believe that God made an agreement with them to protect them if they served him faithfully, obeyed his law, and recognized no other gods. The law is believed to have been given to MOSES in the form of the TEN COMMANDMENTS. The Jews came to believe in a MESSIAH after they had spent many years without a country of their own, but they do not agree with Christians that Jesus Christ was the true Messiah. Features of the religion today include keeping the SABBATH, celebrating PASSOVER and other holy days, and eating KOSHER food, all of which have helped in the preservation of Judaism → see also ZIONISM —Judaic /dʒuːˈdeɪ-ɪk/ adj
Ju·das /ˈdʒuːdəs/ n 1 Judas Iscariot in the New Testament of the Bible, one of Jesus's DISCIPLES (=followers), who received 'thirty pieces of silver' from the Jewish authorities as payment for BETRAYING Jesus. He later felt guilty for what he had done, and hanged himself. 2 someone who you trust, and who seems to be your friend but who is not loyal to you and helps your enemies → compare TRAITOR
jud·der /ˈdʒʌdər/ also jutter AmE — v [1] BrE (especially of a vehicle) to shake violently: The driver pulled the emergency brake and the train juddered to a halt.
judge¹ /dʒʌdʒ/ v 1 [T] to act as a judge in (a law case); TRY: Who will judge the next case? 2 [ɑːt] to decide the result of (a competition) or give an official decision about (people or things taking part in a competition): to judge a talent contest | to judge the exhibits at a flower show 3 [ɑːt] to form or give an opinion about (someone or something), especially after carefully considering all the information: It seems like a good proposal, but without all the facts I can't really judge. | Try to judge the distance from here to that car. | Schools tend to be judged by the performance of their students in exams. | Judging by what everyone says about him, I'd say he has a good chance of winning. | [+wh-] It's difficult to judge where the responsibility for the accident really lies.
judge² n 1 (often cap.) a public official who has the power to decide questions brought before a court of law: a high-court judge | The judge sentenced her to 12 months' imprisonment. | Judge Jeffreys
CULTURAL NOTE
In the US, Supreme Court judges are chosen by the President and must be approved by the Senate. Many judges in the lower courts are elected by people living in the area. In the UK, judges of the High Court are chosen by the Lord Chancellor from BARRISTERS. SOLICITORS who have more than thirteen years' experience can be appointed as judges in the Crown Court and the County Court. → see also MAGISTRATE
2 a person who has been appointed to decide the result of a competition: The panel of judges included several well-known writers. 3 [(of)] a person who has the knowledge and experience to give valuable opinions: I'm no judge of music, but I know what I like.
'Judge 'Judy (1941-) a US woman who is a JUDGE in a SMALL CLAIMS COURT. What happens in the court is shown on television. She is known for saying things in a very direct way. Her full name is Judge Judith Sheindlin.
judgment, judgement /ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/ n 1 [U] the ability to make decisions that are based on careful consideration of facts, principles etc: a man of sound/weak judgment | Her decision seems to show a lack of political judgment. | an error of judgment | I can't decide for you; you'll have to use your own judgment. | He did the right thing, but more by luck than judgment. 2 [C] an opinion: to form a judgment | In my judgment, we should accept the employer's offer. | I let him go against my better judgment. (=although I knew it was probably a mistake) 3 [C;U(on)] an official decision given by a judge or a court of law: He passed (=gave) judgment on the guilty man. | an impartial judgment 4 sit in judgment on to take the responsibility of judging (a person or their behaviour), especially in order to find fault: You have no right to sit in judgment on her; you'd probably have done exactly the same thing if you'd been in her position. → see also VALUE JUDGMENT
judg·men·tal, judgemental /dʒʌdʒ'mentl/ adj often derog
too quick to form (usually moral) judgments; moralistic: His
parents tend to be quite judgmental about his friends.
'judgment day also day of judgment, last judgment n (often cap.) (according to various religions, especially Christianity) the day when, after the world has come to an end, God will judge everyone for the things they have done in life, and the dead will also rise up and be judged on their lives' actions
ju·di·ca·ture /'dʒuːdɪkət/ n 1 [the S+sing./pl. v] the judiciary 2 [U] fm/ the power of giving justice in a court of law
ju·di·cial /dʒuː'dɪʃəl/ adj of or related to a court of law, judges, or their judgments: a judicial decision/ruling | to bring/take judicial proceedings → compare JUDICIOUS, LEGISLATIVE →ly adv
ju·di·cia·ry /dʒuːˈdɪʃərɪl-ˈfɪri, -ʃəri/ n [the+sing./pl. v] all the judges in the courts of law, considered as one group, and forming one of the branches of government: The judiciary has/have been consulted. → compare EXECUTIVE², LEGISLATURE
ju·di·cious /dʒuːˈdɪʃəs/ adj fml having or showing the ability to form sensible opinions, make sensible decisions etc; PRU-DENT: a judicious choice/move → compare JUDICIAL ︷ly adv ︸ness n [U]
ju·do /'dʒuːdəʊ/ n [U] a type of self-defence from the Far East, based on holding and throwing one's opponent, often practised as sport: a black belt at judo | judo lessons
Ju·dy /'dʒuːdi/ → see PUNCH AND JUDY SHOW
jug¹ /dʒʌg/ n 1 [C] BrE ‖ pitcher AmE — a) a container for holding liquids that has a handle and a lip for pouring: a glass/earthenware jug b) also jugful /-ful/ — the amount a jug will hold: two jugs/jugfuls of water 2 [C] AmE a) a pot for holding liquids that has a narrow opening at the top that can usually be closed with a CORK b) also jugful — the amount this will hold 3 [(the]U] old-fash BrE slang prison: He's back in (the) jug again.
jug² v -gg- [T] BrE to cook (meat, especially HARE) in liquid in a closed pot: jugged hare
jug·ger·naut /ˈdʒʌɡənɔːtli-ər-/ n.1 BrE infml, usually derog a very large heavy TRUCK that carries loads over long distances 2 a great force or object that destroys everything it meets
jug·gle /ˈdʒʌɡəl/ v
[l(with);T] 1 to keep (several objects) in the air at the same time by throwing them up quickly and catching them again: His favourite party trick is juggling with plates. 2 to arrange or deal with (something) cleverly, especially in order to deceive: By juggling (with) the figures, they gave the impression that the company had made a profit. —gler n
juggle
jug·u·lar /ˈdʒʌɡjɒlər/ n 1 a jugular vein 2 go for the jugular infml to attack very fiercely so as to cause as much hurt or damage as possible: When threatened with the sack he really went for the jugular, accusing his boss of lying and corruption.
jugular 'vein n [C usually sing.] either of two large tubes in the body, one on each side of the neck, that take blood from the head back to the heart
juice¹ /dʒuːs/ n 1 [C;U] the liquid from fruit, vegetables, or meat: Is this orange juice sweetened or unsweetened? | a carton of tomato juice 2 [C usually pl.;U] the liquid in certain parts of the body, especially the stomach, that helps people and animals to use (DIGEST) food: digestive/gastric juices 3 [U] slang something that produces power, such as electricity, gas, or petrol: Our car uses a lot of juice.
juice² v
juice sthg. ⇔ up phr v [T] AmE infml to give more life, excitement, fun etc, to
juic·y /'dʒuːsi/ adj 1 containing a lot of juice: a juicy orange /a juicy steak 2 infml interesting, especially because providing information about bad behaviour: I want to hear all the juicy details of the scandal! 3 infml desirable, especially because likely to produce a lot of money: a fat juicy contract that will make us all rich —iness n [U]
,Juicy 'Fruit trademark a type of CHEWING GUM sold in the US and the UK