1 abbreviated styles
1.1 advertisements and instructions
1.2 notes
1.3 commentaries
1.4 titles, notices etc
1.5 headlines
2 abbreviations and acronyms
2.1 punctuation
2.2 initial-letter abbreviations
2.3 acronyms
2.4 plurals
3 [be] able
4 about and on
5 about to
6 above and over
6.1 'higher than': above or over
6.2 'not directly over': above
6.3 'covering': over
6.4 measurements: above
6.5 ages, speeds, 'more than': over
6.6 books and papers
7 accept and agree
8 according to
9 across, over and through
9.1 on/to the other side of (line): across and over
9.2 high things: over preferred
9.3 flat areas: across preferred
9.4 the adverb over (to)
9.5 across and through
10 active verb forms
10.1 future, present and past; simple, progressive and perfect
10.2 verb forms ('tenses') and time
10.3 progressive forms
10.4 perfect forms
10.5 table of active verb forms
11 actual(ly)
11.1 meaning and use
11.2 'false friends'
12 adjectives (1): normal position
12.1 two positions
12.2 adjectives used only before nouns
12.3 adjectives used only after verbs
12.4 verb + object + adjective
13 adjectives (2): after nouns and pronouns
13.1 fixed phrases
13.2 available, possible etc.
13.3 present, proper
13.4 expressions of measurement
13.5 adjectives with complements
13.6 something, everything etc
14 adjectives (3): position after as, how, so, too
15 adjectives (4): order before nouns
15.1 description before classification: an old political idea
15.2 opinion before description: a wonderful old house
15.3 order of descriptive words
15.4 numbers
15.5 noun modifiers after adjectives
15.6 commas
16 adjectives (5): with and
16.1 after a verb
16.2 before a noun
16.3 nice and ...
17 adjectives (6): without nouns
17.1 well-known groups
17.2 adjectives of nationality
17.3 singular examples
17.4 abstract ideas
17.5 choices
17.6 superlatives
18 adjectives (7): pronunciation of aged, naked etc
19 adjectives (8): what can follow an adjective?
20 adverb particles
20.1 adverb particles and prepositions
20.2 phrasal verbs
20.3 adverb particles with be
21 adverb position (1): introduction
21.1 verb and object: She speaks English well
21.2 front, mid- and end position
21.3 what goes where?
22 adverb position (2): front position
22.1 connecting adverbs: then, next, ...
22.2 comment adverbs: fortunately, surprisingly, ...
22.3 indefinite frequency: usually, normally, ...
22.4 certainty: maybe, perhaps
22.5 place: at the end of the garden, here, there
22.6 time: today, afterwards, in June, soon, every week
23 adverb position (3): end position
23.1 adverbs of manner
23.2 adverbs of place
23.3 adverbs of time and definite frequency
23.4 manner, place, time
23.5 adverbs of indefinite frequency: usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes and occasionally.
24 adverb position (4): mid-position
24.1 What exactly is mid-position?
24.2 indefinite frequency (how often)
24.3 adverbs of certainty
24.4 adverbs of completeness
24.5 comment adverbs
24.6 focusing adverbs
24.7 adverbs of manner
24.8 mid-position (details): adverbs with negative verbs
24.9 mid-position (details): adverbs with emphatic verbs
24.10 mid-position (details): modal auxiliary verbs
24.11 mid-position (details): American English
25 adverb position (5): emphasising adverbs
26 adverbs of manner and adjectives
26.1 adverbs of manner with verbs
26.2 other uses
27 adverbs or adjectives? confusing cases
27.1 adjectives ending in -ly
27.2 adjectives and adverbs with the same form; adverbs with two forms
27.3 comparatives and superlatives
27.4 American English
28 afraid
28.1 afraid and fear
28.2 I'm afraid = 'I'm sorry'
28.3 not used before a noun
29 after: adverb
29.1 shortly after etc.
29.2 after not used alone
30 after: conjunction
30.1 use and position
30.2 present with future meaning
30.3 perfect tenses
30.4 after .. .ing
31 after all
31.1 two meanings
31.2 not used for 'finally'
32 age
32.1 use of be
32.2 be + ... age
32.3 prepositions
33 ago
33.1 word order: six weeks ago
33.2 tenses
33.3 the difference between ago and for
33.4 ago and before with time expressions: counting back
34 alike
35 all (1): introduction
35.1 three or more items
35.2 all (of) with nouns and pronouns
35.3 with the subject or the verb
35.4 all without a noun
35.5 all with adjectives, adverbs etc
36 all (2): all (of) with nouns and pronouns
36.1 all and all of
36.2 all of + personal pronoun
36.3 pronoun + all
36.4 types of noun
36.5 leaving out the
36.6 not all ...
37 all (3): with the verb
38 all (4): all, everybody/everyone and everything
38.1 all and everybody/everyone
38.2 all and everything
38.3 older English
39 all and every
39.1 every with singular nouns; all with plurals
39.2 every not used with determiners
39.3 all with uncountables
39.4 all day and every day etc
40 all and whole
40.1 pronunciation
40.2 word order
40.3 indefinite reference
40.4 uncountable nouns
40.5 the whole of
40.6 plural nouns
41 all right and alright
42 allow, permit and let
42.1 allow and permit
42.2 let
43 almost and nearly; practically
43.1 progress, measurement and counting
43.2 other meanings
43.3 never, nobody, nothing etc
43.4 everybody, everything, anybody, anything etc
43.5 practically
44 alone, lonely, lonesome and lone
45 along
46 also, as well and too
46.1 position
46.2 reference
46.3 imperatives and short answers
46.4 too in a formal style
47 also, as well, too and either in negative clauses
47.1 negative + negative: either
47.2 affirmative + negative: also / as well / too
48 alternate(ly) and alternative(ly)
49 although, though, but and however: contrast
49.1 although and though: conjunctions
49.2 but and however
49.3 but and however: the difference
49.4 though used as an adverb
50 altogether and all together
51 American and British English
51.1 grammar
51.2 vocabulary
51.3 spelling
51.4 pronunciation
52 and
52.1 use
52.2 fixed expressions
53 and after try, wait, go etc
53.1 try / be sure / wait and ...
53.2 come/go/etc and ...
53.3 American English
54 another and other(s)
54.1 spelling of another
54.2 'additional, extra'
54.3 'alternative'
54.4 other and others
54.5 not used like an adjective
55 any
55.1 meaning
55.2 any and some
55.3 any and not any
55.4 nouns with and without any
55.5 any = 'it doesn't matter who/which/what'
55.6 at all
55.7 any and any of
55.8 without a noun
55.9 compounds
56 any and every
57 any and no: adverbs
57.1 any and no with comparatives
57.2 any/no different
57.3 any/no good; any/no use
58 appear
58.1 link verb: 'seem'
58.2 appear and seem: differences
58.3 'come into sight'
59 arise and rise
60 (a)round and about
60.1 circular movement etc: (a)round
60.2 touring; distribution: round
60.3 indefinite movement and position
60.4 approximately: about
61 articles (1): introduction
61.1 What are articles?
61.2 What are articles used for?
61.3 How much do articles matter?
61.4 speakers of Western European languages
61.5 speakers of other languages
62 articles (2): basic information (A)
62.1 two basic rules
62.2 four common mistakes to avoid
63 articles (3): basic information (B)
63.1 talking in general
63.2 talking about jobs, types etc
64 articles (4): more about the
64.1 the = 'you know which one(s)'
64.2 the = 'the only one(s) around'
64.3 superlatives
64.4 the meaning 'the well-known'
64.5 possessives and demonstratives
64.6 proper nouns (names)
64.7 things in general
64.8 pronunciation
65 articles (5): more about a/an
65.1 countable and uncountable nouns
65.2 a/an with singular countable nouns
65.3 uses of a/an
65.4 when a/an cannot be left out
65.5 when a/an is not used: adjectives alone; possessives
65.6 a/an and the
65.7 a and an: the difference
66 articles (6): no article with plural and uncountable nouns
66.1 a/an not used
66.2 confusing nouns
66.3 some and any
66.4 the
67 articles (7): the difference between some/any and no article
67.1 use with uncountable and plural nouns
67.2 some/any or no article?
68 articles (8): talking in general
68.1 the does not mean 'all'
68.2 generalisations with singular countable nouns
69 articles (9): the (difficult cases)
69.1 groups: nurses or the nurses; railways or the railways?
69.2 French painters; the Impressionists
69.3 1960s music; the music of the 1960s
69.4 physical environment: the town, the sea
69.5 on the bus; at the hairdresser
69.6 She kicked him on the knee; He sat at the side
70 articles (10): special rules and exceptions
70.1 common expressions without articles
70.2 double expressions
70.3 possessive's
70.4 noun modifiers
70.5 both and all
70.6 kind of etc
70.7 amount and number
70.8 man and woman
70.9 days, months and seasons
70.10 musical instruments
70.11 (the) radio, (the) cinema, (the) theatre and television
70.12 jobs and positions
70.13 exclamations
70.14 illnesses
70.15 parts of the body etc
70.16 measurements
70.17 place names
70.18 newspapers and magazines
70.19 abbreviated styles
71 as and though: special word order
72 as, because, since and for
72.1 as and since
72.2 because
72.3 for
73 as, when and while: simultaneous events
73.1 'backgrounds': as, when or while
73.2 simultaneous long actions: while; as
73.3 simultaneous short actions: (just) as; (just) when
73.4 reduced clauses with when and while
74 as if and as though; like
74.1 meaning
74.2 tenses
74.3 like meaning 'as if/though'
75 as long as
75.1 tenses
75.2 conditions
75.3 emphatic use
76 as such
77 as usual
78 as well as
78.1 meaning
78.2 verbs after as well as
79 ask
79.1 ask and ask for
79.2 infinitive structures
80 at/in and to
80.1 the difference
80.2 expressions of purpose
80.3 targets
81 at, on and in: place
81.1 at
81.2 on
81.3 in
81.4 public transport
81.5 arrive
81.6 addresses
81.7 special expressions
82 at, on and in: time
82.1 clock times: at
82.2 parts of the day: in
82.3 days: on
82.4 public holidays and weekends: at
82.5 longer periods: in
82.6 other uses of in
82.7 expressions with no preposition
83 at all
83.1 at all with a negative
83.2 questions etc
83.3 Not at all
84 at first and first
85 auxiliary verbs
85.1 the need for auxiliary verbs
85.2 be, do and have
85.3 modal auxiliary verbs
85.4 other verb + verb structures
86 (a)wake and (a)waken
86.1 use
86.2 awake and asleep (adjectives)
87 back and again
87.1 back with a verb
87.2 again with a verb
87.3 cases when back is not used
87.4 adverb particles etc
87.5 ring/call back
87.6 word order
88 bath and bathe
88.1 bath
88.2 bathe
89 be: progressive forms
90 be with auxiliary do
91 be + infinitive: I am to ..., you are to... etc
91.1 plans and arrangements: He is to visit Nigeria
91.2 'fate': We were to meet again
91.3 pre-conditions: If we are to get there in time ...
91.4 orders: You are to do your homework
91.5 be + passive infinitive: It is not to be removed
91.6 tenses
92 be and have
92.1 physical conditions: hunger, thirst etc
92.2 age, height, weight, size and colour
93 beat and win
94 because
94.1 because and because of
94.2 position of because-clauses
94.3 just because ... (it) doesn't mean ...
95 been meaning 'come' or 'gone'
96 before: adverb
96.1 'at any time before now/then'
96.2 counting back from a past time: eight years before
96.3 before, before that and first
97 before: conjunction
97.1 position of before-clause
97.2 present tense with future meaning
97.3 perfect tenses
97.4 before things that don't happen
97.5 before ... ing
98 before (preposition) and in front of
99 begin and start
99.1 meaning; formality
99.2 cases where begin is not possible
100 below, under, underneath, beneath
100.1 'lower than': below or under
100.2 not directly under: below
100.3 covered: under
100.4 measurements: below
100.5 'less than': under
100.6 underneath
100.7 beneath
100.8 adverbs
101 beside and besides
102 besides, except and apart from
103 bet
103.1 use
103.2 tenses
103.3 two objects
104 better
104.1 'recovered'
104.2 correcting mistakes
105 between and among
105.1 between two
105.2 between or among more than two
105.3 dividing and sharing; difference
105.4 'one of' etc
106 big, large and great
106.1 concrete nouns: usually big or large
106.2 great with concrete nouns
106.3 abstract nouns: usually great
106.4 large and wide
107 [a] bit
107.1 use
107.2 a bit of a
107.3 not a bit
108 born and borne
108.1 be born
108.2 the verb bear
109 borrow and lend
110 both
110.1 meaning
110.2 both and both of
110.3 the not used before both
110.4 personal pronouns: both of
110.5 both with a verb
110.6 negative structures
111 both ... and
112 bring and take
112.1 speaker's/hearer's position
112.2 speaker's/hearer's past or future position
112.3 joining a movement
112.4 somebody else's position
112.5 American English
113 bring up and educate
114 Britain, the United Kingdom, the British Isles and England
115 broad and wide
115.1 physical distance
115.2 abstract meanings
116 but meaning 'except'
116.1 use
116.2 pronouns after but
116.3 verbs after but
116.4 but meaning 'only'
117 by: time
117.1 not later than
117.2 other meanings
118 by and near
119 by (method, agent) and with (tools etc)
119.1 the difference
119.2 passive clauses
120 call
121 can and could (1): introduction
121.1 grammar
121.2 meanings
122 can and could (2): ability
122.1 knowledge, skill, strength etc: I can read Italian
122.2 common or typical
122.3 possible in the situation: We can go to Paris
122.4 past: She could read when she was four
122.5 past: could is not always possible
122.6 other uses of could
122.7 could have ...
122.8 chances: Will it happen? / Is it happening? Can not used
123 can and could (3): ability (advanced points)
123.1 future: can or will be able
123.2 could in the past
123.3 languages and instruments: She speaks Greek
123.4 can/could always
123.5 could have ... for present situations
124 can and could (4): interpersonal uses (permission, requests etc)
124.1 asking for and giving permission: Can I ... ?
124.2 talking about permission: Can everybody park here?
124.3 past: could is not always possible
124.4 could = 'would be allowed'
124.5 offers
124.6 requests, orders and suggestions
124.7 criticisms
124.8 indirect speech
125 can and could (5): with see, hear, etc
125.1 see, hear, feel, smell, taste
125.2 guess, tell
125.3 understand, follow, remember
126 can't help
127 care: take care (of), care (about) and care for
127.1 take care of
127.2 care (about)
127.3 care for
128 changes: become, get, go, grow, etc
128.1 become dark, become a pilot etc
128.2 get dark, younger etc
128.3 get + infinitive
128.4 go red, go mad etc
128.5 come true etc
128.6 grow old etc
128.7 turn red etc
128.8 fall ill etc
128.9 verbs related to adjectives: thicken, brighten etc
128.10 no change: stay, keep, remain
129 city and town
130 cleft sentences (1): What I need is a holiday
130.1 Mary is the person who ...; What I need is ...
130.2 the place where ...; the day when ...; the reason why ...
130.3 emphasising verbs: What he did was ...
130.4 emphasising a whole sentence
130.5 other structures
131 cleft sentences (2): it was my secretary who
131.1 preparatory it
131.2 It is I who ... ; It is me that ...
132 close and shut
132.1 use
132.2 past participles
132.3 cases where close is preferred
133 cloth and clothes
134 come and go
134.1 speaker's/hearer's position
134.2 speaker's/hearer's past or future position
134.3 joining a movement
134.4 somebody else's position
134.5 come to; come from
135 comparison (1): structures
135.1 similarity and identity: as, like, so do I, too, the same, etc
135.2 equality: as ... as
135.3 inequality: more ... than; older ... than; most, oldest, etc
135.4 inequality: less, least; not so/as ... as
136 comparison (2): as ... as; as much/many as
136.1 use
136.2 negative structures
136.3 as ... as + adjective/adverb
136.4 pronouns after as
136.5 as much/many ... as
136.6 emphatic use: as much as 80 kg
136.7 half as ... as etc
136.8 modification
136.9 infinitives
136.10 tenses
136.11 leaving out the second part
136.12 traditional expressions
137 comparison (3): comparative and superlative adjectives
137.1 one-syllable adjectives (regular comparison)
137.2 irregular comparison
137.3 two-syllable adjectives
137.4 longer adjectives
137.5 more, most with short adjectives
138 comparison (4): comparative and superlative adverbs
139 comparison (5): using comparatives and superlatives
139.1 than
139.2 the difference between comparatives and superlatives
139.3 groups with two members
139.4 double comparatives: fatter and fatter; more and more slowly
139.5 the ... the ...
139.6 than me; than I (am)
139.7 the happiest man in the world
139.8 than anybody; the best ... ever
140 comparison (6): much, far etc with comparatives and superlatives
140.1 much, far etc with comparatives
140.2 many more/less/fewer
140.3 much, by far, quite etc with superlatives
140.4 very with superlatives
141 comparison (7): advanced points
141.1 comparative meaning 'relatively', 'more than average'
141.2 all/any/none the + comparative
141.3 three times ... er etc
141.4 words left out after than
141.5 the youngest person to ...
141.6 the with superlatives
142 continual(ly) and continuous(ly)
143 contractions
143.1 general rules
143.2 alternative contractions
143.3 position
143.4 list of contractions
144 contrary
144.1 on the contrary and on the other hand
144.2 contrary and opposite
145 control
146 correspondence (1): letters
147 correspondence (2): emails and text messages
147.1 formal emails: style and layout
147.2 informal emails
147.3 addresses
147.4 txt msgs (text messages)
148 countable and uncountable nouns (1): basic information
148.1 the difference between countable and uncountable nouns
148.2 problems
148.3 travel and a journey; a piece of advice
148.4 materials: glass, paper etc
148.5 fruit, rice, wheat, spaghetti, hair; vegetables, peas, grapes, oats
148.6 abstract nouns: time, life, experience etc
148.7 illnesses
149 countable and uncountable nouns (2): advanced points
149.1 20 square metres of wall
149.2 not much difference
149.3 in all weathers; on your travels
149.4 a/an with uncountable nouns
149.5 plural uncountables
150 country
150.1 countable use
150.2 uncountable use
151 dare
151.1 uncommon
151.2 negative use; daren't
151.3 special expressions
152 dates
152.1 writing
152.2 speaking
152.3 BC and AD
153 dead, died and death
154 determiners: the, my, some, several etc
154.1 What are determiners?
154.2 Group A determiners: the, my, this, ...
154.3 Group B determiners: some, each, much, enough etc
154.4 Group B + Group A: some of the people
154.5 Group B + of + pronoun: most of us
154.6 no and none; every and every one
154.7 all (of), both (of), half (of)
154.8 Group A + Group B: his many friends
154.9 other determiners: other, such, what, only, numbers
154.10 determiners without nouns; I haven't read any
155 different
155.1 modifiers: any different etc
155.2 prepositions: different from/to
156 direct speech: reporting verbs and word order
156.1 informal spoken reports: said, thought
156.2 literary direct speech: ask, exclaim, suggest ...
157 discourse markers
157.1 focusing and linking
157.2 balancing contrasting points
157.3 emphasising a contrast
157.4 similarity
157.5 concession and counter-argument
157.6 contradicting
157.7 dismissal of previous discourse
157.8 change of subject
157.9 return to previous subject
157.10 structuring
157.11 adding
157.12 generalising
157.13 giving examples
157.14 logical consequence
157.15 making things clear; giving details
157.16 softening and correcting
157.17 gaining time
157.18 showing one's attitude to what one is saying
157.19 persuading
157.20 referring to the other person's expectations
157.21 summing up
158 do (1): introduction
158.1 auxiliary verb
158.2 general-purpose verb
158.3 substitute verb
158.4 combined forms
159 do (2): auxiliary verb
159.1 questions
159.2 negatives
159.3 emphasis
159.4 inversion
159.5 ellipsis
160 do (3): general-purpose verb; do and make
160.1 do for indefinite activities
160.2 do for work
160.3 do .. .ing
160.4 make for constructing, creating etc
160.5 do instead of make
160.6 common fixed expressions
161 do (4): substitute verb
162 do so/it/that
162.1 do so
162.2 do so and do it/that
162.3 do so/it/that: deliberate actions
162.4 other verbs
163 doubt
164 dress
164.1 noun
164.2 verb: putting clothes on
164.3 verb: wearing clothes
165 drown
166 due to and owing to
167 during and for
168 during and in
169 each
169.1 each + singular
169.2 each of
169.3 pronouns
169.4 position with object
169.5 without a noun
169.6 with the verb
170 each and every: the difference
170.1 each with two or more; every with three or more
170.2 meaning
170.3 structures
171 each other and one another
171.1 no difference
171.2 not used as subject
171.3 each other's / one another's
171.4 -selves and each other / one another
171.5 words used without each other / one another
172 east and eastern, north and northern etc
172.1 adjectives: the difference
172.2 'belonging to'
172.3 capital letters
172.4 prepositions
173 efficient and effective
174 either: determiner
174.1 either + singular
174.2 either of
174.3 without a noun
174.4 pronouns
174.5 either side/end
174.6 pronunciation
175 either ... or
176 elder and eldest
177 ellipsis (1): introduction
177.1 replies
177.2 structures with and, but and or
177.3 at the beginning of a sentence
177.4 at the end of a noun phrase
177.5 at the end of a verb phrase
177.6 infinitives
177.7 comparative structures with as and than
177.8 question-word clauses
177.9 that and relative pronouns
177.10 reduced relative structures: the tickets available etc
177.11 be after conjunctions
177.12 prepositions
177.13 pronouns after prepositions
177.14 abbreviated styles
178 ellipsis (2): with and, but and or
178.1 various kinds of word left out
178.2 word order
178.3 other conjunctions
178.4 (and) then
179 ellipsis (3): at the beginning of a sentence
179.1 words that can be left out
179.2 unstressed forms of be, will, would, have
179.3 before pronouns: You ready?
179.4 Dutch, aren't you?
180 ellipsis (4): in noun phrases
180.1 ellipsis after adjectives: boiled, please
180.2 ellipsis after this, numbers, possessives etc
180.3 well-known names
181 ellipsis (5): after auxiliary verbs
181.1 auxiliary instead of complete verb phrase
181.2 short answers etc: Yes, I have.
181.3 so am I etc
181.4 ellipsis before complete form
181.5 more than one auxiliary
181.6 substitution with do
182 ellipsis (6): infinitives
182.1 to used instead of whole infinitive
182.2 ellipsis of whole infinitive
182.3 (would) like, want etc
183 else
183.1 use
183.2 word order
183.3 else's
183.4 singular only
183.5 or else
183.6 elsewhere
184 emphasis
184.1 emotive and contrastive emphasis
184.2 pronunciation: stress
184.3 vocabulary: special words
184.4 structures
185 end and finish: verbs
185.1 both used
185.2 completing an activity
185.3 changes
185.4 -ing forms
186 enjoy
187 enough
187.1 adjective/adverb + enough
187.2 enough + noun
187.3 position with adjective + noun
187.4 enough or enough of?
187.5 enough without a noun
187.6 enough + infinitive; structure with for
187.7 It's small enough to put in your pocket, etc
187.8 the = enough; leaving out enough
188 especial(ly) and special(ly)
188.1 especially and specially
188.2 especially meaning 'above all'
188.3 especially before prepositions and conjunctions
188.4 specially with past participles
188.5 especial and special
189 even
189.1 meaning
189.2 position
189.3 even and also
189.4 even if and even though
189.5 even so; even now
190 eventual(ly)
191 ever
191.1 ever meaning 'at any time'
191.2 with comparatives, superlatives, as and only
191.3 ever + perfect
191.4 ever and before; ever before
191.5 ever meaning 'always'
192 ever so, ever such
193 every (one)
193.1 every + singular
193.2 every one of
193.3 every one without a noun
193.4 negative structures
193.5 pronouns and possessives
193.6 every + plural noun
193.7 everybody etc
193.8 everyday
193.9 common expressions
194 except and except for
194.1 except for before nouns
194.2 except (for) after all, any etc
194.3 except before prepositions and conjunctions
194.4 except (for) + pronoun
194.5 except + verb: he does nothing except eat
194.6 except and without
195 exclamations: structures
195.1 exclamations with how
195.2 exclamations with what
195.3 exclamations with so and such
195.4 negative question forms
196 expect, hope, wait and look forward
196.1 expect and hope: difference of meaning
196.2 expect and wait: difference of meaning
196.3 look forward: meaning
196.4 all four expressions compared
196.5 structures
197 experiment and experience
198 explain
199 fairly, quite, rather and pretty: adverbs of degree
199.1 fairly
199.2 quite
199.3 rather
199.4 pretty
200 far and a long way
200.1 far in questions and negatives
200.2 far in affirmative clauses
200.3 far with comparatives etc
200.4 before a noun: a far country
201 farther and further
201.1 distance
201.2 'additional'
202 feel
202.1 link verb: I feel fine
202.2 link verb: That feels nice!
202.3 link verb: feel like; feel as if/though
202.4 feel like meaning 'want'
202.5 ordinary verb: reactions and opinions
202.6 ordinary verb: 'receive physical sensations'
202.7 ordinary verb: 'touch'
203 female and feminine; male and masculine
204 finally, at last, in the end and at the end
204.1 finally
204.2 at last
204.3 in the end
204.4 at the end
205 finished
206 fit and suit
207 for: purpose and cause
207.1 people's purposes: I went for an interview
207.2 the purposes of things: -ing forms and infinitives
207.3 causes of reactions
208 for, since, in and from: time
208.1 for
208.2 for and since with perfect tenses: the difference
208.3 in after negatives and superlatives (AmE)
208.4 from and since
209 forget and leave
210 fun and funny
211 future (1): introduction
211.1 will/shall
211.2 present forms: I'm leaving; I'm going to leave
211.3 simple present: the train leaves ...
211.4 other ways of talking about the future
211.5 'future in the past'
211.6 subordinate clauses
212 future (2): will/shall (information and prediction)
212.1 forms
212.2 use: giving information about the future; predicting
212.3 conditional use
212.4 future events already decided: will not used
212.5 not used in subordinate clauses: when I arrive
212.6 other uses of will and shall
213 future (3): going to ...
213.1 a present tense
213.2 plans: We're going to get a new car
213.3 things that are on the way: She's going to have a baby
213.4 commands and refusals
213.5 gonna
214 future (4): present progressive
214.1 present reality: I'm washing my hair this evening
214.2 present progressive and going to ... : differences
214.3 commands and refusals
215 future (5): simple present
215.1 timetables etc: The summer term starts ...
215.2 subordinate clauses: when she gets a job
215.3 instructions: Where do I pay?
215.4 other cases
216 future (6): present forms or will?
216.1 present reality
216.2 predictions: thinking and guessing about the future
217 future (7): will and shall (interpersonal uses)
217.1 differences between will and shall
217.2 announcing decisions: will
217.3 promises and threats: will
217.4 refusals: won't
217.5 asking for instructions and decisions: shall
217.6 giving instructions and orders: will
218 future (8): will/shall, going to and present progressive (advanced points)
218.1 will/shall and present forms: both possible
218.2 official arrangements
218.3 predictions as orders
218.4 different meanings of will you ...?
218.5 expressing certainty about the present or past
218.6 obligation: shall
219 future (9): future perfect (they will have finished)
220 future (10): future progressive
220.1 events in progress in the future
220.2 events that are fixed or expected to happen
220.3 no idea of making decisions
220.4 progressive form with going to
221 future (11): future in the past
222 gender (references to males and females)
222.1 animals, cars, ships and countries
222.2 he or she
222.3 unisex they
222.4 actor and actress etc
222.5 words ending in -man
222.6 man
222.7 titles
223 get (1): basic structures
223.1 get + noun/pronoun: I got a letter
223.2 get + adjective: getting old
223.3 get + adverb particle or preposition: get out
223.4 get + past participle: get washed, dressed, married etc
223.5 passive auxiliary: He got caught
223.6 get ...ing; get + infinitive
223.7 got and gotten
224 get (2): + object + verb form
224.1 causative: Don't get him talking
224.2 causative: Get Penny to help us
224.3 causative: get something done
224.4 experience: We got our roof blown off
224.5 Get the children dressed
225 get and go: movement
226 give with action-nouns
226.1 give a cough, etc
226.2 give somebody a smile, etc
227 go/come for a ...
228 go/come ... ing
228.1 go ... ing
228.2 come ...ing
228.3 prepositions
229 gone with be
230 had better
230.1 meaning
230.2 forms
231 half
231.1 half (of)
231.2 no following noun
231.3 the half
231.4 half a and a half
231.5 one and a half
232 happen to ...
233 hardly, scarcely and no sooner
234 have (1): introduction
235 have (2): auxiliary verb
235.1 perfect verb forms
235.2 questions and negatives
235.3 progressive forms
236 have (3): actions
236.1 meaning and typical expressions
236.2 grammar
237 have (4): have (got) - possession, relationships and other states
237.1 meanings
237.2 progressive forms not used
237.3 questions and negatives with do
237.4 shorter question and negative forms: Have you ... ?; she has not
237.5 have got
237.6 have got (details)
237.7 repetition: got not used
237.8 repetition: a change in British English
238 have (5): + object + verb form
238.1 causative: have somebody do/doing something
238.2 causative: have something done
238.3 experience: have something happen/happening
238.4 experience: We had our roof blown off
238.5 I won't have ...
239 have (6): have (got) to
239.1 meaning: obligation, certainty
239.2 grammar: with or without do; got
239.3 future: have (got) to or will have to
239.4 pronunciation of have to; gotta
240 headlines
240.1 special language
240.2 grammar
240.3 vocabulary
241 hear and listen (to)
241.1 hear: meaning
241.2 listen (to): meaning
241.3 complete experiences: hear
241.4 hear not used in progressive forms
241.5 listen and listen to
242 hear, see etc + object + verb form
242.1 object + infinitive or -ing form
242.2 possessives not used
242.3 object + past participle
242.4 look at
243 hear, see etc with that-clause
244 help
245 here and there
246 high and tall
246.1 What kind of things are tall?
246.2 measurements
246.3 distance above the ground
246.4 parts of the body
247 hire, rent and let
247.1 hire and rent
247.2 let
248 holiday and holidays
249 home
249.1 articles and prepositions
249.2 house and home
250 hope
250.1 tenses after hope
250.2 negative sentences
250.3 special uses of past tenses
251 hopefully
252 how
252.1 use and word order
252.2 with adjectives/adverbs: how, not how much
252.3 comparisons: how not used
252.4 how, what and why
252.5 how much, how many, how old, how far etc
252.6 how-clauses in sentences
252.7 the way
253 how and what ... like?
253.1 changes: How's Ron?
253.2 reactions: How was the film?
254 -ic and -ical
254.1 some adjectives normally ending in -ic
254.2 some adjectives ending in -ical
254.3 differences of meaning
254.4 adverbs
254.5 nouns ending in -ics
255 idioms, collocations and fixed expressions
255.1 What are idioms?
255.2 verbs with particles or prepositions
255.3 collocations (conventional word combinations)
255.4 situational language: fixed expressions
255.5 using idioms, collocations and fixed expressions.
256 if (1): introduction
256.1 uncertain events and situations
256.2 conditions
256.3 'first', 'second' and 'third' conditionals; other structures
256.4 position of if-clause
257 if (2): ordinary structures
257.1 the same tenses as with other conjunctions
257.2 present tense with future meaning
258 if (3): special structures with past tenses and would
258.1 unreal situations
258.2 if + past; would + infinitive without to
258.3 would, should and 'd
258.4 if I were etc
258.5 ordinary tense-use or special tense-use? If I come or if I came?
258.6 could and might
259 if (4): unreal past situations
259.1 if + past perfect; would have + past participle
259.2 could have ... and might have ...
259.3 present use: situations that are no longer possible
260 if (5): if ... will
260.1 results
260.2 'If it is true now that .. .'
260.3 indirect questions: I don't know if ...
260.4 polite requests
260.5 insistence
261 if (6): other points
261.1 if ... should; if ... happen to
261.2 if ... was/were to
261.3 if it was/were not for
261.4 leaving out if: conversational
261.5 leaving out if: formal inversion-structures
261.6 leaving out words after if
261.7 if so and if not
261.8 extra negative
261.9 if ... then
261.10 if meaning 'even if'
261.11 admitting facts with if
261.12 if meaning 'I'm saying this in case'
261.13 if meaning 'although'
262 if (7): other structures found in spoken English
262.1 would in both clauses
262.2 'd have. .. 'd have
262.3 had've and would've
262.4 mixed tenses
263 if (8): other words with the same meaning
264 if I were you
264.1 advice
264.2 I should/would ...
265 if only
266 ill and sick
267 immediately, the moment etc: conjunctions
268 imperatives
268.1 forms and use
268.2 emphatic imperative: Do sit down
268.3 passive imperative: get vaccinated
268.4 do(n't) be
268.5 subject with imperative
268.6 question tags
268.7 word order with always and never
268.8 let
269 in and into, on and onto: prepositions
269.1 position and direction
269.2 in and on for movement
269.3 into for change
269.4 in and on as adverbs
270 in and to
270.1 go to school in ... etc
270.2 arrive etc
271 in case and if
271.1 precautions
271.2 in case ... should
271.3 in case and if
271.4 in case of
272 in spite of
273 indeed
273.1 very ... indeed
273.2 indeed with verb
274 indirect speech (1): introduction
274.1 direct and indirect speech
274.2 change of situation
274.3 pronouns
274.4 'here and now' words
274.5 tenses
274.6 dropping that
275 indirect speech (2): tenses
275.1 past reporting verbs: He said he didn't like the party.
275.2 typical tense changes after past reporting verbs
275.3 would, could etc: no change
275.4 I told them I was British
275.5 He says, I'll tell her etc.
276 indirect speech (3): questions and answers
276.1 word order: I asked where Alice was
276.2 no question marks
276.3 yes/no questions: He asked if ...
276.4 say and tell: answers, not questions
277 indirect speech (4): infinitives
277.1 He promised to write
277.2 He asked her how to ...
277.3 suggest, say: infinitives not used
278 indirect speech (5): advanced points
278.1 reporting past tenses
278.2 reporting present and future tenses
278.3 modal verbs in indirect speech
278.4 reporting 'Shall I ... ?'
278.5 conditionals
278.6 negative questions
278.7 word order with what, who and which
278.8 She's written I don't know how many books
278.9 indirect speech without reporting verbs
279 infinitives (1): introduction
279.1 forms
279.2 use
280 infinitives (2): forms
280.1 progressive infinitive: (to) be .. .ing
280.2 perfect infinitive: (to) have + past participle
280.3 passive infinitive: (to) be + past participle
280.4 combinations
280.5 negative forms
280.6 to
280.7 split infinitive
281 infinitives (3): without to
281.1 after modal auxiliary verbs
281.2 after let, make, hear etc
281.3 after why (not)
281.4 after and, or, except, but, than, as and like
281.5 after do
282 infinitives (4): after verbs
283 infinitives (5): I want you to listen
284 infinitives (6): after adjectives
284.1 reactions and feelings: pleased to see you
284.2 other adjectives: certain to win
284.3 superlatives etc: the oldest athlete to win ...
284.4 easy to please
285 infinitives (7): after nouns and pronouns
285.1 nouns related to verbs: no wish to change
285.2 nouns related to adjectives: You were a fool to agree
285.3 purpose: a key to open the door
285.4 enough, too much etc
285.5 infinitive with preposition: a friend to play with
285.6 the life to come etc
286 infinitives (8): who to ... , what to ... etc
286.1 indirect questions: Tell us what to do
286.2 direct questions: What shall we do?
286.3 titles
287 infinitives (9): active and passive infinitive with similar meaning
287.1 obligation
287.2 to be seen/found/congratulated etc
287.3 nothing to do and nothing to be done etc
288 infinitives (10): I'm glad to have left
288.1 perfect or past meaning
288.2 perfect infinitive for 'unreal' past
288.3 modals: He could have killed himself
289 infinitives (11): purpose
289.1 I sat down to rest
289.2 in order to; so as to
290 infinitives (12): subject, complement or object
290.1 subject: To practise is important / It's important to practise
290.2 complement: Your task is to get across the river
290.3 object: I like to read the paper at breakfast
291 infinitives (13): for ... to
291.1 infinitive with its own subject
291.2 use
291.3 after adjectives: anxious for us to see ...
291.4 It's impossible for ... to ...
291.5 after nouns: It's a good idea for us to ...
291.6 something for me to do
291.7 after verbs: ask for ... to ...
291.8 after too and enough
291.9 as subject
291.10 for there to be
291.11 that-clauses
292 infinitives (14): other uses
292.1 I came home to find ...
292.2 To hear her talk, you'd think ...
293 -ing forms (1): introduction
293.1 'participles and 'gerunds'
293.2 perfect, passive and negative -ing forms
293.3 -ing form or infinitive?
293.4 'participles' and 'gerunds': an unclear difference
294 -ing forms (2): a waiting room; a waiting train
295 -ing forms (3): subject, complement or object
295.1 Smoking is bad for you
295.2 -ing form with its own object
295.3 the opening of Parliament; my smoking
295.4 object forms: Do you mind me smoking?
295.5 It's nice being with you
295.6 nouns and -ing forms
296 -ing forms (4): after verbs
296.1 verbs that can be followed by -ing forms
296.2 verb + object + -ing form
296.3 -ing form with passive meaning
296.4 -ing form or infinitive
297 -ing forms (5): after nouns and adjectives
297.1 the idea of getting old; tired of listening
297.2 purpose: a machine for cutting
297.3 -ing form or infinitive
298 -ing forms (6): without breaking; before starting
298.1 after all prepositions
298.2 to as a preposition: I look forward to ... ing
298.3 object + infinitive after for: for her to arrive
299 -ing forms (7): remember, go on etc + -ing or infinitive
299.1 remember and forget
299.2 go on
299.3 regret
299.4 advise, allow, permit and forbid
299.5 see, watch and hear
299.6 try
299.7 mean
299.8 learn and teach
299.9 like, love, hate and prefer
299.10 begin and start
299.11 attempt, intend, continue, can't bear, be accustomed to, be committed to
299.12 -ing form or infinitive of purpose: stop
299.13 afraid
299.14 sorry
299.15 certain and sure
299.16 interested
300 -ing forms (8): participles; progressive verbs
300.1 a crying baby
300.2 not knowing what to do ...
300.3 progressive verbs
301 instead of
301.1 preposition: instead of
301.2 instead of and without
301.3 adverb: instead
302 inversion (1): auxiliary verb before subject
302.1 questions
302.2 exclamations
302.3 with may
302.4 after so, neither, nor
302.5 after as, than and so
302.6 conditional clauses
302.7 after negative and restrictive expressions
303 inversion (2): whole verb before subject
303.1 after adverbial expressions of place
303.2 reporting
304 irregular verbs
304.1 common irregular verbs
304.2 verbs that are easily confused
304.3 notes
305 its and it's
306 it's time
306.1 followed by infinitive
306.2 followed by past tense with present meaning
307 just
307.1 meanings
307.2 tenses
307.3 just now
308 kinds of English (1): standard English and dialects
308.1 What is 'standard English'?
308.2 What is a dialect?
308.3 pronunciation: dialect and accent; 'received pronunciation'
308.4 showing accent in writing
308.5 other standard forms of English
308.6 What kind of English should learners study?
308.7 international English
309 kinds of English (2): correctness
309.1 slips and mistakes
309.2 dialect forms
309.3 divided usage
309.4 prescriptive and descriptive rules
309.5 When do mistakes become correct?
310 kinds of English (3): spoken and written English
310.1 length and complexity; organisation of sentences
310.2 structures
310.3 vocabulary
311 kinds of English (4): formality
311.1 formal and informal language
311.2 grammar
311.3 vocabulary
312 kinds of English (5): variation and change
312.1 communicative need
312.2 influence from other dialects
312.3 Languages simplify themselves
312.4 Small, less important distinctions are confused or disappear
312.5 New forms and uses spread through the language
312.6 'Underground' forms become respectable
312.7 Mistakes become part of the language
312.8 Phonetically weak forms disappear
312.9 some more examples of changes in modern English
313 know
313.1 know how + infinitive
313.2 object + infinitive
313.3 tenses
313.4 know and know about/of
313.5 know and find out etc
313.6 I know and I know it
314 last, the last, the latest
314.1 last week, month etc; the last week, month etc
314.2 the last three ... etc
314.3 the last in a series
314.4 latest and last
315 later and in
316 lay and lie
316.1 lay
316.2 lie (irregular)
316.3 lie (regular)
316.4 dialect forms
317 learn
317.1 forms
317.2 learn (how) to ...
318 least and fewest
318.1 the least as determiner: superlative of little
318.2 'any ... at all'
318.3 the fewest as determiner: superlative of few
318.4 (the) least with adjectives: the opposite of (the) most or (the) ... est
318.5 least as adverb
318.6 at least
318.7 not in the least
319 left
320 less and fewer
320.1 the difference
320.2 less/fewer with and without of
320.3 less and fewer without nouns
320.4 lesser
321 lest
322 let (1): structures
322.1 followed by infinitive without to
322.2 not used in passives
322.3 with object + preposition / adverb particle
323 let (2): introducing imperatives
323.1 first-person plural imperative: let's ...
323.2 first-person singular imperative: let me ...
323.3 third-person imperative: let him ...
324 life: countable or uncountable noun
325 like: verb
325.1 not used in progressive forms
325.2 not used without an object
325.3 very much: position
325.4 like .. .ing: enjoyment
325.5 like + infinitive: choices and habits
325.6 would like
325.7 if you like etc
326 like and as: similarity, function
326.1 like (similarity): like me
326.2 as (similarity): as I do
326.3 like I do (informal)
326.4 inverted word order: as did all his family
326.5 as you know etc
326.6 comparison with as and like after negatives
326.7 function or role: He worked as a waiter
327 likely
327.1 meaning
327.2 it is (un)likely + that-clause
327.3 infinitive after be (un)likely
328 link verbs: be, seem, look etc
328.1 common link verbs
328.2 adjectives after link verbs
328.3 other uses
328.4 change
328.5 other verbs followed by adjectives
329 (a) little and (a) few
329.1 uncountable and plural
329.2 of after (a) little and (a) few
329.3 use of a
329.4 formal and informal language
329.5 (a) little and (a) few without nouns
329.6 not used after be
329.7 (a) little with adjectives and adverbs
330 long and (for) a long time
330.1 long in questions and negatives
330.2 (for) a long time in affirmative clauses
330.3 long in affirmative clauses
330.4 for a long time in negative clauses
330.5 How long are you here for?
330.6 comparative
331 look
331.1 link verb (= 'seem')
331.2 ordinary verb = ('direct one's eyes')
331.3 not followed by if
331.4 look after and look for; fetch
332 lose and loose
333 [a] lot, lots, plenty, a great deal, a large amount, a large number, the majority
333.1 introduction; use of of
333.2 a lot of and lots of
333.3 plenty of
333.4 a great deal of, a large amount of and a large number of
333.5 the majority of
333.6 measurement nouns
333.7 use without following nouns
333.8 use as adverbs
334 loudly and aloud
335 make: causative structures
335.1 object + infinitive
335.2 make oneself understood, etc
335.3 with object + object complement: make people welcome etc
336 make: prepositions
337 marry and divorce
337.1 get married/divorced
337.2 no preposition before object
337.3 get/be married to
338 may and might (1): introduction
338.1 grammar
338.2 meanings
339 may and might (2): chances etc
339.1 chances: You may be right; We may go climbing
339.2 may and might: the difference
339.3 questions: may not used
339.4 two negatives: may/might not and can't
339.5 might meaning 'would perhaps'
339.6 indirect speech: might
339.7 past: might + infinitive not used
339.8 may/might have ... : She may have missed her train
339.9 might have ... : You might have killed yourself
339.10 another use of may/might: typical occurrences
340 may and might (3): permission
340.1 asking for permission: May I put the TV on?
340.2 giving and refusing permission: You may / You may not
340.3 talking about permission
340.4 indirect speech
341 may and might (4): may in wishes and hopes
342 may and might (5): may/might ... but
343 may and might (6): may/might as well
344 may and might (7): requests, suggestions and criticisms
345 may and might (8): may/might and can/could
345.1 permission: can/could more common
345.2 'general' possibility: can/could, not may/might
345.3 chances: may/might/could, not can
345.4 negative sentences: may/might not and can/could not
346 maybe and perhaps
347 meals
347.1 British usage
347.2 American usage
348 mean
348.1 questions
348.2 mean and think, meaning and opinion
348.3 structures
348.4 I mean
348.5 What do you mean ... ?
348.6 no progressive form
349 means
349.1 singular and plural ending in -s
349.2 by all/any/no means
350 measurements: 'marked' and 'unmarked' forms
351 mind: do you mind etc
351.1 meaning and use
351.2 Would you mind ... ?
351.3 Do/Would you mind my .. .ing?
351.4 answers
351.5 tenses
352 miss
352.1 'fail to contact', 'be late for'
352.2 'be sorry to be without'
352.3 'notice the absence of'
352.4 miss not used
352.5 missing
353 modal auxiliary verbs: introduction
353.1 What are modal auxiliary verbs?
353.2 grammar
353.3 meanings
353.4 need and used to
354 modal auxiliary verbs: meanings
354.1 two kinds of meaning
354.2 degrees of certainty
354.3 obligation and freedom to act
354.4 speaker's and hearer's point of view
354.5 forms in indirect speech, after if etc
354.6 other meanings
354.7 subject-independence
355 more
355.1 more + noun
355.2 more of + determiner/pronoun
355.3 more without a noun
355.4 one more etc
355.5 more as an adverb
355.6 comparative structures
356 most
356.1 most (= 'the majority of') without of
356.2 most of + determiner/pronoun
356.3 most without a noun
356.4 the most (= 'more than any other/others') with nouns
356.5 (the) most as an adverb
356.6 superlative adjectives and adverbs
356.7 most meaning 'very'
356.8 mostly
357 much and many
357.1 the difference
357.2 much/many + noun: without of
357.3 much/many of + determiner + noun
357.4 much/many without a noun
357.5 not used in affirmative clauses
357.6 after so, as, and too
357.7 much as adverb
358 must (1): introduction
358.1 grammar
358.2 meanings
359 must (2): deduction (concluding that something is certain)
359.1 statements: Mary must have a problem
359.2 negatives: It can't be the postman
359.3 need not / does not have to
359.4 That must have been nice
359.5 indirect speech
359.6 must and should
360 must (3): necessity and obligation
360.1 statements: I really must stop smoking
360.2 questions: Must I ... ?
360.3 negatives: You mustn't/can't ...
360.4 mustn't and needn't / don't have to
360.5 past necessity and obligation
360.6 indirect speech
360.7 must and should
361 must (4): advanced points
361.1 must and have to
361.2 future obligation: will have to, have (got) to and must
361.3 talking about the past: had to ... and must have ...
361.4 a British-American difference: can't and must not
362 names: Florence, Homer etc
362.1 cities
362.2 classical names
362.3 artists
362.4 countries
363 names and titles: Peter; Mr Lewis
363.1 talking about people
363.2 talking to people
363.3 notes on titles
364 nationalities, countries and regions
364.1 introduction
364.2 Examples
364.3 exceptions
365 near (to)
366 need
366.1 ordinary verb: Everybody needs to rest
366.2 modal auxiliary forms: he needn't; need I?
366.3 needn't, need I?: immediate necessity
366.4 talking about the future
366.5 need ...ing: The sofa needs cleaning
366.6 need not have ...
366.7 need not and must not
367 negative structures (1): basic rules
367.1 negative verb forms: auxiliary + not
367.2 imperatives: Don't worry
367.3 infinitives and -ing forms: It's important not to worry
367.4 other parts of a clause: not his wife, not before six
367.5 other negative words: never, seldom etc
367.6 question tags: You don't ..., do you?
367.7 'non-affirmative' words: any etc
368 negative structures (2): negative questions
368.1 structure
368.2 two meanings
368.3 polite requests, invitations, offers, complaints and criticisms
368.4 yes and no
369 negative structures (3): think, hope, seem etc
369.1 I don't think ...
369.2 I hope that ... not ...
369.3 short answers: I suppose not.
369.4 verbs followed by infinitives
370 negative structures (4): double negatives
370.1 English and other languages
370.2 nobody and not anybody, etc
370.3 double and multiple negatives and their meaning
370.4 dialects
370.5 two negative ideas: not ... or / not ... nor
370.6 ... I don't think etc
370.7 extra negative in expressions of doubt
371 negative structures (5): ambiguous sentences
372 neither (of): determiner
372.1 neither + singular noun
372.2 neither of + plural
372.3 neither used alone
372.4 pronunciation
373 neither ... nor
374 neither, nor and not ... either
374.1 neither and nor
374.2 not either
374.3 one negative
375 next and the next; nearest
375.1 next week, month etc; the next week, month etc
375.2 the next three ... etc
375.3 next Sunday etc
375.4 place: next and nearest
376 no, none and not a/any
376.1 no: emphatic
376.2 none of
376.3 not a/any
376.4 subjects
376.5 not used to talk about two
376.6 nobody etc
377 no doubt
378 no matter
378.1 conjunction
378.2 no matter who etc and whoever etc
378.3 no matter and it doesn't matter
378.4 use without a verb
379 no more, not any more, no longer, not any longer
380 no one and none
380.1 no one
380.2 none
381 non-affirmative (or 'non-assertive') words
382 not and no
383 not only
384 noun + complement: what can follow a noun?
385 noun + noun (1): basic information
385.1 milk chocolate; chocolate milk
385.2 the first noun is singular
385.3 articles
385.4 more than two nouns
385.5 other structures
385.6 pronunciation
385.7 spelling
386 noun + noun (2): advanced points
386.1 classifying expressions: a sheepdog
386.2 containers: a matchbox; a box of matches
386.3 units, selections and collections: piece, group etc
386.4 'made of': a silk dress; silken skin
386.5 measurement: a five-litre can
386.6 noun + 's + noun: children's clothes; a bird's nest
386.7 noun + 's + noun: cow's milk; a hen's egg
386.8 parts: a man's leg; a table leg
386.9 pronunciation
386.10 noun + noun, noun + 's + noun, or preposition structure?
387 now (that)
388 nowadays
389 numbers
389.1 fractions and decimals: two fifths; nought point four
389.2 before nouns
389.3 singular or plural verbs
389.4 nought, zero, nil etc
389.5 telephone numbers
389.6 Roman numbers
389.7 cardinal and ordinal numbers: books, chapters etc; kings and queens
389.8 centuries
389.9 floors
389.10 and; punctuation
389.11 a and one
389.12 numbers with determiners
389.13 eleven hundred etc
389.14 billion
389.15 five hundred etc without -s
389.16 British money (pre-euro)
389.17 American money
389.18 non-metric measures
389.19 area and volume
389.20 a and per
389.21 numbers not used as complements after be
389.22 spoken calculations
389.23 example of a spoken calculation
390 of course
391 often
392 older English verb forms
393 once: adverb
394 once: conjunction
395 one: substitute word
395.1 use
395.2 a ... one
395.3 ones
395.4 uncountable nouns
395.5 which (one), this (one) etc
395.6 not used after my etc, some, several, a few, both or a number
395.7 that of
395.8 noun modifiers
395.9 One(s) always refers back
396 one, you and they: indefinite personal pronouns
396.1 one and you: meaning
396.2 one and you: formality and class
396.3 one and you: only used in generalisations
396.4 people including the speaker/hearer
396.5 one/you as subject, object etc
396.6 they
397 one of ...
398 only: focusing adverb
398.1 referring to the subject
398.2 referring to other parts of a sentence
398.3 ambiguous sentences
398.4 only today etc
399 open
399.1 open and opened
399.2 when open is not used
400 opportunity and possibility
401 opposite (adjective): position
402 opposite, facing and in front of
402.1 'across a road/room etc from': opposite/facing
402.2 in front of and opposite
402.3 in front of and in the front of
403 ought
403.1 forms
403.2 obligation: I ought to phone Mother
403.3 deduction: He ought to be here soon
403.4 questions
403.5 ought to have ...
403.6 word order
404 out of
404.1 movement
404.2 position
405 own
405.1 after possessives
405.2 a/some ... of one's own
405.3 own with no following noun
405.4 own and -self
405.5 on one's own
406 paragraphs
407 part
408 participles (-ing and -ed forms) (1): introduction
408.1 names
408.2 use
409 participles (2): active and passive
409.1 active present participles, passive past participles
409.2 interested and interesting etc
409.3 exceptions: a fallen leaf, an escaped prisoner etc
409.4 active past participles: advanced points
410 participles (3): details
410.1 used as adjectives: an interesting book
410.2 after nouns: the people questioned
410.3 differences of meaning
410.4 much or very with past participles
410.5 frightened by / frightened of
410.6 special past participle forms
411 participles (4): clauses
411.1 structures
411.2 after nouns: the people invited to the party
411.3 adverbial clauses: Putting down my paper, I ...
411.4 subjects; misrelated participles
411.5 participle clauses with their own subjects
411.6 participle clauses after conjunctions and prepositions
411.7 object complements
412 passives (1): passive structures and verb forms
412.1 active and passive structures
412.2 passive verb forms
412.3 use of tenses
412.4 verbs not used in the passive
412.5 confusing forms
413 passives (2): agent
414 passives (3): When do we use passive structures?
414.1 interest in the action
414.2 putting the news at the end
414.3 keeping the same subject
414.4 putting heavier expressions at the end
414.5 meaning and grammar
415 passives (4): verbs with two objects
416 passives (5): verbs with prepositions
416.1 look at, listen to, pay for etc
416.2 throw stones at, steal a bicycle from, give flowers to etc
416.3 give, send etc
417 passives (6): it was thought that ...
417.1 clause objects: Nobody thought that she was a spy
417.2 infinitive objects: They decided to ...
418 passives (7): He is believed to be
418.1 object + infinitive: He asked me to send ...
418.2 verbs of thinking, feeling and saying
418.3 hear, see, make and help
418.4 preparatory there
418.5 perfect, progressive and passive infinitives
418.6 exceptions: wanting and liking
419 passives (8): he was considered a genius
420 passives (9): My suitcase is packed
421 past (1): simple past (I worked etc)
421.1 forms (regular verbs)
421.2 pronunciation of -ed
421.3 spelling of regular affirmative past tense forms
421.4 use
422 past (2): past progressive (I was working etc)
422.1 forms
422.2 use: What were you doing at eight o'clock?
422.3 past progressive and simple past: 'background' events
422.4 not used for repeated actions
422.5 non-progressive verbs: She said she believed
422.6 used for shorter, temporary actions and situations
422.7 special uses
423 past perfect (1): basic information
423.1 forms
423.2 meaning and use: earlier past
423.3 past perfect not used
423.4 unreal events: if etc
423.5 how long? past perfect, not simple past.
424 past perfect (2): advanced points
424.1 past perfect or simple past with after, as soon as, etc
424.2 unrealised hopes and wishes; things that did not happen
424.3 past perfect with It was the first/second that ...
425 past perfect (3): progressive
425.1 forms: had been + -ing
425.2 use
425.3 how long? past perfect progressive, not past progressive
425.4 progressive and simple: differences
426 past verb form with present or future meaning
426.1 after conjunctions, instead of would
426.2 distancing in questions, requests etc
426.3 'past' modals
426.4 past focus on continuing situations
427 perfect verb forms
427.1 construction
427.2 terminology and use
428 personal pronouns (1): basic information
428.1 terminology and use
428.2 subject and object forms: I and me, he and him etc
428.3 other uses of object forms: It was her
428.4 Personal pronouns cannot be left out
428.5 One subject is enough
428.6 personal and relative pronouns: she or who, not both
428.7 it referring to nothing, the situation, etc.
428.8 it as 'empty' subject: it's ten o'clock
428.9 it used to identify
428.10 we women, you men
429 personal pronouns (2): advanced points
429.1 John and me went; us women understand; between you and I
429.2 as, than, but and except + me or I
429.3 It is/was me that ... / I who ...
429.4 mixed subject and object: It's for him to decide
429.5 inclusive and exclusive we
429.6 us meaning 'me'
429.7 Poor you!
429.8 you: different singular and plural forms
429.9 he/she who ...
429.10 politeness
429.11 leaving out personal pronouns
430 piece- and group-words
430.1 uncountable nouns: pieces
430.2 not a ... of ...
430.3 pairs
430.4 plural nouns: collections
431 place: a place to live, etc
432 play and game
432.1 nouns
432.2 verbs
433 please and thank you
433.1 requests
433.2 when please is not used
433.3 thank you and thanks
433.4 accepting and refusing
433.5 replies to thanks
434 point of view
435 politeness (1): using questions
435.1 requests: Could you ... ?
435.2 other structures: telling people to do things
435.3 shops, restaurants etc
435.4 negative questions
435.5 expressions of opinion
436 politeness (2): distancing verb forms
436.1 past tenses: How much did you want to spend?
436.2 progressives: I'm hoping ...
436.3 future: You'll need to ...
436.4 modal verbs: would, could and might
436.5 conditional and negative expressions
437 politeness (3): softening expressions
437.1 quite, maybe, I think etc
437.2 I think I'll ...
437.3 We would like to ...
438 politics and policy
439 possessives (1): noun + 's (forms)
439.1 spelling
439.2 pronunciation
439.3 possessive 's and other determiners
439.4 possessive without a noun
440 possessives (2): noun + 's (use)
440.1 meanings of the 's structure
440.2 's not used: the name of the street
440.3 subject
440.4 measurement of time: a day's journey
440.5 other expressions of time: yesterday's news
440.6 worth
441 possessives (3): my, your etc
441.1 What kind of words are they?
441.2 one's and whose
441.3 not used with other determiners
441.4 distributive use: She told them to open their books, etc
441.5 articles instead of possessives
441.6 spelling: its, whose
442 possessives (4): mine, yours etc
443 possessives (5): a friend of mine etc
444 prefer
445 prefixes and suffixes
445.1 prefixes
445.2 suffixes that form nouns
445.3 suffixes that form nouns or adjectives
445.4 suffixes that form adjectives
445.5 suffixes that form adverbs
445.6 suffixes that form verbs
445.7 Note: negative words with no positive equivalent
446 preparatory it (1): subject
446.1 It's nice to talk to you
446.2 It's probable that we'll be late
446.3 It was nice seeing you
446.4 It takes ... + infinitive
446.5 if, as if and as though
446.6 It was my aunt who took Peter to London
446.7 It's amazing the way they work together
447 preparatory it (2): object
447.1 I find it difficult to talk to you.
447.2 I found it strange being ...
447.3 I would appreciate it if ...
447.4 owe and leave
448 prepositions (1): introduction
448.1 meanings and use
448.2 word order
448.3 -ing forms
448.4 prepositions before conjunctions
448.5 prepositions and adverb particles
449 prepositions (2): after particular words and expressions
450 prepositions (3): before particular words and expressions
451 prepositions (4): expressions without prepositions
451.1 discuss, enter, marry, lack, resemble and approach
451.2 next, last etc
451.3 days of the week
451.4 a meaning 'each'
451.5 What time ... ? etc
451.6 about
451.7 'how long'
451.8 measurement expressions etc after be
451.9 (in) this way etc
451.10 home
451.11 place
451.12 infinitive structures
452 prepositions (5): at the ends of clauses
452.1 introduction
452.2 wh-questions
452.3 relative clauses
452.4 passives
452.5 infinitive structures
452.6 exceptions
452.7 formal structures
453 prepositions (6): before conjunctions
453.1 indirect speech: prepositions dropped before that
453.2 emotional reactions: prepositions dropped
453.3 the fact that
453.4 question words
454 prepositions (7): -ing forms and infinitives
455 present perfect (1): basic information
455.1 forms
455.2 other languages
455.3 finished events connected with the present
455.4 finished events: news
455.5 time words: ever, before, recently etc
455.6 repetition up to now: I've written six letters ...
455.7 continuation up to now: I've known her for years
456 present perfect (2): perfect or past?
456.1 thinking about past and present together
456.2 finished-time words: present perfect not used
456.3 ever, before, recently etc
456.4 time not mentioned
456.5 news and details
457 present perfect (3): perfect or past (advanced points)
457.1 causes and origins: Who gave you that?
457.2 expectation and reality: You're older than I thought
457.3 today, this week etc
457.4 always, ever and never
457.5 present perfect with past time expressions
457.6 simple past for news
457.7 American English
457.8 bad rules (1): 'definite time'
457.9 bad rules (2): 'finished actions'
457.10 bad rules (3): 'recent actions'
457.11 both possible
458 present perfect (4): progressive (or 'continuous')
458.1 forms
458.2 continuing actions and situations
458.3 actions and situations that have just stopped
458.4 repeated actions
458.5 time expressions: recently, lately, this week, since ..., for ..., etc
458.6 not used with finished time expressions
458.7 how long?
458.8 present perfect progressive and (simple) present perfect
459 present perfect (5): simple or progressive?
459.1 non-progressive verbs
459.2 temporary or permanent
459.3 how much? how often? simple present perfect
460 present perfect (6): present perfect or present?
460.1 how long? present perfect
460.2 This is the first time etc
461 present tenses (1): introduction
461.1 the two present tenses
461.2 general time: simple present
461.3 around now: present progressive
461.4 future time
462 present tenses (2): simple present (forms)
462.1 forms
462.2 spelling of third person singular forms
462.3 pronunciation of third person singular forms
463 present tenses (3): simple present (use)
463.1 general time: It always rains in November
463.2 not used for things happening just around the present
463.3 non-progressive verbs
463.4 talking about the future
463.5 series of events: demonstrations, commentaries, instructions, stories
463.6 how long? present tenses not used
464 present tenses (4): progressive (or 'continuous')
464.1 present progressive: forms
464.2 use: 'around now'
464.3 repeated actions
464.4 changes
464.5 talking about the future
464.6 things that happen all the time: not used
464.7 verbs not used in progressive forms
464.8 how long? present tenses not used
465 present tenses (5): stories, commentaries and instructions
465.1 stories
465.2 commentaries
465.3 instructions and demonstrations
466 present tenses (6): advanced points
466.1 repeated actions: simple or progressive?
466.2 long-lasting changes
466.3 You look lovely when you're smiling
466.4 I promise ... etc
466.5 I hear etc
466.6 Here comes ... etc
466.7 I feel / I'm feeling
466.8 formal correspondence
467 presently
468 price and prize
469 principal and principle
470 progressive (1): general
470.1 forms
470.2 terminology and use
470.3 distancing
471 progressive (2): non-progressive verbs
471.1 verbs not used in progressive ('continuous') forms
471.2 common non-progressive verbs
471.3 progressive and non-progressive uses
471.4 can see etc
471.5 -ing forms
472 progressive (3): with always etc
473 punctuation (1): full stop, question mark and exclamation mark
473.1 sentence division
473.2 abbreviations
473.3 indirect questions
474 punctuation (2): colon
474.1 explanations
474.2 lists
474.3 subdivisions
474.4 capitals
474.5 letters
474.6 direct speech
475 punctuation (3): semi-colon
475.1 instead of full stops
475.2 in lists
476 punctuation (4): comma
476.1 co-ordinate clauses
476.2 subordinate clauses
476.3 grammatically separate sentences: commas not used
476.4 unusual word order
476.5 adjectives
476.6 identifying expressions: commas not used
476.7 long subjects: commas not used
476.8 lists
476.9 direct speech
476.10 indirect speech: no comma before that etc
476.11 numbers
477 punctuation (5): dash
478 punctuation (6): quotation marks
478.1 direct speech
478.2 special use of words
479 punctuation (7): apostrophe /ə'pɒstrəfi:/
479.1 missing letters
479.2 possessives
479.3 special plurals
480 questions (1): basic rules
480.1 auxiliary verb before subject: Have you ... ?
480.2 do: Do you like ... ?
480.3 do not used with other auxiliaries
480.4 infinitive after do: What does he want?
480.5 only auxiliary verb before subject
480.6 Who phoned? / Who did you phone?
480.7 indirect questions: Tell me when you are leaving
480.8 prepositions: What are you talking about?
481 questions (2): declarative questions
482 questions (3): rhetorical questions
482.1 questions that do not expect an answer
482.2 Why/How should ... ?
482.3 negative yes/no questions
483 questions (4): echo questions
483.1 You're getting married?
483.2 Take a look at what?
483.3 repeating a question
484 questions (5): reply questions (Was it? Did you?)
485 questions (6): question-word clauses
485.1 question-word clauses as objects
485.2 other uses
486 questions (7): that-clauses
487 question tags (1): basic information
487.1 What are question tags?
487.2 negative after affirmative, and vice versa
487.3 auxiliaries
487.4 negative words
487.5 meaning and intonation
487.6 requests
488 question tags (2): advanced points
488.1 aren't I?
488.2 imperatives
488.3 let's
488.4 there
488.5 it and they with nothing, nobody, somebody etc
488.6 non-auxiliary have
488.7 'same-way' question tags: You're getting married, are you?
488.8 ellipsis: Nice day, isn't it?
488.9 I (don't) think
489 quite
489.1 two meanings
489.2 word order with nouns
489.3 comparisons
489.4 quite a bit/few/lot etc
489.5 not quite
490 rather: adverb of degree (rather good, etc)
490.1 meaning
490.2 word order with articles
490.3 plural nouns
491 rather: preference
491.1 rather than
491.2 would rather
491.3 would rather: past tense with present or future meaning
491.4 or rather
491.5 would rather and had better
492 reason
493 reflexive pronouns
493.1 What are reflexive pronouns?
493.2 use: I cut myself shaving
493.3 after prepositions: She took her dog with her
493.4 emphatic use: Do it yourself
493.5 reflexives used instead of personal pronouns
493.6 by oneself
493.7 -selves and each other / one another
493.8 own
493.9 reflexives not used
494 relatives (1): basic information
494.1 relative clauses: the people who live next door
494.2 relative pronouns: who, whom, which
494.3 subject and object
494.4 that = who/which
494.5 all that, only ... that etc
494.6 leaving out object pronouns: the people we met
494.7 one subject or object is enough
494.8 whose: a girl whose hair ...
494.9 which referring to a whole clause
494.10 relative when, where and why
495 relatives (2): identifying and non-identifying clauses
495.1 two kinds of relative clause
495.2 pronunciation and punctuation
495.3 use of that
495.4 leaving out object pronouns
496 relatives (3): whose
496.1 relative possessive
496.2 things: of which; that ... of
496.3 only used as a determiner
496.4 formality
497 relatives (4): what
497.1 meaning and use: the thing(s) which
497.2 what not used
497.3 what as a determiner
498 relatives (5): advanced points
498.1 double use of relative pronouns
498.2 relative pronouns as general-purpose connectors
498.3 who and whom
498.4 that for people
498.5 which as determiner; in which case
498.6 when, where etc replaced by that or dropped
498.7 position of prepositions
498.8 some of whom, none of which etc
498.9 whatever, whoever etc
498.10 reduced relative clauses: the girl dancing
498.11 separating a noun from its relative pronoun
498.12 agreement of person
498.13 relative + infinitive: a garden in which to play
498.14 relative clauses after indefinite noun phrases
498.15 somebody I know you'll like
498.16 a car that I didn't know how fast it could go, etc
498.17 omission of subject
498.18 double object
498.19 older English: who and that which
499 remind
499.1 meaning: remind and remember
499.2 structures
499.3 remind ... of ...
500 repetition
500.1 avoidance of repetition
500.2 unnatural/ungrammatical repetition
500.3 duplicated subjects and objects
500.4 related verbs and nouns
500.5 Wonderful, isn't it? etc
500.6 clumsy style
500.7 deliberate repetition
500.8 literary examples
501 [the] rest
502 road and street
502.1 the difference
502.2 street names: stress
503 the same
503.1 the same (as)
503.2 other structures
504 say and tell
504.1 meaning and use
504.2 say: objects
504.3 tell: objects
504.4 infinitives
504.5 indirect questions
505 see
505.1 progressive forms not used
505.2 changes
505.3 'meet', 'arrange' etc
505.4 other meanings: 'consider' etc
506 see, look (at) and watch
506.1 see
506.2 look (at)
506.3 watch
506.4 complete experiences: see
506.5 watch TV
506.6 see if/whether
507 seem
507.1 link verb: used with adjectives
507.2 seem and seem to be
507.3 with nouns
507.4 other infinitives
507.5 seem like
507.6 it seems
507.7 there seems
508 sensible and sensitive
509 sentence structure (1): basic word order
509.1 subject - verb - object/complement
509.2 preparatory it and there
509.3 direct and indirect objects
509.4 questions: auxiliary before subject
509.5 negatives: auxiliary + not
509.6 adjectives before nouns
509.7 adverbs: possible positions
509.8 subordinate clauses (after ... , if ... , because ... , etc)
509.9 prepositions: in what ... I what ... in
510 sentence structure (2): conjunctions
510.1 What are conjunctions?
510.2 two kinds
510.3 position of subordinate clauses
510.4 punctuation
510.5 leaving words out
510.6 conjunctions in separate sentences
511 sentence structure (3): problems with conjunctions
511.1 one conjunction for two clauses
511.2 relative pronouns are also conjunctions
511.3 that, where and when
512 sentence structure (4): information structure
512.1 different ways of organising information
512.2 normal order: important new information last
512.3 getting the right subject: actives, passives, etc
512.4 end-weight: It worried me that she hadn't been in touch
512.5 emphatic structures: What I need is ... ; Nice man, Joe
513 sentence structure (5): fronting
513.1 People like that I just can't stand
513.2 Very good lesson we had
513.3 ellipsis: Postman been?
513.4 adverbs etc: Off we go!
513.5 fronting with as or though
514 sentence structure (6): spoken structures and tags
514.1 This guy who rang up, he's an architect
514.2 tags: They work very hard, most of them
514.3 emphasising tags: You've gone mad, you have
515 sentence structure (7): understanding complicated structures
515.1 clause inside clause: Ann, when she finally ...
515.2 that picture of the children standing ...
515.3 missing relative pronouns: the film she was talking about
515.4 missing that: The man claimed he was ...
515.5 past participles that look like past tenses: the children asked ... told the police
515.6 reporting expressions: The man who Ann said will tell us
515.7 heavy subject: Getting up very early ... makes ...
515.8 heavy indirect object: I gave all the people who had helped me ...
515.9 more examples
516 shade and shadow
517 short answers: Yes, he can etc
518 should (1): introduction
518.1 forms
518.2 obligation, probability
518.3 It is important/surprising that ... should ...
518.4 if, in case, etc
518.5 I should/would; we should/would
519 should (2): obligation, deduction etc
519.1 obligation: Everybody should wear seat belts
519.2 probability: She should be back tomorrow
519.3 past use: I knew that I should ... ; I was supposed to ...
519.4 should have ...
520 should (3): should, ought and must
520.1 should and ought
520.2 must is stronger than should/ought
520.3 must not used
521 should (4): in subordinate clauses
521.1 importance: It's important that ... should ...
521.2 reactions: It's surprising that she should ...
522 since: tenses
522.1 main clause: I've known her since ...
522.2 It's a long time since ...
522.3 since-clause: since we were at school
523 singular and plural (1): regular plurals
523.1 plural of nouns ending in consonant + y
523.2 plural of nouns ending in -sh, -ch, -s, -x or -z
523.3 plural of nouns ending in -o
524 singular and plural (2): irregular and special plurals
524.1 irregular plurals in -ves
524.2 other irregular plurals
524.3 plural same as singular
524.4 foreign plurals
524.5 plurals in 's
524.6 compound nouns
524.7 plurals with no singular forms
525 singular and plural (3): pronunciation of plurals
525.1 nouns ending in /s/, /z/ and other sibilants
525.2 nouns ending in other unvoiced sounds
525.3 nouns ending in other voiced sounds
525.4 plurals with irregular pronunciation
526 singular and plural (4): singular nouns with plural verbs
526.1 groups of people: The team is/are ...
526.2 A number of people have ...
527 singular and plural (5): plural expressions with singular verbs
527.1 amounts and quantities: that five pounds
527.2 calculations
527.3 more than one
527.4 one of ...
527.5 and
527.6 countries and organisations
528 singular and plural (6): singular they
528.1 Somebody left their umbrella
528.2 correctness
529 singular and plural (7): mixed structures
529.1 one of the few women who have climbed Everest
529.2 A serious problem is wasps
529.3 singular subject, plural continuation, plural verb
530 singular and plural (8): distributive plural
530.1 people doing the same thing
530.2 repeated events
530.3 generalisations and rules
531 singular and plural (9): noun + noun
531.1 first noun singular: shoe shop
531.2 exceptions
532 singular and plural (10): other points
532.1 uncountable nouns: hair, baggage etc
532.2 co-ordinated subjects: A and B, A or B, A as well as B, etc
532.3 who and what
532.4 here's, there's and where's
532.5 none, neither and either
532.6 another, a/an + adjective
532.7 kind, sort and type
532.8 every (frequency)
532.9 fractions
533 slang
533.1 What is slang?
533.2 strong feelings
533.3 group membership; using slang
534 small and little
535 smell
535.1 British and American forms
535.2 link verb
535.3 transitive verb: 'perceive'
535.4 transitive verb: 'investigate'
536 so: adverb meaning 'like this/that'
536.1 after seem, appear etc
536.2 not used in other cases
537 so (conjunction) and then
538 so (degree adverb): so tired, so fast
538.1 meaning
538.2 so and very
538.3 emphatic use
538.4 so ... that
538.5 before adjectives and adverbs
538.6 so much, etc
538.7 so and so much
538.8 so ... as to ...
538.9 so ... a ...
539 so and not with hope, believe etc
539.1 instead of that-clauses.
539.2 negative structures
539.3 so at the beginning of a clause
540 so with say and tell
540.1 instead of that-clauses
540.2 I told you so
540.3 other verbs
541 so have I, so am I etc
541.1 so + auxiliary + subject
541.2 so + subject + auxiliary
542 so much and so many
542.1 the difference
542.2 so much/many without a noun
542.3 so much as an adverb
542.4 special structures with so much
543 so that and in order that
543.1 purpose
543.2 present tenses for future
543.3 past structures
544 so-and-so; so-so
544.1 so-and-so
544.2 so-so
545 'social' language
545.1 introductions
545.2 greetings
545.3 asking about health etc
545.4 special greetings
545.5 small talk
545.6 getting people's attention
545.7 apologies
545.8 asking people to repeat
545.9 journeys etc
545.10 holidays
545.11 meals
545.12 drinking
545.13 sending good wishes
545.14 sympathy
545.15 invitations and visits
545.16 offers and replies
545.17 asking for things
545.18 handing over things
545.19 thanks
545.20 sleep
546 some
546.1 meaning: indefinite quantity/number
546.2 pronunciation
546.3 some and any
546.4 some and a/an
546.5 when some is not used
546.6 some and some of; some with no following noun
546.7 contrast with others etc
546.8 an unknown person or thing
546.9 some party!
546.10 with numbers
547 some and any
547.1 indefinite quantities
547.2 the difference
547.3 some in questions
547.4 any in affirmative clauses
547.5 if-clauses
548 somebody, someone, anybody, anyone etc
548.1 -body and -one
548.2 some- and any-
548.3 singular
548.4 use of they
548.5 complementation: somebody nice, etc
548.6 someplace
548.7 anyone and any one; everyone and every one
549 some time, sometime and sometimes
550 soon, early and quickly
550.1 soon
550.2 early
550.3 quickly
551 sort of, kind of and type of
551.1 articles
551.2 singular and plural; these sort of etc
551.3 softeners
552 sound
553 speak and talk
553.1 little difference
553.2 formality
553.3 lectures etc
553.4 languages
553.5 other cases
554 speech (1): stress and rhythm
554.1 stress
554.2 word stress
554.3 variable stress
554.4 stress and pronunciation
554.5 emphatic and contrastive stress
554.6 stress in sentences; rhythm
555 speech (2): intonation
555.1 intonation in conversation
555.2 attitude
555.3 three patterns
555.4 intonation and misunderstandings
556 spelling (1): capital letters
557 spelling (2): -ly
557.1 adverb formation
557.2 -y and -i-
557.3 adjectives ending in consonant + le
557.4 adjectives ending in -ic
558 spelling (3): -ise and -ize
559 spelling (4): hyphens
559.1 What are hyphens?
559.2 When are hyphens used?
559.3 word division
559.4 Are hyphens disappearing?
560 spelling (5): final e
560.1 final -e dropped before vowels
560.2 final -e not dropped before consonants
561 spelling (6): y and i
561.1 changing y to i
561.2 exceptions
561.3 no change before i
561.4 no change after a vowel
561.5 changing ie to y
562 spelling (7): doubling final consonants
562.1 doubling before vowels
562.2 Which consonants are doubled?
562.3 only at the end of a word
562.4 one consonant after one vowel letter
562.5 only stressed syllables
562.6 exception: final l in unstressed syllables
562.7 other exceptions
562.8 final c
562.9 Why double?
563 spelling (8): ch and tch, k and ck
564 spelling (9): ie and ei
565 spelling (10): spelling and pronunciation
565.1 usually two syllables, not three
565.2 usually three syllables, not four
565.3 silent letters
565.4 a = /e/
565.5 ch = /k/
565.6 ea = /e/
565.7 ea = /eɪ/
565.8 gh = /f/
565.9 o = /ʌ/
565.10 o = /u:/
565.11 ou = /ʌ/
565.12 u or ou = /ʊ/
565.13 words pronounced with /aɪ/
565.14 other strange spellings
565.15 silent r
566 still, yet and already: time
566.1 meanings
566.2 still
566.3 yet
566.4 already
566.5 still not or not yet?
566.6 yet or already in questions
566.7 tenses
566.8 related to a past moment
566.9 yet meaning 'still'
566.10 all ready
567 subjunctive
567.1 What is the subjunctive?
567.2 that she see
567.3 be
567.4 fixed phrases
567.5 other structures
568 such
568.1 word order
568.2 'of this/that kind'
568.3 high degree
568.4 such and very, great etc
568.5 such ... that; such ... as to
568.6 such as
568.7 such-and-such
569 such and so
569.1 such before (adjective +) noun
569.2 so before adjective, adverb etc
570 suggest
570.1 infinitive not used
570.2 indirect object not used
570.3 verb forms in that-clauses
570.4 direct suggestions
571 suppose, supposing and what if
572 supposed to
573 surely
573.1 not the same as certainly
573.2 belief in spite of ...
574 sympathetic
575 taboo words and swearwords
575.1 introduction
575.2 taboo words
575.3 swearwords
576 take: time
576.1 The person is the subject:
576.2 The activity is the subject:
576.3 The object of the activity is the subject:
576.4 Preparatory it is the subject:
576.5 Before/until is used:
577 taste
577.1 link verb
577.2 transitive verb: 'perceive'
577.3 transitive verb: 'investigate'
578 telephoning
578.1 answering a phone
578.2 asking for a person
578.3 saying who you are
578.4 asking who somebody is
578.5 asking for a number
578.6 if you want the other person to pay for the call
578.7 if somebody is not there
578.8 asking people to wait
578.9 things a switchboard operator may say
578.10 wrong number
578.11 problems
579 telling the time
579.1 saying what time it is
579.2 asking what time it is
579.3 the twenty-four hour clock
580 tense simplification in subordinate clauses
580.1 reasons for tense simplification
580.2 present instead of future: I'll write when I have time
580.3 present perfect: ... when I've finished
580.4 future in subordinate clauses: ... where she will be
580.5 in case, I hope, I bet, it doesn't matter etc
580.6 past instead of would ...
580.7 simplification of perfect and progressive verbs
580.8 exceptions
581 than and as as subjects, objects and complements
581.1 subjects: more than is necessary; as happened
581.2 objects and complements: as I did last year
582 thankful and grateful
583 that-clauses
583.1 that as a connector
583.2 that-clauses in sentences
583.3 the fact that ...
583.4 preparatory it
583.5 that-clauses after verbs, nouns and adjectives
583.6 verbs in that-clauses
583.7 compound conjunctions
584 that: omission
584.1 indirect speech: He said (that) ...
584.2 after adjectives: I'm glad you're all right
584.3 not dropped after nouns
584.4 conjunctions
584.5 relative structures
585 the matter (with)
586 there
586.1 adverb of place
586.2 introductory subject
587 there is
587.1 use
587.2 indefinite subjects
587.3 all tenses
587.4 structures with auxiliary be
587.5 more complex structures
587.6 other verbs
587.7 definite subjects
588 think
588.1 'have an opinion': not progressive
588.2 other meanings: progressive possible
588.3 -ing forms
588.4 think + object (+ to be) + complement
588.5 transferred negation: I don't think ...
588.6 indirect speech
588.7 I thought ...
588.8 I had thought ... , I should think etc
589 this and that
589.1 people and things
589.2 the difference
589.3 time
589.4 acceptance and rejection
589.5 on the telephone
589.6 that, those meaning 'the one(s)'
589.7 this and that meaning 'so'
589.8 other uses
590 this/that and it: things that have just been mentioned
590.1 referring back
590.2 more than one thing
590.3 focus
590.4 referring forward
591 This is the first/last ... etc
591.1 This is the first time etc
591.2 tenses with This is the last ... etc
592 through: time
593 time
593.1 countability and article use
593.2 without preposition
593.3 on time and in time
594 tonight
595 too
595.1 too and very
595.2 too and too much
595.3 modification: much too, far too etc
595.4 not used before adjective + noun
595.5 too ... + infinitive
595.6 too salty to drink, etc
595.7 That's really too kind of you
595.8 only too ...
596 too much and too many
596.1 the difference
596.2 a bit too much, rather too many, etc
596.3 too much/many without a noun
597 travel, journey, trip and voyage
598 turning verbs into nouns
598.1 using nouns for actions
598.2 common structures
599 two-part verbs (1): phrasal verbs
599.1 verb + adverb particle: get back, walk out
599.2 idiomatic meanings: break out; turn up
599.3 phrasal verbs with and without objects
599.4 word order with objects
599.5 verbs with prepositions and particles together
600 two-part verbs (2): prepositional verbs
600.1 verb + preposition: listen to; look at
600.2 idiomatic meanings: look after, get over
600.3 word order: What are you thinking about?
601 unless
601.1 meaning
601.2 when unless cannot be used
601.3 tenses
602 until
602.1 until and till
602.2 until/till and to
602.3 distance and quantity: until/till not used
602.4 tenses with until
602.5 structure with Not until ...
602.6 until and by: states and actions
602.7 until and before
603 up and down
603.1 'towards/away from the centre'
603.2 north and south
603.3 'along'
604 used + infinitive
604.1 meaning
604.2 only past
604.3 questions and negatives
604.4 when used to ... is not used
604.5 word order
604.6 pronunciation
604.7 used + infinitive and be used to ...ing
605 [be] used to
605.1 meaning
605.2 structures
605.3 get used to ...ing etc
605.4 pronunciation
606 verb complementation: what can follow a verb?
606.1 different verbs, different structures
606.2 verb + object; transitive and intransitive verbs
606.3 She opened the door / The door opened
606.4 verbs with prepositions and particles
606.5 complements of place
606.6 link verbs
606.7 verb + verb: auxiliaries
606.8 verb + verb: other verbs
606.9 verb + object + verb
606.10 verb + object + complement
607 verb + object + complement
607.1 adjective and noun complements
607.2 see, describe etc: structure with as
607.3 verbs of thinking and feeling: structure with to be
607.4 They found her (to be) ...
607.5 structures with preparatory it
607.6 passive structures
608 verbs of movement: she ran in etc
609 verbs with both active and passive meanings
609.1 She opened the door / The door opened
609.2 It scratches easily
610 verbs with two objects
610.1 indirect and direct objects: I gave John the keys
610.2 indirect object last: I gave the keys to John
610.3 two pronouns: Lend them to her
610.4 wh-questions: Who did you buy it for?
610.5 passives: I've been given a picture
610.6 structures with donate, push, carry, explain, suggest, describe and take
610.7 one object or two
611 very and very much
611.1 adjectives and adverbs: very kind, very quickly
611.2 not very
611.3 past participles: very much loved, very worried
611.4 very much (adverb)
612 wait
613 want
613.1 infinitive with to
613.2 structure with object complement
613.3 want meaning 'need'
613.4 'I wanna hold your hand'
614 -ward(s)
614.1 adjectives
614.2 adverbs
614.3 other words
615 way
615.1 preposition dropped
615.2 relative structures
615.3 infinitive or -ing
615.4 way of and means of
615.5 in the way and on the way
616 weak and strong forms
616.1 What are weak and strong forms?
616.2 stressed or not?
616.3 list of words with weak and strong forms
617 well
617.1 well and good
617.2 well = 'in good health'
618 when and if
619 where (to)
620 whether ... or ...
621 whether and if
621.1 indirect questions
621.2 prepositions
621.3 infinitives
621.4 subject, complement and adverbial clauses
621.5 not used in echo questions
622 which, what and who: question words
622.1 which and what: the difference
622.2 determiners: which and what
622.3 which of
622.4 without nouns: who for people
623 who and whom
623.1 questions: Who did they arrest?
623.2 relative clauses: the man (who) we met
623.3 who(m) he thought etc
624 who ever, what ever etc
625 whoever, whatever etc
625.1 meaning and use
625.2 whoever, whichever and whatever: subjects and objects
625.3 clauses as subjects or objects
625.4 whenever = 'every time that'
625.5 whoever etc ... may
625.6 leaving out the verb: whatever his problems
625.7 informal uses: short answers
625.8 whatever meaning 'at all'
626 whose: question word
626.1 with a noun or alone
626.2 prepositions
627 whose and who's
628 why and why not
628.1 replies
628.2 Why should ... ?
628.3 infinitive structures
629 will: various uses
629.1 forms
629.2 future auxiliary
629.3 certainty
629.4 willingness and decisions
629.5 requests, orders and offers
629.6 distancing: I'll have to ask you ...
629.7 typical behaviour
629.8 will and want
630 wish
630.1 wish + infinitive
630.2 I wish you ...
630.3 wish + that-clause: meaning
630.4 wish + that-clause: tenses
630.5 wish ... would
631 with
631.1 trembling with rage, blue with cold etc
631.2 angry with etc
631.3 with meaning 'against'
631.4 accompanying circumstances and reasons
631.5 possession
631.6 clothing, voices, transport etc
632 worth
632.1 worth a lot, etc
632.2 a million dollars' worth of ...
632.3 It's worth talking to Joe; Joe's worth talking to
632.4 It's worth it
632.5 worthwhile
632.6 well worth
633 would: various uses
633.1 forms
633.2 would and will
633.3 indirect speech
633.4 future in the past
633.5 interpersonal uses
633.6 past willingness and refusals
633.7 typical behaviour
633.8 would and used to
633.9 conditional auxiliary: I would ... if
634 yes and no
634.1 answers to negatives
634.2 contradicting