encyclical
452
movement difficult for; weigh down: *She was encumbered with heavy suitcases/with debts.* —**brance** *n*: *These heavy suitcases are a great encumbrance.*
**en·cyc·li·cal** /en'sɪklɪkəl/ *n* a letter sent by the POPE (=the head of the ROMAN CATHOLIC Church) to all Roman Catholic BISHOPS
**En·cy·clo·pae·di·a Bri·tan·ni·ca, the** /ˌɪnˌsaɪkləˌpiːdiə brɪˈtænɪkə/ an ENCYCLOPEDIA (=a book containing articles about many different subjects), which consists of many VOLUMES (=separate books that are part of a set) and is now also available as a CD-ROM. It has been produced for over 200 years, and at one time salesmen used to go to people's houses to persuade them to buy the books. But most of its customers now use the CD-ROM encyclopedia.
**en·cy·clo·pe·di·a, -paedia** /ˌɪnˌsaɪkləˈpiːdiə/ *n* a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, usually in alphabetical order: *A dictionary deals with words and an encyclopedia deals with facts.* | *an encyclopedia of modern science*
**en·cy·clo·pe·dic, -paedic** /ˌɪnˌsaɪkləpiːdɪk*/ *adj* apprec (of knowledge, memory etc) wide and full, like the contents of an encyclopedia
**end¹** /end/ *n* **1** [C(of)] the point at which something stops or after which it no longer exists: *A rope has two ends.* | *Which end of the box has the opening?* | *We walked to the end of the garden/the road.* | *Have you reached the end of the story?* | *I started work at the end of August.* | *a successful end to the negotiations* | *The year is **at an end**/**has come to an end**.* (=has finished) | *Her story was a **pack of lies from beginning to end**.* | *If he passes the exam **we'll never hear the end of it**.* (=he will never stop talking about it) **2** [C] a little piece left over: *cigarette ends* ➔ see also ODDS AND ENDS **3** [C] also **ends** *pl. fml* an aim or purpose: *Does the end/Do the ends justify the means?* | *He wants to buy a house, and is saving money to **that end**.* | *She will stop at nothing to achieve her ends.* **4** [C] *infml* a particular part, e.g. of a business or activity: *My partner looks after the advertising end.* | *Let's hope that they **keep their end of the bargain**.* **5** [C usually sing.] *euph* a person's death: *His end was peaceful.* ➔ see also STICKY END **6** [the S] *infml* (used as an expression of amused or weak disapproval): *Look at your dirty hands – you really are the (**absolute**) end!* **7** **at the end of the day** when everything is considered; this expression is now used so frequently as to be almost meaningless: *At the end of the day, it's the government's responsibility to stop this sort of thing from happening.* **8** **end to end** with the points or the narrow sides touching each other: *We can provide seats for ten people if we put these two tables end to end.* **9** **in the end** **a)** at last; FINALLY: *He tried several times to pass the exam, and in the end he succeeded.* **b)** when everything is considered: *In the end, I think one must blame these children's parents.* ➔ see LASTLY (USAGE) **10** **get/have one's end away** *infml slang* to have sex: *He'll be hoping to have his end away.* **11** **keep one's end up** *infml, especially BrE* to go on facing difficulties bravely and successfully **12** **living end** *AmE infml* (used as an expression of strong approval or disapproval): *Well – isn't that the living end!* | *She really is the living end!* **13** **make (both) ends meet** *infml* to get just enough money for all one's needs: *She scarcely earns enough money to make ends meet.* **14** **no end** *infml* very much; very pleasingly: *Your latest book amused me no end.* **15** **no end of** *infml* an endless amount of; very great deal of: *It caused me no end of worry.* **16** **on end** **a)** (of time) without a break; continuously: *He sat there for hours on end.* **b)** upright: *We had to stand the table on end to get it through the door.* **17** **put an end to** to stop from happening or existing any more: *I'm determined to put an end to all these rumours.* **18** **the end (of the world) is nigh** the world is going to end very soon; a phrase written on large boards carried in the street by religious people who want to warn others to lead better lives because they will soon die and be judged by God; often used humorously ➔ see also BIG END, DEAD END, LOOSE END, SHARP END, TAIL END, BE-ALL AND END-ALL, thrown in at the deep end (DEEP), the thick end of (THICK¹), get the wrong end of the stick (WRONG¹)
**end²** *v* [I;T] **1** to (cause to) finish; come or bring to an end: *The party ended at midnight.* | *The war ended in 1975.* | *He ended his letter with good wishes to the family.* | *The news of their marriage ended weeks of speculation.* | *The story ends on a hopeful note.* **2** **end it all** *euph* to kill oneself
**USAGE** Compare **end** and **finish**. **1** When used transitively **finish** is much more common than **end**: *Have you finished your work yet?* When used intransitively **finish** is more informal than **end** but **end** is commonly used in writing: *What time did the party finish?* | *The concert ended at 10 o'clock.* | *Their holiday ended in tragedy.* **2** **End** cannot be used with a verb ending in -*ing* in sentences like this: *Have you finished reading that book I gave you?*
**end in sthg** *phr v* [T no pass.] to have as a result at the end: *The battle ended in victory.* | *Their marriage ended in divorce.*
**end up** *phr v* [L] to be in the end (in the stated place, condition etc): *He ended up (as) head of the firm.* | *We set off for Newcastle but ended up in Scotland.* | [+v-ing] *We didn't like it at first, but we ended up cheering.*
**en·dan·ger** /ɪn'deɪndər/ *v* [T] to cause danger to: *You will endanger your health if you work so hard.* | (law) *He was charged with possessing explosives with intent to endanger life.*
**en·dan·gered 'species** *n* a type of animal or plant which is in danger of becoming EXTINCT (=may soon disappear from the world): *As a result of widescale land drainage, the swallow-tail butterfly has become an endangered species.*
**en·dear** /ɪn'dər/ *v*
**endear sbdy. to sbdy.** *phr v* [T] to cause to be loved or liked by: *His kindness endeared him to everyone.* | *His habit of playing loud music at night didn't endear him to the neighbours.*
**en·dear·ing** /ɪn'dɪərɪŋ/ *adj* causing feelings of love or liking: *an endearing smile* ➝-**ly** *adv*
**en·dear·ment** /ɪn'dɪəmənt||ɪn'dɪər-/ *n* [C;U] (an expression of) love: *He was whispering endearments to her.*
**en·deav·our¹** *BrE* || -**or** *AmE* /ɪn'devər/ *v* [+to -v] *fml* or *pomp* to try: *I will endeavour to pay the bill as soon as possible.*
**endeavour²** *BrE* || -**or** *AmE* — *n* [C;U] *fml* or *pomp* (an) effort: *They couldn't do it, despite their best endeavours.* (=they tried as hard as possible) | *The climbing of Mount Everest was an outstanding example of human endeavour.* | [+to-v] *She made no endeavour/every endeavour to help us.*
**en·dem·ic** /en'demɪk, ɪn-/ *adj* (especially of a disease) found regularly in a particular place: *This chest disease is endemic among miners in this area.* ➔ compare EPIDEMIC, PANDEMIC
**'end game** *n* the last stage in the game of CHESS when most of the playing pieces have been taken from the board
**end·ing** /'endɪŋ/ *n* the end of a story, film, play, or word: *Children like stories with happy endings.*
**en·dive** /'endɪv||'endaɪv/ *n* [C;U] **1** *BrE* || also **chicory** *AmE* — a plant with curly green leaves which are eaten raw **2** *AmE* the white inner leaves of the CHICORY plant
**end·less** /'endləs/ *adj* **1** never finishing (especially of something unpleasant); having or seeming to have no end: *The journey seemed endless.* | *I'm fed up with your endless complaining.* **2** *tech* (of a belt, chain etc) circular; with the ends joined: *The machine drives an endless belt.* ➝-**ly** *adv*
**en·do·crine gland** /'endəʊkrɪn, ˌɡlænd, -kraɪn-/ also **ductless gland** *n med* an organ of the body (such as the PITUITARY and THYROID GLANDS) which pours HORMONES (=substances which start up processes in the body) into the blood for them to be carried round the body
**en·dor·phin** /en'dɔːfɪn||-'dɔːr-/ *n* [C usually plural] a chemical produced by your body that reduces pain and can make you feel happier
**en·dorse, in-** /ɪn'dɔːs||-ɔːrs/ *v* [T] **1** to express approval or support of (opinions, actions, a person etc): *The committee's report fully endorses the government's proposals.* | *When the former President endorsed her candidacy, she knew she had a good chance of being elected.* **2** to write something, especially one's name, on the back of (especially a cheque) **3** [usually pass.] *BrE* (of a court) to write a note on (a driving LICENCE) to say that the driver has broken the law ➝-**ment** *n* [C;U] *If you get any more endorsements you won't be allowed to drive.*
**en·dos·co·py** /en'dɒskəpɪl-'dɑː-/ *n* [C;U] *medical* a medical examination of the inside of the body, using an ENDOSCOPE