**Durkheim, Émile**
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**USAGE** Compare **during** and **for**. When you are talking about the time within which something happens use **during**: *Call me sometime during the holidays.* When you are talking about how long something lasts use **for**: *I was on the phone for ten minutes.* I / *went to France for two weeks during the summer.*
**Durk·heim, É·mile** /'dɜ:khaɪm||'dɜ:rk-, e'mi:l/ (1858-1917) a French university teacher who helped to establish the principles of SOCIOLOGY (=the scientific study of societies and the behaviour of people in groups)
**Dur·rell, Ger·ald** /'dʌrəl, 'dʒerəld/ (1925-95) a British writer, broadcaster and CONSERVATIONIST (=someone who works to protect rare plants and animals), who set up his own ZOO on the island of Jersey, so that rare animals could be taken care of and eventually put back in their natural environment. His books include *My Family and Other Animals*. He was the brother of Lawrence Durrell.
**Durrell, Lawrence** (1912-90) a British writer of novels and poetry, best known for a set of four novels called *The Alexandria Quartet*. He was the brother of Gerald Durrell.
**durst** /dɜ:st||dɜ:rst/ *old use past tense of* DARE: *He durst not do it.*
**dusk** /dʌsk/ *n [U]* the time when daylight is becoming less bright; the darker part of TWILIGHT especially at night: *The street lights go on at dusk.* $\rightarrow$ compare DAWN$^1$
**dusk·y** /'dʌski/ *adj* **1** darkish; shadowy: *dusky brown* | *the dusky light of the forest* **2** *old-fash lit or taboo derog* having dark skin --**iness** *n [U]*
**dust$^1$** /dʌst/ *n* **1** [U] dry powder made of extremely small grains of waste matter, especially of the kind that settles on indoor surfaces: *There was a layer of dust on the books before I cleaned them.* | *atmospheric dust* **2** [U] finely powdered earth: *The car raised a cloud of dust as it went down the dirt road.* | *the heat and dust of India* | *The rain soon settled/laid the dust.* (=stopped it from rising, by making the ground wet) **3** [U] fine powder made of small pieces of the stated substance: *gold dust* | *coal dust* **4** [U] *lit* the earthly remains of bodies once alive: *the dust of our ancestors* **5** [S] an act of dusting: *I gave the living room a quick dust.* **6 kick up/raise a dust (about)** *infml* to argue and shout (about) **7 when the dust has settled** *infml* when the confusion is over **8 dust thou art and unto dust shalt thou return** *quote from the Bible* people were made from dust (according to the Bible) and will become dust again when they die $\rightarrow$ see also ASHES TO ASHES, DUST TO DUST (ASH), DUSTY, **bite the dust** (BITE$^1$)
**dust$^2$** *v* [I;T (OFF, DOWN)] to clean the dust from (especially furniture); remove dust (from): *Don't forget to dust the shelves.* | *I dust (the room) every morning.* | *She stood up and dusted herself down.* **2** [T] **a)** to cover with dust or fine powder: [+obj+with] *to dust the plants with insecticide* **b)** to put (a fine powder) on a surface: [+obj+over] *to dust sugar over a cake* $\rightarrow$ see CLEAN (USAGE), SPREAD (USAGE)
**dust sthg. $\Leftrightarrow$ off** *phr v [T]* to prepare to use or practise again (something that has not been used for a long time): *I won't write a new lecture. I'll just dust off the one I gave last year.*
**dust·bin** /'dʌstbɪn/ *BrE* || **ashcan, garbage can, trashcan** *AmE* --*n* a container with a lid, for holding household waste, such as empty cans and boxes, old newspapers etc, until it can be taken away: *Wrap the vegetable peelings in newspaper and throw them in the dustbin.*
**'dustbin ,man** *n* DUSTMAN
**dust·bowl** /'dʌstboʊl/ *n* an area that suffers from DUST STORMS and long dry periods
**'Dust Bowl, the** a large area of the south-central US, including parts of Kansas and Oklahoma where, in the 1930s, strong winds and lack of rain caused EROSION of the soil (=when the top layer of earth is blown away), so that the land became unsuitable for farming. As a result, many farmers became very poor and had to leave their farms. Some of them travelled to the west coast of the US to find work, and these events are described in John Steinbeck's novel *The Grapes of Wrath*.
**'dust ,bunny** *n AmE infml* a small ball of dust that forms in a place that is not cleaned regularly, such as under furniture
**dust·cart** /'dʌstkɑ:t||-kɑ:rt/ *BrE* || **garbage truck** *AmE* --*n* a large vehicle which goes from house to house to collect the contents of dustbins
**dust·er** /'dʌstə/ *n* **1** a cloth for removing dust from furniture **2** *AmE* a light coat worn to protect one's clothes from dust while cleaning the house **3** *AmE, infml* for DUST STORM
**'dust ,jacket** also **'dust ,cover, jacket** *n* a removable paper cover of a book, often having writing or pictures describing the book
**dust·man** /'dʌstmæn/ also **bin man, dustbin man** *BrE* || **garbage man, trash man, garbage collector, sanitation worker** *AmE* --*n pl.* **-men** /-mən/ someone employed to remove waste material from DUSTBINS
**dust·pan** /'dʌstpæn/ *n* a flat container with a handle into which household dust and other waste materials can be brushed: *I've just broken a cup – have you got a dustpan and brush?*
**dust·sheet** /'dʌstʃi:t/ || usually **drop cloth** *AmE* -- *n* a large sheet of cloth used for throwing over furniture, shop goods etc, in order to keep the dust off: *She covered the furniture with dustsheets before she started to paint the room.*
**'dust storm** *n* violent weather conditions with strong winds carrying large quantities of dust
**dust·up** /'dʌstʌp/ *n BrE slang* a quarrel or especially a fight
**dust·y** /'dʌsti/ *adj* **1** dry and covered or filled with dust: *a dusty room* | *In the summer the town becomes very dusty.* **2** like dust; powdery **3** (of a colour) not bright; having a shade of grey: *dusty brown/pink* **4** lacking life or interest; dry: *a dusty treatise*
**Dutch$^1$** /dʌtʃ/ *n* **1** [U] the language of the Netherlands **2 the Dutch** [P] people from the Netherlands $\rightarrow$ see also DOUBLE DUTCH
**Dutch$^2$** *adj* **1** from or connected with the Netherlands **2 go Dutch (with sb)** to share the cost of a meal in a restaurant
**'Dutch ,auction** *n [C;U]* a public sale at which the price is gradually reduced until someone will pay it
**'Dutch 'barn** *n* a farm building with a curved roof on a frame that has no walls, used for storing HAY
**'Dutch 'cap** *n infml* a round rubber CONTRACEPTIVE, that a woman wears inside her VAGINA during sex; DIAPHRAGM
**'Dutch 'courage** *n [U]* courage or confidence that you get when you drink alcohol
**'Dutch 'elm dis,ease** *n [U]* a disease that affects and kills ELM trees
**CULTURAL NOTE** In the 1970s, there was an EPIDEMIC of Dutch elm disease, which killed many thousands of elm trees in Britain, the US, and many other countries.
**Dutch·man** /'dʌtʃmən/ *n* **1** someone from the Netherlands **2 I'm a Dutchman** *BrE spoken* used when someone has just said something you do not believe is true: *"I've got a date with Cindy." "Oh yeah, and I'm a Dutchman!"*
**'Dutch ,oven** *n* **1** a piece of metal placed behind a fire, which helps increase the heat on things being baked in front of the fire **2** a type of brick OVEN whose walls are heated before things are baked in it **3** a heavy iron pot with a lid, used for cooking things slowly
**Dutch Re,formed 'Church, the** the main Protestant religious group in the Netherlands, which is also the main religion of the Afrikaners in South Africa (=white people who speak Afrikaans, whose families originally came from the Netherlands). Since the end of the APARTHEID system in South Africa, leaders of the Dutch Reformed Church have publicly said they are sorry that the church supported apartheid.
**'Dutch 'treat** *n AmE* an occasion when several people share the cost of something that they do together, such as having a meal in a restaurant
**'Dutch 'uncle** *n old-fash* **talk (to someone) like a Dutch uncle** to speak in an angry complaining way, showing strong disapproval, especially to someone who has done something wrong
**du·ti·a·ble** /'dju:tiəbəl||'du:-/ *adj* (of goods) on which one must pay DUTY (2)