.t. to separate: to divide.—ns. Sun′derance; Sun′derment.—In sunder (B.), asunder. [A.S. syndrian, to separate—sundor, separate; Ice. sundr, asunder.]

Sundry, sun′dri, adj. separate: more than one or two: several: divers.—n.pl. Sun′dries, sundry things: different small things.—All and sundry, all collectively and individually.

Sunn, sun, n. an Indian leguminous plant cultivated for the fibre of its bark. [Hind. san.]

Sunnite, sun′īt, n. the name commonly given to orthodox Muslims, because in their rule of faith and manners the Sunna, or traditional teaching of the prophet, is added to the Koran.—Also Sonn′ite.

Sup, sup, v.t. to take into the mouth, as a liquid: (Scot.) to eat with a spoon.—v.i. to eat the evening meal: (B.) to sip:—pr.p. sup′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. supped.—n. a small mouthful, as of a liquid. [A.S. súpan; Ice. súpa, Ger. saufen, to drink.]

Supawn, su-pan′, n. mush, or Indian meal boiled in water, eaten with milk.—Also Suppawn′, Sepawn′, Sepon′. [Amer. Ind.]

Superable, sū′pėr-a-bl, adj. capable of being overcome.—n. Sū′perableness.—adv. Sū′perably.

Superabundant, sū-pėr-ab-und′ant, adj. abundant to excess: more than enough: copious.—v.i. Superabound′, to abound exceedingly: to be more than enough.—n. Superabund′ance.—adv. Superabund′antly.

Superadd, sū-pėr-ad′, v.t. to add over and above.—n. Superaddi′tion.

Superaltar, sū′pėr-awlt-ar, n. a small slab of stone used as a portable altar, to be laid on the top of an unconsecrated altar.

Superannuate, sū-pėr-an′ū-āt, v.t. to impair or disqualify by living beyond the years of service or by old age: to pension on account of old age or infirmity.—v.i. to become incapacitated by long service.—n. Superannuā′tion, state of being superannuated: the allowance granted in consideration of such. [L. super, above, annus, a year.]

Superation, sū-pe-rā′shun, n. the apparent passing of one planet by another in longitude: the act of surmounting.

Superb, sū-pėrb′, adj. proud: magnificent: stately: elegant: showy: (coll.) first-class, very good.—adv. Superb′ly.—n. Superb′ness, the state of being superb. [L. superbus, proud—super, above.]

Supercalendered, sū-pėr-kal′en-derd, adj. denoting paper of a very high degree of polish due to several courses of rolling.

Supercallosal, sū-pėr-ka-lō′sal, adj. lying above the corpus callosum, specifying a fissure or sulcus of the median aspect of the cerebrum.

Supercanopy, sū-pėr-kan′ō-pi, n. an upper arch or gable above a lesser or lower one.

Supercargo, sū-pėr-kär′go, n. a person in a merchant-ship placed in charge of the cargo and superintending all the commercial transactions of the voyage.—n. Supercar′goship.

Supercelestial, sū-pėr-sel-est′yal, adj. situated above the firmament or vault of heaven.

Supercharge, sū′pėr-chärj, n. (her.) a charge borne upon an ordinary or other charge.

Supercilious, sū-pėr-sil′i-us, adj. lofty with pride: disdainful: dictatorial: overbearing.—adj. Supercil′iary, above the eyebrow.—adv. Supercil′iously.—n. Supercil′iousness. [L. superciliosus—supercilium, an eyebrow—super, above, cilium, eyelid.]

Supercretaceous, sū-pėr-krē-tā′shus, adj. (geol.) lying above the chalk.

Superdominant, sū-pėr-dom′i-nant, n. (mus.) the tone just above the dominant, the sixth or submediant.

Supereminent, sū-pėr-em′i-nent, adj. eminent in a superior degree: excellent beyond others.—n. Superem′inence.—adv. Superem′inently.

Supererogation, sū-pėr-er-ō-gā′shun, n. doing more than duty requires or is necessary for salvation, hence anything superfluous or uncalled for.—adjs. Supererog′ative, Supererog′atory (Superer′ogant).—Works of supererogation (R.C.), works not absolutely required of each individual for salvation, but which may be done for the sake of greater perfection—affording the church a store of surplus merit, to eke out the deficient merit of others. [L. super, above, erogāre, -ātum, to pay out.]

Superessential, sū-pėr-e-sen′shal, adj. transcending mere being and essence.

Superexalt, sū-pėr-egz-awlt′, v.t. to exalt to a superior degree.—n. Superexaltā′tion.

Superexcellent, sū-pėr-ek′sel-lent, adj. excellent above others, or in an uncommon degree.—n. Superex′cellence.

Superfamily, sū′pėr-fam-i-li, n. a group in classification between a suborder and a family, a group of families.

Superfecundation, sū-pėr-fek-un-dā′shun, n. the impregnation of two or more ova at the same stage of development by different acts of coition.

Superficies, sū-pėr-fish′yēz, n. the upper face or surface: the outer face or part of a thing.—adj. Superfi′cial, pertaining to, or being on, the surface: shallow: slight: containing only what is apparent and simple: not learned.—v.t. Superfi′cialise, to treat superficially.—n. Superfi′cialist, a person of merely superficial knowledge.—adv. Superfi′cially.—ns. Superfi′cialness, Superficial′ity; Superfi′ciary, one possessing a right to what stands on the surface of the lands of another.—adj. belonging to the surface: situated on another's land. [L. super, above, facies, face.]

Superfine, sū′pėr-fīn, adj. fine above others: finer than ordinary.—n. Sū′perfineness.—adj. Superfin′ical, very finical.

Superfluous, sū-pėr′flōō-us, adj. more than enough: unnecessary or useless.—n. Superflū′ity, a superfluous quantity or more than enough: state of being superfluous: superabundance.—adv. Super′fluously.—ns. Super′fluousness, superfluity; Sū′perflux (Shak.), any superfluity. [L. superfluus—super, above, fluĕre, to flow.]

Superfœtation, sū-pėr-fē-tā′shun, n. the circumstance of two distinct conceptions occurring in the same woman at a considerable interval so that two fœtuses of different ages—the offspring possibly of different fathers—may coexist in the uterus—also Superfetā′tion.—vs.i. Superfœ′tate, Superfē′tate, to conceive after a prior conception.

Superfrontal, sū-pėr-fron′tal, adj. pertaining to the upper part of the frontal lobe of the brain.—n. a covering for the top of the altar, generally hanging down all round, and fringed.

Superfunction, sū-pėr-fungk′shun, n. action of some organ in excess of what is normal.—adj. Superfunc′tional.

Superheat, sū-pėr-hēt′, v.t. to heat to excess.—n. Superheat′er.

Superhuman, sū-pėr-hū′man, adj. above what is human: divine.—n. Superhuman′ity.—adv. Superhū′manly.

Superhumeral, sū-pėr-hū′me-ral, n. anything carried on the shoulders: the amice: the pallium: a Jewish ephod.

Superimpose, sū-pėr-im-pōz′, v.t. to impose or lay above: (geol.) to establish a structural system over, independently of underlying structures.—n. Superimposi′tion, the act of superimposing: state of being superimposed.

Superincumbent, sū-pėr-in-kum′bent, adj. lying above.—ns. Superincum′bence, Superincum′bency.

Superinduce, sū-pėr-in-dūs′, v.t. to bring in over and above something else, to superadd.—ns. Superinduc′tion, Superinduce′ment.

Superinenarrable, sū-pėr-in-ē-nar′a-bl, adj. in the highest degree incapable of being described.

Superintend, sū-pėr-in-tend′, v.t. to have the oversight or charge of: to control, manage.—v.i. to exercise supervision.—ns. Superinten′dence, Superinten′dency, oversight: direction: management.—adj. Superinten′dent, superintending.—n. one who superintends: the head of a Sunday-school: in some Protestant churches a clergyman having the oversight of the clergy of a district: overseer.—n. Superinten′dentship.

Superior, sū-pē′ri-or, adj. upper: higher in place, rank, or excellence: surpassing others: beyond the influence of: of wider application, generic: (print.) set above the level of the line.—n. one superior to others: the chief of a monastery, &c., and of certain churches and colleges: (Scots law) one who has made an original grant of heritable property to a tenant or vassal, on condition of a certain annual payment (feu-duty) or of the performance of certain services.—ns. Supē′rioress, a female superior or chief in a convent, nunnery, &c.; Superior′ity, quality or state of being superior: pre-eminence: advantage: (Scots law) the right which the superior enjoys in the land held by the vassal.—adv. Supē′riorly, in a superior manner.—Superior planets, those more distant from the sun than the earth. [L., comp. of superus, high—super, above.]

Superlative, sū-pėr′la-tiv, adj. raised above others or to the highest degree: superior to all others: most eminent: (gram.) expressing the highest degree of a quality.—n. (gram.) the superlative or highest degree of adjectives and adverbs: any word or phrase full of exaggeration.—adv. Super′latively.—n. Super′lativeness, state of being superlative or in the highest degree. [L. superlativus—superlatus, pa.p. of superferre—super, above, ferre, to carry.]

Superlunar, sū-pėr-lū′nar, adj. above the moon: not of this world.—Also Superlū′nary.

Supernacular, sū-pėr-nak′ū-lar, adj. very choice, of liquor.—n. Supernac′ūlum, wine fit to be drunk to the last drop with no heeltaps, anything very choice.—adv. to the last drop.

Supernal, sū-pėr′nal, adj. that is above or in a higher place or region: relating to things above: celestial. [L. supernus—super, above.]

Supernatant, sū-pėr-nā′tant, adj. floating on the surface.—n. Supernatā′tion. [L. supernatāre—super, above, natāre, to swim.]

Supernational, sū-pėr-nash′un-al, adj. transcending the national, and belonging to mankind.—n. Superna′tionalism.

Supernatural, sū-pėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. above or beyond the powers of nature: not according to the usual course of nature: miraculous: spiritual.—v.t. Supernat′uralise, to bring into the supernatural sphere.—ns. Supernat′uralism, the belief in the influence of the supernatural in the world; Supernat′uralist, a believer in the supernatural.—adj. of or pertaining to the supernatural.—adj. Supernaturalist′ic.—adv. Supernat′urally.—n. Supernat′uralness.

Supernumerary, sū-pėr-nūm′ėr-ar-i, adj. over and above the number stated, or which is usual or necessary.—n. a person or thing beyond the usual, necessary, or stated number: one who appears on the stage without a speaking part. [L. supernumerarius—super, over, numerus, a number.]

Superoccipital, sū-pėr-ok-sip′e-tal, adj. pertaining to the upper part of the occipital lobe of the brain.

Superoctave, sū′pėr-ok-tāv, n. (mus.) a coupler in the organ by means of which is sounded an octave higher than the one struck: an organ-stop two octaves above the principal.

Superolateral, sū-pe-rō-lat′ėr-al, adj. situated above and at the side.

Superorder, sū-pėr-or′dėr, n. a group in the classifications of natural history above the order but below the class.—adj. Superor′dinal.

Superordination, sū-pėr-or-di-nā′shun, n. the ordination of a successor by an ecclesiastic: (logic) the relation of a universal proposition to a particular proposition in the same terms.—adj. Superor′dinate.

Superorganic, sū-pėr-or-gan′ik, adj. not dependent on organisation, psychical, spiritual: social.

Superparasitism, sū-pėr-par′a-sīt-izm, n. the infestation of parasites by other parasites.—n. Sū′perparasite, the parasite of a parasite.—adj. Superparasit′ic.

Superphosphate, sū-pėr-fos′fāt, n. a phosphate containing the greatest amount of phosphoric acid that can combine with the base.

Superpose, sū-pėr-pōz′, v.t. to place over or upon.—adjs. Superpō′sable; Superposed′.—n. Superposi′tion, act of superposing: state of being superposed: that which is above anything.

Super-royal, sū-pėr-roi′al, adj. larger than royal, denoting a size of paper, 19¼ × 27½ in. for writing and drawing paper, 20½ × 27½ in. for printing-paper.

Supersalt, sū′pėr-sawlt, n. a salt having a greater number of equivalents of acid than base.

Supersaturate, sū-pėr-sat′ū-rāt, v.t. to saturate beyond the normal point.—n. Supersaturā′tion.

Superscribe, sū-pėr-skrīb′, v.t. to write or engrave over, on the outside or top: to write the name on the outside or cover of.—ns. Sū′perscript, Superscrip′tion, act of superscribing: that which is written or engraved above or on the outside. [L. super, above, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Supersede, sū-pėr-sēd′, v.t. to take the place of another by reason of superior right, power, &c.: to make useless by superior power: to come in the room of, to replace: to displace, set aside, render unnecessary.—ns. Supersē′deas, a writ to stay proceedings, or to suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases; Supersē′dence, Supersē′dure, Superses′sion, a setting aside, the act of superseding; Supersedē′re (Scots law), a private agreement among creditors, under a trust-deed, to supersede or sist diligence for a certain period: an order of court granting protection to a debtor. [L. super, above, sedēre, sessum, to sit.]

Supersensible, sū-pėr-sen′si-bl, adj. above the range of the senses, spiritual.—adv. Supersen′sibly.—adj. Supersen′sitive, excessively sensitive.—n. Supersen′sitiveness.—adjs. Supersen′sory, Supersen′sual, beyond the senses.

Superserviceable, sū-pėr-sėrv′is-a-bl, adj. (Shak.) doing more than required, over-officious.

Superstition, sū-pėr-stish′un, n. excessive reverence or fear, based on ignorance: excessive exactness in religious opinions or practice: false worship or religion: an ignorant and irrational belief in supernatural agency, omens, divination, sorcery, &c.: belief in what is absurd, without evidence: rites or practices proceeding from superstitious belief or fear: over-nicety, exactness too scrupulous or morbid.—adj. Supersti′tious, pertaining to, or proceeding from, superstition: over-exact.—adv. Supersti′tiously.—n. Supersti′tiousness. [L. superstitio, excessive religious belief—super, over, above, statum, sistĕre—stāre, to stand.]

Superstratum, sū-pėr-strā′tum, n. a stratum or layer situated above another.

Superstructure, sū-pėr-strukt′ūr, n. a structure above or on something else: anything erected on a foundation—also Superstruc′tion.—adjs. Superstruct′ive, Superstruct′ūral.

Supersubtle, sū-pėr-sut′l, adj. over-subtle.—adj. Supersubt′ilised, subtilised or refined to excess.—n. Supersubt′lety, excessive subtlety, over-nicety.

Supertonic, sū-pėr-ton′ik, n. (mus.) the tone in a scale next above the tonic or keynote.

Supervene, sū-pėr-vēn′, v.i. to come in addition, or closely after: to occur, take place.—adj. Supervē′nient, coming above, as something additional.—n. Superven′tion, act of supervening or taking place. [L. super, above, venīre, ventum, come.]

Supervise, sū-pėr-vīz′, v.i. to oversee: to superintend.—ns. Supervī′sal, Supervi′sion, act of supervising: inspection: control; Supervī′sor, one who supervises: an overseer: an inspector: (Shak.) a spectator.—adjs. Supervī′sory, pertaining to, or having, supervision; Supervis′ūal, beyond the ordinary visual powers. [L. super, over, vidēre, visum, to see.]

Supervolute, sū′pėr-vol-ūt, adj. (bot.) having a plaited or convolute arrangement in the bud.

Supine, sū-pīn′, adj. lying on the back: leaning backward, inclined, sloping: negligent: indolent.—v.t. Sū′pināte, to bring the palm upward.—ns. Sūpinā′tion, the state of being supine: the act of lying or being laid with the face upward: the act of turning the palm of the hand upward: the hand so turned; Sūpinā′tor, that which produces supination: a muscle that turns the palm upward; Sū′pine, one of two parts of the Latin verb, really verbal nouns, ending in tum and tu, called the first and second supine respectively.—adv. Sūpine′ly.—n. Sūpine′ness. [L. supinus—sub, under.]

Suppedaneum, sup-ē-dā′nē-um, n. a foot-rest on a cross or crucifix.—adj. Suppedā′neous, being under the feet. [L. sub, under, pes, pedis, the foot.]

Suppeditate, sup-ed′i-tāt, v.t. to supply, furnish.—n. Suppeditā′tion, supply. [L. suppeditāre, -ātum, to supply—suppetĕre, to be in store—sub, under, petĕre, to seek.]

Supper, sup′ėr, n. a meal taken at the close of the day.—adj. Supp′erless, without supper.—ns. Supp′ing, the act of one who sups: that which is supped; Lord's′-supp′er (see Lord). [O. Fr. soper (Fr. souper)—from Low Ger. supen, to sup.]

Supplant, sup-plant′, v.t. to displace by stratagem: to take the place of: to undermine.—ns. Supplantā′tion; Supplant′er. [L. supplantāre, to trip up one's heels—sub, under, planta, the sole of the foot.]

Supple, sup′l, adj. pliant: lithe: yielding to the humour of others: fawning.—v.t. to make supple: to make soft or compliant.—v.i. to become supple.—n. Supp′leness.—adj. Supp′le-sin′ewed, having supple sinews: lithe.—Supple Jack (U.S.), one of various climbing-shrubs with strong stems: a pliant cane. [Fr. souple—L. supplex, bending the knees—sub, under, plicāre, to fold.]

Supplement, sup′le-ment, n. that which supplies or fills up: any addition by which defects are supplied: the quantity by which an angle or an arc falls short of 180° or a semicircle.—v.t. Supplement′, to supply or fill up: to add to.—adjs. Supplemen′tal, Supplement′ary, added to supply what is wanting: additional.—adv. Supplement′arily.—ns. Supplementā′tion; Supplement′er.—v.t. Supplēte′, to supplement.—adjs. Supp′lētive, Supp′lētory, supplemental.—n. a supplement. [L. supplementum—supplēre, to fill up.]

Suppliant, sup′li-ant, adj. supplicating: asking earnestly: entreating.—n. a humble petitioner.—adv. Supp′liantly.—n. Supp′liantness. [Fr. suppliant, pr.p. of supplier—L. supplicāre.]

Supplicant, sup′li-kant, adj. supplicating: asking submissively.—n. one who supplicates or entreats earnestly.—adv. Supp′licantly. [L. supplicans, pr.p. of supplicāre.]

Supplicate, sup′li-kāt, v.t. to entreat earnestly: to address in prayer.—n. Supp′licat, in the English universities, a petition.—adv. Supp′licātingly.—n. Supplicā′tion, act of supplicating: in ancient Rome, a solemn service or day decreed for giving formal thanks to the gods for victory, &c.: earnest prayer or entreaty, especially, in liturgies, a litany petition for some special blessing.—adj. Supp′licātory, containing supplication or entreaty: humble.—n. Supplicā′vit, formerly a writ issued by the King's Bench or Chancery for taking the surety of the peace against a person. [L. supplicāre, -ātum—supplex—sub, under, plicāre, to fold.]

Supply, sup-plī′, v.t. to fill up, esp. a deficiency: to add what is wanted: to furnish: to fill a vacant place: to serve instead of:—pa.t. and pa.p. supplied′. [Fr.,—L. supplēre—sub, up, plēre, to fill.]

Supply, sup-plī′, n. act of supplying: that which is supplied or which supplies a want: amount of food or money provided (used generally in pl.): a grant of money provided by a legislature for the expenses of government: a person who takes another's duty temporarily, a substitute, esp. a clergyman.—ns. Supplī′al, the act of supplying, the thing supplied; Sup′pliance (Shak.), that which is supplied, gratification.—adj. Supplī′ant (Shak.), supplying, auxiliary.—adv. Sup′pliantly.—ns. Supplī′er, one who supplies; Supply′ment (Shak.), a supply.—Commissioner of Supply, one of the body forming the chief county authority in Scotland for administrative and rating purposes, down to 1889.

Support, sup-pōrt′, v.t. to bear up: to endure or sustain: to keep up as a part or character: to make good: to defend: to represent in acting: to supply with means of living: to uphold by countenance, patronise: to follow on the same side as a speaker.—n. act of supporting or upholding: that which supports, sustains, or maintains: maintenance: an actor playing a subordinate part with a star: an accompaniment in music.—adj. Support′able, capable of being supported: endurable: capable of being maintained.—n. Support′ableness.—adv. Support′ably.—ns. Support′ance (Shak.), support; Support′er, one who, or that which, supports: an adherent: a defender: (her.) a figure on each side of the escutcheon.—adjs. Support′ing, Support′ive.—n.fem. Support′ress. [L. supportāre—sub, up, portāre, to bear.]

Suppose, sup-pōz′, v.t. to lay down, assume, or state as true: to imagine.—adj. Suppō′sable, that may be supposed.—n. Suppō′sal (Shak.), supposition.—adj. Suppōsed′ (Shak.), counterfeit.—adv. Suppō′sedly, according to supposition.—ns. Suppō′ser; Supposi′tion, act of supposing: that which is supposed: assumption: presumption, opinion.—adj. Supposi′tional, implying supposition.—adv. Supposi′tionally.—adjs. Supposi′tionary, hypothetical; Suppos′itive, implying, expressing, or including a supposition.—adv. Suppos′itively.—ns. Suppos′itory (med.), a pill of any solid medicine in the form of a cone or cylinder intended for introduction into the rectum or other canal; Suppos′itum, that which is supposed; Suppō′sūre, supposition. [Fr. supposer—L. supponĕre, -positum—sub, under, ponĕre, to place.]

Supposititious, sup-poz-i-tish′us, adj. put by trick in the place of another: spurious: imaginary, hypothetical, supposed.—adv. Suppositi′tiously, in a supposititious manner.—n. Suppositi′tiousness, the state of being supposititious. [L. supposititius—supponĕre, to put in the place of another—sub, under, ponĕre, to place.]

Suppress, sup-pres′, v.t. to crush, put down: to keep in: to retain or conceal: to stop, restrain.—adv. Suppress′edly.—ns. Suppress′er, Suppress′or.—adj. Suppress′ible.—ns. Suppres′sion, act of suppressing: stoppage: concealment; Suppres′sionist, one who supports suppression.—adj. Suppress′ive, tending to suppress: subduing. [L. supprimĕre, suppressum—sub, under, premĕre, to press.]

Suppurate, sup′ū-rāt, v.i. to gather pus or matter.—n. Suppurā′tion, a morbid process which gives rise to the formation of pus, one of the commonest products of inflammation.—adj. Supp′urātive, tending to suppurate: promoting suppuration.—n. a medicine which promotes suppuration. [L. sub, under, pus, pur-is, pus.]

Supraciliary, sū-pra-sil′i-ar-i, adj. above the eyebrow.—Also Supercil′iary.

Supraclavicular, sū-pra-kla-vik′ū-lar, adj. situated above the clavicle or collar-bone.

Supracretaceous, sū-pra-krē-tā′shus, adj. (geol.) denoting strata lying above the chalk.

Supralapsarian, sū-pra-laps-ā′ri-an, n. one of a class of Calvinists who make the decree of election and predestination to precede the Creation and the Fall—opp. to Sublapsarian.—adj. pertaining to the Supralapsarians or to their opinions.—n. Supralapsā′rianism. [L. supra, above, beyond, labi, lapsus, to fall.]

Supralateral, sū-pra-lat′ėr-al, adj. placed on the upper part of the side.

Supramaxillary, sū-pra-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. pertaining to the upper jaw.—n. the superior maxillary or upper jaw-bone.

Supra-orbital, sū-pra-or′bi-tal, adj. being above the orbit of the eye.

Supraposition, sū-pra-pō-zish′un, n. the placing of one thing above another.

Supraprotest, sū-pra-prō′test, n. acceptance or payment of a bill of exchange, by one not a party to it, after protest for non-acceptance or non-payment.

Suprascapular, sū-pra-skap′ū-lar, adj. situated above the scapula or shoulder-blade.—Also Sūprascap′ulary.

Supraspinal, sū-pra-spī′nal, adj. situated above the spine.—adj. Supraspī′nous, above a spine or spinous process.

Supreme, sū-prēm′, adj. highest: greatest: most excellent.—n. the highest point: the chief, the superior.—n. Suprem′acy, state of being supreme; highest authority or power.—adv. Supreme′ly.—ns. Supreme′ness, Suprem′ity.—Oath of supremacy, an oath denying the supremacy of the pope; The Supreme Being, God. [L. supremus, superl. of superus, high—super, above.]

Sura, sōō′ra, n. a chapter of the Koran.—Also Su′rah. [Ar. sūra, a step.]

Sura, sōō′ra, n. the sap of the palmyra and coco-palm, &c. [Hind. surā.]

Sural, sū′ral, adj. pertaining to the calf of the leg. [L. sura, the calf.]

Surat, sū-rat′, n. coarse uncoloured cotton made at Surat, 160 miles north of Bombay.

Surbase, sur′bās, n. a cornice or series of mouldings above the base of a pedestal.—adj. Surbased′.—n. Surbase′ment.

Surbate, sur-bāt′, v.t. (Spens.) to bruise, as the feet by travel.—Also Surbet′. [Prob. Fr. solbatu, solbature—sole, the sole, battu, pa.p. of battre, to beat.]

Surbed, sur-bed′, v.t. to set edgewise, as a stone with reference to the grain.

Surcease, sur-sēs′, v.i. to cease.—v.t. to cause to cease.—n. cessation. [O. Fr. sursis, pa.p. of surseoir—L. super-sedēre, to refrain from.]

Surcharge, sur-chärj′, v.t. to overcharge or overload.—n. an excessive load: an overcharge: an extra charge: a painting in lighter enamel over a darker which serves as the ground.—adj. Surcharged′, overloaded.—n. Surcharge′ment.

Surcingle, sur′sing-gl, n. a girth or strap for holding a saddle on an animal's back: the girdle of a cassock.—v.t. to surround with such. [L. super, above, cingulum, a belt.]

Surcoat, sur′kōt, n. an overcoat, generally applied to the long flowing drapery of knights anterior to the introduction of plate-armour: a short robe worn by ladies over the tunic at the close of the 11th century. [O. Fr. surcote, surcot—sur, over, cote, a garment.]

Surculus, sur′kū-lus, n. a shoot from a root-stock, a sucker.—adjs. Surculig′erous, bearing such; Sur′culose, producing such. [L.]

Surd, surd, adj. (alg.) involving surds: produced by the action of the speech organs on the breath (not the voice), as the 'hard' sounds k, t, p, f, &c.: deaf: (obs.) unheard, senseless.—n. (alg.) a quantity inexpressible by rational numbers, or which has no root.—ns. Surdimū′tism, the condition of being deaf and dumb; Surd′ity, want of sonant quality. [L. surdus, deaf.]

Sure, shōōr, adj. secure: fit to be depended on; certain: strong: confident beyond doubt.—advs. Sure, Surely, firmly, safely: certainly, assuredly.—adj. Sure′footed, walking firmly or securely: not liable to stumble.—adv. Surefoot′edly.—ns. Surefoot′edness; Sure′ness.—Sure enough, certainly.—Be sure, be certain, see to it; Have a sure thing (slang), to have a certainty; Make sure, to make certain; To be sure, without doubt. [O. Fr, seür (Fr. sûr)—L. securus—se-, apart from, cura, care.]

Surety, shōōr′ti, n. certainty: he who, or that which, makes sure: security against loss: one who becomes bound for another, a sponsor.—ns. Sure′tyship, Sure′tiship, state of being surety: obligation of one person to answer for another. [Doublet security.]

Surf, surf, n. the foam made by the dashing of waves.—ns. Surf′-bird, a plover-like bird found on the Pacific coasts of North and South America, akin to sandpipers and turnstones, and sometimes called Boreal sandpiper and Plover-billed turnstone; Surf′-duck, the scoter (q.v.); Surf′man, one skilful in handling boats in surf.—adj. Surf′y. [Skeat explains the r as intrusive, and suggests that suffe is the same as 'sough of the sea,' M. E. swough, swoughen, swowen—A.S. swógan, to make a rushing sound.]

Surface, sur′fās, n. the exterior part of anything.—adj. Sur′faced, having a surface.—ns. Sur′faceman, a miner employed in open-air working: a workman employed in keeping a railway-bed in repair; Sur′face-print′ing, printing from a relief surface, as cotton-cloth; Sur′facer, one who, or that which, smooths or levels a surface; Sur′face-ten′sion, in liquids, that property in virtue of which a liquid surface behaves as if it were a stretched elastic membrane—say a sheet of india-rubber; Sur′face-wa′ter, drainage-water; Sur′facing, the act of giving a certain surface to anything. [Fr., from sur—L. super, and face—L. facies.]

Surfeit, sur′fit, v.t. to fill to satiety and disgust.—n. excess in eating and drinking: sickness or satiety caused by overfullness.—ns. Sur′feiter (Shak.), one who surfeits, a glutton; Sur′feiting, eating overmuch: gluttony. [O. Fr. surfait, excess, sorfaire, to augment—L. super, above, facĕre, to make.]

Surficial, sur-fish′al, adj. formed on the surface, as opposed to Subterranean.

Surfusion, sur-fū′shun, n. the condition of being liquid below fusing-point.

Surge, surj, n. the rising or swelling of a large wave.—v.i. to rise high: to swell.—adj. Sur′gy, full of surges or waves: billowy. [L. surgĕre, to rise.]

Surgeon, sur′jun, n. one who treats injuries or diseases by manual operations.—ns. Sur′geoncy, Sur′geonship, the office or employment of a surgeon in the army or navy; Sur′gery, act and art of treating lesions or malformations of the human body by manual operations, mediate and immediate: a place for surgical operations.—adj. Sur′gical, pertaining to surgeons, or to surgery: done by surgery.—adv. Sur′gically. [A doublet of chirurgeon (q.v.).]

Suricate, sū′ri-kāt, n. a long-legged South African carnivore, allied to the civet, genette, and ichneumon.

Surly, sur′li, adj. morose: uncivil: tempestuous.—adv. Sur′lily.—n. Sur′liness. [For sir-ly, for sir-like, arrogant.]

Surmaster, sur′mas-tėr, n. a master in a school next in rank to a headmaster.

Surmise, sur-mīz′, n. suspicion: conjecture.—v.t. to imagine: to suspect.—adjs. Surmī′sable, Surmī′sant.—n. Surmī′ser. [O. Fr.,—surmettre, to accuse—L. super, upon, mittĕre, to send.]

Surmount, sur-mownt′, v.t. to mount above: to surpass: to overcome, get the better of.—adj. Surmount′able, that may be surmounted.—n. Surmount′ableness.—adj. Surmount′ed, surpassed: overcome: (archit.) denoting an arch or dome rising higher than a semicircle: (her.) denoting a figure when another is laid over it.—n. Surmount′er. [Fr.—sur (L. super), above, monter, to mount.]

Surmullet, sur-mul′et, n. a mulloid food-fish of the genus Mullus, with two long barbels on the throat.

Surname, sur′nām, n. a name over and above the Christian name: the family name.—v.t. to call by a surname.—adj. Surnom′inal. [Formed from Fr. sur—L. super, over and above, and Eng. name, on the analogy of Fr. sur-nom.]

Surpass, sur-pas′, v.t. to pass beyond: to exceed: to excel: to go past in space.—adj. Surpass′able, that may be surpassed.—p.adj. Surpass′ing, passing beyond others: excellent in a high degree.—adv. Surpass′ingly.—n. Surpass′ingness. [Fr. surpasser, sur—L. super, beyond, passer, to pass.]

Surplice, sur′plis, n. a white linen garment worn over the cassock by clerks of all degrees, most commonly used for the service of the choir, and also employed, along with the stole, by priests in the administration of the sacraments and in preaching.—adj. Sur′pliced, wearing a surplice. [Fr. surplis—Low L. superpellicium, an over-garment.]

Surplus, sur′plus, n. the overplus: excess above what is required.—n. Sur′plusage, overplus. [Fr., from sur—L. super, over, plus, more.]

Surprise, sur-prīz′, n. act of taking unawares: the emotion caused by anything sudden: amazement.—v.t. to come upon suddenly or unawares: to lead or bring unawares, to betray (with into): to strike with wonder or astonishment: to confuse.—n. Surprīs′al, act of surprising.—adv. Surprīs′edly.—adj. Surprīs′ing, exciting surprise: wonderful: unexpected.—adv. Surprīs′ingly.—n. Surprīs′ingness. [Fr.,—surpris, pa.p. of surprendre—L. super, over, prehendĕre, to catch.]

Surquedry, sur′kwe-dri, n. (Spens.) pride, arrogance—also Sur′quidry.—adj. Sur′quedous.

Surrebound, sur-e-bownd′, v.i. to rebound again and again: to give back echoes.

Surrebut, sur-e-but′, v.i. to reply to a defendant's rebutter.—ns. Surrebut′tal, a plaintiff's evidence or presentation of evidence, in response to a defendant's rebuttal; Surrebut′ter, the plaintiffs reply, in common law pleading, to a defendant's rebutter; Surrejoin′der, the answer of a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Surrender, sur-ren′dėr, v.t. to deliver over: to resign.—v.i. to yield up one's self to another.—n. act of yielding, or giving up to another.—ns. Surrenderee′, one to whom a legal surrender is made; Surren′derer, one who surrenders; Surren′deror (law), one who makes a surrender; Surren′dry, Surren′dery (obs.), a surrender. [O. Fr. surrendre, from sur, over—L. super, over, rendre—L. reddĕre, to render.]

Surreptitious, sur-rep-tish′us, adj. done by stealth or fraud.—adv. Surrepti′tiously. [L., from surripĕre, surreptum—sub, under, rapĕre, to seize.]

Surrey, sur′ā, n. (U.S.) a light four-wheeled vehicle for four persons, usually with two seats in a box mounted on side-bars.

Surrogate, sur′rō-gāt, n. a substitute: the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge.—ns. Sur′rogāteship; Surrogā′tion, subrogation; Surrogā′tum, that which comes in place of something else. [L. surrogāre, ātum—sub, in the place of, rogāre, to ask.]

Surround, sur-rownd′, v.t. to go round about; to encompass, environ: to cut off from communication or retreat.—n. Surround′ing, an encompassing: (pl.) things which surround, external circumstances. [O. Fr. suronder—L. superundāre, to overflow, often confused with round.]

Sursize, sur-sīz′, n. a penalty in feudal times for non-payment of castle-guard rent on the appointed day.

Surtax, sur′taks, n. an additional tax on certain articles.—v.t. to lay such a tax upon.

Surtout, sur-tōō′, -tōōt′, n. a close-bodied frock-coat: (fort.) a raised portion of the parapet of a work at the angles, to protect from enfilade fire. [Fr.,—Low L. super-totus, an outer garment.]

Surveillance, sur-vel′yans, n. a being vigilant or watchful: inspection.—adj. Surveill′ant. [Fr.,—surveiller—sur, over—L. super, veiller, to watch—L. vigilāre.]

Survey, sur-vā′, v.t. to see or look over: to inspect: to superintend: to examine: to measure and estimate, as land—(obs.) Surview′.—ns. Sur′vey, oversight: view: examination: the measuring of land, or of a country: general view: a description of the condition, use, &c. of property to be insured: an auction at which a farm is let for three lives: (U.S.) a district for the collection of customs under a particular officer; Survey′ing, the art of ascertaining the boundaries and superficial extent of any portion of the earth's surface; Survey′or, an overseer: a measurer of land; Survey′orship. [O. Fr. surveoir—L. super, over, vidēre, to see.]

Survive, sur-vīv′, v.t. to live beyond: to outlive.—v.i. to remain alive.—n. Survī′val, a surviving or living after: any custom or belief surviving in folklore from a more or less savage earlier state of society, long after the philosophy or rationale of it is forgotten.—p.adj. Survī′ving, continuing alive: outliving.—ns. Survī′vor, one who survives or lives after another; Survī′vorship.—Survival of the fittest, the preservation of favourable variations, attended with the destruction of injurious ones, such being the result of Natural Selection (see Natural). [Fr.,—L. super, beyond, vivĕre, to live.]

Surya, sōōr′ya, n. the sun-god in Hindu mythology. [Sans. sūrya, the sun.]

Susceptible, sus-sep′ti-bl, adj. capable of receiving anything: impressible: disposed to admit.—ns. Susceptibil′ity, Suscep′tibleness, quality of being susceptible: capability: sensibility.—adv. Suscep′tibly.—adj. Suscep′tive, capable of receiving or admitting: readily admitting.—ns. Suscep′tiveness; Susceptiv′ity; Suscep′tor; Suscip′iency.—adj. Suscip′ient. [Fr.,—L. suscipĕre, susceptum, to take up—sub, up, capĕre, to take.]

Suscitate, sus′i-tāt, v.t. to excite, rouse.—n. Suscitā′tion. [L. suscitāre, -ātum—sub, under, citāre, to arouse.]

Suspect, sus-pekt′, v.t. to mistrust: to imagine to be guilty: to doubt: to have a slight opinion that something exists, but without sufficient evidence, to conjecture.—v.i. to imagine guilt, to be suspicious.—n. a person suspected.—adv. Suspec′tedly.—n. Suspec′tedness.—adj. Suspect′less, not suspected. [L. suspicĕre, suspectum, to look at secretly—sub, up, specĕre, to look at.]

Suspend, sus-pend′, v.t. to hang one thing beneath another: to make to depend on: to make to stop for a time: to delay: to debar from any privilege, office, emolument, &c. for a time.—ns. Suspen′ded-animā′tion, the temporary cessation of the outward signs and of some of the functions of life—due to asphyxia, drowning, strangulation; Suspen′der, one who, or that which, suspends, one of a pair of straps crossing the shoulders to support the trousers; Suspense′, state of being suspended: act of withholding the judgment: uncertainty: indecision: stop betwixt two opposites; Suspensibil′ity, susceptibility of being suspended.—adj. Suspen′sible, capable of being suspended.—ns. Suspen′sion, act of suspending: interruption: delay: temporary privation of office or privilege: a conditional withholding; Suspen′sion-bridge, a bridge in which the roadway is supported by chains, which pass over elevated piers, and are secured below at each end.—adj. Suspen′sive.—adv. Suspen′sively.—n. Suspen′sor, a suspensory bandage.—adj. Suspensō′rial.—n. Suspensō′rium, that which holds up a part, esp. the arrangement joining the lower jaw to the cranium in vertebrates below mammals.—adj. Suspen′sory, that suspends: doubtful.—n. that which suspends: a bandage: having the effect of delaying or staying.—Suspend payment, to publicly stop paying debts from insolvency. [L. suspendĕre—sub, beneath, pendēre, pensum, to hang.]

Suspercollate, sus-pėr-kol′āt, v.t. to hang. [Sus. per coll., abbrev. for L. suspensio per collum, hanging by the neck.]

Suspicion, sus-pish′un, n. act of suspecting: the imagining of something without evidence or on slender evidence: mistrust: (coll.) a slight quantity of, as of spirits.—adj. Suspi′cious, full of suspicion: showing suspicion: inclined to suspect: liable to suspicion, doubtful.—adv. Suspi′ciously.—n. Suspi′ciousness.

Suspire, sus-pīr′, v.i. to fetch a deep breath, to sigh, to breathe.—n. Suspirā′tion, act of sighing.—adj. Suspir′ious, sighing. [L. suspīrāre—sub, under, spirāre, to breathe.]

Sustain, sus-tān′, v.t. to hold up: to bear: to maintain: to relieve: to prove: to sanction: to prolong.—adjs. Sustain′able, that may be sustained; Sustained′, kept up at one uniform pitch.—ns. Sustain′er, one who, or that which, sustains; Sustain′ment, act of sustaining, sustenance; Sus′tenance, that which sustains: maintenance: provisions.—adj. Sustentac′ular, supporting, pertaining to a Sustentac′ulum, a support or sustaining tissue, esp. an inferior spine of the tarsus in spiders of the genus Epeira.—v.t. Sus′tentāte, to sustain.—n. Sustentā′tion, that which sustains: support: maintenance.—adj. Susten′tative, sustaining.—ns. Sus′tentātor, a sustaining part or structure; Susten′tion, the act of sustaining; Susten′tor, one of two posterior projections of a butterfly-chrysalis.—Sustentation Fund, the scheme by which the ministers of the Free Church of Scotland are supported by voluntary contributions not local or congregational, but with a national altruism or solidarity paid into a great central fund, out of which equal stipends are paid to all alike. [L. sustinēre—sub, up, tenēre, to hold.]

Susurrant, sū-sur′ant, adj. murmuring, whispering.—n. Susurrā′tion, a soft murmur.—adv. Susur′ringly.—adj. Susur′rous, whispering, rustling.—n. Susur′rus, a soft murmuring, a whispering. [L. susurrāre, -ātum, to whisper.]

Sutile, sū′til, adj. done by stitching. [L. sutilis—suĕre, to sew.]

Sutler, sut′lėr, n. a person who follows an army and sells liquor or provisions: a camp-hawker.—n. Sut′lery, a sutler's work: a sutler's store.—adj. Sut′ling, pertaining to sutlers: engaged in the occupation of a sutler. [Old Dut. soetelaar, zoetelaar, a small trader—zoetelen, to do mean work; Low Ger. suddeln, to do dirty work.]

Sutra, sōōt′ra, n. in Sanskrit literature, the technical name of aphoristic rules, and of works consisting of such rules—the groundworks of the ritual, grammatical, metrical, and philosophical literature of India being written in this form.

Suttee, sut-tē′, n. a usage long prevalent in India, in accordance with which, on the death of her husband, the faithful widow burned herself on the funeral pyre along with her husband's body.—n. Suttee′ism, the practice of self-immolation among Hindu widows. [Sans. satí, a true wife.]

Suture, sū′tūr, n. the mode of connection between the various bones of the cranium and face—serrated, when formed by the union of two edges of bone with projections and indentations fitting into one another—squamous, when formed by the overlapping of the bevelled edges of two contiguous bones: (surg.) the sewing up of a wound by one or other mode, so as to maintain the opposed surfaces in contact: (bot.) the seam at the union of two margins in a plant.—adj. Sū′tūral, relating to a suture.—adv. Sū′tūrally.—n. Sūtūrā′tion.—adj. Sū′tūred, having, or united by, sutures. [L. sutura—suĕre, to sew.]

Suzerain, sū′ze-rān, n. a feudal lord: supreme or paramount ruler.—n. Sū′zerainty, the dominion of a suzerain: paramount authority. [O. Fr.,—sus—Late L. susum, for sursum=sub-versum, above; the termination in imitation of Fr. souverain, Eng. sovereign.]

Swab, swob, n. a mop for cleaning or drying floors or decks, or for cleaning out the bore of a cannon: a bit of sponge, &c., for cleansing the mouth of a sick person: (slang) a naval officer's epaulet: a lubber or clumsy fellow in sailor's slang.—v.t. to clean or dry with a swab:—pr.p. swab′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. swabbed.—n. Swab′ber, one who uses a swab: a baker's implement for cleaning ovens. [Dut. zwabber, a swabber, zwabberen, to swab; Ger. schwabber.]

Swaddle, swod′l, v.t. to swathe or bind tight with clothes, as an infant.—ns. Swadd′ler, an Irish papist's name for a Methodist, &c.; Swadd′ling-band, Swadd′ling-cloth, a cloth for swaddling an infant:—pl. Swadd′ling-clothes (B.). [A.S. swethel, a swaddling-band, swathu, a bandage.]

Swag, swag, n. (slang) anything obtained by plunder: baggage, esp. that carried by one tramping through the bush, a swagman's pack: the subsidence of a mine-roof: a festoon or hanging cluster of flowers.—ns. Swag′ger, Swag′man, one who carries his swag about with him in his search for work; Swag′shop, a place where cheap and trashy goods are sold. [Prob. swag (v.).]

Swag, swag, v.i. to sink down by its own weight.—adj. Swag′-bell′ied, having a large projecting belly. [Prob. conn. with sway.]

Swagger, swag′ėr, v.i. to swing the body in a blustering defiant way: to brag noisily, to bully.—n. boastfulness: insolence of manner.—adj. (slang) very fashionable.—n. Swagg′erer.—adj. and n. Swagg′ering.—adv. Swagg′eringly. [A freq. of swag=sway.]

Swahili, swa-hē′li, n. the name given to the people of Zanzibar and the opposite coast belonging to the Bantu stock, with an Arab infusion, and speaking a Bantu tongue modified by Arabic.—adj. Swahi′lian. [Ar. Waswahili, 'coast people.']

Swain, swān, n. a young man: a peasant: a country lover.—n. Swain′ing, love-making.—adj. Swain′ish, boorish.—n. Swain′ishness, boorishness. [Ice. sveinn, young man, servant, Dan. svend, servant.]

Swallow, swol′ō, n. a migratory bird with long wings, which seizes its insect food on the wing: a genus (Hirundo) and family (Hirundinidæ) of passerine birds, with long and pointed wings.—adj. Swall′ow-tailed, like a swallow's tail in form, forked and pointed—of a dress-coat. [A.S. swalewe; Ger. schwalbe.]

Swallow, swol′ō, v.t. to receive through the gullet into the stomach: to engulf: to absorb: to occupy: to exhaust.—n. Swall′ower. [A.S. swelgan, to swallow; cog. with Ger. schwelgen.]

Swamp, swomp, n. wet, spongy land: low ground filled with water.—v.t. to sink in, or as in a swamp: to overset, or cause to fill with water, as a boat.—adj. Swamp′y, consisting of swamp: wet and spongy. [Scand., Dan. and Sw. svamp, a sponge; from the root of swim.]

Swan, swon, n. a genus of birds constituting a very distinct section of the Duck family Anatidæ, having the neck as long as the body, noted for grace and stateliness of movement on the water.—ns. Swan′-goose, the China goose; Swan′-herd, one who tends swans; Swan′-hop′ping, better Swan′-mark′ing and Swan′-up′ping, the custom of marking the upper mandible of a swan to show ownership—done annually to the royal swans on the Thames, the occasion being excuse for a festive expedition.—adj. Swan′-like.—ns. Swan′-maid′en, a familiar figure in European folklore, changing at will into a maiden or a swan by means of the magic properties of her shift; Swan′-mark, the notch made on the swan's upper mandible; Swan′-neck, the end of a pipe, &c., curved like a swan's neck; Swan′nery, a place where swans are kept and tended.—adj. Swan′ny, swan-like.—ns. Swan's′-down, the down or under-plumage of a swan, used for powder-puffs, &c.: a soft woollen cloth: a thick cotton with a soft nap on one side; Swan′-shot, a shot of large size, like buck-shot; Swan′-skin, the unplucked skin of a swan: a soft, nappy, fine-twilled flannel; Swan′-song, the fabled song of a swan just before its death: a poet's or musician's last work. [A.S. swan; Ger. schwan, Dut. zwaan.]

Swank, swangk, adj. (Scot.) slender, pliant: agile, supple—also Swank′ing.—n. Swank′y, an active fellow. [A.S. swancor, pliant; Ger. schwank.]

Swanky, Swankie, swangk′i, n. poor thin beer or any sloppy drink, even sweetened water and vinegar.

Swap, swop, v.t. to barter.—n. an exchange.—adj. Swap′ping, large. [Swop.]

Swape, swāp, n. (prov.) a pump-handle: a large oar or sweep: a sconce for holding a light.—v.i. to sweep: to place aslant.—n. Swape′-well, a well from which water is raised by a well-sweep.

Sward, swawrd, n. the grassy surface of land: green turf—also Swarth.—v.t. to cover with sward.—adjs. Sward′ed, Sward′y, covered with sward. [A.S. sweard; Dut. zwoord, Ger. schwarte.]

Swarm, swawrm, n. a body of humming or buzzing insects: a cluster of insects, esp. of bee: a great number: throng.—v.i. to gather as bees: to appear in a crowd: to throng: to abound: to breed multitudes.—v.t. to cause to breed in swarms. [A.S. swearm; Ger. schwarm; from the same root as Ger. schwirren.]

Swarm, swawrm, v.i. to climb a tree by scrambling up by means of arms and legs (with up).

Swarthy, swawrth′i, adj. of a blackish complexion: dark-skinned: tawny—also Swart, Swarth.—adv. Swarth′ily.—ns. Swarthi′iness; Swart′-star (Milt.), the dog-star, so called because at the time of its appearance it darkens the complexion. [A.S. sweart; Ice. svartr, Ger. schwarz, black.]

Swash, swosh, v.t. to dash or splash.—v.i. to make a splashing noise, to wash up against.—ns. Swash′-buck′ler, a bully, a blusterer; Swash′er (Shak.), one who swashes, a blusterer.—adj. Swash′ing, slashing, crushing.—n.pl. Swash′-lett′ers, Italic capitals with top and bottom flourishes, intended to fill out ugly gaps.—ns. Swash′-plate, a disc set obliquely on a revolving axis, to give a reciprocating motion to a bar along its length; Swash′-work, lathe-work in which the cuts are inclined to the axis of rotation.—adj. Swash′y, swaggering. [Scand.; cf. dial. Sw. svasska, Norw. svakka, prov. Eng. swack, a blow.]

Swastika, swäs′ti-ka, n. the same as Fylfot (q.v.).—Also Svas′tika and Gammadion. [Sans., 'fortunate.']

Swath, swawth, n. a line of grass or corn cut by the scythe: the sweep of a scythe.—adj. Swath′y. [A.S. swathu, a track; Dut. zwade, also a scythe.]

Swathe, swāth, v.t. to bind with a band or bandage.—n. a bandage. [A.S. swethian; cf. Swaddle.]

Swatter, swat′ėr, v.i. (prov.) to spill water about. [Cf. Dut. swaddren, to dabble in water.]

Sway, swā, v.t. to swing or wield with the hand: to incline to one side: to influence by power or moral force: to govern: to hoist, raise.—v.i. to incline to one side: to govern: to have weight or influence.—n. the sweep of a weapon: that which moves with power: preponderance: power in governing: influence or authority inclining to one side: a thatcher's binding-switch.—adj. Swayed (Shak.), bent down and injured in the back by heavy burdens—said of a horse. [Prob. Scand., as Ice. sveigja, Dan. svaie, to sway; akin to swing.]

Sweal, swēl, v.t. to scorch.—v.i. to melt and run down: to burn away slowly. [A.S. swelan.]

Swear, swār, v.i. to affirm, calling God to witness: to give evidence on oath: to utter the name of God or of sacred things profanely.—v.t. to utter, calling God to witness: to administer an oath to: to declare on oath:—pa.t. swōre; pa.p. sworn.—n. Swear′er.—Swear at, to aim profanity at: to be very incongruous with, esp. in colour; Swear by, to put complete confidence in; Swear in, to inaugurate by oath; Swear off, to renounce, promise to give up. [A.S. swerian; Dut. zweren, Ger. schwören.]

Sweat, swet, n. the moisture from the skin, the state of one who sweats, diaphoresis: labour: drudgery.—v.i. to give out sweat or moisture: to toil, drudge for poor wages: to suffer penalty, smart.—v.t. to give out, as sweat: to cause to sweat: to squeeze money or extortionate interest from, to compel to hard work for mean wages: to wear away or pare down by friction or other means, as coins: to scrape the sweat from a horse.—ns. Sweat′er, one who sweats, or that which causes sweating, a diaphoretic: a heavy kind of jersey used by persons in training for athletic contests, to reduce their weight: one who sweats coins: a London street ruffian in Queen Anne's time who prodded weak passengers with his sword-point; Sweat′iness; Sweat′ing-bath, a bath to promote perspiration; Sweat′ing-house, -room, a house, room, for sweating persons: a room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices; Sweat′ing-sick′ness, an extremely fatal epidemic disorder which ravaged Europe, and esp. England, in the 15th and 16th centuries—a violent inflammatory fever, with a fetid perspiration over the whole body; Sweat′ing-sys′tem, the practice of working poor people at starvation wages, esp. in making up clothes in their own houses.—adj. Sweat′y, wet with sweat: consisting of sweat: laborious. [A.S. swát, sweat, swǽtan, to sweat; Dut. zweet; Low Ger. sweet, Ger. schweiss.]

Swede, swēd, n. a native of Sweden; a Swedish turnip.—adj. Swēd′ish, pertaining to Sweden, to Swedish turnips, gloves of undressed kid, &c.

Swedenborgian, swē-dn-bor′ji-an, n. one who holds the religious doctrines of Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher (1688-1772), founder of the New Jerusalem Church.—n. Swedenbor′gianism.

Sweep, swēp, v.t. to wipe or rub over with a brush or broom: to carry along or off by a long brushing stroke or force: to destroy or carry off at a stroke: to strike with a long stroke: to carry with pomp: to drag over: to pass rapidly over.—v.i. to pass swiftly and forcibly: to pass with pomp: to move with a long reach:—pa.t. and pa.p. swept.—n. act of sweeping: extent of a stroke, or of anything turning or in motion: prevalence, range: direction of a curve: the act of bringing into a general movement: rapid or wide-spread destructiveness: a curved approach before a building: a chimney-sweeper: (pl.) oars of great length used during a calm or in still water, either to assist the rudder or to propel the vessel.—n. Sweep′er.—adv. Sweep′ingly, in a sweeping manner.—n. Sweep′ingness.—n.pl. Sweep′ings, things collected by sweeping: rubbish.—ns. Sweep′-net, a net that embraces a large compass: Sweep′stake (Shak.), one who wins all—usually in pl. Sweep′stakes, a method of gambling by which several persons contribute each certain stakes, the whole of which fall to one in case of a certain event happening; Sweep′-wash′er, one who scrapes a little gold or silver from the sweepings of refineries.—adj. Sweep′y, swaying, sweeping, curving. [A.S. swápan; Ger. schweifen, Cf. Swoop.]

Sweer, Sweir, swēr, adj. (Scot.) lazy, unwilling. [A.S. swǽr, swár, heavy.]

Sweet, swēt, adj. pleasing to the taste or senses: tasting like sugar: fragrant: melodious: beautiful, grateful to the eye: fresh, as opposed to salt or to sour: pure: recent, not stale, sour, or putrid: mild, soft, gentle: kind, obliging.—n. a sweet substance: a term of endearment: (pl.) sweetmeats, confections: sweet dishes served at table, puddings, tarts, jellies, &c.—v.t. (obs.) to sweeten.—adj. Sweet′-and-twen′ty (Shak.), at once fair and young.—ns. Sweet′-bay, the laurel (Laurus nobilis); Sweet′bread, the pancreas of an animal used for food, both delicate and nutritious.—adj. Sweet′-breathed, sweet-smelling.—ns. Sweet′-brī′er, a thorny shrub of the rose kind resembling the brier, having a sweet smell; Sweet′-corn, a variety of maize.—v.t. Sweet′en, to make sweet: to make pleasing, mild, or kind: to increase the agreeable qualities of: to make pure and healthy.—ns. Sweet′ener, one who, or that which, sweetens; Sweet′ening, act of sweetening: that which sweetens; Sweet′-flag, -rush, an aromatic plant of the genus Acorus of the arum family; Sweet′heart, a lover or mistress.—n.pl. Sweet′ies, confections.—n. Sweet′ing, a sweet apple: (Shak.) a darling, a word of endearment.—adj. Sweet′ish, somewhat sweet to the taste.—ns. Sweet′ishness; Sweet′-john, a flower of the narrow-leaved varieties of a species of pink, Dianthus barbatus, as distinguished from other varieties called Sweet-william; Sweet′leaf, a small tree in the southern United States, having sweetish leaves relished by cattle and horses; Sweet′-lips, one whose lips are sweet—a term of endearment: the ballanwrasse, or Labrus maculatus.—adv. Sweet′ly.—ns. Sweet′-mar′joram, a fragrant species of marjoram; Sweet′meat, a confection made wholly or chiefly of sugar; Sweet′-nan′cy, the double-flowered variety of Narcissus poeticus; Sweet′ness; Sweet′-oil, olive-oil; Sweet′-pea, a pea cultivated for its fragrance and beauty; Sweet′-potā′to, a twining plant common in tropical and sub-tropical countries, having large sweetish edible tubers.—adj. Sweet′-scent′ed, having a sweet smell.—n. Sweet′-sop, a tropical American evergreen, also its pulpy fruit.—adj. Sweet′-tem′pered, having a mild, amiable disposition.—ns. Sweet′-wa′ter, a white variety of the European grape, with very sweet juice; Sweet′-will′iam, the bunch-pink, Dianthus barbatus, a garden flower of many colours and varieties; Sweet′wood, a name applied to various trees and shrubs of the laurel family found in South America and the West Indies.—Be sweet on, or upon, to be in love with. [A.S. swéte; Ger. süsz, Gr. hēdys, L. suavis, sweet, Sans. svad, to taste.]

Swell, swel, v.i. to grow larger: to expand: to rise into waves: to heave: to be inflated: to bulge out: to grow louder: to be bombastic, to strut: to become elated, arrogant, or angry: to grow upon the view: to grow more violent: to grow louder, as a note.—v.t. to increase the size of: to aggravate: to increase the sound of: to raise to arrogance: to augment the sound of:—pa.p. swelled or swollen (swōln).—n. act of swelling: a bulge or protuberance: increase in size: an increase and a succeeding decrease in the volume of a tone: a gradual rise of ground: a wave or billow or succession of them in one direction, as after a storm: a distinct set of pipes in an organ, enclosed in a case furnished with movable shutters which being more or less opened by means of a pedal, produce a swell of sound: (geol.) an upward protrusion of strata from whose central region the beds dip quaquaversally at a low angle: a strutting foppish fellow, a dandy.—adj. fashionable.—n. Swell′dom, the fashionable world generally.—adj. Swell′ing (B.), inflated, proud, haughty.—n. protuberance: a tumour: a rising, as of passion: (B.) inflation by pride.—adj. Swell′ish, foppish, dandified.—ns. Swell′-mob, well-dressed pickpockets collectively; Swell′-mobs′man, a well-dressed pickpocket. [A.S. swellan; Ger. schwellen.]

Swelter, swelt′ėr, v.i. to be faint or oppressed with heat: to perspire copiously from heat.—v.t. to cause to faint, to overpower, as with heat.—p.adj. Swelt′ering.—adv. Swelt′eringly.—adj. Swelt′ry, sultry, oppressive with heat. [A.S. sweltan, to die; Ice. svelta, to hunger.]

Swerve, swėrv, v.i. to turn, depart from any line, duty, or custom: to incline: to rove, wander.—n. an act of swerving.—adj. Swerve′less, that does not swerve.—n. Swerv′er, one who swerves. [A.S. sweorfan; Dut. zwerven.]

Sweven, swē′vn, n. (obs.) a dream.—v.t. and v.i. to sleep, dream. [A.S. swefen, sleep, dream.]

Swift, swift, adj. moving quickly: fleet, rapid: speedy: ready.—n. a genus (Cypselus) and family (Cypselidæ) of picarian birds, resembling the swallows in general appearance and habits, but most closely allied by anatomical structure to the humming-birds—with long pointed wings, a short tail, and remarkable powers of rapid and prolonged flight: the common newt: a reel for winding yarn: the main cylinder of a carding-machine: the current of a stream.—n. Swif′ter, any rope temporarily used to tighten or keep a thing in its place.—adjs. Swift′-foot′ed; Swift′-hand′ed; Swift′-heeled.—adv. Swift′ly, with swiftness: rapidly.—n. Swift′ness, quality of being swift: quickness: fleetness: rapidity: speed.—adj. Swift′-winged. [A.S. swift, from same root as swoop.]

Swig, swig, n. a pulley with ropes not parallel.—v.t. to tighten a rope by hauling at right angles to its lead: to castrate by ligating the scrotum and making the testicles slough off. [Prob. swag.]

Swig, swig, n. a large draught: one who drinks deep.—v.t. to drink by large draughts, to gulp down. [Prob. conn. with A.S. swelgan, to swallow.]

Swill, swil, v.t. or v.i. to drink greedily or largely, to drink habitually, to drench one's self with: to wash, rinse.—n. a large draught of liquor: the liquid mixture given to swine.—ns. Swill′er; Swill′ing.—n.pl. Swill′ings, hog wash. [A.S. swilian, to wash; cf. Sw. sqvala, to gush.]

Swim, swim, v.i. to float, as opposed to sink: to move on or in water: to be borne along by a current: to glide along with a waving motion: to be dizzy: to be drenched: to overflow: to abound.—v.t. to pass by swimming: to make to swim or float:—pr.p. swim′ming; pa.t. swam; pa.p. swum or swam.—n. act of swimming: any motion like swimming: air-bladder of a fish.—adj. Swim′mable, capable of being swum.—ns. Swim′mer, one who swims: a web-footed aquatic bird; Swim′meret, one of the abdominal appendages which in the lobster and other Crustacea are used in swimming; Swim′ming, the act of floating or moving on or in the water: dizziness; Swim′ming-bath, a bath large enough for swimming in.—adv. Swim′mingly, in a gliding manner, as if swimming: smoothly, successfully.—ns. Swim′mingness, the state of swimming: a melting look, tearfulness; Swim′ming-pond, an artificial pond adapted for swimming in; Swim′ming-school, a place where swimming is taught; Swim′ming-stone, a cellular variety of flint—float-stone.—In the swim, in the main current, of affairs, business, &c. [A.S. swimman; Ger. schwimmen.]

Swindle, swin′dl, v.t. to cheat under the pretence of fair dealing.—n. the act of swindling or defrauding: anything not really what it appears to be.—adj. Swin′dleable, capable of being swindled.—ns. Swin′dler, one who defrauds by imposition: a cheat or rogue; Swin′dlery, roguery, swindling practices.—adj. Swin′dling, cheating. [Ger. schwindler, a cheat—schwindeln, to be giddy, schwindenempty, to sink; A.S. swindan, to droop.]

Swine, swīn, n.sing. and pl. a well-known quadruped with bristly skin and long snout, fed for its flesh: a pig: pigs collectively.—ns. Swine′herd, a herd or keeper of swine; Swine′-pox, chicken-pox; Swin′ery, a place where pigs are kept; Swine's′-snout, the dandelion; Swine′-stone (same as Stink-stone); Swine′-sty, a pig-sty. [A.S. swín, a pig; Ger. schwein, L. sus, Gr. hys.]

Swing, swing, v.i. to sway or wave to and fro, as a body hanging in air: to move forward with swaying gait: to vibrate: to practise swinging: to turn round at anchor: to be hanged.—v.t. to move to and fro: to cause to wave or vibrate: to whirl, to brandish: to cause to wheel or turn as about some point: to fix up anything so as to hang freely:—pa.t. and pa.p. swung.—n. the act of swinging: motion to and fro: a waving motion: anything suspended for swinging in: the sweep or compass of a swinging body: the sweep of a golf-club when driving: influence or power of anything put in motion: free course, unrestrained liberty.—ns. Swing′-back, a device for adjusting the plate-holder of a camera at any desired angle; Swing′boat, a boat-shaped carriage swung from a frame, in use for swinging in at fairs, &c.; Swing′-bridge, a bridge that may be moved aside by swinging, at the mouth of docks, &c.; Swing′-churn, a churn-box so hung as to be worked by oscillation; Swing′er; Swing′-han′dle, a pivoted handle of any utensil, esp. a bail or other arched handle; Swing′ing, the act of moving back and forth, esp. the pastime of moving in a swing.—adj. having a free easy motion.—n. Swing′ing-boom, the spar which stretches the foot of a lower studding-sail.—adv. Swing′ingly, in a swinging-manner.—ns. Swing′ing-post, the post to which a gate is hung; Swing′ism, a form of intimidation common in England about 1830-33, which consisted mainly in sending letters signed 'Swing' or 'Captain Swing' to farmers, ordering them under threats to give up threshing-machines, &c.; Swing′-mō′tion, a mechanism in the truck of a railway carriage, &c., permitting swaying from side to side; Swing′-pan, a sugar-pan with spout, pivoted so that it may be emptied by tipping; Swing′-plough, a plough without a fore-wheel under the beam; Swing′-shelf, a hanging shelf; Swing′-stock, an upright timber, with a blunt edge at top over which flax was beaten by the swingle—also Swing′ing-block; Swing′-swang, a complete oscillation.—adj. swinging, drawling.—ns. Swing′-tā′ble, a moveable bed on which plate-glass is cemented for polishing; Swing′-tool, a holder swinging on horizontal centres, on which work is fastened so as to hold flat against the face of a file; Swing′-tree=Swingle-tree (q.v.); Swing′-trot, a swinging trot; Swing′-wheel, the wheel that drives a clock pendulum, corresponding to the balance-wheel in a watch. [A.S. swingan; Ger. schwingen, to swing; allied to wag, sway.]

Swinge, swinj, v.t. to beat, chastise: to forge, weld together: to wave to and fro.—n. a lash, a lashing movement.—n. Swinge′-buck′ler (Shak.), one who pretends to feats of arms, a blusterer.—adj. Swinge′ing, great, huge.—adv. Swinge′ingly.—n. Swinger (swinj′ėr), any person or thing great or astonishing, a bold lie, a whopper. [A.S. swengan, to shake, a causal form of swingan, to swing.]

Swingle, swing′gl, v.t. to dress or separate the fibrous parts of flax from the woody substance by beating.—n. an implement for this purpose.—ns. Swing′le, the part of the flail which falls on the grain in threshing; Swing′le-tree, Sing′le-tree, the cross-piece of a carriage, plough, &c. to which the traces of a harnessed horse are fixed. [Swing.]

Swinish, swī′nish, adj. like or befitting swine: gross: brutal.—adv. Swin′ishly.—n. Swin′ishness.

Swink, swingk, v.i. (Spens.) to labour, to toil, to drudge.—v.t. to tire out with labour.—n. labour.—adj. Swink′ed (Milt.), wearied with labour, fatigued. [A.S. swincan, to labour; cf. swingan, swing.]

Swipe, swīp, n. a hard blow.—v.t. to give a strong blow to: to steal by snatching.—n. Swī′per, one who swipes. [A.S. swipe, a whip.]

Swipes, swīps, n. bad or spoilt beer, also small-beer.—adj. Swī′pey, fuddled with malt liquor.

Swire, swīr, n. a hollow between two hills. [Prob. A.S. swéora, the neck.]

Swirl, swėrl, v.i. to sweep along with a whirling motion.—n. whirling motion, as of wind or water: a curl or twist: the rush of a fish through the water in rising to a fly.—adj. Swirl′y. [Skeat explains as Scand., Norw. svirla, to whirl round, a freq. of sverra, to whirl, orig. to hum.]

Swish, swish, v.t. to cause to move or to cut with a whistling sound: to flog, thrash.—n. a swishing sound.—adv. in a swishing manner or with such a sound.—ns. Swish′er, one who swishes or flogs; Swish′-swash, a swishing action or sound: a washy drink. [Imit.]

Swiss, swis, adj. of or belonging to Switzerland.—n. a native of Switzerland: the language of Switzerland: a High German patois, spoken in fifteen of the cantons.—n. Swit′zer, a native of Switzerland: one of a hired bodyguard of a king or pope.—Swiss Guards, a celebrated corps or regiment of Swiss mercenaries in the French army of the old régime, constituted 'Gardes' by royal decree in 1616.

Swissing, swis′ing, n. the calendering of bleached cloth, after dampening, by passing between bowls or pairs of rollers.

Switch, swich, n. a small flexible twig: a movable rail for transferring a carriage from one line of rails to another: a device to make or break a circuit, or transfer an electric current from one conductor to another.—v.t. to strike with a switch: to swing, whisk: to transfer a carriage from one line of rails to another by a switch: to shift from one circuit to another, or in or out of circuit, as an electric current, to shunt.—ns. Switch′back, a term applied to a zigzagging, alternate back-and-forward mode of progression up a slope; Switch′back-rail′way, an apparatus for public amusement, consisting of a short length of elevated railway with a series of rounded inclines, so that the car gains enough of momentum descending the first steep incline to ascend one or more smaller inclines till it gradually and more slowly works its way to the original level at the far end of the course; Switch′ing, a beating with a switch: trimming; Switch′man, a pointsman. [Old Dut. swick, a whip.]

Swither, swith′ėr, v.i. (prov.) to doubt, hesitate.—n. hesitation: a fright, a sweat.

Swivel, swiv′l, n. something fixed in another body so as to turn round in it: a ring or link that turns round on a pin or neck: a small cannon turning on a swivel.—v.i. to turn on a pin or pivot.—ns. Swiv′el-eye, a squint-eye; Swiv′el-hook, a hook secured to anything by means of a swivel. [A.S. swífan, to move quickly, to turn round.]

Swizzle, swiz′l, v.i. to drink to excess.—n. a mixed or compounded drink.

Swoon, swōōn, v.i. to faint: to fall into a fainting-fit.—n. the act of swooning: a fainting-fit.—Swoond′ed, obsolete pa.t. and pa.p. of swoon.—n. Swoon′ing.—adv. Swoon′ingly, [M. E. swounen, swoghenen—A.S. swógan, to resound.]

Swoop, swōōp, v.t. to sweep down upon: to take with a sweep: to catch while on the wing: to catch up.—v.i. to descend with a sweep.—n. the act of swooping: a seizing, as a bird on its prey. [A.S. swápan, to sweep; Ger. schweifen, to rove.]

Swop, swop, v.t. to exchange, to barter:—pr.p. swop′ping; pa.t and pa.p. swopped.—n. an exchange.—Also Swap. [Most prob. the same as obs. swap, swop, to beat, cog. with swoop.]

Sword, sōrd, n. an offensive weapon with a long blade, sharp upon one or both edges, for cutting or thrusting: destruction by the sword or by war, war, military force: the emblem of vengeance or justice, or of authority and power.—adj. Sword′-and-buck′ler, fought with sword and buckler, not the rapier: armed with sword and buckler.—ns. Sword′-arm, -hand, the arm, hand, that wields the sword; Sword′-bay′onet, a bayonet shaped somewhat like a sword, and used as one; Sword′-bear′er, a public officer who carries the sword of state; Sword′-belt, a military belt from which the sword is hung; Sword′bill, a South American humming-bird with a bill longer than its body; Sword′-break′er, an old weapon for grasping and breaking an adversary's sword; Sword′-cane, -stick, a cane or stick containing a sword; Sword′craft, skill with the sword; military power; Sword′-cut, a blow, wound, or scar caused by the edge of a sword; Sword′-dance, a dance in which the display of naked swords, or movements made with such, form a part; Sword′-doll′ar, a Scotch silver coin under James VI., worth 2s. 6d. in English money, having a sword on the reverse; Sword′er (Shak.), a swordsman; Sword′fish, a family of spiny-rayed Teleostean fishes, sometimes 12 to 15 feet in length, with a sword about 3 feet long, formed from a compressed prolongation of the upper jaw; Sword′-flag, the European water-flag or yellow iris; Sword′-grass, a kind of sedge; Sword′-guard, the part of a sword-hilt that protects the bearer's hand; Sword′-knot, a ribbon tied to the hilt of a sword; Sword′-law, government by the sword.—adj. Sword′less, destitute of a sword.—ns. Sword′play, fencing; Sword′player, a fencer.—adj. Sword′-proof, capable of resisting the blow or thrust of a sword.—n. Sword′-rack, a rack for holding swords.—adj. Sword′-shaped, ensiform.—ns. Swords′man, a man skilled in the use of a sword; Swords′manship. [A.S. sweord; Ice. sverdh, Ger. schwert.]

Sworn, swōrn, pa.p. of swear.—Sworn broker, a London broker who swears before the court of aldermen to maintain honesty in dealing; Sworn enemies, enemies determined not to be reconciled; Sworn friends, fast or close friends.

Sybarite, sib′a-rīt, n. an inhabitant of Sybaris, a Greek city in ancient Italy, on the Gulf of Tarentum, noted for the effeminacy and luxury of its inhabitants: one devoted to luxury.—adjs. Sybarit′ic, -al.—n. Syb′aritism.

Sybotic, sī-bot′ik, adj. pertaining to a swineherd.—n. Sy′botism. [Gr. sybōtēs, swineherd.]

Sycamine, sik′a-mīn, n. (B.) supposed to be the black mulberry-tree (Morus nigra).

Sycamore, sik′a-mōr, n. a fruit-tree of the fig family, common in Palestine, &c.: a species of maple, in Scotland usually called plane-tree: in America, the native plane. [Gr. sykomoros—sykon, a fig, moron, black mulberry.]

Sycophant, sik′ō-fant, n. a common informer: a servile flatterer.—n. Syc′ophancy, the behaviour of a sycophant: mean tale-bearing: obsequious flattery: servility—also Sycophant′ism.—adjs. Sycophant′ic, -al, Sycophant′ish, like a sycophant: obsequiously flattering: parasitic.—v.i. Syc′ophantise.—adv. Syc′ophantishly.—n. Syc′ophantry, the arts of the sycophant. [Gr. sykophantēs, usually said to mean one who informed against persons exporting figs from Attica or plundering the sacred fig-trees; but more prob. one who brings figs to light by shaking the tree, hence one who makes rich men yield up their fruit by informations and other vile arts—sykon, a fig, phainein, to show.]

Sycosis, sī-kō′sis, n. a pustular eruption on the scalp or bearded part of the face, due to ringworm, acne, or impetigo. [Gr.,—sykon, a fig.]

Syenite, sī′en-īt, n. a rock composed of feldspar and hornblende.—adj. Syenit′ic, relating to Syene in Egypt: pertaining to syenite. [From Gr. Syēnē, Syene in Egypt.]

Syllable, sil′a-bl, n. several letters taken together so as to form one sound: a word or part of a word uttered by a single effort of the voice: a small part of a sentence.—v.t. to express by syllables, to utter.—n. Syll′abary, a list of characters representing syllables—also Syllabā′rium.—adjs. Syllab′ic, -al, consisting of a syllable or syllables.—adv. Syllab′ically.—vs.t. Syllab′icāte, Syllab′ify (pa.t. and pa.p. syllab′ified), to form into syllables—ns. Syllabicā′tion, Syllabificā′tion; Syll′abism, syllabic character, representation of syllables. [L. syllaba—Gr. syllabē—syn, with, lab-, lambanein, to take.]

Syllabus, sil′a-bus, n. an abstract: a table of contents: the catalogue of eighty heresies, annexed to the Encyclical Quanta Cura, addressed by Pius IX. to all Catholic bishops, 8th Dec. 1864. [L.]

Syllepsis, sil-lep′sis, n. substitution: a figure in rhetoric by which we take the sense of words rather by the intention of the author than by the strictness of grammar: the agreement of a verb or adjective, not with the word next it, but with some other word in the sentence.—adjs. Syllep′tic, -al.—adv. Syllep′tically. [Gr. syllēpsis—syn, together, lambanein, to take.]

Syllogism, sil′ō-jizm, n. logical form of every argument, consisting of three propositions, of which the first two are called the premises, and the last, which follows from them, the conclusion.—n. Syllogisā′tion.—v.i. Syll′ogise, to reason by syllogisms.—v.t. to deduce consequences from.—n. Syll′ogiser.—adjs. Syllogis′tic, -al, pertaining to a syllogism: in the form of a syllogism.—adv. Syllogis′tically. [Gr. syllogismos—syllogizesthai—syn, together, logizesthai, to reckon—logos, speech.]

Sylph, silf, n. one of the elemental spirits of the air, intermediate between immaterial and material beings, occasionally holding intercourse with human creatures: a fairy.—n. Sylph′id, a little sylph.—adjs. Sylph′ine, Sylph′ish. [Fr. sylphe, of Celtic origin; but cf. Gr. silphē, a kind of beetle.]

Sylva, Silva, sil′va, n. the forest trees of any region collectively.—adjs. Syl′van, Sil′van.—n. Sylvicul′ture, arboriculture, forestry. [L.]

Symbiosis, sim-bi-ō′sis, n. a term introduced by De Bary to denote certain kinds of physiological partnership between organisms of different kinds—best restricted to such intimate and complementary partnerships as exist between algoid and fungoid elements in lichens, or between unicellular Algæ; and Radiolarians.—n. Sym′bion, an organism living in such a state.—adj. Symbiot′ic.—adv. Symbiot′ically. [Gr. syn, together, bios, life.]

Symbol, sim′bol, n. a sign by which one knows a thing: an arbitrary or other conventional mark, abbreviating methods of scientific expression, as in algebra, and esp. chemistry: an emblem: that which represents something else: a figure or letter representing something: (theol.) a creed, compendium of doctrine, or a typical religious rite, as the Eucharist.—adjs. Symbol′ic, -al, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a symbol: representing by signs: emblematic: figurative: typical.—adv. Symbol′ically.—ns. Symbol′icalness; Symbol′ics, the study of the history and contents of Christian creeds; Symbolisā′tion.—v.i. Sym′bolise, to be symbolical: to resemble in qualities.—v.t. to represent by symbols.—ns. Sym′boliser, Sym′bolist, one who uses symbols; Sym′bolism, representation by symbols or signs: a system of symbols: use of symbols: (theol.) the science of symbols or creeds.—adjs. Symbolist′ic, -al.—ns. Symbol′ogy, Symbolol′ogy, the art of representing by symbols; Symbolol′atry, undue veneration for symbols; Sym′bolry, the use of symbols generally. [Gr. symbolon, from symballein—syn, together, ballein, to throw.]

Symmetry, sim′e-tri, n. the state of one part being of the same measure with or proportionate to another: due proportion: harmony or adaptation of parts to each other.—adj. Symm′etral, commensurable, symmetrical.—n. Symmet′rian, one who is careful about symmetry.—adjs. Symmet′ric, -al, having symmetry or due proportion in its parts: harmonious.—adv. Symmet′rically, with symmetry.—ns. Symmet′ricalness; Symmetri′cian, Symm′etrist, one careful about symmetry; Symmetrisā′tion.—v.t. Symm′etrise, to make symmetrical.—n. Symmetrophō′bia, fear or strong dislike of mechanical symmetry. [L. and Gr. symmetria—syn, together, metron, a measure.]

Symmorph, sim′morf, n. a character different in form from another, but representing the same notion. [Gr. symmorphos, similar—syn, with, morphē, form.]

Sympathy, sim′pa-thi, n. like feeling: an agreement of inclination, feeling, or sensation: compassion: pity: tenderness: an agreement of affections or inclinations, or a conformity of natural temperament: mutual conformity of parts in the fine arts: correspondence of parts in similar sensations or affections, or the affection of the whole body or system, or some part of it, in consequence of local injury or disease: propensity of inanimate bodies to union or mutual action: the effective union of colours.—adjs. Sympathet′ic, -al, showing, or inclined to, sympathy: feeling with another: able to sympathise: compassionate: produced by sympathy: uniting viscera and blood-vessels in a nervous action common to them all: noting sounds induced by vibrations conveyed through air, &c., from a body already in vibration.—adv. Sympathet′ically.—n. Sympathet′icism, undue disipostion to be sympathetic.—v.i. Sym′pathise, to have sympathy: to feel with or for another: to be compassionate.—ns. Sym′pathiser; Sym′pathism; Sym′pathist.—Sympathetic ink (see Ink). [Gr. sympatheia—syn, with, pathos, suffering.]

Sympelmous, sim-pel′mus, adj. in birds, having the tendons of the deep flexors of the toes blended in one before separating to proceed one to each of the four digits—opp. to Nomopelmous. [Gr. syn, with, pelma, the sole of the foot.]

Symphenomenon, sim-fē-nom′e-non, n. a phenomenon resembling others shown by the same object:—pl. Symphenom′ena.—adj. Symphenom′enal.

Symphony, sim′fō-ni, n. an agreeing together in sound: unison, consonance, or harmony of sound: a musical composition for a full band of instruments: an instrumental introduction or termination to a vocal composition.—n. Symphō′nia, concord in Greek music: a medieval name for the bagpipe, the virginal.—adj. Symphon′ic, relating to, or resembling, a symphony: symphonious.—n. Symphō′nion, a combination of pianoforte and harmonium, the precursor of the orchestrion.—adj. Symphō′nious, agreeing or harmonising in sound: accordant: harmonious.—n. Sym′phonist, a composer of symphonies. [Gr. symphōnia—syn, together, phōnē a sound.]

Symphoricarpous, sim-fō-ri-kar′pus, adj. bearing several fruits clustered together.

Symphyla, sim′fi-la, n.pl. an order or suborder of insects related to typical Thysanura, but resembling chilopods and having many abdominal legs.—adj. Sym′phyllous. [Gr. symphylos, of the same race—syn, with, phylon, a clan.]

Symphynote, sim′fi-nōt, adj. soldered together at the hinge, as the valves of some unios. [Gr. symphyēs, growing together, nōton, the back.]

Symphyogenesis, sim-fi-ō-jen′e-sis, n. (bot.) the forming of an organ or part by union of parts formerly separate.—adj. Symphyogenet′ic. [Gr. symphyesthai, to grow together, genesis, generation.]

Symphysis, sim′fi-sis, n. the union of two parts of the skeleton, either by confluence, by direct apposition, or by the intervention of cartilage or ligament: the union of parts normally separate, coalescence or growing together of parts.—adj. Symphys′ēal.—ns. Symphys′ia, a malformation produced by the union of parts properly separate; Sym′phytism, a coalescence of word-elements. [Gr. syn, with, phyein, to grow.]

Symphytum, sim′fi-tum, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, of the natural order Boraginaceæ.

Sympiesometer, sim-pi-e-som′e-tėr, n. a barometer in which oil and hydrogen gas replace mercury and the Toricellian vacuum: an instrument for measuring the pressure of a current. [Gr. sympiesis, a pressing together—syn, with, piezein, to press, metron, a measure.]

Symplectic, sim-plek′tik, adj. placed in or among, as if woven together.—n. a bone in the Teleostean fishes which forms the lower ossification of the suspensorium, and which articulates below with the quadrate bone by which it is firmly held. [Gr. symplektikos—syn, together, plekein, to weave.]

Symplesite, sim′ple-sīt, n. a pearly, vitreous arseniate of ferrous iron. [Gr. syn, together, plēsios, near.]

Symploce, sim′plō-sē, n. (rhet.) the repetition of a word at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses. [Gr. symplokē, an interweaving.]

Symplocium, sim-plō′si-um, n. (bot.) the annulus in the sporangium of ferns.

Sympodium, sim-pō′di-um, n. (bot.) an axis or stem morphologically made up of a series of superposed branches imitating a simple stem. [Gr. syn, with, pous, podos, foot.]

Symposium, sim-pō′zi-um, n. a drinking together: a banquet with philosophic conversation: a merry feast.—adjs. Sympō′siac, Sympō′sial.—ns. Sym-pō′siarch, the master of the feast, a toast-master; Sympō′siast, one who takes part in a symposium. [L.,—Gr. symposion—syn, together, posis, a drinking—pinein, to drink.]

Symptom, simp′tum, n. that which attends and indicates the existence of something else, not as a cause, but as a constant effect: (med.) that which indicates disease.—adjs. Symptomat′ic, -al, pertaining to symptoms: indicating the existence of something else: (med.) proceeding from some prior disorder.—adv. Symptomat′ically.—n. Symptomatol′ogy, the sum of knowledge concerning symptoms. [Gr. symptōma—syn, with, piptein, to fall.]

Symptosis, simp-tō′sis, n. the meeting of polars of the same point with reference to different loci.

Synacmy, sin-ak′mi, n. the simultaneous maturity of the anthers and stigmas of a flower.—adj. Synac′mic. [Gr. syn, with, akmē, maturity.]

Synacral, sin-ak′ral, adj. having a common vertex, as faces of a polyhedron. [Gr. syn, with, acros, top.]

Synadelphic, sin-a-del′fik, adj. acting together, as different members of an animal body. [Gr. syn, with, adelphos, a brother.]

Synæsthesia, sin-es-thē′si-a, n. sensation produced at a point different from the point of stimulation.

Synagogue, sin′a-gog, n. an assembly of Jews for worship: a Jewish place of worship.—adjs. Syn′agogal, Synagog′ical. [Fr.,—Gr. synagōgē—syn, together, agein, to lead.]

Synalepha, sin-a-lē′fa, n. a contraction by suppressing a final vowel or diphthong before another vowel or diphthong, so that the final syllable of one word runs or melts into the first of the other.—Also Synalē′phe. [Gr. synaloiphē—synaleiphein, to melt together—syn, together with, aleiphein, to anoint.]

Synalgia, si-nal′ji-a, n. sympathetic pain. [Gr. syn, with, algos, pain.]

Synallagmatic, sin-a-lag-mat′ik, adj. mutually or reciprocally obligatory. [Gr. synallagmatikos—synallagma, a covenant.]

Synancia, si-nan′si-a, n. a genus of fishes with spines and poison-glands, of family Synanciidæ.—adj. Synan′cioid. [Gr. synangchos, quinsy.]

Synangium, si-nan′ji-um, n. an arterial trunk: the boat-shaped sorus of certain ferns. [Gr. syn, with, angeion, a vessel.]

Synanthous, si-nan′thus, adj. (bot.) denoting plants whose flowers and leaves appear together or at the same time.—n. Synan′thy. [Gr. syn, together, anthos, a flower.]

Synaphea, sin-a-fē′a, n. the metrical continuity between one colon and another, mutual connection of all the verses in a system, so that they are scanned as one verse, as in anapæstics: elision or synalepha, at the end of a line, of the final vowel of a dactylic hexameter before the initial vowel of the next.—Also Synaphei′a. [Gr.,—synaptein, to join together.]

Synapte, si-nap′tē, n. (Gr. Church) a litany. [Gr. synaptē (euchē, a prayer), joined together.]

Synarchy, sin′ar-ki, n. joint sovereignty. [Gr. synarchia—syn, with, archein, to rule.]

Synartesis, sin-ar-tē′sis, n. a fastening together, close union.—adj. Synartet′ic. [Gr. synartēsis—syn, with, artaein, to fasten to.]

Synarthrosis, sin-ar-thrō′sis, n. a joint permitting no motion, between the parts articulated.—adj. Synarthrō′dial.—adv. Synarthrō′dially. [Gr. syn-arthrōsis—syn, with, arthron, a joint.]

Synastry, si-nas′tri, n. coincidence as regards stellar influences. [Gr. syn, together with, astron, a star.]

Synaxis, si-nak′sis, n. in the early Church, an assembly for worship, esp. for celebrating the Eucharist.—n. Synaxā′rion, in Greek usage, a lection containing an account of a saint's life. [Gr. synaxis, a bringing together—syn, together, agein, to lead.]

Syncarpous, sin-kär′pus, adj. (bot.) having the carpels consolidated into one. [Gr. syn, together, karpos, a fruit.]

Syncategorematic, sin-kat-ē-gor-ē-mat′ik, adj. denoting words that can only form parts of terms, as adverbs, &c.—adv. Syncategoremat′ically.

Synchondrosis, sing-kon-drō′sis, n. an articulation formed by the addition of a plate of cartilage.—n. Synchondrot′omy, the section of such. [Gr. syngchondrōsis—syn, with, chondros, a cartilage.]

Synchoresis, sing-kō-rē′sis, n. (rhet.) an admission made for the purpose of making a more effective retort. [Gr. synchōrēsis—syn, with, chōros, space.]

Synchronal, sing′krō-nal, adj. happening or being at the same time: simultaneous: lasting for the same time—also Synchron′ical, Syn′chronous.—adv. Synchron′ically.—n. Synchronisā′tion.—v.i. Syn′chronise, to be synchronal or simultaneous: to agree in time.—v.t. to cause to be synchronous: to regulate a clock, &c., by some standard.—ns. Syn′chroniser; Syn′chronism, concurrence of events in time: the tabular arrangement of contemporary events, &c., in history.—adj. Synchronis′tic, showing synchronism.—adv. Synchronis′tically.—n. Synchronol′ogy, chronological arrangement side by side.—adv. Syn′chronously.—ns. Syn′chronousness; Syn′chrony, simultaneity. [Gr. synchronismos—synchronizein, to agree in time—syn, together, chronos, time.]

Synchysis, sing′ki-sis, n. (rhet.) confusion of meaning due to unusual arrangement: fluidity of the vitreous humour of the eye. [Gr. syngchysis—syn, together with, chein, to pour.]

Synelastic, sin-klas′tik, adj. having the same kind of curvature in all directions—opp. to Anticlastic. [Gr. syn, together, klastos, broken.]

Synclinal, sin-klī′nal, adj. sloping downwards in opposite directions so as to meet in a common point or line: (geol.) denoting strata dipping toward a common central line or plane.—ns. Syn′cline, a synclinal flexure—also Synclī′nal; Synclinō′rium, a mountain with a synclinal structure. [Gr. syn, together, klinein, to bend.]

Syncopate, sing′kō-pāt, v.t. to contract, as a word, by taking away letters from the middle: (mus.) to unite by a slur the last note of a bar to the first note of the next.—adjs. Syn′copal, Syncop′ic, pertaining to syncope.—ns. Syncopā′tion, act of syncopating; Syn′cope, the omission of letters from the middle of a word, as ne'er for never: (med.) a fainting-fit, an attack in which the breathing and circulation become faint: (mus.) syncopation.—v.t. Syn′copise, to contract by syncope.—n. Syn′copist.—adj. Syncop′tic. [Low L. syncopāre, -ātum—L. syncope—-Gr. syn, together, koptein, to cut off.]

Syncretism, sin′kre-tizm, n. the attempted reconciliation of irreconcilable principles, theological compromise—between Catholics and Protestants, between Lutherans and Reformed.—adj. Syncret′ic, pertaining to syncretism, tending to blend opposing parties and speculative systems by minimising differences.—v.t. Syn′cretise.—n. Syn′cretist.—adj. Syncretis′tic. [Gr. synkrētismos—synkrētizein, to unite against.]

Syndactyl, sin-dak′til, adj. having the digits connected with a web, &c.—n. Syndac′tylism, union of digits.—adj. Syndac′tylous.

Syndesmosis, sin-des-mō′sis, n. the connection of bones by ligaments.—ns. Syndesmog′raphy, description of the ligaments and joints; Syndesmol′ogy, the knowledge of the ligaments.—adj. Syndesmot′ic.—n. Syndesmot′omy, the anatomy of the ligaments. [Gr. syndesmos—syn, together with, dein, to bind.]

Syndetic, -al, sin-det′ik, -al, adj. connecting by conjunctions, &c. [Gr. syndetikos, binding together—syn, together, dein, to bind.]

Syndic, sin′dik, n. the chief magistrate in Geneva, one of those officers delegated as agents by cities in France under the old régime, &c.: one chosen to transact business for others, esp. the accredited legal representative of a corporation, society, or company.—n. Syn′dicāte, a body of syndics: a council: the office of a syndic: a body of men chosen to watch the interests of a company, or to manage a bankrupt's property, esp. an association of merchants or others for the purpose of carrying through some great or important enterprise, or for securing a kind of artificial monopoly in the production or supply of some commodity.—v.t. to effect by means of a syndicate.—v.i. to join in a syndicate.—ns. Syndicā′tion; Syn′dicātor. [L. syndicus—Gr. syndikos—syn, with, dikē, justice.]

Syndrome, sin′drō-mē, n. concurrence. [Gr., syn, together, dramein, to run.]

Syndyasmian, sin-di-as′mi-an, adj. coupling, noting the sexual relation. [Gr. syndyasmos, coupling.]

Synecdoche, sin-ek′dō-kē, n. a figure of speech by which a part is made to comprehend the whole, or the whole is put for a part.—adj. Synecdoch′ical, expressed by, or implying, synecdoche. [Gr. synekdochē—syn, together, ekdechesthai, to receive.]

Synechia, sin-e-kī′a, n. morbid adhesion between the iris and the cornea.—n. Synechiol′ogy, the doctrine of the connection of things by causation.—adj. Synec′tic, bringing into connection things of different nature.—n. Synectic′ity. [Gr. synektikos, holding together, synechein—syn, together with, echein, to hold.]

Synedral, si-nē′dral, adj. (bot.) growing on the angle of a stem.—Also Synē′drous. [Gr. synedros, sitting together—syn, together, hedra, a seat.]

Synedrion, si-ned′ri-on, n. a judicial assembly, a sanhedrim—also Syned′rium.—adj. Syned′rial. [Sanhedrim.]

Synema, si-nē′ma, n. (bot.) the column of combined filaments in a monadelphous flower. [Gr. syn, together, nēma, a thread.]

Syneresis, Synæresis, si-ner′e-sis, n. the coalescence of two vowels or syllables—opp. to Diæresis. [Gr. syn, together, hairein, to take.]

Synergism, sin′ėr-jizm, n. the doctrine that the human will and the Divine Spirit are two efficient agents that co-operate in regeneration—ascribed to Melanchthon.—adj. Synerget′ic.—n. Syn′ergist, one maintaining the doctrine of synergism.—adj. Synergist′ic.—n. Syn′ergy, combined action. [Gr. synergia, co-operation—syn, together, ergein, to work.]

Synesis, sin′e-sis, n. a grammatical construction in harmony with the sense rather than with strict syntax. [Gr., 'understanding.']

Syngenesious, sin-je-nē′shus, adj. (bot.) cohering into a ring, as the anthers of Compositæ, &c.—those plants which show this forming the 19th class in the Linnean system, the Syngenē′sia. [Gr. syn, with, genesis, generation.]

Syngenesis, sin-jen′e-sis, n. the theory of reproduction which makes the embryo the product of both male and female by the union of spermatozoon and ovum: the theory that the germ so formed contains the germs of all future generations—opp. to Epigenesis.—adj. Syngenet′ic. [Gr. syn, with, genesis, generation.]

Syngraph, sing′graf, n. a writing signed by both or all the parties thereto. [Gr. synggraphē—syn, with, graphein, to write.]

Synizesis, sin-i-zē′sis, n. the union into one syllable of two vowels incapable of forming a diphthong: closure of the pupil of the eye, with loss of sight. [Gr. syn, with, hizein, to place.]

Synochus, sin′ō-kus, n. a continued fever—also Syn′ocha.—adjs. Syn′ochal, Syn′ochoid. [Gr. synochos, joined together—syn, with, echein, to hold.]

Synocil, sin′ō-sil, n. a filamentous formation of certain sponges, supposed to function as a sense-organ, probably an eye. [Gr. syn, with, L. cilium, an eyelid.]

Synocreate, si-nok′rē-āt, adj. (bot.) uniting together on the opposite side of the stem from the leaf, and enclosing the stem in a sheath—of stipules. [Gr. syn, with, and ocreate.]

Synod, sin′od, n. a meeting: an ecclesiastical council: among Presbyterians, a church court consisting of several presbyteries, intermediate between these and the General Assembly, also the supreme court of the United Presbyterian Church until its union with the Free Church in 1900.—adjs. Syn′odal, Synod′ic, -al, pertaining to a synod: done in a synod.-adv. Synod′ically.—n. Syn′odist. [L. synodus—Gr. synodos—syn, together, hodos, a way.]

Synœcious, si-nē′shi-us, adj. (bot.) having male and female flowers in one head as in the Compositæ: having antheridia and archegonia on the same receptacle, as in many mosses. [Gr. synoikia, a living together—syn, with, oikein, to dwell.]

Synomosy, sin′ō-mō-si, n. a body of political or other conspirators bound together by oath, a secret society. [Gr. synōmosia, a conspiracy—syn, with, omnynai, to take an oath.]

Synonym, sin′o-nim, n. a name or word having the same meaning with another: one of two or more words which have the same meaning.—adjs. Synonymat′ic, Synonym′ic, -al.—ns. Synonym′icon, a dictionary of synonymous words; Synonym′ics, synonymy.—v.t. Synon′ymise, to express by other words of the same meaning.—ns. Synon′ymist, one who studies synonyms, or the different names of plants and animals; Synonym′ity, the state of being synonymous.—adj. Synon′ymous, pertaining to synonyms: expressing the same thing: having the same meaning.—adv. Synon′ymously.—n. Synon′ymy, the quality of being synonymous: a rhetorical figure by which synonymous words are used. [Gr. synōnymon—syn, with, onoma, a name.]

Synopsis, si-nop′sis, n. a view of the whole together: a collective or general view of any subject:—pl. Synop′sēs.—adjs. Synop′tic, -al, affording a general view of the whole.—adv. Synop′tically.—n. Synop′tist, one of the writers of the Synoptic Gospels.—adj. Synoptis′tic.—The Synoptic Gospels, a name first used by Griesbach for the first three gospels, those of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, which present such a similarity in matter and form that they readily admit of being brought under one and the same combined view or synopsis. [Gr. synopsis—syn, with, together, opsis, a view.]

Synosteosis, si-nos-tē-ō′sis, n. union of different parts of the skeleton by means of bone, co-ossification—also Synostō′sis.—ns. Synosteol′ogy, the knowledge of the joints of the body; Synosteot′omy, the dissection of the joints.—adj. Synostot′ic. [Gr. syn, together, osteon, a bone.]

Synotus, si-nō′tus, n. a genus of long-eared bats having the rim of the ear produced in front of the eye, including the European Barbastel: a double monster united above the umbilicus, the head incompletely double. [Gr. syn, together, ous, ōtos, the ear.]

Synovial, sin-ō′vi-al, adj. relating to Synō′via, an unctuous albuminous fluid, secreted from certain glands in the joints.—adv. Synō′vially.—n. Synovī′tis, inflammation of a synovial membrane. [Gr. syn, with, ōon, an egg.]

Syntax, sin′taks, n. (gram.) the correct arrangement of words in sentences.—adjs. Syntac′tic, -al, pertaining to syntax: according to the rules of syntax.—adv. Syntac′tically. [Gr. syntaxis—syn, together, tassein, taxein, to put in order.]

Syntenosis, sin-te-nō′sis, n. the connection of bones by tendons. [Gr. syn, with, tenōn, a sinew.]

Synteresis, sin-tē-rē′sis, n. preventive treatment, prophylaxis.—adj. Synteret′ic.—n. Synteret′ics, hygiene. [Gr. syntērēsis, observation—syn, with, tērein, to watch over.]

Syntexis, sin-tek′sis, n. a wasting of the body.—adjs. Syntec′tic, -al. [Gr. syntēxis, a wasting away—syn, with, tēkein, to melt.]

Synthermal, sin-thėrm′al, adj. having the same degree of heat. [Gr. syn, together, thermē, heat.]

Synthesis, sin′the-sis, n. a term applied to the building up of compound substances from the elements they contain or from other compounds, usually of less complexity than themselves: a making a whole out of parts: the combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, or reasoning from principles previously established to a conclusion, as opposed to analysis: (gram.) the uniting of ideas into a sentence: (med.) the reunion of parts that have been divided: (chem.) the uniting of elements to form a compound:—pl. Syn′theses (-sēz).—v.t. Syn′thesīse, to unite by synthesis.—ns. Syn′thesist, Syn′thetist, one who synthetises.—adjs. Synthet′ic, -al, pertaining to synthesis: consisting in synthesis or composition.—adv. Synthet′ically.—n. Synthet′icism, the principles of synthesis, a synthetic system.—v.t. Syn′thetise.—Synthetic philosophy, the system of Herbert Spencer, so called by himself because conceived as a fusion of the different sciences into a whole. [Gr. synthesis—syn, with, together, thesis, a placing—tithēmi, I place.]

Synthronus, sin′thrō-nus, n. the seat of the bishop and his presbyters, behind the altar. [Gr. syn, together with, thronos, a throne.]

Syntonin, sin′tō-nin, n. a substance akin to fibrin, which is an important constituent of muscular tissue—also called Muscle Fibrin.

Syntonous, sin′tō-nus, adj. intense in quality.—Also Synton′ic. [Gr. syntonos, tightly drawn.]

Syntropic, sin-trop′ik, adj. turning or pointing in the same direction, as several vertebræ. [Gr. syn, together with, trepein, to turn.]

Syphilis, sif′i-lis, n. a markedly contagious, infective, and inoculable disease, capable of being transmitted to the offspring, propagated by direct contagion or by the transmission of the virus through some vessel or medium which has recently been contaminated—most commonly caused by impure sexual intercourse.—n. Syphilisā′tion.—v.t. Syph′ilise, to attempt to inoculate the system with the virus of syphilis as a preventive and curative measure.—adj. Syphilit′ic.—n. Syphilog′raphy, the description of syphilis.—adj. Syph′iloid, relating to syphilis.—ns. Syphilol′ogist, one versed in syphilology; Syphilol′ogy, the knowledge of syphilis; Syphilō′ma, a syphilitic tumour; Syphilophō′bia, a morbid dread of contracting syphilis. [The word is borrowed from the name of a figure in Fracastoro's poem, Syphilidis Libri III.]

Syriac, sir′i-ak, adj. relating to Syria, or to its language.—n. the language, esp. the ancient language of Syria, a western dialect of Aramaic (q.v.).—ns. Syr′iacism, Syr′ianism, a Syrian idiom.—adj. Syr′ian, relating to Syria.—n. a native of Syria.—n. Syr′iarch, the chief priest in the Roman province of Syria.

Syringe, sir′inj, n. a portable hydraulic instrument of the pump kind, used to draw in a quantity of liquid and eject it forcibly: a tube used by surgeons for injecting, &c.—v.t. to inject or clean with a syringe. [L. syrinx, (gen.) syringos—Gr. syringx, a reed.]

Syringotomy, sir-in-got′ō-mi, n. the operation of cutting for the fistula.—n. Syr′inx, a fistula or fistulous opening: a narrow gallery in the tombs of ancient Egypt. [Gr. syringx, a pipe, tomē, a cutting—temnein, to cut.]

Syrophœnician, sī-rō-fē-nish′an, adj. pertaining to Syro-Phœnicia or its people, of mixed Phœnician and Syrian descent.

Syrtis, sėr′tis, n. (Milt.) a quicksand—also Syrt.—adj. Syr′tic. [L.,—Gr.—syrein, to draw along.]

Syrup, sir′up, n. a saturated solution of sugar boiled to prevent fermentation: the juice of fruits saturated with sugar and many flavoured liquids, treated in the same way—also Sir′up.—adj. Syr′upy. [Fr. syrop—Sp. xarope, a drink—Ar. sharāb.]

Syssarcosis, sis-ar-kō′sis, n. the connection of one bone with another by intervening muscle.—adj. Syssarcō′sic. [Gr., syn, together, sarx, flesh.]

Syssitia, si-sit′i-a, n. the ancient Spartan custom of eating together in public the chief meal of the day. [Gr. syn, together with, sitos, food.]

Systaltic, sis-tal′tik, adj. alternately contracting and dilating, pulsatory. [Gr. systaltikos—syn, together, stellein, to place.]

Systasis, sis′tā-sis, n. a union or confederation.—adj. Systat′ic, introductory, recommendatory. [Gr. syn, with, histanai, to set up.]

System, sis′tem, n. anything formed of parts placed together or adjusted into a regular and connected whole: an assemblage of bodies as a connected whole: an orderly arrangement of objects according to some common law or end: regular method or order: a full and connected view of some department of knowledge: an explanatory hypothesis or theory: the universe.—adjs. Systemat′ic, -al, pertaining to, or consisting of, system: formed or done according to system: methodical.—adv. Systemat′ically.—ns. Systemati′cian; Systematisā′tion, Systemisā′tion.—vs.t. Sys′tematise, Sys′temise, to reduce to a system.—ns. Sys′tematiser; Sys′tematism; Sys′tematist; Systematol′ogy.—adjs. System′ic, systematic; pertaining to the human system; Sys′temless, without system: not exhibiting organic structure.—ns. Sys′tem-māk′er, -mon′ger, one unduly fond of constructing systems. [Gr. systēma—syn, together, histēmi, I place.]

Systole, sīs′tō-lē, n. the regular contraction of the heart for impelling the blood outward—opp. to Diastole: (gram.) the shortening of a long syllable.—adj. Systol′ic. [Gr. systolē—syn, together, stellein, to place.]

Systyle, sis′tīl, n. (archit.) the arrangement of columns so that they are only two diameters apart: a front or portico having columns so arranged.—adj. Sys′tylous (bot.), having the styles united into a single body. [Gr. syn, with, stylos, a column.]

Syzygy, siz′i-ji, n. the relative position of a planet (esp. the moon) when either in conjunction or in opposition with the sun: the period of new or full moon:—pl. Syz′ygies.—n. Syz′ygant (-gant), a rational integral function of the invariants of a quantic that vanishes when expressed as a function of the coefficients.—adj. Syzyget′ic, pertaining to a linear relation.—adv. Syzyget′ically.—adj. Syzyg′ial, pertaining to a syzygy. [Gr. syzygia, union.]

the twentieth letter in our alphabet, its sound that of the hard dental mute, produced by the tip of the tongue being brought into contact with the base of the upper teeth: as a medieval numeral=160; T=160,000: something fashioned like a T, or having a cross section like a T—also written tee and sometimes tau.—ns. T′-band′age, a bandage composed of two strips fashioned in the shape of the letter T, as for use about the perineum; T′-cart, a four-wheeled pleasure-vehicle without top, having a T-shaped body; T′-cloth, a plain cotton made for the India and China market—stamped with a T; T′-cross, a tau-cross; T′-plate, a T-shaped plate, as for strengthening a joint in a wooden framework; T′-rail, a rail, as for a railway, having a T-like cross section; T′-square, a ruler shaped like the letter T, used in mechanical and architectural drawing.—To a T, with perfect exactness; Be marked with a T, to be branded as a thief.

Tab, tab, n. a small tag, flap, or strap, forming an appendage of something: reckoning, tally, check.

Tabard, tab′ard, n. a military cloak of the 15th and 16th centuries, now a loose sleeveless coat worn by heralds.—n. Tab′arder, one who wears a tabard. [O. Fr.,—Low L. tabardum; perh. conn, with L. tapete, tapestry.]

Tabaret, tab′a-ret, n. an upholsterer's silk stuff, with alternate stripes of watered and satin surface. [Tabby.]

Tabasheer, Tabasbir, tab-a-shēr′, n. a substance, consisting chiefly of silica, sometimes found in the cavities or tubular parts of the stems of bamboos and other large grasses, and prized by the Hindus as a tonic, &c., prepared by imperfect calcination and trituration. [Hind. tabāshīr.]

Tabby, tab′i, n. a coarser kind of waved or watered silk: an artificial stone, a mixture of lime, shells, gravel, stones, and water: a female cat—also Tabb′y-cat.—adj. brindled: diversified in colour.—v.t. to water or cause to look wavy:—pa.t. and pa.p. tabb′ied.—n. Tabb′inet, a more delicate kind of tabby resembling damask, used for window-curtains. [Fr. tabis—Ar. 'attābī, a kind of rich, waved silk—'Attabiya, the quarter in Bagdad where first made.]

Tabefaction, tab-ē-fak′shun, n. a wasting away from disease.—v.t. Tab′efy, to emaciate.—v.i. to lose flesh, to waste away.—ns. Tā′bes, a gradual wasting away; Tabes′cence.—adjs. Tabes′cent; Tabet′ic; Tab′ic; Tab′id.—adv. Tab′idly.—n. Tab′idness.—adj. Tabif′ic, causing tabes.—n. Tab′itude, state of one affected with tabes.—Tabes dorsalis, the same as locomotor ataxia. [L. tabes, a wasting, tabēre, to waste away.]

Tabella, tā-bel′a, n. a medicated lozenge or hard electuary.—adj. Tab′ellary, tabular.—n. Tabell′ion, an official scrivener in the Roman empire, and in France down to 1761. [L. tabella, dim. of tabula, a table.]

Tabernacle, tab′ėr-na-kl, n. (B.) the movable tent carried by the Jews through the desert, and used as a temple: a tent: the human body as the temporary abode of the soul: a place of worship or sacred place: (R.C.) the place in which the consecrated elements of the Eucharist are kept: a socket permitting a mast to be lowered beneath bridges.—v.i. to dwell: to abide for a time.—adj. Tabernac′ular.—Tabernacle work (archit.), ornamental work over niches, stalls, &c. with canopies and pinnacles, or any work in which such forms a characteristic feature.—Feast of tabernacles, a Jewish autumn festival, celebrating the sojourning of the children of Israel in the wilderness (Lev. xxiii. 43), and the gathering-in of all the fruits of the year (Ex. xxiii. 16). [L. tabernaculum, double dim. of taberna, a hut, shed of boards.]

Tablature, tab′la-tūr, n. something tabular: a painting on a wall or ceiling: a picture in general: a method of musical notation, principally employed in the 15th and 16th centuries for the lute: (anat.) a division of the skull into two tables. [Fr.,—L. tabula, a board.]

Table, tā′bl, n. a smooth, flat slab or board, with legs, used as an article of furniture: supply of food, entertainment: the company at a table: the board or table on which a game is played, as billiards, backgammon, draughts: a surface on which something is written or engraved: that which is cut or written on a flat surface: a flat gravestone supported on pillars: an inscription: a condensed statement: syllabus or index; (B.) a writing tablet.—adj. of or pertaining to a table, or the food partaken from the table.—v.t. to make into a table or catalogue: to lay (money) on the table: to pay down: to lay on the table—i.e. to postpone consideration of.—ns. Tā′ble-beer, light beer for common use; Tā′ble-book, a book of tablets, on which anything is written without ink: a note-book: a book of tables, as of weights, measures, &c.; Tā′ble-cloth, a cloth usually of linen, for covering a table, esp. at meals; Tā′ble-cov′er, a cloth for covering a table, esp. at other than meal-times; Table-d'hôte (ta′bl-dōt), a meal for several persons at the same hour and at fixed prices; Tā′bleful, as many as a table will hold; Tā′bleland, an extensive region of elevated land with a plain-like or undulating surface: a plateau; Tā′ble-leaf, a board at the side of a table which can be put up or down to vary the size of the table; Tā′ble-lin′en, linen table-cloths, napkins, &c.; Tā′ble-mon′ey, an allowance granted to general officers in the army, and flag-officers in the navy, to enable them to fulfil the duties of hospitality within their respective commands; Tā′ble-rap′ping, production of raps on tables by alleged spiritual agency.—n.pl. Tā′bles, the game of backgammon.—ns. Tā′ble-spoon, one of the largest spoons used at table; Tā′ble-spoon′ful, as much as will fill a table-spoon; Tā′ble-talk, familiar conversation, as that round a table, during and after meals; Tā′ble-turn′ing, movements of tables or other objects, attributed by spiritualists to the agency of spirits—by rational persons to involuntary muscular action—similarly Tā′ble-lift′ing, Tā′ble-rap′ping; Tā′ble-ware, dishes, spoons, knives, forks, &c. for table use.—adv. Tā′blewise, like a table—of the communion-table, with the ends east and west—opp. to Altar-wise.—ns. Tā′ble-work, the setting of type for tables, columns of figures, &c.; Tā′bling, the act of tabling or forming into tables: (carp.) a rude dove-tailing: (naut.) a broad hem on the skirts of sails.—The Lord's Table, the table at which the Lord's Supper is partaken, or on which the elements are laid: the Lord's Supper.—Fence the tables (see Fence); Lay on the table, to lay aside any proposed measure indefinitely, or for future discussion; Lie on the table, to be laid upon the table; Turn the tables, to bring about a complete reversal of circumstances. [O. Fr. table—L. tabula, a board.]

Tableau, tab′lō, n. a picture: a striking and vivid representation:—pl. Tableaux (tab′lōz).—Tableau vivant, a representation of a historical or other personage by a motionless living person dressed in suitable costume. [Fr.,—L. tabula, a painting.]

Tablet, tab′let, n. a small flat surface: something flat on which to write, paint, &c.: a confection in a flat square form.—n. Tab′loid, a small tablet containing a certain definite portion of some drug, a troche or lozenge. Registered trade mark. [Dim. of table.]

Taboo, Tabu, ta-bōō′, n. an institution among the Polynesians, forming a penal system based on religious sanctions, by which certain things are held sacred or consecrated, and hence prohibited to be used—by a natural transference of meaning by association of ideas becoming equivalent to 'unholy,' 'accursed'—also Tamboo′, Tambu′, and Tapu′: any prohibition, interdict, restraint, ban, exclusion, ostracism.—v.t. to forbid approach to: to forbid the use of:—pr.p. tabōō′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. tabōōed′. [Polynesian tapu—prob. ta, to mark, pu, expressing intensity.]

Tabor, tā′bor, n. a camp amongst the ancient nomadic Slavs and Turks, inside a ring of wagons.

Taborite, tā′bor-īt, n. one of the more extreme party of the Hussites, as opposed to the Calixtines or Utraquists, so named from their headquarters being at Mount Tabor, 24 miles N.E. of Pisek.

Tabour, Tabor, tā′bor, n. a small drum like the timbrel or tambourine without jingles, usually played with one stick, and in combination with a fife.—v.i. to play on a tabour: to beat lightly and often:—pr.p. tā′bouring: pa.p. tā′boured.—ns. Tā′borer (Shak.), one who beats the tabour; Tab′orine (Shak.), a tabour or small drum; Tab′ouret, Tab′ret, a small tabour or drum; Tab′rēre (Spens.), a labourer. [O. Fr. tabour (Fr. tambour)—Pers. tambūr, a kind of cithern.]

Tabouret, tab′ōō-ret, n. a cushioned seat, without arms or back, highly ornamented: a frame for embroidery: a needle-case.

Tabular, tab′ū-lar, adj. of the form of, or pertaining to, a table: having a flat surface: arranged in a table or schedule, computed from tables: having the form of laminæ or plates.—ns. Tab′ula, a writing-tablet, a legal record: a frontal: a dissepiment in corals, &c.; Tabularisā′tion, the act of tabularising or forming into tables: the state of being tabularised.—v.t. Tab′ularise, to put in a tabular form: to tabulate:—pr.p. tab′ūlarīsing; pa.p. tab′ūlarīsed.—adv. Tab′ularly.—v.t. Tab′ulāte, to reduce to tables or synopses: to shape with a flat surface.—n. Tabulā′tion, the act of forming into tables.

Tacahout, tak′a-howt, n. an Arab name for the small gall formed on the tamarisk-tree, and used as one source for obtaining gallic acid.

Tacamahac, tak′a-ma-hak, n. a gum-resin yielded by several tropical trees. [South American.]

Tac-au-tac, tak′-ō-tak′, n. in fencing, the parry combined with the riposte, also a series of close attacks and parries between fencers of equal skill. [Fr.]

Tace, tā′sē, be silent.—Tace is Latin for a candle, a phrase understood as requesting or promising silence. [L., imper. of tacēre, to be silent.]

Tache, tash, n. a spot, stain, or freckle: a moral blemish: a characteristic. [Fr.]

Tachometer, tā-kom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring variations in the velocity of machines.—Also Tachym′eter. [Gr. tachos, speed, metron, a measure.]

Tachygraphy, tā-kig′ra-fi, n. stenography, the art of writing in abbreviations.—n. Tachyg′rapher.—adjs. Tachygrapn′ic, -al. [Gr. tachys, swift, graphein, to write.]

Tachylite, tak′i-līt, n. a black opaque natural glass, which results from the rapid cooling of molten basalt, occurring as a thin selvage to dikes and veins of intrusive basalt.—adj. Tachylit′ic.

Tachymeter, tā-kim′e-tėr, n. a surveying instrument—also Tacheom′eter.—n. Tachym′etry, scientific use of the tachymeter.

Tacit, tas′it, adj. implied, but not expressed by words: silent, giving no sound.—adv. Tac′itly.—n. Tac′itness.—adj. Tac′iturn, habitually tacit or silent: not fond of talking: reserved in speech.—ns. Tac′iturnist, one habitually taciturn; Taciturn′ity, habitual silence: reserve in speaking.—adv. Tac′iturnly. [L. tacitus, pa.p. of tacēre, to be silent.]

Tack, tak, n. a short, sharp nail with a broad head: a fastening, a long temporary stitch: the weather clew or foremost lower corner of any of the courses, or of any sail set with a boom or gaff, or of a flag, also the rope by which such clew or tack is confined or fastened: the course of a ship in reference to the position of her sails: a determinate course, the art of tacking, hence a change of policy, a strategical move: a shelf for drying cheese: term of a lease: adhesiveness, sticky condition, as of varnish, &c.—v.t. to attach or fasten, esp. in a slight manner, as by tacks.—v.i. to change the course or tack of a ship by shifting the position of the sails: to shift one's position, to veer.—adj. Tack′y, adhesive, viscous. [Most prob. Celt., Ir. taca, a pin, Bret. tach, a nail.]

Tack, tak, n. food generally, fare, esp. of the bread kind, as hard tack, soft tack, &c.

Tackle, tak′l, n. the ropes, rigging, &c. of a ship: tools, weapons: ropes, &c., for raising heavy weights: a pulley.—v.t. to harness: (prov.) to seize or take hold of, attack, fasten upon.—v.i. to get a hold of.—adj. Tack′led, made of ropes tackled together.—ns. Tack′ling, furniture or apparatus belonging to the masts, yards, &c. of a ship: harness for drawing a carriage: tackle or instruments; Tacks′man, a tenant or lessee. [Scand., Sw. tackel—Ice. taka, to take.]

Tact, takt, n. adroitness in managing the feelings of persons dealt with: nice perception in seeing and doing exactly what is best in the circumstances: (mus.) the stroke in keeping time.—adjs. Tact′ful; Tac′tile, that may be touched or felt.—ns. Tactil′ity, state of being tactile: touchiness; Tac′tion, act of touching: sense of touch.—adj. Tact′less, without tact.—n. Tact′lessness.—adj. Tact′ūal, relating to, or derived from, the sense of touch.—adv. Tact′ūally.—n. Tact′us, the sense of touch. [L. tactus—tangĕre, tactum, to touch.]

Tactics, tak′tiks, n.sing. the science or art of manœuvring military and naval forces in the presence of the enemy: way or method of proceeding.—adjs. Tac′tic, -al, pertaining to tactics.—adv. Tac′tically.—n. Tacti′cian, one skilled in tactics. [Gr. taktikē (technē, art, understood), art of arranging men in a field of battle—tassein, taxein, to arrange.]

Tadpole, tad′pōl, n. a young toad or frog in its first state, before the tail is absorbed and the limbs pushed forth.—n. Tad (U.S.), a street-boy. [A toad with a poll.]

Tael, tāl, n. the Chinese liang or ounce, equal to 1⅓ oz. avoir.: a money of account in China, equivalent to a tael weight of pure silver, or to about 1250 of the copper coin known as 'cash.' The value of the Haikwan tael, or customs tael, is about 4s. 9d. English, varying with the price of silver.

Tænia, tē′ni-a, n. a ribbon or fillet: the fillet above the architrave of the Doric order: a tapeworm.—n. Tæ′nicide, a drug that destroys tapeworms.—adj. Tæ′niform, ribbon-like.—n. Tæ′nifuge, anything used to expel tapeworms.—adj. Tæ′nioid, ribbon-like. [L.,—Gr. tainia, a band.]

Tafferel, taf′ėr-el, Taffrail, taf′rāl, n. the upper part of a ship's stern timbers. [Dut. tafereel, a panel—tafel, a table—L. tabula, a table; cf. Ger. täfelei, flooring—tafel, a table.]

Taffeta, taf′e-ta, n. a thin glossy silk-stuff having a wavy lustre: (orig.) silk-stuff plainly woven.—Also Taff′ety. [It. taffetà—Pers. tāftah, woven—tāftan, to twist.]

Taft, taft, v.t. in plumbing, to spread the end of a lead pipe outward so as to form a wide thin flange.

Tag, tag, n. a tack or point of metal at the end of a string: any small thing tacked or attached to another: any pendant or appendage, the tip of an animal's tail: the rabble collectively, anything mean.—v.t. to fit a tag or point to: to tack, fasten, or hang to: to dog or follow closely.—v.i. to make tags, to string words or ideas together: to go behind as a follower:—pr.p. tag′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. tagged.—ns. Tag′-end, a loosely connected end, the concluding part; Tag′ger, anything that tags, an appendage.—n.pl. Tag′gers, thin sheet-iron.—n. and adj. Tag′rag, a fluttering rag, a tatter: the rabble, or denoting it—the same as Rag-tag, often in phrase Tagrag and bobtail.—ns. Tag′-sore, a disease in sheep, in which, the tail is excoriated through diarrhœa; Tag′-tail, a worm with a tail like a tag: a hanger-on, parasite. [A weaker form of tack.]

Tag, tag, n. a children's game in which the object is for the player to chase the rest until he touches one, who then takes his place as Tagg′ger.—v.t. to touch or hit in this game.

Taghairm, tag′erm, n. an ancient mode of divination among the Scotch Highlanders, in which a man was wrapped in a fresh bullock's hide and left by a running stream to wait for inspiration. [Gael.]

Taglia, tal′ya, n. a rope and pulleys, tackle with a set of sheaves in a fixed block and another set in a movable block to which the weight is attached. [It.]

Taglioni, tal-yō′ni, n. a kind of overcoat, so called from the famous family of dancers, the most famous of whom was Maria Taglioni (1804-84).

Tahona, ta-hō′na, n. a crushing-mill for ores worked by horse-power. [Sp.,—Ar.]

Taic, tä′ik, adj. pertaining to the Tai, the chief race in the Indo-Chinese peninsula, including the Siamese, the Laos, &c.—n. the group of languages spoken by the Tai.

Taigle, tā′gl, v.t. (Scot.) to entangle, hinder.—v.i. to delay, tarry.

Tail, tāl, n. the posterior extremity of an animal, its caudal appendage: anything resembling a tail in appearance, position, &c.: the back, lower, or hinder part of anything: a retinue, suite: a queue or body of persons in single file: anything long and hanging, as a catkin, train of a comet, long curl of hair, &c.: in Turkey, a horse-tail, formerly carried before a pasha as an emblem of relative rank.—n. Tail′-board, the board at the hinder end of a cart or wagon, which can be let down or removed, for convenience in unloading.—adj. Tailed, having a tail of a specified kind.—ns. Tail′-end, the hind part of any animal, the tip of the tail: the end or finish of anything, the fag-end: (pl.) inferior corn sorted out from that of better quality; Tail′-feath′er, one of the rectrices or rudder-feathers of a bird's tail; Tail′-gate, the aft or lower gate of a canal lock.—n.pl. Tail′ings, refuse, dregs.—adj. Tail′less, having no tail.—ns. Tail′piece, a piece at the tail or end, esp. of a series, as of engravings; Tail′pipe, the suction pipe in a pump.—v.t. to fasten something to the tail of, as a dog, to fix something to one by way of joke.—ns. Tail′race, the channel in which water runs away below a mill-wheel; Tail′rope, in coal-mining, a rope extending from the hind part of a car or kibble in a slightly inclined passage, by means of which the empties are drawn 'inby,' while the loaded cars are drawn 'outby.'—Lay, or Put, salt on the tail of (see Salt); Make neither head nor tail of anything (see Head); Turn tail, to run away, to shirk a combat; Twist the lion's tail (U.S.), to goad or insult the pacific and long-suffering British public feeling for political purposes in America; With the tail between the legs, in a cowardly way, after the manner of a beaten cur when he sneaks away. [A.S. tægel; Ger. zagel; Goth. tagl, hair.]

Tail, tāl, n. (law) the term applied to an estate which is cut off or limited to certain heirs.—ns. Tail′āge, Tall′āge. [Fr. taille, cutting. Cf. Entail.]

Tailor, tāl′ur, n. one whose business is to cut out and make men's clothes:—fem. Tail′oress.—v.i. to work as a tailor.—v.t. to make clothes for.—ns. Tail′or-bird, one of several Oriental small passerine birds which sew leaves together to form a nest: Tail′oring, the business or work of a tailor.—adj. Tail′or-made, made by a tailor, esp. of plain, close-fitting garments for women, in imitation of men's. [Fr. tailleur—tailler, to cut.]

Taint, tānt, v.t. to tinge, moisten, or impregnate with anything noxious: to infect: to stain.—v.i. to be affected with something corrupting.—n. a stain or tincture: infection or corruption: a spot: a moral blemish.—adj. Taint′less, without taint, pure.—adv. Taint′lessly, without taint.—n. Taint′ure (Shak.), taint, tinge, stain. [O. Fr. taint (Fr. teint), pa.p. of teindre, to dye—L. tingĕre, tinctum, to wet.]

T'âi-p'ing, tī-ping′, n. the name given by foreigners to one of the followers of Hung Hsiû-ch'wan (S'eiw-tseuen), who raised the standard of rebellion in China in 1851, and whose enterprise was finally suppressed in 1865 mainly through the vigour of Colonel Charles ('Chinese') Gordon, the hero of Khartoum.

Taisch, tāsh, n. the sound of the voice of a person about to die heard by some one at a distance beyond the range of ordinary sounds.—Also Task. [Gael. taibhs, taibhse, an apparition.]

Taj, täj, n. a crown, a distinctive head-dress, esp. the tall conical cap worn by Mohammedan dervishes—applied as expressing pre-eminence to the Taj Mahal, the magnificent mausoleum of Shah Jehan (1628-58) at Agra. [Pers.]

Take, tāk, v.t. to lay hold of: to get into one's possession: to catch: to capture: to captivate: to receive: to choose: to use: to allow: to understand: to agree to: to become affected with.—v.i. to catch: to have the intended effect: to gain reception, to please: to move or direct the course of: to have recourse to:—pa.t. took; pa.p. tā′ken.—n. quantity of fish taken or captured at one time.—ns. Take′-in, an imposition, fraud: that by which one is deceived; Take′-off, a burlesque representation of any one; Tā′ker; Tā′king, act of taking or gaining possession: a seizing: agitation, excitement: (Spens. sickness: (Shak.) witchery: malignant influence.—adj. captivating: alluring.—adv. Tā′kingly.—n. Tā′kingness, quality of being taking or attractive.—adj. Tā′ky, attractive.—Take advantage of, to employ to advantage: to make use of circumstances to the prejudice of; Take after, to follow in resemblance; Take air, to be disclosed or made public; Take breath, to stop in order to breathe, to be refreshed; Take care, care of (see Care); Take down, to reduce: to bring down from a higher place, to lower: to swallow: to pull down: to write down; Take for, to mistake; Take French leave (see French); Take from, to derogate or detract from; Take heed, to be careful; Take heed to, to attend to with care; Take in, to enclose, to embrace: to receive: to contract, to furl, as a sail: to comprehend: to accept as true: to cheat: (Shak.) to conquer; Take in hand, to undertake; Take into one's head, to be seized with a sudden notion; Take in vain, to use with unbecoming levity or profaneness; Take in with, to deceive by means of; Take it out of, to extort reparation from: to exhaust the strength or energy of; Take leave (see Leave); Taken in, deceived, cheated; Take notice, to observe: to show that observation is made: (with of) to remark upon; Take off, to remove: to swallow: to mimic or imitate; Take on, to take upon: to claim a character: (coll.) to grieve; Take orders, to receive ordination; Take order with (Bacon), to check; Take out, to remove from within: to deduct: (Shak.) to copy; Take part, to share; Take place, to happen: to prevail; Take root, to strike out roots, to live and grow, as a plant: to be established; Take the field, to begin military operations; Take the wall of, to pass on the side nearest the wall: to get the advantage of; Take to, to apply to: to resort to: to be fond of; Take to heart, to feel sensibly; Take up, to lift, to raise: (Shak.) to borrow money, to buy on credit, to make up a quarrel: to employ, occupy or fill: to arrest: to comprise; Take up arms, to commence to fight; Take upon, to assume; Take up with, to be pleased or contented with, to form a connection with, to fall in love with: to lodge; Take with, to be pleased with. [M. E. taken—Scand.; Ice. taka pa.t. tók, pa.p. tekinn); conn. with L. tangĕre, tetig-i, to touch, and with Eng. tack.]

Talaria, tā-lā′ri-a, n.pl. the winged sandals of Hermes and other divinities.—adj. Talar′ic, pertaining to the ankles. [L.,—talus, the ankle.]

Talbot, tal′bot, n. a broad-mouthed large-eared hound, usually white—apparently the same as the St Hubert's breed. [From the Talbot family.]

Talbotype, tal′bō-tīp, n. a photographic process invented by William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-77), a calotype.

Talc, talk, n. a mineral occurring in thin flakes, of a white or green colour and a soapy feel.—n. Tal′cite, a massive variety of talc.—adjs. Talc′ky, Tal′cose, Tal′cous, containing, consisting of, or like talc. [Fr. talc (Ger. talk)—Sp. talco—Ar. talq.]

Tale, tāl, n. a narrative or story: a fable: what is told or counted off: number: reckoning.—v.i. (obs.) to speak.—n. Tale′-bear′er, one who maliciously tells tales or gives information.—adj. Tale′-bear′ing, given to tell tales or give information officiously.—n. act of telling secrets.—adj. Tale′ful, abounding with stories.—n. Tale′-tell′er, one who tells stories, esp. officiously.—Be in a (or one) tale, to be in full accord; Old wives' tale, any marvellous story appealing to one's credulity; Tell one's (or its) own tale, to speak for one's self or itself; Tell tales, to play the informer; Tell tales out of school, to reveal confidential matters. [A.S. talu, a reckoning, a tale, also speech; Ger. zahl, a number.]

Talegalla, tal-e-gal′a, n. the brush-turkey, a genus of gallinaceous birds, in the same family as the mound-building Megapodes.—Also Talegall′us. [The latter part is probably from L. gallus, a cock.]

Talent, tal′ent, n. an ancient weight or denomination of money—in the Attic system of money (N.T.), 100 drachmæ made a mnâ (pound, Luke xix. 13), and 6000 made a talent; this talent weighed 57 lb. avoirdupois, and in value may be put roughly at about £213-£235, the mnâ at about £4: faculty: any natural or special gift: special aptitude: eminent ability: abundance.—adjs. Tal′ented, possessing mental gifts; Tal′entless, without talent. [L. talentum—Gr. talanton, a weight, a talent, from a root meaning to lift, as in tlēnai, to bear; akin to L. tollĕre, Ger. dulden, Scot. thole.]

Tales, tā′lēz, n.pl. a list of persons, apparently a selection from spectators in court, made by the sheriff or judge at a trial, to supply any defect in a jury or panel.—n. Tā′lesman, a bystander so chosen.—Pray a tales, to plead that the number of jurymen be completed in this way. [From the phrase 'tales de circumstantibus,' tales, pl. of L. talis, such.]

Taliacotian, tal-i-a-kō′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the rhinoplastic operation of Tagliacozzi or Taliacotius (1546-99), in which the skin for the new nose was taken from the arm of the patient, the arm requiring to be kept in apposition with the face for about twenty days.

Talion, tal′i-on, n. the law of retaliation.—adj. Talion′ic. [L. talio, like punishment—talis, of such kind.]

Taliped, tal′i-ped, adj. club-footed: walking like the sloth.—n. a club-footed person.—n. Tal′ipes, a club-foot: club-footedness: the distorted formation of the feet of the sloth. [L. talus, the ankle, pes, the foot.]

Talipot, tal′i-pot, n. an East Indian palm with fan-shaped leaves.—Also Tal′iput, Tal′ipat. [Hind. tālpāt.]

Talisman, tal′is-man, n. a species of charm engraved on metal or stone when two planets are in conjunction, or when a star is at its culminating point, and supposed to exert some protective influence over the wearer of it: (fig.) something that produces extraordinary effects:—pl. Tal′ismans.—adjs. Talisman′ic, -al, pertaining to, or having the properties of, a talisman: magical. [Fr.,—Ar. tilsam—Late Ger. telesma, consecration, incantation—Gr. telein, to consecrate.]

Talk, tawk, v.i. to speak familiarly: to prattle: to reason.—n. familiar conversation: that which is uttered in familiar intercourse: subject of discourse: rumour.—adjs. Talk′able, capable of talking, or of being talked about; Talk′ative, given to much talking: prating.—adv. Talk′atively.—ns. Talk′ativeness; Talk′ee-talk′ee, a corrupt dialect: incessant chatter—also adj. Talk′y-talk′y.—n. Talk′er.—adj. Talk′ing, given to talking.—Talk against time, to keep on talking merely to fill up time, as often in parliament: Talk big, to talk boastfully; Talk down, to argue down; Talk from the point, to wander away from the proper question; Talk Greek, to talk above the understanding of one's hearers; Talking of, apropos of, with regard to; Talk over, to persuade, convince: to discuss, consider together; Talk round, to exhaust the subject: to bring to one's way of thinking by persuasive talk; Talk shop (see Shop); Talk to, to address: to rebuke; Talk up, to speak impudently or boldly to. [Prof. Skeat takes the M. E. talken from Scand., and that from Lithuanian; Sw. tolka (Ice. túlka), to interpret—Lith. tulkas, an interpreter. Prob., however, the M. E. talken is talen, talien, to speak, with formative -k, giving a freq. or dim. force; cf. Tale.]

Tall, tawl, adj. high, esp. in stature: lofty: long: sturdy: bold: courageous: great, remarkable: demanding much credulity, hardly to be believed.—n. Tall′ness. [Ety. very dub.; perh. conn. with W. tal, large.]

Tallage, tal′āj, n. a name applied to those taxes to which, under the Anglo-Norman kings, the demesne lands of the crown and all royal towns were subject—also Tall′iage.—v.t. to lay an impost upon—also Tall′iate.—adj. Tall′iable, subject to tallage.

Tallat, tal′at, n. (prov.) a hay-loft.—Also Tall′ot, Tall′et.

Tallow, tal′ō, n. the fat of animals melted: any coarse, hard fat.—v.t. to grease with tallow.—ns. Tall′ow-can′dle, a candle made of tallow; Tall′ow-catch, -keech, (Shak.), a keech or lump of tallow: a low mean fellow; Tall′ow-chand′ler, a dealer in tallow, candles, &c.; Tall′ow-chand′lery, the trade or place of business of a tallow-chandler; Tall′ower, a tallow-chandler; Tall′ow-face, a yellow pasty-faced person.—adj. Tall′ow-faced.—n. Tall′ow-tree, the name given to trees of different kinds which produce a thick oil or vegetable tallow, or a somewhat resinous substance, capable of making candles.—adj. Tall′owy, like tallow, greasy. [Old Dut. talgh, talch; Low Ger. talq, Ice. tólgr, tólg.]

Tally, tal′i, n. a stick cut or notched to match another stick, used to mark numbers or keep accounts by—(down to the beginning of the 19th century these were used in England for keeping accounts in Exchequer, answering the double purpose of receipts and public records): anything made to suit another:—pl. Tall′ies.—v.t. to score with corresponding notches: to make to fit.—v.i. to correspond: to suit:—pa.t. and pa.p. tall′ied.—ns. Tall′ier, one who keeps a tally; Tall′yman, one who keeps a tally-shop: one who lives with a woman without marriage; Tall′yshop, a shop where goods are sold to be paid by instalments, the seller having one account-book which tallies with the buyer's; Tall′y-sys′tem, -trade, a mode of dealing by which dealers furnish certain articles on credit to their customers upon an agreement for the payment of the stipulated price by certain weekly or monthly instalments.—Live tally, to cohabit without marriage. [Fr. taille (It. taglia)—L. talea, a cutting. Cf. Tail (law).]

Tally-ho, tal′i-hō, interj. the huntsman's cry betokening that a fox has gone away: a four-in-hand pleasure-coach.—v.t. to urge on, as hounds.

Talma, tal′ma, n. a woman's loose cloak, generally hooded: a similar form of overcoat for men. [From F. J. Talma, the actor (1763-1826).]

Talmud, tal′mud, n. the name of the fundamental code of the Jewish civil and canonical law, comprising the Mishna and the Gemara, the former as the text, the latter as the commentary and complement.—There are two Talmuds, the one called the Talmud of the Occidentals, or the Jerusalem (Palestine) Talmud, which was closed at Tiberias in the end of the 4th century, and the other the Babylonian Talmud, emphatically styled 'our Talmud,' not completed till the end of the 5th century, and making use of the former.—adjs. Talmud′ic, -al.—n, Tal′mudist, one learned in the Talmud.—adj. Talmudist′ic, relating to, or contained in the Talmud. [Chaldee talmūd, instruction—lāmad, to learn.]

Talon, tal′on, n. the claw of a bird of prey.—adj. Tal′oned. [Fr. talon, through Low L., from L. talus, the heel.]

Talpa, tal′pa, n. the chief genus of the family Talpidæ, the moles: an encysted tumour on the head, a wen. [L., a mole.]

Taluk, ta-lōōk′, n. in south and western India, a subdivision of a district presided over as regards revenue matters by a tahsīldār—in Bengal, a tract of proprietary land.—n. Taluk′dar. [Hind.]

Talus, tā′lus, n. the ankle-bone: (arch.) a slope: (fort.) the sloping part of a work: (geol.) a sloping heap of fragments at the foot of a steep rock. [L.]

Tamal, tä-mal′, n. a dish of crushed Indian corn highly seasoned, sold on the streets in Mexico, Texas, &c.—Also Tama′le. [Sp.]

Tamandua, tä-man′dū-a, n. an arboreal ant-eater with prehensile tail.—n. Tamanoir (tam′a-nwor), the great ant-eater of tropical America. [Braz.]

Tamanu, tam′a-nōō, n. a lofty gamboge tree of the East Indies and Pacific Islands, its trunk yielding tacamabac. [East Ind.]

Tamara, tam′a-ra, n. a condiment much used in Italy, made of powdered cinnamon, cloves, coriander, &c. [East Ind.]

Tamarind, tam′a-rind, n. a beautiful spreading East Indian tree, its pods filled with a pleasant, acidulous, sweet, reddish-black pulp, in which the seeds are embedded. [Tamarindus, Latinised from Ar. tamar-u'l Hind, 'date of India,' or perhaps rather, in Persian form, tamar-i-Hindī.]

Tamarisk, tam′ar-isk, n. a genus of Mediterranean evergreen shrubs with small white or pink flowers. [L. tamariscus.]

Tambour, tam′bōōr, n. a small, shallow drum: a frame on which muslin or other material is stretched for embroidering: a rich kind of gold and silver embroidery: silk or other stuff embroidered on a tambour: a cylindrical stone in the shaft of a column, a drum: a vestibule of timber-work serving to break the draught in a church-porch, &c.: a work formed of palisades, defending a gate, &c.—v.t. to embroider on a tambour.—v.i. to do tambour-work. [Fr. tambour. Cf. Tabour.]

Tambourine, tam-bōō-rēn′, n. a shallow drum with one skin and bells or jingles, and played on with the hand: a Provençal dance, also the music for such—(Spens.) Tam′burin. [Fr. tambourin, dim. of tambour.]

Tame, tām, adj. having lost native wildness and shyness: domesticated: gentle: spiritless: without vigour: dull, flat, uninspiring: wonted, accustomed.—v.t. to reduce to a domestic state: to make gentle: to reclaim: to civilise.—ns. Tāmabil′ity, Tāmeabli′ity, Tām′ableness, Tāme′ableness.—adjs. Tām′able, Tāme′able, that may be tamed; Tāme′less.—n. Tāme′lessness.—adv. Tāme′ly.—ns. Tāme′ness; Tā′mer, one who tames. [A.S. tam; cog. with Ger. zahm.]

Tamil, tam′il, n. one of the Dravidian languages spoken in south-eastern India and the northern half of Ceylon, possessing a rich and varied literature: one of the Dravidian inhabitants of southern India and Ceylon.—adjs. Tam′il, Tamil′lian, Tamil′ic, Tamul′ic.

Tamin, tam′in, n. a thin worsted stuff, highly glazed.—Also Tam′ine, Tam′iny, Tam′my.

Tamise, ta-mēz′, n. a trade name for various thin woollen fabrics.—n. Tam′is, a cloth for straining liquids.

Tammany, tam′a-ni, n. the Tammany Society, a Democratic organisation in New York, notorious for the corrupt influence it has exerted in city politics. [From the name of an Indian chief, Tammanend, who is said to have signed the treaty with Penn.]

Tammuz, tam′uz, n. a Syrian deity, same as the Phœnician Adonis, a sun-god, worshipped with peculiar naturalistic rites by women among the Chaldæans, and even in Jerusalem (Ezek. viii. 14).

Tam-o'-shanter, tam-ō-shan′tėr, n. a broad bonnet. [From the hero of Burns's famous poem.]

Tamp, tamp, v.t. to fill up, as a hole bored in a rock for blasting: to pack earth, &c., round, as a mine, to prevent an explosion in a wrong direction.—n. Tam′ping, the act of filling up a hole in a rock for blasting: the material used. [Tampion (q.v.).]

Tamper, tam′pėr, v.i. to try the temper of: to try little experiments without necessity or authority: to meddle: to practise secretly and unfairly.—n. Tam′perer. [A by-form of temper.]

Tampion, tamp′i-un, n. the stopper used to close the mouth of a cannon or mortar.—Also Tom′pion. [O. Fr. tampon, tapon—tape, a tap—Dut. tap, a bung.]

Tampon, tamp′on, n. (surg.) a. plug inserted in a cavity of the body in order to arrest hæmorrhage.—v.t. to plug tightly.—ns. Tamponade′, Tam′ponage, Tam′poning, Tam′ponment. [Tampion.]

Tan, tan, n. bark of the oak, &c., bruised and broken for tanning: a yellowish-brown colour.—v.t. to convert skins and hides into leather by steeping in vegetable solutions containing tannin: to make brown or tawny: to take the freshness from: (coll.) to beat.—v.i. to become tanned:—pr.p. tan′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. tanned.—n.pl. Tan′-balls, the spent bark of the tanner's yard pressed into lumps, which harden on drying, and serve for fuel.—n. Tan′-bed (hort.), a bark-bed.—adj. Tan′-col′oured, of the colour of tan.—ns. Tan′ling (Shak.), one tanned or scorched by the heat of the sun; Tan′-liq′uor, -ooze, an aqueous extract of tan-bark.—adj. Tan′nable.—ns. Tan′nage, act of tanning: browning from exposure to the sun: the act of steeping cast slabs of artificial marble in a solution of potash alum to harden it and make it insoluble; Tan′ner, one who tans; Tan′nery, a place for tanning; Tan′ning, the art of tanning or converting into leather; Tan′-pit, -vat, a vat in which hides are steeped in liquor with tan; Tan′-yard, a yard or enclosure where leather is tanned. [A.S. tannian; cf. Dut. tanen, or prob. O. Fr. tan—Bret. tann, an oak. If the latter, then Old High Ger. tanna (Ger. tanne), fir, oak, is borrowed.]

Tana, tä′nä, n. a military or police station In India—also Tan′na, Than′nah.—ns. Tä′nadar, Tan′nadar, the commandant of a tana. [Hind. thāna.]

Tanager, tan′ā-jėr, n. any tanagrine bird, a member of the Tanagridæ, a family of the Passeriformes or perching birds, closely allied to the finches.—n. Tan′āgra, the name-giving genus of the family, now restricted to about a dozen species.—adjs. Tan′āgrine, Tan′āgroid. [Braz. tangara.]

Tandem, tan′dem, adv. applied to the position of horses harnessed singly one before the other instead of abreast.—n. a team of horses (usually two) so harnessed: a bicycle or tricycle on which two ride one before the other. [Originated in university slang, in a play on the L. adv. tandem, at length.]

Tang, tang, n. a twang or sharp sound.—v.t. to cause to ring.—v.i. to ring. [Imit., like twang.]

Tang, tang, n. a strong or offensive taste, esp. of something extraneous: relish: taste: specific flavour.—adj. Tang′y. [A special use of tang, point.]

Tang, tang, n. a point, the tapering part of a knife or tool which goes into the haft. [Ice. tangi; cog. with tongs.]

Tangent, tan′jent, n. a line which touches a curve, and which when produced does not cut it.—ns. Tan′gency, Tan′gence, state of being tangent: a contact or touching.—adj. Tangen′tial, of or pertaining to a tangent: in the direction of a tangent.—n. Tangential′ity.—adv. Tangen′tially, in the direction of a tangent.—Go off, or Fly off, at a tangent, to break off suddenly into a different line of thought, &c. [L. tangens, -entis, pr.p. of tangĕre, to touch.]

Tangerine, tan-je-rēn′, adj. relating to Tangiers on the Morocco coast.—n. a native of Tangiers: a Tangerine orange.

Tanghin, tang′gin, n. a vegetable poison of Madagascar, acting upon the heart like digitalis—formerly used for the judicial ordeal.

Tangible, tan′ji-bl, adj. perceptible by the touch: capable of being possessed or realised.—ns. Tangib′ilē, a tactile sensation or object; Tangibil′ity, quality of being tangible or perceptible to the touch; Tan′gibleness, the state or quality of being tangible.—adv. Tan′gibly. [L. tangibilis—tangĕre.]

Tangie, tang′i, n. an Orcadian water-spirit, appearing as a seahorse, or man covered with seaweed.

Tangle, tang′gl, n. a knot of things united confusedly: an edible seaweed: a perplexity, complication: (Scot.) any long hanging thing, even a lank person: an apparatus for dredging.—v.t. to unite together confusedly: to interweave: to ensnare, entangle.—n. Tang′lefoot (U.S.), whisky, &c.—adj. Tang′lesome (prov.), quarrelsome.—adv. Tang′lingly.—adj. Tang′ly, in a tangle: united confusedly: covered with tangle or seaweed. [Scand.; Dan. tang, Ice. thang, seaweed.]

Tangram, tan′gram, n. a Chinese puzzle, consisting of a square of wood cut into seven pieces of various shapes.

Tanist, tan′ist, n. the chief or holder of lands, &c., in certain Celtic races, also the chief's elective successor.—n. Tan′istry, an ancient Celtic mode of tenure, according to which the right of succession lay not with the individual, but with the family in which it was hereditary, and by the family the holder of office or lands was elected. [Ir. and Gael. tanaiste, lord—tan, country.]

Tanjib, tan′jib, n. a kind of figured muslin made in Oude.—Also Tan′zib.

Tank, tangk, n. a large basin or cistern: a reservoir of water.—v.t. to cause to flow into a tank: to plunge into a tank.—ns. Tank′age, the act of storing oil, &c., in tanks: the price charged for such storage: the capacity of a tank or series of tanks; Tank′-car, a railway-car for carrying petroleum in bulk in a long cylindrical tank; Tank′-en′gine, a locomotive that carries the water and coal it requires; Tank′-worm, a nematode worm in the mud of tanks in India. [Port. tanque (Sp. estanque, O. Fr. estang)—L. stagnum, a stagnant pool.]

Tanka, tan′ka, n. the boat population of Canton, inhabiting permanently the so-called tanka-boats, about 25 feet long.—Also Tan′kia.

Tankard, tangk′ard, n. a large vessel for holding liquors: a drinking-vessel with a lid. [O. Fr. tanquard, prob. from L. cantharus—Gr. kantharos.]

Tanner, tan′ėr, n. (slang) a sixpence. [Said to be Gipsy tano, little.]

Tannin, tan′in, n. an astringent substance found largely in oak-bark or gall-nuts, of great use in tanning.—n. Tann′ate, a salt of tannic acid.—adjs. Tann′ic; Tannif′erous, yielding tannin.—n. Tan′-ride, an enclosure spread with tan for riding.—Tannic acid, an acid forming the astringent principle of the bark of oak and other trees, used in tanning and in medicine. [Fr. tannin.]

Tansy, tan′zi, n. a genus of composite plants allied to Artemisia—Common tansy is a bitter, aromatic plant with small yellow flowers, common on old pasture: a pudding or cake flavoured with tansy, eaten at Easter. [O. Fr. tanasie, through Late L., from Gr. athanasia, immortality.]

Tantalise, tan′ta-līz, v.t. to torment by presenting something to excite desire, but keeping it out of reach.—ns. Tantalisā′tion, the act of tantalising: state of being tantalised; Tan′taliser, one who, or that which, tantalises.—adv. Tan′talisingly.—ns. Tan′talism, the punishment of Tantalus: a tormenting; Tan′talus, a spirit-case that locks; Tan′talus-cup, a philosophical toy, having a siphon within the figure of a man whose chin is on a level with its bend. [Tantalus, in Gr. mythology, who stood in Tartarus up to his chin in water, with branches of fruit over his head, the water receding when he wished to drink, and the fruit when he wished to eat.]

Tantalum, tan′tal-um, n. a very rare metal of no practical importance, discovered in 1801, closely allied to columbium or niobium.

Tantalus, tan′ta-lus, n. the wood-ibis, a genus of birds of the stork family, quite distinct from the true ibises.

Tantamount, tan′ta-mownt, adj. amounting to so much or to the same: equivalent: equal in value or meaning.—n. Tan′tity, the fact of being or having so much.—adv. Tan′to (mus.), so much or too much. [O. Fr., tant—L. tantum, so much, so great, and O. Fr. amonter, to amount.]

Tantivy, tan-tiv′i, adv. with great speed.—adj. swift, hasty.—v.i. to hurry off.—n. a hunting cry: a rapid movement, a rush. [Imit.]

Tantony, tan′tō-ni, n. the smallest pig in the litter—also Tantony pig: a petted servant or follower. [From St Anthony, who was attended by a pig.]

Tantra, tan′tra, n. in Sanscrit literature, one of the religious text-books of the numerous sects of S'âktas—i.e. worshippers of the S'akti, or active divine energy, personified in some female deity, esp. in one of the many forms of Pârvatî, the wife of S'iva.—ns. Tan′trism, the doctrines of the tantras; Tan′trist, a devotee of tantrism. [Sans. tantra, thread, fundamental doctrine.]

Tantrum, tan′trum, n. a capricious fit of ill-temper without adequate cause. [Prob. W. tant, a passion.]

Tantum Ergo, tan′tum er′gō, n. the fifth stanza of the hymn 'Pange, lingua, gloriosi corporis mysterium,' written for the office of the Festival of Corpus Christi, which St Thomas of Aquino drew up in 1263. [From its opening words.]

Tanzimat, tan′zi-mat, n. an organic statute of the Turkish empire, introducing reforms and granting fuller personal liberty, esp. applied to the hatti-sherif of the sultan Abdul Medjid in 1839. [Turk.]

Tâoism, tä′ō-izm, or tow′izm, n. the religious system founded by the Chinese philosopher Lâo-tsze (born 604 B.C.), set forth in the Tâo Teh King.—n. Tâ′ōist, an adherent of Tâoism.—adj. Tâoist′ic.

Tao-tai, tä′ō-tī′, n. an officer presiding over a Chinese tao, or circuit, containing two or more fu, or departments.

Tap, tap, n. a gentle blow or touch, esp. with something small: a signal with a drum to put lights out.—v.t. to strike lightly, touch gently.—v.i. to give a gentle knock:—pr.p. tap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. tapped. [O. Fr. tapper—Low Ger. tappen.]

Tap, tap, n. a hole or short pipe through which liquor is drawn: a place where liquor is drawn: any particular liquor drawn through a tap.—v.t. to pierce, so as to let out fluid: to open a cask and draw off liquor: to broach a vessel.—v.i. to act as a tapster:—pr.p. tap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. tapped.—ns. Tap′-bolt, a bolt with a head on one end and a thread on the other, to be screwed into some fixed part instead of passing through and receiving a nut; Tap′-cin′der, slag produced during puddling; Tap′-house, a tavern; Tap′lash, poor stale swipes; Tapote′ment, percussion; Tap′per, one who taps; Tap′ping, an operation frequently resorted to for the removal of fluid accumulations, particularly in the pleural and peritoneal cavities, consisting in the introduction of one end of a small tube into the cavity and withdrawing the fluid by siphon action, or by means of a vacuum: the act or art of tapping or drawing out fluid; Tap′room, a room where beer is served from the tap or cask; Tap′root, a root of a plant or tree striking directly downward without dividing, and tapering towards the end, as that of the carrot; Tap′ster, one who taps or draws off liquor, a publican, barman.—On tap, kept in cask—opp. to bottled: ready to be drawn upon. [A.S. tæppe, seen in tæppere, one who taps casks; Dut. tap, Ger. zapfen, a tap.]

Tapa, tä′pä, n. the bark of the paper-mulberry, much used in the South Seas for mats, &c.—Also Tap′pa.

Tapadera, tap-a-dā′ra, n. a leather guard for the stirrup of the Californian saddle. [Sp., 'a cover'—tapar, to cover.]

Tape, tāp, n. a narrow fillet or band of woven work, used for strings, &c.: a strong flexible band rotating on pulleys for directing the sheets in a printing-machine: the strip of paper used in a printing-telegraph instrument, &c.: (slang) liquor.—v.t. to furnish, or tie up, with tape: to extend.—ns. Tape′-line, -meas′ure, a measuring-line of tape, marked with inches, &c.—adj. Tā′pen, made of tape.—n. Tā′pist, one who uses tape, an official formalist.—Breast the tape, in foot-racing, to touch with the breast the tape or ribbon held by the judge at the finish-line. [A.S. tæppe, a fillet—L. tapete—Gr. tapēs.]

Taper, tā′pėr, n. a small wax-candle or light: tapering form.—adj. narrowed towards the point, like a taper: long and slender.—v.i. to become gradually smaller towards one end.—v.t. to make to taper.—adj. Tā′pering, growing gradually thinner.—adv. Tā′peringly, in a tapering manner.—n. Tā′perness, state of being taper. [A.S. tapor, prob. Ir. tapar.]

Tapestry, tap′es-tri, n. an ornamental textile used for the covering of walls and furniture, and for curtains and hangings—divided into two classes, according as they are made in high-warp (haute lisse) or low-warp (basse lisse) looms.—v.t. to adorn with tapestry—n. Tap′et (Spens.). [O. Fr. tapisserie—tapis; a carpet—L. tapete, a carpet, tapestry—Gr. tapēs, -etis—Pers. tabsch.]

Tapetum, tā-pē′tum, n. (bot.) the cells on the outside of an archesporium: the pigmentary layer of the retina:—pl. Tā′peta. [L. tapete—Gr. tapēs, tapētos, a carpet.]

Tapeworm, tāp′wurm, n. a term sometimes used as a popular synonym for Cestoda or Cestoid Worms, but especially for those which belong to the families Tæniadæ and Bothriocephalidæ.

Tapioca, tap-i-ō′ka, n. a farinaceous substance obtained from cassava or manioc by drying it while moist on hot plates, so that the starch grains swell or burst, and the whole agglomerates in small lumps. [Braz. tipioka, the poisonous juice of the cassava.]

Tapir, tā′pir, n. a genus of Ungulata, of the section Perissodactyla, thick-skinned, short-necked, with a short flexible proboscis, found in South America.—adjs. Tapir′odont, having teeth like the tapir; Tap′iroid, related to the tapirs. [Braz.]

Tapis, tap′is, or ta-pē′, n. tapestry, carpeting: formerly, the cover of a council-table.—vs.i. (obs.) Tap′pish, Tap′pice, to hide.—Upon the tapis, on the table: under consideration. [Fr.]

Tappet, tap′et, n. a projecting arm, lever, &c. from any moving part of a machine supplying intermittent motion to some other part.—ns. Tapp′et-loom, -mo′tion, -ring, -rod, &c.

Tappit, tap′it, adj. (Scot.) having a top or crest.—n. Tapp′it-hen, a crested hen: a vessel for liquor holding about three quarts, a liberal allowance of drink generally.

Tapsalteerie, tap-sal-tē′ri, adj. (Scot.) topsy-turvy.—Also Tapsieteer′ie.

Tapsman, taps′man, n. (Scot.) a servant with principal charge, the chief of a company of drovers.

Tar, tär, v.t. to set on, incite to fight. [M. E. tarien, to irritate—A.S. tergan, to provoke.]

Tar, tär, n. a viscous, liquid, resinous substance of a dark colour, obtained from pine-trees: a sailor, so called from his tarred clothes.—v.t. to smear with tar:—pr.p. tar′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. tarred.—ns. Tar′heel, a North Carolinian; Tar′hood, sailors collectively.—Tar and feather, to smear with tar and then cover with feathers.—Be tarred with the same brush, or stick, to have the same faults as another; Have a touch of the tar-brush, to have an infusion of negro blood in the veins. [A.S. teoro, teru; Dut. teer.]

Tara-fern, tä′rä-fern, n. a New Zealand brake, with a thickened edible rhizome.

Tarantass, tar-an-tas′, n. a four-wheeled vehicle having a boat-shaped body, without springs. [Russ.]

Tarantism, tar′ant-izm, n. an epidemic leaping or dancing mania, somewhat resembling chorea—also Tar′entism.—ns. Tarantel′la, Tarentel′la, a lively Neapolitan dance in triplets for one couple—thought a remedy for tarantism; Taran′tula, Taren′tula, a species of spider found in South Italy, whose bite is much dreaded, and was long supposed to cause tarantism. [It. tarantola—Taranto—L. Tarentum, a town in South Italy where the spider abounds.]

Taratantara, tar-a-tan-tar′a, n. or adv. a word imitative of the sound of a trumpet.—Also Tantar′a, Tarantar′a.

Taraxacum, tar-aks′a-kum, n. the root of the dandelion, a tonic laxative in diseases of the liver.—n. Tarax′acine, a crystallisable substance extracted from the foregoing. [A botanical Latin word, coined from Gr. taraxis, trouble—tarassein, to trouble. Davic refers to Ar. taras-acon, a kind of succory, Latinised in Avicenna as taraxacon.]

Tarboosh, Tarbouche, tär-boosh′, n. a red cap with dark tassel worn by Moslem men. [Ar. tarbūsh.]

Tardigrade, tär′di-grād, adj. slow in pace; belonging to the Tar′digrada, a group or suborder of mammals containing the two genera of sloth.—n. one of the Tardigrada. [L. tardus, slow, gradi, to step.]

Tardy, tär′di, adj. slow, late, sluggish: out of season.—advs. Tardamen′te (mus.), slowly; Tar′dily, slowly: reluctantly: late.—n. Tar′diness.—adj. Tar′dy-gait′ed (Shak.) slow-paced. [Fr. tardif—tard—L. tardus, slow.]

Tare, tār, n. any one of several species of vetch: (B.) an unidentified weed, prob. darnel. [Prob. tear.]

Tare, tār, n. the weight of the vessel or package in which goods are contained: an allowance made for it, the remainder being the net weight. [Fr.,—Sp. tara—Ar. tarha, thrown away.]

Target, tär′get, n. a small buckler or shield: a mark to fire at for practice or competition: any object of desire or ambition: the frame holding railway-signals: (her.) a bearing representing a buckler: (Scot.) a pendant, tassel—also Targe.—adj. Tar′geted, provided with a shield.—ns. Targeteer′, Targetier′, one armed with a shield, a peltast. [A.S. targe; Old High Ger. zarga, a frame, wall; Fr. targe is of Teut. origin.]

Targum, tār′gum, n. a general term for the Aramaic versions—often paraphrases—of the Old Testament, which became necessary when, after and perhaps during the Babylonian Exile, Hebrew began to die out as the popular language and was supplanted by Aramaic.—adj. Tar′gumic.—n. Tar′gumist, a writer of a Targum: a student of the Targums.—adj. Targumist′ic. [Assyr. ragâmu, to speak, whence targumânu, speaker.]

Tariff, tar′if, n. a list of the duties, &c., fixed by law on merchandise: a list of charges, fees, or prices. [Fr.,—Sp.,—Ar. ta‛rīf, giving information, from ‛arafa, to explain.]

Tarlatan, tär′la-tan, n. a fine, open, transparent muslin for women's dresses, often coarse in texture, made at Tarare in the department of Rhône.—Also Tar′letan. [Prob. Milanese tarlantanna.]

Tarnation, tär-nā′shun, adj. and adv. a softened form of damnation, as Tar′nal, of eternal or infernal.

Tarnish, tär′nish, v.t. to soil by exposure to the air, &c.: to diminish the lustre or purity of, to stain, sully.—v.i. to become dull: to lose lustre.—n. a spot, stain, change in lustre of a mineral.—n. Tar′nisher. [Fr. ternir (pr.p. ternissant); terne, dull, wan—Mid. High Ger. ternen, Old High Ger. tarnjan, to darken; A.S. dernan, to cover.]

Taro, tä′rō, n. a plant of the arum family, widely cultivated for its edible roots in the islands of the Pacific. [Polynesian.]

Tarot, tar′ot, n. a kind of playing card used, and probably invented, in Italy about the middle of the 14th century, 78 to the pack: a game played with such.—Also Tar′oc. [Fr., so called prob. because tarotée on the back—i.e. marked with plain or dotted lines crossing diagonally—It. tarocchi.]

Tarpan, tar′pan, n. the small wild horse of the steppes of Russia. [Tatar.]

Tarpaulin, tär-paw′lin, n. strong linen or hempen cloth coated with tar or pitch to render it waterproof: a sailor's wide-brimmed storm-hat: (coll.) a sailor.—Also Tarpau′ling. [From tar, and prov. Eng. pauling, a cart cover; cf. Pall.]

Tarpeian, tär-pē′an, adj. designating a cliff—the Tarpeian Rock upon the Capitoline Hill at Rome, from which state criminals were thrown—from the Roman traitress Tarpeia.

Tarpon, tär′pon, Tarpum, tär′pum, n. a food-fish of America, of the herring family, common in the warmer Atlantic waters, and six feet long.—Also Jew-fish. [Amer. Ind.]

Tarradiddle, tar-a-did′l, n. a fib, a lie. [App. a coined word, the last part being the slang word diddle, to cheat.]

Tarragon, tar′a-gon, n. the herb-dragon, an aromatic plant used for flavouring vinegar, sauces, &c. [Sp. taragontia—Ar. tarkhūn—Gr. drakōn, a dragon.]

Tarrier, tar′i-ėr, n. old form of terrier: (slang) a rough fellow, a tough.

Tarry, tär′i, adj. consisting of, covered with, or like tar.—n. Tarr′y-breeks, a sailor.—adj. Tarr′y-fing′ered, thievish.—n.pl. Tarr′y-fing′ers, thieving fingers.

Tarry, tar′i, v.i. to be tardy or slow: to loiter or stay behind: to delay:—pa.t. and pa.p. tarr′ied.—n. Tarr′ier, one who tarries or delays.—v.i. Tarr′ow (Scot.), to hesitate, refuse. [M. E. targen, to delay (confused in form with tarien, to irritate)—O. Fr. targer (Fr. tarder)—L. tardus, slow.]

Tarsia, tär′si-a, n. an Italian mosaic, at first dealing with geometrical patterns in wood, but which developed into inlaid representations of architecture, views, figures, and drapery, and finally into foliaceous scrolls of modern marquetry. [It.]

Tarsier, tär′si-er, n. a small arboreal East Indian lemuroid, the malmag.—adj. Tar′siped, having the same tarsal structure as the foregoing. [Fr.]

Tarsus, tär′sus, n. the part of the foot to which the leg is articulated:—pl. Tar′sī.—adj. Tar′sal, relating to the tarsus or ankle.—ns. Tarsal′gia, pain in the tarsus: a neuralgic affection of the foot from which persons walking much sometimes suffer; Tar′sipes, a small Australian honey-sucking marsupial, of the family Phalangistidæ, about the size of a mouse.—adj. Tarsometatar′sal, pertaining to the tarsus and the metatarsus.—n. Tarsometatar′sus, the single compound bone of birds.—adj. Tarsotar′sal, mediotarsal. [Gr. tarsos, the flat part of the foot.]

Tart, tärt, adj. sharp or sour to the taste: (fig.) sharp: severe.—adj. Tart′ish, somewhat tart.—adv. Tart′ly.—n. Tart′ness. [A.S. teart—teran, to tear.]

Tart, tärt, n. a small pie, containing fruit or jelly baked in paste.—n. Tart′let, a small tart. [O. Fr. tarte—L. torta, fem. of pa.p. of torquēre, twist.]

Tartan, tär′tan, n. a woollen or worsted stuff checked with various colours, once the distinctive dress of the Scottish Highlanders, each clan having its own pattern. [Fr. tiretaine, linsey-woolsey—Sp. tiritaña, a thin woollen stuff—tiritar, to shiver.]

Tartan, tär′tan, n. a Mediterranean vessel with lateen sail: a kind of long covered carriage [Fr.,—Ar. taridah, a small ship.]

Tartar, tär′tar, n. a mixture of bitartrate of potash and tartrate of lime, being a deposit formed from wine, and known in its crude form as argol: a concretion which sometimes forms on the teeth.—adjs. Tar-tā′reous, Tar′tarous, consisting of, or resembling, tartar; Tartar′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, tartar.—v.t. Tar′tarise, to impregnate or treat with tartar.—adjs. Tartral′ic, Tartrel′ic, derived from tartar.—n. Tar′trāte, a salt of tartaric acid.—Tartar emetic, a compound of potassium and antimony.—Cream of tartar (see Cream). [Fr. tartre—Low L. tartarum—Ar. durd, dregs.]

Tartar, tär′tar, n. a native of Tartary in Asia: an irritable person, or one too strong for his assailant.

Tartarus, tär′ta-rus, n. the lower world generally, but esp. the place of punishment for the wicked, according to Homer, a deep and sunless abyss, as far below Hades as earth is below heaven, and closed in by iron gates—(Shak.) Tar′tar: (Spens.) Tar′tary.—adj. Tartā′rean. [L.,—Gr. tartaros.]

Tartuffe, tär-tōōf′, n. a hypocritical pretender to religion, from the chief character in Molière's most celebrated comedy (1669).—adjs. Tartuff′ish, Tar-tuf′ish.—ns. Tartuff′ism, Tartuf′ism.

Tar-water, tär′-waw′tèr, n. cold infusion of tar in water, once used as a medicine for chest complaints.

Tascal, tas′kal, n. a reward for information about cattle-stealing.—Also Tas′call. [Gael, taisgeal.]

Taseometer, tas-ē-om′e-tèr, n. an instrument for measuring strains in a structure. [Gr. tasis, a stretching, metron, measure.]

Tash, tash, n. an Oriental silk fabric, with gold or silver thread.—Also Tass. [Hind, tāsh, tās.]

Tasimeter, ta-sim′e-tėr, n. an apparatus for detecting changes in pressure by the variations in the electrical conductivity of carbon.—adj. Tasimet′ric.—n. Tasim′etry. [Gr. tasis—teinein, stretch.]

Task, task, n. a set amount of work, esp. of study, given by another: work: drudgery.—v.t. to impose a task on: to burden with severe work.—ns. Task′er, one who imposes a task, or who performs it; Task′ing, task-work; Task′master, a master who imposes a task: an overseer:—fem. Task′mistress; Task′work, work done as a task, or by the job.—Take to task, to reprove. [O. Fr. tasque (Fr. tâche)—Low L. tasca, taxa—L. taxāre, to rate.]

Taslet, tas′let, n. a tass or piece of armour for the thigh—prob. the same as Tasset.

Tasmanian, tas-mā′ni-an, adj. of or belonging to Tasmania or Van Diemen's Land.—n. a native of Tasmania.—Tasmanian devil, or Dasyure (see Devil); Tasmanian Wolf, a nocturnal carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania. [From Abel Jans Tasman (c. 1602-59), the discoverer.]

Tass, tas, n. (prov.) a hay-mow, a heap. [O. Fr. tas, a heap, most prob. Teut.]

Tass, tas, n. a drinking-cup or its contents. [Fr. tasse—Ar. tās, a cup.]

Tassel, tas′el, n. a hanging ornament consisting of a bunch of silk or other material: anything like a tassel: the silk or ribbon-marker of a book: a thin plate of gold on the back of a bishop's gloves.—v.t. to attach a tassel to, to ornament with tassels.—adj. Tass′elled, adorned with tassels. [O. Fr. tassel, an ornament of a square shape, attached to the dress—L. taxillus, dim. of talus, a die.]

Tassel-gentle, tas′el-jen′tl, n. (Shak.) the tiercel or male goshawk—also Tass′el-gent—properly Tier′cel-gen′tle.

Tasset, tas′et, n. an overlapping plate from the cuirass protecting the thigh. [O. Fr. tassette—tasse, n pouch—Teut., Old High Ger. tasca, a pouch.]

Taste, tāst, v.t. to try or perceive by the touch of the tongue or palate: to try by eating a little: to eat a little of: to partake of: to relish, enjoy: to experience: (Shak.) to enjoy carnally.—v.i. to try or perceive by the mouth: to have a flavour of.—n. the act or sense of tasting: the particular sensation caused by a substance on the tongue: the sense by which we perceive the flavour of a thing: the quality or flavour of anything: a small portion: intellectual relish or discernment: the faculty by which the mind perceives the beautiful: nice perception: choice, predilection.—adjs. Tāst′able, that may be tasted; Taste′ful, full of taste: having a high relish: showing good taste.—adv. Taste′fully.—n. Taste′fulness.—adj. Taste′less, without taste: insipid.—adv. Taste′lessly.—ns. Taste′lessness; Tāst′er, one skilful in distinguishing flavours by the taste: one whose duty it is to test the quality of food by tasting it before serving it to his master.—adv. Tāst′ily, with good taste, neatly.—n. Tāst′ing, the act or sense of tasting.—adj. Tāst′y, having a good taste: possessing nice perception of excellence: in conformity with good taste.—To one's taste, to one's liking, agreeable. [O. Fr. taster (Fr. tâter), as if from Low L. taxitāre—L. taxāre, to touch repeatedly, to estimate—tangĕre, to touch.]

Tat, tat, v.t. to make by hand, as an edging with a shuttle by knotting and looping thread.—v.i. to make tatting.—n. Tat′ting, a kind of lace edging woven or knit from common sewing-thread. [Prob. Scand., Ice. tæta, to tease, tæta, shreds.]

Tatar, tä′tar, n. a name originally applied to a native of certain Tungustic tribes in Chinese Tartary, but extended to the Mongol, Turkish, and other warriors, who swept over Asia under Genghis Khan. The term Tatars is used loosely for tribes of mixed origin in Tartary, Siberia, and the Russian steppes, including Kazan Tartars, Crim Tartars, Kipchaks, Kalmucks, &c. In the classification of languages Tartar′ic is used of the Turkish group.—adjs. Tatā′rian, Tatar′ic. [The Turkish and Persian Tátar became Tartar, because they were supposed to be like fiends from hell—Gr. tartoros.]

Tate, tāt, n. (Scot.) a small portion of anything fibrous.—Also Tait.

Tatter, tat′ėr, n. a torn piece: a loose hanging rag.—v.t. and v.i. to tear to tatters: to fall into tatters.—n. Tatterdemā′lion, a ragged fellow.—p.adj. Tatt′ered, in tatters or rags: torn.—adj. Tatt′ery, very ragged. [Ice. töturr (pl. tötrar), rags, a torn garment.]

Tattersalls, tat′ėr-salz, n. a famous mart in London for the sale of racing and other high-class horses, and one of the principal haunts of racing men—so called from Richard Tattersall (1724-95).

Tattle, tat′l, n. trifling talk or chat.—v.i. to talk idly or triflingly: to tell tales or secrets.—n. idle talk.—ns. Tatt′ler, one given to tattling; Tatt′lery, idle talk.—p.adj. Tatt′ling, given to tattling or telling tales.—n. (Shak.) the act of tale-telling.—adv. Tatt′lingly. [M. E. tatelen; Low Ger. tateln, to gabble; an imit. word.]

Tattoo, tat-tōō′, n. a beat of drum and a bugle-call to call soldiers to quarters, originally to shut the taps or drinking-houses against them.—The devil's tattoo, the act of drumming with the fingers on a table, &c.; in absence of mind or impatience. [Dut. taptoe—tap, a tap, and toe, which is the prep., Eng. to. Ger. zu, in the sense of 'shut.']

Tattoo, tat-tōō′, v.t. to mark permanently (as the skin) with figures, by pricking in colouring-matter.—n. marks or figures made by pricking colouring-matter into the skin.—ns. Tattoo′āge; Tattoo′er; Tattoo′ing. [Tahitian tatu.]

Tatty, tat′i, n. an East Indian screen or mat made of the roots of the fragrant cuscus-grass, with which door or window openings are filled up in the season of hot winds. [Hind. tātī.]

Tau, taw, n. the toad-fish: a tau-cross.—ns. Tau′-bone, a Τ-shaped bone, as the interclavicle of a monotreme; Tau′-cross, a cross in the form of a Τ—also Cross-tau and Cross of St Anthony; Tau′-staff, a staff with a cross-piece at the top like a crutch.—adj. Tau′-topped, having a handle like a tau-cross. [See T.]

Taunt, tawnt, v.t. to reproach or upbraid with severe or insulting words: to censure sarcastically.—n. upbraiding, sarcastic, or insulting words: a bitter reproach.—n. Taunt′er.—adj. Taunt′ing.—adv. Taunt′ingly. [O. Fr. tanter—L. tentāre, to tempt.]

Taupie, Tawpie, taw′pi, n. (Scot.) a thoughtless girl. [Ice. tópi, a fool.]

Taurus, taw′rus, n. the Bull, one of the signs of the zodiac.—adjs. Tau′rian, pertaining to a bull; Tau′riform, having the form of a bull; Tau′rīne, bull-like.—ns. Taurobō′lium, the slaughter of a bull in the Mithraic rites, or an artistic representation of the same; Taurom′achy, bull-fighting.—adj. Tauromor′phous, bull-shaped. [L.,—Gr.]

Taut, Taught, tawt, adj. tightly drawn: in good condition.—v.t. Taut′en, to make tight.—n. Taut′ness. [A form of tight.]

Tauted, taw′ted, adj. (Scot.) matted.—Also Taw′tie, Tau′tie, Tat′ty. [See Tat (1).]

Tautochronous, taw-tok′rō-nus, adj. isochronous.—n. Tau′tochrone.

Tautology, taw-tol′ō-ji, n. needless repetition of the same thing in different words.—adjs. Tautolog′ic, -al, containing tautology.—adv. Tautolog′ically.—v.i. Tautol′ogise, to use tautology: to repeat the same thing in different words.—ns. Tautol′ogism; Tautol′ogist.—adjs. Tautol′ogous, tautological; Tautophon′ical.—n. Tautoph′ony, repetition of the same sound. [Gr. tautologia—tauto, the same, legein, to speak.]

Tavern, tav′ėrn, n. a licensed house for the sale of liquors, with accommodation for travellers: an inn.—ns. Tav′erner, an innkeeper; Tav′erning. [Fr. taverne—L. taberna, from root of tabula, a board.]

Taw, taw, n. a marble chosen to be played with, a game at marbles, also the line from which to play.

Taw, taw, v.t. to prepare and dress, as skins into white leather.—ns. Taw′er, a maker of white leather; Taw′ery, a place where skins are dressed; Taw′ing. [A.S. tawian, to prepare; Old High Ger. zoujan, make, Dut. touwen, curry.]

Tawdry, taw′dri, adj. showy without taste: gaudily dressed.—adj. Taw′dered, tawdrily dressed.—adv. Taw′drily.—n. Taw′driness.—n.pl. Taw′drums, finery. [Said to be corr. from St Awdrey=St Ethelreda, at whose fair (17th October) laces and gay toys were sold.]

Tawny, taw′ni, adj. of the colour of things tanned, a yellowish brown.—n. Taw′niness. [Fr. tanné, pa.p. of tanner, to tan.]

Taws, Tawse, tawz, n. (Scot.) a leather strap, usually fringed at the end, for chastising children.

Tax, taks, n. a rate imposed on property or persons for the benefit of the state: anything imposed: a burdensome duty.—v.t. to lay a tax on: to register or enrol for fiscal purposes (Luke ii. 1): to burden: to accuse: to examine accounts in order to allow or disallow items.—ns. Taxabil′ity, Tax′ableness.—adj. Tax′able, capable of being, or liable to be, taxed—adv. Tax′ably.—ns. Taxā′tion, act of taxing; Tax′-cart, a light spring-cart; Tax′er.—adj. Tax′free, exempt from taxation.—ns. Tax′-gath′erer; Taxim′eter (see Addenda); Tax′ing-mas′ter, an officer of a court of law who examines bills of costs; Tax′-pay′er. [Fr. taxe, a tax—L. taxāre, to handle, value, charge—tangĕre to touch.]

Taxiarch, tak′si-ärk, n. the commander of an ancient Greek taxis or battalion.

Taxidermy, taks′i-dėr-mi, n. the art of preparing and stuffing the skins of animals.—adjs. Taxider′mal, Taxider′mic.—v.t. Tax′idermise.—n. Tax′idermist. [Fr.,—Gr. taxis, arrangement, derma, a skin.]

Taxis, tak′sis, n. (surg.) the art of putting parts in their natural place by means of pressure: orderly arrangement, classification: a brigade in an ancient Greek army.—ns. Taxol′ogy, the science of classification; Taxon′omer, a taxonomist.—adjs. Taxonom′ic, -al.—adv. Taxonom′ically.—ns. Taxon′omist, one versed in taxonomy; Taxon′omy, the laws and principles of taxology or orderly classification, also their application to natural history. [Gr.,—tassein, to arrange.]

Tazza, tat′sa, n. a shallow vessel mounted on a foot: a saucer-shaped bowl. [It.]

Tchick, chik, n. a sound made by pressing the tongue against the roof of the mouth and then drawing it back quickly, as in urging a horse on.—v.i. to make such a sound. [Imit.]

Tea, tē, n. the dried leaves of a shrub in China, Japan, Assam, and Ceylon: an infusion of the leaves in boiling water: any vegetable infusion.—ns. Tea′-bread, light spongy bread or buns to be eaten with tea; Tea′-cadd′y, a caddy or small box for holding tea; Tea′-cake, a light cake to be eaten with tea; Tea′-can′ister, an air-tight jar or box for holding tea; Tea′-chest, a chest or case in which tea is imported; Tea′-clip′per, a fast-sailing ship in the tea-trade; Tea′-cō′sy (see Cosy); Tea′-cup, a small cup used in drinking tea; Tea′-deal′er, one who buys and sells tea; Tea′-fight (slang), a tea-party; Tea′-gar′den, a public garden where tea and other refreshments are served; Tea′-gown, a loose gown for wearing at afternoon tea at home; Tea′-house, a Chinese or Japanese house for tea, &c.; Tea′-kett′le, a kettle in which to boil water for making tea; Tea′-lead, thin sheet-lead, used in lining tea-chests; Tea′-par′ty, a social gathering at which tea is served, also the persons present; Tea′-plant, the plant or shrub from which tea is obtained; Tea′-pot, a pot or vessel in which the beverage tea is made; Tea′-sau′cer, a saucer in which a tea-cup is set; Tea′-ser′vice, -set, the utensils necessary for a tea-table; Tea′-spoon, a small spoon used with the tea-cup, smaller still than the dessert-spoon; Tea′-stick, a stick cut from the Australian tea-tree; Tea′-tā′ble, a table at which tea is drunk; Tea′-tast′er, one who ascertains the quality of tea by tasting it.—n.pl. Tea′-things, the tea-pot, cups, &c.—ns. Tea′-tree, the common tea-plant or shrub; a name of various Australian myrtaceous and other plants; Tea′-urn, a vessel for boiling water or keeping it hot, used on the tea-table.—Black tea, that which in the process of manufacture is fermented between rolling and firing (heating with charcoal in a sieve), while Green tea is that which is fired immediately after rolling. Among black teas are bohea, congou, souchong, and pekoe; among green, hyson, imperial, and gunpowder. The finest black is Pekoe; the finest green, Gunpowder. [From South Chinese te (pron. tā), the common form being ch'a or ts'a.]

Teach, tēch, v.t. to show: to impart knowledge to: to guide the studies of: to exhibit so as to impress upon the mind: to impart the knowledge of: to accustom: to counsel.—v.i. to practise giving instruction:—pa.t. and pa.p. taught (tawt).—n. Teachabil′ity.—adj. Teach′able, capable of being taught: apt or willing to learn.—ns. Teach′ableness; Teach′er, one who teaches or instructs; Teach′ing, the act of teaching or instructing: instruction.—adj. Teach′less, indocile. [A.S. tǽcan, to show, teach; Ger. zeigen, to show; allied to L. docēre, to teach, Gr. deiknunai, to show.]

Teak, tēk, n. a tree in the East Indies and Africa, also its wood, remarkable for its hardness and durability. [Malayalam tekka.]

Teal, tēl, n. a web-footed water-fowl allied to the duck, but smaller. [Dut. teling, taling.]

Team, tēm, n. a number of animals moving together or in order: two or more oxen or other animals harnessed to the same vehicle; a number of persons associated for doing anything conjointly, playing a game, &c.—v.t. to join together in a team: to give work to a gang under a sub-contractor.—adj. Teamed (Spens.), arranged in a team.—n. Team′ster, one who drives a team.—adv. Team′wise, like a team, harnessed together. [A.S. teám, offspring; prob. teón, to draw.]

Teapoy, tē′poi, n. a small table for the tea-service, &c. [Hind. tīpāi—Pers. sīpāi.]

Tear, tēr, n. a drop of the fluid secreted by the lachrymal gland, appearing in the eyes: anything like a tear.—ns. Tear′-drop, a tear; Tear′-duct, the lachrymal or nasal duct.—adjs. Tear′-fall′ing (Shak.), shedding tears, tender; Tear′ful, abounding with or shedding tears: weeping.—adv. Tear′fully.—n. Tear′fulness.—adjs. Tear′less, without tears: unfeeling; Tear′-stained (Shak.), stained with tears; Tear′y, tearful, [A.S. teár, tǽr; Goth. tagr; cf. L. lacrima, Gr. dakru.]

Tear, tār, v.t. to draw asunder or separate with violence: to make a violent rent in: to lacerate.—v.i. to move or act with violence: to rage:—pa.t. tōre, (B.) tāre; pa.p. tōrn.—n. something torn, a rent: (slang) a spree.—n. Tear′er, one who, or that which, tears: (slang) a boisterous person.—p.adj. Tear′ing, great, terrible, rushing.—Tear and wear (see Wear); Tear one's self away, to go off with great unwillingness; Tear the hair, to pull the hair in a frenzy of grief or rage; Tear up, to remove from a fixed state by violence: to pull to pieces. [A.S. teran; cf. Ger. zehren.]

Tease, tēz, v.t. to comb or card, as wool: to scratch, as cloth: to raise a nap: to vex with importunity, jests, &c.: to torment, irritate.—n. one who teases or torments.—n. Teas′er, one who teases out anything: the stoker of a glass-works furnace.—adj. Teas′ing, vexatious.—adv. Teas′ingly. [A.S. tǽsan, to pluck; Dut. teezen, Ger. zeisen.]

Teasel, tēz′l, n. a plant with large burs or heads covered with stiff, hooked awns, which are used in raising a nap on cloth—also Teaz′el, Teaz′le.—v.t. to raise a nap on with the teasel:—pr.p. teas′eling; pa.t. and pa.p. teas′eled.—ns. Teas′eler; Teas′eling, the act of raising a nap on cloth. [A.S. tæsel, tæsl—tǽsan, to pluck.]

Teat, tēt, n. the nipple of the female breast through which the young suck the milk.—adj. Teat′ed, mammiferous. [A.S. tit; cog. with Ger. zitze; or perh. through O. Fr. tete, from Teut.]

Tebeth, teb′eth, n. the tenth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical, and fourth of the secular, year, corresponding to parts of December and January.

Technic, -al, tek′nik, -al, adj. pertaining to art, esp. the useful arts: belonging to a particular art or profession.—n. Technical′ity, state or quality of being technical: that which is technical.—adv. Tech′nically.—ns. Tech′nicalness; Techni′cian; Tech′nicist, one skilled in the practical arts.—n.pl. Tech′nics, the doctrine of arts in general: the branches that relate to the arts; Technique (tek-nēk′), method of performance, manipulation, esp. everything concerned with the mechanical part of a musical performance.—adjs. Technolog′ic, -al, relating to technology.—ns. Technol′ogist, one skilled in technology; Technol′ogy, the systematic knowledge of the industrial arts: a discourse or treatise on the arts: an explanation of terms employed in the arts; Technon′omy, the principles underlying technology. [Gr. technikos—technē, art, akin to tekein, to produce.]

Tecnology, tek-nol′ō-ji, n. a treatise on children. [Gr. teknon, a child, logia, discourse.]

Tectaria, tek-tā′ri-a, n. a genus of univalves with a turbinate or conic shell.—adjs. Tectibranch′iate, having the gills covered; Tec′tiform, roof-like: (entom.) ridged in the middle and sloping down on the sides. [L. tectum, a roof.]

Tectology, tek-tol′ō-ji, n. structural morphology according to which an organism is regarded as composed of individuals of different orders.—adj. Tectolog′ical. [Gr. tektōn, a builder.]

Tectonic, tek-ton′ik, adj. pertaining to building.—n.sing. and pl. Tecton′ics, building as an art: the shaping and ornamentation of furniture, weapons, &c. [Gr. tektōn, a builder.]

Tectorial, tek-tō′ri-al, adj. covering.—n. Tectō′rium, a covering: the coverts of the wing or tail of birds taken collectively.

Tectrices, tek-trī′sez, n.pl. wing or tail coverts of birds:—sing. Tec′trix.—adj. Tectri′cial.

Ted, ted, v.t. to spread or turn, as new-mown grass, for drying:—pr.p. ted′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. ted′ded.—n. Ted′der, an implement for spreading hay. [Scand.; Ice. tedhja, spread manure.]

Te deum, tē dē′um, n. a famous Latin hymn of the Western Church, sung at the end of matins on all feasts except Innocents' Day, and on all Sundays except during penitential seasons—it begins with the words Te Deum Laudamus, 'We praise thee, O God:' a thanksgiving service in which this hymn forms a principal part.

Tedious, tē′di-us, adj. wearisome: tiresome from length or slowness: irksome: slow.—n. Tedios′ity, tediousness.—adv. Tē′diously.—n. Tē′diousness. [L. tædiosus.]

Tedium, tē′di-um, n. wearisomeness: irksomeness. [L. tædium—tædet, it wearies.]

Tee, tē, n. a mark for quoits, curling-stones, &c.: (golf) the raised sand from which the ball is played at the commencement of each hole.—v.t. to place the golf-ball on this before striking off.

Tee, tē, n. a finial in the form of a conventionalised umbrella, crowning a dagoba in Indo-Chinese countries.

Teem, tēm, v.i. to bring forth or produce: to bear or be fruitful: to be pregnant: to be full or prolific.—n. Teem′er.—adjs. Teem′ful; Teem′ing; Teem′less, barren. [A.S. teám, offspring.]

Teen, tēn, n. (arch.) grief, affliction, injury. [A.S. teóna, reproach, injury.]

Teen, tēn, v.t. (Spens.) to excite, provoke. [A.S. týnan, to irritate, vex.]

Teething, tēth′ing, n. the first growth of teeth, or the process by which they make their way through the gums.—v.i. Teethe, to grow or cut the teeth.

Teetotaler, tē-tō′tal-ėr, n. one pledged to entire abstinence from intoxicating drinks.—adj. Teetō′tal.—n. Teetō′talism. [Prob. from a stammering pronunciation of the word Total by Richard Turner of Preston in 1833.]

Tee-totum, tē-tō′tum, n. a toy like a small top, twirled by the fingers.

Tegmen, teg′men, n. a covering: (bot.) the endopleura or inner coat of the seed: (anat.) the roof of the tympanic cavity of the ear: the covering of the posterior wing of some insects;—pl. Teg′mina.—adj. Teg′minal. [L.]

Tegmentum, teg-men′tum, n. the scaly covering of the leaf-buds of deciduous trees.—adj. Tegmen′tal.

Tegulated, teg-ū-lāt′ed, adj. composed of plates overlapping like tiles.—adj. Teg′ular.—adv. Teg′u-larly. [L. tegula, a tile—tegĕre, to cover.]

Tegument, teg′ū-ment, n. an integument.—adjs. Tegumen′tal, Tegumen′tary. [L. tegumentum—tegĕre, to cover.]

Teian, Tean, tē′an, adj. pertaining to Teos in ancient Ionia, or to the poet Anacreon, a native.

Te Igitur, tē ij′i-tur, n. the first paragraph of the eucharistic canon in the Roman liturgy.

Teil, tēl, n. the linden or lime tree: the terebinth. [O. Fr. teil—L. tilia.]

Teinds, tēndz, n.pl. the name given in Scotland to tithes, or, strictly, to that part of the estates of the laity which is liable to be assessed for the stipend of the clergy of the established church.

Teinoscope, tī′nō-skōp, n. an optical instrument consisting of two prisms so combined as to correct the chromatic aberration.

Teknonymy, tek-non′i-mi, n. the naming of the parent from the child.—adj. Teknon′ymous. [Gr. teknon, a child, onoma, a name.]

Tela, tē′la, n. a tissue:—pl. Telæ (tē′lē).—adjs. Tē′lar, pertaining to a tela, web, or tissue; Telā′rian, spinning a web.—n. a spinning spider.—adj. Tel′ary, pertaining to a tela, woven, spun. [L.]

Telamon, tel′a-mon, n. (archit.) a man's figure bearing an entablature. [Gr. telamōn, bearer.]

Telangiectasia, te-lan-ji-ek-tā′si-a, n. a dilation of the small arteries or capillaries—also Telangiec′tasis.—adj. Telangiectat′ic. [Gr. telos, the end, angeion, a vessel, ektasis, extension.]

Telautograph, te-law′tō-graf, n. a writing or copying telegraph, invented by Elisha Gray, for reproducing writings at a distance. [Gr. tēle, far, autos, self, graphein, to write.]

Telegram, tel′e-gram, n. a message sent by telegraph.—adj. Telegram′mic, pertaining to a telegram, brief, succinct. [Gr. tēle, at a distance, gramma, that which is written—graphein, to write.]

Telegraph, tel′e-graf, n. an apparatus for transmitting intelligible messages to a distance, esp. by means of electricity.—v.t. to convey or announce by telegraph.—ns. Tel′egraph-cā′ble, a cable containing wires for transmitting telegraphic messages; Tel′egrapher (or tē-leg′-), Tel′egraphist (or tē-leg′-), one who works a telegraph.—adjs. Telegraph′ic, -al, pertaining to, or communicated by, a telegraph.—adv. Telegraph′ically, in a telegraphic manner: by means of the telegraph.—ns. Tel′egraph-plant, an Indian leguminous plant, the small lateral leaflets of whose trifoliate leaves have a strange, spontaneous motion, jerking up and down (sometimes 180 times in a minute), as if signalling, and also rotate on their axes; Tel′egraphy (or tē-leg′-), the science or art of constructing or using telegraphs. [Gr. tēle at a distance, graphein to write.]

Telekinesis, tel-ē-ki-nē′sis, n. the production of motion without contact, through supra-physical causes, beyond the range of the senses.—adj. Telekinet′ic. [Gr. tēle, far, kinēsis, movement.]

Telemeter, tē-lem′e-tėr, n. an instrument for fixing distances in surveying, &c.—adj. Telemet′ric.—n. Telem′etry. [Gr. tēle, far, metron, measure.]

Teleology, tel-e-ol′ō-ji, n. the doctrine of the final causes of things.—adjs. Teleolog′ic, -al.—adv. Teleolog′ically.—ns. Teleol′ogism; Teleol′ogist. [Gr. telos, issue, logos, a discourse.]

Teleosaurus, tē-lē-ō-sawr′us, n. a genus of fossil saurians belonging to the Oolitic period.—adj. and n. Teleosau′rian. [Gr. teleios, perfect, sauros, a lizard.]

Teleost, tel′ē-ost, adj. osseous.—n. an osseous fish—also Teleos′tean. [Gr. teleios, complete, osteon, bone.]

Telepathy, tel′ē-path-i, or tē-lep′a-thi, n. the supposed fact that communication is possible between mind and mind otherwise than through the known channels of the senses, as at a distance without external means.—adj. Telepath′ic.—adv. Telepath′ically.—v.t. Tel′epathise, to affect or act upon through telepathy.—v.i. to practise telepathy.—n. Tel′epathist (or te-lep′-), one who believes in telepathy. [Gr. tēle, far, pathos, feeling.]

Telepheme, tel′ē-fēm, n. a telephonic message. [Gr. tēle, far, phēmē, a saying.]

Telephone, tel′e-fōn, n. an instrument for reproducing sound at a distance over a conducting wire or cord, esp. by means of electricity.—v.t. and v.i. to communicate by telephone.—n. Tel′ephōner, one who uses a telephone.—adj. Telephon′ic.—adv. Telephon′ically.—ns. Tel′ephōnist, one who uses the telephone, one skilled in its use; Telephō′nograph, an apparatus for recording a telephone message.—adj. Telephonograph′ic.—n. Tel′ephony, the art of telephoning. [Gr. tēle, far, phōnē, a sound.]

Telephote, tel′ē-fōt, n. an instrument for reproducing images of objects at a distance by means of electricity.—ns. Telephō′tograph, a picture so produced; Telephotog′raphy, the art of producing such—still a dream of the future. [Gr. tēle, far, phōs, phōtos, light.]

Teleplastic, tel-ē-plas′tik, adj. pertaining to the materialisation of spiritualistic phenomena.—Also Telesomat′ic. [Gr. tēle, far, plassein, to form.]

Telerpeton, tē-lėr′pe-ton, n. a remarkable genus of fossil reptiles of the Mesozoic period. [Gr. tēle, far, herpeton, a reptile.]

Telescope, tel′e-skōp, n. an optical instrument for viewing objects at a distance.—v.t. to drive together so that one thing, as a railway-carriage in a collision, slides into another like the movable joints of a spyglass.—v.i. to be forced into each other in such a way.—adjs. Telescop′ic, -al, pertaining to, performed by, or like a telescope: seen only by a telescope.—adv. Telescop′ically.—adj. Tel′escopiform.—ns. Tel′escopist, one who uses the telescope; Tel′escopy (or tē-les′-), the art of constructing or of using the telescope. [Fr.,—Gr. tēle, at a distance, skopein, to see.]

Teleseme, tel′ē-sēm, n. a system of electric signalling for the automatic transmission of different signals, in use in large hotels, for police alarms, &c. [Gr. tēle, far, sēma, a sign.]

Telesia, tē-lē′si-a, n. the sapphire. [Gr. telesios, finishing—telos, the end.]

Telespectroscope, tel-ē-spek′trō-skōp, n. a combined astronomical telescope and spectroscope.

Telestereoscope, tel-ē-ster′ē-ō-skōp, n. an optical instrument presenting distant objects in relief.

Telestic, tē-les′tik, adj. pertaining to the final end. [Gr. telos, an end.]

Telestich, tel′ē-stik, n. a poem in which the final letters of the lines make a name.

Telethermograph, tel-ē-ther′mō-graf, n. a self-registering telethermometer.

Telethermometer, tel-ē-ther-mom′e-tėr, n. thermometer that records its temperature at a distance.

Teleutospore, tē-lū′tō-spōr, n. a thick-walled winter spore of the rust-fungi (Uredineæ), producing on germination a promycelium. [Gr. teleutē completion, spora, seed.]

Tell, tel, v.t. to number or give an account of: to utter: to narrate: to disclose: to inform: to discern: to explain.—v.i. to give an account: to produce or take effect: to chat, gossip: to tell tales, play the informer:—pa.t. and pa.p. tōld.—adj. Tell′able, capable of being told.—ns. Tell′er, one who tells or counts: a clerk whose duty it is to receive and pay money; Tell′ership, the office of a teller.—p.adj. Tell′ing, having great effect.—adv. Tell′ingly, in a telling or effective manner.—n. Tell′-tale, one who tells tales: one who officiously tells the private concerns of others: an indication or an indicator, as an automatic instrument: a bird of genus Totanus, a tattler.—adj. given to reveal secrets, blabbing: apparent, openly seen: giving warning.—Tell off, to count off: to detach on some special duty. [A.S. tellan; Ice. telja, Ger. zählen, to number.]

Tellurium, te-lū′ri-um, n. an element by some classed as a metal, placed by others among the metalloids, brittle and crystalline, of high metallic lustre, bluish-white in colour, with close analogies to sulphur and selenium.—n. Tel′lurate, a salt of telluric acid.—adjs. Tel′lūretted, combined with tellurium; Tellū′rian, pertaining to the earth.—n. an inhabitant of the earth.—adj. Tellū′ric, pertaining to, or proceeding from, the earth: of or from tellurium.—n. Tel′luride, a compound of tellurium with an electro-positive element.—adjs. Tellūrif′erous, containing tellurium; Tel′lūrous, pertaining to tellurium. [L. tellus, telluris, the earth.]

Telotype, tel′ō-tīp, n. a printing electric telegraph: an automatically printed telegram.

Telpher, tel′fėr, adj. pertaining to a system of telpherage.—n. Tel′pherage, a term coined by Prof. Fleeming Jenkin for a system of electric traction developed on an absolute automatic block system, the presence of a train on one section cutting off the supply of electric energy to the section behind, any mode of transport effected automatically with the aid of electricity. [Framed from tel(egraph)—Gr. tēle, far, pherein, to carry.]

Telson, tel′son, n. the last somite of the pleon or abdomen of certain crustaceans and arachnidans. [Gr. telson, a boundary.]

Telugu, tel′ōō-gōō, n. the language spoken in the north-western portion of the Dravidian area inhabited by the Telingas.—Also Tel′oogoo.

Temenos, tem′e-nos, n. a piece of land marked off from common uses and dedicated to a god, a precinct. [Gr.,—temnein, to cut off.]

Temerity, te-mėr′i-ti, n. rashness: unreasonable contempt for danger.—adj. Temerā′rious (obs.), rash, reckless.—adv. Temerā′riously.—adj. Tem′erous, rash.—adv. Tem′erously. [Fr. témérité—L. temeritas—temere, by chance, rashly.]

Tempean, tem-pē′an, adj. pertaining to, or resembling, Tempe, a valley in Thessaly, praised by the classic poets for its matchless beauty: beautiful: delightful.

Temper, tem′pėr, v.t. to mix in due proportion: to modify by blending or mixture: to moderate: to soften: to bring to a proper degree of hardness and elasticity, as steel: to amend or adjust, as a false or imperfect concord.—n. due mixture or balance or different or contrary qualities: state of a metal as to hardness, &c.: constitution of the body: constitutional frame or state of mind, esp. with regard to feelings, disposition, temperament, mood: passion, irritation: calmness or moderation: in sugar-works lime or other substance used to neutralise the acidity of cane-juice.—adjs. Tem′perable, capable of being tempered; Tem′pered, having a certain specified disposition or temper: brought to a certain temper, as steel: (mus.) tuned or adjusted to some mean, or to equal, temperament.—adv. Tem′peredly.—ns. Tem′perer; Tem′pering, the process of giving the required degree of hardness or softness to iron or steel, by heating to redness and cooling in different ways. [L. temperāre, to combine properly, allied to tempus, time.]

Temperament, tem′pėr-a-ment, n. state with respect to the predominance of any quality: internal constitution or state: disposition, one of the peculiarities of physical and mental organisation which to a certain extent influence our thoughts and actions—choleric or bilious, lymphatic, nervous, sanguine: the adjustment of imperfect concords, so that the difference between two contiguous sounds is reduced to a minimum and the two appear identical—a system of compromise in the tuning of keyed instruments.—adj. Temperamen′tal.—adv. Temperamen′tally. [L. temperamentum—temperāre.]

Temperance, tem′pėr-ans, n. moderation, esp. in the indulgence of the natural appetites and passions—in a narrower sense, moderation in the use of alcoholic liquors, and even entire abstinence from such.—Temperance hotel, one which professes to supply no alcoholic liquors; Temperance movement, a political agitation for the restriction or abolition of the use of alcoholic liquors; Temperance society, usually an association of total-abstainers from alcoholic liquors. [L. temperantia.]

Temperate, tem′pėr-āt, adj. moderate in degree of any quality, esp. in the appetites and passions, self-restrained: calm: cool, mild, moderate in temperature: abstemious.—adv. Tem′perately.—n. Tem′perateness.—adj. Tem′perative.—n. Tem′perature, constitution: proportion: degree of any quality, esp. of heat or cold in weather or climate: the thermal condition of a body which determines the interchange of heat between it and other bodies: state of a living body with respect to sensible heat.—Temperate zones, the parts of the earth of more cool and equable temperature lying between the tropics and the polar circles—the North Temperate Zone being the space between the tropic of Cancer and the arctic circle; the South Temperate Zone, that between the tropic of Capricorn and the antarctic circle.

Tempest, tem′pest, n. wind rushing with great velocity, usually with rain or snow: a violent storm: any violent commotion.—adjs. Tem′pest-beat′en; Tem′pest-tost (Shak.), driven about by storms; Tempes′tūous, resembling, or pertaining to, a tempest: very stormy: turbulent.—adv. Tempes′tūously.—n. Tempes′tūousness.—Tempest in a tea-pot, a great disturbance over a trivial matter. [O. Fr. tempeste—L. tempestas, a season, tempest—tempus, time.]

Templar, tem′plar, n. one of a religious and military order founded in 1119 for the protection of the Holy Sepulchre and pilgrims going thither—extinguished, 1307-14, in one of the darkest tragedies of history: a student or lawyer living in the Temple, London.—Good Templar, a member of a teetotal society whose organisation is a travesty of that of the Freemasons. [Orig. called 'Poor fellow-soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon,' from their first headquarters in the palace of King Baldwin II., which was built on the site of the temple of Solomon, close to the church of the Holy Sepulchre.]

Template, tem′plāt, n. a mould in wood or metal, showing the outline or profile of mouldings, and from which the workmen execute the moulding.—Also Tem′plet. [Low L. templatus, vaulted—L. templum, a small timber.]

Temple, tem′pl, n. an edifice erected to a deity or for religious purposes: a place of worship: in London, two inns of court, once occupied by the Knights Templars. [L. templum, prob. for temulum, a space marked out for religious purposes, dim. of tempus, a piece cut off.]

Temple, tem′pl, n. the flat portion of either side of the head above the cheekbone.—adj. Tem′poral, pertaining to the temples. [O. Fr. temple—L. tempora, the temples, pl. of tempus, time.]

Temporal, tem′por-al, adj. pertaining to time, esp. to this life or world—opposed to eternal: worldly, secular, or civil—opposed to sacred or ecclesiastical.—n. Temporal′ity, what pertains to temporal welfare: (pl.) secular possessions, revenues of an ecclesiastic proceeding from lands, tithes, and the like.—adv. Tem′porally.—n. Tem′poralness.—adv. Tem′porarily.—n. Tem′porariness.—adjs. Tem′porary, Temporā′neous, for a time only: transient.—n. Temporisā′tion.—v.i. Tem′porise, to comply with the time or occasion: to yield to circumstances.—ns. Tem′poriser; Tem′porising.—adv. Tem′porisingly. [Fr.,—L. tempus, time.]

Tempt, temt, v.t. to put to trial: to test: to try to persuade, esp. to evil: to entice.—adj. Temp′table.—ns. Temp′tableness; Temptā′tion, act of tempting: state of being tempted: that which tempts: enticement to evil: trial.—adj. Temptā′tious, seductive.—n. Temp′ter, one who tempts, esp. the devil:—fem. Temp′tress.—adj. Temp′ting, adapted to tempt or entice.—adv. Temp′tingly.—n. Temp′tingness. [O. Fr. tempter (Fr. tenter)—L. tentāre, an inten. of tendĕre, to stretch.]

Temulence, tem′ū-lens, n. intoxication—also Tem′ulency.—adj. Tem′ulent.—adv. Tem′ulently. [L. temulentus, drunk.]

Ten, ten, adj. twice five.—n. a figure denoting ten units, as 10 or x.: a playing-card with ten spots: ten o'clock in the morning or evening.—n. Up′per-ten (see under Upper). [A.S. tén, tíen; Ger. zehn, W. deg, L. decem, Gr. deka, Sans. daçan.]

Tenable, ten′a-bl, adj. capable of being retained, kept, or defended.—ns. Tenabil′ity, Ten′ableness, the state or quality of being tenable. [Fr. tenable, from tenir—L. tenēre, to hold.]

Tenace, ten′ās, n. at whist, a holding of the first and third best cards (major tenace), or the second and fourth best cards (minor tenace), in a suit. [Fr.]

Tenacious, tē-nā′shus, adj. retaining or holding fast: apt to stick: stubborn.—adv. Tenā′ciously.—ns. Tenā′ciousness, Tenac′ity, quality of being tenacious: the quality of bodies which makes them stick to others. [L. tenax—tenēre.]

Tenaculum, tē-nak′ū-lum, n. a surgical hooked instrument for drawing out a divided blood-vessel to be tied.

Tenaille, te-nāl′, n. (fort.) an outwork in the main ditch immediately in front of the curtain, of great use for protecting the ditch, covering the postern from the enemy's view, &c.—n. Tenaillon (te-nal′yon), a work to strengthen the side of a small ravelin, and to support the shoulder of the bastion. [Fr.,—L. tenaculum, a holder—tenēre, to hold.]

Tenant, ten′ant, n. one who holds or possesses land or property under another, the payments and services which he owes to his superior constituting his tenure: one who has, on certain conditions, temporary possession of any place, an occupant.—v.t. to hold as a tenant.—n. Ten′ancy, a holding by private ownership: a temporary holding of land or property by a tenant.—adj. Ten′antable, fit to be tenanted: in a state of repair suitable for a tenant.—n. Ten′ant-farm′er, a farmer who rents a farm from the landlord.—adj. Ten′antless, without a tenant.—ns.

Ten′ant-right, the customary right of the tenant to sit continuously at a reasonable rent, and to receive compensation for his interest from the incoming tenant, and for all permanent or unexhausted improvements from the landlord; Ten′antry, the body of tenants on an estate. [Fr. tenant—L. tenens, pr.p. of tenēre, to hold.]

Tench, tensh, n. a fresh-water fish, of the carp family, very tenacious of life. [O. Fr. tenche (Fr. tanche)—L. tinca.]

Tend, tend, v.t. to accompany as assistant or protector: to take care of, to be attentive to, to wait upon so as to execute.—ns. Ten′dance (Spens.), state of expectation: (Shak.) act of waiting or tending, also persons attendant; Ten′der, a small vessel that attends a larger with stores, &c.: a carriage attached to locomotives to supply fuel and water. [Contracted from attend.]

Tend, tend, v.i. to stretch, aim at, move, or incline in a certain direction: to be directed to any end or purpose: to contribute.—n. Ten′dency, direction, object, or result to which anything tends: inclination: drift. [Fr. tendre—L. tendĕre; Gr. teinein, to stretch.]

Tender, ten′dėr, v.t. to stretch out or offer for acceptance, esp. to offer to supply certain commodities for a certain period at rates specified.—n. an offer or proposal, esp. of some service, also the paper containing it: the thing offered, the actual production and formal offer of a sum due in legal money, or an offer of services to be performed, in order to save the consequences of non-payment or non-performance.

Tender, ten′dėr, adj. soft, delicate: easily impressed or injured: not hardy: fragile: weak and feeble: easily moved to pity, love, &c.: careful not to injure (with of): unwilling to cause pain: apt to cause pain: pathetic, expressive of the softer passions: compassionate, loving, affectionate: young and inexperienced: weakly in health: delicate, requiring careful handling: quick, keen: apt to lean over under sail.—n. Ten′der-foot, one not yet hardened to life in the prairie, mining-camp, &c.: a new-comer.—adj. Ten′der-heart′ed, full of feeling.—adv. Ten′der-heart′edly.—n. Ten′der-heart′edness.—adj. Ten′der-heft′ed (Shak.), having great tenderness.—ns. Ten′derling, one too much coddled, an effeminate fellow: one of the first horns of a deer; Ten′der-loin, the tenderest part of the loin of beef, pork, &c., lying close to the ventral side of the lumbar vertebræ.—adv. Ten′derly.—n. Ten′derness. [Fr. tendre—L. tener, allied to tenuis, thin.]

Tendon, ten′don, n. the white fibrous tissue reaching from the end of a muscle to bone or some other structure which is to serve as a fixed attachment for it, or which it is intended to move—funicular, as the long tendon of the biceps muscle of the arm; fascicular, as the short tendon of that muscle, and as most tendons generally; aponeurotic, tendinous expansions, as the tendons of the abdominal muscles—L. Ten′do:—pl. Ten′dines.—adj. Ten′dinous, consisting of, containing, or resembling tendons: full of tendons: sinewy.—ns. Tenog′raphy, the description of tendons; Tenol′ogy, that part of anatomy which relates to tendons; Tenot′omy, the surgical operation of dividing a tendon. [Fr. tendon—L. tendĕre, to stretch; cf. Gr. tenōn—teinein, to stretch.]

Tendril, ten′dril, n. a slender, spiral shoot of a plant by which it attaches itself for support.—adj. clasping or climbing.—adj. Ten′drilled. [O. Fr. tendrillons, tendre—L. tener, tender.]

Tenebrous, ten′e-brus, adj. dark: gloomy—also Ten′ebrose.—n.pl. Tenebræ (ten′e-brē), an office held by Roman Catholics on Good Friday and the preceding two days, consisting of the matins and lauds of the following day. During it the church is gradually darkened by the putting out of all the candles but one, which for a time (as a symbol of our Lord's death and burial) is hidden at the Epistle corner of the altar.—adj. Tenebrif′ic, producing darkness.—ns. Tēneb′rio, a genus of beetles, including the meal-worm; Tenebros′ity, darkness. [L. tenebrosus—tenebræ, darkness.]

Tenement, ten′e-ment, n. anything held, or that may be held, by a tenant: a dwelling or habitation, or part of it, used by one family: one of a set of apartments in one building, each occupied by a separate family.—adjs. Tenement′al; Tenement′ary.

Tenendum, tē-nen′dum, n. that clause in a deed wherein the tenure of the land is defined and limited. [L., neut. of tenendus, ger. of tenēre, to hold.]

Tenesmus, tē-nes′mus, n. the term applied in medicine to a straining and painful effort to relieve the bowels when no fæcal matter is present in the rectum, the effort being caused by some adjacent source of irritation.—adj. Tenes′mic.

Tenet, ten′et, n. any opinion, principle, or doctrine which a person holds or maintains as true. [L. tenet, he holds—tenēre, to hold.]

Tennis, ten′is, n. an ancient game for two to four persons, played with ball and rackets within a building specially constructed for the purpose: lawn-tennis (q.v.), a modern imitation of the former.—ns. Tenn′is-ball, a ball used in the game of tennis; Tenn′is-court, a place or court for playing at tennis. [Skeat suggests O. Fr. tenies, pl. of tenie, a fillet—L. tænia.]

Tenon, ten′un, n. a projection at the end of a piece of wood inserted into the socket or mortise of another, to hold the two together.—v.t. to fit with tenons.—ns. Ten′oner, a machine for forming tenons; Ten′on-saw, a thin back-saw for tenons, &c. [Fr. tenon—tenir, to hold—L. tenēre.]

Tenor, ten′ur, n. continuity of state: general run or currency: purport: the higher of the two kinds of voices usually belonging to adult males: the part next above the bass in a vocal quartet: one who sings tenor.—adj. pertaining to the tenor in music.—ns. Ten′or-clef, the C clef, placed on the fourth line; Ten′orist. [L. tenor—tenēre, to hold.]

Tenpins, ten′pinz, n. a game played in a bowling-alley, the aim being to bowl down ten pins set up at the far end.

Tenrec, ten′rek, n. a genus of Insectivora, of one species, 12 to 16 inches long, with squat body and hardly any tail, found in Madagascar and Mauritius.—Also Tan′rec. [Malagasy.]

Tense, tens, n. time in grammar, the form of a verb to indicate the time of the action. [O. Fr. tens (Fr. temps)—L. tempus, time.]

Tense, tens, adj. strained to stiffness: rigid.—adv. Tense′ly.—ns. Tense′ness, state of being tense; Tensibil′ity, Tensil′ity, quality of being tensile.—adjs. Ten′sible, Ten′sile, capable of being stretched.—ns. Ten′sion, act of stretching: state of being stretched or strained: strain: effort: strain in the direction of the length, or the degree of it: mental strain, excited feeling: a strained state of any kind; Ten′sion-rod, a rod in a structure holding together different parts; Ten′sity, tenseness: state of being tense.—adj. Ten′sive, giving the sensation of tenseness or stiffness.—n. Ten′sor, a muscle that tightens a part. [L. tensus, pa.p. of tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenson, ten′son, n. a competition in verse between two troubadours before a tribunal of love, also a subdivision of the chanson composed at such.—Also Ten′zon. [Fr.,—L. tensio, a struggle.]

Tent, tent, n. a portable lodge or shelter, generally of canvas stretched on poles: a plug or roll of lint used to dilate a wound or opening in the flesh—v.t. to probe: to keep open with a tent.—ns. Tent′-bed, a bed having a canopy hanging from a central point overhead; Tent′-cloth, canvas, duck, &c. suitable for tents.—adj. Ten′ted, covered with tents.—ns. Ten′ter, one who lives in a tent; Tent′-fly, an external piece of canvas stretched above the ridge-pole of a tent, shading from sun or shielding from rain; Tent′ful, as many as a tent will hold; Tent′-guy, an additional rope for securing a tent against a storm.—adjs. Ten′tiform, shaped like a tent; Ten′ting (Keats), having the form of a tent.—ns. Tent′-mak′er, one who makes tents; Tent′-peg, -pin, a strong peg of notched wood, or of iron, driven into the ground to fasten one of the ropes of a tent to; Tent′-peg′ging, a favourite cavalry exercise in India, in which the competitor, riding at full speed, tries to bear off a tent-peg on the point of a lance; Tent′-pole, one of the poles used in pitching a tent; Tent′-rope, one of the ropes by which a tent is secured to the tent-pins, generally one for each breadth of the canvas; Tent′-stitch, in worsted and embroidery, a series of parallel diagonal stitches—also Petit point; Tent′-work, work produced by embroidering with tent-stitch. [Fr. tente—Low L. tenta—L. tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tent, tent, n. a Spanish wine of a deep-red colour. [Sp. tinto, deep-coloured—L. tinctus, pa.p. of tingĕre, to dye.]

Tent, tent, v.t. (Scot.) to take heed.—v.i. to be careful.—n. care, watchfulness. [Same as Intent.]

Tentacle, ten′ta-kl, n. a thread-like organ of certain insects for feeling or motion.—adjs. Ten′tacled; Tentac′ūlar; Tentac′ūlate; Tentaculif′erous.—n. Tentac′ūlite, a genus of annulated tapering shells, found abundantly in Silurian and Devonian strata. [Fr. tentacule—L. tentāre, to feel—tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tentative, ten′ta-tiv, adj. trying: experimental.—n. any attempt, conjecture.—adv. Ten′tatively. [Fr.,—Late L.,—L. tentāre, to try—tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenter, ten′tėr, n. a machine for extending or stretching cloth on by hooks.—v.t. to stretch on hooks.—n. Ten′ter-hook, a sharp, hooked nail, anything that gives torture.—Be on tenter-hooks, to be on the stretch: to be in suspense or anxiety. [Fr. tenture—L. tentura—tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenter, ten′tėr, n. one who has charge of something.—adj. Ten′ty, attentive.

Tenth, tenth, adj. the last of ten: next in order after the ninth.—n. one of ten equal parts.—adv. Tenth′ly, in the tenth place.

Tentigo, ten-tī′gō, n. morbid lasciviousness.—adj. Tentig′inous.

Tentorium, ten-tō′ri-um, n. a sheet of the dura mater stretched between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.—adj. Tentō′rial. [L., 'a tent'—tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenuity, te-nū′i-ti, n. thinness: smallness of diameter: slenderness: rarity.—v.t. Ten′ūate, to make tenuous.—adj. Tenūiros′tral, slender-billed, as a bird of the Tenūiros′tres, a large division of passerine birds including humming-birds, nuthatches, &c.—adj. Ten′ūous, thin, slender. [L. tenuitas—tenuis, thin, slender; cf. tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenure, ten′ūr, n. a general name for the conditions on which land is held by the persons who occupy and use it. [Fr. tenure—Low L. tenura—L. tenēre, to hold.]

Tenuto, te-nōō′tō, adj. (mus.) sustained—opp. to Staccato. [It.]

Teocalli, te-ō-kal′li, n. one of the temples of the aborigines of Central America, which were erected on the top of a four-sided pyramid, and the remains of which are chiefly found in Mexico.

Tepefy, tep′ē-fī, v.t. to make tepid or moderately warm:—pa.t. and pa.p. tep′efīed.—n. Tepefac′tion, act of making tepid or lukewarm. [L. tepefacĕre—tepēre, to be warm, facĕre, to make.]

Tephrite, tef′rīt, n. a name applied to certain modern volcanic rocks.—adj. Tephrit′ic.—ns. Teph′ritoid, a variety of tephrite; Tephi′roite, a reddish silicate of manganese.

Tephromancy, tef′rō-man-si, n. divination from the inspection of the ashes of a sacrifice.—Also Teph′ramancy. [Gr. tephra, ashes, manteia, divination.]

Tepid, tep′id, adj. moderately warm: lukewarm.—ns. Tepidā′rium, an intermediate chamber in a Roman series of bathrooms, moderately hot: a boiler in which the water was heated: any room containing a warm bath; Tepid′ity, Tep′idness, lukewarmness; Tep′or, gentle heat. [L. tepidus—tepēre, to be warm.]

Teramorphous, ter-a-mor′fus, adj. monstrous in form or nature. [Gr. teras, a monster, morphē, form.]

Teraphim, ter′a-fim, n.pl. a Hebrew word of uncertain derivation, denoting a certain kind of images, idols, or household gods, of a human figure, associated with divination, and commonly used in the popular worship:—sing. Ter′aph. [Heb.]

Teratology, ter-a-tol′ō-ji, n. the study of malformations or abnormal growths, animal or vegetable.—adj. Teratogen′ic, producing monsters.—n. Teratog′eny, the production of monsters.—adjs. Ter′atoid, monstrous; Teratolog′ic, -al, pertaining to teratology.—ns. Teratol′ogist, one skilled in teratology; Teratō′ma, an anomalous congenital tumour, often containing many different tissues.—adj. Teratō′matous.—n. Teratō′sis, monstrosity. [Gr. teras, teratos, a monster.]

Terbium, ter′bi-um, n. a rare metal found in certain yttrium minerals.—adj. Ter′bic.

Terce, tėrs, n. (Scots law) a widow's right, where she has no conventional provision, to a liferent of a third of the husband's heritable property: the office of the third hour, which should be said between sunrise and noon. [Tierce.]

Tercentenary, tėr-sen′te-nā-ri, adj. including or relating to an interval of three hundred years.—n. the 300th anniversary of anything.—adj. Tercenten′nial.

Terebene, ter′ē-bēn, n. a light-yellow liquid, obtained by treating oil of turpentine with sulphuric acid, used as a disinfectant.—adj. Tereb′ic, pertaining to turpentine.—n. Ter′ebinth, the turpentine-tree.—adj. Terebinth′ine. [L.,—Gr. terebinthos.]

Terebra, ter′ē-bra, n. a Roman engine for making a breach in a wall: the borer or ovipositor of various insects.—adj. Ter′ebrant.—n. a borer, a bore.—v.t. Ter′ebrāte, to bore.—adj. provided with a borer.—n. Terebrā′tion. [L.]

Terebratula, ter-ē-brat′ū-la, n. a genus of deep-sea Brachiopods, from the form of the ventral valve of their shell termed Lamp-shells.—n. Terebrat′ulid, one of this genus.—adj. Terebrat′ūliform.—n. Terebrat′ulite, a fossil terebratulid.—adj. Terebrat′ūloid (also n.).

Teredo, tē-rē′do, n. the ship-worm, a worm very destructive in boring into wood.—Also Ter′edine. [L.,—Gr. terēdōn, from teirein, to wear away.]

Terentian, ter-en′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the Roman comic poet Terence, P. Terentius Afer (b. 195 B.C.).

Teres, tē′rēz, n. a terete muscle.—adjs. Terete′, cylindrical and tapering, columnar; Tereticau′date, round-tailed. [L. teres, terĕtis, smooth, terĕre, to rub.]

Tergal, ter′gal, adj. pertaining to the back, dorsal.—adjs. Ter′gant (her.), turning the back, recursant; Tergif′erous, bearing on the back.—n. Ter′gite, the tergum or back of one of the somites or segments of an arthropod, &c.—adj. Tergit′ic.—n. Ter′gum, the back, dorsum, or notum, as of an arthropod:—pl. Ter′ga. [L. tergum, the back.]

Tergeminate, ter-jem′i-nāt, adj. thrice double.—Also Tergem′inal, Tergem′inous.

Tergiversation, tėr-ji-vėr-sā′shun, n. a shuffling or shifting: subterfuge: fickleness of conduct.—v.i. Ter′giversate, to practise or use evasion.—n. Ter′giversātor. [L., from tergum, the back, versāri, to turn.]

Term, tėrm, n. any limited period: the time for which anything lasts: the time during which the courts of law are open: certain days on which rent is paid: that by which a thought is expressed, a word or expression: a condition or arrangement (gener. in pl.): (alg.) a member of a compound quantity.—v.t. to apply a term to: to name or call.—n. Term′er, one who attends a court term, often with the sense of a shifty rogue: one holding an estate for a term of years—also Term′or.—adj. Terminolog′ical.—adv. Terminology′ically.—n. Terminol′ogy, doctrine of terms: the terms used in any art, science, &c.—adj. Term′less, having no term or end: (Spens.) unlimited, boundless.—adv. Term′ly, term by term.—Be on terms with, to be on friendly relations with; Bring to terms, to compel to the acceptance of conditions; Come to terms, to come to an agreement: to submit; Eat one's terms (see Eat); In terms of, in the language peculiar to anything, in modes of; Keep a term, to give the regular attendance during a period of study; Major term, in a syllogism, that which is the predicate of the conclusion; the Minor term, that which is the subject of the conclusion; Make terms, to come to an agreement; Speak in terms, to speak plainly; Stand upon one's terms (with), to insist upon conditions. [Fr. terme—L. terminus, a boundary.]

Terma, ter′ma, n. the terminal lamina of the brain.—adj. Termat′ic.—n. the termatic artery. [Gr., 'a limit.']

Termagant, tėr′ma-gant, n. a boisterous, bold woman.—adj. boisterous: brawling: tumultuous.—n. Ter′magancy, state or quality of being a termagant: turbulence.—adv. Ter′magantly. [M. E. Termagant or Tervagant, a supposed Mohammedan idol, represented in the old plays and moralities as of a violent character—O. Fr. Tervagant, Tervagan—It. Trivigante, perh. from the moon as wandering under three names of Selene (Luna) in heaven, Artemis (Diana) on earth, and Persephone (Proserpine) in the lower world.]

Terminate, tėr′min-āt, v.t. to set a limit to: to set the boundary: to put an end to: to finish.—v.i. to be limited: to end either in space or time: to close.—adj. Ter′minable, that may be limited: that may terminate or cease.—n. Ter′minableness.—adj. Ter′minal, pertaining to, or growing at, the end or extremity: ending a series or part: occurring in every term.—n.pl. Terminā′lia, an annual Roman festival in honour of Terminus, the god of boundaries.—adv. Ter′minally.—n. Terminā′tion, act of terminating or ending: limit: end: result: the ending of words as varied by their signification.—adjs. Terminā′tional, pertaining to, or forming, a termination; Ter′minātive, tending to terminate or determine: absolute.—adv. Ter′minātively.—n. Ter′minātor, one who, or that which, terminates: the boundary between the illuminated and dark portions of the moon or of a planet.—adj. Ter′minātory. [L. terminus.]

Terminus, tėr′mi-nus, n. the end or extreme point: one of the extreme points of a railway, &c.: the ancient Roman god of boundaries:—pl. Ter′mini (ī).—ns. Ter′miner (law), the act of determining; Ter′minism, the theological doctrine that there is a limit in the life of each man and of mankind for the operation of grace; Ter′minist, one who believes in terminism.

Termite, ter′mīt, n. the white ant.—ns. Termitā′rium, Ter′mitary, a mound of termites.—adj. Ter′mitine. [L. termes, termitis, a wood-worm.]

Tern, tėrn, n. a long-winged aquatic fowl allied to the gull.—n. Ter′nery, a place where terns breed. [Allied to Dan. terne, sea-swallow, Ice. therna.]

Tern, tėrn, adj. threefold: consisting of three: growing in threes.—n. that which consists of three things or numbers together: a prize in a lottery got by drawing three favourable numbers.—adjs. Ter′nal, threefold; Ter′nary, proceeding by, or consisting of, threes.—n. the number three.—adj. Ter′nāte, threefold, or arranged in threes.—adv. Ter′nātely.—n. Ter′nion, a section of paper for a book containing three double leaves or twelve pages. [L. terni, three each—tres, three.]

Terne, tėrn, n. an inferior tin-plate for roofs and the inside of packing-cases. [Fr. terne, dull.]

Terpene, ter′pēn, n. one of several isomeric oily hydrocarbons. [Terebene.]

Terpsichore, tėrp-sik′ō-rē, n. one of the nine muses, who presided over choral song and dancing.—adj. Terpsichorē′an, relating to Terpsichore, or to dancing. [Gr. terpsichorē, delighting in dancing—terpsis, delight—terpein, to enjoy, choros, dancing.]

Terra, ter′a, n. earth.—ns. Terr′a-cot′ta, a composition of clay and sand used for statues, hardened like bricks by fire; Terr′aculture, agriculture; Terr′æ-fil′ius, a person of humble origin: formerly the title of a scholar at Oxford who composed annually a satirical lampoon in which considerable license was allowed; Terr′a-fir′ma, a term frequently employed to denote continental land as distinguished from islands: (coll.) land as distinguished from water; Terr′a-japon′ica, pale catechu or gambier; Terr′a-mara (-mä′ra), an earthy deposit containing fertilising organic or mineral matter, any deposit containing prehistoric remains.—adjs. Terrā′nēan, being in the earth; Terrā′nēous, growing on land.—ns. Terrā′rium, a vivarium for land animals; Terr′a-ros′sa, a name given to a ferruginous red earth extensively developed in the limestone districts of south-eastern Europe, esp. in Istria and Dalmatia. [L. terra, earth; L. cocta, pa.p. of coquĕre, to cook; L. firmus, firm; It. amara, bitter; rosso, red.]

Terrace, ter′ās, n. a raised level bank of earth: any raised flat place: the flat roof of a house:—pl. (geol.) comparatively level strips of land near the sea, lakes, or rivers, with a sharp descent at the edge towards the water, showing an ancient water-level.—v.t. to form into a terrace. [Fr. terrasse—It. terrazza—L. terra, the earth.]

Terrain, ter′ān, n. (geol.) any series of rocks continuously related: any tract considered in relation to its fitness for some purpose. [Fr.,—L. terrenum.]

Terrapin, ter′a-pin, n. the popular name of many species of fresh-water and tidal tortoises of the family Emydidæ, natives of tropical and the warmer temperate countries. [Supposed to be Amer. Ind. in origin.]

Terraqueous, ter-ā′kwē-us, adj. consisting of land and water.—Also Terrā′quēan. [Coined from L. terra, earth, aqua, water.]

Terrene, te-rēn′, adj. pertaining to the earth: earthy: earthly.—adv. Terrene′ly.—n. Terren′ity. [L. terrenus—terra, the earth.]

Terrestrial, te-res′tri-al, adj. pertaining to, or existing on, the earth: earthly: living on the ground: representing the earth.—adv. Terres′trially.—n. Terres′trialness.—adj. Terres′trious, terrestrial. [L. terrestris—terra, the earth.]

Terret, ter′et, n. one of the two round loops or rings on a pad-tree, through which the driving reins pass.—Also Terr′it.

Terrible, ter′i-bl, adj. fitted to excite terror or awe: awful: dreadful.—ns. Terr′ible-in′fant, an inconveniently outspoken child—the Fr. enfant terrible; Terr′ibleness, state of being terrible: terror, dread.—adv. Terr′ibly. [L. terribilis—terrēre, to frighten.]

Terricolous, te-rik′ō-lus, adj. terrestrial.—Also Ter′ricole, Terric′oline. [L. terra, earth, colĕre, to inhabit.]

Terrier, ter′i-ėr, n. a name originally applied to any breed of dog used to burrow underground, but now applied to any small dog—varieties are the Fox terrier, Scotch terrier (sometimes Skye terrier), Dandie Dinmont (from the stout Borderer in Scott's 'Guy Mannering'), the Irish terrier, Bedlington, &c.: a hole or burrow where foxes, rabbits, &c. secure themselves. [Fr. terrier—terre, the earth—L. terra.]

Terrier, ter′i-ėr, n. a register or roll of a landed estate. [O. Fr.,—L. terrarius—terra, land.]

Terrify, ter′i-fī, v.t. to cause terror in: to frighten greatly: to alarm:—pa.t. and pa.p. terr′ifīed.—adj. Terrif′ic, creating or causing terror: fitted to terrify: dreadful.—adv. Terrif′ically. [L. terrēre, to terrify, facĕre, to make.]

Terrine, te-rēn′, n. an earthenware vessel for containing some dainty: a tureen for soup. [Fr.,—L. terra, earth.]

Territory, ter′i-tō-ri, n. the extent of land around or belonging to a city or state: domain: (U.S.) a portion of the country not yet admitted as a State into the Union, and still under a provisional government.—adj. Territō′rial, pertaining to territory: limited to a district.—v.t. Territō′rialise, to enlarge by addition of territory: to reduce to the state of a territory.—ns. Territō′rialism, a theory of church government according to which the ruler of a country has the natural right to rule also over the ecclesiastical affairs of his people; Territorial′ity, the possession of territory.—adv. Territō′rially.—adj. Terr′itoried, possessed of territory. [L. territorium—terra, the earth.]

Terror, ter′or, n. extreme fear: an object of fear or dread—(Milt.) Terr′our.—adj. Terr′or-haunt′ed, haunted with terror.—n. Terrorisā′tion.—v.t. Terr′orise, to terrify: to govern by terror.—ns. Terr′oriser, one who terrorises; Terr′orism, a state of terror: a state which impresses terror: an organised system of intimidation; Terr′orist, one who rules by terror.—adjs. Terr′orless, free from terror: harmless; Terr′or-smit′ten, -strick′en, -struck, seized with terror, terrified.—v.t. Terr′or-strike, to smite with terror.—King of Terrors, death; Reign of Terror, or The Terror, the period of fever in the first French Revolution, during which the king, the queen, thousands of victims—the innocent and the guilty—the Girondists, Danton, Madame Roland, and at last Robespierre, were hurried to the guillotine. [L. terror—terrēre, to frighten.]

Terse, tėrs, adj. compact or concise, with smoothness or elegance: neat.—adv. Terse′ly.—ns. Terse′ness, conciseness, brevity; Ter′sion, act of wiping. [L. tersus—tergēre, tersum, to rub clean.]

Tertial, ter′shal, adj. of the third rank among the flight-feathers of a bird's wing.—n. a tertiary flight-feather.

Tertian, tėr′shi-an, adj. occurring every third day.—n. an ague or fever with paroxysms every third day. [L. tertianus—tertius, third—tres, three.]

Tertiary, tėr′shi-ar-i, adj. of the third degree, order, or formation: pertaining to the series of sedimentary rocks or strata lying above the chalk and other secondary strata, and abounding in organic remains—the Cainozoic: (ornith.) tertial.—n. one who, or that which, is tertiary.—n.pl. Ter′tiaries, a class in the R.C. Church, who, without entering into the seclusion of a monastery, aspire to practise in ordinary life all the substantial obligations of the scheme of virtue laid down in the Gospel. [L. tertiarius—tertius.]

Terza-rima, ter′tsa-rē′ma, n. a form of Italian triplet in iambic decasyllables, in which the middle line of the first triplet rhymes with the first and third lines of the next triplet, as in Dante's Divina Commedia and Longfellow's translation of it.—n. Terzet′to, a musical composition for three voices. [It., terza, fem. of terzo, third, rima, rhyme.]

Tessera, tes′e-ra, n. one of the small square tiles or cut stones used in forming tessellated pavements:—pl. Tess′eræ—also Tessel′la:—pl. Tessel′læ.—adjs. Tess′ellar, composed of, or like, tessellæ; Tess′ellar, Tesserā′ic, Tess′eral, made up of tesseræ.—v.t. Tess′ellate, to form into squares or lay with chequered work.—adj. Tess′ellated.—n. Tessellā′tion, tessellated or mosaic work: the operation of making it. [L. tessella, dim. of tessera, a square piece.]

Test, test, n. a pot in which metals are tried and refined: any critical trial: means of trial: (chem.) anything used to distinguish substances or detect their presence, a reagent: standard: proof: distinction: a witness, testimony: the hard covering of certain animals, shield, lorica.—v.t. to put to proof: to examine critically.—ns. Test′-pā′per, a bibulous paper saturated with some chemical compound that readily changes colour when exposed to certain other chemicals; Test′-plate, a white plate or tile on which to try vitrifiable colours by heat: a glass plate with a series of finely ruled lines used in testing the resolving power of microscopic objectives; Test′-tube, a cylinder of thin glass closed at one end, used in testing liquids.—n.pl. Test′-types, letters or words in type of different sizes for testing the sight.—Test Acts, acts meant to secure that none but rightly affected persons and members of the established religion shall hold office—especially those of 1673 and 1685. [O. Fr. test—L. testa, an earthen pot.]

Test, test, v.t. to attest legally and date.—v.i. to make a will.—adj. Tes′table, capable of being given by will, capable of witnessing. [Fr. tester—L. testāri, to testify.]

Testacea, tes-tā′sē-a, n.pl. shelled or crustaceous animals.—adjs. Testā′cean (also n.), Testā′ceous, consisting of, or having, a hard shell.—ns. Testacell′a, a genus of molluscs belonging to the Pulmonifera, and represented in Britain by three species; Testaceog′raphy, descriptive testaceology; Testaceol′ogy, conchology. [L. testaceus—testa, a shell.]

Testament, tes′ta-ment, n. that which testifies, or in which an attestation is made: the solemn declaration in writing of one's will: a will: a dispensation, as of the Mosaic or old and the Christian or new, one of the two great divisions of the Bible.—n. Tes′tacy, state of being testate.—adjs. Testamen′tal, Testamen′tary, pertaining to a testament or will: bequeathed or done by will.—adv. Testamen′tarily.—adj. Tes′tāte, having made and left a will.—ns. Testā′tion, a witnessing, a giving by will; Testā′tor, one who leaves a will;—fem. Testā′trix; Testā′tum, one of the clauses of an English deed, enumerating the operative words of transfer, statement of consideration, money, &c. [L. testamentum—testāri, to be a witness—testis, a witness.]

Testamur, tes-tā′mur, n. a certificate that one has passed an examination at an English university—from the opening word. [L., 'we testify.']

Tester, tes′tėr, n. a flat canopy, esp. over the head of a bed. [O. Fr. teste (Fr. tête), the head—L. testa, an earthen pot, the skull.]

Tester, tes′tėr, n. a sixpence—also Tes′tern.—v.t. Tes′tern (Shak.), to present or reward with a sixpence. [O. Fr. teston—teste (Fr. tête), the head, from that of Louis XII. on it.]

Testicle, tes′ti-kl, n. a gland which secretes the seminal fluid in males, a testis, one of the stones.—adjs. Tes′ticond, having the testes concealed; Testic′ular, pertaining to a testicle; Testic′ulate, -d, shaped like a testicle.—n. Tes′tis, a testicle, a rounded body resembling it:—pl. Tes′tes. [L. testiculus, dim. of testis, a testicle.]

Testify, tes′ti-fī, v.t. to bear witness: to make a solemn declaration: to protest or declare a charge (with against).—v.t. to bear witness to: to affirm or declare solemnly or on oath:—pa.t. and pa.p. tes′tifīed.—ns. Testif′icāte (Scots law), a solemn written assertion; Testificā′tion, the act of testifying or of bearing witness; Tes′tifier. [L. testificāri—testis, a witness, facĕre, to make.]

Testimony, tes′ti-mō-ni, n. evidence: declaration to prove some fact: proof: (B.) the two tables of the law: the whole divine revelation.—v.t. (Shak.) to witness.—adj. Testimō′nial, containing testimony.—n. a writing or certificate bearing testimony to one's character or abilities: a sum of money raised by subscription and presented in any form to a person as a token of respect.—v.t. Testimō′nialise, to present with a testimonial. [L. testimonium—testāri, to witness.]

Testing, tes′ting, n. the act of trying for proof: the operation of refining gold and silver: chemical analysis.—Testing clause, in a Scotch deed, the last clause which narrates when and where the parties signed the deed, before what witnesses, by whose hand written, &c.

Testudinal, tes-tū′din-al, adj. relating to, or resembling, the tortoise.—adjs. Testū′dinate, -d, Testudin′eous, arched, vaulted, resembling the carapace of a tortoise.—n. Testū′do, a cover for the protection of Roman soldiers attacking a wall, formed by overlapping their oblong shields above their heads: any similarly shaped shelter for miners, &c.: an encysted tumour: the fornix: a kind of lyre, the lute. [L. testudo, -inis, the tortoise.]

Testy, tes′ti, adj. heady: easily irritated: fretful: peevish.—adv. Tes′tily.—n. Tes′tiness. [From O. Fr. teste (Fr. tête), the head.]

Tetanus, tet′a-nus, n. an involuntary, persistent, intense, and painful contraction or cramp of more or less extensive groups of the voluntary muscles: lockjaw: the state of prolonged contraction of a muscle under stimuli repeated quickly.—adjs. Tetan′ic; Tet′aniform; Tetanig′enous.—n. Tetanisā′tion.—v.t. Tet′anise.—adj. Tet′anoid.—n. Tet′any, a rare and little understood disease of the nervous system, occurring both in children and adults, characterised by recurring attacks of tonic spasm of various muscles, particularly those of the fingers and toes, associated with defective hygienic conditions, imperfect ventilation, poor diet, and in children with rickets. [L.,—Gr.,—tetanos, stretched—teinein, to stretch.]

Tetchy, Techy, tech′i, adj. touchy, peevish, fretful.—adv. Tetch′ily, in a tetchy or fretful manner.—n. Tetch′iness, the state of being tetchy or fretful. [Touchy.]

Tête, tāt, n. a head, head-dress.—n. Tête-à-tête (tāt′-a-tāt′), a private confidential interview: a sofa for two.—adj. confidential, secret.—adv. in private conversation: face to face. [Fr.]

Tether, teth′ėr, n. a rope or chain for tying a beast, while feeding, within certain limits.—v.t. to confine with a tether: to restrain within certain limits. [M. E. tedir, acc. to Skeat, prob. Celt., Gael. teadhair, a tether, W. tid, a chain. The Low Ger. tider, Ice. tjóðir, are prob. borrowed.]

Tetrabranchiate, tet-ra-brang′ki-āt, adj. having four gills.—n.pl. Tetrabranch′iāta.

Tetrachord, tet′ra-kord, n. a series of four sounds, forming a scale of two tones and a half.—adj. Tet′rachordal. [Gr. tetrachordos, four-stringed—tetra, for tetara=tessares, four, chordē, chord.]

Tetrachotomous, tet-ra-kot′ō-mus, adj. doubly dichotomous, arranged in four rows.—n. Tetrac′tomy, a division into four parts. [Gr. tetracha, in four parts, temnein, to cut.]

Tetract, tet′rakt, adj. having four rays.—Also Tetrac′tinal, Tetrac′tine. [Gr., tetra-, four, aktis, a ray.]

Tetrad, tet′rad, n. a group of four: (chem.) an atom, radical, or element having a combining power of four.—adjs. Tet′rad, Tetrad′ic.—n. Tet′radite, one who attaches mystic properties to the number four, one born in the fourth month or on the fourth day of the month.

Tetradactyl, tet-ra-dak′til. adj. having four fingers or toes—also Tetradac′tylous.—n. Tetradac′tyl, a four-toed animal.

Tetradecapod, tet-ra-dek′a-pod, adj. having fourteen feet.—n.pl. Tetradecap′oda, fourteen-footed crustaceans.—adj. Tetradecap′odous.

Tetragamy, te-trag′a-mi, n. marriage for the fourth time. [Gr., tetra-, four, gamos, marriage.]

Tetragon, tet′ra-gon, n. a figure of four angles.—adj. Tetrag′onal. [Gr. tetragonon—tetra-, four gōnia, an angle.]

Tetragram, tet′ra-gram, n. a word of four letters: the Tetragrammaton: (geom.) a quadrilateral.—n. Tetragram′maton, the name JeHoVaH as written with four Hebrew letters, regarded as a mystic symbol: similarly some other sacred word of four letters, as the Latin Deus. [Gr., tetra-, four, gramma, a letter.]

Tetragynous, tet-raj′i-nus, adj. (bot.) having four styles or pistils—also Tetragyn′ian.—n.pl. Tetragyn′ia.

Tetrahedron, tet-ra-hē′dron, n. a solid figure enclosed by four bases or triangles.—adjs. Tetrahē′dral, having four sides: bounded by four triangles; Tetrahexahē′dral.—n. Tetrahex′ahēdron, a solid of twenty-four triangular faces. [Gr., tetra-, four, hedra, a base.]

Tetralogy, te-tral′ō-ji, n. a group of four dramas, three tragic and one satiric, exhibited together at the festivals of Dionysos at Athens: any series of four related dramatic or operatic works.

Tetramera, te-tram′e-ra, n.pl. a division of beetles with four-jointed tarsi.—adj. Tetram′eral, four-parted.—n. Tetram′erism, division into four parts.—adj. Tetram′erous, having four parts. [Gr., tetra-, four, meros, part.]

Tetrameter, te-tram′e-tėr, adj. having four measures, each of two iambic or trochaic feet.—n. a verse of four measures. [Gr. tetrametros—tetra-, four, metron, measure.]

Tetrandria, te-tran′dri-a, n. the fourth class of the Linnæan classification of plants, containing those with four stamens in a flower.—adjs. Tetran′drian, Tetran′drous. [Gr., tetra-, four, anēr, andros, a man.]

Tetrao, tet′rā-o, n. the chief genus of the family Tetraonidæ, which also includes quails and partridges. From these the grouse (forming a subfamily, Tetraoninæ) are distinguished. The genus Tetrao is represented by the Capercailzie and the Blackcock or Black Grouse. [L.,—Gr. tetraōn, a pheasant.]

Tetrapetalous, tet-ra-pet′a-lus, adj. (bot.) having four distinct petals or flower-leaves.

Tetraphyllous, tet-ra-fil′us, adj. having four leaves: consisting of four distinct leaves or leaflets. [Gr., tetra-, four, phyllon, a leaf.]

Tetrapla, tet′ra-pla, n. a Bible consisting of four different versions in parallel columns, originally the edition of the Old Testament published by Origen, containing four Greek versions (those of Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion, and the Septuagint). [Gr. tetraplous, fourfold.]

Tetrapod, tet′ra-pod, n. an insect distinguished by having but four perfect legs.—adj. four-footed, with four legs—also Tetrap′odous.—n. Tetrap′ody, a group of four feet. [Gr., tetra-, four, pous, podos, foot.]

Tetrapolitan, tet-ra-pol′i-tan, adj. pertaining to a Tetrap′olis or a group of four towns.—Tetrapolitan Confession, the Confession which the four cities of Strasburg, Constance, Memmingen, and Lindau presented to the Diet of Augsburg (11th July 1530), and, properly speaking, the first Confession of the Reformed Church.

Tetrapterous, te-trap′te-rus, adj. having four wings.—Also Tetrap′teran. [Gr., tetra-, four, pteron, a wing.]

Tetraptote, tet′rap-tōt, n. a noun with but four cases. [Gr., tetra-, four, ptōsis, a case.]

Tetrarch, tet′rärk, or tē′, n. under the Romans, the ruler of the fourth part of a province: a subordinate prince: the commander of a subdivision of a Greek phalanx.—ns. Tet′rarchate, Tet′rarchy, office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch: the fourth part of a province. [Gr., tetra-, four, archēs, a ruler.]

Tetrasemic, tet-ra-sē′mik, adj. (pros.) equivalent to four short syllables, as a dactyl, anapæst, or spondee. [Gr., tetra-, four, sēma, a sign.]

Tetraspermous, tet-ra-sper′mus, adj. four-seeded. [Gr., tetra-, four, sperma, seed.]

Tetraspore, tet′ra-spōr, n. a reproductive body, composed of four spores or germs, found in algæ.—adjs. Tetraspor′ic, Tet′rasporous. [Gr., tetra-, four, spora, seed.]

Tetrastich, tet′ra-stik, n. a stanza, &c., of four lines, a quartet.—adjs. Tetrastich′ic, Tetras′tichous. [Gr., tetra-, four, stichos, a row.]

Tetrastyle, tet′ra-stīl, n. a temple or other building having four front columns in its portico: a group of four pillars.—adj. having four pillars. [Gr., tetra-, four, stylos, a column.]

Tetrasyllable, tet′ra-sil-a-bl, n. a word of four syllables.—adjs. Tetrasyllab′ic, -al, consisting of four syllables.

Tetratheism, tet′ra-thē-izm, n. the belief in four elements in the Godhead—the three persons of the Trinity and a divine essence out of which each of these originates. [Gr., tetra-, four, theos, God.]

Tetter, tet′ėr, n. a popular name for several eruptive diseases of the skin.—v.t. to affect with such.—adj. Tett′erous. [A.S. teter.]

Tettix, tet′iks, n. a cicada: an ornament for the hair of that shape. [Gr., 'grasshopper.']

Teucrian, tū′kri-an, adj. relating to the ancient Trojans (Teucri) or to the Troad.—n. a Trojan.

Teuton, tū′ton, n. one of the ancient inhabitants of Germany, esp. of a tribe living north of the Elbe who invaded Gaul, along with the Cimbri, and were cut to pieces by Marius near Aix in 102 B.C.: one belonging to that division of the Aryans including High and Low Germans and Scandinavians.—adj. Teuton′ic, belonging to the race so called, including Germans, Scandinavians, English, &c.: also to their language.—ns. Teuton′icism, Teu′tonism, a Germanism; Teutonisā′tion, the act of Germanising.—v.t. and v.i. Teu′tonise, to Germanise, to adopt German ways.—Teutonic Knights, one of the three military-religious orders of knighthood founded during the period of the Crusades, their distinguishing habiliment a white mantle with a black cross. [L. Teutones—Goth. thiuda, a nation. Cf. Dutch.]

Tew, tū, v.t. to make anything ready, to work up: to beat, mix, pound: to taw, as leather: to scourge, drub.—v.i. to work, to bustle, to potter about.—n. trouble, worry.

Text, tekst, n. the original words of an author: that on which a comment is written: a passage of Scripture on which a sermon is supposed to be based.—ns. Text′-book, a book containing the leading principles of a science; Text′-hand, a large hand in writing—so called because it was the practice to write the text of a book in large-hand; Text′-man, Tex′tūalist, one ready in citing Scripture texts: one who adheres to the text.—adj. Tex′tūal, pertaining to, or contained in, the text: serving for a text.—adv. Tex′tually.—ns. Tex′tuary, a textualist; Tex′tus, the authoritative text, esp. of the Bible.—Textus receptus, the received text of the Greek Testament. [L. textus—texĕre, textum, to weave.]

Textile, teks′til, adj. woven: capable of being woven.—n. a woven fabric.—adj. Textō′rial, pertaining to weaving. [L. textilis—texĕre, textum, to weave.]

Texture, teks′tūr, n. anything woven, a web: manner of weaving or connecting: disposition of the parts of a body.—adj. Tex′tūral. [L. textura—texĕre.]

Thack, thak, n. a Scotch form of thatch.—Under thack and rape, safely secured under thatch and rope, snug generally.

Thalamus, thal′a-mus, n. the receptacle of a flower, the thallus of a fungus: an inner room, nuptial chamber:—pl. Thal′amī.—adjs. Thal′amic, pertaining to the optic thalamus, a part of the brain near the origin of the optic nerve; Thal′ami-flō′ral, having the parts of the flower inserted on the thalamus or receptacle.—n. Thalā′mium, the layer of reproductive cells in the apothecia of lichens:—pl. Thalā′mia. [Gr., 'chamber.']

Thalassic, tha-las′ik, adj. pertaining to the smaller seas—opp. to Oceanic: (zool.) pelagic.—ns. Thalassoc′racy, Thalassoc′raty, the sovereignty of the seas; Thalassog′rapher, a student of the phenomena of the ocean.—adj. Thalassograph′ic.—ns. Thalassog′raphy, the science of the ocean, oceanography; Thalassom′eter, a tide-gauge. [Gr. thalassa, the sea.]

Thaler, tä′lėr, n. a dollar, in Germany a silver coin worth about 3s. [Ger. Cf. Dollar.]

Thalia, thā-lī′a, n. one of the nine muses, who presided over pastoral and comic poetry.—adj. Thālī′an. [Gr. Thaleia, Thalia—thallein, to bloom.]

Thalictrum, thā-lik′trum, n. a genus of perennial herbs of the Crowfoot family, the meadow-rues: a plant of this genus. [Gr. thaliktron—thallein, to bloom.]

Thallium, thal′i-um, n. a metal closely resembling lead in colour and softness, but slightly heavier, first discovered in 1861, and so called from the presence of an intense green line in the spectrum of the flame in which it is volatilised.—adjs. Thall′ic, Thall′ious. [Gr. thallos, a green shoot.]

Thallus, thal′us, n. a vegetative body showing little or no differentiation into leaf, stem, and root, and characteristic of the Thall′ophytes or lower Cryptogamia, including algæ, fungi, and lichens.—adjs. Thall′iform, of the form of a thallus; Thall′ine, Thallod′ic, pertaining to a thallus.—n. Thall′ogen, a thallophyte.—adjs. Thallog′enous, belonging to the thallogens; Thall′oid, Thall′ose, resembling a thallus.—ns. Thall′ōme, a thallus; Tham′nium, the branched shrub-like thallus of fruticulose lichens. [Gr. thallos, a young shoot.]

Thalweg, tal′vāh, n. the deepest part of a valley. [Ger., thal, valley, weg, way.]

Than, than, conj. when, as, if compared with—a word placed after the comparative of an adjective or adverb between the things compared. [A.S. thonne, in its use a relative or conjunctive adverb, equivalent to our when, used after comparatives to introduce the standard of comparison; closely allied to thone, accus. masc. of def. art. Cf. The.]

Thanatoid, than′a-toid, adj. looking like dead: deadly.—adj. Thanatognomon′ic, indicating death.—ns. Thanatog′raphy, an account of one's death; Thanatol′ogy, the scientific consideration of death; Thanatophō′bia, a morbid dread of death; Thanatop′sis, a view of, or reflection upon, death; Thanatō′sis, death of a part, gangrene. [Gr. thanatos, death.]

Thane, thān, n. a member of a class in the old English community that stood distinctly below the old nobility (eorlas, &c.), but above the mere landowners or ceorls—a kind of nobility of service rather than blood.—ns. Thā′nage, Thane′dom, the jurisdiction or the dignity of a thane; Thane′hood, Thane′ship. [A.S. thegen, thegn, a servant, nobleman—thíhan, to grow; cog. with Ice. thegn, a man, warrior, Ger. degen, a soldier, servant, Gr. teknon, child.]

Thank, thangk, v.t. to express gratitude for a favour.—n. (usually in pl.) expression of gratitude for favour received, often elliptically=My thanks to you.—adj. Thank′ful, full of thanks: grateful.—adv. Thank′fully.—n. Thank′fulness.—adj. Thank′less, unthankful: not expressing thanks or favours: not gaining thanks.—adv. Thank′lessly, in a thankless manner: unthankfully.—ns. Thank′lessness, the state of being thankless: ingratitude; Thank′-off′ering, an offering made to express thanks for mercies received; Thanks′giver, one who gives thanks, or acknowledges a favour; Thanks′giving, act of giving thanks: a public acknowledgment of divine goodness and mercy: a day set apart for this, esp. that in the United States on the last Thursday of November: a form of giving thanks, a grace, that form preceding the last two prayers of morning or evening prayer or of the litany—the General Thanksgiving; Thank′worthiness, the state of being thankworthy.—adj. Thank′worthy, worthy of, or deserving, thanks.—n. Thank′-you-ma'am, a ridge or hollow across a road—from the sudden bobbing of the head of a person in a vehicle crossing it. [A.S. thanc, thonc, will, thanks; cog. with Ger. dank; from the root of think.]

Thapsia, thap′si-a, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants round the Mediterranean. [L.,—Gr., a plant that dyed yellow, prob. Thapsia garganica, brought from Thapsus, Sicily.]

Thargelia, thar-gē′li-a, n.pl. one of the more important ancient Greek festivals, held at Athens in honour of Apollo; in the month of Thargelion (May-June).

That, that, pron. demons. and rel.—as a demons. (pl. Those) it points out a person or thing: the former or more distant thing: not this but the other: as a rel., who or which.—conj. used to introduce a clause: because: for: in order that. [A.S. thæt, neut. of the article the (ðe, ðeó, ðæt, usually replaced by se, seó, ðæt); cog. with Ger. das, dass; Gr. to, Sans. tat. Cf. The.]

Thatch, thach, v.t. to cover, as a roof, with straw, reeds, &c.—n. straw, &c., used to cover the roofs of buildings and stacks.—ns. Thatch′er; Thatch′ing, the act or art of covering with thatch: the materials used for thatching. [A.S. thæc, thatch, whence theccan, to cover; cog. with Ger. decken, L. tegĕre, Gr. stegein, to cover.]

Thaumasite, thaw′ma-sīt, n. a dull white mineral calcium compound. [Gr. thaumazein, to wonder.]

Thaumatrope, thaw′ma-trōp, n. a variation of the Zoetrope (q.v.). [Gr. thauma, wonder, tropos—trepein, to turn.]

Thaumaturgy, thaw′ma-tur-ji, n. the art of working wonders or miracles.—adj. Thauman′tian (Ruskin), wonderful.—ns. Thaumatog′eny, the doctrine of the miraculous origination of life; Thaumatog′raphy, description of natural wonders; Thaumatol′atry, undue wonder-worship; Thau′maturge, a wonder-worker.—adjs. Thaumatur′gic, -al, wonder-working.—n.pl. Thaumatur′gics, wonderful, especially magical, performances: feats of legerdemain.—ns. Thaumatur′gism, thaumaturgy; Thaumatur′gist, a wonder-worker; Thaumatur′gus, a wonder-worker: a worker of miracles, applied to certain saints. [Gr.,—thauma, a wonder, ergon, work.]

Thaw, thaw, v.i. to melt or grow liquid, as ice: to become so warm as to melt ice.—v.t. to cause to melt.—n. the melting of ice or snow by heat: the change of weather which causes it.—adj. Thaw′y, inclined to thaw. [A.S. tháwian; cog. with Ger. thauen, to thaw, to fall in dew.]

The, the, or (when emphatic) thē, demons. pron. usually called the definite article, used to denote a particular person or thing: also to denote a species. [A.S. the, rarely used as nom. masc. of def. art., but common as an indeclinable relative. Cf. That.]

The, the, adv. used before comparatives, as, 'the more the better.' [A.S. thý, by that, by that much, the instrumental case of the def. art.]

Theandric, thē-an′drik, adj. pertaining to the union and co-operation of the divine and human natures. [Gr., theos, a god, anēr, andros, man.]

Theanthropos, thē-an-thrō′pos, n. the God-man, Christ as having both a divine and human person.—adjs. Theanthrop′ic, -al, being at once divine and human: embodying deity in human forms.—ns. Thean′thropism, Thean′thropy, the ascribing of human qualities to deity, also of divine qualities to man; Thean′thropist, one who believes in theanthropism. [Gr. theos, a god, anthrōpos, man.]

Thearchy, thē′ärk-i, n. a theocracy: a body of divine rulers.—adj. Thear′chic. [Gr. thearchia—theos, a god, archein, to be first, to rule—archē, beginning.]

Theatin, thē′a-tin, n. a member of a R.C. religious brotherhood founded in 1524, taking its name from Theate (It. Chieti), of which one of its first founders, John Peter Caraffa, was bishop.

Theatre, thē′a-tėr, n. a place where public representations, chiefly dramatic or musical, are seen, a play-house: any place rising by steps like the seats of a theatre: a building adapted for scholastic exercises, anatomical demonstrations, &c.: scene of action, field of operations: the drama, the stage.—adjs. Theat′ric, -al, relating or suitable to a theatre, or to actors: pompous: artificial, affected.—v.t. and v.i. Theat′ricalise, to adapt to dramatic representation: to make stagy.—ns. Theat′ricalism, Theatrical′ity, staginess, artificiality.—adv. Theat′rically, in a theatrical manner: in a manner suiting the stage.—n. Theat′ricalness.—n.pl. Theat′ricals, dramatic performances.—v.i. Theat′ricise, to play a part.—ns. Theat′ricism, theatricality, affectation, staginess; Theatromā′nia, a craze for play-going; Theat′rophone, a telephone connected with a theatre. [Gr. theatron—theaomai, I see.]

Thebaine, thē′ba-in, n. an alkaloid obtained from opium.—Also Thebā′ia.

Theban, thē′ban, n. a native of Thebes: (Shak.) a wise man.—adjs. Thebā′ic, Thē′ban.—n. Thebā′id, the district around Egyptian Thebes.—Theban year, the Egyptian year of 365¼ days.

Theca, thē′ka, n. a sheath, case, or sac, a spore-case: a case for a corporal-cloth:—pl. Thē′cæ.—adjs. Thē′cal, Thē′cate.—ns. Thē′caphore, a receptacle bearing thecæ; Thē′caspore, a spore produced in a theca.—adjs. Thecaspō′rous; Thecif′erous, bearing thecæ; Thē′ciform, thecal in use or form.—n. Thē′cium, the part of the apothecium containing the organs of the fruit in lichens. [Gr. thēkē.]

Thecla, thek′la, n. a genus of butterflies, containing the hair-streaks.

Thee, thē, pron. objective of thou. [A.S. the, dat. accus. of thu (cf. Thou).]

Thee, thē, v.i. (Spens.) to prosper, to thrive. [A.S. theón, thión, to thrive, to grow; Ger. ge-deihen, to increase.]

Theft, theft, n. act of thieving.—adj. Theft′ūous, thievish.—adv. Theft′ūously. [A.S. theófth, thýfth—theóf, thief.]

Theine, thē′in, n. a bitter crystallisable volatile principle found in tea.—ns. Thē′ic, a tea-drunkard; Thē′ism, a morbid state resulting from over-much tea-drinking.

Their, thār, poss. adj. pron. of or belonging to them. [A.S. þára, gen. pl. of the def. art. (replaced the older hira).]

Theirs, thārz, poss. of they. [Like hers, ours, yours, a double genitive containing a plural suffix r + a sing. -s. These forms were confined in the 13th and 14th centuries to the Northern dialects, and are probably due to Scandinavian influence.]

Theism, thē′izm, n. belief in the existence of God with or without a belief in a special revelation.—n. Thē′ist, one who believes in God.—adjs. Thēist′ic, -al, pertaining to theism, or to a theist: according to the doctrines of theists. [Gr. theos, God.]

Them, them, pron. objective of they. [A.S. ðám, dat. pl. of the def. art. (this replaced the older heom, hem). It is the result of two cross influences; the th is taken from Old Norse þeim, the e from A.S. hem.]

Theme, thēm, n. a subject set or proposed for discussion, or on which a person speaks or writes, a thesis, a brief essay: a verb in its radical form unmodified by inflections: (mus.) subject, a short melody developed with variations: an administrative division under the Byzantine empire.—n. Thē′ma, that which constitutes a subject of thought.—adj. Thēmat′ic.—adv. Thēmat′ically.—n. Thē′matist, a writer of themes. [Fr. thème—L. thema—Gr. tithēmi, I place, set.]

Themis, them′is, n. daughter of Uranus and Gē, mother of the Hours and the Fates, the personification of the order of things established by law, custom, and equity. [Gr.]

Themselves, them-selvz′, pron. pl. of himself, herself, and itself. [Them and self.]

Then, then, adv. at that time: afterward: immediately: at another time.—conj. for that reason, therefore: in that case.—adj. being at that time.—n. a specific time already mentioned.—By then, by that time. [A doublet of than.]

Thenar, thē′nar, n. the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot.—adj. of or pertaining to the thenar. [Gr. thenar—theinein, to stretch.]

Thence, thens, adv. from that time or place: for that reason.—advs. Thence′forth, from that time forth or forward; Thencefor′ward, from that time forward or onward. [M. E. thenne-s, thenne (cf. Then), with the gen. ending -s—A.S. ðanan. Cf. Hence and Whence.]

Theobroma, thē-ō-brō′ma, n. a small tropical American genus of trees of the sterculia or kola-nut family. The best-known species, Theobroma cacao, yields the cocoa and chocolate of commerce.—n. Theobrō′mine, an alkaloid principle, similar to theine and caffeine, existing in the chocolate nut. [Gr., theos, a god, brōma, food.]

Theocracy, thē-ok′ra-si, n. that constitution of a state in which the Almighty is regarded as the sole sovereign, and the laws of the realm as divine commands rather than human ordinances—the priesthood necessarily becoming the officers of the invisible ruler: the state thus governed.—ns. Thē′ocrat, Theoc′ratist.—adjs. Theocrat′ic, -al. [Gr. theokratia—theos, God, kratein, to rule.]

Theocrasy, thē-ō-krā′si, n. the mixed worship of polytheism: a mystic intimacy with deity reached through profound contemplation. [Gr. theos, a god, krasis, a mixing.]

Theocritean, thē-ok-ri-tē′an, adj. after the manner of Theocritus (3d century B.C.), the greatest of Greek pastoral poets: pastoral, idyllic.

Theodicy, thē-od′i-si, n. a name given to the exposition of the theory of Divine Providence, with a view especially to the vindication of the sanctity and justice of God in establishing the present order of things, in which evil, moral as well as physical, so largely appears to prevail.—adj. Theodicē′an. [Gr. theos, God, dikē, justice.]

Theodolite, thē-od′ō-līt, n. an instrument used in land-surveying for the measurement of angles horizontal and vertical, being neither more nor less than an altitude and azimuth instrument, proportioned and constructed so as to be conveniently portable.—adj. Theodolit′ic. [Ety. unknown; Gr. theasthai, to see + hodos, way + litos, smooth; theasthai + dolichos, long, &c.]

Theogony, thē-og′ō-ni, n. the birth and genealogy of the gods, esp. as told in ancient poetry.—adj. Theogon′ic.—n. Theog′onist, a writer on theogony. [Gr. theogonia—theos, a god, gonē, genos, race—genein, to beget.]

Theology, thē-ol′ō-ji, n. the science which treats of God, and of man's duty to Him—Natural, as discoverable by the light of reason alone; or Positive or Revealed, based on the study of divine revelation.—ns. Theol′ogaster (-gas-), a shallow fellow who pretends to a knowledge of theology; Theol′ogate (-gāt), the course of study for R.C. priests; Theol′oger, a theologian; Theolō′gian, one well versed in theology: a divine, a professor of or writer on divinity, esp. in R.C. usage, a theological lecturer attached to a cathedral church—also Theolō′gus (-gus).—adjs. Theolog′ic, -al, pertaining to theology or divinity.—adv. Theolog′ically.—n. Theolog′ics, theological disputation.—v.t. Theol′ogise, to render theological.—v.i. to make a system of theology.—ns. Theol′ogiser, one who theologises; Theol′ogist, a student in the science of theology: a theologian; Thē′ologue (-log), a theologian, esp. a theological student. [Gr. theologia—theos, God, logos, a treatise.]

Theomachy, thē-om′a-ki, n. a fighting against the gods, as by the Titans and giants: (Bacon) opposition to the divine will.—n. Theom′achist. [Gr. theomachia—theos, a god, machē, a battle.]

Theomancy, thē′ō-man-si, n. divination by means of oracles, sibyls, and other persons inspired immediately by some divinity.—adj. Thēōman′tic. [Gr., theos, a god, manteia, divination.]

Theomania, thē-ō-mā′ni-a, n. a madman's belief that he himself is God, or that God dwells in him.—n. Theomā′niac, one who shows theomania. [Gr., theos, God, mania, madness.]

Theomorphic, thē-ō-mor′fik, adj. having the form or likeness of a god.—n. Theomor′phism. [Gr., theos, a god, morphē, form.]

Theopaschite, thē-ō-pas′kīt, n. a by-name applied to such as accepted the formula, that, in the passion of Christ, 'God had suffered and been crucified.' It was applied to the Monophysites.—n. Theopas′chitism. [Gr., theos, God, paschein, to suffer.]

Theopathy, thē-ōp′a-thi, n. religious emotion aroused by meditation about God.—adj. Theopathet′ic.

Theophany, thē-of′a-ni, n. a manifestation or appearance of deity or the gods to man, esp. the appearance of God to the patriarchs in the form of an angel or in human form: the incarnation and second coming of Christ.—adj. Theophan′ic. [Gr., theos, God, phainomai, I appear.]

Theophilanthropy, thē-ō-fil-an′thrō-pi, n. a deistical system of religion drawn up under the French Directory in 1796, and designed to take the place of Christianity.—adj. Theophilanthrop′ic.—ns. Theophilan′thropism; Theophilan′thropist; Thē′ophile, one who loves God.

Theopneusty, thē′op-nūs-ti, n. divine inspiration.—adj. Theopneus′tic. [Gr., theos, God, pneustos, inspired—pnein, to breathe.]

Theorbo, thē-orb′ō, n. a large lute with two necks, one above the other, formerly used for the bass.—n. Theorb′ist. [It. tiorba.]

Theorem, thē′ō-rem, n. a proposition to be proved.—adjs. Theoremat′ic, Theorem′ic.—n. Theorem′atīst.—adjs. Theoret′ic, -al, pertaining to theory: not practical: speculative.—adv. Theoret′ically.—n.pl. Theoret′ics, the speculative parts of a science.—n. Thē′oric (Shak.), theory, speculation.—v.i. Thē′orise, to form a theory: to form opinions solely by theories: to speculate.—ns. Thē′orīser; Thē′orist, a theoriser: one given to theory and speculation; Thē′ory, an explanation or system of anything: an exposition of the abstract principles of a science or art: speculation as opposed to practice. [Gr. theōrēma—theōrein, to view—theasthai, to see.]

Theosophy, thē-os′ō-fi, n. immediate divine illumination or inspiration claimed to be possessed by specially gifted men, who also possess abnormal control over natural forces.—ns. Thē′ōsoph, Theos′opher, Theos′ophist, one who claims to believe in immediate divine illumination.—adjs. Theosoph′ic, -al, pertaining to theosophy.—adv. Theosoph′ically.—v.i. Theos′ophise, to practise theosophy.—n. Theos′ophism, theosophical tenets.—adj. Theosophi′stical, theosophical. [Gr. theōsophia—theos, God, sophia, wisdom.]

Theotechny, thē-ō-tek′ni, n. the scheme of divine intervention, the art of introducing deities into poetry.—adj. Theotech′nic. [Gr., theos, a god, technē, art.]

Theotocos, thē-ot′ō-kos, n. the mother of God, a title of the Virgin Mary repudiated by Nestorius—it being not God the Logos but only the human nature which had a mother and suffered pain and death.—Also Theot′okos. [Gr., theos, God, tiktein, tekein, to bring forth.]

Therapeutæ, ther-a-pū′tē, n.pl. a traditional ascetic sect, allied to the Essenes, living chiefly on the Lake Mareotis, near Alexandria.

Therapeutic, ther-a-pū′tik, adj. pertaining to the healing art: curative.—adv. Therapeu′tically.—n.sing. Therapeu′tics, that part of medicine concerned with the treatment and cure of diseases.—n. Therapeu′tist, one versed in therapeutics. [Gr. therapeuein, to take care of, to heal.]

There, thār, adv. in that place—opp. to Here, at that point—it is used to begin sentences when the subject comes after the verb.—interj. expressing certainty, alarm, &c., and in interjectional phrases equivalent to that, as 'There's a good boy.'—advs. Thereabout′ or -abouts′, about or near that place: near that number, quantity, or degree; Thereaft′er, after or according to that; There′among, among them; There′-anent′ (Scot.), concerning that matter; Thereat′, at that place or occurrence: on that account; There′away, from that place or direction, thence: in those parts, thereabout; Thereby′, by that means: in consequence of that; Therefor′, for that, this, or it; Therefore (thėr′fur), for that or this reason: consequently; Therefrom′, from that or this; Therein′, in that or this place, time, or thing; Thereinaft′er, later in the same document; Therein′to, into that place.—n. There′ness, the property of having relative situation or existence.—advs. Thereof′, of that or this; Thereon′, on that or this; Thereout′, out of that or this: outside; Therethrough′, through that, by that means; Thereto′, Thereun′to, to that or this; There′tofore, before that time; Thereun′der, under that; Thereupon′, upon or in consequence of that or this: immediately; Therewith′, with that or this, thereupon; There′withal, with that or this: at the same time, over and above. [A.S. ðær, ðer; conn. with the stem of the.]

Thereology, ther-ē-ol′ō-ji, n. the art of healing, therapeutics.—n. Thereol′ogist, one versed in thereology. [Gr. therein=therapeuein, to tend the sick, logia—legein, to speak.]

Theriaca, thē-rī′a-ka, n. one of the various preparations of opium: a medicine in the form of an electuary, supposed to be an antidote to snakebites, &c.—also Thē′riac.—adjs. Thē′riac, -al, Thē′rial, medicinal. [L.,—Gr. thēriakē—thērion, a wild beast.]

Therianthropism, thē-ri-an′thrō-pizm, n. the representation of deities in combined man and beast forms.—adj. Therianthrop′ic, pertaining to super human beings of combined human and bestial forms, or their worship.—n. Thē′riomancy, divination by observation of beasts.—adjs. Theriomor′phic, Theriomor′phous, beast-like.—n. Theriot′omy, the dissection of beasts, zootomy.

Thermal, thėr′mal, adj. pertaining to heat: warm.—n. Therm, a thermal unit.—n.pl. Ther′mæ, hot springs or baths.—adv. Ther′mally.—n. Thermatol′ogy, the science of the treatment of disease by heat, esp. by thermal mineral waters.—adj. Ther′mic, thermal.—adv. Ther′mically.—ns. Thermobarom′eter, an apparatus for measuring pressure of the atmosphere from the boiling-point of water; Thermochem′istry, that branch of chemistry which treats of the relations between chemical action and heat; Ther′mochrosy, the property possessed by rays of radiant heat of having varying wave-lengths and degrees of refrangibility; Ther′mo-curr′ent, a thermo-electric current.—adj. Ther′mo-dynam′ic.—n. Ther′mo-dynam′ics, the branch of physics which treats of heat as a mechanical agent.—adj. Ther′mo-elec′tric.—ns. Ther′mo-electric′ity, electricity developed by the unequal heating of bodies; Ther′mo-electrom′eter, an instrument for measuring the strength of a current of electricity by its effect in producing heat; Thermogen′esis, the production of heat, esp. in the body by physiological processes.—adjs. Thermogenet′ic, Thermogen′ic.—ns. Ther′mogram, the record made by a thermograph; Ther′mograph, an automatic self-registering thermometer; Thermog′raphy, any process of writing involving the use of heat; Ther′mo-mag′netism, magnetism as modified or produced by the action of heat on the body magnetised or on the medium surrounding it; Thermomet′rograph, a self-registering thermometer; Ther′mo-pile, a thermo-electric battery used as a thermometer; Ther′moscope, an instrument for detecting changes of temperature without measuring them accurately.—adj. Thermoscop′ic.—adv. Thermoscop′ically.—n. Ther′mostat, an appliance for showing temperatures automatically by the expansion of substances—used in regulating steam pressures, &c.—adj. Thermostat′ic.—adv. Thermostat′ically.—adjs. Thermot′ic, -al, pertaining to heat.—n. Thermot′ics, the science of heat. [Gr. thermos, hot—thermē, heat—therein, to heat.]

Thermidor, ther-mi-dōr′, n. the eleventh month in the calendar of the first French Republic, lasting from the 19th of July to the 18th of August. The 9th Thermidor of the Republican year 2 (July 27, 1794) is historically memorable as the date of Robespierre's fall and the termination of the Reign of Terror.—n. Thermidō′rian, one who took part in this fortunate coup d'état.

Thermometer, thėr-mom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the variations of sensible heat or temperature.—adjs. Thermomet′ric, -al, pertaining to, or made with, a thermometer.—adv. Thermomet′rically.—For the Centigrade and the Fahrenheit scale and their relations to each other, see Centigrade and Fahrenheit. In the Réaumur scale, still largely used in Russia and Germany, the freezing-point is marked zero, and the space between this and boiling-point is divided into 80 degrees. To reduce it to Fahrenheit, multiply by 2¼ and add 32; to Centigrade, increase the number by one-fourth of itself. Thus: F = 9⁄5 C + 32 = 9⁄4 R + 32; C = 5⁄9 (F - 32) = 5⁄4 R; R = 4⁄9 (F - 32) = 4⁄5 C.—Maximum thermometer, one that registers the maximum temperature to which it is exposed; Minimum thermometer, one that registers the minimum temperature to which it is exposed. [Gr. thermē, heat, metron, a measure.]

Thesaurus, thē-saw′rus, n. a treasury or repository, esp. of knowledge: a lexicon or cyclopædia. [L.,—Gr. thēsauros—tithēmi, I place.]

These, thēz, demons. pron., pl. of this. [A.S. thǽs, pl. of thes, this. Doublet those.]

Thesis, thē′sis, n. a position or that which is set down or advanced for argument: a subject for a scholastic exercise: an essay on a theme:—pl. Theses (thē′sēz).—adj. Thet′ic.—adv. Thet′ically. [L.—Gr. ti-thē-mi, I set.]

Thesmophoria, thes-mō-phō′ri-a, n.pl. an ancient Greek festival with mysteries, celebrated by married women in honour of Demeter (Ceres) five days about October.

Thesmothete, thes′mō-thēt, n. a lawgiver, esp. one of the six junior archons in ancient Athens.

Thespian, thes′pi-an, adj. pertaining to tragedy: tragic. [Gr. Thespis, founder of the Greek drama.]

Theurgy, thē′ur-ji, n. that kind of magic which affects to work by supernatural agency, as distinguished from natural magic and necromancy.—adjs. Theur′gic, -al.—n. Theur′gist, a magician. [Gr. theourgia—theos, a god, ergein, to work.]

Thew, thū, n. (used chiefly in pl.) muscle or strength: sinews.—adjs. Thewed (Spens.), furnished with thews or sinews; Thew′less, weak; Thew′y, muscular, strong. [Perh. a form of thigh.]

Thewed, thūd, adj. (Spens.) mannered, behaved, educated. [A.S. théaw, manner, habit.]

They, thā, pers. pron., pl. of he, she, or it. [The form thei, tha, that came into use in the north of England in the 13th cent., replacing the older hi, heo. It is the A.S. þá, nom. pl. of the definite article, prob. modified by Scandinavian influence.]

Thick, thik, adj. dense: imperfectly mobile: compact: not transparent or clear: misty: dull, mentally clouded: crowded: closely set: abundant: frequent, in quick succession: having great depth or circumference: (coll.) in fast friendship.—n. the thickest part of anything: a stupid person.—adv. closely: frequently: fast: to a great depth.—adjs. Thick′-and-thin, thorough, completely devoted; Thick′-com′ing (Shak.), coming fast or close together.—v.t. Thick′en, to make thick or close: to strengthen.—v.i. to become thick or obscure: to crowd or press.—ns. Thick′ening, something put into a liquid or mass to make it more thick; Thick′et, a collection of trees or shrubs thickly or closely set: close wood or copse.—adjs. Thick′-head′ed, having a thick head or skull: stupid; Thick′ish, somewhat thick.—n. Thick′-knee, a stone-plover.—adj. Thick′-lipped (Shak.), having thick lips.—adv. Thick′ly.—n. Thick′ness.—adjs. Thick′-pleached (Shak.), closely interwoven; Thick′-set, closely planted: having a short, thick body.—n. Thick′-skin, a person wanting sensibility: a dull, stupid person, a blockhead.—adj. Thick′-skinned, having a thick skin: wanting sensibility: dull: obtuse.—n. Thick′-skull (same as Thick-skin).—adjs. Thick′-skulled, having a thick skull: dull: stupid; Thick′-sprung (Shak.), that have sprung up thick or close together.—n. Thick′un (slang), a sovereign: a crown.—Lay it on thick, to flatter or praise extravagantly; Through thick and thin, in spite of all obstacles, without any wavering. [A.S. thicce; cog. with Ger. dick.]

Thief, thēf, n. one who steals or takes unlawfully what is not his own.—ns. Thief′-catch′er, -tā′ker, one whose business is to detect thieves and bring them to justice: a detective. [A.S. theóf; Ice. thjóf-r, Ger. dieb.]

Thieve, thēv, v.i. to practise theft: to steal.—n. Thiev′ery, the practice of thieving.—adj. Thiev′ish, given to, or like, theft or stealing: acting by stealth: secret: sly.—adv. Thiev′ishly.—n. Thiev′ishness. [A.S. theófian.]

Thig, thig, v.i. to make supplication, to live on alms.—v.t. to beseech, beg.—n. Thig′ger, a beggar, a sorner. [A.S. thicgan, to take.]

Thigh, thī, n. the thick fleshy part of the leg from the knee to the trunk.—n. Thigh′-bone, the bone of the leg between the hip-joint and the knee. [A.S. theó, theóh; Ice. thjó, Old High Ger. deoh.]

Thilk, thilk, pron. (Spens.) the same. [A.S. thylc, thyllíc, the like, such—thí, instrumental case of thæt, that, and líc, like.]

Thill, thil, n. one of the shafts of a cart or other carriage.—ns. Thill′er, Thill′-horse (Shak.), the horse that goes between the thills or shafts of a carriage, or the last of a team. [A.S. thille, a board, a plank.]

Thimble, thim′bl, n. a metal cover for the finger, used in sewing.—ns. Thim′ble-case, a case for holding a thimble; Thim′bleful, as much as a thimble will hold: a small quantity; Thim′ble-rig, a sleight-of-hand trick in which the performer conceals, or pretends to conceal, a pea or small ball under one of three thimble-like cups.—v.i. to cheat by such means.—ns. Thim′ble-rig′ger; Thim′ble-rig′ging. [A.S. thýmel, a thumb-stall—thúma, a thumb. An extension of thumb.]

Thin, thin, adj. having little thickness: slim: lean: freely mobile: small: fine: not close or crowded: transparent, flimsy, shallow: not full or well grown, meagre, weak.—adv. not thickly or closely: in a scattered state.—v.t. to make thin: to make less close or crowded (with away, out, &c.): to make rare or less thick or dense.—v.i. to grow or become thin:—pr.p. thin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. thinned.—adj. Thin′-faced (Shak.), having a thin face.—adv. Thin′ly.—n. Thin′ness.—adjs. Thin′nish, somewhat thin; Thin′-skinned, having a thin skin: sensitive: irritable.—n. Thin′-skinned′ness. [A.S. thynne; Ice. thunnr, Ger. dünn.]

Thine, thīn, pron. (poss. form of thou) belonging to thee: thy. [A.S. thín, thy—thín, gen. of thú, thou; Ger. dein.]

Thing, thing, n. an inanimate object: a living being (in tenderness or in contempt): an event: a part: (pl.) clothes, wraps.—ns. Thing′iness, reality, objectivity: disposition to take a materialistic view of things; Thing′-in-itself′, a noumenon, the Ger. ding an sich; Thing′umbob, Thing′ummy (coll.), a thing, anything, an indefinite name for some person whom one cannot be troubled to name distinctly.—adj. Thing′y, materialistic.—Do the handsome thing by, to treat generously; Know a thing or two, to be shrewd; Make a good thing of it, to reap a good advantage from; The thing, the proper or right thing. [A.S. thing, thinc; Ger. ding.]

Thing, ting, n. a parliament, or a court of law, in Scandinavian countries. [Ice. thing, an assembly.]

Think, thingk, v.i. to exercise the mind (with about, of, on): to revolve ideas in the mind: to judge: to form or hold as an opinion: to consider: to purpose or design.—v.t. to imagine: to judge: to believe or consider:—pa.t. and pa.p. thought.—adj. Think′able, capable of being thought.—n. Think′er.—p.adj. Think′ing, having the faculty of thought.—n. the act or state of one who thinks: (Shak.) thought, imagination, judgment.—adv. Think′ingly.—Think little of, to have a poor opinion of—opposite to Think much, or well, of; Think long, to yearn for: to become weary in waiting; Think out, to devise, project: to solve by a process of thought. [A.S. thencan, thencean; cog. with Ger. denken, from root of thank.]

Third, thėrd, adj. the last of three.—n. one of three equal parts: (golf) a handicap of a stroke every third hole.—ns. Third′-bor′ough (Shak.), an under-constable; Third′ing, the third part of anything.—adv. Third′ly, in the third place.—adj. Third′-rate, of the third order.—n. Thirds′man, a mediator.—Third estate, in England, the House of Commons; Third person in the Trinity, the Holy Spirit. [A.S. thridda—threó, three.]

Thirl, thėrl, n. (prov.) a hole: an opening: a short passage between two headings in a mine.—v.t. to pierce, wound: cause to quiver.—v.i. to vibrate, tingle, thrill.

Thirl, thėrl, n. a form of thrall.—v.t. to bind or subject.—n. Thirl′age, a form of servitude by which the grain produced on certain lands had to be ground at a certain mill and a certain proportion paid.

Thirst, thėrst, n. the uneasiness caused by want of drink: vehement desire for drink: eager desire for anything.—v.i. to feel thirst: to desire vehemently.—n. Thirst′er.—adv. Thirst′ily.—n. Thirst′iness.—adj. Thirst′y, suffering from thirst: dry: parched: vehemently desiring. [A.S. thurst, thyrst; Ger. durst; cf. Gr. tersesthai, L. torrēre, to dry.]

Thirteen, thėr′tēn, adj. and n. three and ten.—adj. and n. Thir′teenth, the last of thirteen: a thirteenth part. [A.S. threótýne—threó, three, týn, ten.]

Thirty, thėr′ti, adj. and n. three times ten.—adj. Thir′tieth, the last of thirty.—n. a thirtieth part. [A.S. thrítig—threó, three, -tig, suff. denoting ten.]

This, this, demons. pron. or adj. denoting a person or thing near, just mentioned, or about to be mentioned: (B.) the last past:—pl. These.—n. This′ness, hæccity. [A.S. this, the neut. of the adj. pron. thes (masc.), theós (fem.), this (neut.)—pl. thǽs (=these), thás (=those); Ice. thessi, Ger. dieser.]

Thistle, this′l, n. a genus of prickly plants.—n. This′tle-down, the tufted feathery bristles of the seeds of the thistle.—adj. This′tly, overgrown with thistles. [A.S. thistel; Ger. distel.]

Thither, thith′ėr, adv. to that place: to that end or result.—adv. Thith′erward, toward that place. [A.S. ðider.]

Thlipsis, thlip′sis, n. constriction of a blood-vessel by external compression. [Gr.,—thlibein, to press.]

Thole, thōl, n. a pin in the side of a boat to keep the oar in place.—Also Thole′-pin, Thowl, Thowel. [A.S. thol; Dut. dol, Ice. thollr.]

Thole, thōl, v.t. to endure, to suffer: to yield.—v.i. to be patient, to wait. [A.S. tholian, to suffer; Goth. thulan, Ice. thola; Old High Ger. dolén, whence Ger, ge-duld, patience, dulden, to suffer.]

Tholobate, thō′lō-bāt, n. (archit.) the substructure on which a dome or cupola rests. [Gr. tholos, a dome, bainein, to go.]

Tholus, thō′lus, n. a round building, dome, cupola:—pl. Thō′li.—Also Thole. [Gr.]

Thomism, tō′mizm, n. the doctrines of the followers of the prince of scholastic theologians, Thomas Aquinas (1226-74), esp. as these are set forth in his Summa Theologiæ, which still represent, with few exceptions, the general teaching of the R.C. Church.—n. Thō′mist, a follower of Aquinas.—adjs. Thomist′ic, -al.

Thong, thong, n. a piece or strap of leather to fasten anything. [A.S. thwang.]

Thor, thōr, n. the second principal Scandinavian divinity, the god of thunder. [Ice. Thórr.]

Thorax, thō′raks, n. the part of the body between the neck and belly: the chest.—adj. Thoracic (-ras′-), pertaining to the thorax or breast. [L.,—Gr.]

Thorium, thō′ri-um, n. a rare metal resembling aluminium, but taking fire below a red heat, and burning with great brilliancy.—Also Thorī′num.

Thorn, thorn, n. a sharp, woody spine on the stem of a plant: a spine: a plant having spines or thorns: anything prickly or troublesome.—ns. Thorn′-app′le, a plant of genus Datura: a haw, a thorn-tree; Thorn′back, a species of ray or skate which has nail-like crooked spines in its back; Thorn′bill, a variety of humming-bird with short, straight bill; Thorn′-bush, a shrub producing thorns; Thorn′-hedge, a hedge of hawthorn.—adjs. Thorn′less, without thorns; Thorn′set, set or beset with thorns; Thorn′y, full of thorns: prickly: troublesome: harassing (A.S. thorniht).—Thorn in the flesh, any cause of constant irritation, from 2 Cor. xii. 7. [A.S. thorn; Ice. thorn, Ger. dorn.]

Thorough, thur′ō, adj. passing through or to the end: complete: entire.—prep. (obs.) through.—n. that which goes through, a passage: the blind and obstinately tyrannical policy of Strafford and Laud in administering civil and ecclesiastical affairs without regard to opposite convictions.—n. Thor′ough-bass (mus.), a bass part all through a piece, with figures placed over the notes to indicate the harmony to be played to each.—adj. Thor′oughbred, thoroughly or completely bred: bred from a dam and sire of the best blood, as a horse, and having the qualities supposed to depend thereon.—n. an animal, esp. a horse, of pure blood—of race-horses, one all of whose ancestors for seven generations (five in America) are recorded in the stud-book.—n. Thor′oughfare, a fare or passage for going through: a public way or street: right of passing through.—adj. Thor′oughgō′ing, going through or to the end: going all lengths: complete.—adv. Thor′oughly.—n. Thor′oughness.—adj. Thor′ough-paced, thoroughly or perfectly paced or trained: complete. [The longer form of through.]

Thorp, Thorpe, thorp, n. a homestead: a hamlet. [A.S. thorp; Goth. thaurp, Ger. dorf.]

Those, thōz, pron., pl. of that. [From A.S. thás, the old pl. of thes, this. Cf. This. Doublet these.]

Thoth, thoth, n. the ancient Egyptian god of wisdom, and the inventor of art, science, letters, &c., ibis-headed, with a tau-cross in his hand.

Thou, thow, pron. of the second person sing., the person addressed (now generally used only in solemn address). [A.S. ðú; cog. with Goth. thu, Gr. tu, L. tu, Sans. tva-m.]

Though, thō, conj. admitting: allowing: even if notwithstanding. [Lit. 'on that' (condition), A.S. ðeáh, ðéh; cog. with Goth. thau-h, Ice. thó, Ger. doch; from the stem of the.]

Thought, thawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of think. [A.S. þoht—þencan, to think.]

Thought, thawt, n. the act of thinking: reasoning: deliberation: that which one thinks: idea: fancy: consideration: opinion: meditation: design: care.—adjs. Thought′ed, having thoughts; Thought′ful, full of thought: employed in meditation: attentive: considerate: promoting serious thought: favourable to meditation.—adv. Thought′fully.—n. Thought′fulness.—adj. Thought′less, without thought or care: careless: inattentive: stupid: dull.—adv. Thought′lessly.—ns. Thought′lessness; Thought′-read′er; Thought′-read′ing, the dubious act or art of discerning what is passing in another's mind by some direct and unexplained method, depending neither on gesture, facial expression, nor any articulate or other voluntary indication.—adj. Thought′-sick (Shak.), uneasy with reflection.—n. Thought′-trans′ference, telepathy.—adj. Thought′-transferen′tial, telepathic.—n. Thought′-wave, a supposed undulatory movement of a hypothetical medium by which the phenomena of thought-transference are explained.—Take thought (Shak.), to give way to grief. [A.S. ge-thóht; Ice. thóttr, Ger. bedacht. Cf. Think.]

Thous, thō′us, n. a genus of canines, the African jackals, [L. thos—Gr. thōs, a wild dog.]

Thousand, thow′zand, adj. denoting ten hundred: proverbially, denoting any great number.—n. the number ten hundred: any large number.—adj. Thou′sandfold, folded a thousand times: multiplied by a thousand.—n. Thou′sand-legs, any one of the Myriapoda.—adj. Thou′sandth, the last of a thousand or of any great number.—n. one of a thousand or of any great number.—One in [of] a thousand, anything exceedingly rare, implying a high degree of rarity or excellence. [A.S. thúsend; Ger. tausend, Goth. thúsundi.]

Thrall, thrawl, n. a slave, serf: slavery, servitude: a shelf for barrels.—adj. (arch.) subject.—v.t. to enslave.—ns. Thral′dom, Thrall′dom, the condition of a thrall or slave: slavery: bondage.—adj. Thrall′-like (Milt.), resembling a thrall or slave: resembling slavery: slavish. [Old Northumbrian ðrǽl—Ice. þræll, a slave; cf. Old High Ger. drigil, a slave, one who runs errands. From root of A.S. þrægian, to run.]

Thrapple, thrap′l, n. (Scot.) the windpipe.—Also Thropp′le. [Throttle.]

Thrash, thrash, v.t. to heat out grain from the straw, to beat soundly—also Thresh.—ns. Thrash′er, Thresh′er; Thrash′ing, Thresh′ing, the act of beating out grain from the straw: a sound beating or drubbing; Thrash′ing-floor, Thresh′ing-floor, a floor on which grain is thrashed; Thrash′ing-machine′, -mill, a machine or apparatus for thrashing corn. [A.S. therscan; cog. with Ger. dreschen.]

Thrasher, thrash′ėr, n. an American throstle or thrush, the brown thrush or sandy mocking-bird.—Also Thresh′er.

Thrasonical, thrā-son′ik-al, adj. resembling Thraso, a boastful soldier in Terence's Eunuchus: boastful, bragging.—adv. Thrason′ically.

Thratch, thrach, v.t. (Scot.) to gasp for breath.—n. laboured breathing.

Thrave, thrāv, n. twenty-four sheaves of grain set up in two stooks of twelve sheaves each: the number of two dozen, a good number.—Also Threave (thrēv). [Scand., Ice. þrefi—þrífa, to grasp.]

Thraw, thraw, v.t. (Scot.) to twist, wrench.—v.i. to writhe, to wriggle: to be perverse.—adjs. Thrä′ward, Thrä′wart, obstinate; Thrawn, twisted: perverse.—Heads and thraws, lying beside each other, the head of the one by the feet of the other; In the dead thraw, in the agony of death. [Throw.]

Thread, thred, n. a very thin line of any substance twisted and drawn out: a filament of any fibrous substance: a fine line of yarn: anything resembling a thread: the prominent spiral part of a screw: something continued in long course: the uniform tenor of a discourse.—v.t. to pass a thread through the eye of (as a needle): to pass or pierce through, as a narrow way: to furnish with a thread.—adj. Thread′bare, worn to the bare thread: having the nap worn off: hackneyed: used till its novelty or interest is gone.—n. Thread′bareness.—adj. Thread′en (Shak.), made of thread.—ns. Thread′er; Thread′iness, the state of being thread-like or slender: the quality of containing threads; Thread′-lace, lace made of linen thread; Thread′-pā′per, a piece of thin soft paper for wrapping up a skein of thread.—n.pl. Thread′-worms, a popular name for Nematoda, a class of more or less thread-like worms, many parasitic, others free-living.—adj. Thread′y, like thread: slender: containing, or consisting of, thread.—Thread and thrum, all, the good and bad together; Thread of life, the thread imagined to be spun and cut by the Fates.—Lisle thread, a fine hard-twisted linen thread originally made at Lille in France. [A.S. thrǽd—thráwan, to wind, to twist; Ger. drehen.]

Threap, Threep, thrēp, v.t. (Scot.) to maintain persistently: to contradict: to urge, to press eagerly.—v.i. to dispute.—n. stubborn insistence: contradiction: a freet. [A.S. threápian, to rebuke.]

Threat, thret, n. declaration of an intention to inflict punishment or other evil upon another: menace.—v.t. Threat′en, to declare the intention of inflicting punishment or other evil upon another: to terrify by menaces: to present the appearance of coming evil or of something unpleasant.—n. Threat′ener.—adj. Threat′ening, indicating a threat or menace: indicating something approaching or impending.—adv. Threat′eningly.—adj. Threat′ful (Spens.), full of threats, having a menacing appearance. [A.S. þreát—þreótan, to afflict; cog. with Ger. verdriessen, Goth. thriutan, to vex.]

Three, thrē, adj. and n. two and one.—adj. Three′-cor′nered, having three corners or angles: (bot.) having three prominent longitudinal angles, as a stem.—n. Three′-deck′er, ship of war carrying guns on three decks: an old-fashioned pulpit.—adjs. Three′fold, folded thrice: thrice repeated: consisting of three; Three′-foot, measuring three feet, or having three feet; Three′-leafed, -leaved (bot.), having three distinct leaflets: having the leaves arranged in threes; Three′-lobed (bot.), having three lobes; Three′-man (Shak.), worked by three men.—n. Three′-mas′ter, a ship with three masts.—adjs. Three′-nerved, having three nerves: (bot.) having three distinct nerves running longitudinally without branching, as a leaf; Three′-nooked (Shak.), three-cornered; Three′-part′ed, consisting of three parts: (bot.) divided into three parts down to the base, as a leaf.—n. Threepence (thrē′pens, coll. thrip′ens), three pennies: a silver coin of the value of threepence.—adj. Three′penny, worth threepence: of little worth: mean, vulgar.—ns. Three′-per-cents., bonds or other securities paying three per cent. interest, esp. a portion of the consolidated debt of Great Britain; Three′-pile (Shak.), the finest kind of velvet.—adjs. Three′-piled, set with a thick pile, as velvet: (Shak.) of the best quality: (Shak.) piled one on another; Three′ply, having three plies or folds; Three′score, three times a score, sixty (also n.); Three′-sid′ed, having three sides; Three′some, triple; Three′-suit′ed, having but three suits of clothes; Three′-valved, consisting of, or opening with, three valves.—Three F's, free sale, fixity of tenure, fair rent—the three demands of the Irish Land League; Three R's (see R); Three times three, three cheers thrice repeated. [A.S. þreó, þrý, þír; Ice. þrír, Gael. tri, Goth. threis, Ger. drei, L. tres, Gr. treis, Sans. tri.]

Thremmatology, threm-a-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of breeding or propagating animals and plants under domestication. [Gr. thremma—trephein, to nurse, logia—legein, to say.]

Threnody, thren′ō-di, n. an ode or song of lamentation.—n. Threne, a lament, lamentation.—adjs. Threnet′ic, -al; Threnō′dial, Threnod′ic.—n. Thren′odist, a writer of threnodies. [Gr. thrēnōdia—thrēnos, a lament, ōdē, a song.]

Threpsology, threp-sol′ō-ji, n. the science of the nutrition of living organisms, or a treatise thereon. [Gr. threpsis—trephein, to nourish, logia—legein, to say.]

Thresh, thresh (see Thrash).—ns. Thresh′el, a flail; Thresh′er, the fox-shark; Thresh′er-whale, the grampus.

Threshold, thresh′ōld, n. a piece of wood or stone under the door of a house: door: entrance: the place or point of entering. [M. E. threshwold—A.S. therscwald—therscan, to thresh, wald, wood.]

Thrice, thrīs, adv. three times. [M. E. thriës—A.S. þríwa, thrice—þrí, three.]

Thrid, thrid, n. (Spens.) a thread.—v.t. to slip through, as a narrow passage. [Thread.]

Thridacium, thri-dā′si-um, n. the inspissated juice of lettuce.—Also Thrid′ace. [L. thridax—Gr. thridax, lettuce.]

Thrift, thrift, n. state of thriving: frugality: prosperity: increase of wealth: gain: a plant of genus Armeria, order Plumbagineæ, the marsh-rosemary.—adv. Thrift′ily.—n. Thrift′iness.—adj. Thrift′less, not thrifty: extravagant: not thriving.—adv. Thrift′lessly.—n. Thrift′lessness.—adj. Thrift′y (comp. Thrift′ier, superl. Thrift′iest), showing thrift or economy: thriving by frugality. [Thrive.]

Thrill, thril, v.t. to pierce: to affect strongly.—v.i. to pierce, as something sharp: to cause a tingling, shivering feeling to run through the body: to feel a sharp, shivering sensation.—n. a thrilling sensation.—adjs. Thrill′ant (Spens.), thrilling, piercing; Thrill′ing, causing to thrill.—adv. Thrill′ingly, in a thrilling manner: with thrilling sensations.—n. Thrill′ingness. [A.S. thyrlian, to bore a hole—thyrel, a hole; Ger. drillen, to drill a hole.]

Thrips, thrips, n. a genus of the family Thripidæ, which is the sole family of the order Thysanoptera, any member of the same, the corn-thrips, the jassid, the grape-vine thrips. [Gr. thrips, a wood-worm.]

Thrist, thrist, v.i. (Spens.) same as Thirst.—adj. Thrist′y=Thirsty.

Thrive, thrīv, v.i. to prosper: to increase in goods: to be successful: to grow: to flourish:—pa.t. thrōve and thrīved; pa.p. thriv′en.—adj. Thrive′less, thriftless.—n. Thrī′ver, one who succeeds.—p.adj. Thrī′ving, flourishing, successful.—adv. Thrī′vingly, in a thriving or prosperous manner.—n. Thrī′vingness. [Ice. thrífa, to grasp.]

Throat, thrōt, n. the forepart of the neck, in which are the gullet and windpipe: an entrance: a narrow part of anything: (naut.) the widened and hollowed end of a gaff next the mast—opp. to Peak, the outer end.—ns. Throat′-band, -strap, -latch, a band about the throat; Throat′-bolt, an eye-bolt to which to hook the throat-halyards.—n.pl. Throat′-brails, those which are attached to the gaff for trussing up the sail close to the gaff as well as the mast.—adj. Throat′ed, with a throat of a specified kind.—n.pl. Throat′-hal′yards, those for hoisting the throat of a gaff.—adj. Throat′y, formed in the throat, guttural in sound.—Clergyman's sore throat, an affection commonly arising from too prolonged or powerful exercise of the voice by persons in whom the mucous membrane of the throat is in a relaxed condition; Cut one's own, or another's, throat, to pursue some course ruinous to one's own or to another's interests; Give one the lie in his throat, to accuse one to his face of a lie. [A.S. throte; Dut. strot, Ger. drossel, the throat.]

Throb, throb, v.i. to beat or palpitate, as the heart or pulse, with more than usual force:—pr.p. throb′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. throbbed.—n. a beat or strong pulsation.—adv. Throb′bingly.—adj. Throb′less. [M. E. throbben; cf. L. trepidus, trembling.]

Throe, thrō, n. suffering, pain: agony: the pains of childbirth.—v.i. to be in agony.—v.t. to put in agony. [A.S. threá, threáw, suffering—threówan, to suffer.]

Thrombosis, throm-bō′sis, n. an affection of the blood—vessels (either veins or arteries), which essentially consists in a coagulation of blood, forming a true clot, at a certain fixed spot.—adjs. Throm′bosed, Thrombot′ic.—n. Throm′bus, the blood-clot formed in thrombosis.

Throne, thrōn, n. a chair of state richly ornamented and covered with a canopy: seat of a bishop in the cathedral-church of his diocese: sovereign power and dignity: (pl.) the third order of angels in the first triad of the celestial hierarchy.—v.t. to place on a royal seat: to exalt.—v.i. to sit in state, as on a throne:—pr.p. thrōn′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. thrōned.—adjs. Thrō′nal; Throne′less. [O. Fr.,—L. thronus—Gr. thronos, a seat.]

Throng, throng, n. a large number of people pressed or crowded together: a crowd: a great multitude.—v.t. to press or crowd: to annoy with numbers.—v.i. to crowd together: to come in multitudes.—adj. (prov.) crowded: busy.—adj. Throng′ful, thronged. [A.S. ge-thrang—thringan, to press.]

Throstle, thros′l, n. the song-thrush or mavis: a machine for twisting and winding fibres from roves, consisting of a set of drawing-rollers with bobbins and fliers—also Water-frame.—n. Thros′tle-cook, the missel-thrush. [A.S. throstle; Ger. drossel, L. turdus, a thrush.]

Throstling, thros′ling, n. a swelling on the throat of cattle causing strangulation.

Throttle, throt′l, n. the throat or windpipe.—v.t. to choke by pressure on the windpipe: to shut off the steam from a steam-pipe, engine, &c.—v.i. to breathe hard, as when nearly suffocated.—ns. Thrott′le-pipe, the vertical pipe between the throttle-valve and dry-pipe of a locomotive; Thrott′ler, one who throttles; Thrott′le-valve, a valve regulating the supply of steam to the cylinder. [Dim. of throat.]

Through, thrōō, prep. from end to end, or from side to side of: between the sides of: over the whole extent of: among: from beginning to end: by means of: in consequence of.—adv. from one end or side to the other: from beginning to end: to the end or purpose.—adj. clear, unobstructed, serving for an entire route.—adv. Through′-and-through, thoroughly.—ns. Through′-bolt, a bolt which passes through from side to side of what it fastens; Through′fare (Shak.), same as Thoroughfare; Through′-gang (Scot.), a thoroughfare.—adj. Through′-gang′ing, thorough-going.—n. Through-gō′ing (Scot.), a scolding.—adj. active, energetic.—adv. Through′ly (obs.) same as Thoroughly.—prep. Throughout′, through to the outside: in every part of: from one end to the other.—adv. in every part: everywhere.—ns. Through′-stone, a bonder or bond-stone in building: a grave-stone made so as to lie flat; Through′-tick′et, a ticket for the whole of a journey; Through′-traff′ic, the traffic between two centres at a distance from each other—opp. to Local traffic; Through′-train, a train which goes the whole length of a long route.—Be through, to be finished; Carry through (see Carry); Go through (see Go). [A.S. þurh; Ger. durch, Sans. tiras.]

Throw, thrō, v.t. to hurl: to fling: to wind or twist together, as yarn: to form on a wheel, as pottery: to venture at dice: to put off: to put on or spread carelessly: to cast down in wrestling.—v.i. to cast or hurl: to cast dice:—pa.t. threw (thrōō); pa.p. thrōwn.—n. the act of throwing; a cast, esp. of dice: the distance to which anything may be thrown: a violent effort.—ns. Throw′er; Throw′ing-tā′ble, a potter's wheel.—adj. Thrown, twisted.—ns. Thrown′-silk, organzine, silk thread formed by twisting together two or more threads or singles; Throw′ster, one who throws silk: a gambler; Throw′-stick, a weapon thrown whirling from the hand, as the boomerang.—Throw about (Spens.), to cast about or try expedients; Throw away, to lose by neglect or folly, to spend in vain, to reject; Throw back, to retort, to refuse: to revert to some ancestral character, to show atavism; Throw by, to reject, to lay aside as of no use; Throw down, to destroy, to subvert: to depress; Throw in, to inject, as a fluid, to put in or deposit along with others, to add as an extra; Throw light on, to make clear; Throw off, to expel, to reject, to renounce: to give forth in an unpremeditated manner; Throw on, to put on hastily; Throw one's self into, to engage heartily in; Throw one's self on, or upon, to cast one's confidence upon, to resign one's self to; Throw open, to cause to swing wide open, to make freely accessible; Throw out, to cast out, to reject, to expel: to emit, to utter carelessly, to cause to project: to put into confusion, to confuse: to distance, leave behind; Throw over, to discard or desert; Throw up, to hoist or raise, to raise hastily: to enlarge, as a picture reflected on a screen: to give up, to resign: to vomit. [A.S. thráwan, to turn, to twist; Ger. drehen, to twist, L. torquēre.]

Thrum, thrum, n. the end of a weaver's thread, any loose thread or fringe: coarse yarn.—v.t. to furnish with thrums: to fringe: to insert short pieces of rope-yarn in a mat or piece of canvas:—pr.p. thrum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. thrummed.—ns. Thrum′-cap, -hat (Shak.), a cap or hat made of thrums or of coarse, shaggy cloth.—adj. Thrum′my, made of, or like, thrums. [Ice. þrómr, the edge; Ger. trumm, a fragment.]

Thrum, thrum, v.i. to play rudely or monotonously on an instrument with the fingers.—n. a monotonous sound, as that made by unskilled fingers on a harp, &c.—n. Thrum′mer.

Thrush, thrush, n. a genus of Passerine birds of the family Turdidæ, specifically the throstle, song-thrush, or mavis of Europe. [A.S. þrysce, a thrush.]

Thrush, thrush, n. an inflammatory and suppurating affection of the sensitive surfaces within the frog of the horse: an infantile disease of the mouth and throat. [Scand., Ice. þurr, dry.]

Thrust, thrust, v.t. to push or drive with force: to stab, pierce.—v.i. to make a push, esp. with a pointed weapon: to squeeze in: to intrude:—pa.t. and pa.p. thrust.—n. a stab: an assault: the horizontal outward pressure of an arch against its abutments, or of rafters, beams, &c. against the walls or bearings: the white whey, the last to be squeezed from the curd.—ns. Thrust′er; Thrust′-hoe, a hoe worked by pushing.—Thrust aside, to push away, to reject; Thrust off, to push away; Thrust on, to urge or impel; Thrust one's self into, to intrude; Thrust out, to drive out or away; Thrust through (Shak.), to pierce, to stab; Thrust to (Spens.), to rush upon; Thrust together, to compress; Thrust upon, to force upon. [Ice. thrýsta, to press.]

Thud, thud, n. a dull, hollow sound, caused by a blow or a heavy body falling: a loud noise, concussion, or blast.—v.i. to make a thudding sound: (Scot.) to move quickly.—v.t. (Scot.) to beat, strike. [A.S. þóden, noise.]

Thug, thug, n. one of a class of professional robbers and assassins in India—a kind of secret religious fraternity, murdering stealthily by strangling or poisoning with datura, extirpated 1826-35: any cut-throat ruffian.—ns. Thuggee′, Thug′gery, Thug′gism, the practice and superstition of the Thugs. [Hind., thag, thug, cheat.]

Thule, thū′lē, n. the name generally given by the ancients to the most northerly part of Europe known to them, of which their want of knowledge was eked out by the imagination—the Orkney and Shetland groups, Iceland, &c. The usual Roman phrase was Ultima Thule. [L.,—Gr. thylē.]

Thumb, thum, n. the short, thick digit, consisting of two phalanges, on the radial side of the human hand: the corresponding member in other animals.—v.t. to handle awkwardly: to play or soil with the thumb or fingers.—v.i. to finger.—adj. Thumbed, having thumbs: marked by the thumb, worn.—ns. Thumb′kin, Thumb′screw, an old instrument of torture for compressing the thumb by means of a screw.—adj. Thumb′less.—ns. Thumb′-mark, a mark left by the impression of the thumb on the pages of a book, &c.; Thumb′piece, a piece serving as a support for the thumb: a knob or projection by means of which a spring is worked by pressure of the thumb; Thumb′pot, a very small pot used by florists for starting slips or seedlings; Thumb′-ring (Shak.), a ring worn on the thumb: a ring for the thumb fastened to the guard of a dagger or sword; Thumb′-stall, a covering or sheath for the thumb.—By rule of thumb, in a rough-and-ready practical manner, found by experience to be convenient; Under one's thumb, under one's influence. [With intrusive b from A.S. þuma; cog. with Ger. daumen.]

Thummim, thum′im, n.pl. perfection. [Heb., tummīm (pl. of tōm), perfection—tāmam, to be perfect. Cf. Urim.]

Thump, thump, n. a heavy blow.—v.t. to beat with something heavy.—v.i. to strike or fall with a dull, heavy blow.—n. Thump′er, one who, or that which, thumps: anything very big, a big lie, &c.—adj. Thump′ing, unusually big. [Prob. imit., like Ice. dumpa, to thump.]

Thunder, thun′dėr, n. the deep rumbling sound after a flash of lightning, a thunderbolt: any loud noise: an alarming denunciation.—v.i. to make thunder: to sound as thunder.—v.t. to give out with noise and terror: to publish a denunciation.—ns. Thun′derbolt, a bolt or shaft of lightning preceding a peal of thunder: anything sudden and irresistible: a daring or irresistible hero: ecclesiastical denunciation; Thun′der-clap, a sudden peal of thunder: the report of an explosion of electricity in the clouds; Thun′der-cloud, a cloud charged with electricity, which generally produces lightning and thunder; Thun′derer; Thun′dering, the report of a discharge of electricity in the clouds: thunder.—adj. unusually big, tremendous.—adv. Thun′deringly.—adjs. Thun′derless, without thunder; Thun′der-like (Shak.), like thunder, as a loud noise; Thun′derous, giving forth a sound like thunder, awful.—adv. Thun′derously.—ns. Thun′der-peal, a clap of thunder; Thun′der-plump, a heavy fall of rain in a thunder-storm; Thun′der-shower, a shower accompanied with thunder, or a short heavy shower from a thunder-cloud; Thun′der-stone (Shak.), a stone fabulously supposed to be hurled by thunder, and to do the damage of lightning, a thunderbolt: (geol.) a belemnite, so called from its dart-like shape; Thun′der-storm, continued discharges of electricity from the clouds, producing lightning and thunder, and generally accompanied with heavy rain.—v.t. Thun′der-strike, to strike as by lightning.—n. Thun′der-stroke (Shak.), a stroke or blast by lightning.—adjs. Thun′der-struck, struck by lightning: astonished: struck dumb; Thun′dery, indicative of thunder, or attended by it. [With intrusive d from A.S. þunor—þunian, to rattle; cog. with Ger. donner, Ice. þorr for þonr, L. tonāre.]

Thurible, thū′ri-bl, n. a censer of metal for burning frankincense.—n. Thū′rifer, the server who carries the thurible.—adjs. Thurif′erous, producing or bearing frankincense; Thurif′icate, having offered incense.—n. Thurificā′tion.—v.t. Thū′rify, to cense.—n. Thus, frankincense. [L. thuribulum—thus, thuris, frankincense; akin to Gr. thyos, a sacrifice.]

Thursday, thurz′dā, n. the fifth day of the week, so called because originally sacred to Thor, the old Teutonic god of thunder. [A.S. thunres dæg—thunres, gen. of thunor, thunder, dæg, day; Ice. Thórsdag-r, Thor's day, Ger. Donnerstag.]

Thus, thus, adv. in this or that manner: to this degree or extent.—n. Thus′ness, state of being thus.—adv. Thus′wise, in this manner. [A.S. ðus, prob. ðýs, instrumental case of ðes, this.]

Thwack, thwak, v.t. to strike with something blunt and heavy, to thrash.—n. a heavy blow. [A.S. thaccian, to stroke.]

Thwaite, thwāt, n. a piece of land reclaimed to tillage—common in place-names, as Bassenthwaite, Crossthwaite. [Ice. thveit.]

Thwart, thwawrt, adj. cross: being crosswise.—v.t. to cross: to oppose; to defeat.—n. the bench for rowers placed athwart the boat.—advs. Thwart; Thwar′tedly.—n. Thwar′ter.—adj. Thwar′ting, perverse.—advs. Thwar′tingly, perversely; Thwart′ly; Thwart′ships, across the ship. [Ice. thvert, neut. of thverr; perverse; cog. with A.S. thweorh, Ger. zwerch.]

Thy, thī, poss. adj. thine, of or pertaining to thee. [Short for thine, A.S. ðín, gen. of ðu, thou.]

Thyine-wood, thī′in-wōōd, n. a wood named in Rev. xviii. 12, probably that of the sandarac-tree. [Gr.]

Thylacine, thī′la-sēn, n. the largest of the extant predaceous marsupials, represented by one species, now restricted to Tasmania.

Thyme, tīm, n. a genus of humble half-shrubby plants of the natural order Labiatæ, the common garden-thyme, cultivated for its fragrance, wild-thyme, &c.—n. Thy′mol, an antiseptic phenol, obtained from oil of thyme by distillation.—adj. Thy′my. [Fr.,—L. L. thymum—Gr. thyein, to fill with sweet smells, to burn in sacrifice.]

Thymus, thī′mus, n. a ductless gland near the root of the neck, of no known function, vestigial in adult man—that of veal and lamb called neck-sweetbread. [Gr. thymos, sweet thyme.]

Thyroid, thī′roid, adj. in the form of a shield: denoting a cartilage constituting the anterior, upper part of the larynx, popularly called Adam's apple: denoting a vascular or ductless gland which arises in the earlier human embryo as an ingrowth from the lower part of the pharynx (see Myxœdema). [Gr. thyreos, a shield, eidos, form.]

Thyrsus, thėr′sus, n. (bot.) an inflorescence consisting of a panicle with the lower branches shorter than the middle ones: the wand of Bacchus, a staff wreathed with ivy—also Thyrse.—adjs. Thyr′soid, -al, having the form of a thyrsus. [Gr. thyrsos.]

Thysanura, this-a-nū′ra, n. an order of wingless insects of small size, undergoing no metamorphosis, the abdomen usually bearing peculiar structures which seem to be abortive limbs, the spring-tails or bristle-tails.—adjs. Thysanū′rian; Thysanū′riform. [Gr. thysanos, a fringe, oura, a tail.]

Ti, tē, n. a small Pacific tree of the lily family whose fleshy roots are eaten, and yield sugar and spirit.

Tiara, tī-ā′ra, n. the lofty ornamental head-dress of the ancient Persians: a head-dress: the mitre of the Jewish high-priest: the pope's triple crown, the papal dignity—also (poet.) Tiar.—adj. Tiā′raed, wearing a tiara. [Fr. tiare—L. tiara—Gr. tiara.]

Tibet, Thibet, ti-bet′, n. a woollen stuff generally printed in colours: a heavy fabric used for the same purposes as furs, made of goat's hair, black and finely curled—also Tibet cloth.—adj. Tib′etan, pertaining to Tibet, its language or people.—n. the language or people of Tibet.

Tibia, tib′i-a, n. the large shinbone.—adj. Tib′ial, pertaining to the tibia: pertaining to a pipe or flute.—ns. Tibiā′lis, a tibial muscle; Tibī′cen, a flute-player. [L., the shinbone, hence a flute.]

Tic, tik, n. a convulsive motion of certain muscles, esp. of the face.—n. Tic′-doul′oureux, painful convulsive motion of a nerve, usually in the face. [Fr. tic, a twitching; cf. Low Ger. tukken, to twitch.]

Tick, tik, n. the popular name for several acaridan arachnids which infest dogs, sheep, &c. [M. E. teke; Dut. teek, Ger. zecke.]

Tick, tik, n. the case or cover in which feathers, &c., are put for bedding.—ns. Tick′en, Tick′ing, the cloth of which ticks are made. [L. theca—-Gr. thēkē, a case—tithēmi, I put.]

Tick, tik, v.i. to make a small, quick noise: to beat, as a watch.—ns. Tick′er, anything which ticks, a watch; Tick′-tack, a noise like that made by a clock: (Shak.) a game somewhat like backgammon—adv. with a recurring ticking sound. [Imit.; cf. Ger. ticken.]

Tick, tik, v.i. to get or give credit.—n. credit: trust.—n. Tick′-shop, a shop where goods are given on credit.—Buy on tick, to buy on credit. [Ticket.]

Tick, tik, v.i. to touch lightly.—n. a tap or light touch: a slight speck.—adj. Ticked, speckled.—v.t. Tick′le, to touch lightly and cause to laugh: to please by slight gratification.—v.i. to feel titillation or tickling.—ns. Tick′ler; Tick′ling. [Tickle is a dim. of tick, to touch lightly, M. E. teck, a touch; Dut. tik.]

Ticket, tik′et, n. a marked card: a token of any right or debt, as for admission, &c.: a list of candidates put forward by a party for election: (obs.) a visiting-card.—v.t. to mark by a ticket.—ns. Tick′et-day, the day before settling day on the Stock Exchange; Tick′et-of-leave, a license to be at large, granted to a convict for good conduct; Tick′et-por′ter, a licensed porter wearing a badge or ticket; Cou′pon-tick′et (see Coupon); Straight′-ticket, a ticket bearing the names of the nominees of a political party, and them only.—Season ticket, a ticket entitling the holder to admission to lectures, &c., or to travel between certain places on a line of railway, for a certain specified period; The ticket, the correct thing. [Short for O. Fr. etiquet, a label, from Teut.; Ger. stecken, to stick.]

Tickle, tik′l, adj. (Spens.) uncertain, insecure: (Shak.) tottering, insecure, easily tickled, ticklish.—n. Tick′ler, something difficult, a puzzle: a banker's memorandum-book: a dram of spirits.—adj. Tick′lish, easily tickled: easily affected: nice: critical.—adv. Tick′lishly.—n. Tick′lishness.—adj. Tick′ly, ticklish.—n. Tickly-bend′er, risky ice that bends under a skater: (pl.) any game, as tag, played on such ice. [M. E. tikel, unstable, tikelen, freq. of tick, to touch lightly.]

Tiddle, tid′l, v.t. to fondle—also Tid′der.—v.i. to potter, trifle.

Tiddlywink, tid′ly-wingk, n. (prov.) an unlicensed pawn-shop or beer-house.—n.pl. Tidd′ledywinks, a parlour-game in which small discs of ivory, &c., are snapped from the level of the table into a cup in the centre of it—also Tidd′ly-winks.

Tide, tīd, n. time: season: the regular flux and reflux or rhythmic ebb and flow of the sea: course: a tide, time, or season, a feast-day, festival, a certain time, a day of twelve hours: commotion: turning-point.—v.t. to drive with the stream.—v.i. to pour a tide or flood: to work in or out of a river or harbour with the tide.—adj. Tī′dal, pertaining to tides: flowing and ebbing periodically.—ns. Tide′-gate, a gate through which the water flows into a basin or dock with the tide, and which is shut to keep it from flowing out again when the tide ebbs: a place where the tide runs with great velocity; Tide′-gauge, an instrument for registering the state of the tide continuously.—adj. Tide′less, having no tides.—ns. Tide′-lock, a lock placed between an entrance-basin and a harbour, canal, or river, and furnished with double gates, so that vessels can pass either out or in at all times of the tide; Tide′mill, a mill moved by tide-water: a mill for clearing lands of tide-water; Tides′-man, Tide′-wait′er, an officer who waits the arrival of vessels, to secure the payment of the duties: one who watches public opinion before declaring his own; Tide′-tā′ble, a table giving the time of high-tide at any place; Tide′-wa′ter, the water of the portion of a river affected by the tide, the seaboard; Tide′-wave, the great wave which follows the apparent motion of the moon; Tide′-way, the channel in which the tide sets; Neap′-tide (see Neap); Spring′-tide (see Spring).—Tide over, to surmount difficulties, for the time at least, by favourable accidents or by skill. [A.S. tíd; Dut. tijd, Ger. zeit.]

Tidings, tī′dingz, n.pl. news: intelligence. [Ice. tiðindi—tið, time; cf. Ger. zeit-ung, news, from zeit.]

Tidy, tī′di, adj. neat: in good order: fairly large: (coll.) comfortable.—n. a cover for chairs, &c.: a child's pinafore.—v.t. to make neat: to put in good order:—pa.t. and pa.p. tī′died.—adv. Tī′dily, in a tidy manner.—n. Ti′diness, state or quality of being tidy: neatness.—Tid′ivate (coll.) (see Titivate). [M. E. tidy, seasonable—tid, tide, time: Ger. zeitig.]

Tie, tī, v.t. to bind: to fasten with a cord: to unite: to constrain: (mus.) to unite notes with a tie: to score equally with: to bind with a ligature.—v.i. to make an exactly equal number of points with:—pr.p. ty′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. tied (tīd).—n. a knot, bow, &c.: a bond: something for tying: a necktie: a member fastening parts together, one of a set of timbers laid crosswise: an equality in numbers, as of votes, or of points in a game: (mus.) a curved line drawn over two or more notes on the same degree of the stave, signifying that the second note is not to be sounded separately, but is to sustain the first.—ns. Tie′-beam, a beam resting on the walls and stretching across, keeping the rafters fast; Tī′er, one who ties: a child's apron; Tie′-rod, a rod serving as a tie between two pieces; Tie′-wig, a court-wig tied with ribbon at the back.—Play off a tie, to take part in a final contest to decide a tie in a game. [M. E. teyen—teye, a band—A.S. teág, teáh, týge, a rope.]

Tier, tēr, n. a row or rank, especially when several rows are placed one above another. [Fr. tire—tirer, to draw.]

Tierce, tērs, n. a cask containing one-third of a pipe—that is, 42 gallons: a sequence of three cards of the same colour: (mus.) a third: a thrust, in fencing: (her.) a field tripartitely divided in three different tinctures: the third hour of the day, or the office of that hour, the terce.—ns. Tier′ceron (archit.), in vaulting, a rib springing from the intersection of two other ribs; Tier′cet, a stanza of three rhymed verses, a triplet. [O. Fr. tiers, tierce—L. tertia (pars), a third (part)—tres, three.]

Tiercel, tērs′el, n. a male hawk.—Also Tierce′let. [O. Fr. tiercelet—tiers, tierce, third.]

Tiers état, tyārz ā-tä′, n. the third estate of the realm, the common people in relation to political power. See Estate. [Fr.]

Tiff, tif, v.t. (obs.) to dress, trick out. [O. Fr. tiffer, atiffer, to adorn; of Teut. origin.]

Tiff, tif, v.i. to be in a pet—-n: a display of irritation, a pet, huff.—Also Tift. [Orig. a sniff. Norw. tev, a drawing in of the breath, teva, to sniff.]

Tiffany, tif′a-ni, n. a silk-like gauze.—adj. made of tiffany, transparent. [Tiff, to adorn.]

Tiffin, tif′in, n. the East Indian name for luncheon.—v.i. Tiff, to take lunch—Tiff′in is less correct. [From Prov. Eng. tiff, a draught of beer.]

Tiger, tī′gėr, n. a fierce and rapacious feline quadruped, nearly as large as a lion: the jaguar: a servant in livery who rides with his master: a swaggering bully, a low ruffian: (U.S.) one more cheer after a round of cheers: a tiger-beetle:—fem. Tī′gress.—ns. Ti′ger-bee′tle, a cicindela; Tī′ger-cat, a wild-cat: the margay, ocelot, and serval; Tī′ger-flow′er, a Mexican plant cultivated in flower-gardens for its streaked flowers.—adjs. Tī′ger-foot′ed (Shak.), hastening to devour, fierce and rapacious; Tī′gerish, like a tiger in disposition.—ns. Tī′gerism; Tī′ger-lil′y, a species of lily with spotted flowers; Tī′ger-moth, any one of the Arctiidæ, whose larvæ are called woolly bears; Tī′ger-wolf, a name given to the spotted hyena and to the Thylacine.—adj. Tī′grine, like a tiger. [Fr. tigre—L. tigris—Gr. tigris—Zend. tighri, an arrow, whence the river Tigris.]

Tight, tīt, adj. close: compact: rigid: hampered from want of money: snug, trim: not leaky: fitting closely, also too closely: scarce, not easily obtainable: (coll.) unwilling to part with money: tipsy: not loose or free in treatment.—v.t. Tight′en, to make tight or tighter: to straiten.—v.i. to grow tight or tighter.—n. Tight′ener, one who, or that which, tightens: (anat.) a tensor: (slang) a heavy meal.—adv. Tight′ly.—ns. Tight′ness; Tight′rope, a tightly-stretched rope on which rope-dancers perform.—n.pl. Tights, a garment often of silk, closely fitting the body, or at least the legs, worn by acrobats, dancers, &c. [Scand., Ice. þéitr; cf. Dan. tæt, Dut. digt, Ger. dicht.]

Tike, tīk, n. (Shak.) a dog, a cur, a boor: an uncouth fellow: a Yorkshireman. [Ice. tík, a bitch.]

Tilbury, til′ber-i, n. a kind of gig for two. [Said to be so named from its first maker.]

Tilde, til′dē, n. the diacritical sign over n in Spanish—thus ñ. [Sp.,—L. titulus, a title.]

Tile, tīl, n. a piece of baked clay used for covering roofs, floors, &c.: a tube or pipe of baked clay used in drains: (slang) a tall cylindrical silk hat.—v.t. to cover with tiles: to drain by means of tiles: to secure against the intrusion of unauthorised persons by placing a person at the door of a lodge or close meeting.—ns. Tī′ler, one who makes or who lays tiles: the keeper of the door in a Freemasons' lodge—also Ty′ler; Tile′-red, a brownish-red, the colour of baked tiles; Tī′lery, a place where tiles are made; Tile′-stone, a tile: (pl., geol.) the uppermost group of the Silurian period, consisting of a reddish, thin-bedded, slightly micaceous sandstone; Tī′ling, a roof of tiles: tiles in general.—Dutch tiles, enamelled earthenware tiles, usually blue, with scriptural subjects, for chimney pieces, &c. [A.S. tigele—L. tegula—tegĕre, to cover.]

Tiliaceæ, til-i-ā′se-ē, n.pl. a natural order of exogenous trees and shrubs, mostly native to the tropics—the linden family. [L. tilia, a lime-tree.]

Till, til, n. a money-box or drawer in a desk, counter, or trunk. [M. E. tillen, to draw out—A.S. tyllan, in for-tyllan, to draw aside.]

Till, til, prep. to the time of.—adv. to the time when: to the degree that. [Old Northumbrian til—Scand., Ice. til.]

Till, til, v.t. to cultivate.—adj. Till′able, arable.—ns. Till′age, act or practice of tilling: husbandry: a place tilled; Till′er; Till′ing. [A.S. tilian, to till—til, good, a limit; Ger. zielen, to arrange.]

Till, til, n. the usual name in Scotland for Boulder-clay, a widely-distributed stony clay, usually tough and hard, unquestionably the result of glaciation, probably being merely the bottom-moraine or ground-moraine of extinct glaciers.

Tillandsia, ti-land′zi-a, n. a genus of mainly epiphytic plants of the pine-apple family (Bromeliaceæ). [From the Swedish botanist, Tillands.]

Tiller, til′ėr, n. the handle or lever for turning a rudder.—ns. Till′er-chain, -rope, the chain or rope uniting the fore-end of the tiller with the steering-wheel. [M. E. tillen, to draw out—A.S. tyllan. Cf. Till (1).]

Tilly-vally, til′i-val′i, n. (Shak.) an expression of contempt at what has been said.—Also Till′ie-vall′ie.

Tilt, tilt, n. the canvas covering of a cart or wagon: an awning in a boat.—v.t. to cover with an awning. [A.S. teld—teldan, to cover; cog. with Ger. zelt.]

Tilt, tilt, v.i. to ride against another and thrust with a lance: to thrust or fight with a lance or rapier: to fall into a sloping posture, to heel over.—v.t. to point or thrust with, as a lance: to slant: to raise one end of: to forge with a tilt-hammer.—n. a thrust: in the Middle Ages, an exercise in which combatants rode against each other with lances: inclination forward, dip, slant.—ns. Tilt′er; Tilt′-hamm′er, a heavy hammer used in ironworks, which is tilted or lifted by means of projections on the axis of a wheel; Tilt′ing; Tilt′-yard, a place for tilting. [A.S. tealt, tottering; Ice. tölta, to trot; Ger. zelter.]

Tilth, tilth, n. cultivation: cultivated land: the depth of soil turned up in cultivation. [From till (3).]

Timariot, ti-mä′ri-ot, n. a soldier of the Turkish feudal militia. [Turk. tīmār.]

Timbale, tang-bal′, n. a dish of fowl or fish pounded and mixed with white of egg, sweet cream, &c., poured into a mould. [Fr.]

Timber, tim′bėr, n. wood for building purposes: the trunk of a tree: material for any structure: one of the larger pieces of the framework of a house, ship, &c.: one of the planks forming the sides and roof of a gallery in a mine.—v.t. to furnish with timber or beams.—p.adj. Tim′bered, furnished with timber: (Shak.) built, formed, contrived: (Spens.) made like timber, massive.—ns. Tim′bering, timber materials; Tim′ber-man, one responsible for the timbers in a mine; Tim′ber-toes, a person with a wooden leg; Tim′ber-tree, a tree suitable for timber; Tim′ber-yard, a yard or place where timber is stored. [A.S. timber, building, wood; Ger. zimmer, an apartment.]

Timbre, tim′bėr, n. tone, character, or quality of a musical sound. [O. Fr.,—L. tympanum, a drum.]

Timbrel, tim′brel, n. an ancient musical instrument, carried in the hand, apparently like a tambourine.—adj. Tim′brelled (Milt.), sung to the sound of the timbrel. [O. Fr. timbre—L. tympanum, a drum.]

Timbrology, tim-brol′ō-ji, n. the study of postage-stamps.—n. Timbroph′ily, love for this harmless pursuit. [Fr. timbre, postage-stamp, -ology.]

Time, tīm, n. a point at which, or period during which, things happen: a season or proper time: an opportunity: absolute duration: an interval: past time: the duration of one's life: allotted period: repetition of anything or mention with reference to repetition: musical measure, or rate of movement: a measured interval in verse: (gram.) the relation of a verb with regard to tense: the umpire's call in prize-fights, &c.: hour of travail: the state of things at any period, usually in pl.: the history of the world, as opposed to eternity: addition of a thing to itself.—v.t. to do at the proper season: to regulate as to time: (mus.) to measure.—v.i. to keep or beat time.—ns. Time′-ball, a ball arranged to drop from the summit of a pole at a particular time; Time′-bargain, a contract to buy or sell merchandise or stock at a certain time in the future.—adjs. Time′-beguil′ing, making the time pass quickly; Time′-bett′ering, improving the state of things as time goes on; Time′-bewast′ed (Shak.), wasted or worn by time.—ns. Time′-bill, a time-table; Time′-book, a book for keeping an account of the time men have worked; Time′-card, a card bearing a time-table: a card with blank spaces for workmen's hours, &c., being filled in; Time′-fuse, a fuse calculated to burn a definite length of time; Time′-gun, a gun which is fired by means of a mechanical contrivance and a current of electricity at a particular time.—adj. Time′-hon′oured, honoured for a long time: venerable on account of antiquity.—ns. Time′ist, Tim′ist, a musical performer in relation to his sense for time; Time′-keep′er, a clock, watch, or other instrument for keeping or marking time: one who keeps the time of workmen.—adj. Time′less, done at an improper time, unseasonable: (Shak.) done before the proper time.—adv. Time′lessly, before the proper time: unseasonably.—n. Time′liness.—adj. Time′ly, in good time: sufficiently early: (obs.) keeping time.—adv. early, soon.—adjs. Time′ly-part′ed (Shak.), having died in time—i.e. at a natural time; Time′ous, in Scot. legal phraseology, in good time: seasonable.—adv. Time′ously, in good time.—ns. Time′piece, a piece of machinery for keeping time, esp. a clock for a mantel-piece; Time′-pleas′er (Shak.), one who complies with prevailing opinions, whatever they be; Time′-serv′er, one who serves or meanly suits his opinions to the times.—adj. Time′-serving, complying with the spirit of the times or with present power.—n. mean compliance with the spirit of the times or with present power.—ns. Time′-tā′ble, a table or list showing the times of certain things, as trains, steamers, &c.; Time′-thrust, a thrust made in fencing at the moment the opponent draws breath for his thrust; Time′-work, labour paid for by the hour or the day—opp. to Piece-work.—adjs. Time′-worn, worn or decayed by time; Tim′ous (Bacon), timely.—Time out of mind, from time immemorial.—Apparent time, true solar time as shown by a carefully adjusted sun-dial; Astronomical time, the time past mean noon of that day, and reckoned on to twenty-four hours in mean time; At times, at distinct intervals: occasionally; Be master of one's time, to be free to do what one likes; Civil time, common time, or mean time, in which the day begins at midnight, and is divided into equal portions of twelve hours each; Fill time, to book vacant dates; In time, Time enough, in good season, sufficiently early; Keep time, to indicate the time correctly: to make any regular rhythmical movements at the same time with others; Lose time, to let time pass without making use of it: to run slow—of a watch, &c.; Make time, to recover lost time: to perform in a certain time; Mean time, the mean or average of apparent time, as shown by a good clock; Sidereal time, the portion of a sidereal day which has elapsed since the transit of the first point of Aries; Solar time, time as shown by the sun or sun-dial; The time being, the present time. [A.S. tíma; cf. Ice. tími; and Tide.]

Timenoguy, tī-men′ō-gī, n. (naut.) a rope stretched so as to prevent gear from getting fouled.

Timid, tim′id, adj. fearful: wanting courage: faint-hearted.—n. Timid′ity, quality or state of being timid: want of courage.—adv. Tim′idly.—n. Tim′idness.—adv. Timorō′so (mus.), timid, hesitating, to be so rendered.—adj. Tim′orous, timid: indicating fear.—adv. Tim′orously.—n. Tim′orousness.—adj. Tim′orsome (Scot.), easily frightened. [Fr.,—L. timidus—timēre, to fear.]

Timocracy, tī-mok′rā-si, n. a form of government in which a certain amount of property is a necessary qualification for office.—adj. Timocrat′ic. [Gr. timokratia—timē, honour, kratein, to rule.]

Timon, tī′mon, n. (obs.) a helm.—n. Timoneer′, a helmsman. [L. temo, a beam.]

Timonist, tī′mon-ist, n. a misanthrope—from Timon of Athens, the hero of Shakespeare's play so named which was based upon the story in Plutarch's Life of Alcibiades, as in North's translation.—v.i. Tī′monise, to play the misanthrope.

Timothy, tim′ō-thi, n. timothy-grass, the name commonly given to Phleum pratense, a grass much valued for feeding cattle—called also Cat's-tail grass or Meadow cat's-tail. [So named from Timothy Hanson, who introduced it to America about 1720.]

Timpano, tim′pa-nō, n. an orchestral kettledrum:—pl. Tim′pani.—Also Tym′pano. [It.]

Tin, tin, n. a silvery-white, non-elastic, easily fusible, and malleable metal: (slang) money: a vessel of tin, a can, &c.—adj. made of tin.—v.t. to cover or overlay with tin or tinfoil: to pack in tins:—pr.p. tin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. tinned.—ns. Tin′man, Tin′ner, a tinsmith; Tin′ning, the art of coating with tin, or of repairing tin-ware: the act of packing in tin cans for preservation.—adj. Tin′ny, like tin.—n. a small vessel of tin.—ns. Tin′-plate, thin sheet-iron coated with tin; Tin′-smith, a manufacturer of tin vessels: a worker in tin: a dealer in tin-ware; Tin′-type, a ferrotype; Tin′-ware, articles made of tin.—ns.pl. Tin′witts, dressed tin ore containing pyrites, &c.; Tin′-works, works for working tin. [A.S. tin; Ice. tin, Ger. zinn.]

Tinamou, tin′a-mōō, n. a South American genus of birds sometimes called partridges, but really more akin to bustards, and having affinities with the rhea and emu. [Fr.,—native name.]

Tinchel, tin′chel, n. a circle of men who close in round a herd of deer.—Also Tin′chil. [Gael. timchioll, a circuit.]

Tincture, tingk′tūr, n. a tinge or shade of colour: a slight taste added to anything: (med.) a solution of any substance in or by means of spirit of wine: (her.) one of the metals, colours, or furs in achievements.—v.t. to tinge: to imbue: to mix with anything foreign.—adj. Tinct (Spens.), tinged, coloured.—n. (Tenn.) colour, stain, spot.—adj. Tinctō′rial, giving a tinge: colouring. [L. tinctura.]

Tinder, tin′dėr, n. anything used for kindling fire from a spark.—n. Tin′der-box, a box in which tinder is kept.—adjs. Tin′der-like (Shak.), inflammable as tinder; Tin′dery, irascible. [A.S. tynder; Ice. tundr, Ger. zunder. The root is found in A.S. tendan, Ger. zünden, to kindle.]

Tine, tīn, n. the spike of a fork or harrow, or of a deer's antler.—adj. Tīned, furnished with spikes. [A.S. tind, a point; cog. with Ice. tind-r, a tooth, a prickle; and prob. conn. with tooth.]

Tine, tīn, v.t. (Spens.) same as Tind.—v.i. (Spens.) to rage, to smart.

Tine, tīn, v.t. (Scot.) to lose.—v.i. to be lost, to perish. [M. E. tinen, tynen—Scand., Ice. týna, to lose.]

Tine, tīn, v.t. and v.i. (prov.) to enclose. [A.S. týnan, to surround.]

Tinea, tin′ē-ä, n. the generic name of certain diseases of the skin caused by the growth of microscopic fungi: a genus of small moths of the family Tineidæ and superfamily Tineina.—adj. Tin′ēid, relating to these moths. [L., a worm.]

Tinfoil, tin′foil, n. tin in thin leaves for wrapping articles.—v.t. to cover with such.

Ting, ting, v.t. and v.i. to tinkle like a bell.—n. a sharp sound, a tinkling.—n. Ting′-a-ling, the sound of a bell tinkling—used adverbially.

Tinge, tinj, v.t. to tint or colour: to mix with something: to give in some degree the qualities of a substance.—n. a small amount of colour or taste infused into another substance. [L. tingĕre, tinctum; conn. with Gr. tenggein, to wet, to stain.]

Tingi, ting′gi, n. a Brazilian tree whose seeds yield soap.—Also Tin′guy.

Tingle, ting′gl, v.i. to feel a thrilling sensation, as in hearing a shrill sound: to feel a sharp, thrilling pain: to tinkle.—v.t. to cause to tingle, to ring.—n. a tingling sensation.—adj. Ting′lish, capable of tingling or thrilling. [M. E. tinglen, a variant of tinklen, itself a freq. of tinken, to tink.]

Tinker, tingk′ėr, n. a mender of brazen or tin kettles, pans, &c.—(Scot.) Tink′ler: the act of doing tinker's work: a botcher or bungler: a botch or bungle: a young mackerel.—v.t. to repair, esp. unskilfully.—v.i. to do tinker's work: to make a botch or mess of anything. [M. E. tinkere—tinken, to tink, to make a sharp, shrill sound; cf. Scot. tinkler, a worker in tin.]

Tinkle, tingk′l, v.i. to make small, sharp sounds: to clink: to jingle: to clink repeatedly or continuously.—v.t. to cause to make quick, sharp sounds.—n. a sharp, clinking sound.—ns. Tink′ler, a small bell; Tink′ling, a tinkling noise. [A freq. of M. E. tinken.]

Tinnitus, ti-nī′tus, n. a ringing in the ears. [L. 'a ringing'—tinnīre, to ring.]

Tinsel, tin′sel, n. something sparkling or shining: glittering metallic sheets, as of burnished brass, copper, or tin, almost as thin as foil, and used in discs, patches, strips, or threads, for giving clothing, &c., a striking appearance: anything showy, but of little value: anything having a false lustre.—adj. like tinsel: gaudy: superficial.—v.t. to adorn with, or as with, tinsel: to make glittering or gaudy:—pr.p. tin′selling: pa.t. and pa.p. tin′selled.—adj. Tin′selly, like tinsel, gaudy, showy.—n. Tin′selry, glittering and tawdry material. [O. Fr. estincelle—L. scintilla, a spark.]

Tint, tint, n. a slight tinge distinct from the principal colour: a series of parallel lines in engraving, producing a uniform shading.—v.t. to give a slight colouring to.—ns. Tin′tage, the colouring or shading of anything; Tint′-block, a surface prepared for printing a background; Tint′-draw′ing, drawing in a wash of uniform tint; Tin′ter, one who, or that which, tints: a special kind of slide used with the magic-lantern to give moonlight effects, &c.; Tin′tiness, state of being tinty; Tin′ting, the method of producing a uniform shading.—adj. Tint′less, having no tint or colour.—ns. Tintom′eter, an appliance for determining tints; Tint′-tool, an implement for producing a tint by parallel lines.—adj. Tin′ty, inharmoniously tinted. [L. tinctus.]

Tintinnabulation, tin-tin-ab-ū-lā′shun, n. the tinkling sound of bells.—adjs. Tintinnab′ulant, Tintinnab′ular, Tintinnab′ulary, Tintinnab′ulous.—n. Tintinnab′ulum, a bell:—pl. Tintinnab′ula. [L. tintinnabulum, a bell:—tintinnāre, to jingle, reduplicated from tinnīre, to jingle.]

Tiny, tī′ni, adj. (comp. Tī′nier, superl. Tī′niest) thin: very small. [Prob. teen, and therefore 'fretful,' 'peevish.']

Tip, tip, n. the top or point of anything small: the end, as of a billiard-cue, &c.—v.t. to form a point to: to cover the tip or end of:—pr.p. tip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. tipped.—On the tip of the tongue, on the very point of being spoken. [A variant of top; cf. Dut. tip; Ger. zipf-el, point.]

Tip, tip, v.t. to strike lightly: to cause to slant: (slang) to communicate, give: (slang) to give private information to, about betting, &c.: (coll.) to give a small gift of money to, as a gratuity.—v.i. to slant: to give tips.—n. a tap or light stroke: a place for tipping any refuse into, a dump: a tram for expeditiously transferring coal: private information about horse-racing, stock speculations, &c.: a gratuity.—ns. Tip′-cart, a cart emptied by being canted up; Tip′-cat, a game in which a pointed piece of wood called a cat is made to rebound from the ground by being struck on the tip with a stick; Tip′-cheese, a boys' game in which a small stick is struck forward; Tip′per, a means of tipping, esp. an arrangement for dumping coal: one who tips: one who gives gratuities: one who gives private hints about speculation, racing, &c.; Tip′ping, act of tilting: the habit of giving gratuities to servants; Tip′ster, one whose business is to give private hints about racing, the rise and fall of stocks, &c.—adj. Tip′-tilt′ed, having the tip tilted up.—Tip off liquor, to turn up the vessel till quite empty; Tip one the wink, to wink as a caution, or in mutual understanding; Tip over, to overturn by tipping; Tip the scale, to depress one end of the scales.—Foul tip, a foul hit in baseball; Straight tip, a reliable hint about betting, &c. [Scand., Sw. tippa, to tap; Ger. tupfen.]

Tipper, tip′ėr, n. a kind of ale—from Thomas Tipper, who brewed it in Sussex.

Tippet, tip′et, n. the cape of a coat: a cape of fur, &c.: the stuff cape worn in the English Church by a literate or non-graduate: a bird's ruffle: one of the patagia, or pieces at the side of the pronotum of a moth.—ns. Tipp′et-grebe, -grouse, a ruffed grebe or grouse. [A.S. tæppet—L. tapete, cloth.]

Tipple, tip′l, v.i. to drink in small quantities: to drink strong liquors often or habitually.—v.t. to drink, as strong liquors, to excess.—n. liquor tippled.—ns. Tipp′ler, a constant toper; Tipp′ling-house.—adj. Tipp′y, unsteady: smart, fine. [A freq. of tip, to tilt up a vessel in drinking; Norw. tipla; Ger. zipfeln.]

Tipstaff, tip′staf, n. a staff tipped with metal, or an officer who carries it: a constable.

Tipsy, tip′si, adj. partially intoxicated.—v.t. Tip′sify, to fuddle.—adv. Tip′sily.—ns. Tip′siness; Tip′sy-cake, a cake made of pastry and almonds, with wine, served with custard-sauce; Tip′sy-key, a watch-key in which the head is released if an attempt is made to turn it backward. [Tipple.]

Tiptoe, tip′tō, n. the end of the toe.—adv. on tiptoe, literally or figuratively, through excitement, expectation, &c.—v.i. to walk on tiptoe, to go lightly and slyly.

Tiptop, tip′top, n. the extreme top: the height of excellence.—adj. first-rate.—adv. in a first-rate manner.

Tipula, tip′ū-la, n. a genus of crane-flies.—n. Tipulā′ria, a genus of fossil crane-flies: a genus of terrestrial orchids, including the American crane-fly orchis.—adj. Tipulā′rian. [L., a water-spider.]

Tirade, ti-rād′, n. a strain of censure or reproof; a long vehement reproof. [Fr.,—It. tirata—tirare, to pull.]

Tire, tīr, n. attire, apparel: furniture: a head-dress.—v.t. to dress, as the head.—ns. Tire′-val′iant (Shak.), a kind of fanciful head-dress; Tire′-wom′an, a lady's-maid; Tir′ing-house, -room, the place where actors dress. [Short for attire.]

Tire, tīr, n. the hoop of iron that ties or binds the fellies of wheels.—ns. Tire′-meas′urer, -press, -roll′er, -set′ter, -shrink′er, -smith. [From tie.]

Tire, tīr, n. (Spens., Milt.) rank or row, esp. of guns, train. [Same as tier.]

Tire, tīr, v.i. (Shak.) to rend as a bird of prey: to feed: to dwell upon, gloat over:—pr.p. tīr′ing; pa.p. tīred. [O. Fr. tirer, to draw—Low L. tirāre, to draw; prob. Teut., Goth. tairan, to tear.]

Tire, tīr, v.t. to harass, to vex: to exhaust the strength of: to weary.—v.i. to become weary: to be fatigued: to have the patience exhausted.—adj. Tired, wearied: fatigued.—n. Tired′ness.—adj. Tire′less, untiring.—adv. Tire′lessly.—n. Tire′lessness.—adj. Tire′some, that tires: fatiguing: tedious.—adv. Tire′somely.—n. Tire′someness. [A.S. teorian, to be tired—teran, to tear.]

Tirl, tirl, v.i. (Scot.) to quiver, vibrate: to make a twirling noise.—v.t. to twist: to strip, unroof.—n. a twirl, vibration: a substitute for a trundle or lantern wheel in a mill.—n. Tir′lie-whir′lie, a whirligig: an ornamental combination of irregular lines.—adj. irregular, twisting. [A variant of twirl.]

Tirocinium, tī-rō-sin′i-um, n. the first service of a soldier, any novitiate. [L.,—tiro, a raw soldier.]

Tironian, tī-rō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Tiro, Cicero's amanuensis.—Tironian notes, the shorthand signs of the ancient Romans.

Tirra-lirra, tir′ra-lir′ra, n. (Shak., Tenn.) an imitation of a musical sound.

Tirrivee, tir′i-vē, n. (Scot.) a tantrum or fit of passion.—Also Tirr′ivie.

Tisiphone, ti-sif′ō-nē, n. one of the Furies. [Gr. tinein, to avenge, phonos, murder.]

Tisri, tiz′ri, n. the first month of the Jewish civil year, and the seventh of the ecclesiastical year, corresponding to part of September and October.

Tissue, tish′ū, n. cloth interwoven with gold or silver, or with figured colours: (anat.) the substance of which organs are composed: a connected series.—v.t. to form, as tissue: to interweave: to variegate.—n. Tis′sue-pā′per, a thin, soft, semi-transparent kind of paper. [Fr. tissu, woven, pa.p. of tistre—L. texĕre, to weave.]

Tit, tit, n. one of various small birds, a pipit, tomtit, or titmouse. [Ice. tittr, a little bird, Norw. tita.]

Tit, tit, n. in phrase Tit for tat, properly tip for tap, blow for blow.

Titan, tī′tan, Titanic, tī-tan′ik, adj. relating to the Titans, giants of mythology, sons and daughters of Uranus (heaven) and Gæa (earth), enormous in size and strength: gigantic, huge generally.—n. Tī′tan, any of the descendants of the Titans, as Prometheus: the sun personified: any one of commanding forces or ability:—fem. Tī′taness.—adj. Titanesque′, like the Titans, Titanic in character.—n. Titanom′achy, the battle of the Titans with the gods.

Titania, tī-tā′ni-a, n. the queen of Fairyland, wife of Oberon. [L., applied to Diana.]

Titanium, tī-tā′ni-um, n. a comparatively rare metal, occurring as a gray heavy iron-like powder, burning with brilliant scintillations in the air, forming titanium dioxide and nitride.—adjs. Titā′nian, Titan′ic, Titanit′ic; Titanif′erous, containing titanium.—n. Tī′tanite, or Sphene, a soft greenish mineral often present in syenite.

Titely, tīt′li, adv. (Shak.) quickly—sometimes Tithe′ly, and erroneously Tightly. [M. E. tytly—Scand., Ice. tídhr, frequent.]

Tithe, tīth, n. a tenth part, hence any indefinitely small part: the tenth of the produce of land and stock allotted for the maintenance of the clergy and other church purposes: any rateable tax payable in kind or by commutation of its value in money.—v.t. to tax to a tenth.—adjs. Tī′thable, subject to the payment of tithes; Tithe′-free, exempt from paying tithes.—n. Tithe′-gath′erer, one who collects tithes.—adj. Tithe′-pay′ing, subjected to pay tithes.—ns. Tithe′-pig, one pig out of ten paid as a tithe; Tithe′-proc′tor, a levier or collector of tithes; Tī′ther, one who collects tithes; Tī′thing, an old Saxon district containing ten householders, each responsible for the behaviour of the rest; Tī′thing-man, the chief man of a tithing. [A.S. teóða, tenth—teón, or týn, ten; cog. with Ger. zehnte—zehn.]

Tithonic, ti-thon′ik, adj. denoting such rays of light as produce chemical effects.—n. Tithonic′ity, actinism.—adj. Tithonograph′ic, fixed by the tithonic rays of light.—n. Tithonom′eter, an instrument for measuring the tithonicity of light-rays.

Titianesque, tish-an-esk′, adj. in the manner of the Venetian painter Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), 1477-1576, a combination of the richest surface with the most magnificent colour.

Titillate, tit′il-lāt, v.t. to tickle.—n. Titillā′tion, act of titillating: state of being titillated: a pleasant feeling.—adj. Tit′illative. [L. titillāre, -ātum.]

Titivate, Tittivate, tit′i-vāt, v.i. and v.t. (slang) to smarten up, by dress or otherwise. [Most prob. a factitious word, perh. based on tidy.]

Title, tī′tl, n. an inscription set over or at the beginning of a thing by which it is known, a title-page: a name of distinction: that which gives a just right to possession: ownership: the writing that proves a right: (B.) a sign: a fixed sphere of work required as a condition for ordination, a parish in Rome—of these fifty give titles to cardinal-priests: in bookbinding, the panel on the back on which the name of the book is printed.—adj. Tī′tled, having a title.—ns. Tī′tle-deed, a deed or document that proves a title or just right to exclusive possession; Tī′tle-leaf, the leaf on which is the title of a book.—adj. Tī′tleless (Shak.), wanting a title or name.—ns. Tī′tle-page, the page of a book containing its title and usually the author's name; Tī′tle-rôle, the part in a play which gives its name to it, as 'Macbeth;' Tī′tle-sheet, the first sheet of a book as printed, containing title, bastard-title, &c.; Tī′tling, the act of impressing the title on the back of a book; Tī′tlonym, a title taken as a pseudonym; Bas′tard-tī′tle (see Bastard). [O. Fr. title (Fr. titre)—L. titulus.]

Titling, tit′ling, n. the hedge-sparrow.—ns. Tit′man, a puny man; Tit′mouse, a genus of little birds, which feed on insects, &c.:—pl. Titmice (tit′mīs). [Obs. Eng. tit, anything small; A.S. máse; Ger. meise, a small bird.]

Titrate, tit′rāt, v.t. to subject to titration.—n. Titrā′tion, volumetric analysis, the process of ascertaining the quantity of any given constituent present in a compound by observing it under the application of standard solutions.

Tit-tat-to, tit′-tat-tōō (or -tō), n. a child's game, same as Criss-cross (q.v.).

Titter, tit′ėr, v.i. to giggle, snicker, or laugh with the tongue striking the teeth: to laugh restrainedly.—n. a restrained laugh.—ns. Titterā′tion, a fit of giggling; Titt′erer, one who titters. [M. E. titeren, to tattle. Prob. imit.]

Tittle, tit′l, n. a small particle: an iota.—n. Titt′lebat, the stickleback. [O. Fr. title—titulus, a title.]

Tittle, tit′l, v.t. (Scot.) to chatter.—n. Titt′le-tatt′le, idle, empty talk.—v.i. to prate idly.—ns. Titt′le-tatt′ler, a trifling tattler; Titt′le-tatt′ling, the act of talking idly.

Tittup, Titup, tit′up, v.i. to skip about gaily.—n. a light springy step, a canter.—adjs. Titt′uppy, Tit′uppy, gay, lively: unsteady.

Titubant, tit′ū-bant, adj. staggering, stumbling.—v.i. Tit′ūbate, to stagger, stumble.—n. Titubā′tion, reeling, stumbling; restlessness. [L. titubāre, -ātum, to stagger.]

Titular, tit′ū-lar, adj. existing in name or title only: nominal: having the title without the duties of an office.—n. one who enjoys the bare title of an office, without the actual possession of that office: a person invested with a title in virtue of which he holds a benefice, whether he performs its duties or not.—n. Titular′ity.—adv. Tit′ularly.—adj. Tit′ulary, consisting in, or pertaining to, a title.—n. one having the title of an office whether he performs its duties or not.—Titular bishop, in R.C. usage, a bishop without a diocese, taking his title from a place where there is no longer a bishop's see, as in the countries once conquered by Crusaders in the East—before 1882 called 'bishop in partibus infidelium;' Titular church, one of the parish churches of Rome supplying a title to cardinal-priests; Titular of a church, that from which a church takes its special name—distinguished from a patron, who must be a canonised person or an angel; Titulars of the tithes, laymen invested with church lands after the Reformation in Scotland.

Tiver, tiv′ėr, n. a kind of ochre for marking sheep.—v.t. to mark with such.

Tmesis, tmē′sis, n. (gram.) the separation of the parts of a compound word by one or more words inserted between them, as 'Saxo cere-comminuit-brum;' 'of whom be thou ware also' (2 Tim. iv. 15). [L.,—Gr. tmēsis—temnein, to cut.]

To, tōō, prep. in the direction of: in order to: as far as; in accordance with, in the character of: regarding, concerning, in connection with: expressing the end or purpose of an action, as in many uses of the gerundial infinitive, the sign of the infinitive mood: (B.) sometimes=for.—adv. to a place in view, forward: to its place, together.—To and fro, backwards and forwards. [A.S. tó; Ger. zu, Goth. du.]

Toad, tōd, n. a genus of amphibians, typical of the family Bufonidæ, represented in Britain by two species—the Common Toad and the Natterjack.—ns. Toad′-eat′er, a fawning sycophant—originally a mountebank's assistant, whose duty was to swallow, or pretend to swallow, any kind of garbage; Toad′-eat′ing, sycophancy.—adj. sycophantic.—ns. Toad′-fish, the sapo of the United States Atlantic coast; Toad′-flax, a genus of herbaceous plants, closely allied to the Snapdragon; Toad′-in-a-hole, a piece of beef baked in batter; Toad′-spit, cuckoo-spit.—adj. Toad′-spot′ted, thickly stained or spotted like a toad.—ns. Toad′-stone, a soft and earthy variety of trap-rock of a brownish-gray colour, looking like an argillaceous deposit; Toad′stool, a poisonous kind of mushroom; Toad′y, a mean hanger-on and flatterer.—v.t. to fawn as a sycophant:—pa.t. and pa.p. toad′ied.—adj. Toad′yish.—n. Toad′yism, the practice of a toady. [A.S. tádige, tádie, a toad.]

Toast, tōst, v.t. to dry and scorch at the fire: to name when a health is drunk: to drink to the health of.—v.i. to drink toasts.—n. bread toasted: a slice of such dipped in liquor: the person or thing named whose health is to be drunk.—ns. Toast′er, one who, or that which, toasts; Toast′ing-fork, -ī′ron, a long-handled fork for toasting bread: a sword; Toast′-mas′ter, the master and announcer of toasts at public dinners; Toast′-rack, a stand, with partitions for slices of toast, for setting on the table. [O. Fr. toster—L. tostus, roasted, pa.p. of torrēre.]

Tobacco, to-bak′ō, n. a plant of genus Nicotiana, order Solanaceæ, esp. one of several species, the most generally cultivated being the stately Nicotiana Tabacum, a native of America—the dried leaves used for the sedative effects for smoking in pipes, &c., and also in the form of snuff.—ns. Tobaccanā′lian, a smoker; Tobacc′o-heart, a functional disorder of the heart, due to excessive use of tobacco; Tobacc′onist, one who sells or manufactures tobacco; Tobacc′o-pipe, a pipe used for smoking tobacco; Tobacc′o-pouch, a small pouch for holding tobacco; Tobacc′o-stop′per, an instrument for pressing down the tobacco in a pipe. [Through Sp. tabaco, from the Haytian.]

Tobit, tō′bit, n. an apocryphal Old Testament book, containing the story of Tobit.

Toboggan, tō-bog′gan, n. a kind of sled turned up at the front, much used in Canada for sliding down snow-covered slopes.—v.i. to slide down over snow on such.—Earlier also Tobog′gin, Tabog′gan, Tarbog′gin.—ns. Tobog′ganer; Tobog′ganing; Tobog′ganist. [A native word.]

To-brake, tōō-brāk′, v.t. (Judges ix. 53) broke in pieces. [A.S. tóbrecan—pfx. tó-, asunder, and brecan, to break.]

Toby, tō′bi, n. a beer-mug shaped like an old man with three-cornered hat.

Toccata, tok-kä′tä, n. (mus.) a work primarily intended to display the performer's touch.—ns. Toccatel′la, Toccatina (-tē′na), a short toccata. [It.,—toccare, to touch.]

Tocher, toh′ėr, n. (Scot.) a woman's dowry.—v.t. to give a dowry to.—adj. Toch′erless, without a marriage portion. [Ir. tochar, Gael. tochradh.]

Toco, tō′kō, n. (slang) punishment.—Also Tō′ko. [Gr. tokos, interest.]

Tocology, tō-kol′ō-ji, n. obstetrics.—Also Tokol′ogy. [Gr. tokos, birth, logia—legein, to speak.]

Tocsin, tok′sin, n. an alarm-bell, or the ringing of it. [O. Fr. toquesin (Fr. tocsin)—toquer, to strike; O. Fr. sing (Fr. signe), a sign.]

Tod, tod, n. (Scot.), a fox.—n. Todlow′rie, a fox, a crafty fellow.

Tod, tod, n. an ivy-bush—(Spens.) Todde: an old weight of about 28 lb.—v.i. to weigh a tod.

Toddle, tod′l, v.i. to walk with short feeble steps, as a child.—n. a toddling gait: an aimless stroll.—n. Todd′ler, one who toddles.—adj. Todd′ling. [Prob. a by-form of totter.]

Toddy, tod′i, n. the fermented juice of various palms of the East Indies: a mixture of whisky, sugar, and hot water.—ns. Todd′y-lā′dle, a small ladle like a punch-ladle for use in mixing or serving out toddy; Todd′y-palm, a palm yielding toddy, as the jaggery-palm; Todd′y-stick, a small stick used in mixing toddy. [Hind. tāri—tār, a palm-tree.]

Tody, tō′di, n. a small West Indian insectivorous bird—the green sparrow, green humming-bird, &c.

Toe, tō, n. one of the five small members at the point of the foot: the corresponding member of a beast's foot: the front of an animal's hoof.—v.t. to touch or reach with the toes: to furnish with a toe, as a stocking.—v.i. to place the toes in any particular way.—n. Toe′-cap, a cap of leather, &c., covering the toe of a shoe.—adj. Toed (tōd), having toes.—ns. Toe′-nail; Toe′-piece. [A.S. tá (pl. tán); Ice. tá, Ger. zehe.]

Toffee, Toffy, tof′i, n. a hard-baked sweetmeat, made of sugar and butter.—Also Taff′y. [Ety. unknown.]

Tofore, tōō-fōr′, adv., prep. (Shak.) before: formerly. [A.S. tóforan.]

Toft, toft, n. a hillock: a messuage with right of common.—ns. Toft′man; Toft′stead. [Ice.]

Tog, tog, n. (slang) a garment—generally in pl.—v.t. to dress.—n. Tog′gery, clothes.—n.pl. Long′-togs (naut.), shore clothes. [Prob. through Fr. from L. toga, a robe.]

Toga, tō′ga, n. the mantle or outer garment of a Roman citizen.—adjs. Togā′ted, Tō′ged, dressed in a toga or gown.—n. Toge (Shak.), a robe.—Toga prætexta, the purple-hemmed toga worn by curule magistrates and censors, and by freeborn boys till fourteen; Toga virilis, the garb of manhood, put on by boys at fourteen. [L.,—tegĕre, to cover.]

Together, tōō-geth′ėr, adv. gathered to one place: in the same place, time, or company: in or into union: in concert. [A.S. tógædere—tó, to, geador, together.]

Toggle, tog′l, n. (naut.) a short bar of wood, tapering from the middle towards each end, placed in an eye at the end of a rope, to keep the end from passing through a loop or knot: an appliance for transmitting force at right angles to its direction.—v.t. to fix like a toggle-iron: to fix fast.—ns. Togg′le-ī′ron, a whaler's harpoon with movable blade instead of barbs; Togg′le-joint, an elbow or knee joint. [Conn. with tug and tow.]

Tohu bohu, tō′hōō bō′hōō, n. chaos. [From the Heb. words in Gen. i. 2, 'without form' and 'void.']

Toil, toil, n. a net or snare. [O. Fr. toile, cloth—L. tela, from texĕre, to weave.]

Toil, toil, v.i. to labour: to work with fatigue.—n. labour, esp. of a fatiguing kind.—n. Toil′er.—adjs. Toil′ful, Toil′some, full of fatigue: wearisome; Toil′less.—adv. Toil′somely.—n. Toil′someness.—adj. Toil′-worn, worn out with toil. [O. Fr. touiller, to entangle; of dubious origin—prob., acc. to Skeat, from a freq. form of Old High Ger. zucchen (Ger. zucken), to twitch; cf. Old High Ger. zocchón, to pull, zogón, to tear; all derivatives from Old High Ger. zíhan (Ger. ziehen), to pull.]

Toile, twol, n. cloth.—n. Toilinet′, -te′, a fabric with silk and cotton chain and woollen filling: a kind of German quilting. [Fr.]

Toilet, Toilette, toil′et, n. a dressing-table with a mirror: also a cover for such a table: the whole articles used in dressing: mode or operation of dressing: the whole dress and appearance of a person, any particular costume.—ns. Toil′et-cloth, -cov′er, a cover for a dressing-table.—adj. Toil′eted, dressed.—ns. Toil′et-glass, a mirror set on the dressing-table; Toil′et-set, -serv′ice, the utensils collectively used in dressing; Toil′et-soap, a fine kind of soap made up in cakes; Toil′et-tā′ble, a dressing-table.—Make one's toilet, to dress. [Fr. toilette, dim. of toile, cloth; cf. Toil (1).]

Toise, toiz, n. an old French lineal measure=6.395 Eng. feet. [Fr.,—L. tendĕre, tensum, to stretch.]

Toison, toi′zon, n. the fleece of a sheep.—Toison d'or, the golden fleece. [Fr.,—Low L. tonsion-em—L. tondēre, to shear.]

Tokay, tō-kā′, n. a sweetish and heavy wine with an aromatic flavour, produced at Tokay in Hungary: a variety of grape.

Token, tō′kn, n. a mark: something representing another thing or event: a sign: a memorial of friendship: a coin issued by a private person or civic authority redeemable in current money: in old Presbyterian use, a voucher of lead or tin, inscribed with the name of the church or parish, admitting a qualified communicant to the celebration of the Lord's Supper: a measure of press-work, 250 impressions on one form: a thin bed of coal showing the vicinity of a thicker seam.—v.t. (obs.) to set a mark upon.—By the same token, further in corroboration; More by token (see More). [A.S. tácen; Ger. zeichen, a mark.]

Tole, Toll, tōl, v.t. to draw as with a lure, to attract, entice.—ns. Tō′ling, Tō′lling, the use of toll-bait to allure fish: a method of decoying ducks. [See Toll (1).]

Toledo, tō-lē′dō, n. a sword-blade made at Toledo in Spain.—adj. Tol′letan, of Toledo. [L. Toletum.]

Tolerable, tol′ėr-a-bl, adj. that may be tolerated or endured: moderately good or agreeable: not contemptible.—ns. Tolerabil′ity, Tol′erableness.—adv. Tol′erably.—n. Tol′erance, the tolerating or enduring of offensive persons or opinions, charity, patience, indulgence.—adj. Tol′erant, tolerating: enduring: indulgent: favouring toleration.—adv. Tol′erantly.—v.t. Tol′erāte, to bear: to endure: to allow by not hindering.—ns. Tolerā′tion, act of tolerating: allowance of what is not approved: liberty given to a minority to hold and express their own political or religious opinions, and to be admitted to the same civil privileges as the majority; Tolerā′tionist; Tol′erator. [L. tolerāre, -ātum, from tollĕre, to lift up.]

Toll, tōl, n. a tax for the liberty of passing over a bridge or road, selling goods in a market, &c.: a portion of grain taken by a miller for grinding.—v.t. (Shak.) to exact as a tribute.—adj. Toll′able, subject to toll.—ns. Toll′age, payment of toll: the amount paid as toll; Toll′bar, a movable bar across a road, &c., to stop passengers liable to toll; Toll′booth, a booth where tolls are collected; Toll′bridge, a bridge where toll is taken; Toll′dish, a dish for measuring the toll in mills; Toll′er, Toll′-gath′erer; Toll′gate, a gate where toll is taken; Toll′house, the house of a toll-gatherer; Toll′man, the man who collects toll: a toll-gatherer; Tol′sey (obs.), a tollbooth: an exchange. [A.S. tol, toll; cf. Dut. tol, Ger. zoll; and tell, to count.]

Toll, tōl, v.i. to sound, as a large bell, esp. with a measured sound, as a funeral bell.—v.t. to cause to sound, as a bell: to strike, or signal by striking.—n. the sound of a bell when tolling.—n. Toll′er. [M. E. tollen, to pull—A.S. tyllan, in for-tyllan, to allure.]

Tol-lol, tol-lol′, adj. (slang) pretty good.—adj. Tol-lol′ish, tolerable.

Tolt, tōlt, n. an old English writ removing a court-baron cause to a county-court. [O. Fr. tolte—Low L. tolta—L. tollĕre, to take away.]

Toltec, tol′tek, n. a member of the earlier race who occupied Mexico, their power passing later into the hands of the Aztecs.—adj. Tol′tecan.

Tolu, tō′lū, n. Tolu balsam, yielded by Myroxylon Toluifera, a native of Venezuela, Ecuador, and Brazil, employed in medicine and perfumery.—n. Tol′ūēne, methyl benzene.—adj. Tol′ūic. [From Santiago de Tolu in Columbia.]

Tom, tom, n. a dim. of Thomas—used generically for man in 'tomfool,' &c.: a male, esp. a male cat: (prov.) a close-stool.—ns. Tom′-and-Jer′ry, a drink of hot rum and eggs, spiced and sweetened; Tom′-trot, a toffee made with treacle, sugar, and butter.—Tom, Dick, and Harry, any persons taken at random.—Long Tom, a long gun, as distinguished from a carronade, a gun carried amidships on a swivel-carriage.

Tomahawk, tom′a-hawk, n. a light war-hatchet of the North American Indians, either wielded or thrown.—v.t. to cut or kill with a tomahawk. [The Indian name.]

Tomalley, to-mal′i, n. the so-called liver of the lobster.—Also Tomall′y. [Prob. tourmalin, from the greenish colour.]

Toman, tō-män′, n. a Persian gold coin worth 7s. 2d.—Also Tomaun′. [Pers.]

Tomato, tō-mä′tō, or tō-mā′tō, n. the pulpy edible fruit of a plant of the Nightshade family (Solanaceæ), or the plant itself, native to South America, but now much cultivated in Europe—earlier called the 'love-apple':—pl. Toma′toes. [Sp. tomate—Mex. tomate.]

Tomb, tōōm, n. a pit or vault in the earth, in which a dead body is placed: a tombstone.—adjs. Tomb′ic; Tomb′less, without a tomb.—n. Tomb′stone, a stone erected over a tomb to preserve the memory of the dead. [Fr. tombe—L. tumba—Gr. tymbos.]

Tombac, tom′bak, n. a name given to an alloy of copper and zinc like Prince's metal, or to an alloy of copper and arsenic.—Also Tom′bak. [Malay tāmbaga, copper.]

Tombola, tom′bō-la, n. a kind of lottery game played in France and the southern United States. [It.,—tombolare, to tumble.]

Tomboy, tom′boi, n. a wild romping girl, a hoyden: (Shak.) a strumpet. [Tom and boy.]

Tome, tōm, n. part of a book: a volume of a large work: a book. [Fr.,—L. tomus—Gr. tomos—temnein, to cut.]

Tomentum, tō-men′tum, n. (bot.) a species of pubescence.—adjs. Tomen′tose, Tomen′tous. [L.]

Tomfool, tom′fōōl, n. a great fool: a trifling fellow.—v.i. to act foolishly.—n. Tomfool′ery, foolish trifling or jesting: buffoonery.—adj. Tom′foolish. [Tom.]

Tomium, tō′mi-um, n. the cutting edge of a bird's bill.—adj. Tō′mial. [Gr. tomos, temnein, to cut.]

Tommy, tom′i, n. a penny roll, bread, provisions: the system of giving food as part wages.—v.t. to oppress by the tommy or truck-system.—ns. Tomm′y-shop, a truck-shop; Tom′-nod′dy, the puffin or sea-parrot: a fool.—Tommy Atkins, or Tomm′y, a generic name for the English private soldier.—Soft tommy, soft bread, as opposed to hard tack or sea-biscuit.

To-morrow, tōō-mor′ō, n. the morrow after this.—adv. on the morrow. [A.S. tó morgen.]

Tompion, tom′pi-on, n. the inking-pad of the lithographic printer.—Also Tom′pon. [Tampion.]

Tomtit, tom′tit, n. the titmouse. [Tom, a common name like Jack, and tit, as in titmouse.]

Tom-tom, tom′-tom, n. the drum used in India by musicians, jugglers, &c.: a gong.—v.i. Tam′-tam, to beat on a tom-tom.

Ton, tun, n. a measure of capacity, varying with the substance measured—timber, wheat, gravel, lime, coke, &c.—in the carrying capacity of ships, 40 cubic feet: a measure of weight, equal to 20 cwt. or 2240 lb. avoirdupois. [A.S. tunne, a vat, tub; Ger. tonne, cask.]

Ton, ton, n. fashion, style.—adj. Ton′ish, stylish.—adv. Ton′ishly.

Tonalite, tō′nal-īt, n. an igneous rock having a granitic structure, and composed essentially of plagioclase, biolite, and quartzite.

To-name, tōō′-nām, n. a byname, nickname, or name in addition to Christian name and surname.

Tone, tōn, n. the character of a sound: quality of the voice: harmony of the colours of a painting, also its characteristic or prevailing effect as due to the management of chiaroscuro and to the effect of light upon the quality of colour: (phot.) the shade or colour of a finished positive picture: (gram.) syllabic stress, special accent given to a syllable: character or style: state of mind: mood: a healthy state of the body.—v.t. to utter with an affected tone: to intone, to utter in a drawling way: to give tone or quality to, in respect either of sound or colour: to alter or modify the colour.—adj. Tō′nal.—n. Tonal′ity.—adjs. Toned, having a tone (in compounds); Tone′less.—Tone down, to give a lower tone to, to moderate, to soften, to harmonise the colours of as to light and shade, as a painting. [L. tonus—Gr. tonos, a sound—teinō, to stretch.]

Tongs, tongz, n.pl. a domestic instrument, consisting of two jointed pieces or shafts of metal, used for lifting. [A.S. tange; Ice. töng, Ger. zange.]

Tongue, tung, n. the fleshy organ in the mouth, used in tasting, swallowing, and speech: power of speech: manner of speaking: speech: discourse: a language: anything like a tongue in shape: the catch of a buckle: the pointer of a balance: a point of land.—adjs. Tongued, having a tongue.; Tongue′less, having no tongue.—n. Tongue′let, a little tongue.—p.adj. Tongue′-shaped, shaped like a tongue: (bot.) linear and fleshy and blunt at the point, as a leaf.—n. Tongue′ster, a babbler.—adjs. Tongue′-tied, -tacked, having an impediment, as if the tongue were tied: unable to speak freely.—n. Tongue′-work, babble, chatter.—Hold one's tongue (see Hold). [A.S. tunge; Ice. tunga, Ger. zunge, the tongue; L. lingua (old form dingua).]

Tonic, ton′ik, adj. relating to tones or sounds: (med.) giving tone and vigour to the system: giving or increasing strength.—n. a medicine which gives tone and vigour to the system.—n. Tonic′ity, the healthy state of muscular fibres when at rest.—Tonic spasm (see Spasm).

Tonic solfa, ton′ik sōl-fä′, n. a modern system of musical notation, in which the notes are indicated by letters, and time and accent by dashes and colons.

Tonka-bean, tong′ka-bēn, n. the seed of a large tree of Guiana, used for flavouring snuff.—Also Ton′quin-bean.

Tonnage, tun′āj, n. in regard to ships, a measure both of cubical capacity and of dead-weight carrying capability—the freight ton simply means 40 cubic feet of space available for cargo, and is therefore two-fifths of a register ton: a duty on ships, estimated per ton.—Also Tun′nage.

Tonsil, ton′sil, n. one of two glands at the root of the tongue, so named from its shape.—n. Tonsilī′tis, inflammation of the tonsils.—adjs. Ton′sillar, Ton′silar, Tonsilit′ic. [L. tonsilla, a stake, a tonsil, dim. of tonsa, an oar.]

Tonsile, ton′sil, adj. that may be clipped.—n. Ton′sor, a barber.—adj. Tonsō′rial, pertaining to a barber or to shaving. [L. tonsilis—tondēre, tonsum, to clip.]

Tonsure, ton′shōōr, n. act of clipping the hair, or of shaving the head: a religious observance of the R.C. and Eastern Churches, which consists in shaving or cutting part of the hair of the head as a sign of the dedication of the person to the special service of God, and commonly to the public ministry of religion.—adj. Ton′sured, having the crown of the head shaven as a priest: shaven: bald. [L. tonsura, a shearing—tondēre.]

Tontine, ton-tēn′, n. a kind of life-annuity, increasing as the subscribers die: a loan raised with the benefit of survivorship—also adj.—n. Tontin′er. [From Lorenzo Tonti, a Neapolitan, its inventor.]

Too, tōō, adv. over: more than enough: extremely: likewise.—adj. Too-too, quite too: extreme, superlative: (slang) extravagantly and affectedly sentimental, gushing. [A form of to, sig. lit. 'added to.']

Tooart, tōō′art, n. a eucalyptus of south-western Australia, with remarkably heavy and durable wood.—Also Tu′art, Tew′art.

Tool, tōōl, n. an instrument used by workmen: one who acts as the mere instrument of another.—v.t. to mark with a tool, esp. to ornament or imprint designs upon, of bookbinders: (slang) to drive, as a coach or other vehicle: to carry in a vehicle.—v.i. to travel in a vehicle, to drive.—n. Tool′ing, workmanship done with a tool. [A.S. tól, tohl; perh. from the root of tow.]

Tooley Street, tōōl′i strēt, n. a street in Southwark, at the foot of London Bridge, famous through Canning's story of its three tailors who began their petition to parliament with 'We, the people of England.'

Toom, tōōm, adj. empty.—n. a dumping-ground for rubbish. [Ice. tómr, empty.]

Toon, tōōn, n. a large tree of the bead-tree family, with red wood and astringent bark.—Also East Indian mahogany, Indian cedar.

Toot, tōōt, v.i. to pry or peep about: (obs.) to be prominent.—n. Toot′er, anything projecting. [A.S. totian, to elevate.]

Toot, tōōt, v.i. to make short unmusical sounds on a flute or horn.—v.t. to blow, as a horn, &c.—n. a sound, as of a horn, a blast: (U.S.) a spree.—n. Toot′er, one who toots, or that upon which he toots. [Old Dut. tuyten; cf. Ice. thjóta, to resound, A.S. theótan, to howl.]

Tooth, tōōth, n. one of the hard bodies in the mouth, attached to the skeleton, but not forming part of it, developed from the dermis or true skin, their function primarily the mastication of the food: the taste or palate, relish: anything tooth-like: a prong: one of the projections on a saw or wheel:—pl. Teeth.—v.t. to furnish with teeth: to cut into teeth.—ns. Tooth′ache, an ache or pain in a tooth; Tooth′-brush, a brush for cleaning the teeth; Tooth′-draw′er (Shak.), one whose business is to extract teeth with instruments, a dentist; Tooth′-draw′ing, the act of extracting a tooth: the practice of extracting teeth.—adjs. Toothed, having teeth: (bot.) having tooth-like projections on the edge, as a leaf; Tooth′ful, full of teeth.—n. a small drink of spirits, &c.—adj. Tooth′less, having no teeth.—ns. Tooth′-ornament, a Romanesque and Early Pointed moulding, consisting of a square four-leaved flower pointed in the centre; Tooth′pick, an instrument for picking out anything in the teeth; Tooth′-pow′der, a powder used with a tooth-brush for cleaning the teeth.—adj. Tooth′some, pleasant to the taste.—ns. Tooth′someness; Tooth′-wash, a liquid preparation for cleansing the teeth; Tooth′wort, a name for Lathræa squamaria, one of the insectivorous plants, as well as for Dentaria bulbifera, one of the Cruciferæ, common in England, also known as 'coral-wort' and 'tooth-violet.'—adj. Tooth′y, having teeth: toothsome: biting.—Tooth and nail, with all possible vigour and fury.—A sweet tooth, a relish for sweet things; In spite of one's teeth, In the teeth of, in defiance of opposition; Show one's teeth, to threaten, to show one's anger and power to injure; Throw, Cast, in one's teeth, to fling at one, as a taunt, or in challenge; To the teeth (Shak.), in open opposition or defiance. [A.S. tóth (pl. téth, also tóthas); cog. with Goth. tunthus, L. dens, dent-is, Gr. o-dous, o-dont-os, Sans. danta.]

Tootle, tōōt′l, v.i. to make a series of feeble sounds, as a poor player on the flute. [Freq. of toot.]

Top, top, n. the highest part of anything: the upper end or surface: the upper part of a plant: the crown of the head: the highest place, rank, or crown, consummation: the chief or highest person: (naut.) a small platform at the head of the lower mast: the end-piece of a jointed fishing-rod: the same as top-boot, esp. in pl.—adj. highest, foremost, chief: good, capital.—v.t. to cover on the top: to tip: to rise above: to surpass: to rise to the top of: to take off the top of: to hit a golf ball above its centre.—v.i. to be eminent:—pr.p. top′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. topped.—adj. Top′-boot′ed, wearing top-boots.—n.pl. Top′-boots, long-legged boots with an ornamental band of bright-coloured leather round the top.—ns. Top′coat, a coat worn outside one's other clothes: Top′-drain′ing, the act or practice of draining the surface of land.—v.t. Top′-dress, to spread manure on the surface of.—n. Top′-dress′ing, a dressing of manure laid on the surface of land: (fig.) any superficial covering.—adjs. Top′full (Shak.), full to the top or brim; Top′gallant, applied to the mast and sail next above the topmast and topsail and below the royal-mast.—n. Top′-hamp′er, unnecessary weight on a ship's upper-deck.—adj. Top′-heav′y, having the upper part too heavy for the lower: tipsy.—n. Top′-knot, a crest or knot of feathers upon the head of a bird: a knot of ribbons worn by women on the top of the head: the popular name of some small fishes of the same genus as the turbot and brill.—adjs. Top′-knotted; Top′less (Shak.), supreme, without superior; Top′loftical, Top′lofty, having a high top, pompous, bombastic.—ns. Top′loftiness; Top′man, a man stationed in one of the tops: a top-sawyer; Top′mast, the second mast, or that immediately above the lower mast.—adj. Top′most, next the top: highest.—ns. Top′per, one who, or that which, excels; Top′ping, the act of one who tops, that which tops: (pl.) that cut off in topping.—adj. surpassing, pre-eminent: arrogant.—adv. Top′pingly.—adj. Top′-proud (Shak.), proud in the highest degree.—ns. Topsail (top′sāl, or -sl), a sail across the topmast; Top′-saw′yer, the upper sawyer in a sawpit: (coll.) a superior, a person of importance; Top′-side, the upper part; Tops′man, a head-drover, a foreman; Top′-soil, the upper part or surface of the soil; Top′-soil′ing, removal of the top-soil; Top′-stone, a stone placed on the top, or which forms the top. [A.S. top; Ger. zopf.]

Top, top, n. a child's toy, shaped like a pear, and set or kept whirling round by means of a string or a whip. [Prob. Old Dut. top, toppe, dop, doppe; Mid. High Ger. topf, tupfen, a pot.]

Toparch, tō′pärk, n. the ruler or principal man in a place: the governor of a toparchy.—n. Tō′parchy, a small state or government consisting of only a few cities: command in a small state or subdivision of a country. [Gr. toparchēs—topos, a place, archein, to rule—archē, beginning.]

Topaz, tō′paz, n. a mineral, ranked among gems, found generally in primitive rocks, colourless, light blue or green, rose-pink, orange or straw-yellow, in great variety of shades, the most prized generally from Brazil.—adj. Tō′pazine.—n. Topaz′olite, a garnet resembling a topaz. [O. Fr. topase, topaze—Gr. topazion, also topazos.]

Tope, tōp, v.i. to drink hard or to excess: to tipple:—pr.p. tō′ping; pa.p. tōped.—n. Tō′per, a drunkard. [From tope, an obs. verb 'to drink hard,' from the phrase to top off, sig. 'to drink off at one draught.']

Tope, tōp, n. a Buddhist tumulus for the preservation of relics, of more or less solid masonry, in which the relics are deposited—the oldest spherical, others having polygonal bases, originally crowned with an umbrella-shaped finial, and surrounded by a carved stone railing with elaborately carved gateway. [Corr. from Sans. stūpa, a heap.]

Tope, tōp, n. a small species of British shark—the Miller's dog and Penny dog.

Tophet, tō′fet, n. a place at the south-east corner of Gehenna, or vale of Hinnom, to the south of Jerusalem, once the scene of idolatrous rites, later the common lay-stall of the city, in which fires were kept burning: the future place of torment for the damned. [Heb. tōpheth.]

Tophus, tō′fus, n. a gouty deposit:—pl. Tō′phī.—adj. Tophā′ceous. [L., 'sandstone.']

Topia, tō′pi-a, n. a kind of mural decoration common in old Roman houses.—adj. Tō′piāry, clipped into ornamental shapes, of trees and shrubs—also Tōpiā′rian. [L.,—Gr. topos, a place.]

Topic, top′ik, n. a subject of discourse or argument: a matter.—adj. Top′ical, pertaining to a place: local: relating to a topic or subject: relating to things of local interest.—adv. Top′ically, with reference to a particular place or topic. [Fr.,—Low L.,—Gr. ta topika, the general principles of argument—topos, a place.]

Topographer, tō-pog′raf-ėr, n. one who describes a place, &c.: one skilled in topography.—adjs. Topograph′ic, -al, pertaining to topography.—adv. Topograph′ically, in a topographical manner.—ns. Topog′raphist; Topog′raphy, the description of a place: a detailed account of the superficial features of a tract of country: the art of describing places. [Gr. topos, a place, graphein, to describe.]

Topolatry, tōpol′a-tri, n. veneration for a place. [Gr. topos, a place, latreia, worship.]

Topology, tō-pol′ō-ji, n. the art of aiding the memory by associating things with places. [Gr. topos, a place, legein, to speak.]

Toponym, top′ō-nim, n. (anat.) a topographical name, the technical designation of any region of an animal.—n. Topon′omy, topical terminology, the place-names of a district.—adjs. Topon′ymal, Toponym′ic, -al.—n. Topon′ymy, the nomenclature of anatomical regions. [Gr. topos, a place, onoma, a name.]

Topsyturvy, top′si-tur-vi, adv. bottom upwards.—adj. turned upside down.—n. confusion.—v.t. to turn upside down.—n. Topsyturvificā′tion, a turning upside down.—adv. Topsytur′vily.—ns. Topsytur′viness; Topsytur′vydom. [Explained by Skeat as top + so (adv.) + tervy, overturned—M. E. terven, to throw—A.S. torfian, to throw.]

Toque, tōk, n. a form of hat or cap worn in the 16th century: a modern close-fitting brimless bonnet for women: an African nominal money of account, equal to 40 cowries: the bonnet-macaque. [Fr., prob. Celt., Bret. tok, W. toc, a hat.]

Tor, tor, n. a hill, a rocky height. [A.S. torr, tor—W. tor; Gael. torr.]

Torah, tō′ra, n. the Mosaic law: the book of the law, the Pentateuch.—Also Thō′rah. [Heb.]

Torch, torch, n. a light formed of twisted tow dipped in pitch or other inflammable material: a large candle or flambeau.—ns. Torch′-bear′er; Torch′-dance; Torch′er (Shak.), one who gives light with, or as with, a torch; Torch′ing, a way of catching fish at night with torch-light-and spear; Torch′-light; Torch′-race.—n.pl. Torch′-staves (Shak.), staves for carrying torches. [Fr. torche—L. tortum, pa.p. of torquēre, to twist.]

Toreutic, tō-rōō′tik, adj. pertaining to chased or embossed metal-work.—ns. Toreumatog′raphy, a treatise on ancient work in metal; Toreumatol′ogy, the art of ancient art-work on metal; Toreu′tes, an artist in metal. [Gr., toreuein, to bore.]

Torment, tor′ment, n. torture: anguish: that which causes pain.—v.t. Torment′, to torture: to put to extreme pain, physical or mental: to distress: to afflict.—p.adj. Tormen′ted (U.S.), a euphemism for damned.—adj. Tormen′ting, causing torment.—adv. Tormen′tingly, in a tormenting manner.—ns. Tormen′tor, -er, one who, or that which, torments: (B.) a torturer, an executioner: a long meat-fork: a wing in the first groove of a stage; Tormen′tum, a whirligig. [O. Fr.,—L. tormentum, an engine for hurling stones—L. torquēre, to twist.]

Tormentil, tor′men-til, n. a genus of plants, one species with an astringent woody root. [Fr.,—Low L. tormentilla—L. tormentum.]

Tormina, tor′mi-na, n.pl. gripes, colic.—adjs. Tor′minal, Tor′minous.

Tormodont, tor′mō-dont, adj. socketed, of teeth. [Gr. tormos, a hole, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Torn, tōrn, pa.p. of tear: (B.) stolen.—adj. Torn′-down, rebellious, ungovernable.

Tornado, tor-nā′dō, n. a violent hurricane, frequent in tropical countries:—pl. Tornā′does.—adj. Tornad′ic. [Sp., tornada—tornar—L. tornāre.]

Torous, tō′rus, adj. swelling, muscular.—n. Toros′ity, muscularity.

Torpedo, tor-pē′do, n. a genus of cartilaginous fishes of family Torpedinidæ, related to the skates and rays, with electric organs on each side of the head, giving an electric shock when touched so as to produce torpor or numbness, the cramp-fish: a submarine weapon of offence, carrying a charge of gun-cotton or other explosive, and possessing powers of locomotion—in distinction to a submarine mine, which is stationary and used for defensive purposes:—pl. Torpē′does.—v.t. to attack with torpedoes, to explode a torpedo in or under.—adj. Torped′inous.—ns. Torpē′do-boat, a small swift steamer from which torpedoes are discharged; Torpē′do-boom, a spar for carrying a torpedo, projecting from a boat or anchored in a channel; Torpē′do-catch′er, a swift vessel for capturing torpedo-boats; Torpē′doist, one skilled in the management of torpedoes; Torpē′do-net, a net of wire hung at some distance round a ship to intercept torpedoes. [L.,—torpēre, to be stiff.]

Torpescent, tor-pes′ent, adj. becoming torpid or numb.—n. Torpes′cence. [L., pr.p. of torpescĕre, to become stiff—torpēre, to be stiff.]

Torpid, tor′pid, adj. stiff, numb: having lost the power of motion and feeling: sluggish, dormant: pertaining to the Torpids, or Lent boat-races, at Oxford.—n. a second-class racing boat, or one of its crew.—n. Torpid′ity.—adv. Tor′pidly.—n. Tor′pidness.—v.t. Tor′pify, to make torpid.—ns. Tor′pitude, state of being torpid: numbness: dullness: stupidity; Tor′por, numbness: inactivity: dullness: stupidity. [L. torpidus—torpēre.]

Torque, tork, n. a twisting force: a necklace of metal rings interlaced.—adjs. Tor′quate, -d, collared; Torqued′, twisted. [L. torques—torquēre, to twist.]

Torrefy, tor′e-fī, v.t. to scorch: to parch:—pa.t. and pa.p. torr′efied.—n. Torrefac′tion, act of torrefying: state of being torrefied. [L. torrēre, to dry, to burn, facĕre, to make.]

Torrent, tor′ent, n. a rushing stream: a strong or turbulent current.—adj. rushing in a stream.—ns. Torr′ent-bow, a bow of prismatic colours formed above the spray of a torrent; Torr′ent-duck, a merganser of genus Merganetta, found in the swift water-courses of the Andes.—adj. Torren′tial, of the nature of a torrent, produced by the agency of rapid streams: overwhelmingly voluble.—n. Torrential′ity.—adv. Torren′tially. [L. torrens, -entis, boiling, pr.p. of torrēre, to dry.]

Torricellian, tor-i-sel′i-an, or tor-i-chēl′i-an, adj. pertaining to the Italian mathematician Evangelista Torricelli (1608-47), who discovered in 1643 the principle on which the barometer is constructed.—Torricellian tube, the barometer; Torricellian vacuum, the vacuum in the barometer.

Torrid, tor′id, adj. burning or parching: violently hot: dried with heat.—ns. Torrid′ity, Torr′idness.—Torrid zone, the broad belt round the earth betwixt the tropics, on either side of the equator. [L. torridus—torrēre, to burn.]

Torse, tors, n. a heraldic wreath.—ns. Torsade′, an ornament like a twisted cord; Tor′sel, a twisted scroll: a plate in a brick wall to support the end of a beam.

Torshent, tor′shent, n. (U.S.) the youngest child and pet of a family.—Also Torsh.

Torsion, tor′shun, n. act of twisting or turning a body: the force with which a thread or wire tends to return when twisted, the kind of strain produced in a bar or wire when one end is kept fixed and the other is rotated about the axis: (surg.) a method of common application for the purpose of checking arterial hæmorrhage in certain cases, by twisting the cut end of the artery.—n. Torsibil′ity.—adj. Tor′sional, pertaining to, or resulting from, torsion.—n. Tor′sion-bal′ance, an instrument for measuring very minute forces by a delicate horizontal bar or needle, suspended by a very fine thread or wire.—adj. Tor′sive, twisted spirally. [L. torsio—torquēre, tortum, to twist.]

Torsk, torsk, n. a genus of fish of the cod family, abundant in the northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean, characterised by a single long dorsal fin, and by having the vertical fins separate. [Sw. torsk; Ger. dorsch, a haddock.]

Torso, tor′sō, n. the trunk of a statue without head or limbs:—pl. Tor′sos.—Also Torse. [It.; prob. Teut., Old High Ger. turso, torso, stalk.]

Tort, tort, n. a term in the law of England including all those wrongs, not arising out of contract, for which a remedy by compensation or damages is given in a court of law: (Spens.) wrong, injury, calamity.—adj. Tor′tious (Spens.), wrongful, injurious. [Low L. tortum—L. torquĕre, tortum, to twist.]

Tortile, tor′til, adj. twisted: wreathed: coiled.—n. Tortil′ity.—adj. Tor′tive (Shak.), twisted, wreathed.

Tortilla, tor-tē′lya, n. a round flat cake made from maize in Mexico. [Sp., dim. of torta, a tart.]

Tortoise, tor′tis, or -tois, n. together with turtles, a well-defined order of reptiles, distinguished especially by the dorsal (carapace) and ventral (plastron) shields which protect the body.—n. Tor′toise-shell, the horny epidermic plate of a species of turtle.—adj. of the colour of the foregoing, mottled in yellow and black. [O. Fr. tortis—L. tortus, twisted.]

Tortrix, tor′triks, n. the typical genus of Tortricidæ, a family of small lepidopterous insects.

Tortuous, tor′tū-us, adj. twisted, winding: (fig.) deceitful.—adj. Tor′tuōse, twisted: wreathed: winding.—n. Tortuos′ity, state of being tortuous.—adv. Tor′tuously.—n. Tor′tuousness. [Fr.,—L. tortuosus—torquēre, tortum, to twist.]

Torture, tor′tūr, n. a putting to the rack or severe pain to extort a confession, or as a punishment: extreme pain: anguish of body or mind.—v.t. to put to torture or to the rack: to put to extreme pain: to annoy: to vex.—n. Tor′turer.—adv. Tor′turingly, in a torturing manner: so as to torment or punish.—adj. Tor′turous, causing torture. [Late L. tortura, torment—torquēre.]

Torula, tor′ū-la, n. a small torus: the yeast-plant.—adjs. Tor′uliform; Tor′uloid; Tor′ulose; Tor′ulous.—n. Tor′ulus, the socket of the antenna. [L. torulus, dim. of torus, swelling.]

Torus, tō′rus, n. (archit.) a moulding in the base of columns, the profile of which is semicircular: (bot.) the receptacle or part of the flower on which the carpels stand: (anat.) a rounded ridge, esp. one on the occipital bone of the skull:—pl. Tō′ri. [L., a round, swelling place, an elevation.]

Tory, tō′ri, n. a Conservative in English politics—a term since 1830 largely superseded by Conservative, but since 1880 a good deal revived in the sense frequently of a non-conservative Conservative.—v.t. Tō′rify, to infect with Tory principles.—n. Tō′ryism, the principles of the Tories. [Ir. toiridhe, a pursuer; first applied to the Irish bog-trotters and robbers; next, about 1680, to the most hot-headed asserters of the royal prerogative.]

Tose, tōz, v.t. (obs.) to pull about, esp. to tease.—adj. Tō′sy, teased, soft.

Toss, tos, v.t. to throw up suddenly or violently: to cause to rise and fall: to make restless: to agitate, pass from one to another: to toss up with: to drink off: to dress out smartly.—v.i. to be tossed: to be in violent commotion: to tumble about: to fling.—n. act of throwing upward: a throwing up of the head: confusion, commotion: a toss-up.—v.t. Toss′en (Spens.), to toss, to brandish.—n. Toss′er.—adv. Toss′ily, pertly.—ns. Toss′ing, the act of tossing or throwing upward: (B.) violent commotion: (mining) process of washing ores; Toss′-pot (Shak.), a toper, a drunkard; Toss′-up, the throwing up of a coin to decide anything: an even chance or hazard.—adj. Toss′y, pert, contemptuous.—Toss off, to drink off; Toss up, to throw up a coin and wager on which side it will fall. [Celt., as W. tosio, to jerk, tos, a quick jerk.]

Tosticated, tos′ti-kā-ted, adj. fuddled: perplexed—also Tos′sicāted.—n. Tosticā′tion, perplexity.

Tot, tot, n. anything little, esp. a child: a drinking-cup holding but half-a-pint, a small dram.—n. Tot′tie, a dim. of tot. [Cf. Ice. tottr, a dwarf.]

Tot, tot, v.t. to add or sum up.—n. an addition of a long column. [Coll. abbrev. of total.]

Total, tō′tal, adj. whole: complete: undivided: unqualified, absolute.—n. the whole: the entire amount.—v.t. to bring to a total, add up: to amount to.—ns. Tōtalisā′tion; Tōtalisā′tor, Tō′talīser, an automatic betting-machine.—v.t. Tō′talīse.—ns. Tō′talīser; Tōtal′ity, the whole sum, quantity, or amount.—adv. Tō′tally.—n. Tō′talness, entireness. [Fr.,—Low L. totalis—L. totus, whole.]

Tote, tōt, v.t. to carry as a personal burden, to bear.—n. Tote′-road, a rough road for carriers.

Totem, tō′tem, n. a natural object, not an individual but one of a class, taken by a tribe, a family, or a single person, and treated with superstitious respect as an outward symbol of an existing intimate unseen relation.—adj. Totem′ic.—ns. Tō′temism, the use of totems as the foundation of a vast social system of alternate obligation and restriction; Tō′temist, one designated by a totem.—adj. Tō′temistic. [Algonquin otem, which must be preceded by the personal article, as kitotem=the family-mark, nind-otem=my family-mark.]

Totient, tō′shi-ent, n. the number of totitives of a number. [L. toties, so many.]

Totipalmate, tō-ti-pal′māt, adj. fully webbed in all four toes.—n. a bird showing this.—n. Totipalmā′tion.

Totitive, tot′i-tiv, n. a number less than another having with it no common divisor but unity.

Totter, tot′ėr, v.i. to shake as if about to fall: to be unsteady: to stagger: to shake.—n. Tott′erer.—adv. Tott′eringly, in a tottering manner.—adjs. Tott′ery, shaky; Tott′y (Spens.), tottering, unsteady. [For tolter—M. E. tulten—A.S. tealtrian, to totter, tealt, unsteady.]

Toucan, tōō-kan′, or tōō′-, n. a genus of South American Picarian birds, with an immense beak. [Fr.,—Braz.]

Touch, tuch, v.t. to come in contact with: to perceive by feeling: to reach: to relate to: to handle or treat gently or slightly, as in 'to touch the hat,' &c.: to take, taste: to move or soften: to influence: to move to pity: to taint: (slang) to cheat: to lay the hand upon for the purpose of curing scrofula or king's evil—a practice that ceased only with the accession of the House of Brunswick.—v.i. to be in contact with: to make a passing call: to speak of anything slightly: (prov.) to salute by touching the cap.—n. act of touching: a movement on a musical instrument, skill or nicety in such, a musical note or strain: any impression conveyed by contact, a hint, a slight sound: a stroke with a pen, brush, &c.: a tinge, smack, trace, a slight degree of a thing: sense of feeling, contact, close sympathy, harmony: peculiar or characteristic manner: a style of anything at a certain expenditure: a touchstone, test.—adj. Touch′able, capable of being touched.—n. Touch′ableness, the state or quality of being touchable.—adj. Touch′-and-go, of uncertain issue, ticklish, difficult.—ns. Touch′-back, the act of touching the football to the ground behind the player's own goal when it has been kicked by an opponent; Touch′-box, a box containing tinder, which used to be carried by soldiers armed with matchlocks; Touch′-down, the touching to the ground of a football by a player behind the opponents' goal; Touch′er; Touch′-hole, the small hole of a cannon through which the fire is communicated to the charge.—adv. Touch′ily, in a touchy manner: peevishly.—n. Touch′iness, the quality of being touchy: peevishness: irritability.—adj. Touch′ing, affecting: moving: pathetic.—prep. concerning: with regard to.—adv. Touch′ingly.—ns. Touch′ingness; Touch′-me-not, a plant of genus Impatiens: lupus; Touch′-nee′dle, a small bar or needle of gold for testing articles of the same metal by comparing the streaks they make on a touchstone with those made by the needle; Touch′-pā′per, paper steeped in saltpetre for firing a train of powder, &c.; Touch′piece, a coin or medal formerly given by English sovereigns to those whom they touched for the cure of the king's evil; Touch′stone, a kind of compact basalt or stone for testing gold or silver by the streak of the touch-needle: any test; Touch′wood, some soft combustible material, as amadou, used as tinder.—adj. Touch′y, irritable: peevish.—Touch up, to improve by a series of small touches, to elaborate, embellish.—A near touch, a close shave. [Fr. toucher—from Old High Ger. zucchen (Ger. zucken), to move, to draw.]

Tough, tuf, adj. not easily broken: firm: stiff, viscous, sticky: stubborn, hard to manage, trying: violent: tenacious: able to endure hardship.—n. a rough, a bully.—v.t. or v.i. Tough′en, to make or become tough.—adj. Tough′ish, rather tough.—adv. Tough′ly.—n. Tough′ness. [A.S. tóh; cog. with Ger. zähe.]

Toupee, tōō-pē′, n. a little tuft or lock of hair, the top of a periwig, a small wig. [Fr. toupet.]

Tour, tōōr, n. a going round: a journey in a circuit: a prolonged journey: a ramble.—n. Tour′ist, one who makes a tour, a traveller for sight-seeing.—adj. Touris′tic. [Fr.,—L. tornus, a turn.]

Touraco, tōō′ra-kō, or tōō-rä′-, n. a bird about the size of a pheasant found in the Amazon region, whose structure shows many anomalies—the sternal apparatus, the divided muscular crop, and the reptilian character of the head of the unhatched chick.

Tourbillon, tōōr-bil′yun, n. anything with a spiral movement: a whirlwind: a kind of firework which gyrates in the air. [Fr., a whirlwind—L. turbo.]

Tourmalin, -e, tōōr′ma-lin, n. a beautiful mineral, with vitreous lustre, mostly black, brownish-black, and bluish-black. [From Tourmali, in Ceylon, whence a variety of the stone was first brought.]

Tournament, tōōr′na-ment, n. a military sport of the Middle Ages in which combatants engaged one another to display their courage and skill in arms: any contest in skill involving a number of competitors and a series of games.—Also Tour′ney. [O. Fr. tournoiement, tornoi—torner—L. tornāre, to turn.]

Tourniquet, tōōr′ni-ket, n. an instrument for compressing the main artery of the thigh or arm, either for the purpose of preventing too great a loss of blood in amputation, or to check dangerous hæmorrhage from accidental wounds, or to stop the circulation through an aneurism. [Fr., tourner—L. tornāre, to turn.]

Tournure, tōōr-nūr′, n. contour, the characteristic turn of a drawing: a pad worn by women to give the hips a well-rounded outline, the drapery at the back of a gown.

Touse, towz, v.t. (Spens.) to pull, to tear, to tease or worry:—pr.p. tous′ing; pa.p. toused.—n. a pull: a disturbance.—n. Tous′er, one who, or that which, touses.—v.t. Tous′le (coll.), to disarrange, to tumble.—adj. Tous′y, shaggy, unkempt, tousled.

Tout, towt, v.i. to look out for custom in an obtrusive way.—n. one who does so: a low fellow who hangs about racing-stables, &c., to pick up profitable information.—n. Tout′er, one who touts. [A.S. tótian, to look out.]

Tout, towt, v.i. (Scot.) to pout.—n. a pet, a fit of the sulks, a sudden illness.—adj. Tout′ie, petulant.

Tow, tō, v.t. to pull a vessel through the water with a rope.—n. originally a rope for towing with: the coarse part of flax or hemp: the act of towing.—ns. Tow′age, act of towing: money for towing; Tow′-boat, a boat that is towed, or one used for towing other vessels.—n.pl. Tow′ing-bitts, upright timbers projecting above the deck for fastening tow-lines to.—ns. Tow′ing-net, a drag-net for collecting objects of natural history, &c.; Tow′ing-path, Tow′-path, a path, generally by the side of a canal or river, for horses towing barges; Tow′-ī′ron, a toggle-iron used in whaling; Tow′line, a line used in towing.—adj. Tow′y, like tow. [A.S. teóhan, teón. Cf. Tug.]

Toward, tō′ard, Towards, tō′ardz, prep. in the direction of: with a tendency to: for, as a help to: near, about.—adv. nearly: in a state of preparation. [A.S. tóweard, adj.—tó, to, and ward, sig. direction.]

Toward, -ly, tō′ward, -li, adj. ready to do or learn: apt.—ns. Tō′wardness, Tō′wardliness.

Towel, tow′el, n. a cloth for wiping the skin after it is washed, and for other purposes: an altar-cloth.—ns. Tow′el-horse, -rack, a frame for hanging towels on; Tow′elling, cloth for towels: a thrashing.—A lead towel, a bullet; An oaken towel, a cudgel. [O. Fr. touaille—Old High Ger. twahilla (Ger. zwehle)—Old High Ger. twahan, to wash.]

Tower, tow′ėr, n. a lofty building, standing alone or forming part of another: a fortress: (her.) a bearing representing a tower with battlements, &c.: a high head-dress worn by women under William III. and Anne.—v.i. to rise into the air: to be lofty.—v.t. (Milt.) to rise aloft into.—adjs. Tow′ered, having towers; Tow′ering, very high, elevated: very violent; Tow′ery, having towers: lofty. [O. Fr. tur—L. turris, a tower.]

Towhee, tow′hē, n. the chewink, ground-robin, or marsh-robin of the United States. [Imit.]

Town, town, n. a place larger than a village, not a city: the inhabitants of a town.—ns. Town′-clerk, a clerk who keeps the records of a town; Town′-coun′cil, the governing body in a town, elected by the ratepayers; Town′-coun′cillor, a member of a town-council; Town′-crī′er, one who cries or makes public proclamations in a town; Town′hall, a public hall for the official business of a town; Town′house, a house or building for transacting the public business of a town: a house in town as opposed to one in the country.—adj. Town′ish, characteristic of town as opposed to country.—ns. Town′land, a township; Town′-meet′ing, in New England, a primary meeting of the voters of a town.—n.pl. Towns′folk, the folk or people of a town.—ns. Town′ship, the territory or district of a town: the corporation of a town: a district; Towns′man, an inhabitant or fellow-inhabitant of a town.—n.pl. Towns′people, townsfolk.—ns. Town′-talk, the general talk of a town: the subject of common conversation; Town′y, a townsman. [A.S. tún, an enclosure, town; Ice. tún, an enclosure, Ger. zaun, a hedge.]

Toxicology, tok-si-kol′ō-ji, n. the science of poisons.—ns. Toxē′mia, Toxæ′mia, Toxicē′mia, Toxicæ′mia, blood-poisoning.—adjs. Toxē′mic, Toxæ′mic, septicemic; Tox′ic, -al, pertaining to poisons, toxicological.—adv. Tox′ically.—adj. Tox′icant, poisoning.—n. a poison.—adj. Toxicolog′ical, pertaining to toxicology.—adv. Toxicolog′ically.—ns. Toxicol′ogist, one versed in toxicology; Toxicō′sis, a morbid condition caused by the action of a poison; Tox′in, -e, a poisonous ptomaine. [Gr. toxikon, arrow-poison—toxikos, for the bow—toxon, a bow, logia—legein, to say.]

Toxophilite, tok-sof′i-līt, n. a lover of archery: an archer.—adj. Toxophilit′ic. [Gr. toxon, a bow, philein, to love.]

Toy, toi, n. a child's plaything: a trifle: a thing only for amusement or look: a curious conceit, a story: a matter of no importance: amorous sport.—v.i. to trifle: to dally amorously.—n. Toy′er, one who toys.—adj. Toy′ish, given to toying or trifling: playful: wanton.—adv. Toy′ishly.—ns. Toy′ishness; Toy′man, one who deals in toys; Toy′shop, a shop where toys are sold.—adj. Toy′some, disposed to toy: wanton. [Dut. tuig, tools; Ger. zeng, stuff.]

Toze, tōz, v.t. (Shak.) to pull by violence or importunity:—pr.p. tōz′ing; pa.p. tōzed.

Trabeated, trä-bē-ā′ted, adj. having an entablature: belonging to beam or lintel construction.—adj. Trab′al.—ns. Trā′bēa, a robe of state worn by consuls, augurs, &c. in ancient Rome:—pl. Trā′beæ; Trabēā′tion, an entablature: combination of beams in a structure; Trabec′ula (bot.), a projection from the cell-wall across the cell-cavity of the ducts of certain plants: one of the fibrous cords of connective tissue in the substance of spleen, kidneys, &c.: one of the fleshy columns, or columnæ carneæ, in the ventricle of the heart, to which the chordæ tendineæ are attached: (entom.) one of the pair of movable appendages on the head, in front of the antennæ of some mallophagous insects—also Trabec′ulus:—pl. Trabec′ulæ.—adj. Trabec′ular.—n. Trabec′ularism.—adjs. Trabec′ulate, -d, having a trabecula. [L. trabs, a beam.]

Trace, trās, n. a mark left: footprint: a small quantity: (fort.) the ground-plan of a work.—v.t. to follow by tracks or footsteps, to discover the tracks of, to follow step by step, to traverse: to follow with exactness: to sketch: to cover with traced lines or tracery.—v.i. to move, travel: to dance.—adj. Trace′able, that may be traced.—n. Trace′ableness.—adv. Trace′ably.—ns. Trā′cer; Trā′cery, ornamentation traced in flowing outline: the beautiful forms in stone with which the arches of Gothic windows are filled for the support of the glass. [Fr.,—L. tructus, pa.p. of trahĕre, to draw.]

Trace, trās, n. one of the straps by which a vehicle is drawn. [O. Fr. trays, trais, same as traits, pl. of trait; cf. Trait.]

Trachea, tra-kē′a, n. that part of the air-passages which lies between the larynx and the bronchi:—pl. Trachē′æ.—adjs. Trā′chēal, pertaining to the trachea; Trā′chēan, having tracheæ.—n.pl. Trāchēā′ria, the tracheate arachnidans.—adjs. Trāchēā′rian, pertaining to the tracheate arachnidans; Tra′chēāry, pertaining to the trachea; Trā′chēāte, -d, having a trachea.—ns. Trāchench′yma, tracheary tissue; Trāchēōbranch′ia, a breathing-organ of certain aquatic insect larvæ.—adj. Trāchēōbronch′ial, pertaining to the trachea and the bronchi.—n. Trāchē′ōcēle, an enlargement of the thyroid gland.—adj. Trāchēōscop′ic, pertaining to tracheoscopy.—ns. Trāchē′ōscopist, one who practises tracheoscopy; Trāchē′ōscōpy, the inspection of the trachea; Trā′cheotome, a knife used in tracheotomy; Trāchēot′ōmist, one who practices tracheotomy; Trācheot′omy, the operation of making an opening in the trachea; Trāchī′tis, Trachēī′tis, inflammation of the trachea. [L. trachīa—Gr. trachys, tracheia, rough.]

Trachelium, trā-kē′li-um, n. the neck of a column: a genus of Campanulaceæ, native to the Mediterranean region.—adj. Trāchēlo-occip′ital, pertaining to the nape of the neck and the hind-head. [Gr. trachēlos, the neck.]

Trachinus, trā-kī′nus, n. the typical genus of Trachinidæ, a family of acanthopterygian fishes, the weevers. [Gr. trachys, rough.]

Trachle, Trauchle, träh′l, v.t. (Scot.) to draggle: to fatigue.—n. a long and exhausting effort.—adj. Trach′ly, dirty, slovenly.

Trachoma, tra-kō′ma, n. a disease of the eye, with hard pustules on the inner surface of the eyelids.

Trachurus, trā-kū′rus, n. a genus of carangoid fishes, the saurels. [Gr. trachys, rough, oura, tail.]

Trachyte, trā′kīt, n. a crystalline igneous rock, generally grayish in colour, usually fine-grained or compact, more or less markedly porphyritic, with large crystals of sanidine and scales of black mica.—adjs. Trachyt′ic; Trach′ytoid. [Gr. trachys, rough.]

Tracing, trā′sing, n. act of one who traces: act of copying by marking on thin paper the lines of a pattern placed beneath: the copy so produced.—n. Trā′cing-pā′per, a transparent paper which, when laid over a drawing, &c., allows the drawing to be seen through it, so that a copy can be made by tracing the lines of the original on the paper.

Track, trak, v.t. to follow by marks or footsteps: to tow: to traverse: to make marks upon.—n. a mark left: footprint: a beaten path: course laid out for horse, foot, or bicycle races: the two continuous lines of rails on which railway carriages run.—ns. Track′age, a drawing or towing, as of a boat; Track′-boat, a boat towed by a line from the shore; Track′-clear′er, a guard in front of the wheels of a locomotive, &c., to clear any obstruction from the track; Track′er, one who, or that which, tracks; Track′-lay′er, a workman engaged in laying railway-tracks.—adj. Track′less, without a path: untrodden.—adv. Track′lessly.—ns. Track′lessness; Track′man, one who has charge of a railway-track; Track′-road, a towing-path; Track′-walk′er, a trackman having charge of a certain section of railway-track.—In one's tracks, just where one stands; Make tracks, to go away hastily, to decamp; Make tracks for, to go after; Off the track, derailed, of a railway carriage, &c.: away from the proper subject. [Fr. trac—Dut. trek, draught, trekken, to draw.]

Tract, trakt, n. something drawn out or extended: continued duration: a region, area: a short treatise: an anthem sung instead of the Alleluia after the gradual, or instead of it, from Septuagesima till Easter-eve.—n. Tractabil′ity, quality or state of being tractable: docility.—adj. Trac′table, easily drawn, managed, or taught: docile.—n. Trac′tableness.—adv. Trac′tably.—n. Trac′tate, a treatise, tract.—adj. Trac′tile, that may be drawn out.—ns. Tractil′ity, the quality of being tractile: ductility; Trac′tion, act of drawing or state of being drawn; Trac′tion-en′gine, a steam vehicle for hauling heavy weights along a road, &c.—adj. Trac′tive, that draws or pulls.—ns. Trac′tor, that which draws, esp. in pl. metallic tractors, two bars of iron and of steel, drawn over diseased parts of the body to give supposed relief; Tractorā′tion, the use of metallic tractors in medicine. [L. tractus, pa.p. of trahĕre, to draw.]

Tractarian, trakt-ār′i-an, n. one of the writers of the famous Tracts for the Times, published at Oxford during the years 1833-41—Pusey, Newman, Keble, Hurrell Froude, and Isaac Williams.—ns. Tractār′ianism, the system of religious opinion promulgated in these, its main aim to assert the authority and dignity of the Anglican Church; Tractā′tor, one of the writers of the foregoing.

Trade, trād, n. buying and selling: commerce: occupation, craft; men engaged in the same occupation: rubbish.—v.i. to buy and sell: to act merely for money.—v.i. to traffic with.—adjs. Trād′ed (Shak.), versed, practised; Trade′ful (Spens.), commercial, busy in traffic.—ns. Trade′-hall, a hall for the meetings of any trade or guild; Trade′-mark, any name or distinctive device warranting goods for sale as the production of any individual or firm; Trade′-price, the price at which goods are sold to members of the same trade, or are sold by wholesale to retail dealers; Trā′der; Trade′-sale, an auction sale of goods by producers, &c., to persons in the trade.—n.pl. Trades′-folk, people employed in trade.—n. Trades′man, a common name for a shopkeeper: a mechanic:—fem. Trades′woman.—n.pl. Trades′peo′ple, people employed in various trades, esp. shopkeeping, &c.—ns. Trades′-un′ion, Trade′-un′ion, an organised association of the workmen of any trade or industry for the protection of their common interests; Trade′-un′ionism; Trade′-un′ionist; Trade′-wind, a wind blowing steadily toward the thermal equator and deflected westwardly by the eastward rotation of the earth.—adj. Trā′ding, carrying on commerce (also n.): (Milt.) frequented by traders, denoting places where the trade-winds blow.—Trade on, to take advantage of.—Board of Trade, a department of government for control of railways, mercantile marine, harbours, and commercial matters generally. [A.S. træd, pa.t. of tredan, to tread. Not Fr. traite, transport of goods—L. tractāre, freq. of trahĕre, to draw.]

Tradition, tra-dish′un, n. the handing down of opinions or practices to posterity unwritten: a belief or practice thus handed down.—adjs. Tradi′tional, Tradi′tionary, delivered by tradition.—ns. Tradi′tionalism; Traditional′ity.—advs. Tradi′tionally, Tradi′tionarily.—n. Tradi′tionist, one who adheres to tradition.—adj. Trad′itive, traditional. [L.,—trans, over, dăre, to give.]

Traditor, trad′i-tor, n. one of those early Christians who under persecution gave up copies of the Scriptures, the sacred vessels, or the names of their fellow-Christians. [L.,—tradĕre; to give up.]

Traduce, tra-dūs′, v.t. to calumniate: to defame.—ns. Traduce′ment, the act of traducing: (Shak.) misrepresentation, calumny; Tradū′cer.—adj. Tradū′cible.—adv. Tradū′cingly. [L. traducĕre, to lead along—trans, across, ducĕre, to lead.]

Traduction, tra-duk′shun, n. the act of transferring, conveyance: (Spens.) transfer: transmission from one to another, tradition: derivation from one of the same kind.—ns. Tradū′cian, one who believes in traducianism; Tradū′cianism, the belief, long prevalent in the Western Church, that children receive soul as well as body from their parents through natural generation—every soul being a fresh creation—also Generationism.—adj. Traduc′tive.

Traffic, traf′ik, n. commerce: large trade: the business done on a railway, &c.—v.i. to trade: to trade meanly.—v.t. to exchange:—pr.p. traff′icking; pa.t. and pa.p. traff′icked.—n. Traff′icker.—adj. Traff′icless.—n. Traff′ic-man′ager, the manager of the traffic on a railway, &c. [O. Fr. trafique; cf. It. trafficare, prob. from L. trans, across, and Low L. vicāre, to exchange—L. vicis, change; not from facĕre, to make.]

Tragacanth, trag′a-kanth, n. a name given to several low spiny shrubs of the genus Astragalus, found in western Asia, as well as to the mucilaginous substance or gum derived from them.

Tragedy, traj′e-di, n. a species of drama in which the action and language are elevated, and the catastrophe sad: any mournful and dreadful event.—n. Tragē′dian, an actor of tragedy:—fem. Tragē′dienne.—adjs. Trag′ic, -al, pertaining to tragedy: sorrowful: calamitous.—adv. Trag′ically.—ns. Trag′icalness; Trag′i-com′edy, a dramatic piece in which grave and comic scenes are blended.—adjs. Trag′i-com′ic, -al.—adv. Trag′i-com′ically. [Lit. 'goat-song,' so called either from the old dramas being exhibited when a goat was sacrificed, or from a goat being the prize, or because the actors were dressed in goat-skins—L. tragœdia—Gr. tragōdia—tragos, a he-goat, aoidos, ōdos, a singer—aeidein, adein, to sing.]

Tragelaphus, trā-jel′a-fus, n. a fabulous animal associated with Diana: a genus of African antelopes, the boschbok, &c. [Gr.,—tragos, a goat, elaphos, a deer.]

Tragopan, trag′ō-pan, n. a genus of birds in the pheasant family, represented by five species in India and China, of most brilliant plumage.

Tragus, trā′gus, n. a small prominence at the entrance of the external ear: a corresponding process in bats, &c. [Gr. tragos.]

Traik, trāk, v.i. (Scot.) to wander about, to get lost: to decline in health.—n. a misfortune: the mutton of sheep that have died of disease or accident.—adj. Traik′et, worn out.—Traik after, to dangle after.

Trail, trāl, v.t. to draw along the ground: to hunt by tracking: to draw out, lead on: to tread down, as grass, by walking through: to carry, as a musket or pike, in an oblique forward position, the breech or the butt near the ground.—v.i. to be drawn out in length, to hang or drag loosely behind: to run or climb as a plant: to move with slow sweeping motion: to drag one's self lazily along.—n. anything drawn out in length: track followed by the hunter.—ns. Trail′er, one who trails: a climbing plant: a carriage dragged (or trailed) behind another to which the motive power is applied; Trail′-net, a drag-net. [O. Fr. traail—Low L. trahale—L. traha, a sledge—trahĕre, to draw.]

Train, trān, v.t. to draw along: to allure: to educate: to discipline: to tame for use, as animals: to cause to grow properly: to prepare men for athletic feats, or horses for the race.—v.i. to exercise, to prepare one's self for anything: to be under drill: to travel by train: (coll.) to be on intimate terms with.—n. that which is drawn along after something else: the part of a dress which trails behind the wearer: a retinue: a series: process: a clue, trace: a line of gunpowder to fire a charge: a line of carriages on a railway: a set of wheels acting on each other, for transmitting motion: a string of animals, &c.: a lure, stratagem.—adj. Train′able, capable of being trained.—ns. Train′-band, a band of citizens trained to bear arms; Train′-bear′er, one who bears or holds up a train, as of a robe or gown.—adj. Trained, formed by training, skilled.—ns. Train′er, one who prepares men for athletic feats, horses for a race, or the like; Train′ing, practical education in any profession, art, or handicraft: the method adopted by athletes for developing their physical strength, endurance, or dexterity, or to qualify them for victory in competitive trials of skill, races, matches, &c.—including both bodily exercise and regulated dieting; Train′ing-col′lege, -school, the same as Normal school (see Norm); Train′ing-ship, a ship equipped with instructors, &c., to train boys for the sea; Train′-mile, one of the aggregate number of miles traversed by the trains of any system—a unit of calculation.—Train fine, to discipline the body to a high pitch of effectiveness: to train the intellectual powers. [Fr. train, trainer, through Low L. forms from L. trahĕre, to draw.]

Train-oil, trān′-oil, n. whale-oil extracted from the blubber by boiling. [Old Dut. traen, whale-oil.]

Trait, trā, or trāt, n. a drawing: a touch: a feature. [Fr.,—L. tractus, trahĕre, to draw.]

Traitor, trā′tur, n. one who, being trusted, betrays: one guilty of treason: a deceiver:—fem. Trait′ress.—n. Trait′orism.—adv. Trait′orly (Shak.).—adj. Trait′orous, like a traitor: perfidious: treasonable.—adv. Trait′orously.—n. Trait′orousness. [Fr. traître—L. traditor—tradĕre, to give up.]

Trajectory, tra-jek′tō-ri, n. the curve described by a body (as a planet or a projectile) under the action of given forces.—v.t. Traject′, to throw across.—ns. Traj′ect, a ferry: transmission; Trajec′tion, a crossing. [From L. trajicĕre, -jectum—trans, across, jacĕre, to throw.]

Tram, tram, n. a tramway or tramway-line: a four-wheeled coal-wagon in pits: a beam, bar, the shaft of a cart, barrow, &c.—ns. Tram′-car, a tramway-car; Tram′pot, the socket in which an upright spindle is stepped; Tram′-road, Tram′way, a road or way for carriages or wagons to run along easily; Tram′way-car, a carriage for conveying passengers along the public streets, running on rails, drawn by horses or impelled by cable traction, electrical power, or steam. [Prov. Eng. tram, a beam, is prob. cog. with Sw. dial. tromm, a log, Low Ger. traam, a beam, &c.]

Trammel, tram′el, n. a net used in fowling and fishing: shackles for making a horse amble: anything that confines.—v.t. to shackle: to confine:—pr.p. tramm′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. tramm′elled.—n. Tramm′eller. [O. Fr. tramail, a net—Low L. tramacula, from L. tres, three, macula, a mesh.]

Tramontane, tra-mon′tān, adj. lying beyond the mountains (originally the Alps), from Rome: foreign: uncivilised.—n. Tramontä′na, the north wind. [L. trans, beyond, mons, montis, a mountain.]

Tramp, tramp, v.t. to tread, to travel over on foot: (Scot.) to tread clothes in a tub of water so as to cleanse them.—v.i. to walk, to go on foot: to wander about as a vagrant.—n. a foot-journey: a vagrant: a plate of iron worn by diggers under the hollow of the foot to save the shoe.—n. Tramp′er.—vs.i. Tram′pous, Tram′poose, to tramp about.—n. Tramp′-pick, an iron pick forced by the foot into the ground. [M. E. trampen; an extension of trap, trip; cf. Ger. trampen.]

Trample, tramp′l, v.t. to tread under foot: to tread with pride, to insult.—v.i. to tread in contempt: to tread forcibly and rapidly.—n. a trampling.—n. Tramp′ler. [A freq. of tramp.]

Trance, trans, n. a morbid sleep, differing from natural repose in duration, in profound insensibility, &c.—the concomitant or symptom of diseases of the nervous system, particularly hysteria: catalepsy.—adv. Tranced (Shak.), lying in a trance or ecstasy.—adv. Tranc′edly. [Fr. transe—L. transitum—trans-īre, to go across, in Late L. to die.]

Tranect, tra-nekt′, n. (Shak.) a ferry. [L. trans, across, nectĕre, to join.]

Trank, trangk, n. an oblong piece of skin from which the pieces for a glove are cut.

Tranka, trang′kä, n. a long cylindrical box balanced on their feet by jugglers.

Tranquil, trang′kwil, adj. quiet: peaceful.—n. Tranquillisā′tion.—v.t. Tran′quilise, to make tranquil.—n. Tranquillī′ser.—adv. Tran′quillisingly.—n. Tranquill′ity.—adv. Tran′quilly.—n. Tran′quilness, state of being tranquil: quietness. [Fr.,—L. tranquillus.]

Transact, trans-akt′, v.t. to manage: to perform.—v.i. to manage anything.—ns. Transac′tion, act of transacting: management of any affair: an affair: (pl.) the reports or publications of certain learned societies; Transac′tor. [L. transactum, pa.p. of transigĕre—trans, through, agĕre, carry on.]

Transalpine, trans-al′pin, adj. beyond the Alps (in regard to Rome). [L. transalpinus—trans, beyond, Alpinus, pertaining to the Alps.]

Transatlantic, trans-at-lan′tik, adj. beyond the Atlantic Ocean: crossing the Atlantic.

Transcend, tran-send′, v.t. to rise above: to surmount: to surpass: to exceed.—ns. Transcen′dence, Transcen′dency.—adjs. Transcen′dent, transcending: superior or supreme in excellence: surpassing others: as applicable to being, relating to the absolute, transcending all limitation—as applicable to knowledge, pertaining to what transcends experience, being given à priori: beyond human knowledge: abstrusely speculative, fantastic; Transcenden′tal, transcending: supereminent, surpassing others: concerned with what is independent of experience: vague.—v.t. Transcenden′talise.—ns. Transcenden′talism, the investigation of what is à priori in human knowledge, or independent of experience: that which is vague and illusive in philosophy: the American reaction against Puritan prejudices, humdrum orthodoxy, old-fashioned metaphysics, materialistic philistinism, and materialism—best associated with the name of R. W. Emerson (1803-82); Transcenden′talist.—advs. Transcenden′tally; Transcen′dently.—n. Transcen′dentness. [L. trans, beyond, scandĕre, to climb.]

Transcribe, tran-skrīb′, v.t. to write over from one book into another: to copy.—ns. Transcrib′er; Trans′cript, that which is transcribed: a copy; Transcrip′tion, the act of copying: a transcript: a copy.—adjs. Transcrip′tional; Transcrip′tive.—adv. Transcrip′tively. [L. transcribĕre, -scriptum—trans, over, scribĕre, to write.]

Transcurrent, trans-kur′ent, adj. passing transversely, as the postfrena of a beetle.

Transductor, trans-duk′tor, n. that which draws across, esp. a muscle of the great-toe.—n. Transduc′tion, the act of carrying over.

Transenna, tran-sen′a, n. a lattice-grating for enclosing shrines, as those of martyrs, while yet allowing the coffer to be seen.

Transept, tran′sept, n. one of the wings or cross-aisles of a church, at right angles to the nave. [L. trans, across, septum, an enclosure—sepes, a hedge.]

Transfer, trans-fėr′, v.t. to carry or bring over: to convey to another place: to remove: to transport:—pr.p. transfer′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. transferred′.—ns. Trans′fer, the act of transferring: the conveyance of anything from one person or place to another: that which is transferred; Transferabil′ity, Transferribil′ity.—adjs. Transfer′able, Transfer′rible, that may be transferred or conveyed from one place or person to another.—ns. Trans′fer-book, a register of the transfer of property, shares, &c.; Trans′fer-day, one of certain regular days for registering transfer of bank-stock and government funds at the Bank of England; Transferēē′, the person to whom a thing is transferred; Trans′ference, the act of transferring or conveying from one person or place to another: passage from one place to another; Trans′fer-pā′per, a kind of prepared paper used for transferring impressions with copying-presses, &c.; Transfer′rer. [L. trans, across, ferre, to carry.]

Transfiguration, trans-fig-ūr-ā′shun, n. a change of form.—v.t. Transfig′ure (rare), to change the figure or form of: to change the appearance of—also Transfig′ūrāte.—n. Transfig′urement.—The Transfiguration, the supernatural change in the appearance of Christ, described in Matt. xvii.: a festival on 6th August, in commemoration of it.

Transfix, trans-fiks′, v.t. to pierce through.—n. Transfis′sion, cross-section.—adj. Transfixed′.—n. Transfix′ion.

Transfluent, trans′flōō-ent, adj. flowing through.—n. Transflux′, a flowing through.

Transforate, trans′fō-rāt, v.t. to bore through.—n. Transforā′tion.

Transform, trans-form′, v.t. to change the shape of: to change into another substance: to change the disposition.—v.i. to be changed in form or substance.—adj. Transfor′mable.—ns. Transformā′tion, change of form or substance, metamorphosis: the change of one metal into another: (path.) any morbid change in a part; Transformā′tion-scene, any scene on the stage which changes in presence of the audience.—adj. Transfor′mative.—ns. Transfor′mātor, Transfor′mer.—p.adj. Transfor′ming, effecting, or able to effect, a change of form or state.—ns. Transfor′mism, the theory of the development of one species from another; Transfor′mist.—adj. Transformis′tic.

Transfuge, trans′fūj, n. a deserter.—Also Transfū′gitive. [L. transfuga, a deserter.]

Transfuse, trans-fūz′, v.t. to pour out into another vessel: to cause to pass from one to another: to cause to be imbibed.—n. Transfū′ser.—adj. Transfū′sible, capable of being transfused.—ns. Transfū′sion, the act of transfusing, esp. blood from the veins of one animal into another; Transfū′sionist.—adj. Transfū′sive, tending or having power to transfuse.—adv. Transfū′sively. [L. trans, over, fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Transgress, trans-gres′, v.t. to pass beyond a limit: to break, as a law.—v.i. to offend by violating a law: to sin.—adj. Transgres′sible.—n. Transgres′sion, the act of transgressing: violation of a law or command: offence: fault: crime: sin.—adjs. Transgres′sional; Transgres′sive.—adv. Transgres′sively.—n. Transgres′sor, one who transgresses: one who violates a law or command: a sinner. [L. trans, across, gradi, gressus, to step.]

Tranship, tran-ship′, v.t. to convey from one ship into another, or from one conveyance to another.—ns. Tranship′ment; Tranship′per; Tranship′ping.

Transhuman, trans-hū′man, adj. more than human.—v.t. Transhū′manise, to elevate into a higher or heavenly nature.

Transient, tran′shent, adj. passing: of short duration: not lasting: momentary: (mus.) intermediate.—ns. Tran′sience, Tran′siency, transientness.—adv. Tran′siently.—n. Tran′sientness. [L. transiens—trans, across, īre, itum, to go.]

Transilient, tran-sil′i-ent, adj. leaping across.—n. Transil′iency. [L. transīlire, to leap across.]

Transit, tran′sit, n. a passing over: conveyance: (astron.) the passage of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place: the passage of a planet over the sun's disc: a transit circle, or instrument, for observing the transit of a heavenly body across the meridian.—ns. Trans′it-dū′ty, a duty chargeable on goods passing through a country; Trans′it-in′strument, an astronomical telescope mounted in the meridian and turning on a fixed east and west axis; Transi′tion, passage from one place or state to another: change: (mus.) a change of key.—adjs. Transi′tional, Transi′tionary, containing or denoting transition: of intermediate character between species or genera, transmutational: characteristic of one epoch or style in its transition to another.—adv. Transi′tionally.—adj. Trans′itive, passing over: having the power of passing: (gram.) denoting a verb which has a direct object.—adv. Trans′itively.—n. Trans′itiveness.—adv. Trans′itorily.—n. Trans′itoriness.—adj. Trans′itory, going or passing away: lasting for a short time: speedily vanishing.—n. Trans′it-trade, the trade of carrying foreign goods through a country.

Translate, trans-lāt′, v.t. to remove to another place: to render into another language: to explain: to transfer from one office to another: to transform.—adj. Translā′table, capable of being translated or rendered into another language.—n. Translā′tion, the act of translating: removal to another place: the rendering into another language: a version: (slang) the process of working up new things from old materials: motion free from rotation: the automatic retransmission of a telegraphic message.—adjs. Translā′tional, Trans′lātory.—n. Translā′tor:—fem. Translā′tress. [Fr.,—L. trans, over, ferre, latum, to carry.]

Transleithan, trans-lī′than, adj. beyond the Leitha, the boundary river between the archduchy of Austria and Hungary.

Transliterate, trans-lit′e-rāt, v.t. to express the words of one language in the alphabetic characters of another.—ns. Transliterā′tion; Translit′erātor.

Translucent, trans-lū′sent, adj. shining through: allowing light to pass, but not transparent: clear.—ns. Translū′cence, Translū′cency.—adv. Translū′cently.—adj. Translū′cid, translucent. [L. translucens—trans, across, lucēre, to shine—lux, lucis, light.]

Translunar, trans-lū′nar, adj. beyond the moon.—Also Trans′lūnary.

Transmeable, trans′mē-a-bl, adj. capable of being traversed.—v.t. Trans′mēate.—n. Transmeā′tion.

Transmigrate, trans′mi-grāt, v.i. to migrate or remove across, esp. to another country: to pass into another country or state.—adj. Trans′migrant.—ns. Transmigrā′tion, the act of removing to another country: the passing into another state: the passage of the soul after death into another body; Trans′migrātor.—adj. Transmī′grātory, passing to another place, body, or state.

Transmit, trans-mit′, v.t. to send across to another person or place: to suffer to pass through:—pr.p. transmit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. transmit′ted.—n. Transmissibil′ity.—adjs. Transmis′sible, Transmit′tible, that may be transmitted from one to another, or through any body or substance.—ns. Transmis′sion, Transmit′tal, act of transmitting: the sending from one place or person to another: passage through.—adj. Transmis′sive, transmitted: derived from one to another.—ns. Transmit′tance, transfer; Transmit′ter. [L. trans, across, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Transmogrify, trans-mog′ri-fī, v.t. (coll.) to transform into something else, as by magic.—n. Transmogrificā′tion.

Transmorphism, trans-mor′fizm, n. the evolution of one thing from another. [L. trans, over, Gr. morphē, form.]

Transmute, trans-mūt′, v.t. to change to another form or substance.—adj. Transmū′table, that may be transmuted or changed into a different form, nature, or substance.—ns. Transmū′tableness, Transmūtabil′ity.—adv. Transmū′tably.—adj. Transmū′tant.—ns. Transmūtā′tion, a changing into a different form, nature, or substance; Transmūtā′tionist.—adj. Transmū′tative.—n. Transmū′ter. [L. trans, over, mutāre, to change.]

Transom, tran′sum, n. a thwart beam or lintel, esp. the horizontal mullion or crossbar of a window: in ships, the beam across the sternpost to strengthen the afterpart.—n. Trans′om-win′dow, a window divided into two parts by a transom. [L. transtrum, a cross-bank—trans, across.]

Transpadane, trans-pā′dān, adj. situated beyond the Po (L. Padanus), with reference to Rome.

Transparency, trans-pār′en-si, n. the quality of being transparent: clearness: that which is transparent: a picture on semi-transparent material seen by means of light shining through, a positive picture on glass, to be viewed by transmitted light: a humorous translation of the German title Durchlaucht—also Transpār′ence.—adj. Transpār′ent, that may be distinctly seen through: clear.—adv. Transpār′ently.—n. Transpār′entness. [L. trans, through, parēre, to appear.]

Transpicuous, tran-spik′ū-us, adj. (Milt.) that can be seen through, transparent. [L. transpicĕre, to see through—trans, through, specĕre, to look.]

Transpire, tran-spīr′, v.t. to breathe or pass through the pores of the skin.—v.i. to exhale: to become public, to come to light: to occur (a bad use).—adj. Transpīr′able.—n. Transpirā′tion, act or process of transpiring; exhalation through the skin.—adj. Transpīr′atory.—n. Trans′piry, act of transpiring. [L. trans, through, spirāre, to breathe.]

Transplant, trans-plant′, v.t. to remove and plant in another place: to remove.—adj. Transplan′table.—ns. Transplantā′tion, act of transplanting, the removal of a living plant to another place, the removal of living tissue from one part of the body, or from one individual, to another; Transplan′ter, a machine for moving trees.

Transpontine, trans-pon′tin, adj. situated across a bridge, esp. belonging to the part of London on the Surrey side of the Thames, hence melodramatic from the tastes of the theatres there.

Transport, trans-pōrt′, v.t. to carry across or from one place to another: to banish: to carry away by violence of passion or pleasure.—ns. Trans′port, carriage from one place to another: a vessel for conveyance: the conveyance of troops and their necessaries by sea or land: ecstasy; Transportabil′ity.—adj. Transpor′table, that may be carried across.—ns. Transpor′tal, transportation; Transpor′tance (Shak.), conveyance, removal; Transportā′tion, removal: banishment.—p.adj. Transpor′ted, carried away with ecstatic emotion.—adv. Transpor′tedly.—ns. Transpor′tedness; Transpor′ter.—p.adj. Transpor′ting, carrying away with emotion: passionate: ravishing.—adv. Transpor′tingly.—ns. Trans′port-rid′er, a carrier; Trans′port-ship, -vess′el, a ship used for transporting, esp. for conveying troops, stores, &c. [L. trans, across, portāre, to carry.]

Transpose, trans-pōz′, v.t. to put each in the place of the other: to change, as the order of words, or the key in music.—adj. Transpō′sable.—ns. Transpō′sal, a change of place or order; Transpō′ser; Transposi′tion, act of putting one thing in place of another: state of being transposed; a change of the order of words: (mus.) a change of key into a higher or lower scale.—adjs. Transposi′tional; Transpos′itive.—adv. Transpos′itively.—n. Transpos′itor. [Fr.,—L. transponĕre—trans, across, ponĕre, to place.]

Trans-shape, trans-shāp′, v.t. (Shak.) to change into another shape, to transform.

Transubstantiate, tran-sub-stan′shi-āt, v.t. to change to another substance.—ns. Transubstantiā′tion, a change into another substance: (R.C.) the conversion, in the consecration of the elements of the Eucharist, of the whole substance of the bread and wine into Christ's body and blood, only the appearances of bread and wine remaining; Transubstantiā′tionalist, Transubstan′tiātor. [L. trans, across, substantia, a substance.]

Transude, tran-sūd′, v.i. to ooze or pass through the pores or interstices of a membrane or substance.—pr.p. transūd′ing; pa.p. transūd′ed.—n. Transudā′tion.—adj. Transū′datory. [L. trans, through, sudāre, to sweat.]

Transumptive, tran-sump′tiv, adj. transferred from one to another.—ns. Transumpt′, a copy of a writing; Transump′tion, the act of taking from one place to another.

Transverse, trans-vėrs′, adj. turned or lying across.—adv. crosswise.—n. Transver′sal, a line drawn across several others so as to cut them all.—adv. Transver′sally.—adj. Trans′versary.—adv. Transverse′ly, in a transverse or cross direction.—n. Transver′sion. [L. trans, across, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Transylvanian, tran-sil-vā′ni-an, adj. belonging to Transylvania, in Austro-Hungary.

Trap, trap, n. an instrument for snaring animals: an ambush: a stratagem: a contrivance for hindering the passage of foul air from a waste-pipe, &c.: a trap-door: any rickety structure: a carriage, a vehicle: (slang) a policeman.—v.t. to catch in a trap:—pr.p. trap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. trapped.—ns. Trap′-ball, an old game played with a ball or bat and trap; Trap′-door, a door in a floor shutting like the catch of a trap; Trap′-fall, a trap-door which gives way beneath the feet; Trap′per, one who traps animals for their fur, &c.; Trap′piness, the state of being trappy or unsafe; Trap′ping; Trap′-stair, a stair or kind of ladder surmounted by a trap-door.—adj. Trap′py, treacherous. [A.S. træppe; cog. with Old High Ger. trapa, a snare (whence Fr. trappe, by which the Eng. word has been modified).]

Trap, trap, n. a term loosely applied to many rocks of volcanic origin, so called because lying often in steps or terraces.—adjs. Trap′pēan, Trap′pous, Trap′py.—ns. Trap′-tū′fa, -tuff, a variety of tufa consisting of the detrital matter of trap-rock. [Sw. trapp—trappa, a stair.]

Trap, trap, v.t. to drape or adorn with gay clothes: to ornament:—pr.p. trap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. trapped.—n. a horse-cloth: (pl.) one's personal belongings, luggage.—n.pl. Trap′pings, gay clothes: ornaments, esp. those put on horses. [Fr. drap—Low L. drappus, cloth; cf. Drab, Drape.]

Trapan, tra-pan′, v.t. to trap, to ensnare:—pr.p. trapan′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. trapanned′.—n. a snare: a stratagem: a trapanner.—n. Trapan′ner. [From trap, instrument for snaring.]

Trape, trāp, v.i. to run about idly or like a slattern.—n. Trapes, a slattern: a tramp.—v.i. Trapes, Traipse, to gad about idly.

Trapezium, tra-pē′zi-um, n. a plane figure having four unequal sides, no two of which are parallel: one of the wrist-bones—also Trapēze′:—pl. Trapē′zia, Trapē′ziums.—n. Trapēze′, a swing of one or more cross-bars used in gymnastic exercises.—adjs. Trapē′zian, having opposed trapeziform faces; Trapē′ziform, having the form of a trapeze.—n. Trap′ezoid (also Trapē′zoid), a plane four-sided figure like a trapezium, having two of its opposite sides parallel.—adj. Trapezoid′al, having the form of a trapezoid. [Gr. trapezion dim. of trapeza, a table; from tetra, four, pous, podos, a foot.]

Trappist, trap′ist, n. a member of a monastic body, a branch of the Cistercians, noted for the extreme austerity of the rule—so named from the abbey of La Trappe in the French department of Orne.—n. Trap′pistine, a nun of this order of La Trappe.

Trash, trash, n. a clog fastened to a dog or other animal to restrain his movements.—v.t. to encumber, check.

Trash, trash, v.t. to crop: to strip off superfluous leaves.—n. refuse, matter unfit for food, rubbish good for nothing, a worthless person.—n. Trash′ery, trash, rubbish.—adv. Trash′ily.—ns. Trash′iness, the state or quality of being trashy; Trash′trie (Scot.), trash.—adj. Trash′y, like trash; worthless. [Prob. Scand., Ice. tros, fallen twigs.]

Trauma, traw′ma, n. an abnormal condition of the body caused by external injury.—adj. Traumat′ic, produced by wounds.—adv. Traumat′ically.—n. Traum′atism, trauma. [Gr., a wound.]

Travail, trav′āl, n. excessive labour: toil: labour in childbirth.—v.i. to labour: to suffer the pains of childbirth.—p.adj. Trav′eiled (Spens.), toiled. [O. Fr. travail—Low L. travaculum, a shackle—L. trabs, a beam.]

Travail, tra-vā′ye, n. an appliance used among some North American Indians as a means of transporting sick persons, goods, &c.—a kind of litter attached by two poles on each side to a pack-saddle, the other ends trailing on the ground:—pl. Travaux (tra-vō′). [Fr.]

Trave, trāv, n. a beam: a wooden frame to confine unruly horses while being shod. [O. Fr. traf, tref—L. trabs, trabis, a beam.]

Travel, trav′el, v.i. to walk: to journey: to pass: to move.—v.t. to pass: to journey over:—pr.p. trav′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. trav′elled.—n. act of passing from place to place: journey: labour: (pl.) an account of a journey.—p.adj. Trav′elled, having made journeys: knowing.—ns. Trav′eller, one who travels: a wayfarer: one who travels for a mercantile house: a ring that slides along a rope or spar; Trav′eller's-joy, the virgin's-bower, Clematis Vitalba; Trav′eller's-tale, a story that cannot be accepted, a tall story, an astounding lie, a whopper; Trav′eller's-tree, a remarkable Madagascar tree, its stem resembling a plantain, but sending out leaves only on two opposite sides, like a great expanded fan.—adj. Trav′elling.—ns. Trav′elling-bag, a bag for carrying necessaries on a journey, toilet articles, &c.; Trav′elling-carr′iage, a heavy carriage, fitted up for travelling in before railways; Trav′elling-cou′vert, a set of table utensils, arranged to pack up easily for travelling; Trav′elling-crane, a crane fixed on a carriage which may be moved on rails; Trav′elling-dress, a plain and easy dress to wear when travelling.—p.adjs. Trav′el-soiled, -stained, showing the marks of travel; Trav′el-taint′ed (Shak.), fatigued with travel, harassed. [A form of travail.]

Traverse, trav′ėrs, adj. turned or lying across: denoting a method of cross-sailing.—n. anything laid or built across: something that crosses or obstructs: a turn: (law) a plea containing a denial of some fact alleged by an opponent: a work for protection from the fire of an enemy: a gallery from one side of a large building to another.—v.t. to cross: to pass over: to survey: to plane across the grain of the wood: (law) to deny an opponent's allegation.—v.i. (fencing) to use the motions of opposition or counteraction: to direct a gun to the right or left of its position.—adv. athwart, crosswise—(obs.) Trav′ers.—adj. Trav′ersable, that may be traversed or denied.—ns. Trav′erser; Trav′erse-tā′ble, a table or platform for shifting carriages to other rails; Trav′ersing-plat′form, a platform to support a gun and carriage which can easily be turned round. [L. trans, across, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Travertin, -e, trav′er-tin, n. the Italian name for limestone formed by springs holding lime in solution. [It. travertino—L. tiburtinus (lapis), stone of Tibur.]

Travesty, trav′es-ti, adj. having on the vesture or appearance of another: disguised so as to be ridiculous.—n. a kind of burlesque in which the original characters are preserved, the situations parodied.—v.t. to turn into burlesque. [Fr. travestir, to disguise—L. trans, over, vestīre, to clothe.]

Trawl, trawl, v.i. to fish by dragging a trawl along the bottom.—v.t. to drag, to take with a trawl.—n. a wide-mouthed bag-net for trawling: a long line buoyed upon water, with baited hooks at intervals.—ns. Traw′ler, one who, or that which, trawls: a vessel engaged in trawling—a method adopted in deep-sea fishing; Traw′ling. [O. Fr. trauler, also troller, to go hither and thither.]

Tray, trā, n. a shallow trough-like vessel: a salver. [M. E. treye—A.S. treg.]

Treachery, trech′ėr-i, n. faithlessness.—ns. Treach′er, Treach′etour, Treach′our (obs.), a traitor.—adj. Treach′erous, full of treachery: faithless.—adv. Treach′erously.—n. Treach′erousness. [O. Fr. tricherie—tricher—Teut., Mid. High Ger. trechen, to draw. Trick is a doublet.]

Treacle, trē′kl, n. the dark, viscous uncrystallisable syrup obtained in refining sugar, also the drainings of crude sugar, properly distinguished from treacle as molasses.—ns. Trea′cle-sleep, a sweet and refreshing sleep; Trea′cliness, viscosity.—adj. Trea′cly, composed of, or like, treacle. [Orig. 'an antidote against the bite of poisonous animals,' O. Fr. triacle—L. theriacum—Gr. thēriaka (pharmaka), antidotes against the bites of wild beasts—thērion, a wild beast.]

Tread, tred, v.i. to set the foot down: to walk or go: to copulate, as fowls.—v.t. to walk on: to press with the foot: to trample in contempt: to subdue:—pa.t. trod; pa.p. trod or trod′den.—n. pressure with the foot: a step, way of stepping.—ns. Tread′er; Tread′ing; Tread′le, Tred′dle, the part of any machine which the foot moves.—vs.i. to work a treadle.—ns. Tread′ler; Tread′ling; Tread′-mill, a mill in which a rotary motion is produced by the weight of a person or persons treading or stepping from one to another of the steps of a cylindrical wheel, used chiefly as an instrument of prison discipline; Tread′-wheel, a form of tread-mill with steps on its exterior surface, by treading on which the wheel is turned.—Tread down, to trample to destruction; Tread in one's footsteps, or steps, to follow one's example; Tread on, or upon, to trample with contempt: to come close after; Tread on one's toes, to give offence to one; Tread on, or upon, the heels of, to follow close after; Tread out, to press out with the feet: to extinguish; Tread underfoot, to treat with scorn: to destroy. [A.S. tredan; Ice. trodha, Ger. treten.]

Treague, trēg, n. (Spens.) a truce. [It. tregua—Low L. treuga—Goth. triggwa.]

Treason, trē′zn, n. betraying of the government or an attempt to overthrow it: treachery; disloyalty.—adj. Trea′sonable, pertaining to, consisting of, or involving treason.—n. Trea′sonableness.—adv. Trea′sonably.—adj. Trea′sonous.—Treason felony, the crime of desiring to depose the sovereign, intimidate parliament, stir up a foreign invasion, &c.—declared by statute in 1848.—Constructive treason, anything which may be interpreted as equivalent to actual treason by leading naturally to it; High treason, offences against the state; Misprision of treason, knowledge of the principal crime and concealment thereof; Petty treason, the murder of a husband by a wife, a master by a servant, &c. [O. Fr. traïson (Fr. trahison)—trahir—L. tradĕre, to betray.]

Treasure, trezh′ūr, n. wealth stored up: riches: a great quantity collected: great abundance: anything much valued: (obs.) a treasure-house.—v.t. to board up: to collect for future use: to value greatly: to enrich.—ns. Treas′ure-chest, a box for keeping articles of value; Treas′ure-cit′y, a city for stores, magazines, &c.; Treas′ure-house, a house for holding treasures; Treas′urer, one who has the care of a treasure or treasury: one who has charge of collected funds; Treas′urership; Treas′ury, a place where treasure is deposited: a department of a government which has charge of the finances: one of a class of subterranean structures, now believed to be merely sepulchral; Treas′ury-bench, the first row of seats on the Speaker's right hand in the House of Commons, occupied by the members of the government. [Fr. trésor—L. thesaurus—Gr. thēsauros.]

Treasure-trove, trezh′ūr-trōv, n. treasure or money found in the earth, the owner unknown. [Treasure and trové, pa.p. of O. Fr. trover, to find.]

Treat, trēt, v.t. to handle in a particular manner: to discourse on: to entertain, as with food or drink, &c.: to manage in the application of remedies: to use.—v.i. to handle a subject in writing or speaking: to negotiate: to give an entertainment.—n. an entertainment, esp. if of anything unusual: one's turn to provide such.—adj. Treat′able, moderate.—ns. Treat′er; Treat′ing; Treat′ise, a written composition in which a subject is treated: a formal essay; Treat′ment, the act or manner of treating: management: behaviour to any one: way of applying remedies; Treat′y, the act of treating, negotiation: a formal agreement between states: (Shak., same as Entreaty). [O. Fr. traiter—L. tractāre, to manage—trahĕre, tractum, to draw.]

Treble, treb′l, adj. triple: threefold: (mus.) denoting the treble, that plays or sings the treble.—n. the highest of the four principal parts in the musical scale.—v.t. to make three times as much.—v.i. to become threefold:—pa.p. treb′led (-ld).—adj. Treb′le-dā′ted, living three times as long as man.—n. Treb′leness.—p.adj. Treb′le-sin′ewed (Shak.), having threefold sinews, very strong.—adv. Treb′ly. [O. Fr.,—L. triplus.]

Trecento, trā-chen′tō, n. the 14th century in Italian art, &c.—n. Trecen′tist, an admirer of it. [It.]

Trechometer, tre-kom′e-tėr, n. an odometer. [Gr. trechein, to run, metron, measure.]

Tredille, tre-dil′, n. a game at cards for three.—Also Tredrille′.

Tree, trē, n. a plant having a single trunk, woody, branched, and of a large size: anything like a tree: wood, as in the compounds axle-tree, saddle-tree, &c.: a cudgel: (B.) a cross.—v.t. to drive into a tree, to corner: to form on a tree.—v.i. to take refuge in a tree.—ns. Tree′-cac′tus, the giant cactus or saguaro; Tree′-calf, a light-brown calf bookbinding, stained by acids into a conventional pattern, supposed to resemble the trunk of a tree and its branches; Tree′-dove, one of many arboricole Indian pigeons; Tree′-fern, a fern with a tree-like, woody stem, and a head of fronds resembling the leaves of palms, found only in tropical countries; Tree′-frog, a family of Amphibians, more closely related in structure to the toads than to frogs proper.—adjs. Tree′less, having no trees; Trēēn, wooden, made of wood: (Spens.) of trees.—ns. Tree′nail, Tre′nail, a long wooden pin or nail to fasten the planks of a ship to the timbers; Tree′-nymph, a hamadryad; Tree′-of-lib′erty, a tree dedicated to liberty, set up in some public place; Tree′-of-life, arbor vitæ: a tree in the garden of Eden, described in Gen. ii. 9; Tree′ship, existence as a tree; Tree′-top, the top of a tree; Tree′-wor′ship, dendrolatry. [A.S. treó, treów; Ice. tré, Gr. drus, Sans. dru.]

Trefoil, trē′foil, n. a three-leaved plant, as the white and red clover: (archit.) an ornament like trefoil.—n. Tref′le, a trefoil.—adj. Trefle (tref′lā), ending in a three-lobed figure (her.). [L. trifolium—tres, three, folium, a leaf.]

Trehala, trē-hä′la, n. a kind of manna excreted by the insect Larinus maculatus, in the form of cocoons—also Turkish manna.—n. Trē′halōse, a sugar extracted from trehala.

Treillage, trel′āj, n. a frame to train shrubs and fruit-trees upon. [Fr.]

Trek, trek, v.i. to drag a vehicle: to journey by ox-wagon.—n. the distance from one station to another.—n. Trek′ker, a traveller. [Dut. trekken, to draw.]

Trellis, trel′is, n. a structure of cross-barred or lattice work, for supporting plants, &c.: a shed, &c., of trellis-work.—adj. Trell′ised, having a trellis, or formed as a trellis.—n. Trell′is-work, lattice-work. [O. Fr. treillis—L. trichila, a bower.]

Tremando, trā-man′dō, adv. (mus.) in a trembling, wavering manner. [It.]

Trematoda, trem-a-tō′da, n.pl. a class of flat-worms whose members are parasitic in or on a great variety of animals, the body unsegmented, leaf-like or more or less cylindrical, and provided with adhesive suckers.—n. Trem′atode, one of the foregoing—also Trem′atoid.—adj. Trem′atoid, suctorial. [Gr. trēmatōdēs, porous—trēma, a hole.]

Tremble, trem′bl, v.i. to shake, as from fear, cold, or weakness: to shiver: to shake, as sound.—n. the act of trembling: a morbid trembling.—ns. Trem′blement; Trem′bler; Trem′bling.—adv. Trem′blingly.—n. Trem′bling-pop′lar, the aspen.—adj. Trem′bly, tremulous.—adv. tremulously.—adjs. Trem′ūlant, Trem′ūlous, trembling: affected with fear: quivering.—adv. Trem′ūlously.—n. Trem′ūlousness. [O. Fr. trembler—L. tremulus, trembling—tremĕre, to shake.]

Tremella, trē-mel′a, n. a genus of fungi, of the division Hymenomycetes, soft and gelatinous, mostly growing on decaying wood—Witches' Meat, Fairy Butter.—adjs. Trem′elloid, Trem′ellose.

Tremendous, trē-men′dus, adj. such as astonishes or terrifies by its force or greatness: dreadful.—adv. Tremen′dously.—n. Tremen′dousness.

Tremex, trē′meks, n. a genus of hymenopterous insects. [Gr. trēma, a hole.]

Tremolite, trem′ō-līt, n. one of the amphibole group of minerals, composed of silica, magnesia, and lime, occurring usually in long prisms, white or gray, vitreous, translucent to opaque, usually associated with crystalline schistose rocks.—adj. Tremolit′ic. [From the Val Tremola in the Alps.]

Tremolo, trem′ō-lō, n. (mus.) a tremulous effect suggesting passion: the device in an organ by which this is produced—also Trem′olant, Trem′ulant.—adv. Tremolan′do, in a tremulous manner. [It.]

Tremor, trem′or, n. a shaking or quivering, any involuntary shaking.—adj. Trem′orless. [Tremble.]

Trench, trensh, v.t. to dig a ditch: to dig deeply with the spade or plough.—v.i. to encroach.—n. a long narrow cut in the earth: (fort.) an excavation to interrupt the approach of an enemy: an excavated approach made by besiegers.—n. Tren′chancy, causticity.—adjs. Tren′chant, Tren′ching, cutting: sharp: severe—(Spens.) Tren′chand.—ns. Tren′cher; Trench′-plough, a plough for trenching or turning up the land more deeply than usual.—v.t. to plough with a trench-plough. [O. Fr. trencher (Fr. trancher), acc. to Littré from L. truncāre, to maim—truncus, maimed.]

Trencher, tren′shėr, n. a wooden plate formerly used for cutting meat on at meals: the table: food: pleasures of the table.—ns. Tren′cher-cap, a style of college-cap: a mortar-board; Tren′cher-friend (Shak.), one who frequents the table of another, a parasite; Tren′cher-knight, -man (Shak.), one who can do feats in the way of eating, a feeder; Tren′cher-mate, a table-companion, parasite. [O. Fr. trenchoir—trencher, to cut.]

Trend, trend, v.i. to tend, to run, to go in a particular direction: to incline, lean.—n. tendency. [A.S. trendan.]

Trental, tren′tal, n. a service of thirty masses for thirty days, one each day, for a deceased person. [Low L. trentale—L. triginta, thirty.]

Trepan, trē-pan′, v.t. to ensnare:—pr.p. trepan′ning: pa.t. and pa.p. trepanned′. [Same as trapan, of which it is an erroneous spelling.]

Trepan, trē-pan′, n. (surg.) a small cylindrical saw used in perforating the skull: a powerful rock-boring tool.—v.t. to remove a circular piece of the skull with a trepan, in order to relieve the brain from pressure or irritation.—ns. Trepanā′tion, Trepan′ning; Trepan′ner. [Fr.,—Low L. trepanum—Gr. trypănon—trypan, to bore.]

Trepang, trē-pang′, n. the Malay name for a species of Holothuria, much esteemed in China as a food delicacy—bêche-de-mer, sea-slug.

Trephine, tre-fēn′, or tre-fīn′, n. the modern trepan, having a little sharp borer called the centre-pin.—v.t. to perforate with the trephine.

Trepidation, trep-i-dā′-shun, n. a state of confused hurry or alarm: an involuntary trembling.—adj. Trep′id, quaking. [L. trepidāre, -ātum, to hurry with alarm—trepidus, restless.]

Trespass, tres′pas, v.i. to pass over a limit or boundary: to enter unlawfully upon another's land: to inconvenience by importunity: to intrude: to injure or annoy another: to sin.—n. act of trespassing: any injury to another's person or property: a sin.—ns. Tres′passer; Tres′pass-off′ering, an offering in expiation of a trespass or sin (See Lev. xiv. 12-18). [O. Fr. trespasser (Fr. trépasser)—L. trans, across, passāre, to pass.]

Tress, tres, n. a lock or curl of hair: a ringlet (esp. in pl.)—v.t. to form into tresses.—adjs. Tressed, having tresses: formed into tresses or ringlets: curled; Tress′y, pertaining to tresses, like tresses. [Fr. tresse, through Low L. tricia, trica, from Gr. tricha, threefold—treis, three.]

Tressure, tresh′ūr, n. (her.) a subordinary, half the breadth of the orle, and usually borne double, and flowered and counter-flowered with fleurs-de-lis.—p.adj. Tres′sured, having a tressure: arranged in the form of, or occupying the position of, a tressure. [Fr., from tresser, to plait.]

Trestle, tres′l, n. a movable support fastened to a top-piece: the frame of a table—also, Tress′el.—ns. Trest (Scot.), a beam: a stool; Tres′tle-bridge, one whose bed rests on framed sections or trestles; Tres′tle-work, a series of trestles forming a viaduct. [O. Fr. trestel (tréteau); ety. dub.; perh. through a Low L. dim. from L. transtrum, a beam.]

Tret, tret, n. an allowance to purchasers of 4 lb. on every 104 lb. for waste. [Norm. Fr. trett, deduction (Fr. trait)—O. Fr. traire—L. trahĕre, to draw.]

Treviss, trev′is, n. a bar or beam separating stalls: a stall itself. [O. Fr. travers, across.]

Trews, trōōz, n.pl. trousers, esp. of tartan cloth.—n. Trews′man, one wearing trews. [Ir. trius, Gael. triubhas. Cf. Trousers.]

Trey, trā, n. (Shak.) a three at cards or dice: a card or die of three spots. [O. Fr. treis—L. tres, three.]

Triable, trī′a-bl, adj. subject to legal trial.—n. Trī′ableness.

Triact, trī′akt, adj. having three rays.—Also Triac′tinal, Trī′actine.

Triad, trī′ad, n. the union of three: a Welsh composition arranged in groups of three: an association of three kindred deities.—adj. Triad′ic.—n. Trī′adist, a composer of triads. [L. trias, triadis—Gr. trias, triados—treis, three.]

Triadelphous, trī-a-del′fus, adj. (bot.) having stamens united into three bundles. [Gr. treis, tria, three, adelphos, a brother.]

Trial, trī′al, n. a trying: the act of trying: examination by a test: the state of being tried: suffering: temptation: judicial examination: attempt: a piece of ware used to test the heat of a kiln.—ns. Trī′al-day (Shak.), day of trial; Trī′al-fire (Shak.), a fire for trying or proving; Trī′al-trip, an experimental trip of a new vessel, to test her sailing-powers, &c.—On trial, on probation, as an experiment.

Trialism, trī′a-lizm, n. the doctrine of the existence of body, soul, and spirit in man.—ns. Trīal′ity, threeness; Trī′alogue, a colloquy of three persons.

Triandria, trī-an′dri-a, n. an order of plants having three equal stamens.—n. Trian′der, such a plant.—adjs. Trian′drian, Trian′drous. [Gr. treis, tria, three, anēr, andros, a male.]

Triangle, trī′ang-gl, n. (math.) a plane figure with three angles and three sides: a musical instrument of percussion, formed of a steel rod bent in triangle-form, open at one angle: a frame of three halberds stuck in the ground to which soldiers were formerly bound to be flogged (generally pl.).—adjs. Trī′angled, Triang′ūlar, having three angles.—n. Triangūlar′ity.—adv. Triang′ūlarly.—v.t. Triang′ūlāte, to survey by means of a series of triangles.—adv. Triang′ūlātely.—n. Triangūlā′tion, act of triangulating: the series of triangles so used.—adj. Triang′ūloid. [Fr.,—L. triangulum—tres, three, angulus, an angle.]

Triapsal, trī-ap′sal, adj. having three apses.—Also Triap′sidal.

Triarchy, trī′ar-ki, n. government by three persons: a state governed by three persons. [Gr. triarchia—treis, tria, three, archē, beginning, sovereignty.]

Trias, trī′as, n. (geol.) the oldest group of the Mesozoic or Secondary strata, formerly associated with the Permian rocks under the name of the New Red Sandstone.—adj. Trias′sic. [So called by the German geologists, from their threefold grouping of the system, from Gr. trias, union of three.]

Triaxial, trī-ak′si-al, adj. having three axes.—n. Triax′on. [L. tres, tri-, three, axis, axis.]

Tribasic, trī-bā′sik, adj. having three hydrogen atoms replaceable by equivalents of a base—of some acids.

Tribble, trib′l, n. a horizontal frame for drying paper, having wires stretched across it.

Tribe, trīb, n. an aggregate of stocks—a stock being an aggregate of persons considered to be kindred—or an aggregate of families, forming a community usually under the government of a chief: a number of things having certain common qualities.—adj. Trib′al.—n. Trib′alism.—adv. Trib′ally.—ns. Tribe′let; Tribes′man. [L. tribus, orig. applied to one of the three divisions of the ancient Roman people—tri-, tres, three.]

Triblet, trib′let, n. a tapering mandrel on which rings, nuts, &c. are forged.

Tribometer, trī-bom′e-tėr, n. a sled-like apparatus for measuring sliding friction.

Tribonyx, trib′ō-niks, n. a genus of Australian gallinules. [Gr. tribein, to rub, onyx, a claw.]

Tribrach., trī′brak, n. (poet.) a foot of three short syllables.—adj. Tribrach′ic. [L.,—Gr. tribrachys,—tri-, root of treis, three, brachys, short.]

Tribulation, trib-ū-lā′shun, n. severe affliction: distress. [L.,—tribulāre, -ātum, to afflict—tribulum, a sledge for rubbing out corn—terĕre, to rub.]

Tribunal, trī-bū′nal, n. the bench on which a judge and his associates sit to administer justice: court of justice: the confessional. [L.]

Tribune, trib′ūn, n. a magistrate elected by the Roman plebeians to defend their rights: a champion of popular rights: the raised platform from which speeches were delivered, any platform or pulpit.—ns. Trib′unāte, Trib′uneship.—adjs. Tribuni′tial, Tribuni′cian, Tribuni′tian. [L. tribunus—tribus, a tribe.]

Tribute, trib′ūt, n. a fixed amount paid at certain intervals by one nation to another for peace or protection: a personal contribution: acknowledgment, or homage paid.—adv. Trib′ūtarily.—n. Trib′utariness.—adj. Trib′ūtary, paying tribute: subject: yielding supplies of anything, subsidiary: paid in tribute.—n. one who pays tribute: a stream which contributes water to another.—ns. Trib′ute-mon′ey, money paid as tribute; Trib′ūter, a miner paid by a proportion of the ore raised. [L. tributum—tribuĕre, to assign—tribus, a tribe.]

Tricapsular, trī-kap′sū-lar, adj. (bot.) three-capsuled: having three capsules to each flower.

Tricaudate, trī-kaw′dāt, adj. having three tail-like processes, as a butterfly's wing.

Trice, trīs, v.t. (naut.) to haul or lift up by means of a rope:—pr.p. trīc′ing; pa.p. triīced. [Ger. trissen.]

Trice, trīs, n. a very short time: an instant. [Perh. from thrice, while one can count three; or from Sp. tris, noise of breaking glass; cf. Scot. 'in a crack.']

Tricennial, trī-sen′i-al, adj. pertaining to thirty years: occurring every thirty years. [L. tricennium, thirty years—triginta, thirty, annus, a year.]

Tricentenary, trī-sen′te-nā-ri, n. a space of three hundred years. [L. trecenti, three hundred—tres, three, centum, a hundred.]

Tricephalous, trī-sef′a-lus, adj. three-headed [Gr., treis, three, kephalē, a head.]

Triceps, trī′seps, adj. three-headed.—Also Tricip′ital. [L., tres, three, caput, head.]

Tricerion, trī-sē′ri-on, n. in Greek ecclesiastical use, a candlestick with three lights. [Late Gr.,—Gr. treis, three, kēros, wax.]

Trichangia, trī-kan′ji-a, n.pl. the capillary blood vessels. [Gr. thriks—trichos, hair, angeion, a vessel.]

Trichatrophia, trik-a-trō′fi-a, n. a brittle condition of the hair.—ns. Trich′ia, a folding inward of the eyelashes; Trichī′asis, a kidney disease: a morbid swelling of the breasts: trichia. [Gr. thrix, trichos, hair, atrophia, atrophy.]

Trichina, tri-kī′na, n. a parasitic worm, which in its mature state infests the intestinal canal, and in its larval state the muscular tissue of man and certain animals, esp. the hog:—pl. Trichī′næ:—ns. Trichinī′asis (more usually Trichinō′sis), the disease caused by the presence of trichinæ in the body; Tricninisā′tion.—adjs. Trich′inōsed, Trichinot′ic, Trich′inous. [Gr. trichinos, small like a hair—thrix, trichos, hair.]

Trichite, trī′kīt, n. a spicule of some sponges.—adj. Trichit′ic.

Trichogenous, trī-koj′e-nus, adj. helping the hair to grow.—ns. Trichoclā′sia, Trichoclā′sis, a brittle condition of the hair; Trich′ogen, a preparation for causing the hair to grow; Trichogyne (trik′ō-jīn), the slender portion of the procarp in red algæ, a receptive organ of reproduction; Trichol′ogy, the knowledge of the hair; Trichō′ma, a morbid condition of the hair, introversion of the eyelid.—adjs. Trichom′atose; Trichopath′ic, relating to disease of the hair.—ns. Trichop′athy, the treatment of diseases of the hair; Trich′ophōre (bot.), the cell or cells in certain algæ supporting the trichogyne: a sac-like body from which the chitinous parapodial appendages of an annelid are developed.—adjs. Trichophor′ic, Trichoph′orous.—ns. Trichoph′yton, a fungus growth round the hair-bulbs causing baldness, ringworm, &c.; Trichophytō′sis, disease of the skin due to the presence of the foregoing; Trichorex′is, brittleness of the hair; Trichorrhē′a, a falling of the hair; Trichō′sis, any disease of the hair.

Trichoptera, trī-kop′te-ra, n.pl. the caddis-flies.—adjs. Trichop′teran, Trichop′terous.

Trichotomous, trī-kot′ō-mus, adj. divided into three parts, or into threes—also Trichotom′ic.—adv. Trichot′omously.—n. Trichot′omy, division into three parts. [Gr. tricha, threefold, treis, three; tomē, a cutting—temnein, to cut.]

Trichromatic, trī-krō-mat′ik, adj. characterised by three colours, having the three fundamental colour-sensations of red, green, and purple, of the normal eye, as opposed to the colour-blind eye, which has but two.—Also Trichrō′mic. [Gr. treis, three, chrōma, colour.]

Trichronous, trī′krō-nus, adj. in ancient prosody, consisting of three times or moræ, trisemic. [Gr. treis, three, chronos, time.]

Trick, trik, v.t. to dress, to decorate.—n. Trick′ing, the act of one who tricks: (Shak.) dress, ornament. [Celt.; W. treciaw, to adorn.]

Trick, trik, n. any fraud or stratagem to deceive, an illusion: a clever contrivance to puzzle, amuse, or annoy: a particular habit or manner, skill, adroitness, manner: a parcel of cards falling to a winner at one turn: any toy or gimcrack: a turn as at the helm: (slang) a watch.—v.t. to deceive, to cheat.—ns. Trick′er; Trick′ery, act or practice of playing tricks: artifice: stratagem: imposition.—adv. Trick′ily.—n. Trick′iness.—adj. Trick′ish, addicted to tricks: artful in making bargains.—adv. Trick′ishly, in a trickish manner: artfully: knavishly.—n. Trick′ishness, the state of being trickish or deceitful.—adv. Trick′ly, cleverly, deftly.—n. Trick′scene, a scene in which changes are made before the audience.—adjs. Trick′sey, Trick′sy, trickish, exhibiting artfulness: pretty, dainty, neat.—n. Trick′siness, state of being tricksey.—adj. Trick′some.—ns. Trick′ster, one who practises tricks, a cheat; Trick′-wig, a kind of wig worn by actors, the hair of which can be made to stand on end by a device.—adj. Trick′y. [O. Fr. tricher, to beguile—L. tricāri, to trifle.]

Trickle, trik′l, v.i. to flow gently or in a small stream.—n. a trickling rill.—n. Trick′let, a little rill.—adj. Trick′ly, trickling. [M. E. triklen, prob. for striklen, freq. of striken, to go.]

Trick-track, trik′-trak, n. a form of backgammon in which pegs as well as pieces are used.—Also Tric′-trac, Tick′-tack. [Fr. tric trac]

Triclinic, trī-klin′ik, adj. (min.) having three axes obliquely inclined to each other. [Gr. treis, three, klinein, to bend.]

Triclinium, trī-klin′i-um, n. a couch running round three sides of a table for reclining on at meals: a dining-room with couches on three sides. [L.,—Gr. triklinos—treis, three, klinē, a couch.]

Tricolour, Tricolor, trī′kul-or, n. the national flag of France, of three colours, red, white, and blue, in vertical stripes.—adj. Trī′coloured, having three colours. [Fr. tricolore—L. tres, three, color, colour.]

Triconsonantal, trī-kon′sō-nan-tal, adj. composed of three consonants.—Also Triconsonan′tic.

Tricorn, trī′korn, adj. having three horns.—n. a hat with three points or corners. [L. tricornis, three-horned—tres, three, cornu, a horn.]

Tricornigerous, trī-kor-nij′e-rus, adj. bearing three horns. [L. tres, three, cornu, a horn, gerĕre, to bear.]

Tricornute, -d, trī-kor′nūt, -ed, adj. having three horn-like processes.

Tricorporate, trī-kor′pō-rāt, adj. having three bodies and only one head common to the three.

Tricot, trē′kō, n. a hand-knitted woollen fabric, or machine fabric imitating it: a soft, slightly-ribbed cloth for women's garments. [Fr. tricot, knitting, tricoter, to knit, from Teut.; Ger. stricken.]

Tricrotic, trī-krot′ik, adj. having three beats.—n. Trī′crotism.—adj. Trī′crotous. [Gr. treis, three, krotos, a beat.]

Tricuspid, trī-kus′pid, adj. having three cusps or points: (anat.) denoting certain of the teeth, and the valve of the right ventricle of the heart.—adj. Tricus′pidate (bot.), three-pointed or ending in three points. [L. tricuspis, tricuspidis—tri, tris, thrice, cuspis, a point.]

Tricycle, trī′si-kl, n. a velocipede with three wheels.—v.i. to ride on such.—n. Trī′cyclist. [Gr. tri-, root of treis, three, kyklos, circle, wheel.]

Tridacna, trī-dak′na, n. a genus of bivalves, the giant clam, without the shell weighing 20 lb., with the shell so much even as 500 lb. [Gr. treis, three, daknein, to bite.]

Trident, trī′dent, n. the three-pronged spear or sceptre of Neptune, god of the ocean: any three-toothed instrument.—adjs. Trī′dent, Trident′āte, Trī′dented, having three teeth or prongs. [Fr.,—L. tres, three, dens, dentis, tooth.]

Tridentine, trī-den′tin, adj. pertaining to the Council of Trent (1545-63), or to its decrees.—n. a Roman Catholic. [L. Tridentum, Trent.]

Tridimensional, trī-di-men′shun-al, adj. having three dimensions—length, breadth, thickness.

Triduum, trid′ū-um, n. a space of three days: a three days' service of prayer preparatory to a saint's day, &c.—adj. Trid′ūan, lasting three days. [L.]

Tridymite, trid′i-mīt, n. a brittle mineral composed of silica, which occurs in various acid igneous rocks in the form of thin transparent six-sided plates, several of which are usually grouped together.

Triennial, trī-en′yal, adj. continuing three years: happening every third year.—adv. Trienn′ially. [L. triennis—tres, three, annus, a year.]

Trier, trī′ėr, n. one who tries by experiment: one who tries, as a judge: one of Cromwell's commissioners for examining into the qualifications of ministers: (Shak.) one who brings to the test, a test.

Trierarch, trī′ėr-ärk, n. the commander of an ancient Greek trireme—also a person obliged to furnish ships to the state.—adj. Trī′erarchal.—n. Trī′erarchy, the office of trierarch: the system of requisitioning vessels from wealthy citizens. [Gr. triērēs, a trireme, archein, to rule.]

Trieteric, -al, trī-e-tėr′ik, -al, adj. triennial. [Gr., treis, three, etos, a year.]

Trifacial, trī-fā′shal, adj, threefold and pertaining to the face, esp. of the fifth cranial nerve.—n. the trigeminal nerve. [L. tres, three, facies, face.]

Trifarious, trī-fā′ri-us, adj. arranged in three rows: facing three ways.

Trifle, trī′fl, v.i. to act or talk lightly: to indulge in light or silly amusements: to waste or spend idly or unprofitably (with).—n. anything of little value: a light confection of whipped cream or white of egg, with fruit, wine, &c.—n. Trī′fler.—adj. Trī′fling, of small value or importance: trivial.—adv. Trī′flingly.—n. Trī′flingness. [O. Fr. trufle, dim. of truffe, a gibe, also a truffle.]

Triflorous, trī-flō′rus, adj. three-flowered.—Also Triflō′ral.

Trifoliate, -d, trī-fō′li-āt, -ed, adj. three-leaved.—ns. Trifō′lium, a genus of small plants of the bean family—the clovers with trifoliate leaves and purple, red, white, or yellow flowers; Trī′foly (Browning), trefoil. [L. tres, three, folium, leaf.]

Triforium, trī-fō′ri-um, n. the arcade over the arches of a church between nave and side aisles:—pl. Trifō′ria. [L. tri, tris, thrice, foris, a door.]

Triform, trī′form, adj. having a triple form—also Trī′formed.—n. Triform′ity.—adj. Triform′ous. [L. triformis—tres, three, forma, form.]

Trifurcate, -d, trī-fur′kāt, -ed, adj. having three forks or branches.—v.i. Trifur′cate, to divide into three parts.—n. Trifurcā′tion. [L. trifurcus—tri, tris, thrice, furca, a fork.]

Trig, trig, adj. trim, neat: tight, sound.—n. a dandy.—adv. Trig′ly.—n. Trig′ness. [Prob. Scand., Ice. tryggr, fine.]

Trig, trig, n. a skid for a wheel, &c.: the mark for players at skittles, &c.—v.t. to stop, to obstruct, to skid.

Trigamous, trig′am-us, adj. (bot.) having three sorts of flowers, male, female, and hermaphrodite, in the same flower-head.—ns. Trig′amist, one who marries three wives; Trig′amy, the state of having three husbands or wives at the same time. [Gr. tri, tris, three, gamos, marriage.]

Trigeminal, trī-jem′i-nal, adj. triple, threefold.—adj. Trigem′inous, born three at a birth.—n. Trigemi′nus, the trifacial nerve.

Trigger, trig′ėr, n. a catch which when pulled looses the hammer of a gun in firing: a catch to hold a wheel when driving on steep ground. [Dut. trekker—trekken, to pull.]

Trigla, trig′la, n. the typical genus of Triglidæ, the gurnards.—adj. Trig′loid.

Triglot, trī′glot, adj. containing three languages. [Gr. treis, three, glōssa, glōtta, tongue.]

Triglyph, trī′glif, n. a three-grooved tablet at equal distances along the frieze in Doric architecture.—adjs. Triglyph′ic, -al, consisting of, or pertaining to, triglyphs: containing three sets of characters or sculptures. [L. triglyphus—Gr. triglyphos—treis, three, glyphein, to carve.]

Trigon, trī′gon, n. a three-cornered figure, a triangle—also Trigō′non: (astrol.) the junction of three signs, the zodiac being divided into four trigons—the first or watery trigon, Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces; the earthly, Taurus, Virgo, Capricornus; the airy, Gemini, Libra, Aquarius; the fiery, Aries, Leo, Sagittarius.—adjs. Trig′onal, triangular in cross-section: three-angled, esp. in botany; Trigon′ic, pertaining to a trigon; Trig′onous, three-angled. [Gr. trigōnon—tri, tris, thrice, gōnia, an angle.]

Trigoneutic, trī-gō-nū′tik, adj. producing three broods in a year, of insects.—n. Trigoneu′tism. [Gr. treis, three, goneuein, to beget.]

Trigonometry, trig-ō-nom′e-tri, n. the branch of mathematics which treats of the relations between the sides and angles of triangles.—n. Trigonom′eter, an instrument for solving plane right-angled figures by inspection.—adjs. Trigonomet′ric, -al, pertaining to trigonometry: done by the rules of trigonometry.—adv. Trigonomet′rically.—Trigonometrical survey, the survey of a country by triangulation and trigonometrical calculation upon a single base. [Gr. trigōnon, a triangle, metron, a measure.]

Trigram, trī′gram, n. same as Trigraph.—adjs. Trigrammat′ic, Trigram′mic. [Gr. tri, tris, thrice, gramma, a letter.]

Trigraph, trī′graf, n. a combination of three letters sounded as one, a triphthong. [Gr. tri, tris, thrice, and graphē, a writing—graphein, to write.]

Trigynia, trī-jin′i-a, n. an order of plants having three pistils or styles.—n. Trī′gyn, a plant with three styles.—adjs. Trīgyn′ian, Trig′ynous. [Gr. tri, tris, thrice, gynē, a woman.]

Trihedral, trī-hē′dral, adj. having three equal sides.—n. Trihē′dron, a figure having three equal bases or sides. [Gr. treis, three, hedra, a seat.]

Trijugate, trī′jōō-gāt, adj. (bot.) having three pairs of leaflets or pinnæ.—Also Trī′jugous.

Trilabe, trī′lāb, n. a three-pronged surgical instrument for removing calculi from the bladder. [Gr. treis, three, labē, a hold.]

Trilaminar, trī-lam′i-nar, adj. having three laminæ, lamellæ, or layers.—Also Trīlam′inate.

Trilateral, trī-lat′ėr-al, adj. having three sides.—adv. Trilat′erally.—n. Trilat′eralness. [L. tres, three, latus, side.]

Trilemma, trī-lem′a, n. a dilemmatic syllogism with three alternative propositions.

Trilingual, trī-ling′gwal, adj. consisting of three tongues or languages.—Also Triling′uar. [L. tres, three, lingua, tongue.]

Triliteral, trī-lit′ėr-al, adj. consisting of three letters.—n. Trilit′eralism. [L. tres, three, litera, a letter.]

Trilith, trī′lith, n. a form of megalithic monument consisting of two upright stones supporting another lying crosswise—also Trī′lithon.—adj. Trilith′ic. [Gr. treis, three, lithos, stone.]

Trill, tril, v.t. and v.i. to shake: to utter with a tremulous vibration, to quaver: to pronounce with a quick vibration of the tongue.—n. a quaver or tremulous vibration, warbling. [It. trillare, to shake; imit.]

Trill, tril, v.i. to trickle: (obs.) to twirl. [Scand., Sw. trilla, to roll.]

Trilling, tril′ing, n. a compound threefold crystal: any one child of a triplet.

Trillion, tril′yun, n. a million raised to the third power, or multiplied twice by itself: in France, a thousand multiplied by itself three times, a million million.—adj. Trill′ionth. [Fr.,—L. tres, three, Low L. millio, a million.]

Trillium, tril′i-um, n. a North American genus of low perennial herbs of the lily family—including wake-robin, three-leaved nightshade, &c.

Trilobate, -d, trī-lō′bāt, or trī′lō-bāt, -ed, adj. having three lobes.—Also Trī′lobed.

Trilobite, trī′lō-bīt, n. one of an order of fossil crustacea entirely confined to the Paleozoic rocks.—adj. Trilobit′ic.

Trilogy, tril′ō-ji, n. the name given by the Greeks to a group of three tragedies, either connected by a common subject or each representing a distinct story—the Oresteia of Æschylus, which embraces the Agamemnon, the Chœphorœ, and the Eumenides. [Gr. trilogia—tri, tris, thrice, logia, speech—legein, to say.]

Trim, trim, adj. in good order: nice.—v.t. to make trim: to put in due order: to dress: to decorate: to clip: to reduce to proper form: to arrange for sailing: to rebuke sharply, to thrash.—v.i. to balance or fluctuate between parties:—pr.p. trim′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. trimmed.—n. dress: ornaments: state of a ship as to sailing qualities: arrangement.—adv. Trim′ly.—ns. Trim′mer, one who trims: one who fluctuates between parties, a time-server: a scold: a small horizontal beam on a floor into which the ends of joists are framed: a float bearing a baited hook and line, used in fishing for pike; Trim′ming, that which trims: ornamental parts, esp. of a garment, dish, &c.: (pl.) fittings.—adv. Trim′mingly.—n. Trim′ness. [A.S. trymian, to strengthen, set in order—trum, firm.]

Trimensual, trī-men′sū-al, adj. happening every three months—also Trimes′tral, Trimes′trial.—n. Trimes′ter, a period of three months.

Trimera, trim′e-ra, n.pl. a division of beetles with tarsi three-jointed.—adj. Trim′erous. [Gr. treis, three, meros, part.]

Trimeter, trim′e-tėr, n. a division of a verse consisting of three measures.—adjs. Trim′eter, Trimet′ric, -al, consisting of three measures, esp. iambic. [Gr. trimetros—treis, three, metron, measure.]

Trimethyl, trī-meth′il, adj. containing three methyl radicals in combination.—n. Trimeth′ylamine, an organic base resembling ammonia in some of its properties, and having a strong herring-brine odour—incorrectly called propylamine.

Trimorphism, trī-mor′fizm, n. (biol.) the existence of an organism in three distinct forms, as in certain butterflies, in the common flower Lythrum salicaria, &c.—adjs. Trimor′phic, Trimor′phous.

Trimurti, tri-mōōr′ti, n. the name of the Hindu triad, or the gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva when thought of as an inseparable unity, though three in form.

Trinal, trī′nal, adj. threefold.—adjs. Trī′nary, ternary; Trine, threefold: of three.—n. a triad: the aspect of two planets, as seen from the earth, distant from each other one-third of the zodiac or 120°. [L. trinus—tres, tria, three.]

Trindle, trin′dl, n. a piece of wood, &c., laid between the cords and boards of a book to flatten before cutting: a wheel of a barrow.—v.i. to roll, to trot.—v.t. to trundle. [A variant of trendle.]

Trinervate, trī-nėr′vāt, adj. three-nerved.—Also Trī′nerved.

Tringa, tring′gä, n. a genus of sandpipers, of family Scolopacidæ—containing the knot, &c.—adjs. Trin′gine, Trin′goid.

Tringle, tring′gl, n. a rod on which the rings of a curtain run: a small moulding of rectangular cross-section, in a Doric triglyph, &c.: a strip of wood at the edge of a gun-platform to turn the recoil of the truck. [Fr.]

Trinity, trin′i-ti, n. the union of three in one Godhead: the persons of the Godhead: any symbolical representation of the persons of the Trinity.—adj. Trinitā′rian, pertaining to the Trinity, or to the doctrine of the Trinity.—n. one who holds the doctrine of the Trinity: a member of the Trinitarian order.—n. Trinitā′rianism, the tenets of Trinitarians.—n.pl. Trinitā′rians, a religious order founded at Rome in 1198 to redeem Christian captives from the infidels—also Mathurins and Redemptionists.—ns. Trin′ity-house, a corporation entrusted with the regulation and management of the lighthouses and buoys of the shores and rivers of England, and with the licensing and appointing of pilots for the English coast, founded at Deptford in 1518; Trin′ity-Sun′day, the Sunday next after Whitsunday, the Festival of the Holy Trinity; Trin′ity-term, formerly one of the fixed terms of the English law-courts that commenced on Friday next after Trinity Sunday. [L. trinitas, three—trini, three each—tres, three.]

Trinket, tring′ket, n. a small ornament for the person: anything of little value.—v.i. to deal in a mean and underhand way: to intrigue.—ns. Trink′eter, a mean intriguer; Trink′etry, trinkets collectively. [Skeat suggests that M. E. trenket, trynket, may be from an O. Fr. trenquer, to cut, a by-form of trencher, to cut.]

Trinket, tring′ket, n. a vessel to drink out of. [Prob. conn. somehow with preceding.]

Trinket, tring′ket, n. a topsail. [O. Fr. trinquet—L. triquetrus, three-cornered.]

Trinomial, trī-nō′mi-al, adj. (math.) consisting of three names or terms connected by the sign plus or minus.—n. a trinomial quantity.—ns. Trinō′mialism; Trinō′mialist; Trinomial′ity.—adj. Trinō′mially. [L. tres, three, nomen, name.]

Trio, trē′o, or trī′o, n. three united: (mus.) a composition for three performers. [It.,—L. tres, three.]

Triodion, trī-ō′di-on, n. a book of Greek offices for the services from the Sunday before Septuagesima to Easter. [Gr. treis, three, hodos, a way.]

Triolet, trē′ō-let, n. a stanza of eight lines on two rhymes—the 1st, 3d, 4th, and 5th lines rhyming, as also the 2d and 6th. Again, the words of the 1st, 4th, and 7th lines are the same, while the 7th and 8th repeat the first two. [Fr.]

Triones, trī-ō′nēz, n.pl. a name applied to the seven principal stars in the constellation Ursa Major. [L.]

Trionym, trī′ō-nim, n. a name consisting of three terms.—adj. Trion′ymal.

Trip, trip, v.i. to move with short, light steps: to stumble and fall: to err, to go wrong, to make a slip in chastity: to fail.—v.t. to cause to stumble by striking one's feet from under him (with up): to overthrow by taking away support: to catch: to catch in a fault: to loosen, as an anchor, from the bottom, by a long rope: to turn, as a yard, from a horizontal to a vertical position: to fold in the middle, as a deep stage-drop: to strike against:—pr.p. trip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. tripped.—n. a light, short step: a catch by which an antagonist is thrown: one of the points in coursing, when the hare is thrown off its legs: a false step: a mistake: a short voyage or journey, a jaunt.—ns. Trip′-book, a book in which the records and accounts of the trip of a fishing-boat are made up and kept: Trip′-hamm′er, a large hammer used in forges, a tilt-hammer; Trip′per, a cheap excursionist, a tourist doing a certain round: one who stumbles or who makes another stumble; Trip′-slip (U.S.), a strip of paper on which a car-conductor must punch a hole when a fare is taken. [M. E. trippen; cog. with Dut. trippen, trappen, to tread upon, trippelen, to trip, Sw. trippa, to trip.]

Tripartite, trip′ar-tīt, or trī-pär′tīt, adj. divided into three parts: having three corresponding parts: relating to three parties.—adv. Trip′artitely.—n. Triparti′tion, a division into three. [L. ter, thrice, partitus, pa.p. of partīri, to divide—pars, a part.]

Tripe, trīp, n. entrails: parts of the compound stomach of a ruminant, esp. of sheep or horned cattle, prepared as food—the parts used being the paunch or rumen (yielding plain tripe), and the smaller reticulum (yielding honeycomb tripe).—ns. Tripe′man, one who prepares tripe or who hawks it about; Trī′pery, a place for the preparation or sale of tripe.—Tripe de Roche, a name originally given to various species of lichens of the genera Gyrophora and Umbilicaria, nutritious though bitter, nauseous, and purgative. [Celt.; Ir., triopas, W. tripa.]

Tripedal, trip′e-dal, or trī′ped-al, adj. having three feet. [L. tres, three, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Tripennate, trī-pen′āt, adj. (bot.) three-winged. [L. tri, tris, thrice, penna, a wing.]

Tripersonal, trī-pėr′sun-al, adj. consisting of three persons.—ns. Triper′sonalist, a believer in the Trinity; Tripersonal′ity.

Tripetalous, trī-pet′al-us, adj. (bot.) having three petals or flower-leaves. [Gr. treis, three, petalon, a leaf.]

Triphthong, trif′thong, n. a combination of three vowels to form one sound.—adj. Triphthong′al. [Gr. treis, three, phthongos, sound.]

Triphyllous, trī-fil′us, adj. (bot.) three-leaved. [Gr. tri, tris, thrice, phyllon, a leaf.]

Triphysite, trif′i-sīt, n. one of a Spanish sect of the 7th century who maintained the existence of three natures in Christ—the human, the divine, and a third resulting from the union of the other two. [Gr. treis, three, physis, nature.]

Tripitaka, tri-pit′a-ka, n. the whole body of the northern Buddhist canonical writings, comprising the three divisions of Sutras, or discourses of the Buddha for the laity; Vinaya, or discipline for the order; and Abhidharma, or metaphysics. [Sans. tri, three, pitaka, basket.]

Triple, trip′l, adj. consisting of three united: three times repeated: (Shak.) third.—v.t. to treble.—adjs. Trip′le-crowned, having three crowns: wearing the triple crown, as the pope; Trip′le-head′ed, having three heads.—n. Trip′let, three of a kind, or three united: three lines rhyming together: (mus.) a group of three notes occupying the time of two, indicated by a slur and the figure 3: (coll.) one of three children born at one birth.—adj. Trip′le-turned (Shak.), three times faithless.—n. Trī′plex, triple time in music.—adj. Trip′licate, threefold: made thrice as much.—n. a third copy or thing corresponding to two others of the same kind.—v.t. to make threefold.—ns. Triplicā′tion, act of making threefold or adding three together; Triplic′ity, the state of being threefold: tripleness: (Spens.) a triad: (astrol.) the division of the signs according to the number of the elements.—adv. Trip′ly.—Triple Alliance, the league of England, Sweden, and the Netherlands formed against France in 1668: the alliance of Britain, France, and Holland against Spain in 1717: the alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy, formed in 1883, and directed to check French or Russian aggression; Triple crown (her.), see Tiara; Triple time (mus.), time or rhythm of three beats, or of three times three beats, in a bar.—The Triple Event, winning the Oaks, St Leger, and Derby. [Fr.,—L. tri-plus—tri-, tres, three, -plus, akin to Eng. -fold.]

Tripod, trī′pod, n. anything on three feet or legs, as a stool, &c.—adj. having three legs or supports.—adj. Trip′odal. [Gr. tripous, tripodos—tri, treis, three, pous, foot.]

Tripoli, trip′ō-li, n. a mineral substance employed in polishing metals, marble, glass, &c. [Orig. brought from Tripoli in Africa.]

Tripos, trī′pos, n. a university examination for honours at Cambridge: the list of successful candidates in an honours examination at Cambridge: a tripod. [Prob. traceable to the custom by which a B.A., known as Mr Tripos, sat on a three-legged stool and disputed in the Philosophy School at Cambridge on Ash Wednesday, his speech being called the Tripos speech.]

Tripping, trip′ing, n. the act of tripping: a light kind of dance.—adv. Tripp′ingly, in a tripping manner: with a light, quick step.—n. Tripp′ingness.

Tripsacum, trip′sa-kum, n. a genus of American grasses, including the gama-grass.

Tripsis, trip′sis, n. pulverisation: the process of shampooing. [Gr.,—tribein, to rub.]

Triptote, trip′tōt, n. a noun used in three cases only. [Fr.,—Gr. triptōton—treis, three, ptōtos, falling,—piptein, to fall.]

Triptych, trip′tik, n. a set of tablets consisting of three leaves, each painted with a distinct subject, but joined together by hinges, and capable of being folded so as to present a new face. [Gr. tri, thrice, ptyx, ptychos, a fold, a leaf—ptyssein, to fold.]

Tripudium, trī-pū′di-um, n. among the Romans, a religious dance, also a mode of divination based on observation of the action of birds feeding.—adj. Tripū′diary.—n. Tripudiā′tion, dancing. [L., prob. from tres, three, pes, pedis, foot.]

Triquetrous, trī-kwet′rus, adj. three-sided: triangular—also Triquet′ral.—n. Triquet′ra, an ornament consisting of three interlaced arcs, common in early art in northern Europe.—adv. Triquet′rously.—n. Triquet′rum, one of the triangular Wormian bones in the lambdoid suture of the skull. [L. tres, three, -quetrus, prob. a mere formative.]

Triradiate, trī-rā′di-āt, adj. radiating in three directions.—adv. Trirā′dially.

Trireme, trī′rēm, n. an ancient galley—esp. a war-galley—having three banks or rows of oars. [Fr.,—L. triremis—tri, tres, three, remus, an oar.]

Trisagion, tri-sā′gi-on, n. a hymn used in the early and Oriental Churches, and in the Greek Church, consisting of the words 'O Holy God, holy and mighty, holy and immortal, have mercy on us.' The name is often applied erroneously to the Tersanctus. [Gr. tris, thrice, hagios, holy.]

Trisect, trī-sekt′, v.t. to cut or divide into three equal parts.—n. Trisec′tion, the division of anything, as an angle, into three equal parts. [L. tri, thrice, secāre, sectum, to cut.]

Triseme, trī′sēm, adj. and n. consisting of three semeia, equal to three short syllables, as the tribrach, iambic, and trochee.—Also Trisē′mic. [Gr. treis, three, sēma, a sign.]

Triserial, trī-sē′ri-al, adj. in three rows or series—also Trisē′riate.—advs. Trisē′rially, in three series; Triseriā′tim, in three rows, triserially.

Trisetum, trī-sē′tum, n. a genus of grasses, of the tribe Aveneæ, mostly perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and shining spikelets. [L. tres, three, setum, a bristle.]

Triskele, tris′kēl, n. a three-armed cross, the fylfot. [Gr. treis, three, skelos, a leg.]

Trismegistus, tris-me-gis′tus, adj. thrice greatest, an epithet used only in 'Hermes Trismegistus,' the Greek name of the Egyptian god Thoth, originator of Egyptian culture, the god of writing, of religion, and of the arts and sciences.

Trismus, tris′mus, n. tetanic spasm of the muscles of mastication, lockjaw. [Gr.,—trizein, to gnash.]

Trisoctahedron, tris-ok′ta-hē-dron, n. a solid bounded by twenty-four equal faces, three corresponding to each face of an octahedron.

Trispermous, trī-sper′mus, adj. three-seeded.—n. Trisper′mum, a poultice made of the crushed seeds of cummin, bay, and smallage.

Trisplanchnic, trī-splangk′nik, adj. pertaining to the viscera of the three great cavities of the body, the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal. [Gr. treis, three, splangchna, viscera.]

Trisporic, trī-spor′ik, adj. having three spores.—Also Trispō′rous.

Tristesse, tris-tes′, n. (arch.) sadness.—adjs. Trist, Trist′ful. (Shak.), sad, sorrowful, gloomy.—adv. Trist′fully. [Fr. triste—L. tristis, sad.]

Tristichous, tris′ti-kus, adj. (bot.) grouped in three rows. [Gr. treis, three, stichos, a row.]

Tristigmatic, trī-stig-mat′ik, adj. having three stigmas.—Also Tristig′matōse.

Trisulcate, trī-sul′kāt, adj. having three forks or prongs: (bot.) having three furrows. [L. trisulcus—tri, tris, thrice, sulcus, a furrow.]

Trisyllable, trī-, or tri-sil′a-bl, n. a word of three syllables.—adjs. Trisyllab′ic, -al, pertaining to a trisyllable: consisting of three syllables.—adv. Trisyllab′ically. [Gr. treis, three, syllabē, syllable.]

Tritagonist, tri-tag′on-ist, n. the third actor in the Greek drama. [Gr. tritos, third, agonistēs, an actor.]

Trite, trīt, adj. worn out by use: used till its novelty and interest are lost: hackneyed.—adv. Trite′ly.—n. Trite′ness. [It. trito—L. tritus, rubbed, pa.p. of terĕre, to rub.]

Triternate, trī-ter′nāt, adj. thrice ternate—of a ternate leaf in which each division is divided into three parts, and each of these into three leaflets, thus making twenty-seven, as in some Umbelliferæ:—Also Trip′licate-ter′nate.

Tritheism, trī′thē-izm, n. the doctrine of three Gods: the opinion that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are actually different beings.—n. Trī′theist, one who maintains the doctrine of tritheism.—adjs. Tritheis′tic, -al. [Gr. treis, three, theos, a god.]

Trithionic, trī-thī-on′ik, adj. containing three sulphur atoms.—n. Trithī′ōnāte, a salt of trithionic acid. [Gr. treis, three, theion, sulphur.]

Tritical, trit′i-kal, adj. trite, common.—adv. Trit′ically.—n. Trit′icalness. [Formed from trite, in imitation of critical.]

Triticum, trit′i-kum, n. a genus of grasses including the varieties of wheat.—adj. Tritic′eous. [L. 'wheat'—terĕre, tritum, to rub.]

Tritoma, tri-tō′ma, n. a genus of tufted herbaceous plants belonging to the natural order Liliaceæ.

Triton, trī′ton, n. (myth.) a marine demi-god, one of the trumpeters of Poseidon (Neptune), his trumpet being a wreathed univalve shell: a genus of molluscs with a wreathed univalve shell. [Gr. Trītōn.]

Tritone, trī′tōn, n. an interval in music composed of three whole steps or tones.

Tritorium, trī-tō′ri-um, n. a vessel for separating liquids of different densities.—Also Tritū′rium.

Tritubercular, trī-tū-ber′kū-lar, adj. having three tubercles or cusps—also Trituber′culate.—n. Trituber′culism.

Triturate, trit′ū-rāt, v.t. to rub or grind to a fine powder.—adj. Trit′urable, that may be reduced to a fine powder by grinding.—ns. Triturā′tion; Triturā′tor; Trit′urāture. [Late L. triturāre, -ātum—L. terĕre, to rub.]

Triumph, trī′umf, n. in ancient Rome, a solemn procession in honour of a victorious general: joy for success: victory: (Shak.) a trump card.—v.i. to celebrate a victory with pomp: to rejoice for victory: to obtain victory: to be prosperous: to boast, exult (with over): (Shak.) to shine brightly.—v.t. (Milt.) to boast over.—adj. Trium′phal, pertaining to triumph: used in celebrating victory.—n. (Milt.) a token of victory.—adj. Trium′phant, celebrating or rejoicing for a triumph: expressing joy for success: victorious.—adv. Trium′phantly.—n. Trī′umpher.—adv. Trī′umphingly, in a triumphing manner: with triumph or exultation.—Triumphal arch, an arch erected in connection with the triumph of a Roman general, any decorative arch in public rejoicings, &c.—Church triumphant (see Church). [L. triumphus; akin to Gr. thriambos, a hymn to Bacchus.]

Triumvir, trī-um′vir, n. one of three men in the same office or government:—pl. Trium′virī, Trium′virs.—adj. Trium′viral.—n. Trium′virate (Shak. Trium′viry), an association of three men in office or government, or for any political ends—esp. that of Pompey, Crassus, and Cæsar (60 B.C.), and that of Octavian (Augustus), Mark Antony, and Lepidus (43 B.C.): any trio or triad. [L. trium-, from tres, three, vir, a man.]

Triune, trī′ūn, adj. being three in one.—n. Triū′nity. [Coined from L. tri-, root of tres, three, unus, one.]

Trivalent, trī′vā-lent, or triv′-, adj. equivalent in combining or displacing power to three monad atoms.—n. Trī′valence (or triv′-). [L. tres, three, valens, -entis, pr.p. of valĕre, to be strong.]

Trivalve, trī′valv, adj. having three valves.—Also Trī′valved, Trival′vular.

Trivet, triv′et, n. a stool or other thing supported on three feet: a movable iron frame in a kitchen fire-grate for supporting kettles, &c.—Right as a trivet (coll.), standing steadily like a tripod: perfectly right. [O. Fr. trepied—L. tripes, tripedis—tres, three, pes, a foot.]

Trivial, triv′i-al, adj. that may be found anywhere, of little importance; trifling: common, vernacular.—v.i. Triv′ialise, to render paltry.—ns. Triv′ialism, a trivial matter or remark; Trivial′ity, the state or quality of being trivial: that which is trivial, a trifle.—adv. Triv′ially.—ns. Triv′ialness; Triv′ium, in medieval schools the name given to the first three liberal arts—viz. grammar, rhetoric, and logic. [L. trivialis, (lit.) 'at the cross-roads or public streets'—trivium, a place where three ways meet—tres, three, via, a way.]

Tri-weekly, trī′-wēk′li, adj. once every three weeks: three times a week.

Trocar, trō′kar, n. a surgical instrument used for withdrawing superfluous fluid from the body. [Fr.,—trois, three, carre, side.]

Trochanter, trō-kan′tėr, n. a rough eminence on the outer aspect of the upper part of the thigh-bone for the insertion of various muscles which rotate the thigh outwards: the second joint of an insect's leg.—adjs. Trochantē′rian, Trochanter′ic.—n. Trochan′tin, the lesser trochanter of the femur.—adj. Trochantin′ian. [Gr.,—trechein, to run.]

Troche, trō′kē (better trōch or trōk), n. a lozenge, usually round, of some medicinal ingredients mixed into a paste with sugar and mucilage.—Also Trochisk (trō′kisk), Trochis′cus. [Gr. trochos, a pill.]

Trochee, trō′kē, n. a metrical foot of two syllables, so called from its tripping or joyous character: in Latin verse, consisting of a long and a short, as nūmĕn; in English verse, of an accented and unaccented syllable, as tri′pod.—n. Trochā′ic, a trochaic verse or measure.—adjs. Trochā′ic, -al, consisting of trochees. [Gr., trochaios (pous, foot), running, tripping—trochos, a running—trechein, to run.]

Trochidæ, trok′i-dē, n.pl. a genus of gasteropodous molluscs, the top-shells—the typical genus Trō′chus.—adj. Trō′chiform.

Trochite, trō′kīt, n. one of the wheel-like joints of the stem of an encrinite.—adj. Trochit′ic.

Trochiter, trok′i-tėr, n. the greater tuberosity of the humerus, admitting several of the muscles of the shoulders.—adj. Trochitē′rian.

Trochlea, trok′lē-a, n. a pulley-like cartilage through which the superior oblique muscle of the eye-ball passes: in the elbow-joint, the articular surface of the lower extremity of the humerus, grasped by the greater sigmoid cavity of the ulna.—adjs. Troch′lēar, shaped like a pulley; Troch′lēary, relating to the trochlea. [L. trochlea—Gr. trochalia, a pulley.]

Trochoid, trō′koid, n. the curve traced by a fixed point in a wheel which rolls in a right line.—adjs. Trō′choid, -al. [Gr. trochæidēs, round like a wheel—trochos, wheel, eidos, form.]

Troctolite, trok′tō-līt, n. a variety of Gabbro composed of white feldspar and dark olivine.

Trod, trod, n. (obs.) tramp, track.—Hot trod (Scott), the pursuit of moss-troopers. [Tread.]

Troggs, trogz, n.pl. (Scot.) clothes.—n. Trog′gin, peddlers' goods.

Troglodyte, trog′lō-dīt, n. a cave-dweller.—adjs. Trog′lodyte, Troglodyt′ic, -al, cave-dwelling.—n. Trog′lodytism. [Fr.,—Gr. trōglodytēs—trōglē, a cave, dyein, to enter.]

Trogon, trō′gon, n. one of a family of tropical and esp. South American birds of the order Picariæ, with brilliant plumage—the most celebrated species the Quetzal or Resplendent Trogon of Guatemala.—adj. Trō′gonoid.

Troika, troi′ka, n. a Russian vehicle having three horses abreast. [Russ. troe, troi, three.]

Trojan, trō′jan, adj. pertaining to ancient Troy.—n. an inhabitant of ancient Troy: (coll.) a plucky fellow: (Shak.) a boon companion.

Troke, trōk, n. (Scot.) exchange: small wares: familiar intercourse.—v.i. to exchange, deal.—n. Trō′king, dealing, making petty bargains, familiar intercourse with. [Truck.]

Troll, trōl, n. in Scandinavian mythology, a supernatural being of small size, dwelling in a cave, hill, &c. [Ice. troll (Ger. droll). Cf. Droll.]

Troll, trōl, v.t. to move circularly: to sing the parts of in succession, as of a catch or round: to angle or fish for in a certain way: to fish for.—v.i. to roll: to move or run about: to sing a catch: to stroll, ramble: to fish, esp. for pike, with rod and line, using revolving lure, artificial or natural, such as spoon-bait, minnow, &c.—n. a moving round, repetition: a round song.—ns. Troll′er; Troll′ey, Troll′y, a costermonger's cart: a metallic roller or pulley used in many electric street-railways in connection with an overhead electric conductor: a small truck running in a furnace, or in mines: lace whose pattern is outlined with a thicker thread or a flat border made up of several such threads; Troll′ing; Troll′ing-bait, -spoon, a metallic revolving lure used in trolling. [O. Fr. troller, trauler (Fr. trôler), to stroll; Old High Ger. trollen, to run.]

Troll-my-dame, trol′-mi-dām, n. (Shak.) an old game.—Also Nine-holes, Pigeon-holes, and Trunks.

Trollop, trol′op, n. (Scot.) a loitering, slatternly woman: a woman negligently dressed: a draggle-tail: a strumpet.—v.i. to draggle: to work in a slovenly way.—adjs. Troll′oping, Troll′opish, Troll′opy. [From troll, in the sense of running about.]

Trombone, trom′bōn, n. a deep-toned brass musical wind instrument of the trumpet kind, consisting of a tube bent twice on itself.—n. Trom′bonist. [It.; augm. of tromba, a trumpet.]

Trommel, trom′el, n. a revolving cylindrical sieve for cleaning or sizing ore. [Ger. trommel, a drum.]

Tromometer, trō-mom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring slight earthquake shocks.—adj. Tromomet′ric. [Gr. tromos, a trembling, metron, a measure.]

Trompe, tromp, n. the apparatus by which the blast is produced in the Catalan forge.—Also Tromp.

Tron, tron, or trōn, n. the most ancient system of weight used in Scotland, the Tron or Trone being a heavy beam or balance set up in the market-place, and employed for the weighing of heavy wares.—n. Tron′age, a royal tax on wool. [O. Fr. trone—L. trutina, a pair of scales.]

Trona, trō′na, n. the native soda of Egypt, a grayish hydrous sodium carbonate. [Natron.]

Troncheon, tron′shun, n. (Spens.) a headless spear.—adj. Tronçonnée (her.), shivered, as a tilting-spear, dismembered. [Truncheon.]

Troop, trōōp, n. a crowd or collection of people: a company: soldiers taken collectively, an army, usually in pl.: a small body of cavalry, forming the unit of formation, consisting usually of sixty men, corresponding to a company of infantry: the command of a troop of horse.—v.i. to collect in numbers: to march in a company, or in haste.—ns. Troop′er, a private cavalry soldier: a cavalry horse: a troop′-ship; Troop′-horse, a cavalry horse; Troop′-ship, a vessel for conveying soldiers.—Trooping the colours, a ceremony performed at the public mounting of garrison guards.—Household troops (see House). [Fr. troupe, prob. through Low L. forms, from L. turba, a crowd.]

Tropæolum, trō-pē′ō-lum, n. a genus of plants, natives of South America, annual or perennial herbs of trailing or climbing habits—Nasturtium, &c. [Gr. tropaios, pertaining to turning.]

Troparion, trō-pā′ri-on, n. in the offices of the Greek Church, a short hymn or a stanza of a hymn:—pl. Tropā′ria. [Gr. tropos, a musical mode.]

Trope, trōp, n. (rhet.) a word or expression changed from its proper sense for emphasis, a figure of speech—-metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony: a short cadence peculiar to Gregorian melodies—also Differentia and Distinctio: formerly, a phrase occasionally interpolated in different parts of the mass: (geom.) the reciprocal of a node.—adj. Trō′pical, figurative.—adv. Trō′pically.—n. Trō′pist, one who uses tropes or who explains Scripture by them.—adjs. Trōpolog′ic, -al, expressed or varied by tropes or figures.—adv. Trōpolog′ically.—v.t. Tropol′ogise, to use as a trope.—n. Trōpol′ogy, a tropical or figurative mode of speech: a treatise on tropes: that interpretation of Scripture which reads moral meanings into any and every passage. [Fr.,—L. tropus—Gr. tropos—trepein, to turn.]

Trophic, -al, trof′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to nutrition and its processes.—adj. Trophē′sial.—n. Troph′esy, deranged nutrition owing to disorder of the motor nerve force pertaining to the nutritive function.—n.pl. Trō′phi, the mouth-parts of an insect—labium, labrum, maxillæ, mandibles, lingua: the teeth of the pharynx of a rotifer. [Gr. trophē, food.]

Trophonian, trō-fō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Trophonius, the mythical builder of the temple of Apollo at Delphi and the treasury of King Hyrieus in Bœotia.

Trophotropism, trof′ō-trō-pizm, n. the movements of the organs in a growing plant, as towards nutrient substances, induced by the chemical nature of its surroundings.—adj. Trophotrop′ic. [Gr. trophē, food, trepein, to turn.]

Trophy, trō′fi, n. a memorial of a victory, consisting of a pile of arms erected on the field of battle: anything taken from an enemy and preserved as a memorial of victory: something that is evidence of victory: an ornamental group of weapons, flags, memorials of the chase, &c.—v.t. to adorn with trophies.—adj. Trō′phied, adorned with trophies. [Fr. trophée—L. tropæum—Gr. tropaion—tropē, a turning—trepein, to turn.]

Tropic, trop′ik, n. one of the two circles on the celestial sphere, 23° 28′ on each side of the equator, where the sun turns, as it were, after reaching its greatest declination north or south: one of two circles on the terrestrial globe corresponding to these: (pl.) the regions lying between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.—adjs. Trop′ic, -al, pertaining to the tropics: being within or near the tropics.—adv. Trop′ically.—n. Trop′ic-bird, a genus of bird the family Phaëthontidæ, usually seen in tropical regions. [Through L. tropicus, from Gr. tropikos, relating to a turning—tropos, a turning.]

Troppo, trop′pō, adj. (mus.) too much: excessively. [It.; cf. Fr. trop, too much.]

Trot, trot, v.i. to go, lifting the feet quicker and higher than in walking: to walk or move fast: to run.—v.t. to ride at a trot:—pr.p. trot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. trot′ted.—n. the pace of a horse or other quadruped when trotting: a toddling child: (slang) a crib, translation.—ns. Trot′ter, one that trots: a trotting-horse: the foot of an animal, as a sheep: (slang) the human foot; Trottoir (trot-wor′), a footway at the side of a street.—Trot out, to exhibit the paces of: to show. [O. Fr. trotter, troter—Low L. trotāre, to go; prob. from Old High Ger. trottōn, freq. of tretan, to tread.]

Trot-cosy, trot′-kō′zi, n. (Scot.) a covering to keep the neck and head warm in travelling, drawn over the head and hat, and buttoned beneath the chin.

Troth, troth, or trōth, n. truth, confidence: faith: fidelity.—v.t. to plight.—adj. Troth′-plight (Shak.), betrothed, affianced.—n. betrothal.—n. Troth′-ring, a betrothal ring. [A.S. treówth.]

Troubadour, trōō′ba-dōōr, n. one of a class of poets of chivalric love, who first appeared in Provence, and flourished from the 11th to the 13th century (see Langue d'oc). [Fr., from Prov. trobador—trobar (Fr. trouver), to find—L. turbāre, to move.]

Trouble, trub′l, v.t. to put into a confused state: to agitate: to disturb: to annoy: to busy or engage overmuch: to put to inconvenience.—v.i. to take pains.—n. disturbance: affliction: disease: uneasiness: that which disturbs or afflicts.—ns. Troub′le-mirth, a kill-joy; Troub′ler.—adj. Troub′lesome, causing or giving trouble or inconvenience: vexatious: importunate: troublous.—adv. Troub′lesomely.—n. Troub′lesomeness.—adj. Troub′lous, full of trouble or disorder: agitated: tumultuous: disturbing.—Cast oil on troubled waters (fig.), to appease, calm, quieten. [O. Fr. tourbler—Low L. turbulāre—L. turbāre, to disturb—turba, a crowd.]

Trough, trof, n. a long, hollow vessel for water or other liquid: a long tray: a long narrow channel: a concavity or hollow. [A.S. trog; Ger. trog.]

Trounce, trowns, v.t. to punish or beat severely. [O. Fr. troncer, to cut—L. truncus, a trunk.]

Troupe, trōōp, n. a company, esp. of actors, dancers, or acrobats. [Fr. See Troop.]

Troupial, Troopial, trōō′pi-al, n. a bird of the family Icteridæ, the Hang-nests, famed for its exquisite song. [From their going in flocks, Fr. troupe, a troop.]

Trous-de-loup, trōō-de-lōō, n.pl. conical pits dug in the ground, each with a vertical stake in the middle—a defence against cavalry. [Fr.]

Trousers, trow′zėrz, n.pl. long breeches: a garment worn by males on the lower limbs and trussed or fastened up at the waist by braces or belt.—adj. Trou′sered, wearing trousers.—n. Trou′sering, material for making trousers. [O. Fr. trousses, breeches worn by pages.]

Trousse, trōōs, n. a collection of small implements in a case, esp. of surgical instruments. [Fr.]

Trousseau, trōō-sō′, n. the lighter articles of a bride's outfit: (rare) a bundle:—pl. Trousseaux (-sōz′). [Fr., a dim. of trousse, a bundle.]

Trout, trowt, n. a common name for fresh-water fish of the genus Salmo: the Salmo Fario, Trutta, or Common Trout, much sought after by anglers.—n. Trout′-bas′ket, an osier or willow creel for carrying trout.—adj. Trout′-col′oured, speckled like a trout: white, with spots of black, bay, or sorrel.—ns. Trout′-farm, a place where trout are reared artificially; Trout′let, Trout′ling, a little trout; Trout′-rod, a fishing-rod for trout; Trout′-spoon, a small revolving spoon used as a lure for trout; Trout′-stream, a stream in which trout are caught. [A.S. truht—L. tructa, tructus—Gr. trōktēs, a sea-fish with sharp teeth—trōgein, to gnaw.]

Trouvère, trōō-vār′, n. one of the medieval narrative or epic poets of northern France. For their language, the langue d'oui, see under Langue d'oc.

Trover, trō′vėr, n. the gaining possession of goods: an action brought to recover goods from a person to whom they do not belong, but who has in some way obtained possession of them. [O. Fr. trover, to find (Fr. trouver)—Low L. tropāre, to compose.]

Trow, trō, v.i. to hold as true: (B.) to trust: to believe: to think. [A.S. treów-ian, to trust; cf. Ice. trúa, Ger. trauen.]

Trowel, trow′el, n. a tool used in spreading mortar, paint, &c., and in gardening.—v.t. to dress with a trowel.-Lay on with a trowel, to spread thickly: to flatter grossly. [O. Fr. truelle—L. trulla, dim. of trua, a ladle.]

Troy-weight, troi′-wāt, n. the system of weights used in England for gold, silver, and precious stones. The troy pound contains 5760 grains, and is to the avoirdupois pound as 144 to 175, while the troy ounce is to the avoirdupois ounce as 192 to 175. [From Troyes, in France, the pound weight of which was adopted in England in the 14th century.]

Truant, trōō′ant, n. an idler: a boy who, idly or without excuse, absents himself from school.—adj. wandering from duty: loitering: idle.—v.i. to play truant.—ns. Tru′ancy, Tru′antship.—Play truant, to stay from school without leave. [O. Fr. truand—Celt.; W. truan, wretched, Bret. truek, a beggar.]

Truce, trōōs, n. a suspension of hostilities between two armies or states for a period specially agreed upon: cessation.—n. Truce′-break′er, one who violates a truce or engagement.—adj. Truce′less, without truce: relentless.—Truce of God, in the 11th and 12th centuries, a cessation of private feuds observed in France, Italy, England, &c. from Wednesday evening to Monday morning in each week during Advent and Lent, and on certain of the principal saints' days and holy days of the Church.—Flag of truce (see Flag). [M. E. trewes, treowes, pl. of trewe, a truce; cf. True.]

Truck, truk, v.t. to exchange or barter.—v.i. to traffic by exchange.—n. exchange of goods: barter: (coll.) small goods: rubbish.—ns. Truck′age, the practice of exchanging or bartering goods; Truck′er; Truck′-farmer (U.S.), a market-gardener; Truck′-house, Truck′ing-house, a house for storing goods.—v.i. Truck′le, to yield meanly to the demands of another.—ns. Truck′ler; Truck′ling.—adj. fawning, slavish.—n. Truck′-sys′tem, the practice of paying workmen in goods instead of money.—Truck Act, a statute of 1831, extended in 1887, requiring workmen's wages to be paid in money instead of goods. [O. Fr. troquer, to truck; Sp. trocar, to barter, It. truccare, to truck.]

Truck, truk, n. a wheel: a railway-wagon for heavy articles: a platform running on wheels: a small wooden cap at the top of a mast or flag-staff: a circular piece of wood or metal for moving ordnance.—v.t. to convey by truck.—ns. Truck′age, conveyance by trucks: charge for carrying articles on a truck; Truck′-bol′ster, a beam in the middle of a railway-truck supporting the body of the car; Truck′le, a small wheel or castor: a truckle-bed.—v.t. to move on rollers.—v.i. to sleep in a truckle-bed.—n. Truck′le-bed, a low bed on wheels that may be pushed under another. [L. trochus, a wheel—Gr. trochos—trechein, to run.]

Truculent, truk′ū-lent (trōō′kū-lent, according to some), adj. very fierce: barbarous: cruel: inspiring terror.—ns. Truc′ulence, Truc′ulency.—adv. Truc′ulently. [L. truculentus—trux, wild, fierce.]

Trudge, truj, v.i. to travel on foot: to travel with labour or effort: to march heavily on.—n. a weary walk. [Skeat suggests that the word is orig. to walk in heavy shoes, from Sw. dial. truga, trudja, a snow-shoe, Norw. truga, Ice. thrúga, a snow-shoe.]

True, trōō, adj. agreeing with fact: worthy of belief or confidence: certain: trusty: genuine: normal: (anat.) complete: exact: straight: right: rightful: honest.—v.t. to make straight in position, &c.—n. (obs.) truth, a pledge: a truce.—n. True′-blue, a faithful partisan.—adjs. True′-born, of true or genuine birth: having a right by birth; True′-bred, of a true or genuine birth: of good breeding or manners; True′-derived′ (Shak.), legitimate; True′-devot′ed (Shak.), full of honest zeal; True′-dispos′ing (Shak.), just; True′-heart′ed, sincere.—ns. True′-heart′edness; True′-love, one truly or really beloved: a sweetheart: the herb-Paris (see Herb).—adj. affectionate.—ns. True′-love′-knot, True′-lov′er's-knot, lines interwoven with many involutions, fancifully held as an emblem of interwoven affection; True′ness; True′-penn′y (Shak.), an honest fellow.—adv. Tru′ly.—True bill, a bill of indictment endorsed, after investigation, by a grand jury, as containing a well-founded charge; True rib, a rib attached to spine and sternum—opp. to Floating rib. [A.S. treówe; Ice. tryggr, Ger. treu.]

Truffle, truf′l, n. a globose underground edible fungus, used for its agreeable flavour in the preparation of many dishes.—adj. Truff′led, cooked with truffles. [O. Fr. truffle (Fr. truffe), prob. from L. tuber.]

Truism, trōō′izm, n. a plain or self-evident truth.—adj. Truismat′ic.

Truite, trwē-tā′, adj. having a delicately crackled surface, of porcelain, &c. [Fr.]

Trull, trul, n. a drab: a vagrant woman of loose habits. [Allied to Ger. trolle.]

Trullan, trul′an, adj. pertaining to the trullus or dome-roofed hall in the imperial palace at Constantinople, and esp. to the Quinisext Council held therein in 691. [Low L. trullus, a dome—L. trulla, a ladle.]

Trumeau, trōō-mō′, n. any piece of wall between two openings:—pl. Trumeaux′ (-mōz′). [Fr.]

Trump, trump, v.t. to deceive; to introduce unfairly.—adj. Trumped′-up, forged, worthless.—n. Trum′pery, something showy but worthless: rubbish: nonsense, idle talk.—adj. showy and worthless.—Trump up, to forge: collect from any quarter. [Fr. tromper, to deceive, orig. to play on the trump.]

Trump, trump, n. a trumpet: a Jew's-harp. [O. Fr. trompe (It. tromba); cf. Old High Ger. trumba, Ger. tromme, Eng. drum, which is thus a doublet of trump.]

Trump, trump, n. a card of the leading suit that triumphs or wins: one of the suit of cards which takes any other: an old game of cards: (coll.) a good, trusty fellow.—v.i. to play a trump card.—v.t. to play a trump card upon.—Call, Signal, for trumps, in whist, a conventional signal indicating that the player wishes his partner to lead trumps. [From triumph, confused with trump, to deceive.]

Trumpet, trum′pet, n. the most ancient of wind instruments, formed of a long, narrow, straight tube, bent twice on itself, the last fifteen inches tapering into a bell, and sounded by means of a cupped mouthpiece—much used in military signalling: in organs, a powerful reed-stop having a trumpet-like sound: a cry resembling a trumpet-sound: (fig.) one who praises.—v.t. to publish by trumpet: to proclaim: to sound the praises of.—v.i. to sound a trumpet.—ns. Trum′pet-call, a call or summons on the trumpet, any call to action; Trum′peter, one who sounds on the trumpet the regimental calls and signals: one who proclaims, praises, or denounces: a genus of crane-like birds of British Guiana, &c.: one of the whistling swans: a kind of domestic pigeon: a large New Zealand food-fish; Trum′pet-fish, also Snipe-fish, a sea-fish so named from its trumpet-like or tubular muzzle; Trum′pet-flow′er, the popular name of various plants which produce large trumpet-shaped flowers—as the genera Bignonia and Tecoma (Bignoniaceæ), and Solandra (Solonaceæ); Trum′pet-mā′jor, a head-trumpeter in a band or regiment.—adj. Trum′pet-shaped, formed like a trumpet.—ns. Trum′pet-shell, a shell of the genus Triton; Trum′pet-tone, the sound of a trumpet: a loud voice.—adj. Trum′pet-tongued, having a voice or tongue loud as a trumpet.—n. Speak′ing-trum′pet (see Speak).—Blow one's own trumpet, to sound one's own praises; Feast of trumpets, a Jewish feast in which trumpets played an important part; Flourish of trumpets (see Flourish). [O. Fr. trompette, dim. of trompe.]

Truncate, trung′kāt, v.t. to cut off: to lop: to maim.—adjs. Trunc′ate, -d, appearing as if cut off at the tip: ending in a transverse line.—adv. Trun′cately.—n. Truncā′tion.—Truncated cone, pyramid, a cone, pyramid, having the vertex cut off by a line parallel to the base. [L. truncāre, -ātum—truncus.]

Truncheon, trun′shun, n. a short staff: a cudgel: a baton or staff of authority.—v.t. to beat with a truncheon: to cudgel.—adj. Trun′cheoned, furnished with a truncheon: armed with a lance.—ns. Trun′cheoneer, Trun′cheoner, one armed with a truncheon. [O. Fr. tronçon—tronc.]

Trundle, trun′dl, n. anything round: a wheel: a truck: a trundle-bed: (her.) a. spool of golden thread.—v.t to roll, as on wheels.—v.i. to roll: twirl: bowl along.—ns. Trun′dle-bed, a bed moving on trundles or low wheels: a truckle-bed; Trun′dle-tail (Shak.), a round tail, a dog with a tail curled up. [A.S. trendel, a circle, wheel.]

Trunk, trungk, n. the stem of a tree: the body of an animal apart from the limbs: the main body of anything: anything long and hollow: the proboscis of an elephant: the shaft of a column, the dado or body of a pedestal: a water-course of planks leading from the race to the water-wheel: a large hollow piston in which a connecting-rod plays: a portable box or chest for clothes, &c., esp. on a journey: a flume, penstock.—adjs. Trunc′al, pertaining to the trunk, principal; Trunked, having a trunk: (Spens.) beheaded.—ns. Trunk′-fish, the coffer-fish; Trunk′ful, as much as will fill a trunk; Trunk′-hose, -breech′es, large hose or breeches formerly worn over the lower part of the body and the upper part of the legs; Trunk′-line, the main-line of a railway, canal, &c.; Trunk′-road, a main-road; Trunk′-sleeve (Shak.), a sleeve with the upper part puffed; Trunk′-work, work involving secrecy as by means of a trunk. [O. Fr. tronc—L. truncus, a stock—truncus, maimed.]

Trunnion, trun′yun, n. one of the knobs on each side of a gun, on which it rests on the carriage: in steam-engines, a hollow gudgeon on each side of an oscillating cylinder, serving as a support to it.—adj. Trunn′ioned, provided with trunnions.—n. Trunn′ion-plate, a raised rim forming a shoulder around the trunnion of a gun. [Fr. trognon, a stalk—tronc, a stump—L. truncus.]

Truss, trus, n. a bundle: timbers fastened together for binding a beam or supporting a roof: in ships, the rope or iron for keeping the lower yard to the mast: a tuft of flowers at the top of the main stalk or stem: a bandage or apparatus used in hernia to retain reduced parts, or to hinder protusion.—v.t. to bind up: to pack close: to furnish with a truss: to draw tight and tie: to skewer in cooking.—n. Truss′-beam, a wooden beam strengthened by a tie-rod.—adj. Trussed.—n. Truss′ing, in ship-building, diagonal timbers or iron plates crossing the ribs internally, and consolidating the whole together. [O. Fr. trosser, orig. torser, to bind together—L. tortus, pa.p. of torquēre, to twist.]

Trust, trust, n. trustworthiness: confidence in the truth of anything: confident expectation: a resting on the integrity, friendship, &c. of another: faith: hope: credit (esp. sale on credit or on promise to pay): he who, or that which, is the ground of confidence: that which is given or received in confidence: charge: an arrangement by which property is handed to or vested in a person, in the trust or confidence that he will use and dispose of it for the benefit of another, also the estate so managed for another: in modern commerce, an arrangement for the control of several companies under one direction, to cheapen expenses, regulate production, beat down competition, and so obtain a maximum return.—adj. held in trust.—v.t. to place trust in: to believe: to give credit to: to sell upon credit: to commit to the care of: to expect confidently.—v.i. to be confident or confiding.—ns. Trust′-deed, a deed conveying property to a trustee; Trustee′, one to whom anything is entrusted: one to whom the management of a property is committed in trust for the benefit of others; Trustee′ship; Trust′er; Trust-estate′, an estate held by trustees.—adj. Trust′ful, trusting: worthy of trust.—adv. Trust′fully.—n. Trust′fulness.—adv. Trust′ily.—n. Trust′iness.—adj. Trust′ing, confiding.—adv. Trust′ingly.—adj. Trust′less, treacherous, unfaithful.—ns. Trust′lessness; Trust′worthiness.—adjs. Trust′worthy, worthy of trust or confidence: trusty; Trust′y (comp. Trust′ier, superl. Trust′iest), that may be trusted: deserving confidence: honest: strong: firm: (Shak.) involving trust.—Active, or Special, trust, a trust in which the trustee's power of management depends upon his having the right of actual possession; Breach of trust, a violation of duty by a trustee, executor, &c.; In trust, as a charge, for safe-keeping; On trust, on credit. [Scand., Ice. traust, trust; Ger. trost, consolation.]

Truth, trōōth, n. that which is true or according to the facts of the case: agreement with reality: true state of things, or facts: practice of speaking or disposition to speak the truth: fidelity: genuineness: righteous conduct: a true statement: an established principle: in the fine arts, a faithful adherence to nature.—adj. Truth′ful, full of truth: according to, or adhering to, truth: reliable.—adv. Truth′fully.—ns. Truth′fulness; Truth′iness.—adj. Truth′less.—ns. Truth′lessness; Truth′-lov′er; Truth′-tell′er, one who speaks the truth.—adjs. Truth′-writ, truthfully written; Truth′y, truthful.—God's truth, a thing or statement absolutely true; In truth, truly, in fact; Of a truth (B.), truly. [A.S. treówthu—treówe, true.]

Trutinate, trōō′ti-nāt, v.t. (obs.) to weigh.—n. Trutinā′tion. [L. trutināri—Gr. trytanē, a balance.]

Truttaceous, tru-tā′shi-us, adj. pertaining to, or like, a trout. [Trout.]

Try, trī, v.t. to put to the test or proof: to sift: to prove by experiment: to purify: to examine judiciously: to determine, settle: to examine carefully or experimentally: to experience: to attempt: to use as means: to put to severe trial, cause suffering to: to bring to a decision, to settle.—v.i. to endeavour: to make an effort: (Shak.) to prove by experience: (obs.) to keep a ship's bows to the sea during a gale:—pa.t. and pa.p. tried (trīd).—n. a trial: effort: in Rugby football, the score of three points gained by a player who succeeds in placing the ball with his hand over the enemy's line.—adj. Tried, proved, experienced.—n. Trī′er.—adjs. Try′able, Trī′able, capable of being tried; Trye (Spens.), proved excellent.—n. Try′-house, a place in which oil is extracted from blubber, &c.—adj. Try′ing, making trial or proof of: adapted to try: searching: severe.—Try on, to put on for trial, as a garment: to attempt; Try back, to revert, hark back. [O. Fr. trier, to pick out, to cull (the grain from the straw), from an assumed L. tritare—terĕre, tritum, to rub.]

Trygon, trī′gon, n. a genus of cartilaginous fishes, of the order of Rays and family Trygonidæ—the sting-ray. [Gr. trygōn, a sting-ray.]

Tryma, trī′ma, n. a drupe with fleshy exocarp, dehiscent. [Gr. tryma, a hole.]

Trypeta, trī-pē′ta, n. a genus of flies, family Trypetidæ, of greenish-yellow colour, forming gall-like deformations in the flower-heads of composite plants. [Gr. trypētēs, a borer—trypan, to bore.]

Trypographic, trip-ō-graf′ik, adj. pertaining to a method of printing by the use of paper stencils. [Gr. trypan, to bore, graphein, to write.]

Trypsin, trip′sin, n. a ferment which occurs in the secretion of the pancreas, and may be isolated from the pancreatic juice, as pepsin from the gastric.—adj. Tryp′tic.—n. Tryp′tōne, a substance formed from proteids by pancreatic juice. [Gr., from tribein, to rub, the substance having been first found on rubbing down the pancreas with glycerine.]

Trysail, trī′sāl, or trī′sl, n. a reduced sail used by small craft, instead of their mainsail, in a storm: a small fore-and-aft sail set with a boom and gaff.

Tryst, trīst, n. an appointment to meet: appointed place of meeting: a market.—v.t. to make an appointment with.—v.i. to agree to meet.—ns. Trys′ter; Trys′ting-day, a fixed day of meeting; Trys′ting-place, an arranged meeting-place.—Bide tryst, to wait for a person at the appointed place and time. [A variant of trust.]

Tsetse, tset′sē, n. a dipterous insect of South Africa (Glossina morsitans), not much larger than the common house-fly, brownish, with four yellow bars across the abdomen, strangely limited within sharply defined areas or 'fly-belts.' Its bite is fatal to the ox, horse, and dog.

Tsung-tuh, tsung′-tu′, n. a Chinese viceroy, the highest provincial governor.

Tub, tub, n. a two-handed open wooden vessel: a vessel made of staves and hoops: a small cask: anything like a tub: the quantity a tub holds: (slang) a pulpit: a clumsy boat: a receptacle for bathing water: the act of bathing in a tub.—v.t. to set, to bathe, in a tub.—v.i. to take a bath in a tub.—n. Tub′bing, the art of, or the material for, making tubs: in mining, a method of keeping out the water in sinking a shaft in watery ground: a tub-bath: rowing in clumsy boats.—adjs. Tub′bish, round and fat; Tub′by, sounding like an empty tub: dull: wanting elasticity of sound: round like a tub.—ns. Tub′-fast (Shak.) a process of treating venereal disease by sweating in a hot tub; Tub′ful, as much as a tub will hold; Tub′-gig, a Welsh car; Tub′-thump′er (slang), a ranting preacher; Tub′-wheel, a kind of bowl-shaped water-wheel like the turbine, with spiral flanges at the exterior. [Low Ger. tubbe; Dut. tobbe.]

Tuba, tū′ba, n. a large, low-pitched trumpet-shaped instrument: in organs, a reed-stop of large scale: (anat.) a tube, or tubular organ:—pl. Tū′bæ, Tū′bas (-bē, -bas). [L.]

Tube, tūb, n. a pipe: a long hollow cylinder for the conveyance of fluids, &c.: a canal: the body of a musical instrument: a telescope: a cylindrical receptacle for holding semi-fluid substances, as pigments.—v.t. to furnish with, enclose in, a tube.—n. Tū′bage, the act or process of lining a heavy gun by insertion of a tube of wrought-iron, &c.: (med.) the insertion of a tube into the larynx, &c.—adjs. Tū′bal, Tū′bar.—n. Tube′-well, a pipe used to obtain water from beneath the ground, having a sharp point and a number of perforations just above the point.—adjs. Tubic′olar, Tū′bicole, Tubic′olous, inhabiting a tube: spinning a tubular web; Tū′biflorous, having tubular flowers; Tū′biform, shaped like a tube.—n. Tū′bing, the act of making tubes: tubes collectively: material for tubes.—adjs. Tū′būlar, having the form of a tube: having a sound like that made by the passage of air through a tube; Tūbūlā′rian, hydriform in tubular shape with wide disc; Tū′būlate, -d, Tū′būlous, Tū′būlose, formed like a tube: formed of tubes.—n. Tū′būle, a small tube.—adj. Tū′būliform, having the form of a small tube. [Fr.,—L. tubus, a pipe.]

Tuber, tū′bėr, n. a knob in roots: a rounded, fleshy underground stem, as in the potato, formed by a part of the stem becoming thick and fleshy: a swelling.—ns. Tuber′culum, Tū′bercule, a little tuber: a small rounded elevation on a bodily organ.—adjs. Tuberif′erous, bearing tubers; Tū′beriform.—ns. Tuberos′ity, Tū′berousness.—adjs. Tū′berous, Tū′berōse, having, or consisting of, tubers: knobbed. [L. tuber, a swelling, from root of L. tumēre, to swell.]

Tubercle, tū′bėr-kl, n. a small tuber or swelling: a pimple: a small knob on leaves: the characteristic product of a specific micro-organism, the Bacillus tuberculosis—a new formation belonging to the group of Granulomata or granulative growths, which, in virtue of their recognised infectiveness, have been classed as Infective Granulomata.—adjs. Tū′bercled, having tubercles; Tuber′cular; Tuber′culate, -d, Tuber′culose, Tuber′culous, pertaining to tubercles: pimpled: affected with, or caused by, tubercles.—ns. Tuber′culin, -e, a liquid prepared by Koch in 1890, a forty to fifty per cent. glycerine solution of a pure cultivation of the tubercle bacillus, injected into the subcutaneous tissues of persons affected with tuberculosis; Tuberculisā′tion.—v.t. Tuber′culise.—adjs. Tuber′culoid; Tuber′culōsed.—ns. Tuberculō′sis, a specific infective disease induced by the invasion of the Bacillus tuberculosis, and characterised by the presence of tubercle or other tubercular formations—consumption or phthisis; Tuber′culum, a tubercle. [L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber.]

Tuberose, tū′be-rōs, or tūb′rōz, n. a genus of Liliaceæ—the Common Tuberose, a garden and greenhouse bulb, having creamy-white, fragrant flowers. [From L. tuberosa, tuberous, used in the botanical name Polianthes tuberosa; the second pronunciation shows popular confusion with rose.]

Tubisen, tū′bi-sen, n. a trumpeter.—v.i. Tubic′inate, to blow a trumpet. [L.]

Tuck, tuk, n, a rapier: a blow, tap: a blast, flourish. [O. Fr. estoc; perh. cog. with Ger. stock, a stock.]

Tuck, tuk, v.t. to draw or press in or together: to stuff, cram: to fold under: to gather up: to enclose by pressing clothes closely around: (slang) to eat (with in).—n. a horizontal fold in a garment: (naut.) the afterpart of a ship, immediately under the stern or counter, where the ends of the bottom planks are collected and terminate by the tuck-rail: (slang) eatables, pastry.—n. Tuck′er, a piece of cloth tucked or drawn over the bosom, worn by women and children: (slang) food, also work that scarcely yields a living wage.—v.t. (Amer. slang) to tire exceedingly.—ns. Tuck′-in (slang), a hearty meal—also Tuck′-out; Tuck′-shop (slang), a confectioner's or a pastry-cook's shop.—Tuck up, to gather up: to contract: to make tucks: (slang) to hang. [A.S. tucian, to pull; cog. with Low Ger. tukken, Ger. zucken; also with A.S. teón, Ger. ziehen, to draw.]

Tuckahoe, tuk′a-hō, n. an edible but tasteless underground fungus growing as a saprophyte on the roots of the trees in the southern United States—also called Indian bread.

Tucket, tuk′et, n. (Shak.) a flourish on a trumpet.—n. Tuck′et-sō′nance (Shak.), the sound or signal of the tucket. [It. toccata, a touch—toccare, to touch.]

Tudor, tū′dor, adj. pertaining to the royal line of the Tudors (1485-1603): pertaining to the Tudor style of architecture.—Tudor flower, a trefoil ornament frequent in Tudor architecture; Tudor rose, the conventional five-lobed flower adopted as a badge by Henry VII.; Tudor style (archit.), a rather indefinite term applied to the Late Perpendicular, and the transition from that to Elizabethan—it is characterised by a flat arch, shallow mouldings, and a profusion of panelling on the walls.

Tuesday, tūz′dā, n. the third day of the week. [A.S. Tíwes dæg, the day of Tíw (the god of war)=Ger. die(n)s-tag; cf. L. dies Martis. Tíw (Ice. Týr, Old High Ger. Zío) is cog. with Gr. Zeus, Dios, and L. Ju-piter, Jovis.]

Tufa, tū′fa, n. a variety of calcium carbonate usually deposited from springs—calcareous tufa; the word was formerly used as synonymous with tuff.—adj. Tufā′ceous. [It. tufa—L. tofus, a soft stone.]

Tuff, tuf, n. generally volcanic tuff, the name given to the comminuted rock-débris ejected from a volcanic orifice. [Fr. tuf, tuffe—It. tufo, tufa—L. tofus.]

Tuft, tuft, n. a green knoll: a grove, clump. [A.S toft—Ice. topt, tupt, a piece of ground.]

Tuft, tuft, n. a number of small things in a knot: a cluster: a dense head of flowers: (university slang) a titled undergraduate, from the tuft or tassel in the cap: an imperial.—v.t. to separate into tufts: to adorn with tufts.—adjs. Tuft′ed, Tuft′y.—ns. Tuft′-hunt′er, one over-eager to form acquaintance with persons of rank or consequence: a mean hanger-on of the great; Tuft′-hunt′ing, the practice of a tuft-hunter. [O. Fr. tuffe (Fr. touffe), from the Teut., as Low Ger. topp, Ger. zopf.]

Tug, tug, v.t. to pull with effort: to drag along.—v.i. to pull with great effort: to struggle:—pr.p. tug′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. tugged.—n. a strong pull: a steam-vessel for towing ships: a strong rope.—ns. Tug′-boat, a strongly-built steamship for towing vessels; Tug′ger, one who tugs.—adv. Tug′gingly.—n. Tug′-of-war, a laborious contest: a contest in which opposing teams tug at the end of a rope, in their efforts to pull one another over a line marked on the ground between them. [Closely conn. with tuck and tow (v.).]

Tuille, twēl, n. in armour, a steel plate hanging below the tassets.—n. Tuillette′ (dim.). [Fr.,—L. tegula, a tile.]

Tuism, tū′izm, n. the theory that all thought is directed to a second person or to one's future self as such.

Tuition, tū-ish′un, n. care over a young person: teaching, the fee paid for such.—adj. Tui′tionary. [L. tuitio—tuēri, tuitus, to see.]

Tula-work, tōō′la-wurk, n. niello-work, a kind of decorative work, done chiefly on silver, executed largely at Tula in Russia.

Tulchan, tul′kan, n. a calf's skin stuffed with straw, and set beside a cow, to make her give her milk freely.—Tulchan bishops, the titular bishops of the Scottish Church, who in 1572 agreed to hold office, letting all the revenues of their charge, except a miserable pittance, be absorbed by the nobles as lay patrons. [Orig. unknown.]

Tulip, tū′lip, n. a genus of bulbous plants of the order Liliaceæ, with over forty species, having highly-coloured bell-shaped flowers.—adj. Tū′lip-eared, prick-eared, as a dog.—ns. Tulipomā′nia, a craze for the cultivation of tulips; Tū′lip-tree, a large North American tree, having tulip-like flowers; Tū′lip-wood, the soft, fine, straight-grained wood of the tulip-tree. [O. Fr. tulipe, tulippe, tulipan—Turk. tulbend, a turban.]

Tulle, tōōl, n. a delicate kind of thin silk network fabric of a very open structure used for the trimmings of ladies' dresses, and also for caps and veils. [Fr.: from Tulle, in the department of Corrèze.]

Tullian, tul′i-an, adj. relating to, or resembling, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the Roman orator.

Tumble, tum′bl, v.i. to fall: to come down suddenly and violently: to roll: to twist the body, as a mountebank: to fall rapidly, as prices: to go hastily: (slang) to understand, twig.—v.t. to throw headlong: to turn over: to throw about while examining: to disorder, rumple.—n. act of tumbling: a fall: a rolling over, a somersault: confusion.—ns. Tum′ble-bug, one of several kinds of scarabæoid beetles, which roll up balls of dung to protect their eggs; Tum′ble-car, a one-horse car.—adj. Tum′ble-down, dilapidated.—ns. Tum′bler, one who tumbles: one who plays any of the feats or tricks of the acrobat or contortionist: a large drinking-glass, so called because formerly, having a pointed base, it could not be set down without tumbling: a kind of domestic pigeon, so called from its tumbling on the wing: a kind of greyhound: a kind of spring-latch in a lock, preventing the bolt being shot in either direction: a piece attached to the hammer of a firearm lock, receiving the thrust of the mainspring and forcing the hammer forward so as to strike and explode the charge: a porpoise: one of a gang of London street ruffians early in the 18th century, whose favourite frolic was to set women on their heads: a tumbril: one of a set of levers from which hang the heddles in some looms; Tum′blerful, as much as will fill a tumbler; Tum′bler-stand, a tray for tumblers, as in connection with a soda-water fountain; Tum′bler-tank, in plumbing, a flush-tank in which water gathers in one chamber before being tilted over so as to discharge its contents; Tum′bler-wash′er, a revolving stand fitted with projecting pipes on which tumblers are hung to be washed automatically; Tum′ble-weed, a name given to several plants whose globular flowering heads are detached in autumn and rolled about, scattering their seed; Tum′bling, the act of falling.—adj. Tum′bly, uneven.—Tumble in, or home, to incline in above the extreme breadth, of a ship's sides: to fit, as a piece of timber into other work: to go to bed; Tumble over, to toss about carelessly, to upset: to fall over; Tumble to (slang), to comprehend; Tumble up, to get out of bed: to throw into confusion. [A.S. tumbian; cf. Old High Ger. tūmilōn (Ger. taumeln), Ice. tumba, to dance.]

Tumbrel, tum′brel, Tumbril, tum′bril, n. a cart with two wheels for conveying the tools of pioneers, artillery stores, &c.: a dung-cart: the name given to the carts which conveyed victims to the guillotine during the French Revolution. [O. Fr. tomberel (Fr. tombereau)—tomber, to fall, because the body of the cart could be tumbled without unyoking.]

Tumefy, tū′me-fī, v.t. to cause to swell.—v.i. to swell: to rise in a tumour:—pa.t. and pa.p. tū′mefīed.—n. Tumefac′tion, tumour: swelling. [L. tumefacĕre—tumēre, to swell, facĕre, to make.]

Tumid, tū′mid, adj. swollen or enlarged: inflated: falsely sublime: bombastic.—n. Tumes′cence.—adj. Tumes′cent.—n. Tumid′ity.—adv. Tū′midly.—n. Tū′midness. [L. tumidus—tumēre, to swell.]

Tumour, tū′mor, n. a morbid swelling on any of the cutaneous, mucous, or serous surfaces in any part of the body, of independent growth. [L. tumor—tumēre, to swell.]

Tump, tump, n. (prov.) a hillock.—v.t. to gather a mass of earth round a plant.—adj. Tump′y, uneven.

Tump-line, tump′-līn, n. a strap across the forehead or breast by means of which a burden is carried through the Canadian forests. [Temple-line.]

Tumult, tū′mult, n. uproar of a multitude: violent agitation with confused sounds: high excitement.—adv. Tumult′ūarily.—n. Tumult′ūariness.—adjs. Tumult′ūary, Tumult′ūous, full of tumult: disorderly: agitated: noisy.—v.i. Tumult′ūate, to make a tumult.—n. Tumultūā′tion.—adv. Tumult′ūously.—ns. Tumult′ūousness; Tumult′us, commotion. [L. tumultus—tumēre, to swell.]

Tumulus, tū′mū-lus, n. a mound of earth over a grave: a barrow:—pl. Tū′mūlī.—adjs. Tū′mūlar, -y, Tū′mūlous.—v.t. Tū′mūlate, to cover with a mound.—n. Tūmūlos′ity. [L.,—tumēre, to swell.]

Tun, tun, n. a large cask: an obsolete liquid measure of capacity—in old ale and beer measure, 216 gallons; in old wine measure, 252 gallons.—v.t. to store in a tun.—ns. Tun′-bell′y, a big pot-belly; Tun′-dish (Shak.), a wooden funnel; Tun′nage, a tax on imported wines; Tun′ning, the act of brewing, the amount brewed at one time. [A.S. tunne.]

Tundra, tōōn′dra, n. one of the level treeless plains of northern Russia, both in Europe and Asia. [Russ.]

Tune, tūn, n. a melodious succession of notes or chords in a particular key: the relation of notes and intervals to each other causing melody: state of giving the proper sound: harmony: a melody or air: frame of mind, temper.—v.t. to adjust the tones, as of a musical instrument: to play upon, celebrate in music: to give a certain character to.—adj. Tū′nable.—n. Tū′nableness.—adv. Tū′nably.—adj. Tune′ful, full of tune or harmony: melodious: musical.—adv. Tune′fully.—n. Tune′fulness.—adj. Tune′less, without tune or melody: silent.—ns. Tū′ner, one who tunes or adjusts the sounds of musical instruments: one who makes music, or sings: in organs, an adjustable flap for altering the pitch of the tone; Tū′ning, the art of bringing musical instruments into tune; Tū′ning-fork, a steel two-pronged instrument, designed when set in vibration to give a musical sound of a certain pitch; Tū′ning-hamm′er, a tuning-wrench with hammer attachment for regulating tension in stringed instruments.—Tune up, to begin to sing or play.—Change one's tune, Sing another tune, to alter one's attitude, or one's way of talking; In tune, harmonious; Out of tune, inharmonious; To the tune of, to the amount of. [A doublet of tone.]

Tungsten, tung′sten, n. a rare metal, chiefly derived from wolfram, which is a tungstate of iron and manganese, and likewise found in scheelite, which is a tungstate of lime.—n. Tung′state, a salt of tungstic acid.—adjs. Tungsten′ic; Tungstenif′erous; Tung′stic.—n. Tung′stite, native oxide of tungsten. [Sw.,—tung, heavy, sten, stone.]

Tungusic, tun-gōō′sik, adj. pertaining to the Tunguses, an ethnographic group of the Ural-Altaic family.—n. Tun′gus, one of this people or their language.—adj. Tungu′sian.

Tunic, tū′nik, n. a loose frock worn by females and boys: an ecclesiastical short-sleeved vestment, worn over the alb at mass by the sub-deacon, very similar to the dalmatic, but smaller: a military surcoat: the ordinary fatigue-coat of a private soldier, also the coat of an officer: (anat.) a membrane that covers some organ: (bot.) a covering, as of a seed.—n. Tunicā′ta, a class of remarkable animals, many of which are popularly known as Ascidians or sea-squirts—now regarded as occupying a lowly place among vertebrate or chordate animals.—adjs. Tū′nicate, -d (bot.), covered with a tunic or with layers.—n. Tū′nicle, a little tunic: as an ecclesiastical vestment, the same as tunic. [Fr. tunique—L. tunica, an under-garment of both sexes.]

Tun-moot, tun′-mōōt, n. an assembly of the town or village. [A.S. tún, town, gemót, meeting.]

Tunnel, tun′el, n. an arched passage cut through a hill or under a river, &c.: the long underground burrow of certain animals, as the mole: any mine-level open at one end: (Spens.) a flue, chimney.—v.t. to make a passage through: to hollow out:—pr.p. tunn′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. tunn′elled.—n. Tunn′el-net, a net wide at the mouth and narrow at the other end. [O. Fr. tonnel (Fr. tonneau), a cask; also O. Fr. tonnelle, an arched vault, dim. of tonne, a cask.]

Tunny, tun′i, n. a very large fish of the mackerel family (Scombridæ), fished chiefly on the Mediterranean coasts. [L. thunnus—Gr. thynnos—thynein, to dart along.]

Tup, tup, n. a ram: the striking-face of a steam-hammer, &c.—v.t. and v.i. to cover with (of a ram): to butt. [Conn. with Low Ger. tuppen, toppen, to pull by the hair; Ger. tupfen, to touch.]

Tupaia, tū-pā′ya, n. the genus of squirrel-shrews found in the Malay Peninsula, &c.

Tupelo, tū′pe-lō, n. a genus of trees, natives chiefly of the southern parts of the United States, including the Black Gum Tree, the Ogeechee Lime or Sour Gum Tree, &c.

Tuque, tūk, n. a Canadian cap made by tucking in one tapered end of a long cylindrical bag, closed at both ends. [Fr. toque.]

Turakoo, tōō′ra-kōō, n. one of the plantain-eaters, a large bird found in Africa, light green, with carmine wing-feathers.—n. Tu′racin, the red colouring matter of its feathers. [African.]

Turanian, tū-rā′ni-an, adj. a philological term which came to be used for the non-Aryan languages of the Ural-Altaic or Finno-Tartar group—sometimes extended so as to include the Dravidian tongues of India, also of the agglutinative type, thus erroneously suggesting affinity between non-Aryan and non-Semitic groups of languages which are probably quite unconnected. [From Turan=not-Iran, a term used by the Sassanian kings of Persia for those parts of their empire outside of Iran, and still the name for Turkestan among the Persians.]

Turban, tur′ban, n. a head-covering worn by Eastern nations, consisting of a cap with a sash wound round it: a circular head-dress worn by ladies: the whole whorls of a shell.—n. Tur′band (Shak.), a turban.—adj. Tur′baned, wearing a turban. [Earlier forms turbant, tulipant (Fr. turban, Port. turbante), from Pers. dulband.]

Turbary, tur′ba-ri, n. the right to go upon the soil of another and dig turf, and carry off the same: a place where peat is dug. [L. turba, turf.]

Turbellaria, tur-be-lā′ri-a, n.pl. a class of flat-worms with ciliated skin—the same as Planaria (q.v.).—adjs. Turbellā′rian; Turbellar′iform.

Turbid, tur′bid, adj. disordered: having the sediment disturbed: muddy: thick.—adv. Tur′bidly.—ns. Tur′bidness, Turbid′ity. [L. turbidus—turba, tumult.]

Turbillion, tur-bil′yun, n. a whirl, vortex. [Fr. tourbillon—L. turbo, a whirl.]

Turbine, tur′bin, n. a horizontal water-wheel with vertical axis, receiving and discharging water in various directions round the circumference—by parallel, outward, or inward flow.—adj. Tur′binal, turbinate.—n. (anat.) a scroll-like bone.—adjs. Tur′binate, -d, shaped like a top or inverted cone: spiral: (anat.) whorled in shape: whirling like a top.—ns. Turbinā′tion; Tur′bine-pump, a pump in which water is raised by the inverted action of a turbine-wheel; Turb′ine-steam′er, a vessel impelled by a steam-turbine.—adjs. Tur′biniform, Tur′binoid, top-shaped. [Fr.,—L. turbo, turbinis, a whirl—turbāre, to disturb—turba, disorder.]

Turbit, tur′bit, n. a domestic pigeon having white body, coloured wings, and short beak.

Turbo, tur′bō, n. the typical genus of the family of scutibranchiate gasteropods, Turbinidæ.—n. Tur′binite, a fossil shell of this family. [L. turbo, a top.]

Turbot, tur′bot, n. a highly esteemed food-fish of the genus Rhombus and family Pleuronectidæ or Flat-fishes, abundant in the North Sea. [O. Fr., turbot, prob. formed from L. turbo, a spinning-top.]

Turbulent, tur′bū-lent, adj. tumultuous, disturbed: in violent commotion: disposed to disorder: restless: producing commotion.—ns. Tur′bulence, Tur′bulency.—adv. Tur′bulently. [Fr.,—L. turbulentus—turba, a crowd.]

Turco, tur′kō, n. a popular name for one of the Tirailleurs Algériens, a body of native Algerian troops recruited for the French service.

Turcophile, tur′kō-fil, n. one who favours the Ottoman Turks.—n. Tur′cophilism. [Low L. Turcus, Turk, Gr. philein, to love.]

Turcopolier, tur′kō-po-lēr, n. the commander of the light infantry of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem—always an Englishman. [O. Fr.,—Low L. Turcopuli—Late Gr. tyrcopouloi, light-armed soldiers—Tourcos, Turk, poulos, a child.]

Turdus, tur′dus, n. a genus of Passerine birds of the Turdidæ family, the thrushes.—adjs. Tur′diform, Tur′dine, Tur′doid, like a thrush.

Tureen, tū-rēn′, tu-rēn′, n. a large dish for holding soup at table. [Fr. terrine—L. terra, earth.]

Turf, turf, n. the surface of land matted with the roots of grass, &c.: a cake of turf cut off: sod: peat: race-ground: horse-racing, the race-course:—pl. Turfs—(obs.) Turves.—v.t. to cover with peat or sod.—adj. Turf′-clad, covered with turf.—n. Turf′-drain, a drain in which turf is used for a covering.—adj. Tur′fen, made or covered with turf.—ns. Turf′-hedge, a combination of turf and hedge-plants, forming a fence; Tur′finess; Tur′fite (slang), one devoted to horse-racing; Turf′-spade, a long narrow spade for digging turf.—adj. Tur′fy, resembling or abounding in turf: pertaining to horse-racing. [A.S. turf; Ice. torf.]

Turgent, tur′jent, adj. swelling: rising into a tumour: inflated: bombastic.—adv. Tur′gently.—ns. Turges′cence, Turges′cency.—adjs. Turges′cent, swelling: growing big; Tur′gid, swollen: extended beyond the natural size: pompous: bombastic.—ns. Turgid′ity, Tur′gidness.—adv. Tur′gidly.—n. Turgor (tur′gor), state of being full, the normal condition of the capillaries. [L. turg-ens, -entis, pr.p. of turgēre, to swell.]

Turion, tū′ri-on, n. a shoot from an underground bud, growing upward into a new stem.—adj. Turionif′erous. [L. turio, a shoot.]

Turk, turk, n. a native of Turkey, an Ottoman—more widely, a member of a race formerly classed among the 'Turanian' peoples, now more usual to say, of the Mongolo-Tartar ethnological group, and speaking languages of the Ural-Altaic family: a savage fellow: a Mohammedan: a Turkish horse: the plum-weevil or curculio.—ns. Turk′ey-car′pet, a soft thick kind of carpet; Turk′ey-hone, -stone, a kind of oilstone brought from Turkey, and used for hones; Turk′ey-mer′chant, one whose trade is with Turkey or the Turkish East; Turk′ey-red, a fine durable red dye, obtained from madder, but now mostly prepared chemically, first produced in Turkey; Turk′ey-stone, the turquoise.—adj. Turk′ish, pertaining to the Turks or to Turkey.—n. the language of the Turks.—ns. Turk′ish-bath, a kind of hot-air bath in which the patient, after being sweated, is rubbed down, and conducted through a series of cooling-chambers until he regains his normal temperature; Turk's′-head, a kind of knot: a long broom with spherical head: a kind of cooking-pan, having a tin core in the centre.—Turn Turk, to become a Mohammedan: to go to the bad: to become hopelessly obstinate.

Turkey, turk′i, n. a large gallinaceous bird, a native of America—not Turkey.—ns. Turk′ey-buzz′ard, a vulture found largely in North and South America; Turk′ey-cock, the male of the turkey: a foolishly proud person.

Turkis, turk′is, n. an older spelling of turquoise.—Also Turk′ois.

Turkoman, tur′kō-man, n. a member of a branch of the Turkish race, found in Central Asia to the north of Persia.

Turlough, tur′loh, n. a shallow pond in Ireland, dry in summer. [Ir. turloch.]

Turmeric, tur′mėr-ik, n. the rhizome or root-stock of Curcuma longa, a handsome herbaceous plant cultivated all over India, its yellowish tubers yielding a deep-yellow powder used as a chemical test for the presence of alkalies. [Cf. Fr. terre-mérite—as if from L. terra, earth, and merita, deserved; both prob. corr. from an Oriental name.]

Turmoil, tur′moil, n. harassing labour: disturbance.—v.t. to harass with commotion: to weary.—v.i. to be disquieted or in commotion. [Perh. L. tremĕre, to shake.]

Turn, turn, v.i. to whirl round: to hinge: to depend: to issue: to take a different direction or tendency: to become by a change, hence to rebel: to return: to be fickle: to result: to be shaped on the lathe: to sour: to become giddy: to be nauseated: to change from ebb to flow or from flow to ebb: to become inclined in the other direction.—v.t. to cause to revolve: to reverse: to pass round: to direct, apply: to send, drive: to fold, remake: to translate: to make sour: to change the position or the direction of: to nauseate, to make giddy: to direct the mind to: to infatuate or make mad: to cause to return with profit: to transfer: to convert: to form in a lathe: to shape: to round: to adapt: to blunt.—n. act of turning: new direction or tendency, disposition: a walk to and fro: chance: a turning-point, crisis: (mus.) a melodic embellishment, consisting of a principal tone with two auxiliary tones lying respectively next above and below it: a spell of work, a job: (coll.) a nervous shock: change: a winding: a bend: form: manner: opportunity, convenience: act of kindness or malice: a type turned upside down, owing to a temporary want of the proper letter.—ns. Turn′about, a merry-go-round; Turn′back, the strap from the hames to the hip-strap; Turn′buckle, a form of coupling so arranged as to regulate the length or tension of the connected parts; Turn′-cap, a chimney-cowl rotating on a vertical axis; Turn′coat, one who turns his coat—that is, abandons his principles or party; Turn′cock, one who turns on the water for the mains, regulates the fire-plugs, &c., of a water company.—adj. Turn′-down, folded down.—ns. Turn′er, one who, or that which, turns: a tumbler, gymnast, esp. a member of the German Turnvereine or gymnastic bodies, instituted by F. L. Jahn in 1811; Turn′ery, art of turning or of shaping by a lathe: things made by a turner, also the place where these are made: ornamentation by means of the lathe; Turn′ing, a winding: deviation from the proper course: turnery, the art of shaping wood, metal, ivory, or other hard substances into forms having a curved (generally circular or oval) transverse section, and also of engraving figures composed of curved lines upon a smooth surface, by means of a turning-lathe: (mil.) a manœuvre for turning an enemy's position: in pottery, the shaping of a vase: (pl.) chips; Turn′ing-lathe, a lathe used by turners; Turn′ing-point, the point on which a question turns, and which decides the case: a grave and critical period; Turn′ing-rest, a support on a lathe serving as a fulcrum for a hand turning-tool; Turn′ing-saw, a thin-bladed saw contrived for cutting curved wood for chair-backs, &c.—also Sweep-saw, Frame-saw, Scroll-saw; Turn′ing-steel, a piece of hard bar-steel for turning the edge of a tool, &c.; Turn′ing-tool, a tool for shaping the cutting edges of the tools used in seal-engraving; Turn′key, one who turns the keys in a prison: a warder; Turn′-out, the act of coming forth: a strike: a striker: a crowd of spectators: a carriage and its horses: quantity of produce yielded.—adj. Turn′over, made to be turned over or reversed.—n. act of turning over, upset, overthrow: a small pie made by turning half of the circular crust over the other which has been covered with fruit, &c.: an apprentice turned over to a new master to complete his apprenticeship: the total amount of the sales in a business for a specified time.—ns. Turn′pike, a gate set across a road to stop those liable to toll: a turnpike-road—originally a frame consisting of two cross-bars armed with pikes, and turning on a post; Turn′pike-man, a man who collects tolls at a tollgate; Turn′pike-road, a road on which turnpikes or tollgates are established; Turn′-screw, a screw-driver; Turn′skin, a werewolf; Turn′spit, one who turns a spit: a person engaged in some menial occupation: a long-bodied, short-legged dog employed to drive a wheel by which roasting-spits were turned—closely allied to the Dachshund (q.v.); Turn′stile, a revolving frame in a footpath which prevents the passage of cattle, but allows the passage of one person at a time; Turn′stile-reg′ister, a device for recording the number of persons passing through a turnstile; Turn′stone, a small grallatorial bird, intermediate between the true plovers and sandpipers, so called from its habit of turning over pebbles on the beach in search of food; Turn′-ta′ble (same as Traverse-table); Turn′-up, a disturbance: something that appears unexpectedly.—Turn about, to move the face or front to another quarter; Turn about, Turn and turn about, alternately; Turn a, or the, corner (see Corner); Turn a deaf ear to, to ignore; Turn adrift, to unmoor and let float away: to cast off; Turn again, to return: to make a stand; Turn against, to use to the injury of: to render hostile: to rebel against; Turn an enemy's flank, line, or position, to manœuvre so as to attack an enemy in the rear: to outwit; Turn a penny (see Penny); Turn around one's finger, to make any one subservient to one's will; Turn aside, to avert; to deviate: to avert the face; Turn away, to dismiss from service, to discharge: to avert, to look in another direction: to deviate, to depart from; Turn back, to cause to retreat: to return; Turn down, to double or fold down: to hide the face of: to lessen or lower; Turn forth, to expel; Turn in, to bend inward: to enter: (coll.) to go to bed; Turn into, to become by a process of change; Turn off, to deviate: to dismiss: to divert: to complete, achieve by labour: to shut off: (slang) to hang; Turn on, to set running (as water): to depend on: to confront in fight; Turn one's hand to, to apply one's self; Turn one's head, or brain, to make one giddy: to fill with pride or conceit; Turn out, to drive out, to expel: to put to pasture (as cattle): to make for market or for use: to project: to prove in the result: to muster: to leave one's work to take part in a strike: (coll.) to get out of bed; Turn over, to roll over: to change sides: to sell goods to the amount of: to examine by turning the leaves; Turn round, to reverse one's position or party; Turn the back, to flee, to retreat; Turn the back upon, to quit with contempt, to forsake; Turn the edge of, to blunt; Turn the scale, to decide, determine; Turn the stomach, to nauseate; Turn to, to have recourse to: to point to: to result in; Turn turtle (see Turtle); Turn up, to point upwards: to appear, happen: place with face up: to bring the point uppermost: to refer to in a book; Turn upon, to cast back upon, retort; Turn upside down, to throw into complete confusion.—Be turned of, to have advanced beyond—of age; By turns, one after another: at intervals; Ill turn, an injurious act: a change for the worse; In turn, in order of succession; Not to turn a hair, to be quite undisturbed or unaffected; On the turn, at the turning-point, changing; Serve a turn, to answer the purpose; Take one's turn, to occupy one's allotted place; Take turns, to take each the other's place alternately; To a turn, exactly, perfectly. [A.S. tyrnan; Ger. turnen; Fr. tourner; all from L. tornāre, to turn in a lathe—tornus, a turner's wheel—Gr. tornos.]

Turner, tur′nėr, n. a Scotch copper coin worth 2d., issued by James VI. [Prob. turney.]

Turney, tur′ni, n. a copper coin current in Ireland under Edward III.—coined at Tours.

Turnip, tur′nip, n. a biennial plant, with lyrate hispid leaves, the upper part of the root becoming, esp. in cultivation, swollen and fleshy—cultivated as a culinary esculent, and for feeding cattle and sheep.—n. Tur′nip-fly, a muscid fly whose maggots burrow in turnip-roots. [Perh. orig. turn-nep—turn, implying something round, and nep—A.S. nǽp, a turnip.]

Turnsole, turn′sōl, n. a name sometimes given to the Heliotrope and other plants, esp. to the euphorbiaceous Chrozophora tinctoria, from which a deep-purple dye is obtained. [Fr.,—tourner—sol, for soleil—L. sol, the sun.]

Turnus, tur′nus, n. the tiger-swallowtail, a black-striped United States butterfly.

Turpentine, tur′pen-tīn, n. a semi-solid resinous substance secreted by various coniferous trees (the name turpentine is commonly understood to mean the product of the Scotch pine, the swamp pine of America, and the Pinus maritima of France; Venice turpentine is obtained from the larch, and Chian turpentine from the 'Turpentine-tree'—see Pistachio): the oil or spirit of turpentine.—ns. Tur′pentine-moth, a moth whose larvæ bore into the twigs of pine and fir, causing exudation of resin and destroying the twig; Tur′pentine-tree, the terebinth-tree—Pistachia terebinthus.—adj. Tur′pentin′ic.—n. Turps, oil or spirits of turpentine. [O. Fr. turbentine—L. terebinthina (resina), (the resin) of the terebinth—Gr. terebinthos.]

Turpeth, tur′peth, n. the root of Ipomœa (Convolvulus) Turpethum, a Ceylon plant of cathartic properties.—Turpeth mineral, an old name for the yellow basic mercury sulphate.

Turpitude, tur′pi-tūd, n. baseness: extreme depravity or wickedness: vileness of principles and actions. [L. turpitudo—turpis, base.]

Turquoise, tur-koiz′, or tur-kēz′, n. an opaque greenish-blue mineral from Persia, valued as a gem, essentially a phosphate of alumina, harder than feldspar but softer than quartz, occurring as thin veins in slate rock.—n. Turquoise′-green, a pale colour between green and blue—also adj. [O. Fr.; because first brought through Turkey from Persia.]

Turret, tur′et, n. a small tower on a building and rising above it: a movable building containing soldiers, engines, &c., used in medieval sieges: a tower, often revolving, for offensive purposes, on land and water: the raised portion above an American railroad car, for ventilation, &c.—adj. Turr′eted, furnished with turrets: formed like a tower.—ns. Turr′et-gun, a gun designed for use in a revolving turret; Turr′et-ship, an ironclad ship-of-war, whose guns are placed in one or more revolving turrets placed on deck.—adjs. Turric′ulate, -d, having small turrets. [O. Fr. touret (Fr. tourelle).]

Turtle, tur′tl, Turtle-dove, tur′tl-duv, n. a genus of Columbidæ, of graceful build, with small head and slender bill, long wings, and long rounded tail, flying swiftly and noiselessly, noted for their beauty of form and colour, their soft cooing, and their affection towards each other and their young. [A.S. turtle; Ger. turtel, Fr. tourtereau, tourterelle; all from the L. name turtur.]

Turtle, tur′tl, n. any tortoise, but esp. the edible Green Turtle, prized for the soup made from its flesh, chief glory of aldermanic banquets—Calipash is the part of the animal that belongs to the upper shield, a fatty, gelatinous substance of a dull-greenish colour; Calipee, the yellowish meat of the lower shield.—v.t. to pursue turtles.—ns. Tur′tleback, a turtle-shaped projection on the bows or stern of a ship for the purpose of keeping off heavy seas; Tur′tler, a hunter of turtles; Tur′tle-shell, tortoise-shell: a turtle-cowry; Tur′tle-soup, a soup the chief ingredient of which is turtle meat; Turt′ling, the catching of turtles.—Green turtle, a species of turtle which attains great size and is the source of real turtle-soup—its eggs also are much prized; Mock turtle, a soup made of calf's head in lieu of turtle meat; Turn turtle, to capsize, as a boat. [A corr. of tortoise, or of Sp. tortuga, or Port. tartaruga, a tortoise.]

Tuscan, tus′kan, adj. of or belonging to Tuscany in Italy: denoting the simplest of the five classic orders of architecture, being a Roman modification of the Doric style, with unfluted columns, and without triglyphs. [L. Tuscanus.]

Tush, tush, interj. pshaw! be silent! an exclamation of impatience, &c.—v.i. to express contempt, &c.

Tusk, tusk, n. a long, protruding tooth on either side of the mouth of certain animals: a sharp point: the share of a plough.—v.t. to gore with the tusks.—adjs. Tusked, Tusk′y.—n. Tusk′er, an elephant whose tusks are grown. [A.S. tusc, tux; Ice. toskr.]

Tuskar, tus′kar, n. an iron implement with wooden shaft, for cutting peat. [Ice. torfskeri—torf, turf, skera, to cut.]

Tusser-silk, tus′ėr-silk, n. a kind of dark fawn-coloured silk, generally made without brocading or patterns. [Hind. tassar—Sans. tassara, shuttle.]

Tussilago, tus-i-lā′gō, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Compositæ, suborder Corymbiferæ—the only British species, Tussilago farfara, sometimes called Colt's-foot. [L.]

Tussock, tus′ok, n. a tuft of grass or twigs.—ns. Tuss′ock-grass, a large grass of the same genus with the Cock's-foot Grass of Britain, native to the Falkland Islands, remarkable for forming great tufts—also Tuss′ac-grass; Tuss′ock-moth, a grayish-white moth about an inch long, the caterpillars of which do great mischief in hop-grounds, and are known as Hop-dogs.—adj. Tuss′ocky, abounding in tufts. [Perh. conn. with obs. tusk, a tuft; cf. Dan. dusk.]

Tut, tut, interj. an exclamation of rebuke, or impatience, &c.—v.i. to express impatience by such.

Tut, tut, n. a piece of work.—v.i. to work by the piece.—ns. Tut′work; Tut′worker; Tut′workman.

Tutelage, tū′te-lāj, n. guardianship: state of being under a guardian.—adjs. Tū′telar, Tū′telary, protecting: having the charge of a person or place. [L. tutela—tutāri, to guard—tuēri, to see.]

Tutenag, tū′te-nag, n. the zinc imported into Europe from China and the East Indies during the 18th century. [Fr. tutenague, prob. from Pers. and Ar. tūtiya, an oxide of zinc, and -nāk, a suffix, or perh. Hind. nāga, lead.]

Tutiorism, tū′ti-or-izm, n. in R. C. moral theology, the doctrine that in a case of doubt between right and wrong one should take the safer course, i.e. the one in verbal accordance with the law—the same as Rigorism, and the opposite of Probabilism.—n. Tu′tiorist, a rigorist in foregoing sense. [L. tutior, safer, comp. of tutus, safe.]

Tutor, tū′tor, n. one who looks to or takes care of: one who has charge of the education of another: one who hears the lessons of and examines students: a teacher: (Scots law) a guardian of the person as well as of the estate of a boy under fourteen, or girl under twelve:—fem. Tū′toress.—v.t to instruct: to treat with authority or sternness.—n. Tū′torage, the office or authority of a tutor: education, as by a tutor.—adj. Tutō′rial, belonging to, or exercised by, a tutor.—adv. Tutō′rially.—ns. Tū′toring; Tū′torism, Tū′torship; Tū′trix, a female guardian. [L. tutor, a guardian—tuēri, tuitus, to look to.]

Tutsan, tut′san, n. a species of St John's wort, once regarded as a panacea—also called Park-leaves. [O. Fr. toutesaine, tout—L. totus, all, sain—L. sanus, sound.]

Tutti, tōōt′ti, adj. (mus.) all together, as opposed to solo.—n. a concerted movement, rendered by all the voices or instruments together. [It., pl. of tutto, all—L. totus, all.]

Tutti-frutti, tōōt′ti-frōōt′ti, n. a confection, esp. ice-cream, flavoured with different kinds of fruit. [It.]

Tutty, tut′i, n. impure zinc protoxide. [O. Fr. tutie—Late L. tutia—Ar. tūtiya. Cf. Tutenag.]

Tutu, tōō′tōō, n. a New Zealand shrub whose black fruit makes a light wine resembling claret, while the seeds yield a poison like strychnine, and the bark, tannin—also called Tupa-kihi, Wineberry-shrub, and Toot-plant. [Maori.]

Tutulus, tū′tū-lus, n. a conical Etruscan female headdress:—pl. Tū′tulī. [L.]

Tu-whit, tū-hwit′, Tu-whoo, tū-hwōō′, n. an imitation of the note of the owl.—v.i. Tu-whoo′, to cry tu-whoo.

Tuzz, tuz, n. (prov.) a tuft of wool, &c.—n. Tuz′zi-muzzy, a posy: the feather hyacinth.—adj. shaggy.—n. Tuz′zy (dim.), a tuft, cluster. [Tussock.]

Twaddle, twod′l, v.i. to talk in a silly manner.—n. silly talk: a senseless talker.—ns. Twadd′ler; Twadd′ling, twaddle or silly talk.—adj. Twadd′ly, consisting of twaddle. [Earlier form twattle, a variant of tattle.]

Twain, twān, n. two, a couple, pair.—In twain, asunder. [A.S. twégen (masc.), two.]

Twa-lofted, twä′-lof′ted, adj. (Scot.) having two lofts or stories.

Twang, twang, n. a sharp, quick sound, as of a tight string when pulled and let go: a nasal tone of voice.—v.i. to sound as a tight string pulled and let go: to sound with a quick, sharp noise: to have a nasal sound.—v.t. to make to sound with a twang.—v.i. Twang′le, to twang frequently.—v.t. to cause to twangle. [Tang.]

Twattle, twot′l, v.i. to twaddle.—v.t. to repeat idly.—n. chatter: a dwarf.—ns. Twatt′ler, a chatterer; Twatt′ling, a chattering.—adj. gabbling: trifling. [Prob. related to Ice. thwætta, chatter.]

Twayblade, twā′blād, n. a European orchid, a plant a foot high bearing a raceme of green flowers and a pair of broad ovate leaves—hence the name.

Tweak, twēk, v.t. to twitch, to pull: to pull with sudden jerks.—n. a sharp pinch or twitch: any perplexity. [A by-form of twitch.]

Tweed, twēd, n. a kind of woollen twilled cloth of various patterns, much used for men's suits.—adj. made of tweed. [From a mistaken reading of 'tweels' upon an invoice; not, as supposed, from the Tweed valley.]

Tweedle, twē′dl, v.t. to handle lightly: (obs.) to wheedle.—v.i. to wriggle.—n. a sound such as is made by a fiddle—hence the humorous formations Tweedledum, Tweedledee, used to indicate distinctions that are the slightest possible. [Perh. a variant of twiddle; also confused with wheedle.]

'Tween, a contraction of between.—adj. 'Tween′-deck, lodging between decks.—n. and adv. 'Tween′-decks.

Tweezers, twēz′ėrz, n.sing. nippers: small pincers for pulling out hairs, &c.—n. Tweez′er-case, a case for carrying tweezers. [Perh. traceable to A.S. twisel, a fork; some confusion is possible with obs. tweeze, a surgeon's case of instruments.]

Twelfth, twelfth, adj. the last of twelve.—n. one of twelve equal parts: (mus.) a tone twelve diatonic degrees above or below a given tone.—ns. Twelfth′-cake, an ornamental cake partaken of on Twelfth-night; Twelfth′-day, -tide, the twelfth day after Christmas, the Epiphany; Twelfth′-night, the eve of Twelfth-day or evening before Epiphany. [A.S. twelfta—twelf.]

Twelve, twelv, adj. ten and two.—n. the number next after eleven: the figures representing twelve: (pl.) same as duodecimo.—ns. Twelve′-mo, same as duodecimo, written 12mo; Twelve′-month, twelve months: a year.—adjs. Twelve′-penn′y, worth a shilling: trifling, insignificant; Twelve′score, twelve times twenty, or two hundred and forty.—n. twelvescore yards, a common range in archery, used also in measurements.—Twelve-day writ, a writ in actions on bills, &c., warning defendant to appear within twelve days, otherwise judgment would go against him; Twelve Tables, the name given to the earliest code of Roman law, civil, criminal, and religious, made by the decemvirs in 451-449 B.C.—Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, a work of the 2d century after Christ, in which, on the model of Jacob's blessing of the tribes in Genesis xlix., discourses and prophecies of Christ are put into the mouths of the fathers of Israel; The Twelve, the twelve apostles. [A.S. twelf (Ger. zwölf, and Goth. twa-lif), that is 'two and ten' (for twá-, cf. Two; and for -lif, cf. Eleven).]

Twenty, twen′ti, adj. twice ten: nineteen and one: an indefinite number.—n. the number next after nineteen: the figures representing twenty: an old English division of infantry.—adj. Twen′tieth, next after the nineteenth.—n. one of twenty equal parts of anything.—adv. Twen′tyfold, twenty times as many.—adj. Twen′ty-four, twenty and four.—n. the number made up of four and twenty: (pl., print.) a form of composed type or plates containing twenty-four leaves or forty-eight pages, properly arranged for printing and folding: a book made up of sections of twenty-four pages.—n. Twen′ty-four′-mo, written 24mo, a leaf from a sheet of paper folded for a book in twenty-four equal parts: a book made up of leaves folded in twenty-four equal parts. [A.S. twentig, from twén=twegen, twain, two—tig (Goth. tigjus), ten; Ger. zwanzig.]

Twibill, twī′bil, n. a double-headed battle-axe. [A.S. twi-, two, bill, a bill.]

Twice, twīs, adv. two times: once and again: doubly.—n. Twī′cer, one who is both compositor and pressman.—adj. Twice′-told, told twice: hackneyed.—At twice, at two distinct times. [A.S. twíges—twíwa—twá, two.]

Twiddle, twid′l, v.t. to twirl idly, to play with.—v.i. to revolve: to trifle with something.—n. a twirl of the fingers.—ns. Twidd′ler; Twidd′ling-line, formerly a piece of small rope for steadying the steering-wheel: a string attached to a compass-gimbal, by which the compass-card may be started so as to play freely.—Twiddle one's fingers, to be idle. [Ety. dub.]

Twig, twig, n. a small shoot or branch of a tree: a divining-rod.—v.i. to be active.—adjs. Twig′gen (Shak.), covered with osier; Twig′gy, abounding in twigs or shoots; Twig′some, full of twigs. [A.S. twíg—twí-, double; Ger. zweig.]

Twig, twig, v.t. (slang) to observe narrowly: to understand.—v.i. to understand, see. [Prob. Ir. tuigim, discern; cf. Gael. tuig, understand.]

Twilight, twī′līt, n. the faint light after sunset and before sunrise: an uncertain view: partial darkness.—adj. of twilight: faintly illuminated: obscure.—v.t. to illuminate faintly.—Twilight of the gods, the same as Ragnarök (q.v.). [Lit. ''tween light,' A.S. twí-, from twá, two, and light.]

Twill, twil, or Tweel, twēl, n. a woven fabric, in which the warp is raised one thread, and depressed two or more threads for the passage of the weft—thus giving a curious appearance of diagonal lines: a fabric with a twill.—v.t. to weave with a twill. [Low Ger. twillen, to make double, twill, a forked branch; cf. Sw. tvilling, twin, Ger. zwillich, twill.]

Twilled, twild, adj. (Shak., Tempest, iv. 64) a dubious word, either 'hedged,' from twill, to weave with a twill, or more probably 'covered with reeds or sedges,' from obsolete twill, a reed.

Twilly, twil′i, n. a cotton-cleaning machine: willowing-machine. [Willow.]

Twin, twin, v.i. (obs.) to be parted in twain.—v.t. to part in twain: to deprive. [See next word.]

Twin, twin, n. a pair: one of two born at a birth: one very like another: a union of two similar crystals, or of two halves of one crystal holding a reversed position to each other, as if one had been turned half round about an axis (the twinning axis), perpendicular to a plane (the twinning plane), which is not for either a plane of symmetry.—adj. twofold, double: being one of two born at a birth: very like another: consisting of two parts nearly alike.—v.t. to couple, mate.—v.i. to be born at the same birth: to bring forth two at once: to be paired or suited:—pr.p. twin′ning; pa.p. twinned.—adj. Twin′-born, born at the same birth.—ns. Twin′-broth′er, one of two brothers who are twins; Twin′-flower, a slender, creeping evergreen—Linnæa borealis; Twin′ling.—adj. Twinned, produced at one birth: united.—ns. Twin′ning; Twin′-screw, a steam-vessel with two propellers on separate shafts; Twin′ship; Twin′-sis′ter, one of two sisters who are twins.—The Twins, the constellation Gemini. [A.S. getwinn, twinn, double—twí, two.]

Twine, twīn, n. a cord composed of two or more threads twisted together: a twist: an intertwining.—v.t. to wind, as two threads together: to twist together: to wind about: to encircle: to blend, intermingle.—v.i. to unite closely: to bend: to make turns: to ascend spirally round a support.—ns. Twine′-hold′er, a case for holding a ball of twine to be unwinded as required; Twī′ner, one who, or that which, twines.—adj. Twī′ning, twisting, winding.—adv. Twī′ningly. [A.S. twín, double-thread (Dut. twijn)—twí-, double.]

Twinge, twinj, v.t. to twitch or pinch: to affect with a sharp, sudden pain.—v.i. to have or suffer a sudden, sharp pain, like a twitch.—n. a twitch, a pinch: a sudden, sharp pain. [M. E. twingen, cog. with Ger. zwingen, to constrain; also with Ger. zwangen, to press.]

Twinkle, twing′kl, v.i. to blink: to shine with a trembling, sparkling light: to sparkle: to open and shut the eyes rapidly: to quiver.—ns. Twink′le, Twink′ling, a quick motion of the eye: the time occupied by a wink: an instant: the scintillation of the fixed stars; Twink′ler. [A.S. twinclian.]

Twire, twīr, v.i. (obs.) to glance obliquely: (Shak.) to twinkle, to gleam—also Tweer.—n. a shy look. [Cf. Bavarian zwiren, to spy, glance. Cf. Queer and Thwart.]

Twire, twīr, v.t. (obs.) to twist, twirl. [Perh. conn. with A.S. thweran, to stir, churn; cf. Old High Ger. dweran, to stir.]

Twirl, twėrl, v.t. to turn round rapidly, esp. with the fingers.—v.i. to turn round rapidly: to be whirled round.—n. a whirl: a rapid circular motion.—n. Twirl′er.—Twirl one's thumbs, to do nothing, be idle. [A.S. thwirel, a whisk for whipping milk—thweran, to churn, stir; Ger. quirl, querl, a stirring-spoon; cf. Ice. thvara, a stick for stirring, Gr. toryne, L. trua.]

Twissel, twis′l, adj. (obs.) double.—n. anything double.—adj. Twiss′el-tongued, double-tongued.

Twist, twist, v.t. to twine: to unite or form by winding together: to form from several threads: to encircle with something: to wreathe: to wind spirally: to turn from the true form or meaning: to fabricate, compose: to cause to move spirally, to bend: to wrest, wrench: to insinuate.—v.i. to be united by winding: to be bent, to move spirally: to revolve: to writhe.—n. that which is twisted: a cord: a single thread: manner of twisting: a contortion: a small roll of tobacco: a strong silk thread: (obs.) coarse cloth: a wrench, strain: a peculiar bent, perversion: (slang) a mixed drink, also an appetite for food.—adjs. Twist′able; Twist′ed.—n. Twīst′er, one who, or that which, twists: a whirling wind, a tornado: the inner part, of the thigh of a rider on horseback: a ball, as in cricket, billiards, &c., sent with a twist.—v.t. Twist′le (Scot.), to twist.—n. a wrench.—Twist of the wrist, the turning movement of the wrist in any work requiring dexterity, any quick action. [A.S. twist, a rope—twí-, two; Ger. zwist, discord.]

Twit, twit, v.t. to remind of some fault, &c.:—pr.p. twit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. twit′ted.—n. a reproach.—n. Twit′ter.—adj. Twit′ting.—adv. Twit′tingly, in a twitting manner. [A.S. æt-witan, to reproach—æt, against, witan (Scot. wyte, Ger. ver-weisen), to blame.]

Twitch, twich, v.t. to pull with a sudden jerk: to pluck: to snatch.—v.i. to be suddenly jerked: to move spasmodically: to carp, sneer.—n. a sudden, quick pull: a spasmodic contraction of the muscles: a loop fixed to a stick for fixing on the upper lip of a refractory horse during shoeing, &c.: the sudden narrowing almost to nothing of a vein of ore.—ns. Twitch′er; Twitch′ing. [A.S. twiccian, to pluck; Ger. zwicken.]

Twitter, twit′ėr, n. a chirp, as of a bird: a tremulous broken sound: a slight trembling of the nerves.—v.i. to make a succession of small tremulous noises: to feel a slight trembling of the nerves, to palpitate.—v.t. to chirp out.—ns. Twitterā′tion, a flutter; Twitt′ering, act of twittering: the sound of twittering: nervous excitement.—adv. Twitt′eringly. [A freq. of twit, allied to titter, &c.; cf. Ger. zwitschern, Sw. qvittra.]

Twitter-bone, twit′ėr-bōn, n. an excrescence on a horse's hoof.—adj. Twitt′er-boned, shaky.

Two, tōō, adj. one and one.—n. the sum of one and one: a figure representing two: a pair.—n. Two′-deck′er, a vessel of war carrying guns on two decks.—adjs. Two′-edged, having two edges; Two′-faced, having two faces, hence double-dealing, false; Two′fold, folded twice: multiplied by two: double.—adv. doubly.—adjs. Two′-forked, Twī′-forked, double-pronged, bifurcate; Two′-front′ed, having fronts on opposite sides; Two′-hand′ed, having, or used with, two hands: ambidexterous, handy: to be used by two persons; Two′-head′ed, having two heads: directed by two authorities; Two′-leaved, having two distinct leaves; Two′-legged, furnished with two legs; Two′-line (print.), having a depth of body equal to double that of the size specified, as two-line nonpareil or pica; Two′-lipped, having two lips: divided so as to resemble two lips; Two′-mast′ed, having two masts; Two′-nee′dle, perforated with two needles.—n. Two′ness, the state of being two, doubleness.—adj. Two′-part′ed, bipartite, divided into two nearly to the base.—n. Twopence (tup′ens, or tōō′pens), the sum of two pennies: (Shak.) a gilt coin worth two pence.—adj. Twopenny (tup′en-i, or tōō′pen-i), of the value of twopence: cheap, worthless.—n. ale sold at twopence a quart.—adjs. Two′-ply, consisting of two thicknesses: woven double; Two′-ranked, alternately arranged in two exactly opposite rows, distichous, bifarious; Two′-sid′ed, having two surfaces, or two aspects or phases: facing two ways, turned in two directions, often with implied sense of double-dealing or deceit; Two′some, two, twofold; Two′-tongued, double-tongued, deceitful; Two′-way, arranged so as to permit a fluid to be turned into either of two channels: (math.) having a double mode of variation; Twī′-nā′tured, Twy′-nā′tured, double natured—human and animal in one.—Be two, to be at variance; In two, asunder. [A.S. twá (fem.), twégen (masc.), twa, tú (neut.); Ger. zwei, Goth. twai; also Gr. dyo, L. duo, Sans. dva, Gael. da, do.]

Twyer, twī′ėr, n. a tube through which the blast of air enters a blast-furnace.—Also Tuy′ere, Tweer, Tuy′er, Twi′er. [Fr. tuyère, a nozzle.]

Tyburn, tī′burn, n. the historic place of execution in London.—ns. Ty′burn-tick′et, a certificate of exemption from certain parochial offices formerly granted to the prosecutor of a felon to conviction; Ty′burn-tipp′et, a halter; Ty′burn-tree, the gallows.

Tychonic, tī-kon′ik, adj. pertaining to the Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), or his system.

Tycoon, tī-kōōn′, n. the title by which the Shoguns of Japan were known to foreigners from 1854 to 1868.—n. Tycoon′āte, the shogunate. [Jap. taikun, great prince—Chin. ta, great, kiun, prince.]

Tye, tī, v.t. to wash ore in a tye.—n. a narrow buddle or inclined hutch for washing ore. [Prob. A.S. thweán, to wash.]

Tye, tī, n. an old form of tie: a runner of thick rope or chain, which forms part of the purchase used for hoisting the topsail and top-gallant yards.—ns. Tye′-block, the block on the yard through which the tye is rove, and passes on to be secured at the masthead; Ty′ing, the act of fastening, a fastening.

Tylarus, til′a-rus, n. one of the fleshy pads of the toe:—pl. Tyl′arī. [Gr. tylos, a knot.]

Tylopod, tī′lō-pod, adj. having padded digits, as the camel.—n. one of the Tylopoda. [Gr. tylos, a knot, pous, podos, a foot.]

Tylosis, tī-lō′sis, n. (bot.) a growth formed in the cavity of a duct by intrusion from a contiguous growing cell: an inflammation of the eyelids: callosity:—pl. Tylō′ses.—adj. Tylot′ic. [Gr.]

Tylote, tī′lōt, n. a cylindrical spicule, knobbed at both ends.—adj. Ty′lōtāte. [Gr. tylōtos—tylos, a knot.]

Tymp, timp, n. the crown of the opening in front of the hearth in a blast-furnace.

Tympan, tim′pan, n. an ancient Irish musical instrument: a frame covered with parchment or cloth, on which the blank sheets are placed to be impressed. [Fr.,—L. tympanum, a drum.]

Tympanum, tim′pan-um, n. (anat.) the membrane which separates the external from the internal ear, often called the drum of the ear: in certain birds, the labyrinth at the bottom of the windpipe: (archit.) the triangular space between sloping and horizontal cornices, or in the corners or sides of an arch: the panel of a door: a water-raising current wheel, originally drum-shaped.—adjs. Tym′panal, Tympan′ic, like a drum: pertaining to the tympanum.—n. a bone of the ear, supporting the drum-membrane.—adj. Tym′paniform, like a tympanum.—ns. Tym′panist, one who plays a drum; Tympanī′tēs, flatulent distension of the belly.—adj. Tympanit′ic.—ns. Tympanī′tis, inflammation of the membrane of the ear; Tym′pany, any swelling, turgidity: tympanites.—Tympanic membrane, the drum-membrane of the ear; Tympanic resonance, the peculiar high-pitched quality of sound produced by percussion over the intestines, &c., when they contain air; Tympanic ring, an annular tympanic bone, to which the tympanic membrane is attached. [L.,—Gr. tympanon, typanon, a kettledrum—typtein, to strike.]

Tynewald, Tinewald, tin′wold, n. the parliament of the Isle of Man. [Cf. Shetland tingwall—Ice. thing-völlr—ting, a parliament, völlr, a wood.]

Type, tīp, n. a mark or figure struck or stamped upon something: an emblem or figure of something to come, esp. the foreshadowing in the Old Testament of something realised in the New (the antitype): an exemplar, pattern: a representative style, model: the principal device on a coin or medal: a model in nature made the subject of a copy: (nat. hist.) that which combines best the characteristics of a group: the order in which the symptoms of a disease exhibit themselves: a chemical compound which represents the composition and structure of many more complex compounds, esp. Gerhardt's four types—hydrochloric acid, water, ammonia, and marsh-gas: a piece of metal, wood, or other material, on one end of which is cast or engraved a character, sign, &c. used in printing (the sizes are designated by different names in respect of their body—i.e. the depths of the face which comes in contact with the ink plus the bevel and beard.

Again, differences in width render the type fat or lean, or, if strongly marked, extended or condensed; differences in style or face are endless—Roman and Italic compose the text of all books in English; Antique (1), Gothic (2), Clarendon (3), and Black-letter (4) are approved styles for display. In America types are designated according to the number of 'points' of which the body consists. The point is 1⁄12 of a Pica; Nonpareil would accordingly be called six points. On the Continent the point is 1⁄12 of a Cicero, a body between Pica and English): the whole types used in printing.—v.t. to constitute a type of: to reproduce in type: to typify.—adj. Ty′pal.—ns. Type′-bar, a line of type cast in one piece, as in a linotype or typograph; Type′-block, a body of metal or wood on which a type is cut or cast; Type′-cast′ing, the act of founding type in moulds; Type′-cut′ter, one who engraves dies for printing-types; Type′-cyl′inder, the cylinder of a rotary printing-machine on which types or plates are fastened for printing; Type′-found′er, one who founds or casts printers' type; Type′-found′ing; Type′-found′ry, a place where type is founded or manufactured; Type′-gauge, a type-measure: a gauge for estimating the size of type.—adj. Type′-high, of the standard height of type—of a woodcut, &c.—ns. Type′-hold′er, a bookbinder's pallet or holder for use in hand-stamping; Typem′bryo, an embryo at the stage when it first exhibits the type of structure of the phylum or sub-kingdom to which it belongs; Type′-met′al, metal used for making types, a compound of tin, antimony, copper, and lead; Type′-scale, a measuring-rod for type; Type′-set′ter, a compositor: a machine which combines types in proper order for printing; Type′-set′ting.—v.t. and v.i. Type′write, to produce by means of a typewriter: to practise typewriting.—ns. Type′writer, a machine for producing legible characters on paper by mechanical means without the use of a pen: an operator on a typewriting machine; Type′writing.—adjs. Typ′ic, -al, pertaining to, or constituting, a type: emblematic: figurative: (nat. hist.) combining the characteristics of a group: connotative, indicative.—n. Typical′ity.—adv. Typ′ically.—ns. Typ′icalness; Typificā′tion; Typifī′er.—v.t. Typ′ify, to make a type of: to represent by an image or resemblance: to prefigure:—pa.p. and pa.t. typ′ifīed.—ns. Ty′pist, one who uses a typewriter; Typo (tī′pō), a compositor; Ty′pocosmy (Bacon), universal terminology; Ty′pograph, a machine for making and setting type; Typog′rapher, a printer; Typograph′ia (pl.), miscellany relating to printers and printing: (sing.) a book of instruction in printing.—adjs. Typograph′ic, -al, pertaining to typography or printing.—adv. Typograph′ically.—ns. Typog′raphist, a student of typography; Typog′raphy, the art of printing: (orig.) the art of representing by types or symbols: the general appearance of printed matter.—adj. Typolog′ical, pertaining to typology.—ns. Typol′ogy, the doctrine of Scripture types or figures; Typomā′nia, a craze for printing one's lucubrations.—Type genus (biol.), a generic type; Type species (biol.), a specific type.—Unity of type, the fundamental agreement in structure seen in organic beings of the same class or order. [Fr. type—L. typus—Gr. typos—typtein, to strike.]

Typha, tī′fa, n. one of two distinct reed-like plants called Bulrush. [Gr. typhē, cat-tail.]

Typhlitis, tif-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the cæcum and vermiform appendix—also Typhloënterī′tis.—adj. Typhlit′ic. [Gr. typhlos, blind.]

Typhoëan, tī-fō′ē-an, adj. pertaining to Typhoëus, a monster of Greek mythology, buried under Etna.

Typhoid, tī′foid, adj. pertaining to a widely-spread form of enteric or intestinal fever, long confounded with typhus, on account of the characteristic rash of rose-coloured spots—now proved to depend on defective hygienic conditions, and particularly on imperfect disposal of excreta—also Typhoid Fever.—adjs. Ty′phoidal; Typhomalā′rial, having both typhoid and malarial characteristics.—n. Typhomā′nia, a form of sleepless stupor and delirium in some cases of typhus fever—also Typhō′nia. [Gr. typhōdēs—typhos, smoke, eidos, likeness. Cf. Typhus.]

Typhoon, tī-fōōn′, n. a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas.—adj. Typhon′ic. [Port. tufão—Ar., Pers., Hind. tūfān, a hurricane, perh. traceable to Gr. typhōn, whence obs. Eng. typhon, a whirlwind. The Chinese t'ai fung, a great wind, pao fung, fierce wind, are prob. independent.]

Typhus, tī′fus, n. an extremely contagious and very fatal kind of continued fever, specially associated with filth and overcrowding, often occurring as an epidemic—Jail-fever, Camp-fever, &c.—adj. Ty′phous, relating to typhus. [Through Late L. from Gr. typhos, smoke, hence stupor arising from fever—typhein, to smoke.]

Typolite, tip′ō-līt, n. a stone or fossil imprinted with the impression of a plant or animal. [Gr. typos, impression, lithos, stone.]

Typonym, tī′pō-nim, n. a name based upon a type, as a specimen or species.—adjs. Typon′ymal, Typonym′ic. [Gr. typos, type, onyma, name.]

Typorama, tip-ō-rä′ma, n. a model or representation in fac-simile. [Gr. typos, type, horama, view.]

Typtology, tip-tol′ō-ji, n. the so-called science or theory of spirit-rapping.—adj. Typtolog′ical.—n. Typtol′ogist, one by whose means spirit-rappings are alleged to be induced: one who professes to believe in the genuineness of these. [Gr. typtein, to strike, logia—legein, to say.]

Tyr, tir, n. the name of a war-god in the old Norse mythology, a son of Odin. [Ice. Týr.]

Tyrant, tī′rant, n. one who uses his power arbitrarily and oppressively: (orig.) an absolute monarch or irresponsible magistrate with unlimited powers or an overruling influence.—v.t. to tyrannise over.—n. Ty′ran (Spens.), a tyrant.—v.t. to play the tyrant over.—n. Tyr′anness (Spens.), a female tyrant.—adjs. Tyran′nic, -al, Tyr′annous, pertaining to or suiting a tyrant: unjustly severe: imperious: despotic.—advs. Tyran′nically, Tyr′annously.—n. Tyran′nicalness.—adj. Tyran′nicidal.—n. Tyran′nicide, the act of killing a tyrant: one who kills a tyrant.—n.pl. Tyran′nidæ, a family of Passerine birds, the typical genus Tyran′nus, the tyrant-birds or tyrant-flycatchers.—v.i. Tyr′annise, to act as a tyrant: to rule with oppressive severity.—v.t. to act the tyrant to.—adj. Tyr′annish.—n. Tyr′anny, the government or authority of a tyrant: absolute monarchy cruelly administered: oppression: cruelty: harshness. [O. Fr. tirant (Fr. tyran)—L. tyrannns—Gr. tyrannos (Doric koiranos).]

Tyrian, tir′i-an, adj. pertaining to Tyre: deep-purple, like the dye formerly prepared at Tyre.—n. a native of Tyre.—Tyrian cynosure, the constellation Ursa Minor, a familiar guide to Tyrian mariners.

Tyriasis, ti-rī′a-sis, n. elephantiasis Arabum: the falling out of the hair.—Also Tyrō′ma. [Gr. tyros, cheese.]

Tyro, Tiro, tī′rō, n. one learning any art: one not yet well acquainted with a subject:—pl. Ty′ros.—ns. Tyroc′iny, pupilage (see Tirocinium); Ty′ronism, state of being a tyro. [L. tiro, a young recruit.]

Tyrolese, tir-ol-ēz′, adj. relating to Tyrol, or to its people.—n. a native of Tyrol.—n. Tyrolienne′, a Tyrolese peasants' dance, or its music.

Tyrotoxicon, tī-rō-tok′si-kon, n. a ptomaine in milk or cheese. [Gr. tyros, cheese, toxicon, poison.]

Tyrrhenian, ti-rē′ni-an, adj. Etruscan—also Tyrrhēne′.—n. an Etruscan.—Tyrrhenian Sea, that part of the Mediterranean between Tuscany and Sardinia and Corsica. [Gr. Tyrrhēnia, Etruria.]

Tyrtæan, tir-tē′an, adj. of or pertaining to Tyrtæus, a Greek martial poet of the 7th century B.C.

Tzigany, tsig′a-ni, n. a Hungarian gipsy.—adj. [Hung. Cigany, Gipsy; cf. It. Zingano, Zingaro, Ger. Zigeuner.]

the twenty-first letter and the fifth vowel in our alphabet—evolving amongst the Greeks as V, with the value of u. From V, the lapidary and capital form, the uncial and cursive forms U and u were developed, gradually V becoming appropriated as the symbol for the consonant, and the medial form u as the symbol for the vowel.

Uberous, ū′ber-us, adj. (Browning) yielding abundance, fruitful.—n. U′berty, fruitfulness. [L. uber.]

Ubiquity, ū-bik′wi-ti, n. existence everywhere at the same time: omnipresence.—ns. Ubī′ety, the state of being in a definite place, whereness: omnipresence; Ubiquitā′rian, one who believes in the relative omnipresence of the human nature of Christ, and accordingly in His actual necessary bodily presence in the Eucharist.—adj. omnipresent—also adj. and n. Ubiquā′rian (rare).—adjs. Ubiq′uitous, Ubiq′uitary, being everywhere.—adv. Ubiq′uitously. [Fr. ubiquité, formed from L. ubique, everywhere.]

Udal, ū′dal, adj. applied to land held solely by uninterrupted succession, under no feudal superior.—n. a freehold estate.—n. U′daller, a holder of such. [Ice. ódhal, a homestead.]

Udder, ud′ėr, n. the mammary glands of various animals, esp. cows, &c.—adjs. Udd′ered; Udd′erful; Udd′erless. [A.S. úder; cog. with Ger. euter; also conn. with L. uber, Gr. outhar.]

Udometer, ū-dom′e-tėr, n. a rain-gauge.—adj. Udomet′ric. [L. udus, wet, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Ug, ug, n. (prov.) a surfeit.—v.i. to feel a loathing.—v.t. to give a surfeit to. [Ice. uggr, fear.]

Ugly, ug′li, adj. offensive to the eye: deformed: hateful: ill-natured: very severe, dangerous, as an ugly wound.—n. (coll.) an ugly person: a hood formerly worn by ladies as a shade for the eyes.—v.t. (rare) to make ugly.—n. Uglificā′tion.—v.t. Ug′lify, to make ugly.—adv. Ug′lily, in an ugly manner.—n. Ug′liness.—adj. Ug′some, hideous.—n. Ug′someness.—Ugly customer, a dangerous antagonist; Ugly man, the actual person who garrottes the victim in a confederacy of three, the others, the fore-stall and back-stall, covering his escape. [Ice. uggligr, frightful, uggr, fear; akin to Goth. ogan, A.S. oge, fear.]

Ugrian, ōō′gri-an, adj. pertaining to the Ugrians, a name used by Castrén for Ostiaks, Voguls, and Magyars belonging to the Ugro-Finnic division of the Ural-Altaic peoples.—Also Ug′ric.

Uhlan, ū′lan, n. one of a kind of light cavalry for outpost duty, &c., armed with a lance, famous esp. in the Prussian army. [Polish ulan, orig. a light Tartar horseman—Turk, oglān, a young man.]

Ukase, ū-kās′, n. a Russian decree having the force of law, emanating from the Czar directly or from the senate: any official proclamation. [Russ. ukazŭ, an edict—y-, prefix, kazatĭ, show.]

Ulcer, ul′sėr, n. a dangerous sore, discharging matter: (fig.) a sore, a strain.—v.i. Ul′cerate, to be formed into an ulcer.—v.t to affect with an ulcer or ulcers.—n. Ulcerā′tion, that part or effect of an inflammatory process in which the materials of inflamed tissues, liquefied or degenerate, are cast off, in solution or very minute particles, from free surfaces, or, more rarely, are absorbed from the substance of the body: an ulcer.—adjs. Ul′cered, affected with an ulcer; Ul′cerous, of the nature of an ulcer: affected with an ulcer.—adv. Ul′cerously, in an ulcerous manner.—n. Ul′cerousness. [Fr. ulcère—L. ulcus, ulcĕris; Gr. helkos, a wound.]

Ulema, ōō′le-ma, n. the collective name (which can not be used as a singular) of the body of professional theologians and doctors of divinity, and therefore of law, in any Mohammedan country. [Ar., plur. of ‛âlim, learned.]

Ulex, ū′leks, n. a genus of shrubs of the Bean family, including the furze, gorse, or whin. [L.]

Uliginose, ū-lij′i-nōs, adj. growing in swampy places.—Also Ulig′inous. [L. uliginosus—uligo—uvēre, to be wet.]

Ulitis, ū-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the gums.—ns. Ulon′cus, swelling of the gums; Ulorrhā′gia, bleeding from the gums. [Gr. oula, gums.]

Ullage, ul′āj, n. the quantity a cask lacks of being full.—n. Ull′ing. [O. Fr. eullage—œiller, to fill up, prob. from L. ova, the brim.]

Ulmaceous, ul-mā′shus, adj. relating to an order of trees of which the elm is the type.—adjs. Ul′mic, Ul′mous, pertaining to ulmin.—ns. Ul′min, a dark-brown gummy substance exuded from excrescences in the elm, oak, &c., and present in peat, vegetable mould, &c.; Ul′mus, the genus of the elms. [L. ulmus, an elm.]

Ulna, ul′na, n. the inner and larger of the two bones of the forearm:—pl. Ul′næ.—adv. Ul′nad, toward the ulna.—adj. Ul′nar.—n. Ulnā′re, an element of the primitive carpus situated on the ulnar side—represented in man by the cuneiform bone:—pl. Ulnā′ria. [L. ulna; Eng. ell.]

Ulodendron, ū-lō-den′dron, n. a genus of fossil trees with lepidodendroid cortical scars.

Ulosis, ū-lō′sis, n. the process by which a scar is formed, cicatrisation. [Gr. oulē, a scar.]

Ulotrichous, ū-lot′ri-kus, adj. having crisp woolly hair.—adj. and n. Ulot′richan:—ns.pl. Ulot′richi, Ulot′riches. [Gr. oulos, woolly, thrix, trichos, hair.]

Ulster, ul′stėr, n. a long and loose kind of overcoat worn by men and women, usually having a hood and belt.—n. Ul′ster-cus′tom, the form of tenant-right long customary in Ulster, and legalised by statute in 1870 and 1881 (see Tenant-right).—adj. Ul′stered, wearing an ulster.

Ulterior, ul-tē′ri-or, adj. on the further side: beyond: in the future: remoter, beyond what is seen or avowed.—adv. Ultē′riorly, in an ulterior or remote manner. [L. ulterior (comp. of ulter), that is beyond or on the other side.]

Ultimate, ul′ti-māt, adj. furthest: last: incapable of further division.—adv. Ul′timately.—n. Ultimā′tum, the final proposition or terms for a treaty:—pl. Ultimā′ta.—adj. Ul′timo, in the last (month).—n. Ul′timo-gen′iture, the same as Borough-English (q.v.)—opp. to Primogeniture.—Ultimus hæres (law), the crown or the state, which succeeds to the property of those who die intestate, without leaving next of kin, or who, being bastards, have no next of kin. [L. ultimus, the last, superl. of ulter.]

Ultra, ul′tra, adj. going beyond, extreme—in composition, as in Ultra-classical, Ultra-fashionable, Ultra-conservative, Ultra-critical, &c.—n. an ultraist: a fanatic.—ns. Ul′traism, the principles of ultraists; Ul′traist, one who carries to extremes the opinions or principles of his party.—Ultra vī′res, beyond one's power or rights. [L. ultra, beyond, vires, pl. of vis, strength.]

Ultramarine, ul-tra-ma-rēn′, adj. situated beyond the sea.—n. the most beautiful and durable sky-blue colour, so called either from its intense blue, or from the lapis lazuli, from which it is made, being brought from Asia, beyond the sea.

Ultramontane, ul-tra-mon′tān, adj. being beyond the mountains (i.e. the Alps): originally used in Italy of the French, Germans, &c.; afterwards applied by the northern nations to the Italians, hence its present meaning—viz. holding or denoting extreme views as to the Pope's rights and supremacy.—ns. Ultramon′tanism, ultramontane or extreme views as to the Pope's rights; Ultramon′tanist, one who holds to ultramontanism. [L. ultra, beyond, montanus—mons, montis, a mountain.]

Ultramundane, ul-tra-mun′dān, adj. being beyond the world, or beyond the limits of our system.

Ultra-protestant, ul′tra-prot′es-tant, n. a supporter of extreme Protestant views.—Also adj.

Ultra-sensual, ul′tra-sen′sū-al, adj. beyond the range or reach of the senses.

Ultra-tropical, ul′tra-trop′ik-al, adj. situated beyond the tropics: warmer than the tropics.

Ultroneous, ul-trō′nē-us, adj. spontaneous, voluntary.—adv. Ultrō′neously.—n. Ultrō′neousness. [L. ultro, spontaneously.]

Ululant, ul′ū-lant, adj. howling.—v.i. Ul′ulāte, to hoot or screech.—n. Ululā′tion, howling, wailing. [L. ululāre, to hoot.]

Umbel, um′bel, n. a form of flower in which a number of stalks, each bearing a flower, radiate from one centre.—adjs. Um′bellate, -d, bearing umbels.—n. Umbell′ifer, any plant of the parsley family.—adj. Umbellif′erous, bearing or producing umbels.—n. Um′bellule, a secondary umbel. [L. umbella, dim. of umbra, a shade.]

Umber, um′bėr, n. a brown earthy mineral used as a pigment.—adjs. Um′bered, tinged with umber; Um′bery, relating to, or like, umber. [Umbria.]

Umbilic, -al, um-bil′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to the navel.—adjs. Umbil′icate, -d, navel-shaped.—n. Umbil′icus, the navel: a depression at the axial base of a spiral shell, as in many gasteropods.—Umbilical cord, the navel-string; Umbilical duct, the passage connecting the umbilical vesicle with the primitive intestine; Umbilical hernia, the protrusion of a part through or near the umbilicus; Umbilical region, the middle portion of the abdomen. [L. umbilīcus, the navel; Gr. omphalos.]

Umbles, um′blz, n.pl. the entrails of a deer.—n. Um′ble-pie (see Humble-pie). [O. Fr. nombles (with initial n for l), from lomble—le, the article, omble—L. umbilicus, the navel. The Eng. form numbles, by loss of initial n, as in numpire, &c., became umbles, sometimes written humbles, whence humble-pie, now associated in popular etymology and meaning with humble=low.]

Umbo, um′bō, n. the boss of a shield: a knob: the point of a bivalve shell immediately above the hinge:—pl. Umbō′nes, Um′bos.—adjs. Um′bōnal, protuberant; Um′bōnāte, -d (bot.), having a central umbo, boss, or low rounded projection.—n. Umbonā′tion.—adjs. Umbon′ic; Umbon′ulate. [L.]

Umbra, um′bra, n. a shadow: (astron.) the dark cone projected from a planet or satellite on the side opposite to the sun: an uninvited guest whom an invited one brings with him: one of the Umbridæ, the mud-minnows: a sciænoid fish, the umbrine.—adjs. Um′bral, pertaining to an umbra; Um′brāted (her.), shadowed; (obs.) Umbrat′ic, -al, Um′bratile, shadowy, secluded.—ns. Umbrā′tion, adumbration; Um′brere, Um′briere (Spens.), the visor of a helmet.—adj. Umbrif′erous, casting a shade. [L.]

Umbraculum, um-brak′ū-lum, n. (bot.) any umbrella-shaped appendage, as the cap borne on the seta of Marchantia.—adjs. Umbrac′ulate, nearly covered by a projecting process, as the face of some Orthoptera; Umbraculif′erous, bearing an umbraculum; Umbrac′uliform, having the general form of an umbrella, as a mushroom.

Umbrage, um′brāj, n. suspicion of injury: offence: a shade of foliage: a slight appearance.—v.t. to shade.—adj. Umbrā′geous, shady or forming a shade.—adv. Umbrā′geously.—n. Umbrā′geousness. [Fr. ombrage—L. umbra, a shadow.]

Umbrella, um-brel′a, n. a familiar covered sliding frame carried in the hand, as a screen from rain or sunshine.—n. Umbrell′a-bird, a fruit-crow of South America, so called from its radiating crest.—adj. Umbrellaed (um-brel′äd), provided with an umbrella.—ns. Umbrell′a-grass, an Australian grass with millet-like seeds; Umbrell′a-stand, a stand in the hall of a house for holding umbrellas; Umbrell′a-tree, a small magnolia of the United States. [It. ombrella, dim. of ombra, a shade—L. umbra.]

Umbrette, um-bret′, n. the umber-bird, found in Africa and Madagascar, remarkable for the enormous domed nest which it builds.

Umbrian, um′bri-an, adj. pertaining to Umbria, in central Italy.—n. a native thereof: the old language, akin to Latin, Sabine, and Oscan, to some extent preserved in the Eugubine tablets.

Umbril, um′bril, n. the visor or face-defence of a helmet, the shade.—Also Um′brel.

Umiak, ōōm′yak, n. the large skin boat of the Eskimo, capable of carrying from 1½ to 3 tons.

Umlaut, ōōm′lowt, n. Grimm's word for a vowel-change in the Teutonic languages brought about on a preceding vowel by the vowel i (or e) modifying the first in the direction of e or i—German gänse, the plural of gans, &c.

Umpire, um′pīr, n. a third person called in to decide a dispute: an arbitrator.—v.i. to act as umpire.—v.t. to decide as umpire.—ns. Um′pirage, Um′pireship. [For numpire; M. E. nompere—O. Fr. nompair—non, not, pair, a peer. From the sense of 'unequal,' 'odd,' the meaning passes to an odd man, an arbitrator, a third party, who gives his casting vote.]

Umquhile, um′hwīl, adv. and adj. a Scotch form of Um′while, formerly, late, whilom.

Unable, un-ā′bl, adj. not able: not having sufficient strength, power, or skill: weak: impotent.

Unaccented, un-ak-sent′ed, adj. without accent or stress in pronunciation: not marked with an accent.

Unacceptable, un-ak-sept′a-bl, adj. not acceptable, not pleasing or welcome.—n. Unaccept′ableness.

Unaccommodated, un-a-kom′ō-dāt-ed, adj. not accommodated, unfurnished with accommodation.—adj. Unaccomm′odating, not compliant.

Unaccompanied, un-a-kum′pa-nid, adj. not accompanied, escorted, or attended: not connected: (mus.) having no instrumental accompaniment.

Unaccomplished, un-ak-kum′plisht, adj. unfinished: lacking accomplishments or acquirements.—n. Unaccom′plishment.

Unaccountable, un-ak-kownt′a-bl, adj. not accountable or to be accounted for: not responsible.—ns. Unaccountabil′ity, Unaccount′ableness, the state or quality of being unaccountable.—adv. Unaccount′ably, inexplicably.

Unaccustomed, un-a-kus′tomd, adj. not accustomed or used.—n. Unaccus′tomedness.

Unacknowledged, un-ak-nol′ejd, adj. not acknowledged or recognised: not confessed: not noticed.—adj. Unacknowl′edging, unthankful.

Unacquaintance, un-ak-kwānt′ans, n. want of acquaintance: ignorance.—adj. Unacquaint′ed, not acquainted: (Spens.) unusual.—n. Unacquaint′edness.

Unacquired, un-a-kwīrd′, adj. not acquired or gained.—adj. Unacquir′able, not acquirable.—n. Unacquir′ableness.

Unacted, un-ak′ted, adj. not acted or performed.—adj. Unac′tive, inactive: without efficacy.

Unadmire, un-ad-mīr′, v.t. not to admire.—adj. Unadmired′, not admired.

Unadvised, un-ad-vīzd′, adj. not advised: not prudent or discreet: rash.—n. Unadvīsabil′ity.—adj. Unadvīs′able, not advisable.—n. Unadvīs′ableness.—advs. Unadvīs′ably; Unadvīs′edly.—n. Unadvīs′edness, imprudence: rashness.

Unaffected, un-af-fekt′ed, adj. not affected or moved: without affectation: not affected or artificial: plain: real: sincere.—adv. Unaffect′edly, in an unaffected manner: without affectation.—n. Unaffect′edness, the state of being unaffected.

Unagreeable, un-a-grē′a-bl, adj. not agreeable.—n. Unagree′ableness.—adv. Unagree′ably.

Unalienable, un-āl′yen-a-bl, adj. inalienable.—adv. Unāl′ienably.

Unalist, ū′nal-ist, n. one who holds only one benefice—opp. to Pluralist. [L. unus, one.]

Unallied, un-a-līd′, adj. having no alliance or connection.—adj. Unallī′able, incapable of such.

Unalloyed, un-al-loid′, adj. not alloyed or mixed: pure.—Also Unallayed′.

Unalterable, un-awl′tėr-a-bl, adj. not capable of alteration or change.—ns. Unalterabil′ity, Unal′terableness.—adv. Unal′terably.—adj. Unal′tered, not altered or changed.

Unambiguous, un-am-big′ū-us, adj. not ambiguous, clear.—adv. Unambig′uously.—n. Unambig′uousness.

Unambitious, un-am-bish′us, adj. not ambitious.—adv. Unambi′tiously.

Unamendable, un-a-men′da-bl, adj. not capable of being amended or corrected.

Un-American, un-a-mer′i-kan, adj. not in accordance with American ideas or feeling,—v.t. Un-Amer′icanise, to make un-American.

Unamiable, un-ā′mi-a-bl, adj. not amiable, ill-natured.-ns. Unamiabil′ity, Unā′miableness.

Unamused, un-a-mūzd′, adj. not amused.—adj. Unamū′sing.—adv. Unamū′singly.—adj. Unamū′sive, not giving amusement.

Unanchor, un-ang′kor, v.t. to loose from anchorage.—v.i. to become loose or unattached.

Unanealed, Unaneled, un-a-nēld′, adj. (Shak.) not having received extreme unction.

Unanimity, ū-na-nim′i-ti, n. state of being unanimous.—adj. Unan′imous, of one mind: agreeing in opinion or will: done with the agreement of all.—adv. Unan′imously.—n. Unan′imousness, unanimity. [L. unus, one, animus, mind.]

Unanswerable, un-an′sėr-a-bl, adj. not answerable or capable of refutation.—ns. Unanswerabil′ity, Unan′swerableness, the state of being unanswerable.—adv. Unan′swerably, in an unanswerable manner.—adj. Unan′swered, not answered: unrequited.

Unapostolic, -al, un-ap-os-tol′ik, -al, adj. not in accordance with apostolic usage or authority.

Unapparel, un-a-par′el, v.t. to uncover, unclothe.—adj. Unappar′elled, not wearing clothes.

Unappealable, un-a-pēl′a-bl, adj. not admitting of an appeal to a higher court, conclusive, final.

Unappeasable, un-a-pē′za-bl, adj. incapable of being appeased, implacable.—adj. Unappeased′, not appeased or pacified.

Unappliable, un-a-plī′a-bl, adj. inapplicable.—adj. Unapplied′, not put to any special purpose.

Unappreciable, un-a-prē′shi-a-bl, adj. inappreciable.—adjs. Unapprē′ciated, not appreciated; Unapprē′ciātive, inappreciative.

Unapprehended, un-a-prē-hen′ded, adj. not apprehended or understood.—adjs. Unapprehen′sible, inapprehensible; Unapprehen′sive, not apprehensive or fearful: not intelligent.—n. Unapprehen′siveness.

Unapproachable, un-a-prōch′a-bl, adj. that cannot be approached or attained.—n. Unapproach′ableness.—adv. Unapproach′ably.—adj. Unapproached′, not approached, impossible to be approached.

Unappropriate, un-a-prō′pri-āt, adj. inappropriate: unappropriated.—v.t. to take from the possession of individuals and make common to all.—adj. Unapprō′priāted, not appropriated: not applied to any other purpose: not granted to any person, corporation, &c.

Unapt, un-apt′, adj. not suitable or qualified for: dull, inapt.—adv. Unapt′ly.—n. Unapt′ness.

Unarm, un-ärm′, v.t. to deprive of arms, to disarm: to make harmless.—v.i. to take off one's armour.—adjs. Unarmed′, without weapons, defenceless: unprotected by any covering—scales, prickles, &c.: unaided, as by a glass; Unar′moured, not armoured, not plated with armour, of ships.

Unartful, un-ärt′fōōl, adj. artless, genuine: inartistic.—n. Unart′fully.

Unartificial, un-är-ti-fish′al, adj. inartificial.—adv. Unartifi′cially.

Unascendable, un-a-sen′da-bl, adj. that cannot be ascended.—adj. Unascen′ded, not having been ascended.

Unascertainable, un-as-ėr-tān′a-bl, adj. that cannot be ascertained or known certainly.—adj. Unascertained′, not certainly known.

Unaspirated, un-as′pi-rā-ted, adj. pronounced or written without an aspirate.

Unaspiring, un-as-pīr′ing, adj. not aspiring, unambitious.—adv. Unaspir′ingly.

Unassailable, un-a-sā′la-bl, adj. not assailable: incontestable.—adj. Unassailed′, not assailed or attacked.

Unassimilated, un-a-sim′i-lā-ted, adj. not assimilated, not absorbed into the system as nutriment: not brought into conformity with something.

Unassuming, un-a-sūm′ing, adj. not assuming: not forward or arrogant: modest.

Unattached, un-a-tacht′, adj. not attached, as of a student not living in college but in outside lodgings, at Oxford and elsewhere: not seized for debt: not assigned to a particular regiment or company, on half-pay.

Unattainable, un-a-tān′a-bl, adj. beyond one's reach.—n. Unattain′ableness.—adv. Unattain′ably.

Unattended, un-a-tend′ed, adj. not accompanied or attended: not attended to.—adjs. Unattend′ing, not attending; Unattent′ive, inattentive.

Unattractive, un-a-trakt′iv, adj. not attractive.—adv. Unattract′ively.—n. Unattract′iveness.

Unauthentic, un-aw-then′tik, adj. not authentic.—adj. Unauthen′ticāted, not attested.—n. Unauthentic′ity.

Unauthorised, un-aw′thor-īzd, adj. not sanctioned by proper authority.—adj. Unauthor′itātive.

Unavailing, un-a-vāl′ing, adj. not availing, or of no avail or effect: useless.—n. Unavailabil′ity.—adj. Unavail′able, not available.—adv. Unavail′ingly.

Unavoidable, un-a-void′a-bl, adj. not avoidable: that may not be rendered null or void: inevitable.—n. Unavoid′ableness.—adv. Unavoid′ably.—adj. Unavoid′ed, not avoided: (Shak.) unavoidable, inevitable.

Unaware, un-a-wār′, adv. without being or making aware: suddenly: unexpectedly—also Unawares′.—At unawares, unexpectedly, at a sudden disadvantage.

Unbacked, un-bakt′, adj. never yet ridden: without any to help or encourage: not supported by bets, of a racehorse, &c.

Unbalanced, un-bal′anst, adj. not in a state of equipoise: without mental balance, unsteady: (book-k.) not adjusted so as to show debtor and creditor balance.—n. Unbal′ance, want of balance, derangement.—v.t. to throw out of balance.

Unballast, un-bal′ast, v.t. to discharge the ballast from.—adj. Unball′asted, not provided with ballast: unsteady.

Unbank, un-bangk′, v.t. to take a bank from: to make a fire burn up by raking off the ashes from the top, opening draughts, &c.—adj. Unbank′able, not bankable.

Unbaptised, un-bap′tīzd, adj. not having received baptism, unchristian: unholy.

Unbar, un-bär′, v.t. to remove a bar or hinderance from: to unfasten: to open.

Unbarbed, un-bärbd′, adj. (Shak.) not shaven, untrimmed: without barbs or plumes.

Unbarricade, un-bar′i-kād, v.t. to throw open.—adj. Unbarricādoed (-kā′dōd), unobstructed.

Unbearable, un-bār′a-bl, adj. intolerable.—n. Unbear′ableness.—adv. Unbear′ably.

Unbeaten, un-bē′tn, adj. not beaten with blows: untrodden: unconquered.

Unbeauteous, un-bū′tē-us, adj. not beautiful.—adj. Unbeau′tiful, ugly.

Unbeavered, un-bē′vėrd, adj. without a beaver or hat: having the beaver of the helmet open.

Unbecoming, un-bē-kum′ing, adj. not becoming: unsuited to the wearer, the place, &c.: not befitting, indecorous, improper.—adv. Unbecom′ingly.—n. Unbecom′ingness.

Unbecoming, un-bē-kum′ing, n. the transition from existence to non-existence.

Unbed, un-bed′, v.t. to rouse from bed.—adj. Unbed′ded, not yet having had the marriage consummated—of a bride.

Unbefool, un-bē-fōōl′, v.t. to change from the condition of a fool: to undeceive.

Unbefriend, un-bē-frend′, v.t. to fail to befriend.—adj. Unbefrien′ded, not supported by friends.

Unbegotten, un-bē-got′n, adj. not yet begotten: existing independent of any generating cause.—Also Unbegot′.

Unbeknown, un-bē-nōn′, adj. (prov.) unknown.—Also Unbeknownst′.

Unbelief, un-bē-lēf′, n. want of belief: disbelief, esp. in divine revelation.—n. Unbelievabil′ity, incapability of being believed.—adjs. Unbeliev′able; Unbelieved′.—n. Unbeliev′er, one who does not believe, esp. in divine revelation: an incredulous person.—adj. Unbeliev′ing, not believing, esp. divine revelation.—adv. Unbeliev′ingly, in an unbelieving manner.

Unbend, un-bend′, v.t. to free from being in a bent state: to make straight: to free from strain or exertion: to set at ease.—v.i. to become relaxed: to behave with freedom from stiffness, to be affable.—adj. Unbend′ing, not bending: unyielding: resolute.—n. a relaxing.—adv. Unbend′ingly.—n. Unbend′ingness.

Unbeneficial, un-ben-e-fish′al, adj. not advantageous.—adj. Unben′efited, having received no benefit.

Unbenighted, un-bē-nī′ted, adj. not involved in darkness, intellectual or moral.

Unbeseem, un-bē-sēm′, v.t. to be unworthy.—adj. Unbeseem′ing, unbecoming.—adv. Unbeseem′ingly.

Unbias, un-bī′as, v.t. to free from bias or prejudice.—adj. Unbī′assed, free from bias or prejudice: impartial.—adv. Unbī′assedly.—n. Unbī′assedness.

Unbid, un-bid′, adj. (Spens.) not bid or prayed for.—adjs. Unbid′, Unbid′den, not bid or commanded: spontaneous: uninvited.

Unbitt, un-bit′, v.t. (naut.) to take off the turns of a cable from around the bitts.

Unblamable, un-blā′ma-bl, adj. not deserving of blame: faultless.—adv. Unblā′mably.—adj. Unblamed′.

Unbleached, un-blēcht′, adj. not having been bleached.—adj. Unbleach′ing.

Unblemished, un-blem′isht, adj. not blemished or stained: free from reproach or deformity: pure.—adj. Unblem′ishable.

Unblenched, un-blensht′, adj. (Milt.) not startled or confounded.—adj. Unblench′ing, not flinching.

Unbless, un-bles′, v.t. (Shak.) to make unhappy.—adjs. Unblessed′, Unblest′.—n. Unbless′edness.—adj. Unbliss′ful, not blest: unhappy.

Unblock, un-blok′, v.i. at whist, to throw away a high card so as not to interrupt one's partner's long suit.

Unbloody, un-blud′i, adj. not stained by blood, not cruel.—adjs. Unblood′ed, not thoroughbred; Unblood′ied, not made bloody.—adv. Unblood′ily.

Unblown, un-blōn′, adj. not sounded: yet in the bud, not yet having bloomed.

Unblushing, un-blush′ing, adj. not blushing: without shame: impudent.—adv. Unblush′ingly, in an unblushing or impudent manner.

Unbolt, un-bōlt′, v.t. to remove a bolt from: to open.—v.i. to disclose.—adj. Unbolt′ed, not fastened by bolts: not separated by bolting or sifting: coarse.

Unbonnet, un-bon′et, v.t. and v.i. to uncover the head.—adj. Unbonn′eted, with no bonnet on: (Shak.) without taking off the cap, on equal terms.

Unbookish, un-book′ish, adj. not given to reading, ignorant.—Also Unbooked′ (rare).

Unbosom, un-bōōz′um, v.t. to disclose what is in the bosom or mind: to tell freely.—n. Unbos′omer, one who blabs or discloses secrets.

Unbought, un-bawt′, adj. not bought or sold, obtained without buying: not bribed.

Unbound, un-bownd′, adj. not bound: loose: wanting a cover.—adj. Unbound′ed, not bounded or limited: boundless: having no check or control.—adv. Unbound′edly.—n. Unbound′edness.

Unbrace, un-brās′, v.t. to undo the braces or bands of: to loose or relax.—adj. Unbraced′.—n. Unbrā′cedness.

Unbreathed, un-brēthd′, adj. (Shak.) not breathed, not exercised or practised.—adjs. Unbreath′able, not respirable; Unbreath′ing, not breathing.

Unbred, un-bred′, adj. not well-bred: unpolished: rude: (Shak.) not yet born.

Unbreech, un-brēch′, v.t. to free the breech of, as a cannon from its fastenings.

Unbridle, un-brī′dl, v.t. to free from the bridle, to let loose.—adj. Unbrī′dled, unrestrained: licentious.—n. Unbrī′dledness.

Unbroken, un-brō′kn, adj. entire: unsubdued: undisturbed—also Unbroke′ (Shak.).—adv. Unbrō′kenly.—n. Unbrō′kenness.

Unbrotherly, un-bruth′ėr-li, adj. not becoming a brother.—n. Unbroth′erliness.

Unbuckramed, un-buk′ramd, adj. not stiffened with buckram, not stiff, easy.

Unburden, un-bur′dn, v.t. to take a burden off: to free the mind from any weight or anxiety: to disclose—also Unbur′then.—adj. Unbur′dened.

Unburiable, un-ber′i-a-bl, adj. unfit to be buried.—adj. Unbur′ied, not buried.—v.t. Unbur′y, to disinter: to reveal.

Unburned, un-burnd′, adj. not burned, scorched, or baked.—Also Unburnt′.

Uncalled, un-kawld′, adj. not called, uninvited.—Uncalled for, quite unnecessary or superfluous.

Uncandid, un-kan′did, adj. not candid.—adv. Uncan′didly.—ns. Uncan′didness; Uncan′dour.

Uncanny, un-kan′i, adj. weird: unearthly: supposed to possess supernatural powers: dangerous, severe.—adv. Uncann′ily.—n. Uncann′iness.

Uncanonic, -al, un-ka-non′ik, -al, adj. not agreeable to the canons, not according to the canon of Scripture.—n. Uncanon′icalness.—v.t. Uncan′onise, to deprive of canonical authority.—adj. Uncan′onised, not canonised.

Uncap, un-kap′, v.t. to remove a cap from.—v.i. to take off one's cap or hat.

Uncape, un-kāp′, v.t. (Shak.) either to uncouple hounds, to let out of a bag, as a fox, or to throw off the dogs so as to commence the hunt: to unhood, in hawking.

Uncared, un-kārd′, adj. not regarded (with for).—adj. Uncare′ful, not careful or cautious.

Uncase, un-kās′, v.t. to take out of a case: to free from a covering: to flay.—v.i. (Shak.) to undress.

Unceasing, un-sē′sing, adj. not ceasing, continual.—adv. Uncea′singly.

Unceremonious, un-ser-ē-mō′ni-us, adj. not ceremonious, informal.—adv. Unceremō′niously.—n. Unceremō′niousness.

Uncertain, un-sėr′tān, adj. not certain, doubtful: not to be depended upon: not sure of the result.—adv. Uncer′tainly.—ns. Uncer′tainness; Uncer′tainty, state of being uncertain or doubtful: want of certainty: that which is uncertain.

Unchallenged, un-chal′enjd, adj. not challenged or called in question.—adj. Unchall′engeable.—adv. Unchall′engeably.

Unchancy, un-chan′si, adj. (Scot.) unlucky, uncanny: dangerous, inconvenient.—n. Unchance′, misfortune.

Unchangeable, un-chān′ja-bl, adj. not capable of change.—ns. Unchangeabil′ity, Unchange′ableness.—adv. Unchange′ably.—adjs. Unchanged′; Unchan′ging.—adv. Unchan′gingly.

Uncharge, un-chärj′, v.t. to free from a charge or burden: to acquit.—adj. Uncharged′.

Uncharitable, un-char′i-ta-bl, adj. not charitable, harsh in judgment.—n. Unchar′itableness.—adv. Unchar′itably.—n. Unchar′ity, want of charity.

Uncharm, un-chärm′, v.t. to free from the power of some charm.—adj. Unchar′ming, not charming.

Unchaste, un-chāst′, adj. not chaste, lewd.—adv. Unchāste′ly.—n. Unchas′tity, lewdness, incontinence.

Unchecked, un-chekt′, adj. not checked or hindered, unrestrained: uncontradicted.—adj. Uncheck′able.

Uncheerful, un-chēr′fōōl, adj. not cheerful, gloomy: grudging.—n. Uncheer′fulness.

Unchivalrous, un-shiv′al-rus, adj. not chivalrous or honourable.—Also Unchiv′alric.

Unchristian, un-kris′tyan, adj. not Christian, not converted to Christianity: contrary to the character of Christianity, cruel, harsh: (coll.) improper, unusual.—v.t. to make unchristian.—v.t. Unchris′tianise, to cause to change from the Christian faith.—adv. Unchris′tianly.—n. Unchris′tianness.

Unchurch, un-church′, v.t. to deprive of the rights of a church: to refuse the name of church to.

Uncial, un′shal, adj. applied to that variety of majuscule writing, with large round characters, used in ancient MSS.—n. an uncial letter, uncial writing: a MS. written in uncials.—v.t. Un′cialise, to shape like uncials. [Lit. 'an inch long'—L., from uncia, a twelfth part, an inch.]

Unciform, un′si-form, adj. hook-shaped.—adjs. Uncif′erous, having a hook, as an ovipositor; Un′cinal, Un′cinate, hooked at the end.—n.pl. Uncinā′ta, a division of marine chætopod worms—serpulas and other tubicolous worms.—ns. Uncinā′tum, the unciform bone of the carpus; Uncī′nus, a hooklet, hamulus, one of the uncial teeth of the radula:—pl. Uncī′ni (ī).—adj. Unciros′trāte, having a hooked beak. [L. uncus, a hook.]

Uncircumcision, un-sėr-kum-sizh′un, n. want of circumcision: (B.) those who are not circumcised.—adj. Uncir′cumcised, not circumcised.

Uncivil, un-siv′il, adj. not civil or courteous, rude: (Spens.) not civilised, wild.—adj. Unciv′ilised, barbarous.—adv. Unciv′illy, not civilly or politely.

Unclassable, un-klas′a-bl, adj. incapable of being classed or classified.

Uncle, ung′kl, n. the brother of one's father or mother: an old man generally: a pawnbroker.—n. Un′cleship, the state of being an uncle.—Uncle Sam, the United States or its people.—Talk like a Dutch uncle (see Dutch). [O. Fr. (Fr. oncle)—L. avunculus, extension of avus, a grandfather.]

Unclean, un-klēn′, adj. not clean: foul: (B.) ceremonially impure: sinful: lewd.—n. Unclean′liness.—adj. Unclean′ly.—n. Unclean′ness, the state or quality of being unclean: dirtiness: (B.) want of ceremonial purity: moral impurity: sinfulness.

Unclinch, un-klinsh′, v.t. to cause to be no longer clinched: to open or set straight, as the closed hand.—Also Unclench′.

Uncloak, un-klōk′, v.t. to take the cloak off any one.—v.i. to take the cloak off.

Unclose, un-klōz′, v.t. to make not close, to open.—adjs. Unclose (un-klōs′), open, babbling; Unclosed (un-klōzd′), open, unenclosed.

Unclothe, un-klōth′, v.t. to take the clothes off: to make naked.—adj. Unclothed′.

Uncloud, un-klowd′, v.t. to free from clouds.—adj. Uncloud′ed, free from clouds, clear.—n. Uncloud′edness.—adj. Uncloud′y.

Unco, ung′kō, adj. (Scot.) strange, unusual.—n. any strange person or thing: (pl.) news.—adv. remarkably, very. [Uncouth.]

Uncock, un-kok′, v.t. to release and let down the hammer of a firearm without exploding the charge: to open up a hay-cock, &c., spreading the hay out.

Uncoif, un-koif′, v.t. to take the head-covering from.—adj. Uncoifed′, without a coif.

Uncoin, un-koin′, v.t. to deprive metallic money of its character as coin.—adj. Uncoined′, not coined: (Shak.) unalloyed, unfeigned.

Uncollected, un-kol-ek′ted, adj. not collected or gathered: absent in mind, not having one's thoughts collected.

Uncoloured, un-kul′urd, adj. not coloured, undyed, white: truthful, not exaggerated.

Uncolt, un-kōlt′, v.t. (Shak.) to unhorse, to deprive of a colt or horse.

Uncombine, un-kom-bīn′, v.t. to separate.—v.i. to become separated.

Uncomely, un-kum′li, adj. not comely: indecent.—n. Uncome′liness, want of comeliness: unseemliness.

Uncomfortable, un-kum′fur-ta-bl, adj. not comfortable, causing discomfort or disquiet: awkwardly situated.—n. Uncom′fortableness.—adv. Uncom′fortably.

Uncommerciable, un-kom-er′shi-a-bl, adj. not capable of being made material for commerce.—adj. Uncommer′cial, not engaged in commerce: not in the spirit of commerce.

Uncommitted, un-ko-mit′ed, adj. not committed or done: not entrusted: not bound by any pledge or promise: not referred to a committee.

Uncommon, un-kom′un, adj. not common, strange.—adv. (coll.) very.—adv. Uncomm′only.—n. Uncomm′onness.

Uncommunicative, un-ko-mū′ni-kā-tiv, adj. not communicative, reserved.—adjs. Uncommū′nicable; Uncommū′nicated.—n. Uncommū′nicativeness.

Uncompact, un-kom-pakt′, adj. incompact.—adj. Uncompact′ed, not compact or firm.

Uncompanied, un-kum′pa-nid, adj. unaccompanied.—adjs. Uncompan′ionable, not companionable or sociable; Uncompan′ioned, without a companion, or an equal, alone.

Uncomplaining, un-kom-plā′ning, adj. not complaining.—adv. Uncomplain′ingly.

Uncomplaisant, un-kom′plā-zant, adj. not complaisant or civil.—adv. Uncom′plaisantly.

Uncompliable, un-kom-plī′a-bl, adj. unwilling to comply.—adj. Uncomplī′ant, incompliant.

Uncomposable, un-kom-pō′za-bl, adj. incapable of being composed or reconciled.

Uncomprehensive, un-kom-prē-hen′siv, adj. not comprehensive: incomprehensive: (Shak.) incomprehensible.

Uncompromising, un-kom′prō-mī-zing, adj. not admitting of compromise or adjustment: unyielding: obstinate.—adv. Uncom′promisingly.—n. Uncom′promisingness.

Unconceivable, un-kon-sē′va-bl, adj. inconceivable.—n. Unconcei′vableness.—adv. Unconcei′vably.

Unconcern, un-kon-sern′, n. want of concern, anxiety, or solicitude.—adj. Unconcerned′, not concerned: carelessly secure.—adv. Unconcer′nedly, in an unconcerned manner: without anxiety.—ns. Unconcer′nedness, Unconcern′ment.

Unconclusive, un-kon-klōō′siv, adj. inconclusive.—adjs. Unconclu′dent (obs.), not decisive; Unconclu′dible, not to be concluded; Unconclu′ding, inconclusive.—n. Unconclu′dingness.

Unconditioned, un-kon-dish′und, adj. not subject to conditions or limitations: infinite: inconceivable.—adj. Uncondi′tional, not conditional, absolute, unreserved.—n. Unconditional′ity.—adv. Uncondi′tionally.—n. Uncondi′tionalness.

Unconfinable, un-kon-fī′na-bl, adj. not to be confined: (Shak.) unbounded.—adj. Unconfined′, not confined, unrestrained: broad.—adv. Unconfī′nedly.

Unconfirmed, un-kon-firmd′, adj. not confirmed: not verified by further testimony: not yet having received the rite of confirmation: not yet having election as bishop confirmed by an archbishop: weak.

Unconform, un-kon-form′, adj. (Milt.) not conformed, unlike.—n. Unconformabil′ity.—adj. Unconfor′mable.—n. Unconfor′mableness.—adv. Unconfor′mably.—n. Unconfor′mity.

Unconfused, un-kon-fūzd′, adj. not confused, free from confusion.—adv. Unconfū′sedly.

Unconnected, un-kon-ek′ted, adj. not connected, separate: not coherent, rambling, vague: without connections of family, &c.

Unconquerable, un-kong′kėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be conquered or brought under control.—n. Uncon′querableness.—adv. Uncon′querably.—adj. Uncon′quered.

Unconscionable, un-kon′shun-a-bl, adj. not conformable to conscience: unreasonable: inordinate.—n. Uncon′scionableness.—adv. Uncon′scionably.

Unconscious, un-kon′shus, adj. not conscious: not self-conscious, not perceiving.—adv. Uncon′sciously.—n. Uncon′sciousness.

Unconsecrated, un-kon′sē-krā-ted, adj. not formally consecrated.—v.t. Uncon′secrate, to deprive of consecrated character.

Unconsidered, un-kon-sid′ėrd, adj. not considered, esteemed, or attended to.—adj. Unconsid′erāte, inconsiderate.—n. Unconsid′erāteness, inconsiderateness.—adj. Unconsid′ering, not considering.

Unconstant, un-kon′stant, adj. (Shak.) inconstant.—adv. Uncon′stantly.

Unconstitutional, un-kon-sti-tū′shun-al, adj. not constitutional: contrary to the constitution.—n. Unconstitutional′ity.—adv. Unconstitū′tionally.

Unconstrained, un-kon-strānd′, adj. not under constraint, voluntary: not embarrassed.—adv. Unconstrain′edly.—n. Unconstraint′.

Uncontemporaneous, un-kon-tem-po-rā′ne-us, adj. not contemporary: original.

Uncontented, un-kon-ten′ted, adj. discontented.—ns. Unconten′tedness; Unconten′tingness.

Uncontested, un-kon-tes′ted, adj. not contested, indisputable.—adj. Uncontes′table, incontestable.

Uncontradicted, un-kon-tra-dik′ted, adj. not contradicted or denied.—adj. Uncontradic′table, incapable of being contradicted.

Uncontriving, un-kon-trī′ving, adj. not contriving, with little ability to contrive.

Uncontrollable, un-kon-trō′la-bl, adj. not capable of being controlled: indisputable.—n. Uncontroll′ableness.—adv. Uncontroll′ably.—adj. Uncontrolled′.—adv. Uncontroll′edly.

Unconventional, un-kon-ven′shun-al, adj. not conventional, free in one's ways.—n. Unconventional′ity.

Unconversable, un-kon-ver′sa-bl, adj. not disposed to converse freely, reserved.

Unconverted, un-kon-ver′ted, adj. not converted, not having experienced a quickening change of heart.—n. Unconver′sion, impenitence.—adj. Unconver′tible, not convertible.

Uncorrupt, un-kor-upt′, adj. not corrupt.—adj. Uncorrupt′ed, not made corrupt.—ns. Uncorrupt′edness; Uncorruptibil′ity.—adj. Uncorrupt′ible, incorruptible.—n. Uncorrup′tion, incorruption.—adj. Uncorrupt′ive, incorruptible.—adv. Uncorrupt′ly, truly.—n. Uncorrupt′ness, integrity.

Uncountable, un-kown′ta-bl, adj. innumerable.—adj. Uncount′ed, not counted or numbered.

Uncouple, un-kup′l, v.t. to loose from being coupled: to disjoin: to set loose.—adj. Uncoup′led, not coupled: not married: (her.) découplé.

Uncourteous, un-kurt′yus, adj. not courteous.—adv. Uncourt′eously.

Uncourtly, un-kōrt′li, adj. not courtly, unpleasing, uncivil.—n. Uncourt′liness.

Uncouth, un-kōōth′, adj. awkward, ungraceful, esp. in manners or language, grotesque, odd.—adv. Uncouth′ly.—n. Uncouth′ness. [A.S. uncúdh—un-, not, cúdh, gecúdh, known—cunnan, to know.]

Uncovenanted, un-kuv′e-nan-ted, adj. not promised by covenant: not bound by a covenant, esp. not subscribing to the famous Solemn League and Covenant of 1643.—Uncovenanted civil service, a branch of the East Indian civil service whose members pass no entrance examination, and may resign their offices at pleasure—opp. to Covenanted service; Uncovenanted mercies, such mercies as God may bestow on those not embraced within the covenant of grace—that is, those outside the ordinary channels of grace.

Uncover, un-kuv′ėr, v.t. to remove the cover of: to lay open: to expose successively lines of formation of troops by the wheeling to right or left of the lines in front.—v.i. to take off the hat.—adj. Uncov′ered, having no covering, naked, esp. having no covering on the head.

Uncowl, un-kowl′, v.t. to deprive of a cowl, esp. of a monk: to uncover by taking off anything that veils or hides.

Uncreate, un-kre-āt′, v.t. to deprive of existence.—adj. Uncreā′ted, not yet created: not produced by creation.—n. Uncreā′tedness.

Uncreditable, un-kred′i-ta-bl, adj. (obs.) discreditable.—n. Uncred′itableness (obs.).

Uncritical, un-krit′i-kal, adj. not critical, without appetite or ability for critical analysis: not in accordance with the rules of criticism.—adv. Uncrit′ically.

Uncross, un-kros′, v.t. to change from a crossed position.—adj. Uncrossed′, not crossed: not limited as regards negotiability by being crossed, of a cheque, &c.

Uncrown, un-krown′, v.t. to deprive of a crown, to dethrone.—adj. Uncrowned′, not yet wearing a crown, not yet formally crowned: possessing kingly power without the actual title and dignity.

Unction, ungk′shun, n. an anointing: that which is used for anointing: ointment: that quality in language which raises emotion or devotion: warmth of address: divine or sanctifying grace.—n. Unctūos′ity, state or quality of being unctuous: oiliness: greasiness.—adj. Unc′tūous, oily: greasy.—adv. Unc′tūously.—n. Unc′tūousness, unctuosity.—Extreme unction (R.C. Church), the sacrament of anointing persons with consecrated oil in their last hours. [L. unctio—unguĕre, unctum, to anoint.]

Uncultivable, un-kul′ti-va-bl, adj. not capable of being cultivated.—adjs. Uncult′ (obs.), rude; Uncul′tivāted, not cultivated; Uncul′tūred, not cultured.

Uncurbable, un-kur′ba-bl, adj. not able to be curbed.—adj. Uncurbed′, not curbed.

Uncurl, un-kurl′, v.t. to loose from curls or ringlets.—v.i. to relax from a curled state.

Uncus, ung′kus, n. a hook or claw, or a hook-like process: the head of the malleolus or lateral tooth of the mastax of a wheel-animalcule:—pl. Un′ci (sī). [L. uncus, a hook.]

Uncustomed, un-kus′tomd, adj. not liable to payment of customs or duty, or having evaded it, smuggled.—adj. Uncus′tomable, not subject to customs.

Uncut, un-kut′, adj. not cut, untrimmed, as the edges of the leaves of a book.

Undate, -d, un′dāt, -ed, adj. waved or wavy: rising and falling in waves.—adj. Undé (her.), wavy, undulating. [L. undatus, pa.p. of undāre, to rise in waves—unda, a wave.]

Undaunted, un-dän′ted, adj. not daunted: bold: intrepid.—adv. Undaun′tedly, in an undaunted or bold manner.—n. Undaun′tedness, the state or quality of being undaunted or fearless: boldness.

Undecagon, un-dek′a-gon, n. (geom.) a figure having eleven angles. [L. undecim, eleven, Gr. gōnia, an angle.]

Undeceive, un-dē-sev′, v.t. to free from deception or mistake.—adj. Undeceiv′able.

Undecency, un-dē′sen-si, n. (obs.) indecency.—adj. Undē′cent (obs.), indecent.—adv. Undē′cently (obs.).

Undecennial, un-dē-sen′i-al, adj. pertaining to a period of eleven years, occurring on the eleventh year, or every eleven years.—Also Undecenn′ary. [L. undecim, eleven.]

Undecided, un-dē-sī′ded, adj. not having the mind made up, irresolute.—adj. Undecī′dable, that cannot be decided.—adv. Undecī′dedly.—n. Undecī′dedness.

Undecimole, un-des′i-mōl, n. (mus.) a group of eleven notes to be taken in the time of eight.

Undeck, un-dek′, v.t. to divest of ornaments.—adj. Undecked′, not adorned: having no deck, as a vessel.

Undeclinable, un-dē-klī′na-bl, adj. indeclinable: that cannot be avoided.—adj. Undeclined′, not having cases with different terminations.

Undeeded, un-dēd′ed, adj. (Shak.) not signalised by any great action.

Undefiled, un-dē-fīld′, adj. not made unclean, unpolluted, spotless, innocent.

Undefined, un-dē-fīnd′, adj. not defined or explained precisely: indefinite.—v.i. Undefine′, to make indefinite.—adj. Undefī′nable, not capable of being defined.

Undeify, un-dē′i-fī, v.t. to deprive of the nature of a god: to deprive a god of his due honour.

Undelighted, un-dē-lī′ted, adj. not delighted.—adj. Undelight′ful, not affording delight.

Undemonstrative, un-dē-mon′stra-tiv, adj. not showing feeling openly, reserved, quiet.—adj. Undemon′strable, indemonstrable.—n. Undemon′strativeness.

Undeniable, un-dē-nī′a-bl, adj. not deniable or able to be denied: true.—n. Undenī′ableness.—adv. Undenī′ably.

Undenominational, un-dē-nom-i-nā′shun-al, adj. free from denominationalism, not sectarian.—n. Undenominā′tionalism, the absence of denominationalism, as in the education of children.

Undependable, un-dē-pen′da-bl, adj. not to be depended upon.—n. Undepen′dableness.—adj. Undepen′ding (obs.), independent.

Undepressed, un-dē-prest′, adj. not pressed down or sunk: not dejected or cast down.

Undeprived, un-dē-prīvd′, adj. not deprived of anything, not dispossessed.

Under, un′dėr, prep. in a lower position than: beneath: below: less than, falling short of: in subjection, subordination, oppression, liability, &c.: during the time of: undergoing: in accordance with: in, in course of.—adv. in a lower degree or condition: in subjection: below: less.—adj. lower in position, rank, or degree: subject: subordinate.—Under arms, in readiness to use arms or weapons; Under fire, exposed to the fire or shot of any enemy; Under one's hand (see Hand); Under one's nose, under one's close observation; Under sail, moved by sails: in motion; Under the breath, with low voice, very softly; Under the lee, to the leeward; Under the rose (see Rose); Under water, below the surface of the water; Under way, moving: having commenced a voyage. [A.S. under; Goth. undar, Ice. undir, Ger. unter, L. inter.]

Underact, un-dėr-akt′, v.t. to act a part inefficiently.—n. Underac′tion, subordinate action: inefficient action.

Underbear, un-dėr-bār′, v.t. (Shak.) to support, to endure, to line.—n. Un′derbearer.

Underbid, un-dėr-bid′, v.t. to bid or offer less than, as at an auction.

Underbill, un-dėr-bil′, v.t. to bill under the actual measure or weight.

Underbitten, un′dėr-bit′n, adj. not bitten in by a corrosive acid deep enough to print from—of copperplates, &c.

Under-board, un′dėr-bōrd, adv. (obs.) secretly—opp. to Above-board.

Underbred, un′dėr-bred, adj. of inferior breeding or manners, vulgar: not pure-bred.

Underbrush, un′dėr-brush, n. brushwood or shrubs in a forest growing beneath large trees: undergrowth.—v.t. to clear away such—also Un′derbush.—vs.i. Un′derbrush, Un′derbush, to work amongst underbrush.

Underbud, un′dėr-bud, n. (coll.) a young girl who has not yet come out in society.

Underbuy, un-dėr-bī, v.t. to buy a thing at a price lower than that paid by another: to pay less than the value for.

Undercast, un′dėr-kast, n. an air-passage crossing a road in a mine by means of an air-tight box or channel beneath it.

Undercharge, un-dėr-chärj′, v.t. to charge less than the proper sum.—n. a charge less than the proper sum.

Underclay, un′dėr-klā, n. the bed of clay almost always found under coal-seams, considered as the soil in which grew the plants that formed the coal.

Under-clerk, un′dėr-klärk, n. a subordinate clerk.—n. Un′der-clerk′ship.

Undercliff, un′dėr-klif, n. a subordinate or lower cliff on a shore, composed of material that has fallen from the higher cliff above.

Underclothes, un′dėr-klōthz, n.pl. clothes worn under others—also Un′derclothing.—adj. Underclothed′.

Undercoat, un′dėr-kōt, n. a coat for wearing in the house, one worn under an overcoat: the under-fur of a long-haired animal.

Under-colour, un′dėr-kul′ur, n. a colour below another, a subdued colour.—adj. Un′der-col′oured, not coloured sufficiently.

Undercroft, un′dėr-kroft, n. a vault under the choir or chancel of a church: a vault or secret walk underground.

Undercurrent, un′dėr-kur-ent, n. a current under the surface of the water: any influence or feeling not apparent on the surface.—adj. running below or unseen.

Undercurved, un-dėr-kurvd′, adj. curved so as to pass below the body—of parts of the upper surface of an insect.

Undercut, un-dėr-kut′, v.t. to cut under, as a mass of coal: to strike a heavy blow upward: to go to the foundation of.—adj. made so as to cut from the under side: effected by undercutting: having the parts in relief cut under.—n. Un′dercut, the act or effect of cutting under: a blow dealt upward: the tenderloin.

Underditch, un-dėr-dich′, v.t. to make a deep ditch so as to drain the surface of.—n. Un′derditch, a drain under the surface of the ground.

Underdo, un-dėr-dōō′, v.t. to do less than is requisite, esp. to cook insufficiently.—n. Underdo′er, one who does less than is necessary.—adj. Underdone′, done less than is requisite: insufficiently cooked.

Underdrain, un-dėr-drān′, v.t. same as Underditch.—Also n. Un′derdrain.

Underdraw, un-dėr-draw′, v.t. to represent inadequately in art, or by words.

Underestimate, un-dėr-es′ti-māt, v.t. to estimate at too low a rate: to set too low a value on.—n. an insufficiently high opinion.

Under-exposed, un-dėr-eks-pōzd′, adj. (phot.) not exposed to the light long enough to make a good negative.

Underfang, un-dėr-fang′, v.t. (Spens.) to undertake, to circumvent, to entrap. [A.S. underfangen, underfón—under, under, fón, to take.]

Underfeed, un-dėr-fēd′, v.t. to feed inadequately.—adjs. Underfed′; Underfeed′ing.

Underfoot, un-dėr-fōōt′, adj. downtrodden, abject.—v.t. to shore up, to underpin.—adv. under the feet, below.

Underfurrow, un-dėr-fur′ō, v.t. to cover with a furrow, as manure, to plough in.—adv. under a furrow.

Undergarment, un′dėr-gär-ment, n. any article of clothing worn under another.

Undergird, un-dėr-gird′, v.t. to gird or bind under or below: to gird round the bottom.

Underglaze, un-dėr-glāz′, adj. suitable for underglaze painting, of a pigment.—Underglaze painting, in ceramics, painting in a vitrifiable pigment before the glaze is applied.

Undergo, un-dėr-gō′, v.t. to go under or be subjected to: to endure or suffer: to pass through: to sustain without sinking: to partake of.—adj. Undergō′ing, suffering.

Under-grade, un′dėr-grād, adj. in bridge-building, having the truss below the roadway, as in a deck-bridge.

Undergraduate, un-dėr-grad′ū-āt, n. a student who has not taken his first degree.—adj. pertaining to such.—n. Undergrad′uateship.

Underground, un′dėr-grownd, adj. under the surface of the ground.—n. that which is underground.—v.t. to place underground.—adv. Underground′, beneath the surface of the earth.

Undergrow, un-dėr-grō, v.t. to grow beneath the normal size.—n. Un′dergrowth, shrubs or low woody plants growing among trees: copsewood.

Underhand, un-dėr-hand′, adj. and adv. secretly: by secret means: by fraud: in cricket, delivered with the hand underneath—opp. to Over-arm and Round-arm.—adj. Underhan′ded, clandestinely carried on: short-handed.—adv. Underhan′dedly.—n. Underhan′dedness.

Underhew, un-dėr-hū′, v.t. to hew less than is proper, esp. to hew unfairly timber which should be square, so that it appears to contain more cubic feet than it really does.

Underhold, un′dėr-hōld, n. in wrestling, an unfair seizing of the opponent under the arms.

Underhung, un-dėr-hung′, adj. hanging over, protruding from beneath: running on rollers on a rail below it—of a sliding-door—opp. to Overhung.

Underkeep, un-dėr-kēp′, v.t. (Spens.) to keep under or in subjection.

Underlap, un-dėr-lap′, v.t. to be folded under, to extend beneath the edge of.

Underlay, un-dėr-lā′, v.t. to lay under or to support by something laid under.—v.i. to incline from the perpendicular.—n. Un′derlay, a piece of paper pasted under woodcuts, stereotype plates, &c. in a form, to bring them up to the necessary level for printing.—n. Underlay′er, one who underlays.

Underlease, un′dėr-lēs, n. a lease granted by a lessee for a shorter period than that covered by his own lease.

Underlet, un-dėr-let′, v.t. to let below the proper value: to sublet.—ns. Underlet′ter; Underlet′ting.

Underlie, un-dėr-lī′, v.t. to lie under or beneath: to be liable to.—adj. Underly′ing, lying under or lower in position: supporting, fundamental.

Underline, un-dėr-līn′, v.t. to draw a line under or below, as a word.—n. Un′derline, an announcement of a theatrical performance to follow placed in an advertisement of the present one.

Underlinen, un-dėr-lin′en, n. linen underwear—loosely applied to cotton or even woollen underclothing generally.

Underling, un′dėr-ling, n. an inferior person or agent: a sorry, mean fellow.

Underman, un-dėr-man′, v.t. to provide with an insufficient number of men.—adj. Undermanned′.

Undermentioned, un′dėr-men-shund, adj. mentioned underneath or hereafter.

Undermine, un-dėr-mīn′, v.t. to form mines under, in order to destroy: to destroy secretly the foundation or support of anything.—n. Undermī′ner, one who undermines, a secret enemy.

Undern, un′dern, n. nine o'clock in the morning, the third hour, the period from that till noon.

Underneath, un-dėr-nēth′, adv. beneath: below: in a lower place.—prep. under: beneath.

Undernote, un′dėr-nōt, n. a subdued note, an undertone.—adj. Undernō′ted, noted below.

Underpay, un-dėr-pā′, v.t. to pay insufficiently.—p.adj. Underpaid′.—n. Underpay′ment.

Underpin, un-dėr-pin′, v.t. to pin or support underneath: to support or prop: to lay stones under, as the sills of a building, for it to rest on.—n. Un′derpinning, the act of underpinning or supporting by introducing a new structure as foundation, the act or practice of placing stones under the sills of a building: the stones so placed, an additional foundation wall: a method of well-sinking where a wall is laid in sections.

Underplay, un-dėr-plā′, v.t. and v.i. to play a low card at whist while keeping up a higher one of the same suit.—n. Un′derplay, the act of so doing.

Underplot, un′dėr-plot, n. a plot under or subordinate to the main plot in a play or tale: a secret scheme, a trick.

Underproof, un-dėr-prōōf′, adj. lower or weaker than proof, of alcohol.

Underprop, un-dėr-prop′, v.t. to prop from under or beneath: to support.

Underquote, un-dėr-kwōt′, v.t. to offer at a lower price than another.

Underrate, un-dėr-rāt′, v.t. to rate under the value.—n. Un′derrate, a price less than the worth.

Underrun, un-dėr-run′, v.t. to run beneath: (naut.) to haul along underneath it, as a boat, to clear it, if any part happens to be foul.—v.i. to move under.—n. Underrun′ning, a method of trawling in which the hooks are cleared and again baited in the same operation.

Undersay, un-dėr-sā′, v.t. (Spens.) to say by way of derogation or contradiction.

Underscore, un-dėr-skōr′, v.t. to draw a score or line under, as for emphasis.

Undersecretary, un′dėr-sek-rē-tā-ri, n. a secretary subordinate to the principal secretary.—n. Undersec′retaryship.

Undersell, un-dėr-sel′, v.t. to sell under or cheaper than another: to defeat fair trade, by selling for too small a price.—n. Undersell′er.

Underset, un-dėr-set′, v.t. to set under: to prop: to sublet.—ns. Un′derset, a current of water below the surface; Un′dersetter (B.), prop, support; Un′dersetting, underpinning: the pedestal.

Undershapen, un-dėr-shā′pn, adj. (Tenn.) under the usual shape or size.

Undersheriff, un′dėr-sher-if, n. a deputy sheriff.—n. Un′der-sher′iffry.

Undershrub, un′dėr-shrub, n. a shrubby plant, but hardly to be called a shrub, a small shrub.

Undersign, un-dėr-sīn′, v.t. to sign or write one's name under or at the foot of.—The undersigned, the person or persons subscribing.

Underskirt, un′dėr-skirt, n. a petticoat, the foundation skirt of a draped gown.

Undersleeve, un′dėr-slēv, n. a sleeve worn under another and generally separable.

Undersong, un′dėr-song, n. the burden or chorus of a song: an underlying meaning.

Under-sparred, un′dėr-spärd, adj. not having enough spars—of a ship.

Understand, un-dėr-stand′, v.t. to comprehend: to have just ideas of: to know thoroughly: to be informed of: to learn: to suppose to mean: to mean without expressing: to imply.—v.i. to have the use of the intellectual faculties: to be informed: to learn.—adj. Understan′dable.—p.adj. Understan′ded (obs.), understood (with of).—n. Understan′ding, the act of comprehending: the faculty or the act of the mind by which it understands or thinks: the power to understand: knowledge: exact comprehension: agreement of minds: harmony.—adj. knowing, skilful.—adv. Understan′dingly.—Understands′, in Scotch Version of Psalms, used for Understandest. [A.S. understandan, to stand under or in the midst of a thing.]

Understate, un-dėr-stāt′, v.t. to state or represent under or below the truth.—n. Understatement.

Understock, un-dėr-stok′, v.t. to supply with an insufficient amount of stock.

Understrapper, un′dėr-strap-ėr, n. an inferior agent, an underling, a subordinate, a petty fellow.—adj. Un′derstrapping, subservient.

Understratum, un′dėr-strā-tum, n. a substratum:—pl. Un′derstrāta.

Understudy, un′dėr-stud-i, v.t. and v.i. to study a dramatic part so as to be able to take the place of the actor playing it, if necessary.—n. an actor who prepares a part in this way.

Undertake, un-dėr-tāk′, v.t. to take under one's management: to take upon one's self: to attempt: to answer for, warrant: to take in, understand: to assume, to have charge of.—v.i. to take upon one's self: to be bound: to manage all the arrangements of a burial.—adj. Undertā′kable, capable of being undertaken.—ns. Undertā′ker, one who undertakes, a projector, a contractor: one who is surety or guarantee for another: one who manages funerals: formerly a contractor for the royal revenue in England, one of those who undertook to manage the House of Commons for the king in the 'Addled Parliament' of 1614: one of the English and Scotch settlers in Ireland on forfeited lands in the 16th century; Undertā′king, that which is undertaken: any business or project engaged in.

Undertenant, un′dėr-ten-ant, n. one who sublets a farm, house, &c. from the actual tenant.—n. Un′dertenancy.

Undertide, un′dėr-tīd, Undertime, un′dėr-tīm, n. (Spens.) the after-part of the day.—adj. Un′dertimed, under-exposed—of a photograph.

Undertone, un′dėr-tōn, n. a low tone: a low state of the physical faculties: a low, subdued colour.—adj. Un′dertōned.

Undertow, un′dėr-tō, n. an undercurrent in a different direction from that at the surface—seen esp. at the mouths of great rivers, or where tide and half-tides prevail.

Undervalue, un-dėr-val′ū, v.t. to value below the real worth: to esteem lightly.—n. a value or price under the real worth: low rate or price.—ns. Undervaluā′tion, an undervaluing: rate below the worth; Underval′uer.

Underviewer, un′dėr-vū-ėr, n. the person who has charge of the underground workings of a coal-mine.

Underwing, un′dėr-wing, n. a moth with conspicuous underwings, esp. one of genus Catocala.—adj. Un′derwinged.

Underwood, un′dėr-wōōd, n. low wood or trees growing under large ones: coppice.

Underwork, un-dėr-wurk′, v.t. to work for a less price than: to undermine or destroy clandestinely.—v.i. to do less work than is requisite.—n. Un′derwork, subordinate work.—ns. Un′derworker; Un′der-workman.

Under-world, un′dėr-wurld, n. the lower or inferior world, Hades, the place of departed souls: the portion of the world below the horizon: the opposite side of the world.

Underwrite, un-dėr-rīt′, v.t. to write under something else: to subscribe: to subscribe one's name to for insurance: (Shak.) to submit to.—v.i. to practise insuring.—ns. Un′derwriter, one who insures, as shipping, so called because he underwrites his name for a certain amount to the conditions of the policy; Un′derwriting.

Undescendible, un-dē-sen′di-bl, adj. not descendible, unfathomable: not capable of descending to heirs.—Also Undescen′dable.

Undescribable, un-des-krī′ba-bl, adj. indescribable.—adj. Undescribed′, not described.

Undeserver, un-de-zėr′vėr, n. (Shak.) one who is not deserving or worthy.—adj. Undeserved′, not deserved.—adv. Undeser′vedly.—n. Undeser′vedness.—adj. Undeser′ving.—adv. Undeser′vingly.

Undesigning, un-de-zī′ning, adj. not designing: artless: straightforward: sincere.—adj. Undesigned′.—adv. Undesign′edly.—n. Undesign′edness.

Undesirable, un-dē-zī′ra-bl, adj. not to be wished for.—ns. Undesirabil′ity; Undesir′ableness.—adv. Undesir′ably.—adjs. Undesired′; Undesir′ing; Undesir′ous.

Undespairing, un-des-pār′-ing, adj. not yielding to despair.—adv. Undespair′ingly.

Undespondent, un-des-pon′dent, adj. not despondent.—adv. Undespond′ently.

Undetermined, un-de-tėr′mind, adj. not determined or settled: not defined.—adjs. Undeter′minable, indeterminable; Undeter′minate, indeterminate.—ns. Undeter′minateness; Undeterminā′tion.

Undeviating, un-dē′vi-ā-ting, adj. not deviating: steady: regular.—adv. Undē′viatingly.

Undevout, un-dē-vowt′, adj. not devout.—adv. Undevout′ly.—n. Undevout′ness.

Undigenous, un-dij′e-nus, adj. originated by water. [L. unda, a wave, gignĕre, to produce.]

Undigested, un-di-jes′ted, adj. not digested—adj. Undiges′tible, indigestible.

Undignified, un-dig′ni-fīd, adj. not dignified, not consistent with dignity.—v.t. Undig′nify, to make undignified.

Undilution, un-dil-ū′shun, n. the quality of being undiluted.—adj. Undilū′ted.

Undine, un-dēn′, n. a spirit of the waters, a water-nymph, without a soul—they marry readily with men, and an undine herself receives a soul on bearing a child. [L. unda, a wave.]

Undiscernible, un-di-zer′ni-bl, adj. indiscernible—also Undiscer′nable.—adv. Undiscer′nedly.—n. Undiscer′nibleness.—adv. Undiscer′nibly.—adj. Undiscer′ning.

Undisciplined, un-dis′i-plind, adj. not disciplined, not properly trained and exercised.—adj. Undis′ciplinable.

Undiscording, un-dis-kor′ding, adj. (Milt.) not discording or making discord.

Undiscoverable, un-dis-kuv′ėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be discovered.—adv. Undiscov′erably.—adj. Undiscov′ered, not discovered or found out, unseen, hid.

Undiscriminating, un-dis-krim′i-nā-ting, adj. not discriminating, not quick to detect differences.

Undisguised, un-dis-gīzd′, adj. not disguised, frank, open, plain.—adj. Undisguis′able.—adv. Undisguis′edly.

Undispensed, un-dis-penst′, adj. not dispensed.—adjs. Undispen′sable; Undispen′sing.

Undisposed, un-dis-pōzd′, adj. not sold, allocated, or otherwise arranged.

Undisputable, un-dis′pū-ta-bl, adj. indisputable.—n. Undis′putableness.—adv. Undis′putably.—adj. Undispū′ted, not disputed, not called in question.—adv. Undispū′tedly.

Undissolved, un-di-zolvd′, adj. not dissolved, not broken.—adjs. Undissol′vable, not to be loosened or broken; Undissol′ving, not dissolving.

Undistinguished, un-dis-ting′gwisht, adj. not distinguished: not marked out by conspicuous qualities, not famous: not having an air or appearance of distinction.—adj. Undisting′uishable, indistinguishable.—n. Undisting′uishableness.—adv. Undisting′uishably.—adj. Undisting′uishing, not discriminating.

Undistracted, un-dis-trak′ted, adj. not distracted, not having the attention drawn away from.—adv. Undistrac′tedly.—n. Undistrac′tedness.—adj. Undistrac′ting.

Undisturbed, un-dis-turbd′, adj. not disturbed.—adv. Undistur′bedly.—n. Undistur′bedness.

Undiverted, un-di-ver′ted, adj. not diverted or turned away from: not amused.

Undivided, un-di-vī′ded, adj. not divided or disunited.—adj. Undivī′dable.—adv. Undivī′dedly.—n. Undivī′dedness.

Undo, un-dōō′, v.t. to reverse what has been done: to bring to naught: to loose: to open: to unravel: to impoverish: to ruin, as in reputation: (Shak.) to leave undone.—ns. Undo′er; Undo′ing, the reversal of what has been done: ruin.—adj. Undone′, not done: ruined: untied, unfastened.

Undoctor, un-dok′tor, v.t. (Carlyle) to divest of the character of a doctor.

Undomesticate, un-dō-mes′ti-kāt, v.t. to make unfit for home life: to untame.—adj. Undomes′ticāted, not domesticated, not tamed.—n. Undomesticā′tion.

Undoubted, un-dowt′ed, adj. indubitable: unsuspected.—adj. Undoubt′able, indubitable.—advs. Undoubt′ably; Undoubt′edly.—adjs. Undoubt′ful, not doubtful: unsuspicious; Undoubt′ing, not doubting.—adv. Undoubt′ingly.

Undrape, un-drāp′, v.t. to strip of clothing, to uncover.—adj. Undraped′, not covered with artistic drapery, not clothed, nude.

Undraw, un-draw′, v.t. to draw aside.—adj. Undrawn′, not drawn or dragged away: not delineated: not drawn from a cask.

Undreamed, un-drēmd′, adj. not dreamed, not thought of—also Undreamt, un-dremt′ (with of).—adj. Undream′ing, not dreaming.

Undress, un-dres′, v.t. to take off the dress or clothes: to strip: to take the dressing from a wound.—v.i. to take off one's clothes.—n. (also Un′dress) a loose dress: the plain dress worn by soldiers when off duty.—adj. pertaining to ordinary dress, as opposed to uniform, &c.—adj. Undressed′, not dressed.

Undue, un-dū′, adj. not due or owing: improper: immoderate: excessive.—n. Undue′ness.

Undulate, un′dū-lāt, v.t. to wave, or to move like waves: to cause to vibrate.—v.i. to wave: to vibrate.—adj. wavy.—adj. Un′dulant, undulating.—adv. Un′dulātely.—adj. Un′dulāting.—adv. Un′dulātingly.—ns. Undulā′tion, an undulating: a waving motion or vibration: waviness, a set of waved lines: a feeling as if of an undulatory motion about the heart: the peculiar motion of the matter within an abscess on being pressed when it is ripe for opening; Undulā′tionist, one who holds an undulatory theory.—adjs. Un′dulātive, undulatory; Un′dulātory, moving like waves: relating to the theory of light which considers its transmission as wave-motion in a medium filling space; Un′dulose, Un′dulous, undulating. [Low L. undulāre, -ātum—L. unda, a wave.]

Undutiful, un-dū′ti-fōōl, adj. not dutiful—also Undū′teous.—adv. Undū′tifully.—n. Undū′tifulness.

Undying, un-dī′ing, adj. not dying, unceasing.—adv. Undy′ingly.—n. Undy′ingness.

Unearned, un-ernd′, adj. not gained by labour.—Unearned increment (see Increment).

Unearth, un-ėrth′, v.t. to take out of, drive, or draw from the earth or a burrow, as a fox or badger: to uncover, to disclose.—n. Unearth′liness, quality of being unearthly.—adj. Unearth′ly, supernatural.

Uneasy, un-ē′zi, adj. not at ease: restless: feeling pain: constrained: not easy to be done.—ns. Unease′ (arch.), Uneas′iness, state of being uneasy or not at ease: want of ease: disquiet.—adv. Uneas′ily.

Uneatable, un-ē′ta-bl, adj. not fit to be eaten.—n. Uneat′ableness.—adj. Uneat′en, not eaten.

Uneath, un-ēth′, adv. (Spens.) not easily, hardly. [A.S. uneáthe—un-, not, eáthe, easy.]

Uneath, un-ēth′, adv. (Spens.) underneath, beneath, below. [Underneath.]

Uneducated, un-ed′ū-kāt-ed, adj. not educated.—v.t. Uned′ucate, to deprive of the results of education.

Unembodied, un-em-bod′id, adj. disembodied, incorporate: not collected into a body.

Unemotional, un-ē-mō′shun-al, adj. not emotional, not readily giving way to feeling or causing emotion.—adv. Unemō′tionally.—adj. Unemō′tioned, impassive.

Unemployed, un-em-ploid′, adj. out of work: not put to use or profit.—n. Unemploy′ment.

Unencumbered, Unincumbered, un-en-, un-in-kum′bėrd, adj. not encumbered, esp. in law, free from encumbrance by lien, claim, lease, or charge of any kind.—v.t. Unencum′ber, to disencumber.—n. Unencum′beredness.

Unending, un-en′ding, adj. having no end, everlasting, eternal.—adj. Unen′ded, infinite.—adv. Unen′dingly.—n. Unen′dingness.

Unendurable, un-en-dūr′a-bl, adj. intolerable.—adv. Unendūr′ably.

Un-English, un-ing′glish, adj. not English in character.—adj. Un-Eng′lished, not translated into English.

Unentangle, un-en-tang′gl, v.t. to disentangle.—adj. Unentang′led.

Unentertaining, un-en-tėr-tā′ning, adj. not entertaining or amusing.—n. Unentertain′ingness.

Unenviable, un-en′vi-a-bl, adj. not to be envied.—adv. Unen′viably.—adjs. Unen′vied, not envied; Unen′vious, not envious.

Unequal, un-ē′kwal, adj. not equal or alike in any quality, extent, duration, &c.: insufficient: varying, not uniform.—adj. Unē′qualled, not to be equalled.—adv. Unē′qually.—n. Unē′qualness.

Unequitable, un-ek′wi-ta-bl, adj. inequitable.—adv. Uneq′uitably.

Unequivocal, un-ē-kwiv′ō-kal, adj. not equivocal.—adv. Unequiv′ocally.—n. Unequiv′ocalness.

Unerring, un-er′ing, making no error, infallible: not missing the mark.—adv. Unerr′ingly.—n. Unerr′ingness.

Unessential, un-es-sen′shal, adj. not essential: unnecessary: unimportant: (Milt.) void of real being.—v.t. Uness′ence (Lamb), to deprive of essence.

Uneven, un-ē′vn, adj. not even, smooth, straight, uniform, or just: odd, not divisible by two without remainder: ill-matched: difficult.—adv. Unē′venly.—n. Unē′veness, quality of not being even: want of an even surface: want of smoothness or uniformity.

Uneventful, un-ē-vent′fōōl, adj. not eventful, without striking events.—adv. Unevent′fully.

Unexaminable, un-eg-zam′i-na-bl, adj. incapable of being examined.—adj. Unexam′ined, not examined.

Unexceptionable, un-ek-sep′shun-a-bl, adj. not liable to exception: unobjectionable: faultless.—n. Unexcep′tionableness.—adv. Unexcep′tionably.—adj. Unexcep′tional, not forming an exception, usual.—adv. Unexcep′tionally.—adj. Unexcep′tive, not exceptive.

Unexclusive, un-eks-klōō′siv, adj. not exclusive, comprehensive.—adv. Unexclu′sively.

Unexcusable, un-eks-kū′za-bl, adj. inexcusable.—n. Unexcū′sableness.

Unexpected, un-eks-pek′ted, adj. not expected, coming without warning, sudden.—adj. Unexpec′tant, not expectant.—adv. Unexpect′edly.—n. Unexpec′tedness.

Unexperienced, un-eks-pē′ri-enst, adj. inexperienced: untried.—n. Unexpē′rience (obs.), inexperience.—adj. Unexpē′rient (Shak.), inexperienced.

Unexpert, un-eks-pert′, adj. inexpert, ignorant.—adv. Unexpert′ly.

Unexpressive, un-eks-pres′iv, adj. not expressive: incapable of being expressed.—adj. Unexpress′ible, inexpressible.—adv. Unexpress′ibly.

Unextinguishable, un-eks-ting′gwish-a-bl, adj. inextinguishable.—adv. Unexting′uishably.

Unfadable, un-fā′da-bl, adj. not able to fade or perish.—adj. Unfā′ding, not losing strength, not subject to decay.—adv. Unfā′dingly.—n. Unfā′dingness.

Unfailing, un-fā′ling, adj. not failing or liable to fail.—adj. Unfail′able (obs.), infallible.—n. Unfail′ableness.—adv. Unfail′ingly.—n. Unfail′ingness.

Unfair, un-fār′, adj. not fair: dishonest: unequal.—v.t. (Shak.) to deprive of beauty.—adv. Unfair′ly.—n. Unfair′ness, the state of being unfair, dishonest, or unjust.

Unfaith, un-fāth′, n. want of faith: faithlessness.—adj. Unfaith′ful, not faithful: violating trust: not having faith, infidel: not trustworthy.—adv. Unfaith′fully, in an unfaithful manner: negligently: imperfectly.—n. Unfaith′fulness, the quality of being unfaithful: violation of promise, duty, &c.: treacherous.

Unfaltering, un-fawl′tėr-ing, adj. not faltering.—adv. Unfal′teringly.

Unfamiliar, un-fa-mil′yar, adj. not familiar.—n. Unfamiliar′ity.—adv. Unfamil′iarly.

Unfashionable, un-fash′un-a-bl, adj. not fashionable: incapable of being fashioned: shapeless.—n. Unfash′ionableness.—adv. Unfash′ionably.—adj. Unfash′ioned, shapeless, without regular form.

Unfasten, un-fas′n, v.t. to loose, as from a fastening: to unfix. v.i. to become untied.—n. Unfas′tener.

Unfathered, un-fä′thėrd, adj. having no father, fatherless: not acknowledged by its father.—adj. Unfä′therly, not like a father.

Unfathomable, un-fath′om-a-bl, adj. that cannot be fathomed, too deep to be measured or to be understood.—n. Unfath′omableness.—adv. Unfath′omably.—adj. Unfath′omed, not sounded.

Unfavourable, un-fā′vur-a-bl, adj. not favourable or propitious.—n. Unfā′vourableness.—adv. Unfā′vourably.

Unfeared, un-fērd′, adj. not feared.—adj. Unfear′ful, not fearful.—adv. Unfear′fully.

Unfeather, un-feth′ėr, v.t. to strip of feathers.—adj. Unfeath′ered.

Unfeeling, un-fē′ling, adj. without feeling: without kind feelings: hard-hearted.—adv. Unfeel′ingly.—n. Unfeel′ingness.

Unfeigned, un-fānd′, adj. not feigned: real: sincere.—adv. Unfeign′edly.—n. Unfeign′edness.—adj. Unfeign′ing.

Unfellow, un-fel′ō, v.t. to separate as fellows, to dissociate.—adj. Unfell′owed, unmatched.

Unfenced, un-fenst′, adj. not fenced round, defenceless.—v.t. Unfence′, to deprive of a fence.

Unfermented, un-fėr-ment′ed, adj. not having undergone fermentation: not leavened.

Unfetter, un-fet′ėr, v.t. to take the fetters from: to set at liberty.—adj. Unfett′ered, unrestrained.

Unfeudalise, un-fū′dal-īz, v.t. to free from feudal rights or character.

Unfigured, un-fig′ūrd, adj. not figured, not marked with figures of any kind: literal.

Unfilial, un-fil′yal, adj. not filial or becoming a child: undutiful.—adv. Unfil′ially.

Unfinished, un-fin′isht, adj. not finished.—n. Unfin′ish, lack of finish.—adj. Unfin′ishable, that cannot be finished.—n. Unfin′ishing, the act of leaving unfinished.

Unfirmamented, un-fėr′ma-men-ted, adj. not having a bounding firmament, limitless.

Unfit, un-fit′, adj. unsuitable, improper.—v.t. to disqualify.—adv. Unfit′ly.—n. Unfit′ness.—adj. Unfit′ting, unsuitable.—adv. Unfit′tingly.

Unfix, un-fiks′, v.t. to make not fixed: to loose the fixing of: to unsettle.—adj. Unfixed′.—ns. Unfix′edness; Unfix′ity.

Unflagging, un-flag′ing, adj. not flagging or drooping: maintaining strength or spirit.

Unflattering, un-flat′ėr-ing, adj. not flattering.—adv. Unflatt′eringly.

Unflesh, un-flesh′, v.t. to remove the flesh from.—adjs. Unfleshed′, deprived of flesh, reduced to a skeleton: not having tasted blood; Unflesh′ly, ethereal, spiritual; Unflesh′y, fleshless.

Unflinching, un-flin′shing, adj. doing without flinching or shrinking, brave, steadfast.—adv. Unflin′chingly.—n. Unflin′chingness.

Unfold, un-fōld′, v.t. to open the folds of: to release from a fold: to spread out: to tell.—v.i. to spread open, expand, develop.—ns. Unfold′er; Unfold′ing; Unfold′ment.

Unfool, un-fōōl′, v.t. (Shak.) to restore from folly, or from being a fool.

Unforbidden, un-for-bid′n, adj. not forbidden, permitted.—n. Unforbidd′enness.

Unforced, un-fōrst′, adj. not forced.—adv. Unfor′cedly.—adj. Unfor′cible, without strength.

Unforeknown, un-fōr-nōn′, adj. not previously known or foreseen.—adj. Unforeknow′able, incapable of being known beforehand.

Unforesee, un-fōr-sē′, v.t. not to foresee.—adjs. Unforesee′able, incapable of being foreseen; Unforesee′ing, not looking forward or provident; Unforeseen′, not foreseen.

Unforgiveable, un-for-giv′a-bl, adj. incapable of being forgiven.—adj. Unforgiv′en, not forgiven.—n. Unforgiv′er.—adj. Unforgiv′ing, not forgiving, implacable.—n. Unforgiv′ingness.

Unforgotten, un-for-got′en, adj. not forgotten or neglected—also Unforgot′.—adj. Unforget′table, that cannot be forgotten.

Unform, un-form′, v.t. to unmake.—adjs. Unfor′mal, informal; Unfor′malised, not made formal; Unformed′, not formed or arranged into order: having the form destroyed: structureless, amorphous: immature, not yet formed.

Unfortunate, un-for′tū-nāt, adj. not fortunate, prosperous, or successful.—n. one who is unfortunate, esp. a fallen woman.—adv. Unfor′tunately.—n. Unfor′tunateness.

Unfossilised, un-fos′il-īzd, adj. not fossilised.—adj. Unfossilif′erous, destitute of fossils.

Unfounded, un-fown′ded, adj. not founded or established: having no foundation, baseless: (Milt.) without bottom, bottomless.—adv. Unfoun′dedly.

Unframed, un-frāmd′, adj. not formed or fashioned: not furnished with a frame.

Unfrankable, un-frang′ka-bl, adj. incapable of being franked or sent by post free of expense.

Unfrequent, un-frē′kwent, adj. infrequent.—n. Unfre′quency, infrequency.—v.t. Unfrequent′, to cease to frequent.—adj. Unfrequen′ted, not frequented: rarely visited.—adv. Unfre′quently, infrequently.

Unfriendly, un-frend′li, adj. not friendly, kind, or favourable.—adv. in an unkind manner.—n. Unfriend′, one who is not a friend.—adj. Unfrien′ded, not supported by friends.—ns. Unfrien′dedness, the state of being unfriended; Unfrien′dliness, unkindness; Unfriend′ship, unfriendliness.

Unfrightful, un-frīt′fōōl, adj. not frightful or terrifying.—adj. Unfright′ed, not frighted or terrified.

Unfruitful, un-frōōt′fōōl, adj. yielding no fruit, barren.—adv. Unfruit′fully.—n. Unfruit′fulness.

Unfurl, un-furl′, v.t. to loose from being furled: to unfold, display: to spread.—v.i. to be spread out.

Unfurnished, un-fur′nisht, adj. not furnished with furniture, &c., unsupplied generally.—v.t. Unfur′nish, to deprive of furniture, &c.

Unfused, un-fūzd′, adj. not fused or melted: not supplied with a fuse.—adj. Unfū′sible, infusible.

Ungainly, un-gān′li, adj. awkward: clumsy: uncouth.—adv. in an awkward manner.—n. Ungain′liness. [M. E. un-gein, inconvenient—A.S. un-, not, Ice. gegn, ready, serviceable.]

Ungallant, un-gal′ant, adj. not gallant or courteous to women.—adv. Ungall′antly.

Ungarment, un-gär′ment, v.t. to unclothe.—adj. Ungar′mented, unclad.

Ungartered, un-gär′tėrd, adj. not held in place by garters: not wearing garters.

Ungathered, un-gath′ėrd, adj. not gathered or picked: pertaining to printed sheets folded but not yet gathered in regular order for binding.

Ungenerous, un-jen′e-rus, adj. not generous or liberal.—adv. Ungen′erously.

Ungenial, un-jē′ni-al, adj. not genial or kindly: not congenial: not favourable to natural growth.

Ungenteel, un-jen-tēl, adj. not genteel or polite.—adv. Ungenteel′ly.

Ungentle, un-jen′tl, adj. (Spens.) not gentle, uncourteous.—adj. Ungen′tlemanlike, not like a gentleman.—n, Ungen′tlemanliness.—adj. Ungen′tlemanly, acting in a manner unbecoming a gentleman.—adv. in manner unlike a gentleman.—n. Ungen′tleness, want of gentleness, rudeness, incivility.—adv. Ungent′ly, harshly.

Unget, un-get′, v.t. to treat one as if he had not been begotten, to disinherit.

Ungild, un-gild′, v.t. to deprive of gilding.—adjs. Ungil′ded, Ungilt′, not gilt.—n. Ungil′ding, the act of taking off gilding or any decoration.

Unglaze, un-glāz′, v.t. to take the glass from.—adj. Unglazed′, not provided with glass: not coated over with a vitreous substance, as earthenware.

Unglorified, un-glō′ri-fīd, adj. not glorified or honoured.—v.t. Unglō′rify, to deprive of glory.—adj. Unglō′rious, inglorious.

Unglue, un-glōō′, v.t. to separate anything glued, cemented, or fixed in any way.

Ungodly, un-god′li, adj. not godly, neglecting God: sinful, polluted by sin: (slang) outrageous, vexatious.—v.t. Ungod′, to divest of divinity: to make godless.—adv. Ungod′lily, in an ungodly manner.—n. Ungod′liness, the quality of being ungodly: disregard of God and His commands: wickedness: an act of disobedience or irreverence.

Ungotten, un-got′n, adj. not gained—also Ungot′: (Shak.) not begotten.

Ungovernable, un-guv′ėr-na-bl, adj. that cannot be governed, refractory, unruly.—n. Ungov′ernableness.—adv. Ungov′ernably.—adj. Ungov′erned, without government: unbridled.

Ungracious, un-grā′shus, adj. without graciousness of manner, rude: (obs.) wicked, hateful.—adjs. Ungraced′, not graced or honoured; Ungrace′ful, not graceful.—adv. Ungrace′fully.—n. Ungrace′fulness.—adv. Ungrā′ciously.—n. Ungrā′ciousness.

Ungrammatical, un-gra-mat′i-kal, adj. not according to the rules of grammar.—adv. Ungrammat′ically.

Ungrateful, un-grāt′fōōl, adj. not feeling or manifesting gratitude: disagreeable, irksome: not repaying one's labour, thankless.—n. Ungrate′, an ungrateful person.—adj. ungrateful.—adv. Ungrate′fully.—n. Ungrate′fulness.

Ungrounded, un-grown′ded, adj. without ground or basis, unreal, false.—adv. Ungroun′dedly.—n. Ungroun′dedness.

Ungrudging, un-gruj′ing, adj. not grudging, liberal.—adj. Ungrudged′.—adv. Ungrudg′ingly.

Ungual, ung′gwal, adj. relating to, like, or having a nail, claw, or hoof.—adj. Ung′uical.—n. Ung′uicorn, the horny nail at the tip of a bird's mandible.—adj. Unguic′ūlar, relating to a nail or claw.—n.pl. Unguicūlā′ta, a superordinal division of mammals with claws.—adjs. Unguic′ūlate, -d, having claws: furnished with a claw or narrow base, as the petal in some flowers.—n. Unguic′ūlus, a diminutive claw or similar appendage at the end of an insect's foot.—adjs. Unguif′erous, bearing an unguis of one kind or other; Ung′uiform, shaped like a claw; Ung′uinal, pertaining to the unguis or nail; Unguiros′tral, with a nail at the end of the bill.—ns. Ung′uis, a nail, claw, hoof, or any structure resembling such: the narrow part of the base of a petal, acting as a footstalk: a measure equal to the length of the nail of the little finger, ½-inch; Ungula (ung′gū-la), a surgical instrument for use in removing a dead fœtus: a hoof-shaped section of a cylinder, cone, or other solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to the base.—adj. Ungular (ung′gū-lar), like an ungula, ungual.—n.pl. Ungulata (ung-gū-lā′ta), an order of mammals, including (1) the Artiodactyla (with an even number of toes)—e.g. pig, hippopotamus, peccary, camel, and ruminants like cattle, sheep, and deer; (2) the Perissodactyla (with an odd number of toes)—e.g. tapir, rhinoceros, and horse.—adj. Ungulate (ung′gū-lāt), hoof-shaped: hoofed, having the digits enclosed in hoofs. [L. unguis, a nail.]

Unguarded, un-gär′ded, adj. without guard or protection: careless.—adv. Unguar′dedly.—n. Unguar′dedness.

Unguent, ung′gwent, n. ointment.—n. Unguentā′rium, a vessel for holding unguents.—adjs. Ung′uentary, pertaining to unguents; Unguen′tous, of the nature of an unguent; Ung′uinous, oily, unctuous. [L. unguentum—unguĕre, to anoint.]

Unguided, un-gī′ded, adj. not guided.—adj. Unguid′able, incapable of being guided.—adv. Unguid′ably.

Unguilty, un-gil′ti, adj. (Spens.) not conscious of guilt.—adv. Unguil′tily.—n. Unguil′tiness.

Unhair, un-hār′, v.t. to deprive of hair.—v.i. to become free from hair.

Unhallowed, un-hal′ōd, adj. unholy: profane: very wicked.—n. Unhall′owing.

Unhand, un-hand′, v.t. to take the hands off: to let go.—adv. Unhand′ily, awkwardly.—n. Unhand′iness.—adjs. Unhan′dled, not handled or managed: not broken-in; Unhand′y, not handy: awkward: not convenient.

Unhandsome, un-han′sum, adj. not handsome, ill-made: unbecoming in action, ungracious: clumsy, inconvenient.—adv. Unhand′somely.—n. Unhand′someness.

Unhang, un-hang′, v.t. to remove from a hanging position, from its hinges, &c.—adjs. Unhanged′, Unhung′, not hanged, not put to death by hanging.

Unhappy, un-hap′i, adj. not happy or fortunate: miserable: marked by evil: (Shak.) mischievous, wicked.—adj. Unhapp′ied (Shak.), made unhappy.—adv. Unhapp′ily, in an unhappy or unfortunate manner: (Shak.) censoriously.—n. Unhapp′iness, the state of being unhappy: misfortune: misery: (Shak.) a mischievous prank.

Unhardy, un-här′di, adj. not hardy or capable of enduring hardship, not resolute.

Unharmed, un-härmd′, adj. not harmed.—adj. Unharm′ful, harmless.—adv. Unharm′fully.

Unhat, un-hat′, v.t. to remove the hat from.—v.i. to take off the hat from respect.—n. Unhat′ting.

Unhazarded, un-haz′ar-ded, adj. not exposed to any risk.—adj. Unhaz′ardous, not hazardous or risky.

Unhealthy, un-hel′thi, adj. not healthy: wanting health or soundness of body: unfavourable to health: not indicating health.—n. Unhealth′, unhealthiness.—adj. Unhealth′ful.—adv. Unhealth′fully.—n. Unhealth′fulness.—adv. Unheal′thily.—n. Unheal′thiness, state or quality of being unhealthy or unfavourable to health: unsoundness.

Unheard, un-herd′, adj. not heard: not granted a hearing: not known, obscure (often with of).

Unheeded, un-hē′ded, adj. not heeded, unnoticed.—adv. Unheed′edly.—adj. Unheed′ful, not heedful, rash.—advs. Unheed′fully, Unheed′ily (Spens.).—adj. Unheed′ing, heedless, careless.—adv. Unheed′ingly.—adj. Unheed′y, careless: precipitate.

Unhesitating, un-hez′i-tā-ting, adj. not hesitating or doubting: prompt: ready.—adv. Unhes′itatingly, without hesitation.

Unhinge, un-hinj′, v.t. to take from the hinges: to render unstable, to unsettle: to deprive of support.—n. Unhinge′ment.

Unhistoric, -al, un-his-tor′ik, -al, adj. not historic, not mentioned in history: not in accordance with history.

Unholy, un-hō′li, adj. not sacred or hallowed, wicked, sinful.—adv. Unhō′lily.—n. Unhō′liness.

Unhomogeneous, un-hō-mō-jē′nē-us, adj. not homogeneous.—n. Unhomogē′neousness.

Unhonest, un-on′est, adj. (obs.) dishonest, unchaste.—n. Unhon′esty.

Unhoop, un-hōōp′, v.t. to remove the hoops of, as a barrel: to remove the stiff hoops of, as a woman.

Unhoped, un-hōpt′, adj. not hoped for or expected.—adj. Unhope′ful.—adv. Unhope′fully.

Unhouse, un-howz′, v.t. to deprive of or drive from a house or shelter.—adj. Unhoused′, unsheltered, deprived of shelter.

Unhouseled, un-howz′ld, adj. (Shak.) not having received the sacrament.

Unhuman, un-hū′man, adj. not having the qualities of a human being.—v.t. Unhū′manise.

Unhurt, un-hurt′, adj. not hurt.—adj. Unhurt′ful.—adv. Unhurt′fully.—n. Unhurt′fulness.

Uniat, ū′ni-at, n. a member of any community of Oriental Christians that acknowledges the papal supremacy, all else—clerical matrimony, communion in both kinds, church discipline, rites, and liturgy—being allowed to remain Greek.—Also U′niāte. The Uniats are also called United Greeks.

Uniauriculate, ū-ni-aw-rik′ū-lāt, adj. having a single ear-like process, as a bivalve-shell.

Uniaxial, ū-ni-ak′si-al, adj. having a single axis or line of growth—also Uniax′al.—adv. Uniax′ially.

Unicameral, ū-ni-kam′e-ral, adj. consisting of but one chamber, of a legislative body.

Unicamerate, ū-ni-kam′e-rāt, adj. having one chamber or loculus, unilocular.

Unicapsular, ū-ni-kap′sū-lar, adj. having but one capsule to each flower.

Unicolour, ū-ni-kul′ur, adj. having but one colour.—adjs. Unicol′ourate, Unicol′oured.

Unicorn, ū′ni-korn, n. a fabulous animal mentioned by ancient Greek and Roman authors as a native of India, with a body like that of a horse and one straight horn on the forehead: (B.) an unfortunate translation of the Hebrew reêm, Assyr. rímu, anticipated by the monokerōs of the Septuagint—variously understood as the rhinoceros, the urus, the wild ox, ox-antelope. [L. unus, one, cornu, a horn.]

Unicostate, ū-ni-kos′tāt, adj. one-ribbed, having but one principal costa, rib, or nervure.

Unicuspid, ū-ni-kus′pid, adj. having but one cusp, as an incisor or canine tooth.—Also Unicus′pidate.

Unideal, un-ī-dē′al, adj. not ideal, realistic, prosaic.—n. Unidē′alism.

Unidentate, ū-ni-den′tāt, adj. having but one tooth.—adj. Unidentic′ulate, having but one denticle.

Unidiomatic, un-id-i-o-mat′ik, adj. not according to the idiom of a language.

Unifacial, ū-ni-fā′shal, adj. having but one face or front surface, as a coral.

Unifarious, ū-ni-fā′ri-us, adj. with the parts arranged in one rank, uniserial.

Unifoil, ū′ni-foil, adj. bearing only a single leaf.—n. a single leaf.—adjs. Unifō′liate, having a single leaflet, unifoliar; Unifō′liar, Unifō′liolāte, having a single leaflet, but compound in structure.

Uniform, ū′ni-form, adj. having one or the same form: having always the same manner or character: consistent with itself: agreeing with another.—n. a dress or livery of the same kind for persons who belong to the same body, as of a soldier.—v.t. U′niformise, to make uniform.—adj. Uniformitā′rian.—ns. Uniformitā′rianism, the doctrine in geology of Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875), that the present is the type of all preceding ages, so far as these are revealed by the fossiliferous strata; Uniform′ity, state of being uniform: agreement with a pattern or rule: sameness: likeness between the parts of a whole.—adv. U′niformly.—n. U′niformness.—Act of Uniformity, an intolerant measure passed in 1662, by which a number of clergymen, variously stated at from 800 to 2000, were driven out of the English national church.

Unify, ū′ni-fī, v.t. to make into one.—adjs. U′nifīable, capable of being made one; Unif′ic, making one.—ns. Unificā′tion; U′nifīer. [L. unus, one, facĕre, to make.]

Unigenital, ū-ni-jen′i-tal, adj. only-begotten.—ns. Unigen′iture, the state of being the only begotten; Unigen′itus, the name of the famous obscurantist bull issued by Clement XI. in 1713, at the instance of the Jesuits, in condemnation of the Jansenist Quesnel's admirable annotations on the New Testament.

Uniglobular, ū-ni-glob′ū-lar, adj. consisting of a single globe or globular part.

Unijugate, ū-ni-jōō′gāt, adj. having one pair of leaflets—of a pinnate leaf.

Unilateral, ū-ni-lat′e-ral, adj. one-sided.—n. Unilateral′ity.—adv. Unilat′erally.

Unillumed, un-i-lūmd′, adj. not illumed.—adj. Unillū′minated.

Unilobed, ū′ni-lōbd, adj. having but one lobe.—Also U′nilobar.

Unilocular, ū-ni-lok′ū-lar, adj. having but one loculus or cavity, as the heart of an amphioxus.

Unimaginable, un-i-maj′i-na-bl, adj. not imaginable, inconceivable.—n. Unimag′inableness.—adv. Unimag′inably.—adj. Unimag′inātive, not imaginative, prosaic.—n. Unimag′inātiveness.—adj. Unimag′ined, not imagined.

Unimpeachable, un-im-pē′cha-bl, adj. not to be impeached: not liable to be accused: free from fault: blameless.—ns. Unimpeachabil′ity, Unimpeach′ableness.—adv. Unimpeach′ably.—adj. Unimpeached′, not impeached.

Unimportance, un-im-pōr′tans, n. want of importance.—adj. Unimpor′tant, not important, trivial.

Unimposed, un-im-pōzd′, adj. not imposed or exacted.—adj. Unimpō′sing, not imposing or commanding respect: voluntary.

Unimpressible, un-im-pres′i-bl, adj. not capable of being impressed, not readily impressed.—n. Unimpressibil′ity.

Unimproved, un-im-prōōvd′, adj. not improved, made better, or cultivated, cleared, or built upon: not used, unemployed, inactive.

Unindividualised, un-in-di-vid′ū-al-īzd, adj. not separated into individual parts—of certain eruptive rocks.

Uninflammable, un-in-flam′a-bl, adj. incapable of being set on fire.—n. Uninflammabil′ity.

Uninfluenced, un-in′flōō-enst, adj. not subject to, or acted upon by, influence: not biassed or prejudiced.

Uninformed, un-in-formd′, adj. not having received information, untaught: not imbued with life or activity.

Uningenuous, un-in-jen′ū-us, adj. not ingenuous, disingenuous.—n. Uningen′uousness.

Uninhabitable, un-in-hab′i-ta-bl, adj. not inhabitable.—ns. Uninhabitabil′ity, Uninhab′itableness.—adj. Uninhab′ited, not inhabited.

Uninominal, ū-ni-nom′i-nal, adj. consisting of a single word or term in a scientific nomenclature.—Also Uninō′mial.

Uninstructed, un-in-struk′ted, adj. not instructed or taught.—adj. Uninstruc′tive, not serving to instruct.—adv. Uninstruc′tively.

Unintelligent, un-in-tel′i-jent, adj. not intelligent.—n. Unintell′igence.—adv. Unintell′igently.—n. Unintelligibil′ity.—adj. Unintell′igible, not capable of being understood.—n. Unintell′igibleness.—adv. Unintell′igibly.

Unintentional, un-in-ten′shun-al, adj. done or happening without intention or design, involuntary.—n. Unintentional′ity.—adv. Uninten′tionally.

Uninterested, un-in′tėr-es-ted, adj. not interested or personally concerned in, not engaging the attention of.—adj. Unin′teresting, not interesting.—adv. Unin′terestingly.—n. Unin′terestingness.

Unintermitted, un-in-tėr-mit′ed, adj. not intermitted or interrupted.—adv. Unintermitt′edly.—adj. Unintermitt′ing, not intermitting.—adv. Unintermitt′ingly.

Uninterpretable, un-in-tėr′pre-ta-bl, adj. incapable of being interpreted.

Uninterrupted, un-in-tėr-rup′ted, adj. not interrupted, incessant.—adv. Uninterrup′tedly.

Uninuclear, ū-ni-nū′klē-ar, adj. with a single nucleus.—Also Uninū′cleate.

Uninvented, un-in-ven′ted, adj. not invented.—adj. Uninven′tive, not inventive or apt at inventing.—adv. Uninven′tively.

Uniola, ū-nī′ō-la, n. a genus of perennial American grasses with creeping root-stocks, broad leaves, and large compressed spikelets in an open or spiked panicle—Spike-grass, Union-grass, Seaside oat.

Union, ūn′yun, n. a uniting: that which is united or made one: something formed by the combination of parts or individual things or persons: concord: harmony in colour: agreement between parts: the state of wedlock: a device emblematic of union borne in the canton of a flag, the canton used separately as a flag, the union-jack: a combination as among workmen for class protection: several parishes united for joint support and management of their poor, also the workhouse for such: (pl.) textile fabrics made up of more than one kind of fibre, as of wool and cotton.—adj. Ūn′ioned, showing evidence of union.—n.pl. Ūnion′idæ, a family of lamellibranchiate molluscs represented in Britain by two genera, Ū′nio and Anodonta.—ns. Ūnionist, one who advocates or supports union, esp. an upholder of the Union and opponent of secession before the American Civil War, also one opposed to granting Home Rule to Ireland, whether a natural Conservative or one of the Liberals who fell away from Mr Gladstone on this question in 1886; Ūnion-jack, the national flag adopted by Great Britain and Ireland, consisting of a union of the crosses of St George, St Andrew, and St Patrick.—The Union, the legislative incorporation of England and Scotland in 1707, or of Ireland with both in 1801. [Fr. union—L. unio, -onis—unus, one.]

Uniparous, ū-nip′a-rus, adj. producing one at a birth: (bot.) having but one axis or stem. [L. unus, one, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Uniped, ū′ni-ped, adj. having only one foot.—n. one having but one foot.

Unipeltate, ū-ni-pel′tāt, adj. with a carapace of one piece, as a crustacean.—n. one of the Unipeltā′ta, the adult Squillidæ, as a division of stomatopods.

Unipersonal, ū-ni-pėr′son-al, adj. existing as only one person: (gram.) used in only one person.—ns. Uniper′sonalist; Unipersonal′ity.

Unipolar, ū-ni-pō′lar, adj. (elect.) showing only one kind of polarity: (biol.) having one process only.—n. Unipolar′ity.

Unique, ū-nēk′, adj. single or alone in any quality: without a like or equal.—adv. Unique′ly.—ns. Unique′ness; Uniq′uity. [Fr.,—L. unicus—unus.]

Uniserial, ū-ni-sē′ri-al, adj. placed in one series.—adv. Unisē′rially.—adj. Unisē′riate.—adv. Unisē′riately.

Uniserrate, ū-ni-ser′āt, adj. having one row of teeth or serrations.—adj. Uniser′rūlate, having one row of small serrations.

Unisexual, ū-ni-sek′sū-al, adj. of one sex only, as a plant.—n. Unisexual′ity.—adv. Unisex′ually.

Unison, ū′ni-son, n. oneness or agreement of sound: concord: harmony—adj. U′nisōnal.—adv. U′nisōnally.—n. U′nisōnance, state of being unisonant: accordance of sounds.—adjs. U′nisōnant, U′nisōnous, being in unison. [L. unus, one, sonus a sound, sonāre, to sound.]

Unit, ū′nit, n. one: a single thing or person: the least whole number: anything taken as one: any known determinate quantity by constant application of which any other quantity is measured.—adj. U′nital.—n. Unitā′rian, one who asserts the unity of the Godhead as opposed to the Trinity, and ascribes divinity to God the Father only.—adj. pertaining to Unitarians or their doctrine.—n. Unitā′rianism, the doctrines or principles of a Unitarian.—adj. U′nitary, pertaining to unity or to a unit: (biol.) monistic, as opposed to dualistic: whole, integral.—n. U′nitāte, the remainder after dividing a number by any digit.—v.t. to obtain the unitate of.—n. Unitā′tion. [L. unitum, pa.p. of unīre, to unite—unus, one.]

Unite, ū-nīt′, v.t. to make one: to join two or more into one: to join: to make to agree or adhere.—v.i. to become one: to grow or act together.—adj. Unī′ted, joined, made one: harmonious.—adj. Unī′tedly, in union: together.—ns. Unī′ter, one who unites; Uni′tion, act of uniting, conjunction; U′nitism, monism.—adj. U′nitive, harmonising, uniting.—adv. Unī′tively.—Unitas Fratrum, or United Brethren (see Moravian); United Greeks (see Uniat); United Irishmen, an organisation originally formed to help Grattan in carrying his reforms, but which quickly became a rebel organisation, and caused the rising of 1798; United Presbyterian (see Presbyter); United Provinces, the seven northern provinces of Holland—Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Gelderland, Groningen, Friesland, and Overyssel, united in 1579 under the Union of Utrecht; United States, a federal union of states, esp. that of North America.

Unity, ū′ni-ti, n. oneness: state of being one or at one: agreement: the arrangement of all the parts to one purpose or effect: harmony: (math.) any quantity taken as one.—The unities (of place, time, and action), the three canons of the classical drama—that the scenes should be at the same place, that all the events should be such as might happen within a single day, and that nothing should be admitted not directly relevant to the development of the plot.

Univalent, ū-niv′a-lent, adj. having a valence of one.—ns. Univ′alence, Univ′alency.

Univalve, ū′ni-valv, adj. having one valve or shell only.—n. a shell of one valve only: a mollusc whose shell is composed of a single piece.—adj. Unival′vular.

Universal, ū-ni-vėr′sal, adj. comprehending, affecting, or extending to the whole: comprising all the particulars: applied to a great variety of uses.—n. a universal proposition, a general term, a universal concept.—n. Universalisā′tion.—v.t. Univer′salise.—ns. Univer′salism, the doctrine or belief of universal salvation, or the ultimate salvation of all mankind, and even of the fallen angels; Univer′salist, a believer in universalism.—adj. pertaining to such beliefs.—adj. Universalist′ic.—n. Universal′ity, state or quality of being universal.—adv. Univer′sally.—n. Univer′salness.—adj. Universan′imous, of one mind. [L. universalis—universus.]

Universe, ū′ni-vėrs, n. the whole system of created things: all created things viewed as one whole: the world.—adj. Universolog′ical.—ns. Universol′ogist; Universol′ogy, the science of the universe, or of all forms of human activity. [L. universum, neut. sing. of universus, whole, unus, one, versus, vertĕre, to turn.]

University, ū-ni-vėr′si-ti, n. a corporation of teachers or assemblage of colleges for teaching the higher branches of learning, and having power to confer degrees. [L. universitas, a corporation—universus.]

Univocal, ū-niv′ō-kal, adj. having one meaning only: having unison of sounds.—n. a word with but one meaning.—n. Univ′ocacy.—adv. Univ′ocally.—n. Univocā′tion, agreement of name and meaning. [L. univocus—unus, one, vox, vocis, a voice.]

Unjaundiced, un-jän′dist, adj. not jaundiced, not affected by jealousy.

Unjoyful, un-joi′fōōl, adj. not joyful.—adj. Unjoy′ous, not joyous or cheerful.—adv. Unjoy′ously.

Unjust, un-just′, adj. not just or controlled by justice: contrary to justice: dishonest, faithless.—adj. Unjus′tifīable, not justifiable.—n. Unjus′tifīableness.—advs. Unjus′tifīably; Unjust′ly.—n. Unjust′ness.

Unked, ung′ked, adj. (prov.) strange, ugly, inconvenient.—Also Unk′id, Unk′eth, Unk′ard. [Uncouth.]

Unkempt, un′kemt, adj. uncombed: unpolished, rough. [Pfx. un-, not, A.S. cemban, to comb—camb, a comb.]

Unkennel, un-ken′el, v.t. to drive from a kennel or hole: to rouse from secrecy or retreat.

Unkind, un-kīnd′, adj. contrary to kind or nature: wanting in kindness: cruel.—n. Unkīnd′liness, want of kindliness.—adj. Unkīnd′ly, contrary to kind or nature: malignant: not kind.—adv. (Milt.) in a manner contrary to kind or nature: in an unkindly manner: cruelly.—n. Unkīnd′ness, want of kindness or affection: cruelty.—adj. Unkin′dred (obs.), not related.—adv. Unkin′dredly.

Unking, un-king′, v.t. to strip of royal power.—adv. Unking′ly, unbecoming a king.

Unknightly, un-nīt′li, adj. contrary to the rules of chivalry, unbecoming a knight.—n. Unknight′liness.

Unknit, un-nit′, v.t. to separate or loose what is knit or knotted: to open.

Unknowable, un-nō′a-bl, adj. incapable of being known.—n. that which cannot be known, the first or original cause: that which is cognisable only in its relations.—n. Unknow′ableness.—adv. Unknow′ably.—adj. Unknow′ing, ignorant, obtuse.—adv. Unknow′ingly.—n. Unknow′ingness.—adj. Unknown′, not known, mentally apprehended, recognised, or made know.—n. Unknown′ness.

Unlaboured, un-lā′burd, adj. showing no traces of labour, unwrought: unrestrained, easy.—adj. Unlabō′rious, not toilsome.—adv. Unlabō′riously.—adj. Unlā′bouring, not labouring.

Unlace, un-lās′, v.t. to loose from being laced: to loose the dress of.—adj. Unlast′ (Spens.), unlaced.

Unlaid, un-lād′, adj. not laid or fixed: not having parallel water-marked lines, as paper: untwisted: not allayed or pacified.

Unlarded, un-lär′ded, adj. not larded or mixed with lard, unadulterated.

Unlawful, un-law′fōōl, adj. not lawful or permitted by law.—n. Unlaw′, lawlessness, any breach of law: an injury, injustice: a fine exacted from a transgressor of the law.—adv. Unlaw′fully.—n. Unlaw′fulness.

Unlead, un-led′, v.t. (print.) to take out the leads from matter set up.

Unlearn, un-lėrn′, v.t. to forget or lose what has been learned.—v.i. to become ignorant.—adj. Unlear′ned, not learned: ignorant.—adv. Unlear′nedly.—n. Unlear′nedness.

Unleave, un-lēv′, v.t. (obs.) to strip of leaves.—v.i. to lose leaves.

Unlectured, un-lek′tūrd, adj. not taught in lectures, not subjected to instruction or admonition in lectures.

Unleisured, un-lē′zhōōrd, adj. not having leisure.—n. Unlei′suredness.

Unless, un-les′, conj. at or for less: if not: supposing that not: save, except. [Formerly on les, on lesse, in phrase on lesse that, in less than.]

Unlettered, un-let′ėrd, adj. unlearned, illiterate.—n. Unlett′eredness.

Unlicensed, un-lī′senst, adj. having no license, done without a license.

Unlicked, un-likt′, adj. not licked into shape, shapeless, not smooth—from the old notion that the she-bear licks her cubs into shape, hence ungainly, awkward.

Unlike, un-līk′, adj. not like or similar: having no resemblance.—adv. in another manner to.—ns. Unlike′lihood, Unlike′liness, improbability.—adj. Unlike′ly, not likely: improbable: likely to fail.—adv. in an unlikely manner, improbably.—n. Unlike′ness, want of resemblance.

Unlimber, un-lim′bėr, v.t. to remove the limbers from, to take off the limbers of.—v.i. to detach the limbers from the guns.

Unlimited, un-lim′i-ted, adj. not limited, bounded, defined, or restrained.—adj. Unlim′itable (obs.), illimitable.—adv. Unlim′itedly.—n. Unlim′itedness.

Unlink, un-lingk′, v.t. to separate the links of, to untwist.—adj. Unlinked′, not joined by links.

Unliquidated, un-lik′wi-dā-ted, adj. not determined, settled, or adjusted.

Unliquored, un-lik′urd, adj. not moistened with liquor: not in liquor, sober.

Unlive, un-liv′, v.t. to undo by living: (obs.) to deprive of life.—adj. Unlived′ (Shak.), bereft of life.—n. Unlīve′liness, want of liveliness.

Unload, un-lōd′, v.t. to take the load from: to discharge: to disburden: (U.S. slang) to sell in great quantity, as risky stock, &c.—v.i. to discharge freight.—ns. Unload′er; Unload′ing.

Unlocated, un-lō-kā′ted, adj. not located: (U.S.) not surveyed or marked off.

Unloose, un-lōōs′, v.t. to make loose: to set free.—v.t. Unloos′en, to unloose.

Unlord, un-lord′, v.t. to strip of the dignity of a lord.—adjs. Unlord′ed, not raised to the rank of lord; Unlord′ly, not lordly.

Unlosable, un-lōō′za-bl, adj. that cannot be lost.—adj. Unlost′, not lost.

Unlove, un-luv′, v.t. to cease to love.—n. the absence of love.—adjs. Unlov′able, not deserving to be loved, unlikely to be loved; Unloved′, not loved.—n. Unlove′liness, want of loveliness, amiability, or beauty.—adjs. Unlove′ly, not lovely; Unlov′ing, not loving.—adv. Unlov′ingly.—n. Unlov′ingness.

Unlucky, un-luk′i, adj. not lucky or fortunate: ill-omened.—adv. Unluck′ily, in an unlucky or unfortunate manner.—n. Unluck′iness, the state or quality of being unlucky or unfortunate.

Unmagistrate, un-maj′is-trāt, v.t. to degrade from the position of magistrate.

Unmaidenly, un-mā′dn-li, adj. unbecoming a maiden.—v.t. Unmaid′en, to deflower.

Unmailable, un-mā′la-bl, adj. incapable of being mailed or sent to its proper destination by post.

Unmake, un-māk′, v.t. to destroy the make or form and qualities of.—adjs. Unmade′, not made: reduced to its original form; Unmā′kable, that cannot be made.—n. Unmā′king, act of destroying.—Unmade up, not worked up into form.

Unmalleable, un-mal′ē-a-bl, adj. that cannot be hammered, stubborn, unyielding.—n. Unmalleabil′ity.

Unman, un-man′, v.t. to deprive of the powers of a man, as courage, virility, &c.: to deprive of men.—adj. Unman′like, not manlike.—n. Unman′liness, effeminacy.—adjs. Unman′ly, not becoming a man: unworthy of a noble mind: base: cowardly; Unmanned′, not manned or furnished with men: (Shak.) not tamed or made subject to man, maiden, virgin.

Unmanageable, un-man′āj-a-bl, adj. not manageable, not easily controlled or directed.—n. Unman′ageableness.—adv. Unman′ageably.—adj. Unman′aged, not controlled: not broken in.

Unmannerly, un-man′ėr-li, adj. not mannerly: ill-bred.—adv. in an unmannerly manner.—adj. Unmann′ered, wanting in good manners: uncivil: rude.—n. Unmann′erliness, state or quality of being unmannerly: want of good manners: rudeness.

Unmanufactured, un-man-ū-fak′tūrd, adj. not manufactured or worked up from its natural state: not simulated or put on.

Unmarketable, un-mär′ket-a-bl, adj. not suitable for the market, not saleable.

Unmarried, un-mar′id, adj. not married.—adjs. Unmarr′iable (obs.), not marriageable; Unmarr′iageable, not fit to marry, not yet old enough to be married.—n. Unmarr′iageableness.—v.t. Unmarr′y, to dissolve the marriage of.

Unmask, un-mask′, v.t. to take a mask or any disguise off: to expose.—v.i. to put off a mask.—adj. Unmasked′.

Unmastered, un-mas′tėrd, adj. not subdued, not conquerable.—adj. Unmas′terable, that cannot be mastered.

Unmatched, un-macht′, adj. matchless, without an equal.—adj. Unmatch′able, not to be equalled.—n. Unmatch′edness.

Unmaterial, un-ma-tē′ri-al, adj. not material.—adj. Unmatē′rialīsed, not in bodily shape: not yet having become actual or taken shape.

Unmeaning, un-mē′ning, adj. having no meaning: without intelligence.—adv. Unmean′ingly.—n. Unmean′ingness.—adj. Unmeant (un-ment′), not meant.

Unmeasured, un-mezh′ūrd, adj. not measured, boundless: irregular.—adj. Unmeas′urable, immeasurable.—n. Unmeas′urableness.—adv. Unmeas′urably.

Unmechanise, un-mek′a-nīz, v.t. to destroy the mechanism of, to throw out of order.

Unmeddle, un-med′l, v.i. to repair the effects of meddling.—adj. Unmedd′ling, not meddling.—n. Unmedd′lingness.

Unmedicinable, un-mē-dis′in-a-bl, adj. that cannot be cured: unable to cure.

Unmeet, un-mēt′, adj. not meet, unfit.—adv. Unmeet′ly.—n. Unmeet′ness.

Unmelodious, un-mē-lō′di-us, adj. not melodious, harsh.—n. Unmelō′diousness.

Unmentionable, un-men′shun-a-bl, adj. unworthy of being mentioned.—n. Unmen′tionableness.—n.pl. Unmen′tionables, otherwise inexpressibles, a would-be humorous name for trousers.

Unmerciful, un-mer′si-fōōl, adj. showing no mercy: exorbitant.—adv. Unmer′cifully.—n. Unmer′cifulness.

Unmerited, un-mer′i-ted, adj. not merited, undeserved: obtained without service.—adj. Unmer′itable (Shak.), without merit.—n. Unmer′itedness.—adj. Unmer′iting, not deserving.

Unmethodical, un-me-thod′i-kal, adj. not methodical.—adj. Unmeth′odised, not regulated by method.

Unmilitary, un-mil′i-ta-ri, adj. not in accordance with military methods, without military spirit.

Unminded, un-mīn′ded, adj. not heeded, forgotten.—adj. Unmind′ful, not keeping in mind, regardless.—adv. Unmind′fully.—n. Unmind′fulness.

Unmiraculous, un-mi-rak′ū-lus, adj. not miraculous.—adv. Unmirac′ulously.

Unmistakable, un-mis-tā′ka-bl, adj. incapable of being mistaken: clear: distinct.—n. Unmistā′kableness.—adv. Unmistā′kably.

Unmitigable, un-mit′i-ga-bl, adj. that cannot be mitigated or alleviated.—advs. Unmit′igably, Unmit′igātedly.—adj. Unmit′igāted, not mitigated or abated, having full force.

Unmitre, un-mī′tėr, v.t. to deprive of a mitre, to degrade from the dignity of bishop.

Unmixed, un-mikst′, adj. free from any foreign admixture, unadulterated.—adv. Unmix′edly.

Unmodernise, un-mod′ėr-nīz, v.t. to give an old-fashioned form or manner to.

Unmodified, un-mod′i-fīd, adj. not modified, qualified, or limited.—adj. Unmod′ifīable, that cannot be modified.—n. Unmod′ifīableness.

Unmonopolise, un-mō-nop′ō′-līz, v.t. to free from monopoly.—adj. Unmonop′olising, not including in a monopoly.

Unmoor, un-mōōr′, v.t. to loose from being moored or anchored.—v.i. to weigh anchor.

Unmoral, un-mor′al, adj. not moral.—adjs. Unmor′alīsed, not moralised upon, having no moral attached; Unmoralīs′ing, not given to making moral reflections.—n. Unmoral′ity.

Unmounted, un-mown′ted, adj. not mounted: not placed on horseback: not set or arranged with any suitable background, &c., for display or protection, as a precious stone, a drawing or photograph for framing, a lantern or microscopic slide, &c.

Unmoved, un-mōōvd′, adj. not moved, firm: not touched by emotion, calm.—adjs. Unmov′able, Unmove′able, immovable.—advs. Unmov′ably, immovably; Unmov′edly.—adj. Unmov′ing, not moving: unaffecting.

Unmuffle, un-muf′l, v.t. to take a muffle or covering from.—v.i. to throw off concealments.

Unmultiply, un-mul′ti-plī, v.t. to reverse the process of multiplication, to find the factors of.

Unmurmuring, un-mur′mur-ing, adj. not murmuring.—adv. Unmur′muringly.

Unmuscular, un-mus′kū-lar, adj. not muscular or physically strong.—adj. Unmuscled (un-mus′ld), with the muscles relaxed.

Unmusical, un-mū′zi-kal, adj. not musical or harmonious: not skilled in music.—n. Unmusical′ity.—adv. Unmū′sically.

Unnamable, un-nā′ma-bl, adj. not to be named.—adj. Unnamed′, not named.

Unnatural, un-nat′ū-ral, adj. not natural or according to nature: without natural affection.—v.t. Unnat′uralise.—adj. Unnat′uralised, not naturalised.—ns. Unnat′uralism, Unnatural′ity.—adv. Unnat′urally.—n. Unnat′uralness.

Unnavigable, un-nav′i-ga-bl, adj. not navigable.—n. Unnavigabil′ity.—adj. Unnav′igated, not sailed on or over.

Unnecessary, un-nes′e-sa-ri, adj. not necessary: useless: needless.—adv. Unnec′essarily, without necessity.—n. Unnec′essariness.

Unneedful, un-nēd′fōōl, adj. not needful.—adv. Unneed′fully.

Unneighboured, un-nā′burd, adj. having no neighbours.—n. Unneigh′bourliness.—adj. Unneigh′bourly, not neighbourly, friendly, or social.—adv. in an unneighbourly manner.

Unnerve, un-nėrv′, v.t. to deprive of nerve, strength, or vigour: to weaken.—adj. Unner′vate (obs.), enervated.

Unniggardly, un-nig′ard-li, adj. not niggardly or miserly.—adj. Unnigg′ard, not niggard, liberal.

Unnoble, un-nō′bl, adj. (Spens.) ignoble.—v.t. to deprive of nobility.

Unnumbered, un-num′bėrd, adj. (Milt.) not to be numbered, innumerable.—adj. Unnum′berable, innumerable.

Unobjectionable, un-ob-jek′shun-a-bl, adj. not liable to objection.—adv. Unobjec′tionably.

Unobservance, un-ob-zer′vans, n. state of being unobservant, inattention: lack of observance of some law.—adjs. Unobser′vable, not to be observed; Unobser′vant, not observant or attentive; Unobserved′, not observed.—adv. Unobser′vedly.-adj. Unobser′ving, not observing.

Unobstructed, un-ob-struk′ted, adj. not obstructed or hindered, clear.—adj. Unobstruc′tive, offering no obstacle.

Unobtrusive, un-ob-trōō′siv, adj. not obtrusive or forward.—adv. Unobtru′sively, in an unobtrusive or modest manner.—n. Unobtru′siveness, state of being unobtrusive: modesty.

Unode, ū′nōd, n. (geom.) a limiting case of a conical point, in which the tangent cone has become a pair of coincident planes.

Unoffending, un-o-fen′ding, adj. not offending, blameless.—adj. Unoffen′sive, inoffensive.

Unordained, un-or-dānd′, adj. not appointed or established: not having received ordination.

Unorder, un-or′dėr, v.t. to cancel an order.—adjs. Unor′dered, disordered: not ordered or commanded: Unor′derly, not orderly.

Unorganised, un-or′gan-īzd, adj. not organised or having organic structure.

Unoriginal, un-ō-rij′in-al, adj. not original: (Milt.) without origin, birth, or source.—adjs. Unorig′ināte, -d.—n. Unorig′inātedness.—adv. Unorig′inātely.

Unornamental, un-or-na-men′tal, adj. not ornamental.—adj. Unor′namented, not ornamented.

Unorthodox, un-or′thō-doks, adj. not orthodox.—n. Unor′thodoxy, heterodoxy, heresy.

Unostentatious, un-os-ten-tā′shus, adj. not ostentatious or showy.—adv. Unostentā′tiously.—n. Unostentā′tiousness.

Unowned, un-ōnd′, adj. not avowed or acknowledged as one's own property or one's own work.

Unpack, un-pak′, v.t. to take out of a pack: to open.—n. Unpack′er.

Unpainful, un-pān′fōōl, adj. not painful.—adj. Unpained′, not pained.

Unpalatable, un-pal′ā-ta-bl, adj. not agreeable.—adv. Unpal′atably.

Unparalleled, un-par′a-leld, adj. without parallel or equal.—adj. Unpar′allelable, incapable of being paralleled.

Unpardonable, un-pär′don-a-bl, adj. that cannot be pardoned or forgiven.—n. Unpar′donableness.—adv. Unpar′donably.

Unparliamentary, un-pär-li-men′tar-i, adj. contrary to the usages of proceeding in Parliament: not such as can be spoken in Parliament.

Unpassable, un-pas′a-bl, adj. impassable: not current.—n. Unpass′ableness.

Unpassionate, un-pash′un-āt, adj. dispassionate.—adv. Unpas′sionately.—adj. Unpas′sioned, free from passion.

Unpathed, un-pätht′, adj. pathless.—adj. Unpath′wayed, without pathway.

Unpatronised, un-pā′tron-izd, adj. without the support of patrons: not traded with usually.

Unpeaceable, un-pē′sa-bl, adj. not peaceable.—n. Unpeace′ableness.—adj. Unpeace′ful.—adv. Unpeace′fully.

Unpeerable, un-pēr′a-bl, adj. not to be matched.—adj. Unpeered′, unequalled.

Unpensioned, un-pen′shund, adj. not rewarded by a pension: not kept in one's pay.

Unperceivable, un-per-sē′va-bl, adj. not to be perceived.—adv. Unpercei′vably.—adj. Unperceived′, not perceived.—adv. Unpercei′vedly, so as not to be perceived.

Unperformed, un-per-formd′, adj. not performed or fulfilled: not represented on the stage.

Unperishing, un-per′ish-ing, adj. not perishing.—adj. Unper′ishable.—adv. Unper′ishably.

Unperplexed, un-per-plekst′, adj. not perplexed.—v.t. Unperplex′, to separate.

Unpersonable, un-per′sun-a-bl, adj. not personable.—adj. Unper′sonal, not personal.—n. Unpersonal′ity.

Unpersuadable, un-per-swā′da-bl, adj. not to be persuaded.—ns. Unpersuā′dableness, Unpersuā′sibleness; Unpersuā′sion.—adj. Unpersuā′sive, not persuasive.

Unperturbed, un-per-turbd′, adj. not perturbed.—n. Unpertur′bedness.

Unpervert, un-per-vėrt′, v.t. to reconvert.—adj. Unpervert′ed, not perverted.

Unphilosophical, un-fil-ō-sof′i-kal, adj. not philosophical—also Unphilosoph′ic.—adv. Unphilosoph′ically.—n. Unphilosoph′icalness.—v.t. Unphilos′ophise, to divest of the character of philosopher.

Unpick, un-pik′, v.t. to take out by picking: to unfasten, undo.—adjs. Unpick′able, that cannot be picked; Unpicked′, not picked.

Unpierced, un-pērst′, adj. not pierced.—adj. Unpierce′able, not to be pierced.

Unpiteous, un-pit′e-us, adj. merciless, cruel.—adv. Unpit′eously.—n. Unpit′eousness.—adjs. Unpit′ied, not pitied; Unpit′iful, having no pity.—adv. Unpit′ifully.—n. Unpit′ifulness.—adj. Unpit′ying, showing no pity.—adv. Unpit′yingly.

Unplaced, un-plāst′, adj. not arranged in proper places, confused.—v.t. Unplace′, to displace.

Unplanted, un-plan′ted, adj. not planted or cultivated.—v.t. Unplant′, to strip of plants.

Unplausible, un-plaw′zi-bl, adj. not plausible.—adv. Unplau′sibly, not plausibly.—adj. Unplau′sive, not approving.

Unpleaded, un-plē′ded, adj. not pleaded.—adj. Unplea′dable, incapable of being pleaded.

Unpleasant, un-plez′ant, adj. not pleasant: disagreeable.—adj. Unpleasable (-plē′), not to be pleased.—n. Unpleas′ance.—adv. Unpleas′antly, in an unpleasant manner: disagreeably.—ns. Unpleas′antness, state or quality of being unpleasant: disagreeableness; Unpleas′antry, want of pleasantness: any unpleasant occurrence, any particular discomfort.—adjs. Unpleased (-plēzd′), displeased; Unpleasing (-plē′), displeasing, disgusting.—adv. Unpleasingly (-plē′).—n. Unpleasingness (-plē′).—adj. Unpleas′urable, not giving pleasure.—adv. Unpleas′urably.

Unpliant, un-plī′ant, adj. not pliant, stiff, stubborn.—adj. Unplī′able, not pliable.—advs. Unplī′ably; Unplī′antly.

Unplugged, un-plugd′, adj. free from plugs: not short-circuited by a plug.—v.t. Unplug′, to remove a plug from.

Unplumb, un-plum′, v.t. to remove the lead from.—adj. not plumb or vertical.—adj. Unplumbed′, not measured by a plumb-line: unfathomed.

Unpoetical, un-pō-et′i-kal, adj. not poetical, prosaic—also Unpoet′ic.—adv. Unpoet′ically.—n. Unpoet′icalness.

Unpointed, un-poin′ted, adj. not pointed, blunt: having no vowel points, as in Hebrew: with the joints uncemented, of a wall.

Unpolicied, un-pol′i-sid, adj. without organised civil polity: impolitic.—adj. Unpol′itic, impolitic.

Unpolish, un-pol′ish, v.t. to take the polish from, to make rough.—adj. Unpol′ished.

Unpolite, un-pō-līt′, adj. not polite, rude.—adv. Unpolite′ly.—n. Unpolite′ness.

Unpopular, un-pop′ū-lar, adj. not popular: disliked by the people.—n. Unpopular′ity, the state of being unpopular.—adv. Unpop′ularly, in an unpopular manner: not popularly.

Unpossessed, un-po-zest′, adj. not possessed, not in possession (with of).—adj. Unpossess′ing (Shak.), having no possessions.

Unpossibility, un-pos-i-bil′i-ti, n. impossibility.—adj. Unposs′ible, impossible.

Unposted, un-pōs′ted, adj. not having a fixed post: not posted up for public information: (coll.) not posted or informed about anything.

Unpractical, un-prak′ti-kal, adj. not practical, disinclined to give attention to things immediately useful or profitable: not workable in detail.—n. Unpractical′ity.—adv. Unprac′tically.

Unpractised, un-prak′tist, adj. having no practice or experience: not carried out in practice, not usually done: not yet familiar through practice.—n. Unprac′tisedness.

Unprecedented, un-pres′ē-den-ted, adj. having no precedent: novel.—adv. Unprec′edentedly.

Unpredict, un-prē-dikt′, v.i. (Milt.) to recall what has been predicted or foretold.

Unpregnant, un-preg′nant, adj. (Shak.) stupid, unapt for business: indifferent to (with of).

Unprejudicate, un-prē-jōō′di-kāt, adj. unprejudiced.—n. Unprejud′icateness.

Unprejudiced, un-prej′ōō-dist, adj. not prejudiced: impartial.—n. Unprej′udice, absence of prejudice.—adv. Unprej′udicedly.—n. Unprej′udicedness.

Unprelate, un-prel′āt, v.t. to deprive of the dignity of prelate.—adj. Unprelat′ical.

Unpremeditated, un-prē-med′i-tā-ted, adj. not planned beforehand, not previously thought of.—adj. Unpremed′itable, not to be foreseen, unforeseen.—adv. Unpremed′itatedly.—ns. Unpremed′itatedness; Unpremeditā′tion.

Unprepared, un-prē-pārd′, adj. without preparation, done without such.—n. Unpreparā′tion, unpreparedness.—adv. Unprepār′edly.—n. Unprepār′edness.

Unprepossessing, un-prē-po-zes′ing, adj. not predisposing in one's favour, unpleasing.—adj. Unprepossessed′, not prepossessed or prejudiced.

Unprescribed, un-prē-skrībd′, adj. not prescribed or laid down beforehand.

Unpresentable, un-prē-zen′ta-bl, adj. not presentable, not fit to be seen.

Unpretending, un-prē-ten′ding, adj. not pretending or making pretence: modest.—adv. Unpreten′dingly.—adj. Unpreten′tious, not pretentious.—n. Unpreten′tiousness.

Unprevented, un-prē-ven′ted, adj. not hindered or prevented: (obs.) not preceded by anything.—adj. Unpreven′table, impossible to be prevented.—n. Unpreven′tableness.

Unpriced, un-prīst′, adj. having no fixed price: beyond price, priceless.

Unpriest, un-prēst′, v.t. to strip of the rank of priest.—adj. Unpriest′ly, unbecoming a priest.

Unprince, un-prins′, v.t. to deprive of princely dignity.—adj. Unprince′ly, unbecoming a prince.

Unprincipled, un-prin′si-pld, adj. without settled principles: not restrained by conscience: profligate.—v.t. Unprin′ciple, to destroy the moral principles of.—n. Unprin′cipledness.

Unprizable, un-prī′za-bl, adj. (Shak.) incapable of being valued, either as so far above or below price.

Unproductive, un-prō-duk′tiv, adj. not productive, profitable, or efficient, not effecting some particular result (with of).—adv. Unproduc′tively.—ns. Unproduc′tiveness; Unproductiv′ity.

Unprofessional, un-prō-fesh′un-al, adj. having no profession: beyond the limits of one's profession: contrary to the rules or the usual etiquette of a particular profession.—adv. Unprofes′sionally.

Unprofitable, un-prof′i-ta-bl, adj. not profitable: bringing no profit: serving no purpose.—n. Unprof′itableness.—adv. Unprof′itably.—adjs. Unprof′ited, profitless; Unprof′iting, unprofitable.

Unprogressive, un-prō-gres′iv, adj. not progressive.—n. Unprogress′iveness.

Unpromising, un-prom′i-sing, adj. not promising or affording a good prospect of success, &c.—v.t. Unprom′ise, to revoke a promise.—adj. Unprom′ised, not promised.

Unpronounceable, un-prō-nown′sa-bl, adj. difficult to pronounce: not fit to be mentioned.—adj. Unpronounced′, not pronounced.

Unproper, un-prop′ėr, adj. improper: (Shak.) common to all.—adv. Unprop′erly.

Unpropitious, un-prō-pish′us, adj. not propitious, inauspicious.—adj. Unpropi′tiable, incapable of being propitiated.—adv. Unpropi′tiously.—n. Unpropi′tiousness.

Unproportionable, un-prō-pōr′shun-a-bl, adj. disproportionable.—n. Unpropor′tionableness.—adjs. Unpropor′tionate, not proportionate; Unpropor′tioned, not proportioned.

Unproselyte, un-pros′ē-līt, v.t. to prevent from being made a proselyte.

Unprosperous, un-pros′pėr-us, adj. not prosperous or fortunate.—adv. Unpros′perously.—n. Unpros′perousness.

Unpropected, un-prō-tek′ted, adj. not protected.—n. Unprotec′tedness.

Unprotestantise, un-prot′es-tan-tīz, v.t. to pervert from Protestantism, to strip of Protestant features.

Unproved, un-prōōvd′, adj. not proved.—adjs. Unprov′able, Unprove′able, incapable of being proved.—n. Unproved′ness.

Unprovided, un-prō-vī′ded, adj. not furnished or provided for, unprepared.—v.t. Unprovide′, to unfurnish, to deprive of what is necessary.—adv. Unprovī′dedly.—adj. Unprov′ident, improvident.

Unprovoked, un-prō-vōkt′, adj. not having received provocation, uncalled for.—adv. Unprovō′kedly.

Unprudent, un-prōō′dent, adj. imprudent—also Unpruden′tial.—n. Unpru′dence, imprudence.

Unpublished, un-pub′lisht, adj. not made public, esp. still in MS. or privately printed form: secret.—adj. Unpub′lic, not public.

Unpucker, un-puk′ėr, v.t. to smooth out the puckers or creases of, to relax.

Unpunctual, un-pungk′tū-al, adj. not punctual.—n. Unpunctual′ity.—adv. Unpunc′tually.

Unpunishable, un-pun′ish-a-bl, adj. that cannot be punished.—adv. Unpun′ishably.—adj. Unpun′ished, not punished.

Unpure, un-pūr′, adj. impure.—adv. Unpure′ly.—n. Unpure′ness.

Unqualified, un-kwol′i-fīd, adj. not possessing the proper qualifications for anything, incompetent: given without restrictions, absolute.—adv. Unqual′ifiedly.—n. Unqual′ifiedness.—v.t. Unqual′ify, to disqualify.

Unquenchable, un-kwen′sha-bl, adj. that cannot be quenched or extinguished.—n. Unquen′chableness.—adv. Unquen′chably.

Unquestionable, un-kwes′tyun-a-bl, adj. not questionable or to be questioned: (Shak.) not questioning or inquisitive.—ns. Unquestionabil′ity, Unques′tionableness, the quality of being unquestionable: that which cannot be questioned.—adv. Unquest′ionably, without question or doubt.—adj. Unques′tioned, not called in question, undoubted, not examined, indisputable.—n. Unques′tioningness.

Unquiet, un-kwī′et, adj. not at rest, disturbed: causing restlessness.—v.t. to disquiet.—n. Unquies′cence, inquietude.—adv. Unquī′etly.—ns. Unquī′etness, state of disturbance, restlessness; Unquī′etude, inquietude.

Unquizzable, un-kwiz′a-bl, adj. incapable of being quizzed or ridiculed.

Unravel, un-rav′el, v.t. to take out of a ravelled state: to unfold or explain: to separate.—v.i. to be disentangled.—adj Unrav′elable.—ns. Unrav′eller; Unrav′elment.

Unread, un-red′, adj. not informed by reading, ignorant: not perused.—adj. Unreadable (un-rē′da-bl), indecipherable, too dull to be read.—n. Unrea′dableness.

Unready, un-red′i, adj. not ready or prepared: slow: awkward: (Shak.) not dressed.—adv. Unread′ily.—n. Unread′iness.

Unreal, un-rē′al, adj. not real: having appearance only, illusive.—v.t. Unrē′alīse, to divest of reality.—ns. Unrē′alism, Unreal′ity, want of reality or existence.—adv. Unrē′ally.

Unreasonable, un-rē′zn-a-bl, adj. not agreeable to reason: exceeding the bounds of reason, immoderate: not influenced by reason.—ns. Unrea′son, lack of reason; Unrea′sonableness, the state or quality of being unreasonable: exorbitance.—adv. Unrea′sonably, in an unreasonable manner: excessively.—adjs. Unrea′soned, not argued out; Unrea′soning, not reasoning.—adv. Unrea′soningly.—Abbot of Unreason (see Misrule).

Unrecalling, un-rē-kawl′ing, adj. not to be recalled.—adj. Unrecall′able, that cannot be recalled.

Unreckoned, un-rek′nd, adj. not reckoned.—adj. Unreck′onable, that cannot be reckoned, immeasurable.

Unreclaimed, un-rē-klāmd′, adj. not reclaimed.—adj. Unreclaim′able, irreclaimable.—adv. Unreclaim′ably.

Unrecognised, un-rek′og-nīzd, adj. not recognised.—adj. Unrec′ognisable.—adv. Unrec′ognisably.

Unreconciled, un-rek′on-sīld, adj. not reconciled, restored to friendship, or made consistent.—adj. Unrec′oncilable, irreconcilable.—n. Unreconcil′ableness.—adv. Unrec′oncilably.

Unreconstructed, un-rē-kon-struk′ted, adj. not reconstructed: (U.S.) not yet admitted as a state of the Union.

Unrecoverable, un-rē-kuv′ėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be recovered: sick beyond hope of recovery.—adv. Unrecov′erably.—adj. Unrecov′ered.

Unredeemed, un-rē-dēmd′, adj. not redeemed or ransomed: not fulfilled: unmitigated: not recalled into the treasury by payment of the value in money: not taken out of pawn.—adj. Unredeem′able, that cannot be redeemed.

Unredressed, Unredrest, un-rē-drest′, adj. without redress: (Spens.) unrescued.

Unreeve, un-rēv′, v.t. (naut.) to withdraw a rope from any block, thimble, dead-eye, &c. through which it had formerly passed.

Unreformable, un-rē-for′ma-bl, adj. not reformable.—ns. Unreformā′tion; Unrefor′medness.

Unregenerate, un-rē-jen′e-rāt, adj. not renewed in heart through regeneration, unreconciled to God.—ns. Unregen′eracy, Unregenerā′tion.

Unregretful, un-rē-gret′fōōl, adj. without having any regrets.—n. Unregret′fulness.

Unrein, un-rān′, v.t. to loosen the rein of.—adj. Unreined′, unchecked.

Unrelated, un-rē-lā′ted, adj. not related.—adj. Unrel′ative, not relative.

Unrelenting, un-rē-len′ting, adj. not relenting: inflexible: cruel.—adv. Unrelen′tingly.—n. Unrelen′tingness.

Unreliable, un-rē-lī′a-bl, adj. that cannot be relied upon, untrustworthy.—ns. Unreliabil′ity, Unrelī′ableness.

Unrelievable, un-rē-lē′va-bl, adj. that cannot be relieved.—adj. Unrelieved′, not relieved.—adv. Unrelie′vedly.

Unremembered, un-rē-mem′bėrd, adj. not remembered.—adj. Unremem′bering, not remembering.—n. Unremem′brance.

Unremitting, un-rē-mit′ting, adj. not remitting or relaxing: continued: incessant.—adj. Unremit′ted, not remitted or forgiven: without remission.—advs. Unremit′tedly; Unremit′tingly.—n. Unremit′tingness.

Unremorseful, un-rē-mors′fōōl, adj. feeling no remorse.—adv. Unremorse′fully.—adj. Unremorse′less, having no remorse or pity.—adv. Unremorse′lessly.

Unremoved, un-rē-mōōvd′, adj. not removed, unshaken.—adj. Unremov′able.—n. Unremov′ableness.—adv. Unremov′ably.

Unrepair, un-rē-pār′, n. an unsound state.—adj. Unrepair′able, irreparable.

Unrepealed, un-rē-pēld′, adj. not repealed.—adj. Unrepeal′able, incapable of being repealed.

Unrepentant, un-rē-pen′tant, adj. not repentant or penitent.—n. Unrepen′tance, impenitence.—adjs. Unrepen′ted, not repented of; Unrepen′ting, not repenting.—adv. Unrepen′tingly.

Unrepining, un-rē-pī′ning, adj. not repining.—adv. Unrepī′ningly.

Unreprievable, un-rē-prē′va-bl, adj. that cannot be reprieved.—adj. Unreprieved′, not reprieved.

Unreproachable, un-rē-prō′cha-bl, adj. irreproachable.—n. Unreproa′chableness.—adv. Unreproa′chably.

Unreproved, un-rē-prōōvd′, adj. not reproved: (Milt.) not liable to reproof, blameless.—adj. Unreprov′able, incapable of being reproved.—adv. Unreprov′edly.—n. Unreprov′edness.

Unrequited, un-rē-kwī′ted, adj. not requited.—adj. Unrequī′table, not requitable.—adv. Unrequī′tedly.

Unreserved, un-rē-zėrvd′, adj. not reserved or restrained: withholding nothing.—n. Unreserve′, absence of reserve.—adv. Unreser′vedly, without reservation: frankly.—n. Unreser′vedness.

Unresisted, un-rē-zis′ted, adj. not resisted.—n. Unresis′tance.—adv. Unresis′tedly.—adjs. Unresis′tible, irresistible; Unresis′ting, not making resistance.—adv. Unresis′tingly.

Unresolved, un-rē-zolvd′, adj. not resolved: not separated into its constituent parts.—adj. Unresol′vable, incapable of being resolved.—v.i. Unresolve′, to change a resolution.—n. Unresol′vedness, state of being unresolved or undetermined.—adj. Unresol′ving.

Unrespective, un-rē-spek′tiv, adj. (Shak.) devoid of respect and consideration, regardless, unthinking: not attended with regard, used at random.

Unrespited, un-res′pi-ted, adj. not delayed: not having received a respite from sentence.

Unresponsible, un-rē-spon′si-bl, adj. irresponsible.—n. Unrespon′sibleness.—adj. Unrespon′sive, not responsive.—n. Unrespon′siveness.

Unrest, un-rest′, n. want of rest: disquiet of mind or body.—adj. Unrest′ful.—n. Unrest′fulness.—adj. Unrest′ing, not resting.—adv. Unrest′ingly.—n. Unrest′ingness.

Unrestored, un-rē-stōrd′, adj. not restored, esp. to a former or better state: of a work of art, remaining in its original condition.

Unrestrained, un-rē-strānd′, adj. not restrained, licentious.—adv. Unrestrain′edly.—ns. Unrestrain′edness; Unrestraint′.

Unrestricted, un-rē-strik′ted, adj. not restricted.—adv. Unrestric′tedly.

Unreturnable, un-rē-tur′na-bl, adj. incapable of being returned.—adj. Unretur′ning, not returning.

Unrevealed, un-rē-vēld′, adj. not revealed.—n. Unreveal′edness.

Unrevenged, un-rē-venjd′, adj. not revenged.—adj. Unrevenge′ful.

Unreverend, un-rev′ėr-end, adj. not reverend: (Shak.) irreverent, disrespectful.—n. Unrev′erence, want of reverence.—adj. Unrev′erent, not reverent.—adv. Unrev′erently.

Unrewarded, un-rē-wawr′ded, adj. not rewarded.—adv. Unrewar′dedly.—adj. Unrewar′ding.

Unriddle, un-rid′l, v.t. to read the riddle of: to solve.—adj. Unridd′leable.—n. Unridd′ler.

Unrig, un-rig′, v.t. to strip of rigging.—adj. Unrigged′, without rigging.

Unrighteous, un-rī′tyus, adj. not righteous: wicked: unjust.—n. Unright′, injustice.—adv. Unrigh′teously.—n. Unrigh′teousness.—adj. Unright′ful.—adv. Unright′fully.—n. Unright′fulness.

Unring, un-ring′, v.t. to take a ring from.—adj. Unringed′, having no ring.

Unripe, un-rīp′, adj. not ripe.—adj. Unrī′pened.—n. Unripe′ness.

Unrivalled, un-rī′vald, adj. without a rival or competitor.—adj. Unrī′valable, that cannot be rivalled.

Unrobe, un-rōb′, v.t. to strip of a robe, to undress.—v.i. to take off a robe, esp. a robe of state.

Unroll, un-rōl′, v.t. to roll down: to open out.—v.i. to become uncoiled or opened out.—n. Unroll′ment.

Unromanised, un-rō′man-īzd, adj. not subjected to Roman laws or customs: freed from subjection to the Roman see.

Unromantic, un-rō-man′tik, adj. not romantic.—adv. Unroman′tically.

Unroyal, un-roi′al, adj. not royal.—n. Unroy′alist, one not of royal blood.—adv. Unroy′ally.

Unruffled, un-ruf′ld, adj. not ruffled: calm.—v.i. Unruff′le, to settle into calmness.

Unruined, un-rōō′ind, adj. not ruined.—adjs. Unru′inable, not to be ruined; Unru′ināte (obs.), not in ruins.

Unruled, un-rōōld′, adj. not ruled.—ns. Unrul′iment (Spens.), Unrul′iness, state of being unruly.—adj. Unrul′y, regardless of restraint or law.

Unsaddle, un-sad′l, v.t. to take the saddle off: to throw from the saddle.

Unsafe, un-sāf, adj. not safe.—adv. Unsafe′ly.—ns. Unsafe′ness, Unsafe′ty.

Unsaint, un-sānt′, v.t. to divest of saintliness.—adj. Unsaint′ly.

Unsalable, un-sā′la-bl, adj. that cannot be sold, not in demand—also Unsale′able.—ns. Unsalabil′ity, Unsā′lableness.

Unsanctified, un-sangk′ti-fīd, adj. not sanctified, unholy.—n. Unsanctificā′tion.

Unsatiable, un-sā′shi-a-bl, adj. not to be satiated or appeased.—n. Unsā′tiableness.—adv. Unsā′tiably.

Unsatisfactory, un-sat-is-fak′tō-ri, adj. not satisfying.—adv. Unsatisfac′torily.—n. Unsatisfac′toriness.—adjs. Unsatisfī′able, not to be satisfied; Unsat′isfied, not satisfied, not content: not fully informed about anything: not paid.—n. Unsat′isfiedness.—adj. Unsat′isfying.—n. Unsat′isfyingness.

Unsavoury, un-sā′vor-i, adj. not savoury, tasteless: unpleasing, disgusting.—adv. Unsā′vourily.—n. Unsā′vouriness.

Unsay, un-sā′, v.t. to recall what has been said: to retract.—adj. Unsaid′.

Unscalable, un-skā′la-bl, adj. that cannot be scaled or climbed.—Also Unscale′able.

Unscale, un-skāl′, v.t. to remove the scales from.—adj. Unscā′ly.

Unscottify, un-skot′i-fī, v.t. to deprive of Scotch qualities or characteristics.

Unscriptural, un-skrip′tū-ral, adj. not in with Scripture.—adv. Unscrip′turally.

Unscrupulous, un-skrōō′pū-lus, adj. not scrupulous, unprincipled.—adv. Unscru′pūlously.—n. Unscru′pūlousness.

Unscutcheoned, un-skuch′ond, adj. having no escutcheon or claim to such.

Unseal, un-sēl, v.t. to remove the seal of: to open what is sealed.—adj. Unsealed′.

Unsearchable, un-sėr′cha-bl, adj. not capable of being found out by searching: mysterious.—n. Unsear′chableness.—adv. Unsear′chably.—adj. Unsearched′.

Unseasonable, un-sē′zn-a-bl, adj. not in the proper season or time: late: ill-timed: not suited to the time of the year.—v.t. Unsea′son (Spens.), to strike unseasonably, as the ear.—n. Unsea′sonableness, state or quality of being unseasonable or ill-timed.—adv. Unsea′sonably, in an unseasonable manner: not in due time.—adj. Unsea′soned, not seasoned or ripened by time: not experienced, unripe: not sprinkled with seasoning: (obs.) unseasonable: (obs.) inordinate.

Unseaworthy, un-sē-wurth′i adj. unfit for a sea voyage.—n. Unseaworth′iness.

Unsectarian, un-sek-tā′ri-an, adj. not sectarian, free from the narrow qualities or prejudices of sect.—n. Unsectā′rianism.

Unseel, un-sēl′, v.t. to open the eyes, as of a hawk which has been seeled, to enlighten.

Unseemliness, un-sēm′li-nes, n. state or quality of being unseemly or unbecoming.—v.i. Unseem′ (Shak.), not to seem.—adj. Unseem′ly, not seemly, becoming, or decent.—adv. in an unseemly manner.

Unseen, un-sēn′, adj. not seen: invisible.—adj. Unsee′ing, not seeing, blind.

Unself, un-self′, v.t. to deprive of individuality.—n. absence of weak self-consciousness.—n. Unself-con′sciousness, absence of self-consciousness.—adj. Unsel′fish, not selfish.—adv. Unsel′fishly.—ns. Unsel′fishness, Unself′ness (rare).

Unseminared, un-sem′i-närd, adj. (Shak.) deprived of seminal energy or virility.

Unsense, un-sens′, v.t. to free from the dominion of the senses—also Unsen′sūalise.—adj. Unsensed′.

Unsentenced, un-sen′tenst, adj. not having received sentence: (obs.) not decreed.

Unsentimental, un-sen-ti-men′tal, adj. not sentimental, prosaic, matter-of-fact.

Unservice, un-ser′vis, n. neglect of service or duty.—adj. Unser′viceable, not serviceable.

Unset, un-set′, adj. not set or placed: unplanted: not mounted or placed in a setting: not set, as a broken limb.

Unsettle, un-set′l, v.t. to move from being settled: to make uncertain.—v.i. to become unfixed.—adj. Unsett′led, not settled, fixed, or determined: changeable; not having the dregs deposited: not yet inhabited and cultivated: turbulent, lawless.—adv. Unsett′ledly.—ns. Unsett′ledness; Unsett′lement.—adj. Unsett′ling.

Unsex, un-seks′, v.t. to deprive of sex: to make unmanly or unwomanly.—adj. Unsex′ual.

Unshaded, un-shā′ded, adj. not shaded: without gradations of light or colour.

Unshakable, un-shā′ka-bl, adj. (Shak.) not to be shaken.—adjs. Unshaked′ (Shak.), not shaken; Unshā′ken, not shaken, firm, steady.—adv. Unshā′kenly.

Unshale, un-shāl′, v.t. (Shak.) to strip the shale or husk from, to expose.

Unshape, un-shāp′, v.t. (Shak.) to deprive of shape, to derange, to confound.—adjs. Unshape′ly, not shapely; Unshā′pen, shapeless.

Unsheathe, un-shēth′, v.t. to draw from the sheath or scabbard, as a sword.

Unshiftiness, un-shif′ti-nes, n. shiftlessness.—adj. Unshif′table, shiftless.

Unship, un-ship′, v.t. to take out of a ship or other vessel: to remove from the place where it is fixed or fitted.—n. Unship′ment.

Unshrinking, un-shring′king, adj. not shrinking.—adv. Unshrink′ingly.

Unshunnable, un-shun′a-bl, adj. that cannot be shunned.—adj. Unshunned′, not shunned or avoided.

Unsighted, un-sī′ted, adj. not seen—earlier Unsight′: not furnished with a sight.—adj. Unsight′able, invisible.—n. Unsight′liness, the quality of being unsightly: ugliness.—adj. Unsight′ly, not sightly or pleasing to the eye: ugly.

Unsincere, un-sin-sēr′, adj. not sincere, insincere: not genuine, alloyed.

Unsistered, un-sis′tėrd, adj. being without a sister.—n. Unsis′terliness.—adj. Unsis′terly.

Unskilful, un-skil′fool, adj. not skilful: wanting skill or experience: awkward.—adv. Unskil′fully, in an unskilful or awkward manner.—n. Unskil′fulness, want of skill or experience: awkwardness.—adj. Unskilled′, without special skill, untrained, unacquainted with.

Unsling, un-sling′, v.t. to release from slings, to take the slings off.

Unslumbering, un-slum′bėr-ing, adj. not slumbering.—adj. Unslum′brous, not slumbrous.

Unsociable, un-sō′sha-bl, adj. not sociable or inclined to society: reserved.—ns. Unsociabil′ity; Unsō′ciableness.—adv. Unsō′ciably.—adj. Unsō′cial, not social.—ns. Unsō′cialism, Unsocial′ity.

Unsolder, un-sod′ėr, v.t. to separate, as what has been soldered, to sunder.

Unsoldierlike, un-sōl′jėr-līk, adj. not characteristic of or becoming a soldier.

Unsolemn, un-sol′em, adj. not solemn, sacred, or formal.—v.t. Unsol′emnise, to strip of solemnity.

Unsolicited, un-sō-lis′it-ed, adj. not solicited.—adj. Unsolic′itous, not solicitous.

Unsolid, un-sol′id, adj. not solid, not sound, empty.—n. Unsolid′ity.

Unsophisticated, un-sō-fis′ti-kā-ted, adj. genuine, unadulterated: free from artificiality, simple, inexperienced—also Unsophis′ticate.—ns. Unsophis′ticatedness; Unsophisticā′tion.

Unsound, un-sownd′, adj. not sound or perfect: not honest: erroneous: defective: (Spens.) not substantial, not to be depended upon.—adv. Unsound′ly.—n. Unsound′ness.

Unsparing, un-spār′ing, adj. not sparing, liberal, profuse: unmerciful.—adj. Unspared′, not spared: not saved from ruin.—adv. Unspar′ingly.—n. Unspar′ingness.

Unspatial, un-spā′shal, adj. not extending into space.—n. Unspatial′ity.

Unspeakable, un-spē′ka-bl, adj. incapable of being spoken, uttered, or described.—v.t. Unspeak′ (Shak.), to retract, as what has been spoken.—adv. Unspea′kably, in an unspeakable or inexpressible manner.—adj. Unspea′king, not being able to speak.

Unspecialised, un-spesh′a-līzd, adj. not specialised in the biological sense: generalised.

Unspent, un-spent′, adj. not spent or exhausted: not having lost its force of motion.

Unspiritual, un-spir′i-tū-al, adj. not spiritual.—v.t. Unspir′itualise, to deprive of spirituality.—adv. Unspir′itually.

Unspoil, un-spoil′, v.t. to undo the ill effects of spoiling.—adj. Unspoiled′.

Unspotted, un-spot′ed, adj. free from spot: not tainted with guilt.—n. Unspott′edness.

Unsquared, un-skwārd′, adj. not made square: undressed: irregular, unbalanced.

Unstable, un-stā′bl, adj. not stable, unreliable, infirm, inconstant: in such a physical state that the slightest change induces further change of form or composition.—ns. Unstabil′ity, Unstā′bleness.

Unstanched, un-stäncht′, adj. not stanched: incontinent.—adj. Unstanch′able.

Unstatutable, un-stat′ū-ta-bl, adj. unwarranted by statute.—adv. Unstat′utably.

Unsteady, un-sted′i, adj. not steady: changeable.—v.t. to make unsteady.—adj. Unstead′fast, not steadfast or resolute: insecure.—adv. Unstead′fastly.—n. Unstead′fastness.—adv. Unstead′ily, in an unsteady manner.—n. Unstead′iness, the state or quality of being unsteady: want of firmness: irresolution.

Unstock, un-stok′, v.t. to deplete of stock: to remove from the stock: (obs.) to launch.

Unstop, un-stop′, v.t. to free from a stopper; to free from hinderance: to draw out the stops of an organ.

Unstopper, un-stop′ėr, v.t. to open, as a bottle, by taking out the stopper.

Unstow, un-stō′, v.t. to empty of its contents.—adj. Unstowed′, not stowed or packed.

Unstrained, un-strānd′, adj. not strained or purified by straining: not forced, natural.—v.t. Unstrain′, to relieve from a strain.

Unstring, un-string′, v.t. to take the strings off: to relax or loosen.—adjs. Unstringed′; Unstrung′.

Unstudied, un-stud′id, adj. done without premeditation, natural, easy: not acquainted with through study.

Unsubdued, un-sub-dūd′, adj. not subdued.—adj. Unsubdū′able, incapable of being subdued.

Unsubmissive, un-sub-mis′iv, adj. not submissive.—n. Unsubmis′sion.—adv. Unsubmiss′ively.—n. Unsubmiss′iveness.—adj. Unsubmit′ting, not submitting.

Unsubstantial, un-sub-stan′shal, adj. not substantial, not real, not solid or strong.—v.t. Unsubstan′tialise.—ns. Unsubstantial′ity; Unsubstantiā′tion.

Unsucceeded, un-suk-sēd′ed, adj. not succeeded.—adjs. Unsucceed′able (obs.); Unsuccess′ive, without succession.

Unsuccess, un-suk-ses′, n. want of success: failure.—adj. Unsuccess′ful, not successful or fortunate.—adv. Unsuccess′fully, in an unsuccessful or unfortunate manner.—n. Unsuccess′fulness.

Unsufferable, un-suf′ėr-a-bl, adj. (obs.) insufferable.—adv. Unsuff′erably (obs.).

Unsufficient, un-su-fish′ent, adj. (obs.) insufficient.—n. Unsuffi′cience (obs.).—adv. Unsuffi′ciently (obs.).

Unsuitable, un-sū′ta-bl, adj. not suitable, fitting, or adequate: unbecoming.—v.t. Unsuit′, to be unsuitable for.—ns. Unsuitabil′ity, Unsuit′ableness.—adv. Unsuit′ably.—adjs. Unsuit′ed, not suited or adapted to; Unsuit′ing, not suiting.

Unsummered, un-sum′ėrd, adj. not possessing the characteristics of summer.

Unsunned, un-sund′, adj. not exposed to the sun, not lighted.—adj. Unsun′ny, not sunny or bright.

Unsupportable, un-su-pōr′ta-bl, adj. insupportable.—n. Unsuppor′tableness.—adv. Unsuppor′tably.—adj. Unsuppor′ted, not supported.—adv. Unsuppor′tedly.

Unsure, un-shōōr′, adj. not sure.—adj. Unsured′, not made sure.—adv. Unsure′ly.

Unsurpassable, un-sur-pas′a-bl, adj. incapable of being surpassed.—adv. Unsurpass′ably.—adj. Unsurpassed′.

Unsusceptible, un-su-sep′ti-bl, adj. not susceptible.—n. Unsusceptibil′ity.

Unsuspected, un-sus-pek′ted, adj. not suspected: not known or supposed to exist—(Milt.) Unsuspect′.—adv. Unsuspec′tedly.—n. Unsuspec′tedness.—adj. Unsuspec′ting.—adv. Unsuspec′tingly.—n. Unsuspec′tingness.

Unsuspicious, un-sus-pish′us; adj. not suspicious, unsuspecting: free from suspicion.—n. Unsuspi′cion, absence of suspicion.—adv. Unsuspi′ciously.—n. Unsuspi′ciousness.

Unswayable, un-swā′a-bl, adj. (Shak.) not to be swayed.—adj. Unswayed′, not swayed.—n. Unswayed′ness.

Unsweet, un-swēt′, adj. not sweet.—v.t. Unsweet′en, to make unsweet.

Unswerving, un-swer′ving, adj. not swerving, firm.—adv. Unswer′vingly.

Unsymmetrical, un-si-met′ri-kal, adj. not symmetrical—also Unsymmet′ric.—adv. Unsymmet′rically.—n. Unsymm′etry, want of symmetry.

Unsympathy, un-sim′pa-thi, n. want of sympathy.—n. Unsympathīsabil′ity.—adj. Unsym′pathīsable.

Unsystematic, -al, un-sis-te-mat′ik, -al, adj. not systematic.—adv. Unsystemat′ically.

Untainted, un-tān′ted, adj. not tainted or stained, not made unfit for eating by putrescence.—adv. Untain′tedly.—n. Untain′tedness.

Untamed, un-tāmd′, adj. not tamed, not domesticated.—adj. Untā′mable, incapable of being tamed.—n. Untā′mableness.—adj. Untame′, not tame.—n. Untamed′ness.

Untappice, un-tap′is, v.i. (obs.) to come out of concealment.—v.t. to drive out of such.

Untaught, un-tawt′, adj. not taught, illiterate: not communicated by teaching: ignorant.

Untax, un-taks′, v.t. to take a tax from.—adj. Untaxed′, not taxed: not charged with any fault.

Unteach, un-tēch′, v.t. to cause to forget, as what has been taught.—adj. Unteach′able, not teachable.—n. Unteach′ableness.

Untempering, un-tem′pėr-ing, adj. (Shak.) not softening.—v.t. Untem′per, to remove the temper from, to soften.—adj. Untem′pered, not tempered: not regulated.

Untemptible, un-temt′i-bl, adj. incapable of being tempted.—adv. Untempt′ibly.

Untenable, un-ten′a-bl, adj. not tenable, not defensible.—ns. Untenabil′ity, Unten′ableness.

Untenant, un-ten′ant, v.t. to deprive of a tenant, to evict.—adjs. Unten′antable, not fit to be tenanted or inhabited; Unten′anted, not occupied.

Untender, un-ten′dėr, adj. not tender, not affectionate.—adv. Unten′derly.

Untent, un-tent′, v.t. to bring out of a tent.—adj. Unten′ted, having no tents.

Untented, un-ten′ted, adj. (Scot.) uncared for.—adj. Unten′ty, careless.

Unthankful, un-thank′fool, adj. not thankful.—v.t. Unthank′ (obs.), to take back one's thanks.—adj. Unthanked′, not thanked.—adv. Unthank′fully.—n. Unthank′fulness.

Unthink, un-thingk′, v.t. (Shak.) to dismiss from the mind, as a thought.—n. Unthinkabil′ity.—adj. Unthink′able, that cannot be thought.—n. Unthink′er, one who does not think.—adj. Unthink′ing, not thinking: thoughtless.—adv. Unthink′ingly.—n. Unthink′ingness.

Unthought, un-thawt′, adj. not thought (with of).—n. Unthought′fulness, thoughtlessness.

Unthread, un-thred′, v.t. to take a thread from: to loosen: to find one's way through.

Unthrifty, un-thrif′ti, adj. not thrifty: without thriftiness.—ns. Unthrift′, Unthrif′tiness—(Spens.) Unthrif′tihead.—adv. Unthrif′tily.

Untidy, un-tī′di, adj. not tidy or neat.—adv. Untī′dily.—n. Untī′diness.

Untie, un-tī′, v.t. to loose from being tied: to unbind: to loosen.—adj. Untied′.

Until, un-til′, prep. till: to: as far as (used mostly with respect to time).—adv. till: up to the time that.

Untilled, un-tild′, adj. not tilled.—adj. Untill′able, incapable of being tilled.

Untimely, un-tīm′li, adj. not timely: before the time, premature: unseasonable, ill-timed.—adv. (Shak.) before the time: prematurely, unseasonably.—n. Untime′liness.—adj. Untime′ous, untimely, unseasonable.—adv. Untime′ously.

Untiring, un-tīr′ing, adj. unwearied.—adjs. Untir′able, incapable of being wearied; Untired′, not tired.—adv. Untir′ingly.

Untold, un-tōld′, adj. not told or related: not counted or capable of being counted.

Untooth, un-tōōth′, v.t. to deprive of teeth.—adj. Untooth′some, unpalatable.—n. Untooth′someness.

Untouched, un-tucht′, adj. not touched, not mentioned, not moved or affected emotionally.—adj. Untouch′able, incapable of being touched.

Untoward, un-tō′ard, adj. not easily guided: froward: awkward: inconvenient—also Untō′wardly.—n. Untō′wardliness.—adv. Untō′wardly.—n. Untō′wardness.

Untraced, un-trāsd′, adj. not traced or tracked.—adj. Untrace′able, that cannot be traced.

Untractable, un-trak′ta-bl, adj. not tractable, difficult, rough.—ns. Untractabil′ity, Untrac′tableness.—adv. Untrac′tably.

Untraded, un-trā′ded, adj. (Shak.) unused, uncommon, inexperienced.—adj. Untrā′ding, not accustomed.

Untranslated, un-trans-lā′ted, adj. not translated from one tongue into another.—ns. Untranslātabil′ity, Untranslā′tableness.—adj. Untranslā′table.—adv. Untranslā′tably.

Untravelled, un-trav′eld, adj. not passed over: not having learned through travel: narrow-minded.

Untreasure, un-trezh′ūr, v.t. to despoil of treasure: to display or set forth.

Untrembling, un-trem′bling, adj. not trembling.—adv. Untrem′blingly.

Untried, un-trīd′, adj. not tried, not yet experienced, not yet having passed trial: unnoticed.

Untrim, un-trim′, v.t. to deprive of trimming, to put out of order.—adj. Untrimmed′, not adorned with trimmings: not made neat by clipping, &c.—n. Untrimmed′ness.

Untrodden, un-trod′n, adj. not trodden upon, unfrequented.—Also Untrod′.

Untroubled, un-trub′ld, adj. not troubled or disturbed: not rising in waves: not turbid.—n. Untroub′ledness.

Untrue, un-trōō′, adj. not true: false: not faithful: disloyal: not in accordance with a standard.—ns. Untrue′ness, state of being untrue; Untru′ism, something palpably untrue.—adv. Untru′ly, not truly, falsely.—n. Untruth, falsehood: a lie.—adj. Untruth′ful.—adv. Untruth′fully.—n. Untruth′fulness.

Untruss, un-trus′, v.t. to loosen or free from a truss: to unfasten, let down the breeches by undoing the points that kept them up, to undress.—adj. Untrussed′, not trussed.—n. Untruss′er (obs.), one who untrusses persons for whipping.

Untrustful, un-trust′fool, adj. not trusting: not trustworthy.—adv. Untrust′worthily.—n. Untrust′worthiness.—adjs. Untrust′worthy, not worthy of trust; Untrust′y, not trusty, not deserving trust.

Untune, un-tūn′, v.t. to put out of tune: to disorder or confuse.—adj. Untū′nable, inharmonious.—n. Untū′nableness.—adv. Untū′nably.—adj. Untuned′.

Unturn, un-turn′, v.t. to turn the opposite way.—adj. Unturned′, not turned.

Untwine, un-twīn′, v.t. to untwist: to open.—v.i. to become untwined.

Untwist, un-twist′, v.t. to open what is twisted, to unravel.—v.i. to become loosened out.—n. a twist in the opposite direction.

Unused, un-ūzd′, adj. not used, not accustomed.—ns. Unū′sage (obs.); Unused′ness.—adj. Unuse′ful, useless.—adv. Unuse′fully.—n. Unuse′fulness.

Unusual, un-ū′zhū-al, adj. not usual or common.—n. Unusual′ity, rarity.—adv. Unū′sually.—n. Unū′sualness.

Unutterable, un-ut′ėr-a-bl, adj. incapable of being uttered or expressed.—ns. Unutterabil′ity, Unutt′erableness.—adv. Unutt′erably.

Unvalued, un-val′ūd, adj. not valued; not yet having the value set: invaluable.—adj. Unval′uable, priceless.

Unvanquished, un-vang′kwisht, adj. not conquered.—adj. Unvanq′uishable, that cannot be conquered.

Unvaried, un-vā′rid, adj. not varied.—adjs. Unvā′riable, invariable; Unvā′rying, not varying.

Unvarnished, un-vär′nisht, adj. not varnished: not artfully embellished: plain.

Unveil, un-vāl′, v.t. to remove a veil from: to disclose, reveal.—v.i. to become unveiled, to reveal one's self.—adv. Unveil′edly.—n. Unveil′er.

Unveracious, un-ve-rā′shus, adj. not veracious or truthful.—n. Unverac′ity.

Unviolable, un-vī′ō-la-bl, adj. not to be violated.—adj. Unvī′olāted, not violated.

Unvirtue, un-vėr′tū, n. lack of virtue.—adj. Unvir′tuous.—adv. Unvir′tuously.

Unvoyageable, un-voi′āj-a-bl, adj. that cannot be navigated, impassable.

Unvulgar, un-vul′gar, adj. not vulgar.—v.t. Unvul′garise, to divest of vulgarity.

Unwakeful, un-wāk′fool, adj. not waking easily, sleeping soundly.—n. Unwake′fulness.—adj. Unwāk′ened.

Unwarp, un-wawrp′, v.t. to change from being warped.—adj. Unwarped′.

Unwarrantable, un-wor′an-ta-bl, adj. not warrantable or justifiable: improper.—ns. Unwarrantabil′ity, Unwarr′antableness.—adv. Unwarr′antably, in an unwarrantable manner: improperly.—adj. Unwarr′anted, without warrant or authorisation: not guaranteed as to quality, &c.—adv. Unwarr′antedly.

Unwary, un-wā′ri, adj. not wary or cautious (Spens.) unexpected.—adv. Unwā′rily, in an unwary or heedless manner.—n. Unwā′riness, the state of being unwary, careless, or heedless.

Unwatchful, un-woch′fool, adj. not watchful.—Unwatch′fully.—n. Unwatch′fulness.

Unwater, un-waw′tėr, v.t. to free, as a mine, by pumping out the water.—adj. Unwa′tered, freed from water, not wetted or moistened: not supplied with water.

Unwavering, un-wā′vėr-ing, adj. not wavering.—adv. Unwā′veringly.

Unwearied, un-wē′rid, adj. not tiring: indefatigable.—adj. Unwea′riable, that cannot be wearied out.—advs. Unwea′riably; Unwea′riedly.—n. Unwea′riedness.—adj. Unwea′ry, not weary.—v.t. to refresh after weariness.

Unweb, un-web′, v.t. to undo the web of.—adj. Unwebbed′, not web-footed.

Unweeting, un-wē′ting, adj. unwitting, not knowing, ignorant.—adv. Unwee′tingly, ignorantly.

Unwelcome, un-wel′kum, adj. not welcome, causing grief.—v.t. to treat as unwelcome.—adv. Unwel′comely.—n. Unwel′comeness.

Unwell, un-wel′, adj. not well: not in good health.—n. Unwell′ness.

Unwholesome, un-hōl′sum, adj. not wholesome: unfavourable to health: repulsive.—adv. Unwhole′somely.—n. Unwhole′someness.

Unwieldy, un-wēl′di, adj. not easily moved or handled.—adv. Unwiel′dily.—n. Unwiel′diness, the state or quality of being unwieldy: difficulty of being moved.

Unwilling, un-wil′ing, adj. not willing: disinclined: reluctant.—v.t. Unwill′, to will the opposite of.—adj. Unwilled′, spontaneous.—adv. Unwill′ingly.—n. Unwill′ingness.

Unwind, un-wīnd′, v.t. to wind down or off.—v.i. to become unwound.

Unwise, un-wīz′, adj. not wise: injudicious: foolish.—n. Unwis′dom, want of wisdom: ignorance: foolishness.—adv. Unwise′ly, not wisely or prudently.

Unwish, un-wish′, v.t. (Shak.) to wish not to be.—adj. Unwished′, not wished for.

Unwithered, un-with′ėrd, adj. not withered.—adj. Unwith′ering, not withering or fading.

Unwitting, un-wit′ing, adj. without knowledge: ignorant.—adv. Unwitt′ingly.

Unwoman, un-wōōm′an, v.t. to make unwomanly.—n. Unwom′anliness.—adj. Unwom′anly, not befitting or becoming a woman.—adv. in a manner unbecoming a woman.

Unwonted, un-wun′ted, adj. not wonted or accustomed: uncommon—(Spens.) Unwont′.—adv. Unwon′tedly.—n. Unwon′tedness.

Unwork, un-wurk′, v.t. to undo.—adjs. Unwor′kable, not workable: difficult to manage; Unwor′king, living without labour; Unwork′manlike, not like a good workman.

Unworldly, un-wurld′li, adj. above worldly or self-interested motives, spiritual.—n. Unworld′liness.

Unwormed, un-wurmd′, adj. not wormed, not having had the worm or lytta under the tongue cut out—of a dog.

Unworthy, un-wur′thi, adj. not worthy: worthless: unbecoming.—n. Unworth (-worth′), unworthiness.—adv. Unwor′thily, in an unworthy manner: without due regard to worth or merit.—n. Unwor′thiness.

Unwrap, un-rap′, v.t. to open what is wrapped or folded.—v.i. to become unwrapped.

Unwrinkle, un-ring′kl, v.t. to smooth out from a wrinkled state.—adj. Unwrink′led, not wrinkled, smooth.

Unwritten, un-rit′n, adj. not written or reduced to writing, oral: containing no writing.—v.t. Unwrite′, to cancel what is written.—adj. Unwrīt′ing, not writing.

Unyielding, un-yēl′ding, adj. not yielding or bending: stiff: obstinate.—adv. Unyiel′dingly.—n. Unyiel′dingness.

Unyoke, un-yōk′, v.t. to loose from a yoke: to disjoin.—v.i. to be loosed from a yoke, to cease work.—adj. Unyoked′, not yoked: not having worn the yoke: (Shak.) unrestrained, licentious.

Up, up, adv. toward a higher place: aloft: on high: from a lower to a higher position, as out of bed, above the horizon, &c.: in a higher position: in a condition of elevation, advance, excitement, &c.: as far as, abreast of: completely: at an end, over.—prep. from a lower to a higher place on or along.—adj. inclining up, upward.—n. in phrase 'ups and downs,' rises and falls, vicissitudes.—adv. Up′-and-down′, upright: here and there.—adj. plain, downright.—Up stick, to pack up; Up to (coll.), about, engaged in doing; Up to anything, capable of and ready for any mischief; Up to date, to the present time: containing all recent facts, statistics, &c.: knowing the latest developments of fashion, usage, &c.; Up to snuff (see Snuff); Up to the knocker (slang), up to the required standard, excellent; Up town (coll.), pertaining to the upper part of a town: towards the upper part of a town. [A.S. up, upp; Ger. auf; L. sub, Gr. hypo.]

Upanishad, ōō-pan′i-shad, n. in Sanskrit literature, a name given to a class of treatises of theosophic and philosophical character, more or less closely connected with the Brâhmanas, which are theological prose-works attached to each of the four collections (Samhitâ) forming the Veda. [Sans.]

Upas, ū′pas, n. the juice of the Antjar or Anchar tree of the Philippine Islands, a powerful vegetable poison. [Malay, ūpas, poison.]

Upbraid, up-brād′, v.t. to charge with something wrong or disgraceful: to reproach: to reprove severely.—v.i. to utter reproaches.—n. Upbraid′ing, a charging with something wrong: act of reproaching.—adv. Upbraid′ingly. [A.S. up, up, on, bregdan, to braid.]

Upcast, up′kast, n. a cast or throw in bowling: a shaft for the upward passage of air from a mine, a current of air passing along such: (Scot.) state of being thrown into confusion, a taunt or gibe.—adj. thrown or turned upward.

Up-country, up′kun-tri, adv. toward the interior.—n. the interior of a country.—adj. away from the seaboard.

Upgrowth, up′grōth, n. process of growing up, development: that which grows up.—v.i. Upgrow′, to grow up.

Upgush, up-gush′, v.i. to gush upward.—n. Up′gush, a gushing upward.

Upheave, up-hēv′, v.t. to heave or lift up.—n. Upheav′al, the raising of surface formations by the action of internal forces, believed to be due to the sinking in of the crust upon the cooling and contracting nucleus.

Uphill, up′hil, adj. ascending: difficult.—adv. up a hill, against difficulties.

Uphold, up-hōld′, v.t. to hold up: to sustain: to countenance: to defend: to continue without failing.—n. Uphōl′der.—v.t. Uphōl′ster, to furnish furniture with stuffing, springs, &c., to provide with curtains, &c.—ns. Uphōl′sterer, one who supplies or who sells furniture, beds, curtains, &c.; Uphōl′stery, furniture, &c., supplied by upholsterers.

Uphroe, ū′frō, n. (naut.) the circular piece of wood, with holes in it, by which the legs of a crowfoot are extended for suspending an awning.—Also U′vrou. [Dut. juffrouw, a young woman.]

Upland, up′land, n. upper or high land, as opposed to meadows, river-sides, &c.—adj. high in situation: pertaining to uplands.—n. Up′lander.—adj. Up′landish (obs.).

Uplift, up-lift′, v.t. to lift up or raise aloft.—n. a raising or upheaval of strata.

Upmaking, up′mā-king, n. (naut.) pieces of plank or timber piled on each other as filling up in building, esp. between the bilge-ways and ship's bottom, preparatory to launching: (print.) arrangement of lines into columns or pages.

Upper, up′ėr, adj. (comp. of up) farther up: higher in position, dignity, &c.: superior:—superl. Up′permost, Up′most.—ns. Up′per, the part of a boot or shoe above the sole and welt; Up′perhand, superiority: advantage.—adj. Up′permost, highest in place, rank, &c.: first to come into the mind.—adv. in the highest place, first.—n. Up′per-stō′ry, a story above the ground-floor: the brain.—n.pl. Up′per-ten, the wealthier or leading class in a community.—adj. Up′pish, assuming, pretentious, snobbish.—adv. Up′pishly.—n. Up′pishness. [For affix -most, cf. Aftermost, Foremost.]

Upraise, up-rāz′, v.t. to raise or lift up.—n. Uprais′ing (Scot.), nurture.

Upridged, up-rijd′, adj. raised up in ridges.—v.t. Upridge′, to raise up in ridges.

Upright, up′rīt, adj. right or straight up: in an erect position: adhering to rectitude: honest: just.—adv. vertically.—advs. Uprigh′teously (obs.), in an upright or just manner; Up′rightly, in an upright manner: honestly.—n. Up′rightness.

Uprise, up-rīz′, v.i. to rise up.—ns. Up′rise (Shak.), the act of rising: appearance above the horizon; Uprī′sing, the act of rising up, ascent: any strong outburst of popular excitement, insurrection: (Shak.) an ascent, a steep place.—v.pa.t. Uprist′ (Coleridge), uprose.

Uproar, up′rōr, n. noise and tumult: bustle and clamour.—v.t. Uproar′ (Shak.), to throw into uproar or confusion.—v.i. to make an uproar.—adj. Uproar′ious, making or accompanied by great uproar.—adv. Uproar′iously.—n. Uproar′iousness, the state of being uproarious, noisy, or riotous. [Dut. oproer, from op, up, and roeren (Ger. rühren, A.S. hréran), to stir; the form due to confusion with roar.]

Uproot, up-rōōt′, v.t. to tear up by the roots.—n. Uproot′al, act of uprooting.

Uprush., up-rush′, v.i. to rush upward.—n. Up′rush, a rush upward.

Upsee, up′sē, adv. after the manner of, as 'to drink upsee Dutch'—(Scott) Up′sees. [Dut, op zijn Duitsch, in the Dutch, i.e. German, fashion.]

Upset, up-set′, v.t. to turn upside down: to overthrow.—v.i. to be upset.—n. Up′set, an overturn.—adj. relating to what is set up for sale, in phrase Upset price, the sum at which anything is started at a public sale.—ns. Upset′ment; Upset′ter.—adj. Upset′ting discomposing: (Scot.) conceited, assuming.

Upside, up′sīd, n. the upper side.—adv. on the upper side.—adv. Up′side-down, with the upper part undermost: in complete confusion.—Be upsides with (coll.), to be even with, to be revenged upon.

Upsitting, up′sit-ing, n. (obs.) the sitting up of a woman after confinement, the feast held on such occasion.

Upspring, up′spring, n. (Shak.) an upstart.—v.i. Upspring′, to spring up, rise:—pa.t. upsprung′.

Upstairs, up-stārz′, adv. in or toward the upper story.—adj. Up′stairs, pertaining to an upper story or flat.—n. an upper story.

Upstart, up′stärt, adj. (Milt.) suddenly raised to prominence or consequence, characteristic of such, pretentious and vulgar.—n. one who has suddenly risen from poverty or obscurity to wealth or power.—v.i. Upstart′, to start up suddenly.

Upstream, up′strēm, adv. towards the upper part of a stream.—v.i. Upstream′, to stream up.

Uptake, up′tāk, n. the act of lifting up: (prov.) mental apprehension: the upcast pipe from the smoke-box of a steam-boiler towards the chimney.—v.t. Uptake′, to take up.

Upthrow, up-thrō′, v.t. to throw up.—n. Up′throw, an upheaval, an uplift.

Uptoss, up-tos′, v.t. to toss up.—adj. Uptossed′, tossed upward, greatly agitated.

Uptown, up′town, adj. situated in the upper part of a town.—adv. to or in the upper part of a town.

Upturn, up-turn′, v.t. to turn up or upward: to throw up.—v.i. to turn up.—n. Uptur′ning, the act of throwing up.

Upward, up′ward, adj. directed up or to a higher place.—advs. Up′ward, Up′wardly, Up′wards, toward a higher direction; Up′ways, upward.—Upward of, more than, about.

Upwhirl, up-hwėrl′, v.i. to whirl upward.—v.t. to raise upward in a whirling course.

Ur, er, interj. a meaningless utterance between the words of hesitating speakers.

Urachus, ū′ra-kus, n. one of the ligaments of the bladder formed by the remaining constricted portion of the allantois of the fœtus. [Gr. ourachos—ouron, urine.]

Uræmia, ū-rē′mi-a, n. a morbid condition of the blood due to the retention of urea or other waste materials ordinarily excreted from the body by the kidneys—also Urē′mia.—adjs. Uræ′mic, Urē′mic, relating to the peculiar symptoms associated with defective excretion of waste products by the kidneys.

Uræum, ū-rē′um, n. the posterior half of a bird—opp. to Stethiæum:—pl. Uræ′a. [Gr. oura, a tail.]

Uræus, ū-rē′us, n. the serpent emblem of ancient Egyptian divinities and kings, placed on the headdress. [Gr. ouraios, of the tail.]

Ural-altaic, ū-ral-al-tā′ik, adj. pertaining to a racial and linguistic group of peoples, one of the four great branches of the Mongolic stock.

Uralite, ū′ral-īt, n. a mineral with the crystalline form of augite and the cleavage and specific gravity of hornblende.—adj. Uralit′ic.—n. Uralitisā′tion, the paramorphic change of augite to hornblende.—v.t. U′ralitise.

Urania, ū-rā′ni-a, n. the Muse of astronomy, represented with a celestial globe in her hand, to which she points with a little staff.—adj. Urā′nian. [L.,—Gr. ouranios, heavenly—ouranos, heaven.]

Uraniscus, ū-ra-nis′kus, n. the vault or roof of the mouth. [Gr. ouraniskos, dim. of ouranos, the vault of heaven.]

Uranite, ū′ra-nīt, n. a greenish ore of uranium.—adj. Uranit′ic.

Uranium, ū-rā′ni-um, n. a very hard but moderately malleable metal, resembling nickel or iron in its lustre and colour, but in a finely comminuted state occurring as a black powder.—adj. Urā′nic. [Gr. ouranos, heaven.]

Uranography, ū-ra-nog′ra-fi, n. descriptive astronomy, esp. of the constellations.—adjs. Uran′ic; Uranograph′ic, -al.—n. Uranog′raphist.

Uranometry, ū-ra-nom′e-tri, n. the measurement of the heavens: a description of the groups of constellations.

Uranus, ū′ra-nus, n. the name of one of the primary planets. [L.,—Gr. ouranos, heaven.]

Urao, ōō-rä′ō, n. the natron found in the dried-up beds of South American lakes and streams.

Urate, ū′rāt, n. a salt of uric acid.—adj. Urat′ic, pertaining to the urates.—ns. Uratō′ma, a deposit of urates in the tissues; Uratō′sis, a morbid condition in which this takes place.

Urban, ur′ban, adj. of or belonging to a city.—adj. Urbāne′, pertaining to, or influenced by, a city: civilised: refined: courteous.—adv. Urbāne′ly.—n. Urban′ity, the quality of being urbane: refinement: politeness.—Urbi et orbi='to the city and to the world,' a form used in the publication of papal bulls, for the purpose of signifying their formal promulgation to the entire Catholic world, as well as to the city of Rome. [L. urbanus—urbs, a city.]

Urceolus, ur-sē′ō-lus, n. a monopetalous corolla with a contracted orifice: the external case or sheath of a rotifer.—n. Urcēōlā′ria, a genus of gymnocarpous lichens with urceolate apothecia.—adjs. Urceolā′rian; Ur′ceolāte, pitcher-shaped: having an urceolus, as a rotifer.—n. Ur′ceus, a ewer for holding water for washing. [L. urceolus, dim. of urceus, a pitcher.]

Urchin, ur′chin, n. a hedgehog: a mischievous child, an elf, fairy.—adj. elfish, mischievous. [O. Fr. eriçon (Fr. hérisson)—L. ericius, a hedgehog.]

Urdé, ur-dā′, adj. (her.) pointed, as a cross, or having a point projected, as a bend: varriated. [Fr.,—Old High Ger. ort, a point.]

Urdú, ōōr′dōō, n. Hindustani, a peculiar and important form of Hindi—now a kind of lingua franca for the whole of India.

Ure, ūr, n. (obs.) practice, operation.—v.t. and v.i. to work, exercise.

Urea, ū′rē-a, n. a readily soluble colourless crystalline compound formed in the tissues during the disintegration of proteid material, and carried by the blood to the kidneys, which separate it and pass it off in the urine.—adj. U′rēal, pertaining to urea.—ns. Uream′eter, an instrument for measuring the amount of urea in in urine; Uream′etry. [Gr. ouron, urine.]

Uredo, ū-rē′dō, n. a form-genus or stage of fungi of order Uredineæ.—adjs. Uredin′eous, Ured′inous; Urē′doform.—n. Urē′dospore.—adj. Uredospor′ic.

Ureter, ū-rē′tėr, n. the duct which conveys the urine from the kidneys to the bladder.—adjs. Urē′tal, Urē′teral, Urēter′ic.—n. Urēterī′tis, inflammation of the ureter. [Gr.,—ouron, urine.]

Urethra, ū-rē′thra, n. the canal by which the urine is discharged from the bladder:—pl. Urē′thræ.—adjs. Urē′thral; Urēthrit′ic affected with urethritis.—n. Urēthrī′tis, inflammation of the urethra. [Gr.,—ouron, urine.]

Urge, urj, v.t. to press in any way: to drive: to press earnestly: to solicit earnestly: to provoke.—v.i. to incite: to insist: to make allegations.—n. act of urging.—n. Ur′gency, quality of being urgent: earnest asking: pressing necessity.—adj. Ur′gent, urging: pressing with importunity: calling for immediate attention: earnest.—adv. Ur′gently.—n. Ur′ger. [L. urgēre, to press.]

Uriconian, ū-ri-kō′ni-an, n. the name applied to a series of volcanic rocks of which the Wrekin is composed. [Uriconium, a Roman station on the site of which Wroxeter in Shropshire stands.]

Urim, ū′rim, Thummim, thum′im, ns.pl. first mentioned in Exod. xxviii. 30, in connection with the High-priest's breastplate, apparently a pair of objects used at critical junctures as a kind of traditional oracle, but which could not always be counted on for an answer (1 Sam. xxviii. 6).

Urine, ū′rin, n. the fluid which is secreted or separated by the kidneys from the blood and conveyed to the bladder—the principal means of removing the worn-out tissues, esp. the nitrogenous and saline matters, from the system.—n. Urē′sis, a frequent desire to make water.—adj. U′ric, pertaining to, or obtained from, urine.—ns. Uricæ′mia, lithemia; Uridrō′sis, the excretion of urea in the sweat; Urinæ′mia, the contamination of the blood with urinary deposits; U′rinal, a vessel for urine: a convenience for discharging urine.—adjs. U′rinant (her.) diving; U′rinary, pertaining to, or like, urine.—n. a reservoir for keeping urine.—v.i. U′rinate, to discharge urine.—n. Urinā′tion.—adj. U′rinātive.—n. U′rinātor, a diver.—adjs. Urinatō′rial; Urinif′erous, conveying urine; Urinif′ic, secreting urine; Urinip′arous, producing urine.—ns. Urinol′ogy, the scientific knowledge of urine; Urinom′eter, an instrument for weighing urine.—adj. Urinomet′ric.—n. Urinom′etry.—adj. Urinoscop′ic.—n. U′rinoscopy, inspection of urine.—adjs. U′rinose, U′rinous, relating to urine: partaking of the qualities of urine: like urine.—ns. U′rochrome, a yellow pigment of the urine; Urodial′ysis, a partial suppression of urine; Urogas′ter, the urinary passages collectively.—adjs. Urogen′ital, pertaining to the urinary and genital organs—also Urinogen′ital, Urinogen′itary, Genito-urinary; Urog′enous, producing urine.—ns. Urolithī′asis, lithiasis; Urol′ogy, urinology; U′romancy, divination by urine; Uroplā′nia, the abnormal presence of urine in any part of the body; Uropoiē′sis, the formation of urine.—adj. Uropoiet′ic.—ns. Urorrhā′gia, excessive micturation; Urorrhē′a, Urorrhœ′a, involuntary passage of urine.—adj. Uroscop′ic (same as Urinoscopic).—ns. U′roscōpist, one skilled in urinoscopy; U′roscopy (same as urinoscopy); Urō′sis, any disease of the urinary organs. [Fr.,—L. urina; cog. with Gr. ouron, Sans. vāri, water.]

Urite, ū′rīt, n. the sternite of an abdominal segment of an insect. [Gr. oura, a tail.]

Urman, ur′man, n. a large tract of swampy coniferous forest in Siberia. [Tatar.]

Urn, urn, n. a rounded or angular vase having a foot, a water vessel, an electoral vase, a tea-urn, &c.: a vessel in which the ashes of the dead were anciently deposited, hence the grave.—v.t. to enclose in an urn.—adj. Urn′al.—n. Urn′ful, as much as an urn will hold.—adj. Urn′-shaped, having the shape of an urn. [L. urna, an urn—urĕre, to burn.]

Urocardiac, ū-rō-kar′di-ak, adj. pertaining to the posterior part of the cardiac division of the stomach of the crayfish and some other crustaceans.

Urochord, ū′rō-kord, n. the caudal chord of an ascidian or tunicate.—adjs. Urochor′dal, Urochor′dāte.

Urochroa, ū-rok′rō-a, n. a genus of humming-birds in Ecuador. [Gr. oura, tail, chroa, colour.]

Urocissa, ū-rō-sis′a, n. a genus of Asiatic Corvidæ, with very long tail. [Gr. oura, tail, kissa, magpie.]

Urocyon, ū-ros′i-on, n. a genus of canine quadrupeds, the type of which is the common gray fox of the United States. [Gr. oura, tail, kyōn, dog.]

Urocyst, ū′rō-sist, n. the urinary bladder.—adj. Urocyst′ic. [Gr. ouron, urine, kystis, bladder.]

Urodele, ū′rō-dēl, adj. tailed, as an amphibian.—Also Urodē′lan, Urodē′lian, Urodē′lous. [Gr. oura, tail, dēlos, plain.]

Urogastric, ū-rō-gas′trik, adj. pertaining to the posterior pair of divisions of the gastric lobe of the dorsal surface of the carapace of a crab: pertaining to the urogaster (see under Urine). [Gr. ouron, urine, gastēr, the stomach.]

Urohyal, ū-rō-hī′al, n. the tail-piece of the composite hyoid bone.—adj. pertaining to this.

Uromere, ū′rō-mēr, n. a caudal segment of an arthropod.—adj. Uromer′ic. [Gr. oura, tail, meros, part.]

Uropod, ū′rō-pod, n. any abdominal limb of an arthropod.—adj. Urop′odal. [Gr. oura, tail, pous, podos, foot.]

Uropygium, ū-rō-pij′i-um, n. the rump in birds.—adj. Uropyg′ial. [Gr. orrhos, rump, pygē, buttocks.]

Uropyloric, ū-rō-pī-lor′ik, adj. pertaining to the posterior part of the pyloric division of the stomach of the crayfish and some other crustaceans.

Urosacral, ū-rō-sā′kral, adj. pertaining to the sacrum and to the coccyx.—n. Urosā′crum.

Urosome, ū′rō-sōm, n. the terminal somatome of a vertebrate: the post-thoracic region of the body of an arthropod.—n. Urosō′mite, one of the somites of the urosome.—adj. Urosomit′ic. [Gr. oura, tail, sōma, body.]

Urostege, ū′rō-stēj, n. one of the special scales on the under side of a snake's tail—also U′rostegite.—adj. U′rostēgal. [Gr. oura, tail, stegē, a roof.]

Urosteon, ū-ros′tē-on, n. a median posterior ossification of the sternum of some birds. [Gr. oura, tail, osteon, bone.]

Urosternite, ū-rō-ster′nīt, n. the sternite of any somite of the urosome of an arthropod.

Urosthene, ū′rō-sthēn, n. an animal whose strength rests mainly in its tail.—adj. Urosthen′ic. [Gr. oura, tail, sthenos, strength.]

Urostyle, ū′rō-stīl, n. a prolongation backward of the last vertebra.—adj. Urosty′lar. [Gr. oura, tail, stylos, column.]

Urotoxic, ū-ro-tok′sik, adj. pertaining to poisons eliminated in the urine. [Gr. ouron. urine, toxikon, poison.]

Urry, ur′i, n. a dark clay near a bed of coal. [Prob. Gael. uirlach—uir, earth.]

Ursine, ur′sin, adj. of or resembling a bear: thickly clothed with bristles, as certain caterpillars.—n. a bear.—n. Ur′sa, the name of two constellations, Ursa-Major and Ursa-Minor, the Great and the Little Bear.—adj. Ur′siform, in appearance like a bear.—n.pl. Ur′sinæ, the bears proper. [L.,—ursus, a bear.]

Urson, ur′sun, n. a rodent nearly allied to the porcupine, and often called the Canada Porcupine.

Ursuline, ur′sū-lin, adj. of or pertaining to St Ursula, esp. pertaining to the female teaching order founded by St Angela Merici of Brescia in 1537.

Urtica, ur′ti-ka, n. the genus of nettles, order Urticaceæ.—adjs. Urticā′ceous, relating to nettles; Ur′tical, pertaining to the nettles.—n. Urticā′ria, nettle-rash, hives.—adjs. Urticā′rial, Urticā′rious.—v.t. Ur′ticate, to sting, as with nettles.—n. Urticā′tion. [L. urtica, a nettle.]

Urus, ū′rus, n. the Latin name of the wild ox, which in the time of Julius Cæsar was abundant in European forests—the Aurochs of the Germans, and the ancestor of the European domesticated cattle. [L.]

Us, us, pron. the objective case of we.—adv. Us′ward, toward us. [A.S.]

Usage, ū′zāj, n. act or mode of using: treatment: practice: custom.—ns. U′sager, one of the non-jurors who maintained 'the usages'—mixed chalices, oblation in prayer of consecration, and prayer for the dead. [Fr.,—Low L.,—L. usus.]

Use, ūz, v.t. to put to some purpose: to avail one's self of: to habituate: to treat or behave toward.—v.i. to be accustomed.—adj. U′sable, that may be used.—ns. U′sableness; U′see, one for whose use a suit is brought in another's name; U′ser.—Use one's self (Shak.), to behave; Use up, to consume, to exhaust, to tire out. [Fr. user—L. uti, usus, to use.]

Use, ūs, n. act of using or putting to a purpose: convenience: employment: need: advantage: practice: common occurrence: a distinctive form of public worship or service peculiar to a church, diocese, &c.: custom: interest for money.—n. Us′ance (obs.), use, usage, employment: (Shak.) usury, interest for money: the time allowed by usage for the payment of a bill of exchange.—adj. Use′ful, full of use or advantage: able to do good: serviceable.—adv. Use′fully.—n. Use′fulness.—adj. Use′less, having no use: answering no good purpose or the end proposed.—adv. Use′lessly.—n. Use′lessness.—n.pl. Us′es, a form of equitable ownership peculiar to English law by which one person enjoys the profits of lands, &c., the legal title to which is vested in another in trust.—Use and wont, the customary practice.—Have no use for (U.S.), to have no liking for; In use, in employment or practice; Made use of, to use, to employ; Of no use, useless; Of use, useful; Out of use, not used or employed. [L. usus—uti.]

Usher, ush′ėr, n. one who meets people at the door of a hall, &c., and conducts them to seats, an officer whose business it is to introduce strangers or to walk before a person of rank: an under-teacher or assistant.—v.t. to introduce: to forerun.—ns. Ush′erance; Ush′erdom, Ush′ership.—adjs. Ushē′rian; Ush′erless. [O. Fr. ussier (Fr. huissier)—L. ostiarius, a door-keeper—ostium, a door.]

Usitate, ū′zi-tāt, adj. according to custom.—adj. Usitā′tive, expressing usual action.

Usquebaugh, us′kwē-baw, n. whisky. [Ir. and Gael. uisgebeatha, uisge, water, beatha, life.]

Ustilago, us-ti-lā′gō, n. a genus of parasitic fungi, causing smut.—adj. Ustilagin′eous.

Ustion, us′ti-on, n. the act of burning, cauterisation by burning.—adjs. Ustō′rious, burning; Us′tulate, coloured by burning.—n. Ustulā′tion, burning.

Usual, ū′zhū-al, adj. in use: occurring in ordinary use: common.—adv. U′sually.—n. U′sualness. [L. usualis.]

Usucaption, ū-zū-kap′shun, n. (law) the acquisition of property in anything by possession and enjoyment for a certain term of years.—n. Usucā′pient, one who has acquired rights by usucaption.—v.t. U′sucapt, to acquire so.—adj. Usucapt′ible. [L. usus, use, capĕre, captum, to take.]

Usufruct, ū′zū-frukt; n. the use and profit, but not the property, of a thing: liferent.—v.t. to hold in usufruct.—adj. Usufruc′tuary.—n. one who holds property for use by usufruct. [L. usus-fructus—usus, use, fructus, fruit.]

Usurp, ū-zurp′, v.t. to take possession of by force without right.—n. Usurpā′tion, act of usurping: unlawful seizure and possession: intrusion into an office.—adj. Usur′patory.—ns. Usur′pātrix, a female usurper; Usur′pature, usurpation.—adv. Usur′pedly.—n. Usur′per.—adj. Usur′ping.—adv. Usur′pingly. [Fr.,—L. usurpāre, perh. contr. from usu-rapĕre, to seize to one's own use—usus, use, rapĕre, to seize; or from usum rumpĕre, to break a use.]

Usury, ū′zhū-ri, n. the taking of iniquitous or illegal interest on a loan, formerly interest of any kind on money lent.—v.i. U′sure (Shak.), to practise usury.—n. U′surer (orig., and in B.), any money-lender for interest: one who practises usury.—adj. Usū′rious.—adv. Usū′riously.—n. Usū′riousness. [L. usura—uti, usus, to use.]

Utas, ū′tas, n. (obs.) the time between a festival and the eighth day after it: festivity, stir.—Also U′tis. [Through O. Fr. from L. octo, eight.]

Utensil, ū-ten′sil, n. an instrument or vessel used in common life. [Fr. utensile—L. utensilis, fit for use—uti, to use.]

Uterine, ū′te-rin, adj. pertaining to the womb: born of the same mother by a different father.—ns. Uterī′tis, inflammation of the womb; U′terogestā′tion, the progressive development of the embryo within the womb; Uteromā′nia, nymphomania; U′terus, the womb. [Fr. uterin—L. uterinis—uterus, the womb.]

Utgard, ut′gard, n. (Scand. myth.) the abode of the giant Utgard-Loki on the other side of the great sea which surrounds Midgard, the earth.

Utilise, ū′ti-līz, v.t. to make useful: to put to profitable use.—adj. U′tilīsable.—ns. Utilisā′tion; U′tiliser; Util′ity, usefulness: profit: a useful thing; Util′ity-man, an actor of one of the least important parts in a play. [Fr. utiliser—L. uti.]

Utilitarian, ū-til-i-tā′ri-an, adj. consisting in, or pertaining to, utility or to utilitarianism.—n. one who holds utilitarianism.—v.t. Utilitā′rianise, to make to serve a utilitarian purpose.—ns. Utilitā′rianism, the ethical theory which finds the basis of moral distinctions in the utility of actions, i.e. their fitness to produce happiness.

Utmost, ut′mōst, adj. outmost: farthest out: most distant: last: in the greatest degree: highest.—n. the greatest that can be: the greatest effort. [A.S. útemest, formed with double superlative suffix -m-est from úte, out.]

Utopian, ū-tō′pi-an, adj. imaginary: fanciful: chimerical.—n. one who advocates impracticable reforms or who expects an impossible state of perfection in society.—ns. Utō′pianiser; Utō′pianism; Utō′piast.—adj. Utop′ical (obs.).—ns. U′tōpism, utopianism; U′tōpist, a utopian. [From Utopia, lit. 'nowhere'—Gr. ou, not, topos, place, an imaginary island represented by Sir T. More in his famous political romance, or rather satire (Lat. 1516, Eng. 1551), as enjoying perfection in politics, laws, &c., community of goods, freedom of creed, &c.]

Utraquism, ū′tra-kwizm, n. the doctrine of the U′traquists or Calixtines, who asserted the right to communicate in both kinds—sub utraque specie.

Utricle, ū′tri-kl, n. a little bag, bladder, or cell.—adjs. Utric′ūlar, Utric′ūlate, containing or furnished with utricles; Utricūlif′erous, producing utricles; Utric′ūliform, shaped like a utricle; Utric′ūloid; Utric′ūlose.—n. Utric′ūlus, any small pear-shaped sac. [L. utriculus, dim. of uter, utris, a bag.]

Utricularia, ū-trik-ū-lā′ri-a, n. the genus of bladderworts. [L. utriculus, a bag.]

Utriform, ū′tri-form, adj. having the shape of a leather bottle. [L. uter, a leather bottle, forma, form.]

Utter, ut′ėr, adj. farthest out: extreme: total: perfect.—adv. Utt′erly.—n. Utt′erness, quality of being extreme. [A.S. útor, outer—út, out.]

Utter, ut′ėr, v.t. to circulate: to publish abroad: to speak.—adj. Utt′erable, that may be uttered or expressed.—ns. Utt′erableness; Utt′erance, act of uttering: manner of speaking: pronunciation: expression; Utt′erer; Utt′ering, circulation.—adj. Utt′erless, that cannot be uttered in words. [A.S. útian, to put out—út, out.]

Utterance, ut′ėr-ans, n. (Shak.) extremity, deadly contention. [Fr. outrance—outre, beyond—L. ultra, beyond.]

Uttermost, ut′ėr-mōst, adj. farthest out: utmost.—n. the greatest degree. [Same as utmost, the r being intrusive, and t being doubled on the analogy of utter.]

Uva, ū′va, n. a name for such succulent indehiscent fruits as have a central placenta. [L. uva, a cluster of grapes.]

Uvea, ū′vē-a, n. the vascular tunic of the eye—iris, ciliary body, and choroid.—adjs. U′veal, U′veous. [L. uva, a bunch of grapes.]

Uvula, ū′vū-la, n. the fleshy conical body suspended from the palate over the back part of the tongue.—adj. U′vūlar.—adv. U′vūlarly, with thick utterance. [L. uva, a bunch of grapes.]

Uxorious, uk-sō′ri-us, adj. excessively or submissively fond of a wife.—adjs. Uxō′rial, pertaining to a wife; Uxō′ricidal, pertaining to uxoricide.—n. Uxō′ricide, one who kills his wife: the killing of a wife.—adv. Uxō′riously.—n. Uxō′riousness. [L. uxorius—uxor, a wife.]

Uzbeg, uz′beg, n. a member of the Turkish family of Tartars in Turkestan, their blood in some places mixed with a Tajik (or Aryan) strain, elsewhere with Kiptchak, Kalmuck, and Kirghiz elements.

the twenty-second letter of our alphabet, a differentiated form of U—in sound it is a labio-dental and closely related to F. As a Roman numeral V=5; V=5000.

Vacant, vā′kant, adj. empty: free: not occupied by an incumbent or possessor: not occupied with study, &c.: thoughtless, inane.—n. Vā′cancy, emptiness: idleness: empty space, void or gap between bodies: a situation unoccupied: (Shak.) unoccupied or leisure time.—adv. Vā′cantly.—v.t. Vacāte′, to leave empty: to quit possession of: (obs.) to annul, to make useless.—ns. Vacā′tion, a vacating or making void or invalid: freedom from, duty, &c.: recess: break in the sittings of law-courts: school and college holidays; Vacā′tionist, one travelling for pleasure.—adj. Vacā′tionless.—n. Vacā′tur, the act of annulling in law. [Fr.,—L. vacans, -antis, pr.p. of vacāre, -ātum, to be empty.]

Vaccinate, vak′si-nāt, v.t. to inoculate with the cowpox as a preventive against smallpox.—adjs. Vaccig′enous, producing vaccine; Vac′cinal, pertaining to vaccine or to vaccination.—ns. Vaccinā′tion; Vac′cinātor, one who vaccinates.—adj. Vac′cine, pertaining to or derived from cows: of or relating to vaccinia or vaccination.—n. the virus of cowpox or vaccinia used in the process of vaccination.—n. Vaccin′ia, an eruptive disease occurring in cattle—also Vaccī′na. [L. vaccīnus—vacca, a cow.]

Vacillate, vas′i-lāt, v.i. to sway to and fro: to waver: to be unsteady.—adjs. Vac′illant, vacillating; Vac′illāting, inclined to fluctuate: wavering: unsteady.—adv. Vac′illātingly.—n. Vacillā′tion, act of vacillating.—adj. Vac′illātory, wavering. [L. vacillāre, -ātum.]

Vacuous, vak′ū-us, adj. empty, void: without intelligence, unexpressive.—v.t. Vac′uāte, to make empty.—ns. Vacuā′tion; Vac′uist, one who thinks there are empty spaces in nature; Vacū′ity, emptiness: space unoccupied: idleness, listlessness; Vac′uōle, a very small cavity in the tissue of organisms; Vac′uousness; Vac′ūum, vacant or empty space: a space empty or devoid of all matter:—pl. Vac′ūa; Vac′ūum-brake, a brake working on the principle of keeping up a vacuum in a continuous pipe or pipes extending under the train, and in brake-cylinders connected to them under each vehicle, the air being sucked out by ejectors or pumps on the locomotive; Vac′ūum-gauge, a gauge for indicating to what extent a vacuum is produced; Vac′ūum-pan, a vessel for boiling saccharine juices in a partial vacuum in sugar-making; Vac′ūum-tube, a sealed glass tube in which a vacuum has been made, employed to examine the effects of a discharge of electricity through air or gas rarefied or exhausted. [L. vacuus, empty.]

Vade-mecum, vā′dē-mē′kum, n. a hand-book, pocket-companion. [L., 'go with me'—vadĕre, to go, me, abl. of ego, I, cum, with.]

Vagabond, vag′a-bond, adj. wandering: having no settled home: driven to and fro: unsettled.—n. one who wanders without any settled habitation: a wandering, idle fellow: a scamp, a rascal.—n. Vag′abondage.—v.t. Vag′abondise, to wander like a vagabond.—adj. Vag′abondish.—n. Vag′abondism. [Fr.,—Low L.,—vagāri, to wander—vagus, wandering.]

Vagary, va-gā′ri, n. a wandering of the thoughts: a wild freak: a whim:—pl. Vagā′ries.—n. Vagā′rian, a person with vagaries.—adjs. Vagā′rious; Vagā′rish.—n. Vagar′ity, irregularity, capriciousness.

Vagina, vā-jī′na, n. (anat.) the canal or passage which leads from the external orifice to the uterus, a sheath, case: the upper part of the pedestal of a terminus: (bot.) a leaf-stalk when it becomes thin and rolls round the stem to which it then forms a stalk, as in grasses.—adjs. Vag′inal; Vag′inant (bot.), investing as a sheath; Vag′ināte, -d (bot.), invested by the tubular base of a leaf or leaf-stalk, as a stem: denoting a certain order of sheathed polypes; Vaginic′oline, Vaginic′olous, living in a vagina; Vaginif′erous, bearing a vagina; Vaginipenn′ate, Vaginopenn′ous, sheath-winged.—ns. Vaginis′mus, spasmodic contraction of the vagina; Vaginī′tis, inflammation of the vagina; Vaginot′omy, cutting of the vagina; Vagin′ūla, Vag′inule, a diminutive vagina.—adj. Vagin′ulate, having a vaginula, sheathed. [L., 'a sheath.']

Vagitus, vā-jī′tus, n. the cry of a new-born child. [L.,—vagīre, to cry.]

Vagrant, vā′grant, adj. wandering without any settled dwelling: unsettled: uncertain, erratic: (med.) wandering.—n. one who has no settled home: an idle or disorderly person: a beggar.—ns. Vā′grancy, Vā′grantness (rare), the state of being a vagrant: life and habits of a vagrant.—adv. Vā′grantly. [L. vagans, -antis, pr.p. of vagāri, to wander; with r intruded.]

Vagrom, vā′grom, (Shak.) Dogberry's perverted spelling and pronunciation of vagrant.

Vague, vāg, adj. unsettled: indefinite: uncertain: of doubtful origin: not thinking clearly.—v.i. (obs.) to wander.—n. indefinite expanse.—adv. Vague′ly.—n. Vague′ness. [Fr.,—L. vagus, wandering.]

Vagus, vā′gus, n. the tenth cranial nerve or wandering nerve, the longest and most widely extended of the nerves of the brain:—pl. Vā′gī.

Vail, vāl, v.t. to let fall.—v.i. to yield: to drop, move down.—n. (Shak.) submission, decline.—n. Vail′er. [Contr. from avale; cf. Avalanche.]

Vail, vāl′, v.i. (poet.) to profit, avail.—n.pl. Vails, money given to servants by a visitor—also Vales. [Contr. from avail.]

Vain, vān, adj. unsatisfying: fruitless: unreal: silly: conceited: showy: (B.) vacant, worthless.—adv. Vain′ly.—ns. Vain′ness, fruitlessness: (Shak.) empty pride, folly; Van′ity, worthlessness, futility: empty pride or ostentation: ambitious display: idle show: empty pleasure: fruitless desire, a trifle: (Shak.) a personified vice in the old moralities and puppet-shows: (B.) a heathen deity.—Vanity Fair, the world as the scene of vanity or empty folly, the world of fashion, so named from the fair described in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.—In vain, For vain (Shak.), ineffectually: to no end: with levity or profanity. [Fr.,—L. vanus, empty.]

Vainglory, vān-glō′ri, n. vain or empty glory in one's own performances: pride above desert.—v.i. to boast vainly.—adj. Vainglō′rious, given to vainglory: proceeding from vanity.—adv. Vainglō′riously.—n. Vainglō′riousness.

Vair, vār, n. (her.) a kind of fur, the skin of the squirrel, bluish-gray on the back and white on the belly, represented by blue and white shields or bells in horizontal rows.—adjs. Vairé, Vairy (vā′ri), charged or variegated with vair. [O. Fr.,—L. varius, variegated.]

Vaishnava, vīsh′na-va, n. a worshipper of Vishnu, the Vaishnavas forming one of the great sects of Brahmanism. [Sans.,—Vishnu, Vishnu.]

Vaisya, vīs′ya, n. a member of the third caste among the Hindus. [Sans. vaiçya—viç, settler.]

Vakass, va-kas′, n. a semicircular eucharistic vestment in Armenian use—also called Ephod.

Vakeel, Vakil, va-kēl′, n. a native attorney or agent in the East Indies. [Hind.,—Ar. vakīl.]

Valance, val′ans, n. hanging drapery for a bed, &c.—also Val′ence.—v.t. to decorate with such. [From Valence—L. Valentia, in France.]

Vale, vāl, n. a tract of low ground, esp. between hills: a valley. [Fr. val—L. vallis, a vale.]

Valediction, val-ē-dik′shun, n. a farewell.—adj. Valedic′tory, saying farewell: farewell: taking leave.—n. a farewell oration spoken at American graduations by the graduating person of highest rank, often called the Valedictō′rian. [L. valedicĕre, -dictum—vale, farewell, dicĕre, to say.]

Valence, vā′lens, n. (chem.) the combining power of an element, or the proportion in which it forms a combination with another.—Also Vā′lency. [From L. valēre, to be strong.]

Valenciennes, va-long-si-enz′, n. a kind of lace made at Valenciennes in France.

Valentine, val′en-tīn, n. a lover or sweetheart chosen on St Valentine's Day, 14th February: a love-letter or other amatory print sent on that day. [O. Fr. valentin, a young person betrothed on the first Sunday in Lent, perh. from a form valant, equiv. to galant, gallant, but commonly identified with the name of St Valentine, on whose day the choice of valentines came to be made, because birds on that day were supposed to choose their mates.]

Valentinian, val-en-tin′i-an, n. one of a Gnostic sect founded by Valentinus (died c. 160 A.D.).—adj. belonging to the foregoing.—n. Valentin′ianism.

Valerian, va-lē′ri-an, n. the plant all-heal, the root of which is used in medicine.—adj. Val′eric, pertaining to or obtained from the root of valerian. [O. Fr.,—L. valēre, to be strong.]

Valet, val′et, or val′ā, n. a man-servant, esp. one who attends on a gentleman's person.—v.t. to act as valet to.—n. Valet de place, in France, one who offers his services as guide, messenger, &c. for hire, esp. to strangers. [O. Fr.,—vaslet, later also varlet—Low L. vassalettus, dim. of vassalis, a vassal.]

Valetudinarian, val-ē-tū-di-nā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to ill-health: sickly: weak—also Valetū′dinary.—n. a person of weak health.—ns. Valetū′dinariness, Valetūdinā′rianism, the condition of a valetudinarian: weak health; Valetudinā′rium, an ancient Roman hospital. [L. valetudinarius—valetudo, state of health—valēre, to be strong.]

Valgus, val′gus, n. a bow-legged man: a form of club-foot—talipes valgus:—pl. Val′gi (-jī). [L.]

Valhalla, val-hal′la, n. (Scand. myth.) the palace of immortality for the souls of heroes slain in battle: an edifice forming the final resting-place of the heroes of a nation. [Ice. valhöll, 'the hall of the slain'—valr, the slain, conn. with A.S. wæl, slaughter, Ice. höll, hall.]

Valiant, val′yant, adj. strong: brave: intrepid in danger: heroic.—n. (obs.) a valiant person.—ns. Val′iance, Val′iancy.—adv. Val′iantly, bravely.—n. Val′iantness, courage. [Fr. vaillant—L. valens, valentis, pr.p. of valēre, to be strong.]

Valid, val′id, adj. strong: having sufficient strength or force: founded in truth: sound: conclusive: (law) executed with the proper formalities: legal: rightful.—v.t. Val′idate, to confirm, give legal force to: test the validity of.—ns. Validā′tion; Valid′ity.—adv. Val′idly.—n. Val′idness. [Fr.,—L. validus—valēre, to be strong.]

Valise, va-lēs′, n. a travelling bag, generally of leather, opening at the side: a portmanteau. [Fr.,—L. valise (It. valigia, Sp. balija), orig. unknown.]

Valkyr, val′kir, n. (Scand. myth.) one of the nine handmaidens of Odin, serving at the banquet of Valhalla—also Valkyr′ia, Wal′kyr.—adjs. Valkyr′ian, Walkyr′ian. [Ice. valkyrja—valr, the slain, kyrja—kjósa, to choose. Ger. Walküre.]

Vallar, val′ar, adj. pertaining to a rampart.—Also Vall′ary. [L. vallum.]

Vallate, val′āt, adj. cup-shaped: circumvallate.—Also Vall′ated.

Vallecula, va-lek′ū-la, n. a groove or furrow.—adjs. Vallec′ular, Vallec′ulate.

Valley, val′i, n. a vale or low land between hills or mountains: a low, extended plain, usually watered by a river:—pl. Vall′eys. [O. Fr. valee (Fr. vallée)—val, a vale.]

Vallisneria, val-is-nē′ri-a, n. a genus of the natural order of plants Hydrocharideæ. [Named after Antonio Vallisneri (1661-1730), an Italian naturalist.]

Vallum, val′um, n. a rampart, entrenchment: (anat.) the eyebrow. [L., 'a rampart.']

Valonia, va-lō′ni-a, n. the large acorn-cup of a species of oak which grows round the Levant, used in tanning. [It. vallonia—Gr. balanos, an acorn.]

Valour, val′ur, n. intrepidity: courage: bravery.—adj. Val′orous, intrepid: courageous.—adv. Val′orously. [O. Fr. valour—Low L. valor—L. valēre, to be strong.]

Value, val′ū, n. worth: that which renders anything useful or estimable: the degree of this quality: esteem, regard: efficacy: importance: excellence: price: precise meaning: (mus.) the relative length of a tone signified by a note: (paint.) relation of one part of a picture to the others with reference to light and shade and without reference to hue: (math.) the special determination of a quantity.—v.t. to estimate the worth of: to rate at a price: to esteem: to prize.—v.i. (Shak.) to be worth.—adj. Val′uable, having value or worth: costly: deserving esteem.—n. a thing of value, a choice article—often in pl.—ns. Val′uableness; Valuā′tion, the act of valuing: value set upon a thing: estimated worth; Valuā′tor, one who sets a value upon: an appraiser.—adjs. Val′ued; Val′ueless.—n. Val′uer, one who values.—Value in exchange, exchange value: (pol. econ.) economic value (i.e. the amount of other commodities for which a thing can be exchanged in open market) as distinguished from its more general meaning of utility; Value received, a phrase indicating that a bill of exchange, &c., has been accepted for a valuable consideration.—Good value, full worth in exchange. [O. Fr. value, prop. the fem. of Fr. valu, pa.p. of valoir, to be worth—L. valēre.]

Valve, valv, n. one of the leaves of a folding-door: a cover to an aperture which opens in one direction and not in the other: one of the pieces or divisions forming a shell: (anat.) a membraneous fold resembling a valve or serving as a valve in connection with the flow of blood, lymph, or other fluid—also Val′va.—adjs. Val′val, pertaining to a valve; Val′vāte, having or resembling a valve or valves: (bot.) meeting at the edges without overlapping, as the petals of flowers; Valved, having or composed of valves.—ns. Valve′-gear, the mechanism for working a valve; Valve′let, Val′vūla, Val′vūle, a little valve: (bot.) formerly used of the pieces which compose the outer covering of a pericarp.—adj. Val′vūlar.—n. Valvūlī′tis, inflammation of one of the valves of the heart. [Fr.,—L. valva, a folding-door.]

Vambrace, vam′brās, n. a piece of plate-armour to protect the forearm.—adj. Vam′brāced (her.), having armour on the forearm. [Also vantbrace, vantbrass—Fr. avant-bras—avant, before, bras, arm.]

Vamose, va-mōs′, v.i. (slang) to be off, to be gone. [Sp. vamos, 1st pers. pl. pres. indic.—L. vadimus, we go—vadĕre, to go.]

Vamp, vamp, n. the upper leather of a boot or shoe.—v.t. to repair with a new vamp: to patch old with new: give a new face to: (mus.) to improvise an accompaniment to (coll.).—v.i. to improvise accompaniments, to travel, proceed.—n. Vam′per, one who vamps or cobbles up anything old to pass for new.—Vamp up, to patch up, to improvise, to cook up.—In Vamp, in pawn. [Corr. of Fr. avant-pied, the forepart of the foot—avant, before, pied—L. pes, pedis, foot.]

Vampire, vam′pīr, n. in eastern Europe, an accursed body which cannot rest in the kindly earth, but nightly leaves its grave to suck the blood of sleeping men: an extortioner.—n. Vam′pire-bat, the name of several species of bats all supposed to suck blood—the real blood-suckers only in Central and South America, attacking cattle, horses, and sometimes human beings asleep.—adj. Vampir′ic.—n. Vam′pirism, the actions of a vampire or the practice of blood-sucking: extortion. [Fr.,—Servian vampir; the word is common in the Slavonic tongues.]

Vamplate, vam′plāt, n. the iron plate through which the lance passed, serving as a protection to the hand when the lance was couched. [Fr. avant-plat—avant, before, plat, plate.]

Van, van, n. the front: the front of an army or a fleet: the leaders of any movement. [Abbrev. of vanguard.]

Van, van, n. a fan for grain, &c.: a vane, wing: a test for ascertaining the value of an ore by washing a small quantity on a shovel.—v.t. to separate ore in this way.—ns. Van′ner, an ore-separator; Van′ning. [Fr.,—L. vannus.]

Van, van, n. a large covered wagon for goods, &c.: a light vehicle, covered or not, used by tradesmen in delivering goods: a carriage in a railway-train for carrying luggage, for the use of the guard, &c. [Short for caravan.]

Vanadium, van-ā′di-um, n. a rare metal somewhat resembling silver in appearance, very brittle and infusible, and unoxidisible either by air or water.—ns. Van′adāte, Vanā′diāte, a salt formed by vanadic acid combined with a base.—adjs. Vanad′ic, Vanā′dious, Van′adous, pertaining to or obtained from vanadium; Vanadif′erous, yielding vanadium.—n. Van′adinite, a compound of lead vanadate and lead chloride. [Named from Vanadis, a Scandinavian goddess.]

Vancourier, van′kōō-ri-er, n. a precursor. [Fr. avant-courier—avant, before.]

Vandal, van′dal, n. one of a fierce race from north-eastern Germany who entered Gaul about the beginning of the 5th century, crossed the Pyrenees into Spain (leaving their name in Andalusia=Vandalitia), next under Genseric crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, and carried devastation and ruin from the shores of the Atlantic to the frontiers of Cyrene: any one hostile to arts or literature, a barbarian.—adjs. Van′dal, Vandal′ic, barbarous, rude.—n. Van′dalism, hostility to arts or literature. [Low L. Vandali, Vinduli—the Teut. name seen in Dut. Wenden, the Wends.]

Vandyke, van-dīk′, n. one of the points forming an edge or border, as of lace, ribbon, &c.: a painting by Vandyke: a small round cape, the border ornamented with points and indentations, as seen in paintings by Vandyke of the time of Charles I.—adj. pertaining to the style of dress represented in portraits by Vandyke.—v.t. to cut the edge off in points.—n. Vandyke′-brown, a reddish-brown pigment, a species of peat or lignite.—adj. Vandyked′, notched with large points like a Vandyke collar. [Anthony Van Dyck (1599-1641), a great Flemish painter.]

Vane, vān, n. a flag or banner: a thin slip of wood or metal at the top of a spire, &c., to show which way the wind blows: a weather-cock: the thin web of a feather: one of the blades of a windmill.—adjs. Vaned, furnished with vanes; Vane′less. [Older form fane—A.S. fana; Goth. fana, cloth, Ger. fahne; akin to L. pannus, Gr. penos, a cloth.]

Vanessa, va-nes′a, n. a genus of butterflies, e.g. the Vanessa atalanta or Red Admiral, Vanessa antiope or Camberwell Beauty. [Perh. intended for Phanessa—Gr. Phanēs, a mystic divinity.]

Vang, vang, n. (naut.) one of two guy-ropes from the end of a gaff to the deck to steady the peak. [Dut.]

Vanguard, van′gärd, n. the guard in the van of an army: the part of an army preceding the main body: the front line. [Formerly vantgard—Fr. avant-garde—avant, before, garde, guard.]

Vanilla, va-nil′a, n. the dried aromatic sheath-like pod or fruit of a tropical epiphytal orchid, a favourite confection.—adj. Vanill′ic. [Latinised from Fr. vanille—Sp. vainilla—vaina—L. vagina, a sheath.]

Vanish, van′ish, v.i. to pass away from a place, leaving it vacant or empty: to disappear: to be annihilated or lost: (math.) to become zero: (Shak.) to exhale.—n. Van′isher.—adv. Van′ishingly.—n. Van′ishment.—Vanishing point, the point of disappearance of anything. [Through Fr. from L. vanescĕre, to pass away—vanus, empty.]

Vanquish, vangk′wish, v.t. to conquer: to defeat in any contest: to confute.—adj. Vanq′uishable, capable of being vanquished.—ns. Vanq′uisher; Vanq′uishment. [Fr. vaincre (pa.t. vainquis)—L. vincĕre, to conquer.]

Vantage, van′tāj, n. advantage: in lawn-tennis, same as advantage: (Shak.) opportunity, convenience, excess, addition.—v.i. (Spens.) to benefit, profit.—ns. Van′tage-ground, -point, superiority of place, opportunity, &c.

Vanward, van′wawrd, adj. (rare) situated in or pertaining to the van or front.—n. the advance-guard of an army on the march. [Van and ward.]

Vapid, vap′id, adj. having the spirit evaporated: spiritless: insipid.—adv. Vap′idly.—ns. Vap′idness, Vapid′ity. [L. vapidus.]

Vaporole, vā′pō-rōl, n. a thin glass capsule, containing a volatile drug wrapped in cotton-wool and enclosed in a silk bag, to be crushed in the fingers so as to permit inhalation.

Vapour, Vapor, vā′pur, n. the gas into which most liquids and solids are convertible by heat: the condition of a body when it becomes gas by heat: water in the atmosphere: anything vain or transitory: (pl.) a disease of nervous weakness in which a variety of strange images float before the mind, temporary depression of spirits, dejection.—v.i. to pass off in vapour: to evaporate: to boast: to brag.—v.t. to make to pass into vapour: to cause to dissolve into gas, thin air, or other unsubstantial thing: (rare) to depress, dispirit: (obs.) to bully.—adjs. Vā′porable, Vā′porisable, capable of being converted into vapour.—n. Vaporā′rium, a Russian bath.—adjs. Vaporif′erous, producing vapour; Vaporif′ic, converting into steam or other vapour; Vā′poriform, existing in the form of vapour.—n. Vaporisā′tion.—v.t. Vā′porise, to convert into vapour.—v.i. to pass off in vapour.—adj. Vā′porish, full of vapours: hypochondriacal: peevish.—n. Vaporom′eter, an instrument for measuring the pressure of a vapour.—adjs. Vā′porous, Vā′porose, full of or like vapour: vain: affected with the vapours: unsubstantial, vainly imaginative.—adv. Vā′porously.—ns. Vā′porousness, Vaporos′ity; Vā′pour-bath, an apparatus for bathing the body in vapour of water.—adj. Vā′poured, full of vapours: affected with the vapours.—ns. Vā′pourer, one who vapours, a boaster; Vā′pouring, windy or ostentatious talk.—adv. Vā′pouringly.—adj. Vā′poury, full of vapour: affected with the vapours: peevish. [Fr.,—L. vapor.]

Vapulation, vap-ū-lā′shun, n. (rare) a flogging.—adj. Vap′ulātōry. [L. vapulāre, to be flogged.]

Vaquero, va-kā′rō, n. a herdsman.—n. Vacqueria (vak-e-rē′a), a farm for grazing cattle. [Sp.,—Fr. vacher, a cowherd—L. vacca, a cow.]

Vara, vä′ra, n. a Spanish-American linear measure, about thirty-three inches. [Vare.]

Varangian, va-ran′ji-an, n. the name given by the Slavic Russians and the Greeks to one of those Northmen or Värings who made settlements on the east side of the Baltic in the second half of the 9th century, and laid the foundations under Rurik of the kingdom of Gardarike out of which grew the subsequent Russia.—Varangian Guard, a trusted bodyguard of the emperors of Constantinople from the end of the 10th century down to the close in 1453.

Varanus, var′a-nus, n. the typical genus of Varanidæ, a family of eriglossate lacertilians, a monitor.—n. Var′an, a varanoid lizard.—adj. Var′anoid.

Vare, vār, n. a wand of authority. [Sp. vara, a pole—L. vara, a trestle, forked stick—varus, crooked.]

Varec, var′ek, n. a Breton impure sodium carbonate. [Fr.,—Ice. vágrek, vágr, a wave, rek, drift.]

Vargueno, var-gā′nō, n. a form of cabinet made at Vargas in Spain, having a box-shaped body with lid, resting on columns, and opening at the bottom so as to serve as a writing-desk.

Variable, vā′ri-a-bl, adj. that may be varied: changeable: liable to change: unsteady: (bot., zool.) of a species embracing many individuals and groups departing more or less from the strict type: (math.) quantitatively indeterminate: (astron.) changing in brightness.—n. (math.) a quantity subject to continual increase or decrease: a quantity which may have an infinite number of values in the same expression: a shifting wind.—ns. Variabil′ity (biol.), tendency to depart in any direction from the mean character of the species; Vā′riableness.—adv. Vā′riably.—v.t. Vā′riate, to vary.—v.i. to change.—adj. Vā′riated, varied, diversified: varriated.—n. Variā′tion, a varying: a change: change from one to another: successive change: the extent to which a thing varies: (gram.) change of termination: (mus.) a manner of singing or playing the same air with various changes in time, rhythm, or key: (astron.) deviation from the mean orbit of a heavenly body: (biol.) departure from the mean character of a species.—adjs. Variā′tional, pertaining to variation; Vā′riative, tending to variation.—Variable species, any species with marked rate of variability. [Fr.,—L. variabilis.]

Variance, vā′ri-ans, n. state of being varied: an alteration: a change of condition: (law) a discrepancy: difference that arises from, or produces, dispute.—n. Vā′riant, a different form of the same original word: a different reading, e.g. in a manuscript.—adj. diverse, variable, inconstant.—At variance, in disagreement.

Varicella, var-i-sel′a, n. chicken-pox—applied also loosely to various eruptive diseases, as swine-pox, hives, or varioloid.—adjs. Varicell′ar, pertaining to varicella; Varicell′oid, resembling varicella.

Varicocele, var′i-kō-sēl, n. an enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord, or sometimes of the veins of the scrotum. [L. varix, a dilated vein, Gr. kēlē, a tumour.]

Varicoloured, vā′ri-kul-urd, adj. diversified in colour.—Also Varicol′orous. [L. varius, various, color, colour.]

Varicorn, vā′ri-korn, adj. having diversiform antennæ.—n. a varicorn beetle. [L. varius, various, cornu, a horn.]

Varicose, var′i-kōs, adj. permanently dilated or enlarged, as a vein, the actual dilatation being called a varix—most often in the sub-mucous veins of the rectum (constituting hæmorrhoids or piles), in the spermatic veins (giving rise to varicocele), and in the veins of the lower extremities—also Var′icous.—adjs. Var′icāted, marked by varicose formations (said of shells); Var′icosed.—n. Varicos′ity, state of being varicose.—Varicose veins, a condition in which the superficial veins, usually of the leg, are swollen for no apparent physiological reason. [L. varicosus, full of dilated veins—varix, a dilated vein—varus, bent, crooked.]

Variegate, vā′ri-e-gāt, v.t. to mark with different colours.—ns. Variegā′tion, in plants, a condition in which other colours are exhibited in parts where green is the normal colour; Vā′riegātor. [L. variegatus—varius, various, agĕre, to make.]

Variety, va-rī′e-ti, n. the quality of bring various: difference: many-sidedness, versatility: a collection of different things: one of a number of things nearly allied to each other: one or more individuals of a species, which, owing to accidental causes, differ from the normal form in minor points:—pl. Varī′eties.—adj. Vārī′etal (biol.), having the character of a zoological or botanical variety.—adv. Varī′etally.—ns. Varī′ety-show, a mixed entertainment comprising dances, songs, negro-minstrelsy, farces, short sketches, &c.; Varī′ety-thē′atre, a theatre devoted to variety-shows.—adj. Vā′riform, varied in form.—v.t. Vā′rify, to variegate. [L. varietas—varius, various.]

Variola, vā-rī′ō-la, n. smallpox.—adjs. Varī′olar, Variol′ic, Varī′olous.—ns. Variolā′tion, inoculation with the virus of smallpox; Vā′riole, a shallow pit or pitted marking, a foveole; Varī′olite, a rock covered with pea-like pustular forms, held in India as a preventive of smallpox and worn sometimes as an amulet round the neck.—adjs. Variolit′ic, pertaining to variolite; Vā′rioloid, resembling smallpox: resembling measles.—n. modified smallpox. [Low L.,—L. varius, various, spotted.]

Variometer, vā-ri-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument used in measuring magnetic intensity. [L. varius, various, Gr. metron, measure.]

Variorum, vā-rī-ō′rum, adj. a term applied to an edition of some work in which the notes of various commentators are inserted. [From the full Latin 'editio cum notis variorum.']

Various, vā′ri-us, adj. varied, different: several: unlike each other: changeable: uncertain: variegated.—adv. Vā′riously.—n. Vā′riousness. [L. varius.]

Variscite, var′i-sīt, n. a mineral very like a greenish turquoise found in Brittany. [From L. Variscia, Voigtland, part of Saxony.]

Varix, vā′riks, n. abnormal dilatation or tortuosity of a vein:—pl. Var′icēs. [L.,—varus, bent.]

Varlet, vär′let, n. a footman: a low fellow: a scoundrel.—n. Var′letry (Shak.), the rabble, the crowd. [O. Fr. varlet, formerly vaslet, from a dim. of Low L. vassalis.]

Varmin, Varmint, var′min, var′mint, dialectal variants for vermin.

Varnish, vär′nish, v.t. to cover with a liquid so as to give a glossy surface to: to give a fair appearance to.—n. a sticky liquid which dries and forms a hard, lustrous coating: a glossy, lustrous appearance: any gloss or palliation.—ns. Var′nisher; Var′nishing; Var′nishing-day, a day before the opening of a picture exhibition when exhibitors may varnish or retouch their pictures after they have been hung; Var′nish-tree, a name given to trees of several distinct natural orders, the resinous juice of which is used for varnishing or for lacquering. [Fr. vernis—Low L. vitrinus, glassy—L. vitrum, glass.]

Varriated, var′i-ā-ted, adj. (her.) battlemented with solid projections and crenelles, both pointed bluntly, but in the latter case reversed. [So named from the resemblance to vair.]

Varsovienne, var-sō-vi-en′, n. a dance imitated from the Polish mazurka, the music for such. [Fr., fem. of Varsovien—Varsovie, Warsaw.]

Vartabed, vär′ta-bed, n. one of an order of Armenian clergy devoted to teaching.—Also Var′tabet.

Varuna, var′ōō-na, n. an ancient Indian Vedic god of heaven and day—latterly, rather the deity that rules over the waters.

Varus, vā′rus, n. the same as talipes varus: a knock-kneed person. [L.]

Varvels, värv′elz, n. same as Vervels.—adj. Var′veled (her.), provided with vervels or rings.

Vary, vā′ri, v.t. to make different: to diversify, modify: (mus.) to alter or embellish a melody, preserving its identity: (Shak.) to express variously: to change to something else: to make of different kinds.—v.i. to alter or be altered: to be or become different: to change in succession: to deviate (with from): to disagree: (math.) to be subject to continual increase or decrease:—pa.t. and pa.p. vā′ried.—n. (Shak.) change.—adj. Vā′ried.—adv. Vā′riedly.—n. Vā′rier, one who varies. [Fr. varier—L. variāre—varius.]

Vas, vas, n. (anat., zool.) a vessel containing blood, &c.:—pl. Vā′sa.—adjs. Vā′sal, pertaining to a vas; Vas′iform, having the form of a duct; Vasomō′tor, serving to regulate the tension of blood-vessels, as nerves; Vasomō′tory, Vasomotō′rial. [L.]

Vascular, vas′kū-lar, adj. of or relating to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies.—n.pl. Vasculā′res, a division of the vegetable kingdom embracing plants with vessels or ducts.—v.t. Vas′cularise.—n. Vascular′ity.—adv. Vas′cularly.—adjs. Vasculif′erous; Vas′culiform.—ns. Vas′culose, the substance, closely allied to cellulose, that makes up the greater part of the vessels of plants; Vas′culum, a botanist's specimen-box. [Fr. vasculaire—L. vasculum, dim. of vas, a vessel.]

Vase, vāz, or v[ä]z, n. a vessel of stone, metal, glass, or earthenware, anciently used for domestic purposes and in offering sacrifices: an ornamental vessel generally of an antique pattern: a sculptured, vaselike ornament: (archit.) the body of the Corinthian capital.—n. Vase′-paint′ing, the decoration of vases with pigments, esp. the decoration of the pottery of the ancient Greeks.—adj. Vā′siform.—Etruscan vases, Greek vases so called mistakenly because found in Etruscan tombs; Portland vase, a famous Græco-Roman cameo-glass with reliefs in opaque white glass on a dark-blue ground, 9¾ inches high, now preserved in the British Museum. [Fr.,—L. vasum or vas.]

Vaseline, vas′e-lin, n. a yellowish, almost tasteless and inodorous, translucent substance obtained from petroleum, used as a salve, liniment, lubricant, &c. [Formed from Ger. wasser, water, and Gr. elaion, oil.]

Vassal, vas′al, n. one who holds land from, and renders homage to, a superior: a dependant, retainer: a bondman, slave: (Shak.) a low wretch.—adj. (Shak.) servile.—v.t. to enslave, to dominate.—ns. Vass′alāge, state of being a vassal: dependence: subjection: a fee, fief: (Shak.) vassals collectively; Vass′aless (Spens.), a female vassal; Vass′alry, vassals collectively. [Fr.,—Low L. vassalis—Bret. gwaz, a servant; cf. W. gwas, a youth.]

Vast, vast, adj. of great extent: very great in amount: very great in degree, mighty: (Shak.) vacant, desolate.—n. immensity: (coll.) a large quantity: (Shak.) the darkness of night.—ns. Vastid′ity (Shak.), immensity, desolation; Vas′titude.—adv. Vast′ly.—ns. Vast′ness; Vas′tus, one of the great muscles upon the front of the thigh.—adj. Vas′ty, large, enormously great. [Fr. vaste—L. vastus, waste, vast; cf. A.S. wéste, waste.]

Vat, vat, n. a large vessel or tank, esp. one for holding liquors.—v.t. to put in a vat.—n. Vat′ful, the contents of a vat. [Older form fat—A.S. fæt; Dut. vat, Ice. fat, Ger. fass.]

Vatican, vat′i-kan, n. an assemblage of buildings on the Vatican hill in Rome, including one of the pope's palaces: the papal authority.—ns. Vat′icanism, the system of theology and ecclesiastical government based on absolute papal authority, ultramontanism; Vat′icanist, one who upholds such a system.—Vatican Codex, a famous uncial MS. of the Greek Testament, of the 4th century, in the Vatican library at Rome; Vatican Council, the Twentieth Ecumenical Council, according to popish reckoning, which met 8th December 1869 and proclaimed the Infallibility of the Pope. [Fr.,—It. Vaticano—L. Mons Vaticanus, a hill in Rome.]

Vaticide, vat′i-sīd, n. the killing of a prophet: one who kills a prophet. [L. vates, vatis, a prophet, cædĕre, to kill.]

Vaticinate, va-tis′i-nāt, v.t. to prophesy.—adj. Vat′ic, prophetic, oracular, inspired—also Vatic′inal.—ns. Vaticinā′tion, prophecy: prediction; Vatic′inator, a prophet. [L. vaticināri, -ātus, to prophesy—vates, a seer.]

Vaudeville, vōd′vil, n. originally a popular song with topical allusions: a play interspersed with dances and songs incidentally introduced and usually comic.—n. Vaude′villist, a composer of these. [From vau (val) de Vire, the valley of the Vire, in Normandy, where they were first composed about 1400 A.D.]

Vaudois, vō-dwo′, n. a native of Vaud: the dialect spoken in Vaud.—adj. pertaining to Vaud or its people.

Vault, vawlt, n. an arched roof: a chamber with an arched roof, esp. one underground: a cellar: anything vault-like: a leap or spring by means of a pole or by resting the hands on something: the bound of a horse: a jump.—v.t. to shape as a vault: to arch: to roof with an arch: to form vaults in.—v.i. to curvet or leap, as a horse: to leap: to exhibit feats of leaping or tumbling.—n. Vaul′tage (Shak.), an arched cellar: vaulted work.—adj. Vaul′ted, arched: concave overhead: covered with an arch or vault.—ns. Vaul′ter, one who vaults or leaps; Vaul′ting (archit.), vaulted work; Vaul′ting-horse, a wooden horse used in gymnasiums for vaulting over.—adj. Vaul′ty (Shak.), arched, concave. [O. Fr. volte (Fr. voûte)—L. volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Vaunt, vawnt′, or vänt, v.i. to make a vain display: to boast.—v.t. to make a vain display of: to boast of.—n. vain display: boast.—ns. Vaun′ter; Vaun′tery, vaunting.—adj. Vaunt′ful.—n. Vaun′ting.—adv. Vaun′tingly. [O. Fr. vanter—Low L. vanitāre—L. vanitas, vanity—vanus, vain.]

Vaunt-courier, vänt′-kōō′-ri-ėr, n. (Shak.). Same as Vancourier.

Vaut, vawt, v.i. (Spens.) same as Vault.—adj. Vau′ty, vaulted.

Vavasour, vav′a-sōōr, n. in feudal times, one who held his lands not directly of the crown but of one of the higher nobility.—n. Vav′asōry, the tenure or lands of a vavasour. [O. Fr.,—Low L. vassus vassorum, vassal of vassals—vassus, vassal.]

Veadar, vē′a-dar, n. the name of the intercalary or thirteenth month of the Jewish year, which must have been inserted about every third year. [Heb., 'the additional adar,' from ve, and, and adar, so called because it was introduced in the calendar after the month Adar.]

Veal, vēl, n. the flesh of a calf.—n. Veal′-skin, a skin-disease marked by white shiny tubercles on the ears and neck.—adj. Veal′y, like veal or like a calf: immature. [O. Fr. veël (Prov. vedel)—L. vitellus, dim. of vitulus; Gr. italos, a calf.]

Vector, vek′tor, n. (math.) any directed quantity, as a straight line in space, involving both its direction and magnitude.—n. Vectitā′tion, a carrying.—adj. Vectō′rial. [L.,—vehĕre, vectum, to convey.]

Veda, vā′dä, n. the four holy books of the Hindus—Rigveda, or Veda of praises or hymns; Sâmaveda, or Veda of chants or tunes; Yajurveda, or Veda of prayers; and Atharvaveda, or Veda of the Atharvans:—pl. Vedas (vā′däz).—n. Vedan′ta, a system of Hindu philosophy based on the Vedas.—adjs. Vedan′tic, Ve′dic. [Sans. veda, knowledge—vid, to know; cf. Wit.]

Vedette, ve-det′, n. a mounted sentry stationed at the outposts of an army to watch an enemy. [Fr.,—It. vedetta—vedere, to see—L. vidēre, to see.]

Veer, vēr, v.i. to change direction, as the wind: to alter, of the course of a ship: to change one's mind.—v.t. to turn, shift: to change a ship's course by turning her head away from the wind.—n. and adj. Veer′ing.—adv. Veer′ingly. [Fr. virer (Prov. virar)—Low L. virāre, to turn—L. viriæ, armlets.]

Vegetable, vej′e-ta-bl, n. an organised body without sensation and voluntary motion, nourished by roots fixed in the ground: a plant for the table.—adj. belonging to plants: consisting of or having the nature of plants: derived from vegetables.—adj. Veg′etal, of the nature of a vegetable: pertaining to the vital functions of plants and animals, as growth, reproduction, &c.—ns. Veg′etaline, a substitute for ivory, &c., made by treating woody fibre with sulphuric acid, mixing with various ingredients, and pressing into any required form; Vegetal′ity, vegetable character, the vegetal functions collectively.—adj. Vegetā′rian, pertaining to those who abstain from animal food: consisting of vegetables.—n. one who holds that vegetables are the only proper food for man.—n. Vegetā′rianism, the theory and practice of a vegetarian.—v.i. Veg′etāte, to grow by roots and leaves: to sprout: to lead an idle, aimless life.—n. Vegetā′tion, process of growing, as a plant: vegetable growth: plants in general.—adj. Veg′etātive, growing, as plants: producing growth in plants: pertaining to unconscious or involuntary bodily functions as resembling the processes of vegetable growth: without intellectual activity, unprogressive.—adv. Veg′etātively.—n. Veg′etātiveness.—adj. Vegete (vej′ēt), vigorous.—n. Veg′etive (Shak.), a vegetable.—Vegetable kingdom, that division of natural objects which embraces vegetables or plants; Vegetable marrow, the fruit of a species of gourd, so called from its marrow-like appearance; Vegetable mould, mould consisting mostly of humus; Vegetable physiology, that department of botany which treats of the growth and functions of plants. [O. Fr.,—Low L. vegetabilis, animating—L. vegetāre, to quicken—vegēre, to be lively; akin to vigēre, to be vigorous. Cf. Vigour.]

Vehement, vē′he-ment, adj. passionate: furious: very eager or urgent.—ns. Vē′hemence, Vē′hemency, the quality of being vehement: violence: great ardour or fervour.—adv. Vē′hemently. [O. Fr.,—L. vehemens, from ve, out of, mens, mind; acc. to Vanicek, from vehĕre, to carry.]

Vehicle, vē′hi-kl, n. any kind of carriage or conveyance: that which is used to convey: (med.) a substance in which a medicine is taken: (paint.) a liquid used to render colours, varnishes, &c. fit for use.—adjs. Vehic′ūlar, -y, pertaining to or serving as a vehicle.—v.t. Vehic′ūlate (rare), to ride in a vehicle.—n. Vehicūlā′tion.—adj. Vehic′ūlātōry. [L. vehiculum—vehĕre, to carry.]

Vehmgericht, fām′ge-richt, n. one of the dread medieval German tribunals, empowered by the emperors to try cases in which the penalty was death and to execute the punishment on the guilty—also Fem′gerichte, or simply Vehme, Fehme:—pl. Vehmgerichte (fām′ge-rich-te).—adj. Vehm′ic. [Ger.,—fehme, fehm, a criminal tribunal, gericht, judgment.]

Veil, vāl, n. a curtain: anything that hides an object: a piece of muslin or thin cloth worn by ladies to shade or hide the face: a cover: a disguise: an obscuration of the clearness of the tones in pronunciation: in fungi, the partial covering of the stem or margin of the cap—applied also to the indusium of ferns.—v.t. to cover with a veil: to cover: to conceal.—n. Veil′ing, the act of concealing with a veil: a veil: material for making veils.—adjs. Veil′less, wanting a veil: uncovered; Vē′lar (philol.), denoting sounds (gw, kw, &c.) produced by the veil of the palate or soft palate; Vē′lary, pertaining to a sail.—n. Vēlā′tion, a veiling: concealment, mystery.—Eucharistic or Sacramental veils, the linen or silk cloths used to cover the eucharistic vessels and the elements during the celebration of Mass or Holy Communion.—Take the veil, to become a nun. [O. Fr. veile (Fr. voile)—L. velum, a curtain—vehĕre, to carry.]

Vein, vān, n. one of the vessels or tubes which convey the blood back to the heart: one of the horny tubes forming the framework of an insect's wings: (bot.) one of the small branching ribs in a leaf: a seam of a different mineral through a rock: a fissure or cavity: a streak in wood or stone: a train of thought: a course: tendency or turn of mind: mood or humour.—v.t. to form veins or the appearance of veins in.—n. Vein′age, veins collectively.—adj. Veined, full of veins: streaked, variegated: (bot.) having vessels branching over the surface, as a leaf.—n. Vein′ing, formation or disposition of veins: streaking.—adj. Vein′less, having no veins.—n. Vein′let (bot.), a little vein or vessel branching out from a larger one.—adjs. Vein′ous, Vein′y, full of veins.—ns. Vein′stone, the earthy part of a lode; Vein′ūle, a very small vein. [Fr. veine—L. vena, perh. from vehĕre, to carry.]

Velamentum, vel-a-men′tum, n. a membrane or membraneous envelope—also Velā′men.—adj. Velamen′tous, veil-like.

Velarium, vē-lā′ri-um, n. an awning which could be drawn over the Roman amphitheatre: the marginal membrane of certain hydrozoans:—pl. Velā′ria.

Velatura, vel-a-tōō′ra, n. a method of glazing a painting by rubbing on colour with the hand. [It.]

Veldt, velt, n. in South Africa, the name given to unforested or thinly-forested grass country.—Also Veld. [Dut. veld, field.]

Velite, vē′līt, n. a light-armed Roman soldier. [L. veles, velitis.]

Velleity, ve-lē′i-ti, n. (rare) volition in its lowest form: mere inclination. [Low L. velleitas, irregularly formed from L. velle, to wish.]

Vellenage, vel′en-āj, n. (Spens.) slavery—the same as Villeinage. [Villain.]

Vellicate, vel′i-kāt, v.t. and v.i. to twitch.—n. Vellicā′tion.—adj. Vell′icātive. [L. vellicāre,-ātum, to pluck.]

Velloped, vel′opt, adj. (her.) having pendant wattles. [Prob. jelloped for dewlapped.]

Vellozia, ve-lō′zi-a, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Hæmodoraceæ, found in Brazil, Madagascar, &c. [Vellozo, Brazilian botanist.]

Vellum, vel′um, n. a finer kind of parchment prepared by lime-baths and burnishing from the skins of calves, kids, or lambs. [O. Fr. velin—Low L. (charta, paper), vitulina, of a calf—L. vitulus.]

Velocipede, vē-los′i-pēd, n. a light vehicle originally moved by striking the toes on the road, now with a treadle—its developments are the bicycle and tricycle.—ns. Veloc′iman, a velocipede driven by hand; Velocipē′dean, Veloc′ipēdist, one who rides on a velocipede. [Fr.,—L. velox, velocis, swift, pes, pedis, foot.]

Velocity, vē-los′i-ti, n. swiftness: speed: rate of change of position of a point per unit of time.—n. Velocim′eter, an apparatus for measuring velocity.—Initial velocity, the rate of movement of a body at starting, esp. of a projectile. [L. velocitas—velox, swift.]

Velum, vē′lum, n. a velarium: the ciliated disc-like fold of the integument with which some embryo molluscs are provided:—pl. Vē′la.—adj. Vē′lāte, having a velum.—n. Vēlā′tion, formation of a velum.—adjs. Vēlif′erous, Vēlig′erous, having a velum.

Velure, vel′ūr, n. velvet: a silk or plush pad for smoothing or giving lustre to silk hats—also Velours (ve-loor′).—v.t. to dress with a velure.—n. Veloutine′, a corded fabric of merino and fancy wool.—adj. Velū′tinous, velvety. [O. Fr. velours, velous (Fr. velours)—Low L. villosus, velvet—L. villosus, shaggy.]

Velvet, vel′vet, n. a cloth made from silk, with a close shaggy pile: a similar cloth made of cotton: the velvet-like covering of a growing antler: (slang) money gained by gambling.—adj. made of velvet: soft like velvet.—ns. Vel′veret, a poor quality of velvet, the web of cotton, the pile of silk; Velveteen′, a fustian made of twilled cotton with a pile of the same material: a kind of velvet made of silk and cotton mixed throughout; Vel′vet-flower, the love-lies-bleeding.—n.pl. Vel′vet-guards (Shak.), velvet trimmings, applied metaphorically to the citizens who wore them.—ns. Vel′veting, the nap of velvet: (pl.) velvet goods collectively; Vel′vet-leaf, the Indian mallow; Vel′vet-pā′per, flock paper; Vel′vet-pile, any material with a long, soft nap; Vel′vet-scō′ter, a kind of black duck with large white spot on the wings; Vel′vet-work, embroidery on velvet.—adj. Vel′vety, made of or like velvet: soft: soft in taste or touch.—Stand on velvet, to place one's bets in such a way as not to loose in any event. [From Low L. velluetum—Low L. villutus—L. villus, shaggy hair.]

Vena, vē′na, n. a vein.—Vena cava, the largest vein in the body, entering the right auricle of the heart.

Venal, vē′nal, adj. that may be sold or got for a price: held for sale: mercenary.—n. Venal′ity, quality of being venal: prostitution of talents or services for a reward.—adv. Vē′nally. [Fr.,—L. venalis—venus, sale; Gr. ōnē, purchase.]

Venal, vē′nal, adj. pertaining to a vein or veins: contained in the veins. [L. vena, a vein.]

Venatic, -al, vē-nat′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to hunting.—adv. Venat′ically.—adj. Venatō′rial. [Venery.]

Venation, ve-nā′shun, n. the way in which the leaves of plants are arranged: in insects, the distribution of the veins of the wings. [Vein.]

Vend, vend, v.t. to give for sale, to sell: to give for money: to make an object of trade.—ns. Vendee′, the person to whom a thing is sold; Ven′der, -dor, one who sells; Vendibil′ity.—adj. Vend′ible, that may be sold: that may be disposed of as an object of trade.—n. something salable.—n. Ven′dibleness.—adv. Ven′dibly.—n. Vendue′ (rare), a public auction. [Fr. vendre—L. vendĕre—venus, sale, dăre, to give.]

Vendace, ven′dās, n. a variety of the whitefish, found in Great Britain only in the Castle Loch at Lochmaben. [O. Fr. vendese, vandoise (Fr. vandoise); orig. unknown.]

Vendémiaire, vong-dā-mi-ār′, n. the first month in the French Revolutionary Calendar, from 22d September to 21st October. ['The vintage-month,' Fr.,—L. vindemia, vintage—vinum, wine, demĕre, to take off—de, off, emĕre, to take.]

Vendetta, ven-det′ta, n. the practice—not yet entirely extinct in Calabria and Corsica—of individuals taking private vengeance on those who have shed the blood of their relatives. [It.,—L. vindicta, revenge—vindicāre, to claim.]

Veneer, ve-nēr′, v.t. to overlay or face with another and superior wood: to cover with a thin coating of any substance other than wood: to disguise with artificial attractiveness.—n. a thin coating, as of wood: false show or charm.—ns. Veneer′-cut′ter, a machine for cutting veneers from the block of wood; Veneer′ing, the act or art of overlaying an inferior wood with thin leaves of a more valuable kind: the thin leaf thus laid on. [Formerly fineer; corr. from Ger. furniren—O. Fr. fornir (Fr. fournir), It. fornire, to furnish.]

Venefical, vē-nef′i-kal, adj. poisonous, using sorcery—also Venefi′cial, Venefi′cious.—v.t. Ven′enāte, to poison.—adj. poisoned.—n. Venenā′tion.—adjs. Venenif′luous; Ven′enous. [L. veneficium, a poisoning—venenum, poison, facĕre, to make.]

Venerable, ven′e-ra-bl, adj. that may be venerated: worthy of veneration, reverence, or honour: rendered sacred by religious or other associations: aged.—n. Ven′erableness.—adv. Ven′erably. [L. venerabilis—venerāri, to venerate.]

Venerate, ven′e-rāt, v.t. to honour or reverence with religious awe: to reverence: to regard with the greatest respect.—adjs. Ven′erant (rare), Ven′erātive, reverent.—ns. Venerā′tion, the act of venerating: the state of being venerated: the highest degree of respect and reverence: respect mingled with reverence and awe: awe; Ven′erātor, one who venerates. [L. venerāri, -ātus.]

Venereal, vē-nē′rē-al, adj. pertaining to or arising from sexual intercourse: exciting desire for sexual intercourse: curing venereal diseases.—adj. Venē′reous, lascivious: stimulating sexual desire, aphrodisiac.—n. Ven′ery, sexual intercourse. [L. venereus—Venus, Venĕris, the goddess of love; conn. with L. venerāri.]

Venery, ven′ėr-i, n. the act or exercise of hunting: the sports of the chase.—ns. Ven′erer, a gamekeeper, hunter; Veneur (ve-nėr′), a person having an oversight of the chase. [O. Fr. venerie—vener—L. venāri, to hunt.]

Venesection, vē-nē-sek′shun, n. the section or cutting open of a vein for letting blood: blood-letting. [L. vena, a vein, sectio, cutting.]

Venetian, vē-nē′shan, adj. of or belonging to Venice.—n. a native or inhabitant of Venice: a strong tape for Venetian-blinds: a domino.—n. Venē′tian-blind, a blind for windows formed of thin slips of wood, so hung as to admit of being set either edgewise or overlapping.—adj. Venē′tianed, furnished with Venetian-blinds.—ns. Venē′tian-glass, a delicate and beautiful glass made by the craftsmen of Venice into mirrors, cups, goblets, &c., its forms reflecting its Oriental origin, famous since the middle ages; Venē′tian-style, the type of the Renaissance architecture developed in Venice, highly decorative and original.

Venew, ven′ū, Veney, ven′i, n. (Shak.) a bout at fencing, a thrust, a hit. [Venue.]

Venge, venj, v.t. (Shak.) to avenge, to punish.—adj. Venge′able (Spens.), revengeful: deserving to be revenged.—n. Venge′ance, the infliction of punishment upon another in return for an injury or offence: retribution: (Shak.) harm, mischief.—adv. (Shak.) extremely, exceedingly.—adj. Venge′ful, vindictive, retributive: revengeful.—adv. Venge′fully.—ns. Venge′fulness; Venge′ment (Spens.), vengeance, penal retribution; Ven′ger (Spens.), an avenger.—With a vengeance (coll.), violently: exceedingly. [O. Fr. venger—L. vindicāre.]

Venial, vē′ni-al, adj. pardonable: excusable: allowed.—adv. Vē′nially.—ns. Vē′nialness, Venial′ity.—Venial sin (see Mortal). [Fr.,—L. venialis, pardonable—venia, pardon.]

Veni Creator, vē′nī krē-ā′tor, n.—more fully, 'Veni Creator Spiritus'—a hymn of the Roman Breviary, used at Whitsuntide, ordinations, &c.—not to be confounded with the Veni Sancte Spiritus, Et emitte coelitus, the 'Golden Sequence.'

Venison, ven′i-zn, or ven′zn, n. the flesh of animals taken in hunting, esp. the deer. [Fr. venaison—L. venatio, a hunting, game—venāri, to hunt.]

Venite, vē-nī′tē, n. in liturgics, the 95th Psalm. [From its opening words, 'Venite exultemus.']

Vennel, ven′el, n. (Scot.) an alley, a narrow street. [Fr. venelle, a small street.]

Venom, ven′um, n. any drink, juice, or liquid injurious or fatal to life: poison: spite: malice.—adj. (Shak.) venomous, poisonous.—v.t. to infect with poison.—n. Ven′om-duct, in a poisonous animal, the duct conveying venom from the sac or gland where it is secreted to the tooth or venom-fang whence it is discharged.—adjs. Ven′om-mouthed, having a venomous mouth: (Shak.) slanderous; Ven′omous, poisonous: spiteful: mischievous.—adv. Ven′omously.—n. Ven′omousness. [Fr. venin (It. veneno)—L. venenum.]

Venose, vē′nōs, adj. (bot.) having well-marked veins, veined.—n. Vēnos′ity, the state or quality of being venous: (med.) a condition of the blood in which the venous blood is unnaturally abundant.—adj. Vē′nous, pertaining to or contained in veins: veined.—adv. Vē′nously. [Vein.]

Vent, vent, n. a small opening to let air, &c., escape: the flue of a chimney: the opening in the top of a barrel allowing air to pass in as the liquid is drawn out: a gimlet used to extract a little liquid from a barrel for sampling purposes: discharge: escape: passage into notice: publication, utterance, voice: the anus of birds and fishes: (mil.) the opening at the breech of a firearm through which fire is conveyed to the charge, the touch-hole.—v.t. to give a vent or opening to: to let out, as at a vent: to allow to escape: to publish: to pour forth.—ns. Vent′āge (Shak.), a vent, a small hole; Ven′tail (Spens.), same as Aventail; Vent′-bush′ing, -piece, a copper cylinder inserted through the walls of a cannon over the seat of the charge and preventing the escaping gases from injuring the metal near the vent; Vent′er, one who vents or publishes.—adj. Ventic′ūlar.—ns. Vent′-peg, -plug, a plug for stopping the vent of a barrel; Vent′-pipe, an escape-pipe.—Give vent to, to allow to escape or break out. [Altered form of fent, M. E. fente—O. Fr. fente, a slit.]

Vent, vent, n. scent: (hunting) the act of taking breath.—v.i. to sniff, snort: to take breath: (Scot.) of a chimney, to draw.—Vent up (Spens.), to lift so as to give air. [O. Fr.,—L. ventus, wind.]

Vent, vent, n. the act of selling, sale: market. [O. Fr. vente—Low L. vendita, a sale—L. vendĕre, -dĭtum, to sell.]

Ventilate, ven′ti-lāt, v.t. to fan with wind: to open to the free passage of air: to cause fresh air to pass through: to expose to examination and discussion: to make public.—adj. Ven′tilable.—ns. Ventilā′brum, flabellum; Ventilā′tion, act or art of ventilating: state of being ventilated: free exposure to air: supply of air: act of examining and making public: public exposure.—adj. Ven′tilātive.—n. Ven′tilātor, that which ventilates: a contrivance for introducing fresh air. [L. ventilāre, -ātum—ventulus, dim. of ventus, the wind.]

Ventose, ven′tōs, adj. windy.—n. the sixth month of the French Revolutionary Calendar, 19th February to 20th March.—n. Ventos′ity, windiness: empty pride. [L. ventosus—ventus, wind.]

Ventral, ven′tral, adj. belonging to the belly: (bot.) denoting the anterior or inferior surface: in the body, situated opposite the dorsal or back aspect.—n. in fishes, one of the posterior fins.—advs. Ven′trad (zool., anat.), to or toward the belly, or ventral surface or aspect of the body; Ven′trally.—adj. Ven′tric.—n. Ven′tricle, a small cavity within an animal body, as in the heart or brain: (Shak.) the womb.—adjs. Ven′tricōse, Ven′tricous, swelling out in the middle: bellied; Ventric′ūlar. [L. ventralis—venter, the belly.]

Ventriculite, ven-trik′ū-līt, n. one of a genus of fossil sponges found in the cretaceous system, and often giving their shape to flint nodules.

Ventriloquism, ven-tril′ō-kwizm, n. the act or art of producing tones and words without any motion of the mouth, so that the hearer is induced to refer the sound to some other place—also Ventrilocū′tion, Ventril′oquy.—adv. Ventrilō′quially.—v.i. Ventril′oquise, to practise ventriloquism.—n. Ventril′oquist, one who practises ventriloquism.—adjs. Ventriloquis′tic, Ventrilō′quial, Ventril′oquous. [L. ventriloquus, speaking from the belly—venter, the belly, loqui, to speak.]

Ventripotent, ven-trip′ō-tent, adj. (rare) of great gastronomic capacity. [L. venter, belly, potens—posse, to have power.]

Venture, ven′tūr, n. chance, luck, hazard: that which is put to hazard (esp. goods sent by sea at the sender's risk): an undertaking whose issue is uncertain or dangerous.—v.t. to send on a venture: to expose to hazard: to risk.—v.i. to make a venture: to run a risk: to dare.—n. Ven′tūrer.—adjs. Ven′tūrous, Ven′tūresome.—advs. Ven′tūrously, Ven′tūresomely.—ns. Ven′tūrousness, Ven′tūresomeness.—Venture on, upon, to dare to engage in.—At a venture, at hazard, random. [Short for adventure.]

Venue, ven′ū, n. (Shak.) a hit in fencing: a bout or match: a lunge, thrust. [O. Fr.,—L. venīre, to come.]

Venue, ven′ū, n. (law) the place where an action is laid: the district from which a jury comes to try a question of fact: in England, usually the county where a crime is alleged to have been committed.—Change of venue, change of place of trial; Lay the venue, to specify the place where the trial is to be held. [A particular use of preceding word, but confused with O. Fr. visne, neighbourhood—L. vicinia, neighbourhood.]

Venus, vē′nus, n. (Roman myth.) the goddess of love, originally of spring, patron of flower-gardens, but identified with the Greek Aphrodite: beauty and love deified: sexual commerce, venery: the most brilliant of the planets, second in order from the sun.—Venus's flower-basket, a beautiful glass sponge; Venus's fly-trap (see Dionæa); Venus's girdle, a tæniate ctenophoran.—Mount of Venus (palm.), the elevation at the base of the thumb. [L., orig. personified from venus, desire; akin to venerāri, to worship.]

Veracious, ve-rā′shus, adj. truthful: true.—adv. Verā′ciously.—n. Verac′ity, the quality of being veracious: habitual truthfulness: truth. [L. verax, veracis—verus, true.]

Veranda, Verandah, ve-ran′da, n. a kind of covered balcony or open portico, with a roof sloping beyond the main building, supported by light pillars. [Hind. varandā, perh. from Pers. barāmadah, a porch—bar, up, āmadan, to come; by others derived from Old Port, varanda, a balcony—vara, a rod—L. vara, a rod.]

Veratrum, vē-rā′trum, n. hellebore.—adj. Verā′tric.—ns. Verā′trin, -e, a poisonous ointment used to relieve neuralgia.—v.t. Verā′trise, to poison with veratrin. [L.]

Verb, verb, n. (gram.) the part of speech which asserts or predicates something.—adj. Ver′bal, relating to or consisting in words: spoken (as opposed to written): exact in words: attending to words only: literal, word for word: derived directly from a verb.—n. a part of speech, a noun derived from a verb.—n. Verbalisā′tion.—v.t. Ver′balise, to turn into a verb.—ns. Ver′balism, something expressed in words or orally; Ver′balist, one skilled in words: a literalist; Verbal′ity.—adv. Ver′bally.—ns. Verbā′rian, a coiner of words; Verbā′rium, a game played with the letters of the alphabet.—adv. Verbā′tim, word for word: (Shak.) orally, verbally.—ns. Ver′biāge, abundance of words: wordiness: verbosity; Ver′bicide, the perversion of a word, as if the killing of its natural meaning: one who so mangles words, a punster; Ver′biculture, the deliberate cultivation or production of words; Verbificā′tion, the act of verbifying.—v.t. Ver′bify, to verbalise.—ns. Verbigerā′tion, the morbid and purposeless repetition of certain words and phrases at short intervals; Ver′bo-mā′niac, one crazy about words and their study, a dictionary-maker.—adj. Verbōse′, containing more words than are necessary: wordy: diffuse.—adv. Verbōse′ly.—ns. Verbōse′ness, Verbos′ity.—Verbal definition, a definition intended to state the meaning of a word, apart from the essence of the thing signified; Verbal inspiration, that view which regards Holy Scripture as literally inspired; Verbal note, in diplomacy, an unsigned memorandum calling attention to a neglected, though perhaps not urgent, matter. [Fr. verbe—L. verbum.]

Verbena, ver-bē′na, n. a genus of plants of natural order Verbenaceæ, cultivated for their fragrance or beauty: vervain.—adj. Verbenā′ceous. [L. verbenæ, leaves, twigs, &c.]

Verberate, ver′bėr-āt, v.t. to strike.—n. Verberā′tion. [L. verberāre, -ātum, to scourge.]

Verdant, vėr′dant, adj. green: fresh (as grass or foliage): flourishing: inexperienced: ignorant.—n. Ver′dancy.—adv. Ver′dantly.—ns. Ver′derer, -or, an officer in the old English royal forests who had charge of the vert (q.v.); Ver′dūre, greenness: freshness of growth.—v.t. to cover with verdure.—adjs. Ver′dūred; Ver′dūreless; Ver′dūrous. [Fr. verdoyant—L. viridans, -antis, pr.p. of viridāre, to grow green—viridis, green—virēre, to be green.]

Verde-antique, verd-an-tēk′, n. a beautiful stone of a dark-green colour with patches of white, and sometimes black and red—a mixture of serpentine with limestone dolomite or magnesite, much prized by the ancient Romans. [O. Fr.]

Verdict, ver′dikt, n. the finding of a jury on a trial: decision: opinion pronounced.—Open verdict, a verdict upon an inquest which finds that a crime has been committed without specifying the criminal; Special verdict, a verdict in which specific facts are found and put on the record. [O. Fr. verdit—Low L. veredictum—L. vere, truly, dictum, a saying.]

Verdigris, ver′di-gris, n. a basic acetate of copper, the greenish rust of copper, brass, or bronze: a bluish-green paint got artificially from copper-plates.—v.t. to coat with verdigris.—Also Ver′degris. [M. E. verdegrese, verte grece—O. Fr. verd (vert) de gris—verd, green, de, of, Gris, Greeks—L. Græcus, Greek. Vert de gris has been wrongly explained as 'green of gray'—gris, gray, or as 'green of copper'—L. æs, æris, copper.]

Verditer, ver′di-tėr, n. a light-blue pigment, essentially a hydrated cupric carbonate—Green verditer is the blue pigment changed to green by boiling. [A corr. of Fr. verd-de-terre=earth green.]

Verdoy, ver′doi, adj. (her.) charged with flowers, leaves, or vegetable charges, as a bordure. [Fr. verd, green.]

Verdun, ver-dun′, n. a 16th-cent. form of rapier. [From the French town Verdun.]

Verecund, ver′ē-kund, adj. (obs.) modest.—adj. Verecun′dious.—n. Verecun′dity.

Veretilliform, ver-e-til′i-form, adj. rod-like, virgate.—Also Veretill′eous.

Verge, verj, n. a slender green branch, a twig: a rod, staff, or mace, or anything like them, used as an emblem of authority: extent of jurisdiction (esp. of the lord-steward of the royal household): the brink, extreme edge: the horizon: a boundary, limit: scope, opportunity: in gardening, the grass edging of a bed or border.—ns. Ver′ger, one who carries a verge or emblem of authority: the beadle of a cathedral church: a pew-opener or attendant in church; Ver′gership; Vergette′ (her.), a pallet. [L. virga, a slender branch.]

Verge, verj, v.i. to bend or incline: to tend downward: to slope: to tend: to border upon.—n. Ver′gency.—adj. Ver′gent. [L. vergĕre, to bend, incline; cf. valgus, wry.]

Veridical, vē-rid′i-kal, adj. truthful, truth-telling: true.—adv. Verid′ically.—adj. Verid′icous, truthful. [L. verus, true, dicĕre, to say.]

Verify, ver′i-fī, v.t. to make out or show to be true: to establish the truth of by evidence: to fulfil: to confirm the truth or authenticity of: (Shak.) to affirm, support, strengthen:—pa.t. and pa.p. ver′ifīed.—n. Verifīabil′ity.—adj. Ver′ifīable, that may be verified, proved, or confirmed.—ns. Verificā′tion, a verifying or proving to be true: the state of being verified; Ver′ifīer. [L. verus, true, facĕre, to make.]

Verisimilar, ver-i-sim′i-lar, adj. truth-like: likely: probable.—adv. Verisim′ilarly.—ns. Verisimil′itude, similitude or likeness to truth: likelihood; Verisimil′ity (obs.).—adj. Verisim′ilous. [L. verisimilis—verus, true, similis, like.]

Verity, ver′i-ti, n. the quality of being true or real: truth: a true assertion or tenet: (Shak.) honesty:—pl. Ver′ities.—adj. Ver′itable, true: according to fact: real: actual.—adv. Ver′itably.—Of a verity, certainly. [L. veritas—verus, true.]

Verjuice, ver′jōōs, n. the expressed juice of green or unripe fruit: sourness of temper.—v.t. to make sour or acid. [Fr. verjus—vert, green (cf. Verdant), and Fr. jus, juice.]

Vermeil, Vermil, ver′mil, n. (Spens.) same as Vermilion: silver-gilt.—adj. Ver′meil-tinc′tured (Milt.), tinged bright-red.

Vermes, ver′mēz, n.pl. worms: the name given by Linnæus to one of the classes in his zoological system, in which he included all the invertebrate animals, other than Insecta, whether of worm-like form or not.—ns. Vermeol′ogist, one skilled in vermeology; Vermeol′ogy, the knowledge of worms, helminthology.—adjs. Ver′mian, Vermi′ceous, worm-like; Ver′micidal, destroying worms.—n. Ver′micide, a worm-killer.—adjs. Vermic′ūlar, Vermic′ūlate, -d, pertaining to or like a worm (esp. in its motion): inlaid or formed so as to imitate the track of worms: crawling like a worm.—v.t. Vermic′ūlate, to form inlaid work which resembles the motion or track of worms.—ns. Vermiculā′tion; Ver′micule, a little worm.—adjs. Vermic′ulose, Vermic′ulous, wormy; Ver′miform, having the form of a worm; Vermif′ugal, expelling worms.—n. Ver′mifuge (med.), a substance that destroys intestinal worms or expels them from the digestive canal.—adjs. Ver′migrade, wriggling like a worm; Vermiv′orous, devouring worms, feeding on grubs. [L. vermis, a worm.]

Vermicelli, ver-mi-chel′i, or -sel′i, n. the stiff paste or dough of fine wheat-flour made into small worm-like or thread-like rolls. [It., pl. of vermicello—L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis, worm.]

Vermilion, ver-mil′yun, n. a bright-red pigment obtained from cinnabar, but generally made artificially from mercury and sulphur: any beautiful red colour: (obs.) the kermes or cochineal insect, also the product of cochineal.—adj. of the colour of vermilion.—v.t. to dye vermilion: to colour a delicate red.—n. Ver′mily (Spens.), same as Vermilion. [O. Fr. vermillon—vermeil—L. vermiculus, a little worm, hence (in the Vulgate) the 'scarlet' worm, dim. of vermis, a worm.]

Vermin, ver′min, n.sing. and pl. a worm: a name for all obnoxious insects, as bugs, fleas, and lice; troublesome animals, such as mice, rats; animals destructive to game, such as weasels, polecats, also hawks and owls: any contemptible person, or such collectively.—v.i. Ver′mināte, to breed vermin.—ns. Verminā′tion; Ver′min-kill′er.—adj. Ver′minous, infested with worms: like vermin.—adv. Ver′minously. [Fr. vermine—L. vermis, a worm.]

Vermuth, Vermouth, ver′mooth, n. a mild cordial consisting of white wine flavoured with wormwood, used as a stimulant for the appetite. [Ger. wermuth, wormwood; cf. A.S. wermōd.]

Vernacular, ver-nak′ū-lar, adj. native: belonging to the country of one's birth.—n. one's mother-tongue.—n. Vernacularisā′tion, the act of making vernacular.—v.t. Vernac′ularise, to make vernacular.—ns. Vernac′ularism, a vernacular word or idiom, the use of such; Vernacular′ity, an idiom.—adv. Vernac′ularly.—v.t. Vernac′ulate, to express in a vernacular idiom.—adj. Vernac′ulous, scurrilous. [L. vernaculus—verna, a home-born slave.]

Vernal, ver′nal, adj. belonging to the spring: appearing in spring: belonging to youth.—adv. Ver′nally.—adj. Ver′nant (Milt.), flourishing as in spring.—v.i. Ver′nāte, to flourish.—n. Vernā′tion, the particular manner of arrangement of leaves in the bud.—Vernal equinox, the equinox on or about 21st March (see Equinox); Vernal grass, a common British meadow grass about a foot high, and sown among hay for its flavour and agreeable odour. [L. vernalis—ver, spring.]

Vernier, ver′ni-ėr, n. a contrivance for measuring very small intervals, consisting of a short scale made to slide along a graduated instrument. [So called from Pierre Vernier (1580-1637) of Brussels, its inventor.]

Veronese, ver-ō-nēs′, or -nēz′, n. of or pertaining to Verona in Italy.—n. an inhabitant of Verona.

Veronica, vē-ron′i-ka, n. a portrait of our Saviour's face on a handkerchief—from the legend that St Veronica wiped the sweat from the face of Jesus, on His way to Calvary, with her handkerchief, whereupon His features were impressed on the cloth: a genus of plants, popularly known as Speedwell. [Veronica, not L. vera, true, Gr. eikōn, image, but identical with Berenīcē, the traditional name of the woman cured of the issue of blood—a corr. of Gr. pherenikē, victorious—pherein, to bear, nikē, victory.]

Verricule, ver′i-kūl, n. a tuft of upright hairs. [L. verriculum, a net.]

Verruca, ve-rū′ka, n. a wart, a glandular elevation: one of the wart-like sessile apothecia of some lichens.—adjs. Verrū′ciform, warty; Ver′rūcose, Ver′rūcous, covered with little knobs or wart-like prominences: warty; Verrū′culose, minutely verrucose. [L. verruca, a wart.]

Verrugas, ve-rōō′gas, n. an endemic disease of Peru, characterised by warty tumours on the skin. [Sp.,—L. verruca, a wart.]

Versability, ver-sa-bil′i-ti, n. aptness to be turned round.—adj. Ver′sable.—n. Ver′sableness. [L. versāre, to whirl about.]

Versant, ver′sant, adj. familiar, conversant: (her.) with wings erect and open.—n. the general slope of surface of a country. [Fr.,—L. versāre, to whirl about.]

Versatile, ver′sa-til, adj. capable of being moved or turned round: changeable: unsteady: turning easily from one thing to another: (bot.) swinging freely on a support: (ornith.) reversible, of toes.—adv. Ver′satilely.—ns. Ver′satileness, Versatil′ity, the quality of being versatile: changeableness: the faculty of turning easily to new tasks or subjects. [Fr.,—L. versatilis—versāre, freq. of vertĕre, to turn.]

Verse, vers, n. a line of poetry: metrical arrangement and language: poetry: a stanza: a short division of any composition, esp. of the chapters of the Bible, originally confined to the metrical books, applied first to whole Bible in 1528: (mus.) a portion of an anthem to be performed by a single voice to each part.—v.t. to relate in verse.—ns. Vers-de-société (same as Society-verse; see under Sociable); Verse′let; Verse-mā′ker; Verse-mā′king; Verse′-man, a writer of verses; Verse′-mong′er, a scribbler of verses; Verse′-mong′ering, verse-writing, esp. of poor verses; Ver′ser, a versifier; Ver′set (mus.), a very short organ interlude or prelude; Ver′sicle, a little verse: in liturgy, the verse said by the officiant.—adj. Versic′ūlar, pertaining to verses.—ns. Versificā′tion, the act, art, or practice of composing metrical verses; Ver′sificātor, Ver′sificātrix, a male, female, maker of verses; Ver′sifīer.—v.i. Ver′sify, to make verses.—v.t. to relate in verse: to turn into verse:—pa.t. and pa.p. ver′sifīed.—n. Ver′sion, the act of translating or turning from one language into another: that which is translated from one language into another: account: statement: a school exercise, generally of composition in a foreign language.—adj. Ver′sional, pertaining to a version or translation.—n. Ver′sionist, a translator.—adj. Ver′sūal, of the character of a verse, pertaining to verses or short paragraphs. [A.S. fers—L. versus, vorsus, a line, furrow, turning—vertĕre, to turn; influenced by O. Fr. vers.]

Versed, verst, adj. thoroughly acquainted, skilled (fol. by in): (math.) reversed.—adj. Versé (her.), reversed or turned in an unusual direction.—Also Renverse. [Fr. versé—L. versatus, pa.p. of versāri, to turn round.]

Versicolour, ver′si-kul-ur, adj. having diverse or having changeable colours.—Also Versicol′oured. [L. versāre, to change, and colour.]

Verst, verst, n. a Russian mile, 3500 feet in length, or almost two-thirds of an English mile. [Russ. versta, a verst; perh. vertietĭ, to turn, cog. with L. vertĕre, to turn.]

Versus, ver′sus, prep. against, in legal phraseology—abbreviated v. and vs. [L.]

Vert, vert, n. in forest law, every green leaf or plant having green leaves which may serve as a covert for deer: a power to cut green trees or wood: (her.) a green colour represented by parallel lines sloping diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. [Fr. vert—L. viridis, green.]

Vert, vert, n. a familiar word for convert or pervert.—v.i. to become such.

Vertebra, ver′tē-bra, n. one of the segmented portions of the spinal column:—pl. Vertebræ (ver′te-brē).—adj. Ver′tebral.—adv. Ver′tebrally.—n.pl. Vertebrā′ta, a division of the animal kingdom containing all animals having a backbone or its equivalent.—n. Ver′tebrāte, an animal having an internal skeleton with a backbone.—adjs. Ver′tebrāte, -d, furnished with joints: having a backbone.—n. Vertebrā′tion, the formation of vertebræ;. [L.,—vertĕre, to turn.]

Vertex, vėr′teks, n. the top or summit: the point of a cone, pyramid, or angle; (astron.) the zenith: (anat.) the crown of the head:—pl. Ver′tices.—adj. Ver′tical, pertaining to the vertex: placed in the zenith: perpendicular to the plane of the horizon.—n. a vertical line.—adv. Ver′tically.—n. Ver′ticalness.—Vertical angles, opposite angles formed by intersecting lines; Vertical circle, a great circle of the heavens passing through the zenith and the nadir. [L., eddy, summit—vertĕre, to turn.]

Verticillate, ver-ti-sil′āt, adj. (bot.) arranged round the stalk in a ring or whorl, as leaves or flowers, whorled.—n. Ver′ticil, a whorl. [Low L. verticillatus—verticillus, dim. of vertex.]

Vertigo, ver′ti-gō, or ver-tī′gō, n. a sensation of giddiness: dizziness.—adjs. Vertiginate (ver-tij′-), Vertig′inous, turning round: affected with vertigo: giddy.—adv. Vertig′inously.—n. Vertig′inousness. [L.,—vertĕre, to turn.]

Vertu, old spelling of virtue.—adj. Ver′tuous (Spens.), possessing virtue or power.

Vertumnus, ver-tum′nus, n. an ancient Roman divinity of gardens and orchards, a spring god.

Verulamian, vėr-ū-lā′mi-an, adj. of or pertaining to St Albans, or Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam, Viscount St Albans (1561-1626). [L. Verulamium, an ancient British city near the site of St Albans.]

Veruled, ver′ōōld, adj. (her.) ringed, as a horn, in a different tincture.—n. Ver′ules (her.), a bearing consisting of a series of concentric rings, one within another. [Virole.]

Vervain, ver′vān, n. a plant of the genus Verbena—credited with efficacy in love-philtres, good against witches, &c. [O. Fr. verveine—L. verbēna.]

Verve, verv, n. the enthusiasm which animates a poet or artist: animation: energy. [Fr.]

Vervelle, ver-vel′, n. the loop that secured the camail in medieval armour. [Fr.]

Vervels, verv′elz, n.pl. small rings attached to the ends of the jesses of a hawk, through which the leash is passed that fastens the hawk to its block.—adj. Verv′elled. [Fr. vervelle.]

Very, ver′i, adj. true (now used chiefly in an intensive sense): real (so in B.): actual—sometimes used in superlative form Ver′iest.—adv. in a high degree.—In very deed, of a truth, certainly. [Older form veray—O. Fr. verai (Fr. vrai), from L. verax, veracis, speaking truly—verus, true; cf. Ger. wahr.]

Vesalian, vē-sā′li-an, adj. connected with the name of the anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-64).

Vesica, vē-sī′ka, n. (anat.) a bladder, sac, esp. the urinary bladder:—pl. Vesicæ (vē-sī′sē).—adjs. Ves′ical, of or pertaining to a vesica; Ves′icant, blistering.—n. a substance that vesicates or raises blisters.—v.t. Ves′icāte, to raise blisters on:—pr.p. ves′icāting; pa.p. ves′icāted.—ns. Vesicā′tion, the act or process of raising blisters on the skin; Ves′icātory (same as Vesicant); Ves′icle, a small bladder or blister: a small cavity in an animal body; (bot.) a bladder-like cell; Vēsic′ūla, a vesicle.—adj. Vēsic′ular.—adv. Vēsic′ūlarly.—n. Vēsicūlā′tion, formation of vesicles.—adjs. Vēsicūlif′erous, bearing vesicles; Vēsic′ūliform; Vēsic′ūlose, Vēsic′ūlous, Vēsic′ūlāte, pertaining to or full of vesicles: full of interstices: having little glands on the surface.—Vesica piscis (a fish's bladder), a symbol of Christ, an oval aureole surrounding the entire upright figure, supposed to contain an allusion to the sacred Christian emblem, the ichthys. [L., bladder.]

Vesper, ves′pėr, n. the evening star, Venus: the evening: (pl.) the last but one of the seven canonical hours: evensong, evening service generally.—adj. Ves′peral, pertaining to the evening or to vespers.—n. Ves′per-bell, the bell that summons to vespers.—adjs. Ves′pertine, Ves′pertinal, of or pertaining to the evening: (bot.) opening in the evening: (zool.) active in the evening.—Sicilian vespers (see Sicilian). [Fr.,—L.; Gr. hesperos.]

Vespertilio, ves-pėr-til′i-ō, n. a Linnæan genus of mammals, of order Primates—the modern order Chiroptera.—adj. Vespertil′ionine.

Vespiary, ves′pi-a-ri, n. a hornet's nest.—adj. Ves′piform, Ves′pine, wasp-like.

Vessel, ves′el, n. a vase or utensil for holding something: a hollow structure made to float on water, used for conveyance, &c.: a tube in which fluids, as blood, &c., are contained: a person considered as an agent of God.—The weaker vessel, a phrase colloquially applied to a woman, in allusion to 1 Pet. iii. 7. [O. Fr. vessel (Fr. vaisseau)—L. vascellum, dim. of vas, a vase.]

Vest, vest, n. that which is put on as dress: a garment: a waistcoat: formerly a cassock-like garment: a kind of close jacket worn by women, an extra piece or trimming on the front of the bodice of a woman's gown, often V-shaped: a knitted or woven undergarment: (arch.) a vestment.—v.t. to clothe: to invest: (law) to give fixed right of possession.-v.i. to descend or to take effect, as a right.—adj. Ves′ted, clothed, wearing robes of ceremony: not contingent or suspended, hence (law) already acquired: denoting a present absolute right.—n. Ves′tiary (obs.), a wardrobe: (rare) garb, clothing:—pl. Ves′tiaries.—n. Ves′ting, cloth for men's waistcoats.—Vest in interest, to devolve as matter of right without reference to immediate right of possession. [Fr. veste—L. vestis.]

Vesta, ves′ta, n. among the Romans, the chaste goddess that presided over the family, in whose temple the sacred fire was continually kept burning: the fourth planetoid discovered in 1807: a match or waxlight:—pl. Ves′tas.—adj. Ves′tal, pertaining to or consecrated to the service of Vesta: chaste: pure.—n. in the ancient Roman religion, one of the six patrician virgins consecrated to Vesta: a virgin, a nun, a woman of spotless chastity.

Vestibule, ves′ti-būl, n. an open court or porch before a house: a hall next the entrance to a house: (anat.) a small bony cavity forming part of the ear—also Vestib′-ūlum.—v.t. to furnish with a vestibule.—adjs. Vestib′ūlar, Vestib′ūlāte. [Fr.,—L. vestibulum—traced by some to ve, apart, stabulum, abode; by others to vestis, garment, as being the place where the outer clothing is put on or off in entering or leaving a house.]

Vestige, ves′tij, n. a track or footprint: traces or remains of something: (biol.) an organ or tissue which still survives but has lost the utility it possessed, but corresponding to a useful part in an organism of lower type.—adjs. Vesti′gial, Vesti′giary.—n. Vesti′gium (anat., biol.), a vestige. [Fr.,—L. vestigium—vestigāre, to track.]

Vestment, vest′ment, n. something put on, a garment: a long outer robe: (pl.) articles of dress worn by the clergy during divine service and the administration of the sacraments—amice, alb, girdle, maniple, stole, chasuble, &c.: covering of the altar. [L. vestimentum—vestīre, to clothe—vestis, a garment.]

Vestry, ves′tri, n. a room adjoining a church in which the vestments are kept and parochial meetings held, any small room attached to a church: in English parishes, a meeting of the ratepayers to elect parish officers, to assess church-rates, and to manage the property of the parish, the incumbent acting as chairman.—adj. Ves′tral.—ns. Ves′try-clerk, an officer chosen by the vestry who keeps the parish accounts and books; Ves′tryman, a member of a vestry.—Select vestry, a board consisting of representatives of the ratepayers, as opposed to the common vestry or assembly of all the ratepayers. [Fr.,—L. vestiarium—vestiarius, belonging to clothes—vestis, a garment.]

Vesture, ves′tūr, n. clothing: dress: a robe: integument.—v.t. to clothe, robe.—adjs. Ves′tūral; Ves′tūred.—n. Ves′tūrer, one who has charge of ecclesiastical vestments.

Vesuvian, vē-sū′vi-an, adj. pertaining or relating to Vesuvius, a volcano near Naples.—n. a kind of match used in lighting cigars, &c.—n. Vesū′vianīte, a mineral allied to garnet, sometimes called pyramidal garnet, found in volcanic and primitive rocks, and so called because frequent in masses ejected from Vesuvius—also Idocrase.—v.t. Vesū′viate, to burst forth like an eruption.

Vetch, vech, n. a genus of plants, mostly climbing, some cultivated for fodder, esp. the tare.—n. Vetch′ling, a name of various vetch-like plants.—adj. Vetch′y, abounding with vetches: (Spens.) consisting of vetches. [O.Fr. veche (Fr. vesce)—L. vicia, akin to vincīre, to bind.]

Veteran, vet′e-ran, adj. old, experienced: long exercised, esp. in military life.—n. one long exercised in any service, esp. in war.—v.t. Vet′eranise, to make veteran.—v.i. (U.S.) to re-enlist for military service. [L. veteranus—vetus, veteris, old.]

Veterinary, vet′e-ri-na-ri, adj. pertaining to the art of treating the diseases of domestic animals: professing or practising this art.—n. one skilled in the diseases of domestic animals.—Also Veterinā′rian. [L. veterinarius—veterina (bestia), a beast of burden.]

Vetiver, vet′i-vėr, n. the dried roots of the cuscus-grass, with an odour like sandalwood—making baskets, fans, and mats,

Veto, vē′tō, n. any authoritative prohibition: the power of rejecting or forbidding:—pl. Vetoes (vē′tōz).—v.t. to reject by a veto: to withhold assent to.—Absolute veto, a veto without restriction. [L. vetāre, to forbid.]

Vettura, vet-tōō′ra, n. an Italian four-wheeled carriage.—n. Vetturino (vet-tōō-rē′nō), one who drives or lends for hire a vettura:—pl. Vetturi′ni. [It.,—L. vectura, a carrying—vehĕre, to convey.]

Vex, veks, v.t. to harass: to torment: to irritate by small provocations: to agitate: to contest.—v.i. (obs.) to be vexed.—n. (Scot.) a trouble.—n. Vexā′tion, a vexing: state of being vexed: trouble: a teasing annoyance: uneasiness.—adj. Vexā′tious, causing vexation or annoyance: harassing: full of trouble.—adv. Vexā′tiously.—n. Vexā′tiousness.—adj. Vexed, amazed.—n. Vex′er.—adj. Vex′ing.—adv. Vex′ingly, so as to vex or annoy.—n. Vex′ingness.—Vexatious suit (law), a suit begun without justifiable cause. [Fr. vexer—L. vexāre, to shake, annoy—vehĕre. to carry.]

Vexillum, vek-sil′um, n. in the ancient Roman army, a standard, the troop serving under such a standard: (eccles.) a processional banner: (bot.) the large posterior petal of a papilionaceous flower—also Vex′il; the web or vane of a feather:—pl. Vexill′a.—adjs. Vex′illar, Vex′illary.—ns. Vex′illary, Vex′illātor, a standard-bearer.—adj. Vex′illate, having vexilla.—n. Vexillā′tion, a company under one vexillum. [L., 'an ensign'—vehĕre, to carry.]

Via, vī′a, or vē′a, n. a highway, a road, a route—via London=by way of London: a natural passage of the body.—n. Viam′eter, an odometer.—adj. Viat′ic.—n.pl. Viat′icals, military baggage.—Via dolorosa, the Way of Calvary (see Station); Via lactea, the Milky-Way or Galaxy; Via media, the midway course or mean between popular Protestantism and Roman Catholicism which Newman almost down to 1845 succeeded in believing that the Anglican divines of the 17th century had taken up.—Primæ viæ, the first or main passages, the alimentary canal, the bowels; Secundæ viæ, the lacteal or chyliferous vessels.

Via, vē′a, interj. away! off! either in command or defiance. [It.,—L. via, way.]

Viable, vī′a-bl, adj. capable of living.—n. Viabil′ity. [Fr., through Low L.—L. vita, life.]

Viaduct, vī′a-dukt, n. a road or railway carried by a structure over a valley, river, &c. [L. via, a way, ducĕre, ductum, to lead, bring.]

Vial, vī′al, n. same as Phial, v.t. to keep in a vial.—n. Vī′alful.—Pour out vials of wrath, to inflict judgment (Rev. xvi. 1): to storm, rage.

Viand, vī′and, n. food, articles for food—usually in pl. [Fr. viande—Low L. vivanda (for vivenda), food necessary for life—L. vivĕre, to live.]

Viaticum, vī-at′ik-um, n. (orig.) provisions for the way: (R.C. Church) the eucharist given to persons in danger of death: a portable altar.—n. Viā′tor, a traveller, wayfarer: a summoner, apparitor. [L.,—via, a way.]

Vibex, vī′beks, n. a purple spot under the skin in certain fevers:—pl. Vibī′ces. [L.]

Vibraculum, vī-brak′ū-lum, n. one of the long whip-like appendages of the cells of some Polyzoa:—pl. Vibrac′ūla.—Also Vibracūlā′rium.

Vibrate, vī′brāt, v.i. to shake: to tremble: to move backwards and forwards: to swing: to pass from one state to another.—v.t. to cause to shake: to move to and fro: to measure by moving to and fro: to affect with vibratory motion.—adjs. Vī′brant, vibrating: sonorous; Vī′bratile, having a vibratory motion: (zool.) adapted to or used in vibratory motion.—ns. Vībratil′ity; Vībrā′tion, a vibrating: state of being vibrated: tremulousness, quivering motion.—adj. Vībrā′tional.—n. Vībrā′tiuncle, a small vibration.—adjs. Vī′brātive, Vī′brātory, vibrating: consisting in vibrations: causing vibrations.—ns. Vī′brātor (elect.), a vibrating reed used to open and close the electric current: (print.) a vibrating reed used for distributing the ink; Vi′broscope, an instrument for registering vibrations. [L. vibrāre, -ātum, to tremble.]

Vibrato, vē-brä′tō, n. a pulsating effect in vocal music, caused by rapid variation of emphasis on the same tone. [It.]

Vibrio, vib′rī-ō, n. a name given with much laxity to various kinds of more or less screw-shaped Bacteria—also to small nematoid worms, such as cause ear-cockles in wheat.—n. Vib′rion, a motile bacterium. [L. vibrāre.]

Vibrissa, vī-bris′a, n. a whisker, as of a cat: a rictal bristle in birds: bristle, hair, as in the nostril:—pl. Vibriss′æ (-ē). [L., 'a hair in the nostril.']

Vibrogen, vib′rō-jen, n. (bot.) active cellular tissue arranged in layers in the cortex of certain tendrils, causing circumnutation.

Viburnum, vī-bur′num, n. a genus of plants of the order Caprifoliaceæ, the species being shrubs with simple leaves, natives chiefly of the northern parts of the world.—Viburnum opulus is the Guelder Rose or Snowball Tree; Viburnum tinus, the Laurustinus. [L., 'the wayfaring tree.']

Vicar, vik′ar, n. one who holds authority as the delegate or substitute of another: a parson of a parish where the tithes are impropriate to a layman or to a chapter, he receiving only the smaller tithes or a salary: (R.C. Church) a bishop's assistant who exercises jurisdiction in his name.—ns. Vic′arāge, the benefice or residence of a vicar; Vic′ar-apostol′ic (formerly one to whom the pope delegated some remote portion of his jurisdiction), now usually a titular bishop appointed to a country where either no sees have been formed or the episcopal succession has been broken; Vic′ar-chō′ral, an assistant, cleric or lay, at an English cathedral, esp. in connection with the music; Vic′ar-forāne′, an ecclesiastic to whom a bishop gives a limited jurisdiction in a town or district of his diocese—in effect, a rural dean; Vic′ar-gen′eral, an official performing the work of an archdeacon under the bishop: in the English Church, an officer assisting the bishop, the chancellor of the diocese.—adjs. Vīcā′rial, pertaining to a vicar: substituted; Vīcā′riāte, having vicarious or delegated power.—n. (also Vic′arāte) vicarship, delegated power.—adj. Vīcā′rious, filling the place of another: performed or suffered in place of or for the sake of another.—adv. Vīcā′riously.—ns. Vīcā′riousness; Vīcā′rius, a vicar; Vic′arship, the office of a vicar; Vic′ary, a vicarage.—Vicarious sacrifice (theol.), the suffering of Christ accepted by God in lieu of the punishment to which guilty man is liable.—Vicar-of-Bray, one who turns his coat without difficulty to suit the times—from Simon Aleyn, who kept the vicarage of Bray from 1540 to 1588, during the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth; Vicar of Christ, a title assumed by the pope, who claims to be the representative of Christ on earth as the head of His Church. [L. vicarius, supplying the place of another—vicis, change, alternation.]

Vice, Vise, vīs, n. an iron or wooden screw-press, fixed to the edge of a workboard, for holding anything tightly while being filed, &c.: (Shak.) a grip, grasp.—v.t. to screw. [Fr. vis (It. vite, screw)—L. vitis, tendril of a vine, anything spiral.]

Vice, vīs, n. a blemish or fault: immoral conduct: depravity of manners: a bad trick or habit in a horse: mischievousness: the stock buffoon in the old English Moralities or moral plays.—n. Vicios′ity.—adj. Vicious (vish′us).—adv. Vic′iously.—n. Vic′iousness.—Vicious circle, syllogism, circular or erroneous reasoning; Vicious intromission (see Intromit). [Fr.,—L. vitium, a blemish.]

Vice, vīs, prep. in the place of: also a prefix denoting in the compound word one who acts in place of or is second in rank to another.—n. a vice-chairman, &c.: one who acts in place of a superior.—ns. Vice′-ad′miral, one acting in the place of, or second in command to, an admiral; Vice′-ad′miralty, the office of a vice-admiral—(Vice′-ad′miralty courts, tribunals in the British colonies, having jurisdiction over maritime causes); Vice′-chair′man, an alternate chairman; Vice′-chair′manship; Vice′-chan′cellor, one acting for a chancellor: a lower judge of Chancery; (R.C. Church) the cardinal whose duty it is to draft and despatch papal bulls and briefs; Vice′-chan′cellorship; Vice′-con′sul, one who acts in a consul's place: a consul in a less important district; Vice′-con′sulship; Vice-dean′, a canon chosen to represent an absent dean; Vicegē′rency, the office of a vicegerent, deputed power.—adj. Vicegē′rent, acting in place of another, having delegated authority.—n. one acting in place of a superior.—ns. Vice′-gov′ernor, deputy governor; Vice′-king, one who acts in place of a king; Vice′-pres′idency, -pres′identship; Vice′-pres′ident, an officer next in rank below the president; Vice′-prin′cipal, assistant principal.—adj. Vicerē′gal.—ns. Vicerē′gency; Vice′roy, Vicerē′gent, one representing the royal authority in a dependency, as in India; Viceroy′alty, Vice′royship. [L., 'in the place of,' abl. of vicis (gen.), change.]

Vicenary, vis′e-nā-ri, adj. of or belonging to the number twenty: twentieth.—adj. Vīcen′nial, continuing or comprising twenty years: occurring once every twenty years. [L. vicenarius—viceni—viginti, twenty.]

Vicinage, vis′i-nāj, n. neighbourhood: the places near: neighbourliness.—adj. Vic′inal, neighbouring.—n. Vicin′ity, neighbourhood: nearness: that which is near. [O. Fr. veisinage—veisin—L. vicinus, neighbouring—vicus, a row of houses; cf. Gr. oikos, a dwelling.]

Vicissitude, vi-sis′i-tūd, n. change from one thing to another: change: revolution.—adjs. Vicissitū′dinary, Vicissitū′dinous, changeful, changeable. [L. vicissitudo—vicis, change.]

Victim, vik′tim, n. a living being offered as a sacrifice: some thing or person destroyed in the pursuit of an object: a person suffering injury: a dupe.—n. Victimīsā′tion.—v.t. Vic′timīse, to make a victim of: to cheat.—n. Vic′timīser, a swindler. [Fr.,—L. victima, a beast for sacrifice, adorned with the fillet—vincīre, to bind.]

Victor, vik′tor, n. one who conquers on any particular occasion: one who defeats in battle: a winner:—fem. Vic′tress, Vic′toress, Vic′trix.—adjs. Vic′tor, Victō′rious, relating to victory: superior in contest: having overcome an enemy: producing or indicating victory.—adv. Victō′riously.—ns. Victō′riousness; Vic′tory, a conquering: success in any contest: a battle gained: a female deity of the Greeks personifying success in battle.—Cadmean victory, one as fatal to the victors as to the vanquished—from the armed men who grew up from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus, and slew one another all but five, who became the ancestors of the Thebans; Moral victory (see Moral); Pyrrhic victory (see Pyrrhic). [L.,—vincĕre, victum, to conquer.]

Victoria, vik-tō′ri-a, n. a genus of gigantic aquatic plants of the water-lily family, native to South America, its one species, Victoria regia, named after Queen Victoria: a low, light, four-wheeled carriage, seating two, having a calash top.—adj. Victō′rian, relating to the reign of Queen Victoria, which began in 1837: relating to the colony of Victoria in Australia.—Victoria cross, a decoration, consisting of a bronze Maltese cross, founded by Queen Victoria in 1856, and awarded for conspicuous bravery on the field.

Victorine, vik-tō-rēn′, n. a kind of fur tippet worn by ladies: a variety of peach.

Victual, vīt′l, n. provision of food, that which is necessary for living, food for human beings (gener. in pl.).—v.t. to supply with victuals or food: to store with provisions:—pr.p. Victualling (vit′l-ing); pa.t. and pa.p. Victualled (vit′ld).—ns. Vict′uallage, provisions; Victualler (vīt′l-ėr), one who supplies provisions.—adj. Vict′ualless.—ns. Vict′ualling-bill, a customs document warranting the captain of an outward-bound vessel to ship bonded stores for the voyage; Vict′ualling-off′ice, -ship, an office supplying, a ship conveying, provisions to the navy; Vict′ualling-yard, a public establishment for the collection and supply of provisions to the navy.—Licensed Victualler, an innkeeper who is allowed to sell spirits, wines, &c. [O. Fr. vitaille—Low L. victualia—L. victualis, relating to living—vivĕre, victum, to live.]

Vicugna, Vicuña, vi-kōō′nya, or vi-kū′na, n. a species or variety of the South American genus Auchenia (allied to the camels), which also includes the llama, alpaca, and the guanaco.—n. Vicu′na-cloth, a trade name for a mixture of wool and cotton. [Peruv.]

Vidame, vē-dam′, n. in French feudal jurisprudence, the deputy of a bishop in temporal affairs: a minor noble. [Low L. vice, in place of, dominus, lord.]

Vide, vī′dē, see, imper. of L. vidēre, to see.—Vide antea=see before; Vide infra=see below; Vide post=see after; Vide supra=see above; Quod vide, or q.v.=which see.

Videlicet, vi-del′i-set, adv. to wit, that is, namely—generally Viz., and rendered 'namely.' [L., for vidēre licet, it is permitted to see.]

Videndum, vī-den′dum, n. a thing to be seen:—pl. Vīden′da. [L., ger. of vidēre, to see.]

Vidimus, vid′i-mus, n. an inspection, as of accounts, &c. [L., 'we have seen'—vidēre, to see.]

Viduous, vid′ū-us, adj. widowed.—ns. Vid′ūage, widowhood; Vid′uāte, the position or order of widows; Viduā′tion, the state of being widowed; Vidū′ity, widowhood. [L. vidua, a widow.]

Vie, vī, v.i. to strive for superiority.—v.t. to contend about: (Shak.) to offer as a stake or wager:—pr.p. vy′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. vīed.—n. (obs.) a contest. [M. E. vien, by aphæresis from envien, to vie, through Fr. from L. invitāre, to invite.]

Viennese, vi-e-nēs′, or -nēz′, adj. pertaining to Vienna.—n. an inhabitant, or the inhabitants, of Vienna.

View, vū, n. a seeing: sight: reach of the sight: whole extent seen: that which is seen: inspection, as by a jury, of the place of a crime, of the corpse, &c.: direction in which a thing is seen: the picture of a scene: a sketch: mental survey: mode of looking at or receiving: opinion: intention: (Shak.) show, appearance.—v.t. to see: to look at attentively: to examine intellectually.—adj. View′able, that can be viewed.—ns. View′er; View′-halloo′, the huntsman's cry when the fox breaks cover; View′iness, character of being viewy or visionary.—adj. View′less, not to be viewed: invisible.—adv. View′lessly.—adj. View′ly (prov.), pleasing to look at.—n. View′-point, point of view.—adjs. View′some (prov.), viewly; View′y (coll.), holding opinions vague or purely speculative.—Dissolving views, pictures thrown on a screen and made to pass one into the other; Field of view, the compass of visual power; In view of, having regard to; On view, open to public inspection; To the view (Shak.), in public. [Fr. vue—vu, pa.p. of voir—L. vidēre, to see.]

Vifda, vif′da, n. in Shetland, meat hung and dried without salt.—Also Viv′da.

Vigesimal, vī-jes′i-mal, adj. twentieth.—n. Vigesimā′tion, the putting to death of every twentieth man.—adj. Viges′imo-quar′to, formed of sheets folded so as to make twenty-four leaves. [L. vigesimus—viginti, twenty.]

Vigia, vi-jē′a, n. a hydrographical warning on a chart, of a rock, &c. [Sp.]

Vigil, vij′il, n. watching: keeping awake for religious exercises: the eve before a feast or fast day, originally kept by watching through the night.—n. Vig′ilance, wakefulness: watchfulness: circumspection: (obs.) a guard, watch.—adj. Vig′ilant, watchful: on the lookout for danger: circumspect.—n. Vigilan′te, a member of a vigilance committee.—adv. Vig′ilantly.—Vigilance committee (U.S.), an unauthorised body which, in the absence or inefficiency of regular courts, exercises legal powers of arrest, punishment, &c. in cases of gross crime: also any self-appointed association for the compulsory improvement of local morals. [Fr.,—L. vigilia—vigil, awake, watchful—vigēre, to be lively.]

Vignette, vin-yet′, n. any small ornamental engraving, design, or photograph not enclosed by a definite border: (orig.) an ornamental flourish of vine leaves and tendrils on manuscripts and books.—v.t. to treat or produce in such a style.—ns. Vignett′er; Vignett′ing-glass, -pā′per, a glass frame, mask, used in printing vignette pictures; Vignett′ist, one who makes vignettes. [Fr.,—vigne—L. vinea, a vine.]

Vigour, vig′ur, n. active strength: physical force: vital strength in animals or plants: strength of mind: energy.—adj. Vig′orous, strong either in mind or body.—adv. Vig′orously.—n. Vig′orousness. [Fr.,—L. vigor—vigēre, to be strong.]

Viking, vī′king, n. one of the piratical Northmen who in the 8th, 9th, and 10th centuries ravaged the coasts of western Europe.—n. Vī′kingism, characteristics, acts, &c. of Vikings. [Ice. víkingr, (lit.) 'a creeker'—víkr (Swed. vik, Eng. wick), a bay, and -ingr=Eng. -ing.]

Vilayet, vil-a-yet′, n. the name given to the great provinces into which the Ottoman empire is divided.

Vile, vīl, adj. worthless: mean: morally impure: wicked: (B.) poor, cheap.—adv. Vile′ly.—n. Vile′ness.—ns. Vilificā′tion, act of vilifying: defamatory speech: abuse; Vil′ifīer.—v.t. Vil′ify, to make vile: to attempt to degrade by slander: to defame:—pa.t. and pa.p. vil′ifīed.—v.t. Vil′ipend, to slander, vilify.—v.i. to use vilification. [Fr.,—L. vilis.]

Villa, vil′a, n. a country residence or seat: a suburban mansion—also Vill.—ns. Vill′adom, villas collectively, people living in them; Vill′āge, any small assemblage of houses, less than a town: (orig.) a number of houses inhabited by persons near the residence of a proprietor or farmer: (law) a manor, a parish or the outlying part of a parish; Vill′age-commū′nity, a clan of settlers who built their huts on a tract of land and laid out common fields which they cultivated in common as one family, the land being divided out every few years into family lots, but the whole continuing to be cultivated by the community subject to the established customs as interpreted in the village-council by the sense of the village elders—the so-called Mark system of Sir Henry Maine; Vill′āger, an inhabitant of a village; Vill′āgery (Shak.), a district of villages; Vill′akin, Villanette′, a little villa.—adj. Villat′ic (Milt.), pertaining to a farm. [O. Fr. ville (Fr. ville)—L. villa, a country-house, prob. reduced from vicla, dim. of vicus, a village; Gr. oikos, a house.]

Villain, vil′ān, or vil′in, n. a wicked wretch: a man extremely degraded: in feudal times, a member of the lowest class of unfree persons.—ns. Vill′aināge, Vill′anāge, Vill′eināge, Vill′enāge, in feudal times, the tenure of land by villein, i.e. base or menial services.—adj. Vill′ainous, like or suited to a villain: depraved: proceeding from extreme depravity: very bad, mean, vile.—adv. Vill′ainously.—ns. Vill′ainousness; Vill′ainy, the act of a villain: extreme depravity: an atrocious crime. [Orig. 'a serf attached to a farm,' O. Fr. villain—Low L. villanus—L. villa.]

Villanelle, vil-a-nel′, n. a poem, of a form borrowed from the French, consisting of nineteen lines on two rhymes, arranged in six stanzas, the first five having three, the last four lines. [It. villanella—villano, rustic.]

Villarsia, vi-lār′si-a, n. a genus of widely distributed aquatic or marsh plants, of order Gentianaceæ—named from the French botanist Dominique Villars (1745-1814).

Villegiatura, vi-lėj-a-tōō′ra, n. country retirement. [It.,—villegiare, to stay at a country-seat—villa, a country-seat.]

Villi, vil′ī, n.pl. (anat.) fine small fibres covering certain membranes: (bot.) fine soft hairs on fruits, flowers, and other parts of plants:—sing. Vill′us.—adjs. Vill′iform, having the form or appearance of villi; Vill′ōse, Vill′ous, covered with long, soft hairs: formed of minute villi, resembling the pile of velvet.—n. Villos′ity, state of being villous. [L., pl. of villus, hair, wool.]

Vimen, vī′men, n. a long flexible shoot of a plant.—adjs. Vim′inal; Vimin′eous. [L.]

Vina, vē′na, n. an East Indian musical instrument having five or seven steel strings stretched on a long fretted finger-board over two gourds.

Vinaigrette, vin-ā-gret′, n. a small box of silver or gold for holding aromatic vinegar, used as a smelling-bottle. [Fr.,—vinaigre.]

Vinasse, vi-nas′, n. a residual product containing potash salts, obtained from the wine-press, &c. [Fr.]

Vinaya Pitaka, vin′a-ya pit′a-ka, n. one of the three parts of the Tripitaka (q.v.).

Vinca, ving′ka, n. a genus of woody herbaceous plants of the dogbane family, the periwinkles.

Vincentian, vin-sen′shi-an, adj. pertaining to St Vincent de Paul (1576-1660) or to the charitable associations founded by him.

Vincible, vin′si-bl, adj. that may be conquered.—ns. Vincibil′ity, Vin′cibleness. [L. vincibilis—vincĕre, to conquer.]

Vinculum, ving′kū-lum, n. a band: a bond: (math.) a horizontal line placed over several quantities to show that they are to be treated as one: (anat.) a ligamentous band.—v.t. Vin′culāte, to bind. [L.,—vincīre, to bind.]

Vindemial, vin-dē′mi-al, adj. pertaining to the vintage.—v.i. Vindē′miate, to gather the vintage.

Vindicate, vin′di-kāt, v.t. to lay claim to: to defend: to maintain by force.—n. Vindicabil′ity.—adj. Vin′dicable, that may be vindicated or defended.—n. Vindicā′tion, act of vindicating: defence: justification: support.—adj. Vin′dicātive, vindicating: tending to vindicate: (Shak.) revengeful, vindictive.—ns. Vin′dicātiveness, vindictiveness; Vin′dicātor, one who vindicates:—fem. Vin′dicātress.—adjs. Vin′dicātory, tending to vindicate: inflicting punishment; Vindic′tive, revengeful.—adv. Vindic′tively.—n. Vindic′tiveness. [L. vindicāre, -ātum—vis, vim, power, dicāre, to proclaim, dicĕre, to say; others trace to the root of venia, favour.]

Vine, vīn, n. the plant from which wine is made: the woody climbing plant that produces grapes: (hort.) a climbing or trailing plant, or its stem.—adj. Vīnā′ceous, belonging to wine or grapes: wine-coloured.—ns. Vī′nāge, the addition of spirit to wine to enable it to stand transportation; Vīnā′lia, a wine festival in honour of Jupiter, celebrated on 23d April.—adjs. Vīnā′rian, relating to wine; Vine′-clad, covered with vines.—ns. Vine′-cul′ture (same as Viticulture); Vine′-curcu′lio, a small reddish curculio producing galls on the stems of grape-vines; Vine′-disease′, a disease affecting the vine; Vine′-dress′er, one who dresses or trims and cultivates vines; Vine′-fret′ter, a small insect that infests vines; Vine′-gall, a gall made on the stem of the vine by a vine-curculio; Vine′-land, land on which vines are grown; Vī′nery, a hot-house for rearing vines; Vineyard (vin′yard), a plantation of grape vines.—adj. Vī′nic, pertaining to, or derived from, wine.—ns. Vin′iculture, the cultivation of the vine; Vin′icultūrist; Vin′-ordinaire′, common wine: cheap wine mixed with water, commonly drunk in France and the south of Europe.—adjs. Vī′nose, Vī′nous, pertaining to wine: wine-coloured: caused by wine.—n. Vinos′ity, state or quality of being vinous.—adj. Vī′ny, pertaining to or producing vines.—Dwell under one's vine and fig-tree, to live at peace on one's own land. [O. Fr.,—L. vinea, a vine—vinum; Gr. oinos, wine.]

Vinegar, vin′e-gar, n. the form of acetic acid generally preferred for culinary purposes—made by the fermentation of vegetable substances, from malt, or from inferior wines: sourness of temper.—v.t. to apply vinegar to.—adj. Vin′aigrous, sour like vinegar, ill-tempered.—ns. Vin′egar-cru′et, a glass bottle for holding vinegar; Vinegarette′, a vinaigrette; Vin′egar-plant, the microscopic fungus which produces acetous fermentation—found in two forms known as mother of vinegar and flowers of vinegar.—adjs. Vin′egary, Vin′egarish, sour. [Fr. vinaigre—vin (L. vinum, wine), aigre—L. acer, sour.]

Vingt-et-Un, vangt-ā-ung′, n. a game of cards, the aim in which is to get as near as possible to the value of twenty-one (hence the name) without exceeding it. The game is played with the whole pack, the ordinary cards being reckoned according to the number of pips on them, while the court cards are ten, and the ace is one or eleven, as the holder may elect.

Vintage, vin′tāj, n. the gathering of grapes: the yearly produce of grapes: the time of grape-gathering: wine.—n. Vin′tāger. [Fr. vendange—L. vindemia—vinum, wine, grapes, demĕre, to remove—de, out of or away, emĕre, to take.]

Vintner, vint′nėr, n. a wine-seller.—ns. Vint′nery, the trade of a vintner; Vint′ry, a store for wine. [O. Fr. vinetier, through Low L.—L. vinetum, a vineyard—vinum, wine.]

Viol, vī′ol, n. a musical instrument which was the immediate precursor of the violin, having from three to six strings, and played by means of a bow.—ns. Viola (vē-ō′la, or vī′ō-la), a larger description of violin having four strings tuned in fifths, to which the part between the second violin and bass is generally assigned—also called Alto viola or Tenor violin; Vī′ol-block (naut.), a large single block big enough to reeve a small hawser; Vī′olist, a player on the viol or the viola.—Bass viol, a large medieval viol: the modern violoncello. [O. Fr. viole—Low L. vidula, from L. vitulāri, to skip like a calf, to make merry—L. vitulus, a calf.]

Violate, vī′ō-lāt, v.t. to injure: to abuse: to ravish: to profane: to break forcibly: to transgress.—adj. Vī′olable, that may be violated, injured, or broken.—adv. Vi′olably.—ns. Vīolā′tion, the act of violating or injuring: infringement: non-observance: profanation: rape; Vī′olātor. [L. violāre, -ātum—vis, strength; cf. Gr. is, strength, force.]

Violent, vī′ō-lent, adj. acting with physical force or strength: moved by strong feeling: passionate: vehement: outrageous: produced by force: intense: compulsory: unnatural.—v.i. (Shak.) to be violent.—n. Vī′olence, the state or quality of being violent: force, physical or moral: unjust force: outrage: profanation: injury: rape.—adv. Vī′olently.—Do violence on (Shak.), to attack, murder; Do violence to, to outrage, injure. [Fr.,—L. violentus—vis, force.]

Violet, vī′ō-let, n. any plant of genus Viola, of many species, with a flower generally of some shade of blue, but also white and yellow, and most often fragrant: the colour of the violet, a bluish or light purple.—adj. of the colour of the violet, bluish or light purple.—adjs. Violā′ceous, of a violet colour, purple; Violes′cent, tending to a violet colour. [Fr. violette, dim. of O. Fr. viole—L. viola; cf. Gr. ion.]

Violin, vī-ō-lin′, n. a musical instrument of four strings placed with a bow: a fiddle: a player on the violin.—ns. Violin′-bow, a bow for sounding the violin; Vī′olinist, a player on the violin. [It. violino—viola.]

Violoncello, vē-ō-lon-chel′ō, or vī-ō-lon-sel′ō, n. a large four-stringed musical instrument of the violin class, the quality of its tone even more sympathetic than that of the violin, held between the knees in playing—it superseded the Viol da gamba in the early part of the 18th century:—pl. Violoncell′os.—n. Violoncell′ist, a player on the violoncello. [It., dim. of violone, a bass violin; see next word.]

Violone, vē-ō-lō′nā, n. the largest kind of bass viol, having strings tuned an octave lower than the violoncello. [It.,—viola.]

Viper, vī′pėr, n. a genus of venomous snakes, representative of family Viperidæ—the Common Viper or adder being the only poisonous snake indigenous to Britain: loosely, any venomous serpent except a rattlesnake, any cobriform serpent: any base, malicious person.—adjs. Vī′perine, related to or resembling the viper; Vī′perish, like a viper; Vī′perous, having the qualities of a viper: venomous: malignant.—adv. Vī′perously.—Viper's bugloss, the blue weed or blue thistle; Viper's grass, a European perennial of the aster family. [Fr.,—L. vipera (contr. of vivipara)—vivus, living, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Virago, vi-rā′go, or vī-rā′gō, n. a masculine woman: a bold, impudent woman: a termagant.—adjs. Viragin′ian, Viraginous (viraj′-).—n. Viragin′ity. [L.,—vir, a man.]

Virelay, vir′e-lā, n. an ancient kind of French poem in short lines, and consisting of only two rhymes, their order as well as the length of the verses being arbitrary. [Fr. virelai—virer, to turn, lai, a song.]

Vireo, vir′ē-ō, n. a genus of American singing birds, the greenlets. [L.]

Virescent, vī-res′ent, adj. growing green, greenish.—n. Vires′cence, greenness: (bot.) the turning green of organs properly bright-coloured. [L., pr.p. of virēre, to be green.]

Virgate, vėr′gāt, adj. like a wand or rod: slender, straight.—n. an old English measure of surface. [L. virga, a rod.]

Virgilian, vėr-jil′i-an, adj. relating to or resembling the style of Virgil, the Roman poet (70-21 B.C.).

Virgin, vėr′jin, n. a maiden: a woman who has had no sexual intercourse with man: one devoted to virginity: a madonna, a figure of the Virgin: a person of either sex who has not known sexual intercourse: any female animal that has not copulated: a parthenogenetic insect: (astron.) Virgo, one of the signs of the zodiac.—adj. becoming a maiden: maidenly: pure: chaste: undefiled: fresh, new: parthenogenetic.—v.i. (Shak.) to continue chaste.—adj. Vir′ginal, maidenly: (zool.) parthenogenetic.—n. Virginā′le, a book of prayers and hymns to the Virgin Mary.—adj. Vir′gin-born, born of the Virgin, of Jesus Christ: (zool.) born by internal gemmation without impregnation.—ns. Virgin′ity, Vir′ginhood, the state of a virgin; Vir′gin-knot (Shak.), maidenly chastity, in reference to the unloosing of the girdles of Greek and Roman maidens on marriage.—adj. Vir′ginly, pure.—adv. chastely.—ns. Vir′gin's-bow′er, a species of clematis, hedge-vine; Vir′gin-wor′ship, adoration of the Virgin Mary; Vir′go, the Virgin, in the zodiac.—Virgin birth, generation, parthenogenesis; Virgin clay, in pottery, &c., clay which has never been fired.—The Virgin, The Blessed Virgin, the Virgin Mary, the mother of Christ. [O, Fr.,—L. virgo, virginis.]

Virginal, vėr′jin-al, n. an old keyed musical instrument, oblong in shape, one of the three forms of the harpsichord.—v.i. (Shak.) to finger, as on a virginal.

Virginia, vėr-jin′i-a, n. a well-known brand of tobacco, grown and manufactured in Virginia.—n. Virgin′ia-creep′er, an American climbing vine, common in the south of England, remarkable for the bright-red colour it assumes in autumn.—adj. Virgin′ian, pertaining to Virginia.—n. a native of Virginia.

Virgule, vėr′gūl, n. a little rod: a mark of punctuation, a comma.—adj. Vir′gūlāte, rod-shaped.—n. Virgul′tum, a twig. [L. virgula—virga, a twig.]

Virid, vir′id, adj. green.—n. Virid′ian, a deep and pure bluish-green pigment, being a hydrated sesquioxide of chromium.—adj. Viridigenous (-ij′-), producing a green tint.—ns. Virid′ity, Vir′idness, verdure: greenness. [L., viridis, green—virēre, to be green.]

Viridescent, vir-i-des′ent, adj. slightly green: greenish.—n. Virides′cence. [L. viridis, green.]

Virile, vir′il, or vī′ril, adj. of or belonging to a man or to the male sex: masculine: manly.—n. Viril′ity, the state or quality of being a man: the power of a full-grown male: the power of procreation: manhood. [L. virilis—vir, a man; cog. with Gr. hērōs, a hero, Old High Ger. wer, a man.]

Virole, vi-rōl′, n. a ferrule: (her.) a hoop or ring. [O. Fr.; a doublet of ferrule.]

Virtu, vėr′tōō, or -tōō′, n. a love of the fine arts: taste for curiosities: objects of art or antiquity.—adjs. Virtuose′, Virtuō′sic, exhibiting the qualities and skill of a virtuoso.—ns. Virtuos′ity, lovers of the elegant arts as a class: exceptional skill in some of the fine arts; Virtuō′sō, one skilled in the fine arts, in antiquities, curiosities, and the like: a skilful musician, painter, &c. (pl. Virtuō′sōs, Virtuō′si):—fem. Virtuō′sa (pl. Virtuō′se, -se); Virtuō′sōship. [It.; a doublet of virtue.]

Virtue, vėr′tu, n. excellence: worth: moral excellence: the practice of duty: a moral excellence: sexual purity, esp. female chastity: purity: (B.) strength: force: inherent power, efficacy: one of the orders of the celestial hierarchy.—adj. Vir′tual, having virtue or efficacy: having the efficacy without the material part: in effect though not in fact: (mech.) possible and infinitesimal.—adv. Vir′tually.—adjs. Vir′tueless, wanting virtue: without efficacy; Vir′tue-proof (Milt.), impregnable in virtue; Vir′tuous, having virtue or moral goodness: blameless: righteous: practising duty: being according to the moral law: chaste (of a woman).—adv. Vir′tuously.—n. Vir′tuousness.—By, In, virtue of, through the power, force, or efficacy of; Make a virtue of necessity, to do as if from inclination or sense of duty something one must needs do; Seven principal Virtues, faith, hope, charity, justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude—the first three the theological, the last four the moral virtues; The cardinal virtues (see Cardinal). [O. Fr.,—L. virtus, bravery, moral excellence—vir, a man; cf. Gr. hērōs, Sans. vira, a hero.]

Virulent, vir′ū-lent, adj. full of poison: very active in injury: bitter in enmity: malignant.—ns. Vir′ulence, Vir′ulency.—adv. Vir′ulently. [L. virulentus—virus, poison.]

Virus, vī′rus, n. contagious or poisonous matter (as of ulcers, &c.): the poison which causes infection: any foul, hurtful matter.—adjs. Vī′rose, Vī′rous; Virūlif′erous, bearing a specific virus. [L.; cog. with Gr. ios, Sans. visha, poison.]

Vis, vis, n. force: power:—pl. Vī′res.—Vis inertiæ, inertia: sluggishness; Vis mortua, force of pressure, dead force; Vis viva, living force, equal to the mass of a moving body multiplied by the square of its velocity. [L.]

Visage, viz′āj, n. the face or look.—adj. Vis′aged. [Fr., through an assumed form visaticum, from L. visus, seen—vidēre, to see.]

Vis-à-vis, vēz′-a-vē′, adv. facing one another.—n. one who faces, or is opposite to, another: a light carriage with seats facing each other: a kind of couch. [Fr. vis, face (—L. visus, look), à, to, vis, face.]

Viscacha, vis-kach′a, n. a South American rodent of the Chinchilla family, inhabiting the South American Pampas, of stout form and about twenty inches in length, a gregarious burrower and nocturnal in habits—also Bizcacha.—n. Viscachera (vis-ka-chā′ra), a settlement of viscachas. [Sp.; prob. of Peruv. origin.]

Viscera, vis′e-ra, n.pl. the inner parts of the animal body: the entrails:—sing. Vis′cus.—adj. Vis′ceral, pertaining to the viscera: abdominal.—v.t. Vis′cerāte, to disembowel. [L. viscus (pl. viscera).]

Viscount, vī′kownt, n. an officer who formerly acted as deputy to the earl, the vice-comes: a title of nobility next below an earl:—fem. Vī′scountess.—ns. Vī′scountcy, Vī′scountship, Vī′scounty, the rank or dignity of a viscount. [O. Fr. viscomte (Fr. vicomte)—Low L. vice-comes—L. vice, in place of, comes, a companion.]

Viscous, vis′kus, adj. sticky: tenacious—also Vis′cid.—ns. Viscid′ity, Vis′cousness; Viscos′ity, the property of being viscous: (phys.) that property of matter which is seen when the relative motion of parts of any body or substance decays on its being left to itself. [Low L. viscosus, sticky—L. viscum, bird-lime, mistletoe; cog. with Gr. ixos, mistletoe.]

Viscum, vis′kum, n. a genus of parasitic plants, including the mistletoe. [L.]

Visé, vē-zā′, n. an indorsement on a passport denoting that it has been officially examined, and that the bearer may proceed on his journey.—v.t. to indorse a passport.—Also Visa (vē′za). [Fr.,—Low L. visāre, freq. of L. vidēre, visum, to see.]

Vishnu, vish′nōō, n. the second god of the Hindu triad, now the most worshipped of all Hindu gods. He became specially the benefactor of man in his avatars or incarnations, ten in number—according to others, twenty-two. [Sans., 'the preserver.']

Visible, viz′i-bl, adj. that may be seen: obvious.—ns. Visibil′ity, state or quality of being visible, or perceivable by the eye; Vis′ibleness.—adv. Vis′ibly.—Visible Church, the body of professing Christians, as opposed to the Invisible Church, which consists of those spiritual persons who fulfil the notion of the ideal Church, together with the body of the departed saints in heaven; Visible means, means or resources which are apparent to or ascertainable by others; Visible speech, a system of alphabetic characters, each of which represents the configuration of the mouth that produces the sound.

Visigoth, viz′i-goth, n. one of the Western Goths, as distinguished from the Ostrogoths or Eastern Goths. They formed settlements in the south of France and in Spain, and their kingdom in the latter lasted into the 8th century.—adj. Visigoth′ic. [Low L. Visegothæ—Teut. west, west, Gothæ, Goths.]

Vision, vizh′un, n. the act or sense of seeing: sight: anything seen: anything imagined to be seen: a divine revelation: an apparition: anything imaginary.—v.t. to see as a vision: to present as in a vision.—n. (Scot.) Visie (viz′i), a close look at anything.—adj. Vis′ional, pertaining to a vision, not real.—adv. Vis′ionally.—n. Vis′ionariness.—adj. Vis′ionary, affected by visions: apt to see visions, imaginative: existing in imagination only: not real.—n. one who sees visions: one who forms impracticable schemes.—adj. Vis′ioned (rare), inspired so as to see visions: seen in a vision, spectral.—n. Vis′ionist, a visionary person, one who believes in visions.—adj. Vis′ionless, destitute of vision.—Beatific vision (see Beatify); Centre, Point, of vision, the position from which anything is observed, or represented as being seen. [Fr.,—L. visio, visionis—vidēre, visum, to see; cf. Gr. idein, Eng. wit.]

Visit, viz′it, v.t. to go to see or inspect: to attend: enter, appear in: to call on: (B.) to reward or punish.—v.i. to be in the habit of seeing or meeting each other: to keep up acquaintance.—n. act of visiting or going to see.—adjs. Vis′itable, subject to visitation: attractive to visitors; Vis′itant, paying visits, visiting.—n. one who visits: one who is a guest in the house of another: a migratory bird: one of an order of nuns founded by St Francis de Sales in 1610, also called Salesians, Order (also Nuns) of the Visitation—the order has done much in the education of young girls.—n. Visitā′tion, act of visiting: examination by authority: a dispensation, whether of divine favour or retribution: (rare) the object of a visit: the act of a naval commander in boarding the vessel of another state to ascertain her character and object: a visit of a herald to a district for the examination of its arms, pedigrees, &c.: an unusual and extensive irruption of a species of animals into another region: (eccles.) a festival to commemorate the visit of the Virgin Mary to Elizabeth, observed by the Roman and Greek Churches on 2d July.—adjs. Visitātō′rial, Visitō′rial.—n. Vis′iting, the act of paying visits: prompting, influence.—adj. that which visits.—ns. Vis′iting-book, a book recording the names of persons who have called or are to be called on; Vis′iting-card, a small card, on which the name, address, or title, may be printed, to be left in making calls or paying visits, and sometimes sent as an act of courtesy or in token of sympathy; Vis′iting-day, a day on which one is at home or ready to receive callers; Vis′itor, -er, one who visits, calls on, or makes a stay with a person: a person authorised to visit an institution to see that it is managed properly:—fem. Vis′itress.—Visitation of the sick, an office in the Anglican Church, used for the spiritual benefit of the sick, provision being also made for special confession and absolution. [Fr. visiter—L. visitāre, freq. of visĕre, to go to see, visit—vidēre, to see.]

Visite, vi-zēt′, n. a woman's close-fitting outer garment worn early in the 19th century. [Fr.]

Visor, viz′ur, n. a part of a helmet covering the face, movable, and perforated to see through (see Armour): a mask.—adj. Vis′ored, wearing a visor: masked. [Fr. visière—vis, countenance.]

Vista, vis′ta, n. a view or prospect through or as through an avenue: the trees, &c., that form the avenue. [It. vista, sight, view—L. vidēre, to see.]

Visual, viz′ū-al, adj. belonging to vision or sight: visible: produced by sight: used in sight: used for seeing.—n. Visualisā′tion.—v.t. Vis′ualīse, to make visible or visual, externalise to the eye.—v.i. to call up a clear mental image.—ns. Vis′ualīser; Visual′ity.—adv. Vis′ually.

Vital, vī′tal, adj. belonging or contributing to life: containing or necessary to life: important as life: essential.—n. Vītalisā′tion.—v.t. Vī′talise, to make vital or alive: to give life to or furnish with the vital principle.—ns. Vī′talism, the doctrine that there is a vital principle distinct from the organisation of living bodies, which directs all their actions and functions; Vī′talist, one who holds this doctrine.—adj. Vītalis′tic.—n. Vītal′ity, quality of being vital: principle or power of life: capacity to endure and flourish.—adv. Vī′tally.—n.pl. Vī′tals, the interior organs essential for life: the part of any whole necessary for its existence.—n. Vītā′tiveness (phrenol.), the love of life, a faculty assigned to a protuberance under the ear.—Vital force, the principle of life in animals and plants; Vital functions, power, ability to continue living; Vital principle, that principle on which the life of an organism is thought to depend; Vital statistics, a division of statistics dealing with the facts and problems concerning population. [L. vitalis—vita, life—vivĕre, to live; cog. with Gr. bios, life.]

Vitellus, vī-tel′us, n. the yolk of an egg.—adjs. Vit′ellary, Vitell′ine, pertaining to the vitellus, or forming such.—n. Vitell′icle, a yolk-sac.—adj. Vitelligenous (-ij′-), producing yolk. [L., 'a yolk,' a transferred use of vitellus—vitulus, a calf.]

Vitex, vī′teks, n. a genus of trees or shrubs of the natural order Verbenaceæ. [L.]

Vitiate, vish′i-āt, v.t. to render faulty or defective: to make less pure: to deprave: to taint—earlier Vi′ciate.—ns. Vitiā′tion; Vi′tiātor; Vitios′ity, state or quality of being vicious. [L. vitiāre, -ātum—vitium. See Vice (2).]

Vitilitigation, vit-i-lit-i-gā′shun, n. vexatious litigation.—v.i. Vitilit′igate.

Vitis, vī′tis, n. a genus of plants, including the grape.—n. Vit′icide, a vine-destroyer, vine-pest.—adj. Vitic′olous, inhabiting, or produced upon, the vine.—ns. Vit′iculture, cultivation of the vine; Viticul′tūrist. [L. vitis, a vine—viēre, to twist.]

Vitreous, vit′rē-us, adj. glassy: pertaining to, consisting of, or like glass.—ns. Vitreos′ity, Vit′reousness; Vitres′cence.—adj. Vitres′cent, tending to become glass.—n. Vit′reum, the vitreous humour of the eye.—adj. Vit′ric.—ns. Vit′rics, glassy materials: the history of glass and its manufacture; Vitrifac′tion, Vitrificā′tion, act, process, or operation of vitrifying, or converting into glass; Vitrifac′ture, the manufacture of glass.—adjs. Vit′rifiable, that may be vitrified or turned into glass; Vit′rified.—ns.pl. Vit′rified-forts, -walls, certain ancient Scottish, French, &c. forts or walls in which the silicious stone has been vitrified by fire, whether by intention or accident is uncertain.—adj. Vit′riform, having the form of glass.—v.t. Vit′rify, to make into glass.—v.i. to become glass.—ns. Vitrī′na, a genus of land molluscs forming a connecting-link between the slugs and true snails—the glass-snail; Vit′rine, a show-case made of glass and used to protect delicate articles. [L. vitrum, glass—vidēre, to see.]

Vitriol, vit′ri-ol, n. the popular name of sulphuric acid: a soluble sulphate of a metal—green vitriol=sulphate of iron, blue vitriol=sulphate of copper, white vitriol=sulphate of zinc.—v.t. Vit′riolāte, to convert into vitriol.—n. Vitriolā′tion, the act or process of converting into vitriol.—adjs. Vitriol′ic, pertaining to or having the qualities of vitriol: biting, very severe; Vit′riolīsable.—n. Vitriolisā′tion.—v.t. Vit′riolise, to vitriolate: to poison with vitriol.—Elixir of vitriol, old name for the aromatic sulphuric acid of the Pharmacopœia; Oil of vitriol, concentrated sulphuric acid. [O. Fr.,—Low L. vitriolum—vitriolus—L. vitreus, of glass.]

Vitro-di-trina, vit′rō-di-trē′na, n. lacework glass. [It., 'glass of lace.']

Vitrophyre, vit′rō-fīr, n. a porphyritic variety of volcanic glass.—adj. Vitrophyr′ic. [L. vitrum, glass, porphyrites, porphyry.]

Vitruvian, vi-trōō′vi-an, adj. denoting a peculiar kind of convoluted scrollwork, so named from Vitruvius, a Roman architect under Augustus.

Vitta, vit′a, n. a fillet, or garland for the head:—pl. Vitt′æ (-ē). [L.]

Vitular, vit′ū-lar, Vituline, vit′ū-līn, adj. relating to a calf or to veal. [From L. vitulus, a calf.]

Vituperate, vī-tū′pe-rāt, v.t. to find fault with: to address with abuse: to rate soundly.—adj. Vitū′perable, deserving vituperation.—n. Vitūperā′tion, act of vituperating: censure: abuse.—adj. Vitū′perātive, containing vituperation or censure.—adv. Vitū′perātively.—n. Vitū′perātor, one who vituperates. [L. vituperāre, -ātum—vitium, a fault, parāre, to set out.]

Viure, vē′ūr, n. (her.) a thin ribbon crossing the field in any direction. [Fr.]

Viva, vē′va, interj. long live.—n. the exclamation Viva! [It., 'Let him live'—L. vivĕre, to live.]

Vivace, vē-vä′che, adj. (mus.) lively:—superl. Vivacis′simo. [It.]

Vivacious, vī-vā′shus, (or vi-), adj. lively or long-lived: active: sportive.—adv. Vivā′ciously.—ns. Vivā′ciousness; Vivac′ity, state of being vivacious: life: animation: liveliness or sprightliness of temper or behaviour: (rare) a vivacious act or saying. [L. vivax, vivacis—vivĕre, to live.]

Vivandière, vē-vong-di-ār′, n. in the French and some other Continental armies, a female attendant in a regiment, who sells spirits and other comforts, marching with the corps. [Fr., fem. of vivandier—It. vivandière, a sutler—vivanda, food.]

Vivarium, vī-vā′ri-um, n. an artificial enclosure for keeping or raising living animals, as a park, fish-pond, &c.—Also Vī′vary. [L. vivarium—vivus, alive—vivĕre, to live.]

Viva voce, vī′va vō′sē, by word of mouth. [L., 'with living voice,'—vivus, living, vox, vocis, voice.]

Vive, vīv, adj. (Bacon) lively, forcible. [Fr.,—L. vivus—vivĕre, to live.]

Viverrine, vī-ver′in, adj. pertaining to the Viverridæ, one of the four families of the Æluroidea section of Carnivora.—n. one of the Viverridæ, and esp. of the division of Viverrinæ, including the civets, genets, &c.

Vivers, vē′vėrz, n.pl. (Scot.) food, eatables. [Fr. vivres—L. vivĕre, to live.]

Vives, vīvz, n.pl. a disease of horses, &c., seated in the glands under the ear. [O. Fr. avives, vives—Sp. avivas—Ar. addhība—al, the, dhība, she-wolf.]

Vivid, viv′id, adj. lively or life-like: having the appearance of life: forming brilliant images in the mind: striking.—adv. Viv′idly.—ns. Viv′idness, Vivid′ity.—adj. Vivif′ic, vivifying.—ns. Vivificā′tion; Viv′ifier.—v.t. Viv′ify, to make vivid, endue with life. [L. vividus—vivĕre, to live.]

Viviparous, vī-vip′a-rus, adj. producing young alive: (bot.) germinating from a seed still on the parent plant.—ns. Vīvipar′ity, Vīvip′arousness.—adv. Vīvip′arously. [L., from vivus, alive, parĕre, to produce.]

Vivisection, viv-i-sek′shun, n. the practice of making operations or painful experiments on living animals, for the purposes of physiological research or demonstration.—v.t. Vivisect′, to practise vivisection on.—adj. Vivisec′tional.—ns. Vivisec′tionist, one who practises or defends vivisection; Vivisec′tor, one who practises vivisection; Vivisectō′rium, a place for vivisection. [L. vivus, alive, sectio—secāre, to cut.]

Vixen, vik′sn, n. a she-fox: an ill-tempered woman.—adjs. Vix′en, Vix′enish, Vix′enly, ill-tempered, snarling. [Formerly also vixon; a form of fixen—A.S. fyxen, a she-fox.]

Vizir, Vizier, vi-zēr′, n. a minister or councillor of state in the Ottoman Empire and other Mohammedan states—also Visier′, Vezir′, Wizier′.—ns. Vizir′ate, Vizier′ate, Vizir′ship, Vizier′ship, the office of a vizir.—adjs. Vizir′ial, Vizier′ial.—Grand vizir, in Turkey, the prime-minister, and formerly also commander of the army. [Ar. wazīr, a porter—wazara, to bear a burden.]

Vly, vlī, or flī, n. a swamp, a shallow pond which is sometimes dry.—Also Vleij, Vlei. [A word of Dutch origin used in South Africa, prob. derived from Dut. vallei, a valley.]

Vocable, vō′ka-bl, n. that which is sounded with the voice: a word: a name.—ns. Vocab′ūlary, a list of vocables or words explained in alphabetical order: the words of a language: a dictionary: any list of words; Vocab′ūlist, a lexicographer, the harmless drudge who compiles a dictionary.—adjs. Vō′cal, having a voice: uttered or changed by the voice: (phon.) voiced, uttered with voice: having a vowel function; Vocal′ic, containing vowels.—n. Vocalisā′tion, act of vocalising.—v.t. Vō′calise, to make vocal: to form into voice: to insert the vowel points, as in Hebrew.—v.i. to speak, sing.—ns. Vō′calist, a vocal musician, a singer; Vocal′ity, Vō′calness, utterableness: vowel character.—adv. Vō′cally.—adj. Voc′ular (rare), vocal.—Vocal chords, two elastic membraneous folds of the larynx capable of being stretched or relaxed; Vocal music, music produced by the human voice alone, as opposed to Instrumental music. [L. vocabulum—vocāre, to call.]

Vocation, vō-kā′shun, n. call or act of calling: calling: occupation.—adj. Vocā′tional.—adv. Vocā′tionally. [L. vocatio—vocāre.]

Vocative, vok′a-tiv, adj. pertaining to the act of calling, applied to the grammatical case used in personal address.—n. the case of a word when a person or thing is addressed. [L. vocativus—vocāre.]

Vociferate, vō-sif′e-rāt, v.i. to cry with a loud voice.—v.t. to utter with a loud voice.—n. Vocif′erance, clamour.—adj. Vocif′erant, clamorous.—ns. Vociferā′tion, act of vociferating: a violent or loud outcry; Vocif′erātor.—v.t. Vocif′erise, to vociferate.—n. Vociferos′ity.—adj. Vocif′erous, making a loud outcry: noisy.—adv. Vocif′erously.—n. Vocif′erousness. [L.—vox, vocis, voice, ferre, to carry.]

Vocular, vok′ū-lar, adj. vocal.—n. Voc′ule, a slight sound of the voice.

Vodka, vōd′ka, n. a Russian spirit, properly distilled from rye, but sometimes from potatoes. [Russ., 'brandy,' dim. of voda, water.]

Voe, vō, n. in Shetland, a bay, creek.—Also Vo, Vae. [Ice. vágr, vogr, a creek.]

Vogue, vōg, n. mode or fashion at any particular time: practice: popular reception. [Fr. vogue, course of a ship—voguer, to row, from Old High Ger. wagōn (Ger. wogen, to fluctuate, float)—waga, a waving, akin to wāg, a wave.]

Voice, vois, n. sound from the mouth: sound given out by anything: utterance or mode of utterance: language: expression: expressed opinion: one who speaks: (Shak.) reputation: sound uttered with resonance of the vocal chords: vote: (gram.) mode of inflecting verbs, as being active or passive.—v.t. to give utterance to, declare, announce: to fit for sounding: to regulate the tone of: to utter with voice or tone, as distinguished from breath.—adjs. Voiced, furnished with a voice; Voice′ful, having a voice: vocal.—n. Voice′fulness.—adj. Voice′less, having no voice or vote.—ns. Voice′lessness; Voic′er; Voic′ing, the regulating of the tone of organ pipes, ensuring proper power, pitch, and quality.—In my voice (Shak.), in my name; Inner voice, part, in music, a voice-part intermediate between the highest and the lowest; In voice, in good condition for singing or speaking.—With one voice, unanimously. [O. Fr. voix—L. vox, vocis; akin to Gr. epos, a word.]

Void, void, adj. unoccupied: empty: destitute (with of): having no binding force: wanting: unsubstantial.—n. an empty space.—v.t. to make vacant: to quit: to send out, emit, empty out: to render of no effect, to nullify: (Spens.) to lay aside, divest one's self of.—adj. Void′able, that may be voided or evacuated.—n. Void′ance, act of voiding or emptying: state of being void: ejection.—p.adj. Void′ed (her.), having the inner part cut away or left vacant—said of a charge or ordinary.—ns. Void′er, one who empties: a contrivance in armour for covering an unprotected part of the body: a tray for carrying away crumbs, &c.; Void′ing, the act of voiding: a remnant; Void′ness, emptiness: nullity. [O. Fr. voide, void, empty—L. viduus, bereft; others trace to Low L. form, akin to L. vacāre, to be empty.]

Voivode, Vaivode, voi′vōd, vā′vōd, n. the leader of an army: in Poland the title of the head of an administrative division, in Moldavia and Wallachia the former title of the princes, in Turkey an inferior administrative official—also Vay′vode, Wai′wode, Way′wode.—ns. Voi′vodeship, Vai′vodeship. [Russ. voevoda (Serv. vojvoda, Pol. wojewoda), a general.]

Volable, vol′a-bl, adj. (Shak.) nimble—willed. [L. volāre, to fly.]

Volant, vō′lant, adj. flying: nimble: (her.) represented as flying, or as in the air unsupported, or creeping.—n. Vō′lant-piece, a part of the helmet which could be removed at will.—adj. Vol′atile, evaporating very quickly: flighty: apt to change.—ns. Vol′atileness, Volatil′ity, quality of being volatile: disposition to evaporate rapidly: sprightliness: fickleness.—adj. Vol′atilisable.—ns. Volatilisā′tion, act or process of making volatile or evaporating.—v.t. Vol′atilise, to make volatile: to cause to evaporate.—n. Vol′ery, a large enclosure for birds in which they have room to fly.—adj. Vol′itant, flying.—n. Volitā′tion. [Fr.,—L. volans, antis, pr.p. of volāre, to fly.]

Volante, vō-lan′te, n. a two-wheeled covered vehicle with long shafts, with a chaise-body hung before the axle, driven by a postillion. [Sp.]

Volapük, vō-la-pük′, n. a name given to a universal language invented in 1879 by Johann Schleyer of Constance, Baden, the vocabulary being mainly based on English, and the grammar being simplified to the utmost.—n. Volapük′ist, one versed in Volapük: one who advocates the adoption of Volapük. [Lit. 'world-speech'—vol, shortened from Eng. world, pük, for Eng. speak.]

Volar, vō′lar, adj. pertaining to the palm, palmar.—n. Vō′la, the hollow of the hand or foot:—pl. Vō′læ. [L.]

Volcano, vol-kā′no, n. a more or less conical hill or mountain, usually truncated, and communicating with the interior of the earth by a pipe or funnel, through which issue hot vapours and gases, and frequently loose fragmentary materials and streams of molten rock: a form of firework.—adj. Volcan′ic, pertaining to, produced, or affected by a volcano.—adv. Volcan′ically.—n. Volcanisā′tion.—v.t. Vol′canise, to subject to the action of volcanic heat.—ns. Vol′canism, Volcanic′ity, phenomena connected with volcanoes; Vol′canist, a student of volcanic phenomena; Volcan′ity, state of being volcanic; Volcā′noism (rare), violent eruptiveness.—adj. Volcanolog′ical.—n. Volcanol′ogy.—Volcanic rocks, those formed by volcanic agency. [It. volcano—L. Volcanus, Vulcanus, god of fire.]

Vole, vōl, n. in card-playing, the winning of all the tricks in one deal.—v.i. to win such. [Fr.,—L. volāre, to fly.]

Vole, vōl, n. a genus of rodent quadrupeds of the subfamily Arvicolinæ, which also includes the lemmings, the musk-rats, &c., the Field-vole, the Water-vole, popularly called the water-rat, and the Bank-vole.

Volet, vol′ā, n. a veil: one of the wings of a triptych picture. [O. Fr., 'a shutter'—L. volāre, to fly.]

Volitant, vol′i-tant, adj. having the power of flight.—n. Volitā′tion, act of flying.

Volition, vō-lish′un, n. act of willing or choosing: the exercise of the will: the power of determining.—adjs. Voli′tient (rare), willing; Voli′tional, Voli′tionary.—adv. Voli′tionally.—adjs. Voli′tionless; Vol′itive, having power to will: expressing a wish. [Low L. volitio—L. volo, velle, to will, be willing.]

Volksraad, fōlks′rät, n. the name of the legislative assembly of the Orange Free State before its final annexation by England in 1900.

Volley, vol′i, n. a flight of shot: the discharge of many small-arms at once: an outburst of many at once: in tennis and lawn-tennis, a hard return of the ball before it reaches the ground—half-volley is a return by striking the ball just as it touches or rises from the ground:—pl. Voll′eys.—v.t. to discharge in a volley.—v.i. to fly together, as missiles: to sound together: in lawn-tennis, to use the stroke so called. [Fr. volée, a flight—voler—L. volāre, to fly.]

Volsungs, vol′sungz, n.pl. a famous heroic race in old German legend, its founder Volsung or Wolsung, the grandson of Odin, and its brightest ornament Volsung's son, Siegmund.

Volt, vōlt, n. a turn or bound: a sudden movement or leap to avoid a thrust: a gait of two treads made by a horse going sideways round a centre.—n. Vol′tage. [Fr. volte—It. volta—L. volvĕre, volutum, to turn.]

Volt, vōlt, n. the unit of electro-motive force now in universal use among electricians, defined legally in terms of the ohm and ampere.—adj. Vol′ta-elec′tric, of or pertaining to galvanism.—n. Vol′ta-electrom′eter, an instrument for measuring electric currents.—adj. Vol′ta-electromō′tive.—n. Vōl′tage, electro-motive force reckoned in volts.—adj. Voltā′ic, pertaining to Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist (1745-1826), who mainly developed the theory of current electricity along purely physical lines, discovered the electric decomposition of water, and invented a new electric battery, the electrophorus, and the electroscope.—ns. Vol′taism, that branch of electric science which treats of the production of an electric current from the chemical interaction of two immersed dissimilar metals (same as Galvanism); Voltam′eter, an instrument for measuring the decomposition produced by an electric current; Vōlt′-am′pere, the rate of activity in an electric circuit when the electro-motive force is one volt and the current one ampere; Volt′atype, an electrotype; Vōlt′meter, an instrument for measuring voltage.—Voltaic pile, a galvanic battery.

Volta, vōl′ta, n. an old dance: (mus.) turn, time:—pl. Vol′te (-te). [It.]

Voltairian, vol-tār′i-an, adj. pertaining to Voltaire, a famous French poet, dramatist, historian, and sceptic (1694-1778).—n. one who advocates the views and principles of Voltaire.—ns. Voltair′ianism, the spirit of Voltaire—i.e. a sceptical, incredulous, and sarcastic attitude, especially towards Christianity; Voltair′ism, incredulity, scepticism.

Voltigeur, vol-ti-zhėr′, n. a vaulter or tumbler: formerly in the French army, one of a light-armed company of picked men placed on the left of a battalion: under the Second Empire, a member of several special infantry regiments. [Fr.]

Voluble, vol′ū-bl, adj. easy to roll or move: flowing smoothly: fluent in speech.—adj. Vol′ubile (Milt.), rolling: revolving.—ns. Volubil′ity, Vol′ubleness, state or quality of being voluble: fluency of speech.—adv. Vol′ubly. [L. volubilis—volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Volucrine, vol′ū-krin, adj. pertaining to birds, bird-like. [L. volucris, a bird—volāre, to fly.]

Volume, vol′ūm, n. a roll or scroll, which was the form of ancient books: a book, whether complete in itself or part of a work: a rounded mass, convolution: cubical content: a quantity: dimensions: fullness of voice.—v.i. to swell.—adj. Vol′umed, having the form of a volume or roll: of volume or bulk.—ns. Volumenom′eter, an instrument for measuring the volume of a solid body by the quantity of fluid it displaces; Vol′umēter, an instrument for measuring the volumes of gases.—adjs. Volumet′ric, -al.—adv. Volumet′rically.—adjs. Volū′minal, pertaining to cubical content; Volū′minous, consisting of many volumes or books, or of many coils: of great bulk: having written much, as an author: in many volumes, capable of filling many volumes.—adv. Volū′minously.—ns. Volū′minousness, Voluminos′ity; Vol′ūmist (rare), an author.—Volumetric analysis, the analysis of a compound by determining the quantity of a standard solution required to satisfy a reaction in a known quantity of the compound.—Speak, Tell, volumes, to mean much, to be very significant. [Fr.,—L. volumen, a roll—volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Voluntary, vol′un-ta-ri, adj. willing: acting by choice: free: proceeding from the will: subject to the will: done by design or without compulsion: of or pertaining to voluntaryism.—n. one who does anything of his own free-will: a piece of music played at will: an upholder of voluntaryism.—adv. Vol′untarily.—ns. Vol′untariness; Vol′untaryism, the system of maintaining the Church by voluntary offerings, instead of by the aid of the State, as alone consistent with true religious liberty, involving freedom from State support, patronage, or control; Vol′untaryist.—adj. Vol′untātive, voluntary.—Voluntary school, in England, one of a number of elementary schools supported by voluntary subscriptions, and in many cases controlled by religious bodies. [L. voluntarius—voluntas, choice—volo, velle, to will.]

Volunteer, vol-un-tēr′, n. one who enters any service, esp. military, voluntarily or of his own free choice: a soldier belonging to any body other than the regular army.—adj. entering into service voluntarily.—v.t. to offer voluntarily.—v.i. to enter into any service of one's own free-will or without being asked. [Fr. volontaire—L. voluntarius.]

Voluptuary, vō-lup′tū-a-ri, n. a voluptuous person, or one excessively given to bodily enjoyments or luxury: a sensualist.—adj. promoting sensual pleasure. [L. voluptuarius—voluptas, pleasure.]

Voluptuous, vō-lup′tū-us, adj. full of pleasure: given to excess of pleasure, esp. sensual: contributing to sensual pleasure.—adv. Volup′tuously.—n. Volup′tuousness. [L. voluptuosus—voluptas, pleasure.]

Voluspa, vol-us-pä′, n. one of the poems of the Elder Edda: a sibyl or prophetess—a wrong use, though found in Scott's Pirate. [Ice. Völuspá, the song of the sibyl, völu, gen. of völva, a prophetess, spá, prophecy.]

Volute, vō-lūt′, n. a spiral scroll used in the Ionic and Corinthian capitals: a kind of spiral shell, chiefly tropical: whorl of a spiral shell.—adj. (bot.) rolled up in any direction.—adj. Volū′ted, having a volute.—n. Volū′tion, a convolution: a whorl.—adj. Vol′ūtoid, like a volute. [Fr.,—L. volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Volve, volv, v.t. (obs.) to turn over, ponder. [L. volvĕre, to turn.]

Volvox, vol′voks, n. a genus of simple organisms found in ponds, canals, &c., being fresh-water algæ, consisting of green flagellate cells, united by protoplasmic bridges in a hollow spherical colony. [Formed from L. volvĕre, to roll.]

Vomer, vō′mėr, n. the thin flat bone forming part of the middle partition of the nose, separating the nostrils. [L., 'a ploughshare.']

Vomit, vom′it, v.i. to throw up the contents of the stomach by the mouth, to spew.—v.t. to throw out with violence.—n. matter ejected from the stomach: something that excites vomiting.—adj. Vom′ic, purulent.—n. Vom′ica, a cavity in the lung containing pus; Vom′iting, act of one who vomits: matter vomited.—adjs. Vom′itive, Vom′itory, causing to vomit.—n. a vomit or emetic.—ns. Vom′ito, the worst form of yellow fever, usually attended with the black vomit; Vom′itory, a door of a large building by which the crowd is let out; Vomituri′tion, violent retching. [L. vomĕre, -ĭtum, to throw up; Gr. emein.]

Voodoo, Voudou, vōō-dōō, n. the name given in the southern United States to any practiser of witchcraft, or of any charm, incantation, &c., especially when tinctured with African rites or superstitions: the supreme evil spirit of the voodoos.—adj. pertaining to the rites or practices of the voodoo.—v.t. to affect by voodoo charms.—n. Voodoo′ism, voodoo superstitions. [Creole Fr. vaudoux, a negro sorcerer, prob. a form of Fr. Vaudois, a Waldensian—a heretic being capable of any kind of wickedness.]

Voracious, vō-rā′shus, adj. eager to devour: greedy: very hungry.—adv. Vorā′ciously.—ns. Vorac′ity, Vorā′ciousness, quality of being voracious. [L. vorax, voracis—vorāre, to devour.]

Voraginous, vō-raj′i-nus, adj. pertaining to a whirlpool.—n. Vorā′go (-gō), a gulf. [L. vorago.]

Vorant, vō′rant, adj. (her.) devouring. [L. vorans, pr.p. of vorare, to devour.]

Vortex, vor′teks, n. a whirling motion of a fluid forming a cavity in the centre: a whirlpool: an eddy having a rotational motion of the smallest visible portion in the centre:—pl. Vor′tices, Vor′texes.—ns. Vor′tex-ring (phys.), a vortical molecular filament or column forming a ring composed of a number of small rotating circles, placed side by side—e.g. the smoke-rings emitted by a skilful cigarette-smoker; Vor′tex-thē′ory, the theory that matter is ultimately composed of vortices in a fluid—a conception due to Lord Kelvin.—adj. Vor′tical, whirling.—adv. Vor′tically.—adjs. Vor′ticose, Vortic′ūlar, Vortiginal (-ij′-), Vortiginous (-ij′-). [L. vortex, vertex—vortĕre, vertĕre, to turn.]

Vorticella, vor-ti-sel′a, n. a genus of ciliated Infusorians belonging to the order Peritricha, in which the cilia are restricted to a fringe round the mouth. [From L. vortex, a whirl.]

Votary, vō′ta-ri, adj. bound or consecrated by a vow.—n. one devoted as by a vow to some service, worship, or way of life:—fem. Vō′taress.—n. Vō′tarist, a votary. [Low L. votarius—L. votum, to vow.]

Vote, vōt, n. expression of a wish or opinion, as to a matter in which one has interest: that by which a choice is expressed, as a ballot: decision by a majority: something granted by the will of the majority.—v.i. to express the choice by a vote.—v.t. to choose by a vote: to grant by a vote: (coll.) to declare by general consent.—adjs. Vō′table, capable of voting; Vote′less.—ns. Vō′ter; Vō′ting-pā′per, a balloting-paper, used in the election of members to Parliament.—Vote down, to put an end to by a vote, or otherwise; Vote straight, to give one's vote honestly.—Cumulative voting, that system of voting in which the voter has a right to as many votes as there are members to be elected, and may give all his votes or as many as he pleases to one candidate.—Split one's votes, to divide one's votes judiciously among several candidates so as to strengthen those one favours. [L. votum, a wish—vovēre, votum, to vow.]

Votive, vō′tiv, adj. given by vow: vowed.—adv. Vō′tively.—Votive offering, a tablet, picture, &c. dedicated in fulfilment of a vow. [L. votivus—votum, a vow.]

Vouch, vowch, v.t. to call upon to witness: to maintain by repeated affirmations: to warrant: to attest: to produce vouchers for: (Milt.) to second, support.—v.i. to bear witness: to give testimony.—n. confirmation, attestation.—ns. Vouchee′, the person vouched or summoned in a writ of right; Vouch′er, one who vouches or gives witness: a paper which vouches or confirms the truth of anything, as accounts: a mechanical contrivance used in shops for automatically registering the amount of money drawn; Vouch′ment, a solemn declaration. [O. Fr. voucher, vocher, to call to defend—L. vocāre, to call.]

Vouchsafe, vowch-sāf, v.t. to vouch or warrant safe: to sanction or allow without danger: to condescend to grant.—v.i. to condescend.—n. Vouchsafe′ment.

Voulge, vōōzh, n. a weapon carried by foot-soldiers in the 14th century, having a blade fixed on a long staff. [Fr.]

Voussoir, vōō-swär′, n. one of the wedge-like stones which form part of an arch.—v.t. to form with such. [Fr., through Low L., from L. volutus—volvĕre, to roll.]

Vow, vow, n. a voluntary promise made to God, and, as such, carrying with it the most stringent obligation to its fulfilment: a solemn or formal promise of fidelity or affection: (Shak.) a positive assertion.—v.t. to give by solemn promise: to devote: to threaten, to maintain solemnly.—v.i. to make vows.—n. Vow′-fell′ow (Shak.), one bound by the same vow.—Baptismal vows, the promises made at baptism by the person baptised, or by the sponsors or parents in his name; Monastic vows (see Monastery); Solemn, as opposed to Simple vows, such vows as the Church takes under her special charge, or is said in a solemn manner to accept, as those of poverty, obedience, and chastity, involving complete and irrevocable surrender. [O. Fr. vou (Fr. vœu)—L. votum—vovēre, to vow.]

Vowel, vow′el, n. a sound or tone produced by the unimpeded passage of the breath, when modified by the glottis into voice, through the tube of the mouth, which is made to assume different shapes by altering the form and position of the tongue and the lips—the letters a, e, i, o, u are called vowels, as being able to be sounded by themselves, with a continuous passage of the breath; but there are thirteen simple vowel sounds in English.—adj. vocal: pertaining to a vowel.—vs.t. Vow′el, Vow′elise, to insert vowel signs in words written primarily with consonants only.—ns. Vow′elism, the use of vowels; Vow′elist, one given to vowelism.—adjs. Vow′elled, furnished with vowels; Vow′elless, without vowels; Vow′elly, full of vowels.—Vowel points, marks inserted in consonantal word to indicate vowels. [Fr. voyelle—L. vocalis—vox, vocis, the voice.]

Vox, voks, n. voice: a voice or song part.—Vox angelica, or cælestis, in organ-building, a stop producing a wavy effect; Vox humana, in organ-building, a reed-stop producing tones resembling those of the human voice. [L.]

Voyage, voi′āj, n. passage by water: (Shak.) an enterprise.—v.i. to make a voyage, or to pass by water.—v.t. to traverse, pass over.—adj. Voy′age-able, navigable.—n. Voy′ager, one who voyages.—n.pl. Voyageurs (vwo-ya-zher′), name given in Canada to the men who in their bark canoes kept up communication between the stations, and effected transportation of men and supplies, in the North-west and Hudson's Bay territory. [Fr.,—L. viaticum, travelling-money—L. via, a way.]

Vraisemblance, vrā-song-blongs′, n. verisimilitude. [Fr., vrai, true, semblance, appearance.]

Vug, vug, n. a Cornish miner's name for a cavity in a rock.—adj. Vug′gy.

Vulcan, vul′kan, n. (Roman myth.) the god of fire.—n. Vulcanā′lia, an ancient Roman, festival in honour of Vulcan, held on 23d August.—adjs. Vulcā′nian, pertaining to Vulcan, or to one who works in iron; Vulcan′ic (same as Volcanic).—n. Vulcanic′ity, volcanicity.—adj. Vulcanī′sable.—n. Vulcanisā′-tion.—v.t. Vul′canise, to combine with sulphur by heat, as caoutchouc—v.i. to admit of such treatment.—ns. Vul′canism, volcanism; Vul′canist, a supporter of the Huttonian theory in geology which asserted the igneous origin of such rocks as basalt; Vul′canite, the harder of the two kinds of vulcanised india-rubber or caoutchouc, the softer kind being called soft-rubber. [L. Vulcanus.]

Vulgar, vul′gar, adj. pertaining to or used by the common people, native: public: common; national, vernacular: mean or low: rude.—n. the common people: the common language of a country.—ns. Vulgā′rian, a vulgar person: a rich unrefined person; Vulgarisā′tion, a making widely known: a making coarse or common.—v.t. Vul′garise, to make vulgar or rude.—ns. Vul′garism, a vulgar phrase: coarseness; Vulgar′ity, Vul′garness, quality of being vulgar: mean condition of life: rudeness of manners.—adv. Vul′garly.—n. Vul′gate, an ancient Latin version of the Scriptures, so called from its common use in the R.C. Church, prepared by Jerome in the fourth century, and pronounced 'authentic' by the Council of Trent.—Vulgar fraction, a fraction written in the common way.—The vulgar, the common people. [L. vulgaris—vulgus, the people.]

Vulnerable, vul′ne-ra-bl, adj. capable of being wounded: liable to injury.—v.t. Vuln (her.), to wound.—adj. Vulned (her.).—ns. Vulnerabil′ity, Vul′nerableness.—adj. Vul′nerary, pertaining to wounds: useful in healing wounds.—n. anything useful in curing wounds.—adj. Vul′nerose, with many wounds. [L. vulnerabilis—vulnerāre, to wound—vulnus, vulneris, a wound.]

Vulpine, vul′pin, adj. relating to or like the fox: cunning.—adj. Vulpec′ūlar, vulpine.—ns. Vul′picide, the killing of a fox: a fox-killer; Vul′pinism, craftiness. [L.,—vulpes, a fox.]

Vulsella, vul-sel′a, n. a forceps with toothed or clawed blades:—pl. Vulsell′æ (-ē). [L.]

Vulture, vul′tūr, n. a large rapacious bird of prey, feeding largely on carrion: one who or that which resembles a vulture.—adjs. Vul′tūrine, Vul′tūrish, Vul′tūrous, like the vulture: rapacious.—ns. Vul′turism, rapacity; Vul′turn, the Australian brush-turkey. [O. Fr. voutour (Fr. vautour)—L. vultur; perh. from vellĕre, to pluck, to tear.]

Vulva, vul′va, n. the orifice of the external organs of generation of the female.—adjs. Vul′var, Vul′vate; Vul′viform, oval.—ns. Vulvis′mus, vaginismus; Vulvī′tis, inflammation of the vulva.—adjs. Vulvo-ū′terine, pertaining to the vulva and the uterus; Vulvovag′inal, pertaining to the vulva and the vagina.—n. Vulvovaginī′tis, inflammation of both the vulva and the vagina.

the twenty-third letter of our alphabet, like æ, a ligature rather than a letter, with a double value, as consonant and as vowel—when the sound is voiced we have w, as in 'we' or 'wen,' the corresponding unvoiced sound being wh, as in 'when,' 'what.' A final w is vocalic, as in 'few.' The A.S. hw has become wh; cw has become qu as in queen, from A.S. cwén; while w is occasionally intrusive, as in whole, from A.S. hál.

Wabble, Wobble, wob′l, v.i. to incline alternately to one side and the other: to rock, to vacillate.—n. a hobbling, unequal motion.—ns. Wabb′ler, Wobb′ler, one who or that which wabbles: a boiled leg of mutton.—adjs. Wabb′ly, Wobb′ly, shaky, given to wabbling.—adj. and n. Wobb′ling, vacillating. [Low Ger. wabbeln, to wabble; cog. with Eng. waver.]

Wacke, wak′e, n. German miners' term for a soft, grayish kind of trap-rock.

Wad, wod, n. a mass of loose matter thrust close together for packing, &c., as hay, tow, &c.: a little mass of paper, tow, or the like to keep the charge in a gun.—v.t. to form into a mass: to pad, stuff out: to stuff a wad into:—pr.p. wad′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. wad′ded.—n. Wad′ding, a wad, or the materials for wads: a soft stuff, also sheets of carded cotton for stuffing garments, &c. [Skeat refers to Scand., Sw. vadd, wadding; cf. Ger. watte, wadding, wat, cloth (whence Fr. ouate); ult. allied to weed.]

Waddle, wod′l, v.i. to take short steps and move from side to side in walking.—n. a clumsy, rocking gait.—n. Wadd′ler.—adv. Wadd′lingly, with a waddling gait. [Perh. wade.]

Waddy, wad′i, n. a native Australian wooden war-club, a walking-stick—also Wadd′ie.—v.t. to strike with a waddy.

Wade, wād, v.i. to walk through any substance that yields to the feet, as water: to pass with difficulty or labour.—n. (coll.) a ford.—n. Wā′der, one who wades: a bird that wades, e.g, the heron: (pl.) high waterproof boots used by fishermen for wading. [A.S. wadan, to move; Ger. waten.]

Wadi, Wady, wod′i, n. the dry bed of a torrent: a river-valley. [Ar. wadī, a ravine (Sp. guad-, first syllable of many river-names).]

Wadmal, wod′mal, n. (Scot.) a thick woollen cloth.—Also Wad′moll. [Ice. vadhmál—vadhr, cloth, mál, a measure.]

Wadset, wod′set, n. a mortgage—also Wad′sett.—n. Wad′setter, a mortgagee. [Wad=wed, set.]

Wae, wā, n. (Spens.) woe.—adj. (Scot.) sorrowful.—adjs. Wae′ful, Wae′some, woeful, pitiful.—n. Wae′ness, sadness.—interj. Wae′sucks, alas!

Wafer, wā′fėr, n. a thin round cake of unleavened bread, usually stamped with a cross, an Agnus Dei, the letters I.H.S., &c., used in the Eucharist in the R.C. Church: a thin leaf of coloured paste for sealing letters, &c.: a thin cake of paste used to facilitate the swallowing of powders.—v.t. to close with a wafer.—n. Wā′fer-cake.—adj. Wā′fery, like a wafer. [O. Fr. waufre (Fr. gaufre)—Old Dut. waefel, a cake of wax; Ger. wabe, a honeycomb.]

Waff, waf, adj. (Scot.) weak, worthless, paltry.—n. a worthless person. [Waif.]

Waff, waf, n. (Scot.) a slight hasty motion: a quick light blow: a sudden ailment: a faint but disagreeable odour: a ghost.

Waffle, wof′l, n. a kind of batter-cake, baked over the fire in an iron utensil of hinged halves called a Waff′le-ī′ron. [Dut. wafel, wafer.]

Waft, waft, v.t. to bear through a fluid medium, as air or water: (Shak.) to wave the hand, beckon, to turn.—v.i. to float.—n. a floating body: a signal made by moving something in the air, esp. an ensign, stopped together at the head and middle portions, slightly rolled up lengthwise, and hoisted at different positions at the after-part of a ship: a breath, puff, slight odour.—ns. Waf′tāge, act of wafting, transportation in air or water; Waf′ter, one who or that which wafts; Waf′tūre (Shak.), act of wafting or of waving, waving motion, beckoning. [Wave.]

Wag, wag, v.t. and v.i. to move from side to side: to shake to and fro: (coll.) to depart: (Shak.) to move on, make progress:—pr.p. wag′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. wagged.—n. a shaking, moving to and fro. [Referred by Skeat to Old Sw. wagga, to wag (Ice. vagga, a cradle); allied to A.S. wagian, to wag, Old High Ger. wagōn, to shake, A.S. wegan, to carry, move.]

Wag, wag, n. a droll, mischievous fellow: a man full of sport and humour: a wit: a fellow generally.—n. Wag′gery, mischievous merriment.—adjs. Wag′gish—(rare) Wag′some.—adv. Wag′gishly.—ns. Wag′gishness; Wag′-wit, a would-be wit. [Prob. waghalter, one who deserves hanging.]

Wage, wāj, v.t. to pledge: to engage in as if by pledge: to carry on, esp. of war: to venture: (prov.) to hire for pay: (Shak.) to pay wages to: (Spens.) to let out for pay.—v.i. (Shak.) to be equal in value, to contend, battle (with).—n. a gage or stake: that for which one labours: wages.—ns. Wage′-earn′er, one receiving pay for work done; Wage′-fund, Wā′ges-fund theory, the theory that there is at any given time in a country a determinate amount of capital available for the payment of labour, therefore the average wage depends on the proportion of this fund to the number of persons who have to share in it; Wā′ger, that which is waged or pledged: something staked on the issue of anything: a bet: that on which bets are laid: (law) an offer to make oath.—v.t. to hazard on the issue of anything.—v.i. to lay a wager.—n. Wā′gerer.—n.pl. Wā′ges (used as sing.), wage: that which is paid for services.—n. Wage′-work, work done for wages.—Wager of battle, trial by combat, an ancient usage which permitted the accused and accuser, in defect of sufficient direct evidence, to challenge each other to mortal combat, for issue of the dispute.—Living wage (see Living). [O. Fr. wager (Fr. gager), to pledge.]

Waggle, wag′l, v.i. and v.t. to wag or move from side to side. [Freq. of wag (1).]

Wagnerian, vag-nē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to or characterised by the ideas or style of Richard Wagner (1813-83), a famous German composer of music-dramas: pertaining to Rudolf Wagner (1805-64), a famous physiologist.—ns. Wag′nerism, Wagne′rianism, the art theory of Richard Wagner, its main object being the freeing of opera from traditional and conventional forms, and its one canon, dramatic fitness; Wag′nerist, an adherent of Wagner's musical methods.

Wagon, Waggon, wag′un, n. a four-wheeled vehicle for carrying heavy goods: (Shak.) a chariot.—v.t. to transport by wagon.—ns. Wag′onage, money, paid for conveyance by wagon; Wag′on-box, -bed, the carrying part of a wagon; Wag′oner, Wag′goner, one who conducts a wagon: (Shak.) a charioteer: (Spens.) the constellation Auriga; Wagonette′, a kind of open carriage built to carry six or eight persons, with one or two seats crosswise in front, and two back seats arranged lengthwise and facing inwards; Wag′onful, as much as a wagon will hold; Wag′on-load, the load carried by a wagon: a great amount; Wag′on-lock, a kind of iron shoe which is placed on the rear-wheel of a wagon to retard motion in going downhill; Wag′on-train, the machines used by an army for the conveyance of ammunition, provisions, sick, &c.; Wag′on-wright, a maker of wagons. [Dut. wagen; A.S. wægn, Eng., wain.] Wagtail, wag′tāl, n. any bird of the family Motacillidæ, so named from their constant wagging of the tail—the pipits or titlarks, &c.: (Shak.) a pert person.

Wahabee, Wahabai, wä-hä′bē, n. one of a sect of Puritan Moslems founded in Central Arabia about 1760 by Abd-el-Wahhab (1691-1787), whose aim was to restore primitive Mohammedanism—also Wahä′bite.—n. Wahä′biism, the doctrine and practices of the Wahabis.

Wahoo, wa-hōō′, n. the burning bush, a richly ornamental shrub: the bear-berry, which yields cascara sagrada: the winged elm, with valuable hard-grained wood.

Waif, wāf, n. a stray article: anything found astray without an owner: a worthless wanderer.—adj. vagabond, worthless. [O. Fr. waif, wef—Ice. veif, any flapping or waving thing.]

Wail, wāl, v.i. to lament or sorrow audibly.—v.t. to bemoan: to grieve over.—n. a cry of woe: loud weeping.—n. Wail′er.—adj. Wail′ful, sorrowful, mournful.—n. Wail′ing.—adv. Wail′ingly. [M. E. weilen—Ice. vaela, vála, to wail—væ, vei, woe.]

Wain, wān, n. a wagon.—v.t. (rare) to carry.—ns. Wain′age, the team and implements necessary for the cultivation of land; Wain′-rope, a rope for binding a load on a wain or wagon; Wain′wright, a wagon-maker.—The lesser wain, the constellation Ursa Minor. [A.S. wægen, wæn—wegen, to carry; cf. Ger. wagen, L. vehĕre.]

Wainscot, wān′skot, n. the panelled boards on the walls of apartments: a collector's name for certain noctuoid moths.—v.t. to line with, or as if with, boards or panels.—ns. Wain′scoting, Wain′scotting, the act of lining with boards or panels: materials for making a wainscot. [Orig. perh. wood used for a partition in a wagon—Dut. wagenschot, oakwood, beechwood—wagen, wagon, schot, partition. Skeat explains as a corr. of Old Dut. waegheschot, wall-hoarding, from Old Dut. waeg, a wall, schot, a partition.]

Waist, wāst, n. the smallest part of the human trunk, between the ribs and the hips: the bodice of a woman's dress: the middle part, as of a ship, of a musical instrument—(Shak.) of a period of time; (Shak.) something that surrounds.—ns. Waist′-anchor, an anchor stowed in the waist of a ship; Waist′band, the band or part of a garment which encircles the waist; Waist′belt, a belt for the waist; Waist′boat, a boat carried in the waist of a vessel; Waist′cloth, a piece of cloth worn around the waist, and hanging below it, in India; Waist′coat, a short coat worn immediately under the coat, and fitting the waist tightly; Waistcoateer′ (obs.), a strumpet; Waist′coating, material for men's waistcoats, usually of a fancy pattern and containing silk.—adjs. Waist′-deep, -high, as deep, high, as to reach up to the waist.—n. Waist′er, a green-hand on a whaler: an old man-of-war's-man who has not risen. [A.S. wæxt, growth (Ice. vöxtr); conn, with wæstme, growth, weaxen, to grow.]

Wait, wāt, v.i. to stay in expectation (with for): to remain: to attend (with on): to follow: to lie in ambush.—v.t. to stay for: to await: (coll.) to defer: (obs.) to accompany.—n. ambush, now used only in such phrases as 'to lie in wait,' 'to lay wait:' the: act of waiting or expecting: delay: (pl.) itinerant musicians, originally watchmen, who welcome-in Christmas.—ns. Wait′er, one who waits: an attending servant: a salver or tray: a custom-house officer: (obs.) a watchman; Wait′erage, service; Wait′ering, the employment of a waiter; Wait′ing, act of waiting: attendance.—adv. Wait′ingly.—ns. Wait′ing-maid, -wom′an, a female attendant; Wait′ing-room, a room for the convenience of persons waiting; Wait′ing-vass′al (Shak.), an attendant; Wait′ress, a female waiter.—Wait attendance (Shak.), to remain in attendance; Wait upon, on, to call upon, visit: to accompany, to be in the service of: (B.) to look toward, to attend to, do the bidding of.—Lie in wait, to be in hiding ready for attack or surprise.—Lords, or Grooms, in waiting, certain officers in the Lord Chamberlain's department of the royal household; Minority waiter, a waiter out of employment, as a political minority is out of office. [O. Fr. waiter (Fr. guetter), to watch, attend—waite, a sentinel—Old High Ger. wahta (Ger. wacht), a watchman; cog. with A.S. wacan, to watch.]

Waive, wāv, v.t. to relinquish for the present: to give up claim to: not to insist on a right or claim.—n. Wai′ver, the act of waiving: renouncement of a claim: process by which a woman was outlawed. [O. Fr. guever, to refuse, resign—perh. Ice. veifa, to move to and fro; cf. L. vibrāre.]

Wake, wāk, v.i. to cease from sleep: to lie awake: (B.) to watch: to be roused up, active, or vigilant: to return to life: (Shak.) to hold a late revel: to keep vigil.—v.t. to rouse from sleep: to keep vigil over: to excite, disturb: to reanimate:—pa.t. and pa.p. waked or woke.—n. act of waking: feast of the dedication of a church, formerly kept by watching all night: sitting up of persons with a corpse.—adj. Wake′ful, being awake: indisposed to sleep: vigilant.—adv. Wake′fully.—n. Wake′fulness.—v.t. and v.i. Wā′ken, to wake or awake: to be awake.—ns. Wake′ner, one who or that which wakens; Wake′ning, act of one who wakens; (Scots law) revival of an action; Wā′ker, one who wakes.—adj. Wake′rife (Scot.), wakeful.—ns. Wake′-time, time during which one is awake; Wā′king.—adj. being awake: rousing from sleep: passed in the waking state. [A.S. wacan, to be born, also wacian, to waken (cf. weccan, Ger. wecken). Cf. Wait, Watch.]

Wake, wāk, n. the streak of smooth water left in the track of a ship: hence (fig.) 'in the wake of,' in the train of, immediately after. [Ice. vök, a hole in the ice, vökr, moist. The root is seen in L. humēre, to be moist, Gr. hugros, moist.]

Wake-robin, wāk′-rob′in, n. the cuckoo-pint, Arum maculatum: in America, any species of trillium.

Waldenses, wol-den′sēz, n.pl. a famous Christian community of austere morality and devotion to the simplicity of the Gospel, which originally grew out of an anti-sacerdotal movement originated by Peter Waldo of Lyons in the second half of the 12th century—long cruelly persecuted, but still flourishing in the valleys of the Cottian Alps.—adj. and n. Walden′sian.

Waldgrave, wold′grāv, n. an old German title of nobility, originally a head forest-ranger. [Ger. waldgraf.]

Waldhorn, wold′horn, n. a hunting-horn, a French horn without valves. [Ger.]

Wale, wāl, n. a raised streak left by a stripe: a ridge on the surface of cloth: a plank all along the outer timbers on a ship's side.—v.t. to mark with wales.—n. Wā′ler, one who chastises severely. [A.S. walu, the mark of a stripe or blow; Ice. völr, a rod.]

Wale, wāl, n. (Scot.) the choice or pick of anything.—v.t. to choose. [Ice. val, choice; Ger. wahl, choice; from the root of will.]

Waler, wā′lėr, n. in India, a horse imported from New South Wales, or from Australia generally.

Walk, wawk, v.i. to move along leisurely on foot with alternate steps: to pace: to travel on foot: to conduct one's self: to act or behave: to live: to be guided by: (coll.) to move off, depart: to be stirring, move about, go restlessly about (as of a ghost).—v.t. to pass through or upon: to cause to walk.—n. act or manner of walking: gait: that in or through which one walks: distance walked over: place for walking, promenade: place for animals to exercise: path: high pasture-ground: conduct: course of life, sphere of action, a hawker's district or round: (obs.) a hunting-ground: (pl.) grounds, park (obs.).—adj. Walk′able, fit for walking.—ns. Walk′-around′, a dancing performance by negroes in which a large circle is described, also the music for such; Walk′er, one who walks: (law) a forester: one who trains and walks young hounds: a gressorial bird; Walk′ing, the verbal noun of walk: pedestrianism; Walk′ing-beam, in a vertical engine, a horizontal beam, usually trussed, that transmits power to the crankshaft through the connecting-rod; Walk′ing dress, a dress for the street or for walking; Walk′ing-fan, a large fan used out of doors to protect the face from the sun; Walk′ing-leaf, a leaf-insect; Walk′ing-stick, -cane, -staff, a stick, cane, or staff used in walking; Walk′ing-stick, also a sort of long, slender-bodied bug; Walk′ing-toad, a natterjack; Walk′-ō′ver, a race where one competitor appears, who has to cover the course to be entitled to the prize: an easy victory.—Walk about, a former order of an officer to a sentry, waiving the customary salute; Walk away from, to distance easily; Walk′er! a slang interjection of incredulity (also Hookey Walker!); Walking gentleman, lady, a gentleman, lady, who plays ornamental but unimportant parts on the stage; Walk into (coll.), to beat: to storm at: to eat heartily of; Walk one's chalks, to quit, go away without ceremony; Walk tall, to behave haughtily; Walk the chalk, chalk-mark, to keep a correct course in manners or morals; Walk the hospitals, to be a student under clinical instruction at a general hospital or infirmary; Walk with, to attend as a sweetheart.—Heel-and-toe walk, a mode of walking in which the heel of one foot is put on the ground before the toe of the other leaves it. [A.S. wealcan, to roll, turn; cog. with Ger. walken, to full cloth.]

Walking, wawk′ing, n. the act or process of fulling cloth.—n. Walk′mill, a fulling-mill.

Wall, wawl, n. an erection of brick, stone, &c. for a fence or security: the side of a building: (fig.) defence, means of security: in mining, one of the surfaces of rock enclosing the lode: (anat.) a paries or containing structure or part of the body: (pl.) fortifications.—v.t. to enclose with, or as with, a wall: to defend with walls: to hinder as by a wall.—n. Wall′-clock, a clock hung on a walk.—adj. Walled, fortified.—ns. Wall′er, one who builds walls; Wall′-flower, a plant with fragrant yellow flowers, found on old walls: a woman at a ball who keeps her seat, presumably for want of a partner—applied sometimes to men; Wall′-fruit, fruit growing on a wall; Wall′ing, walls collectively: materials for walls; Wall′-knot, a nautical method of tying the end of a rope.—adj. Wall′-less.—ns. Wall′-liz′ard, -newt, a gecko; Wall′-moss, the yellow wall-lichen: the stone-crop; Wall′-paint′ing, the decoration of walls with ornamental painted designs; Wall′-pā′per, paper usually coloured and decorated, for pasting on the walls of a room; Wall′-piece, a gun mounted on a wall; Wall′-plate, a horizontal piece of timber on a wall, under the ends of joists, &c.; Wall′-space (archit.), a plain expanse of wall; Wall′-spring, a spring of water running between stratified rocks; Wall′-tow′er, a tower built into and forming part of a line of fortification or a fortified city-wall; Wall′-tree, a tree trained against a wall; Wall′-wort, the European dwarf elder; Hang′ing-wall, that wall of the vein which is over the miner's head while working, the opposite wall being called the Foot′-wall.—Wall a rope, to make a wall-knot on the end of a rope.—Drive to the wall, to push to extremities; Go to the wall, to be hard pressed: to be pushed to extremes; Hang by the wall, to hang up neglected: to remain unused; Push, or Thrust, to the wall, to force to give place; The wall, the right of taking the side of the road near the wall when encountering another person, as in the phrase to Give, or Take, the wall. [A.S. weall, wall; Ger. wall, both from L. vallum, a rampart—vallus, a stake.]

Walla, Wallah, wol′a, n. a worker, agent: fellow.—Competition wallah, a term applied in Anglo-Indian colloquial speech to a member of the Civil Service who obtained appointment by the competitive system instituted in 1856. [Yule explains wālā as a Hindi adjectival affix, corresponding in a general way to the Latin -arius. Its usual employment as affix to a substantive makes it frequently denote agent, doer, keeper, owner, &c.]

Wallaba, wol′a-ba, n. a Guiana tree with winged leaves and streaked reddish wood.

Wallaby, wol′ab-i, n. a small kangaroo.—On the wallaby, On the wallaby track, out of employment, a slang Australian phrase derived from the shy habits of the kangaroo.

Wallachian, wäl-ā′ki-an, adj. of or pertaining to Wallachia, a Danubian principality, since 1878 forming with Moldavia the kingdom of Roumania.—ns. Wall′ach, Wall′ack, a native or inhabitant of Wallachia. [From a Slavonic term represented by Pol. Wloch, an Italian, Woloch, a Wallach; all from Old High Ger. walh (A.S. wealh), a foreigner.]

Wallet, wol′et, n. a bag for carrying necessaries on a journey: a knapsack: a pocket-book: a bag for tools: (Shak.) anything protuberant. [M. E. walet, possibly from watel, a bag.]

Wall-eye, wawl′-ī, n. an eye in which the white part is very large: the popular name for the disease of the eye called glaucoma.—adj. Wall′-eyed, very light gray in the eyes, esp. of horses: (Shak.) glaring, fierce. [The adj. is the earlier, prob. from Ice. vald-eygthr—vagl, a disease of the eye, and eygthr, eyed—auga, an eye.]

Walloon, wal′ōōn, adj. of or pertaining to a population of mixed Celtic and Romanic stock akin to the French, occupying the tract along the frontiers of the Teutonic-speaking territory in the South Netherlands, from Dunkirk to Malmedy.—n. a native or inhabitant of that part of Flanders: the language of the Walloons, a patois or popular dialect of northern French, with a considerable infusion both of Old Celtic and Low German elements. [O. Fr. Wallon—Late L. Wallus—L. Gallus, a Gaul; cog. with Gael, Welsh, Wallachian, A.S. wealh, a foreigner.]

Wallop, wol′op, v.i. (dial.) to boil and bubble: to move clumsily, to waddle about, to kick about as one does for a little when hung up by the neck—also n. [O. Fr. galoper, to boil, gallop—Old Flem. walop, a gallop; perh. traceable to Old. Flem. wallen (A.S. weallan), to boil.]

Wallop, wol′op, v.t. (slang) to beat, flog.—n. a blow.—ns. Wall′oper, one that wallops; Wall′oping, a thrashing.—adj. (slang) great, bouncing. [Orig. dubious; most prob. a particular use of preceding word.]

Wallow, wol′ō, v.i. to roll about, as in mire: to live in filth or gross vice.—n. the place an animal wallows in.—n. Wall′ower. [A.S. wealwian—L. volvĕre.]

Wallsend, wawlz′end, n. a kind of coal originally dug at Wallsend on the Tyne.

Walnut, wawl′nut, n. a genus (Juglans) comprising seven or eight species of beautiful trees of natural order Juglandaceæ—the wood of the common walnut is much used for furniture and gunstocks; its ripe fruit is one of the best of nuts, and yields an oil used by artists, &c.—Black walnut, a North American walnut, the timber of which is more valuable than that of common walnut, though the fruit is inferior. [A.S. wealh, foreign, hnut, a nut; Ger. wallnuss.]

Walpurgis night, val-pōōr′gis nīt, the night before the first of May, during which German witches rode on broomsticks and he-goats to hold revel with their master the devil at the ancient places of sacrifice, esp. the Brocken in the Harz Mountains. [So called with reference to the day of St Walpurga, abbess of Heidenheim, who died about 778.]

Walrus, wol′rus, n. a genus of aquatic, web-footed (pinniped) Carnivores, representative of a family (Trichechidæ) intermediate between the sea-lions and the seals—the upper canine teeth developed into enormous tusks—also called the Morse or the Seahorse. [Dut.,—Sw. vallross (Ice. hross-hvalr)—vall, a whale, Ice. hross, a horse.]

Waltz, wawlts, n. a German national dance performed by two persons with a rapid whirling motion, introduced into England in 1813: the music for such.—v.i. to dance a waltz: (slang) to move trippingly.—ns. Waltz′er; Waltz′ing. [Ger. walzer—walzen, to roll.]

Waly, Walie, wä′li, adj. (Scot.) beautiful: strong, large. [Conn. with wale, choice, and perh. influenced by A. S. welig, rich—wel, well.]

Wamble, wom′bl, v.i. (prov.) to rumble, of the stomach.—n. a rumbling, a feeling of nausea.—adj. Wam′ble-cropped, sick at stomach.

Wame, wām, n. a provincial form of womb.—n. Wame′-tow, a belly-band, girth.

Wampum, wom′pum, n. the North American Indian name for shells or beads used as money.—Wampum peag (wom′pum pēg), lit. 'white strung beads,' strings of wampum.

Wan, won, adj. faint: wanting colour: pale and sickly: languid: gloomy, dark.—v.i. to become wan.—adv. Wan′ly.—n. Wan′ness.—adj. Wan′nish, somewhat wan. [A.S. wann, dark, lurid; but perh. conn, with A.S. wan, deficient.]

Wanchancy, won-chan′si, adj. (Scot.) unlucky, wicked. [Old pfx. wan-, still Seen in wanton (q.v.).]

Wand, wond, n. a long slender rod: a rod of authority, or of conjurers.—adj. Wand′y, long and flexible. [Ice. vöndr, a shoot of a tree; Dan. vaand.]

Wander, won′dėr, v.i. to ramble with no definite object: (lit. or fig.) to go astray: to leave home; to depart from the subject: to be delirious: (coll.) to lose one's way.—v.t. to traverse: (coll.) to lead astray.—n. Wan′derer.—adj. Wan′dering.—adv. Wan′deringly, in a wandering, uncertain, or unsteady manner.—Wandering Jew, a legendary Jew in the folklore of north-western Europe who cannot die but must wander till the Day of Judgment, for an insult offered to Christ on the way to the Crucifixion—various names given him are Cartaphilus, Isaac Laquedom, and Buttadeus. [A.S. wandrian; Ger. wandern; allied to wend, and to wind, to turn round.]

Wanderoo, won-de-rōō′, n. a catarrhine monkey, a native of the Malabar coast of India. [Cingalese.]

Wane, wān, v.i. to decrease, esp. of the moon—opp. to Wax: to decline, to fail.—n. decline: decrease. [A.S. wanian (Ice. vana), to decrease—wan, deficient, lacking.]

Wang, wang, n. (obs.) the jaw.—n. Wang′-tooth, a grinder. [A.S. wange, cheek.]

Wanion, wan′yon, n. (obs. or Scot.) found only in phrases—e.g. With a wanion, bad luck to you: with a vengeance, vehemently. [Prob. conn. with wane, to decline.]

Wanrestful, won-rest′fool, adj. (Scot.) restless. [Wan-, negative pfx., and restful.]

Want, wont, n. state of being without anything: absence of what is needful or desired: poverty: scarcity: need.—v.t. to be destitute of: to need: to dispense with: to feel need of: to fall short: to wish for.—v.i. to be deficient: to fall short: to be in need.—n. Wan′tage, deficiency.—adj. Wan′ted, sought after, being searched for.—n. Wan′ter, one who wants.—adj. Wan′ting, absent: deficient: (obs.) poor.—prep. except.—n. Want′-wit (Shak.), a fool. [Scand., Ice. vant, neut. of vanr, lacking; cog. with wane.]

Wanton, won′tun, adj. moving or playing loosely: roving in sport: frisky: wandering from rectitude: licentious: running to excess: unrestrained: irregular.—n. a wanton or lewd person, esp. a female: a trifler.—v.i. to ramble without restraint: to frolic: to play lasciviously.—adv. Wan′tonly.—n. Wan′tonness. [M. E. wantowen, from pfx. wan-, sig. want, A.S. togen, educated, pa.p. of teón, to draw, lead; cf. Ger. ungezogen, rude.]

Wap, wop, v.t. (coll.) to strike, drub: to flap.—n. a smart blow. [Whop.]

Wapentake, wap′n-tāk, n. a name given in Yorkshire to the territorial divisions of the county, similar to the hundreds of southern counties and the wards of more northern counties, so called from the inhabitants being formerly taught the use of arms. [A.S. wæpen-getæc, lit. 'weapon-taking.']

Wapinschaw, wap′n-shaw, n. in ancient Scottish usage, a periodical gathering of the people within various areas for the purpose of seeing that each man was armed in accordance with his rank, and ready to take the field when required. The name is sometimes revived for volunteer meetings and shooting competitions.—v.i. to hold a wapinschaw.—ns. Wap′inschawing, Wap′enshawing. [Lit., 'weapon-show.']

Wapiti, wop′i-ti, n. a species of deer of large size, native to North America—often called elk and gray moose, though very different from the true elk or moose-deer.

Wappened, wop′nd, adj. (Shak.) a word of doubtful meaning—perh. a misprint for weeping.

Wapper, wap′ėr, v.i. to move tremulously.—adj. Wapp′er-eyed, blinking.

Wapper-jaw, wap′ėr-jaw, n. a projecting under-jaw.—adj. Wapp′er-jawed.

War, wawr, n. a state of opposition or contest: a contest between states carried on by arms: open hostility: the profession of arms: (rare) army, warlike preparations, warlike outfit.—v.i. to make war: to contend: to fight:—pr.p. war′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. warred.—ns. War′-cry, a cry or signal used in war; War′-dance, a dance engaged in by some savage tribes before going to war; War′fāre, armed contest, military life; War′fārer; War′fāring; War′-horse, a charger, a horse used in battle.—adj. War′like, fond of war, pertaining to or threatening war: martial, military.—ns. War′likeness; War′man (rare), a warrior.—adj. War′-marked (Shak.), experienced in war.—ns. War′-mong′er (Spens.), a mercenary soldier; War′-off′ice, the English military bureau or department; War′-paint, paint applied to the face and person by savages, indicating that they are going to war: (slang) full-dress, equipment; War′-path, among the Red Indians, the path followed on a military expedition, the expedition itself; War′-proof (rare), fitness to be a soldier; War′rior, a soldier, a veteran:—fem. War′rioress (rare); War′-ship, a vessel for war; War′-song, a song sung by men about to fight: a song celebrating brave deeds in war; War′-tax, a tax levied for purposes of war; War′-thought (Shak.), martial deliberation.—adjs. War′-wast′ed, laid waste or ravaged by war; War′-wea′ried, -worn, wearied, worn, with military service—of a veteran.—ns. War′-whoop, a cry uttered by savages on going into battle; War′-wolf, a medieval military engine used in defending fortresses; Man′-of-war (see Man).—War Department, in Great Britain, a department of the state under a Cabinet Minister, the Secretary of State for War, assisted by a permanent and a parliamentary under-secretary, having control of everything connected with the army; War of Liberation, the war of independence carried on by Prussia, with the help of Russia and Great Britain, against Napoleon in 1813.—Declaration of war, that public announcement of war by a duly organised state or kingdom which is necessary to constitute an enemy; Declare war, to announce war publicly; Holy war (see Holy); Make war, to carry on hostilities; Napoleonic Wars, a general name for the wars of France dating from the campaigns of Napoleon in Italy (1796) to his overthrow in 1815; Private war, warfare waged between persons in their individual capacity, as by duelling, family feuds, &c.; Sacred Wars, in ancient Greek history, wars against states judged guilty of sacrilege by the Amphictyonic Council; Seven weeks' war, or Seven days' war, the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. [A.S. werre, influenced by O. Fr. werre (Fr. guerre), which is from Old High Ger. werra, quarrel.]

Warble, wawr′bl, v.i. to sing in a quavering way, or with variations: to chirp as birds do.—v.t. to sing in a vibratory manner: to utter musically: to carol.—n. a quavering modulation of the voice: a song.—n. War′bler, one that warbles: a songster: a singing-bird: any bird of the family Sylviidæ, the Fauvettes—nightingale, redbreast, stonechat, wheatear, whitethroat, &c., also the reed-warbler, &c.: in bagpipe music an ornamental group of grace-notes, introduced to glide from one passage to the other; War′bling.—adv. War′blingly. [O. Fr. werbler, to warble, make turns with the voice—Old High Ger. werban; cf. A.S. hweorfan, to turn (Ger. wirbeln), to make a turn.]

Warble, wawr′bl, n. a small hard swelling on a horse's back, caused by the galling of the saddle: a tumour caused by the gadfly, &c.—n. War′ble-fly, a fly causing warbles. [Other forms are wormil, wornal; ety. dub.]

Ward, wawrd, v.t. to guard or take care of: to keep in safety: to keep away, fend off (with off).—v.i. to act on the defensive.—n. act of warding, watch: those whose business is to ward or defend: state of being guarded: means of guarding: one who is under a guardian: a division of a city, hospital, county, (B.) army, &c.: that which guards a lock or hinders any but the right key from opening it: (B.) guard, prison: a defensive movement in fencing.—ns. Ward′en, one who wards or guards: a keeper, especially a public officer appointed for the naval or military protection of some particular district of country: the head of a school, college, &c.; Ward′enry (rare), the district in charge of a warden; Ward′enship, the office of a warden; Ward′er, one who wards or keeps: a staff of authority; Ward′-mote, a meeting of a ward, or of a court of a ward, which has power to inquire into and present defaults in matters relating to watch, police, &c.; Ward′robe, a room or portable closet for robes or clothes: wearing apparel; Ward′-room, a room used as a messroom by the officers of a war-ship; Ward′ship, the office of a ward or guardian: state of being under a guardian: in English feudal law, the guardianship which the feudal lord had of the land of his vassal while the latter was an infant or minor.—Ward in Chancery, a minor under the protection of the Court of Chancery.—Warden of the Cinque Ports, the governor of the Cinque Ports, having the authority of an admiral and the power to hold a court of admiralty; Warden of the Marches, officers formerly appointed to keep the districts of England adjoining Scotland and Wales in a state of defence; Warden of the Mint, formerly the official of the English Mint next in rank to the Master.—Port warden, the chief officer in a port. [A.S. weardian; Ger. warten, to watch in order to protect.]

Warden, wawr′dn, n. a kind of pear.—Warden pie, a pie made of warden pears. [Prob. 'a pear which may be kept long,' from the preceding word.]

Wardian, wawr′di-an, adj. denoting a kind of close-fitting glass case for transporting delicate ferns and other such plants, or for keeping them indoors—so named from Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791-1868), the inventor.

Ware, wār, n. (used generally in pl.) merchandise: commodities: goods.—v.t. (obs.) to expend, lay out.—n. Ware′house, a house or store for wares or goods.—v.t. to deposit in a warehouse.—ns. Ware′houseman, a man who keeps, or is employed in, a warehouse or wholesale store; Ware′housing, the act of depositing goods in a warehouse; Ware′room, a room where goods are exposed for sale.—Warehousing system, the plan of allowing importers of dutiable goods to store them in a government warehouse without payment of duties until ready to bring the goods into market.—Benares ware, a fine ornamental metal-work made at Benares and other places in India; Delft ware (see Delf); Small ware, wares, textile articles of a small kind—e.g. tape, bindings and braids of cotton, silk, &c.; buttons, hooks, &c.: trifles; Tunbridge ware, inlaid or mosaic wood-work manufactured at Tunbridge; Wedgwood ware, a superior kind of pottery invented by Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795), ornamented by white cameo reliefs on a blue ground and the like; Welsh ware, a yellowish-brown earthenware with a transparent glaze. [A.S. waru, wares; Ger. waare.]

Warison, Warrison, war′i-son, n. (obs.) healing: reward—used by Scott erroneously for a note of assault. [O. Fr.,—warir, to guard.]

Warlock, wawr′lok, n. a sorcerer, a wizard.—n. War′lockry, sorcery. [A.S. wǽrloga, a breaker of an agreement—wǽr, a compact, leógan, to lie.]

Warm, wawrm, adj. having moderate heat, hot: subject to heat: zealous: easily excited: violent: enthusiastic: intimate, close: fresh, of a scent: (coll.) comfortable, well-off: (coll.) indelicate.—v.t. to make warm: to interest: to excite: (coll.) to beat.—v.i. to become warm or ardent.—n. (coll.) a heating.—adj. Warm′-blood′ed, having warm blood: generous, passionate.—n. War′mer.—adj. Warm′-heart′ed, having warm affections: affectionate: hearty.—ns. Warm′-heart′edness; War′ming, act of warming: (slang) a beating; War′ming-pan, a covered pan, with a long handle, for holding live-coals to warm a bed: a person put into a situation to hold it till another is able to take it.—adv. Warm′ly.—ns. Warm′ness; Warmth, moderate heat: geniality: earnestness, moderate or growing anger: the bright effect of warm colours.—Warm colours (paint.), colours of which the basis is yellow or red. [A.S. wearm; Ger. warm.]

Warn, wawrn, v.t. to make wary or aware: to put on ward or guard: to give notice of danger: to caution against: to admonish: (Spens.) to defend.—ns. War′ner; War′ning, caution against danger, &c.: admonition: previous notice: notice to quit, notice of the termination of an engagement, &c.: summons, call.—adj. of threatening aspect.—adv. War′ningly. [A.S. warnian; cf. Ice. varna, to warn, forbid, Ger. warnen; allied to ward, beware, wary.]

Warp, wawrp, v.t. to turn: to twist out of shape: to turn from the right course: to pervert: to move a vessel by hauling on warps or ropes attached to buoys, other ships, anchors, &c.: to improve land by distributing on it, by means of embankments, canals, flood-gates, &c., the alluvial mud brought down by rivers: (rare) to change.—v.i. to be twisted out of a straight direction: to bend: to swerve: to move with a bending motion.—n. alluvial sediment: the threads stretched out lengthwise in a loom to be crossed by a woof: a rope used in towing.—adj. Warped, twisted by shrinking: perverted.—ns. War′per; War′ping; War′ping-bank, a bank to retain water in the process of warping land; War′ping-hook, a ropemakers' hook used in twisting rope-yarns; War′ping-post, a post in a rope-walk, used in warping rope-yarn. [A.S. weorpan, werpan; Ger. werfen, to cast; conn. with Ice. varpa, to throw—varp, a casting, a throw with a net.]

Warragal, war′a-gal, n. the Australian dingo: an Australian horse run wild.—Also War′ri-gal.

Warrant, wor′ant, v.t. to guarantee or make secure: to give assurance against harm to: to authorise: to maintain: to assure.—n. that which warrants or authorises: a commission giving authority: a writ for arresting a person or for carrying a judgment into execution: security: in the army and navy, a writ or authority inferior to a commission: in coal-mining, under-clay.—n. Warr′andice (Scot.), warranty, a clause in a deed by which the grantor binds himself to make good to the grantee the right conveyed.—adj. Warr′antable, authorised by warrant or right: justifiable: of sufficient age to be hunted.—n. Warr′antableness.—adv. Warr′antably.—adj. Warr′anted.—ns. Warr′antee, one to whom warrant is given; Warr′anter, -or, one who warrants; Warr′anting; Warr′antise (Shak.), warrant, authority: promise; Warr′ant-off′icer, in the army and navy, an officer holding a warrant, being the highest rank open to seamen and ordinary soldiers under ordinary circumstances; Warr′anty, a legal warrant or deed of security: a guarantee: authority.—Warrant of arrest, attachment, a writ authorising the arrest of a person or the seizure of property.—Distress warrant, warrant authorising distraining of goods; General warrant, a warrant directed against suspected persons generally; General warranty, a warranty against the claims of all and every person; Justice's warrant, warrant of a justice of the peace to arrest a suspected criminal; Special warranty, warrant against the claims of a particular person. [O. Fr. warantir (Fr. garantir), perh. conn. with warir, to defend—Old High Ger. warjan, werjan.]

Warren, wor′en, n. a piece of ground kept for breeding game or rabbits: (law) a right of enclosure (extending to hares, rabbits, partridges, &c.) by prescription or grant from the Crown.—n. Warr′ener, the keeper of a warren. [O. Fr. warenne (Fr. garenne)—warir, to defend.]

Wart, wawrt, n. a small, hard excrescence on the skin: a protuberance on trees.—adj. Wart′ed.—n. Wart′-hog, a kind of hog found in Africa, having a very large head and the cheeks furnished with large wart-like excrescences.—adj. Wart′less.—ns. Wart′weed, the sun-spurge; Wart′wort, a common name for certain lichens having a warty thallus: the wart-cress or swine-cress, the cud-weed.—adj. Wart′y, like a wart: overgrown with warts. [A.S. wearte; Ger. warze; prob. allied to L. verruca.]

Wary, wā′ri, adj. warding or guarding against deception, &c.: cautious.—adj. Ware′ful, careful.—n. Ware′fulness.—adv. Wā′rily.—n. Wā′riness. [Longer form of ware (2). See Aware.]

Was, woz, used as pa.t. of be. [A.S. wæs, wǽre—wesan, to remain, be; Goth. wisan, pa.t. was, to remain; Ice. vera, pa.t. var.]

Wase, wāz, n. (prov.) a wisp of hay, straw, &c.: a pad on the head to ease the pressure of a burden.

Wash, wosh, v.t. to cleanse with water: to overflow: to waste away by the action of water: to cover with a thin coat of metal or paint: in mining, to separate from earth by means of water.—v.i. to cleanse one's self, to cleanse clothes with water: to stand water, of clothes: (coll.) to stand the test.—n. a washing: the break of waves on the shore: the rough water left behind by a moving vessel: the shallow part of a river or arm of the sea: a marsh or fen: alluvial matter: waste liquor, refuse of food, &c.: that with which anything is washed: a lotion: a thin coat of paint, metal, &c.: (slang) a fictitious kind of sale of stock or other securities between parties of one interest, or by a broker who is at once the buyer and the seller, and who minds his own interest rather than that of his clients.—adj. Wash′able.—ns. Wash′-ball, a ball of toilet-soap; Wash′-bā′sin, -bowl, Wash′hand bā′sin, a bowl in which to wash face and hands; Wash′-board, a corrugated board for rubbing clothes on in washing: a thin plank placed on a boat's gunwale to prevent the sea from breaking over: a board round the bottom of the walls of a room; Wash′-bott′le, a bottle used by chemists for washing chemical preparations and instruments; Wash′-cloth, a piece of cloth used in washing; Wash′-dirt, earth rich enough in metal to pay for washing; Wash′er, one who washes: a flat ring of iron or leather between the nave of a wheel and the linch-pin, under the head of a screw, &c.—v.t to lift with washers; Wash′erman, a man who washes clothes, esp. for hire:—fem. Wash′erwoman; Wash′-gild′ing, a gilding made with an amalgam of gold from which the mercury is driven off by heat, leaving a coating of gold; Wash′-house, Wash′ing-house, a house for washing clothes in; Wash′iness, state of being watery, weakness, worthlessness; Wash′ing, the act of cleansing by water: the clothes washed, esp. at one time: what is washed; Was′hing-machine′, a machine for washing clothes; Wash′ing-pow′der, a powdered preparation used in washing clothes; Wash′ing-up, Wash′-up, cleaning up; Wash′-leath′er, split sheepskin prepared with oil in imitation of chamois, and used for household purposes: buff leather for regimental belts.—adj. Wash′-off, that will not stand washing.—ns. Wash′-out, an erosion of earth by the action of water, the hole made by such; Wash′-pot, a vessel for washing; Wash′-stand, Wash′hand stand, a piece of furniture for holding ewer, basin, and other requisites for washing a person; Wash′-tub, a tub for washing clothes.—adj. Wash′y, watery, moist: thin, feeble.—n. Rain′-wash, a washing away by the force of rain: a deposit formed by rain. [A.S. wascan; Ice. vaska, Ger. waschen.]

Washingtonia, wosh-ing-tō′ni-a, n. a Californian genus of palms, valued for ornament in lawns—from George Washington (1732-99).

Wasp, wosp, n. a popular name for Hymenopterous insects belonging to the family Vespidæ, or to closely related families—(Wasps are generally more slender and much less hairy than bees, and their stinging organ—an ovipositor—resembles that of bees in structure and mode of action): a petulant and spiteful person.—adjs. Was′pish, like a wasp: having a slender waist like a wasp: quick to resent an affront; Was′pish-head′ed (Shak.), passionate.—adv. Was′pishly.—n. Was′pishness.—adjs. Wasp′-tongued (Shak.), biting in tongue, shrewish; Wasp′-waist′ed, very slender waisted, laced tightly; Was′py, waspish. [A.S. wæsp, wæps; Ger. wespe, L. vespa.]

Wassail, wos′āl, n. the salutation uttered in drinking a person's health, a festive occasion: a drunken bout: a liquor consisting of ale with roasted apples, sugar, nutmeg, and toast, once much used on festive occasions.—v.i. to hold a wassail or merry drinking-meeting: to drink to the health of.—ns. Wass′ail-bout, a carouse; Wass′ail-bowl, -cup, a cup from which healths were drunk; Wass′ailer, one who wassails or drinks wassail: a reveller. [A.S. wes hál, 'may you be in health,' the salutation used in pledging another, which the Normans transferred to mean 'a carousal.']

Wasserman, wos′ėr-man, n. (Spens.) a sea-monster, shaped like a man. [Ger. wasser, water, mann, man.]

Waste, wāst, adj. empty, desert: desolate: useless, vain: stripped: lying unused: unproductive.—v.t. to lay waste or make desolate: to destroy: to wear out gradually: to squander: to diminish: to impair.—v.i. to be diminished: to dwindle: to be consumed.—n. act of wasting: useless expenditure: superfluous material, stuff left over: loss: destruction: that which is wasted or waste: uncultivated country: desert: refuse, as of coal, &c.: decay, decline: (law) natural but permanent injury to the inheritance.—ns. Wās′tage, loss by use, natural decay; Waste′-bas′ket, Waste′paper-bas′ket, a basket for holding useless scraps of paper; Waste′-book, a book in which merchants make entries of transactions in order as they occur, and for a temporary purpose.—adj. Waste′ful, full of waste: destructive: lavish: (Spens.) desolate.—adv. Waste′fully.—ns. Waste′fulness; Waste′-gate, a gate for discharging surplus water from a dam, &c.; Wās′ten (Spens.), a desert; Waste′ness (B.), devastation; Waste′-pipe, a pipe for carrying off waste or surplus water; Wās′ter, one who or that which wastes: a spendthrift: a destroyer: an article spoilt in the making.—adj. Wās′ting, devastating: enfeebling—(Wasting investments, stocks redeemable on a certain date at a fixed price, for which a premium above the redemption price is paid).—ns. Wās′ting, devastation; Wās′trel, refuse: anything neglected, a neglected child: (dial.) a profligate; Wās′try (Scot.), prodigality.—adj. improvident.—Waste lands, uncultivated and unprofitable tracts in populous and cultivated countries; Waste time, to employ time unprofitably or not at all.—Run to waste, to become incapable or useless.—Utilisation of waste products, the putting to other use of such material as is rendered either wholly or partially useless in the manufacture of articles and products—e.g. waste-silk is now a valuable raw material for a large spun-silk industry. [O. Fr. wast, gaste—L. vastus, waste; cf. A.S. wéste, Ger. wüst, desolate.]

Wastel-bread, wās′tel-bred, n. bread made from the finest of the flour. [O. Fr. wastel, pastry—Old High Ger. wastel, a cake, and bread.]

Waster, wās′tėr, n. a wooden sword for practising fencing with: (Scot.) a leister.—Play at wasters, to practise fencing. [Ety. dub.]

Watch, woch, n. act of looking out: close observation: guard: one who watches or those who watch: a sentry: a pocket timepiece: the place where a guard is kept: a division of the night: time of watching, esp. in a ship, a division of a ship's crew into two or three sections, so that one set of men may have charge of the vessel while the others rest. (The day and night are divided into watches of four hours each, except the period from 4 to 8 P.M., which is divided into two dog-watches of two hours' duration each).—v.i. to look with attention: to keep guard: to look out: to attend the sick by night: to inspect, keep guard over (with over).—v.t. to keep in view: to give heed to: to have in keeping: to guard: to wait for, detect by lying in wait: (Shak.) to keep from sleep.—ns. Watch′-bill, a list of the officers and crew of a ship, as divided into watches, with their several stations; Watch′-box, a sentry-box; Watch′case, the outer case of a watch: (Shak.) a sentry-box; Watch′-clock, a watchman's clock; Watch′-dog, a dog kept to guard premises and property; Watch′er, one who watches; Watch′-fire, a night-fire acting as a signal: a fire for the use of a watching-party, sentinels, scouts, &c.—adj. Watch′ful, careful to watch or observe: attentive: circumspect: cautious.—adv. Watch′fully.—ns. Watch′fulness; Watch′-glass, a sand-glass: the glass covering of the face of a watch; Watch′-guard, a watch-chain of any material; Watch′-gun, a gun fired at the changing of the watch, as on a ship; Watch′-house, a house in which a guard is placed: a lock-up, detaining office; Watch′-jew′el, a jewel used in the works of a watch for lessening friction; Watch′-key, a key for winding a watch; Watch′-light, a light used for watching or sitting up in the night; Watch′-māk′er, one who makes and repairs watches; Watch′-māk′ing; Watch′man, a man who watches or guards, esp. the streets of a city at night; Watch′-meet′ing, a religious meeting to welcome in the New Year, held on the night before, called the Watch′-night; Watch′-off′icer, the officer in charge of the ship during a watch, also called Officer of the watch; Watch′-pā′per, a round piece of paper, often decorated, put inside the outer case of a watch to prevent rubbing; Watch′-pock′et, a small pocket for holding a watch; Watch′-spring, the mainspring of a watch; Watch′-tow′er, a tower on which a sentinel is placed to watch or keep guard against the approach of an enemy; Watch′word, the password to be given to a watch or sentry: any signal: a maxim, rallying-cry.—Watch and ward, the old custom of watching by night and by day in towns and cities: uninterrupted vigilance.—The Black Watch, the 42d and 73d Regiments, now the 1st and 2d Battalions of the Black Watch or Royal Highlanders. [A.S. wæcce—wacan, wake.]

Watchet, woch′et, adj. (Spens.) pale-blue. [M. E. wachet, perh. conn. ultimately with woad.]

Water, waw′tėr, n. in a state of purity, at ordinary temperatures, a clear transparent liquid, perfectly neutral in its reaction, and devoid of taste or smell: any collection of such, as the ocean, a lake, river, &c.: mineral water: tears: saliva: eye-water: urine: transparency, lustre, as of a diamond: (pl.) waves.—v.t. to wet, overflow, or supply with water: to wet and press so as to give a wavy appearance to: to increase the nominal capital of a company by the issue of new shares without a corresponding increase of actual capital.—v.i. to shed water: to gather saliva, noting strong craving: to take in water.—ns. Wa′terage, money paid for a journey by water; Wa′ter-bag, the bag-like compartment in which the camel stores water; Wa′ter-bail′iff, a custom-house officer who inspects ships on reaching or leaving a port: a person appointed to guard the fish in a protected piece of water; Wa′ter-barom′eter, a barometer in which water is substituted for mercury; Wa′ter-barr′el, -cask, a barrel, cask, for holding water; Wa′ter-bath, a bath composed of water: a vessel containing warm water used for chemical purposes; Wa′ter-batt′ery, a voltaic battery in which the electrolyte is water: (fort.) a battery nearly on a level with the water; Wa′ter-bear′er, one who carries water: (astron.) a sign of the zodiac; Wa′ter-bed, an india-rubber mattress filled with water, used by invalids to prevent bed-sores; Wa′ter-bell′ows, a form of blower used in gas-machines, and formerly to supply a blast for furnaces; Wa′ter-bird, a bird that frequents the water; Wa′ter-bis′cuit, a biscuit made of flour and water; Wa′ter-blink, a spot of cloud hanging over open water in arctic regions; Wa′ter-boat, a boat carrying water in bulk to supply ships; Wa′ter-boat′man, a kind of aquatic bug.—adj. Wa′ter-borne, conveyed in a boat.—ns. Wa′ter-bott′le, a glass, rubber, &c. bottle for carrying water; Wa′ter-brash, an affection consisting of a hot sensation in the stomach with eructations of an acrid burning liquid; Wa′ter-break, a ripple; Wa′ter-brose (Scot.), brose made of meal and water alone; Wa′ter-buck, an African water-antelope; Wa′ter-bug, a species of hemipterous insects found in ponds and still water; Wa′ter-butt, a large barrel for rain-water, usually kept out of doors; Wa′ter-carr′iage, carriage or conveyance by water; Wa′ter-cart, a cart for conveying water, esp. for the purpose of watering streets or roads; Wa′ter-cell, one of several small paunches in a camel used for storing water: a voltaic cell containing pure water; Wa′ter-cement′, hydraulic cement; Wa′ter-chest′nut (Marron d'eau), the name given in France to the edible seeds of the Trapa natans; Wa′ter-clock, a clock which is made to go by the fall of water; Wa′ter-clos′et, a closet used as a privy, in which the discharges are carried off by water; Wa′ter-cock, the kora, a large East Indian gallinule; Wa′ter-col′our, a colour or pigment diluted with water and gum, instead of oil: a painting in such a colour or colours; Wa′ter-col′ourist, a painter in water-colours; Wa′ter-cool′er, a machine for cooling water or for keeping water cool; Wa′ter-core, an apple with watery-looking core: in founding, a hollow core through which water may be passed; Wa′tercourse, a course or channel for water; Wa′ter-craft, boats plying on the water; Wa′ter-crane, a crane for turning water from a railway-tank into a locomotive tender; Wa′ter-cress, a small plant growing in watery places, much esteemed as a salad, and used as a preventive of scurvy; Wa′ter-cure, medical treatment by means of water; Wa′ter-deck, a decorated canvas cover for a dragoon's saddle; Wa′ter-deer, a small Chinese musk-deer of aquatic habits: in Africa, one of the chevrotains; Wa′ter-doc′tor, a hydropathist: one who divines diseases from the urine; Wa′ter-dog, a dog accustomed to the water: a variety of the common dog valuable to sportsmen in hunting water-fowl on account of its aquatic habits: (coll.) an experienced sailor: (pl.) small irregular floating clouds supposed to indicate rain; Wa′ter-drain, a channel through which water runs; Wa′ter-drain′age; Wa′ter-drink′er, a drinker of water: a teetotaler; Wa′ter-drop, a drop of water: a tear; Wa′ter-drop′wort, a genus of umbelliferous plants.—adj. Wa′tered, marked with wavy lines like those made by water—(Watered stocks, a term applied to securities whose nominal amount has been increased without any corresponding payment in cash).—ns. Wa′ter-el′evator, a device for raising water to a level: a lift that works by water; Wa′ter-en′gine, an engine for raising water: an engine for extinguishing fires; Wa′terer, one who waters: a vessel for watering with; Wa′terfall, a fall or perpendicular descent of a body of water: a cataract or cascade: (coll.) a neck-tie, a chignon; Wa′ter-flag, the yellow iris; Wa′ter-flea, the common name for minute aquatic crustaceans; Wa′ter-flood, an inundation; Wa′ter-flow, current of water.—adj. Wa′ter-flow′ing, streaming.—ns. Wa′ter-fly, an aquatic insect: (Shak.) an insignificant, troublesome person; Wa′ter-fowl, a fowl that frequents water; Wa′ter-frame, Arkwright's spinning-frame, which was driven by water; Wa′ter-gall, a watery appearance in the sky accompanying the rainbow: a pit or cavity made by a torrent of water; Wa′ter-gas, a gas partly derived from the decomposition of steam; Wa′ter-gate, a flood-gate: a gate admitting to a river or other body of water; Wa′ter-gauge, -gage, an instrument for gauging or measuring the quantity or height of water; Wa′ter-gilding=Wash-gilding; Wa′ter-glass, a water-clock: an instrument for making observations beneath the surface of water: soluble glass; Wa′ter-god, a deity presiding over some tract of water; Wa′ter-gru′el, gruel made of water and meal, &c., eaten without milk; Wa′ter-guard, river, harbour, or coast police; Wa′ter-hamm′er, the noise made by the sudden stoppage of moving water in a pipe: an air vacuum containing some water: (med.) a metal hammer heated in water and applied to the skin as a counter-irritant; Wa′ter-hen, the moorhen; Wa′ter-hole, a reservoir for water, a water-pool; Wa′teriness; Wa′tering, act of one who waters: the art or process of giving a wavy, ornamental appearance; Wa′tering-call, a cavalry trumpet-signal to water horses; Wa′tering-can, -pot, a vessel used for watering plants; Wa′tering-house, a place where cab-horses are watered; Wa′tering-place, a place where water may be obtained: a place to which people resort to drink mineral water, for bathing, &c.; Wa′tering-trough, a trough in which horses and cattle drink.—adj. Wa′terish, resembling, abounding in, water: somewhat watery: thin.—ns. Wa′terishness; Wa′ter-jack′et, a casing containing water placed around anything to keep it cool—also Wa′ter-box and Wa′ter-man′tle; Wa′ter-kel′pie, a malignant water-spirit, generally in the form of a horse, which delights to drown unwary travellers; Wa′ter-lem′on, a species of passion-flower; Wa′ter-lens, a simple lens formed by placing a few drops of water in a small brass cell with blackened sides and a glass bottom.—adj. Wa′terless, lacking water.—ns. Wa′ter-lev′el, the level formed by the surface of still water: a levelling instrument in which water is used; Wa′ter-lil′y, a name commonly given to the different species of Nymphæa and Nuphar, and also of Nelumbium, all genera of the natural order Nymphæaceæ, and indeed often extended to all the plants of that order—of the three British species all have heart-shaped leaves, floating on the water; Wa′ter-line, the line on a ship to which the water rises: a water-mark.—adj. Wa′ter-logged, rendered log-like or unmanageable from being filled with water.—ns. Wa′ter-lot, a lot of ground which is under water; Wa′ter-main, a great subterranean pipe supplying water in cities; Wa′terman, a man who plies a boat on water for hire: a boatman: a ferryman: a neat oarsman; Wa′termanship, oarsmanship; Wa′termark, a mark showing the height to which water has risen: a tide-mark: a mark wrought into paper, denoting its size or its manufacturer.—v.t. to mark with water-marks.—ns. Wa′ter-mead′ow, a meadow periodically overflowed by a stream; Wa′ter-mel′on, a plant having a spherical, pulpy, pleasantly flavoured fruit, the fruit itself; Wa′ter-me′ter, an instrument measuring the quantity of water passing through it: an instrument for measuring evaporation; Wa′ter-mill, a mill driven by water; Wa′ter-mole, the desman: a duck-mole or duck-billed platypus; Wa′ter-monk′ey, an earthenware jar for keeping drinking-water in hot climates, round, with narrow neck—also Monkey-jar; Wa′ter-mō′tor, any water-wheel or turbine, esp. any small motor driven by water under pressure; Wa′ter-nix′y, a spirit inhabiting water; Wa′ter-nymph, a Naiad; Wa′ter-ou′sel, the dipper; Wa′ter-pars′nip, a plant of the aquatic genus Sium—the skirret; Wa′ter-part′ing (same as Watershed); Wa′ter-phone, an instrument for detecting leaks in pipes; Wa′ter-pipe, a pipe for conveying water; Wa′ter-plane, a plane passing through a vessel when afloat; Wa′ter-plant, a plant which grows in water; Wa′ter-plate, a plate having a double bottom and a space for hot water, used to keep food warm; Wa′ter-pō′lo, an aquatic game played by swimmers in swimming-baths, at piers, &c., the sides numbering seven each—a goal-keeper, two backs, one half-back, and three forwards; Wa′ter-pot, a pot or vessel for holding water; Wa′ter-pow′er, the power of water, employed to move machinery, &c.; Wa′ter-pox, varicella; Wa′ter-priv′ilege, the right to the use of water, esp. for machinery.—adj. Wa′terproof, proof against water: not permitting water to enter.—n. anything with such qualities: a garment of some waterproof substance, like india-rubber.—ns. Wa′terproofing, the act of making any substance impervious to water: the material with which a thing is made waterproof, as caoutchouc; Wa′ter-pump, a pump for water, used humorously of the eyes; Wa′ter-pur′pie (Scot.), brook-lime, a species of Veronica; Wa′ter-rail, the common rail of Europe; Wa′ter-ram, a hydraulic ram; Wa′ter-rat, the popular name of the water-vole: the American musk-rat; Wa′ter-rate, a rate or tax for the supply of water; Wa′ter-route, a stream, lake, &c. used as a means of travel; Wa′ter-rug (Shak.), a kind of dog; Wa′tershed, the line which separates two river-basins: a district from which several rivers rise; Wa′ter-side, the brink of water: the sea-shore; Wa′ter-smoke, water evaporating as visible mist; Wa′ter-snake, a snake frequenting the water; Wa′ter-sol′dier, an aquatic plant (Stratiotes aloïdes) common in lakes and ditches in the east of England; Wa′ter-span′iel (see Spaniel); Wa′ter-spī′der, an aquatic spider; Wa′terspout, a pipe from which water spouts: a moving spout or column of water, often seen at sea, and sometimes on land; Wa′ter-sprin′kle (Spens.), a water-pot; Wa′ter-sprite, a spirit inhabiting the water.—adj. Wa′ter-stand′ing (Shak.), containing water, tearful.—ns. Wa′ter-strid′er, any aquatic heteropterous insect of the family Hydrobatidæ; Wa′ter-supply′, the obtaining and distribution of sufficient water to the inhabitants of a town: the amount of water thus distributed; Wa′ter-tā′ble, a moulding or other projection in the wall of a building to throw off the water; Wa′ter-tank, a tank or cistern for holding water; Wa′ter-tap, a tap or cock used for letting out water; Wa′ter-thermom′eter, a thermometer filled with water instead of mercury, and used for showing the point at which water acquires its greatest density; Wa′ter-thief (Shak.), a pirate.—adj. Wa′ter-tight, so tight as not to admit water nor let it escape—(Water-tight compartment, a division of a ship's hull or other sub-aqueous structure so formed that water cannot enter it from any other part; see Bulkhead).—ns. Wa′ter-tube, a pipe for rain-water; Wa′ter-twist, a kind of cotton-twist, first made by the water-frame; Wa′ter-vī′olet, a plant of the genus Hottonia; Wa′ter-vole, the common European water-rat; Wa′ter-wag′tail, a wagtail, the pied wagtail; Wa′ter-way (naut.) a series of pieces of timber, extending round a ship at the junction of the decks with the sides, pierced by scuppers to carry off the water: a water-route; Wa′terwheel, a wheel moved by water: an engine for raising water; Wa′terwork (mostly in pl.) any work or engine by which water is furnished, as to a town, &c.: a textile fabric, used like tapestry: (slang) used humorously of shedding tears.—adj. Wa′ter-worn, worn by the action of water.—n. Wa′ter-wraith, a water-spirit supposed to portend death.—adj. Wa′tery, pertaining to or like water: thin or transparent: tasteless: weak, vapid: affecting water (of the moon, as governing the tide): (Shak.) eager.—ns. High′-wa′ter, High′-wa′ter-mark (see High); Low′-wa′ter (see Low); Low′-wa′ter-mark, the limit of water at low tide: the lowest point of anything.—Water of life, spiritual refreshment: (Scot.) whisky; Water on the brain, knee, an accumulation of serous fluid in the cranial cavity, knee-joint; Watered silk, silk on which a changeable pattern has been worked by means of pressing and moistening.—Above water, out of trouble; Aerated water (see Aerate); Apollinaris water, an agreeable table-water, obtained in Rhenish Prussia; Bag of waters, the fœtal membranes, filled with liquor amnii, which dilate the mouth of the womb; Cast a person's water, to examine urine to aid in the diagnosis of disease; Deep water, or waters, water too deep for safety, sore trouble, distress; First water, the highest degree of fineness in a diamond, &c., hence the highest rank generally; Hold water, to be correct or well-grounded, to stand investigation; Holy water, water used symbolically as a means of purification; Like water, with the quick, full flow of water: extravagantly, recklessly; Make the mouth water, to arouse in any one a strong desire for a thing—from the gathering of saliva in the mouth at the prospect of a savoury morsel; Make water, to micturate; Mineral water (see Mineral); Oil on troubled waters, anything that allays or assuages, from the effect of pouring oil on rough water; Tread water, to keep the head above water by an up-and-down movement of the feet; Under water, below the surface; White water, breakers, foaming water. [A.S. wæter; Dut. water, Ger. wasser; Gr. hydōr, L. udus, wet, unda, a wave, Sans. udan, water.]

Watling Street, wat′ling strët, n. one of the great Roman highways of Britain, commencing at Dover, passing through Canterbury and Rochester to London, and thence to Chester and York, and northwards in two branches to Carlisle and the Wall in the neighbourhood of Newcastle.

Watt, wot, n. the practical unit of electrical activity or power—from James Watt (1736-1819).

Watteau bodice, wat′ō bod′is, n. a bodice with a square opening at the neck resembling the costumes in the paintings of the French artist Antoine Watteau (1684-1721).

Wattle, wot′l, n. a twig or flexible rod: a hurdle: the fleshy excrescence under the throat of a cock or a turkey: one of various Australian acacias.—v.t. to bind with wattles or twigs: to form by plaiting twigs.—n. Watt′le-bird, a wattled honey-eater of Australia.—adj. Watt′led, having wattles like a bird.—n. Watt′ling, a construction made by interweaving twigs. [A.S. watel, watul, a hurdle.]

Waught, Waucht, wāht, n. (Scot.) a large draught. [Gael. cuach, a cup.]

Wave, wāv, n. a ridge on the surface of water swaying or moving backwards and forwards: (poet.) the sea: a state of vibration propagated through a system of particles: inequality of surface: a line or streak like a wave: an undulation: a rush of anything: a gesture.—v.i. to move like a wave: to play loosely: to be moved, as a signal: to fluctuate.—v.t. to move backwards and forwards: to brandish: to waft or beckon: to raise into inequalities of surface.—p.adj. Waved, showing a wavelike form or outline: undulating: (her.) indented: (nat. hist.) having on the margin a succession of curved segments or incisions.—n. Wave′-length, the distance between the crests of adjacent waves.—adj. Wave′less, free from waves: undisturbed.—n. Wave′let, a little wave.—adj. Wave′like.—ns. Wave′-line, the outline, path, of a wave: the surface of the waves: the line made by a wave on the shore; Wave′-loaf, a loaf for a wave-offering; Wave′-mō′tion, undulatory movement; Wave′-mould′ing (archit.), undulating moulding; Wave′-off′ering, an ancient Jewish custom of moving the hands in succession towards the four points of the compass in presenting certain offerings—opposed to the Heave-offering, in which the hands were only lifted up and lowered.—v.t. Wā′ver, to move to and fro: to shake: to falter: to be unsteady or undetermined: to be in danger of falling.—ns. Wā′verer; Wā′vering.—adv. Wā′veringly, in a wavering or irresolute manner.—n. Wā′veringness.—adjs. Wā′verous, Wā′very, unsteady.—n. Wave′son, goods floating on the sea after a shipwreck.—adj. Wave′-worn, worn or washed away by the waves.—ns. Wā′viness, the state or quality of being wavy; Wā′ving.—adj. Wā′vy, full of or rising in waves: playing to and fro: undulating.—Hot wave, Warm wave, a movement of heat or warmth onwards, generally eastward. [A.S. wafian, to wave; cf. Ice. vafra, to waver.]

Wax, waks, n. the name given to some animal and vegetable substances, and even to one or two mineral bodies (e.g. ozokerite), which more or less resemble beeswax both in their appearance and in their physical properties: the fat-like yellow substance produced by bees, and used by them in making their cells: any substance like it, as that in the ear: the substance used to seal letters: that used by shoemakers to rub their thread: in coal-mining, puddled clay: a thick sugary substance made by boiling down the sap of the sugar-maple, and cooling by exposure to the air: (coll.) a passion.—v.t. to smear or rub with wax.—ns. Wax′-bill, one of various small spermestine seed-eating birds with bills like sealing-wax; Wax′-chand′ler, a maker or dealer in wax candles; Wax′-cloth, cloth covered with a coating of wax, used for table-covers, &c., a popular name for all oil floorcloths; Wax′-doll, a child's doll having the head and bust made of hardened beeswax.—adj. Wax′en, made of wax, like wax, easily effaced.—ns. Wax′-end, better Waxed end, a strong thread having its end stiffened by shoemakers' wax, so as to go easily through the hole made by the awl; Wax′er, one who or that which waxes; Wax′-flow′er, a flower made of wax; Wax′iness, waxy appearance; Wax′ing, a method of putting a finish on dressed leather: the process of stopping out colours in calico-printing; Wax′-in′sect, an insect which secretes wax; Wax′-light, a candle or taper made of wax; Wax′-mod′elling, the process of forming figures in wax; Wax′-moth, a bee-moth; Wax′-myr′tle, the candle-berry tree; Wax′-paint′ing, a kind of painting, the pigments for which are ground with wax and diluted with oil of turpentine; Wax′-palm, either of two South American palms yielding wax; Wax′-pā′per, paper prepared by spreading over its surface a thin coating made of white wax and other materials.—adj. Wax′-red (Shak.), bright-red like sealing-wax.—ns. Wax′tree, a genus of plants of natural order Hypericaceæ, all whose species yield a yellow resinous juice when wounded, forming when dried the so-called American gamboge; Wax′-wing, a genus of small Passerine birds, so named from most of the species having small red horny appendages, resembling red sealing-wax, on their wings; Wax′work, work made of wax, esp. figures or models formed of wax: (pl.) an exhibition of wax figures; Wax′worker.—adj. Wax′y, resembling wax: soft: pallid, pasty: adhesive: (slang) irate, incensed.—Waxy degeneration, a morbid process in which the healthy tissue of various organs is transformed into a peculiar waxy albuminous substance—also amyloid or lardaceous degeneration. [A.S. weax; Ice. vax, Dut. was, Ger. wachs.]

Wax, waks, v.i. to grow or increase, esp. of the moon, as opposed to Wane: to pass into another state.—pa.p. Wax′en (B.), grown. [A.S. weaxan; Ice. vaxa, Ger. wachsen, L. augēre, to increase, Gr. auxanein.]

Way, wā, n. passage: road: length of space: distance: direction: manner of life: condition, state: advance in life: general manner of acting: means: manner: will: (naut.) progress or motion through the water, headway.—v.i. (Spens.) to journey.—ns. Way′-bag′gage (U.S.), baggage to be laid down at a way-station; Way′-bill, list of passengers and goods carried by a coach; Way′-board, Weigh′-board, a thin stratum or seam separating thicker strata; Way′bread, the common plantain.—v.i. Way′fāre, to travel on foot.—n. Way′fārer, a traveller or passenger.—adj. Way′fāring, travelling or passing.—n. Way′fāring-tree, the Viburnum lantana, a large shrub common in British hedges.—adjs. Way′-gō′ing, departing; Way′gone, exhausted by travelling.—v.t. Way′lay, to lie in the way for: to watch or lie in ambush for.—n. Waylay′er.—adj. Way′less, without a path.—ns. Way′-māk′er, a pioneer, path-finder; Way′-mark, -post, guide-post; Way′-pass′enger, one taken up or set down by the way; Way′-side, the side of a way, path, or highway.—adj. growing or lying near the way-side.—ns. Way′-slid′ing (rare), a wandering from the right way; Way′-stā′tion, an intermediate station between principal stations on a railway; Way′-this′tle, the Canada thistle; Way′-traff′ic, local traffic, as distinguished from through or express traffic; Way′-train (U.S.), a train stopping at most of the stations on a line.—adj. Way′ward, froward: wilful: irregular.—n. Way′-war′den, a keeper of roads.—adv. Way′wardly.—n. Way′wardness.—adj. Way′worn, worn-out by travel.—n. Right′-of-way (see Right).—Way of the Cross, a series of pictorial representations representing the stages of Christ's progress to Calvary: devotions used in connection with these stages; Ways and means, resources: methods of raising money for the carrying on of government.—Be under way, Have way (naut.), to be in progress, as a vessel; By the way, as we go on; By way of, as for the purpose of: in character of; Come one's way, to come in one's direction; Committee of ways and means, the House of Commons in its capacity of raising the supplies; Give way (see Give); Go one's way (see Go); Go the way of all the earth, to die; Have one's way, to carry one's point or wish; In a small way, on a petty scale; In the family way (see Family); In the way, on the way: impeding, obstructing; In the way of, in a good position for effecting something: in respect of; Lead the way, to act as a guide in any movement; Make one's way, to push one's self forward; Make way, to give room: to advance; On the way, in progress; Out of the way, so as not to hinder or obstruct: away from the ordinary course: unusual: (Shak.) lost, hidden; Put one's self out of the way, to give one's self trouble; Take one's way, to set out: to follow one's own inclination or plan; The Way, the Christian Religion (Acts ix. 2, &c.). [A.S. weg; Ger. weg, L. via, Sans. vaha, akin to vehĕre, to carry.]

Waygoose, wā′gōōs, n. a printers' annual dinner or picnic, formerly one given by an apprentice to his fellow-workmen, at which a wase-goose or stubble-goose was the great dish.—Also Wase′-goose, Wayz′-goose.

Wayment, wā-ment′, v.t. and v.i. (Spens.) to lament, grieve.—n. (Spens.) lamentation, grief. [O. Fr. waimenter—L. lamentāri, to lament.]

We, wē, pron.pl. of I: I and others. [A.S. wé; cog. with Goth. weis, Ger. wir.]

Weak, wēk, adj. soft: wanting strength and vigour: not able to sustain a great weight: wanting health: easily overcome: feeble of mind: wanting moral or mental force: frail: unsteady: slight or incomplete: having little of the chief ingredient: impressible: inconclusive: (Shak.) inconsiderable: (gram.) of a verb inflected by regular syllabic addition instead of by change of the main vowel: tending downward in price.—adj. Weak′-built (Shak.), ill-founded.—v.t. Weak′en, to make weak: to reduce in strength or spirit.—v.i. to grow weak or weaker.—n. Weak′ener, one who or that which weakens.—adjs. Weak′-eyed, having weak eyes or sight; Weak′-hand′ed, powerless; Weak′-head′ed, having a feeble intellect; Weak′-heart′ed (Shak.), of weak or feeble heart or spirit; Weak′-hinged, ill-balanced; Weak′-kneed, having weak knees: weak in will.—n. Weak′ling, a weak or feeble creature.—adv. Weak′ly.—adj. Weak′-mind′ed, of feeble powers of mind.—ns. Weak′-mind′edness; Weak′ness.—adjs. Weak′-sight′ed, having feeble eyesight; Weak′-spir′ited, bearing wrong tamely, cowardly.—Weaker sex, women; Weaker vessel (see Vessel).—Weak side, point, that side or point in which a person is most easily influenced or most liable to temptation. [A.S. wác, pliant—wican, to yield; Dut. week, Ice. veikr, Ger. weich.]

Weal, wēl, n. state of being well: a sound or prosperous state: welfare.—adj. Weal′-bal′anced (Shak.), explained by Schmidt as kept in a state of just proportion by reasons of state.—n. Weals′man (Shak.), a statesman.—The public, general, or common weal, the well-being, interest, and prosperity of the country. [A.S. wela, wealth, bliss; Ger. wohl.]

Weald, wēld, n. any open country.—adj. Weald′en, pertaining to the Weald.—n. a geological formation seen in the Weald—viz. the upper oolitic series of rocks.—The Weald, a district comprising portions of Kent and Sussex, extending from Folkestone Hill near the Straits of Dover to Beachy Head. [From the root of wild; not directly conn. with A.S. weald, a forest, wold.]

Wealth, welth, n. large possessions of any kind: riches.—adv. Wealth′ily.—n. Wealth′iness.—adj. Wealth′y, rich: prosperous: well-fed. [An extension of weal.]

Wean, wēn, v.t. to accustom to nourishment other than the mother's milk: to reconcile to the want of anything: to estrange the affections from any object or habit.—n. (wān) an infant, a child (Scot.).—ns. Wean′el (Spens.), a weanling; Wean′ing-brash, a severe form of diarrhœa, which supervenes, at times, on weaning.—adj. Wean′ling, newly weaned.—n. a child or animal newly weaned. [A.S. wenian; Ice. venja, Ger. gewöhnen, to accustom, ent-wöhnen, to disuse, to wean.]

Weapon, wep′un, n. any instrument or organ of offence or defence.—adjs. Weap′oned; Weap′onless, having no weapons.—n. Weap′on-salve, a salve supposed to cure a wound by being applied to the weapon that made it. [A.S. wǽpen; Goth. wepna, arms, Ger. waffen and wappen.]

Wear, wār, v.t. to carry on the body: to have the appearance of: to consume by use, time, or exposure: to waste by rubbing: to do by degrees: to exhaust, efface: (naut.) to veer.—v.i. to be wasted by use or time: to be spent tediously: to consume slowly: to last under use: (Shak.) to be in fashion, to become accustomed: (naut.) to come round away from the wind: (obs.) to become:—pa.t. wōre; pa.p. wōrn.—n. act of wearing: lessening or injury by use or friction: article worn.—adj. Wear′able, fit to be worn.—n. Wear′er.—p.adj. Wear′ing, made or designed for wear: consuming, exhausting.—n. the process of wasting by attrition or time: that which is worn, clothes.—ns. Wear′ing-appar′el, dress; Wear′-ī′ron, a friction-guard.—Wear and tear, loss by wear or use; Wear away, to impair, consume; Wear off, to rub off by friction: to diminish by decay: to pass away by degrees; Wear out, to impair by use: to render useless by decay: to consume tediously: to harass. [A.S. werian, to wear; Ice. verja, to cover, Goth. wasjan.]

Wear, wēr, v.t. (obs.) to guard, ward off: to guide. [A.S. werian, to guard, from root of wary.]

Weary, wē′ri, adj. worn-out: having the strength or patience exhausted: tired: causing weariness: (prov.) puny.—v.t. to wear out or make weary: to reduce the strength or patience of: to harass.—v.i. to become weary or impatient: to long for.—adjs. Wea′ried, tired; Wea′riful, wearisome.—adv. Wea′rifully.—adj. Wea′riless, incessant.—adv. Wea′rily.—n. Wea′riness.—adj. Wea′risome, making weary: tedious.—adv. Wea′risomely.—n. Wea′risomeness.—Weary out, to exhaust. [A.S. wérig, weary.]

Weasand, wē′zand, n. the windpipe: the throat. [A.S. wásend; not to be traced to A.S. hwésan (Ice. hvæsa), to wheeze.]

Weasel, wē′zl, n. a common carnivore belonging to the same genus as the polecat and stoat—the body long and slender—eating rats, frogs, birds, mice, &c.: (Shak.) a lean, hungry fellow.—n. Wea′sel-coot, the red-headed smew.—adj. Wea′sel-faced, having a lean sharp face. [A.S. wesle; Ger. wiesel.]

Weather, weth′ėr, n. state of the air as to heat or cold, dryness, wetness, cloudiness, &c.—v.t. to affect by exposing to the air: to sail to the windward of: to gain or pass, as a promontory or cape: to hold out stoutly against difficulties.—v.i. to become discoloured by exposure.—adj. (naut.) toward the wind, windward.—adjs. Weath′er-beat′en, distressed or seasoned by the weather; Weath′er-bit′ten, worn or defaced by exposure to the winds.—n. Weath′er-board, the windward side of a ship: a plank in the port of a laid-up vessel placed so as to keep off rain, without preventing air to circulate.—v.t. to fit with such planks.—n. Weath′er-board′ing, thin boards placed overlapping to keep out rain: exterior covering of a wall or roof.—adj. Weath′er-bound, delayed by bad weather.—ns. Weath′er-box, -house, a toy constructed on the principle of a barometer, consisting of a house with the figures of a man and wife who come out alternately as the weather is respectively bad or good; Weath′er-cloth, a tarpaulin protecting boats, hammocks, &c.; Weath′ercock, a vane (often in the form of a cock) to show the direction of the wind: anything turning easily and often.—v.t. to act as a weathercock for.—p.adj. Weath′er-driv′en, driven by winds or storms.—adj. Weath′ered (archit.), made slightly sloping, so as to throw off water: (geol.) having the surface altered in colour, form, texture, or composition by the action of the elements.—n. Weath′er-eye, the eye considered as the means by which one forecasts the weather.—v.t. Weath′er-fend (Shak.), to defend from the weather, to shelter.—ns. Weath′er-gage, the position of a ship to the windward of another: advantage of position; Weath′er-glass, a glass or instrument that indicates the changes of the weather: a barometer; Weath′er-gleam (prov.), a bright aspect of the sky at the horizon; Weath′er-helm, a keeping of the helm somewhat a-weather when a vessel shows a tendency to come into the wind while sailing; Weath′ering (archit.), a slight inclination given to the top of a cornice or moulding, to prevent water from lodging on it: (geol.) the action of the elements in altering the form, colour, texture, or composition of rocks.—adj. Weath′erly (naut.), making little leeway when close-hauled.—n. Weath′er-map, a map indicating meteorological conditions over a large tract of country.—adj. Weath′ermost, farthest to windward.—n. Weath′er-notā′tion, a system of abbreviation for meteorological phenomena.—adj. Weath′er-proof, proof against rough weather.—ns. Weath′er-proph′et, one who foretells weather: a device for foretelling the weather; Weath′er-roll, the lurch of a vessel to windward when in the trough of the sea; Weath′er-ser′vice, an institution for superintending and utilising observed meteorological phenomena; Weath′er-side, the windward side; Weath′er-sign, a phenomenon indicating change of weather: any prognostic; Weath′er-stain, discolouration produced by exposure; Weath′er-stā′tion, a station where phenomena of weather are observed; Weath′er-strip, a thin piece of some material used to keep out wind and cold; Weath′er-sym′bol, a conventional sign indicating some meteorological phenomenon.—adjs. Weath′er-wise, wise or skilful in foreseeing the changes or state of the weather; Weath′er-worn, worn by exposure to the weather.—Weather anchor, the anchor lying to windward; Weather a point, to gain an advantage or accomplish a purpose against opposition; Weather out (obs.), to hold out against till the end.—Keep one's weather eye open, to be on one's guard, to have one's wits in readiness; Make fair weather (Shak.), to conciliate: to flatter; Stress of weather, violent and especially unfavourable winds, force of tempests. [A.S. weder; Ice. vedhr, Ger. wetter.]

Weave, wēv, v.t. to twine threads together: to unite threads in a loom to form cloth: to work into a fabric: to unite by intermixture: to construct, contrive.—v.i. to practise weaving:—pa.t. wōve, (rarely) weaved; pa.p. wōv′en.—ns. Weav′er; Weav′er-bird, a family of Passerine birds resembling the finches, so called from their remarkably woven nests; Weav′ing, the act or art of forming a web or cloth by the intersecting of two distinct sets of fibres, threads, or yarns—those passing longitudinally from end to end of the web forming the warp, those crossing and intersecting the warp at right angles forming the weft. [A.S. wefan; Ice. vefa, Ger. weben; cog. with Gr. huppē, a web, huphainein, to weave.]

Web, web, n. that which is woven: anything resembling a web, as a roll of cloth, paper, &c.: a plot, scheme: in birds, the blade of a feather: (anat.) any connective tissue: the fine texture spun by the spider as a snare for flies: a film over the eye: the skin between the toes of water-fowls.—v.t. to envelop, to connect with a web.—adj. Webbed, having the toes united by a web or skin.—n. Web′bing, a narrow woven fabric of hemp, used for chairs, &c.: (zool.) the webs of the digits: (print.) tapes conducting webs of paper in a printing machine.—adj. Web′by.—n. Web′-eye, a film spreading over the eye.—adjs. Web′-eyed; Web′-fing′ered.—n. Web′-foot, a foot the toes of which are united with a web or membrane.—adjs. Web′-foot′ed; Web′-toed.—Web and pin (Shak.), or Pin and web, cataract on the eye. [A.S. webb; Ice. vefr, Ger. gewebe; from root of weave.]

Webster, web′stėr, n. (obs.) a weaver. [A.S. webbestre, a female weaver—webban, to weave.]

Wecht, weht, n. (Scot.) an instrument for lifting grain. [Perh. conn. with weigh.]

Wed, wed, v.t. to marry: to join in marriage: to unite closely.—v.i. to marry:—pr.p. wed′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. wed′ded or wed.—adj. Wed′ded, married: belonging to marriage: clasped together.—ns. Wed′ding, marriage: marriage ceremony; Wed′ding-bed, the bridal bed; Wed′ding-cake, a highly decorated cake served at a wedding, and also divided among absent friends.—n.pl. Wed′ding-cards, complimentary cards of a newly married pair, sent to friends.—ns. Wed′ding-day, day of marriage; Wed′ding-dower, marriage portion; Wed′ding-dress, a bride's dress; Wed′ding-fāvour, white rosette worn by men at a wedding; Wed′ding-gar′ment, garment worn at a wedding; Wed′ding-ring, a plain ring given by the groom to the bride at a wedding.—Penny wedding, a wedding where the guests paid for the entertainment, and sometimes contributed to the outfit; Silver, Golden, Diamond wedding, the celebrations of the 25th, 50th, and 60th anniversaries of a wedding. [A.S. weddian, to engage, to marry (Ger. wetten, to wager)—wed, a pledge; Goth. wadi, Ger. wette, a bet.]

Wed, wed, n. a pledge, security—(Scot.) Wad.—v.t. to wager. [A.S. wed, a pledge.]

Wedge, wej, n. a piece of wood or metal, thick at one end and sloping to a thin edge at the other, used in splitting: anything shaped like a wedge: a mass of metal: at Cambridge, the man lowest on the list of the classical tripos.—v.t. to cleave with a wedge: to force or drive with a wedge: to press closely: to fasten with a wedge: to make into a wedge.—v.i. to force one's way like a wedge.—adjs. Wedged, cuneiform or wedge-shaped; Wedge′-shaped, having the shape of a wedge; Wedge′-tailed, having the tail wedge-shaped or cuneate.—adv. Wedge′wise, in the manner of a wedge.—n. Wedg′ing, a method of joining timbers.—Wedge of least resistance, the form in which a substance yields to pressure.—The thin, or small, end of the wedge, the insignificant-looking beginning of a principle or practice which will yet lead to something great and important. [A.S. wecg; Ice. veggr, Ger. weck, a wedge; prob. from the root of weigh.]

Wedlock, wed′lok, n. marriage: matrimony.—Break wedlock, to commit adultery. [A.S. wedlác—wed, -lác, a gift.]

Wednesday, wenz′dā, n. fourth day of the week. [A.S. Wódenes dæg, the day of Woden or Odin, the chief Teutonic deity.]

Wee, wē, n. a short distance, a short time.—adj. tiny. [Scand. form of way; Dan. vei, Ice. vegr; not conn. with Ger. wenig, little.]

Weed, wēd, n. any useless plant of small growth: anything useless or troublesome; a sorry animal, a worthless fellow: (coll.) a cigar.—v.t. to free from weeds: to remove anything hurtful or offensive.—adjs. Weed′ed, Weed′-grown, overgrown with weeds.—n. Weed′er.—n.pl. Weed′er-clips (Scot.), shears for weeding.—ns. Weed′ery, a place full of weeds; Weed′iness; Weed′ing-chis′el, -for′ceps, -fork, -hook, -tongs (pl.) garden implements of varying forms for destroying weeds.—adjs. Weed′less; Weed′y, weed-like, consisting of weeds; worthless. [A.S. wéod, an herb.]

Weed, wēd, n. a garment, esp. in pl. a widow's mourning apparel.—adj. Weed′y, clad in widow's mourning. [A.S. wǽd, clothing; Old High Ger. wāt, cloth; cf. leinwand.]

Weed, wēd, n. (Scot.) a popular name for any sudden illness, cold, or relapse with febrile symptoms in women after confinement or nursing: lymphangitis in the horse.—Also Weid.

Week, wēk, n. the space of seven days, esp. from Sunday to Sunday: the six working days of the week.—n. Week′day, any day of the week except Sunday.—adj. Week′ly, coming, happening, or done once a week.—adv. once a week.—n. a publication appearing once a week.—Week about, in alternate periods of seven days.—A prophetic week (B.), seven years; A week of Sundays (coll.), seven weeks: a long time; Feast of Weeks, a Jewish festival lasting seven weeks; Great Week, Holy Week, Passion Week, the week preceding Easter Sunday; This day week, a week from to-day. [A.S. wice; Dut. week, Ger. woche.]

Weel, wēl, n. (prov.) a trap or snare for fish: (her.) a bearing resembling such.

Ween, wēn, v.i. to think or fancy. [A.S. wénan—wén (Ger. wahn), expectation, hope.]

Weep, wēp, v.i. to express grief by shedding tears: to wail or lament: to drip, rain: to be pendent, as a weeping willow.—v.t. to lament: to pour forth:—pa.t. and pa.p. wept.—n. Weep′er, one who weeps: a white border round the sleeve of a mourning dress: a crape hat-band: a widow's crape-veil: anything pendent.—adj. Weep′ing, drooping the branches (as it were through grief).—ns. Weep′ing-ash, a variety of the common European ash, with drooping branches; Weep′ing-birch, a variety of the white birch, with drooping branches.—adv. Weep′ingly.—adj. Weep′ing-ripe (Shak.), ripe or ready for tears.—ns. Weep′ing-rock, a rock through which water percolates slowly; Weep′ing-spring, a spring from which water escapes slowly; Weep′ing-tree, a tree with long pendulous branches; Weep′ing-will′ow (see Willow).—adj. Weep′y, oozy. [A.S. wépan—wóp, clamour; allied to Goth. wópjan.]

Weet, Weet′ing, Weet′ingly, Weet′less, obsolete form of wit, &c.

Weever, wē′vėr, n. a genus of fishes (Trachinus) of which two species are British, with sharp dorsal and opercular spines capable of inflicting serious wounds.—Also Sting-fish. [Perh. conn. with L. vipera.]

Weevil, wēv′il, n. a popular name for a large number of beetles, with the anterior part of the head prolonged into a beak or proboscis, feeding upon plants: any insect injurious to stored grain.—adjs. Weev′iled, Weev′illed, Weev′ily, Weev′illy, infested by weevils. [A.S. wifel; Ger. wiebel.]

Weft, weft, n. the threads woven into and crossing the warp—also Woof.—n. Weft′age, texture. [A.S. weft—wefan, to weave.]

Weigh. wā, v.t. to compare by the balance: to find the heaviness of: to be equal to in heaviness: to bear up, to raise, esp. a ship's anchor: to ponder in the mind: to consider worthy of notice.—v.i. to have weight: to be considered of importance: to press heavily: to weigh anchor, get under sail.—adj. Weigh′able, capable of being weighed.—ns. Weigh′age, rate paid for the weighing of goods; Weigh′-bauk (Scot.), the beam of a balance: (pl.) a pair of scales; Weigh′-board (same as Way-board); Weigh′-bridge, a machine for weighing carts with their loads.—p.adj. Weighed (Bacon), experienced.—ns. Weigh′er, an officer who weighs articles or tests weights; Weigh′-house, a public building for weighing goods, ascertaining the tonnage of boats, &c.; Weigh′ing; Weigh′ing-cage, a cage in which live animals are weighed; Weigh′ing-machine′, a machine or apparatus for weighing heavy goods; Weight, the heaviness of a thing when weighed, or the amount which anything weighs: the force with which a body is attracted to the earth, measured by the mass into the acceleration: a mass of metal adjusted to a standard and used for finding weight: anything heavy: a ponderous mass: pressure: importance: power: impressiveness: in mining, subsidence of the roof due to overhead pressure, also called Weigh′ting.—v.t. to make more heavy.—adv. Weigh′tily.—n. Weigh′tiness.—adjs. Weight′less; Weigh′ty.—Weigh down, to depress: (Shak.) to preponderate over; Weigh in, to ascertain one's weight before a contest, as a horse-race; Weight of metal, total weight of iron thrown at one discharge from a ship's guns.—Dead weight (see Dead). [A.S. wegan, to carry; Ger. wiegen; L. vehĕre, to carry.]

Weigh, wā, n. a very common misspelling of way in the phrase 'Under way,' through confusion with the phrase 'To weigh anchor.'

Weir, Wear, wēr, n. a dam across a river: a fence of stakes set in a stream for catching fish. [A.S. wer, an enclosure, allied to werian, to protect; cf. Ger. wehr, a dam, wehren, to ward.]

Weird, wērd, n. fate: that which comes to pass: a spell or charm.—adj. skilled in witchcraft: unearthly, uncanny.—v.t. to destine, doom, adjure.—adv. Weird′ly.—n. Weird′ness.—Dree one's weird (see Dree).—The weird Sisters, the Fates. [A.S. wyrd, fate—weorthan, to become; Ger. werden.]

Weismannism, vīs′man-izm, n. the doctrine in biology of August Weismann (born 1834)—that acquired characters are not transmitted, function and environment affecting the individual only, not the species, the sole source of evolutionary change being the intermingling of germ-plasma which occurs in fertilisation, and the condition of progress being found in the action of natural selection on the germinal variations which thus arise.

Welcome, wel′kum, adj. received with gladness: admitted willingly: causing gladness: free to enjoy.—n. kindly reception.—v.t. to receive with kindness: to entertain hospitably.—ns. Wel′comeness; Wel′comer, one who welcomes.—Bid a welcome, to receive with professions of kindness. [Scand., Ice. velkominn—vel, well, kominn, pa.p. of koma, to come.]

Weld, weld, n. a scentless species of mignonette, yielding a yellow dye—(Scot.) Wald. [Cf. Ger. wau.]

Weld, weld, v.t. to join together as iron or steel by hammering, when softened by heat: to join closely.—v.i. to undergo welding.—n. a welded joint.—n. Weldabil′ity.—adj. Wel′dable.—ns. Wel′der; Wel′ding; Weld′-ī′ron, wrought-iron.—adj. Weld′less, having no welds.—n. Weld′-steel, puddled steel. [Scand., Sw. välla, orig. to well up, and so cog. with A.S. weallan, to boil; Ger. wallen.]

Welder, wel′dėr, n. a land-tenant holding under the farmer or middleman. [Ir.]

Welfare, wel′fār, n. state of faring or doing well: freedom from any calamity, &c.: enjoyment of health, &c.: prosperity.

Welk, welk, v.i. (obs.) to wither, to shrivel or shrink: to decline.—v.t. to contract, shorten, or impair: to form into wrinkles or ridges. [From a root seen in Old High Ger. welc (Ger. welk), moist.]

Welkin, wel′kin, n. the sky or region of clouds.—adj. (Shak.) sky-blue. [A.S. wolcnu, pl. of wolcen, cloud, air, sky; Ger. wolke, cloud.]

Well, wel, n. a rise of water from the earth: a spring: a pit in the earth whence a supply of water is obtained: an enclosure in a ship's hold round the pumps: the open space in the middle of a staircase: a cavity: an eddy.—v.i. to issue forth, as water from the earth: to spring.—ns. Well′-boat, -smack, a fishing-boat having a well; Well′-bor′ing, sinking wells by drilling through rock; Well′-buck′et, a vessel for drawing up water from a well; Well′-curb, the stone ring built round the mouth of a well; Well′-deck, an enclosed space on the deck of a ship; Well′-drain, a pit drawing the water from wet land; Well′-dress′ing, the festal decoration of wells and springs, as at Tissington in Derbyshire on Ascension-day, &c.; Well′-head, the source of a spring; Well′-hole, the pit or shaft of a well; Well′-house, a room built over a well; Well′ing, an outpouring; Well′-room, a room enclosing a mineral well: a cavity in a boat for collecting leakage and rain-water; Well′-sink′er, one who digs wells; Well′-sink′ing, the act of boring for water; Well′-spring, a fountain.—The wells, any place where mineral wells are situated. [A.S. wella—weallan, to boil; cf. Ice. vella, to boil.]

Well, wel, adj. good in condition: fortunate: comfortable: in health.—n. (Spens.) good health, fortune.—adv. in a proper manner: rightly: thoroughly: favourably: conveniently: to a considerable extent: conscientiously: so be it (as a sign of assent).—adjs. Well′-acquaint′ed, having intimate personal knowledge; Well′-advised′, prudent.—adv. Well′-anear′ (Shak.), very soon.—adj. Well′-appoint′ed, in good trim.—n. Well′-appoint′edness′.—adjs. Well′-bal′anced, properly adjusted; Well′-behāved′, becoming in manner.—n. Well′-bē′ing, state of being well, welfare.—adjs. Well′-beloved′, very dear; Well′-beseem′ing, properly becoming; Well′-beseen′ (Spens.), showy in appearance; Well′-born, born of a good or respectable family: not of mean birth; Well′-breathed, strong of lung; Well′-bred, educated to polished manners: of good stock; Well′-condi′tioned, in a desirable condition; Well′-conduct′ed, properly led: acting properly; Well′-disposed′, favourable.—ns. Well′-do′er, a benefactor; Well′-do′ing, a doing of what is right or good.—adjs. Well′-earned, thoroughly deserved; Well′-ed′ucated, having a good education; Well′-famed, famous; Well-fā′voured, good-looking; Well′-fed, fat; Well′-found, commendable; Well′-found′ed, highly probable; Well′-graced, popular; Well′-ground′ed, very likely; Well′-informed′, full of varied information; Well′-inten′tioned, of upright intentions or purpose; Well′-judged, correctly calculated; Well′-knit, strongly framed; Well′-known, fully known: celebrated: notorious; Well′-lik′ing (Shak.), in good condition: clever, smart; Well′-look′ing, good-looking; Well′-mann′ered, polite: obedient; Well′-marked, obvious, decided; Well′-mean′ing, well-intentioned; Well′-meant, rightly intended; Well′-mind′ed, favourably inclined.—adv. Well′-nigh, nearly: almost.—adjs. Well′-or′dered, correctly governed; Well′-pleas′ing, acceptable; Well′-plight′ed (Spens.), well folded; Well′-propor′tioned, having correct proportions; Well′-read, of extensive reading; Well′-reg′ulated, well-ordered; Well′-respect′ed, highly esteemed; Well-round′ed, symmetrical; Well′-seen (Shak.), experienced, skilful; Well′-set, properly arranged: fitly put together; Well′-spō′ken, spoken properly: graceful in speech; Well′-tem′pered (mus.), tuned in equal temperament; Well′-thewed (Spens.), well-educated, well-mannered, of good disposition; Well′-tim′bered, furnished with much timber; Well′-timed, opportune: keeping accurate time; Well′-to-do, prosperous; Well′-turned, accurately rounded or fashioned; Well′-warr′anted, having good credit.—ns. Well′-will′er, -wish′er, one who wills or wishes well.—adjs. Well′-wished (Shak.), held in good-will; Well′-won, honestly gained; Well′-worn, worn threadbare: (rare) becomingly worn.—adv. Well′y (prov.), well-nigh.—Well done, a word of praise, bravely! nobly! Well enough, in a moderate but sufficient degree; Well met (see Meet); Well off, in good circumstances; Well said, well done! Well up (coll.), well versed in, well acquainted with (with in).—As well as (see As); Just as well, all the same: so much the better. [A.S. wel; cog. with Goth. vaila, Ger. wohl, from the root of will.]

Welladay, wel′a-dā, Wellaway, wel′a-wā, interjs. alas! [Corr. from M. E. weylaway—A.S. wá, lá, wá, 'woe, lo! woe.']

Wellingtonia, wel-ing-tō′ni-a, n. the largest of existing trees, a native of California—the same as Sequoia (q.v.).

Wellingtons, wel′ing-tonz, n. a kind of riding-boots covering the knee in front, but cut away behind: a shorter closely-fitting boot, worn under the trousers. [Named after the great Duke of Wellington.]

Welsh, welsh, adj. pertaining to Wales or its inhabitants.—n.pl. the inhabitants of Wales:—sing. their language.—ns. Welsh′-harp, a large instrument, furnished with three rows of strings, two tuned in unison and in the diatonic scale, the third in the sharps and flats of the chromatic; Welsh′-hook, an old weapon, like the bill; Welsh′man, a native of Wales; Welsh′-on′ion, the cibol, a perennial plant with a garlic taste; Welsh′-rabb′it (see Rabbit). [A.S. welisc, foreign—wealh (pl. wealas), a foreigner, esp. the Celts or Welshmen.]

Welsh, welsh, v.t. and v.i. to run off from a race-course without settling or paying one's bets—also Welch.—ns. Welsh′er, Welch′er. [Perh. in allusion to the alleged bad faith of Welshmen.]

Welt, welt, n. a kind of hem or edging round a shoe: (coll.) a weal.—v.t. to furnish with a welt: to flog severely.—adj. Welt′ed.—n. Welt′ing. [W. gwald, a hem.]

Welter, wel′tėr, v.i. to roll or tumble about, to wallow about, esp. in dirt: to lie in some floating substance.—v.t. to make way in a weltering manner.—n. a tossing about, a state of turmoil.—adj. Wel′tering. [M. E. walten, to roll over—A.S. wealtan, to roll.]

Welter-weight, wel′tėr-wāt, n. an unusually heavy weight, carried mostly in steeple-chases and hurdle-races.—n. Wel′ter-race, a race in which such weights are carried.—n.pl. Wel′ter-stakes, the stakes in a welter-race. [Perh. from welter, in allusion to the less free motion; others trace to swelter, from the heating of the heavily weighted horses.]

Welwitschia, wel-wich′i-a, n. a genus of African Gymnosperms belonging to the Gnetaceæ, and containing only one species, its flower consisting of a panicle of brilliant overlapping scarlet scales. [Friedrich Welwitsch (1806-72), an Austrian traveller.]

Wen, wen, n. a sebaceous cyst, most commonly on the scalp, consisting of obstructed sebaceous glands, which enlarge by the internal pressure of their accumulated secretions.—adjs. Wen′nish, Wen′ny, wen-like. [A.S. wen, a swelling, a wart; Dut. wen.]

Wench, wensh, n. a maid, damsel: a working-girl, a maid-servant: a lewd woman, a mistress, a whore.—v.i. to frequent the company of whores.—n. Wench′er, one who indulges in lewdness. [Perh. from the sing. of A.S. winclo, children, prob. wencel, weak, wancol, unstable.]

Wend, wend, v.i. to go: to wind or turn. [A.S. wendan, the causative of windan, to turn round.]

Wend, wend, n. the name given by the Germans to a branch of the Slavs which, as early as the 6th century, occupied the north and east of Germany from the Elbe along the coast of the Baltic to the Vistula, and as far south as Bohemia: one of the Slavic population of Lusatia who still speak the Wendish tongue.—adjs. Wen′dic, Wen′dish. [Prob. ultimately cog. with wander.]

Wenlock, wen′lok, adj. (geol.) denoting a group or series of rocks of the Upper Silurian period, consisting of limestone and shale, and largely developed in the neighbourhood of Wenlock in Shropshire.

Went, went, properly pa.t. of wend, but now used as pa.t. of go.—n. (Spens.) a turning: a path.

Wentle-trap, wen′tl-trap, n. a genus of gasteropodous molluscs, having a spiral shell with many deep whorls, crossed by elevated ribs, and the aperture round and narrow. [Ger. wendel-treppe, a winding staircase.]

Were, wer, v.i. the pl. of was, used as pa.t. of be. [A.S. wǽre; Ger. war, Ice. vera, to be. Cf. Was.]

Werewolf, Werwolf, wēr′woolf, n. a person supposed to be able by natural gift or magic art to change himself for a time into a wolf.—adjs. Were′wolfish, Wer′wolfish.—n. Were′wolfism, lycanthropy. [A.S. werwulf—wer, man (Goth. vair, L. vir), wulf, a wolf. The modern Ger. Währwolf is the Mid. High Ger. Werwolf, Latinised as garulphus or gerulphus, whence the O. Fr. garoul, the modern French name being pleonastically loup-garou.]

Weregild, Wergild, wēr′gild, n. a composition by which, by the custom of Anglo-Saxons, Franks, and other Teutonic peoples, homicide and other heinous crimes against the person were expiated. [A.S. wergield, from wer, man, gield—gieldan, to pay.]

Wernerian, wėr-nē′ri-an, adj. pertaining or according to the opinions or system of A. G. Werner, a German mineralogist and geologist (1750-1817), who classified minerals according to their external characters, and advocated that all geological phenomena are due to the action of water.—n. an upholder of this theory.—n. Wer′nerite, a variety of scapolite.

Wert, wert, the 2d pers. sing. of were, used as the pa.t. subjunctive of be.

Wertherian, ver-tē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to or resembling the character of Werther in Goethe's romance, 'The Sorrows of Young Werther.'—n. Wer′therism, sentimentality like that of Werther.

Wesleyan, wes′le-an, adj. pertaining to Wesleyanism.—n. one who adopts Wesleyanism.—n. Wes′leyanism, the system of doctrine and church polity of the Wesleyan Methodists: Arminian Methodism. [Named from John Wesley (1703-91).]

West, west, n. the quarter where the sun sets: one of the four chief points of the compass: the direction faced when one stands with his back to the high altar of a church: the countries to the west of Europe.—adj. situated towards or coming from the west: opposite the high altar of a church.—adv. towards the west.—v.i. (Spens.) to move towards the west.—adv. West′-about′, towards the west.—v.i. Wes′ter (obs.), to turn westward.—adjs. Wes′tering (Milt.), passing to the west; Wes′terly, lying or moving towards west: from the west.—adv. towards the west.—adj. Wes′tern, situated in the west: belonging to the west: moving towards, or coming from, the west.—n. an inhabitant of a western region or country.—ns. Wes′terner, a person belonging to the west; Wes′ternism, an idiom or other characteristic of western people.—adj. Wes′ternmost, furthest to the west.—n. Wes′ting, space or distance westward: departure westward: time of setting or reaching the west.—adv. West′ling, towards the west.—adj. West′most, most westerly.—adj. and adv. West′ward, towards the west.—advs. West′wardly, West′wards, towards the west.—Western Church, the Latin Church, as distinguished from the Eastern or Greek Church; Western Empire, the western division of the later Roman Empire; Western States, the states of the American Union lying west of the Alleghanies.—Westward ho! to the west! an old cry of London watermen plying westwards. [A.S. west (Fr. ouest, Ice. vestr); prob. conn. with Ice. vist, abode, L. vesper, Gr. hespera.]

Westphalian, west-fā′li-an, adj. pertaining to Westphalia, a duchy, a kingdom, and now a province of Prussia.—n. a native of Westphalia.

Wet, wet, adj. containing water: having water on the surface: rainy: (slang) given to drinking, tipsy: (U.S.) allowing the sale of intoxicating liquors, as opposed to prohibition.—n. water or wetness: moisture: act of wetting, a dram, a debauch.—v.t. to make wet: to soak with water: to sprinkle: (slang) to celebrate by drinking:—pr.p. wet′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. wet, (rarely) wet′ted.—ns. Wet′-cup′ping, the simultaneous application of a cupping-glass and the making an incision on the skin; Wet′-dock, a dock or basin for floating vessels at all states of the tide; Wet′ness; Wet′-nurse, a nurse who suckles a child for its mother.—adj. Wet′-shod, having shoes or feet wet.—n. Wet′ting-machine′, a machine used to damp paper for printing.—adj. Wet′tish, somewhat wet.—Wet bob (slang), a boy at school who goes in for rowing in preference to cricket or football; Wet bulb thermometer (see Psychrometer); Wet goods, liquors; Wet meter, a gas-meter in which the gas to be measured passes through water; Wet plate (phot.), a plate coated with collodion and sensitised with a salt of silver.—A wet blanket, a damper, kill-joy. [A.S. wǽt; Ice. vátr; from root of water.]

Wey, wā, n. a measure or weight differing with different articles=182 lb. wool, 40 bushels salt or corn, 48 bushels oats, &c. [Weigh.]

Whack, hwak, v.t. to thwack: (slang) to parcel out, share.—v.i. to keep on striking: (slang) to settle accounts.—n. a blow: a stroke, share.—n. Whack′er (slang), something big.—adj. Whack′ing, very large, astounding. [Thwack.]

Whaisle, Whaizle, hwā′zl, v.i. (Scot.) to wheeze. [A form of wheeze.]

Whale, hwāl, n. the common name of a cetaceous mammal, the largest of sea-animals, including the toothed whales, such as Sperm Whale and Dolphin, and the whalebone whales, such as Right Whale and Rorqual, in which the teeth are only embryonic.—v.i. to take whales.—ns. Whale′-back, a boat whose maindecks are covered in and rounded, for rough seas; Whale′-boat, a long, narrow boat used in the pursuit of whales; Whale′bone, a light flexible substance consisting of the baleen plates of the Arctic and allied whales.—adj. made of whalebone.—ns. Whale′-calf, a young whale—also Calf whale; Whale′-fish′er, one engaged in whale-fishery or the hunting of whales; Whale′-fish′ery; Whale′-fish′ing; Whale′-line, strong rope used for harpoon-lines in the whale-fishery; Whale′-louse, a genus of Crustacea, parasitic on the skin of Cetaceans; Whale′-man, Whāl′er, a person employed in whale-fishing; Whale′-oil, oil obtained from the blubber of a whale; Whāl′er, Whale′ship, a ship employed in the whale-fishing; Whāl′ery, whaling.—adj. Whāl′ing, connected with whale-catching.—n. the business of catching whales.—ns. Whāl′ing-gun, a contrivance for killing whales by means of a projectile; Whāl′ing-mas′ter, the captain of a whaler; Whāl′ing-port, a port where whalers are registered.—Whale's bone, ivory.—Bull whale, an adult male whale. [A.S. hwæl (Ice. hvalr, Ger. walfisch); orig. unknown.]

Whang, hwang, v.t. to flog: (Scot.) to cut in great slices.—n. a blow, bang: a large slice. [Prob. a variant of whack.]

Whangam, hwang′gam, n. a feigned name of some animal, invented by Goldsmith.

Wharf, hworf, n. a bank of timber or stone on the shore of a harbour or river for lading and unlading vessels: (Shak.) the bank of a river:—pl. Wharfs, Wharves.—v.t. to secure by a wharf: to place on a wharf.—ns. Wharf′age, the dues paid for using a wharf: accommodation at a wharf; Wharf′ing, material for making a wharf: wharfs; Wharfinger (hworf′in-jėr), one who has the care of, or owns, a wharf; Wharf′-rat, the common brown rat: a fellow who loafs about a wharf in the hope of picking up a chance job. [A.S. hwerf, a dam; prob. conn. with hweorfan (Ice. hverfa), to turn.]

What, hwot, interrog. pron. applied both to persons and things—also used elliptically and as an interjection: (Shak.) used to express a summons, or as a mere expletive.—interrog. adj. of what sort, how much, how great—also used in an intensive manner.—rel. pron. that which, such ... as: (Shak.) any, who, which.—indef. pron. something: (Spens.) a portion, bit.—adv. (obs.) why? to what degree?—conj. so much as: that, as in but what, that ... not.—ns. What′abouts, the things one is occupied about; What′-d'ye-call (-it, -'em), a word substituted for the name of a thing (or person) because of forgetfulness, or in contempt.—adjs. What′en, What′ten (Scot.), what kind of.—prons. Whatev′er, Whate'er′, anything which: (coll.) what?—adj. any or all that, no matter what.—adjs. What′-like (coll.), of what kind; What′na (Scot.), same as Whaten.—pron. What′not, whatever or whoever.—adj. What′so, of whatever kind.—pron. whosoever.—adjs. Whatsoev′er, Whatsoe'er′, of whatever kind; Whatsomev′er (coll.), whatsoever.—What an if (Shak.), what of; What else, could anything else be the case? What ... for (Shak.), what kind of; What ho! a loud summons; What if, what would happen if? What not, elliptical for 'what may I not say?' implying the presence or existence of many other things; What of, what comes of? what do you think of? What's what, the real or genuine thing; What though, what matters it though, notwithstanding; What time, at the very time when; What with, by reason of. [A.S. hwæt, neut. of hwa, who; Ger. was, L. quid.]

Whatnot, hwot′not, n. a piece of furniture with shelves for books, &c., so called because used to hold anything: anything, no matter what.

Whaup, hwawp, n. (Scot.) a curlew—sometimes Great Whaup as opposed to Little Whaup, the whimbrel.

Wheal, hwēl, n. a wale, weal.—v.t. to cause weals upon. [Prob. conn. with A.S. hwelan, to pine.]

Wheat, hwēt, n. the most valuable of all the cereal grasses, the grain furnishing a white flour for bread—known as bearded, beardless, or bald, according to the presence or the absence of the awns or beard; as white, red, or amber, according to colour; and as spring, summer, autumn, or winter, according to the time of sowing.—ns. Wheat′-bird, the chaffinch; Wheat′-ear, an ear of wheat; Wheat′-eel, a disease in wheat—also Ear-cockle.—adj. Wheat′en, made of wheat.—ns. Wheat′-field, a field of wheat; Wheat′-fly, name of several flies which destroy wheat—e.g. the Hessian fly; Wheat′-midge, a dipterous insect which lays its eggs in the flowers of wheat-heads, and whose reddish larvæ devour the kernels; Wheat′-mil′dew, the rust which gathers on wheat and oats; Wheat′-moth, one of several small moths whose larvæ devour stored wheat.—Wheat-ear stitch, a fancy stitch in embroidery. [A.S. hwǽte—hwit, white; Ger. weizen; allied to white, and named from its colour.]

Wheat-ear, hwēt′-ēr, n. a bird of the genus Chat, a common summer visitant of Britain, abounding on downs and fallow fields. [Corr. from White-arse.]

Wheedle, hwēd′l, v.t. to entice by soft words: to flatter.—n. a coaxing person.—n. Wheed′ler.—adj. Wheed′lesome, coaxing.—n. Wheed′ling. [Perh. from Ger. wedeln, to wag the tail, as a dog—wedel, a fan, brush—Old High Ger. wehan, to blow.]

Wheel, hwēl, n. a circular frame turning on an axle: an old instrument of torture: a steering-wheel: (fig.) the course of events, from the wheel, one of the attributes of Fortune, the emblem of mutability: (coll.) a bicycle or tricycle: circular motion: principle of life or motion: (Shak.) a refrain: (pl.) chariot: (slang) a dollar.—v.t. to cause to whirl: to convey on wheels: to turn.—v.i. to turn round or on an axis: to roll forward: to change direction: to move in a circle: to change about: (coll.) to ride a bicycle or tricycle.—ns. Wheel′-an′imal, -animal′cule, a rotifer; Wheel′-barrow, a barrow supported on one wheel and two handles, and driven forward by one man; Wheel′-boat, a boat having wheels, for use on water or on inclined planes; Wheel′-carr′iage, any kind of carriage moved on wheels; Wheel′-chair, a chair moving on wheels.—adj. Wheel′-cut, cut, or ground and polished, on a wheel—of glass.—n. Wheel′-cut′ter, a machine for cutting the teeth on watch and clock wheels.—p.adj. Wheeled, having wheels.—ns. Wheel′er, one who wheels: the horse nearest the wheels of a carriage: a maker of wheels; Wheel′-horse, one of the horses next the wheels in a team; Wheel′-house, a box or small house erected over the steering-wheel in ships: a paddle-box; Wheel′ing, the act of moving or conveying on wheels: a turning or circular movement of troops; Wheel′-lock, a lock for firing a gun by means of a small steel wheel; Wheel′man, a steersman: a cyclist; Wheel′-plough, a plough the depth of whose furrow is regulated by a wheel; Wheel′-race, the part of a race in which the water-wheel is fixed; Wheel′-tax, a tax on carriages; Wheel′-win′dow, a circular window with radiating tracery; Wheel′-work, a combination of wheels and their connection in machinery; Wheel′wright, a wright who makes wheels and wheel-carriages.—adj. Wheel′y, like a wheel.—Wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers, in its primitive form a cylindrical axle, on which a wheel, concentric with the axle, is firmly fastened, the power being applied to the wheel, and the weight attached to the axis; Wheel of life (see Zoetrope); Wheels within wheels, a complication of circumstances.—Break a butterfly (fly, &c.) upon the wheel, to inflict a punishment out of all proportion to the offence: to employ great exertions for insignificant ends. [A.S. hwéol; Ice. hjól.]

Wheen, hwēn, n. (Scot.) a small quantity: a quantity. [A.S. hwǽne—hwón, adv., a little.]

Wheeze, hwēz, v.i. to breathe with a hissing sound: to breathe audibly or with difficulty.—n. Wheeze—also Wheez′ing.—adv. Wheez′ily.—v.i. Wheez′le, to make wheezy sounds.—adj. Wheez′y. [A.S. hwésan; Ice. hvæsa, to wheeze, to hiss.]

Whelk, hwelk, n. a popular name for a number of marine Gasteropods, especially applied to species of Buccinum common on the coasts of northern seas.—adjs. Whelked, ridged like a whelk; Whel′ky, knobby, rounded. [Wrong form of welk—A.S. wiloc, weoluc, prob. from wealcan, to roll.]

Whelk, hwelk, n. (Shak.) the mark of a stripe on the body, a wrinkle, an inequality or protuberance. [Weal, wheal.]

Whelm, hwelm, v.t. to cover completely: to plunge deep: to overburden: to ruin, destroy.—v.i. to pass over in such a way as to submerge. [M. E. whelmen, whelven, to overturn (Ice. hválfa, Ger. wölben); allied to A.S. hwealf, arched; cf. Gr. kolpos, a gulf.]

Whelp, hwelp, n. the young of the dog kind and of lions, &c.: a puppy: a cub: a young man (in contempt).—v.i. and v.t. to bring forth young. [A.S. hwelp; Ice. hvelpr.]

Whemmle, hwem′l, Whummle, hwum′l, n. an overthrow: (Scot.) confusion.—v.t. to whelm, overthrow. [Freq. form of whelm.]

When, hwen, adv. and conj. at what time? at which time: at or after the time that: while.—interj. (Shak.) an exclamation of impatience, like what!—conj. When′as (Shak.), when: whereas.—adv. and conj. Whence (also From whence), from what place: from which things: wherefore.—adv. Whenceforth′ (Spens.), whence.—conjs. Whencesoev′er, from what place, cause, or source soever; Whenev′er, Whene'er′, at every time when; Whensoev′er, at what time soever: whenever. [A.S. hwænne, hwonne (Ger. wann, wenn); orig. accus. of interrog. pron. hwá, who.]

Where, hwār, adv. and conj. at which place, at what place? to what place, to which place? (Shak.) whence, whereas: wherever.—n. (Shak.) situation, place.—adv. and conj. Whereabout′, about which, about where: near what?—also Where′abouts.—n. Where′abouts, one's present place.—conjs. Whereagainst′ (Shak.), against which; Whereas′, as or on account of which: since: when in fact: where.—advs. and conjs. Whereat′, at which: at what? Whereby′, by which; Where′fore, for which reason: for what reason? why?—n. the cause.—advs. and conjs. Wherefrom′, whence; Wherein′, in which respect: in what? Whereinsoev′er, in whatever place or respect; Whereinto (hwār-in′tōō, -in-tōō′), into what? into which.—n. Where′ness, state of having place or position.—advs. and conjs. Whereof′, of which: of what? Whereon′, on which: on what? Whereout′, out of which; Where′so, Wheresoe'er′, Wheresoev′er, in what place soever: (Shak.) whencesoever; Wherethrough′, through which; Whereto′, to which: to what? Whereun′der, under which; Whereuntil′ (Shak.), whereunto; Whereunto′, Whereun′to, whereto: for what purpose? Whereupon′, upon or in consequence of which; Where'er′, Wherev′er, at whatever place; Wherewith′, Wherewithal′, with which? with what.—Where away? (naut.), a query uttered by the officer of the deck as to the direction of an object sighted by the lookout.—The wherewith, wherewithal, means. [A.S. hwǽr, hwár; from stem of who. Cf. There.]

Wherry, hwer′i, n. a shallow, light boat, sharp at both ends for speed:—pl. Wherr′ies.—n. Wherr′y-man, one who rows a wherry. [Ety. dub.; perh. conn. with Ice. hverfr, crank—hverfa, to turn.]

Whet, hwet, v.t. to sharpen by rubbing: to make keen: to excite: (obs.) to preen:—pr.p. whet′ting: pa.t. and pa.p. whet′ted.—n. act of sharpening: something that sharpens the appetite.—ns. Whet′-stone, a stone for sharpening edged instruments: a stimulant; Whet′ter.—Whet on, or forward (Shak.), to urge on. [A.S. hwettan—hwæt, sharp; Ger. wetzen.]

Whether, hweth′ėr, interrog. and rel. pron. signifying which of two.—conj. which of two alternatives.—interrog. adv. introducing the first of two questions, the second being introduced by or—also conj.—Whether or no (coll.), in any case, surely. [A.S. hwæther, from hwá, who, with the old comp. suffix -ther; cog. with Goth. hwathar, Ger. weder; also with L. uter, Gr. koteros, Sans. katara. Cf. Other and Alter.]

Whethering, hweth′ėr-ing, n. (prov.) the retention of the afterbirth in cows.

Whew, Wheugh, hwū, interj. expressing wonder or dismay.—n. a whistling sound noting astonishment.—v.i. to utter such a sound.

Whey, hwā, n. the watery part of milk, separated from the curd, esp. in making cheese.—adjs. Whey′ey, Whey′ish, of whey: like whey.—n. Whey′-face, a pale or white face, caused by fright.—adj. Whey′-faced.—ns. Whey′ishness; Whey′-tub. [A.S, hwǽg; Low Ger. wey.]

Which, hwich, interrog. pron. what one of a number?—also used adjectively.—rel. pron. (obs.) who, whom: now used of things only.—prons. Whichev′er, Whichsoev′er, every one which: whether one or other.—(obs.) Which...he, who; Which...his, whose—surviving in the vulgar use of which as a mere introductory word; Which is which? which is the one, which is the other? a common phrase denoting inability to decide between two or more things.—The which (obs.), which. [A.S. hwilc, hwelc, from hwí, instrumental case of hwá, who, and líc, like; Goth. hwei-leiks, Ger. welch, welcher; L. qualis. Cf. Such and Each.]

Whid, hwid, n. (Scot.) a rapid movement.—v.i. to move quickly, to whisk.—v.i. Whid′der, to whiz. [Prob. conn. with W. chwid, a jerk; or perh. A.S. hwitha, a breeze.]

Whid, hwid, n. (Scot.) a lie: (obs.) a word: (prov.) a quarrel.—v.i. to lie.—Cut boon whids, to speak good words. [Perh. A.S. cwide, a word—cwethan, to say.]

Whiff, hwif, n. a sudden puff of air or smoke from the mouth: a slight blast: a light kind of outrigger boat: (prov.) a glimpse.—v.t. to throw out in whiffs: to puff.—v.i. to go out or off in a whiff.—ns. Whiff′er; Whiff′et, a whipper-snapper.—v.i. Whiff′le, to veer about, blow in gusts: to be fickle: to prevaricate: to talk idly.—n. a fickle, light-headed person.—ns. Whiff′ler, a fickle person: a herald, usher, piper, leading the way in a procession; Whiff′lery, levity; Whift, a breath, snatch. [W. chwiff, a puff; imit.]

Whiff, hwif, v.i. to fish with a hand-line.—n. Whiff′ing. [Whip.]

Whiffletree, hwif′l-trē, n. a swingletree.—Also Whip′pletree. [From whifle, to turn. Cf. Whiff.]

Whig, hwig, n. the name, since 1830 almost superseded by 'Liberal,' of one of the great English political parties: a Scotch Presbyterian, first so called in the middle of the 17th century: (U.S.) one of those who in the colonial period were opposed to British rule: one of the survivors of the old National Republican party, first so called in 1834—it died in 1852.—adj. composed of Whigs—also Whig′gish.—n. Whig′garchy, government by Whigs.—adv. Whig′gishly.—ns. Whig′gism, Whig′gery, Whig′gishness, Whig′ship, Whig principles. [Prob. short for whiggamore.]

Whiggamore, hwig′a-mōr, n. originally a person who came from the west and south-west of Scotland to Leith to buy corn: one of the 7000 Western Covenanters who marched on Edinburgh in 1648, sealing the doom of Charles I.: a Scotch Presbyterian, a Whig. [Traced by some to whiggam, a sound used by the peasantry of the western Lowlands in driving their horses; others derive from whig, sour whey. Not derivable from whig (1) and Gael. mor, great.]

Whigmaleerie, hwig-ma-lē′ri, n. (Scot.) a trinket, knick-knack: a whim. [Orig. uncertain.]

While, hwīl, n. a space of time: trouble spent.—adv. during the time that: at the same time that, as long as.—v.t. to cause to pass without irksomeness (with away).—conjs. While, Whilst, as long as: at the same time that: (Shak.) until; Whiles (B.), while, at the same time that.—adv. (Scot.) at times (orig. gen. of A.S. hwíl).—advs. Whī′lom, Whī′lome (Milt.), formerly, once (orig. dat. pl. of A.S. hwíl, time).—Every once in a while, now and then; The while (Shak.), in the meantime; The whilst (Shak.), while: in the meantime; Worth while, worth the trouble and time taken. [A.S. hwíl; Goth. hweila, Ger. weile.]

Whilly, hwil′i, v.t. (Scot.) to cajole.—v.i. Whill′y-whaw, to make wheedling speeches.—n. cajolery.—adv. smooth-tongued, wheedling. [Prob. a mixture of wile and wheedle.]

Whim, hwim, n. a caprice: a fancy: a machine for raising ore, a mine.—v.i. to turn round, to be seized with a whim.—v.t. to cause to turn.—adjs. Whim′my, Whim′sical, full of whims, odd, fantastical.—ns. Whimsical′ity, Whim′sicalness.—adv. Whim′sically.—ns. Whim′sy, Whim′sey, a whim, freak.—adj. full of whims, changeable.—n. Whim′-wham, a ridiculous notion or thing, a freak, an odd device. [Ice. hvima, to have the eyes wandering.]

Whimbrel, hwim′brel, n. a bird of the family Scolopacidæ, allied to the curlew and like it in form, plumage, and habits, but smaller, and having a shorter bill.—Also Wim′brel. [Prob. imit.]

Whimper, hwim′pėr, v.i. to cry with a low, whining voice.—n. a peevish cry.—ns. Whim′perer, one who whimpers; Whim′pering, peevish crying.—adv. Whim′peringly.—Be on the whimper, to be peevish and ready to cry. [Scot. whimmer; Ger. wimmern; perh. from the root of whine.]

Whin, hwin, n. gorse, furze.—n. Whin′-chat, a bird very similar in appearance, esp. when it assumes its duller autumn plumage, to the Stone-chat, a summer visitant of Britain.—adj. Whin′ny, abounding in whins. [W. chwyn, weeds.]

Whine, hwīn, v.i. to utter a plaintive, shrill cry: to complain in an unmanly way.—n. a plaintive cry: an affected nasal tone of complaint.—ns. Whī′ner; Whī′ning.—adv. Whī′ningly. [A.S. hwínan, to whine; Ice. hvína.]

Whinger, hwing′ėr, n. a dirk.—Also Whin′iard and Whin′yard. [Prob. a corr. of hanger.]

Whinnock, hwin′ok, n. (prov.) the smallest pig in a litter: a milk-pail.

Whinny, hwin′i, v.i, to neigh:—pa.t. and pa.p. whinn′ied.—n. a neigh. [Freq. of whine.]

Whinstone, hwin′stōn, n. a popular name in Scotland for any hard and compact kind of stone, as distinguished from sandstone or freestone and rocks of slaty structure.—Also Whin. [Perh. corr. from whernstone, quernstone, stone suitable for querns.]

Whip, hwip, n. that which whips: a lash with a handle for punishing or driving: a driver, coachman: one who enforces the attendance of a political party: a whipper-in, the person who manages the hounds: a call made on members of parliament to be in their places against important divisions: a simple form of hoisting apparatus, a small tackle consisting of a single rope and block.—v.t. to strike with a lash: to drive or punish with lashes: to lash with sarcasm: (coll.) to beat, outdo: to beat into a froth, as eggs, cream, &c.: to keep together, as a party: to fish with fly: to overlay, as one cord with another, to enwrap, lay regularly on: to sew lightly: to overcast, as a seam: to move quickly, snatch (with up, away, out).—v.i. to move nimbly: to make a cast in fishing with fly:—pr.p. whip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. whipped, whipt.—ns. Whip′-and-der′ry, a hoisting apparatus—same as whip above; Whip′cat, a tailor; Whip′cord, cord for making whips.—adj. Whip′cordy, tough like whipcord.—v.t. Whip′-graft, to graft by fitting a tongue cut on the scion to a slit cut slopingly in the stock.—ns. Whip′-hand, the hand that holds the whip: advantage over; Whip′-hand′le, the handle or stock of a whip: an advantage; Whip′jack, a poor whining seaman who never was at sea; Whip′lash, the lash of a whip; Whip′per, one who whips: an officer who inflicts the penalty of whipping; Whip′per-in, one who keeps the hounds from wandering, and whips them in to the line of chase: one who enforces the discipline of a party; Whip′per-snap′per, a pretentious but insignificant person; Whip′ping, act of whipping: punishment with the whip or lash: a defeat: a binding of twine, as at the end of a rope: in bookbinding, the sewing of the edges of single leaves in sections by overcasting the thread—also Whip′-stitch′ing; Whip′ping-boy, a boy formerly educated along with a prince and bearing his punishments for him; Whip′ping-cheer (Shak.), chastisement; Whip′ping-post, a post to which offenders are tied to be whipped: the punishment itself; Whip′-saw, a saw usually set in a frame, for dividing timber lengthwise, and commonly worked by two persons.—v.t. to cut with a whip-saw: to have the advantage of a person at every point.—ns. Whip′-snake, a name given in North America to various species of the genus Masticophis (esp. M. flagelliformis, the coach-whip snake, four to five feet long, slender, and harmless), as also to species of Philodryas, of Passerita, &c.; Whip′-sock′et, a socket to hold the butt of a whip; Whip′-staff, the handle of a whip; Whip′ster (Shak.), same as Whipper-snapper; Whip′-stitch, a kind of half-ploughing—raftering: a hasty composition: a tailor; Whip′-stock, the rod or handle of a whip.—adjs. Whip′-tail, -tailed, having a long, slender tail.—Whip and spur, with great haste; Whip the cat, to practise small economies: to work by the day as a dressmaker going from house to house. [M. E. whippen; prob. a form of wippen—Old Dut. wippen, to shake, conn. with Old High Ger. wipph, swinging motion (Ger. weifen, to move), and akin to L. vibrāre, to tremble.]

Whippet, hwip′et, n. (obs.) a kind of dog, a cross between a greyhound and spaniel.

Whip-poor-will, hwip′-pōōr-wil′, n. a species of goat-sucker, a native of North America. [So named from the fancied resemblance of its notes to the words whip poor Will.]

Whir, hwėr, n. a sound from rapid whirling.—v.i. to whirl round with a noise.—v.t. (Shak.) to hurry away with a whizzing sound:—pr.p. whir′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. whirred.—n. Whir′ring. [Dan. hvirre, to whirl; ult. imit.]

Whirl, hwėrl, n. a turning with rapidity: anything that turns with velocity.—v.i. to revolve rapidly.—v.t. to turn round rapidly: to carry away rapidly, as on wheels.—ns. Whirl′-about′, anything that turns round rapidly; Whirl′-bat (obs.), the ancient cestus; Whirl′-blast, a whirling blast of wind; Whirl′-bone, the knee-cap; Whirl′er; Whirl′igig, a child's toy which is spun or whirled rapidly round: a merry-go-round: anything that revolves rapidly: the water-beetle (Gyrinus): an ancient instrument of punishment, consisting of a pivoted wooden cage in which the prisoner was spun round; Whirl′ing; Whirl′ing-der′vish, one of an order of Mohammedan devotees who dance or spin round—the Mevlevis or dancing dervishes, founded in 1273; Whirl′ing-tā′ble, -machine′, a machine exhibiting the effects of centripetal and centrifugal forces: an instrument used by potters; Whirl′pool, a circular current in a river or sea, produced by opposing tides, winds, or currents: an eddy; Whirl′wind, a violent aerial current, with a whirling, rotary, or spiral motion and wild circling rush. [Skeat explains M. E. whirlen as a contraction for an assumed whirf-le, a freq. of Ice. hvirfla, to whirl, freq. of hverfa (pa.t. hvarf), to turn round; Ger. wirbeln, to whirl.]

Whirret, hwir′et, n. (obs.) a blow.—v.t. to give a box on the ear to: to vex.—Also Whirr′ick.

Whish, hwish, v.i. to move with the whizzing sound of rapid motion. [Imit.]

Whisk, hwisk, v.t. to move with a quick motion: to sweep or stir rapidly.—v.i. to move nimbly and rapidly.—n. a rapid sweeping motion: a small bunch of anything used for a brush: a small instrument for beating or whisking, esp. eggs.—ns. Whis′ker, he who, or that which, whisks: the hair on the sides of a man's face (esp. in pl.): the bristle on the face of a cat, &c.; Whiskeran′do, a whiskered person, in allusion to Don Ferolo Whiskerandos in Sheridan's Critic.—adjs. Whiskeran′doed, Whis′kered, Whis′kery, having whiskers; Whis′king, moving briskly; Whis′ky-fris′ky, flighty. [Scand., Ice. visk, a wisp of hay; Sw. viska, to wipe, Ger. wischen; prob. conn. with wash.]

Whisk, hwisk, n. whist. [So called from the rapid action of sweeping the cards off the table after a trick has been won.]

Whisky, Whiskey, hwis′ki, n. a spirit made by the distillation of the fermented extract from malted and unmalted cereals, potatoes, or any starch-yielding material—the best qualities made either from malted barley alone, or from a mixed grist of barley-malt and dried barley and oats.—adjs. Whis′kified, Whis′keyfied, intoxicated.—n. Whis′ky-liv′er, cirrhosis of the liver, from too much whisky.—Whisky insurrection, an outbreak against the excise regulations which occurred in Western Pennsylvania in 1794; Whisky toddy, toddy having whisky for its chief ingredient. [Gael. uisge beatha—uisge, water, beatha, life; cf. L. vita, Gr. bios, life.]

Whisky-jack, hwis′ki-jak, n. the gray or Canada jay.—Also Whis′ky-john. [Amer. Ind. wiss-ka-tjan.]

Whisper, hwis′pėr, v.i. to speak with a low sound: to speak very softly: to plot secretly.—v.t. to utter in a low voice or under the breath.—n. a low, hissing voice or sound: cautious or timorous speaking: a secret hint: a low rustling sound.—ns. Whis′perer, one who whispers: (B.) a secret informer; Whis′pering, whispered talk: insinuation.—adj. like a whisper.—n. Whis′pering-gall′ery, a gallery or dome so constructed that a whisper or slight sound is carried to an unusual distance.—advs. Whis′peringly, in a whisper or low voice; Whis′perously, in a whisper. [A.S. hwisprian; Ger. wispern, Ice. hvískra; allied to whistle.]

Whist, hwist, adj. hushed: silent.—v.i. to become silent.—v.t. (Spens.) to hush or silence.—interj. hush! silence! be still! [Akin to hist!]

Whist, hwist, n. a well-known game at cards, played with the whole pack, by two against two.—ns. Whist′-play, play in the game of whist; Whist′-play′er.—Dummy whist (see Dummy); Five point Whist, whist played without counting honours; Long whist, a game of ten points with honours counting; Short whist, the game of five points, without honours. [Orig. whisk. Cf. Whisk.]

Whistle, hwis′l, v.i. to make a shrill sound by forcing the breath through the lips contracted: to make a like sound with an instrument: to sound shrill: to inform by whistling, to become informer.—v.t. to form or utter by whistling: to call by a whistle.—n. the sound made in whistling: a small wind instrument: an instrument sounded by escaping steam, used for signalling on railway-engines, steamships, &c.—adj. Whis′tle-drunk (obs.), too drunk to whistle.—ns. Whis′tle-fish, a rockling; Whis′tler, one who, or that which, whistles: a kind of marmot: a broken-winded horse; Whis′tling.—adv. Whis′tlingly.—n. Whis′tling-shop (slang), a shebeen, the keeper being called a whistler.—Whistle down the wind, to talk to no purpose; Whistle for, to summon by whistling; Whistle for a wind, a superstitious practice of old sailors during a calm; Whistle off, to send off by a whistle: (Shak.) turn loose.—Go whistle (Shak.), to go to the deuce; Pay for one's whistle, to pay highly for one's caprice; Pigs and whistles, an exclamation equivalent to 'The deuce!' or the like—also in phrase, 'To make pigs and whistles of anything'=to make a sad mess of it; Wet one's whistle (coll.), to take a drink of liquor; Worth the whistle, worth the trouble of calling for. [A.S. hwistlian; Sw. hvissla; cf. Whisper.]

Whit, hwit, n. the smallest particle imaginable: a bit. [By-form of wight, a creature.]

White, hwīt, adj. of the colour of pure snow: pale, pallid: colourless: pure: unblemished: purified from sin: bright: burnished without ornament: transparent and colourless, as of wine: pertaining to the Carmelite monks: gracious, favourable: (U.S.) reliable, honest.—n. the colour of snow: anything white, as a white man, the mark at which an arrow is shot, the albuminous part of an egg.—v.t. to make white.—ns. White′-alloy′, a cheap alloy used to imitate silver; White′-ant, a termite.—adj. White′-backed, having the back white or marked with white.—ns. White′bait, the name by which the fry of the herring and sprat are known in the market, and when served for the table, esp. in London; White′-bass, a silvery serranoid fish of the American Great Lake region.—adj. White′-beaked, having a white beak.—ns. White′-bear, the polar bear; White′-beard, an old man.-adjs. White′-beard′ed; White′-bell′ied; White′-billed.—ns. White′boy, a member of an association of Irish peasants first formed in County Tipperary about 1761—wearing white shirts—long noted for agrarian outrages; White′boyism, the principles of the Whiteboys; White′-brass, an alloy of copper and zinc.—adj. White′-breast′ed.—n.pl. White′caps (U.S.), the name given to a self-constituted committee of persons who generally commit outrageous acts under the guise of serving the community.—ns. White′chapel-cart, a light two-wheeled spring-cart much used by London butchers, grocers, &c.; White′-copp′er, a light-coloured alloy of copper.—adjs. White′-crest′ed, -crowned, having the crest or crown white—of birds.—n.pl. White′-crops, grain, as barley, rye, wheat.—ns. White′-damp, carbonic oxide, a poisonous but not inflammable gas found in coal-mines in the after-damp; White′-el′ephant (see Elephant).—adjs. White′-faced, having a face pale with fear or from illness: with white front, forehead—also White′-front′ed; White′-fā′voured, wearing white favours.—ns. White′-feath′er (see Feather); White′fish, a general name for such fish as the whiting, haddock, menhaden, &c.: the largest of all the Coregoni or American lake whitefish; White′friar, one of the Carmelite order of friars, so called from their white dress.—adj. White′-hand′ed, having white hands unstained with guilt.—ns. White′-hass (Scot.), an oatmeal and suet pudding; White′head, the blue-winged snow-goose: a breed of domestic pigeons, a white-tailed monk; White′-heat, the degree of heat at which bodies become white; White′-herr′ing, a fresh or uncured herring; White′-hon′eysuckle, the clammy azalea; White′-horse, the name applied to a figure of a horse on a hillside, formed by removing the turf so as to show the underlying chalk—the most famous in Berkshire, at Uffington, traditionally supposed to commemorate Alfred the Great's victory of Ashdown (871)—periodically 'scoured' or cleaned from turf, &c.—adj. White′-hot.—ns. White′-īron, pig-iron in which the carbon is almost entirely in chemical combination with the iron; White′-lā′dy, a spectral figure which appears in many of the castles of Germany, as at Ansbach, Baireuth, Altenburg, &c., by night as well as by day, particularly when the death of any member of the family is imminent; White′-land, land with a stiff clayey soil white when dry; White′lead, a carbonate of lead used in painting white; White′-leath′er (see Leather); White′-leg, an ailment of women after parturition—also Milk-leg; White′-lie (see Lie); White′-light, ordinary sunlight; White′-lime, whitewash.—adjs. White′-limed, whitewashed; White′-list′ed, having white lists or stripes on a darker ground; White′-liv′ered, having a pale look, so called because thought to be caused by a white liver: cowardly: malicious; White′ly (Shak.), coming near to white, white-faced.—ns. White′-meat, food made of milk, butter, eggs, &c.: the flesh of poultry, rabbits, veal, &c.; White′-met′al, a general name for alloys of light colour.—v.t. Whī′ten, to make white: to bleach.—v.i. to become or turn white.—ns. Whīt′ener; White′ness; White′-pot, a Devonshire dish of sliced rolls, milk, eggs, sugar, &c. baked; White′-precip′itate, a white mercurial preparation used externally; White′-pyrī′tes, marcasite; White′-rent, the tinner's poll-tax of eightpence to the Duke of Cornwall: rent paid in silver.—adj. White′-rumped.—ns. Whites (see Leucorrhœa); White′-salt, salt dried and calcined; White′smith, a worker in tinned or white iron: a tinsmith; White′-squall (see Squall); White′stone, granulite; White′-swell′ing, a disease of the joints, esp. the knee, in which the synovial membrane passes into pulpy degeneration; White′thorn, the common hawthorn; White′throat, a bird of the same genus as the Blackcap, having the breast and belly of a brownish-white; White′-vit′riol, sulphate of zinc; White′wash, slaked quicklime, reduced to the consistency of milk by means of water, used for colouring walls and as a disinfectant: a wash for the skin: false colouring.—v.t. to cover with whitewash: to give a fair appearance to.—ns. White′washer, one who whitewashes; White′-wa′ter, shoal water near the shore, breakers: the foaming water in rapids, &c.; White′-wax, bleached beeswax: Chinese wax, or pela; White′-wine, any wine of clear transparent colour, as hock, &c.; White′wing, the velvet scoter, scurf-duck: the chaffinch.—adj. White′-winged.—ns. White′wood, a name applied to a large number of trees or their timber—the American tulip-tree, white-wood cedar, cheesewood, &c.; Whī′ting, a small sea-fish allied to the cod, so called from its white colour: ground chalk free from stony matter and other impurities, extensively used as a size-colour, &c.—also White′ning, and Spanish white, Paris white (the finest); Whī′ting-time (Shak.), bleaching-time.—adj. Whī′tish, somewhat white.—ns. Whī′tishness; Whīt′ster (Shak.), a bleacher of cloth or clothes.—adjs. Whī′ty, whitish; Whī′ty-brown, white with a tinge of brown.—White-headed eagle, the North American bald eagle; White horse, a white-topped wave; White House, a popular name of the official residence of the President of the United States at Washington; White of an egg, the albumen, the pellucid viscous fluid surrounding the yolk; White of the eye, that part of the ball of the eye which surrounds the iris or coloured part.—China white, a very pure variety of whitelead—also Silver white and French white; Pearl white, the basic nitrate of bismuth used as a cosmetic; Zinc white, impure oxide of zinc.—Mark with a white stone (see Stone); Show the white feather (see Feather). [A.S. hwít; Ice. hvitr, Ger. weiss.]

Whither, hwith′ėr, adv. to what place? to which place: to what: whithersoever.—adv. Whithersoev′er, to whatever place.—No whither, to no place. [A.S. hwider, from the stem of who. Cf. Thither, There.]

Whitleather, hwit′leth-ėr, n. leather dressed with alum, white leather: the paxwax or nuchal ligament of the ox.

Whitlow, hwit′lō, n. a painful inflammatory affection of the fingers, almost always proceeding to suppuration, paronychia.—n. Whit′low-grass, a small British saxifrage: the small Draba verna of America. [A corr. of whick-flaw=quick-flaw. Cf. Quick and Flaw.]

Whitsun, hwit′sun, adj. pertaining to, or observed at, Whitsuntide.—ns. Whit′sun-ale, a festival formerly held at Whitsuntide; Whit′sunday, Whit′suntide, the seventh Sunday after Easter, commemorating the day of Pentecost, when the converts in the primitive Church wore white robes: in Scotland, one of the term-days (May 15) on which rents, annuities, &c. are payable, the Whitsunday removal terms in towns being fixed as May 28; Whit′suntide, the season of Pentecost, comprising the week following Pentecost Sunday; Whit′sun-week, the week beginning with Whitsunday.

Whittie-whattie, hwit′i-hwot′i, v.i. (Scot.) to mutter, whisper.—n. language intended to deceive.

Whittle, hwit′l, v.t. to pare or cut with a knife: to cut to an edge.—v.i. to cut wood aimlessly: (obs. slang) to confess at the gallows.—n. a small pocket-knife. [M. E. thwitel—A.S. thwítan, to cut.]

Whittle, hwit′l, n. (prov.) a woollen shawl: a blanket. [A.S. hwítel, a white mantle—hwít, white.]

Whiz, hwiz, v.i. to make a hissing sound, like an arrow or ball flying through the air:—pr.p. whiz′zing; pa.t. and pa.p. whizzed.—n. a hissing sound.—ns. Whiz′zer; Whiz′zing.—adv. Whiz′zingly. [Imit.; cf. Wheeze, Whist, and Hiss.]

Who, hōō, pron. (both rel. and interrog.) what person? which person.—pron. Whoev′er, every one who: whatever person.—Who but he, who else? he only.—As who should say, as if one should say.—The who (Shak.), who. [A.S. hwá; cog. with Goth. hwas, Ice. hver, Ger. wer; also with Sans. kas, Gr. pos, L. quis.]

Whole, hōl, adj. sound, as in health (so in B.): unimpaired: containing the total amount, number, &c.: all: not defective: complete: in mining, as yet unworked.—n. the entire thing: a system or combination of parts.—adv. wholly.—adjs. Whole′-col′oured, all of one colour; Whole′-foot′ed (coll.) unreserved; Whole′-heart′ed, -souled, noble: hearty, generous; Whole′-hoofed, having undivided hoof; Whole′-length, giving the whole figure, as a portrait: full-length.—n. a portrait or statue giving the whole figure.—ns. Whole′ness; Whole′sāle, sale of goods by the whole piece or large quantity.—adj. buying and selling in large quantities: extensive.—n. Whole′sāler, one who sells by wholesale.—adjs. Whole′-skinned, having an unbroken skin: unhurt: safe in reputation; Whole′some, healthy: sound: salutary: (Shak.) prosperous.—adv. Whole′somely.—ns. Whole′someness; Whole′-stitch, a lace-making stitch used in filling.—adv. Wholly (hō′li), completely, altogether.—n. Wholth, wholeness, soundness.—Whole number, a unit, or a number composed of units, an integral number.—Upon, On, the whole, generally speaking, to sum up.—With whole skin, safe, unscathed. [A.S. hál, healthy; Ice. heill, Ger. heil. By-form hale (1).]

Whom, hōōm, pron. objective case of who.—prons. Whomev′er, Whomsoev′er, objective case of whoever, whosoever. [A.S. hwám, which was orig. dat. of hwá, who, and replaced in the 12th and 13th centuries the older accus. hwone.]

Whommle, hwom′l, Whomble, hwomb′l, v.t. (prov.). Same as Whemmle.

Whoop, hwōōp, or hōōp, n. a loud eager cry.—v.i. to give a clear, sharp cry: to shout in scorn, eagerness, &c.—v.t. to insult with shouts.—interj. (Shak.) ho!—ns. Whoop′er, one who whoops: a species of swan; Whoop′ing-cough, Hooping-cough, an infectious and epidemic disease, mostly attacking children under ten, esp. in spring and autumn, its characteristic sign a cough occurring in paroxysms consisting of a series of short expiratory puffs followed by a deep inspiration of air through the contracted cleft of the glottis. [O. Fr. houper, to shout; cf. Houp! Houp-la! Perh. of Teut. origin, cog. with Goth. wōpjan, to crow.]

Whop, Whap, hwop, v.t. (coll.) to whip.—v.i. to flop on the ground.—n. Whop′per, one who whops: anything very large, esp. a monstrous lie.—adj. Whop′ping (slang), very large. [Whip.]

Whore, hōr, n. a woman who prostitutes her body for hire, a prostitute, harlot, strumpet, hence any unchaste woman.—v.i. to practise lewdness.—v.t. to corrupt by lewd commerce.—ns. Whore′dom, unlawful sexual intercourse: idolatry; Whore′house, a brothel; Whore′master (Shak.), a pimp.—adj. Whore′masterly, libidinous.—ns. Whore′monger, a lecher: a pander; Whore′son (Shak.), a bastard.—adj. mean, scurvy.—adj. Whō′rish.—adv. Whō′rishly.—n. Whō′rishness. [Ice. hóra, an adulteress, fem. of hórr, an adulterer. The word was confused with A.S. horu (Old High Ger. horo), dirt. There is no connection with hire.]

Whorl, hworl, n. a number of leaves in a circle round the stem: a turn in a spiral shell: a volution—e.g. in the ear: the fly of a spindle.—p.adj. Whorled, having whorls: arranged in the form of a whorl or whorls. [By-form of whirl.]

Whortleberry, hwor′tl-ber-i, n. a widely-spread health plant with a purple edible berry, called also the Bilberry—in Scotland, Blaeberry—sometimes abbrev. Whort. [A.S. wyrtil, a shrub (Ger. wurzel, root), dim. of wyrt, root, and berie, berry; confused rather than conn. with A.S. heort berge, berry of the buckthorn.]

Whose, hōōz, pron. the possessive case of who or which.—pron. Whosesoev′er (B.), of whomsoever. [M. E. hwas—A.S. hwæs, gen. of hwá, who.]

Whoso, hōō′so, Whosoever, hōō-so-ev′ėr, indef. rel. pron. every one who: whoever.

Why, hwī, adv. and conj. for what cause or reason? on which account: wherefore.—interj. used us an expletive or exclamation.—n. Why′-not (obs.), a dilemma.—Why, so (Shak.), an expression of unwilling consent.—The cause why, The reason why, the reason why a thing is, or is to be done; The why and wherefore, the whole reason. [A.S. hwí, hwý, instrumental case of hwá, who.]

Whydah, Whidah, hwid′a, n. a genus of birds of the Weaver family, natives of the tropical parts of Africa, often brought to Britain as cage-birds. [From the country of Whydah in Dahomey.]

Wick, wik, v.t. in curling, to strike a stone in an oblique direction. [Prob. A.S. wícan, to bend.]

Wick, wik, n. the twisted threads of cotton or other substance in a candle or lamp which draw up the inflammable liquid to a flame. [A.S. weoca; allied to weak—A.S. wác.]

Wick, wik, n. a village or town, as in Berwick, Greenwich. [A.S. wíc—L. vicus, a village.]

Wicked, wik′ed, adj. evil in principle or practice: deviating from morality: sinful: ungodly: mischievous: (prov.) active, brisk.—n. (B.) a wicked person, (pl.) wicked persons collectively.—adv. Wick′edly.—n. Wick′edness.—Wicked Bible, an edition printed in 1632 in which the word 'not' was omitted in Exodus xx. 14.—The wicked one, the devil. [Orig. a pa.p. with the sense 'rendered evil' from wikken, to make evil, wikke, bad; A.S. wicca, wizard.]

Wicker, wik′ėr, n. a small pliant twig or osier: wickerwork.—adj. made of twigs or osiers.—adj. Wick′ered, made of wicker: covered with wickerwork.—n. Wick′erwork, basketwork of any kind. [M. E. wiker—A.S. wicen, pa.p. of wícan, to bend.]

Wicket, wik′et, n. a small gate: one of three upright rods bowled at in cricket: a batsman's stay at the wicket: the ground where the wickets are placed.—ns. Wick′et-door, -gate, a wicket; Wick′et-keep′er, in cricket, the fieldsman who stands immediately behind the wicket. [O. Fr. wiket (Fr. guichet), a dim. form, prob. from Ice. vik-inn, pa.p. of víkja, to move; cf. A.S. wícan, to bend.]

Wide, wīd, adj. extended far: having a considerable distance between: broad: distant: bulging, expanded: deviating, errant, wild.—n. wideness: in cricket, a ball that goes wide of the wicket, counting one to the batting side.—advs. Wīde, Wīde′ly.—adj. Wīde′-awake′, fully awake: on the alert: ready.—n. a kind of soft felt hat.—n. Wīde′awakeness.—adj. Wīde′-chapped, wide-mouthed.—v.t. and v.i, Wī′den, to make or grow wide or wider: (Shak.) to throw open.—ns. Wīde′ner, one who, or that which, widens: a kind of tool; Wīde′ness, width.—adjs. Wīde′-spread, diffused; Wīde′-stretched (Shak.), large; Wīde′-wa′tered, bordered or covered by wide waters.—n. Width, wideness, breadth. [A.S. wíd; Ice. víthr, Ger. weit.]

Widgeon, Wigeon, wij′on, n. a genus of Ducks having the bill shorter than the head, the legs short, the feet rather small, the wings long and pointed, and the tail wedge-shaped: a fool. [O. Fr. vigeon—L. vipio, vipionis, a small crane.]

Widow, wid′ō, n. a woman who has lost her husband by death.—v.t. to bereave of a husband: to strip of anything valued: (Shak.) to endow with a widow's right: to be widow to.—ns. Wid′ow-bench, a widow's share of her husband's estate besides her jointure; Wid′ow-bewitched′, a grass-widow; Wid′ow-bird, a corruption of Whydah-bird; Wid′ower, a man whose wife is dead; Wid′owerhood; Wid′owhood, state of being a widow, or (rarely) of being a widower: (Shak.) a widow's right; Wid′ow-hun′ter, one who seeks to marry a widow for her money; Wid′ow-mā′ker, one who bereaves women of their husbands; Wid′ow's-cham′ber, the apparel and bedroom furniture of the widow of a London freeman, to which she was entitled; Wid′ow-wail, a dwarf shrub with pink, sweet-scented flowers, native to Spain and southern France.—Widow's lawn, a fine thin muslin; Widow's man, a fictitious person; Widow's silk, a silk fabric with dull surface, for mournings; Widow's weeds, the mourning dress of a widow. [A.S. widwe, wuduwe; Ger. wittwe, L. vidua, bereft of a husband, Sans. vidhavā.]

Wield, wēld, v.t. to use with full command: to manage: to use.—adj. Wiel′dable, capable of being wielded.—ns. Wiel′der; Wiel′diness.—adjs. Wield′less (Spens.), not capable of being wielded, unmanageable; Wiel′dy, capable of being wielded: manageable: dexterous, active.—Wield the sceptre, to have supreme command or control. [A.S. geweldan—wealdan; Goth. waldan, Ger. walten.]

Wife, wīf, n. a woman: a married woman: the mistress of a house, a hostess—often in this sense 'goodwife.'—n. Wife′hood, the state of being a wife.—adjs. Wife′less, without a wife; Wife′-like, Wife′ly. [A.S. wíf; Ice. víf, Ger. weib; not conn. with weave.]

Wig, wig, n. an artificial covering of hair for the head, worn to conceal baldness, formerly for fashion's sake, as in the full-dress full-bottomed form of Queen Anne's time, still worn by the Speaker and by judges, and the smaller tie-wig, still represented by the judge's undress wig and the barrister's or advocate's frizzed wig: a judge. (For Bag-wig, see Bag.)—n. Wig′-block, a block or shaped piece of wood for fitting a wig on.—adj. Wigged, wearing a wig.—n. Wig′gery, false hair: excess of formality.—adj. Wig′less, without a wig.—n. Wig′-mā′ker, a maker of wigs. [Short for periwig.]

Wig, wig, v.t. (coll.) to scold.—n. Wig′ging, a scolding. [Prob. derived from 'to snatch at one's wig,' to handle roughly.]

Wigan, wig′an, n. a stiff canvas-like fabric for stiffening shirts, borders, &c. [Wigan, the town.]

Wiggle, wig′l, v.i. (prov.) to waggle, wriggle.—n. a wiggling motion.—n. Wigg′ler, one who wriggles.

Wight, wīt, n. a creature or a person—used chiefly in sport or irony. [A.S. wiht, a creature, prob. from wegan, to move, carry; Ger. wicht. Cf. Whit.]

Wight, wīt, adj. swift, nimble: courageous, strong.—adv. Wight′ly, swiftly, nimbly. [Ice. vígr, warlike—víg, war (A.S. wíg).]

Wigwag, wig′wag, v.i. to twist about, to signal by means of flags.—adj. twisting.—adv. to and fro.

Wild, wīld, adj. frolicsome, light-hearted: being in a state of nature: not tamed or cultivated: uncivilised: desert: unsheltered: violent: eager, keen: licentious: fantastic: wide of the mark.—n. an uncultivated region: a forest or desert.—ns. Wīld′-ass, an Asiatic or African ass living naturally in a wild state; Wīld′-boar, a wild swine or animal of the hog kind.—adj. Wīld′-born, born in a wild state.—n. Wīld′-cat, the undomesticated cat.—adj. (U.S.) haphazard, reckless, unsound financially.—ns. Wīld′-cherr′y, any uncultivated tree bearing cherries, or its fruit; Wīld′-duck, any duck excepting the domesticated duck.—v.t. Wilder (wil′dėr), to bewilder.—v.i. to wander widely or wildly.—adv. Wil′deredly, in a wildered manner.—ns. Wil′dering, any plant growing wild, esp. one that has escaped from a state of cultivation; Wil′derment, confusion; Wil′derness, a wild or waste place: an uncultivated region: a confused mass: (Shak.) wildness; Wīld′-fire, a composition of inflammable materials: a kind of lightning flitting at intervals: a disease of sheep; Wīld′-fowl, the birds of the duck tribe: game-birds; Wīld′-fowl′ing, the pursuit of wild-fowl; Wīld′-goose, a bird of the goose kind which is wild or feral; Wīld′-goose-chase (see Chase); Wīld-hon′ey, the honey of wild bees; Wīld′ing, that which grows wild or without cultivation: a wild crab-apple.—adj. uncultivated.—adj. Wīld′ish, somewhat wild.—n. Wīld′-land, land completely uncultivated.—adv. Wīld′ly.—ns. Wīld′ness; Wīld′-oat, a tall perennial Old World grass.—adj. Wīld′-wood, belonging to wild uncultivated wood.—n. a forest.—Wild animals, undomesticated animals; Wild birds, birds not domesticated, esp. those protected at certain seasons under the Act of 1880; Wild hunt, the name given in Germany to a noise sometimes heard in the air at night, mostly between Christmas and Epiphany, as of a host of spirits rushing along, accompanied by the shouting of huntsmen and the baying of dogs—the 'Seven Whistlers' and 'Gabriel's Hounds' of our own north country; Wild shot, a chance shot.—Run wild, to take to loose living: to revert to the wild or uncultivated state; Sow wild oats (see Oat). [A.S. wild; prob. orig. 'self-willed,' from the root of will; Ger. wild.]

Wildgrave, wīld′grāv, n. a German noble, whose office was connected with hunting. [Ger. wild, game, graf, count.]

Wile, wīl, n. a trick: a sly artifice.—v.t. to beguile, inveigle: coax, cajole: to make to pass easily or pleasantly (confused with while).—adj. Wile′ful, full of wiles. [A.S. wíl, wíle; Ice. vél, væl, a trick. Doublet guile.]

Will, wil, n. power of choosing or determining: volition: choice or determination: pleasure: command: arbitrary disposal: feeling towards, as in good or ill will: disposition of one's effects at death, the written document containing such.—v.i. to have a wish, desire: to resolve, be resolved: to be accustomed, certain, ready, or sure (to do, &c.)—used as an auxiliary, esp. in future constructions: to exercise the will: to decree: (B.) to be willing.—v.t. to wish, desire: to determine: to be resolved to do: to command: to dispose of by will: to subject to another's will, as in hypnotism:—pa.t. would.—adj. Wil′ful, governed only by one's will: done or suffered by design: obstinate: (Shak.) willing.—adv. Wil′fully.—n. Wil′fulness.—adj. Willed, having a will: brought under another's will.—n. Will′er, one who wishes, one who wills.—adjs. Will′ing, having the will inclined to a thing: desirous: disposed: chosen; Will′ing-heart′ed, heartily consenting.—adv. Will′ingly.—n. Will′ingness.—adj. Will′yard (Scot.), wilful: shy.—ns. Good′-will (see Good); Ill′-will (see Ill).—At will, at pleasure; Conjoint, Joint, will, a testamentary act by two persons jointly in the same instrument; Have one's will, to obtain what one desires; Tenant at will, one who holds lands at the will of the owner; With a will, with all one's heart; Work one's will, to do exactly what one wants. [A.S. willa, will—willan, wyllan, to wish; Goth. wiljan, Ger. wollen, L. velle.]

Willet, wil′et, n. a North American bird of the snipe family, belonging to the tattler group—also Stone-curlew.

Williewaught, wil′i-wäht, n. (Scot.), for gude-willie waught. [See Waught.]

Will-o'-the-wisp, wil′-o-the-wisp′, n. the ignis-fatuus: any deluding person or thing.

Willow, wil′ō, n. any tree or shrub of the genus Salix, having slender, pliant branches: the wood of the willow: a cricket-bat.—v.t. to beat with willow rods, as in cleaning cotton, &c.—adj. Will′owed, abounding with, or containing, willows.—n. Will′ow-herb, a perennial herb (Epilobium) of the evening primrose family—also Rose-bay, Bay-willow, French or Persian willow.—adj. Will′owish, like a willow, slender and supple.—ns. Will′ow-machine′, a machine for extracting dirt from hemp, cotton, &c.—also Will′ow; Will′ow-moth, a common British night-moth; Will′ow-war′bler, -wren, a small European sylviine bird; Will′ow-weed, one of various species of Polygonum or knot-weed: the purple loose-strife.—adj. Will′owy, abounding in willows: flexible, graceful.—n. Weep′ing-will′ow, a very ornamental species, a native of the East, much planted in Britain on account of its beautiful pendent twigs.—Bedford willow, a species whose bark is especially rich in salicin and in tannin; White, or Huntingdon, willow, the largest of British species, reaching a height of eighty feet. [A.S. welig; Low Ger. wilge, Dut. wilg.]

Will-worship, wil′-wur′ship, n. (B.) worship that is self-invented, superstitious observance without divine authority.

Willy-nilly, wil′i-nil′i, adv. willing or unwilling.—adj. vacillating. [Will and nill.]

Wilt, wilt, v.i. to droop, lose energy.—v.t. to render limp or pithless. [Cf. Welk; cf. Ger. welk, withered.]

Wily, wī′li, adj. full of wiles or tricks: using craft or stratagem: artful: sly.—adv. Wī′lily.—n. Wī′liness, cunning.

Wimble, wim′bl, n. an instrument for boring holes, turned by a handle.—v.t. to bore through with such. [Scand., Dan. vimmel, auger; conn. with Old Dut. weme, a wimble, and wemelen, to whirl.]

Wimble, wim′bl, adj. (Spens.) active, nimble. [Sw. vimmel, giddy—vima, to be giddy; allied to whim.]

Wimple, wim′pl, n. a hood or veil folded round the neck and face (still a part of a nun's dress): a flag.—v.t. to hide with a wimple: (Shak.) to hoodwink: to lay in folds.—v.i. to ripple: (Spens.) to lie in folds. [A.S. wimpel, a neck-covering; cf. Ger. wimpel, a pennon, Fr. guimpe, a nun's veil, Eng. gimp, a thin cloth for trimming.]

Win, win, v.t. to get by labour: to gain in contest: to allure to kindness, to gain: to achieve, effect: to attain: to induce: in mining, to sink down to a bed of coal: to obtain the favour of.—v.i. to gain the victory: to gain favour: (prov.) to make one's way, to succeed in getting:—pr.p. win′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. won (wun).—n. a victory, success.—ns. Win′ner; Win′ning, the act of one who wins: that which is won (usually in pl.): a shaft or pit to open a bed of coal.—adj. influencing: attractive.—adv. Win′ningly.—ns. Win′ningness; Win′ning-post, the goal of a race-course.—Win by a head, to win very narrowly; Win in a canter, to win easily, as it were at an easy gallop; Win on, upon, to gain upon, to obtain favour with; Win, or Gain, one's spurs, to earn one's knighthood by valour on the field, hence to gain recognition or reputation by merit of any kind. [A.S. winnan, to suffer, to struggle; Ice. vinna, to accomplish, Ger. gewinnen, to win.]

Wince, wins, v.i. to shrink or start back: to be affected acutely, as by a sarcasm: to be restive, as a horse uneasy at its rider.—n. Win′cer, one who winces. [O. Fr. guinchir, ganchir, to wince—Old High Ger. wenkan (Ger. wanken), to wince. Allied to Eng. wink, and Ger. winken, to nod.]

Wincey, Winsey, win′si, n. a cloth, plain or twilled, usually with a cotton warp and woollen filling—same as linsey-woolsey (q.v.).

Winch, winsh, n. the crank of a wheel or axle: a kind of hoisting machine: a dyer's reel suspended horizontally by the ends of its axis over the vat, so as to allow the cloth to descend into either compartment of the bath according as it is turned on the right or left.—Also Wince. [A.S. wince, prob. orig. 'a bent handle,' and so akin to Eng. wink.]

Wind, wind (poet. wīnd), n. air in motion: breath: flatulence: anything insignificant: the wind instruments in an orchestra: air impregnated with scent: a hint or suggestion of something secret, publicity: (slang) a part of the body near the stomach: a disease of sheep in which the inflamed intestines are distended by gases.—v.t. (wīnd) to sound or signal by blowing: to scent: (wind) to expose to the wind: to drive hard, so as to put out of breath: to allow to recover wind:—pr.p. wīnd′ing and wind′ing; pa.p. wind′ed and wound.—ns. Wind′age, the difference between the size of the bore of a gun and that of the ball or shell: the influence of the wind in deflecting a missile; Wind′bag, a person of mere words.—adjs. Wind′-bound, hindered from sailing by a contrary wind; Wind′-brō′ken, affected with convulsive breathing—of a horse; Wind′-chang′ing, fickle.—ns. Wind′-chart, a chart showing the direction of the wind; Wind′-chest, the box or reservoir that supplies compressed air to the pipes or reeds of an organ; Wind′-drop′sy, tympanites; Wind′-egg, an addle-egg, one soft-shelled or imperfectly formed; Wīnd′er, one who sounds a horn: one who, or that which, winds or rolls; Wind′fall, fruit blown off a tree by the wind: any unexpected money or other advantage.—adj. Windfall′en, blown down by wind.—ns. Wind′-flow′er, the wood-anemone; Wind′-fur′nace, any form of furnace using the natural draught of a chimney without aid of a bellows; Wind′-gall, a puffy swelling about the fetlock joints of a horse; Wind′-gauge, an instrument for gauging or measuring the velocity of the wind: an appliance fixed to a gun by means of which the force of the wind is ascertained so that allowance may be made for it in sighting; Wind′-gun, air-gun; Wind′-hō′ver, the kestrel.—adv. Wind′ily.—ns. Wind′iness; Wind′-in′strument, a musical instrument sounded by means of wind or by the breath.—adj. Wind′less, without wind.—ns. Wind′mill, a mill for performing any class of work in which fixed machinery can be employed, and in which the motive-power is the force of the wind acting on a set of sails; Wind′pipe, the passage for the breath between the mouth and lungs, the trachea.—adj. Wind′-rode (naut.), riding at anchor with head to the wind.—ns. Wind′rose, a graphic representation of the relative frequency of winds from different directions drawn with reference to a centre; Wind′row, a row of hay raked together to be made into cocks, a row of peats, &c., set up for drying; Wind′-sail (naut.), a wide funnel of canvas used to convey a stream of air below deck.—adj. Wind′-shā′ken, agitated by the wind.—ns. Wind′side, the side next the wind; Wind′-suck′er, the kestrel: a critic ready to fasten on any weak spot, however small or unimportant.—adjs. Wind′-swift, swift as the wind; Wind′-tight, air-tight.—adv. Wind′ward, toward where the wind blows from.—adj. toward the wind.—n. the point from which the wind blows.—adj. Wind′y.—A capful of wind, a slight breeze; Before the wind, carried along by the wind; Between wind and water, that part of a ship's side which is now in, now out of, the water owing to the fluctuation of the waves: any vulnerable point; Broken wind, a form of paroxysmal dyspnœa; Cast, or Lay, an anchor to windward, to make prudent provision for the future; Down the wind, moving with the wind; Fight windmills, to struggle with imaginary opposition, as Don Quixote tilted at the windmill; Get one's wind, to recover one's breath; Get the wind of, to get on the windward side of; Get to windward of, to secure an advantage over; Get wind of, to learn about, to be informed of; Have the wind of, to be on the trail of; How the wind blows, or lies, the state of the wind: the position of affairs; In the wind, astir, afoot; In the wind's eye, In the teeth of the wind, right against the wind; Sail close to the wind, to keep the boat's head near enough to wind as to fill but not shake the sails: to be almost indecent; Second wind, new powers of respiration succeeding to the first breathlessness; Sow the wind and reap the whirlwind, to act wrongly and receive a crushing retribution. [A.S. wind; Ice. vindr, Ger. wind, L. ventus, Gr. aētēs, Sans. vāta, wind.]

Wind, wīnd, v.t. to turn: to twist: to coil: to haul or hoist, as by a winch: to encircle: to change: (Spens.) to weave.—v.i. to turn completely or often: to turn round something: to twist: to move spirally: to meander: to beat about the bush:—pr.p. wīnd′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. wound.—n. Wīnd′er, one who winds: an instrument for winding: a twisting plant.—adj. Wīnd′ing, curving, full of bends: twisted.—n. a turning: a twist.—n. Wīnd′ing-en′gine, a machine for hoisting.—adv. Wīnd′ingly.—ns. Wīnd′ing-machine′, a twisting or warping machine; Wīnd′ing-sheet, a sheet enwrapping a corpse: the dripping grease which clings to the side of a candle; Wīnd′-up, the close.—Wind a ship, to turn her about end for end; Wind up, to come to a conclusion: to tighten, to excite very much: to give new life to: to adjust for final settlement: (Shak.) to restore to harmony. [A.S. windan; Ger. winden, Ice. vinda, Goth. windan. Cf. Wend, Wander.]

Windlass, wind′las, n. a modification of the wheel and axle, used for raising weights, consisting of a revolving cylinder.—v.i. to use a windlass.—v.t. to hoist by means of such. [Skeat explains as a corruption, due to confusion with the succeeding word, of M. E. windas, a windlass—Ice. vindáss—vinda, to wind; Dut. windas.]

Windlass, wind′las, n. (Shak.) indirect, crafty action.—v.i. to take a round-about course. [For wind-lace, a winding course; from wind (n.) and lace, a twist.]

Windle, win′dl, n. an engine for turning: a dry measure. [A.S. windel—windan, to turn.]

Windlestraw, win′dl-straw, n. the stalk of various grasses. [A.S. windel, a woven basket, streów, straw.]

Window, win′dō, n. an opening in the wall of a building for air and light: the frame in the opening: a cover, lid.—v.t. to furnish with windows: (Shak.) to make rents in: (Shak.) to place in a window.—ns. Wind′ow-bar, a wooden or iron bar fitted into a window for security: (Shak.) lattice-work across a woman's stomacher; Win′dow-blind, a blind or screen for a window; Win′dow-bole (same as Bole, 3); Win′dow-cur′tain, a curtain hung over a window, inside a room.—adj. Win′dowed, having a window or windows.—ns. Win′dow-frame, a frame or case which surrounds a window; Win′dow-gar′dening, the cultivation of plants indoors before a window, or in boxes fitted on the outside sill; Win′dow-glass, glass suitable for windows.—adj. Win′dowless, having no windows.—ns. Win′dow-pane, a square of glass set in a window; Win′dow-sash, a light frame in which panes of glass are set; Win′dow-screen, any device for filling the opening of a window; Win′dow-seat, a seat in the recess of a window; Win′dow-shade, a sheet covering the window when pulled out; Win′dow-sill, the flat piece of wood at the bottom of a window-frame.—Window tax, till 1851 a tax in Great Britain levied on windows of houses.—Blind window, a window space blocked up with masonry. [M. E. windowe—Ice. vindauga—vindr, wind, auga, eye.]

Windsor, win′zor, adj. pertaining to Windsor, as in Wind′sor-chair, a kind of strong, plain, polished chair, made entirely of wood; Wind′sor-soap, a kind of perfumed brown toilet-soap.

Wine, wīn, n. the fermented juice of the grape: a liquor made from other fruits: (fig.) intoxication: a wine-drinking, a wine-party.—ns. Wine′-bag, a wine-skin: a tippler; Wine′-bibb′er, a bibber or drinker of wine: a drunkard; Wine′-bibb′ing; Wine′-bis′cuit, a sweet biscuit intended to be served with wine; Wine′-cask, a cask for holding wine; Wine′-cell′ar, a cellar for storing wine.—adj. Wine′-col′oured, of the colour of red wine.—ns. Wine′-cool′er, a receptacle for cooling wine in bottles about to be served at table; Wine′-fat, the vat receiving the liquor from a wine-press; Wine′-glass, a small glass used in drinking wine; Wine′-glass′ful; Wine′-grow′er, one who cultivates a vineyard and makes wine; Wine′-meas′ure, an old English liquid measure, its gallon 5⁄6 of the gallon in beer-measure, containing 231 cubic inches—the standard United States gallon; Wine′-mer′chant, a merchant who deals in wine, esp. at wholesale; Wine′-par′ty, a drinking-party; Wine′-press, a machine in which grapes are pressed in the manufacture of wine; Wine′-skin, a skin for holding wine; Wine′-stone, crude argol; Wine′-tāst′er, one whose business it is to sample wines; Wine′-vault, a vaulted wine-cellar: (pl.) a place where wine is tasted or drunk.—Adam's wine, water; Rhine, Rhenish, wine, wine produced on the banks of the Rhine, esp. hock; Spirit of wine, alcohol; White wine, Chablis, Sauterne, the wines of Germany—formerly Madeira and sherry. [A.S. wín; Goth, wein, Ger. wein; all from L. vinum; cog. with Gr. oinos.]

Wing, wing, n. the organ of a bird, or other animal or insect, by which it flies: flight, means of flying: anything resembling a wing, any side-piece, the side of a building, &c.: one of the longer sides of crown-works or horn-works in fortification: the flank corps or division of an army on either side: the ships on either extremity of a fleet ranged in line: (fig.) protection.—v.t. to furnish or transport with wings: to lend speed to: to supply with side-pieces: to bear in flight, to traverse by flying: to wound on the wing, to wound a person in arm or shoulder.—v.i. to soar on the wing.—adv. Wing′-and-wing′, the condition of a ship sailing before the wind with studding sails on both sides.—n. Wing′-case, the horny case or cover over the wings of some insects, as the beetle.—adj. Winged, furnished with wings: swift: wounded in the wing: lofty, sublime: alate, abounding in wings.—adv. Wing′edly, on or by wings.—adjs. Wing′-foot′ed, having wings on the feet, aliped; Wing′less, without wings.—ns. Wing′let, the bastard wing or alula of a bird: the pterygium of a weevil; Wing′-shell, a stromb: an aviculoid bivalve, a hammer-oyster: a wing-snail; Wing′-shoot′ing, the act or practice of shooting flying birds; Wing′-shot, a shot at a bird on the wing: one who shoots flying birds.—adj. shot in the wing, or while on the wing.—adj. Wing′y, having wings: soaring on wings.—Winged bull, a common form in Assyrian sculpture, symbolic of domination.—Make, Take, wing, to depart; On, Upon, the wing, flying, in motion: departing; On the wings of the wind, with the highest speed; Under one's wing, under one's protection. [Ice. vængr, a wing; Sw. vinge.]

Wink, wingk, v.i. to move the eyelids quickly: to give a hint by winking: to seem not to see, connive at (gener. with at): to flicker, twinkle, sparkle.—v.t. to close and open quickly.—n. act of winking: a hint given by winking.—ns. Wink′-a-peep, the scarlet pimpernel; Wink′er, one who winks: a horse's blinkers: (Shak.) an eye: the winking membrane of a bird's eye, the winking muscle: a small bellows in an organ, regulated by a spring, controlling variations of wind-pressure; Wink′ing, the act of winking.—adv. Wink′ingly.—Forty winks (coll.), a short nap; Like winking (slang), very rapidly; Tip one the wink, to wink to one as a sign of caution, or of mutual understanding, &c. [A.S. wincian (Ger. winken); akin to A.S. wancol, wavering.]

Winning, win′ing, adj. and n.—n. Win′ner.—adv. Win′ningly. [Win.]

Winnow, win′ō, v.i. to separate the chaff from the grain by wind: to fan: to examine: to sift: to blow upon: (Milt.) to set in motion: (rare) to flap, flutter.—v.i. to separate chaff from grain.—n. a fan for winnowing.—ns. Winn′ower; Winn′owing; Winn′owing-fan, -machine′, a fan, machine, for winnowing. [A.S. windwian, to winnow.]

Winsome, win′sum, adj. cheerful: pleasant: attractive.—adv. Win′somely.—n. Win′someness. [A.S. wyn-sum, pleasant—wyn, joy (Ger. wonne).]

Winter, win′tėr, n. the cold season of the year: a year: any season of cheerlessness: the last corn of the harvest, a harvest festival.—adj. wintry.—v.i. to pass the winter.—v.t. to feed, or to detain, during winter.—ns. Win′ter-app′le, an apple that keeps well in winter, or that does not ripen till winter; Win′ter-bar′ley, a kind of barley which is sown in autumn.—adj. Win′ter-beat′en (Spens.), beaten or injured by the cold of winter.—ns. Win′ter-berr′y, a name given to several shrubs of the genus Ilex, growing in the eastern parts of North America; Win′ter-bloom, the witch-hazel; Win′ter-bourne, an intermittent spring in the chalk-districts; Win′ter-cherr′y, one of the Solanaceæ, a plant with edible red berries—also called in the United States Strawberry-tomatoes: the Balloon-vine, having large triangular, inflated fruit.—adj. Win′ter-clad, warmly clad.—ns. Win′ter-clov′er, the partridge-berry; Win′ter-cress, a cruciferous plant, cultivated for winter salad; Win′ter-crop, a crop that will endure the winter, or that yields fodder in winter-time.—adj. Win′tered, having seen many winters: exposed to winter: (Shak.) worn in winter.—ns. Win′ter-fall′ow, a fallow made in the winter; Win′ter-gar′den, an ornamental garden for winter; Win′ter-green, a plant of genus Pyrola, also of Chimaphila: a plant of genus Gualtheria, whose oil is an aromatic stimulant, used chiefly in flavouring confectionery and syrups.—v.t. Win′ter-ground (Shak.), to protect, as a plant, from the inclemency of winter.—ns. Win′ter-lodge, -lodg′ment, the hibernacle of a plant.—adj. Win′terly, cheerless.—n.pl. Win′ter-quar′ters, the quarters of an army during winter: a winter residence.—ns. Win′ter-sett′le, an old word for a winter dwelling; Win′ter-tide, winter: Win′ter-wheat, wheat sown in autumn; Win′triness.—adjs. Win′try, Win′tery, resembling, or suitable to, winter: stormy. [A.S. winter; Ger. winter; of uncertain origin; not conn. with wind.]

Winter, win′tėr, n. an appliance for fixing on the front of a grate, to keep warm a tea-kettle or the like.

Winter's-bark, win′tėrs-bärk, n. a stimulant, aromatic, and tonic bark, named from Captain Winter, who first brought it from the Strait of Magellan in 1579.

Winy, wī′ni, adj. having the qualities of, or resembling, wine: influenced by wine.

Winze, winz, n. in mining, a small ventilating shaft between two levels. [Prob. related to winnow.]

Wipe, wīp, v.t. to clean by rubbing (with away, off, out): cleanse, clear away: to apply solder to with a piece of cloth or leather: (coll.) to beat.—n. act of cleaning by rubbing: a blow: a scar: (slang) handkerchief.—ns. Wī′per; Wī′ping, the act of wiping: a thrashing. [A.S. wípian; cf. Low Ger. wiep, a wisp.]

Wire, wīr, n. a thread of metal: the metal thread used in telegraphy, &c.: the string of an instrument: the slender shaft of the plumage of certain birds: a telegram: (slang) a clever pickpocket: (Shak.) the lash, scourge.—adj. formed of wire.—v.t. to bind, snare, or supply with wire: to keep the ends of a broken bone together with wire: to send by telegraph.—v.i. to telegraph.—n. Wire′-bridge, a suspension-bridge.—adj. Wired, having wiry feathers.—n. Wire′-dan′cer, a performer on a tight wire.—v.t. Wire′-draw, to draw into wire: to draw or spin out to a great length: to strain or stretch the meaning of anything.—ns. Wire′drawer; Wire′drawing.—adj. Wire′drawn, spun out into needless fine distinctions.—ns. Wire′-gauze, a kind of stiff close fabric made of fine wire; Wire′-grass, a kind of fine meadow-grass; Wire′-guard, wire-netting placed in front of a fire; Wire′-heel, a defect or disease of the foot; Wire′-man, one who puts up or takes care of wires; Wire′-net′ting, Wire′work, a texture of wire woven in the form of a net; Wire′-pull′er, one who exercises an influence felt but not seen, as if the actors were his puppets and he pulled the wires that move them: an intriguer; Wire′-pull′ing; Wī′rer, a snarer; Wire′-rope, a rope of twisted iron or steel.—adj. Wire′-sewed, -stitched, sewed with wire instead of thread.—ns. Wire′way, transportation by means of wires; Wire′work, articles made of wire; Wire′worker; Wire′working; Wire′-worm, a name given to the larvæ of click-beetles, from their slenderness and uncommon hardness, very injurious to root, grain, and fodder crops.—adj. Wire′wove, denoting a fine glazed quality of writing-paper.—adv. Wī′rily.—n. Wī′riness, the state of being wiry.—adj. Wī′ry, made of, or like, wire: flexible and strong.—Wire away, or in, to act with vigour.—Pull the wires (see Wire-puller above). [A.S. wír; Ice. vírr; perh. conn. with L. viriæ, bracelets.]

Wis, wis, v. (in the form I wis) erroneously used as 'I know.' [I wis is the M. E. adv. i-wis—A.S. ge-wis, certainly; cf. Ger. ge-wiss.]

Wisdom, wiz′dum, n. quality of being wise: judgment: right use of knowledge: learning: (B.) skilfulness, speculation, spiritual perception: the apocryphal Book of the Wisdom of Solomon (see Apocrypha).—n. Wis′dom-tooth, a large double back-tooth, so called because it appears late, when people are supposed to have arrived at the age of wisdom. [A.S. wísdóm, wisdom. Cf. Wise.]

Wise, wīz, adj. having wit or knowledge: able to make use of knowledge well: judging rightly: discreet: learned: skilful: dictated by wisdom: containing wisdom: pious, godly.—adjs. Wise′-heart′ed, having wisdom: prudent; Wise′-like (Scot.), sensible, judicious: looking as if capable of playing one's part well.—n. Wise′ling, one who pretends to be wise.—adv. Wise′ly.—n. Wise′ness.—Wise woman, a witch: (Scot.) a midwife.—Never the wiser, still in ignorance. [A.S. wís; Ger. weise; from root of wit.]

Wise, wīz, n. way, manner.—In any wise, In no wise, in any way, in no way; On this wise, in this way. [A.S. wíse, orig. wiseness; Ger. weise; akin to wise (1) and wit. Doublet guise.]

Wiseacre, wī′zā-kėr, n. one who pretends to wisdom without grounds, a simpleton quite unconscious of being such. [Perh. through the medium of Dutch from Ger. weissager, a soothsayer, weissagen, to foretell—Old High Ger. wīzago, a prophet.]

Wish, wish, v.i. to have a desire: to long (so in B.): to be inclined.—v.t. to desire or long for: to ask: to invoke: (Shak.) to recommend.—n. desire, longing: thing desired: expression of desire.—n. Wish′er.—adj. Wish′ful, having a wish or desire: eager.—adv. Wish′fully.—ns. Wish′fulness; Wish′ing-bone, Wish′-bone, the furcula or merrythought of a fowl; Wish′ing-cap, a cap by wearing which one obtains everything he wishes. [A.S. wýscan—wúsc, a wish; Ger. wünschen, Sw. önska.]

Wishtonwish, wish′ton-wish, n. the North American prairie-dog. [Amer. Ind.]

Wish-wash, wish′-wosh, n. (coll.) anything wishy-washy.—adj. Wish′y-wash′y, thin and weak, diluted, feeble. [Formed from wash.]

Wisp, wisp, n. a small bundle of straw or hay: a small broom: will-o'-the-wisp: a disease affecting the feet of cattle.—v.t. to rub down with a wisp.—adj. Wis′py, like a wisp. [M. E. wisp, wips, conn. with wipe; cf. Low Ger. wiep, Norw. vippa, a wisp.]

Wist, wist, v.pa.t. (B.) knew. [A.S. wiste, pa.t. of witan, 3d pers. sing. pr.t. wát, to know. Cf. Wit.]

Wistaria, wis-tā′ri-a, n. a genus of leguminous plants, some of the species amongst the most magnificent ornamental climbers known in English gardens, named from the American anatomist, Caspar Wistar (1761-1818).

Wistful, wist′fōōl, adj. hushed: full of thought: thoughtful: earnest: eager, wishful, longing.—adv. Wist′fully.—n. Wist′fulness.—adv. Wist′ly (Shak.), silently, earnestly. [Most prob. for whistful, whistly—i.e. silently; and not conn. with wish. Skeat, however, makes it a substitution for wishful, confused with wisly=certainly—Ice. viss, certain (distinct from, yet allied to, víss, wise).]

Wit, wit, v.i. to know:—pr.t. 1st pers. sing. Wot; 2d, Wost (erroneously Wot′test); 3d, Wot (erroneously Wot′teth):—pl. 1st, 2d, 3d, Wot; pa.t. Wist (erroneously Wot′ted); pr.p. Wit′ting, Weet′ing (erroneously Wot′ting); pa.p. Wist.—To do to wit, to cause to know; To wit, that is to say—the A.S. gerund tó witanne. [A.S. witan, to know (pr.t. ic wát, þu wást, he wát, pl. witon; pa.t. wiste—also wisse, pl. wiston, pa.p. wist); Goth. witan, Ger. wissen; cf. L. vidēre, Gr. idein.]

Wit, wit, n. understanding: a mental faculty (chiefly in pl.): the power of combining ideas with a ludicrous effect, the result of this power: ingenuity: (rare) imagination: (obs.) information.—adj. Wit′less, wanting wit or understanding: thoughtless.—adv. Wit′lessly.—ns. Wit′lessness; Wit′ling, one who has little wit: a pretender to wit; Wit′-mong′er, a poor would-be wit; Wit′-snap′per (Shak.), one who affects wit or repartee.—adj. Wit′ted, having wit or understanding.—n. Witticism (wit′i-sizm), a witty remark: a sentence or phrase affectedly witty.—adv. Wit′tily.—n. Wit′tiness.—adv. Wit′tingly, knowingly: by design.—adj. Wit′ty, possessed of wit: amusing: droll: sarcastic: (B.) ingenious: (Shak.) wise, discreet.—v.i. Wit′wanton, to indulge in irreverent wit.—At one's wits' end, utterly perplexed; Live by one's wits, to live in a haphazard manner by any shift; The five wits, the five senses. [A.S. wit, from the verb above.]

Wit, wit, n. a person of understanding or judgment, esp. a person who has a keen perception of the ludicrous and can express it neatly. [Perh. a use of the preceding word; others trace through A.S. wita, gewita, a counsellor—witan, to know.]

Witan, wit′an, n.pl. members of the Witenagemot. [Pl. of A.S. wita, a man of knowledge. See preceding words.]

Witch, wich, n. a woman regarded as having supernatural or magical power and knowledge through compact with the devil or some minor evil spirit: a hag, crone: (coll.) a fascinating young girl: (Shak.) a wizard.—v.t. to bewitch, to effect by means of witchcraft.—ns. Witch′craft, the craft or practice of witches: the black art, sorcery: supernatural power; Witch′-doc′tor, a medicine-man; Witch′ery, witchcraft: fascination; Witch′es'-broom, a popular name for the broom-like tufts of branches developed on the silver-fir, birch, cherry, &c. by means of an uredineous fungus; Witch′es'-but′ter, a dark-brown fungus (see Nostoc); Witch′es'-thim′ble, the sea-campion; Witch′-find′er, one whose business was to detect witches.—adj. Witch′ing, weird: fascinating.—adv. Witch′ingly.—ns. Witch′-knot, a knot, esp. in the hair, tied by means of witchcraft; Witch′-meal, the inflammable pollen of the club-moss.—adj. Witch′-ridd′en, ridden by witches.—n. Witch′-wife, a woman who practises witchcraft. [M. E. wicche (both masc. and fem.)—A.S. wicca (masc.), wicce (fem.), wizard, witch; prob. reduced from wítega, wítiga, witga, a seer (Old High Ger. wīzago)—a supposed adj. wítig, seeing—wítan, to see, allied to witan, to know. For the change, cf. Orchard—A.S. ortgeard. Cf. Wit and Wicked.]

Witch, Witch-elm, wich, wich′-elm, n. the common wild elm—also Witch′-hā′zel.—n. Witch′en, the mountain-ash or rowan. [A.S. wice, the service-tree—wícan, to bend.]

Wite, wīt, v.t. (Spens.) to blame, to reproach.—n. (Spens.) blame, reproach.—adj. Wite′less (Spens.), blameless. [A.S. wítan, to punish, fine (Ice. víta); ult. conn. with witan, to know.]

Witenagemot, wit′e-na-ge-mōt′, n. the supreme council of England in Anglo-Saxon times, composed of the bishops, the ealdormen of shires, and a number of the king's friends and dependents, the king's thanes. It was thus purely a council of royal officers and territorial magnates, not at all resembling the representative House of Commons. [A.S. witena gemót—wita, a wise man, gemót, a meeting.]

With, with, prep. denoting nearness, agreement, or connection: by: in competition or contrast: on the side of: immediately after: among: possessing: in respect of, in the regard of: like: by, by means of, through: showing, using: from.—adv. Withal′, with all or the rest: likewise: moreover.—prep. an emphatic form of with.—With that, thereupon. [A.S. wið; Ice. við, Ger. wider. It absorbed the A.S. mid, with (Ger. mit).]

Withdraw, with-draw′, v.t. to draw back or away: to take back: to recall.—v.i. to retire: to go away.—ns. Withdraw′al, Withdraw′ment; Withdraw′er; Withdraw′ing-room, a room used to retire into: a drawing-room. [Pfx. with-, against, and draw.]

Withe, with, or wīth, Withy, with′y, n. a flexible twig, esp. of willow: a band of twisted twigs: an elastic handle to a tool to save the hand from the shock of blows: a boom-iron.—adj. Withy (with′i or wī′thi), made of withes: like withes, flexible. [A.S. withthe, a form of withig, a withy; Ice. vidhir, Ger. weide, willow.]

Wither, with′ėr, v.i. to fade or become dry: to lose freshness: to shrink: waste.—v.t. to cause to dry up: to cause to decay, perish, waste.—adj. With′ered, dried up.—n. With′eredness.—adj. With′ering, blasting, blighting, scorching.—n. With′ering-floor, the drying-floor of a malt-house.—adv. With′eringly. [A.S. wedrian, to expose to weather.]

Withers, with′ėrz, n.pl. the ridge between the shoulder-bones of a horse and behind the root of the neck.—adj. With′er-wrung, injured in the withers. [A.S. wither, against, an extension of with, against.]

Withershins, Widdershins, with′-, wid′ėr-shinz, adv. (Scot.) in the contrary direction—to the left, contrary to the course of the sun, in the wrong way.—Also Widd′ersins, Widd′ersinnis. Cf. the Gaelic deiseil, to the right, going round in the way of the sun. [Widder- is the Ice. vithra, against (A.S. wither, Ger. wieder, Dut. weder); Sins is the adverbial genitive, from Ice. sinni, walk, movement, originally journey, cog. with A.S. síth, Goth. sinths, journey, Old High Ger. sind.]

Withhold, with-hōld′, v.t. to hold back: to keep back.—v.i. to stay back:—pa.t. and pa.p. Withheld′ (arch. pa.p. Withhol′den).—ns. Withhol′der; Withhold′ment. [Pfx. with-, against, and hold.]

Within, with-in′, prep. in the inner part: inside: in the reach of: not going outside of.—adv. in the inner part: inwardly: at home.—Within call, hail, not too far to hear a call, hail. [A.S. wiðinnan—wið, against, with, innan, in.]

Without, with-owt′, prep. outside or out of: beyond: not with: in absence of: not having: except: all but.—adv. on the outside: out of doors.—conj. except.—adj. Without′-door (Shak.), being out of doors.—prep. Without′en (Spens.), without.—Without book, on no authority; Without distinction, indiscriminately.—From without, from the outside. [A.S. wiðútan—wið, against, útan, outside.]

Withstand, with-stand′, v.t. to stand against: to oppose or resist:—pa.t. and pa.p. Withstood′.—n. Withstand′er.

Witness, wit′nes, n. knowledge brought in proof: testimony of a fact: that which furnishes proof: one who sees or has personal knowledge of a thing: one who attests.—v.t. to have direct knowledge of: to see: to give testimony to: to show: (Shak.) to foretell.—v.i. to give evidence.—ns. Wit′ness-box, the enclosure in which a witness stands when giving evidence in a court of law; Wit′nesser.—With a witness (Shak.), to a great degree. [A.S. witnes, testimony—witan, to know.]

Wittol, wit′ol, n. one who knows his wife's faithlessness, and submits to it.—adj. Witt′olly (Shak.), like a wittol or contented cuckold. [Formerly also wittal, wittold, a particular use of witwal, the popinjay; cf. the similar allusions to the cuckoo, from which grew the word cuckold.]

Witwal, wit′wawl, n. the popinjay, or green woodpecker, the greater spotted woodpecker. [Var. of woodwale, a woodpecker.]

Wive, wīv, v.t. to take for a wife: to provide with a wife.—v.i. to marry.—n. Wive′hood (Spens.), wifehood. [A.S. wífian—wíf, wife.]

Wizard, wiz′ard, n. one who practises witchcraft or magic: (obs.) a wise man.—adj. with magical powers.—adv. Wiz′ardly, like a wizard.—n. Wiz′ardry, sorcery. [O. Fr. guiscart—Ice. vizkr (for vitskr), from vita, to know.]

Wizen, wiz′n, Wizened, wiz′nd, adj. dried up: thin: shrivelled.—v.i. and v.t. to become dry, to make dry.—adj. Wiz′en-faced, having a thin, shrivelled face. [A.S. wisnian, to wither; cog. with Ice. visinn, wizened, visna, to wither.]

Woad, wōd, n. a genus of cruciferous plants, whose few species are mostly natives of the countries around the Mediterranean—Dyer's woad yields a good and very permanent dye, but is now largely superseded by indigo.—adj. Woad′ed, dyed blue with woad. [A.S. wád; Ger. waid; L. vitrum.]

Woden, wō′den, n. the Anglo-Saxon form of the Norse Odin.—n. Wō′denism, the worship of Woden.

Woe, Wo, wō, n. grief: misery: a heavy calamity: a curse: an exclamation of grief.—adj. sad, wretched.—adjs. Woe′begone, Wō′begone, beset with woe (see Begone); Woe′ful, Wō′ful, Woe′some (Scot. Wae′some), sorrowful: bringing calamity: wretched.—advs. Woe′fully, Wō′fully.—ns. Woe′fulness, Wō′fulness.—adjs. Woe′-wea′ried, -worn, wearied, worn, with woe.—Woe worth the day (see Worth).—In weal and woe, in prosperity and adversity. [A.S. (interj.) wá; Ger. weh; L. væ, Gr. ouai. Cf. Wail.]

Wold, wōld, n. an open tract of country. [A.S. weald, wald, a wood, perh. ultimately conn. with wealdan, to possess, wield.]

Wolf, woolf, n. the common name of certain species of the genus Canis—including the ravenous Common Wolf, the Abyssinian Wolf, the Antarctic Wolf, the Maned Wolf, and the Prairie Wolf or Coyote: anything very ravenous: a greedy and cunning person: (obs.) a tuberculous excrescence: (mus.) a harsh discord heard in the organ, &c.:—pl. Wolves.—v.i. to hunt for wolves.—v.t. (slang) to devour ravenously.—ns. Wolf′-dog, a dog of large breed kept to guard sheep, esp. against wolves; Wol′fer, one who hunts wolves; Wolf′-fish, a fierce and voracious salt-water fish—called also Sea-wolf and Cat-fish; Wolf′-hound (see Borzoi); Wol′fing, the hunting of wolves for their skins.—adjs. Wol′fish, Wol′vish, like a wolf either in form or quality: rapacious.—adv. Wol′fishly.—ns. Wolf′kin, Wolf′ling, a young wolf; Wolf's′-bane, aconite; Wolf's′-foot, -claw, the club-moss Lycopodium; Wolf′-skin, the skin or pelt of a wolf; Wolf's′-peach, the tomato; Wolf′-spī′der, the tarantula; Wolf′-tooth, a small supernumerary premolar in a horse.—Cry wolf, to give a false alarm—from the story of the boy who cried 'Wolf' when there was none, and was not believed when there was one; Have a wolf by the ears, to be in a very difficult situation; Have a wolf in the stomach, to be ravenously hungry; Keep the wolf from the door, to keep out hunger; See a wolf, to lose one's voice, in allusion to an old superstition. [A.S. wulf; Ger. wolf; L. lupus; Gr. lykos.]

Wolffian, wōōl′fi-an, adj. pertaining to, or associated with, the name of the German embryologist K. F. Wolff (1733-94)—applied to the primordial renal organs in the embryo of the higher vertebrates, performing the function of kidneys till superseded by the true or permanent kidneys.

Wolfian, wōōl′fi-an, adj. pertaining to the philosophy of Johann Christian von Wolf (1679-1754). He systematised and popularised the philosophy of Leibnitz, and gave a strong impulse to that development of natural theology and rationalism which soon almost drove out revelation by rendering it unnecessary—also Wolff′ian.—n. Wolf′ianism.

Wolfian, wōōl′fi-an, adj. pertaining to, or associated with, the name of Friedrich August Wolf (1759-1824), the most gifted classical scholar and first critic of his age—applied esp. to his theory that the Odyssey and Iliad are composed of numerous ballads by different minstrels, strung together in a kind of unity by subsequent editors.

Wolfram, wol′fram, n. a native compound of tungstate of iron and manganese. [Ger.]

Wolverene, Wolverine, wool-ve-rēn′, n. a name given to the American glutton or carcajou, from its rapacity. [Extension of wolf.]

Woman, woom′an, n. the female of man, an adult female of the human race: the female sex, women collectively: a female attendant:—pl. Women (wim′en).—v.t. to cause to act like a woman, to unite to a woman (both Shak.): to call a person 'woman' abusively.—n. Wom′an-bod′y (Scot.), a woman, used disparagingly.—adjs. Wom′an-born, born of woman; Wom′an-built, built by women.—adv. Wom′anfully, like a woman.—adj. Wom′an-grown, grown to womanhood.—ns. Wom′an-hāt′er, a misogynist; Wom′anhood, the state, character, or qualities of a woman.—adj. Wom′anish, having the qualities of a woman: feminine.—adv. Wom′anishly.—ns. Wom′anishness; Wom′ankind, Wom′enkind, women taken together: the female sex.—adj. Wom′an-like, like a woman.—n. Wom′anliness.—adj. Wom′anly, like or becoming a woman: feminine.—adv. in the manner of a woman.—ns. Wom′an-post (Shak.), a female messenger; Wom′an-quell′er, a killer of women; Wom′an-suff′rage, the exercise of the electoral franchise by women.—adjs. Wom′an-tired (Shak.), hen-pecked; Wom′an-vest′ed, wearing women's clothes.—Woman of the town, a whore; Woman of the world, a woman of fashion.—Women's rights, the movement of women towards personal and proprietary independence.—Play the woman, to give way to weakness. [A.S. wimman, wífman, a compound of wíf, a woman, man, man.]

Womb, wōōm, n. the uterus, the organ in which the young of mammals are developed and kept till birth: (Shak.) the stomach: the place where anything is produced: any deep cavity.—v.t. (Shak.) to contain.—adj. Womb′y (Shak.), capacious. [A.S. wamb; Ger. wamme, paunch.]

Wombat, wom′bat, n. an Australian marsupial mammal of the opossum family. [Native name.]

Won, wun, v.i. to dwell: to abide: to be accustomed.—n. a dwelling: an abode.—n. Won′ing, dwelling. [A.S. wunian, Dut. wonen, Ger. wohnen, to dwell.]

Wonder, wun′dėr, n. the state of mind produced by something new, unexpected, or extraordinary: a strange thing: a prodigy: a sweet fried cake—also Cruller.—v.i. to feel wonder: to be amazed (with at): to speculate expectantly.—p.adj. Won′dered (Shak.), having performed, or able to perform, wonders.—n. Won′derer.—adj. Won′derful, full of wonder: exciting wonder: strange: (B.) wonderfully.—adv. Won′derfully.—ns. Won′derfulness; Won′dering.—adv. Won′deringly, with wonder.—ns. Won′derland, a land of wonders; Won′derment, surprise.—adjs. Won′derous (same as Wondrous); Won′der-struck, -strick′en, struck with wonder or astonishment.—ns. Won′der-work, a prodigy, miracle: thaumaturgy; Won′der-work′er; Won′der-work′ing.—adjs. Won′der-wound′ed (Shak.), wonder-stricken; Won′drous, such as may excite wonder: strange.—adv. Won′drously.—ns. Won′drousness.—Bird of wonder, the phœnix; Nine days' wonder, something that astonishes everybody for the moment; Seven wonders of the world (see Seven). [A.S. wundor; Ger. wunder, Ice. undr.]

Wonga-wonga, wong′ga-wong′ga, n. the large Australian white-faced pigeon—a table delicacy.

Wont, wunt, adj. used or accustomed.—n. habit.—v.i. to be accustomed.—adj. Won′ted, accustomed: usual.—n. Won′tedness.—adj. Wont′less (Spens.), unaccustomed. [Orig. pa.p. of won, to dwell—A.S. wunian; Ger. wohnen.]

Woo, wōō, v.t. to ask in order to marriage: to court: to solicit eagerly, to seek.—v.i. to court or make love: to ask.—ns. Woo′er; Woo′ing. [A.S. wógian, to woo—wóg, wóh, bent.]

Wood, wood, n. the solid part of trees: trees cut or sawed: timber: a collection of growing trees: the cask or barrel, as distinguished from the bottle: (print.) a woodblock.—v.t. to supply with wood.—ns. Wood′-ac′id, wood-vinegar, impure acetic acid from wood-distillation; Wood′-anem′one, the wind-flower, a little woodland plant, blooming in early spring, with a single white flower purplish outside; Wood′-ant, a large forest-dwelling ant: a white ant infesting the wood of old buildings.—n.pl. Wood′-ash′es, ashes obtained by burning wood or plants—the source of many potassium salts.—ns. Wood′bine, Wood′bind, the honeysuckle, applied also to other climbers, such as some kinds of ivy, the Virginia-creeper, &c.; Wood′-bird, a bird that lives in the woods; Wood′block, a die cut in relief on wood and ready to furnish ink impressions: a woodcut.—adjs. Wood′-bō′ring; Wood′-born, born in the woods.—ns. Wood′-car′ving, the process of carving in wood; Wood′chat, a bird which, notwithstanding its name, is not a species of Chat, but of Shrike; Wood′chuck, the green woodpecker; Wood′-coal, coal like wood in texture: charcoal: lignite or brown coal; Wood′cock, a genus of birds allied to the snipes, but of a more bulky body, and with shorter and stronger legs; Wood′cock's-head, a tobacco-pipe; Wood′craft, skill in the chase or anything pertaining to forests, forestry generally; Wood′cut, an engraving cut on wood: an impression from it; Wood′-cut′ter, one who cuts wood: a wood-engraver; Wood′-cut′ting, the act or employment of cutting wood: wood-engraving.—adjs. Wood′ed, supplied with wood: covered with wood; Wood′en, made of wood: hard: dull, insensible: heavy, stupid: clumsy, without grace or spirit—of literary style, &c.—ns. Wood′-engrā′ver; Wood′-engrāving, the art of engraving designs on wood, differing from copper and steel plate engraving by having the parts intended to print on the paper in relief: an engraving on or taken from wood; Wood′en-head, a blockhead, stupid person.—adj. Wood′en-head′ed, stupid.—n. Wood′en-head′edness.—adv. Wood′enly.—ns. Woodenness, wooden quality: want of spirit or expression, clumsiness; Wood′-ē′vil, red-water: severe constipation in cattle, often occurring after eating freely of hedge-cuttings or shoots of trees; Wood′-fī′bre, fibre derived from wood; Wood′-fret′ter, a wood-borer or wood-eater; Wood′-god, a deity of the woods; Wood′-grouse, the capercailzie; Wood′-hole, a place where wood is stored; Wood′-hon′ey, wild honey; Wood′-horse, a saw-horse; Wood′-house, a house or shed in which wood for fuel is deposited; Wood′-ī′bis (see Tantalus); Wood′iness, the state or quality of being woody; Wood′land, land covered with wood; Wood′lander, an inhabitant of the woods; Wood′lark, a species of lark, found in or near woods, singing chiefly on the wing; Wood′-lay′er, a young oak, &c., laid down in a hedge.—adj. Wood′less, without wood.—ns. Wood′lessness; Wood′-louse, any terrestrial isopod of the family Oniscidæ—the Scotch slater, common under stones, &c.: a termite or white ant: any one of the pseudo-neuropterous family Psocidæ, found in the woodwork of houses; Wood′man, a man who cuts down trees: a forest officer: a huntsman; Wood′-mite, a beetle-mite; Wood′-naph′tha, the mixture of light hydrocarbons distilled from wood (see Pyroxylic); Wood′-night′shade, bitter-sweet, or woody nightshade; Wood′-note (Milt.), a wild musical note, like that of a song-bird; Wood′-nymph, a nymph or goddess of the woods; Wood′-off′ering (B.), wood burned on the altar; Wood′-ō′pal, silicified wood; Wood′-owl, the European brown owl; Wood′-pā′per, paper prepared from wood; Wood′pecker, one of a family (Picidæ) of birds in the order Picariæ, remarkable for the structural modification of the skull in adaptation to its use as an axe, and for the long flexible tongue, which is used for extracting insects from holes and crevices of trees; Wood′-pig′eon, the cushat or ringdove; Wood′-pulp, wood-fibre reduced to a pulp, used in making paper; Wood′-reeve, the overseer of a wood; Wood′ruff, a genus of rubiaceous plants with whorled leaves and a funnel-shaped corolla—Sweet Woodruff has a creeping root-stock sending up erect stems, and small white flowers; when dried it has a very agreeable fragrance like vernal-grass—(obs.) Wood′-roof; Wood′-sage, the wood germander; Wood′-sand′piper, a common European tattler, allied to the redshank; Wood′-screw, a screw for fastening pieces of wood or wood and metal; Wood′shed, a shed for storing firewood; Wood′-shook, the pekan, fisher, or Pennant's marten—also Black-cat and Black-fox; Wood′-skin, a Guiana Indian's canoe, made of the bark of the purple heart-tree; Woods′man, a woodman; Wood′-soot, soot from burnt wood; Wood′-sorr′el, a plant of the genus Oxalis; Wood′-spir′it (same as Pyroxylic spirit); Wood′-spite, the green woodpecker or yaffle; Wood′-stamp, a stamp made of wood, as for stamping fabrics in colours; Wood′-stone, petrified wood; Wood′-swall′ow, an Australian name for any of the fly-catching Artamidæ, also called Swallow-shrike—the resemblance to shrikes being considerably closer than to swallows either in appearance or habits.—adj. Wood′sy, pertaining to, or characteristic of, woods.—ns. Wood′-tar, tar obtained from the dry distillation of wood; Wood′thrush, a singing-thrush common in the woods of the eastern United States, reddish-brown above, olive on the rump, white spotted with black on breast; Wood′-tick, any tick of the family Ixonidæ: a small insect which makes a ticking sound in the woodwork of a house, the death-watch; Wood′-tin, a nodular variety of cassiterite, or tin-stone; Wood′-vin′egar (see Wood-acid); Wood′wale, a woodpecker, esp. the green woodpecker, Yaffle or Rainbird; Wood′-warb′ler, the yellow willow-warbler or woodwren: an American warbler, esp. of the beautiful genus Dendrœca; Wood′ward, an officer to guard the woods; Wood′work, a part of any structure made of wood; Wood′worm, a worm or larva infesting wood; Wood′wren, the willow-warbler or willow-wren (Phylloscopus trochilus): the true wood-warbler or yellow willow-wren (Phylloscopus sibilatrix)—neither being properly wrens.—adj. Wood′y, abounding with woods: pertaining to woods: consisting of wood.—n. Wood′y-night′shade (see Wood-nightshade).—Wooden horse, or Timber-mare (see Horse); Wooden leg, an artificial leg made of wood; Wooden spoon, a spoon of wood presented to the person who stands lowest for the year in the mathematical tripos list at Cambridge; Wooden type, large type cut in wood.—Commissioners of Woods and Forests, a department of government having charge of the Crown woods and forests. [A.S. wudu; cog. with Ice. vidhr, wood; akin to Ir. fiodh, timber.]

Wood, wood, adj. (Shak.) mad, furious.—n. Wood′ness. [A.S. wód; Ice. ódhr, Goth. wods, frantic, Ger. wuth, madness.]

Woodburytype, wood′ber-i-tīp, n. a method of photograph printing in which a sensitised gelatine film, developed under a negative to an extra relief, is impressed on soft metal by hydraulic pressure. This in turn can be printed by special ink in a press, and as it gives all the gradations of tint, it may be said to be a perfect photo-mechanical printing process. [Named from the inventor.]

Woof, woof, n. same as Weft (q.v.).—adj. Woof′y, dense. [A.S. ówef, áweb—áwefan, to weave—á-, prefix, wefan, to weave.]

Wool, wool, n. the soft, curly hair of sheep and other animals: short, thick hair: any light, fleecy substance resembling wool.—n. Wool′ball, a ball of wool, such as is sometimes found in a sheep's stomach.—adj. Wool′-bear′ing, bearing or yielding wool.—ns. Wool′-card′ing, the process of separating the fibres of wool preparatory to spinning; Wool′-comb′er, one whose occupation is to comb wool in order to disentangle and straighten out the fibres; Wool′-comb′ing; Wool′-drī′ver, one who buys up wool for a market.—adj. Wool′-dyed, dyed before spinning or weaving.—ns. Wool′fat, lanolin; Wool′fell, the skin with the wool still on it; Wool′-gath′ering, indulgence of idle fancies.—adj. dreamy: listless.—n. Wool′-grow′er, one who raises sheep for the production of wool.—adj. Wool′len, made of, or pertaining to, wool: clad in wool, rustic.—n. cloth made of wool.—ns. Wool′len-cord, a ribbed stuff, the face all of wool; Wool′len-drā′per, one who deals in woollen goods; Wool′liness.—adjs. Wool′ly, consisting of, or like, wool: clothed with wool; Wool′ly-haired, -head′ed, having the hair like wool.—ns. Wool′ly-pas′tinum, a kind of red orpiment; Wool′man, a dealer in wool; Wool′-mill, a building for the spinning of wool and the weaving of woollen cloth; Wool′pack, the package in which wool was formerly done up for sale: a bundle weighing 240 lb.: cirro-cumulus cloud; Wool′-pack′er; Wool′-pick′er, a machine for cleaning wool; Wool′sack, the seat of the Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords, being a large square sack of wool covered with scarlet; Wool′sey, a material made of cotton and wool.—n.pl. Wool′-shears, shears used in shearing sheep.—ns. Wool′-sort′er, one who sorts wool according to quality, &c.; Wool′-stā′ple, the fibre or pile of wool; Wool′-stā′pler, a wool-factor: a wool-sorter.—adv. Wool′ward (Shak.), in wool, as a penance.—ns. Wool′-wind′er, one who bundles wool for packing; Wool′work, needlework imitative of tapestry.—Wool-sorters' disease (see Anthrax).—Angora wool, the wool of the Angora goat; Berlin-wool, a kind of fine-dyed wool used for worsted work. [A.S. wull; Goth. wulla, Ger. wolle, L. villus.]

Woold, wōōld, v.t. to wind about.—adj. Wool′ded.—ns. Wool′der, a stick used in woolding a mast or yard, or a pin in a rope-maker's top; Wool′ding.

Woorali, woo′ra-li, n. a S. American poison for arrows.—Also Woo′rara, Wou′rali, same as Curari (q.v.).

Wootz, woots, n. steel made by fusing iron with carbonaceous matter. [Perh. the Canarese ukku, steel.]

Word, wurd, n. an oral or written sign expressing an idea or notion: talk, discourse: signal or sign: message: promise: declaration: a pass-word, a watch-word, a war-cry: the Holy Scripture, or a part of it: (pl.) verbal contention.—v.t. to express in words: (Shak.) to flatter.—v.i. to speak, talk.—ns. Word′-blind′ness, loss of ability to read; Word′-book, a book with a collection of words: a vocabulary.—adj. Word′-bound, unable to find expression in words.—n. Word′-build′ing, the formation or composition of words.—adj. Wor′ded, expressed in words.—adv. Wor′dily.—ns. Wor′diness; Wor′ding, act, manner, or style of expressing in words.—adj. Wor′dish (obs.), verbose.—n. Wor′dishness.—adj. Word′less (Shak.), without words, silent.—ns. Word′-mem′ory, the power of recalling words to the mind; Word′-paint′er, one who describes vividly; Word′-paint′ing, the act of describing anything clearly and fully by words only; Word′-pic′ture, a description in words which presents an object to the mind as if in a picture.—adj. Wor′dy, full of words: using or containing many words.—Word for word, literally, verbatim.—Break one's word, to fail to fulfil a promise; By word of mouth, orally; Good word, favourable mention, praise; Hard words, angry, hot words; Have a word with, to have some conversation with; Have words with, to quarrel, dispute with; In a word, In one word, in short, to sum up; In word, in speech only, in profession only; Pass one's word, to make a promise; The Word, the Scripture: (theol.) the second person in the Trinity, the Logos. [A.S. word; Goth. waurd, Ice. orth, Ger. wort; also conn. with L. verbum, a word, Gr. eirein, to speak.]

Wordsworthian, wurds-wur′thi-an, adj. pertaining to the style of the sovereign poet of nature, William Wordsworth (1770-1850).—n. an admirer of Wordsworth.

Work, wurk, n. effort directed to an end: employment: the result of work: that on which one works: anything made or done: embroidery: deed: effect: a literary composition: a book: management: an establishment for any manufacture, a factory (gener. in pl.): (physics) the product of a force by the component displacement of its point and application in the direction of the force: (pl.), (fort.) walls, trenches, &c.: (theol.) acts performed in obedience to the Divine law: a manufactory, workshop, place of work (esp. in pl.): mechanism—e.g. of a watch.—v.i. to make efforts to attain anything: to perform: to be in action: to be occupied in business or labour: to produce effects, to make progress with difficulty, to strain or labour: to ferment: to be agitated, to seethe: to embroider.—v.t. to make by labour: to bring into any state by action: to effect: to carry on operations in: to put in motion: to purge: to influence: to manage: to solve: to achieve: to cause to ferment: to provoke, agitate: to keep employed: to embroider:—pa.t. and pa.p. worked or wrought (rawt).—ns. Workabil′ity, Work′ableness.—adjs. Work′able, that may be worked; Work′aday, work-day, toiling, plodding.—ns. Work′-bag, -bas′ket, a bag, basket, for holding materials for work, esp. needlework; Work′-box, a lady's box for holding materials for work; Work′-day, a day for work: a week-day.—adj. pertaining to a work-day.—ns. Work′er, a toiler, performer: among insects, the neuter or undeveloped female; Work′-fell′ow, one who is engaged in the same work with another.—ns.pl. Work′folk, Work′folks, persons engaged in manual labour.—adj. Work′ful, industrious.—ns. Work′girl, a girl or young woman employed in some manual labour; Work′house, a house where any work or manufacture is carried on: a house of shelter for the poor, who are made to work; Work′ing, action, operation: fermentation: (pl.) the parts of a mine, &c., where actual operations are in hand.—adj. active: labouring: connected with labour.—ns. Work′ing-beam, the oscillating lever of a steam-engine connecting the piston-rod and the crank-shaft, a walking-beam; Work′ing-class, manual labourers (often in pl.); Wor′king-day, a day on which work is done, as distinguished from the Sabbath and holidays: the period of actual work each day.—adj. laborious: plodding.—ns. Work′ing-draw′ing, a drawing of the details of a building by which the builders are guided in their work; Work′ing-house (Shak.), workshop; Work′ing-par′ty, a group of persons who do some work in common, or who meet periodically for such a purpose; Work′man, Work′ing-man, a man who works or labours, esp. manually: a skilful artificer.—adjs. Work′man-like, like a workman: becoming a skilful workman: well performed; Work′manly, becoming a skilful workman.—adv. in a manner becoming a skilful workman.—ns. Work′manship, the skill of a workman: manner of making: work done; Work′-mas′ter, a skilled or directing workman, esp. in some great undertaking.—n.pl. Work′-peo′ple, people engaged in labour.—ns. Work′room, a room for working in; Work′shop, a shop where work is done.—adj. Work′some, industrious.—ns. Work′-tā′ble, a small table used by ladies at their needlework; Work′-woman, a woman who makes her living by some manual labour.—Work of art, a production in one of the fine arts; Work double tides, to work through continuous tides, night and day; Work in, to intermix, to make to penetrate; Work into, to make way gradually into: to change, alter; Work off, to separate and throw off, to get rid of, circulate: to produce as by work, esp. to print; Work on, or upon, to act or operate upon, to influence; Work one's passage, to give one's work on board in place of passage-money; Work out, to effect by continued labour: to expiate: to exhaust: to solve or study anything fully out; Work up, to excite, rouse: to create by slow degrees, to expand, elaborate: to use up, as material: (naut.) to set at an irksome or needless task; Work with, to strive to influence by appeals, &c.—Board of Works, the body which has the management and control of public works and buildings, of which the expenses are defrayed from the crown revenues or parliamentary grants; Have one's work cut out, to have one's work prescribed: to have a difficult task before one; Make short work of (see Short); Out of work, out of working order: without employment; Set to work, to employ in some work: to engage in some work; Seven Works of Corporal Mercy, to feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, to clothe the naked, visit prisoners, visit the sick, harbour strangers, bury the dead—of Spiritual Mercy, to convert sinners, instruct the ignorant, counsel the doubtful, console the afflicted, bear wrongs patiently, forgive injuries, pray for the living and the dead. [A.S. weorc; Ice. verk, Ger. werk; further conn. with Gr. ergon.]

World, wurld, n. the earth and its inhabitants: the system of things: present state of existence: any planet or heavenly body: public life or society: an organic whole: business: the public: a secular life: course of life: a very large extent of country, as the 'New World:' very much or a great deal, as 'a world of good:' time, as in the phrase 'world without end'=eternally: possibility, as in 'nothing in the world:' (B.) the ungodly.—adjs. Worl′ded, containing worlds; World′-har′dened, hardened by the love of worldly things.—ns. World′-lang′uage, a universal language; World′liness; World′ling, one who is devoted to worldly or temporal possessions.—adjs. World′ly, pertaining to the world, esp. as distinguished from the world to come: devoted to this life and its enjoyments: bent on gain—also adv.; World′ly-mind′ed, having the mind set on the present world.—n. World′ly-mind′edness.—adjs. World′ly-wise, wise in this world's affairs; World′-old, exceedingly ancient; World′-wea′ried, -wea′ry, tired of the world; World′wide, wide or extensive as the world.—All the world, everybody: everything; All the world and his wife (coll.), everybody: also, an ill-assorted mass; A world, a great deal; Carry the world before one, to pass to success through every obstacle; For all the world, precisely, entirely; Go to the world (Shak.), to get married; In the world, an intensive phrase, usually following an interrogative pronoun or adverb.—The New World, the western hemisphere, the Americas; The Old World, the eastern hemisphere, comprising Europe, Africa, and Asia; The other world, the non-material sphere, the spiritual world; The whole world, the sum of what is contained in the world; The world's end, the most distant point possible. [A.S. woruld, world, weorold, (lit.) 'a generation of men,' from wer, a man, and yldo, sig. an age; Ice. veröld, Old High Ger. weralt (Ger. welt).]

Worm, wurm, n. a term destitute of scientific precision, but often applied to any one of the members of numerous classes of invertebrate animals which are more or less earthworm-like in appearance, the earthworm, a grub, a maggot: anything spiral: the thread of a screw: the lytta or vermiform cartilage of a dog's tongue: the instrument used to withdraw the charge of a gun: a spiral pipe surrounded by cold water into which steam or vapours pass for condensation in distilling: anything that corrupts, gnaws, or torments: remorse: a debased being, a groveller: (pl.) any intestinal disease arising from the presence of parasitic worms.—v.i. to move like a worm, to squirm: to work slowly or secretly.—v.t. to effect by slow and secret means: to elicit by underhand means: to remove the lytta or vermiform cartilage of a dog's tongue.—n. Worm′-cast, the earth voided by the earthworm.—adjs. Worm′-eat′en, eaten by worms: old: worn-out; Worm′-eat′ing, living habitually on worms; Wormed, bored by worms: injured by worms.—ns. Worm′-fence, a zigzag fence formed of stakes; Worm′-fē′ver, a feverish condition in children ascribed to intestinal worms; Worm′-gear, a gear-wheel having teeth shaped so as to mesh with a worm or shaft on which a spiral is turned, an endless screw; Worm′-gear′ing; Worm′-grass, pink-root: a kind of stonecrop; Worm′-hole, the hole made by a worm.—adj. Worm′-holed, perforated by worm-holes.—ns. Worm′-pow′der, a vermifuge; Worm′-seed, santonica: the treacle mustard; Worm′-wheel, a wheel gearing with an endless screw or worm, receiving or imparting motion.—adj. Wor′my, like a worm: grovelling: containing a worm: abounding with worms: gloomy, dismal, like the grave. [A.S. wyrm, dragon, snake, creeping animal; cog. with Goth. waurms, a serpent, Ice. ormr, Ger. wurm; also with L. vermis.]

Wormian, wurm′i-an, adj. associated with the name of the Danish anatomist Olaus Worm (1588-1654), applied esp. to the supernumerary bones developed in the sutures of the skull.

Wormwood, wurm′wood, n. the bitter plant Artemisia absinthium: bitterness. [A.S. wermod (Ger. wermuth), wormwood; perh. lit. 'keep-mind,' in allusion to its medicinal (anthelmintic and tonic) properties—werian, to protect (Ger. wehren), mód, mind.]

Worn-out, wōrn′-owt, adj. much injured or rendered useless by wear: wearied: past, gone.

Worricow, wur′i-kow, n. (Scot.) a hobgoblin: the devil: anything frightful or even only grotesque.

Worry, wur′i, v.t. to tear with the teeth: to harass: to tease: (Scot.) to choke.—v.i. to trouble one's self: to be unduly anxious: to fret:—pa.t. and pa.p. worr′ied.—n. act of worrying: trouble, perplexity, vexation.—ns. Worr′ier, one who worries himself or others; Worr′iment (coll.), anxiety.—adj. Worr′isome, causing trouble.—v. Worr′it (slang), to worry.—n. (slang) annoyance.—adj. Worr′ying, harassing.—adv. Worr′yingly.—Worry down, to swallow with a strong effort. [A.S. wyrgan, found in compound áwyrgan, to harm; cf. Dut. worgen, Ger. würgen, to choke; A.S. wearg, werg, a wolf.]

Worse, wurs, adj. (used as comp. of bad) bad or evil in a greater degree: more sick.—adv. bad in a higher degree: less: (Shak.) with more severity.—v.t. (obs.) to worst.—v.i. Wor′sen, to grow worse.—v.t. to make worse.—adv. Wor′ser, a redundant comparative of worse.—The worse, defeat, disadvantage. [A.S. wyrsa, from wiers-sa from wirsiza (Goth. wairsiza), formed with comp. suffix -iz from a Teut. root wers, found in Ger. ver-wirren, to confuse.]

Worship, wur′ship, n. religious service: fervent esteem: adoration paid to God: a title of honour in addressing certain magistrates, &c.: submissive respect.—v.t. to respect highly: to treat with civil reverence: to pay divine honours to: to adore or idolise.—v.i. to perform acts of adoration: to perform religious service:—pr.p. wor′shipping; pa.t. and pa.p. wor′shipped.—adjs. Wor′shipable, Wor′shipful, worthy of worship or honour, used as a term of respect.—adv. Wor′shipfully.—n. Wor′shipfulness.—adj. Wor′shipless, destitute of worship or worshippers.—n. Wor′shipper.—House, or Place, of worship, a church or chapel. [A.S. weorthscipe—weorth, wurth, worth, affix -scipe, -ship.]

Worst, wurst, adj. bad or evil in the highest degree.—adv. to a very bad or very evil degree.—n. the highest degree of badness: the most evil state.—v.t. to get the advantage over in a contest: to defeat.—v.i. (obs.) to grow worse. [A.S. wyrst, wyrrest, wyrresta, from the same source as worse.]

Worsted, woost′ed, or woorst′ed, n. twisted thread or yarn spun out of long, combed wool: woollen yarn for ornamental needlework.—adj. made of worsted yarn.—n. Worst′ed-work, needlework done with worsted. [From Worstead, a village near Norwich in England.]

Wort, wurt, n. a plant of the cabbage kind. [A.S. wyrt; Ger. wurz, wurzel, a root.]

Wort, wurt, n. new beer unfermented or in the act of fermentation: the sweet infusion of malt. [A.S. wyrte, new beer (Ice. virtr)—wyrt, root. See preceding word.]

Worth, wurth, n. value: possessions: that quality which renders a thing valuable: price: moral excellence: importance.—adj. equal in value to: having a certain moral value: deserving of.—adj. Worth′ful.—adv. Worth′ily (th), in a worthy manner: justly: truly.—n. Worth′iness (th).—adj. Worth′less, of no worth or value: having no value, virtue, excellence, &c.: useless.—adv. Worth′lessly.—n. Worth′lessness.—adj. Worthy (wur′thi), having worth: valuable: deserving: suited to: (B.) deserving (either of good or bad).—n. a man of eminent worth: a local celebrity: (Shak.) anything of value:—pl. Wor′thies.—v.t. to make worthy.—Worthiest of blood, male, as opposed to female—of inheritance.—Nine worthies, Hector, Alexander the Great, Julius Cæsar; Joshua, David, Judas Maccabæus; Arthur, Charlemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon. [A.S. weorth, wurth (Ger. wert), value.]

Worth, wurth, v.i. to be, happen, as in the phrase Woe worth=woe be to (with the noun in the dative). [A.S. weorthan, to become; cf. Ger. werden.]

Wot, wot, Wotteth, wot′eth, v.t. (B.) pr.t. of obsolete wit, to know. [Wit.]

Would, wood, pa.t. of will.—adj. Would′-be, aspiring, trying, or merely professing to be.—n. a vain pretender. [A.S. wolde, pa.t. of willan.]

Woulfe-bottle, woolf′-bot′l, n. a form of three-necked bottle, generally arranged in a series known as Woulfe's apparatus, used for the purpose of purifying gases, or of dissolving them in suitable solvents—from the name of the London chemist, Peter Woulfe (1727-1806).

Wound, wōōnd, n. any division of soft parts, including the skin, produced by external mechanical force—whether incised, punctured, contused, lacerated, or poisoned: any cut, bruise, hurt, or injury.—v.t. to make a wound in: to injure.—adj. Woun′dable, capable of being wounded.—n. Woun′der.—adv. Woun′dily (coll.), excessively.—n. Woun′ding.—adj. Wound′less, exempt from being wounded, invulnerable: harmless.—n. Wound′wort, a name applied to several plants of popular repute as vulneraries, as the kidney-vetch, &c.: a plant of genus Stachys, the marsh or clown's woundwort.—adj. Woun′dy, causing wounds: (coll.) excessive. [A.S. wund (Ger. wunde, Ice. und)—A.S. wund, wounded; prob. orig. pa.p. of A.S. winnan, to fight, strive.]

Wrack, Rack, rak, n. a term loosely given to various seaweeds, esp. to the Fucaceæ, common on British shores, long valuable as a source of kelp, and utilised as manure: shipwreck: ruin.—adj. Wrack′ful, destructive. [Lit. 'something cast ashore,' A.S. wræc, exile, misery—wrecan, to drive, urge. Wrack is a doublet of wreck.]

Wraith, rāth, n. a spectre: an apparition in the exact likeness of a person seen before or soon after his death. [Cf. dial. form warth, an apparition; prob. orig. having the sense of 'guardian spirit'—Ice. vörthr, a guardian.]

Wrangle, rang′gl, v.i. to make a disturbance: to dispute: to dispute noisily or peevishly.—n. a noisy dispute.—ns. Wrang′ler, one who wrangles or disputes angrily: (Shak.) a stubborn foe: in the University of Cambridge, one of those who have attained the first class in the public mathematical honour examinations; Wrang′lership.—adj. Wrang′lesome, given to wrangling.—n. Wrang′ling.—Senior wrangler, the student taking the first place in the class mentioned, the second being called Second wrangler, and so on in the same way. [A freq. of wring.]

Wrap, rap, v.t. to roll or fold together: to enfold: hide: to cover by winding something round (often with up):—pr.p. wrap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. wrapped.—n. a wrapper, as a shawl, &c.—ns. Wrap′page, act of wrapping: things used as wrappers; Wrap′per, one who, or that which, wraps: a loose outer garment of a woman; Wrap′ping; Wrap′-ras′cal, a loose greatcoat worn about 1740 (a humorous term).—Wrapped up in, bound up in: engrossed with: comprised in. [A form of warp—M. E. wrappen, also wlappen. Cf. Lap (v.t. to wrap) and Envelop.]

Wrasse, ras, n. a genus of bony fishes representative of the large family Labridæ, and including many species on European and North African coasts. Common British species are the ballan-wrasse, the red wrasse, and the gibbous wrasse. [Perh. the W. gwrachen.]

Wrath, räth, n. violent anger: holy indignation: heat.—adj. violently angry.—adj. Wrath′ful, full of wrath: very angry: springing from, or expressing, wrath.—adv. Wrath′fully.—n. Wrath′fulness.—adv. Wrath′ily.—adjs. Wrath′less; Wrath′y, apt to wrath. [Old Northumbrian wrǽððo—A.S. wráð, adj. wroth; Ice. reithi.]

Wreak, rēk, v.t. to inflict: avenge.—n. Wreak′er.—adjs. Wreak′ful, revengeful: angry; Wreak′less, unpunished. [A.S. wrecan, orig. to drive, and so to punish, avenge; Ice. reka, to drive, pursue, Ger. rächen; conn. with L. urgēre.]

Wreath, rēth, n. a chaplet: a garland: anything long and circular: a defect in glass.—v.t. Wreathe (rēth), to form by twisting: to form into a wreath: to twine about or encircle.—v.i. to be interwoven.—adj. Wreath′en (th), wreathed.—n. Wreath′er (th).—adjs. Wreath′less; Wreath′y. [A.S. wrædh, 'a twisted band'—wríthan, to writhe.]

Wreck, rek, n. destruction: destruction of a ship: ruins of a destroyed ship: remains of anything ruined: shipwrecked property.—v.t. to destroy or disable: to ruin.—v.i. to suffer wreck or ruin.—ns. Wreck′age, the act of wrecking: wrecked material; Wreck′er, a person who purposely causes a wreck or who plunders wreckage: one who lures a ship on to the rocks for purposes of plunder: one who criminally ruins anything: a person employed by the owners in recovering disabled vessels or their cargo.—adj. Wreck′ful, causing ruin.—n. Wreck′-mas′ter, a person taking charge of a disabled ship and its cargo.—Wreck commissioners, a tribunal which inquires into shipping disasters.—Receivers of wrecks, wreck-masters. [A.S. wræc, expulsion—wrecan, to drive, Low Ger. wrak, Dut. wrak, Ice. reki, a thing drifted ashore; a doublet of wrack.]

Wren, ren, n. a genus (Troglodytes) and family (Troglodytidæ) of birds, having a slender, slightly curved and pointed bill, the wings very short and rounded, the tail short and carried erect, the legs slender and rather long.—ns. Wren′ning, the stoning of a wren to death on St Stephen's Day, December 26th—Wrenning Day—once practised in the North Country; Wren′-tit, a Californian bird (Chamæa fasciata), of dubious relations, at once resembling the wren and the titmouse. [A.S. wrenna, wrǽnna—wrǽne, lascivious.]

Wrench, rensh, v.t. to wring or pull with a twist: to force by violence: to sprain.—v.i. to undergo a violent wrenching.—n. a violent twist: a sprain: an instrument for turning bolts, &c.: in coursing, bringing the hare round at less than a right angle—half a point in the recognised code of points for judging. [A.S. wrencan (Ger. renken)—wrenc, fraud; root of wring.]

Wrest, rest, v.t, to twist from by force: to twist from truth or from its natural meaning.—n. violent pulling and twisting: distortion: an instrument, like a wrench, for tuning the piano, &c.—n. Wrest′er. [A.S. wrǽstan—wrǽst, firm, from wráth, pa.t. of wríthan, to writhe; Dan. vriste.]

Wrestle, res′l, v.i. to contend by grappling and trying to throw the other down: to struggle: to apply one's self keenly to: (Scot.) to pray earnestly.—v.t. to contend with in wrestling.—n. a bout at wrestling: a struggle between two to throw each other down.—ns. Wrest′ler; Wrest′ling, the sport or exercise of two persons struggling to throw each other to the ground in an athletic contest governed by certain fixed rules—catch-hold, ground-wrestling, catch-as-catch-can, back-hold, &c. [A.S. wrǽstlian; a freq. of wrǽstan, to wrest.]

Wretch, rech, n. a most miserable person: one sunk in vice: a worthless person: body, creature (in pity, sometimes admiration).—adj. Wretch′ed, very miserable: distressingly bad: despicable: worthless.—adv. Wretch′edly.—n. Wretch′edness. [A.S. wrecca, an outcast—wræc, pa.t. of wrecan, to drive.]

Wriggle, rig′l, v.i. to twist to and fro: to move sinuously: to use crooked means.—v.t. to cause to wriggle.—n. the motion of wriggling.—ns. Wrigg′ler, one who wriggles: one who uses trickery; Wrigg′ling;. [A freq. of obs. wrig, to move about, itself a variant of wrick, M. E. wrikken, to twist; cf. Dut. wriggelen, to wriggle.]

Wright, rīt, n. a maker (chiefly used in compounds, as ship-wright, &c.). [A.S. wyrhta—wyrht, a work—wyrcan, to work.]

Wring, ring, v.t. to twist: to force, or force out, by twisting: to force or compress: to pain: to extort: to bend out of its position.—v.i. to writhe: to twist:—pa.t. and pa.p. wrung, (B.) wringed.—ns. Wring′-bolt, a bolt with a ring or eye, used to secure a ship's planks against the frame till they are permanently fixed in place; Wring′er, one who wrings: a machine for forcing water from wet clothes—also Wring′ing-machine′.—adj. Wring′ing-wet, so wet that water can be wrung out.—n.pl. Wring′-staves, strong pieces of wood used in applying wring-bolts.—Wring from, to extort; Wring off, to force off by wringing; Wring out, to squeeze out by twisting; Wring the hands, to manifest grief by convulsive clasping of the hands. [A.S. wringan, to twist; Dut. wringen, Ger. ringen. Cf. Wreak, Wry.]

Wrinkle, ring′kl, n. (coll.) a tip, valuable hint. [Perh. from A.S. wrenc, a trick. Cf. Wrench.]

Wrinkle, ring′kl, n. a small ridge on a surface caused by twisting or shrinking: unevenness.—v.t. to contract into wrinkles or furrows: to make rough.—v.i. to shrink into ridges.—adj. Wrink′ly, full of wrinkles: liable to be wrinkled. [M. E. wrinkel, conn. with A.S. wringan, to twist; prob. related to Sw. rynka, Dan. rynke, a wrinkle.]

Wrist, rist, n. the joint by which the hand is united to the arm: a stud or pin projecting from the side of a crank.—ns. Wrist′band, the band or part of a sleeve which covers the wrist; Wrist′-drop, inability to extend the hand, often caused by lead-poisoning; Wrist′let, an elastic band used to confine the upper part of a glove to the wrist: a bracelet: (slang) a handcuff; Wrist′-plate, an oscillating plate bearing wrist-pins for the connection of rods or pitmans, as on the cut-off gear of an engine; Wrist′-pin, any pin connecting a pitman to a cross-head; Wrist′-shot, in golf, a short stroke usually played with an iron, from the wrist, without swinging the club over the shoulder. [A.S. wrist—wríthan, to twist; Ger. rist.]

Writ, rit, n. a writing: (law) a written document by which one is summoned or required to do something: a formal document, any writing.—Holy Writ, the Scriptures.—Serve a writ on, to deliver a summons to.

Write, rīt, v.t. to form letters with a pen or pencil: to express in writing: to compose: to engrave: to record: to communicate by letter.—v.i. to perform the act of writing: to be employed as a clerk: to compose books: to send letters: to practise the art of writing: to work as an author: to compose a letter:—pr.p. wrī′ting; pa.t. wrōte; pa.p. writ′ten.—ns. Wrī′ter, one who writes: a professional scribe or clerk: an ordinary legal practitioner in Scotch country towns: an author: a petty officer in the United States navy who keeps the watch-muster and other books of the ship—usually Ship-writer:—fem. Wrī′teress (rare); Wrī′ter's-cramp (see Cramp); Wrī′tership, the office of a writer; Wrī′ting, the forming letters with a pen or pencil: that which is written: literary production; Wrī′ting-book, a book of paper for practising penmanship; Wrī′ting-case, a portable case containing materials for writing; Wrī′ting-cham′ber, a room fitted for writing: a law office; Wrī′ting-desk, a desk with a sloping top for writing upon: a portable writing-case; Wrī′ting-ink, ink suited for writing with; Wrī′ting-mas′ter, a master who teaches the art of penmanship: the yellow-bunting; Wrīting-pā′per, paper finished with a smooth surface, for writing upon; Wrī′ting-school, a school for penmanship; Wrī′ting-tā′ble, a table fitted or used for writing upon.—adj. Writ′ten, reduced to writing—opposed to Oral.—Writers to the Signet, an ancient society of solicitors in Scotland who formerly had the exclusive right to prepare all summonses and other writs pertaining to the supreme court of justice, and still have the exclusive privilege of preparing crown writs, which include all charters, precepts, and writs from the sovereign or prince of Scotland.—Write down, to put down in written characters: to condemn in writing; Write off, to cancel by an entry on the opposite side of the account; Write out, to transcribe: to exhaust one's mental capacity by too much writing; Write up, to put a full description of in writing: to praise something in writing above its merits. [A.S. wrítan; Ice. ríta; the original meaning being 'to scratch' (cf. the cog. Ger. reissen, to tear).]

Writhe, rīth, v.t. to turn to and fro: to twist violently: to wrest: (obs.) to extort.—v.i. to twist.—n. (rare) a contortion.—adv. Wrī′thingly. [A.S. wríthan, to twist; Ice. rítha. Cf. Wreath, Wrest, Wrist.]

Wrong, rong, adj. not according to rule or right, deviating from what is correct or suitable: perverse: not fit or suitable: incorrect: not right or true.—n. whatever is not right or just: any injury done to another: an erroneous view.—adv. not rightly.—v.t. to do wrong to: to deprive of some right: to injure.—ns. Wrong′-do′er, one who does wrong: one who injures another; Wrong′-do′ing, evil or wicked action or conduct; Wrong′er, one who wrongs.—adj. Wrong′ful, wrong: unjust: injurious.—adv. Wrong′fully.—n. Wrong′fulness.—adj. Wrong′-head′ed, obstinately and perversely stubborn.—adv. Wrong′-head′edly.—n. Wrong′-head′edness.—adv. Wrong′ly, in a wrong manner.—adj. Wrong′-mind′ed, having erroneous views.—n. Wrong′ness.—adj. Wrong′ous, unjust, illegal.—adv. Wrong′ously.—adj. Wrong′-timed, inopportune.—Go wrong, to fail to work properly: to stray from virtue; Have wrong, to be wrong: to suffer injustice; In the wrong, holding an erroneous view or unjust position; Private wrong, a violation of the civil or personal rights of an individual in his private capacity; Put in the wrong, to cause to appear in error. [A.S. wrang, a wrong; most prob. Scand., Ice. rangr, unjust, Dan. vrang, wrong. Skeat explains A.S. wrang as from wrang, pa.t. of wringan, to wring, like Fr. tort, from L. tortus, twisted.]

Wroth, rōth, adj. wrathful. [A.S. wráth, angry—wráth, pa.t. of wríthan, to writhe; cf. Ice. reithr.]

Wrought, rawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of work.—n. Wrought′-ī′ron, malleable iron. [A.S. worhte, geworht, pa.t. and pa.p. of wyrcan, wircan, to work.]

Wry, rī, adj. twisted or turned to one side: not in the right direction.—n. (prov.) distortion.—v.i. (Shak.) to go astray.—v.t. to give a twist to, pervert.—n. Wry′bill, a New Zealand plover with bill bent sideways.—adv. Wry′ly.—adj. Wry′-mouthed, having a crooked mouth, unflattering.—n. Wry′-neck, a twisted or distorted neck: a small bird allied to the woodpecker, which twists round its head strangely when surprised.—adj. Wry′-necked.—n. Wry′ness.—Make a wry face, or mouth, to pucker up the face, or mouth, in sign of disgust or pain. [A.S. wrigian, to drive, bend. Ult. conn. with wriggle and writhe.]

Wuther, wuth′ėr, v.i. (prov.) to roar sullenly.—n. a low roaring. [Perh. traceable to A.S. wóth, a cry.]

Wyclifite, Wycliffite, wik′lif-īt, adj. pertaining to the English reformer and translator of the Bible, John Wycliffe (1325-84).—n. a follower of Wycliffe; a Lollard.

Wykehamist, wik′am-ist, n. a student, or former student, of Winchester College, founded by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (died 1404).

Wynd, wīnd, n. (Scot.) a lane: narrow alley in a town. [Same as Wind (2).]

Wyvern, wī′vrn, n. (her.) a fictitious monster allied to the dragon and the griffin, and having its two legs and feet like those of the eagle. [O. Fr. wivre, a viper—L. vipera.]

the twenty-fourth letter in our alphabet, having in modern English the value of ks, which it had in Anglo-Saxon—except at the beginning of a word, where it is pronounced like z. As a numeral X stands for ten,

for a thousand, X for ten thousand; X as an abbreviation represents the word Christ—Xian, Xmas; x in algebra is the first of the unknown quantities; and the use of X, XX, and XXX on barrels of stout is a well-known way of indicating the quality.—X-rays, the name given by Röntgen of Würzburg in 1895 to those dark or invisible rays emitted, under the influence of an electric current, from a glass-bulb highly exhausted of air through an aluminium window into a close box, and which when passed through the hand or other part of the body imprint a shadow-picture of the bones on a sensitive photographic plate—a discovery of high value in surgery, enabling a bullet, &c., embedded in the flesh to be carefully localised.

Xantheine, zan′the-in, n. the yellow colouring matter of flowers. [From Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

Xanthian, zan′thi-an, adj. pertaining to Xanthus, the capital of ancient Lycia, in Asia Minor.

Xanthin, zan′thin, n. a name given to the yellow colouring matter of various flowers, to a principle in madder, and to a deposit of urine.—n. Xan′thate, a salt of xanthic acid.—adj. Xan′thic. [Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

Xanthium, zan′thi-um, n. a weedy plant of the aster family.—Also Cockle-bur, Clot-bur.

Xanthochroi, zan-thok′roi, n.pl. one of the five groups of men, according to Huxley and other ethnologists, comprising the fair whites.—n. Xanthochroi′a, a yellow discolouration of the skin.—adjs. Xanthochrō′ic, Xanthoch′rōous. [Formed through L. from Gr. xanthos, yellow, chroa, skin.]

Xanthoma, zan-thō′ma, n. a skin disease consisting of a growth of flat or tuberculated yellowish patches, often on the eyelids.—adj. Xanthoma′atous. [Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

Xanthomelanous, zan-thō-mel′a-nus, adj. applied to a type of men with black hair and yellow or olive skins. [Gr. xanthos, yellow, melas, -anos, black.]

Xanthophyll, zan′thō-fil, n. any one of certain yellow pigments contained in leaves.

Xanthopsy, zan′thop-si, n. a kind of colour-blindness in which everything looks yellowish.

Xanthosis, zan-thō′sis, n. the formation of a yellowish pigment in the areolar or muscular tissue, discolouring the skin—esp. in cancerous tumours.

Xanthoxylum, zan-thok′si-lum, n. a genus of the Rutaceæ, comprising over one hundred species, of which many are found in Brazil and the West Indies—the Prickly Ash or Toothache-tree. [Formed from Gr. xanthos, yellow, xylon, wood.]

Xanthura, zan-thū′ra, n. a genus of American jays, with yellow tail. [Gr. xanthos, yellow, oura, tail.]

Xebec, zē′bek, n. a small three-masted vessel much used by the former corsairs of Algiers. [Sp.,—Turk. sumbakī.]

Xenarthral, zen-arth′ral, adj. peculiarly jointed, as dorso-lumbar vertebræ. [Gr. xenos, strange, arthron, a joint.]

Xenial, zē′ni-al, adj. of or belonging to hospitality. [Gr. xenos, a guest.]

Xenium, zē′ni-um, n. a present made to a guest, stranger, or ambassador. [Gr.]

Xenodochy, zē-nod′ō-ki, n. reception of strangers.—n. Xenodochē′um, a building for the reception of strangers: an inn in modern Greece.

Xenogamy, zen-og′a-mi, n. (bot.) cross-fertilisation. [Gr. xenos, strange, gamos, marriage.]

Xenogenesis, zen-ō-jen′e-sis, n. the generation of something altogether and permanently unlike the parent.—adj. Xenogenet′ic. [Gr. xenos, a stranger, genesis, birth.]

Xenomania, zen-ō-mā′ni-a, n. an inordinate attachment to things foreign. [Gr. xenos, foreign, mania, madness.]

Xenomenia, zen-ō-mē′nī-a, n. vicarious or supplementary menstruation. [Gr. xenos, strange, mēniaia, menses.]

Xenomorphic, zen-ō-mor′fik, adj. not having its own proper form, but an irregular shape impressed by adjacent minerals. [Gr. xenos, strange, morphē, form.]

Xenops, zē′nops, n. a genus of South American tree-creepers, with short turned-up bills. [Gr. xenos, strange, ōps, face.]

Xenurus, zē-nū′rus, n. a genus of armadillos.—adj. Xenū′rine. [Gr. xenos, strange, oura, tail.]

Xerasia, zē-rā′si-a, n. a morbid dryness of the hair.—Also Xerō′sis. [Gr. xēros, dry.]

Xeroderma, zē-rō-der′ma, n. a morbid state of dryness of the skin due to diminished secretion of the sebaceous glands.

Xerophagy, zē-rof′a-ji, n. the habit of living on dry food. [Gr. xēros, dry, phagein, to eat.]

Xoanon, zō′a-non, n. a primitive statue, fallen from heaven, originally of wood, later overlaid with ivory and gold. [Gr.]

Xylem, zī′lem, n. the woody part of vegetable tissue—opposed to the phloëm, or bast part.

Xylobalsamum, zī-lō-bal′sa-mum, n. the dried twigs of the balm-of-Gilead tree.

Xylocarp, zī′lō-kärp, n. a hard and woody fruit.—adj. Xylocar′pous.

Xylography, zi-log′ra-fi, n. the art of engraving on wood.—ns. Xyl′ograph, an impression or print from a wood block: an impression of the grain of wood for surface decoration; Xylog′rapher.—adjs. Xylograph′ic, -al. [Gr. xylon, wood, graphein, to write.]

Xyloidine, zī-loi′din, n. an explosive like gun-cotton, prepared by the action of strong nitric acid on starch or woody fibre. [Gr. xylon, wood, eidos, form, appearance.]

Xylol, zī′lol, n. any of the metameric dimethyl benzenes. [Gr. xylon, wood, L. oleum, oil.]

Xylonite, zī′-lō-nīt, n. a kind of celluloid (q.v.). [Gr. xylon, wood.]

Xylophagan, zī-lof′a-gan, n. one of the Xyloph′aga, a genus of boring bivalves.

Xylophone, zī′lō-fōn, n. a musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of wooden bars, which are rested on straw, and are struck by wooden hammers. [Gr. xylon, wood, phōnē, a voice.]

Xylopia, zī-lō′pī-a, n. a genus of plants, natives of the tropics, chiefly in America. [Gr. xylon, wood, pikros, bitter.]

Xyst, zist, n. a covered portico used by athletes for their exercises.—Also Xyst′os, Xyst′us.

the twenty-fifth letter of our alphabet.—Y=150; Y=150,000.—ns. Y′-level, an engineers' spirit-level, so called because of the telescope formerly resting on 'Y's,' capable of being rotated at will—now substituted by the 'dumpy-level'—also Wye-level; Y′-moth, the gamma, a destructive noctuid moth, with a silvery Y-shaped mark on the upper wings; Y′-track, a short track laid at right angles to a railway-line, connected with it by two switches resembling a Y, used instead of a turn-table for reversing engines.

Yacht, yot, n. a sailing or steam vessel, elegantly fitted up for pleasure-trips or racing, or as a vessel of state.—v.i. to sail in a yacht.—adj. Yacht′-built, built on the model of a yacht.—ns. Yacht′-club, a club of yachtsmen; Yacht′er, one engaged in sailing a yacht; Yacht′ing, sailing in a yacht; Yachts′man, one who keeps or sails a yacht; Yachts′manship, the art of sailing a yacht. [Dut. jagt (formerly jacht), from jagen, to chase=Old High Ger. jagōn, Ger. jagen, to hunt.]

Yaffingale, yaf′ing-gāl, n. (Tenn.) the green woodpecker. [From Prov. Eng. yaffle (and under the influence of nightingale), from the sound.]

Yager, yā′gėr, n. formerly one of various bodies of light infantry in German armies, largely recruited from foresters, now one of various corps of infantry or cavalry, generally riflemen.—Also Jä′ger. [Ger. jäger, a huntsman.]

Yagger, yag′ėr, n. (Scot.) a peddler, a stroller. [Dut. jager, a huntsman—jagen, to hunt.]

Yahoo, ya-hōō′, n. a name given by Swift in Gulliver's Travels to a class of animals which have the forms of men but the understanding and passions of the lowest brutes: a despicable character.

Yak, yak, n. a species of ox found in Tibet, and domesticated there, covered all over with a thick coat of long silky hair, that of the lower parts hanging down almost to the ground. [Tibetan.]

Yakut, ya-kōōt′, n. a member of a mixed Turkish race in Siberia, in the Lena district.

Yam, yam, n. a large root like the potato growing in tropical countries. [Port. inhame.]

Yama, yam′a, n. in Hindu mythology, the first mortal progenitor of the human race. [Sans.]

Yammer, yam′ėr, v.i. to lament, wail: to whine.—n. Yamm′ering. [A.S. geómerian—geómor, sad.]

Yank, yangk, v.t. to carry, move with a jerk (with out, over).—n. (Scot.) a blow, buffet.—n. Yank′er (Scot.), a rap: a big lie.—adj. Yank′ing (Scot.), active: (U.S.) pulling, jerking.—n. Yank′ie (Scot.), a scold: an impudent woman. [Scand., Sw. prov. jakka, to rove about, Ice. jaga, to move about.]

Yankee, yang′kē, n. a citizen of the New England States in America: an inhabitant of the United States—also Yank (coll.).—ns. Yank′eedom, the country inhabited by Yankees: Yankees generally; Yank′ee-Doo′dle, a Yankee, from a popular air—also adj.—adj. Yank′eefied.—n. Yank′eeism, Yankee characteristics. [Perh. a corr. of English, or of Fr. Anglais, by the North American Indians.]

Yap, yap, v.i. (prov.) to yelp, bark constantly.—n. a yelp: a cur.—n. Yap′ster, a dog.

Yapok, Yapock, yap′ok, n. the S. Amer. water-opossum. [From the river Oyapok, in French Guiana.]

Yapon, yä′pon, n. a bushy evergreen shrub of the holly family, native to the S.E. coasts of the U.S., its leaves yielding the medicinal 'black drink' of the Indians.—Also Yau′pon, Yu′pon. [Most prob. Amer. Ind.]

Yapp, yap, n. a kind of limp leather binding in which the cover overlaps the edge of the book.

Yard, yärd, n. an English measure of 3 feet or 36 inches: a long beam on a mast for spreading square sails: the penis.—ns. Yard′-arm, either half of a ship's yard (right or left) from the centre to the end; Yard′stick, a stick 3 feet long, any standard of measurement—also Yard′wand. [A.S. gyrd, gierd, a rod, measure; Dut. garde, Ger. gerte; further conn. with Goth. gazds, a stick, L. hasta, a spear.]

Yard, yärd, n. an enclosed place, esp. near a building, as 'prison-yard,' or where any special work is carried on, as 'brick-yard,' 'wood-yard,' 'dock-yard,' 'navy-yard:' a garden.—v.t. to enclose in a yard.—ns. Yard′age, the use of a yard, or the charge made for such: the cutting of coal at so much per yard; Yard′-land, the amount of land held by a tenant in villeinage, in older English usage, varying from 15 to 40 acres; Yard′man, the person having special charge of a farm-yard: one employed in a railway-yard in making up trains, &c.; Yard′-mas′ter, one who has the special oversight of a railway-yard. [A.S. geard, hedge, enclosure; Ger. garten; conn. with L. hortus, Gr. chortos.]

Yare, yār, adj. ready: dexterous: quick: easily handled, manageable.—adv. Yare′ly (Shak.), promptly: dexterously: skilfully. [A.S. gearu, gearo, ready, prompt; Dut. gaar, dressed, Ger. gar, wholly.]

Yarn, yärn, n. spun thread: one of the threads of a rope: a sailor's story (spun out to some length), a story generally.—v.i. to tell stories. [A.S. gearn, thread; Ice. and Ger. garn.]

Yashmak, yash′mak, n. the double veil worn by Moslem women in public, the eyes only being uncovered. [Ar.]

Yasht, yäsht, n. in the Zend-Avesta, one of a collection of hymns and prayers.

Yataghan, yat′a-gan, n. a long Turkish dagger, without guard, usually curved. [Turk.]

Yaw, yaw, v.i. to move unsteadily: (naut.) to deviate temporarily or to turn out of the line of her course, as a ship.—n. a deviation from the course. [Scand., cf. Norw. gaga, to bend back, Ice. gagr, bent back.]

Yawl, yawl, n. a ship's small boat, generally with four or six oars: a small fishing-boat: a small sailing-boat with jigger and curtailed mainboom. [Dut. jol. Cf. Jollyboat.]

Yawn, yawn, v.i. to open the jaws involuntarily from drowsiness: to gape: to gape with astonishment.—n. the opening of the mouth from drowsiness.—adj. Yawn′ing, gaping: opening wide: drowsy.—n. act of opening wide or gaping: a modification of the ordinary movements of respiration, in which the inspiration is deeper than usual, accompanied by a kind of spasmodic contraction of the muscles which depress the lower jaw, and by a great elevation of the ribs and to some degree of the shoulder-blades.—adv. Yawn′ingly. [A.S. gánian, to yawn—gínan, pa.t. gán, to gape widely; Ice. gína, to gape, Gr. chainein, to gape.]

Yaws, yaws, n. a tropical epidemic and contagious disease of the skin—also Frambœsia, Button scurvy, Verruga Peruviana, Buba or Boba, Patta, Tetia, &c.—adj. Yaw′ey, pertaining to the yaws. [African yaw, a raspberry.]

Ye, yē, pron. the nom. pl. of the 2d person—in old English ye was always used as a nominative, and you as a dative or accusative, as in the English Bible. [M. E. ye, ȝe, nom.; your, ȝour, gen.; you, ȝou, yow, dat. and accus. pl. A.S. ge, nom. ye; eówer, gen. of you; eów, to you, you, dat. and accus.]

Yea, yā, adv. yes: verily.—adj. (B.) true.—n. an affirmative vote. [A.S. geá; Dut. and Ger. ja, Ice. já. Cf. Yes.]

Yead, Yede, yēd, v.i. (Spens.) to go: to march:—pr.p. yead′ing; pa.p. yōde. [A.S. eode, went, pa.t. of gán, to go.]

Yean, yēn, v.t. to bring forth young.—n. Yean′ling (Shak.), the young of a sheep: a lamb. [A.S. éanian, to bring forth—eacen, pregnant.]

Year, yēr, n. a period of time determined by the revolution of the earth in its orbit, and embracing the four seasons, popularly a period beginning with 1st January and ending with 31st December, consisting of 365 days (excepting every fourth year, called 'bissextile' or 'leap-year,' in which one day is added to February, making the number 366)—the Calendar, Civil, or Legal year: a space of twelve calendar months: (pl.) period of life, esp. age or old age.—ns. Year′-book, a book published annually, containing reports of judicial cases, or of discoveries, events, &c.; Year′ling, an animal a year old.—adj. a year old.—adjs. Year′long, lasting a year; Year′ly, happening every year: lasting a year.—adv. once a year: from year to year.—Year of Grace, or of our Lord, date of the Christian era.—Anomalistic year (see Anomaly); Astronomical year, the interval between one vernal equinox and the next, or one complete mean apparent circuit of the ecliptic by the sun, or mean motion through 360° of longitude—365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 49.7 seconds—called also the Equinoctial, Solar, or Tropical year; Canicular year—the ancient Egyptian—counted from one heliacal rising of Sirius to the next—(the Canicular Cycle was the cycle of 1461 years of 365 days each, or 1460 Julian years, also called the Sothiac period); Ecclesiastical year, the year as arranged in the ecclesiastical calendar, with saints' days, festivals, &c.; Embolismic year, a year of thirteen lunar months or 384 days, occurring in a lunisolar calendar like that of the Jews; Hebrew year, a lunisolar year, of 12 or 13 months of 29 or 30 days—in every cycle of nineteen years the 3d, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th having thirteen months instead of twelve; Julian year, a period of 365¼ days, thus causing an annual error of about 11 minutes—corrected by dropping 10 days in 1582 under Pope Gregory XIII.—not adopted in England till 3d September 1752, which became September 14 (see Style); Legal year, the year by which dates were reckoned, which till 1752 began in England on 25th March, that date being originally chosen by Dionysius Exiguus as being the Annunciation—exactly nine months before Christmas. In Scotland the year began on 1st January since 1600.—The most common New Year's Days were these four—(a) 25th December; (b) 25th March; (c) Easter; (d) 1st January. Thus England used both the first and second from the 6th century to 1066; the fourth till 1155; then the second till the day after 31st December 1751, which was called 1st January 1752. Scotland used the second till 1599, when the day after 31st December 1599 was called 1st January 1600. France under Charlemagne used the first, and afterwards also the third and second till 1563; Lunar year, a period of twelve lunar months or 354 days, Platonic year, a cycle of years at the end of which the heavenly bodies are in the same place as at the Creation—also Great, or Perfect, year; Sabbatic, -al, year (see Sabbath); Sidereal year, the period required by the sun to move from a given star to the same star again—affected by Nutation only, one of the most invariable quantities which nature affords us, having a mean value of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.6 seconds.—In years, advanced in age. [A.S. geár, gér; Ger. jahr, Ice. ár, Gr. hōra, season.]

Yearn, yėrn, v.i. to feel earnest desire: to feel uneasiness, as from longing or pity.—n. Yearn′ing, earnest desire, tenderness, or pity.—adj. longing.—adv. Yearn′ingly. [A.S. giernan, giernian, to desire—georn, desirous, eager; cf. Ger. begehren. to long for.]

Yearn, yėrn, v.i. and v.t. (Shak.) to grieve. [M. E. ermen—A.S. yrman, to vex—earm, poor.]

Yearn, yėrn, v.i. to curdle, as milk—also Earn.—n. Yearn′ing, rennet.

Yeast, yēst, n. the froth of malt liquors in fermentation: the vegetable growth to which fermentation is due, of value in brewing, baking, &c.: (Shak.) spume or foam of water.—v.i. to ferment.—ns. Yeast′iness, the state of being yeasty or frothy; Yeast′-plant, a small plant causing alcoholic fermentation in saccharine liquids; Yeast′-pow′der, a baking powder.—adj. Yeast′y, like yeast: frothy, foamy: unsubstantial. [A.S. gist, gyst; Ger. gäscht, gischt.]

Yeld, yeld, adj. (Scot.) barren, not giving milk. [A variant of geld.]

Yell, yel, v.i. to howl or cry out with a sharp noise: to scream from pain or terror.—v.t. to utter with a yell.—n. a sharp outcry.—n. Yell′ing.—v.i. Yell′och (Scot.), to yell.—n. a yell. [A.S. gellan, gyllan; Ger. gellen; conn. with A.S. galan, to sing.]

Yellow, yel′ō, adj. of a bright gold colour.—n. a bright golden colour: (pl.) the peach-yellows (see Peach): (Shak.) jaundice in horses.—v.t. to make yellow.—v.i. to become yellow.—adjs. Yell′ow-backed, -bell′ied, -billed, -breast′ed, -cov′ered, -crowned, -eyed, -foot′ed, -front′ed, -head′ed, -horned, -legged, -necked, -polled, -ringed, -rumped, -shoul′dered, -spot′ted, &c.—ns. Yell′ow-bird, one of various birds of a yellow colour—the golden oriole, summer-warbler, &c.; Yell′ow-boy, a gold coin: a mulatto or dark quadroon:—fem. Yell′ow-girl; Yell′ow-bunt′ing, the yellow-hammer; Yell′ow-earth, a yellow ochre sometimes used as a pigment; Yell′ow-fē′ver, a pestilential contagious fever of a continuous and special type, presenting at least two well-defined stages, the first occupying 36 to 150 hours, marked by a rapid circulation and high temperature; the second being characterised by general depression and black vomit—also known as Yellow Jack, Bronze John, El Vomito, and Vomito Prieto or Vomito Amarilli; Yell′ow-flag, a flag of a yellow colour, displayed by a vessel in quarantine or over a military hospital or ambulance; Yell′ow-gum, the melæna or black jaundice of infants; Yell′ow-hamm′er, -amm′er, a song-bird, so named from its yellow colour: the common yellow-bunting.—adj. Yell′owish, somewhat yellow.—ns. Yell′owishness; Yell′ow-met′al, a brass consisting of sixty parts copper and forty parts zinc; Yell′owness; Yell′ow-root, an American herb whose root-stock yields berberine—also Orange-root, Goldenseal; Yell′ow-soap, common soap composed of tallow, resin, and soda; Yell′ow-wash, a lotion consisting of a mixture of mercuric chloride and lime-water; Yell′ow-weed, weld; Yell′ow-wood, a name given to Fustic and many other trees—e.g. satin-wood, and various kinds of podocarpus, rhus, xanthoxylum, &c.; Yell′ow-wort, an annual of the gentian family—also Yell′ow-cen′taury.—adj. Yell′owy, yellowish.—ns. Yell′ow-yol′dring, -yor′ling, or -yow′ley, the European yellow-hammer.—Yellow berries, Persian berries. [A.S. geolo; Ger. gelb; cog. with L. heluus, light bay.]

Yelp, yelp, v.i. to utter a sharp bark.—n. a sharp, quick cry or bark.—n. Yelp′er. [A.S. gilpan, to boast, exult; Ice. giálpa, to yelp.]

Yen, yen, n. a Japanese gold or silver coin, used as the monetary unit since 1871, and now equivalent to about 2s. 0½d. of our money. [Jap.,—Chin. yuen, round, a dollar.]

Yeoman, yō′man, n. in early English history, a common menial attendant, but after the fifteenth century, one of a class of small freeholders, forming the next grade below gentlemen: a man of small estate, any small farmer or countryman above the grade of labourer: an officer of the royal household: a member of the yeomanry cavalry: (Shak.) a journeyman, assistant: a gentleman in a royal or noble household, ranking between a sergeant and a groom.—adj. Yeo′manly, of yeoman's rank: humble and honest.—adv. staunchly, bravely.—n. Yeo′manry, the collective body of yeomen or smaller freeholders: a cavalry volunteer force in Great Britain, formed during the wars of the French Revolution, its organisation by counties, under the lords-lieutenant, raised and drilled locally, the men providing their own horses and uniform.—Yeomen of the guard, a veteran company of picked soldiers, employed in conjunction with the gentlemen-at-arms on grand occasions as the sovereign's bodyguard—constituted a corps in 1485 by Henry VII., and still wearing the costume of that period; Yeoman's service, powerful aid, such as came from the yeomen in the English armies of early times. [M. E. yoman, yemen, doubtless from an A.S. gáman, not found, but seen in Old Frisian gāman, villager—gā, a village (Ger. gau, district), man, man.]

Yerk, yėrk, v.t. to throw or thrust with a sudden, quick motion, to jerk: (obs.) to beat, rouse, excite (Scot.): to bind or tie with a jerk. [Akin to jerk.]

Yes, yes, adv. ay: a word of affirmation or consent. [A.S. gise, gese—geá, yea, sý, let it be.]

Yester, yes′tėr, adj. relating to yesterday: last.—n. Yes′terday, the day last past.—adv. on the day last past.—ns. Yes′tereve, -n, Yes′terevening, the evening last past; Yes′termorn, Yes′termorning, the morning last past; Yes′ternight, the night last past; Yes′teryear, last year.—adv. Yestreen′ (Scot.), last evening, contracted from yestereven. [A.S. geostran-, giestran- (only in compounds); Ger. gestern; cf. L. hesternus, Gr. chthes.]

Yet, yet, adv. in addition: besides: at the same time: up to the present time: hitherto: even: however.—conj. nevertheless: however. [A.S. git, gita; Ger. jetz.]

Yett, yet, n. (Scot.) a gate, door—another term of yate, itself a dialectal form of gate.

Yew, ū, n. a tree of genus Taxus—natural order Taxaceæ, itself a suborder of Coniferæ—widely diffused over the whole northern parts of the world, with narrow lanceolate or linear leaves (in Europe long planted in graveyards), yielding an elastic wood good for bows: its wood.—adj. Yew′en (Spens.), made of yew.—n. Yew′-tree. [A.S. íw, éow, éoh; Ger. eibe, Ir. iubhar.]

Yggdrasil, ig′dra-sil, n. (Scand. myth.) the ash-tree binding together heaven, earth, and hell, and extending its branches over the whole world and above the heavens—according to Vigfusson and Powell, not a primitive Scandinavian idea, but originating after the contact with Christianity, and so a corruption of the cross [Ice. Yggdra Syll; cf. Yggr, Uggr, a surname of Odin, syll, sill. Magnusson explains as 'Odin's horse,' Ice. sleipner, horse.]

Yiddish, yid′ish, n. a strange compound of very corrupt Hebrew and ancient or provincial German spoken by the commoner Jews—extensively in the East End of London.—ns. Yid, Yidd′isher, a Jew. [Ger. jüdisch, Jewish.]

Yield, yēld, v.t. to resign: to grant: to give out: to produce: to allow.—v.i. to submit: to comply with: to give place.—n. amount yielded: product.—adj. Yield′able, that may be yielded: inclined to yield.—ns. Yield′ableness; Yield′er.—adj. Yield′ing, inclined to give way or comply: compliant.—adv. Yield′ingly.—n. Yield′ingness.—Yield up the ghost (see 'Give up the ghost,' under Give). [A.S. gieldan, gildan, to pay, gelten, Ice. gjalda.]

Yo, yō, interj. expressive of effort, &c.—Yo-ho, in order to call attention.

Yodel, Yodle, yō′dl, v.t. and v.i. to sing, changing frequently from the ordinary voice to falsetto and back again after the manner of the mountaineers of the Tyrol.—n. a song sung in this fashion—also Jō′del.—ns. Yō′deler, Yō′dler. [Ger. dial. jodeln.]

Yoga, yō′ga, n. a system of Hindu philosophy showing the means of emancipation of the soul from further migrations.—ns. Yō′gi, a Hindu ascetic who practises the yoga system, consisting in the withdrawal of the senses from external objects, long continuance in unnatural postures, &c.; Yō′gism. [Hind. yoga—Sans. yoga, union.]

Yoicks, yō′iks, interj. an old fox-hunting cry.—v.t. Yō′ick, to urge on by this cry.

Yojana, yō′ja-na, n. an Indian measure of distance, usually about five miles.—Also Yō′jan.

Yoke, yōk, n. that which joins together: the frame of wood joining oxen for drawing together: any similar frame, as one for carrying pails: (prov.) a chain of hills: a stretch of work—e.g. from meal-time to meal-time: a mark of servitude: slavery: a pair or couple.—v.t. to put a yoke on: to join together: to enslave.—v.i. to be joined: to go along with.—ns. Yoke′-dev′il (Shak.), a companion devil; Yoke′-fell′ow, -mate, an associate: a mate or fellow.—adj. Yoke′-toed, pair-toed.—n. Yōk′ing, as much work as is done at a stretch. [A.S. geoc, iuc, ioc; Ger. joch; L. jugum, Gr. zygon.]

Yokel, yō′kl, n. a country bumpkin.—adj. Yō′kelish. [Ety. dub.; but cf. Gawk and Gowk.]

Yolk, yōk, Yelk, yelk, n. the yellow part of an egg: the vitellus of a seed: wool-oil.—adjs. Yolked, having a yolk; Yolk′y, like yolk. [A.S. geoloca, geoleca—geolo, yellow.]

Yon, yon, Yonder, yon′dėr, adv. at a distance within view.—adj. being at a distance within view. [A.S. geon; Goth. jains (masc.), jaina (fem.), Ger. jen-er, that.]

Yond, yond, adj. (Spens.) furious, mad—apparently a mere coinage from the foregoing.

Yoni, yō′nē, n. the pudendum muliebre, the symbol under which Sakti is worshipped in India.

Yore, yōr, n. in old time. [A.S. geára, formerly, gen. pl. of gár, a year.]

Yorker, york′ėr, n. a term in cricket applied to a ball pitched to a point directly under the batsman's bat—formerly called tice from entice. [Prob. from Yorkshire, but history quite unknown.]

Yorkish, york′ish, adj. pertaining to the county or city of York: adhering to the House of York in the Wars of the Roses.—n. York′ist, one of this party.—Yorkshire grit, a grit from Yorkshire used for polishing; Yorkshire pudding, a pudding made of unsweetened batter, and baked under meat so as to catch the drippings.

You, ū, pron. 2d pers. pron. pl., but also used as singular.—pron.pl. You′-uns, a provincial form for you, you ones.—You're another, the vulgar form of tu quoque, effective in vituperation, but not an argument. [A.S. eów, orig. only dat. and accus. Cf. Ye.]

Young, yung, adj. not long born: in early life: in the first part of growth: vigorous: relating to youth: junior, the younger of two persons having the same name: inexperienced: newly arrived—in Australia.—n. the offspring of animals.—adjs. Young′-eyed (Shak.), with the bright eyes of youth; Young′ish, somewhat young.—n. Young′ling, a young person or animal.—adj. youthful, young.—adv. Young′ly.—ns. Young′ness; Young′ster, a young person: a lad; Youngth (Spens.), youth.—adj. Youngth′ly (Spens.), youthful.—Young blood, fresh accession of strength; Young England, the name applied, during the Corn-Law struggle (1842-45), to a little band of young Tory politicians, who hated Free Trade and Radicalism, and professed a sentimental attachment to earlier forms of social life in England; Young England, America, &c., the rising generation in England, America, &c.; Young Ireland, a group of Irish politicians who broke away from O'Connell about 1844, because of his rooted aversion to physical force; Young Italy, an association of Italian republican agitators, active about 1834, under the lead of Mazzini; Young person, Mr Podsnap's phrase for youth generally, considered as too inexperienced to hear about some matters within the range of adult human experience—from Dickens's Our Mutual Friend; Young Pretender, Prince Charlie, as distinguished from his father the Pretender or Old Pretender.—With young, pregnant. [A.S. geong; Ger. jung; also conn. with L. juvenis, Sans. yuvan, young.]

Younker, yung′kėr, n. a young person: (Shak.) a simpleton: (Spens.) a young gentleman or knight. [Old Dut. joncker (Dut. jonker), from jonk-heer, 'young master' or 'lord;' Ger. junker.]

Your, ūr, pron. poss. of you: belonging to you: (Shak.) used to denote a class or species well known, the use implying something of contempt.—Yourn (prov.), yours. [A.S. eówer. Cf. Ye.]

Yours, ūrz, pron. poss. of you, not followed by a noun: used in many idiomatic senses, as e.g. 'you and yours,' your family, property, 'yours of yesterday,' your letter, &c.—Yours faithfully, sincerely, truly, &c., Yours to command, &c., are forms used in letters just before the signature, as phrases of conventional politeness, for the most part: also sometimes used by a vulgar speaker in alluding to himself.

Yourself, ūr-self′, pron. your own self or person:—pl. Yourselves′.

Youth, yōōth, n. state of being young: early life: a young person: young persons taken together: (Shak.) recentness, freshness.—adj. Youth′ful, pertaining to youth or early life: young: suitable to youth: fresh: buoyant, vigorous.—adv. Youth′fully.—ns. Youth′fulness; Youth′head, Youth′hood (obs.), youth.—adjs. Youth′ly (Spens.), young, youthful; Youth′some, youthful; Youth′y, young. [A.S. geogoth—geong, young; Ger. jugend.]

Yowl, yowl, v.i. to cry mournfully, as a dog: to yell, bawl.—n. a distressed cry.—n. Yowl′ing, a howling. [M. E. yowlen—Ice. gaula, to howl; cf. Scot. gowl and Eng. yell.]

Yowley, yow′li, n. the yellow-bunting.—Also Yel′dring, Yel′drock, Yor′ling, &c. [A.S. geolu, yellow.]

Y-pointing, i-point′ing, adj. (Milt.) pointing, looking up into the air. [An erroneous formation, as the prefix y- was confined to the past participle, and then, too, only or nearly always to words of Anglo-Saxon origin.]

Y-ravish, i-rav′ish, v.t. (Shak.) to ravish. [An erroneous formation. Cf. Y-pointing.]

Ytterbium, i-ter′bi-um, n. an element discovered by Marignac in gadolinite.

Yttrium, it′ri-um, n. a rare metal obtained as a blackish-gray powder, and contained in a few minerals in which there are usually also present compounds of one or more other rare metals, such as cerium, didymium, erbium, and lanthanum.—n. Ytt′ria, its oxide, a yellowish-white powder.—adjs. Ytt′ric; Yttrif′erous; Ytt′rious.—ns. Ytt′ro-cē′rite, a violet mineral found embedded in quartz, a fluoride of yttrium, cerium, and calcium; Ytt′ro-col′umbite, -tan′talite, a brownish mineral found at Ytterby, a tantalate of yttrium, uranium, and iron, with calcium. [From Ytterby, a town in Sweden, where it was first discovered.]

Yucca, yuk′a, n. a genus of plants of natural order Liliaceæ, natives of Mexico, &c., some cultivated in gardens on account of the singularity and splendour of their appearance.—Yucca gloriosa, a native of Virginia, but quite hardy in England, the stem two or three feet high, its upper part producing a great tuft or crown of large sword-shaped evergreen leaves, each terminating in a sharp black spine. From the centre of this crown of leaves rises the flower-stalk, three feet high, branching out into a large panicle, the flowers white with a purple stripe. [West Indian name.]

Yuck, yuk, v.i. (prov.) to itch.—n. the itch.—adj. Yuck′y, itchy.

Yuga, yōō′ga, n. one of the Hindu ages of the world.—Also Yug. [Sans.]

Yulan, yōō′lan, n. a Chinese magnolia, with large white flowers. [Chin.]

Yule, yool, n. the season or feast of Christmas.—n. Yule′tide, the time or season of Yule or Christmas.—Yule log, the block of wood cut down in the forest, then dragged to the house, and set alight in celebration of Christmas. [A.S. géol, yule, se ǽrra géola, December; Ice. jól. Not conn. either with Ice. hjól, wheel, or M. E. youlen, yollen, to cry out or yawl.]

the twenty-sixth and last letter in our alphabet, is derived through the Greek zeta, from zayin, the seventh Semitic letter—its sound a voiced sibilant, either a voiced s as in 'zeal,' or a voiced sh as in 'azure.'—The cedilla (ç) is a 'little zed,' as is implied by the Italian name zediglia, from zeticula.

Zabian, zā′bi-an, adj. and n. the same as Sabian.—ns. Zā′baism, Zā′bism, the doctrines esp. of the Pseudo-Zabians, or Syrian Zabians (in Haurân, Edessa, Bagdad), remnants of the ancient Syrian but Hellenised heathens, from about the 9th to the 12th century. Under the name Zabians used to be grouped several peoples distinct in origin and by no means alike in religion. The medieval Arabic and Jewish writers called nearly all those heathens or Sabæans who were neither Jews or Christians, nor Mohammedans or Magians. Now the name Sabæans denotes strictly the ancient inhabitants of southern Arabia, who were but little modified by Babylonian influences; the Zabians of the Koran were originally non-Christian Gnostics—the ancestors of the still existing Mandæans (q.v.) or Joannes' Christians.

Zabrus, zā′brus, n. a large genus of caraboid beetles. [Gr. zabros, gluttonous.]

Zadkiel, zad′ki-el, n. the name assumed by Richard James Morrison (1794-1874), the compiler of a popular astrological almanac, a retired commander in the royal navy, a Hebraist, mathematician, astronomer, and a real believer in his pseudo-science.

Zaffre, Zaffer, zaf′ėr, n. the impure oxide obtained by partially roasting cobalt ore previously mixed with two or three times its weight of fine sand. [Fr. zafre, of Ar. origin.]

Zalophus, zal′ō-fus, n. a genus of otaries or eared seals. [Gr. za-, intens., lophos, a crest.]

Zambomba, tham-bom′ba, n. a simple Spanish musical instrument made by stretching a piece of parchment over a wide-mouthed jar and inserting a stick in it which is rubbed with the fingers.

Zamia, zā′mi-a, n. a genus of palm-like trees or low shrubs of the order Cycadaceæ—some species yield an edible starchy pith. [L. zamia, a dead fir-cone—Gr. zēmia, damage.]

Zander, zan′dėr, n. the European pike-perch.—Also San′der and Zant. [Ger.]

Zanje, than′hē, n. an irrigating canal.—n. Zanjē′ro, one who superintends the distribution of such water. [Sp. Amer.]

Zante, zan′te, n. the same as Zan′te-wood, the wood of the smoke-tree, from Zante, one of the principal Ionian Islands: satin-wood.—n. Zan′tiote, a native of Zante.—Zante currant, the small seedless fruit of a Zante grape.

Zany, zā′ni, n. a merry-andrew: a buffoon.—v.t. to play the zany to.—n. Zā′nyism, condition or habits of a buffoon. [Fr. zani—It. zani, a corr. of Giovanni, John. Cf. the similar use of the names John and Jack.]

Zaporogian, zā-pō-rō′ji-an, adj. pertaining to those Little Russian or Ukraine Cossacks who dwelt near the Porogi or falls of the Dnieper.—n. one of the foregoing.

Zarathustrian, zar-a-thōōs′tri-an, adj. and n.=Zoroastrian.—Zarathus′trianism, Zarathus′trism=Zoroastrianism; Zarathus′tric=Zoroastric.

Zaratite, zar′a-tīt, n. a hydrous carbonate of nickel, found usually as an incrustation on chromite. [From Zarate, a Spaniard.]

Zareba, zā-rē′ba, n. in the Soudan, a stockade, thorn-hedge, &c. against wild animals or enemies, a fortified camp generally.—Also Zaree′ba, Zere′ba, Zeri′ba.

Zarf, zärf, n. an ornamental holder for a hot coffee-cup.—Also Zurf. [Ar. zarf, a vessel.]

Zarnich, zär′nik, n. a native sulphide of arsenic, orpiment, realgar.—Also Zar′nec. [Ar. zernikh—Gr. arsenikon, arsenic.]

Zarzuela, thär-thōō-ā′la, n. a kind of operetta or vaudeville—named from the royal residence of La Zarzuela in Spain.

Zastruga, zas-trōō′ga, n. one of a series of long parallel snow-ridges on the open wind-swept plains of Russia. [Russian.]

Zea, zē′a, n. a cereal having monœcious flowers. The only species is Z. mays, the well-known maize or Indian corn. [Gr.]

Zeal, zēl, n. boiling or passionate ardour for anything: enthusiasm.—n. Zeal′ant (Bacon), a zealot or enthusiast.—adj. Zeal′less, wanting zeal.—ns. Zealot (zel′ot), one full of zeal: an enthusiast: a fanatic: one of a fanatical Jewish party whose restless opposition to the Roman domination finally brought about the ruin of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.; Zealotism (zel′-), the character of a zealot; Zealotry (zel′-).—adj. Zealous (zel′-), full of zeal: warmly engaged or ardent in anything.—adv. Zealously (zel′-).—n. Zealousness (zel′-). [O. Fr. zele—L. zelus—Gr. zēlos, zeein, to boil. Cf. Yeast.]

Zebra, zē′bra, n. a generic name given to the group of striped Equidæ—all of which are peculiar to the African continent—and thus including the Dauw or Burchell's Zebra, the Quagga, and the true or Mountain Zebra.—n. Zē′bra-wood, the hard and beautifully striped wood of a Guiana tree.—adj. Zē′brine, like the zebra. [Of African origin.]

Zebu, zē′bū, n. the humped domestic ox of India (or Brahminy bull), a kind of ox very nearly allied to the common ox, diffused over India, China, the east coast of Africa, &c. [Fr. zébu, the whimsical name taken by Buffon from the exhibitors of such a beast at a French fair as if African.]

Zebub, zē′bub, n. an Abyssinian fly hurtful to cattle, similar to the tsetse. [Ar. zubāb, a fly.]

Zecchino, tsek-kē′nō, n. a Venetian gold coin, the same as the sequin (q.v.).

Zechstein, zek′stīn, n. a deposit of calcareous rock which covers the Kupfer-schiefer. [Ger.,—zeche, a mine, stein, a stone.]

Zed, zed, n. the letter Z, also called zee and izzard: a bar of metal of form similar to the letter Z.

Zedoary, zed′ō-ā-ri, n. certain species of curcuma, natives of India, China, &c., whose root-stocks (rhizomes) are aromatic, bitter, pungent, and tonic, and used for similar purposes with ginger—a powerful sudorific. [Ar. Jedwar.]

Zelotypia, zel-ō-tip′i-a, n. morbid zeal in the prosecution of any project or cause. [Gr. zēlotypia, jealousy, zēlos, zeal, typtein, to strike.]

Zemindar, zem-in-dar′, n. under the Mogul emperors of India, the farmer of revenue from land held in common by the cultivators, as responsible for the revenue—now the actual native proprietor paying revenue direct, and not to any intermediate superior—also Zamindar′.—n. Zem′indary, the jurisdiction of a zemindar, the system of land-tenure and taxation under such—also Zam′indari, Zem′indari, &c. [Pers. zemīndār, a landholder.]

Zemstvo, zems′tvō, n. in Russia, a district and provincial assembly to which the administration of the economic affairs of the district and the province was committed in 1866, but whose rights were much curtailed in 1890. [Russ.]

Zenana, ze-nä′na, n. the apartments in which Indian women are secluded, corresponding to the harem in Arabic-speaking Moslem lands.—Zenana mission, a mission to Hindu women, necessarily conducted by women. [Pers. zanāna—zan, a woman.]

Zend, zend, n. the ancient East-Iranian and purely Aryan language, in which the Zend-Avesta was long orally preserved and at last written—closely related to the Vedic Sanskrit.—Zend-Avesta, the ancient sacred writings of the Parsees, including works of widely differing character and age, collected into their present canon under Shah-puhar II. (Shah-pur II.; 309-338 A.D.). [A word meaning 'commentary' (zend=zand, from Sans. jñâ, to know).]

Zendik, zen′dik, n. an unbeliever in revealed religion in the East, one who practises magic. [Ar. zendīq.]

Zenith, zen′ith, n. that point of the heavens which is exactly overhead—i.e. in line with the spectator's position and the centre of the earth (it is thus the upper pole of the spectator's horizon, as the nadir is the under pole): greatest height, summit of ambition, &c.—adj. Zen′ithal.—ns. Zen′ith-dis′tance, the angular distance of a heavenly body from the zenith; Zen′ith-sec′tor, an instrument for measuring zenith-distances. [Fr., through Sp. zenit, from Ar. samt, short for samt-ur-ras, lit. 'way of the head.']

Zeolite, zē′ō-līt, n. the common name of a large group of minerals often called the Zeolitic family—they are all soluble in acids, and most of them gelatinise in acids in consequence of silica being set free.—adjs. Zeolit′ic; Zeolit′iform. [Gr. zeein, to boil, lithos, a stone.]

Zephyr, zef′ir, n. the west wind: a soft, gentle breeze: thin light worsted or woollen yarn, also a close-fitting jersey or undergarment made of such: anything very light and fine of its kind.—Zephyr cloth, a thin, finely spun woollen cloth for women's gowns. [Gr. zephyros—zophos, darkness, the dark quarter, the west.]

Zero, zē′ro, n. cipher: nothing: the point from which the reckoning begins on scales, such as those of the barometer, &c. [Fr.,—Ar. sifr. Doublet cipher.]

Zerumbet, zē-rum′bet, n. an East Indian drug, the cassumunar—sometimes for the round zedoary.

Zest, zest, n. something that gives a relish: relish. [Fr. zeste, skin of an orange or lemon used to give a flavour—L. schistus—Gr. schistos, cleft, divided—schizein, to cleave.]

Zeta, zē′ta, n. a small closet or parlour, the sexton's room over the porch of a church. [Gr. diaita, a dwelling.]

Zetetic, zē-tet′ik, adj. proceeding by inquiry.—n. a seeker, the name taken by some of the Pyrrhonists. [Gr. zētētikos—zētein, to seek.]

Zeuglodon, zūg′lō-don, n. a fossil whale-like mammal, so named by Owen from the yoke-like double-rooted formation of its cheek teeth.—adj. and n. Zeug′lodont.—n.pl. Zeuglodon′tia, a suborder of Cetacea, represented by the zeuglodonts. [Gr. zeuglē, the strap or loop of the yoke, odous, -ontos, a tooth.]

Zeugma, zūg′ma, n. (gram.) a figure by which an adjective or verb which agrees with a nearer word is, by way of supplement, referred also to another more remote, whether grammatically corresponding or not.—adj. Zeugmat′ic. [Gr.,—zeugnunai, to yoke.]

Zeus, zūs, n. the greatest of the national deities of Greece, son of Cronos (Saturn) and Rhea, brother of Poseidon (Neptune), Hades (Pluto), Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), and Hera (Juno). His consort was Hera; his supreme seat, Mount Olympus in Thessaly. [Gr.]

Zeuxite, zūks′īt, n. a ferriferous tourmaline. [Gr.,—zeuxis, joining—zeugnunai, to yoke.]

Ziamet, zi-ä′met, n. a large military fief under the Turkish feudal system. [Turk.]

Zibeline, zib′e-lin, adj. pertaining to the sable.—n. the fur of the sable. [Sable.]

Ziganka, zi-gan′ka, n. a Russian country-dance, the music for such, usually quick, with a drone bass. [Russ.]

Zigzag, zig′zag, n. a short, sharp turning.—adj. having short, sharp turns, bent from side to side.—v.t. to form with short turns:—pr.p. zig′zagging; pa.p. zig′zagged.—adv. with frequent sharp turns—also Zig′zaggy.—n. Zigzag′gery, angular crookedness.—adj. Zig′zaggy, zigzag. [Fr. zig-zag—Ger. zick-zack, zacke, a sharp point.]

Zillah, zil′a, n. the technical name for the administrative districts into which British India is divided, each of which has in the older provinces a Collector (or Collector and Magistrate combined), a Sessions Judge, &c., and in the newer provinces, such as the Punjab and British Burma, a Deputy Commissioner. [Properly Ar. (in Indian pronunciation) zila, 'a rib,' thence 'a side,' 'a district.']

Zimb, zimb, n. an Abyssinian dipterous insect, like the tsetse, hurtful to cattle. [Ar. zimb, a fly.]

Zinc, zingk, n. a bluish-white metal, breaking with a crystalline fracture—when chemically pure it is malleable and ductile at ordinary temperature, but ordinary zinc is so only at temperatures above 212° Fahr.—v.t. to cover with zinc.—ns. Zinc′-am′yl, a colourless transparent liquid, composed of zinc and amyl; Zinc′-blende, sphalerite, native sulphide of zinc; Zinc′-bloom, hydrozincite; Zinc-col′ic, a colic caused by the slow poison of zinc-oxide; Zinc′-ē′thyl, a colourless volatile liquid, composed of zinc and the radical ethyl.—adjs. Zincif′erous, Zinkif′erous, containing or producing zinc.—ns. Zinc′ite, a native oxide of zinc, brittle, translucent, deep red; Zinckificā′tion, Zinkificā′tion, the process of coating or impregnating an object with zinc.—vs.t. Zinck′ify, Zink′ify, to cover or impregnate with zinc.—adjs. Zinck′y, Zink′y, pertaining to zinc: looking like zinc.—n. Zinc′-meth′yl, a mobile stinking liquid, spontaneously inflammable, resembling zinc-ethyl.—adj. Zinc′oid, like zinc.—ns. Zincol′ysis, a mode of decomposition caused by an electric current; Zinc′olyte, a body decomposable by electricity; Zinc′otype, a zincograph.—adj. Zinc′ous, pertaining to zinc.—ns. Zinc′-white, zinc oxide used as a pigment; Zinc′-work′er. [Ger. zink, prob. allied to zinn, tin.]

Zincali, zin′ka-li, n. a name in Spain for the Gipsies, akin to Zingaro (q.v.).

Zinckenite, zing′ken-īt, n. a grayish mineral consisting of the sulphides of antimony and lead. [Named from the German metallurgist Zincken (1790-1862).]

Zinco, zing′kō, n. a familiar abbreviation for zincograph.—v.i. to produce a plate for printing by the zincographic process.

Zincode, zing′kōd, n. the negative pole of a voltaic battery: the anode of an electrolytic cell.

Zincography, zing-kog′ra-fi, n. a process of etching on zinc (or copper) by which black and white pictures of all kinds can be reproduced as surface-blocks for printing by the ordinary letterpress process—in the etching the whites, and not the black lines as in the ordinary etching, are eaten away.—ns. Zinc′ograph, a plate or picture produced by zincography; Zincog′rapher, one who makes zincographic plates.—adjs. Zincograph′ic, -al. [Zinc, Gr. graphein, to write.]

Zingaro, zing′ga-rō, n. a name in Italy for the Gipsies;—pl. Zing′ari, Zing′ane.—Also Zing′ano. [Cf. the Ger. Zigeuner, Czech Cingán or Cigán, Magyar Cigány.]

Zingel, zing′el, n. a fish of the perch family, found in the Danube. [Ger.]

Zingiberaceæ, zin′ji-be-rā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of about 470 species of perennial tropical herbs, with horizontal thickened root-stock and cone-like inflorescence—the typical genus Zin′giber.—adjs. Zingiberā′ceous, Zinziberā′ceous. [L. zingiber—Gr. zingiberis, ginger.]

Zinke, tsing′ke, n. an old wind instrument like a cornet, of wood or horn, with seven finger-holes. [Ger.]

Zion, zī′on, n. Jerusalem: the Israelitish theocracy: the Christian Church: heaven.—adv. Zī′onward, heavenward. [Gr. Ziōn—Heb. tsīyōn, a hill.]

Zip, zip, n. the ping or sound of a bullet striking anything or whizzing through the air. [Imit.]

Ziphiinæ, zif-i-ī′nē, n.pl. a subfamily of Physteridæ, the ziphioid or ziphiiform cetaceans—the typical genus Ziph′ius.—n.pl. Ziphiī′dæ, the ziphiinæ rated as a family apart from Physteridæ, and divided into Ziphiinæ and Anarnacinæ.—adjs. Ziphiī′form; Ziph′ioid. [Gr. xiphios, the sword-fish—xiphos, a sword.]

Zirconium, zir-kō′ni-um, n. the metallic constituent of the earth Zircō′nia, which is found in association with silica in the minerals Zir′con and hyacinth, and is obtained only in Ceylon, one district of the Ural, and southern Norway.—n. Zir′conite, a variety of zircon. [Ar. zarkūn, vermilion—Pers. zargūn, gold-coloured.]

Zither, zīth′ėr, n. the cithern, the modern representative of the ancient cithara, a popular and common instrument in Tyrol—a flat stringed instrument, having a wooden frame and flat sounding-board with from twenty-nine to forty-two strings, placed on a table or on the knees, the strings played by the right hand, the thumb being armed with a metallic plectrum.—Also Zith′ern. [Ger.]

Zizania, zī-zā′ni-a, n. a genus of tall aquatic grasses, of tribe Oryzeæ—wild, water, or Indian rice. [Gr. zizanion, darnel.]

Zizel, ziz′el, n. a European ground squirrel, type of a genus mainly American.—Also Suslik.

Zizyphus, ziz′i-fus, n. a genus of shrubs or trees of the buckthorn family, mostly native to tropical Asia and America—the jujube-tree. [L.,—Gr. zizyphos.]

Zoantharia, zō-an-thā′ri-a, n.pl. a division of Actinozoa, including the sea-anemones, &c.—adj. and n. Zoanthā′rian.

Zoanthropy, zō-an′thrō-pi, n. a form of mental delusion in which a man believes himself to be a beast—the devout divine, Simon Browne (1680-1732), under this belief devoted himself to the making of a dictionary—'I am doing nothing,' he says, 'that requires a reasonable soul: I am making a dictionary.'—adj. Zōanthrop′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, anthrōpos, a man.]

Zoanthus, zō-an′thus, n. the typical genus of Zoanthidæ, a family of hexacoralline actinozoans. [Gr. zōon, an animal, anthos, a flower.]

Zoarium, zō-ā′ri-um, n. the colony of the polypides of a polyzoan. [Gr. zōarion, dim. of zōon, an animal.]

Zobo, zō′bō, n. a name used in the semi-Tibetan tracts of the Himalaya for hybrids between the yak bull and the ordinary hill cow, much used in transport and agriculture.—Also Zhō′bo, Dsō′mo. [Tibetan.]

Zocco, zok′ō, n. a socle.—Also Zocc′olo. [It.,—L. soccus, a sock.]

Zodiac, zō′di-ak, n. an imaginary belt in the heavens, having as its mesial line the ecliptic or apparent path of the sun, and containing the twelve constellations, called signs of the zodiac. The constellations, with the appropriate symbols of the corresponding signs, are as follows: Aries (Ram),

; Taurus (Bull),

; Gemini (Twins),

; Cancer (Crab),

; Leo (Lion),

; Virgo (Virgin),

; Libra (Balance),

; Scorpio (Scorpion),

; Sagittarius (Archer),

; Capricornus (Goat),

; Aquarius (Water-bearer),

; Pisces (Fishes),

.—adj. Zodī′acal.—Zodiacal light, a singular appearance seen after sunset or before sunrise, at all seasons of the year in low latitudes, but rarely in Great Britain, except in March, April, and May in the evenings, and six months later in the mornings. [Fr. zodiaque—L. zodiacus—Gr. zōdiakos, belonging to animals—zōdion, dim. of zōon, an animal, zaein, to live.]

Zoëa, zō-ē′a, n. a larval stage of certain decapod crustaceans—also called the copepod stage preceding the megalopa stage—also Zoœ′a:—pl. Zoë′æ.—adjs. Zoë′al, Zoœ′al; Zō′ëform. [Gr. zōon, an animal.]

Zoetrope, zō′e-trōp, n. a scientific toy by which several pictures of objects or persons in various positions are combined into one visual impression, so as to give the appearance of movement or life—the Thaumatrope and Praxinoscope are variations.—adj. Zoetrop′ic. [Gr. zōē, life, tropos, a turning—trepein, to turn.]

Zoiatria, zō-i-at′ri-a, n. veterinary surgery. [Gr. zōon, an animal, iatreia, healing.]

Zoic, zō′ik, adj. pertaining to animals: containing evidences of life in fossils—of rocks. [Gr. zōikos, of animals—zōon, an animal.]

Zoilism, zō′i-lizm, n. carping and unjust criticism.—adj. Zoil′ēan, characteristic of Zoilus, a Greek grammarian who flourished in the time of Philip of Macedon, and assailed Homer with such asperity that his name became proverbial for a captious and malignant critic.—n. Zō′ilist, a carping critic.

Zoisite, zoi′sīt, n. a mineral closely allied to epidote. [Baron von Zois.]

Zoism, zō′izm, n. the doctrine that life originates from a specific principle.—n. Zō′ist, one who maintains this theory. [Gr. zōē, life.]

Zolaism, zō′la-izm, n. the literary principles and practice of the industrious French novelist Emile Zola (1840-1902)—an attempt at a so-called realism claimed to be a proper scientific view of human nature and human life. In effect Zola's books are dull and dirty, and his realism is not reality.

Zöllner's lines, rows of parallel lines appearing to be not parallel through the optical effect of oblique intersecting lines.—Also Zöllner's pattern.

Zollverein, zol′ve-rīn, n. a union of the German states, under the leadership of Prussia, so as to enable them in their commercial relations with other countries to act as one state. [Ger.,—zoll, duty, verein, union.]

Zonda, zon′da, n. a dry, hot, and dusty wind blowing from the Andes in the vicinity of San Juan, Argentine Republic, during July and August.

Zone, zōn, n. a girdle, a belt, a stripe of different colour or substance round anything: one of the five great belts into which the surface of the earth is divided: any continuous tract with particular characteristics.—v.t. to encircle, as with a zone.—n. Zō′na, a term in anatomy, &c., for a belt: herpes zoster.—adjs. Zō′nal, like a zone, arranged in zones: pertaining to the somites of an articulate or annulose animal; Zō′nary, resembling a belt or girdle; Zō′nate, marked with zones, belted; Zoned, wearing a zone, having zones; Zone′less, wanting a zone or belt.—n. Zō′nic, a girdle.—adjs. Zonif′erous, zoned; Zō′noid, like a zone.—n. Zō′nula, a small zone.—adj. Zō′nular, like a zone or zonule.—ns. Zon′ule, Zon′ulet, a little girdle. [L. zona—Gr. zōnē, a girdle—zōnnynai, to gird; akin to join, yoke.]

Zonotrichia, zō-nō-trik′i-a, n. a genus of American finches, the crown-sparrows. [Gr. zōnē, a girdle, thrix, trichos, hair.]

Zonurus, zō-nū′rus, n. the typical genus of Zonuridæ, a South African family of lizards. [Gr. zōnē, a belt, oura, a tail.]

Zoo, zōō, n. the Zoological Gardens in London: any similar collection of animals.

Zooblast, zō′ō-blast, n. an animal cell. [Gr. zōon, an animal, blastos, a germ.]

Zoochemistry, zō-ō-kem′is-tri, n. the chemistry of the constituents of the animal body.—adj. Zoochem′ical. [Gr. zōon, an animal, chemistry.]

Zoodynamics, zō-ō-dī-nam′iks, n. the science that treats of the vital powers of animals, animal physiology. [Gr. zōon, an animal, dynamics.]

Zoœcium, zō-ē′si-um, n. one of the cells forming the investment of polyzoans:—pl. Zoœ′cia. [Gr. zōon, an animal, oikia, a house.]

Zoogamous, zō-og′a-mus, adj. pertaining to zoogamy.—n. Zoög′amy, sexual reproduction. [Gr. zōon, an animal, gamos, marriage.]

Zoogeny, zō-oj′e-ni, n. the doctrine or the process of the origination of living beings—also Zoög′ony.—adj. Zoogen′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, geneia, production.]

Zoogeography, zō-ō-jē-og′ra-fi, n. the science of the distribution of animals on the surface of the globe, faunal geography.—n. Zoogeog′rapher, a student of faunal geography.—adjs. Zoogeograph′ic, -al. [Gr. zōon, an animal, geography.]

Zooglœa, zō-ō-glē′a, n. the term applied to the resting, motionless stage of the Bacteria, in which they are embedded in gelatinous material.—adjs. Zooglœ′ic; Zooglœ′oid. [Gr. zōon, an animal, gloios, a sticky substance.]

Zoograft, zō′ō-graft, n. a piece of tissue taken from the living body of an animal to supply a part wanting in the human body, by being grafted on it. [Gr. zōon, an animal, graft.]

Zoography, zō-og′ra-fi, n. descriptive zoology.—n. Zoög′rapher.—adjs. Zoograph′ic, -al.—n. Zoög′raphist. [Gr. zōon, an animal, graphein, to write.]

Zoogyroscope, zō-ō-jī′rō-skōp, n. a development of the zoetrope by means of which an appearance of an object in motion is thrown on a screen. [Gr. zōon, an animal, gyroscope.]

Zooid, zō′oid, adj. having the nature of an animal, having organic life and motion.—n. a term applied to each of the individuals which make up a compound organism. [Gr. zōon, an animal, eidos, form.]

Zoolatry, zō-ol′a-tri, n. the worship of animals.—ns. Zoöl′ater, one who worships animals; Zoolā′tria, zoolatry.—adj. Zoöl′atrous. [Gr. zōon, an animal, latreia, worship.]

Zoolite, zō′ō-līt, n. a fossil animal—also Zō′olith.—adjs. Zoolith′ic, Zoolit′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, lithos, a stone.]

Zoology, zō-ol′ō-ji, n. the science of animal life included along with Botany within the science of Biology. The various departments of zoological study are the Morphological, Physiological, Historical, and the Ætiological.—adj. Zoolog′ical.—adv. Zoolog′ically.—n. Zool′ogist, one versed in zoology.—Zoological gardens, a place where wild animals are kept for public exhibition. [Gr. zōon, an animal, logia—legein, to speak.]

Zoomagnetism, zō-ō-mag′ne-tizm, n. animal magnetism.—adj. Zoomagnet′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, magnetism.]

Zoomancy, zō′ō-man-si, n. divination by observation of animals.—adj. Zooman′tic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, manteia, divination.]

Zoometry, zō-om′e-tri, n. comparative measurement of the parts of animals.—adj. Zoomet′ric. [Gr. zōon, an animal, metron, a measure.]

Zoomorphic, zō-ō-mor′fik, adj. pertaining to zoomorphism: representing animals in art.—n. Zoomor′phism, the representation or the conception of a god or a man in an animal form, the attributing of human or of divine qualities to beings of animal form—also Zoomor′phy. [Gr. zōon, an animal, morphē, form.]

Zoon, zō′on, n. a morphological individual, the total product of a fertilised ovum:—pl. Zō′a, Zō′ons.—adjs. Zō′onal, like a zoon; Zoön′ic, relating to animals.—n. Zō′onite, one of the segments of an articulated animal.—adj. Zoonit′ic. [Gr.]

Zoonomy, zō-on′ō-mi, n. animal physiology—also Zoonō′mia.—adj. Zoonom′ic.—n. Zoön′omist. [Gr. zōon, an animal, nomos, law.]

Zoonosis, zō-on′ō-sis, n. a disease communicated to man from the lower animals, as hydrophobia, &c.:—pl. Zoön′osēs. [Gr. zōon, an animal, nosos, disease.]

Zoopathology, zō-ō-pa-thol′ō-ji, n. the study of disease in animals. [Gr. zōon, an animal, pathology.]

Zoopathy, zō-op′a-thi, n. animal pathology. [Gr. zōon, an animal, pathos, suffering.]

Zoophaga, zō-of′a-ga, n.pl. the carnivorous animals collectively.—n. Zoöph′agan, a carnivorous animal.—adj. Zoöph′agous. [Gr. zōophagos, flesh-eating, zōon, an animal, phagein, to eat.]

Zoophilist, zō-of′il-ist, n. a lover of animals.—n. Zoöph′ily, love of animals. [Gr. zōon, an animal, philos, dear.]

Zoophorus, zō-of′ō-rus, n. a continuous frieze sculptured in relief with figures of men and animals.—adj. Zoophor′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, pherein, to bear.]

Zoophysics, zō-ō-fiz′iks, n. the study of the structure of animal bodies, comparative anatomy. [Gr. zōon, an animal, physics.]

Zoophyte, zō′ō-fīt, n. a term employed by Cuvier in his earlier attempts at classification to designate numerous simple animals, sedentary in habit, often with a superficial resemblance to plants—now restricted to hydroid colonies.—adjs. Zoophyt′ic, -al; Zoöph′ytoid; Zoophytolog′ical.—ns. Zoophytol′ogist; Zoophytol′ogy; Zoöph′yton:—pl. Zoöph′yta. [Gr. zōon, an animal, phyton, a plant.]

Zooplastic, zō-ō-plas′tik, adj. pertaining to the operation of transplanting living tissue from one of the lower animals to man. [Gr. zōon, an animal, plassein, to form.]

Zoopraxinoscope, zō-ō-prak′si-nō-skōp, n. a mechanical toy by means of which images of animals are made to go through motions on a screen. [Gr. zōon, an animal, praxis, doing, skopein, to view.]

Zoopsychology, zō-ō-sī-kol′ō-ji, n. the psychology of the lower animals. [Gr. zōon, an animal, psychology.]

Zooscopy, zō′ō-skō-pi, n. a form of mental delusion in which one sees imaginary animals, esp. snakes.—adj. Zooscop′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, skopein, to view.]

Zoosperm, zō′ō-sperm, n. the sperm-cell, or male seed-cell—also Zoosper′mium.—adj. Zoospermat′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, sperma, seed.]

Zoospore, zō′ō-spōr, n. a spore capable of moving about.—adjs. Zoospor′ic; Zoosporif′erous. [Gr. zōon, an animal, spora, a seed.]

Zootaxy, zō′ō-tak-si, n. the science of the classification of animals, systematic zoology. [Gr. zōon, an animal, taxis, arrangement.]

Zootechny, zō′ō-tek-ni, n. the science of the breeding and domestication of animals.—Also Zootech′nics. [Gr. zōon, an animal, technē, art.]

Zoothapsis, zō-ō-thap′sis, n. premature burial. [Gr. zoo-, living, thaptein, to bury.]

Zoothecium, zō-ō-thē′si-um, n. the tubular sheath of certain infusorians.—adj. Zoothē′cial. [Gr. zōon, an animal, thēkion, a casket.]

Zootheism, zō′ō-thē-izm, n. the attribution of divine qualities to an animal.—adj. Zootheis′tic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, theism.]

Zootherapy, zō-ō-ther′a-pi, n. veterinary therapeutics. [Gr. zōon, an animal, therapeia, service.]

Zootocology, zō-ō-tō-kol′ō-ji, n. the biology of animals. [Gr. zōotokos, viviparous, legein, to speak.]

Zootomy, zō-ot′ō-mi, n. the dissection of animals: comparative anatomy.—adjs. Zootom′ic, -al.—adv. Zootom′ically.—n. Zoöt′omist, one who dissects the bodies of animals: an anatomist. [Gr. zōon, an animal, temnein, to cut.]

Zootrophic, zō-ō-trof′ik, adj. pertaining to the nourishment of animals. [Gr. zōon, an animal, trophos, food.]

Zopilote, zō-pi-lō′te, n. one of the smaller American vultures, the turkey-buzzard, an urubu.—Also Tzopilotl. [Mex.]

Zopissa, zō-pis′a, n. an old medicinal mixture of pitch and tar scraped from the sides of ships. [Gr. zōpissa.]

Zoppo, tsop′pō, adj. (mus.) alternately with and without syncopation. [It.]

Zorgite, zor′gīt, n. a metallic copper-lead selenide, found at Zorge, in the Harz Mountains.

Zoril, Zorille, zor′il, n. an African skunk-like carnivore: an American skunk.—n. Zoril′la, a genus of African skunk-like quadrupeds, representing the Zorillinæ, an African subfamily of Mustelidæ. [Fr. zorille—Sp. zorilla, dim. of zorra, a fox.]

Zoroastrianism, zor-ō-as′tri-an-izm, n. the ancient religion founded or reformed by Zoroaster—the Greek pronunciation of Zarathushtra—set forth in the Zend-Avesta (q.v.), and still held by the Guebres and Parsees in India.—n. and adj. Zoroas′trian.

Zorra, zor′a, n. a South American skunk.—Also Zorrino (zo-rē′nō). [Sp.]

Zoster, zos′tėr, n. an ancient Greek waist-belt for men: herpes zoster or shingles. [Gr. zōstēr, a girdle.]

Zotheca, zō-thē′ka, n. a small living-room, as distinguished from a sleeping-room: an alcove. [Gr. zōthēkē.]

Zouave, zwäv, n. one of a body of troop wearing a quasi-Moorish dress in the French army, which derives its name from the Zwawa, a tribe of Kabyles in the Algerian province of Constantine. These Kabyles had long been employed as mercenaries by the deys of Algiers; and after the conquest in 1830 the French took them into their service.

Zounds, zowndz, interj. an exclamation of anger and astonishment. [A corr. of God's wounds, referring to Christ's sufferings on the cross.]

Zucchetta, tsuk-ket′ta, n. the skull-cap of an ecclesiastic, covering the tonsure: a form of helmet worn in the 16th century. [It., dim. of zucca, a gourd.]

Zufolo, zōō′fō-lō, n. a small flute or flageolet used in training singing-birds.—Also Zuf′folo. [It.]

Zulu, zoo′loo, n. a branch of the great Bantu division of the human family, belonging to South Africa, conspicuous for physical and intellectual development.—adj. pertaining to the Zulus, their language, &c. [South African.]

Zumbooruk, zum′bōō-ruk, n. a small cannon mounted on a swivel, carried on the back of a camel.—Also Zum′booruck, Zom′boruk, Zam′boorak. [Hind. zambūrak—Turk. zambūrak—Ar. zambūr, a hornet.]

Zuñi, zōō′nyē, n. one of a tribe of Pueblo Indians living in large communal houses near the Zuñi river in New Mexico.—adj. and n. Zu′ñian.

Zupa, zū′pa, n. a confederation of village communities governed by a Zu′pan, in the early history of Servia, &c. [Servian.]

Zwanziger, tswan′tsi-gėr, n. an old Austrian silver coin, equivalent to twenty kreutzers. [Ger.,—zwanzig, twenty.]

Zwieback, zvī′bak, n. biscuit rusk, or a sweet spiced bread toasted. [Ger.]

Zwinglian, zwing′- or tswing′gli-an, adj. pertaining to the Swiss reformer Huldreich Zwingli (1484-1531), or his doctrines, esp. his divergence from Luther in the doctrine of the Eucharist. Zwingli rejected every form of local or corporeal presence, whether by transubstantiation, impanation, or consubstantiation, assailing every form, however subtle, of the old Capernaitic (John vi. 51-53, 59) conception of a carnal presence and carnal appropriation.—n. a follower of Zwingli.

Zygadite, zig′a-dīt, n. a variety of albite found in thin twin crystals at Andreasberg, in the Harz Mountains. [Gr. zygadēn, jointly—zygon, a yoke.]

Zygæna, zī-jē′na, n. a genus of moths, typical of the family Zygænidæ: a genus of sharks, the hammer-heads, now Sphyrna.—adjs. Zygæ′nid, Zygæ′nine, Zygæ′noid. [Gr. zygaina, a shark.]

Zygal, zī′gal, n. pertaining to a zygon, formed like a letter

. [Zygon.]

Zygantrum, zī-gan′trum, n. a fossa on the posterior face of the arches of each of the vertebræ of the Lacertilia, into which the zygosphene of the succeeding vertebra fits. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, antron, a cave.]

Zygapophysis, zī-ga-pof′i-sis, n. one of the yoke-pieces or articulations of the vertebræ: pl. Zygapoph′ysēs. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, apophysis, process.]

Zygite, zī′gīt, n. a rower in the second tier of a Greek trireme. [Gr. zygitēs—zygon, yoke.]

Zygobranchiate, zī-gō-brang′ki-āt, adj. having paired gills or ctenidia, as certain molluscs: belonging to the Zygobranchiā′ta, an order or suborder of Gastropoda.—Also Zy′gobranch. [Gr. zygon, yoke, brangchia, gills.]

Zygocardiac, zī-gō-kär′di-ak, adj. yoke-like and cardiac, as an ossicle of the stomach of some Crustacea. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, kardia, the heart.]

Zygodactyl, zī-gō-dak′til, adj. having the toes arranged in pairs, two before and two behind, as certain birds—also Zygodactyl′ic, Zygodac′tylous.—n. Zygodac′tylism. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, daktylos, a finger.]

Zygodont, zī′gō-dont, adj. pertaining to molar teeth whose cusps are paired, possessing such molars. [Gr. zygon, yoke, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Zygoma, zī-gō′ma, n. the arch formed by the malar bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone of the skull.—adj. Zygomat′ic.—Zygomatic fossa, the lower part of the fossa bridged over by the zygomatic arch; Zygomatic muscles, two muscles (major and minor) arising from the zygomatic arch. [Gr. zygōma—zygon, a yoke.]

Zygomorphous, zī-gō-mor′fus, adj. yoke-shaped—of flowers divisible into similar halves in one plane only—also Zygomor′phic.—ns. Zygomor′phism, Zygomor′phy. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, morphē, form.]

Zygomycetes, zī-gō-mī-sē′tēz, n.pl. a group of fungi marked by the production of zygospores—the commonest type Mucor mucedo, the common white mould of dead organic matter, as horse-dung.—adj. Zygomycē′tous. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, mykēs, mykētos, a mushroom.]

Zygon, zī′gon, n. a connecting bar: an

-shaped fissure of the brain. [Gr., a yoke.]

Zygophyllaceæ, zī-gō-fil-ā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order containing about 100 species of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees, chiefly natives of subtropical countries—the bean-caper family—the typical genus Zygophyllum. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, phyllon, a leaf.]

Zygophyllum, zī-gō-fil′um, n. a genus of plants, natural order Zygophylleæ, of the bean-caper family.

Zygophyte, zī′gō-fīt, n. a plant in which reproduction takes place by means of zygospores. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, phyton, a plant.]

Zygopleural, zī-gō-plōō′ral, adj. bilaterally symmetrical. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, pleura, the side.]

Zygosis, zī-gō′sis, n. (bot.) conjugation, the coalescence of two distinct cells: the sexual intercourse of protoplasmic bodies.—n. Zy′goīte, an organism resulting from zygosis.—adj. Zy′gose, pertaining to zygosis. [Gr. zygōsis, a joining.]

Zygosphene, zī′gō-sfēn, n. a process on the anterior face of each of the vertebral arches in the Lacertilia, which articulates with the zygantrum of the preceding arch. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, sphēn, a wedge.]

Zygospore, zī′gō-spōr, n. a spore produced by the union of buds from two adjacent hyphaæ in the process of conjugation by which some fungi multiply—the same as Zy′gosperm and Zy′gote. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, spora, seed.]

Zyme, zīm, n. a ferment: a disease-germ—the supposed specific cause of a zymotic disease.—n. Zy′mase, enzym, any of the unorganised ferments.—adj. Zy′mic, relating to fermentation.—ns. Zy′mite, a priest using leavened bread in the Eucharist; Zy′mogen, a substance capable of developing by internal change into a ferment.—adjs. Zymogen′ic; Zy′moid, like a ferment; Zymolog′ic, -al, pertaining to zymology.—ns. Zymol′ogist, one skilled in zymology; Zymol′ogy, the science of fermentation; Zymol′ysis, Zymō′sis, fermentation of any kind; Zymom′eter, Zymosim′eter, an instrument for measuring the degree of fermentation; Zy′mophyte, a bacterioid ferment capable of liberating fatty acids from neutral fats.—adjs. Zymotech′nic, -al, producing and utilising fermentation.—n. Zymotech′nics, the art of managing fermentation.—adj. Zymot′ic, pertaining to fermentation.—adv. Zymot′ically.—Zymotic disease, a term for diseases caused by the multiplication of a living germ introduced from without into the body. [Gr. zymē, leaven, zymōsis, fermentation.]

Zymome, zī′mōm, n. an old name for the part of gluten insoluble in alcohol.

Zymurgy, zī′mėr-ji, n. that department of technological chemistry which treats of wine-making, brewing, distilling, and similar processes involving fermentation. [Gr. zymē, leaven, ergon, work.]

Zythum, zī′thum, n. a kind of beer made by the ancient Egyptians—much commended by Diodorus. [Gr. zythos.]

Zyxomma, zik-som′a, n. a genus of Indian dragon-flies, of family Libellulidæ, with large head and eyes and narrow face. [Gr. zeuxis, a joining, omma, eye.]

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

(1) A.S. an, on, on, as abed, aboard, afoot, ashore, asunder, now-a-days, twice-a-week, alive, among, about, a-fishing.

(2) A.S. and-, over against, in reply to, to, as along (from A.S. and-lang, i.e. over against in length); appearing also as e- in elope, as am- in ambassador, and as em- in embassy; the same as un- in verbs. See Un- (2). [Cog. with Goth. and-, Ger. ent-, ant-, L. ante-, Gr. anti-.]

(3) A.S. á-, an intensive prefix to verbs, out, out from, as in arise (from A.S. árísan, to rise out of or up); or sig. 'very,' as in aghast. Cf. abide, accurse, affright, amaze, arise, arouse, ago. [Cog. with Ger. er-, Goth. us-, ur-.]

(4) A.S. of, of, from, as in adown (from A.S. of dúne, 'from the height'), anew, akin; or from of-, intensive, as athirst.

(6) at, old sign of inf., as ado. [A Northern idiom, due to Scand. influences, as in Ice., Sw., &c.]

A- (L. and Gr.) represents: (1) L. Ab-, as in avert; (2) L. Ad-, as achieve; (3) L. E- or Ex-, as in abash, amend; (4) Gr. A- (for An-), as in abyss. See these prefixes.

A-, Ab-, Abs-, As- (L.), away from, as avert, absent, absolve, abstract; and also assoil and avaunt through French. Indeed, this prefix appears as a-, adv-, av-, v-, as in avert, advance, avaunt, vanguard, &c. [L. a, ab, abs (oldest form ap); cog. with Gr. apo-, Sans. apa, Ger. ab, Eng. off.]

Ad- (L.), to, at, as adhere, adapt. It appears as a-, ab-, ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, as in achieve, abbreviate, accede, admire, affix, aggregate, allot, annex, approve, arrive, assign, attract. The words achieve, agree, amerce, amount, acquit, acquaint, avow, &c. show the same prefix, derived through the medium of Old French. [L. ad; cog. with Sans. adhi, Goth. and Eng. at, Celt. ar-.]

After- (A.S.), as after-growth, after-math, after-wards. [A.S. æfter-.]

Al- (Ar.), the—also as a-, ar-, as-, el-, l-, as apricot, artichoke, assagai, elixir, lute.

All- (A.S.), all, as almighty, all-wise. In Early English al-=quite is added (1) to past participles, as al-brent=quite burnt, al-heled=quite concealed; (2) to verbs preceded by to, as al-to-brenne=to burn up entirely. In Elizabethan and later writers all-to=altogether, quite—the original meaning of to having been lost sight of. Cf. Milton's 'all-to ruffled,' &c. [A.S. eall-.]

Am-, (1) the Fr. em—L. im for in, as ambush: see In- (2); (2) the Gr. an-, as in Ambrosia: see An- (2); (3) the same as An- (1), as in ambassador.

Ambi-, Amb-, Am- (L.), round about, both, as ambidexter, ambition, amputate. [L.; cog. with Gr. amphi-, Sans. abhi, around.]

Amphi- (Gr.), round about, both, as amphitheatre, amphibious. [Cog. with L. ambi-, amb-.]

An- (A.S.), against, in return, as answer. See A- (A.S.) (2), above. [A.S. and-, Ger. ant-, Goth. and-.]

An-, A-, Am- (Gr.), not, without, as anarchy, atom, ambrosia. [Gr.; cog. with Sans. an-, a-, L. in-, Eng. un-, in-, not.]

Ana-, An- (Gr.), up, back, as analyse, anatomy, aneurism. [Cog. with Goth. ana, Eng. on.]

Ante-, Anti-, Anci-, An- (L.), before, as antecedent, anticipate, ancient, ancestor (for L. antecessor). [L. ante, old form anti; conn. with anti-; Fr. anci-, an-.]

Anti- (Gr.), opposite to, against, as antipathy, antipodes; as ant- in antagonist, and anth- in anthem. [Gr.; conn. with L. ante-, Sans. anti-, facing, Ger. ant- in Antwort, Eng. an- (for and-) in answer (see Dict.). Cf. A- (A.S.) (2), above.]

Apo- (Gr.), off, from, away, as apostle; as aph- in aphelion, aphæresis. [Cog. with L. ab-.]

Arch-, Archi-, Arche- (Gr.), first, chief, as archbishop, architect, archetype.

At- (Eng.), denoting nearness, as atone; against, as twit (A.S. æt-wítan, to blame). [A.S. æt.]

Auto-, Auth- (Gr.), self, as autocrat, autograph, autopsy, authentic.

Be- (A.S.), the most fertile of all English prefixes, is the weak form of by. The original meaning was 'about.' (1) It forms derivative verbs, with the sense of 'around,' 'on all sides,' 'in all directions,' as beblear=to blear all over, begirdle, bejumble, bepaste, besmudge; (2) it forms intensive verbs, with the sense of 'thoroughly,' 'soundly,' as bebreech=to breech soundly, bedaub, bewelcome; (3) it renders intransitive verbs transitive by adding a prepositional relation, as bechatter=to environ with chattering, begaze=to gaze at, besmile=to smile at, bespeak; (4) it forms transitive verbs of adjectives and substantives, as befoul=to affect with foulness, bedim=to make dim, bedew=to cover with dew, befriend.

Bis-, Bi-, Bin- (L.), twice, double, as biscuit, biennial, binocular; as ba- in balance. [Corr. of duis, ablative of duo, two.]

Cata-, Cath-, Cat- (Gr.), down, downwards, according to, thoroughly, as cataract, catholic, catechism. [Gr. kata.]

Circum-, Circu- (L.), round about, as circumscribe, circuit. [Properly accusative of circus, a circle. See Circle in Dict.]

Com-, Con-, Co- (L.), together, with, as connect, cohere, collect, correct, council. In curry, this prefix has been attached to O. Fr. roi, order; often intensive, as commotion; co-admire, co-enjoy, co-actor, co-believer. [Com- is the old form of L. cum, with; cog. with Gr. syn, Sans. sam. The root, originally signifying 'one,' is seen in L. sim-ul, together, Gr. ham-a, together, Eng. simple (which see in Dict.).]

Contra-, Contro-, Contr-, Counter- (L.), against, as contradict, controvert, contralto, counteract. [L. contra (whence Fr. contre), from Con-, and -tra, from root tar, to cross, seen also in trans.]

De- (L., or Fr.—L.), down, from, away, occurs in words derived either directly from L., as deduce; or through the Fr. from L., in which case De-, Di-, represents either (1) O. Fr. des- from L. dis-, asunder, not, as in defeat (O. Fr. des-fait), or (2) Fr.—L. de-, as describe [lit. 'write down'], decompose. This prefix de- is negative and oppositive in destroy, desuetude, deform, or intensive in declare, desolate, desiccate.

Demi- (Fr.—L.), half, as demigod, demiquaver. [Fr. demi—L. dimidium, half.]

Dia- (Gr.), through, as diameter; shortened to di- in diæresis, and appearing as de-, dea-, in devil, deacon. [Gr. dia, from dyo, two.]

Dis- (Gr.), two, twice, as dissyllable, dicotyledonous. [From duis, from root of two.]

Dis-, Di- (L.; in O. Fr. des-), in two, asunder, as dispart, differ, disperse; negative, as disrelish; privative, as dislodge. Thus variously di-, dif-, dis-, des-, de-, and even s-, as in spend. [Dis for duis, from L. duo, Gr. dyo, Sans. dvi, Goth. and Eng. two.]

Dys- (Gr.), ill, difficult, as dysentery, dyspepsy. [Cog. with Sans. dus, Goth. tus, Ger. zer-, A.S. to-, Eng. two.]

E-, a purely phonetic addition, of French origin, as in esquire, estate, eschew, especial, escutcheon.

Ec- or Ex- (Gr.), out of, from, as ecstasy, exodus; also as el- in ellipse. [Gr. ex, cog. with L. ex, out.]

En- (Gr.), in, on, as energy, endemic, emphasis—sometimes extended to Endo-, within, as endogen.

En-, Em- (Fr.—L.), in, into, as enlist; to make, as enlarge, enact, endure; before b and p, Em-, as embark, embolden. [Fr. en—L. in. See In- (L.), in, into.]

Epi-, Ep-, Eph- (Gr.), on, as epitaph; during, as epoch, ephemeral. [Gr. epi; Sans. api, L. ob-.]

Es- (Fr. or Sp.—L.), out, as escape, esplanade. [O. Fr. or Sp. es—L. ex-.]

Eso- (Gr.), in, into, as esoteric. [From Gr. eis, into, whose form was prob. orig. ens, a strengthened form of En- (Gr.).]

Eu- (Gr.), well, as euphony, eulogy; as ev- in evangelist. [Gr. eu, eus, good, for an assumed es-us, real.]

Ex- or E- (L.), from, out of, as expel, eject, efflux; by assimilation, appearing as a-, e-, ef-, es-, ex-, iss-, s-, as amend, enormous, effect, escape, extend, issue, sample. It is French influence which has disguised it in such words as affray, amend, escape, escheat, essay, &c.—Ex- has a privative sense in ex-emperor, ex-mayor. [L. ex-, e-; O. Fr. es-, Fr. é-, ex.]

Ex-, out of, as in exodus.—Exo-, outside, as exotic. [Gr. ex, out of, exō, outside.]

Extra- (L.), on the outside, beyond, as extramural, extraordinary, extra-work; as stra- in strange. [Contr. of exterā (parte being understood), abl. fem. of exterus, beyond, a comp. form, from Ex- (L.).]

For- (A.S.), through, thorough, away, so as to be non-existent, or to be destroyed, as forswear, forbid, forego (better forgo). [A.S. for-; Ger. ver-, Goth. fra-, conn. with far and from.]

For- (Fr.—L.), as in foreclose, forfeit. [Fr.—L. foris, lit. 'out of doors,' used in the sense of 'outside,' 'beyond,' 'amiss.']

Fore- (A.S.), before, as foretell, forebode; foredated, foresaid, foretold; forecastle, forefather, foresight. [A.S. fore-; Ger. vor.]

Hemi- (Gr.), half, as hemisphere—shortened to me- in megrim. [Gr.; cog. with L. semi-, Sans. sāmi-.]

Homo- (Gr.), same—lengthened to Homœo-, as homœopathy. [Gr. homos, same.]

Hyper- (Gr.), over, above, beyond, as hyperborean, hypercritical. [Cog. with super- and over-.]

Hypo-, Hyph-, Hyp-, (Gr.), under, as hypotenuse, hyphen, hypallage. [Cog. with L. sub-, Goth. uf, Sans. upa.]

I-, Y-, as in I-wis, yclept, hand-y-work. This prefix appears as a- in aware, as c- in clutch, and as e- in enough. [A.S. ge-, sign of the past participle passive.]

In-, Im- (L.), not, as inconvenience, incautious, infirm. Before p the n changes to m, as impudent; before l, m, and r it is assimilated to those consonants, as illegal, immature, irregular. This prefix thus appears as en-, i-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, as enemy, ignoble, illegal, immortal, infirm, irregular. [L.; cog. with Gr. an-, Eng. un-.]

In- (L.), in, into, as infuse, illumine, impel, irrigate. It becomes il- before l; im- before b, m, and p; ir- before r. This prefix thus appears as am-, an-, em-, en-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, as ambush, anoint, embrace, enclose, illude, immure, include, irritate.

In- (A.S.), in, on, as income, inward, inland, insight; to make, as imbitter, lit. to put into a state of bitterness; as im- in imbed, impark, &c.

Inter- (L.), in the midst of, between, as interval, intellect, intermarry. [A compar. form; cog. with Eng. under, and Sans. antar, within.]

Intra- (L.), in the inside of, within, as intramural. [Contr. of intera, ablative feminine of interus, inward—Inter-.]

Intro- (L.), into, within, as introduce. [Contr. of intero, ablative masculine of interus—Inter-.]

Juxta- (L.), near, as juxtaposition. [Superl. form, from root of L. jungĕre, to join.]

Male-, Mali-, Mal-, Mau- (L.), badly, ill, as malefactor, malcontent, malediction, malevolent; through French, maugre=notwithstanding. [L. male, badly.]

Meta-, Meth-, Met- (Gr.), among, with; after, as method. (lit. 'way after'); often implies change, as metamorphose, meteor, metonomy. [Gr. meta; cog. with A.S. mid, Goth. mith, Ger. mit.]

Mis- (A.S.), wrong, ill, as misbehave, misdeed, mislead. [A.S. mis-; Ice. mis-, Goth. missa-, Ger. miss-. Cf. Mis-in Dict.]

Mis- (Fr.—L.), as in mischief, misalliance, mischance. [Fr. mis-, for O. Fr. mes-, from L. minus, less.]

Mono-, Mon- (Gr.), single, as monograph, monologue, monk, and minster. [Gr. monos, alone.]

Multi-, Mult-, many, as in multiply, multeity. [L. multus, much, many.]

N-, as in newt, nickname, due to the n of the article in an ewt, an ekename. In nuncle the origin is mine uncle; in 'for the nonce,' M. E. for the nones, miswritten for then ones, for the once.

N- (A.S.), no, not, as never; or L. ne-, as in null. [A.S. ne; cog. with Goth. ni, L. ne, Sans. na.]

Ne- (Gr.), not, as nepenthe; Ne-, Neg- (L.), not, as nefarious, neuter, negative, neglect. [L. ne, nec, a contr. of neque, from ne, not, que, and.]

Non- (L.), not, as nonsense, nonage. It appears as um- in umpire=numpire. [From ne unum, not one.]

Ob- (L., by assimilation, o-, ob-, oc-, of-, op-, also os-), in front of, against, in the way of, as obstruct, omit, occur, offer, oppose, ostentation. [Cog. with Gr. epi, Sans. api.]

Off- (A.S.), off, from, away, as offal, offshoot, offset. [A form of Of. There is the same relation between of and off as between be and by; A.S. of has been differentiated into the stressless or weak form of, and the stressed or strong form off. Cf. A-, Ab-.]

Or- (A.S.), out, in ordeal. [A.S. or-; cog. with Dut. oor-, Ger. ur-, Goth, us-, away, out of.]

Out- (A.S.), out, beyond, as outlaw, outbid, outside, outcast. [A.S. út.]

Palin-, Palim- (Gr.), again, as palingenesis, palimpsest. [Gr. palin, again.]

Para-, Par- (Gr.), beside, as parable; beyond, wrong, as paralyse. It appears as pa- in palsy, par- in parody. [Gr. para.]

Per- (L.), through, as permit; thoroughly, as perfect; also appearing as par-, pel-, pil-, as in parson, pardon, pellucid, pilgrim. In perjure, perish, it has a destructive force, equivalent to Eng. for- in forswear (for-, A.S.). [Akin to Gr. para-, beside, Eng. for-, Ger. ver.]

Peri- (Gr.), round, as perimeter, periphrasis. [Gr. peri; Sans. pari, also allied to Gr. para.]

Pol-, Por- (L.), as pollute, portend. [From Old L. port-, towards; cf. Ger. pros, Eng. forth.]

Post- (L.), after, backwards, behind, as postdate, postscript, postpone.

Pre-, Præ- (L.), before, as predict, prefer, prearrange, prætor; also in prison and provost. [L. præ, akin to L. pro.]

Preter- (L.), beyond, as preterit, preternatural, pretermit. [L. præter—præ, with comp. suffix -ter.]

Pro- (Gr.), before, as prologue, programme, prophet. [Gr. pro; cog. with L. pro-, Sans. pra, Eng. for (prep.).]

Pro- (L.), forth, forward, before, instead, as project; instead of, from the idea of being before, as pronoun, proconsul. Appearing also as por-, pour-, pr-, prof-, pur-, and as prod- in prodigal.—Of Fr. origin, proceed, purchase, purpose, pursue, purvey. [Cog. with pro- (Gr.), which see.]

Proto-, Prot- (Gr.), first, as prototype, protoxide. [Gr. prōtos, first.]

Re-, Red-, Ren- (L.), change of place or condition, as in remove, reunion (an assemblage of things or persons formerly apart); hence, change of motion from one direction to the opposite='back,' 'again,'as retract, resound, redeem, redolent. It appears as ren- in render, &c.; as r- in rally, rampart; as ra- in ragout. In rebuild, remind, &c. it has been prefixed to English words.

Retro- (L.), back, backwards, as retrospect, retrograde.—Of Fr. origin, rereward, arrear, &c.

S- for Se-, as in sure; for Dis-, as in spend; for Ex-, as in sample; for Sub-, as in sombre.

Se-, Sed- (L.), without, as secure; aside, as seduce, secede, sedition; appearing as s- in sure, sober.

Sub- (L.), by assimilation, before c, f, g, m, p, r, s—suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-; under, from under, after, as subject, suspect, succeed, suffuse, suggest, summon, support, surprise, suspend—also as s- in sombre and so- in sojourn.—Of Fr. origin, succour, summon; Eng. formations, sublet, sub-kingdom, sub-worker. [L. sub (which in O. Fr. became so-).]

Subter- (L.), under, as subterfuge. [From Sub-, and compar. suffix -ter, meaning motion.]

Super- (L.), over, above, beyond, as superstructure, supernatural.—Of Fr. origin, surface, surfeit, surpass, surprise;—Eng. compounds, superabundant, supercargo, supercritical. [L.; cog. with Sans. upari, Gr. hyper.]

Supra- (L.), over, above, as supramundane. [Contr. of ablative fem. of superus, above, from Super-.]

Syn-, Sy-, Syl-, Sym- (Gr.), together, with, as syntax, system, syllable, symbol, symmetry. [Cog. with Com-.]

T-, in twit, for at; in tawdry=Saint Awdry, the t being the final letter of saint; in tautology, representing the Greek article to.

To- (A.S.), in to-day, together, toward, here-to-fore, is the prep. to. [A.S. tó.]

To- (A.S.), asunder, as in to-brake. [A.S. tó-; cf. Ger. zer-, Gr. dys-.]

Trans-, Tra-, Tran-, Tres-, Tre- (L.), beyond, across, as transport, traverse, transcend, trespass, and treason (through French).

Ultra- (L.), beyond, as ultramarine. The French form outre appears in outrage and in utterance. [From ulter (stem of ulterior), ul- being from root of L. ille.]

Un- (A.S.), negative prefix, not, as unhappy, untruth, uncouth. [Cog. with Gr. an- and L. in- (negative).]

Un- (A.S.), verbal prefix, signifying the reversal of an action, as unlock, unbind, undo, unwind. [A.S. on-, un-; cf. Dut. ont-, Ger. ent-, Goth. and-. See A- (A.S.) (2).]

Under- (A.S.), under, below, as undergrowth, underwood, underprop, undersell. [See Under in Dict.]

Up- (A.S.), up, as upland, upstart, upright, uphill, upbraid, upset. [A.S. up, upp; Ger. auf.]

Ve- (L.), apart from, as vestibule. [L. ue, apart from; prob. allied to bi- and duo, two.]

Vis-, Vice- (Fr.—L.), in place of, as viscount, viceroy. [Fr. vis-, from L. vice, instead of.]

With- (A.S.), against, back, as withstand, withdraw; with, near, as within (this meaning is very rare as prefix). [A.S. with—wither. See With in Dict.]

SUFFIXES.

-able, adj. suffix, capable of, as portable, laughable; cf. also come-at-able, get-at-able. [L., according to the stem-ending, -abilis, -ebilis, -ibilis, -ubilis.]

-ac, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegiac; also used as noun suffix, as maniac. [L. -acus, Gr. -akos.]

-ade, noun suffix, the L. -ata, which in popular French words appears as -ée, becomes -ade in words borrowed from the Provençal, Spanish, Portuguese, and even Italian, as in accolade, gasconade. Also we have ambassade, ambuscade, balustrade, brigade, cascade, &c. from French, words in -ade. Examples of words formed in imitation of these in English itself are blockade, orangeade.

-age, ending of abstract nouns, as homage; marks place where, as vicarage;—of English formation, bondage, brewage, parsonage. [L. -aticum; Fr. -age.]

-ain, -an, -en, -on, noun suffixes, as villain, pagan, warden, surgeon. [L. -anus.]

-al, adj. suffix, as annual, legal, mortal, cardinal;—of English or French formation, circumstantial, cordial, national. Noun suffix, as approval, denial, removal, betrothal. Latin nouns in -alia (neut. pl.) which survived into Old French became -aille (fem. sing.), adopted in Middle English as -aylle, -aille, later -aile, -al, as Latin sponsālia, O. Fr. espousailles, M. E. spousaille, spousal; L. battālia, O. Fr. bataille, M. E. bataille, batail, battle. On this analogy, -aille, -ail, -al, became a formative of nouns of action on verbs of French or Latin, and even of Teutonic, origin. [L. -alis; Fr. -al, -el.]

-an, -ain, -ane, adj. suffix, as human, certain, humane;—of English formation, Anglican, suburban. Noun suffix [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en], as publican, veteran. [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en.]

-ana, things belonging to, such as sayings, anecdotes, &c., as Johnsoniana, Burnsiana. [L. neut. pl. of adjs. in -anus. See -an.]

-ance, -ence (L. -antia, -entia, Fr. -ance), noun suffix, as in arrogance, repentance, experience, penitence.

-ancy, -ency, a modern English differentiated form of the earlier -ance, expressing more distinctly the sense of quality, state, or condition, often belonging to Latin substantives in -ntia, as in elegantia, 'elegantness,' as distinct from the sense of action or process, regularly expressed by the French form -ance, as in aidance, guidance. The modern tendency is to confine -nce to action, and to express quality or state by -ncy; cf. compliance, pliancy, annoyance, buoyancy.

-and, -end, noun suffix, as viand, legend. [L. -andus, -endus, gerundial suffix.]

-ant, -ent, adj. suffix, as repentant, patient. Also noun suffix, sometimes denoting the agent, as instant, sergeant, student, innocent. [L. -ans, -ant-is, or -ens, -ent-is, suffix of pr.p.]

-ar, adj. suffix, belonging to, as angular, popular. [L. -aris; Fr. -ier or -aire.]

-ar, -er, -or, noun suffixes, marking place where, as cellar, larder, manor [L. -arium];—denoting the agent, as vicar, treasurer, chancellor. [L. -arius.]

-ard, intensive, as drunkard, coward, sluggard, wizard. [O. Fr. -ard, -art; Ger. -hard, strong.]

-ary, noun suffix, marking place where, as seminary [L. -arium]; the agent, as secretary, antiquary [L. -arius]. Adjective suffix [L. -arius, Fr. -aire], as contrary, necessary, secondary.

-ass, -ace, as cuirass, cutlass, menace, pinnace. [L. -aceus, -acius; It. -accio, Fr. -as.]

-aster, dim. and freq. (often implying contempt), as poetaster. [Fr. -artre (It. astro)—L. -as-ter.]

-ate, -ete, -ite, -ute, -t, forming adjectives—all adapted forms of the endings of past participles in Latin according to the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed, as accurate, desolate; complete, replete; contrite, exquisite; absolute, minute; abject, elect.

-ate, verbal suffix, as navigate, permeate. Adj., as above. Noun, as legate, advocate. [Norm. Fr. at—L. -ātus, suffix of pa.p.]

-ble, -ple, fold, as double, treble, quadruple. [L. -plus, lit. 'full.']

-bund and -cund, as moribund, rubicund. [L. -bundus and -cundus; Fr. -bond and -cond.]

-celli, -cello, dim., as vermicelli, violoncello. [It., from L. -culus.]

-cle, -cule, dim., as in particle, animalcule, from L. culus, which also gives (through It.) -celli, -cello, [See under -l.]

-cy, -sy, noun suffix, denoting being, or state of being, condition, rank, as clemency, bankruptcy, curacy, minstrelsy. [L. -tia, as in constantia, constancy, or -tio, as in conspiratio, conspiracy.]

-d, -t, or -ed, pa.t. suffix, as loved. The e in -ed is the connecting vowel, omitted when the verb ends in e. [A.S. -de, 'did,' from di-de, pa.t. of do.]

-d, pa.p. suffix of weak verbs, as loved; in nouns (with passive meaning), as deed, seed; in adjectives formed from nouns, as connoting the possession of the attribute or thing expressed by the substantive, as booted, feathered, wooded; in the form -th (or -t), in abstract nouns from adjectives and, later on, from verbs, as death, flight, swift, (with euphonic -s-) du-s-t, bla-s-t. [Orig. -th, as in uncouth, and from the root of the, that; seen also in the L. suffix -tu-s, as in no-tu-s, Sans. jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix -to-s.]

-dom, noun suffix, denoting dominion, power, as kingdom; state, as freedom; act, as martyrdom. New words, as flunkeydom, can be coined. [A.S. dóm, judgment, Ger. -thum.]

-dor, -dore, noun suffix, as in corridor, matadore, stevedore, battledoor. [Sp. -dor, L. -tor.]

-ee, noun suffix, one who or that which is (passive), as trustee, legatee. In such words as absentee, devotee, the old function of -ee is entirely lost; refugee is adopted from Fr. refugié, grandee from Sp. grande. [Fr. -é—L. -ātus, suffix of pa.p.]

-eer, -ier, one who, has frequentative meaning, as charioteer; also -er, -ar, as in carpenter, vicar. [Fr. -ier—-L. -arius.]

-en, fem. suffix, now found only in vixen. [A.S. -en, -n; Ger. -in, Gr. -ine, L. -ina.]

-en, added to noun-stems to form adjectives chiefly indicating the material of which a thing is composed. From the 16th century onwards there has been a tendency to discard these adjectives for the attributive use of the substantive, as in 'a gold watch;' only a few words are still familiarly used in their literal sense—earthen, wheaten, wooden, woollen. [A.S. -en; Goth. -en, -an, Ger. -en, -ein, Sans. -um; a genitive suffix, as in mine.]

-en, pa.p., as woven, borne, sworn. [A.S. -n, -ne, -en; conn. with -ant, -ent.]

-en, pl. suffix, as oxen, kine (for M. E. kyen—A.S. cý, pl. of cú, a cow). [A.S. -an.]

-en, -in, -ene, belonging to, as alien, vermin, terrene. [L. -enus, -ena, -enum.]

-eous, in righteous, corr. of -wise (which see); in courteous, from O. Fr. -eis (from L. -ensis.)

-er, infinitive suffix, as cover, encounter. [Fr, -re, -ir, from L. pres. infin. -āre, -ēre, -ĕre, -īre.]

-er marks the agent, designating persons according to their occupation, as writer, singer, hatter, leader, sometimes changed to -ar, as liar; with -i- or -y- prefixed, as cloth-i-er, law-y-er (where the A.S. primitive substantive ends in ȝ); with excrescent -t or -d, as bragg-ar-t. Note that in the words auger, heifer, shelter, what looks like the suffix -er is really an independent substantive. [A.S. -ere; Goth. -arja, Ger. -er.]

-er, more, used in compar. of adjs., as greater, more. [Aryan compar., suffix -ra.]

-ern, adj. suffix sig. direction, as southern [A.S. -er-n]; adj. suffix, sig. belonging to, as modern [L. -ernus]; noun suffix, as cistern [L. -erna].

-ery, noun suffix, as brewery, witchery, cutlery. [Noun suffix -y added to nouns in -er (marking agent). See -ary, -erie, -ory.]

-es or -s, pl. suffix, as foxes, hats. [A.S. -as. -s is a general pl. suffix, as L. and Gr. -es.]

-escent, adj. suffix, denoting growing, becoming, as convalescent. [L. -esco, -isco, -asco, Gr. -askō, suffix, implying becoming, beginning.]

-ese, adj. suffix, belonging to, as Japanese. [L. -ensis; O. Fr. -eis, mod. Fr. -ois, -ais.]

-esque, adj. suffix, partaking of the quality of, as picturesque, grotesque, Turneresque. [Fr. -esqe (It. -esco)—L. -iscus, a by-form of -icus (see -ic), and conn. with -ish, adj. suffix.]

-ess, -ice, -ise, as prowess, justice, merchandise. Note that riches was mistaken for a plural, being really M. E. richesse—Fr. richesse. [L. -itia, -ities, Late L. -icia, Fr. -esse.]

-est, suffix of 2d sing. in verbs, as bringest. [A.S. -ast, -est; L. -es, -isti; Gr. -si, -sthon. -s or -st = 2d pers. pron., Gr. sy (su), L. tu, Eng. thou.]

-est, superl. suffix, formed from the compar. by adding -t, as smallest. [A.S. -est (in adjectives), -ost (in adverbs); L. -issimus, Gr. -istos, -stos, -tatos. Sans. -ishta.]

-et, -ete, noun suffix, marking the agent, as prophet, poet, athlete. [L. -ēta, Gr. -ētēs.]

-et, -ette, -ot, dim., as cygnet, billet, etiquette, ballot. See also -let. [Norm. Fr. -et, -ot; Fr. -et, -ette.]

-fast, adj. suffix, as in steadfast, shamefaced (A.S. scamfæst). [A.S. fæst, firm, fast.]

-fy, a verbal suffix signifying to make, as purify. [Fr. -fier—L. -fic-āre, for fac-ĕre, to make.]

-head, -hood, noun suffix, denoting state, nature, as Godhead, manhood, likelihood, hardihood. Note that livelihood was in A.S. líflád=líf, life + lád, way; the second part ceased to be understood, and thus -lihood took its place. [From A.S. hád, Ger. -heit, state; changed into Hood.]

-i, pl. suffix of nouns in -us, as in literati [L. -i; conn. with Ger. -ai, -oi]; also pl. suffix of nouns borrowed from It., as banditti [It.—L.].

-ian, adj. suffix, as Arabian, Christian. See -an. [L. -ianus; Fr. -ien.]

-ible, adj. suffix, as possible, flexible. [From L. -ibilis, another form of -abilis. See -able.]

-ic, adj. suffix, of or belonging to, as gigantic, public, voltaic. Also largely used as noun suffix, as fabric. [L. -icus, -ica, -icum, Gr. -ikos; Fr. -ic, -igne.]

-ice, noun suffix, as chalice [Fr.—L. -ex, -icis]; novice [Fr.—L. -icius]. [See another -ice under -ess, -ice, -ise.]

-ics, lit. things that belong to a science, as mathematics. [In imitation of Gr. -ika, neuter pl. of adjs. in -ikos. See -ic.]

-id, noun suffix, as Nereid; also used in coining chemical words, as chloride, oxide, bromide [L. -id-, Gr. -id-, Fr. -ide]. Also adj. suffix, as tepid, acid, morbid [L. -idus].

-ier, noun suffix, one who, as cavalier, clothier, brazier, hosier. [Fr. -ier; usually appears in form -eer.]

-il, -ile, able, as civil, ductile. [L. -ĭlis, from verbal roots, -īlis, from noun-stems; to be distinguished from -ile (below). See -able.]

-ine, -in, noun suffix, as ravine, medicine, cousin; much used in chemical compounds, as iodine, glycerine, bromine. Also adj. suffix, as adamantine, divine. [L. -inus, -ina; Fr. -in.]

-ing, suffix of present participles (often used as adjectives), as loving, charming. [Corr. of A.S. -ende, which, as also -ande, it replaced. See -nd, also -ant, -ent.]

-ing, noun suffix, forming nouns of action from verbs, as living, dwelling; these often acquire a concrete sense, as learning. [A.S. -ung, -ing; Ger. -ung.]

-ing, representing Teut. ingoz (masc.), with several functions—(1) -ing (A.S. -ing), patronymic æðeling (the son of a noble), cyning (lit. 'son of a king,' cyne = king), Elising (the son of Elisa). This suffix is preserved in proper names, as Harding, Manning; esp. in place-names, as Billingsgate, Reading. (2) -ing is also found in names of animals, as in herring, whiting. (3) -ing in names of coins has also a sense of diminution, as in farthing (the fourth part, viz., of a penny), shilling.

-ion, -sion, -tion, -son, -som, being, state of being, as opinion, rebellion, religion, tension, poison, ransom, reason, season, creation. [L. -io, -tio, -sio; Fr. -ion, -sion, -tion.]

-ique, belonging to, as antique. [Fr.—L. -iquus; conn. with -ic, L. -icus. See -ac.]

-ise, -ize, verbal suffix, signifying to make; as equalise. [L. -izāre, from Gr. -izein; Fr. -iser.]

-ish, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Irish; signifying somewhat, as brownish, oldish; sometimes implying depreciation, as outlandish, childish. [A.S. -isc.]

-ish, verbal suffix, signifying to make, as establish. [From Fr. pr.p. suffix -iss-ant; chiefly used in words from the Fr. The Fr. -iss- is from L. -esc-, inceptive.]

-isk, dim., as asterisk. [Gr. -iskos; conn. with -ish, little. See -ock.]

-ism, -asm, -icism, forming abstract nouns sig. condition, system, as egoism, deism, Calvinism, laconism, pleonasm; Anglicism, witticism. [L. -ismus, -asmus—Gr. -ismos, -asmos.]

-ist, denoting the person who holds a doctrine or practises an art, as Calvinist, chemist, novelist, artist, royalist, nihilist. [L. -ista—Gr. -istēs.]

-ite, -it, noun suffix, born in, belonging to, as Israelite, Jesuit. [L. -ita—Gr. -itēs.]

-ive (-iff), forming nouns, orig. an adjectival suffix, as bailiff, captive, native, plaintiff; forming adjectives (L. -ivus), as active, extensive, furtive.

-ix, fem. suffix, as testatrix. [L. -ix, -icis. Conn. with -ess, fem. suffix.]

-kin, dim., as bumpkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin, napkin; also in proper names, as Jenkins (John), Perkins (Peterkin), Wilkins (William). [A.S. -cen—very rare, the currency of the suffix being due to words adopted from Dutch or Low German; Ger. -chen.]

-l, -le, -el (after v, th, ch, n), represents A.S. -el, -ela, -ele, and serves to form agent-nouns, instrumental substantives, and diminutives, as nail, sail; beadle, fiddle, sickle, apple, bramble, bundle, icicle, nettle; runnel. -al is sometimes from A.S. -els from isli, as bridle, riddle, burial. -l, -le, as a verbal suffix, gives to the root the sense of frequency, repetition, diminution, as kneel, drizzle, nestle, sparkle.

-lence, -lency, forming abstract nouns. [L. -l-entia, from -lens. See -lent.]

-less, adj. suffix, free from, wanting, as guiltless, godless. [A.S. -léas, Ger. -los, Goth. -laus.]

-let, dim., as bracelet, leaflet, streamlet. [From -l and -et, dim. in certain words formed with -et on substantives ending in -el.]

-ling, dim., hence expressing affection, as darling (A.S. déorling), duckling, gosling; sometimes implying depreciation, as hireling, groundling, underling, worldling. [A.S. -ling.]

-ling, -long, adv. suffix, as darkling, sidelong. [A.S. -lunga, -linga.]

-lock, noun suffix, in wedlock and knowledge. It is the A.S. lác, the same as lác, sport.

-lock, -lick, noun suffix, being a weakened form of A.S. leác, a leek, as in hemlock, garlic, charlock.

-ly, adj. and adv. suffix, as manly, only, wickedly. [The adj. suffix is from A.S. líc, Eng. like; adv. is from líc-e, dat. of líc.]

-m, noun suffix, as blossom [A.S. blóstma]; fathom [A.S. -ma, -m]; as realm, regime [Fr.,—L. -men].

-men, that which, state, as regimen, acumen. [Only in words borrowed from Latin. L. -men; Sans. -man. See -ment, -mony.]

-ment, noun suffix, as nourishment, establishment, detriment;—of Eng. formation, acknowledgment, employment. [L. -mentum, Fr. -ment. See -men.]

-most, suffix of superl. deg., as endmost. See Most in Dict. [In most cases this suffix is not the word most, the m being part of the root, or an old superl. suffix, and -ost, the superl. suffix, as in inmost=in-m-ost. See -est, superl. suffix.]

-n, in participles, as broken, hewn; in substantives, as bairn, beacon, burden, chin, corn, heaven, maiden.

-nce, -ncy, forming abstract nouns, as distance, decency. [Fr. -nce—L. -nt-ia.]

-ness, noun suffix, denoting abstract idea, as tenderness, sweetness. [A.S. -nis, -nes, cog. with Ger. -niss.]

-ock, dim., as hillock, bullock—also in proper names, as Pollock (from Paul), &c. In stirk we see the simple suffix -k, the word being the diminutive of steer, A.S. stéor, whence stýric, a stirk. [A.S. -uca—Aryan -ka. See -ie and -ing, dim.]

-om, old dative suffix, now used as objective, as whom; in adverbs of time, as seldom. [A.S. -um.]

-on, -eon, -ion, noun suffix, as capon, mason, truncheon, onion, clarion. [Fr.—L. -onem, ionem.]

-oon, noun suffix, often augmentative, as balloon, saloon. [Fr. -on, It. -one.]

-or, -our, -er, denoting the agent, sometimes directly from L. (see -tor), but mostly through O. Fr. -ŏr, -our (mod. Fr. eur), as emperor (old spelling emperour, Fr. empereur—L. imperatorem); in others, Eng. -er has supplanted -eur, -our, as preacher (Fr. prêcheur—L. prædicatorem), while -or is at times affixed to Eng. roots, as sailor. In certain abstract nouns from L. -or, Fr. -eur is still represented by -our, as colour, labour, honour, and in a few cases directly retained, as in grandeur. The words demeanour and behaviour are English formations with -our.

-ory, belonging to, as prefatory [L. -orius]; place where, as purgatory. [L. -orium.]

-ous, adj. suffix, as religious, delirious, curious [L. -osus]; dubious, anxious [L. -us].—In righteous the ous has replaced wís, A.S. rihtwís.

-ow, noun suffix, as shadow [from A.S. -u]; swallow [from A.S. -ewe]; marrow [from A.S. -h]. Also adj. suffix, as narrow [from A.S. -u].

-r, noun suffix, marking the instrument, as stair, timber; adj. suffix, as bitter.

-red, noun suffix, denoting manner, state, as hatred, kindred (in A.S. cynren, a shortening of cynn-ryne, in M. E. the meaningless -ren being supplanted by -red). [A.S. -rǽden; cog. with Ger. -rath. See Read in Dict.]

-red, in hundred. This is cog. with Ice. hundrað, Ger. hundert, the suffix implying number, reckoning.

-ric, noun suffix, formerly an independent word denoting dominion, power, region, as bishopric. [A.S. ríce, power.]

-ry, noun suffix, originally with a collective meaning, as chevalerie, 'body of knights;' now expressing action or quality, as bigotry, pedantry, sorcery; condition, as outlawry, slavery; trade, as carpentry, heraldry; the place of action or occupation, as laundry, nursery; the result or product of action, as poetry, tapestry; forming collective nouns, as infantry, yeomanry. [Fr. rie = er + ie.]

-s, adverbial suffix, as needs, always, once, hence, thence, whil-s-t, betwi-x-t. [A.S. -es, gen. suffix.]

-'s, is the present genitive suffix. [Short for A.S. -es—Aryan -s or sya, orig. a demons. pron. The (') is prob. due to a false notion that this -s was a relic of his.]

-s, -se, verbal suffix, making transitive verbs from adjectives, as cleanse (A.S. clǽnsian), rinse (Ice. hreinsa—hreinn, pure). It also occurs in clasp, grasp, put for clap-s, grap-s.

-ship, -scape, noun suffix, as friendship, stewardship, worship, landscape (earlier landskip, the Dut. landschap). [A.S. scipe, shape, form—scapan; cog. with Ger. -schaft.]

-some, adj. suffix, full of, as gladsome, buxom (orig. 'pliable,' 'good-natured,' A.S. búhsum, lissome, from búgan, to bow, bend). [A.S. -sum, Ger. -sam; a by-form of same.]

-ster marks the agent, as maltster, and in the personal names (orig. trade-names) Baxter, Brewster, Webster; often with depreciation, as gamester, punster. [A.S. -estre, a fem. suffix, which now keeps this sense only in spinster.]

-stress, fem. suffix, as songstress. [From -ster, orig. fem. suffix, with the addition of L. -ess.]

-t, -te, adj. and noun suffix, as convent, fact, chaste, tribute. [L. -tus, pa.p. suffix; cog. with -d, pa.p. suffix.]

-teen, ten to be added, as fourteen. [A.S. -tyne. Cf. -ty, ten to be multiplied.]

-ter, noun suffix, as character. [Gr. -ter, L. -tor, Sans. -tri; perh. conn. with -ster.]

-ter, -ther, as in after, hither. [A.S. -der, -ther, old comp. suffix.]

-th, order, as sixth. [Becomes also -d; conn. with L. -tus, -tius, as in L. quartus, fourth.]

-th, suffix of 3d pers. sing. of verbs, now for the most part softened to -s. [A.S. from root -ta, which appears in L. -t, Gr. -ti, -si, -tai, -to.]

-ty, being or state of being, as dignity; quality, as honesty. [L. -tas, -tatem; O. Fr. -té.]

-ty, ten to be multiplied, as sixty. [A.S. -tig; cog. with Ger. -zig. Cf. -teen.]

-ule, little, dim. [from L. -ulus, -ula, -ulum], as in globule, pustule; also -cule [L. -culus, -cula, -culum], as animalcule, or [through Fr.] -cle, as article. A different Latin suffix -culum, forming substantives from verbs, is represented in the form -cle in several words adopted through French, as miracle, oracle, spectacle.

-uncle, little, dim., as peduncle. [L. -un-cu-lus, A.S. -incle; conn. with -en and -cule, diminutives.]

-ure, noun suffix, denoting act of, as capture; state of being, as verdure.—In leisure and pleasure, -ir has been replaced by -ure, O. Fr. leisir, plaisir. [L. -ura; Fr. -ure.]

-urnal, belonging to, as diurnal. [L. -urn-us and -al; conn. with -ern (in modern).]

-ward, -wards, forming adjectives from substantives, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions, as eastward, homeward, homewards; downward, forward, inward, toward. [A.S. -weard, gen. -weardes, cog. with Ger. -wärts; conn. with A.S. weorthan, to be, and L. versus—vertĕre, to turn.]

-way, -ways, adv. suffix, sig. manner, direction, as alway, always, straightway. [Cf. -wise.]

-wise, way, manner, as likewise, also righteous. [A.S. -wíse, manner; Ger. -wiss.]

-y, adj. suffix, as spongy [from L. -iosus]; as jolly [Norm. Fr. -if from L. -ivus; cf. -ive]; as silly, dirty, any [A.S. -ig; cog. with Ger. -ig, Goth. -ha, -ga, L. -cu-s, Gr. -ko-s].

-y, noun suffix, as story, family, Italy [Fr. -ie, L. -ia]; as augury, joy, remedy [from L. -ium]; as ally, clergy, deputy, treaty [from L. -ātus, Fr. -é]; as progeny [from L. -ies]; as army, country, entry [from L. -āta, Fr. ée]; as body [from A.S. -ig]; and perhaps the modern Eng. in forming diminutives or words of contempt, as puppy, baby, lassie, from pup, babe, lass; Billy from Bill; Betsy, Lizzie, &c.

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &c.

A (A.S. eá, Ice. -aa), 'a stream;' as Greta, Rotha, Thurso ('Thor's stream'), Laxay ('salmon stream').

Aber (Celt.), 'a confluence,' 'an embouchure;' as Aberfeldy, Aberdeen, Aberystwith, Barmouth, Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, Fochabers, Lochaber, Applecross for Aber-Crossan. [Synonymous with Inver.]

All (Gael.), 'white;' Al-ian, 'white water,' so the rivers Allen, Ellen, Aln, Lune, Allwen, Elwin.

Ar, Ara, found in many river-names; as Aire, Ayr, Aar, Aray, Irvine, Arno, Arve. [Perh. conn. with Sans. ara, 'swift,' 'flowing.']

Ard (Celt.), 'high;' as Ardoch, Airdrie, Ardrossan, Ardglass, Arden, Ardennes.

Ath (Ir. and Gael.), 'a ford;' as Athlone, Athtruim (now Trim), Athole. The Gael. abh, 'water,' appears in Aboyne, Awe.

Auch (Gael.), Agh (Ir.), 'a field;' as Auchinleck, Aghinver, Aghadoe.

Avon (Celt.), 'a river;' as Avon, Aven, Aisne, Inn, Ain, Vienne; also in Devon, Evan, Guadiana, Punjaub.

Bally (Ir. and Gael.), 'a village' or 'town;' as Ballymore, Balbriggan, Balmoral, Ballantrae, Balquhidder.

Ban (Celt.), 'white;' as Banna, Banon, Banchory; the rivers Ben, Bann, Bandon, Banney, &c.

Beck (Scand.), Bach (Ger.), 'a brook;' as Holbeck, Lauterbach. [See Beck in Dict.]

Ben (Gael. and Ir.), 'mountain,' Pen (W.), 'headland,' 'hilltop;' as Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond, The Twelve Pins, Bangor; Pen, Pennigant, Penzance, Pennine Alps, Apennines, Pindus.

Berg, Borough (A.S. beorh), 'a hill;' as Ingleborough, Flamborough Head, Browberg Hill, Königsberg, Bergen. [From the same root as Burgh (below).]

Blair (Gael.), 'a plain,' 'a battlefield;' as Blair-Athole, Blairgowrie.

Bottle or Battle, Büttel (Teut.), 'a dwelling;' as Newbattle, Buittle, Morebattle, Wolfenbüttel.

Burgh, Borough, Bury (Teut.), 'a fortified place,' 'a town;' as Edinburgh, Peterborough, Shrewsbury, Hamburg, Cherbourg, Carisbrook, Burgos. [A.S. burg, burh (see Borough in Dict.), Ger. burg.]

Burn (Northern Eng. and Scotch, A.S. burna), 'a brook.;' as Burnfoot, Blackburn, Tyburn, Eastbourne.

By (Scand.), 'a dwelling,' 'a town;' as Derby, Rugby, Whitby, Elbœuf. [Cf. Bylaw in Dict.]

Caer, Cader (W.), Caher (Ir.), 'fortified enclosure;' as Caerleon, Caernarvon, Cardigan, Carlisle, Cader-Idris, Sanquhar, Carlingford.

Cam (Celt.), 'crooked;' as Cam, Cambeck, Cambuskenneth, Morecambe Bay, Cambrai.

Carrick (Gael. and Ir. carraig), Carreg (W.), 'a sea-cliff,' 'rock;' as Carrickfergus, Carrick-on-Suir, Carrigafoyle, Cerrig-y-Druidion.

Caster, Chester, Cester (—L. castra), 'a camp,' as Doncaster, Chester, Winchester, Leicester.

Cefn (Celt.), 'a ridge;' as Cefncoed, Chevin, Keynton, Chevington, Cheviot, Cevennes.

Cheap and Chipping (A.S. ceap), 'price,' 'a market;' as Chipping-Norton, Chepstow, Cheapside, Copenhagen (Dan. Kjöben-havn, 'merchants' haven'). [See Cheap in Dict.]

Civita (It.), Ciudad (Sp.), 'a city;' as Civita Vecchia ('old city'); Ciudad Rodrigo ('city of Roderick'). [From L. civitas.]

Clach, Cloch, Clough (Gael.), 'a stone;' as Clackmannan, Clogher, Auchnacloy, Clonakilty.

Clachan (Gael.), 'a village,' often also 'church.' There are perhaps twenty clachans in Scotland.

Cluan, Cloon (Gael.), 'a meadow;' as Clunie, Clonmel, Clontarf, Clynder.

Clyd (Celt.), 'warm,' Clyth (Celt.), 'strong;' as Clwyd—most prob. not Clyde.

Cnoc (Gael.), 'a knoll,' 'hill,' as Knockmeledown. Sir Herbert Maxwell (Studies in the Topography of Galloway, 1885) gives 220 Knocks in Galloway alone.

Coln (from L. colonia), 'a colony;' as Lincoln, Colne, Cologne (Köln). [See Colony in Dict.]

Combe (A.S.), Cwm or Cum (Celt.), 'a hollow between hills;' as Wycombe, Compton, The Coombs, Como.

Craig, Crag (Celt.), 'a rock;' as Craigie, Crathie, Carrick, Crick, Cricklade, Croagh-Patrick. See Carrick (above).

Dal (Scand.), Thal (Ger.), Dail and Dol (Celt.), 'a dale,' 'a field;' as Liddesdale, Rydal, Kendal, Arundel, Rheinthal; (in Celtic names prefixed) Dalry, Dalkeith, Dolgelly. [See Dale in Dict.]

Den or Dean (Teut.), 'a deep wooded valley;' as Tenterden, Southdean, Hazeldean, Denholm.

Dour (Celt.), 'water;' as the Dour, Adour, Douro, Dore, Thur, Doro, Adder, Derwent, Darwin, Darent, Dart, Dorchester, Dordogne.

Drum and Drom (Celt.), 'a backbone,' 'a ridge;' as Dromore, Drummond, Aughrim, Leitrim.

Du (Celt.), 'black;' as Douglas; the rivers Dulas, Doulas; Dublin ('dark pool').

Dum, Dun (Gael.), Dinas, Din (W.), 'a hill-fortress;' as Dunmore, Dunblane, Dunkeld, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Dunstable, Dunmow, Downpatrick, Donegal, Maldon, Verdun, Leyden, Dinas-fawr, Dinan, Denbigh. [See Down, a hill, in Dict.]

Ea, Ey (A.S. íg, Ice. ey, Norw. and Dan. ö), 'an island;' as Swansea, Eton, Jersey, Romney, Sheppey, Rothesay, Staffa, Faroe. [See Island in Dict.]

Eccles, Egles (like Fr. église, through L., from Gr. ekklēsia), 'a church;' as Eccleston, Ecclefechan, Ecclesmachan, Ecclesiamagirdle, Eaglesham, Terregles.

Esk (Gael. and Ir. easg [obs.] or uisge, W. wysg), 'water;' as the Esk, Usk, Ise, Oise, Easeburn, Ashbourne, Iz, Isis, Exe, Ux, Ouse, Wisbeach, Wis, Ischia, Isère, Aisne, Ausonne.

Fahr, Fuhr (Teut.), 'way,' 'passage;' as Fahrenbach, Campvere, Queensferry, Connel-Ferry.

Feld, or Veld (Teut.), 'plain,' 'field;' as Huddersfield, Lichfield, Spitalfields.

Fell (Old Norse fjall, fell), 'a mountain;' as Carterfell, Goatfell, Snaefell.

Fin, Finn (Gael.), 'fair,' 'white;' as Findon, Fintry, Fincastle, Knockfin.

Fiord, Fjord (Scand.), 'a creek,' 'inlet of the sea;' as Laxfiord, Waterford, Wexford.

Fleet (Scand. fljót, a stream), 'a small river' or 'channel;' as Purfleet; found in Normandy as fleur, as Harfleur, Barfleur.

Folk (A.S.), 'people;' as Norfolk ('north people'), Suffolk ('south people').

Ford (A.S.), 'a shallow passage over a river,' as Chelmsford, Hereford, Stamford.

Garth (Scand.), 'yard;' Gorod, Grod, Grade, Grätz (Slav.), 'enclosure,' 'town;' as Stuttgart, Novgorod (=Newton), Grodno, Belgrade (=Whitton), Königgrätz (=Kingston).

Garw (Celt.), 'rough;' hence Garonne, Garioch, Yarrow, Yair, possibly Garry.

Gate (Teut.), 'a passage' or 'road;' as Canongate, Harrowgate, Reigate (=Ridgegate), Cattegat.

Glen (Gael.), Glyn (W.), 'a narrow valley;' as Glencoe, Glengarry, Glynneath, Glamorgan.

Guada, the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Ar. wadī, 'a ravine;' as in Guadalquivir (Wadī-'l-kebīr, 'the great river'), Guadiana.

Gwen (Celt.), 'white;' as Derwent, Ventnor, Corwen; Gwent (Celt.), 'a plain;' Latinised into venta, as Venta Belgarum (now Winchester), formerly Caergwent.

Hall (Teut.), 'a stone house;' as Eccleshall, Walsall; (in Germany) a salt-work, as Halle, Hallstadt. [See Hall in Dict.]

Ham (A.S., Ger. heim), 'a home;' as Buckingham, Clapham, Hexham, Trondhjem, Hildesheim, Hochheim, Ednam, Edrom, Hounam.

Haugh, Heugh, a particular Scotch form and use of Haw (A.S. haga), perhaps due to the Ice. form hagi, a pasture. The meaning is generally a low-lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream, and it is noticeable that in Scotch use How and Hope have frequently the same sense. A Hope, however, is properly a hollow, esp. the upper end of a narrow mountain valley, while a How is a low hill (Ice. haugr, 'a mound'). Cf. Hobkirk, Howwood, Hutton, Fox How.

Hay, Haigh (Teut.), a place surrounded by a 'hedge;' as Rothwell Haigh, Hague.

Holm (Scand., &c.), 'an island in a lake or river,' 'a plain near a river;' as Stockholm, Flatholm, Langholm.

Holt (Teut.), 'a wood;' as Bagshot, Aldershot, Holstein. [See Holt in Dict.]

Ing (A.S.), a suffix denoting son, in pl. 'a family' or 'tribe;' as Warrington ('the town of the Warrings'), Haddington. [See -ing in list of suffixes.]

Innis or Ennis (Celt.), Inch in Scotland, an island; as Inchcolm ('the island of St Columba'); Enniskillen, Ennismore, Innisfallen, in Ireland.

Inver (Gael.), 'the mouth of a river;' as Inverness, Inveraray, Innerleithen. This is supposed to be the Gaelic form (inbhir) corresponding to the Brythonic aber-; and it is at any rate certain that in Wales there are scores of abers-, but of invers- not a solitary one; while on the west coast of Scotland and north of Inverness aber- barely exists.

Kara (Turk.), 'black;' as Karakum ('black sand'), Kara Hissar ('black castle').

Kenn (Gael.), Kin (Ir.), 'a head;' as Kenmore, Cantire, Kinnaird, Kinross, Kinsale, Kent. Kin or Cin, older cind, is really a survival of the old dative or locative of Gael. ceann (W. penn), 'head,' 'promontory,' as in Kinaldie, Kinbuck, Kinglassie, Kinloch, Kingussie, Kinnoul. See Ceann.

Kil (Gael. cill, really a survival of the old dative of ceall, a hermit's cell—L. cella, then a church, esp. a parish church—the proper form is seen in Lochnan-ceal, 'loch of the churches,' in Mull); as Kilbride, Kilchattan, Kildonan, Kilmarnock; Icolmkill, 'the island (I) of Columba of the church.'

Kirjath (Heb.), Gadr (Phœnician), 'an enclosure,' 'a fortified place;' as Kirjath-Arba, Carthage, Cades or Cadiz.

Kirk (North Eng. and Scand.), Kirche (Ger.); as Selkirk, Kirkwall, Kirkcudbright, Kirchheim, Fünfkirchen. [See Church in Dict.]

Lax (Scand.; Ger. lachs), 'a salmon'; as Loch Laxford in Sutherland; the Laxay in the Hebrides and in Man; Laxweir on the Shannon.

Leamhan (Ir. and Gael.; pron. lavawn), 'the elm-tree;' as in Leven, Lennox, Laune.

Linn (Celt.), 'a waterfall;' as Lynn Regis in Norfolk; Roslin, 'the promontory (ross) at the fall;' Linlithgow, Linton.

Lis (Celt.), 'an enclosure,' 'a fort,' 'a garden;' as Lismore ('the great enclosure' or 'garden').

Llan (W.), 'an enclosure,' 'a church;' as Llandaff ('the church on the Taff').

Low and Law (A.S. hláw, hlæw),'a rising ground;' as Hounslow, Ludlow, and numerous laws in Scotland. [Cog. with Goth. hlaiw, a mound, and perh. allied to L. clivus, a slope.]

Minster (A.S.), Münster (Ger.), 'a monastic foundation;' as Westminster, Neumünster.

Mor (Celt.), 'the sea;' as Moray, Armorica, Morlaix, Glamorgan, Morbihan.

Ness or Naze (Scand.; see Dict.), 'a nose' or 'promontory;' as Caithness, Sheerness, Cape Grisnez; the Naze.

Old, Eld, Alt (Teut.), 'old;' as Althorp, Elton, Eltham, Aldbury, Abury. [See Old in Dict.]

Peak, Pike (Celt., conn. with Ger. spitz, Fr. pic and puy) 'point;' as the Peak, the Pikes in Cumberland, Spitzbergen, Pic du Midi, Puy de Dôme.

Peel (Celt.), 'a stronghold;' as Peel in Man, and numerous peels on the Border of Scotland.

Poor, Pore, Pur (Sans. pura), 'a town;' as Nagpur, Cawnpore, Singapore.

Rath (Ir.), 'a round earthen fort;' as Rathmore, Rathbeg, Ratho, Rattray.

Rhe, Rea, Ri, a root found in many languages, as L. rivus, a stream, Sans. rīna, flowing, A.S. ríth, a stream, Sp. and Port. rio, a river, meaning 'to flow;' as Rhine, Rhone, Rha, Reno, Rye, Ray, Rhee, Wrey, Roe, Rae; Rio de Janeiro, Rio-Negro.

Ridge, in Scotland Rigg (A.S. hrycg, Ger. rücken), 'a back;' as Reigate, Rugeley, Longridge.

Rin (Celt.), 'a point of land;' Rhinns of Galloway; Penrhyn in Wales, Ringsend near Dublin.

Ros, Ross (Celt.), 'a promontory;' Kinross, Rosneath, Rosehearty, Rossdhu, Roslin; in S. Ireland, a wood, as Roscommon, Rosskeen. The -ros in Melrose is more probably the equivalent of Cornish ros, a moor; thus Melrose=the Celt. maol-ros, 'bare moor.'

Scale (Scand.), 'a hut' (Scot. shieling; Ice. skali); Portinscale, and possibly Shields, Galashiels, Selkirk.

Set (A.S.), 'a seat,' 'a settlement;' Dorset, Somerset, Ambleside, Seidlitz.

Sierra (Sp.—L. serra), 'a saw;' or from Ar. sehrah, 'an uncultivated tract.'

Slievh (Ir.; allied to L. clivus, a slope), 'a mountain;' as Slievh Beg.

South, found in Suffolk, Sussex, Southampton, Sutherland, Sutton, Sudbury, Sudley.

Stoc, Stoke, and Stow (A.S.), 'a stockaded place;' as Bristow or Bristol, Tavistock, Stockholm, Stow.

Stone (A.S.), Stein (Ger.), 'a stone,' 'a rock;' as Stanton, Staines, Eddystone, Stennis, Frankenstein.

Strath (Gael.), 'a broad valley;' as Strathmore, Strathblane, Strathearn.

Street (L. stratum), 'a Roman road;' as Stratford, Stratton, Streatham. [See Street in Dict.]

Tam (Celt.), 'still,' 'smooth;' as the Thamesis ('smooth Isis'), the Tema, Tame, Tamar, Tay.

Thing (Scand.), 'a legislative assembly,' also 'the place where it is held;' as in Dingwall, Tinwald, Tynwald Hill, Tain.

Thorpe (Norse), Dorf (Ger.), Dorp (Dut.), 'a village;' as Burnham-Thorpe, Heythorpe, Düsseldorf, Middledorp.

Tor (Celt.), 'a tower-like rock;' as Torbay, Torphichen, Turriff, Torbolton, Kintore, Torridon. [From L. turris, 'a tower,' and its derivatives are Torres-Novas and Torres-Vedras in Portugal, Truxillo in Spain, Tourcoing in France.]

Tre (W.), 'a dwelling;' as Tretown, Coventry ('convent dwelling'), Oswestry, Uchiltre.

Uchel (W.), 'high;' Uachter (Gael.), 'a height;' as the Ochil Hills, Ochiltree, Auchterarder.

Ville (Fr.,—L. villa), Villa (It., Sp., Port.), Well (Eng.), 'an abode;' as Tankerville, Yeovil, Pottsville, Kettlewell, Bradwell, Maxwelltown.

Wall, found in many names of places on the Roman wall from Newcastle to Carlisle; as Wallsend, Wallhead.

Weald, Wold (Ger. wald), 'a wood;' Waltham, Walden, the Cotswolds; Schwarzwald ('Black Forest').

Wick, Wich (A.S. wíc), 'a village;' as in Berwick, Warwick, Greenwich, Sandwich.

Worth (A.S.), 'a farm' or 'estate;' as Tamworth, Kenilworth, Bosworth, Worthing, Polwarth, Jedburgh=Jedward.

Wy or Gwy (W.), 'water;' as the Wye; used as affix to many streams, as Conway, Medway.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS,
TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN
MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

A.A.S., Americanæ Antiquarianæ Societatis Socius, Fellow of the American Academy.

A.H., anno Hegiræ=In the year of Hegira—i.e. from the flight of Mohammed (622 A.D., 13th Sept.).

A.M., Artium Magister=Master of Arts; Ante meridiem=Before noon; Anno mundi=In the year of the world; Annus mirabilis=The wonderful year (1666); Ave Maria=Hail Mary.

A.P.R.C., Anno post Romam conditam=In the year after the building of Rome (753 B.C.).

A.R.R., anno regni regis or reginæ= In the year of the king's or queen's reign.

A.R.S.A. Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy; Associate of the Royal Society of Arts.

A.R.S.S., Antiquariorum Regiæ Societatis Socius=Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries.

A.S. Anglo-Saxon; Anno salutis=In the year of salvation; Assistant Secretary.

A.U.C., anno urbis conditæ, or ab urbe conditâ=In the year from the building of the city—Rome (753 B.C.).

A.V. Authorised Version; Artillery Volunteers; Annos vixit=Lived [so many] years.

B.A., Baccalaureus Artium=Bachelor of Arts; British America; British Association.

B.M. Bachelor of Medicine; Beatæ Memoriæ=Of blessed memory; British Museum.

b.p. Bill of parcels; Bills payable; Birthplace (also bpl.); Bonum publicum=The public good.

C. Centigrade; Catholic; Consul; Court; Congress; Church; Chancellor; Conservative.

C.A. Chartered Accountant; Chief Accountant; Commercial Agent; Confederate Army.

cap., caput=Capital; Chapter;—Capitulum=Head; Capiat=Let him (or her) take.

C.B. Companion of the [Most Honourable Order of the] Bath; Confined to barracks.

C.C. Caius College; Circuit Court; County Council; County Clerk; Cricket Club; Catholic Clergyman.

C.G. Captain-general; Captain of the Guard; Coast-guard; Commissary-general; Consul-general.

C.M. Certificated Master; Corresponding Member; Common Metre; Chirurgiæ Magister=Master in Surgery.

C.M.G. Companion of the [Most Distinguished] Order of St Michael and St George.

coch., cochl., cochlear=a spoon, spoonful;—coch. amp., cochlear amplum=a tablespoonful;—coch. mag., cochlear magnum=a large spoonful;—coch. med., cochlear medium=a dessert-spoonful;—coch. parv., cochlear parvum=a teaspoonful.

C.R., Carolus rex=King Charles; Civis Romanus=a Roman citizen; Custos Rotulorum=Keeper of the Rolls.

C.S. Court of Session; Clerk to the Signet; Civil Service; Chemical Society.

d., dele=Delete; Dead or Died; Deserted; Degree; Denarius or denarii=A penny or pence; Duke.

D.D.D., dat, dicat, dedicat=He gives, devotes, and dedicates; Dono dedit dedicavit=He gave and dedicated as a gift.

del., delt., delineavit='He drew it,' put after the draftsman's name on an engraving.

Eccl., Eccles. Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiastical;—Ecclesiol., Ecclesiology.

et seq., sq., or sqq., et sequentes or sequentia=And the following.

F.B.S. Fellow of the Botanical Society;—F.B.S.E., Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.

F.K.Q.C.P.I. Fellow of the King's and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland.

F.R.A.S. Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society; Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society.

G.C.I.E. [Knight] Grand Commander [of the Most Eminent Order] of the Indian Empire.

G.C.M.G. [Knight] Grand Cross of [the Most Distinguished Order of] St Michael and St George.

G.C.S.I. [Knight] Grand Commander of the [Most Exalted Order of the] Star of India.

G.P. General Practitioner; Grateful Patient; Gloria patri=Glory to the Father.

H.J., hic jacet=Here lies;—H.J.S., hic jacet sepultus=Here lies buried.

H.S., hic situs=Here lies;—H.S.E., hic sepultus (or situs) est=Here is buried (or laid).

I.H.S., for the Greek capitals IHC, (the C a form of Greek Σ), the first three letters of the name Jesus, often misread as Jesus Hominum Salvator=Jesus Saviour of Men.

in loc., in loco=In its place;—in loc. cit., in loco citato =In the place cited.

I.N.R.I., Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum=Jesus of Nazareth< King of the Jews.

K.C.M.G. Knight Commander of [the Most Distinguished Order of] St Michael and St George.

l.c. Lower-case (in printing); Loco citato=In the place cited; Left centre; Letter of credit.

M., Mons., Monsieur (Fr.). Mr or Sir;—MM., Messieurs, Gentlemen or Sirs.

n.l., non licet=It is not permitted; non liquet=It is not clear; non longe=Not far.

O.P. Old Price; Ordinis Prædicatorum=Of the Order of Preachers (or Dominicans).

P.C., Patres Conscripti=Conscript Fathers; Privy Councillor; Police Constable; Post Commander.

R.H.S. Royal Humane Society; Royal Horticultural Society; Royal Historical Society.

R.S.S., also S.R.S., Regiæ Societatis Socius=Fellow of the Royal Society.

S.A.S., Societatis Antiquariorum Socius=Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

S.M. Lond. Soc., Societatis Medicæ Londiniensis Socius=Member of the London Medical Society.

S.S.C. Solicitor before the Supreme Court (Scotland); Societas Sancti Crucis=Society of the Holy Cross.

SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY.

Scruple;

i, one scruple;

ij, two scruples;

ss, half a scruple;

iss, a scruple and a half.

Dram or drachm;

i, one dram;

ij, two drams;

ss, half a dram;

iss, a dram and a half.

Ounce;

i, one ounce;

ij, two ounces;

ss, half an ounce;

iss, an ounce and a half.

The above symbols are employed almost always in medical prescriptions. A prescription consists of the following parts: (1) The Superscription; (2) The Inscription; (3) The Subscription; (4) The Signature. The Superscription, which consists of the letter

, is a relic of the days of astrology. It originally was used to represent the symbol of the planet Jupiter. By common consent it is now regarded as representing the imperative mood of the Latin verb recipere, to take. The Inscription is a statement of the names of the substances to be used, with their quantities. The Subscription is made up of the directions for the guidance of the dispenser. The Signature includes the directions to the patient. This part of the prescription should be written in English; the other parts are in Latin. Sometimes the signature also is in Latin.

The body or prescription contains the following: the Basis, or principal active ingredient; the Adjuvant, or Auxiliary, to assist its action; the Corrective, to correct or diminish some undesirable quality; the Vehicle, or Excipient, to give a suitable form for administration.

PRESCRIPTION.

Without Abbreviations or Contractions.

Recipe.

Potassii Acetatis drachmas quinque.

Tincturæ Digitalis drachmam unam.

Syrupi Aurantii unciam unam.

Decoctum Scoparii ad uncias octo.

Misce, fiat mistura.

Capiat cochlearia duo magna quartâ quâque horâ

ex paululo aquæ.

English Translation.

Take thou (the dispenser).

Five drachms of acetate of potassium.

One drachm of the tincture of digitalis.

One ounce of syrup of orange-peel.

Decoction of broom up to eight ounces.

Mix, let a mixture be made.

Let him (the patient) take two large spoonfuls at

each fourth hour, out of (in) a little water.

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY
USED IN THE WRITING OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

MUSICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

Each of these notes represents twice the duration of sound of that which comes next in order. The sign to the right of each note indicates a rest or silence equal to its sound duration.

In time, the figure above a line drawn thus across the stave denotes the length of the pause in bars.

Ad lib. Ad libitum. Passages so marked may be rendered at the will of the performer.

And. Andante. Moderately slow: graceful; sometimes used as the name of a movement or separate piece.

Bar. A line drawn perpendicularly across the stave, separating the notes into measures of equal length; also the music comprised within two such lines.—Double Bar. The former of the two signs is used to mark the larger divisions of a piece or movement; in psalm tunes, hymns, chants, &c., to mark the end of a verse or sentence. The latter sign denotes the end of a composition.

Bind or Tie. Placed over two or more notes in the same position on the stave, to show they are to be played as one.

Denoting common time; the former indicating four crotchets to the bar, the latter two minims to the bar.

Clef. The sign placed at the beginning of a stave, determining the absolute pitch of the notes that follow it.

(

) Dash. When placed over or under a note, implies a very detached (staccato) style.

D.C. Da capo. From the beginning; indicating that the performer must return to the beginning of the movement, and conclude at the double bar marked Fine.

(·) Dot. When added to a note or rest, lengthens it by one-half. When placed over or under a note, means that its duration should be cut short.

Double Flat. Used before a note already flat, lowering it another semitone. It is corrected by a flat and a natural.

Lo. Loco. Indicating to return to the proper pitch after having played an octave higher.

M.M.

=80. Denoting that the beat of a crotchet is equal to the pulse of the pendulum of Maelzel's metronome, with the weight set at 80.

Natural. Restores a note, which has been raised by the sharp or lowered by the flat, to its original pitch.

Ott., O^va, 8^va=Ottava. An octave—as 8^va alta=ottava alta, (to be played) an octave higher; 8^va bas. = ottava bassa, an octave lower.

Pause or Corona. When placed over a note or rest, indicates that it must be held longer than its natural length. When over a double bar, indicates where the piece is to be concluded after a repeat.

Pizz. Pizzicato. A direction to violinists to twang the string with the finger instead of using the bow.

Repeat. When placed at the beginning and end of a passage or movement, indicates that the portion so marked is to be played over again.

Sem., Semp. Sempre. Always, throughout—as sempre legato, smooth throughout; sempre ritardando, continually slackening the time.

Sforzando. Denoting emphasis applied to a particular note or notes. Abbreviated sf., sfz.

Sforzato-piano. A sudden forte followed by a diminuendo or piano. Abbreviated sfp., sfz.p.

Double Sharp. Used before a note already sharp, raising the pitch by a semitone. It is contradicted by a natural and a sharp.

Slur. Showing that the notes over which it is placed must be played in a smooth (legato) manner.

Sos., Sos^t. Sostenuto. Sustained; prolonging the tone for the full duration of time indicated.

Stave or Staff. The horizontal and parallel lines on which the notes are placed, used to indicate their relative position as regards pitch.

Trem. Tremolando. With trembling or wavering; a note or chord played with great rapidity so as to produce such an effect.

CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS.

Ambassador, British—Address: 'His Excellency [in other respects according to his rank], H.B.M.'s Ambassador and Plenipotentiary.' Begin: 'Sir,' 'My Lord,' &c., according to rank. Refer personally to as 'Your Excellency.' An Ambassador's wife, when resident abroad, is sometimes, but not very correctly, designated 'Your Excellency.'

Archbishop—'His Grace the Lord Archbishop of ——.' Begin: 'My Lord Archbishop.' Refer to as 'Your Grace.' In formal documents the Archbishop of Canterbury is addressed as 'The Most Reverend Father in God, Frederick, by Divine Providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England and Metropolitan;' the Archbishop of York as 'The Most Reverend Father in God, William, by Divine permission Lord Archbishop of York, Primate of England and Metropolitan.' But an Irish Archbishop appointed since 1868 is only 'The Most Reverend the Archbishop of ——,' unless he happen to be a temporal peer, in which case he is 'The Right Hon. and Most Rev.'

Archdeacon—'The Venerable the Archdeacon of ——.' Begin: 'Venerable Sir.'

Baron—'The Right Hon. Lord ——,' or 'The Lord ——.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Baron's Daughter—If unmarried, 'The Hon.' [Christian name and surname]; if married, 'The Hon. Mrs' [husband's surname]. Begin: 'Madam.' If married to a Baronet or Knight, 'The Hon. Lady' [husband's surname]. Begin: 'My Lady.' If the wife of a peer, or of the son of a Duke or Marquess, address as such.

Baron's Son—'The Hon.' [Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'Sir.' But the eldest sons of Barons in the Peerage of Scotland are usually addressed as 'The Hon. the Master of' [peerage title].

Baron's Son's Wife—'The Hon. Mrs' [husband's surname], or, if necessary for distinction, the husband's Christian name should also be used. Begin: 'Madam.' If the daughter of an Earl, Marquess, or Duke, address as such.

Baroness, either in her own right or her husband's—'The Right Hon. the Baroness ——,' 'The Right Hon. Lady ——,' or 'The Lady ——.' Begin: 'My Lady.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Baronet's Wife—'Lady' [surname]. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Bishop, English—'The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of London,' or 'The Lord Bishop of London.' Begin: 'My Lord Bishop.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.' In formal documents a Bishop is 'The Right Rev. Father in God, John, by Divine permission Lord Bishop of Salisbury.'

Bishop, Irish, consecrated since 1868—'The Right Rev. the Bishop of Ossory,' or in case of the Bishops of Meath and Tuam, 'The Most Rev.' Begin: 'Right Rev. Sir,' or 'Most Rev. Sir.'

Bishop, Retired—'The Right Rev. Bishop ——,' or 'The Right Rev. —— ——, D.D.' Begin: 'Right Rev. Sir.'

Bishop, Scottish—'The Right Rev. the Bishop of Edinburgh,' or 'The Right Rev. Bishop Dowden.' The Bishop who holds the position of Primus is generally addressed, 'The Most Rev. the Primus.' The use of 'Lord Bishop' and 'My Lord' is incorrect.

Bishop Suffragan—'The Right Rev. the Bishop Suffragan of Bedford.' Begin: 'Right Rev. Sir.'

Clergy—'The Rev.' [Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'Rev. Sir.' If son of a Duke or Marquess, 'The Rev. Lord' [Christian name and surname]. If the son of an Earl, Viscount, or Baron, 'The Rev. the Hon.' [Christian name and surname] is beginning to supersede 'The Hon. and Rev.' The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland during his year of office is styled 'Right Rev.;' ex-moderators are usually spoken of as 'Very Rev.'

Companion of an Order of Knighthood—The initials, C.B., C.M.G., C.S.I., or C.I.E., as it may be, are subjoined to the ordinary form of address.

Consul, British—'—— ——, Esq., H.B.M.'s Agent and Consul-General,' 'Consul-General,' 'Consul,' or 'Vice-Consul,' as it may be.

Countess—'The Right Hon. the Countess of ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Doctor—The initials D.D., M.D., LL.D., Mus.D., are placed after the ordinary form of address, as 'The Rev. John Davidson, D.D.,' 'David Patrick, Esq., LL.D.' But 'The Rev. Dr Davidson,' 'Dr David Patrick,' are also frequently used.

Dowager—On the marriage of a peer or Baronet, the widow of the previous holder of the title becomes 'Dowager,' and is addressed, 'The Right Hon. the Dowager Countess of ——,' 'The Dowager Lady ——.' As more than one Dowager may hold the same title, the term is less used than formerly, and the Christian name is instead coming to be employed as a distinction—e.g. 'The Right Hon. Helen Countess of ——.'

Duchess—'Her Grace the Duchess of ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Grace.'

Duke—'His Grace the Duke of ——.' Begin: 'My Lord Duke.' Refer to as 'Your Grace.'

Duke's Daughter—'The Right Hon. Lady' [Christian name and surname], or 'The Lady' [Christian name and surname], the surname being that of her husband if married. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.' If married to a peer, she is addressed according to her husband's rank only. This, however, does not hold in the case of peers by courtesy; and a Duke's daughter married to the eldest son of an Earl, after the prefix 'Lady,' sometimes takes her own Christian name, followed by her husband's courtesy title.

Duke's Eldest Son and his Children—The courtesy title is treated as if it were an actual peerage; his eldest son taking the grandfather's third title, and being addressed as if a peer.

Duke's Eldest Son's Wife—As if her husband's courtesy title were an actual peerage.

Duke's Younger Son—'The Right Hon. Lord' [Christian name and surname], or 'The Lord' [Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Duke's Younger Son's Wife—'The Right Hon. Lady,' or 'The Lady' [husband's Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Earl—'The Right Hon. the Earl of ——,' or 'The Earl of ——.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Earl's Eldest Son, and Earl's Eldest Son's Wife—As if the courtesy title were an actual peerage.

Governor of Colony—'His Excellency [ordinary designation], Governor of ——.' Begin according to rank, and refer to as 'Your Excellency.'

Judge, English or Irish—'The Hon. Sir —— ——,' if a Knight, or 'The Hon. Mr Justice ——.' Begin: 'Sir.' On the bench only he is addressed as 'My Lord,' and referred to as 'Your Lordship.'

Judge of County Court—'His Honour Judge ——.' When on the bench, referred to as 'Your Honour.'

Justice of Peace in England (not Scotland)—'The Right Worshipful.' Referred to when on the bench as 'Your Worship.'

KING—'The King's Most Excellent Majesty.' Begin: 'Sire,' or 'May it please your Majesty,' or 'Lord —— presents his duty to your Majesty.' Refer to as 'Your Majesty.'

Knight of the Bath, of St Michael and St George, or of the Star of India—'Sir' [Christian name and surname], with the initials G.C.B., K.C.B., K.M.G., or K.S.I. added. Begin: 'Sir.'

Knight of the Garter, of the Thistle, or of St Patrick—The initials K.G., K.T., or K.P., as it may be, are to be added to the address.

Knight's Wife, whether wife of Knight Bachelor, of the Bath, of St Michael and St George, or of the Star of India—As Baronet's wife.

Lord Advocate of Scotland—'The Right Hon. the Lord Advocate.' Usual beginning: 'My Lord,' though 'Sir' is said to be more correct.

Lord Chancellor—'The Right Hon. the Lord Chancellor.' Begin and refer to according to rank.

Lord Chief-Justice—'The Right Hon. the Lord Chief-Justice of England,' or 'The Right Hon. Sir —— ——, Lord Chief-Justice of England.' Begin, if a peer, according to his degree; otherwise as under Judge.

Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly—'His Grace the Lord High Commissioner.' Begin according to rank as a peer. Refer to as 'Your Grace.'

Lord Justice-Clerk—'The Right Hon. the Lord Justice-Clerk.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Lord Justice-General of Scotland—'The Right Hon. the Lord Justice-General.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Lord Justice of Appeal—'The Right Hon. the Lord Justice ——,' or 'The Right Hon. Sir —— ——.' Begin and refer to as a Judge.

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland—'His Grace,' if a Duke; otherwise, 'His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant.' Begin and refer to according to rank as a peer.

Lord Mayor of London, York, Dublin, &c.—'The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London,' or 'The Right Hon. —— ——, Lord Mayor of London.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Lord Mayor's Wife—'The Right Hon. the Lady Mayoress of ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and his Wife—As Baron and Baroness. Their children have no title.

Lord of Session in Scotland—'The Hon. Lord ——.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.' His wife has no title.

Lord Provost—'The Right Hon. the Lord Provost of Edinburgh,' 'The Hon. the Lord Provost of Glasgow,' 'The Lord Provost of Aberdeen' or of 'Perth.' Begin: 'My Lord Provost,' or 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.' The Lord Provost's wife has no title.

Marchioness—'The Most Hon. the Marchioness of ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Marquess—'The Most Hon. the Marquess of ——.' Begin: 'My Lord Marquess.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Mayor—'The Right Worshipful the Mayor of ——.' Begin: 'Sir.' Refer to as 'Your Worship.'

Minister Resident—'—— ——, Esq. [or according to rank], 'H.B.M.'s Minister Resident, ——.'

Officers in the Army and Navy—The professional is prefixed to any other rank—e.g. 'Admiral the Right Hon. the Earl of ——,' 'Lieut.-Col. Sir —— ——, K.C.B.' Officers below the rank of Captain in the Army or Commander in the Navy are more generally addressed by their social, not professional rank, followed by the name of the regiment, R.A., R.E., or R.N., as may be.

Prince—If a Duke, 'His Royal Highness the Duke of ——.' If not a Duke, 'His Royal Highness Prince' [Christian name]. Begin, in either case, 'Sir.' Refer to as 'Your Royal Highness.'

Princess—If a Duchess, 'Her Royal Highness the Duchess of ——.' If not a Duchess, 'Her Royal Highness the Princess' [Christian name]. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Royal Highness.'

Principal of a Scottish University—When a clergyman, 'The Very Rev. the Principal of Aberdeen,' or 'The Very Rev. Principal' [Marshall Lang].

Privy Councillor—'The Right Hon.,' followed by name or title. Begin and refer to according to rank.

QUEEN—'The Queen's Most excellent Majesty.' Begin: 'Madam,' or 'May it please your Majesty.' Otherwise, 'Lord —— presents his duty to your Majesty.' Refer to as 'Your Majesty.'

Secretary of State—'Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the —— Department.'

Vice-Chancellor—As a Judge. Begin: 'Sir.' Address on the bench as 'My Lord.'

Viscount—'The Right Hon. the Lord Viscount ——,' or 'The Lord Viscount ——.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Viscountess—'The Right Hon. the Viscountess ——,' or 'The Viscountess ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Viscount's Daughter, Son, and Son's Wife—As Baron's daughter, son, and son's wife.

In correspondence with equals or personal friends letters are begun less formally—e.g., 'My dear Lord,' 'Dear Lord ——,' 'Dear Sir James.' We are less ceremonious than our ancestors a few generations ago, when letters to the nearest relatives and most intimate friends were begun and ended in the most formal manner. Designations like 'Mrs General ——,' 'Mrs Captain ——,' 'Mrs Dr ——,' which were fifty years ago not uncommon, were always improper. Persons holding offices other than those enumerated are addressed in the usual form, 'Sir,' 'Dear Sir,' or 'My dear Sir,' according to the more or less formal terms on which the writer may be with his correspondent. A firm is addressed 'Gentlemen' or 'Dear Sirs.'

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.

THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES,
WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING.

See especially Miss Yonge's History of Christian Names (2 vols. 1863).

Abraham, Abram (Heb.), father of a multitude, high father.—Dims. Abe, Aby.

Adeline, also Adaline, Adela, Adelaide, Adelia, Adelina (Teut.), of noble birth, a princess.—Dim. Addy.

Adolphus (Teut.), noble wolf.—Fr. Adolphe, It. Adolfo or Udolfo, Ger. Adolf.

Albert (Teut.), nobly bright.—Dims. Bert, Bertie.—L. Albertus, Fr. Albert, Sp. and It. Alberto, Ger. Adalbert, Albert, Albrecht.—Fem. Alberta.

Alexander (Gr.), a helper of men.—Dims. Aleck, Alick, Eck, Ecky, Sanders, Sandy, Sawnie.—Fr. Alexandre, It. Alessandro.—Fem. Alexandra, Alexandrina.

Alfred (Teut.), elf in counsel—i.e. good counsellor.—Dim. Alf.—L. Alfredus, Aluredus, Fr. Alfred, It. and Sp. Alfredo.

Algernon (O. Fr.), with moustaches—prob. from the usual title, 'William als Gernons,' applied for this cause to William de Albini, the second husband of Henry I.'s widow, Alix of Louvaine.—Dim. Algy.

Alice, Alicia (Teut.), noble cheer—closely related to Adeline above.—Dims. Ally or Allie, Elsie.

Alison, a Scotch form of Aloyse, Elöise, Helöise, from Hlodovicia, a name of Teut. origin meaning holy fame.—Dim. Elsie.

Allan, Alan, a name first found in early Breton history, referred by Miss Yonge to Hilarius ('cheerful'), confused with Ælianus; more prob. Celt., meaning harmony.

Ambrose (Gr.), immortal, divine.—L. Ambrosius, Fr. Ambroise, It. Ambrogio, Sp. Ambrosio.

Amelia (Teut.), toiling, energetic.—Fr. Amélie, It. Amelia, Amalia.

Andrew (Gr.), manly.—Dim. Andy.—L. Andreas, Fr. André, It. Andrea, Sp. Andres.

Ann, Anna, Anne (Heb.), grace—the same as Hannah.—Dims. Annie, Nancy, Nanny, Nina, Nan, Annette.

Annabel, Annabella, Annaple, made up of Anna (Heb.), grace, as above, and Bella (L.), fair; or probably the early Celtic name Aine, meaning joy, praise, Anglicised. It may be, however, a variant of Arabella, earlier Arnhilda (Teut.), eagle heroine.

Anthony, Antony (L.), worthy of praise.—Dim. Tony.—L. Antonius, Fr. Antoine, It. and Sp. Antonio, Ger. Antonius, Anton.—Fem. Antonia.

Antoinette, the French form of Antonia, Antonina, the fem. of Anthony.—Dim. Net, Netty.

Arabella (L.), a fair altar, or an Arabian woman—perh. Teut., meaning eagle heroine.—Dims. Bella, Bel, Belle. See Annabel above.

Archibald (Teut.), very bold, or holy prince.—Dims. Archy, Baldie.—L. Archibaldus, Fr. Archambault, It. Arcibaldo.

Arthur (Celt.), high, noble.—L. Arthurus, Fr. Artur, Artus, It. Arturo.

Augustin, Augustine, Austin (L.), belonging to Augustus.—L. Augustinus, Fr. Augustin, It. Agostino, Ger. Augustin.

Augustus (L.), exalted.—Dims. Gus, Gussie, Gustus.—Fr. Auguste, Ger. August.—Fem. Augusta.

Baldwin (Teut.), prince-friend.—L. Balduinus, Fr. Baudouin, It. Baldovino, Balduino, Ger. Balduin.

Baptist (Gr.), a baptiser.—Fr. Baptiste, Batiste, It. Battista, Ger. Baptist.

Bardolph (Teut.), bright wolf or distinguished helper.—Fr. Bardolphe, It. Bardolfo.

Bartholomew (Heb.), son of one's own brother (i.e. friend).—Dims. Bart, Bat.—L. Bartholomæus, Fr. Bartolomée, Barthélemi, It. Bartolomeo, Ger. Bartholomäus, Barthel.

Benedict (L.), blessed.—Dim. Bennet.—L. Benedictus, Fr. Benoît, It. Benedetto, Bettino, Sp. Benedicto, Benito, Ger. Benedict.—Fem. Benedicta.

Benjamin (Heb.), son of the right hand (i.e. of good fortune).—Dims. Ben, Benny.—It. Beniamino.

Bernard (Teut.), bold as a bear.—Dim. Barney.—L. Bernardus, Fr. Bernard, Bernardin, It. Bernardo, Bernardino, Sp. Bernardo, Bernal, Ger. Bernhard, Barend, Berend.

Bertha (Teut.), bright.—Dims. Bertie, Berty.—Fr. Berthe, It. and Sp. Berta.

Bertram (Teut.), bright raven.—Dim. Bert.—Fr. Bertrand, It. Bertrando, Sp. Beltran.

Boniface (L.), a benefactor.—L. Bonifacius, It. Bonifacio, Bonifazio, Sp. Bonifacio.

Bridget (Celt.), strength.—Dim. Biddy.—Fr. Brigitte, It. and Sp. Brigida, Ger. Brigitta.

Cæsar (L.), hairy, or blue-eyed, or born under the Cæsarean operation.—Fr. César, It. Cesare, Ger. Cäsar.

Caroline, a French form of the fem. of Carolus, the Latin of Charles.—Dims. Carrie, Caddie.

Catherine, also Catherina, Catharine, Katharine, Katherine (Gr.), pure.—Dims. Casy, Kate, Kathleen, Katie, Cathie, Kathie, Katrine, Kit, Kitty.—Fr. Catherine, It. Caterina, Sp. Catalina, Ger. Katharine.

Cecilia, Cecily, fem. of Cecil.—Dims. Sisely, Sis, Cis, Cissy.—Fr. Cécile, It. Cecilia.

Charles (Teut.), strong, manly.—Dims. Charley, Charlie.—L. Carolus, Fr. Charles, It. Carlo, Sp. Carlos, Ger. Carl, Karl.—Fem. Caroline, Charlotte.

Christian (L.), belonging to Christ.—Dims. Christie, Christy.—L. Christianus, Fr. Chrestien, Chrétien, It. and Sp. Cristiano.—Fem. Christiana, Christina.

Christina, fem. of Christian.—Dims. Chrissie, Teenie, Tina, Xina.

Christopher (Gr.), bearing Christ.—Dims. Kester, Kit, Chris.—L. Christophorus, Fr. Christophe, It. Cristoforo, Sp. Cristoval, Ger. Christoph.

Clara (L.), bright.—Dim. Clare.—Fr. Claire, It. Chiara, Sp. Clara.

Clement (L.), mild, merciful.—L. Clemens, It. and Sp. Clemente, Fr. Clément, Ger. Clemens.—Fem. and dim. forms are Clementina, Clementine.

Conrad (Teut.), bold in counsel, resolute.—L. Conradus, Fr. Conrade, It. Conrado, Corrado, Ger. Konrad.

Constance, a fem. form of Constant.—Dim. Connie.—L. Constantia, Fr. Constance, It. Costanza.

Constant (L.), firm, faithful.—L. Constans, Constantius, It. Costante, Costanzo, Sp. Constancio, Ger. Constanz.

Constantine (L.), firm.—L. Constantinus, It. Costantino, Sp. Constantino, Ger. Constantin.

Cornelius, prob. related to L. cornu, a horn.—Fr. Cornélius (fem. Cornélie), It. and Sp. Cornelio.—Fem. Cornelia.

Crispin, Crispian, Crispus (L.), curly-haired.—L. Crispinus, Crispianus, Fr. Crispin, Crépin, It. Crispino, Crispo, Ger. Crispus.

Cyril (Gr.), lordly.—L. Cyrillus, Fr. Cyrille, Sp. Cirilo, Ger. Cyrill.

David (Heb.), beloved.—Dims. Davy, Dave.—Fr. David, It. Davide, Davidde, Ger. David.—Fem. Davida, Vida.

Demetrius (Gr.), belonging to Demeter or Ceres.—Fr. Demétrius, It. Demetrio.

Dionysius (Gr.), belonging to Dionysos or Bacchus.—Fr. Denys, Denis, It. Dionigio, Dionigi, Dionisio, Ger. Dionysius, Dionys.

Dominic (L.), Sunday child.—L. Dominicus, Fr. Dominique, It. Domenico, Sp. Domingo.

Dorothea, Dorothy (Gr.), the gift of God.—Dims. Dol, Dolly.—Fr. Dorothée, Dorette, It. and Sp. Dorotea.

Edmund (A.S.), rich protection.—Dims. Ed, Ned.—L. Edmundus, Fr. Edmond, It. Edmondo, Sp. Edmundo.

Edward (A.S.), rich guard.—Dims. Ed, Eddy, Ned, Neddy, Ted, Teddy.—L. Edvardus, Fr. Edouard, It. Eduardo, Edoardo, Sp. Eduardo, Ger. Eduard.

Edwin (A.S.), rich friend.—Dims. Ed, Eddy.—L. Edvinus, It. Eduino.

Egbert (A.S.), terribly bright.—L. Egbertus, It. Egberto, Ger. Eckbert, Egbert.

Eleanor, Elinor (Gr.), light—the same as Helen.—Dims. Ella, Ellen, Nell, Nellie, Nora.—It. Eleonora, Ger. Eleonore, Fr. Aliénor.

Elijah (Heb.), God is the Lord.—L. Elija, Fr. Élie, It. Elia, Ger. Elias, Elia.

Elisabeth, Elizabeth, Eliza (Heb.), God of the oath.—Dims. Bess, Bessie, Bessy, Beth, Betsy, Betty, Elsie, Liz, Lizzie, Libby, Lisa, Liza.—Fr. Elisabeth, Élise, It. Elisabetta, Elisa, Ger. Elisabeth, Elise.

Elisha (Heb.), God of salvation.—L. Eliseus, Fr. Élisée, It. and Sp. Eliseo.

Elspeth (Heb.), God of the oath—a Scotch form of Elisabeth.—Dims. Elspie, Elsie.

Emeline, Emmeline, Emily (Teut.), industrious, energetic.—Fr. Émilie, It. and Sp. Emilia, Ger. Emilie.

Emma, the same as Emeline.—Dims. Emm, Emmie.—Fr. Emma, It. Emma, Sp. Ema.

Emmanuel, Immanuel (Gr. from Heb.), God with us.—Fr. Emmanuel, It. Emmanuele, Sp. Manuel, Ger. Emanuel.

Ernest (Ger.), earnest.—Fr. Ernest, It. and Sp. Ernesto, Ger. Ernst.—Fem. Ernestine.

Esther (Pers.), a star, good fortune.—Dim. Essie.—Fr. Esther, It. Ester, Esterre, Sp. Ester, Ger. Esther.

Eugene (Gr.), well born, noble.—L. Eugenius, Fr. Eugène, It. Eugenio, Sp. Eugenio, Ger. Eugenius, Eugen.—Fem. Eugenia.

Eugenia, fem. of Eugene.—Dim. Genie.—Fr. Eugénie, It. and Sp. Eugenia.

Euphemia (Gr.), of good report.—Dims. Effie, Euphie, Phemie, Phamie.—Fr. Euphémie, It. and Sp. Eufemia.

Eustace (Gr.), healthy, firm.—L. Eustachius, Eustathius, Fr. Eustach, Eustathe, It. Eustazio, Eustachio, Ger. Eustathius.

Eva, Eve (Heb.), life.—Dims. Evelina, Eveline, Evelyn.—Fr. Eve, It. and Sp. Eva, Ger. Eva.

Everard (Teut.), strong as a wild boar.—Fr. Evraud, It. Everardo, Eberardo, Ger. Eberhard, Ebert.

Felicia (L.), happiness.—Fr. Félicie, Félicite, It. Felicia, Sp. Felicidad.

Felix (L.), happy.—Fr. Félix, It. Felice, Sp. Felix, Port. Feliz, Ger. Felix.—Fem. Felicia.

Ferdinand (Teut.), brave.—Fr. Ferdinand, Ferrand, It. Ferdinando, Ferrando, Sp. Hernando, Fernando, Ger. Ferdinand.

Florence (L.), blooming.—Dims. Flo, Flossie, Floy.—L. Florentia.

Frances, fem. of Francis.—Dim. Fanny.—L. Francisca, Fr. Françoise, Francisque, It. Francesca, Sp. Francisca, Ger. Franziske.

Francis (Fr.), free—dim. Frank—L. Franciscus, Fr. François, It. Francesco, Franco, Sp. Francisco, Ger. Franciscus, Franz.—Fem. Frances—dim. Fanny.

Frederic, Frederick (Teut.), peace ruler.—Dims. Fred, Freddy.—L. Fredericus, Fr. Frédéric, It, Frederigo, Frederico, Sp. Federico, Ger. Friedrich, Fritz.—Fem. Frederica.

Frederica, fem. of Frederic.—Dim. Freddie.—Fr. Frédérique, It. Frederica, Sp. Federica, Ger. Friederike.

Gabriel (Heb.), hero of God.—Dim. Gabe.—Fr. Gabriel, It. Gabriello.

George (Gr.), a husbandman—dims. Georgie, Geordie—L. Georgius, Fr. Georges, It. Giorgio, Sp. Jorge, Ger. Georg.—Fem. Georgiana, Georgina—dim. Georgie.

Gerald, Gerard (Teut.), spear-power.—L. Geraldus, Gerardus, Fr. Gérard, Géraud, Giraud, Girauld, It. Gerardo, Giraldo, Ger. Gerhard.—Fem. Geraldine.

German, Germaine (L.), German.—L. Germanus, Fr. Germain, It. Germano.

Gertrude (Teut.), spear-maid.—Dims. Gertie, Trudy.—Fr. Gertrude, It. Gertrude, Geltruda, Sp. Gertrudes, Ger. Gertraud, Gertrud.

Gilbert (Teut.), bright pledge.—Dim. Gil.—L. Gilbertus, Fr. Guilbert, Gilbert, It. and Sp. Gilberto, Ger. Gilbert, Giselbert.

Giles (Gr.), with the ægis, or a kid.—L. Ægidius, Fr. Gilles, Égide, It. Egidio, Ger. Egidius.

Godfrey (Teut.), God's peace.—L. Godefridus, Galfridus, Fr. Godefroi, Geoffroi, It. Godofredo, Goffredo, Giotto, Sp. Godofredo, Gofredo, Ger. Gottfried.

Gregory (Gr.), watchman.—L. Gregorius, Fr. Grégoire, It. and Sp. Gregoiro, Ger. Gregorius, Gregor.

Gustavus (Teut.), Goth's staff—Fr. Gustave, It. and Sp. Gustavo, Ger. Gustav.

Guy (Fr.), a leader, or Celt., meaning sense.—L. Guido, Fr. Guy, It. and Sp. Guido.

Hadrian, Adrian (L.), of Adria, a town in Picenum, whence also Adriatic Sea.—L. Hadrianus.

Hannibal (Punic), grace of Baal.—So L., Fr. Hannibal, Annibal, It. Annibale, Sp. Anibal.

Harriet, Harriot, fem. and dim. forms of Harry, Henry.—Dim. Hatty.

Helen, Helena (Gr.), light.—Dims. Nell, Nellie.—L. Helena, Fr. Hélène, It. Elena, Sp. Helena, Elena, Ger. Helene.

Henrietta, a French dim. form of Henry.—Dims. Etta, Hetty, Nettie.—Fr. Henriette, It. Enrighetta, Sp. Enriqueta, Ger. Henriette.

Henry (Teut.), home ruler.—Dims. Harry, Hal, Hen, Henny.—L. Henricus, Enricus, Fr. Henri, It. Enrico, Sp. Enrique, Ger. Heinrich, Dut. Hendrik.—Fem. Henrietta, Harriet.

Herbert (A.S.), glory of the army.—L. Herbertus, Fr. Herbert, It. Erberto, Sp. Heberto, Ger. Herbert.

Hezekiah (Heb.), the Lord is strength.—Fr. Ezéchias, It. Ezechia, Sp. Ezequias, Ger. Hiskia.

Hilary (L.), cheerful.—L. Hilarius, Fr. Hilaire, It. Ilario, Sp. Hilario, Ger. Hilarius.—Fem. Hilaria.

Homer (Gr.), a pledge.—L. Homerus, Fr. Homère, It. Omero, Ger. Homerus.

Horace, Horatio (L.).—L. Horatius, Fr. Horace, It. Orazio, Sp. Horacio, Ger. Horatius, Horazo.—Fem. Horatia.

Hortensia (L.), a gardener.—Fr. Hortense, It. Ortensia, Ger. Hortensia.

Hubert (Teut.), mind bright.—L. Hubertus, Fr. Hubert, It. Uberto, Sp. Huberto, Ger. Hubert, Hugibert.

Hugh, Hugo (Teut.), mind, soul.—Dims. Hughie, Hughoc, Huggin.—L. Hugo, Fr. Hugues, It. Ugo, Ugolino, Sp. Hugo, Ger. Hugo.

Humphry, Humphrey (A.S.), support of peace.—Dim. Humph.—L. Humphredus or Humfridus, Fr. Onfroi, It. Onofredo, Omfredo, Sp. Hunfredo, Ger. Humfried.

Ignatius (Gr.), fiery.—Fr. Ignace, It. Ignazio, Sp. Ignacio and Inigo, Ger. Ignaz.

Isaac, Izaak (Heb.), he laugheth.—Dims. Ik, Ike.—L. Isacus, Fr. Isaac, It. Isacco, Ger. Isaak.

Isabella, Isabel, Isobel, Isabeau, the same as Elisabeth.—Dims. Isa, Bel, Bella, Tib, Tibbie.—Fr. Isabeau, Isabelle, It. Isabella, Sp. Isabel, Ger. Isabelle.

Jacob (Heb.), he taketh hold of the heel, or followeth after, a supplanter.—Dim. Jake.—L. Jacobus, Fr. Jacob, It. Giacobbe, Sp. Jacobo, Ger. Jakob.

James, the same as Jacob.—Dims. Jeames, Jem, Jim, Jemmy, Jimmy.—L. Jacobus, Fr. Jacques, It. Jacopo, Jachimo, Giacomo, Sp. Jacobo, Diego, Jago, Jaime, Port. Javme, Diogo, Ger. Jakob.—Fem. Jamesina, Jaqueline.

Jane, the fem. of John (q.v.).—Dims. Janet, Jean, Jeanie, Jeannie.

Janet, a dim. of Jane (q.v.), hence 'grace of the Lord.'—Dims. Jen, Jennie, Jenny.

Jasper (Pers.), prob. treasure-master.—Fr. Gaspard, It. Gasparo, Gasparro, Sp. Gaspar.

Jeremiah, Jeremias, Jeremy (Heb.), the Lord layeth the foundation.—L. Jeremias, Fr. Jérémie, It. Geremia, Sp. Jeremias, Ger. Jeremias.

Jerome (Gr.), holy name.—L. Hieronymus, Fr. Jérôme, It. Geronimo, Girolamo, Sp. Jeronimo, Jeromo, Ger. Hieronymus.

Jessie, a Scotch form of Janet, hence 'grace of the Lord.'—Dim. Jess.

Joan, Joanna, Johanna, fem. forms of John.—L. Johanna, Fr. Jeanne, Jeannette, It. Giovanna, Sp. Juana, Ger. Johanna.

John (Heb.), the Lord graciously gave, the gracious gift of God.—Dims. Johnny, Jack, Jock.—L. Johannes, Joannes, Fr. Jean, It. Giovanni, Gian, Gianni, Sp. Juan, Port. João, Ger. Johann, Johannes, Hans, Dut. Jan, Russ. Ivan.—Fem. Joanna, Joan, Jane.

Joseph (Heb.), may he add (children)! he shall add—dims. Joe, Joey—L. Josephus, Fr. Joseph, It. Giuseppe, Sp. José, Josef, Port. José, Joze, Ger. Joseph.—Fem. Josephine—dims. Jo, Jozy, Pheny—Fr. Joséphine, It. Giuseppina, Sp. Josefina, Port. Josephina, Ger. Josephine.

Joshua (Heb.), the Lord is welfare.—Dim. Josh.—L. Josua, Fr. Josué, Ger. Josua.

Judith (Heb.), praised.—Dim. Judy.—Fr. Judith, It. Giuditta, Ger. Judith.

Julian (L.), sprung from Julius.—Dim. Jule.—Fem. Juliana.—L. Julianus, Fr. Julien, It. Giuliano, Sp. Julian, Port. Julião, Ger. Julianus, Julian.

Julius (Gr.), downy-bearded—dim. Jule—Fr. Jules It. Giulio, Sp. Julio, Ger. Julius.—Fem. Julia, Juliet—Fr. Julie, It. Giulia, Sp. Julia, Ger. Julie.

Justin (L.), just.—L. Justinus, Fr. Justin, It. Giustino, Sp. Justino, Ger. Justin.—Fem. Justina—Fr. Justine, It. Giustina, Sp. Justina, Ger. Justine.

Justus (L.), just.—Fr. Juste, It. Giusto, Sp. Justo, Ger. Justus, Just.

Lambert (Teut.), country's brightness.—Fr. Lambert, Lanbert, It. Lamberto, Ger. Lambert, Landbert.

Lancelot, Launcelot (Fr.), servant, or a little lance.—Fr. Lancelot, It. Lancilotto.

Laurence, Lawrence (L.), crowned with laurel.—Dim. Larry.—L. Laurentius, Fr. Laurent. It. Lorenzo, Sp. Lorenzo, Ger. Lorenz.

Lazarus (Heb.), God helpeth.—Fr. Lazare, It. Lazaro, Sp. Lazaro, Lazarillo, Ger. Lazarus.

Leonard (Teut.), strong as a lion.—L. Leondardus, Fr. Léonard, It. Lionardo, Sp. Leonardo, Ger. Leonhard.

Leopold (Teut.), people's prince.—Fr. Léopold, It. and Sp. Leopoldo, Ger. Luitpold, Leupold, Leopold.

Letitia, Lettice (L.), happiness.—Dim. Lettie.—L. Lætitia, It. Letizia.

Lewis (Teut.), famous warrior.—Dims. Lewie, Louie, Lew.—L. Ludovicus, Fr. Louis, It. Lodovico, Luigi, Sp. Clodoveo, Luis, Port. Luiz, Ger. Ludwig.—Fem. Louisa, Louise.

Louisa, Louise, fem. of Louis.—Dims. Lou, Louie.—Fr. Louise, Lisette, Héloïse, It. Luisa, Eloïsa, Sp. Luisa, Port. Luiza, Ger. Luise, Ludovica.

Lucian (L.), pertaining to Lucius.—L. Lucianus, Fr. Lucien, It. Luciano.

Lucius (L.), born at daybreak.—Fr. Luce, It. Lucio, Sp. Lucio.—Fems. Lucia, Lucy.

Lucretia, Lucrece (L.), gain, or light.—L. Lucretia, Fr. Lucrèce, It. Lucrezia.

Luther (Teut.), famous warrior.—L. Lutherus, Fr. Lothaire, It. Lotario, Sp. Clotario, Ger. Luther.

Mabel (L.), lovable, worthy of love, inspiring love—a contraction of Amabel (q.v.).

Madeline, the French form of Magdalene (Heb.), belonging to Magdala.—Dims. Maud, Maudlin.—Fr. Magdelaine, Madeleine, Madelon, It. Maddalena, Sp. Magdalena, Madelena, Ger. Magdalene.

Marcus, Marcius, Mark (L.), a hammer, or sprung from Mars—L. Marcus, Fr. Marc, It. Marco, Sp. Marcos, Ger. Markus.—Fem. Marcia—Fr. Marcie, It. Marcia, Marzia.

Margaret (Gr.), a pearl.—Dims. Margie, Margery, Marjory, Madge, Mag, Maggie, Meg, Meggy, Peg, Peggy, Meta, Gritty.—Fr. Marguérite, It. Margherita, Sp. Margarita, Port. Margarida, Ger. Margarethe, Gretchen.

Marianne, a compound of Mary and Anne—so Marian, Maryann.—Fr. Mariane, Marianne, It. Marianna, Sp. Mariana, Ger. Marianne.

Martha (Heb.), lady.—Dims. Mat, Matty, Pat, Patty.—Fr. Marthe, It. and Sp. Marta, Ger. Martha.

Martin (L.), of Mars, warlike.—L. Martinus, Fr. Martin, Mertin, It. and Sp. Martino, Port. Martinho, Ger. Martin.

Mary (Heb.), prob. related to Mara, Marah, bitter.—Dims. May, Moll, Molly, Mamie, Pol, Polly.—L. Maria, Fr. Marie, Marion, It. and Sp. Maria, Pol. Marya.

Matilda, Mathilda (Teut.), mighty battle maid.—Dims. Mat, Matty, Maud, Patty, Tilda.—Fr. Mathilde, It. Matilda, Ger. Matilde.

Matthew (Heb.), gift of the Lord.—Dim. Mat.—L. Matthæus, Fr. Mathieu, It. Matteo, Sp. Mateo, Ger. Matthæus.

Maurice (L.), Moorish, dark-coloured.—L. Mauritius, Fr. Maurice, It. Maurizio, Sp. Mauricio, Ger. Moritz.

Maximilian (L.), the greatest Æmilianus.—L. Maximilianus, Fr. Maximilien, Port. Maximiliãs, Ger. Maximilian.

Melicent, Milicent (L.), sweet singer, or (Teut.) strength.—Sp. Melisenda.

Michael (Heb.), who is like God?—Dims. Mike, Micky.—Fr. Michel, It. Michele, Sp. and Port. Miguel, Ger. Michael.

Minnie (Teut.), remembrance—sometimes for Mina, a contraction of Wilhelmina; sometimes put for Mary.

Moses (Heb.), he that draws out, but more probably an Egyptian name.—Dims. Mose, Mosey.—So L., Fr. Moïse, It. Moise, Sp. Moises, Ger. Moses.—Fem. Mosina.

Nancy, a familiar form of Anne, not properly of Agnes.—Dims. Nan, Nance, Nina.

Nicholas, Nicolas (Gr.), victory of the people.—Dim. Nick.—L. Nicolaus, Fr. Nicolas, Nicole, It. Nicolo, Nicola, Sp. Nicolas, Port. Nicolao, Ger. Nikolaus.

Noel (Fr.—L.), Christmas, born on that day.—Fr. Noël, It. Natale, Sp. and Port. Natal.

Octavius, Octavus (L.), the eighth born—dims. Tavy, Tave—L. Octavius, Octavianus, Fr. Octavien, It. Ottaviano, Ottavio.—Fem. Octavia—Fr. Octavie, Octave, It. Ottavia, Sp. Octavia, Ger. Octavia.

Oliver (L.), an olive-tree.—Dims. Nol, Nolly.—L. Oliverus, Fr. Olivier, It. Oliviero, Uliviero, Sp. Oliverio, Port. Oliveiro, Ger. Oliver.—Fem. Olive, Olivia.

Patrick, Patricius (L.), noble.—Dims. Pat, Paddy.—L. Patricius, Fr. Patrice, It. Patrizio, Sp. Patricio, Ger. Patrizius.—Fem. Patricia.

Paul, Paulus, Paulinus (L.), little—L. Paulus, Fr. Paul, It. Paola, Sp. Pablo, Port. Paulo, Ger. Paul.—Fem. Paula, Paulina, Pauline—Fr. Paule, Paulìne, It. Paola, Paolìna, Sp. Paula, Ger. Pauline.

Peregrine (L.), a stranger.—L. Peregrinus, Fr. Pérégrin, It. Pellegrino, Sp. Peregrino, Ger. Piligrim.

Persis (Gr.), a Persian woman.—Fr. Perside, It. Persida, Sp. Perside, Ger. Persis.

Peter (Gr.), a rock.—Dims. Pete, Peterkin.—L. Petrus, Fr. Pierre, It. Pietro, Sp. and Port. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Petrus.

Philip (Gr.), a lover of horses.—Dims. Phil, Pip.—L. Philippus, Fr. Philippe, It. Filippo, Sp. Felipe, Ger. Philipp.—Fem. Philippa.

Philippa, fem. of Philip above.—Fr. Philippine, It. Filippa, Filippina, Sp. Felipa, Ger. Philippine.

Phineas, Phinehas (Heb.), oracle—more probably an Egyptian word meaning negro.

Rachel (Heb.), a ewe.—Fr. Rachel, It. Rachele, Sp. Raquel, Ger. Rahel.

Raphael (Heb. rephael), God hath healed.—Fr. Raphael, It. Raffaello, Raffaele, Ger. Raphael.

Raymond, Raymund (Teut.), wise protection.—Fr. Raymond, It. Raimondo, Sp. Raimundo, Ger. Raimund.

Rebecca, Rebekah (Heb.), a noose.—Dims. Beck, Bex, Becky.—L. Rebecca, Fr. Rebecca, Ger. Rebekka.

Reginald (Teut.), powerful judgment.—L. Reginaldus, Fr. Regnauld, Renaud, Regnault, It. Rinaldo, Sp. Reynaldos, Ger. Reinwald, Reinald.

Richard (Teut.), stern king.—Dims. Dick, Dicky, Dicken, Dickon.—L. Ricardus, Fr. Richard, It. Riccardo, Sp. Ricardo, Ger. Richard.

Robert (Teut.), bright in fame.—Dims. Bob, Bobby, Dob, Dobbin, Rob, Robbie, Robin.—L. Robertus, Fr. Robert, It. Roberto, Ruberto, Ruperto, Ger. Robert, Rupert, Rudbert, Ruprecht.

Roderick, Roderic (Teut.), famous king, or rich in fame.—Fr. Rodrigue, It. Rodrigo, Sp. Rodrigo, Ruy, Ger. Roderich, Russ. Rurik.

Rodolph, Rodolphus (Teut.), wolf of fame.—L. Rodolphus, Fr. Rodolphe, Raoul, It. Rodolfo, Ridolfo, Sp. Rodolfo, Ger. Rudolf.

Roger (Teut.), spear of fame.—Dims. Hodge, Hodgkin.—L. Rogerus, Fr. Roger, It. Ruggiero, Rogero, Sp. Rogerio, Ger. Rüdiger.

Roland, Rowland (Teut.), fame of the land.—L. Rotlandus, Rolandus, Fr. Roland, It. Orlando, Sp. Roldan, Port. Rolando, Roldão, Ger. Roland.

Rosa (L.), a rose;—Rosabel, Rosabella, a fair rose;—Rosalia, Rosalie, a little rose;—Rosalind, beautiful as a rose.—Dim. Rosie.

Rosamond (Teut.), horse-protection, or famous protection.—Fr. Rosemonde, It. Rosmonda, Sp. Rosamunda.

Samson, Sampson (Heb.), of the sun, solar.—Fr. Samson, Sp. Sanson, Port. Sansão.

Samuel (Heb.), heard of God, name of God.—Dims. Sam, Sammy.—Fr. Samuel, It. Samuele, Ger. Samuel.

Sarah, Sara (Heb.), princess, queen.—Dim. Sal, Sally.—Fr. Sara, It. and Sp. Sara, Ger. Sara.

Sebastian (Gr.), venerable.—L. Sebastianus, Fr. Sébastien, It. Sebastiano.—Sp. Sebastian, Port. Sebastião, Ger. Sebastian.

Sigismund (Teut.), conquering protection.—Fr. Sigismond, It. Sigismondo, Sismondo, Sp. Sigismundo, Ger. Sigismund, Sigmund.

Silas, Silvanus (L.), living in a wood.—Fr. Silvain, It. Silvano, Silvio, Ger. Silvanus, Silvan.—Fem. Sylvia.

Silvester, Sylvester (L.), rustic.—Dims. Vester, Vest.—Fr. Silvestre, Ger. Silvester.

Simeon, Simon (Heb.), famous, that hears.—Dim. Sim.—Fr. Siméon, It. Simone, Sp. Simon, Port. Simão, Simeão, Ger. Simeon, Simon.

Sophia (Gr.), wisdom.—Dim. Sophy.—Fr. Sophie, It. Sofia, Ger. Sophia.

Solomon (Heb.), peaceable.—Dim. Sol.—Fr. Salomon, It. Salomone, Ger. Salomo.

Stephen (Gr.), a crown.—Dims. Steenie, Steve, Stevie.—L. Stephanus, Fr. Étienne, It. Stefano, Sp. Estevan, Esteban, Port. Estevão, Ger. Stephan.

Susan, Susanna, Susannah (Heb.), a lily.—Dims. Sue, Suke, Suky, Susie, Susy.—Fr. Susanne, It. Susanna, Sp. Susana, Ger. Susanne.

Thaddeus (Aramaic), strong.—L. Thaddæus, It. Taddeo, Sp. Tadeo, Ger. Thaddäus.

Theobald (Teut.), people's prince.—Fr. Thibaut, It. Teobaldo, Sp. Theudebaldo, Ger. Dietbold.

Theodora, fem. of Theodore.—Dim. Dora.—It. Teodora, Ger. Theodora.

Theodore (Gr.), gift of God.—L. Theodorus, Fr. Théodore, It. Teodoro, Ger. Theodor, Russ. Feodor.

Theodosius (Gr.), divinely given.—It. Teodosia, Ger. Theodosia.—Fem. Theodosia.

Theophilus (Gr.), a lover of God.—Fr. Théophile, It. Teofilo, Ger. Theophilus, Gottlieb.

Theresa (Gr.), carrying ears of corn.—Dims. Terry, Tracie.—Fr. Thérèse, It. and Sp. Teresa, Ger. Therese, Theresia.

Thomas (Heb.), a twin.—Dims. Tom, Tommy, Tam, Tammie.—Fr. Thomas, It. Tomaso, Sp. Tomas, Ger. Thomas.—Fem. Thomasa, Thomasina, Thomasine, Tomina.

Timothy (Gr.), honoured of God.—Dim. Tim.—L. Timotheus, Fr. Timothée, It. Timoteo, Sp. Timoteo, Ger. Timotheus.

Tobiah, Tobias (Heb.), the Lord is good.—Dim. Toby.—L. Tobias, Fr. Tobie, It. Tobia, Sp. Tobias, Ger. Tobias.

Urban (L.), of the town, courteous.—L. Urbanus, Fr. Urbain, It. Urbano, Ger. Urbanus, Urban.

Valentine (L.), strong.—L. Valentinus, Fr. Valentin, It. Valentino, Sp. Valentin, Ger. Valentin.

Valeria, fem. of Valerius (L.), healthy.—Fr. Valérie, It. Valeria, Ger. Valerie.

Victoria, fem. of Victor.—Fr. Victoire, It. Vittoria, Ger. Victoria.

Vincent (L.), conquering.—L. Vincens, Fr. Vincent, It. Vincenzio, Sp. Vincente, Port. Vicente, Ger. Vincenz.

Viola (L.), a violet.—Fr. Violette, It. Viola, Sp. Violante, Ger. Viola, Viole.

Walter (Teut.), powerful warrior.—Dims. Wat, Watty.—L. Gualterus, Fr. Gauthier, Gautier, It. Gualtiero, Sp. Gualterio, Ger. Walther.

Wilhelmina, fem. of Wilhelm, the German form of William (q.v.).—Dims. Wilmett, Wilmot, Mina, Minnie, Minella.—Fr. Guillelmine, Guillemette, It. Guglielma, Sp. Guillelmina, Ger. Wilhelmine.

William (Teut.), helmet of resolution.—Dims. Will, Willy, Bill, Billy.—L. Guilielmus, Gulielmus, Fr. Guillaume, It. Guglielmo, Sp. Guillermo, Port. Guilherme, Ger. Wilhelm.—Fem. Wilhelmina.

Zachariah, Zechariah (Heb.), the Lord hath remembered.—Dims. Zach, Zechy.

WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT
USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN
FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

See especially the Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases, edited by Dr C. A. M. Fennell (Cambridge, 1892).

abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit (L.), he is gone, he is off, he has escaped, he has broken away (Cicero, In Catilinam, II. i. 1).

ab officio et beneficio (Late L.), from office and benefice—of a clergyman suspended.

ab ovo usque ad mala (L.), from the egg to the apples—of a Roman banquet: from the beginning to the end.

absens heres non erit (L.), the absent one will not be the heir—out of sight, out of mind.

absit (L.), lit. 'let him be absent'—leave to pass one night away from college.

ab uno disce omnes (L.), from one learn all: from one example you may know the rest.

abusus non tollit usum (L.), abuse does not do away with use—i.e. an abuse does not forfeit the legitimate use of a thing.

ac etiam (L.), 'and also'—the name of a clause added to a complaint of trespass in the Court of King's Bench.

à chaque saint sa chandelle (Fr.), to every saint his candle: to every patron his meed of service.

acroama, acroasis (Gr.), oral teaching, anything rhetorical or otherwise pleasant to listen to.

Actæon (Gr.), the hunter who surprised Artemis bathing, and so, being changed into a stag, was torn in pieces by his own hounds: a cuckold.

actum ne agas (L.), do not do over again what is done—i.e. do a thing and have done with it.

ad Calendas Græcas (L.), at the Greek Calends—i.e. never, as the Greeks had no Calends.

ad eundem [gradum] (L.), to the same [degree]—of the admission of a graduate of one university to the same degree at another without examination.

adieu paniers, vendanges sont faites (Fr.), farewell hampers, the vintage is over—good-bye to our hopes! all is over.

ad majorem Dei gloriam (L.), for the greater glory of God—the Jesuit motto.

ad misericordiam (L.), to pity—of an argument, &c.—Also used adjectively.

Adonai (Heb.), the Lord—the name substituted for Jahveh or Jehovah in reading the Old Testament; lit. 'my lords.'

à droite (Fr.), to the right;—à droite et à gauche (Fr.), right and left.

ad vitam aut culpam (L.), for life or till fault—i.e. till some misconduct be proved.

advocatus diaboli (L.), devil's advocate, a person appointed to contest before the papal court the claims of a candidate for canonisation; hence any adverse critic.

ægrescitque medendo (L.), and he becomes worse from the very remedies used.

A.E.I.O.U. (Austriæ est imperare orbi universo), it is Austria's part to command the whole globe.

æquam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem (L.), remember to keep a calm mind in difficulties.

ærarium (L.), the public treasury of ancient Rome under the charge of the Ærarii.

Æsculapius, Esculapius (L.), the god of the healing art, representative of physicians.

affiche (Fr.), a notice, placard, advertisement,—affiché, posted up, published.

agaçant, fem. agaçante (Fr.), provoking, alluring;—agaçerie, allurement.

Agamemnon (Gr.), the leader of the Greeks in the Trojan war, king of Mycenæ: a generic name for a king.

Aganippe (Gr.), a fountain on Mount Helicon sacred to the Muses, supplying poetic inspiration: poetic genius generally.

agar-agar (Malay), an edible seaweed, used in the East for jelly and glue and for dressing silks.

Ahriman, the principle of evil and darkness in the Old Persian mythology—the opposite of Ormuzd (q.v. in Dict.).

aigre-doux, fem. -douce (Fr.), sourish, rather bitter;—aigreur, sourness;—aigri, soured, embittered.

aîné, fem. aînée (Fr.), elder, senior—opposed to puîné or cadet=younger.

Ajax (L.,—Gr.), the Greek hero next to Achilles in the Trojan war: a privy, by a pun on a jakes.

à la bonne heure (Fr.), in good or favourable time—well and good, very good, that is right.

à la Française (Fr.), after the French mode;—à la Parisienne (Fr.), in the Parisian style.

à la lanterne (Fr.), to the lamp(-chain)—of the murders by the mob in the French Revolution, when the victims were seized and hanged on the chains from which hung the street lamps.

à la maître d'hôtel (Fr.), in the style of a house-steward, of a hotel-keeper: in major-domo fashion.

à la Russe (Fr.), in Russian fashion—of dinners the courses of which are served from side-tables.

a latere, ab latere (L.), lit. 'from the side,' in intimate association with, confidential—of legates sent by the Pope.

Albion (L.), an old name of Great Britain—usually said to be from the white (L. albus) cliffs of Kent.

album Græcum (Late L.), the dried dung of dogs, once used for inflammation of the throat.

Alcides (L.,—Gr.), a patronymic of Hercules, from Alcæus, the name of the father of his mother's husband.

alea jacta est, or rather jacta est alea (L.), the die is cast (said by Cæsar on crossing the Rubicon).

alepine, alapeen, a mixed stuff of wool and silk or of cotton and mohair—named from Aleppo.

à l'extrémité (Fr.), to the end of one's resources, to extremes, at the point of death.

aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus (L.), sometimes the good Homer nods—the brightest genius is sometimes dull.

Allah il Allah, a corr. of Ar. lā ilāha illā 'llāh=there is no God but the God—the Moslem war-cry.

alma mater (L.), benign mother—applied by old students to their university.

Alnaschar, a figure in Galland's Arabian Nights who, having no basis but a basket of glass-ware for sale, dreams of making a fortune and marrying a princess, but in his pride kicks the princess of his dream, and so destroys the real foundation of his fortune—hence any one whose illusions of good fortune are disastrously dispelled.

al segno (It.), to the sign—a direction to the performer to go back to and repeat from the place marked thus—

amadavat, avadavat (Anglo-Ind.), an Indian songbird, of family Fringillidæ.

amantium iræ amoris integratio est (L.), lovers' quarrels are a renewal of love.

amare simul et sapere ipsi Jovi non datur (L.), to be in love and to be wise at the same time is not granted even to Jupiter.

âme damnée (Fr.), lit. 'damned soul,' any one's tool or agent blindly devoted to one's will.

amicus curiæ (L.), a friend of the court: a disinterested adviser, not a party to the case (wrongly, a friend in high quarters).

amicus Plato, amicus Socrates, sed magis amica veritas (L.), Plato is dear to me, Socrates is dear, but truth is dearer still.

amicus usque ad aras (L.), a friend even to the altar—i.e. to the last extremity.

amomum (L.,—Gr.), an aromatic plant, once loosely used, now applied to a genus of Zingiberaceæ.

amtman, amptman, also amman (Eng.,—Ger.), a district magistrate, a civil officer in charge of an amt, a steward or bailiff.

ana, written āā, ā (Low L.,—Gr.), used in recipes to mean throughout, in equal quantity or proportion (of each ingredient); hence sometimes as noun, 'an equal quantity' or 'number.'

'anch' io son pittore' (It.), 'I, too, am a painter' [said by Correggio with pride on looking at Raphael's picture of St Cecilia].

ancien régime (Fr.), the old order of things [esp. before the French Revolution];—ancienne noblesse, the nobility of the foregoing.

ancile, pl. ancilia (L.), the shield which fell from heaven in the reign of Numa Pompilius, on the safety of which the prosperity of Rome depended.

animal bipes (L.), the two-footed animal, man;—animal implume, featherless;—animal rationale, rational;—animal risibile, able to laugh.

animula vagula (L.), little soul flitting away—beginning of a poem ascribed to the dying Hadrian, translated or paraphrased by Prior, Pope, Byron, and Dean Merivale.

anonyma (Gr.), a showy woman of light fame whom one is not supposed to know.

Antar, the hero of an Arabian romance based on the exploits of Antara ben Shaddād;—‛anterī (pl. ‛anātira), a reciter of romances in Egypt.

antibarbarus (Late L.), a name applied to a collection of words and locutions to be avoided in the classical usage of a language.

antichthon (Gr.), a counter-earth, placed by Pythagoreans on the opposite side of the sun—its inhabitants the antichthones, hence antipodeans generally.

Anticyra (Gr.), a town of Phocis in ancient Greece, abounding in hellebore, reported a cure for insanity—hence naviget Anticyram=let him sail to Anticyra (i.e. he is mad).

à outrance (Fr.), to excess, furiously, with a vengeance, to the bitter end: rapturously, to the echo [of applause]: furious, desperate.

a parte ante (L.), on the side before—opp. to a parte post, on the side after.

Äpfel-strudel (Ger.), a wafery paste made of flour, butter, and warm water, covered with buttered bread-crumbs, raisins, sugar, allspice, and apples, and rolled up.

apollinaris, an alkaline mineral water containing carbonate of soda, derived from the Apollinaris Spring in the valley of the Ahr, in the Rhine province.

apophyge, apophygis (Gr.), the curving out of the top or bottom of a column from the capital or base.

apoproēgmena (Gr.), things rejected—opp. to proegmena, things preferred.

après moi le déluge (Fr.), after me the deluge: then the deluge may come when it likes.

aqua (L.), water;—aqua cælestis, a sovereign cordial;—aqua fontana, spring water.

à quatre épingles (Fr.), lit. 'with four pins,' with the most careful neatness.

Archæus (Late L. from Gr.), a personification by Paracelsus of animal and vegetable life.

argumentum baculinum (L.), the argument of the stick, club-law—the ultimate appeal.

Aristides (Gr.), an embodiment of justice, from the figure in ancient Greek history.

Aristippus (Gr.), an embodiment of self-indulgence, from the founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.

Asherah, the sacred tree erected beside Canaanite altars, wrongly translated in the A.V. as 'grove.' See Grove in Dict.

Ashtaroth (pl.), Ashtoreth (pl.), Astarte, the chief Canaanite goddess, female counterpart to Baal, corresponding to the Assyrian Ishtar.

askesis, ascesis (Late L.—Gr.); training: the monastic life, asceticism.

Asmodeus, Asmoday, an evil spirit of Semitic mythology, whose functions are seen in Le Sage's story, Le Diable Boiteux.

Aspasia, a gifted Athenian courtesan, mistress of Pericles—any charming and accomplished woman of easy morals.

Astræa, the goddess of justice in Greek mythology who lived on earth during the Golden Age, but fled from man's impiety.

Atalanta, a fleet-footed Arcadian maiden who raced her suitors—defeated by Hippomedon by means of the stratagem of letting fall three golden apples.

Athanasius contra mundum (L.), Athanasius against the world: one resolute man facing universal opposition.

Atreus, son of Pelops, who served up the flesh of Thyestes' children to their father.

Atropos, one of the Fates of Greek mythology, who cut the destined thread of life.

au bout de son Latin (Fr.), at the end of his Latin, at the end of his knowledge, at his wits' end.

au gratin (Fr.), after the style of gratin, i.e. brown—fish cooked in this way being covered with bread-crumbs and browned in an oven, &c.

au plaisir de vous revoir (Fr.), till I have the pleasure of seeing you again.

aureus [nummus] (L.), golden [coin]—the standard gold coin of ancient Rome, equal to 100 sesterces, worth about £1, 1s.: a weight of 1½ drachms.

au royaume des aveugles les borgnes sont rois (Fr.), in the kingdom of the blind the one-eyed are kings.

aurum omnes, victâ jam pietate, colunt (L.), all worship gold, piety being overthrown.

auspex, pl. auspices (L.), an augur in ancient Rome;—auspicium, pl. auspicia, an observation made by an augur.

aut amat aut odit mulier, nihil est tertium (L.), a woman either loves or she hates, there is no third course for her.

autant d'hommes (or de têtes), autant d'avis (Fr.), so many men, so many minds.

aut insanit homo aut versus facit (L.), either the man is mad or he is making verses.

aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetæ (L.), poets seek either to profit or to please.

aut ragem aut fatuum nasci oportet (L.), it behoves one to be born either king or fool.

aux grands maux les grands remèdes (Fr.), to desperate evils desperate remedies.

ave, imperator, morituri te salutant! (L.), hail, emperor, men doomed to die salute thee! [said by gladiators].

Avernus (L.), the infernal regions, any abyss—from Lake Avernus in Campania.

avoir la langue déliée (Fr.), to have the tongue unbound, to be glib of speech.

avvocato, avvocado (It.), an advocate, barrister;—avvocato del diabolo (see advocatus diaboli).

bacchius (L.—Gr.), a metrical foot consisting of two long syllables preceded or followed by a short syllable.

bahar, bhar (Ar.), a measure for heavy weight in India, &c., varying from two cwt. upwards.

balachong, blachong (Malay), a condiment of prawns, shrimps, &c., fermented, salted, and spiced.

ballet d'action (Fr.), a ballet combining action with dancing;—ballet divertissement, a ballet entertainment.

ballon d'essai (Fr.), an experimental balloon sent up: a 'feeler' of any kind.

banderilla (Sp.), a dart with which the banderillero annoys the bull in a bull-fight.

Barataria, the island government committed to Sancho Panza in Don Quixote.

barbâ tenus sapientes (L.), sages as far as the beard—i.e. with an appearance of wisdom only.

barca (It.), a boat, barge;—barca-longa, a large Spanish fishing-boat.

basilicon (Gr.), lit. 'royal,' a title applied to various ointments of repute—also basilicum.

basoche (Fr.), a tribunal for disputes between the clerks of the French parliament.

bât (Fr.), a pack-saddle—only in composition, as in bathorse, batman, batmoney, &c.

Bayard, a gentleman of perfect courage and spotless honour, from the Chevalier Bayard (1476-1524), sans peur et sans reproche.

beatus ille qui procul negotiis ... paterna rura bobus exercet suis (L.), happy he who, far removed from city cares, ... tills with his own oxen the fields that were his father's.

beauté du diable (Fr.), that overpowering beauty for the sake of which men fling everything away.

beegah, begah, beegha (Hind.), a Hindoo square measure, varying from ⅓ to ⅔ acre.

bel esprit (Fr.), a fine genius: a person of wit or genius;—pl. beaux esprits, men of wit: gay spirits.

bella gerant alii, tu, felix Austria, nube (L.), let others wage wars; do thou, lucky Austria, make marriages.

bellum nec timendum nec provocandum (L.), war is neither to be feared nor provoked.

beltà e follia vanno spesso in compagnia (It.), beauty and folly often go together.

bene decessit (Late L.), he has left well—a leaving certificate given to a schoolboy, curate, &c.

beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere (L.), to accept a favour is to sell one's liberty.

bene merentibus (L.), to the well-deserving;—bene meriti (acc. -tos), having well deserved.

bene orâsse est bene studuisse (L.), to have prayed well is to have endeavoured well.

berceau (Fr.), a cradle: a covered walk;—berceaunette (pseudo-French), a bassinette.

bête (Fr.), brute, stupid person;—bête noire, a black beast: a bugbear;—bêtise, stupidity.

Bethesda (Heb.), a healing pool at Jerusalem—often applied to a Nonconformist church.

Beulah (Heb.), a land of rest—a name for Israel in its future condition, in Isa. lxii. 4.

bibliotheca (L.,—Gr.), a library: a bibliographer's catalogue: a series of books.

bien (Fr.), well;—bien-aimé, well beloved;—bien chausse (fem. chaussée), well shod, with neat boots;—bien entendu, of course, to be sure;—bien ganté, with neat gloves.

bock (Fr.), a strong kind of German beer, drunk in May—from Eimbockbier—Einbeck in Prussia: now often a glass or mug of any beer.

bona (L.), goods;—bona mobilia, movable goods;—bona peritura, perishable goods;—bona vacantia, unclaimed goods.

bon accueil (Fr.), good reception, due honour;—bon ami, good friend;—bon camarade, good comrade;—bon diable, good-natured fellow;—bon enfant, good fellow, pleasant companion;—bon goût, good taste.

bonagh, bonough (Ir.), a regular soldier;—bonaght, a subsidy to Irish chiefs for a supply of soldiers.

bon marché (Fr.), 'good bargain:' cheapness: cheap: a large ready-money drapery shop.

bon vivant (Fr.), a jovial companion: one who lives too well [bonne vivante is not according to French usage]; bon viveur, a free or fast liver.

booza (Ar.), a drink made in Turkey and Egypt by fermenting millet or barley.

bourgeois, fem. bourgeoise (Fr.), a townsman, trader—(adj.) of the middle class, commercial;—bourgeois gentilhomme, the tradesman-gentleman.

brachium civile (L.), the civil arm;—brachium seculare, the secular arm.

brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio (L.), in labouring to be brief I become obscure.

Brodstudien (Ger.), bread studies, those by means of which one earns his living.

brûler la chandelle par les deux bouts (Fr.), to burn the candle at both ends.

Bursch, pl. Burschen (Ger.), a comrade, a student;—Burschenschaft, an association of German students.

cælum non animum mutant qui trans mare currant (L.), they change their sky, not their mind, who scour across the sea.

café au lait (Fr.), coffee with [hot] milk;—café noir, black coffee [without milk].

ça ira (Fr.), 'that shall go'-the opening words of a famous song of the French Revolution.

Campus Martius (L.), field of Mars, used by the ancient Romans for games, military drill, &c.

candy, candil (Tamil), a South Indian weight, generally containing 20 maunds, about 500 pounds English.

canopus (L.—Gr.), a bright star in the southern constellation Argo navis: an Egyptian vase for holding the entrails of the body embalmed.

cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator (L.), the empty traveller will sing before a robber.

Cantate (L.), Psalm xcviii. as a canticle in the Anglican evening service;—Cantate Domino, sing to the Lord.

carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero (L.), enjoy the present day, trusting the least possible to the future;—often carpe diem alone, meaning 'seize the opportunity.'

catalogue raisonné (Fr.), a descriptive catalogue of books, &c., arranged according to their subjects.

cave canem (L.), beware of the dog, a frequent inscription on Roman thresholds.

cave quid dicis, quando, et cui (L.), beware what you say, when, and to whom.

cedant arma togæ (L.), let arms yield to the gown: let military authority yield to civil.

cela va sans dire (Fr.), that goes without saying: it is a matter of course: agreed!

c'en est que le premier pas qui coûte (Fr.), it is only the first step that is difficult.

certum est quia impossibile est (L.), it is certain because it is impossible.

c'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre (Fr.), that is magnificent, but it is not war [said at Balaklava by a French general watching the charge of the Light Brigade].

c'est pire [plus] qu'un crime, c'est une faute (Fr.), it is worse than a crime, it is a blunder.

ceterum censeo (L.), but I think [said of persistent obstruction, like that of Cato].

chacun son goût, à chacun son goût (Fr.), every one to his taste [chacun à son goût is not French].

chamade (Fr.), during war, the sounding of a trumpet or drum to ask a parley.

chapeau bras, chapeau de bras, a crush-hat [coined English-French, not real French].

chapelle ardente (Fr.), a chapel or chamber in which a corpse lies in state before burial, surrounded by lighted candles.

chapelle expiatoire (Fr.), a chapel built in expiation, generally on the site of one's sin.

cher ami (Fr.), a dear male friend;—chère amie, a dear female friend.—Chéri, fem. chérie, beloved.

cherchez la femme! (Fr.), seek for the woman! there's a woman at the bottom of it! [the phrase is due to Dumas père].

chevalier d'industrie (Fr.), lit. a knight of industry: one who lives by persevering fraud.

chiesa libera in libero stato (It.), a free church in a free state [Cavour's recipe for Italy].

circulus in probando (L.), arguing in a circle, using the conclusion as one of the arguments.

cogito, ergo sum (L.) I think, therefore I am [Descartes' fundamental basis of philosophy].

Coma Berenices (L.), an asterism between Boötes and Leo, representing the amber hair of Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Euergetes.

Comédie Française, La (Fr.), the official name of the subsidised Théâtre Français.

comédie humaine (Fr.), the name applied to the collection of Balzac's novels, planned to form a complete picture of contemporary society.

comme il faut (Fr.), as it should be: correct: approved by the fashionable world, genteel.

cordon sanitaire (Fr.), a sanitary cordon, a line of sentries posted so as to keep contagious disease within a certain area.

corpus juris canonici (L.), body of the canon law; corpus juris civilis (L.), body of the civil law.

corruptio optimi pessima (L.), the corruption of the best is the worst of all.

cuilibet in arte suâ credendum est (L.), every person is to be trusted in his own art.

curiosa felicitas (L.), nice felicity of expression that is the fruit of pains.

date obolum Belisario (L.), give a penny to Belisarius [the appeal ascribed to the great general when reduced to mendicancy].

Davus sum, non Œdipus (L.), I am only Davus, not Œdipus—a plain man, and no prophet.

déjeuner (Fr.), in France, a late breakfast, a midday meal with meat and wine; in England, luncheon—more specifically, déjeuner à la fourchette, a breakfast with meat.

de l'audace, encore de l'audace, et toujours de l'audace (Fr.), to dare, still to dare, and ever to dare [Danton's famous phrase].

delenda est Carthago (L.), Carthage must be destroyed [a saying constantly repeated by Cato].

de minimis non curat lex (L.), the law does not concern itself about very small matters.

de nihilo nihilum, in nihilum nil posse reverti (L.), from nothing nothing, into nothing nothing can return.

de omni re scibili et quibusdam aliis (L.), about all things knowable, and some others.

der grosse Heide (Ger.), the great heathen or Pagan [Heine's name for Goethe].

de rigueur (Fr.), strictly required: indispensable: obligatory: compulsory: latest.

de te fabula narratur (L.), the parable is told about you yourself; thou art the man.

detur digniori (L.), let it be given to the more worthy;—detur pulchriori (L.), let it be given to the fairer.

deus ex machina (L.), a god [let down] out of the machine [in theatrical apparatus]: a too obvious device in an author's plot.

dies fasti or profesti (L.), days on which judgment could be pronounced, on which courts could be held in ancient Rome, lawful days.

dies nefasti (L.), days on which judgment could not be pronounced or assemblies of the people be held, in ancient Rome.

di majorum gentium (L.), the divinities of superior rank—i.e. the twelve greater gods of classical mythology.

dos moi pou stō kai tēn gēn kinēsō (Gr.), give me where to stand, and I will move the earth [attributed to Archimedes].

dulce est desipere in loco (L.), it is pleasant to play the fool on occasion.

dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori (L.), it is sweet and glorious to die for one's country.

dulce, 'Domum!' (L.), sweet strain, 'Homeward!' from a Winchester school song sung before holidays.

école (Fr.), school;—école de droit, law school;—école de médecine, school of medicine;—école militaire, military school;—école polytechnique, polytechnic school.

écrasé (Fr.), crushed;—écraser, to crush;—écrasez l'infâme! crush the abominable [superstition] out of existence! [motto of Voltaire—against the Roman Catholic Church of his time].

editio princeps (L.), original edition [especially of a work till then only known in MS.].

Egeria, the nymph who instructed the ancient Roman king Numa Pompilius, hence any woman who gives a man his inspiration.

Eile mit Weile (Ger.), speed with heed, make haste leisurely. Cf. festina lente.

embarras de (du) choix (Fr.), embarrassment in choice, a perplexing number of objects from which to choose.

embarras de(s) richesses (Fr.), a perplexing amount of wealth or abundance of any kind.

émigré, fem. émigrée (Fr.), an emigrant, esp. one of those royalists who fled from France during the great Revolution.

empressé, fem. empressée (Fr.), eager to show goodwill or civility;—empressement, warmth of manner, cordiality.

en barbette (Fr.), on a breastwork or platform for ordnance which is fired over a parapet and not through embrasures—also of a ship's guns fired over the bulwarks and not through ports.

en cuerpo (Sp.), in close-fitting dress; sometimes erroneously for 'stark naked,' the Spanish for which is en cueros.

enfans perdus, enfants perdus (Fr.), lit. 'lost children:' forlorn hope.

enfant terrible (Fr.), lit. 'terrible child,' a precocious child whose indiscreet prattle puts his elders to the blush.

ens per accidens (Late L.), that which exists only as an accident of ens per se—i.e. a substance.

entente (Fr.), understanding;—entente cordiale, cordial understanding between nations.

éperdu, fem. éperdue (Fr.), distracted;—éperdument amoureux, desperately in love.

e pur si muove! (It.), but it does move, though! [attributed to Galileo, after recanting his doctrine that the earth goes round the sun].

équestrienne (an English-coined word in imitation French), a horsewoman, a female circus-rider.

e re natâ (Late L.), from the circumstance arisen, according to the exigencies of the case.

Eschscholtzia (Latinised from name of German botanist Eschscholtz), a Californian poppy with showy yellow flowers.

estancia (Sp.), a mansion: in Spanish America, a large grazing farm or landed estate;—estanciero, the owner or overseer of such.

étage (Fr.), floor, story [bel étage, best story, first floor, is not a French usage].

étagère (Fr.), an ornamental stand of shelves for flowers, articles of virtu, &c.

étape (Fr.), a storehouse: a halting-place: a day's march: rations: forage.

état (Fr.), state, rank;—état-major, the staff of an army, regiment, &c.

et ego in Arcadia (L.), I, too, was in Arcadia: I know as much about it as anybody.

et hoc genus omne, et id genus omne (L.), and everything of this, or of that, sort.

ethos (Gr.), permanent character: in literature and art, the chief characteristics of a work as affecting the intellectual and moral faculties, as opposed to pathos, which appeals to the emotions.

et tu, Brute! (L.), you too, Brutus! [Cæsar's exclamation when he saw his much-loved Brutus amongst his murderers.]

ex abundanti (L.), superfluously;—ex abundanti cautela, from excessive caution.

ex abusu non arguitur ad usum (L.), from the abuse no argument is drawn against the use.

ex cathedrâ (Late L.), from the chair of office, esp. the pope's throne in the Consistory, or a professor's chair, hence authoritatively, judicially.

exceptis excipiendis (Late L.), excepting what is to be excepted, with proper exceptions.

exeat (L.), let him go out—formal leave, as for a student to be out of college for more than one night.

exegi monumentum ære perennius (L.), I have reared a monument more lasting than brass.

exempli gratiâ (L.), by way of example, for instance—often abbreviated e.g.

ex libris (Late L.), from the books—followed by the owner's name in the genitive—written in the volumes or on the bookplates of a library.

ex naturâ rei (Late L.), from the nature of the case;—ex naturâ rerum, from the nature of things.

extinctus amabitur idem (L.), the same man [maligned living], when dead, will be loved.

ex voto (L.), according to one's prayer, by reason of a vow: votive: a votive offering.

faber est quisque fortunæ suæ (L.), every man is the fashioner of his own fortune.

facile est inventis addere (L.), it is easy to add to things invented already.

facilis descensus Averno (or Averni) (L.), descent to Avernus (hell) is easy: the road to evil is easy.

facinus majoris abollæ (L.), the crime of a larger cloak, i.e. of a deep philosopher.

faire de la prose sans le savoir (Fr.), to produce prose without knowing it—which Molière's M. Jourdain was surprised to find he had been doing all his days in conversation.

falsi crimen (Late L.), the crime of falsity, fraudulent concealment, forgery.

farrago libelli (L.), a medley of miscellaneous topics for a little book [of satire].

fax mentis incendium gloriæ (L.), the passion for glory is a torch to the mind.

fecundi calices, quem non fecere disertum? (L.), full cups, whom have they not made eloquent?

femme (Fr.), woman, wife;—femme couverte (old law French), a married woman, as under her husband's protection;—femme galante, a gay woman;—femme incomprise, a woman misunderstood or unappreciated;—femme savante, a learned woman, a blue-stocking;—femme sole (law French), a single woman, a woman legally independent.

fendre un cheveu en quatre (Fr.), to split a hair in quarters, to make over-subtle distinctions.

fermier général (Fr.), farmer-general, one who farmed certain taxes under the old French monarchy.

feu de joie (Fr.), a bonfire: in English (not in French), a firing of guns in token of joy.

feuilletoniste (Fr.), one who writes for feuilletons. See Feuilleton in Dict.

fiat experimentum in corpore vili (L.), let experiment be made on a worthless body.

fiat justitia, ruat cœlum (L.), let justice be done, though the heavens should fall.

fichu (Fr.), a triangular kerchief or wrap worn on a woman's neck and shoulders.

fieri facias (Late L.), cause to be done—the name of a writ commanding the sheriff to distrain the defendant's goods.

figurant, fem. figurante (Fr.), a supernumerary on the stage;—figurante, pl. figuranti (It.), a ballet-dancer.

finis Poloniæ! (L.), the end of Poland! the Scotch Chancellor Seafield's 'end o' an auld sang' in 1707.

flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo (L.), if I can't move the gods, I'll stir up hell.

flocculus, pl. flocculi (Late L.), a small flock or tuft of wool or the like.

florilegium, pl. florilegia (Late L.), a collection of flowers—i.e. of choice passages, an anthology.

fœnum habet in cornu (L.), he has hay on his horn [the sign of a dangerous bull].

foie gras (Fr.), fat liver [of goose] made into pâté de foie gras (or foies gras).

fomes, pl. fomites (L.), touchwood, a substance which retains contagion.

forsan et hæc olim meminisse juvabit (L.), perchance hereafter it will be delightful to remember even these things.

Fors Clavigera—the title assumed by Ruskin for his series of periodical letters to British working-men. Fors=fortune; Claviger, the club-bearer, an epithet of Hercules.

forti et fideli nihil difficile (L.), to the brave and faithful nothing is difficult.

fortis cadere, cedere non potest (L.), the brave man may fall, he cannot yield.

frisette (Fr.), a frizette, fringe of frizzled hair worn above or on the forehead.

frondeur (Fr.), an adherent of the Fronde: any malcontent. See Fronde in Dict.

Frontignac, a sweet wine produced near Frontignan, in Hérault, France [in modern French, Frontignan.]

frow(e), fro(e), Anglicised from Dut. vruow, a married woman, wife: a slovenly woman.

galant, fem. galante (Fr.), given to illicit intrigue: one of the parties in an amour;—galant homme, a man of honour.

galimafrée (Fr.), hotch-potch, hash.—Anglicised as Gallimaufry (q.v. in Dict.).

gens d'affaires (Fr.), business men; gens d'armes, men-at-arms (cf. gendarmes); gens de bien, honest folk; gens de condition, people of rank; gens d'église, churchmen; gens de langues, linguists; gens de lettres, men of letters; gens de loi, lawyers; gens de même farine, birds of a feather; gens de mer, seamen; gens d'épée, gens de guerre, military men; gens de peu, people of humble condition; gens de robe, lawyers; gens du monde, people of fashion.

gradus ad Parnassum (L.), a step to Parnassus, aid in the composition of Latin or Greek verse.

graviora quædam sunt remedia periculis (L.), some remedies are more grievous than the perils.

Hanc veniam petimusque damusque vicissim (L.), we ask and grant this liberty turn about.

hapax legomenon (Gr.), a word or phrase that occurs once only; a solitary instance.

heu pietas! heu prisca fides! (L.), alas for piety! alas for the ancient faith!

hinc lucem et pocula sacra (L.), from this source [we draw] light and draughts of sacred learning.

hoc volo, sic jubeo, sit pro ratione voluntas (L.), this I will, thus I command, be my will sufficient reason.

homme d'affaires (Fr.), business man: agent: steward; homme de bien, man of worth, good man; homme de cour, courtier; homme de fortune, fortunate man: rich man; homme de lettres, man of letters; homme de paille, man of straw; homme d'épée, military man; homme de robe, a lawyer; homme d'esprit, a man of wit; homme d'état, a statesman; homme du monde, man of fashion.

homo antiquâ virtute ac fide (L.), a man of the antique virtue and loyalty.

homo nullius coloris (L.), a man of no colour, one who does not commit himself.

homo sum: humani nihil a me alienum puto (L.), I am a man; I count nothing human indifferent to me. [Said by a Paul Pry in Terence, Heaut. I. i. 25.]

honi soit qui mal y pense (O. Fr.), the shame be his who thinks ill of it—the motto of the Order of the Garter.

Hôtel des Invalides (Fr.), Hospital for Invalids—the name of a hospital for disabled soldiers in Paris, founded in 1670.

ignoratio elenchi (L.), ignoring the point in question, the fallacy of arguing to the wrong point.

il a les défauts de ses qualités (Fr.), he has the defects which go with the good qualities he has.

il faut laver son linge sale en famille (Fr.), one should wash one's foul linen within the family, in private, at home.

ille crucem sceleris pretium tulit, hic diadema (L.), that man got a cross, this man a crown, as the price of his crime.

ille terrarum mihi præter omnes angulus ridet (L.), that corner of the earth to me smiles sweetest of all.

il n'y a pas que le premier pas qui coûte (Fr.), it is only the first step that is difficult.

ils n'ont rien appris ni rien oublié (Fr.), they have learned nothing and forgotten nothing [said of the French Emigrés, often of the Bourbons].

incidis in Scyllam cupiens vitare Charybdim (L.), you fall into Scylla trying to avoid Charybdis.

in foro conscientiæ (L.), in the court of conscience: judged by one's own conscience.

ingénu, ingénue (Fr.), a young man or woman of exceptional simplicity.

in hoc signo vinces (L.), in this sign thou wilt conquer—i.e. in the Cross [the motto of Constantine the Great].

in magnis et voluisse sat est (L.), in great things even to have wished to try is enough.

in partibus infidelium (L.), in unbelieving countries—where there are no strictly territorial Catholic dioceses.

in usum Delphini (L.), for the use of the Dauphin: toned down to suit the young person.

Italia irredenta (It.), unredeemed Italy—the parts of Italy not yet freed from foreign domination—South Tyrol, Dalmatia, Trieste, &c.

jam proximus ardet Ucalegon (L.), already [the house of] our next-door neighbour, Ucalegon, is in flames.

je n'en vois pas la nécessité! (Fr.), I don't see the necessity for that! [said in reply to a man who pleaded, 'But one must live somehow'].

judex damnatur cum nocens absolvitur (L.), the judge is condemned when the guilty man is acquitted.

justum et tenacem propositi virum (L.), a man upright and tenacious of purpose.

j'y suis, j'y reste! (Fr.), here I am, and here I stay! [said by Macmahon at the Malakoff].

Kulturkampf (Ger.), the war of culture [said by Virchow in 1873 of the conflict between Bismarck and the Catholic Church].

labuntur et imputantur (L.), they [i.e. the moments] slip away and are laid to our account [on sundials].

l'appétit vient en mangeant (Fr.), appetite comes as you eat: the more you get, the more you would have.

la reyne le veult (Norm Fr.), the Queen will it, the form expressing the Queen's assent to a bill.

lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch' entrate (It.), abandon hope, all ye who enter here [in Dante, the inscription over the gate of hell].

leitmotif (Ger.), a representation theme used to indicate a certain person, attribute, or idea, in an opera, oratorio, &c.

l'empire c'est la paix (Fr.), the empire means peace [said by Louis Napoleon in 1852].

le style est l'homme même (Fr.), the style is the man himself [from Buffon].

lettre de cachet (Fr.), a sealed letter: a royal warrant for arrest and imprisonment.

Lingua Franca (It.), the corrupt Italian once current in the Levant: the mixed language spoken by Europeans in the East.

lucus a non lucendo (L.), the grove [lucus] [is so named] from its not shining—of a contradictory or incredible explanation.

magna est veritas et prævalebit (L.), truth is great and will prevail [better, et prevalet, and prevails].

mandamus (L.), we command: a writ or command issued by a higher court to a lower.

materia medica (L.), medicines collectively: all substances used as remedies: the science of their properties and use.

matre pulchrâ filia pulchrior (L.), a daughter fairer than her fair mother.

mauvais sujet (Fr.), a bad subject: a worthless fellow;—mauvais ton (Fr.), bad style, bad form.

maxima debetur puero reverentia (L.), the greatest reverence is due to the boy—i.e. to the innocence of his age.

modus operandi (L.), plan of working: mode of operation;—modus vivendi, a way or mode of living: an arrangement or compromise by means of which persons or parties differing greatly are enabled to get on together for a time.

mont-de-piété (Fr.), a pawnbroking shop established by public authority.—It. monte di pietà.

naturam expellas furcâ, tamen usque recurret (L.), though you drive out nature with a pitchfork [i.e. with violence], yet will she always return.

née (Fr.), born So-and-so: her maiden name being So-and-so, as Madame de Staël, née Necker.

nemine contradicente (L.; often nem. con.), without opposition: no one speaking in opposition.

nemo me impune lacessit (L.), no one hurts me with impunity—the motto of Scotland.

ne plus ultra (L.), nothing further: the uttermost point or extreme perfection of anything.

nescis, mi fili, quantilla prudentia mundus regatur (L.), you know not, my son, with what a small stock of wisdom the world is governed.

nihil tetigit quod non ornavit, or nullum quod tetigit non ornavit (L.), he touched nothing without adorning it.

nil admirari (L.), to wonder at nothing, to admire nothing, to be superior and self-complacent.

nisi Dominus frustra (L.), unless the Lord [build the house, they labour] in vain [that build it]—the motto of Edinburgh.

nisi prius (L.), unless previously—a name [from the first words of the writ] given to the jury sittings in civil cases.

nom de guerre (Fr.), an assumed name: travelling title: pseudonym [nom de plume is not French].

non olet pecunia (L.), money does not stink—you can't tell how the money has been acquired.

nous avons changé tout cela (Fr.), we have changed all that—from Molière.

nouveaux riches (Fr.), persons who have but lately acquired wealth, upstarts.

nulla dies sine lineâ (L.), no day without a line, without writing a little.

nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri (L.), bound to swear to the words of no master, to follow no one blindly or slavishly.

obiter (L.), by the way, cursorily;—obiter dictum, pl. obiter dicta, something said by the way, a cursory remark.

obscurum per obscurius (L.), [explaining] the obscure by means of the more obscure.

odium theologicum (L.), the hatred of theologians—of theological controversy.

olim meminisse juvabit (L.), it will sometime be a pleasure to remember [these trials].

omne ignotum pro magnifico (L.), everything unknown [is taken to be] magnificent.

omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci (L.), he scored every point who combined the useful with the sweet.

omnia mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis (L.), all things change, and we change with them.

omnia vincit amor, nos et cedamus amori (L.), love overcomes all things, and even we succumb to love.

O tempora! O mores! (L.), O the times! O the manners!—i.e. what sad times! what dreadful doings!

panem et circenses! (L.), [give us] bread and circus-games! [the cry of the Roman populace]: beer and skittles.

parcere subjectis et debellare superbos (L.), to spare the vanquished and put down the proud.

parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus (L.), the mountains are in travail, an absurd mouse will be the outcome.

per aspera ad astra (L.), to the stars by rough roads. through bolts and bars.

pereunt et imputantur (L.), [the moments, hours] pass away and are reckoned to our account.

personnel (Fr.), the persons employed in any service as distinguished from the matériel.

posse comitatus (L.), the power of the county [called by the sheriff to quell a riot].

poste restante (Fr.), a department in a post-office, in which letters so addressed are kept to be called for.

post hoc, ergo propter hoc (L.), after this, therefore because of this [a fallacious reasoning].

que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère? (Fr.), what the devil was he doing in that galley? [from Molière's Les Fourberies de Scapin].

quem deus perdere vult, prius dementat (L.), whom a god wishes to destroy, he first makes mad.

quicquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi (L.), whatever madness possesses the chiefs, it is [the common soldiers or people of] the Achæans who suffer.

quid desiderio sit pudor aut modus? (L.), why should there be shame or stint in regret for the loss of one so dear?

quieta non movere (L.), things that are at rest not to move—to let sleeping dogs lie.

quod bonum, felix, faustumque sit (L.), may this be right, happy, and of good omen.

quod erat demonstrandum (L.), or Q.E.D., which was to be proved or demonstrated.

quot homines, tot sententiæ (L.), as many men, so many minds (Terence's Phormio).

quousque tandem, O Catilina? (L.), to what length, then, O Catiline, [are you resolved to go]? [from Cicero's oration against Catiline].

rari nantes in gurgite vasto (L.), here and there [some] swimming in a vast whirlpool.

Realschulen (Ger.), secondary schools in Germany, giving a general practical training.

rem acu tetigisti (L.), you have touched the thing with a needle: you have hit it exactly.

réponse, s'il vous plaît, or R.S.V.P. (Fr.), reply, if you please, an answer will oblige.

revenons à nos moutons (Fr.), let us return to our sheep: let us return to our subject.

sans phrase (Fr.), without phrases [of courtesy], without formalities, without any more talk.

se non è vero, è ben trovato (It.), if it is not true, it is cleverly invented.

servus servorum Dei (L.), a servant of the servants of God [a title adopted by the popes].

similia similibus curantur (L.), like things are cured by like—a hair of the dog that bit one.

si monumentum requiris, circumspice (L.), if you seek [his] monument, look round you [inscription for the architect Christopher Wren's tomb in St Paul's].

solventur risu tabulæ (L.), the bills will be dismissed with laughter—you will be laughed out of court.

solvitur ambulando (L.), [the problem] is solved by walking—by practical experiment.

splendide mendax (L.), splendidly false [for a good purpose]—lying in state.

sutor ne supra crepidam judicaret (L.), let not the cobbler venture above his last.

tantæ molis erat Romanam condere gentem (L.), a task of such difficulty was it to found the Roman race.

tantæne animis cœlestibus iræ? (L.), are there such violent passions in celestial minds?

tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis (L.), the times are changed, and we with them.

thalatta, thalatta! (Gr.), the sea, the sea! [the exulting cry of Xenophon's soldiers on catching sight of the sea].

timeo Danaos et dona ferentes (L.), I fear the Greeks, even when bringing gifts.

tirage à part (Fr.), an off-print, or article reprinted separately from the magazine, &c., in which it first appeared—the German Abdruck.

toujours perdrix (Fr.), partridge every day—there may be too much even of a good thing.

tout est perdu hors l'honneur (Fr.), all is lost but honour [said by Francis I. at Pavia].

traduttore traditore (It.), a translator is a traitor or betrayer:—pl. traduttori traditori.

ubi bene, ibi patria (L.), where it goes well with me, there is my fatherland.

verbum sapienti sat est (L.), a word is enough for a wise man—often abbrev. verb. sap. and verb. sat.

vestigia nulla retrorsum (L.), no footprints backwards [at the lion's den]: no going back.

video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor (L.), I see the better course and approve it, I follow the worse.

volto sciolto e pensieri stretti (It.), countenance open and thoughts closed.

vous l'avez voulu, George Dandin! (Fr.), you would have it so! [from Molière's George Dandin].

Weltschmerz (Ger.), world-sorrow: sympathy with universal misery: thorough-going pessimism.

xystum, pl. xysta (L.—Gr.), a covered colonnade in a gymnasium, a shaded walk in the garden of a Roman village.

zif (Heb.), a Hebrew month, same as Iyar, which begins with the new moon of April.

THE METRIC or FRENCH SYSTEM.

MONEY.

ADDENDA.

Acetone, a′sē-tōn, n. one of a class of carbon compounds in many respects similar to the aldehydes; also called Ketone. [From Acetic.]

Acierate, as′i-ėr-āt, v.t. to turn into steel.—n. Ac′ierage, the process of electroplating a metal with iron or steel. [Fr. acier, steel, L. acies, edge.]

Adiabatic, ad-i-a-bat′ik, adj. (physics) neither losing nor gaining heat: impassable to heat. [Gr. a, not, dia, through, batos, passable.]

Aëroplane, ā′e-rō-plān, n. a form of flying-machine: a small plane for aerostatic experiments. [Gr. aēr, air, L. planus, plain.]

Agar-agar, äg′ar-äg′ar, n. a nutrient jelly prepared from certain seaweeds, and used in the artificial cultivation of bacteria.

Albuminuria, al-bū-min-ū′ri-a, n. the presence of albumin in the urine: the disease producing this.

Altiscope, al′ti-skōp, n. an instrument containing several lenses and mirrors, so arranged that an observer can see beyond intervening objects.

Barranca, bar-ran′ka, n. a deep gorge, with steep sides.—Also Barran′co. [Sp. Am.]

Carbohydrate, kär′bō-hī-drāt, n. a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the last two being in the proportion to form water. [Carbon and Hydrate.]

Cirrhosis, si-rō′sis, n. a wasting of the proper tissue of an organ, accompanied by abnormal growth of connective tissue. [Gr. kirrhos, tawny.]

Electron, ē-lek′tron, n. a particle or corpuscle vastly more minute than anything heretofore contemplated by science—in mass about a thousandth part of that of a hydrogen atom; and identified with the charge of negative electricity with which it is indissolubly associated. [From the root of Electric (q.v.).]

Formalin, form′al-in, n. a powerful antiseptic and germicide.—Also Formal′dehyde (see Aldehyde).

Mafficking, maf′fik-ing, n. noisy rejoicings of the mob. [From the scene in the streets of London when the news of the relief of Mafeking was received (1900).]

Marconigram, mar-cō′ni-gram, n. a message transmitted by 'wireless' telegraphy. [From Marconi, the inventor of the system, and Gr. gramma, that which is written.]

Mercerise, mėr′cėr-īz, v.t. to treat cotton so as to make it appear like silk. [From Mercer (1791-1866), the inventor of the process.]

Motor-garage, mō′tor-gär-äzh′, n. a depot where motor-cars are stored or repaired and provided with accessories. [Motor and Fr. garage—gare, dock, railway station; from the High German root found in Aware (q.v.).]

Paraldehyde, pär-al′de-hīd, n. a colourless liquid, of disagreeable taste and smell, used to produce sleep (see Aldehyde).

Pogrom, pog-rom′, n. destruction: devastation: a lawless outburst involving injury to persons and property. [Russian.]

Producer-gas, pro-dū′sėr-gas, n. a mixture of hydrogen and carbon-monoxide diluted with nitrogen.

Radio-activity, rā′di-o-ak-tiv′i-ti, n. the power of producing photographic or electrical effects by a process identical with or analogous to radiation.

Radioscope, rā′di-o-skōp, n. an instrument for detecting radiation (see Radiant).

Röntgenise, runt′gen-īz (g hard), v.t. to treat by the Röntgen rays (see at X-rays under X).—ns. Röntgenog′raphy, photography by these rays; Röntgenol′ogy, the study of the rays; Röntgenos′copy, observation by means of them; Röntgenother′apy, healing by means of them.

Serendipity, sėr-en-dip′i-ti, n. a love for rare old books and other articles of virtu.—adj. appertaining to this. [Coined from Serendib, a character in the Arabian Nights who went about picking up odds and ends and piecing them together.]

Spinthariscope, spin-thär′i-skōp, n. an instrument devised by Sir W. Crookes for observing the scintillations produced in zinc sulphide by a small fragment of a radium compound placed near it. [Gr. spintharis, a spark, and skopein, to see.]

Sulphonal, sul′fō-nal, n. a chemical compound used as a hypnotic and anæsthetic, and derived in part from potassium sulpho-hydrate.

Taximeter, tak-sim′e-tėr, n. an instrument attached to cabs for indicating the fare due for the distance travelled. Sometimes (but wrongly) called Taxameter. [Fr. taxe, price, and Gr. metron, measure.]

Telegony, tel-eg′on-i, n. the transmitted influence of a male by whom a female has previously conceived upon her subsequent offspring by another male. [Gr. tēlē, at a distance, gonia, a begetting.]

Telescriptor, tel′e-skrip-tor, n. a machine for the purpose of sending messages over telegraph wires so that they appear in the handwriting of the sender when received. [Gr. tēlē, at a distance, L. scriptum, scribere, to write.]

Trional, trī′ō-nal, n. a drug used as a hypnotic, akin to sulphonal, but safer.

	PAGE
THE DICTIONARY	1-1150
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES	1151
ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, ETC.	1158
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND MUSIC	1161
CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS	1174
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES	1176
THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING	1178
WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES	1184
THE METRIC OR FRENCH SYSTEM	1206
ADDENDA	1208

		Superscription.
(Basis)	Pot. Acet. v	Inscription.
(Adjuvant)	Tinct. Digitalis j
(Corrective)	Syr. Aurantii j
(Vehicle)	Dec. Scopar. ad viij
Misce, fiat mist.		Subscription.
Cpt. Cochl. mag. ii. 4ta. q.q. hora ex paul. aquæ		Signature.

aa.	Ana	of each.
Ad.	Adde	add.
Ad lib.	Ad libitum	to the desired amount.
Ad us.	Ad usum	according to custom.
Æq.	Æquales	equal.
Aq.	Aqua	water.
Aq. bull.	Aqua bulliens	boiling water.
Aq. dest.	Aqua destillata	distilled water.
Bib.	Bibe	drink.
Bis ind.	Bis indies	twice a day.
Bis in 7 d.	Bis in septem diebus	twice a week.
C.	Cum	with.
Cap.	Capiat	let him take.
C. m.	Cras mane	to-morrow morning.
C. m. s.	Cras mane sumendus	to be taken to-morrow morning.
C. n.	Cras nocte	to-morrow night.
Cochl.	Cochleare	spoonful.
Cochl. ampl.	Cochleare amplum	a table-spoonful.
Cochl. infant.	Cochleare infantis	a tea-spoonful.
Cochl. mag.	Cochleare magnum	a table-spoonful.
Cochl. mod.	Cochleare modicum	a dessert-spoonful.
Cochl. parv.	Cochleare parvum	a tea-spoonful.
Contin.	Continuetur	let it be continued.
Cpt.	Capiat	let him take.
Cuj.	Cujus	of which.
C. v.	Cras vespere	to-morrow evening.
Cyath.	Cyathus	a glassful.
Cyath. vinos.	Cyathus vinosus	a wine-glassful.
D.	Dosis	a dose.
d.	Da	give.
D. d. in d.	De die in diem	from day to day.
Det.	Detur	let it be given.
Dieb. alt.	Diebus alternis	on alternate days.
Dim.	Dimidius	one-half.
Div.	Divide	divide.
D. in p. æ.	Divide in partes æquales	divide into equal parts.
Exhib.	Exhibiatur	let it be given.
F. or ft.	Fiat	let it be made.
F. h.	Fiat haustus	make a draught.
F. m.	Fiat mistura	make a mixture.
F. pil.	Fiat pilula	make a pill.
Gutt.	Gutta or guttæ	drop or drops.
Habt.	Habeat	let him have.
Hor. intermed.	Horis intermediis	at intermediate hours.
H. s.	Horâ somni	at bedtime.
Ind.	Indies	daily.
Lat. dol.	Lateri dolenti	to the painful side.
Mit.	Mitte	send.
Mod. præscript.	Modo præscripto	in the manner directed.
O. m.	Omni mane	every morning.
Omn. bih.	Omni bihorâ	every two hours.
Omn. hor.	Omni horâ	every hour.
O. n.	Omni nocte	every night.
P. or pt.	Perstetur	continue.
Part. æq.	Partes æquales	equal parts.
P. r. n.	Pro re natâ	when required.
Q. l.	Quantum libet	as much as is requisite.
Q. s.	Quantum sufficit	a sufficient quantity.
Q. v.	Quantum volueris	at will.
	Recipe	take.
Rep.	Repetatur	let it be repeated.
Sing.	Singulorum	of each.
Sum.	Sumat or sumendum	let him take or let it be taken.
T. d.	Ter in die	three times a day.

FRENCH LINEAL MEASURES, &c. = BRITISH.
French	British.
LINEAL.
Millimètre	0.0394 inch.
Centimètre	0.3937 "or less than half an inch.
Décimètre	3.937 inchesnearly 4 inches.
Mètre	39.3708 "about 3 feet 3 inches.
Hectomètre	0.0621 mile"1⁄16th of a mile.
Kilomètre	0.6214 "8 kilomètres = 5 miles.
SQUARE.
Centiare	1.196 square yardor 11⁄5th square yard.
Are	3.954 poles40½ ares = 1 acre.
Hectare	2.471 acresnearly 2½ acres.
BRITISH LINEAL MEASURES, &c. = FRENCH.
British.	French.
LINEAL.
Inch	25.399 millimètres.
Foot	30.479 centimètres.
Yard	0.914 mètre.
Chain [22 yards]	20.116 mètres.
Furlong [10 chains]	201.164 "
Mile	1.609 kilomètre.5 miles = 8 kilomètres, nearly.
SQUARE.
Square Foot	9.29 square décimètres.
Acre	0.405 hectareor about 40 ares.
Square mile	2.599 square kilomètres.100 square miles = 260 sq. kilomètres.
—————
FRENCH WEIGHTS = BRITISH.
French	British.
Décigramme	1.543 grainor about 1½ grains.
Gramme	15.432 grains.28⅓ grammes = 1 ounce avoirdupois.
Décagramme	0.353 ounce avoirdupoisabout ⅓ of an ounce avoirdupois.
Hectogramme	3.527 ouncesnearly ¼ pound.
Kilogramme or kilo	2.2046 pounds.In trade, a kilo is reckoned at 10 per cent. more than 2 pounds.
BRITISH WEIGHTS = FRENCH.
British.	French.
Grain	.0648 gramme.
Ounce (avoirdupois)	28⅓ grammes.
Pound"	454"
Pound (troy)	373 grammes.
Cwt (avoirdupois)	50.8 kilos.
Ton	1015"
—————
FRENCH LIQUID AND CORN MEASURES = BRITISH.
French	British.
Litre	1.76 pint (imperial)or about 1¾ pints.
Hectolitre	22.01 gallons"22 gallons.
BRITISH LIQUID AND CORN MEASURES = FRENCH.
British.	French.
Pint	0.568 litreor more than ½ litre.
Quart	1.136 "about 1⅛ litres.
Gallon	4.543 litres"4½ litres11 gallons.
Peck	9.087 ""9 litres.= 50 litres.
Bushel [8 gallons]	36.348 ""36⅓ litres.
Quarter [8 bushels]	2.908 hectolitres"3 hectolitres.

1 £.	25 francs 22 centimes,	or about 25 francs.
1 s.	1 franc 26 centimes,	"1¼ franc.
1 d.	10 centimes.
½ d.	5 centimes, or a 'sou.'
A franc is about 9½ d.100 francs = £4, nearly. A milliard of francs (1,000,000,000) = £40,000,000, nearly.

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

CONTENTS.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

SUFFIXES.

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &c.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS,
TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN
MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY.

PRESCRIPTION.

Without Abbreviations or Contractions.

English Translation.

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY
USED IN THE WRITING OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

MUSICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS.

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.

THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES,
WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING.

See especially Miss Yonge's History of Christian Names (2 vols. 1863).

WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT
USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN
FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

See especially the Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases, edited by Dr C. A. M. Fennell (Cambridge, 1892).

THE METRIC or FRENCH SYSTEM.

MONEY.

ADDENDA.

Edinburgh: Printed by W. & R. Chambers, Limited.

	PAGE
PREFACE	iii
EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT	v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY	vii
THE DICTIONARY	1-1150
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES	1151
ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, ETC.	1158
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND MUSIC	1161
CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS	1174
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES	1176
THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING	1178
WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES	1184
ADDENDA	1208

aor.	aorist.	geol.	geology.	perh.	perhaps.
abbrev.	abbreviation.	geom.	geometry.	pers.	person.
abl.	ablative.	ger.	gerundive.	pfx.	prefix.
acc.	according.	gram.	grammar.	phil., philos.	philosophy.
accus.	accusative.	gun.	gunnery.	philol.	philology.
adj.	adjective.	her.	heraldry.	phon.	phonetics.
adv.	adverb.	hist.	history.	phot.	photography.
agri.	agriculture.	hort.	horticulture.	phrenol.	phrenology.
alg.	algebra.	hum.	humorous.	phys.	physics.
anat.	anatomy.	i.e.	that is.	physiol.	physiology.
app.	apparently.	imit.	imitative.	pl.	plural.
arch.	archaic.	imper.	imperative.	poet.	poetical.
archit.	architecture.	impers.	impersonal.	pol. econ.	political economy.
arith.	arithmetic.	indic.	indicative.	poss.	possessive.
astrol.	astrology.	infin.	infinitive.	Pr.Bk.	Book of Common
astron.	astronomy.	inten.	intensive.	Pr.Bk.	Prayer.
attrib.	attributive.	interj.	interjection.	pr.p.	present participle.
augm.	augmentative.	interrog.	interrogative.	prep.	preposition.
B.	Bible.	jew.	jewellery.	pres.	present.
biol.	biology.	lit.	literally.	print.	printing.
book-k.	book-keeping.	mach.	machinery.	priv.	privative.
bot.	botany.	masc.	masculine.	prob.	probably.
c. (circa)	about.	math.	mathematics.	Prof.	Professor.
c., cent.	century.	mech.	mechanics.	pron.	pronoun;
carp.	carpentry.	med.	medicine.		pronounced;
cf.	compare.	metaph.	metaphysics.		pronunciation.
chem.	chemistry.	mil.	military.	prop.	properly.
cog.	cognate.	Milt.	Milton.	pros.	prosody.
coll., colloq.	colloquially.	min.	mineralogy.	prov.	provincial.
comp.	comparative.	mod.	modern.	q.v.	which see.
conch.	conchology.	Mt.	Mount.	R.C.	Roman Catholic.
conj.	conjunction.	mus.	music.	recip.	reciprocal.
conn.	connected.	myth.	mythology.	redup.	reduplication.
contr.	contracted.	n., ns.	noun, nouns.	refl.	reflexive.
cook.	cookery.	nat. hist.	natural history.	rel.	related; relative.
corr.	corruption.	naut.	nautical.	rhet.	rhetoric.
crystal.	crystallography.	neg.	negative.	sculp.	sculpture.
dat.	dative.	neut.	neuter.	Shak.	Shakespeare.
demons.	demonstrative.	n.pl.	noun plural.	sig.	signifying.
der.	derivation.	n.sing.	noun singular.	sing.	singular.
dial.	dialect, dialectal.	N.T.	New Testament.	spec.	specifically.
Dict.	Dictionary.	obs.	obsolete.	Spens.	Spenser.
dim.	diminutive.	opp.	opposed.	subj.	subjunctive.
dub.	doubtful.	opt.	optics.	suff.	suffix.
eccles.	ecclesiastical history.	orig.	originally.	superl.	superlative.
e.g.	for example.	ornith.	ornithology.	surg.	surgery.
elect.	electricity.	O.S.	old style.	term.	termination.
entom.	entomology.	O.T.	Old Testament.	teleg.	telegraphy.
esp.	especially.	p., part.	participle.	Tenn.	Tennyson.
ety.	etymology.	p.adj.	participial adjective.	Test.	Testament.
fem.	feminine.	paint.	painting.	theat.	theatre; theatricals.
fig.	figuratively.	paleog.	paleography.	theol.	theology.
fol.	followed; following.	paleon.	paleontology.	trig.	trigonometry.
fort.	fortification.	palm.	palmistry.	ult.	ultimately.
freq.	frequentative.	pa.p.	past participle.	v.i.	verb intransitive.
fut.	future.	pass.	passive.	voc.	vocative.
gen.	genitive.	pa.t.	past tense.	v.t.	verb transitive.
gener.	generally.	path.	pathology.	vul.	vulgar.
geog.	geography.	perf.	perfect.	zool.	zoology.

Amer.	American.	Fris.	Frisian.	Norw.	Norwegian.
Ar.	Arabic.	Gael.	Gaelic.	O. Fr.	Old French.
A.S.	Anglo-Saxon.	Ger.	German.	Pers.	Persian.
Austr.	Australian.	Goth.	Gothic.	Peruv.	Peruvian.
Bav.	Bavarian.	Gr.	Greek.	Pol.	Polish.
Beng.	Bengali.	Heb.	Hebrew.	Port.	Portuguese.
Bohem.	Bohemian.	Hind.	Hindustani.	Prov.	Provençal.
Braz.	Brazilian.	Hung.	Hungarian.	Rom.	Romance.
Bret.	Breton.	Ice.	Icelandic.	Russ.	Russian
Carib.	Caribbean.	Ind.	Indian.	Sans.	Sanskrit.
Celt.	Celtic.	Ion.	Ionic.	Scand.	Scandinavian.
Chal.	Chaldean.	Ir.	Irish.	Scot.	Scottish.
Chin.	Chinese.	It.	Italian.	Singh.	Singhalese.
Corn.	Cornish.	Jap.	Japanese.	Slav.	Slavonic.
Dan.	Danish.	Jav.	Javanese.	Sp.	Spanish.
Dut.	Dutch.	L.	Latin.	Sw.	Swedish.
Egypt.	Egyptian.	Lith.	Lithuanian.	Teut.	Teutonic.
Eng.	English.	L. L.	Low or Late Latin.	Turk.	Turkish.
Finn.	Finnish.	M. E.	Middle English.	U.S.	United States.
Flem.	Flemish.	Mex.	Mexican.	W.	Welsh.
Fr.	French.	Norm.	Norman.

Great Primer	51¼	Brevier	111
English	64	Minion	122
Pica	72	Nonpareil	144
Small Pica	83	Pearl	179
Long Primer	89	Diamond	204
Bourgeois	102

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

CONTENTS.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

SUFFIXES.

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &c.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY.

PRESCRIPTION.

Without Abbreviations or Contractions.

English Translation.

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY USED IN THE WRITING OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

MUSICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS.

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.

THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING.

See especially Miss Yonge's History of Christian Names (2 vols. 1863).

WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

See especially the Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases, edited by Dr C. A. M. Fennell (Cambridge, 1892).

THE METRIC or FRENCH SYSTEM.

MONEY.

ADDENDA.

Edinburgh: Printed by W. & R. Chambers, Limited.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS,
TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN
MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY
USED IN THE WRITING OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES,
WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING.

WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT
USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN
FOREIGN LANGUAGES.