**extant**
480
**ex·tant** /ɪkˈstænt/ _adj fml_ (especially of something written, painted etc) still existing
**ex·tem·po·ra·ne·ous** /ɪkˌstempəˈreɪniəs/ _adj_ spoken or done without time for preparation; extempore **-ly** _adv_ **---ness** _n [U]_
**ex·tem·po·re** /ɪkˈstempəri/ _adj, adv_ (spoken or done) without time for thought or preparation: _an extempore speech_ | _It’s very hard to speak (=make a speech) extempore._
**ex·tem·po·rize** also **-rise** _BrE_ /ɪkˈstempəraɪz/ _v [I]_ to perform extempore; AD-LIB: _One of the actresses forgot her lines and had to extemporize._ **-rization** /ɪkˌstempəraɪˈzeɪʃən || -rə-/ _n [C;U]_
**ex·tend** /ɪkˈstend/ _v_ **1** [I+adv/prep] (of space, land, time etc) to reach, stretch, or continue: _The hot weather extended into October. | The kingdom extended as far as the mountains/hundreds of miles in every direction._ | _(fig.) The regulations do not extend to foreign visitors._ **2** [T] to make longer or greater, especially so as to reach a desired point: _We will eventually extend the road as far as the station. | They extended the railway to the next town. | You can extend the guarantee by paying an extra £20. | She arrived for an extended (=long) stay. | The company plans to extend its activities to produce videos._ **3** [T] to stretch out (a part of one’s body) to the limit: _The bird landed with its wings extended._ **4** [T(to)] _fml_ to give or offer (help, friendship etc) to someone: _I would like to extend a warm welcome to our visitors. | [+obj(i)+obj(d)] The bank will extend you credit. (=the right to borrow money)_ **5** [T usually pass.] to cause to use all possible power: _The horse won the race easily without being fully extended._
**ex,tended 'family** _n_ a family unit that consists not only of parents and children but also of other close relations such as grandfathers, grandmothers, and COUSINS $\rightarrow$ compare NUCLEAR FAMILY and see Cultural Note at FAMILY
**ex·ten·sion** /ɪkˈstenʃən/ _n_ **1** [C;U] (an example of) the act of extending or being extended: _a further extension of the power of central government | the extension of the copyright laws to cover recorded material_ **2** [C(_of_)] a part which is added to make something longer, wider, or larger: _We’re having an extension built onto the house. | I planned an extension of my holiday. | (BrE) The pub’s got an extension tonight._ (=it is open after usual opening hours) **3** [C] any of many telephone lines which connect various rooms or offices in a large building to the SWITCHBOARD: _My extension (number) is 45._ **4** [U] _AmE_ a part of a university which offers courses to people who are not full-time students: _He’s taking a political science class through UCLA extension. | She’s doing an extension course._ **5** also **extension lead** _BrE_ || **extension cord** _AmE_ an electrical lead which can easily be bent and which has a PLUG at one end used to connect a piece of electrical equipment to the electricity supply some distance away: _You’ll need an extension lead if you want to take the lamp up into the loft._
**ex·ten·sive** /ɪkˈstensɪv/ _adj_ large in amount, area, or range; having an effect on or including many parts: _The storm caused extensive damage. | We’re having extensive repairs done to the building. | The story received extensive coverage in the newspapers. | The house has extensive grounds._ **---ly** _adv_: _She has read extensively._
**ex·tent** /ɪkˈstent/ _n_ **1** [U(_of_)] the length or area to which something extends: _From the moon you can see the full extent of the Sahara desert. | (fig.) I was surprised at the extent of his knowledge. | What’s the extent of the damage? (=how much damage is there?)_ **2** [S] a stated degree: _I agree with what you say to some extent (=partly)/to a certain extent/to a large extent. | The temperature rose to such an extent (=so much) that the firemen had to leave the burning building._ **3** [the S+of] the limit: _I’ve reached the extent of my patience._
**ex·ten·u·ate** /ɪkˈstenjueɪt/ _v [T]_ to lessen the seriousness of (bad behaviour) by finding excuses for it; a word used especially in connection with criminal acts: _He stole the money, but there were extenuating circumstances. (=facts that might excuse him)_ **---ation** /ɪkˌstenjuˈeɪʃən/ _n [U]_ _Does the psychiatrist’s report have anything to say in extenuation of her crime? (=that might excuse it)_
**ex·te·ri·or¹** /ɪkˈstɪəriə/ _adj_ outer; on or from the outside, especially of a building: _the exterior walls of the prison | exterior paintwork | [F+to] The male reproductive organs are exterior to (=outside) the body. $\rightarrow$ opposite INTERIOR compare EXTERNAL_
**exterior²** _n_ **1** the outside; the outer appearance or surface: _We’re painting the exterior of the house. | She maintained a calm exterior, though really she was furious._ **2** a picture of an outdoor scene: _Some artists only paint exteriors._ $\rightarrow$ opposite INTERIOR
**ex·ter·mi·nate** /ɪkˈstɜːmɪneɪt || -ɜːr-/ _v [T]_ to kill (all the creatures or people in a place, or all those of a certain kind or race): _to exterminate rats/mosquitos_ **---nator** _n_ **---nation** /ɪkˌstɜːmɪˈneɪʃən || -ɜːr-/ _n [U]_
**ex·tern** /ˈekstɜːn || -ɜːrn/ _n AmE_ a university student who works in a particular type of job for a short time in order to gain experience of that type of work **---extern** _v [I]_
**ex·ter·nal** /ɪkˈstɜːnl || -ɜːr-/ _adj_ **1** [(to)] on, of, or for the outside: _an external wound | This medicine is for external use (=to put on the skin), not to drink. | The engine is external to the boat. | An external student studies outside the university. | An external examination is arranged by people outside one’s own school._ $\rightarrow$ compare EXTERIOR **2** that can be seen but is not natural or real: _He is actually very shy, despite external appearances. (=even though he appears not to be)_ **3** foreign: _This newspaper doesn’t pay enough attention to external affairs._ $\rightarrow$ opposite INTERNAL **---ly** _adv_
**ex,ternal ex'aminer** _n BrE_ someone who visits a place of learning to examine students, or to check the quality of examination papers and make sure that standards stay the same in similar institutions $\rightarrow$ compare INTERNAL EXAMINER
**ex·ter·nal·ize** also **-ise** _BrE_ /ɪkˈstɜːnəlaɪz || -ɜːr-/ _v [T]_ _tech_ **1** (in PSYCHOLOGY) to give outward expression to (feelings), especially by words **2** to RATIONALIZE (1b) **---ization** /ɪkˌstɜːnəlaɪˈzeɪʃən || ɪkˌstɜːrnələ-/ _n [C;U]_
**ex·ter·nals** /ɪkˈstɜːnlz || -ɜːr-/ _n [P]_ outward forms and appearances: _You mustn’t judge people by externals._
**ex·tern·ship** /ˈekstɜːnʃɪp || -ɜːrn-/ _n AmE_ a job that a university student does in order to gain experience in a particular area of work. Externships are usually not paid and usually last only a short time. $\rightarrow$ compare INTERNSHIP
**ex·tinct** /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ _adj_ **1** (of a kind of animal) no longer existing: _Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years._ | _(fig.) The belief in magic is almost extinct nowadays._ **2** (of a VOLCANO) no longer active
**ex·tinc·tion** /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ _n [U(of)]_ **1** the state of being or becoming extinct: _Is the human race threatened with complete extinction?_ **2** _fml_ the process of extinguishing: _the extinction of a fire/of our hopes_
**ex·tin·guish** /ɪkˈstɪŋgwɪʃ/ _v [T] fml_ to put out (a light or fire): _Smoking is forbidden. Please extinguish your cigarettes._ | _(fig.) Nothing could extinguish his faith in human nature._
**ex·tin·guish·er** /ɪkˈstɪŋgwɪʃə/ _n_ a FIRE EXTINGUISHER
**ex·tir·pate** /ˈekstɜːpeɪt || -ɜːr-/ _v [T] fml_ to destroy (something bad) completely **---pation** /ˌekstɜːˈpeɪʃən || -ɜːr-/ _n [U]_
**ex·tol** /ɪkˈstəʊl/ _v -ll-_ [_T_] _fml_ to praise very highly: _He keeps extolling the merits of his new car. | a speech extolling the virtues of free enterprise_
**ex·tort** /ɪkˈstɔːt || -ɔːrt/ _v [T(from)]_ to obtain (something) by force or threats: _They accused him of trying to extort money with menaces. | He extorted a promise from her._ **---ion** /-ˈstɔːʃən || -ɔːr-/ _n [C;U]_ _The confession was obtained by extortion._ **---ioner** **---ionist** _n_
**ex·tor·tion·ate** /ɪkˈstɔːʃənət || -ɔːr-/ _adj derog_ (of a demand, price etc) much too high; EXORBITANT **---ly** _adv_: _The rent was extortionately high._
**ex·tra¹** /ˈekstrə/ _adj, adv_ **1** [A] additional(ly); beyond what is usual or necessary: _I need some extra money. | an extra loaf of bread | I’m going to work extra hard._ **2** as well as the regular charge: [F] _Dinner costs £13, and wine is extra. | They charged extra for wine._ | [after n] _I had to pay £3 extra._
**extra²** _n_ **1** something added, for which an extra charge is made: _At this hotel a hot bath is an extra._ **2** a film actor who has a very small part: _We need a thousand extras for the big crowd scene._ **3** a special EDITION (=one printing) of a newspaper: _Late evening extra! (shouted by a newspaper [vendor])_