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Panama to end his government. He was taken to the US, and in 1992 he was found guilty of drug dealing and put in prison.
**norm** /nɔːm||nɔːrm/ *n* a standard, for example of behaviour or ability, that is regarded as average or generally acceptable: *terrorists who violate the norms of civilized society* | *deviation from the norm* | *a pay increase that is well below the national norm*
**nor·mal** /ˈnɔːməl||ˈnɔːr-/ *adj* **1** according to what is expected, usual, or average: *normal working hours from nine to five* | *It's perfectly normal to get depressed sometimes.* | *Rainfall has been above/below normal this July.* | *Train services are now back to normal after last week's strike.* **2** (of a person) developing in the expected way; without any disorder in mind or body: *a normal child in every way* ➔ compare ABNORMAL; see also NORMALLY
**nor·mal·i·ty** /nɔːˈmælɪti||nɔːr-/ also **nor·mal·cy** /ˈnɔːməlsi||ˈnɔːr-/ *AmE* — *n* [U] *fm l* the quality or fact of being normal; the usual state of affairs: *We're hoping for a return to normality in our international relations.*
**nor·mal·ize** also **-ise** *BrE* /ˈnɔːməlaɪz||ˈnɔːr-/ *v* [I;T] to (cause to) become normal; especially to bring or come back to a normal friendly state: *After a period of international tension, the two countries are now trying to normalize relations with each other.* —**ization** /ˌnɔːməlaɪˈzeɪʃən||ˌnɔːrmə-/ *n* [U]
**nor·mal·ly** /ˈnɔːməli||ˈnɔːr-/ *adv* **1** in the usual way or to the usual degree: *behaving quite normally in spite of anxiety* | *The factory is now running normally again.* | *a normally active child* **2** in the usual conditions; ordinarily: *I normally go to bed early, but I stayed up late last night.* | *Normally, the disease lasts about five days.*
**Nor·man**¹ /ˈnɔːmən||ˈnɔːr-/ *n* *pl.* **the Normans** a people from Normandy, in N France, who originally came from Norway. Led by William the Conqueror, they took control of England in the 11th century, and had a very important influence on the law, language, and CULTURE of England ➔ see also NORMAN CONQUEST
**Norman**² *adj* **1** connected with the Normans who took control of England in the 11th century: *a history of Norman England* **2** built in the style that was popular during the 11th and 12th centuries in northern Europe. Norman buildings typically have thick strong walls, tall narrow windows, doors with rounded tops, and have patterns carved in the stone: *a Norman church* ➔ compare ROMANESQUE
**Norman, Barry** (1933–) a well-known British film CRITIC (=someone whose job is to give their opinion of a film etc) who had a weekly programme about films on BBC television between 1972 and 1998
**Norman, Greg** /greg/ (1955–) an Australian GOLFER who won many important international competitions, including the BRITISH OPEN, the Australian Open, and the World Match-Play Championship
**Norman, Jes·sy·e** /ˈdʒɛsi/ (1945–) a US OPERA singer known for her beautiful and powerful voice ➔ see colour photo on page A31
**Norman 'Conquest, the** the period when the Normans, led by William the Conqueror, took control of England after defeating the previous English king, Harold II, at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. These events had a very great influence on England's history, CULTURE, and language, and French became the main language of the ruling class. ➔ see also DOMESDAY BOOK, WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
**Nor·man·dy** /ˈnɔːməndi||ˈnɔːr-/ a part of northwest France, on the English Channel, known for the ports of Cherbourg and Le Havre where boats carrying passengers from England arrive. British people often spend their holidays there, camping or staying in GITES.
**Normandy 'Landings, the** the arrival of the ALLIES on the coast of Normandy in 1944, when they began to force German soldiers to leave France. The day on which they landed, 6 June 1944, is called D-DAY.
**nor·ma·tive** /ˈnɔːmətɪv||ˈnɔːr-/ *adj* *fm l* urging obedience to a rule; stating a NORM: *normative judgments about how people should behave* | *normative grammar*
**Norse** /nɔːs||nɔːrs/ *adj* belonging to or connected with the people of ancient Scandinavia, especially the Vikings or their language: *Norse legends*
**Norse·man** /ˈnɔːsmən||ˈnɔːrs-/ *n* *lit* a VIKING
**north**¹ /nɔːθ||nɔːrθ/ *written abbrev.* **N** *n* (often *cap.*) **1** [the;U] the direction which is up from the centre line of the Earth (EQUATOR); the direction which is on the left of a person facing the rising sun: *I'm lost – which direction is North?* | *A strange light appeared in the north.* **2** [the] the northern part of a country: *The North will be dry and bright.* | *unemployment in the north of England.* ➔ see also NORTH/SOUTH DIVIDE, TRUE NORTH
**north**² *written abbrev.* **N** *adj* [A] **1** (sometimes *cap.*) in the north or facing the north: *The north side of the building doesn't get much sun.* | *He lives in North Korea.* **2** (of a wind) coming from the north: *a cold north wind*
For clear divisions of the Earth's surface, especially political ones, we usually say **North**, **South**, **East**, or **West**. For more uncertain ones we usually say **Northern**, **Southern**, **Eastern**, or **Western**. Compare South Africa | Southern England | the North Pole | Northern Europe | East Sussex | Eastern countries. But these words are often part of a name, and there is no clear rule about which form will be correct.
**north**³ *written abbrev.* **N** *adv* (often *cap.*) **1** towards the north: *The room faces north, so it gets rather cold.* | *The birds fly north in summer.* | *Edinburgh is (a long way) north of London.* **2** **up north** *infml* to or in the north of the country: *They've moved up north.*
**North, the** **1** the northeastern states of the US, especially during the CIVIL WAR (1861–65) when they fought against the SOUTH. Today, the six states in NEW ENGLAND and the states of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania are usually called the Northeast and the states to the west of these are called the Midwest. People from the northern part of the US are called Northerners. **2** the northern part of England, which includes the area north of the Midlands and south of the Scottish border, and contains several large cities, including Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, and Newcastle.
**CULTURAL NOTE**
In the past, there was a lot of industry in the North of England, including coal mines, SHIPBUILDING, and factories where cloth and steel were made. Most of this industry closed down during the 1970s and 1980s, and as a result many people lost their jobs. There are more modern types of industry there now, although there are fewer jobs in the North than in the South, and the area is thought of as being less rich than the South. People from the North, who are called **Northerners**, are generally thought to be friendlier than people in the South, and more direct and honest in the way they express their opinions.
**3** the richer countries of the northern parts of the world, especially Europe and North America ➔ see also EAST, WEST, SOUTH, NORTH/SOUTH DIVIDE
**North A·mer·i·ca** the third largest CONTINENT in the world, consisting of Canada and the United States of America, as well as Mexico, Central America, Greenland, and other smaller islands —**North American** *n*, *adj*
**Nor·thamp·ton·shire** /nɔːˈθæmptənʃə||nɔːr-/ *abbrev.* **Nor·thants.** /nɔːˈθænts||nɔːr-/ a COUNTY in central England that consists mainly of farmland
**North Atlantic 'Treaty Organization, the** ➔ see NATO
**north-bound** /ˈnɔːθbaʊnd||ˈnɔːrθ-/ *adj* travelling or leading towards the north: *northbound traffic* | *the northbound side of the motorway*
**North by North 'West** (1959) a humorous and exciting US film made by Alfred HITCHCOCK in which Cary GRANT appears as a businessman who is given secret information by people who think he is a SPY. When they realize their mistake, they chase him and try to kill him.
**North Car·o·li·na** /ˌnɔːθ kærəˈlaɪnə||ˌnɔːrθ-/ *written abbrev.* **NC** a state on the east coast of the US, known mainly for producing tobacco. It was one of the 13 original states of the US.
**North 'Circular, the** an important road in London, which goes around the northern half of the city and connects with the SOUTH CIRCULAR. Together, the North Circular and the